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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c79c13b --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #67465 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/67465) diff --git a/old/67465-0.txt b/old/67465-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 3bdcddf..0000000 --- a/old/67465-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3805 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Poultry diseases, causes, symptoms and -treatment, with notes on post-mortem examinations, by E. J. Wortley - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Poultry diseases, causes, symptoms and treatment, with notes on - post-mortem examinations - -Author: E. J. Wortley - -Release Date: February 21, 2022 [eBook #67465] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Bryan Ness, Les Galloway and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was - produced from images generously made available by The - Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POULTRY DISEASES, CAUSES, -SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT, WITH NOTES ON POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS *** - - Transcriber’s Notes - -Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. Variations -in hyphenation and accents have been standardised but all other -spelling and punctuation remains unchanged. - -Italics are represented thus _italic_. - - - - -[Illustration: _PROFIT OR LOSS_] - - - - - POULTRY - DISEASES - - Causes - Symptoms - and Treatment - With Notes on - Post-Mortem Examinations - - E. J. WORTLEY, F. C. S. - - _Illustrated_ - - NEW YORK - ORANGE JUDD COMPANY - 1915 - LONDON - KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & CO., Limited - - - Copyright, 1915, by - ORANGE JUDD COMPANY - _All Rights Reserved_ - - Entered at Stationers’ Hall - _LONDON, ENGLAND_ - - PRINTED IN U. S. A. - - - - -PREFACE - - -Poultry farming as a means of profit can be made successful only by -maintaining the most vigorous and sustained campaign against disease. -The aim of the poultry rearer should be to stamp out disease by -preventive measures. Practical experience proves the inefficiency -of many so-called cures, and points to the urgency of poultrymen -endeavoring to understand more thoroughly the causes of the ailments to -which domestic fowls are liable. - -My aim is to put a concise handbook into the hands of poultry rearers, -who should thus be assisted in determining the various diseases -and in taking the precautionary steps important in preventing the -introduction and spread of contagious diseases. No effort is made -to elaborate the scientific side of the subject. Those desirous of -obtaining full information about the types of organisms that have been -proved to be the specific causes of, or to be invariably associated -with, particular disorders, may do so with profit by obtaining fuller -works on the subject. Many scientific workers are devoting their time -to the problem of combating diseases among poultry, and assistance is -willingly given by officers of the experiment stations to farmers who -desire to identify any disease causing loss in their flocks. - -The practical poultryman will recognize the fact that measures for the -control of disease cannot be limited to sanitation and the treatment -of sick birds, but, in reality, include such important matters as the -selection of healthy stock, intelligent feeding, proper housing, and -other details essential to the successful management of poultry. - -I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to the works of Dr. D. E. -Salmon and John H. Robinson, editor of Farm Poultry, and to the recent -publication on poultry diseases by Dr. Raymond Pearl, Frank M. Surface, -and Maynie R. Curtis. My thanks are due to R. S. Martinez for the -care taken in making the photographs from which the drawings for the -illustrations in the chapter on Post-Mortem Examinations were prepared. -Much valuable information has also been obtained from bulletins issued -by the experiment stations of the United States and by the Ontario -Agricultural College of Canada. - - E. J. WORTLEY. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PAGE - - CHAPTER I - - GENERAL METHODS OF CONTROLLING DISEASE 1 - - 1. Importance of controlling disease. - - 2. Dangers of introducing disease. - - 3. Control measures. - - 4. Nursing sick birds. - - 5. The use of drugs and medicines. - - 6. Disinfection. - - - CHAPTER II - - SUMMARY OF EXTERNAL SYMPTOMS AND - TREATMENT 14 - - 1. Diseases affecting head and respiratory organs. - - 2. Diseases affecting organs of digestion and reproduction. - - 3. Diseases affecting legs and feet. - - 4. Parasites. - - 5. Miscellaneous. - - - CHAPTER III - - DISEASES OF POULTRY OTHER THAN FOWLS 19 - - - CHAPTER IV - - DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS 22 - (In alphabetical order.) - - - CHAPTER V - - POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS 99 - - 1. Making the examination. - - 2. The normal condition of the internal organs. - - 3. Diagnosis of disease by post-mortem symptoms. - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - - - FIG. PAGE - - Profit or Loss _Frontispiece_ - - 2 Isolation 5 - - 3 Desolation 6 - - 4 Poultryman’s Medicine Shelves 8 - - 5 How Disease Is Spread 10 - - 6 Aids to Thorough Disinfection 12 - - - 7 Head Showing Brain Exposed 29 - - 8 {Windpipe Cut Open } 30 - {A Fungus That Causes Aspergillosis } - - 9 Bumblefoot 36 - - 10 Chicken Pox 38 - - 11 Diphtheritic Roup 50 - - 12 {Chicken Affected with Gapes } 60 - {Gape Worms } - - 13 Looking for Lice 67 - - 14 Three Lice That Commonly Affect Fowls 68 - - 15 The Air-Sac Mite 74 - - 16 The Depluming Mite 74 - - 17 The Red Mite 75 - - 18 Organs of Reproduction of the Hen 78 - - 19 Examining a Fowl with a Suspicious Cold 84 - - 20 A Roupy Eye 87 - - 21 Scaly Leg 88 - - 22 The Mite That Causes Scaly Leg 89 - - 23 The Fowl Tick 90 - - 24 Organs Affected by Tuberculosis and Blackhead 91 - - 25 Chickens Affected with White Diarrhea 93 - - 26 Healthy Chickens 93 - - 27 Worms in Intestinal Tract of Fowl 95 - - 28 The Parts of a Fowl 96 - - 29 Skeleton of a Fowl 97 - - 30 Post-Mortem Examination No. 1 100 - - 31 Post-Mortem Examination No. 2 102 - - 32 Post-Mortem Examination No. 3 104 - - 33 Post-Mortem Examination No. 4 106 - - 34 Post-Mortem Examination No. 5 110 - - - - -CHAPTER I - -GENERAL METHODS OF CONTROLLING DISEASE - - -_1. Importance of Controlling Disease_ - -The ravages of disease add considerably to the difficulties of raising -poultry in all parts of the world. It is the experience of poultry -rearers that an annual toll has to be paid in the lives of young birds -and older stock. Sooner or later, in addition, an epidemic may break -out and result in heavy losses and much discouragement. - -It is most important, therefore, to be able to recognize the symptoms -and to know the causes of the many diseases to which various kinds of -poultry are subject. Every practical effort should be made to reduce -avoidable mortality. An unexplained death should be regarded with -concern. It may point to the presence of a serious disease. When there -is not sufficient external evidence for determining the cause of -death, a post-mortem examination should be made (see page 98). - -The poultryman must know above all whether he is dealing with an -infectious disease or not. The discovery that a sudden death among -his fowls is due to apoplexy will set his mind at ease. On the other -hand, if a case of cholera occurs, the body of the dead fowl should be -burnt, and a vigorous campaign started to prevent the spread of the -disease; birds showing mopishness and other suspicious symptoms should -be isolated; the houses, the feed troughs, the water vessels, and the -yard to which the dead fowl has had access, should all be thoroughly -disinfected. - - -_2. Dangers of Introducing Disease_ - -Perhaps more loss has been caused by introducing birds with disease -into a healthy flock than by any other means. Readers will, doubtless, -be able to recall occasions on which their own, or their neighbors’, -flocks suffered. An instance was recently related to the writer. A -poultryman was offered two fowls, which he at first refused, but owing -to the vagrant seller’s importunity, he eventually bought the birds and -let them loose among the home flock. On the following day one died; but -no effort was made to discover the cause, nor was the dead fowl’s body -burnt. In a few days, a fowl belonging to the original flock died and, -in three to four weeks after the purchase, two-thirds of the stock had -died. It afterwards transpired that the vendor had lost several of his -fowls from cholera, and the fear of further mortalities had been his -reason for being so anxious to dispose of the survivors. - -On every farm where poultry is kept, there should be a quarantine ward -for new purchases. The most careful breeders will isolate their own -birds that have returned from an exhibition, for fear they may have -contracted some disease there or on the journey. - - -_3. Control Measures_ - -Practical experience and scientific investigation have clearly proved -that preventive measures are more economical and effective than -curative. Failing prevention, everything points to the importance of -dealing promptly with the first cases, owing to the risk of infection -of the rest of the stock. Control measures may be divided into three -classes: - - 1. Proper housing and feeding of fowls. - - 2. General sanitation and disinfection. - - 3. Administration of medicine to sick birds. - -The details to which special attention must be given are covered by the -following axiomatic rules: - - 1. Isolate birds recently purchased—for two or three weeks. - - 2. Isolate every bird that shows any sign of ill health. - - 3. Provide a fresh and pure supply of water in a shady position. - - 4. Add Epsom salts (one teaspoonful to a quart) once a week to the - drinking water. Give chickens daily a liberal supply of bran in - addition to their other food. - - 5. Feed birds on a varied diet, including green food. - - 6. Arrange that birds have to scratch for some of their food. - - 7. Construct houses, nest boxes, etc., so that they can be readily and - thoroughly disinfected. Houses should be free from drafts. - - 8. Disinfect contaminated soil by spraying, liming, and resting. - - 9. Visit the roosts at night to detect cases of wheezing due to colds, - and to search for mites and other pests. - - 10. Keep on hand disinfectants, lice powders and medicines likely to - be required. - - -_4. Nursing Sick Birds_ - -[Illustration: FIG. 2.—ISOLATION] - -The small margin of profit on a single fowl makes dosing with medicines -and nursing an unprofitable occupation, except in the case of valuable -stock. If the treatment of a bird is undertaken, it should be borne -in mind that more depends upon attention to the rules of good nursing -than to the administration of drugs. Comfortable quarters, warm and -free from drafts, clean straw, and invalid’s diet of soft and easily -digested food will all turn the chances in favor of recovery. - -[Illustration: FIG. 2.—ISOLATION] - -[Illustration: FIG. 3.—DESOLATION] - -Too often isolation is in effect a death sentence. The bird is put into -cramped quarters, exposed to cold winds and beating rains, and, being -in an out-of-the-way corner, is, perhaps, neglected instead of being -specially cared for. - -Fowls that will not take food should be fed lightly, but frequently, -with a spoon in order that their strength may be kept up. All stale -food should be removed. - - -_5. The Use of Drugs and Medicines_ - -Drugs and medicines likely to be required should always be kept in -stock. The weekly use of Epsom salts, as a mild laxative for preventing -intestinal disorders, is strongly recommended. Little faith should be -put in drugs said to cure tuberculosis, cholera, etc. Below is given a -list of the medicines generally required. The doses given in the table -are for a medium-sized adult fowl; three-quarters as much should be -given for a half-grown bird, and about one-fifth for a young chicken. -Treatment should be repeated as necessary, and animals should be well -nursed. - -[Illustration: FIG. 4.—POULTRYMAN’S MEDICINE SHELVES] - ───────────────────────────┬──────────────────┬──────────────────────── - MEDICINE │ DOSE OR STRENGTH │ DISEASE - ───────────────────────────┼──────────────────┼──────────────────────── - _Stimulants_— │ │ - Brandy │3-10 drops in │ - │ warm milk │ - │ │ - _Aperients_— │ │ - Calomel │1 grain │ Diarrhea; liver disease. - Castor oil │1 teaspoonful │ Diarrhea. - │ │ - Epsom salts │20 grains to 50 │ } - │ grains in │ } Constipation; diarrhea; - │ food or │ } liver disease. - │ warm water │ } - │ │ - _Astringents_— │ │ - Chlorodyne │ 6-12 drops │ Diarrhea; dysentery. - Laudanum (relieves pain)│ 4-6 drops │ Diarrhea; dysentery. - │ │ - _Tonic and Febrifuge_— │ │ - Quinine │1 grain │ } - Aconite │1 drop │ } Colds; fever; roup. - │ │ - _For Worms_— │ │ - Turpentine │ 5 to 10 drops │ } - │ in 1 teaspoonful│ } - │ castor oil │ } Worms (intestinal). - Santonin │ 3 to 5 grains │ } - │ │ - _Antiseptic Washes_— │ │ - (a) Carbolic acid │ 1-5% sol. │ } - (b) Hydrogen peroxide │ 50% │ }Colds; roup; - (c) Creolin │ 2-5% sol. │ } diphtheria; - (d) Permanganate of │ ½-2% sol. │ }cuts and injuries. - potash │ │ - │ │ - _Dressing Flesh Wounds_— │ │ - ½ creolin and │ │ - ½ sweet oil │ │ Cuts and injuries. - │ │ - _To Reduce Swellings_— │ │ - Iodine │Tincture │ - Embrocation: │ │ - Turpentine │10 drops │ } Cramp. - Sweet oil │1 ounce │ } Rheumatism. - │ │ - _Insecticides_— │ │ - Lice powders │ │ Lice, mites. - Kerosene │ │ Scaly legs. - Sulphur ointment: │ │ Lice, scaly legs, - Sulphur │1 part │ mites, ticks. - Kerosene │1 part │ - Lard │2 parts │ - ───────────────────────────┴──────────────────┴──────────────────────── - - -NOTE.—By accepting that 1¼ teaspoonfuls made up to a pint with water -gives approximately a 1% solution, any of the weak dilutions required -by poultrymen can be easily prepared. - - -_6. Disinfection_ - -[Illustration: FIG. 5.—HOW DISEASE IS SPREAD -Germs of tuberculosis in the excrement of a fowl. (After Edwards.)] - -The important part played by micro-organisms in causing and spreading -disease must be understood before the value of disinfection can be -fully appreciated. The poultryman must develop a sense of sight that -sees lurking microbes at every turn, especially in unclean corners. -Figure 5 shows germs revealed by the microscope in the excrement of a -bird suffering from tuberculosis. The fact that this speck contained -so many germs, although it was far too small to be seen with the naked -eye, will give an idea of how epidemics may be caused by food, water, -and soil contaminated by excreta, nasal discharges, etc. - -Regular and thorough disinfection of woodwork, of feeding vessels, -and of the drinking water should form part of the routine of poultry -management, and a stock of disinfectants should always be kept on -hand. It will be found convenient to have an iron drum with a tap -for a diluted solution, say 5%, of some standard disinfectant—e. g., -creolin—that can be further diluted as required. - -_Water._ A stock solution of permanganate of potash, made by adding -ten grains to one quart of water, should always be kept on hand for -purposes of disinfection. When there is danger of infection, two -tablespoonfuls of this solution should be added to every gallon of -drinking water. - -_Feeding Vessels._ Clean with boiling water. - -[Illustration: FIG. 6.—AIDS TO THOROUGH DISINFECTION] - -_Houses and Fixtures._ Spray with 2% to 5% creolin (or other -disinfectant) and whitewash afterwards, or use whitewash to which 2% -of creolin has been added. The whitewash should be prepared with -quick-lime. The house should first be cleaned out with an iron scraper -and scrubbing brush, using a liberal supply of water (see Fig. 6). - -_Soil._ The most convenient of the following methods should be adopted: - -(1) Spray surface with 5% creolin. - -(2) Spread straw over ground and set fire to it. - -(3) Fork over and lime. This method is not sufficient if serious -contamination is suspected. - - - - -CHAPTER II - -SUMMARY OF EXTERNAL SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT - - - ───────────────────────┬────────────────────┬────────────────────────── - DISEASE │ EXTERNAL SYMPTOMS │ TREATMENT - ───────────────────────┼────────────────────┼────────────────────────── - │ - _1. Diseases affecting head_ │ - _and respiratory organs_: │ - │ - Air under skin (see Emphysema). │ - │ - Apoplexy │ Staggering gait and│ Keep fowl quiet; put in a - │ appearances of a │ dark place; - │ sudden fit │ give Epsom salts. - │ │ - Aspergillosis │ Loss of weight │ Avoid musty grain and straw. - │ │ - Brooder pneumonia │ Affects chickens; │ No cure; prevent by strict - │ whitish diarrhea;│ sanitary methods. - │ many deaths │ - │ │ - Bronchitis (croup) │ Rattling in throat│ Paint throat with iodine. - │ │ - Canker (see Roup). │ │ - │ - Catarrh, contagious (see Roup). │ - │ - Chicken pox │ Scabby, wart-like │ Gently scrape off scab - │ growths on head │ and paint with iodine. - │ and comb │ - │ │ - Cold (catarrh) │ Running at nose and│ Isolate and syringe - │ eyes │ nostrils with 2% - │ │ carbolic acid. - │ │ - Congestion of lungs │ │ - (see Pneumonia). │ │ - │ │ - Conjunctivitis—sore │ │ - eyes (see Roup). │ │ - │ │ - Diphtheria │Yellowish patches on│ Isolate; paint patches - (diphtheritic roup) │ throat following an│ with hydrogen peroxide or - │ attack of roup │ iodine; best to kill fowl. - │ │ - Emphysema │ Skin puffed out │ Puncture with needle. - │ │ - Epilepsy │ Bird has fit │ If worms are believed to be - │ │ the cause give santonin. - │ │ - Favus │ Scurfy patches on │ Anoint with sulphur - │ comb and upper │ ointment or iodine. - │ portion of neck │ - │ │ - Frost bite │ Frozen wattles │ Rub with vaseline. - │ - Influenza—grippe (see Cold). │ - │ - Roup │ Nostrils caked with│ Isolate; syringe nostrils - │ offensive smelling │ with 5% carbolic acid; - │ exudate │ best to kill fowl with - │ │ bad attack. - │ │ - Pip │ Hardened scale on │ Soften and remove. - │ tip of tongue │ - │ │ - Pneumonia │ Great difficulty │ Paint shoulders above lungs - │ in breathing │ with iodine; generally - │ │ incurable. - │ │ - Sore head (see Chicken pox). │ - │ - Vertigo (see Epilepsy). │ - │ - White comb (see Favus). │ - │ - _2. Diseases affecting_ │ - _organs of digestion_ │ - _and reproduction_: │ - │ - Blackhead of turkeys │ Drooping wings; │ Strict sanitary measures; - │ dullness; many │ difficult to control. - │ deaths │ - Cancer (see Liver diseases │ - and Ovary diseases). │ - │ │ - Catarrh of crop │ Distended crop with│ Empty crop; diet - │ offensive liquid │ sparingly. - │ │ - Catarrh of stomach │ │ - (see Gastritis). │ │ - │ │ - Cholera │ Yellow feces; bad │ No cure known; kill fowl - │ diarrhea; sudden │ and burn body; take every - │ death of several │ precaution to prevent - │ birds │ spread. - │ │ - Cloacitis │Offensive discharges│ Syringe out cloaca. - │ from cloaca │ - │ │ - Constipation │Unsuccessful efforts│ Give castor oil; supply - │ to evacuate │ green food and make bird - │ │ scratch for grain. - │ │ - Coccidiosis of adult │Loss of weight, │ No remedies. - fowls │ diarrhea │ - │ │ - Coccidiosis of chickens│ │ - (see White diarrhea). │ │ - │ │ - Coccidiosis of turkeys │ │ - (see Blackhead). │ │ - │ │ - Crop-bound │ Distended crop │ Pour sweet oil down throat - │ │ and knead crop, holding - │ │ fowl’s head down; or slit - │ │ crop and remove food. - │ │ - Diarrhea │ Frequent passing of│ Isolate for fear of - │ liquid excreta; │ epidemics; in bad cases - │ soiled vent │ give 6 to 10 drops - │ │ chlorodyne. - │ │ - Dropsy │ Distention of │ Kill bird or puncture - │ abdomen │ abdomen. - │ │ - Dysentery │Bad form of diarrhea│ Treat as for bad cases - │ distinguished by │ of diarrhea. - │blood in the excreta│ - │ │ - Egg-bound │ Unsuccessful │ Remove egg. - │ efforts to lay │ - │ - Enteritis (see Diarrhea). │ - │ - Fatty degeneration │Sudden death; │ Change diet of others. - │ excessively fat │ - │ - Fowl typhoid (see Cholera). │ - │ - Gastritis │Dullness; loss of │ Empty stomach; give castor - │ appetite │ oil and easily digested - │ │ food. - Impaction of crop │ │ - (see Crop-bound). │ │ - │ │ - Indigestion │Difficult to │ Change diet. - │ diagnose │ - │ │ - Jaundice │Yellowish comb │ One grain of calomel and - │ │ green food. - Leukemia (see Cholera).│ │ - │ │ - Liver diseases │Difficult to │ Change diet. - │ diagnose │ - │ │ - Ovary diseases │Irregularity in egg │ No remedies. - │ production │ - │ │ - Oviduct diseases │Prolapse of oviduct │ Vaseline and replace. - │ │ - Peritonitis │Fever; pain in │ Aconite and opium. - │ abdomen │ - │ │ - Pyæmia │No external symptoms│ No remedy. - │ │ - Soft crop │Distended and soft │ Empty crop; diet - │ crop │ sparingly. - │ │ - Tuberculosis │Wasting away; │ Kill affected birds; - │ lamenesss │ disinfect poultry houses, - │ │ etc. - │ │ - White diarrhea of │ Dullness; many │ Proper feeding; thorough - chickens │ deaths; whitish │ disinfection; difficult - │ diarrhea │ to control. - │ - _3. Diseases affecting legs_ │ - _and feet_: │ - │ │ - Bumblefoot │ Swelling on pad of │ Lance, if bad; paint with - │ foot │ iodine; lower perches. - │ │ - Cramp │ Difficulty in │ Hold legs in warm water; - │ standing straight │ rub with embrocation; - │ │ keep bird in dry place. - │ │ - Fractures │Broken shank or wing│ Splints. - │ │ - Gout │ Pain in joints of │ Difficult to cure; rub - │ legs and difficulty│ joints with embrocation. - │ in standing │ - │ │ - Leg weakness │ Unsteady walk │ Select breeders. - │ │ - Rheumatism │Stiffness in joints;│ Rub legs with embrocation; - │ difficult to │ keep bird in dry place. - │ distinguish from │ - │ cramp and gout │ - │ │ - _4. Parasites_: │ │ - │ │ - Fleas │ On hen and in nest │ Dust with insect powder; - │ straw │ burn infested straw - │ │ - Gape worms │Gaping of chicks and│ Extract by pushing feather - │ effort to dislodge │ moistened with turpentine - │ something in throat│ down windpipe. - │ or windpipe │ - │ │ - Lice │Unthrifty condition │ Dust fowl with insect - │ of birds; desertion│ powder; grease head and - │ of nests by setting│ neck of chickens; spray - │ hens │ woodwork. - │ │ - Maggots │ Running wound │ Remove maggots; treat with - │ │ creolin or carbolic acid. - │ │ - Mites (air sac) │ In bad cases, │ Difficult to treat. - │ suffocation │ - │ │ - Mites (depluming) │ Bare patches │ Sulphur ointment. - │ │ - Mites (red) │ Examine roosts at │ Kerosene. - │ night │ - Scabies (see Mites, │ │ - depluming). │ │ - │ │ - Scaly leg │ Uneven crusts on │ Scrub with soap and water; - │ legs │ kerosene oil or sulphur - │ │ ointment. - - Ticks │Birds suffering │ Remove ticks from fowl; - │from the fever; │ spray perches, etc., with - │ticks found on body,│ 5% creolin. - │especially at night │ - │ │ - Worms │ Loss of weight; │ Give 3 to 5 grains santonin, - │ segments of worms │ followed by 2 teaspoonfuls - │ in excreta │ castor oil. - _5. Miscellaneous_: │ │ - │ │ - Abscesses │ Swelling with pus │ Lance and dress with - │ │ healing oil. - │ │ - Anæmia │ Loss of weight and │ Search for cause and treat. - │ unthrifty condition│ - │ │ - Breakdown │ Enlarged and │ No satisfactory treatment. - │ pendulent abdomen │ - │ │ - Egg-eating │ Remains of eggs │ Trap nests. - │ │ - Feather-eating │ Injured plumage │ Isolation of culprit. - │ │ - Going light (see Anæmia) │ - │ │ - Heart, diseases of │No external symptoms│ No treatment possible. - │ │ - Limber-neck │ Muscles of neck │ Try purgative to correct - │ unable to support │ cause. - │ head │ - │ │ - Kidney diseases │No external symptoms│ No treatment except for - │ except in gout │ gout. - │ │ - Molting │ Unthrifty condition│ Feed up and give tonic. - │ of bird │ - │ │ - Poisoning │ Evidence of pain │ Give milk, white of egg - │ and depression │ and a stimulant. - - - - CHAPTER III - - DISEASES OF POULTRY OTHER THAN FOWLS - - -All classes of domestic poultry are to a great extent subject to -the same diseases that affect the common fowl. The symptoms of such -diseases are for the most part similar to those noticed when fowls are -affected, and treatment must be on the same lines. In the management of -turkeys, ducks, geese, guinea fowls and pigeons, the strictest sanitary -measures must be enforced, as in the rearing of fowls. - -Owing to its importance, blackhead of turkeys is dealt with separately. -It is one of the most serious of poultry diseases and causes heavy -losses to turkey rearers. Careful study should be made of the reports -of the recent investigations at the Rhode Island Experiment Station. - -Severe epidemics of diarrhea or cholera occur among all classes of -poultry. Geese are subject to a form of cholera that appears to be -different from any kind that attacks fowls. Water fowl are not commonly -infested with external parasites. Pigeons, on the other hand, are -worried by fleas and ticks as well as mites. Smallpox of pigeons is -similar to chicken pox of fowls, but pustular swellings may be found on -the rump and the cloaca of the pigeon as well as on the head. The scaly -leg mite attacks turkeys and the gape worm is sometimes a serious pest -of poults. Below is given a list of some of the diseases of turkeys, -ducks, geese, guinea fowls and pigeons: - - -TURKEYS - - Blackhead - Diphtheria - Gapes - Leg weakness - Lice - Mites - Roup - Tuberculosis - Scaly leg - White comb - Worms - - -DUCKS - - Aspergillosis - Catarrh - Congestion of lungs - Cholera - Diphtheria - Lice - Mites - Worms - - -GEESE - - Aspergillosis - Cholera - Congestion of lungs - Diphtheria - Lice - Mites - Worms - - -GUINEA FOWLS - - Aspergillosis - Cholera - Diphtheria - Lice - Mites - Worms - - -PIGEONS - - Aspergillosis - Canker - Chicken pox (smallpox) - Diphtheria - Dovecot bug - Flea - Lice - Mites - Ticks - Worms - - - - - CHAPTER IV - - DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS - - - Abscesses. - Abnormal eggs (see Oviduct diseases). - Air under skin (see Emphysema). - Air sac mite (see Mites, air sac). - Anæmia. - Apoplexy. - Aspergillosis. - Atrophy of liver (see Liver diseases). - Bacterial enteritis (see Diarrhea) - Baldness (see Favus). - Biliary repletion (see Jaundice). - Blackhead of turkeys. - Breakdown. - Broken limbs (see Fractures). - Bronchitis. - Brooder pneumonia. - Bumblefoot. - Cancer (see Liver diseases and Ovary diseases). - Canker (see Diphtheria). - Catarrh (see Cold). - Catarrh, contagious (see Roup). - Catarrh of crop. - Catarrh of stomach (see Gastritis). - Chicken pox. - Cholera. - Cloacitis. - Coccidiosis of adult fowls. - Coccidiosis of chickens (see Brooder pneumonia). - Coccidiosis of turkeys (see Blackhead). - Cold. - Congestion of the liver (see Liver diseases). - Congestion of the lungs (see Pneumonia). - Conjunctivitis (see Roup). - Constipation. - Cramp. - Crop-bound. - Crop, soft (see Soft crop). - Crop, Catarrh of. - Depluming mite. - Diarrhea, bacterial. - Diarrhea, mycotic. - Diarrhea, protozoan. - Diarrhea, simple. - Diarrhea, severe. - Diarrhea, white. - Diphtheria. - Diphtheritic roup. - Dislocations (see Fractures). - Dropsy. - Dysentery. - Egg-bound. - Egg-eating. - Emphysema. - Enlargement of heart (see Heart, diseases of). - Enlargement of liver (see Liver diseases). - Enlargement of kidneys (see Kidney diseases). - Enteritis (see Diarrhea). - Entero-hepatitis (see Blackhead). - Epilepsy. - Fatty degeneration. - Favus. - Feather-eating. - Fits (see Epilepsy). - Fleas. - Fowl typhoid. - Fractures. - Frost bite. - Gangrenous Ovary (see Ovary diseases). - Gapes. - Gastritis. - Going light (see Anæmia). - Gout. - Grippe (see Cold). - Heart, diseases of. - Heart, dropsy of. - Heart, enlargement of. - Heart, rupture. - Hypertrophy of the liver (see Liver diseases). - Impaction of the crop (see Crop-bound). - Indigestion. - Influenza (see Cold). - Jaundice. - Kidney diseases. - Leg weakness. - Leukemia (see Cholera). - Lice. - Limber-neck. - Liver diseases. - Lungs, congestion of (see Pneumonia). - Maggots. - Mites, air sac. - Mites, depluming. - Mites, red. - Mites, scaly leg (see Scaly leg). - Molting. - Nodular tæniasis (see Worms). - Ovary diseases. - Oviduct diseases. - Peritonitis. - Pip. - Pneumonia. - Poisoning. - Prolapse of oviduct (see Oviduct diseases). - Puffed skin (see Emphysema). - Pyæmia. - Rheumatism. - Roup. - Scabies (see Mites, depluming). - Scaly leg. - Soft crop. - Sore head (see Chicken pox). - Ticks. - Tuberculosis. - Vertigo (see Apoplexy). - White comb (see Favus). - White diarrhea of chickens. - Worms. - - - ABSCESSES - - _Not a common poultry complaint_ - -_Symptoms._ The flesh becomes inflamed and swollen and forms a “head” -containing pus. - -_Cause._ A scratch or a small injury followed by inflammation due to -pus-forming organisms. - -_Treatment._ Lance the abscess when “ripe” with a clean, sharp knife, -cutting low so that the sore may drain readily. Squeeze out the pus; -wash with 1% carbolic acid or creolin and dress with creolin and sweet -oil (half and half) until healed. - -The most common abscess is that which forms on the pad of the foot and -develops into bumblefoot. - - - ANÆMIA, OR GOING LIGHT - - _A condition that should incite the poultryman to investigate the - cause_ - -_Symptoms._ Birds lose weight, or ”go light,” without any apparent -reason. - -_Cause._ A general lack of thriftiness in the flock may be due to -insufficient or poor food, to lack of exercise, or to bad ventilation -of houses; lice or mites may be infesting the birds. On the other hand, -birds may gradually lose weight as the result of some such disease as -tuberculosis (see page 90}, aspergillosis (see page 29), or worms (see -page 94). - -_Treatment._ Make any changes in feeding or management that may appear -desirable. Search at night for mites or lice on the birds; in the -daytime examine the straw in nest boxes, the roosts, and the cracks and -crevices of the woodwork for parasites. Much time may often be saved in -discovering what is wrong with the flock by killing one or more of the -affected birds and making a post-mortem examination to discover if a -specific disease is the cause. - - - APOPLEXY - - _Not a common trouble_ - -_Symptoms._ Staggering gait and bewildered appearance; bird generally -drops dead suddenly. - -_Cause._ Attributed to high feeding or over-laying. - -_Treatment._ There is usually no time for treatment, but if the attack -is mild, put the bird in a dark place and give no food for a few hours; -give a dose of Epsom salts and add green food to diet. Bleeding from -under a wing is sometimes tried. - -_Post-mortem examination_ shows clotted blood on the brain, the other -organs being normal. - -The name vertigo is applied to congestion of the brain as distinct -from apoplexy due to hemorrhage of the brain. The fowl has fits. It is -difficult to distinguish this disease from epilepsy (see page 55). The -cause is little understood. - - - ASPERGILLOSIS - -_A disease that exists more commonly than is usually suspected, and is - the cause of the death of large numbers of young chickens_ - -_Symptoms._ Fowls gradually lose weight, mope, and die without any -pronounced ailment except difficulty in breathing. In adults the -disease may be mistaken for tuberculosis and in chickens for white -diarrhea. Aspergillosis of chickens is dealt with under brooder -pneumonia. Post-mortem symptoms are whitish or yellowish growths on the -windpipe, that can only be definitely diagnosed under the microscope. - -[Illustration: FIG. 7.—HEAD SHOWING BRAIN EXPOSED] - -_Cause._ A fungoid growth in the windpipe and bronchial tubes, -sometimes extending to the lungs and liver. Fig. 8 shows the spores and -filaments of the species of aspergillosis most commonly responsible -for this disease. Infection may be due to musty grain or dirty straw. - -[Illustration: FIG. 8.—ASPERGILLOSIS -On left—Windpipe cut open. On right—A fungus that causes aspergillosis] - -_Treatment._ No medicines are of any avail. Protection lies in not -using musty grain or moldy litter. Burn dead birds. - - - BLACKHEAD OF TURKEYS - - _A very serious disease, making the successful rearing of turkeys - difficult and in some cases impossible_. - -_Symptoms._ Young turkeys, or poults, are most commonly attacked; there -is loss of weight and loss of appetite; the bird appears listless and -stands by itself with drooping wings and tail. Diarrhea is generally -one of the symptoms. The comb often turns a dark purple—a symptom that -has given rise to the name blackhead. Death generally follows an attack -fairly rapidly, but in some cases the disease may take a chronic form, -while it is believed that recovery is occasionally effected. - -_Post-mortem symptoms._ The cæca (see Fig. 32) are enlarged, are -diseased in parts, and are more or less plugged with cheesy matter -and pus. The liver is diseased, being sometimes very much enlarged -and covered with yellowish necrotic areas, generally depressed in the -centre (see Fig. 24_d_). In cases of an acute attack, especially in -young birds, one of the cæca only may be affected and the liver may -not be invaded. The extent of the necrotic areas and the degree of the -enlargement of the infected organs may vary greatly in different cases. - -_Cause._ The cause of blackhead has been shown by Drs. Cole and Hadley -to be a coccidium. A full account of their work is published in -Bulletin 141 of the Rhode Island Experiment Station. Coccidia enter -the digestive tract of the healthy turkey by means of food or water -infected by the excrement of a sick bird. The organisms pass along -the alimentary canal until they reach the cæca, the lining of which -they attack, giving rise to the conditions mentioned under post-mortem -symptoms. How the infection spreads from the cæca to the liver is not -clear. - -It has been conclusively proved that fowls, as well as pigeons, -sparrows, etc., act as hosts for these parasites. Although adult fowls -have a great degree of resistance themselves, they are a means of -carrying infection to turkeys. - -Eggs may be one of the means of spreading the disease, as they may -become contaminated in the oviduct or the cloaca of birds affected with -blackhead. - -_Treatment._ No remedy or satisfactory method of prevention has been -discovered. The difficulty of effecting a cure is obvious when the -nature of the disease is considered. Drs. Cole and Hadley summarize -measures of prevention as follows: - - 1. Protect the yards and flocks which may have the good fortune to be - uninfected with the blackhead organism by a thorough examination of - all new stock, whether turkeys, fowls, geese or other domestic birds. - - 2. Keep the turkeys on grounds which are as fresh as can be obtained, - and above all, keep them isolated from fowls and other domestic birds. - - 3. Keep every turkey in the flock under close observation in order - to separate and at once isolate any bird which gives evidence of the - disease. To facilitate such observations it is helpful to leg-band - each individual, and to record its weight from time to time. Such a - course makes it possible to learn whether any birds are losing weight, - and if this is the case, these birds must be regarded with suspicion, - and separated from the rest of the flock. - - 4. If it is known that blackhead is present in any of the poultry, the - yard should be kept free from English sparrows, and the poultry houses - and grain boxes from rats and mice, which have been shown to carry the - causative organism. - - 5. When it is desired to fatten birds for the market, begin to - increase the rations gradually. Never attempt to fatten birds which, - in successive weighings, show a loss of weight. Overfeeding does not - cause blackhead, but frequently causes the sudden death of birds in - which blackhead is present. - - 6. When birds have died of blackhead, their bodies should be promptly - burned or buried in order to prevent the dissemination of the - coccidia, either through the ravages of rats or skunks, or consequent - to the natural processes of decay. - - - BREAKDOWN - - _Not often seen in the poultry yard_ - -_Symptoms._ The abdomen becomes enlarged, hangs down at the back, and -sometimes touches the ground. - -_Cause._ Old layers are generally affected. The cause may be the strain -of heavy laying, or may in cases be due to too much internal fat. - -_Treatment._ No satisfactory treatment can be recommended and the bird -had best be killed. Such birds should not be used for breeding purposes. - - - BRONCHITIS (CROUP) - - _Not very common_ - -_Symptoms._ Bronchitis may be distinguished by the rattling in the -throat of the bird affected and by the rapid breathing and cough. The -rattling is due to mucus in the inflamed bronchial tubes. In bad cases, -birds mope, refuse to eat, and soon die. - -_Cause._ Bronchitis may develop from an ordinary cold, or may be due to -sudden changes of temperature, or to exposure to rain, cold, and damp. - -_Treatment._ Keep affected bird away from drafts and in a warm -place; dose with Epsom salts (see page 9) and give soft food, e. g., -bread, bran, and middlings, with milk. Wine of ipecacuanha has been -recommended for cases in which breathing is very difficult owing to -excessive inflammation. - - - BROODER PNEUMONIA - - _A very serious disease, causing the death of many chickens_ - -_Symptoms._ Chickens affected stand by themselves with roughened -plumage. There is a whitish diarrhea, and this disease can easily be -mistaken for white diarrhea. (See page 92.) Post-mortem examination -will show yellowish spots on the lungs, on the walls of the air sacs, -and on the liver and other organs, due to infection by the aspergillus -fungus. (See page 29.) - -_Cause._ Infection by a species of the aspergillus fungus, the spores -of which are probably inhaled. This fungus is common. The spores may be -in the straw used for nests or for litter, or in the food, especially -if it is at all moldy. - -_Treatment._ There is no cure for an affected chicken, and the -poultryman must aim at prevention. Vigorous sanitary measures are -imperative. Clean straw or excelsior should be used for nests; eggs for -hatching should be disinfected by wiping with 80% alcohol; incubators -and brooders should be thoroughly disinfected. - - - BUMBLEFOOT - - _Not serious if treated early_ - -[Illustration: FIG. 9.—BUMBLEFOOT] - -_Symptoms._ Lameness with swelling on pad of foot. - -_Cause._ Injury to sole of foot, developing into an abscess. Heavy -birds are more subject than light ones to bumblefoot, especially if -made to roost on perches that are too high. - -_Treatment._ Paint with iodine. Lance the abscess if it is sufficiently -advanced. Lower perches. Birds under treatment should have their feet -bandaged, and should be put on deep straw to prevent further injury -while the wounds are healing. Not serious if taken in hand promptly. - - - CATARRH OF THE CROP - - _Not a common trouble_ - -_Symptoms._ Distention of crop with soft pasty matter of a more or less -offensive character. - -_Cause._ Eating stale, putrifying food or some poisonous matter. - -_Treatment._ Empty the bird’s crop by holding the head downwards and -gently pressing the contents out through the mouth. Feed sparingly on -soft food. - - - CHICKEN POX OR SORE HEAD - - _An infectious disease that causes considerable loss among chickens - and young birds in warm climates_ - -_Symptoms._ Small, scabby, wart-like growths and eruptions on the head, -especially on the comb and the wattles and around the eyes—in bad cases -extending to the lids and even the mouth. Chickens and young birds are -most commonly attacked by this disease, which spreads rapidly. - -[Illustration: FIG. 10.—CHICKEN POX] - -_Cause._ The specific organism has not been definitely determined. -Chicken pox may be started by the introduction of an infected bird, -and mosquitoes and other insects are suspected of being agents in its -spread. - -_Treatment._ Prompt treatment may be very successful. Isolate affected -birds. Apply tincture of iodine, first scraping off the scabs. Creolin -2%, or other disinfectants, may be used instead of iodine. Dirty coops -are a contributing cause, and cleanliness of chicken runs and houses -is important. Disinfect soil (see page 13) and woodwork (see page 12) -regularly and with extra care when the first cases are noticed. When -roupy lesions develop, as is sometimes the case, treat as for roup. -(See page 83.) - - - CHOLERA - -_A serious and epidemic form of diarrhea for which no remedy is known_ - -_Symptoms._ Fowls die suddenly with apparently little reason. There are -symptoms of diarrhea and examination shows that the feces are a bright -yellow or green instead of the normal color. Before death, fowls have -fever and may be seen moping and showing evidences of distress. For -post-mortem symptoms see page 112. - -_Cause._ A contagious disease, due to bacteria, that, owing to -infection of soil and drinking water by birds suffering from the -disease, spreads rapidly through a flock. It is often introduced by the -purchase of an infected bird that appears at the time of purchase to be -well. - -_Treatment._ Prevention by strict sanitary measures is what must be -aimed at. It is believed that no cure is known for genuine cases of -cholera. Isolate all new birds brought into the flock, especially -when cases of cholera are reported in the neighborhood. The bodies of -birds that have died of this disease are best burnt without delay. -The germ of cholera appears to be both persistent and easily spread, -and too much stress cannot be laid on the necessity of preventing its -introduction, failing that, of quickly stamping it out. The sacrifice -of a few birds to prevent the spread of the disease will be well -repaid, for it has been necessary on occasions to kill a whole flock. -In some cases it has been found best to move unaffected birds to new -quarters. - -Fowl typhoid, or leukemia, is a disease of the blood that may be -mistaken for cholera. The poultryman must treat it in the same way. - - - CLOACITIS OR VENT-GLEET - - _Not a common disease_ - -_Symptoms._ Frequent small discharges of excrement and unsuccessful -efforts to discharge when the cloaca (Fig. 32) is empty, the mucous -membrane of which becomes hot and inflamed. These symptoms are soon -followed by an offensive discharge. - -_Cause._ A specific disease transmitted from hen to hen by the agency -of the cock. - -_Treatment._ Immediately isolate affected hens; syringe out cloaca -twice daily with 2% creolin; give mild purgative and put on soft food. -Males likely to be affected should be examined, and diseased birds -killed. - -_Caution._ The hands should be carefully cleansed and disinfected, as -a serious inflammation will result if the eyes are rubbed with infected -hands. This is a troublesome and risky disease to treat. - - - COCCIDIOSIS OF ADULT FOWLS - - _The germ of this disease does not usually affect adult fowls - seriously, but causes severe losses among chickens and turkeys_ - -_Symptoms._ The external symptoms are not very pronounced; there is -loss of weight and in some cases diarrhea. The disease may last for a -long time and birds may even recover. A post-mortem examination shows -the walls of the cæca thickened and filled with a pasty mass, while -characteristic whitish or yellowish spots (see Fig. 24, _d_) are found -in the liver. - -_Cause._ This disease is due to the same germ (a coccidium) that causes -blackhead in turkeys. Adult fowls occasionally develop this disease, -but appear to be able, as a rule, to act as a host for the germs -without being themselves affected, although heavy losses occur among -turkeys or chickens that get the germ from them. - -_Treatment._ Copperas in the drinking water (three grains to a quart) -has been recommended, together with the occasional use of calomel in -one-grain doses, or one or two teaspoonfuls of castor oil. Thorough -disinfection (see page 10) of houses and runs, etc., where affected -fowls have been, is important. Burn the bodies of birds that die of the -disease. - - - COLD (SIMPLE CATARRH) - - _Dangerous, because it may be confused with the early stages of roup_ - -_Symptoms._ Discharge from the nostrils and the eyes, with occasional -fits of sneezing; loss of appetite, and moping. - -_Cause._ Cold and damp. Colds most frequently occur in wet weather and -among poorly housed and poorly fed stock. - -_Treatment._ Warm housing and protection from cold and wet. Give -quinine—one grain to an adult fowl. Many believe in dosing fowls -suffering from colds with red pepper given in the food. When there -are signs of stuffiness, the eyes and the nostrils should be washed -out once or twice daily. Carbolic acid 2%, or boric acid, about 3%, -dissolved in water, is recommended for this purpose. Witch hazel has -been found very effective. - -_Caution._ There is a risk of mistaking the early stages of roup for -a simple cold. Further, birds are more likely to contract roup when -suffering from a cold, and should, on this account, be isolated and -regularly examined. - -_Influenza._ The term influenza, or grippe, is generally applied to a -severe cold that has no symptoms of roup. - - - CONSTIPATION - - _Not common and seldom serious_ - -_Symptoms._ The bird suffering is dull and listless. Its efforts to -evacuate are painful and unsuccessful. - -_Cause._ Internal blocking of the cloaca or the intestines, or, -occasionally, of the vent by dirt accumulated on the outside. Want of -exercise and lack of green food are held to be contributing causes. - -_Treatment._ If constipation is due to dirt on the outside, cleanse -vent by swabbing with warm water. When stoppage is inside and can be -felt through the vent syringe with sweet oil. In other cases, give a -purgative such as castor oil or Epsom salts. If worms are suspected as -the cause, give santonin (see page 9), followed by a teaspoonful of -castor oil. - - - CRAMP - - _Must not be confused with more serious complaints_ - -_Symptoms._ Difficulty in standing and lameness, due to inflammation of -muscles and joints. - -_Cause._ Damp and cold. - -_Treatment._ Put legs of bird in warm water; rub joints with -embrocation and put in dry quarters. - -NOTE—In cases of rheumatism, tick fever, and tuberculosis, birds may -show the same difficulty in standing that they do in cramp. - - - CROP-BOUND (IMPACTION OF CROP) - - _Not serious, as a rule_ - -_Symptoms._ The crop is hard and swollen. - -_Cause._ The blocking of the passage from the crop to the gizzard by a -bit of stick or a stone, with the result that the food cannot pass out -of the crop. - -_Treatment._ Pour sweet oil down fowl’s throat; work the crop with the -fingers, endeavoring to remove the obstructing object. If unsuccessful, -cut open the crop and remove the contents, making sure that the opening -into the gizzard is clear. Sew up the cut made, stitching separately -first the inner skin and then the outer. - - - DIARRHEA OR ENTERITIS - - _May take a serious and epidemic form_ - -Diarrhea is a common complaint among fowls, and in some cases takes -a severe and epidemic form. The latter form may be due to various -causes, and it will be best, perhaps, to deal with diarrhea under the -following heads: - - 1. Mild diarrhea. - 2. Epidemic and severe diarrhea. - 3. Dysentery. (See page 52.) - 4. Cholera. (See page 39.) - 5. White diarrhea of chickens. (See page 92.) - - -_Mild Diarrhea_. - -_Symptoms._ Looseness of bowels and staining of feathers around the -anus with excreta. - -_Cause._ Indigestion caused by food which may be too laxative; e. g., -excess of bran, or, by food which may be partly decomposed or may -contain an intestinal irritant. Cold may also be a cause. - -_Treatment._ Give Epsom salts, or castor oil. (See page 9.) Change diet -if food is suspected. Often no treatment is necessary, but it is not -wise to neglect cases that are apparently mild diarrhea, for fear they -may turn out to be an epidemic and contagious form. - - -_Diarrhea, Severe and Epidemic_ - -_Symptoms._ Excessive looseness of bowels, ruffling of feathers, -depression, loss of appetite. A number of birds in the flock are -attacked and death results. - -_Cause._ There are a variety of causes. Scientific investigation has -led to the discovery of specific organisms responsible for various -forms of diarrhea. It would be well for poultry rearers to study the -results of such work, but, for the purposes of this book, it will be -sufficient to state that the causal organism may be bacterial, mycotic, -or protozoan. The owner of poultry will not usually be able himself to -determine what type of diarrhea the fowls are suffering from, but as -a rule the treatment will have to be the same. Advice will have to be -sought from an expert when dangerous epidemics are feared. - -_Treatment._ The most energetic measures of disinfection must be -undertaken. (See page 10.) - - 1. Isolate sick fowls. - - 2. Disinfect soil of run thoroughly. - - 3. Clean and disinfect coops. - - 4. In bad cases, remove the rest of the flock from the infested run. - - 5. Give sick fowls Epsom salts, or castor oil; feed fowls on soft food. - - 6. If the diarrhea is not checked, give 6 to 12 drops of chlorodyne. - - - DIPHTHERIA OR DIPHTHERITIC ROUP - - _A dangerous disease, and infected birds should be killed at once_ - -_Symptoms._ A cold, accompanied by whitish and yellowish patches on -the back of the throat and in the mouth. These patches apparently form -a false membrane and cannot be torn off without causing bleeding. The -disease is sometimes known as canker. - -[Illustration: FIG. 11.—DIPHTHERITIC ROUP -_b_, lower beak; _t_, tongue; _m_, false membrane. -(After Harrison and Streit.)] - -_Cause._ This disease is often clearly a later stage of roup. It is -difficult to say where one ends and the other begins. It has been -claimed that the organism is the same as that which causes diphtheria -in human beings, but the weight of evidence is against this conclusion. - -_Treatment._ Diphtheria is extremely infectious. It is best to kill -the first cases at once. If the bird is of particular value, it may -be isolated and the patches on the throat swabbed with 50% hydrogen -peroxide or 5% creolin, with a small bit of cotton wool wound around -a stick. If great care is exercised, 20% carbolic acid or 20% creolin -may be painted on the patches, but neither should be allowed to touch -the normal skin. Burn the swabs. Treat accompanying roupy symptoms as -recommended under roup. - -The term canker is also applied to certain spots or growths that occur -on the throat. These are not in any way associated with diphtheritic -roup, or any dangerous, contagious disease, and are due to injury or to -an unhealthy condition of the mucous membrane. - - - DROPSY - - _Not a common disease_ - -_Symptoms._ Distention of abdomen. - -_Cause._ Collection of liquid in abdominal cavity. - -_Treatment._ Treatment is seldom successful. It is best and most -merciful to kill the afflicted bird. If it is desired to make an effort -to save the bird, carefully puncture the lower portion of the abdomen -with a trocar and squeeze out the liquid. Give invalid diet. - - - DYSENTERY - - _Serious if in epidemic form_ - -_Symptoms._ Severe diarrhea with blood in the discharges. - -_Cause._ Bacterial or other specific infection of the intestines. -Occasionally the eating of some poisonous or irritating substance will -give rise to blood in the excrement. - -_Treatment._ Isolate bird, and give six to eight drops of chlorodyne on -a small piece of bread. Thorough disinfection (see page 10) of water, -soil and house is necessary to prevent this disease spreading. - - - EGG-BOUND - - _An uncommon complaint_ - -_Symptoms._ The hen goes on and off the nest straining to lay. -Generally the egg may be felt through the vent. After straining for -some time, she may succeed in laying the egg, and treatment should not -be undertaken until it is evident that the fowl needs assistance. - -_Cause._ Very young hens are more liable to this complaint, which -arises from eggs of an abnormal size, from lack of muscular power, or -from some other disorder of the oviduct. - -_Treatment._ It will be most merciful to kill fowls in much distress, -as treatment is tedious and painful to the fowl. It has been -recommended to hold the fowl’s vent over steam from boiling water and -then to pass an oiled finger up the vent. In bad cases, pierce the -egg and withdraw the contents, then break the shell and remove all the -pieces. Great care must be taken to leave no particle of the broken -shell behind. - - - EGG-EATING - - _A bad habit that may be controlled_ - -_Symptoms._ If remains of eggs are seen in nests or runs, the -poultryman should become suspicious and make observations to prove -whether any of his flock are eating eggs. - -_Cause._ Broken eggs or soft-shelled eggs left about the yard may be -the cause of hens acquiring this bad habit. - -_Treatment._ All signs of broken eggs should always be immediately -removed. The culprit, when detected, should be removed to a different -pen and nest. Dark nests have been recommended. A trap nest will -prevent a hen from getting at her egg. - - - EMPHYSEMA (AIR UNDER SKIN) - - _Not a common disease of chickens_ - -_Symptoms._ In this disease of chickens the skin becomes puffed out in -one or more places, generally on the neck. In rare cases the puffing -spreads over nearly the whole of the body. - -_Cause._ This disease is evidently caused by some obstruction of the -air passages that forces the air to escape under the skin. - -_Treatment._ Let out the air by puncturing the skin. Give soft and -nourishing food. It will probably be wiser not to use birds that -recover from this complaint for breeding stock. - - - EPILEPSY - - _An unusual complaint_ - -_Symptoms._ The bird staggers about and has a fit. It may recover. - -_Cause._ It is difficult to discover a cause; intestinal worms are -suspected in some cases. - -_Treatment._ If it is suspected that intestinal worms are responsible, -try the treatment recommended for worms. (See page 95.) - - - FATTY DEGENERATION - - _Not contagious, but pointing to error in diet_ - -_Symptoms._ More or less sudden deaths of birds in good condition. -Post-mortem examination shows an enlarged liver and masses of fat -attached to the intestines. - -_Cause._ Something wrong with the diet; too much heat-giving food and -want of exercise. - -_Treatment_. Post-mortem proof of fatty degeneration in the flock -should lead the poultry owner to change the diet, reducing the amount -of heat-giving food, and giving more exercise. Some authors draw -attention to a fatty degeneration in which the liver is shrunken and -shows fat globules under the microscope. - - - FAVUS (WHITE COMB) - - _Disfiguring, but easily controlled if treated early_ - -_Symptoms._ Whitish scabs or crusts on the comb, the head and down the -neck. - -_Cause._ Due to a fungus that spreads, if not treated, and that -probably starts where there is an abrasion of the skin. - -_Treatment._ Treat in early stages of the disease by dressing with -sulphur ointment. (See page 9.) Isolate bird. If the case has been -neglected and allowed to develop, the crusts must first be moistened -with oil and the surface scraped off with a blunt instrument. Then -apply tincture of iodine or nitrate of silver. - - - FEATHER-EATING - - _Not a very common habit_ - -_Symptoms._ The presence of bare patches and injured plumage on birds -should lead the poultryman to watch for feather-eaters. - -_Cause._ Irritation from insects, some defect in diet, or natural -cussedness. - -_Treatment._ Isolate the offender, and, if persistent and of no special -value, kill, for fear the bad example may be followed by others. If -several fowls develop this vice, try hanging up a bone for them to peck -at and thus distract their attention. - - - FLEAS - - _An occasional parasite of poultry_ - -_Symptoms._ Fleas are found on the fowls or in the straw of their nests. - -_Description._ The flea that attacks fowls is known as the hen flea -(_Pulex gallinæ_). It is dark colored and has sharp mouth parts. -Doubtless it causes the fowl it attacks much irritation in addition to -loss of blood. - -_Treatment._ Keep poultry houses in a clean, sanitary condition. Dust -the infested fowls with an insect powder or dip them in creolin, about -1%. Burn infested straw. - - - FRACTURES - -Broken bones of legs or wings can be mended by placing the bones back -in their proper positions and binding with light splints. The splints -may be removed in about four weeks. It will be found that shanks are -easily set, but that broken wings give far more trouble. - -If a fowl dislocates its leg or its wing, the joint should be gently -pushed back into place. - - - FROST BITE - - _A strain on the bird’s system_ - -_Symptoms._ Combs and wattles are most liable to frost bite, -particularly in breeds in which these parts are large. - -_Cause._ Exposure to very low temperatures, especially if birds are -suddenly turned out from warm quarters; dipping comb and wattles in -water when the temperature is low. - -_Treatment._ Prevent by keeping birds as warm as possible during -winter, and do not allow them to go out early in the mornings in very -cold weather. Drinking water should be provided in a vessel from which -birds can drink without wetting their wattles. In a case of frost bite, -thaw the affected parts by gently rubbing with vaseline and afterwards -treat with a mixture of two grains of salicylic acid to one ounce of -vaseline or lard. - - - GAPES - - _Serious in badly infested yards_ - -[Illustration: FIG. 12.—GAPES -On left: Chicken affected with gapes. On right: _a_, male and female -gape worms; _b_, gape worms in windpipe. (From Salmon.)] - -_Symptoms._ Frequent gaping and coughing; young chicks attacked, as a -rule. Notice if any worms are coughed up by the chicken; if none can -be found, but the gaping continues, put a stripped feather down the -windpipe, as recommended under treatment, and see if any gape worms can -be pulled up. - -_Cause._ Small worms, red in color when engorged, which attach -themselves to the mucous membrane of the windpipe. Affected birds -cough up worms or ova, which infect the yard and sometimes the water -supply. Earthworms taken from infested yards have been found to contain -portions of gape worms, and may be one means of infecting poultry. - -_Treatment._ Isolate attacked poultry and disinfect coops and yards. -The worms may be extracted from the windpipe of a gaping chicken with -a feather stripped nearly to the end, and moistened, but not dripping, -with oil of turpentine. Hold the mouth open, push the feather down the -windpipe, and give it a sudden twist, which will dislodge the worms -and allow of their being drawn up. Fumigation by holding the bird’s -head over an irritant vapor, such as that of carbolic acid poured into -boiling water, is risky, but sometimes successful. If not cautiously -done, much suffering may be inflicted on the bird. - -_Post-mortem._ Cut open the windpipe and look for the worms, which -may be easily recognized by Fig. 12. Male and female specimens will be -found attached to one another. - - - GASTRITIS (CATARRH OF THE STOMACH) - - _Not a common complaint_ - -_Symptoms._ This disease cannot be readily diagnosed while the fowl is -living; it is generally associated with catarrh of the crop. (See page -37.) The symptoms are similar. Post-mortem examination will show the -lining of the stomach in an inflamed condition. - -_Cause._ The inflammation of the lining of the stomach is generally due -to eating decomposing food or other poisonous matter. - -_Treatment._ Empty the crop as recommended under Catarrh of the crop. -Give one or two tablespoonfuls of castor oil and feed on soft and -easily digested food with milk or barley water. Be sure that poultry -are not allowed to run under trees that have been sprayed with -arsenical poisons. - - - GOUT - - _Not a common ailment_ - -_Symptoms._ The bird sometimes loses weight, and as the disease -develops shows stiffness and an indisposition to stand. In some cases -small nodules containing crystals of urate of soda occur on the -underside of the toes. - -_Cause._ Failure of the kidneys to perform their normal functions and -consequent accumulation of urates in the bird’s system in excessive -quantities. Gout may be due to too concentrated feeding. - -_Treatment._ Medicines and treatment are of little avail. Endeavor to -prevent by feeding a mixed diet. - -_Post-mortem._ In one form of this disease, known as visceral gout, the -liver and other abdominal organs are covered over with a powder-like -deposit of the crystals of urate of soda. - - - HEART DISEASES - - _Not common, and cannot be treated_ - -The heart is an organ that is subject to several serious diseases, -but these cannot be detected with any certainty while the bird is -living, and treatment cannot be recommended as likely to be successful. -Post-mortem examination may show the following symptoms: - - 1. The heart sac full of serous liquid, in the case of pericarditis, - or dropsy of the heart sac. - - 2. A reddening of the membrane lining the heart, in the case of - inflammation (endocarditis). - - 3. An enlarged heart, in the case of enlargement of the heart. - - 4. Hemorrhage, in the case of rupture of the heart and of the blood - vessels. - - - INDIGESTION - - _Disorder of the intestinal tract, that is not very serious_ - -_Symptoms._ The bird mopes and shows signs of a capricious appetite. -Either diarrhea or, less commonly, constipation, may be a symptom. - -_Cause._ Disorders of the digestive tract, due to error in dieting—for -example, overfeeding, or too little green food and not enough exercise. - -_Treatment._ Alter the feeding, see that the water is clean, and give a -dose of Epsom salts. (See page 9.) - - - JAUNDICE - - _Not a common disease_ - -_Symptoms._ A yellow comb may indicate jaundice, but there are no -definite external symptoms. Post-mortem examination shows distention of -the gall bladder, due to an excessive secretion of bile. - -_Cause._ Said to be due to continued congestion of the liver, arising -possibly from too much heat-giving food. - -_Treatment._ If the disease is suspected, give one grain of calomel as -a purgative and feed on more green food. - - - KIDNEY DISEASES - - _With the exception of gout, kidney diseases cannot be detected by - external symptoms_ - -Gout (see page 63) is the commonest disease of the kidneys. In -addition, there are some disorders of the kidneys (e. g., enlargement) -that may be noticed on post-mortem examination. Little is known about -these diseases; there are no symptoms that can be recognized before -death, and no treatment can be recommended. - - - LEG WEAKNESS - - _Constitutional weakness, to which the heavier breeds are more subject - than are the lighter ones_ - -_Symptoms._ Fowls walk in an unsteady manner, without showing any -specific cause for lameness. Young birds are more likely to be affected -in this manner, particularly those of the heavier breeds. - -_Cause._ Too rapid growth, the bird outgrowing the strength of its legs. - -_Treatment._ Reduce the quantity of fat-producing foods. Care in the -selection of breeding stock is important. - - - LICE - - _Invariably present in small numbers, and likely to become a serious - pest, if not persistently controlled_ - -_Symptoms._ Unthrifty look of fowl and signs of irritation; desertion -of nest by setting hens; and, of course, the detection of lice on the -fowl: this may be done by quickly turning over the feathers on the body -and looking for the lice. - -[Illustration: FIG. 13.—LOOKING FOR LICE] - -_Cause._ Introduction of an infested fowl; neglect to dust fowls -regularly to keep down lice, and to clean out fowl houses and change -the straw of nest boxes. At the season that lice are likely to be most -prevalent the poultryman should take precautionary measures. - -[Illustration: FIG. 14.—THREE LICE THAT COMMONLY AFFECT FOWLS -(From Salmon.) -_a._ Lipeurus variabilis. -_b_, Menopon pallidum. -_c_, Goniodes dissimilis.] - -_Description of lice._ Lice are small insects ranging in size from -1∕25 to 1∕8 of an inch. They breed rapidly, laying their eggs on the -feathers. They are not blood-sucking insects, but cause much irritation -to the birds they infest. - -Several species are found on fowls. Fig. 14 shows three of the common -species. - -_Treatment._ Dust fowls with fresh insect powder (pyrethrum). Smear -sulphur ointment on head and under wings, especially in the case of -chickens. Infested fowls may be dipped in 2% creolin. Dust setting hens -with a lice powder before putting them on their nests. Infested straw -should be burnt, and boxes, nests, fixtures, etc., should be thoroughly -sprayed with 2% creolin. - - - LIMBER-NECK - - _An occasional complaint_ - -_Symptoms._ The muscles of the fowl’s neck become so relaxed that they -cannot support the head. - -_Cause._ Limber-neck, due to partial or entire paralysis of the muscles -of the neck, is believed to be associated with acute indigestion or -worms. - -_Treatment._ A strong purgative may be the means of effecting a cure by -cleaning out any intestinal poisons and thus correcting the cause. If -the treatment recommended does not effect a cure in a few days, kill -the bird. - - - LIVER DISEASES - -The liver is affected by several diseases, and the poultryman, who -finds a spotted liver on post-mortem examination, will be much aided -in determining the cause, if he takes into consideration the symptoms -noticed before the fowl died, as well as the changes in the other -internal organs. The importance of the post-mortem examination is in -distinguishing whether the death of the fowl is due to a contagious -disease. - -The causes of diseased livers may be conveniently divided into two -classes: - - 1. Diseased livers due to indigestion, e. g., enlargement. - - 2. Diseased livers due to a specific disease, e. g., tuberculosis. - - -_Diseases Due to Indigestion_ - -In this class may be included degeneration, inflammation, congestion, -enlargement, and atrophy of the liver. There are more or less distinct -differences in these diseases, but the only possible methods of -treatment known at present are very much the same. - -_Symptoms._ There are no definite external symptoms. The poultryman’s -suspicions should, however, be aroused if fowls apparently in good -health die suddenly. A post-mortem examination will reveal a liver of -abnormal size, or somewhat shrunken, and of unhealthy texture. - -_Cause._ The cause is generally something wrong in the feeding. Fowls -may be eating too large a proportion of heat-producing foods and not -enough green food. If an enlarged liver is associated with an excessive -layer of fat covering the internal organs, it points to too large -quantities of carbohydrates. - -_Treatment._ Correct errors in feeding. Give more green food and let -the fowls scratch for some of their grain. If errors in feeding and -general management are not obvious, make experimental changes. - - -_Diseased Livers Due to Specific Diseases_ - -Tuberculosis, coccidiosis, gout and other specific diseases are -responsible for spotted or diseased livers. (Fig. 24.) The section on -diagnosis by post-mortem examination gives further information on these -subjects and shows how the principal diseases may be distinguished. - -The term cancer is sometimes applied to cases in which there are tumors -on the liver. - - - MAGGOTS - - _Occasionally found in flesh wounds of poultry_ - -_Symptoms._ A flesh wound that instead of healing develops into a sore -with a slight running. On examination, maggots will be found. - -_Cause._ Several species of flies are always ready to lay their eggs -in any available wound or sore; therefore wounds must be watched in -the case of poultry, as with all other animals of the farmyard. The -eggs laid by these flies hatch and develop into small footless grubs -commonly known as maggots. - -_Treatment._ Wash the wound with 1 to 2% creolin; remove as many of -the maggots as possible with a pair of tweezers or a feather. If the -maggots are deep-seated, stuff the wound with a cotton wad saturated -with strong creolin or 10% carbolic acid. Examine next day and remove -dead maggots. Treat again in a similar manner if the maggots are not -all killed. Fish oil, or iodoform made into a paste with vaseline, will -prevent the flies depositing their eggs, if smeared on the surface of -the wound. - - - MITES (AIR-SAC) - - _Not a common parasite_ - -_Symptoms._ There are no definite external symptoms. If the bird is -very badly affected, there may be evidences of suffocation. This may -end fatally. A post-mortem examination will show the mites in the air -passages and bronchi as small yellowish and whitish particles, which on -careful observation may be seen to move. - -_Cause._ A small mite (_Sarcoptes lævis_) which infests the air sacs -and bronchi. These mites, when present in large numbers, obstruct -the air passages and cause suffocation. A secretion from the mucous -membrane affected, results from the presence of the mites and increases -the obstruction of the air passages. - -[Illustration: FIG. 15 THE AIR SAC MITE -(From Salmon.)] - -_Treatment._ The fumigation method tried for gapes has been -recommended, but there is little reason to expect success. - - - MITES, DEPLUMING (SCABIES) - -_Symptoms._ Bare patches on the bird’s body due to the loss of -feathers. The rump and the breast are most frequently attacked. - -[Illustration: FIG. 16 THE DEPLUMING MITE -(From Salmon.)] - -_Cause._ A small mite (_Sarcoptes lævis_) found on the bird’s body near -the base of the fallen feathers. - -_Treatment._ Isolate affected birds; rub bare patches and neighboring -portion of body with sulphur ointment (see page 9) or dip body of fowl -in a solution of about 2% creolin. - - - MITES (RED MITE) - -_A serious pest_ - -_Symptoms._ Unthriftiness of birds. - -_Cause._ A small whitish mite, which appears red when filled with -blood. These mites suck the bird’s blood at night and hide during the -day in the sockets of the perches and in the crevices of the woodwork. - -[Illustration: FIG. 17. THE RED MITE] - -_Treatment._ Examine the fowl house at night. Dust hens with an insect -powder; thoroughly spray houses and perches with 5% creolin or other -disinfectant, and squirt kerosene oil or turpentine into cracks and -crevices. A specially constructed mite-proof perch, or one that can be -easily removed, should be used. - - - MOLTING - -Molting is not a disease, but may prove trying to poultry not in the -best condition to stand the strain of the process. Hens overtaxed with -forced laying and cocks running with too large a number of hens are -most likely to suffer. Molting occurs in healthy adult birds every -twelve months. The process, which is a natural one, should be allowed -to take its natural course unless the fowls appear weak and depressed -during the period. In such cases specially nourishing and stimulating -food should be given. Anyhow, it would be well to pay particular -attention to the feeding of birds during the molting season. - - - OVARY DISEASES - -Hens suffer from various diseases of the ovary, which may become -shriveled and useless or gangrenous. Tumorous growths, sometimes called -cancers, are also found. As diseased conditions of this organ can be -detected only by post-mortem examination, and as no remedies are known, -the subject need not be dealt with more fully. - - - OVIDUCT, DISEASES OF - -Abnormal eggs must be regarded as due to functional disorders of the -oviduct. One cause of soft eggs is lack of shell-forming material; -therefore a liberal supply of powdered oyster shells, or lime in some -other form, should always be accessible to laying hens. Other abnormal -eggs occur, such as those with double yolks, without any yolk, with -blood clots, etc. No treatment can be suggested beyond feeding a varied -diet and avoiding too stimulating or over-heating foods. - -Prolapse of the oviduct may occur. The protruding portion should be -oiled or vaselined and gently pressed back. - - - PERITONITIS - - _Not common and not contagious_ - -_Symptoms._ Loss of appetite, fever and evidence of discomfort and pain -in the stomach, especially if the abdomen is pressed with the hand. -Post-mortem examination shows inflamed appearance of membrane of the -abdominal cavity. - -[Illustration: FIG. 18.—ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION OF THE HEN -(From Salmon.) - -_a._ Undeveloped ovules in ovary. - -_b._ Partly developed ovule showing stigma. Here the follicle wall -breaks and allows the ovule yolk to leave the ovary preparatory to -laying. - -_c._ An empty follicle in which the stigma and the yolk passed out. - -_d._ Opening of oviduct. - -_e._ Portion of oviduct distended, allowing yolk to pass down. - -_f._ Walls of oviduct which secrete albumen forming the white of the -egg. - -_g._ Membranous lining added. - -_h._ Portion of oviduct that secretes shell-forming substance. - -_i._ Cloaca.] - -_Cause._ Serious inflammation of the wall of the abdominal cavity. - -_Treatment._ Put the bird in a quiet place. Aconite (see page 9), to -reduce the temperature, and opium, or one drop of laudanum, to relieve -pain, have been recommended, but as a rule it is best to kill the bird. - - - PIP - - _Generally the effect of some other disorder_ - -_Symptoms._ A hardened scale formed at tip of tongue. - -_Cause._ Generally due to cold or other disorder affecting the -breathing of the bird. - -_Treatment._ Do not try to tear off the growth on the tongue by force, -but moisten with vaseline or glycerin until it becomes loose. Give soft -food. - - - PNEUMONIA AND CONGESTION OF LUNGS - - _Generally fatal_ - -_Symptoms._ Extreme depression and great difficulty in breathing. -Difficult to distinguish in the living bird from a very bad cold. -Post-mortem examination shows the affected lung filled with an exudate. -The lung sinks if put in water. - -_Cause._ Following on a cold, the lung becomes congested with blood -and a dark, viscous matter. Pneumonia may be considered a further, and -generally final, stage of congestion. - -_Treatment._ A cure is seldom effected, but in the case of a valuable -bird the following treatment may be tried Keep the bird in a dry, warm -place; paint the skin above the lungs with tincture of iodine; give -aconite. Feed on soft food and give a stimulant. - - - POISONING - -_Symptoms._ As a rule the poisons that fowls eat are mineral. The most -pronounced symptom is evidence of pain. In cases of arsenical poison -there is diarrhea. A poison containing a copper compound acts partly -as an emetic, causing the fowl to make an effort to vomit. In cases -of mineral poisons, post-mortem examinations show inflammation of the -stomach and the digestive tract. - -_Sources of poison._ Poultry are likely to get poisoned from the -following sources: - -_Fertilizers_ (e. g., nitrate of soda) used on fields in which fowls -scratch for food. Such cases are rare. - -_Insecticides and fungicides_ (e. g., Paris green [arsenic], lead -arsenate, Bordeaux mixture) applied to plants under which fowls run. If -sprays are mixed in correct proportions and used in normal quantities, -there is little danger to poultry feeding on the grass below sprayed -trees. Great care should, however, be taken in disposing of the -sediment and the residue after spraying operations are completed. - -_Rat poisons_ (e. g., phosphorus, strychnine, baryta). These poisons -are particularly dangerous when mixed with cornmeal or other bait -attractive to fowls. The best way to set rat poison is to put it in a -piece of piping of such a diameter and length that fowls cannot reach -it. - -_Salt._ Food mixed with salt for other domestic animals may be -accidentally given to fowls. Chickens are the most likely to be -poisoned by excess of salt. - -_Treatment._ If fowls have eaten poisonous substances, the fact is -not usually discovered until after death or until it is too late to -administer an antidote. Most of the poisons fowls are likely to eat act -as irritants of the digestive tract. Milk and white of egg should be -given. It is advisable to give a stimulant, such as half a teaspoonful -of brandy. - - - PYÆMIA - - _Not contagious, and not common_ - -_Symptoms._ This disease cannot be diagnosed except by post-mortem -examination and microscopic identification of pus-forming organisms in -the infected areas (whitish spots) of liver, spleen, etc. - -_Cause._ Pus-forming organisms believed to enter the blood through a -wound in the skin. - -_Treatment._ As there are no external symptoms, treatment is not -possible. - - - RHEUMATISM - - _Not a common trouble_ - -_Symptoms._ Lameness and stiffness of joints. - -_Cause._ May be due in some cases to too stimulating food and to -dampness. - -_Treatment._ Put affected bird in dry quarters and vary food, adding -more greens. Rub joints with embrocation, or turpentine and oil. - - - ROUP (CONTAGIOUS CATARRH) - - _One of the most serious contagious diseases_ - -_Symptoms._ The bird first has symptoms of an ordinary cold, such as -running at the nostrils and sneezing. Definite evidence of roup is the -_offensive odor_ detected on opening the bird’s mouth. The exudate is -also offensive. The disease may attack the eyes, which then become -inflamed and swollen; a tumor, containing offensive, yellowish, cheesy -matter, sometimes develops. The course of the disease may extend over -several weeks or months and there may be cases of chronic roup. Some -cases end fatally in a comparatively short time. The form of the -disease, in which yellowish patches develop on the throat, is dealt -with under diphtheria or diphtheritic roup. - -[Illustration: FIG. 19.—EXAMINING A FOWL WITH A SUSPICIOUS COLD] - -_Cause._ Cases of roup occur when birds are subjected to draft and -damp, but the cause must be infection with disease germs. It is -believed that the almost constant presence of the germs is due to lack -of regular disinfection and to birds in the flock believed to have -recovered from a previous attack of the disease, but that, in reality, -are suffering from chronic roup, and are able, whenever suitable -conditions arise for an outbreak of this disease, to infect the rest of -the flock through the drinking water and the soil. - -_Treatment._ The seriousness of this disease makes it imperative -for the poultry rearer to isolate immediately any birds showing any -suspicious symptoms. If treatment of the infected bird is taken in -hand early, and carried out faithfully, a cure can be effected, but it -is often wiser to kill and burn infected stock. In treating birds, -the mouth and nostrils should be washed out with 5% carbolic acid, or -with 50% hydrogen peroxide, or with 2% permanganate of potash. It is -important to clean out the passage of the nostrils, and this may be -done by: - - 1. Pressing against the roof of the bird’s mouth from inside and - squeezing the nostrils from above downwards. - - 2. Syringing out the nostrils. - - 3. Dipping the fowl’s head for a few seconds in a solution of the - disinfectant. Great care should be exercised in this method of - treatment, which is only recommended when permanganate of potash is - used. - -It is well to keep birds isolated for some time after apparent -recovery. When the eye is affected (see Fig. 20), the tumor should be -carefully lanced and the cheesy matter removed, after which the cavity -should be rinsed out with one of the disinfectants recommended above; -such treatment may have to be repeated time after time. - -[Illustration: FIG. 20.—A ROUPY EYE] - -As an after effect of a cold or of roup, conjunctivitis or sore eyes -may develop. A discharge comes from the eyes and the eyelids become -stuck together. Bathe the eyes with hydrogen peroxide mixed with an -equal quantity of water. - -If this condition follows an attack of roup, there is danger that the -fowl has not entirely recovered, and may be a source of infection to -the rest of the flock. - - - SCALY LEG - - _An unsightly affection that, although contagious, does not spread - rapidly_ - -_Symptoms._ A rough and scaly growth on the legs of the bird. - -[Illustration: FIG. 21.—SCALY LEG -A. Showing early stages of attack.] - -_Cause._ A small mite (Fig. 22), known as _Sarcoptes mutans_, burrows -in the skin and gives rise to the unsightly growth (Fig. 21) that gives -this disease its name. - -_Treatment._ Soften the scaly growth by washing and soaking the legs -with warm water and soap. Scrub the affected portion of the legs -with a brush and then treat as follows: Dip the legs in kerosene oil, -holding them there for not longer than a few seconds. If the kerosene -oil is mixed with sweet oil, or if the legs are wet first with water, -there will be no risk of the kerosene proving harsh, as sometimes -happens. Sulphur ointment (see page 9) may be used instead of the -kerosene oil treatment. - -[Illustration: FIG. 22.-THE MITE THAT CAUSES SCALY LEG] - - - SOFT CROP - - _Not a serious complaint_ - -_Symptoms._ Distended crop, soft to the feel. - -_Cause._ Over-eating; or food turning sour in the crop. - -_Treatment._ Hold bird downwards and squeeze contents of crop through -mouth, taking care not to suffocate the patient. Repeat treatment if -necessary. Put on low diet for some time, feeding slowly and sparingly. - - - TICKS - - _A pest found in the Southern States and tropical countries_ - -_Symptoms._ The fowl has fever, appears depressed, and stands in a -cramped position. - -[Illustration: FIG. 23. THE FOWL TICK -_a._ Adult. -_b._ Larva.] - -_Cause._ The fowl tick (_Argas minatus_), which hides during the day in -cracks and crevices, sucks the fowl’s blood at night and introduces a -fever-producing parasite. - -_Remedies._ Examine sick birds during the day, and visit the roosts -at night, for proof of the presence of ticks; carefully search under -perches, in nests, and in corners of woodwork, etc. Spray woodwork -with 5% creolin; squirt kerosene oil, or turpentine, into cracks and -crevices. - - - TUBERCULOSIS - - _A very serious poultry disease_ - -_Symptoms._ This disease may be present in a poultry yard for some time -without being detected. Suspicion should be aroused if birds gradually -lose weight and die. If a bird that has gradually been getting thinner, -goes lame, or loses the use of a wing, without apparent injury, the -evidence that tuberculosis is present is strong, but positive proof -of its presence can be obtained only by post-mortem and microscopic -examination. This disease generally attacks adult birds. - -[Illustration: FIG. 24.—ORGANS AFFECTED BY TUBERCULOSIS AND BLACKHEAD -_a._ Normal spleen. -_b._ Tubercular spleen. -_c._ Portion of tubercular liver. -_d._ Blackhead liver of turkey for comparison with _c_. -_a_ and _b_ after Edwards.] - -_Cause._ The specific organism causing this disease, known as the -_Bacillus tuberculosis_ (Fig. 5), infects the liver (Fig. 24), the -spleen (Fig. 24), and other organs, least frequently the lungs. The -disease may be introduced into a flock by the purchase of an infected -bird, and may be spread by uninfected birds picking up the excrement of -diseased birds with their food. - -_Treatment._ There is no known cure. The insidious manner in which -this disease advances through a poultry yard makes it a very serious -malady. Birds suffering from it should be killed and burnt. Thorough -disinfection of coops, etc., should be made. Strict attention to -sanitation will help in preventing and controlling this disease. If -many birds in a flock are believed to have tuberculosis, it would be -well to destroy the whole flock and start again, preferably on fresh -ground. - - - WHITE DIARRHEA OF CHICKENS - - _A very serious disease, causing the death of large numbers_ - -_Symptoms._ Chickens are generally attacked when 10 to 15 days old. -They appear listless, their feathers become rough, and they stand about -with drooping wings. A white diarrhea is soon noticed. Chicken after -chicken shows similar symptoms and dies, resulting in much loss and -discouragement to the poultry rearer. - -[Illustration: FIG. 25.—CHICKENS AFFECTED WITH WHITE DIARRHEA -Ten-day White Leghorn chickens showing symptoms of bacillary white -diarrhea. (After Rettger & Stoneburn.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 26.—HEALTHY CHICKENS -Normal ten-day White Leghorn chickens. (After Rettger & Stoneburn.)] - -_Cause._ Various causes, such as improper or stale food, may upset the -chicken’s digestive organs and give rise to a whitish diarrhea, but -the term “white diarrhea” is best restricted to a contagious form of -diarrhea due to minute parasites in the intestinal tracts of chickens. -A coccidium and a bacillus have been proved by different investigators -to cause very similar forms of white diarrhea. A distinct form of white -diarrhea, known as brooder pneumonia, is described on page 35. - -_Treatment._ This disease is a very difficult one to control. -Incubators and brooders should be thoroughly disinfected. Special care -should be taken in the feeding during the first few weeks. Chickens -should not be overfed. The feeding of dry bran is recommended, as it -tends to keep the bowels in a healthy, active condition. In the form -of white diarrhea due to a bacillus, suspicion rests on the hen and -the egg as sources of infection. When the disease becomes serious, and -general sanitation and proper care of chickens do not control it, the -advisability of obtaining the eggs for hatching from a poultry farm -free of white diarrhea should be considered. - - - WORMS - - _Intestinal parasites that occasionally become serious_ - -_Symptoms._ General debility; worms or segments of worms; seen in -the droppings. If there is doubt as to whether a flock is suffering -from worms, give a suspected bird a strong purgative and keep it up so -that the feces may be examined for worms. If doubt still exists, the -suspected bird should be killed and a post-mortem examination made. -Cut the intestines open lengthways (see Fig. 34) with a small pair -of scissors and wash them out with water so as to detect the smaller -worms, and the tapeworms attached to the lining of the intestines. - -[Illustration: FIG. 27.—WORMS IN INTESTINAL TRACT OF FOWL -(After Bradshaw. From Pearl, Surface & Curtis.)] - -_Cause._ Two classes of worms are commonly parasitic on fowls—round -worms (see Fig. 27) and tapeworms. There are generally a few specimens -of worms in the intestines of fowls; but only when the numbers are -large do worms affect the health of the fowl. - -[Illustration: FIG. 28.—THE PARTS OF A FOWL] - -[Illustration: FIG. 29.—SKELETON OF A FOWL] - -_Treatment._ Every bird suspected of having worms may be tested with -a purgative as suggested above. Or, if it is established that several -birds in a flock are suffering from worms, all in poor condition, -without any cause being apparent, should be dosed with santonin—three -to five grains in the morning before any food has been picked up. After -about two hours give a purgative of two teaspoonfuls of castor oil and -soon after let the fowl have its morning food. As important as dosing -the fowls, is disinfecting the feed troughs, the water vessels, and the -soil of the runs in order to prevent re-infection. - -_Nodular tæniasis._ Small nodules on the intestines, resembling the -nodules in tuberculosis, are sometimes caused by tapeworms. The name -“nodular tæniasis” has been given to this disease. - - - - - CHAPTER V - - POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS - - -_1. Making the Examination_ - -A post-mortem examination should always be undertaken if there is any -doubt as to the cause of death. Poultry rearers who are not already -familiar with the normal appearance of the internal organs of a fowl -should take the first opportunity of studying them. - -Post-mortem examinations should be done in a systematic manner; but, if -desired, a very speedy examination may be made by rapidly removing, or -bending back, the breast bone of the unplucked bird. - -It will be more generally satisfactory, however, to devote time to the -operation, and it is suggested that the work be carried out on the -following lines: - - 1. Nail the body of the dead fowl on a board in the position shown - in Fig. 30, having first partly or wholly plucked the bird. - - [Illustration: FIG. 30.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 1 - Fowl nailed on board; lines A B, A C and B D show where to cut.] - - 2. With a sharp knife cut along lines AC, BD (Fig. 30), and bend the - breast bone backwards, exposing the internal organs. (Fig. 31.) As - the breast bone is raised it will be necessary to cut through the - mesentery and other connecting tissues. Break it back at D, cutting - through the flesh and the muscle with sharp scissors. - - 3. Remove heart, liver, gall-bladder and spleen, making neat - severances and without injury to any of the other organs. If the heart - or large blood vessels be injured in the operation, blood will flow - out and interfere with the work. - - [Illustration: FIG. 31.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 2 - Breast bone removed; internal organs in situ.] - - 4. Cut through the œsophagus, below or above the crop, as most - convenient, and also cut through the large intestine near the - cloaca. Without disconnecting the parts, lift out the gizzard, - intestines, and other portions of the alimentary canal, carefully - tearing away the membranous tissues of the mesentery. - - 5. Spread the organs out and examine each one carefully and - critically, making sections if necessary. (Fig. 32.) - - 6. Cut open gullet, crop, stomach, gizzard, intestines, and cæca and - examine the contents. - - 7. Examine the lungs, cutting off a portion and throwing it into - water, when it will float if healthy, but sink if congested. - - 8. Cut through the skin of the neck. Sever the windpipe near the head, - and also where the bronchi enter the lungs. With scissors cut it open, - and examine for molds or gapes or for exudates indicative of various - forms of cold or lung congestion. - -[Illustration: FIG. 32.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 3 -Internal organs removed for examination.] - - - 9. Examine the brain (Fig. 34) for blood clots. Some care will be - necessary in cutting through the skull so as not to injure the brain - tissue, which should be a milky white. A sharp and strong pair of - scissors or a small, fine saw (e. g., tenon saw) will be useful for - older birds. Remove the skin and cut from behind, raising the bones - and exposing the brain. - - -_2. The Normal Condition of the Internal Organs_ - -(See Fig. 32.) - -The _œsophagus_ carries the food from the mouth and passing down the -neck beside the windpipe opens into— - -The _crop_, where the food is macerated. Thence it gradually passes -into— - -The _true stomach_ (or proventriculus), which is lined with small -gastric-secreting glands that may be seen with the naked eye. This -organ is hidden by the liver, and opens directly into— - -[Illustration: FIG. 33.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 4 -Lungs, kidneys, etc., in situ.] - -The _gizzard_, situated on the left side of the abdomen. It rests on -the coiled-up mass of intestines. It is dark red and is partly hidden -by the left lobe of the liver. The walls are strong and muscular. Here -the food is ground against small bits of stone, etc. The partially -digested food passes out through an aperture near the entrance of the -true stomach into— - -The _duodenum_ or upper portion of the small intestine. It forms a loop -that incloses— - -The _pancreas_, a compact, flattened organ, pinkish in color, that -discharges its secretion by three ducts into the intestines. - -The _small intestine_, after forming the loop (duodenum), continues its -course. It first passes toward the left and is disposed in many folds -connected by the mesentery; toward the end it passes up behind the true -stomach. Connected to the intestines are the blind bodies known as— - -The _cæca_, connected to the small intestines for several inches and -which, after becoming considerably smaller in diameter, enter the -alimentary tract where— - -The _large intestine_ (rectum) starts. This portion of the intestines -is short and enters— - -The _cloaca_, into which the urinary and reproductive ducts discharge. -The external opening is known as the _vent_ or _anus_. - -The _brain_, situated in the back of the head, is protected by the -cranial bones. It is milky white except where the blood vessels may be -seen. - -The _windpipe_ connects the larynx at the throat with the lungs -branching into the two _bronchi_. - -The _lungs_, situated in the upper portion of the thoracic abdominal -cavity, are firmly attached to the ribs, in the interspaces between -which they fit. They are flattened and oval in shape, bright red in -color, and loose and spongy in texture. - -The _heart_ is cone-shaped. The lower portion rests between the -lobes of the liver. The heart is red and is inclosed in a sac (the -pericardium) that is easily removed. - -The _liver_, situated a little lower down than the heart, consists -of two lobes. The right lobe is often larger than the left which may -be cleft at the lower end. The left lobe covers the true stomach and -part of the gizzard. If there is some delay in holding a post-mortem -examination the edges of the lobes of the liver become discolored. -Normally the color is a purplish red. - -The _gall bladder_ fits into a shallow depression on the underside of -the right lobe of the liver and appears green in color. A duct conveys -the bile from the liver into the gall bladder, whence it passes by -another duct into the intestine. - -The _spleen_, a nearly round, reddish body, with a purplish tinge, is -attached by a ligament to the right side of the true stomach and is -hidden by the liver. - -The _kidneys_ extend along the sides of the spine from immediately -below the lungs to near the termination of the abdominal cavity. The -general color is a chocolate red, but a small portion at the upper end -(known as the adrenal), is yellow. There is no urinary bladder. The -urates are carried direct through the _ureters_ to the cloaca. - -The _testes_ (of the male bird) are attached to the upper portion -of the kidneys. They are white or very light-colored, and may be of -different sizes. - -The _ovary_ (of the female bird), situated on the left side, covers the -kidney on that side. It consists of numerous ova of various sizes -each of which may develop into an egg. As an ovum passes through the -oviduct it is first coated with an albuminous covering (the white of -egg); lower down it is coated with a calcareous deposit that forms the -shell of the egg. (Fig. 18.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 34.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 5 -Examination of brain and of portions of intestines and windpipe.] - - -_3. Diagnosis of Disease by Post-Mortem Symptoms_ - -For purposes of diagnosis each organ must be examined. Note in each -case if it is enlarged, spotted, ruptured, inflamed or engorged with -blood. Observe if it is an unusual color or if it possesses any other -symptom of an abnormal character. - -A single symptom in a single organ, unless very pronounced and -characteristic, will not be sufficient evidence for forming an accurate -opinion as to the cause of death. But if the condition of the other -organs and the symptoms before and attending death are taken into -consideration, there will seldom be any difficulty, from a practical -standpoint, in deciding upon the nature of the disease. Many points -can be decided only by a pathologist with the aid of a microscope, -such, for example, as the difference between coccidial and bacterial -diarrhea, but it is quite enough for the poultryman to realize that one -of his fowls has died of an attack of an acute form of diarrhea and -that the rest of his birds may become infected. - -The following notes draw attention to the main diagnostic symptoms -observable on post-mortem examination, arranged under the heading of -the organs affected. Other symptoms are put in parentheses. - - - POST-MORTEM SYMPTOMS - - BRAIN - -_Apoplexy._—Shown by congestion of blood vessels of brain. (Staggering -gait and sudden death.) - - HEART - -_Cholera._—Punctiform hemorrhages are generally found in the heart in -cases of cholera. (Yellow feces; diarrhea; sudden death of several or -many fowls; inflammation of upper portion of intestines.) - - LIVER - -_Tuberculosis._—Yellowish-white spots on liver varying in size, -somewhat _raised_ and convex; the spots or nodules may be readily -separated from the rest of the liver. The liver itself is often very -much enlarged. (Fowl gradually loses weight and may go lame; mesentery -and spleen affected with nodules.) - -_Cholera._—Liver enlarged, dark green and softened, sometimes showing -whitish spots. - -_Coccidial diarrhea._—More or less circular patches, depressed in the -centre, associated with plugged cæca, the linings of which have sores. - -_Congested liver._—Much enlarged and engorged with blood, may be -readily torn. - -_Fatty degeneration or fatty liver._—In the first case the liver is -rather shrunken and hardened, and in the latter excessive deposits of -fat may be noticed. - -_Liver trouble._—(Indigestion.) An enlarged liver without any of the -special symptoms noted among the other diseases of the liver. - -_Gout._—Needle-like crystals (urate of soda) give the liver the -appearance of having been covered with chalk. (Other organs in -abdominal cavity covered with same powder-like crystals.) - -_Aspergillosis._—Necrotic areas with mold. (Fowls go light and move -about in a depressed manner, resting on their breast bones.) - - STOMACH - -_Gastritis._—The mucous membrane lining of the stomach is reddened and -inflamed. - - INTESTINES - -_Diarrhea._—Acute forms of intestinal troubles give rise to -inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the walls of the intestines. - -_Cholera._—The upper portion of the intestines may be reddened and the -contents show streaks or clots of blood. - -_Worms._—Round or tape worms present in intestines. - - CÆCA - -These blind ducts are of importance in showing the presence of -coccidiosis in fowls or blackhead in turkeys. - -_Coccidial diarrhea._—The cæca are enlarged and show ulcers developing -from the inside. - - WINDPIPE - -The linings of this organ should be clean and free of obstruction or -mucous exudations. - -_Gapes._—Small worms about three-quarters of an inch long are found -attached to the trachea. - -_Aspergillosis._—A whitish mold will be seen along the inside of the -windpipe. - -_Pneumonia._—The bronchial tubes contain a thick mucous exudate. - -_Congestion of lungs._—Blood escaped from congested lungs is found in -the bronchi. - - LUNGS - -These should be a bright red and spongy in texture. - -_Congestion._—One or both lungs are distended with blood and dark in -color. - -_Pneumonia._—A condition that follows on congestion, the whole lung -affected losing its spongy texture, the air spaces being filled with a -semi-solid substance. - -_Brooder pneumonia._—Spots due to an Aspergillus fungus on lungs. -(Chickens attacked.) - - MESENTERY - -_Cholera._—Congestion of blood vessels of mesentery often seen. - -_Tuberculosis._—The mesentery may be studded with nodules. - - SPLEEN - -_Tuberculosis._—A greatly enlarged spleen. - -_Enteritis._—(Bacterial.) Spleen enlarged but paler in color. - - URETERS - -_Cholera._—Ureters distended with yellow urates. - - - - - INDEX - - - PAGE - Abscesses 26 - - Abnormal eggs (see Oviduct diseases) 77 - - Aconite 9 - - Air under skin (see Emphysema) 54 - - Air sac mite (see Mites, air sac) 73 - - Anæmia 27 - - Apoplexy 28 - - Aspergillosis 29 - - Atrophy of liver (see Liver diseases) 70 - - Bacterial enteritis (see Diarrhea) 48 - - Baldness (see Favus) 56 - - Biliary repletion (see Jaundice) 65 - - Blackhead of turkeys 30 - - Brandy 9 - - Breakdown 33 - - Broken limbs (see Fractures) 58 - - Bronchitis 34 - - Brooder pneumonia 35 - - Bumblefoot 36 - - Calomel 9 - - Cancer (see Liver diseases and Ovary diseases) 72, 76 - - Canker (see Diphtheria) 49 - - Carbolic acid 9 - - Castor oil 9 - - Catarrh (see Cold) 43 - - Catarrh, contagious (see Roup) 83 - - Catarrh of crop 37 - - Catarrh of stomach (see Gastritis) 62 - - Chicken pox 38 - - Chlorodyne 9 - - Cholera 39 - - Cloacitis 41 - - Coccidiosis of adult fowls 42 - - Coccidiosis of chickens (see Brooder pneumonia) 35 - - Coccidiosis of turkeys (see Blackhead) 30 - - Cold 43 - - Congestion of the liver (see Liver diseases) 70 - - Congestion of the Lungs (see Pneumonia) 79 - - Conjunctivitis (see Roup) 83 - - Constipation 44 - - Cramp 45 - - Creolin 9 - - Crop-bound 46 - - Crop, soft 89 - - Crop, catarrh of 37 - - Depluming mite 74 - - Diarrhea, bacterial 48 - - Diarrhea, mycotic 48 - - Diarrhea, protozoan 48 - - Diarrhea, mild 47 - - Diarrhea, severe 48 - - Diarrhea, white 47 - - Diphtheria 49 - - Diphtheritic roup 49 - - Disinfection 10 - - Dislocations (see Fractures) 58 - - Doses 9 - - Dropsy 52 - - Drugs 9 - - Ducks 20 - - Dysentery 52 - - Egg-bound 53 - - Egg-eating 54 - - Emphysema 54 - - Enlargement of heart (see Heart, diseases of) 64 - - Enlargement of liver (see Liver diseases) 70 - - Enlargement of kidneys (see Kidney diseases) 66 - - Enteritis (see Diarrhea) 46 - - Entero-hepatitis (see Blackhead) 30 - - Epilepsy 55 - - Epsom salts 9 - - Fatty degeneration 56 - - Favus 56 - - Feather-eating 57 - - Fits (see Epilepsy) 55 - - Fleas 58 - - Fowl typhoid 41 - - Fractures 58 - - Frost bite 59 - - Gangrenous ovary (see Ovary diseases) 76 - - Gapes 60 - - Gastritis 62 - - Geese 21 - - Going light (see Anæmia) 27 - - Gout 63 - - Grippe (see Cold) 43 - - Guinea fowls 21 - - Heart, diseases of 63 - - Heart, dropsy of 64 - - Heart, enlargement of 64 - - Heart, rupture 64 - - Hydrogen peroxide 9 - - Hypertrophy of the liver (see Liver diseases) 70 - - Impaction of crop (see Crop-bound) 46 - - Indigestion 64 - - Influenza (see Cold) 43 - - Iodine 9 - - Jaundice 65 - - Kidney diseases 65 - - Leg weakness 66 - - Leukemia (see Cholera) 39 - - Lice 66 - - Limber-neck 69 - - Liver diseases 70 - - Lungs, congestion of (see Pneumonia) 79 - - Maggots 72 - - Medicines 9 - - Mites, air sac 73 - - Mites, depluming 74 - - Mites, red 75 - - Mites, scaly leg (see Scaly leg) 88 - - Molting 75 - - Nodular tæniasis (see Worms) 97 - - Nursing fowls 5 - - Ointment 9 - - Ovary diseases 76 - - Oviduct diseases 77 - - Peritonitis 77 - - Permanganate of potash 9 - - Pigeons 21 - - Pip 79 - - Pneumonia 79 - - Poisoning 80 - - Post-mortem examination 99 - - Prolapse of oviduct (see Oviduct diseases) 77 - - Puffed skin (see Emphysema) 54 - - Pyæmia 82 - - Quinine 9 - - Rheumatism 83 - - Roup 83 - - Scabies (see Mites, depluming) 74 - - Scaly leg 88 - - Soft crop 89 - - Sore head (see Chicken pox) 38 - - Sulphur ointment 9 - - Ticks 90 - - Tuberculosis 90 - - Turkeys 20 - - Turpentine 9 - - Vertigo (see Apoplexy) 28 - - Water 11 - - White comb (see Favus) 56 - - White diarrhea of chickens 92 - - Worms 94 - - - - - STANDARD BOOKS PUBLISHED BY ORANGE JUDD COMPANY - - NEW YORK CHICAGO - ASHLAND BUILDING PEOPLE’S GAS BUILDING - 315-321 Fourth Avenue 150 Michigan Avenue - - -_Any of these books will be sent by mail, postpaid, to any part of the -world, or receipt of catalog price. We are always happy to correspond -with our patrons, and cordially invite them to address us on any matter -pertaining to rural books. Send for our large illustrated catalog, free -on application._ - - -First Principles of Soil Fertility - -By ALFRED VIVIAN. There is no subject of more vital importance to the -farmer than that of the best method of maintaining the fertility of the -soil. The very evident decrease in the fertility of those soils which -have been under cultivation for a number of years, combined with the -increased competition and the advanced price of labor, have convinced -the intelligent farmer that the agriculture of the future must be -based upon more rational practices than those which have been followed -in the past. We have felt for some time that there was a place for a -brief, and at the same time comprehensive, treatise on this important -subject of Soil Fertility. Professor Vivian’s experience as a teacher -in the short winter courses has admirably fitted him to present this -matter in a popular style. In this little book he has given the gist -of the subject in plain language, practically devoid of technical and -scientific terms. It is pre-eminently a “First Book,” and will be found -especially valuable to those who desire an introduction to the subject, -and who intend to do subsequent reading. Illustrated. 5 x 7 inches. 265 -pages. Cloth. Net, $1.00 - - -The Study of Corn - -By PROF. V. M. SHOESMITH. A most helpful book to all farmers and -students interested in the selection and improvement of corn. It is -profusely illustrated from photographs, all of which carry their own -story and contribute their part in making pictures and text matter -a clear, concise and interesting study of corn. Illustrated. 5 x 7 -inches. 100 pages. Cloth. Net, $0.50 - - -The New Egg Farm - -By H. H. STODDARD. A practical, reliable manual on producing eggs and -poultry for market as a profitable business enterprise, either by -itself or connected with other branches of agriculture. It tells all -about how to feed and manage, how to breed and select, incubators and -brooders, its labor-saving devices, etc., etc. Illustrated. 331 pages. -5 × 7 inches. Cloth. $1.00 - - -Poultry Feeding and Fattening - -Compiled by G. B. FISKE. A handbook for poultry keepers on the standard -and improved methods of feeding and marketing all kinds of poultry. -The subject of feeding and fattening poultry is prepared largely from -the side of the best practice and experience here and abroad, although -the underlying science of feeding is explained as fully as needful. -The subject covers all branches, including chickens, broilers, capons, -turkeys and waterfowl; how to feed under various conditions and for -different purposes. The whole subject of capons and caponizing is -treated in detail. A great mass of practical information and experience -not readily obtainable elsewhere is given with full and explicit -directions for fattening and preparing for market. This book will meet -the needs of amateurs as well as commercial poultry raisers. Profusely -illustrated. 160 pages. 5 × 7½ inches. Cloth. $0.50 - - -Poultry Architecture - -Compiled by G. B. FISKE. A treatise on poultry buildings of all grades, -styles and classes, and their proper location, coops, additions and -special construction; all practical in design, and reasonable in cost. -Over 100 illustrations. 125 pages. 5 × 7 inches. Cloth. $0.50 - - -Poultry Appliances and Handicraft - -Compiled by G. B. FISKE. Illustrated description of a great variety -and styles of the best homemade nests, roosts, windows, ventilators, -incubators and brooders, feeding and watering appliances, etc., etc. -Over 100 illustrations. Over 125 pages. 5 × 7 inches. Cloth. $0.50 - - -Turkeys and How to Grow Them - -Edited by HERBERT MYRICK. A treatise on the natural history and origin -of the name of turkeys; the various breeds, the best methods to insure -success in the business of turkey growing. With essays from practical -turkey growers in different parts of the United States and Canada. -Copiously illustrated. 154 pages. 5 x 7 inches. Cloth. $1.00 - - -Profitable Stock Raising - -By CLARENCE A. SHAMEL. This book covers fully the principles of -breeding and feeding for both fat stock and dairying type. It tells of -sheep and mutton raising, hot house lambs, the swine industry and the -horse market. Finally, he tells of the preparation of stock for the -market and how to prepare it so that it will bring a high market price. -Live stock is the most important feature of farm life, and statistics -show a production far short of the actual requirements. There are -many problems to be faced in the profitable production of stock, and -these are fully and comprehensively covered in Mr. Shamel’s new book. -Illustrated. 5 x 7 inches. 288 pages. Cloth. Net, $1.50 - - -The Business of Dairying - -By C. B. LANE. The author of this practical little book is to be -congratulated on the successful manner in which he has treated so -important a subject. It has been prepared for the use of dairy -students, producers and handlers of milk, and all who make dairying -a business. Its purpose is to present in a clear and concise manner -various business methods and systems which will help the dairyman to -reap greater profits. This book meets the needs of the average dairy -farmer, and if carefully followed will lead to successful dairying. It -may also be used as an elementary textbook for colleges, and especially -in short-course classes. Illustrated. 5 x 7 inches. 300 pages. Cloth. - Net, $1.25 - - -Questions and Answers on Buttermaking - -By CHAS A. PUBLOW. This book is entirely different from the usual type -of dairy books, and is undoubtedly in a class by itself. The entire -subject of butter-making in all its branches has been most thoroughly -treated, and many new and important features have been added. The tests -for moisture, salt and acid have received special attention, as have -also the questions on cream separation, pasteurization, commercial -starters, cream ripening, cream overrun, marketing of butter, and -creamery management. Illustrated. 5 x 7 inches. 100 pages. Cloth. - Net, $0.50 - - -Questions and Answers on Milk and Milk Testing - -By CHAS. A. PUBLOW, and HUGH C. TROY. A book that no student in the -dairy industry can afford to be without. No other treatise of its kind -is available, and no book of its size gives so much practical and -useful information in the study of milk and milk products. Illustrated. -5 x 7 inches. 100 pages. Cloth. Net, $0.50 - - -Soils - -By CHARLES WILLIAM BURKETT, Director Kansas Agricultural Experiment -Station. The most complete and popular work of the kind ever -published. As a rule, a book of this sort is dry and uninteresting, -but in this case it reads like a novel. The author has put into it -his individuality. The story of the properties of the soils, their -improvement and management, as well as a discussion of the problems of -crop growing and crop feeding, make this book equally valuable to the -farmer, student and teacher. Illustrated. 303 pages. 5½ x 8 inches. -Cloth. Net, $1.25 - - -Weeds of the Farm Garden - -By L. H. PAMMEL. The enormous losses, amounting to several hundred -million dollars annually in the United States, caused by weeds -stimulate us to adopt a better system of agriculture. The weed question -is, therefore a most important and vital one for American farmers. This -treatise will enable the farmer to treat his field to remove weeds. -The book is profusely illustrated by photographs and drawings made -expressly for this work, and will prove invaluable to every farmer, -land owner, gardener and park superintendent. 5 x 7 inches. 300 pages. -Cloth. Net, $1.50 - - -Farm Machinery and Farm Motors - -By J. B. DAVIDSON and L. W. CHASE. Farm Machinery and Farm Motors is -the first American book published on the subject of Farm Machinery -since that written by J. J. Thomas in 1867. This was before the -development of many of the more important farm machines, and the -general application of power to the work of the farm. Modern farm -machinery is indispensable in present-day farming operations, and -a practical book like Farm Machinery and Farm Motors will fill a -much-felt need. The book has been written from lectures used by the -authors before their classes for several years, and which were prepared -from practical experience and a thorough review of the literature -pertaining to the subject. Although written primarily as a textbook, -it is equally useful for the practical farmer. Profusely illustrated. -5½ x 8 inches. 520 pages. Cloth. Net, $2.00 - - -The Book of Wheat - -By P. T. DONDLINGER. This book comprises a complete study of everything -pertaining to wheat. It is the work of a student of economic as well as -agricultural conditions, well fitted by the broad experience in both -practical and theoretical lines to tell the whole story in a condensed -form. It is designed for the farmer, the teacher, and the student as -well. Illustrated. 5½ x 8 inches. 370 pages. Cloth. Net, $2.00 - - -Bean Culture - -By GLENN C. SEVEY, B.S. A practical treatise on the production and -marketing of beans. It includes the manner of growth, soils and -fertilizers adapted, best varieties, seed selection and breeding, -planting, harvesting, insects and fungous pests, composition and -feeding value; with a special chapter on markets by Albert W. Fulton. -A practical book for the grower and student alike. Illustrated. 144 -pages. 5 × 7 inches. Cloth. $0.50 - - -Celery Culture - -By W. R. BEATTIE. A practical guide for beginners and a standard -reference of great interest to persons already engaged in celery -growing. It contains many illustrations giving a clear conception of -the practical side of celery culture. The work is complete in every -detail, from sowing a few seeds in a window-box in the house for early -plants, to the handling and marketing of celery in carload lots. Fully -illustrated. 150 pages. 5 × 7 inches. Cloth. $0.50 - - -Tomato Culture - -By WILL W. TRACY. The author has rounded up in this book the most -complete account of tomato culture in all its phases that has ever -been gotten together. It is no second-hand work of reference, but a -complete story of the practical experiences of the best-posted expert -on tomatoes in the world. No gardener or farmer can afford to be -without the book. Whether grown for home use or commercial purposes, -the reader has here suggestions and information nowhere else available. -Illustrated. 150 pages. 5 × 7 inches. Cloth. - - $0.50 - - -The Potato - -By SAMUEL FRASER. This book is destined to rank as a standard work -upon Potato Culture. While the practical side has been emphasized, the -scientific part has not been neglected, and the information given is of -value, both to the grower and to the student. Taken all in all, it is -the most complete, reliable and authoritative book on the potato ever -published in America. Illustrated. 200 pages. 5 × 7 inches. Cloth. - $0.75 - - -Dwarf Fruit Trees - -By F. A. WAUGH. This interesting book describes in detail the several -varieties of dwarf fruit trees, their propagation, planting, pruning, -care and general management. Where there is a limited amount of ground -to be devoted to orchard purposes, and where quick results are desired, -this book will meet with a warm welcome. Illustrated. 112 pages. 5 × 7 -inches. Cloth. $0.50 - - -Cabbage, Cauliflower and Allied Vegetables - -By C. L. ALLEN. A practical treatise on the various types and varieties -of cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kale, collards and -kohl-rabi. An explanation is given of the requirements, conditions, -cultivation and general management pertaining to the entire cabbage -group. After this each class is treated separately and in detail. The -chapter on seed raising is probably the most authoritative treatise on -this subject ever published. Insects and fungi attacking this class -of vegetables are given due attention. Illustrated. 126 pages. 5 x 7 -inches. Cloth. $0.50 - - -Asparagus - -By F. M. HEXAMER. This is the first book published in America which is -exclusively devoted to the raising of asparagus for home use as well -as for market. It is a practical and reliable treatise on the saving -of the seed, raising of the plants, selection and preparation of the -soil, planting, cultivation, manuring, cutting, bunching, packing, -marketing, canning and drying, insect enemies, fungous diseases and -every requirement to successful asparagus culture, special emphasis -being given to the importance of asparagus as a farm and money crop. -Illustrated. 174 pages. 5 x 7 inches. Cloth. $0.50 - - -The New Onion Culture - -By T. GREINER. Rewritten, greatly enlarged and brought up to date. A -new method of growing onions of largest size and yield, on less land, -than can be raised by the old plan. Thousands of farmers and gardeners -and many experiment stations have given it practical trials which have -proved a success. A complete guide in growing onions with the greatest -profit, explaining the whys and wherefores. Illustrated. 5 x 7 inches. -140 pages. Cloth. $0.50 - - -The New Rhubarb Culture - -A complete guide to dark forcing and field culture. Part I—By J. E. -MORSE, the well-known Michigan trucker and originator of the now famous -and extremely profitable new methods of dark forcing and field culture. -Part II—Compiled by G. B. FISKE. Other methods practiced by the most -experienced market gardeners, greenhouse men and experimenters in all -parts of America. Illustrated. 130 pages. 5 x 7 inches. Cloth. $0.50 - - -Alfalfa - -By F. D. COBURN. Its growth, uses, and feeding value. The fact that -alfalfa thrives in almost any soil; that without reseeding, it goes -on yielding two, three, four, and sometimes five cuttings annually -for five, ten, or perhaps 100 years; and that either green or cured -it is one of the most nutritious forage plants known, makes reliable -information upon its production and uses of unusual interest. Such -information is given in this volume for every part of America, by the -highest authority. Illustrated. 164 pages. 5 × 7 inches. Cloth. $0.50 - - -Ginseng, Its Cultivation, Harvesting, Marketing and Market Value - -By MAURICE G. KAINS, with a short account of its history and botany. It -discusses in a practical way how to begin with either seeds or roots, -soil, climate and location, preparation, planting and maintenance of -the beds, artificial propagation, manures, enemies, selection for -market and for improvement, preparation for sale, and the profits that -may be expected. This booklet is concisely written, well and profusely -illustrated, and should be in the hands of all who expect to grow -this drug to supply the export trade, and to add a new and profitable -industry to their farms and gardens, without interfering with the -regular work. New edition. Revised and enlarged. Illustrated. 5 × 7 -inches. Cloth. $0.50 - - -Landscape Gardening - -By F. A. WAUGH, professor of horticulture, university of Vermont. -A treatise on the general principles governing outdoor art; with -sundry suggestions for their application in the commoner problems of -gardening. Every paragraph is short, terse and to the point, giving -perfect clearness to the discussions at all points. In spite of the -natural difficulty of presenting abstract principles the whole matter -is made entirely plain even to the inexperienced reader. Illustrated. -152 pages. 5 × 7 inches. Cloth $0.50 - - -Hedges, Windbreaks, Shelters and Live Fences - -By E. P. POWELL. 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J. Wortley</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Poultry diseases, causes, symptoms and treatment, with notes on post-mortem examinations</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: E. J. Wortley</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: February 21, 2022 [eBook #67465]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Bryan Ness, Les Galloway and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POULTRY DISEASES, CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT, WITH NOTES ON POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS ***</div> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="transnote"> - -<h3>Transcriber’s Notes</h3> - -<p>Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. Variations -in hyphenation and accents have been standardised but all other -spelling and punctuation remains unchanged.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i001" style="max-width: 62.5em;"> - <img src="images/i001.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap"><i>Profit or loss</i></span></div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<h1> -POULTRY -DISEASES</h1> - -<p class="center">Causes<br /> -Symptoms<br /> -and Treatment<br /> -With Notes on<br /> -Post-Mortem Examinations</p> - -<p class="center spaced">E. J. WORTLEY, F. C. S.</p> - -<p class="center space-below"><i>Illustrated</i></p> - -<p class="center"><small>NEW YORK</small><br /> -ORANGE JUDD COMPANY<br /> -<small>1915</small><br /> -<small>LONDON</small><br /> -<small>KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & CO., Limited</small> -</p> - - -<p class="center small space-above"> -Copyright, 1915, by<br /> -ORANGE JUDD COMPANY<br /> -<i>All Rights Reserved</i><br /> -<br /> -Entered at Stationers’ Hall<br /> -<i>LONDON, ENGLAND</i></p> - -<p class="center small"><span class="smcap">Printed in U. S. A.</span> -</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="PREFACE">PREFACE</h2> -</div> - - -<p>Poultry farming as a means of profit can -be made successful only by maintaining the -most vigorous and sustained campaign -against disease. The aim of the poultry -rearer should be to stamp out disease by -preventive measures. Practical experience -proves the inefficiency of many so-called -cures, and points to the urgency of poultrymen -endeavoring to understand more thoroughly -the causes of the ailments to which -domestic fowls are liable.</p> - -<p>My aim is to put a concise handbook into -the hands of poultry rearers, who should -thus be assisted in determining the various -diseases and in taking the precautionary -steps important in preventing the introduction -and spread of contagious diseases. No -effort is made to elaborate the scientific side -of the subject. Those desirous of obtaining -full information about the types of -organisms that have been proved to be the -specific causes of, or to be invariably asso<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</span>ciated -with, particular disorders, may do so -with profit by obtaining fuller works on the -subject. Many scientific workers are devoting -their time to the problem of combating -diseases among poultry, and assistance -is willingly given by officers of the experiment -stations to farmers who desire to -identify any disease causing loss in their -flocks.</p> - -<p>The practical poultryman will recognize -the fact that measures for the control of -disease cannot be limited to sanitation -and the treatment of sick birds, but, in -reality, include such important matters as -the selection of healthy stock, intelligent -feeding, proper housing, and other details -essential to the successful management of -poultry.</p> - -<p>I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness -to the works of Dr. D. E. Salmon and -John H. Robinson, editor of Farm Poultry, -and to the recent publication on poultry diseases -by Dr. Raymond Pearl, Frank M. -Surface, and Maynie R. Curtis. My thanks -are due to R. S. Martinez for the care taken<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</span> -in making the photographs from which the -drawings for the illustrations in the chapter -on Post-Mortem Examinations were prepared. -Much valuable information has -also been obtained from bulletins issued by -the experiment stations of the United States -and by the Ontario Agricultural College of -Canada.</p> - -<p class="psig"> -<span class="smcap">E. J. Wortley.</span></p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</h2> -</div> - - -<table class="standard" summary=""> -<tr> -<td> </td> -<td></td> -<td class="tdr"><small>PAGE</small></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">General Methods of Controlling Disease</span></td> -<td class="tdr">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tdh">1. Importance of controlling disease.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tdh">2. Dangers of introducing disease.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tdh">3. Control measures.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tdh">4. Nursing sick birds.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tdh">5. The use of drugs and medicines.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tdh">6. Disinfection.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Summary of External Symptoms and -Treatment</span></td> -<td class="tdr">14</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tdh">1. Diseases affecting head and respiratory organs.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tdh">2. Diseases affecting organs of digestion and reproduction.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tdh">3. Diseases affecting legs and feet.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tdh">4. Parasites.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tdh">5. Miscellaneous.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Diseases of Poultry Other Than Fowls</span></td> -<td class="tdr">19</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Diseases and Pests of Fowls</span></td> -<td class="tdr">22</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tdh">(In alphabetical order.)</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Post-Mortem Examinations</span></td> -<td class="tdr">99</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tdh">1. Making the examination.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tdh">2. The normal condition of the internal organs.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tdh">3. Diagnosis of disease by post-mortem symptoms.</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> -</div> - - -<table class="standard" summary=""> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><small>FIG.</small></td> -<td></td> -<td class="tdr"><small>PAGE</small></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td class="tdl">Profit or Loss</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i001"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i016">2</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Isolation</td> -<td class="tdr">5</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i017">3</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Desolation</td> -<td class="tdr">6</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i019">4</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Poultryman’s Medicine Shelves</td> -<td class="tdr">8</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i021">5</a></td> -<td class="tdl">How Disease Is Spread</td> -<td class="tdr">10</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i023">6</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Aids to Thorough Disinfection</td> -<td class="tdr">12</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i040">7</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Head Showing Brain Exposed</td> -<td class="tdr">29</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i041">8</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Windpipe Cut Open<br /> A Fungus That Causes Aspergillosis</td> -<td class="tdr">30</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i047">9</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Bumblefoot</td> -<td class="tdr">36</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i049">10</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Chicken Pox</td> -<td class="tdr">38</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i061">11</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Diphtheritic Roup</td> -<td class="tdr">50</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i071">12</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Chicken Affected with Gapes<br />Gape Worms</td> -<td class="tdr">60</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i078">13</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Looking for Lice</td> -<td class="tdr">67</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i079">14</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Three Lice That Commonly Affect Fowls</td> -<td class="tdr">68</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i085">15</a></td> -<td class="tdl">The Air-Sac Mite</td> -<td class="tdr">74</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i085a">16</a></td> -<td class="tdl">The Depluming Mite</td> -<td class="tdr">74</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i086">17</a></td> -<td class="tdl">The Red Mite</td> -<td class="tdr">75</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i089">18</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Organs of Reproduction of the Hen</td> -<td class="tdr">78</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i095">19</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Examining a Fowl with a Suspicious Cold</td> -<td class="tdr">84</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i098">20</a></td> -<td class="tdl">A Roupy Eye</td> -<td class="tdr">87</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i099">21</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Scaly Leg</td> -<td class="tdr">88</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i100">22</a></td> -<td class="tdl">The Mite That Causes Scaly Leg</td> -<td class="tdr">89</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i101">23</a></td> -<td class="tdl">The Fowl Tick</td> -<td class="tdr">90</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i102">24</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Organs Affected by Tuberculosis and Blackhead</td> -<td class="tdr">91</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i104a">25</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Chickens Affected with White Diarrhea</td> -<td class="tdr">93</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i104b">26</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Healthy Chickens</td> -<td class="tdr">93</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i106">27</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Worms in Intestinal Tract of Fowl</td> -<td class="tdr">95</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i107">28</a></td> -<td class="tdl">The Parts of a Fowl</td> -<td class="tdr">96</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i108">29</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Skeleton of a Fowl</td> -<td class="tdr">97</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i111">30</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Post-Mortem Examination No. 1</td> -<td class="tdr">100</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i113">31</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Post-Mortem Examination No. 2</td> -<td class="tdr">102</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i115">32</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Post-Mortem Examination No. 3</td> -<td class="tdr">104</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i117">33</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Post-Mortem Examination No. 4</td> -<td class="tdr">106</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#i121">34</a></td> -<td class="tdl">Post-Mortem Examination No. 5</td> -<td class="tdr">110</td> -</tr> -</table> - - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I<br /> - - -<small><span class="smcap">General Methods of Controlling -Disease</span></small></h2> -</div> - -<p><i>1. Importance of Controlling Disease</i></p> - -<p>The ravages of disease add considerably -to the difficulties of raising poultry in -all parts of the world. It is the experience -of poultry rearers that an annual toll has to -be paid in the lives of young birds and older -stock. Sooner or later, in addition, an epidemic -may break out and result in heavy -losses and much discouragement.</p> - -<p>It is most important, therefore, to be able -to recognize the symptoms and to know the -causes of the many diseases to which various -kinds of poultry are subject. Every -practical effort should be made to reduce -avoidable mortality. An unexplained -death should be regarded with concern. It -may point to the presence of a serious disease. -When there is not sufficient external<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</span> -evidence for determining the cause of death, -a post-mortem examination should be made -(see page <a href="#Page_98">98</a>).</p> - -<p>The poultryman must know above all -whether he is dealing with an infectious disease -or not. The discovery that a sudden -death among his fowls is due to apoplexy -will set his mind at ease. On the other hand, -if a case of cholera occurs, the body of the -dead fowl should be burnt, and a vigorous -campaign started to prevent the spread of -the disease; birds showing mopishness and -other suspicious symptoms should be -isolated; the houses, the feed troughs, the -water vessels, and the yard to which the dead -fowl has had access, should all be thoroughly -disinfected.</p> - - -<p><i>2. Dangers of Introducing Disease</i></p> - -<p>Perhaps more loss has been caused by introducing -birds with disease into a healthy -flock than by any other means. Readers -will, doubtless, be able to recall occasions -on which their own, or their neighbors’,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span> -flocks suffered. An instance was recently -related to the writer. A poultryman was -offered two fowls, which he at first refused, -but owing to the vagrant seller’s importunity, -he eventually bought the birds and let -them loose among the home flock. On the -following day one died; but no effort was -made to discover the cause, nor was the dead -fowl’s body burnt. In a few days, a fowl -belonging to the original flock died and, in -three to four weeks after the purchase, two-thirds -of the stock had died. It afterwards -transpired that the vendor had lost several -of his fowls from cholera, and the fear of -further mortalities had been his reason -for being so anxious to dispose of the -survivors.</p> - -<p>On every farm where poultry is kept, -there should be a quarantine ward for new -purchases. The most careful breeders will -isolate their own birds that have returned -from an exhibition, for fear they may have -contracted some disease there or on the -journey.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span></p> - - -<p><i>3. Control Measures</i></p> - -<p>Practical experience and scientific investigation -have clearly proved that preventive -measures are more economical and -effective than curative. Failing prevention, -everything points to the importance of -dealing promptly with the first cases, owing -to the risk of infection of the rest of the -stock. Control measures may be divided -into three classes:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>1. Proper housing and feeding of fowls.</p> - -<p>2. General sanitation and disinfection.</p> - -<p>3. Administration of medicine to sick birds.</p> -</div> - -<p>The details to which special attention -must be given are covered by the following -axiomatic rules:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>1. Isolate birds recently purchased—for two or three weeks.</p> - -<p>2. Isolate every bird that shows any sign of ill health.</p> - -<p>3. Provide a fresh and pure supply of water in a shady -position.</p> - -<p>4. Add Epsom salts (one teaspoonful to a quart) once a -week to the drinking water. Give chickens daily a -liberal supply of bran in addition to their other food.</p> - -<p>5. Feed birds on a varied diet, including green food.</p> - -<p>6. Arrange that birds have to scratch for some of their food.</p> - -<p>7. Construct houses, nest boxes, etc., so that they can be -readily and thoroughly disinfected. Houses should -be free from drafts.</p> - -<p>8. Disinfect contaminated soil by spraying, liming, and -resting.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span></p> - -<p>9. Visit the roosts at night to detect cases of wheezing due -to colds, and to search for mites and other pests.</p> - -<p>10. Keep on hand disinfectants, lice powders and medicines -likely to be required.</p> -</div> - - -<p><i>4. Nursing Sick Birds</i></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i016" style="max-width: 62.5em;"> - <img src="images/i016.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span>—ISOLATION</div> -</div> - -<p>The small margin of profit on a single -fowl makes dosing with medicines and nursing -an unprofitable occupation, except in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span> -the case of valuable stock. If the treatment -of a bird is undertaken, it should be borne -in mind that more depends upon attention -to the rules of good nursing than to the -administration of drugs. Comfortable -quarters, warm and free from drafts, clean -straw, and invalid’s diet of soft and easily<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span> -digested food will all turn the chances in -favor of recovery.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i017" style="max-width: 62.5em;"> - <img src="images/i017.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 3.</span>—DESOLATION</div> -</div> - -<p>Too often isolation is in effect a death sentence. -The bird is put into cramped quarters, -exposed to cold winds and beating -rains, and, being in an out-of-the-way corner, -is, perhaps, neglected instead of being -specially cared for.</p> - -<p>Fowls that will not take food should be -fed lightly, but frequently, with a spoon in -order that their strength may be kept up. -All stale food should be removed.</p> - - -<p><i>5. The Use of Drugs and Medicines</i></p> - -<p>Drugs and medicines likely to be required -should always be kept in stock. The -weekly use of Epsom salts, as a mild laxative -for preventing intestinal disorders, is -strongly recommended. Little faith should -be put in drugs said to cure tuberculosis, -cholera, etc. Below is given a list of the -medicines generally required. The doses -given in the table are for a medium-sized -adult fowl; three-quarters as much should -be given for a half-grown bird, and about<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span> -one-fifth for a young chicken. Treatment -should be repeated as necessary, and animals -should be well nursed.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="i019" style="max-width: 62.5em;"> - <img src="images/i019.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 4.</span>—POULTRYMAN’S MEDICINE SHELVES</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span></p> - -<table class="standard" summary="" > -<col width="30%" /><col width="30%" /><col width="40%" /> -<tr> -<th class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Medicine</span></th> -<th class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Dose or Strength</span></th> -<th class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Disease</span></th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br"><i>Stimulants</i>—<br /></td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Brandy</td> -<td class="tdh_br">3-10 drops in warm milk</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br"><i>Aperients</i>—<br /></td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Calomel</td> -<td class="tdh_br">1 grain</td> -<td class="tdh">Diarrhea; liver disease.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Castor oil</td> -<td class="tdh_br">1 teaspoonful</td> -<td class="tdh">Diarrhea.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Epsom salts</td> -<td class="tdh_br">20 grains to 50 - grains in food or warm water</td> -<td class="tdh">Constipation; diarrhea; liver disease.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br"><i>Astringents</i>—<br /></td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Chlorodyne</td> -<td class="tdh_br">6-12 drops</td> -<td class="tdh">Diarrhea; dysentery.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Laudanum (relieves pain)</td> -<td class="tdh_br">4-6 drops</td> -<td class="tdh">Diarrhea; dysentery.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br"><i>Tonic and Febrifuge</i>—<br /></td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Quinine</td> -<td class="tdh_br">1 grain</td> -<td class="tdh">Colds; fever; roup.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Aconite</td> -<td class="tdh_br">1 drop</td> -<td class="tdh">Colds; fever; roup.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br"><i>For Worms</i>—<br /></td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Turpentine</td> -<td class="tdh_br">5 to 10 drops in 1 teaspoonful castor oil</td> -<td class="tdh">Worms (intestinal).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Santonin</td> -<td class="tdh_br">3 to 5 grains</td> -<td class="tdh">Worms (intestinal).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br"><i>Antiseptic Washes</i>—<br /></td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">(a) Carbolic acid</td> -<td class="tdh_br">1-5% sol.</td> -<td class="tdh"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">(b) Hydrogen peroxide</td> -<td class="tdh_br">50%</td> -<td class="tdh" rowspan="4">} Colds; roup; diphtheria; cuts and injuries.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">(c) Creolin</td> -<td class="tdh_br">2-5% sol.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">(d) Permanganate of potash</td> -<td class="tdh_br">1/2-2% sol.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br"><i>Dressing Flesh Wounds</i>—<br /></td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">1/2 creolin and 1/2 sweet oil</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -<td class="tdh">Cuts and injuries.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br"><i>To Reduce Swellings</i>—<br /></td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Iodine</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Tincture</td> -<td class="tdh"> Cramp; Rheumatism.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Embrocation:</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Turpentine</td> -<td class="tdh_br">10 drops</td> -<td class="tdh" rowspan="2"> Cramp; Rheumatism.</td> - -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Sweet oil</td> -<td class="tdh_br">1 ounce</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br"><i>Insecticides</i>—<br /></td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Lice powders</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -<td class="tdh">Lice, mites.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Kerosene</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -<td class="tdh">Scaly legs.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Sulphur ointment:</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -<td class="tdh">Lice, scaly legs, mites, ticks.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Sulphur</td> -<td class="tdh_br">1 part</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Kerosene</td> -<td class="tdh_br">1 part</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_brb">Lard</td> -<td class="tdh_brb">2 parts</td> - -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—By accepting that 1¼ teaspoonfuls made up to a pint with -water gives approximately a 1% solution, any of the weak dilutions -required by poultrymen can be easily prepared.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span></p> - - -<p><i>6. Disinfection</i></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="i021" style="max-width: 50em;"> - <img src="images/i021.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 5.</span>—HOW DISEASE IS SPREAD<br /> -Germs of tuberculosis in the excrement of a fowl. (After Edwards.)</div> -</div> - - -<p>The important part played by micro-organisms -in causing and spreading disease -must be understood before the value of disinfection -can be fully appreciated. The -poultryman must develop a sense of sight -that sees lurking microbes at every turn, -especially in unclean corners. Figure 5 -shows germs revealed by the microscope in -the excrement of a bird suffering from<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span> -tuberculosis. The fact that this speck contained -so many germs, although it was far -too small to be seen with the naked eye, will -give an idea of how epidemics may be -caused by food, water, and soil contaminated -by excreta, nasal discharges, etc.</p> - -<p>Regular and thorough disinfection of -woodwork, of feeding vessels, and of the -drinking water should form part of the -routine of poultry management, and a stock -of disinfectants should always be kept on -hand. It will be found convenient to have -an iron drum with a tap for a diluted solution, -say 5%, of some standard disinfectant—e. g., -creolin—that can be further diluted -as required.</p> - -<p><i>Water.</i> A stock solution of permanganate -of potash, made by adding ten grains -to one quart of water, should always be kept -on hand for purposes of disinfection. When -there is danger of infection, two tablespoonfuls -of this solution should be added to -every gallon of drinking water.</p> - -<p><i>Feeding Vessels.</i> Clean with boiling -water.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i023" style="max-width: 62.5em;"> - <img src="images/i023.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 6.</span>—AIDS TO THOROUGH DISINFECTION</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Houses and Fixtures.</i> Spray with 2% -to 5% creolin (or other disinfectant) and -whitewash afterwards, or use whitewash to -which 2% of creolin has been added. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span> -whitewash should be prepared with quick-lime. -The house should first be cleaned -out with an iron scraper and scrubbing -brush, using a liberal supply of water (see -Fig. <a href="#i023">6</a>).</p> - -<p><i>Soil.</i> The most convenient of the following -methods should be adopted:</p> - -<p>(1) Spray surface with 5% creolin.</p> - -<p>(2) Spread straw over ground and set -fire to it.</p> - -<p>(3) Fork over and lime. This method -is not sufficient if serious contamination is -suspected.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II<br /> - - -<small>SUMMARY OF EXTERNAL SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT</small></h2> -</div> - -<table class="standard" summary=""> -<tr> -<th class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Disease</span></th> -<th class="tdc"><span class="smcap">External Symptoms</span></th> -<th class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Treatment</span></th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br"><i>1. Diseases affecting head and</i> -<i>respiratory organs</i>:</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Air under skin (see <a href="#Page_54">Emphysema</a>).</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td></tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Apoplexy</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Staggering gait and appearances of a sudden fit</td> -<td class="tdh">Keep fowl quiet; put in a dark place; -give Epsom salts.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Aspergillosis</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Loss of weight</td> -<td class="tdh">Avoid musty grain and straw.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Brooder pneumonia</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Affects chickens; whitish diarrhea; many deaths</td> -<td class="tdh">No cure; prevent by strict sanitary methods.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Bronchitis (croup)</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Rattling in throat</td> -<td class="tdh">Paint throat with iodine.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Canker (see <a href="#Page_83">Roup</a>).</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Catarrh, contagious (see <a href="#Page_83">Roup</a>).</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Chicken pox</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Scabby, wart-like growths on head and comb</td> -<td class="tdh">Gently scrape off scab and paint withiodine.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Cold (catarrh)</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Running at nose and eyes</td> -<td class="tdh">Isolate and syringe nostrils with 2% carbolic acid.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Congestion of lungs (see <a href="#Page_79">Pneumonia</a>).</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Conjunctivitis—sore eyes (see <a href="#Page_83">Roup</a>).</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Diphtheria (diphtheritic roup)</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Yellowish patches on throat -following an attack of roup</td> -<td class="tdh">Isolate; paint patches with hydrogen -peroxide or iodine; best to kill fowl.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Emphysema</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Skin puffed out</td> -<td class="tdh">Puncture with needle.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Epilepsy</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Bird has fit</td> -<td class="tdh">If worms are believed to be the cause -give santonin.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Favus</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Scurfy patches on comb and upper -portion of neck</td> -<td class="tdh">Anoint with sulphur ointment or iodine.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Frost bite</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Frozen wattles</td> -<td class="tdh">Rub with vaseline.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Influenza—grippe (see <a href="#Page_43">Cold</a>).</td> -<td class="tdh_br"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Roup</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Nostrils caked with offensive smelling exudate</td> -<td class="tdh">Isolate; syringe nostrils with 5% carbolic acid; -best to kill fowl with bad attack.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Pip</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Hardened scale on tip of tongue</td> -<td class="tdh">Soften and remove.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Pneumonia</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Great difficulty in breathing</td> -<td class="tdh">Paint shoulders above lungs with -iodine; generally incurable.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Sore head (See <a href="#Page_38">Chicken pox</a>).</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Vertigo (see <a href="#Page_55">Epilepsy</a>).</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">White comb (see Favus).</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br"><i>2. Diseases affecting organs of</i></td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br"><i>digestion and reproduction</i>:</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Blackhead of turkeys</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Drooping wings; dullness; many deaths</td> -<td class="tdh">Strict sanitary measures; difficult to control.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Cancer (see Liver diseases and Ovary diseases).</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Catarrh of crop</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Distended crop with offensive liquid</td> -<td class="tdh">Empty crop; diet sparingly.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Catarrh of stomach (see Gastritis).</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Cholera</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Yellow feces; bad diarrhea; sudden - death of several birds</td> -<td class="tdh">No cure known; kill fowl and burn -body; take every precaution to prevent spread.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Cloacitis</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Offensive discharges from cloaca</td> -<td class="tdh">Syringe out cloaca.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Constipation</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Unsuccessful efforts to evacuate</td> -<td class="tdh">Give castor oil; supply green food and -make bird scratch for grain.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Coccidiosis of adult fowls</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Loss of weight, diarrhea</td> -<td class="tdh">No remedies.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Coccidiosis of chickens (see White diarrhea).</td> -<td class="tdh_br"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Coccidiosis of turkeys (see Blackhead).</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Crop-bound</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Distended crop</td> -<td class="tdh">Pour sweet oil down throat and knead -crop, holding fowl’s head down; or slit crop and remove food.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Diarrhea</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Frequent passing of liquid excreta; soiled vent</td> -<td class="tdh">Isolate for fear of epidemics; in bad -cases give 6 to 10 drops chlorodyne.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Dropsy</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Distention of abdomen</td> -<td class="tdh">Kill bird or puncture abdomen.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Dysentery</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Bad form of diarrhea distinguished by -blood in the excreta</td> -<td class="tdh">Treat as for bad cases of diarrhea.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Egg-bound</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Unsuccessful efforts to lay</td> -<td class="tdh">Remove egg.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Enteritis (see Diarrhea).</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Fatty degeneration</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Sudden death; excessively fat</td> -<td class="tdh">Change diet of others.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Fowl typhoid (see Cholera).</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Gastritis</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Dullness; loss of appetite</td> -<td class="tdh">Empty stomach; give castor oil and -easily digested food.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Impaction of crop (see Crop-bound).</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Indigestion</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Difficult to diagnose</td> -<td class="tdh">Change diet.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Jaundice</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Yellowish comb</td> -<td class="tdh">One grain of calomel and green food.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Leukemia (see Cholera).</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Liver diseases</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Difficult to diagnose</td> -<td class="tdh">Change diet.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Ovary diseases</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Irregularity in egg production</td> -<td class="tdh">No remedies.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Oviduct diseases</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Prolapse of oviduct</td> -<td class="tdh">Vaseline and replace.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Peritonitis</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Fever; pain in abdomen</td> -<td class="tdh">Aconite and opium.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Pyæmia</td> -<td class="tdh_br">No external symptoms</td> -<td class="tdh">No remedy.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Soft crop</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Distended and soft crop</td> -<td class="tdh">Empty crop; diet sparingly.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Tuberculosis</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Wasting away; lameness</td> -<td class="tdh">Kill affected birds; disinfect poultryhouses, etc.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">White diarrhea of chickens</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Dullness; many deaths; whitish diarrhea</td> -<td class="tdh">Proper feeding; thorough disinfection; -difficult to control.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br"><i>3. Diseases affecting legs and feet</i>:</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Bumblefoot</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Swelling on pad of foot</td> -<td class="tdh">Lance, if bad; paint with iodine; -lower perches.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Cramp</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Difficulty in standing straight</td> -<td class="tdh">Hold legs in warm water; rub with -embrocation; keep bird in dry place.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Fractures</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Broken shank or wing</td> -<td class="tdh">Splints.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Gout</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Pain in joints of legs and difficulty in -standing</td> -<td class="tdh">Difficult to cure; rub joints with embrocation.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Leg weakness</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Unsteady walk</td> -<td class="tdh">Select breeders.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Rheumatism</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Stiffness in joints; difficult to distinguish -from cramp and gout</td> -<td class="tdh">Rub legs with embrocation; keep bird in dry place.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br"><i>4. Parasites</i>:</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Fleas</td> -<td class="tdh_br">On hen and in nest straw</td> -<td class="tdh">Dust with insect powder; burn infested straw.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Gape worms</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Gaping of chicks and effort to dislodge - something in throat or windpipe</td> -<td class="tdh">Extract by pushing feather moistened -with turpentine down windpipe.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Lice</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Unthrifty condition of birds; desertion - of nests by setting hens</td> -<td class="tdh">Dust fowl with insect powder; grease -head and neck of chickens; spray woodwork.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Maggots</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Running wound</td> -<td class="tdh">Remove maggots; treat with creolin or carbolic acid. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Mites (air sac)</td> -<td class="tdh_br">In bad cases, suffocation</td> -<td class="tdh">Difficult to treat.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Mites (depluming)</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Bare patches</td> -<td class="tdh">Sulphur ointment.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Mites (red)</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Examine roosts at night</td> -<td class="tdh">Kerosene.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Scabies (see Mites, depluming).</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Scaly leg</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Uneven crusts on legs</td> -<td class="tdh">Scrub with soap and water; kerosene -oil or sulphur ointment.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Ticks</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Birds suffering from fever; ticks -found on the body, especially at night</td> -<td class="tdh">Remove ticks from fowl; spray -perches, etc., with 5% creolin.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Worms</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Loss of weight; segments of worms in excreta</td> -<td class="tdh">Give 3 to 5 grains santonin, followed -by 2 teaspoonfuls castor oil.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br"><i>5. Miscellaneous</i>:</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Abscesses</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Swelling with pus</td> -<td class="tdh">Lance and dress with healing oil.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Anæmia</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Loss of weight and unthrifty condition</td> -<td class="tdh">Search for cause and treat.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Breakdown</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Enlarged and pendulent abdomen</td> -<td class="tdh">No satisfactory treatment.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Egg-eating</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Remains of eggs</td> -<td class="tdh">Trap nests.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Feather-eating</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Injured plumage</td> -<td class="tdh">Isolation of culprit.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Going light (see Anæmia).</td> -<td class="tdh_br"></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Heart, diseases of</td> -<td class="tdh_br">No external symptoms</td> -<td class="tdh">No treatment possible.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Limber-neck</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Muscles of neck unable to support head</td> -<td class="tdh">Try purgative to correct cause.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Kidney diseases</td> -<td class="tdh_br">No external symptoms except in gout</td> -<td class="tdh">No treatment except for gout.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_br">Molting</td> -<td class="tdh_br">Unthrifty condition of bird</td> -<td class="tdh">Feed up and give tonic.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdh_brb">Poisoning</td> -<td class="tdh_brb">Evidence of pain and depression</td> -<td class="tdh_bb">Give milk, white of egg and a stimulant.</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III<br /> - -<small><span class="smcap">Diseases of Poultry Other Than Fowls</span></small></h2> -</div> - -<p>All classes of domestic poultry are to -a great extent subject to the same diseases -that affect the common fowl. The -symptoms of such diseases are for the most -part similar to those noticed when fowls are -affected, and treatment must be on the same -lines. In the management of turkeys, -ducks, geese, guinea fowls and pigeons, the -strictest sanitary measures must be enforced, -as in the rearing of fowls.</p> - -<p>Owing to its importance, blackhead of -turkeys is dealt with separately. It is one -of the most serious of poultry diseases and -causes heavy losses to turkey rearers. Careful -study should be made of the reports of -the recent investigations at the Rhode Island -Experiment Station.</p> - -<p>Severe epidemics of diarrhea or cholera -occur among all classes of poultry. Geese -are subject to a form of cholera that appears<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span> -to be different from any kind that attacks -fowls. Water fowl are not commonly infested -with external parasites. Pigeons, on -the other hand, are worried by fleas and -ticks as well as mites. Smallpox of pigeons -is similar to chicken pox of fowls, but pustular -swellings may be found on the rump -and the cloaca of the pigeon as well as on the -head. The scaly leg mite attacks turkeys -and the gape worm is sometimes a serious -pest of poults. Below is given a list of -some of the diseases of turkeys, ducks, geese, -guinea fowls and pigeons:</p> - - -<p class="center">TURKEYS</p> - - -<ul> -<li>Blackhead</li> -<li>Diphtheria</li> -<li>Gapes</li> -<li>Leg weakness</li> -<li>Lice</li> -<li>Mites</li> -<li>Roup</li> -<li>Tuberculosis</li> -<li>Scaly leg</li> -<li>White comb</li> -<li>Worms</li> -</ul> - - - -<p class="center">DUCKS</p> - - -<ul> -<li>Aspergillosis</li> -<li>Catarrh</li> -<li>Congestion of lungs</li> -<li>Cholera</li> -<li>Diphtheria</li> -<li>Lice</li> -<li>Mites</li> -<li>Worms</li> -</ul> - - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span></p> - - -<p class="center">GEESE</p> - - -<ul> -<li>Aspergillosis</li> -<li>Cholera</li> -<li>Congestion of lungs</li> -<li>Diphtheria</li> -<li>Lice</li> -<li>Mites</li> -<li>Worms</li> -</ul> - - - -<p class="center">GUINEA FOWLS</p> - - -<ul> -<li>Aspergillosis</li> -<li>Cholera</li> -<li>Diphtheria</li> -<li>Lice</li> -<li>Mites</li> -<li>Worms</li> -</ul> - - -<p class="center">PIGEONS</p> - - -<ul> -<li>Aspergillosis</li> -<li>Canker</li> -<li>Chicken pox (smallpox)</li> -<li>Diphtheria</li> -<li>Dovecot bug</li> -<li>Flea</li> -<li>Lice</li> -<li>Mites</li> -<li>Ticks</li> -<li>Worms</li> -</ul> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV<br /> - - -<small><span class="smcap">Diseases and Pests of Fowls</span></small></h2> -</div> - - -<ul> -<li>Abscesses.</li> -<li>Abnormal eggs (see <a href="#Page_77">Oviduct diseases</a>).</li> -<li>Air under skin (see <a href="#Page_54">Emphysema</a>).</li> -<li>Air sac mite (see Mites, air sac).</li> -<li>Anæmia.</li> -<li>Apoplexy.</li> -<li>Aspergillosis.</li> -<li>Atrophy of liver (see Liver diseases).</li> -<li>Bacterial enteritis (see Diarrhea)</li> -<li>Baldness (see Favus).</li> -<li>Biliary repletion (see Jaundice).</li> -<li>Blackhead of turkeys.</li> -<li>Breakdown.</li> -<li>Broken limbs (see Fractures).</li> -<li>Bronchitis.</li> -<li>Brooder pneumonia.</li> -<li>Bumblefoot.</li> -<li>Cancer (see Liver diseases and Ovary diseases).</li> -<li>Canker (see Diphtheria).</li> -<li>Catarrh (see <a href="#Page_43">Cold</a>).</li> -<li>Catarrh, contagious (see <a href="#Page_83">Roup</a>).</li> -<li>Catarrh of crop.</li> -<li>Catarrh of stomach (see Gastritis).<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span></li> -<li>Chicken pox.</li> -<li>Cholera.</li> -<li>Cloacitis.</li> -<li>Coccidiosis of adult fowls.</li> -<li>Coccidiosis of chickens (see Brooder pneumonia).</li> -<li>Coccidiosis of turkeys (see Blackhead).</li> -<li>Cold.</li> -<li>Congestion of the liver (see Liver diseases).</li> -<li>Congestion of the lungs (see <a href="#Page_79">Pneumonia</a>).</li> -<li>Conjunctivitis (see <a href="#Page_83">Roup</a>).</li> -<li>Constipation.</li> -<li>Cramp.</li> -<li>Crop-bound.</li> -<li>Crop, soft (see Soft crop).</li> -<li>Crop, Catarrh of.</li> -<li>Depluming mite.</li> -<li>Diarrhea, bacterial.</li> -<li>Diarrhea, mycotic.</li> -<li>Diarrhea, protozoan.</li> -<li>Diarrhea, simple.</li> -<li>Diarrhea, severe.</li> -<li>Diarrhea, white.</li> -<li>Diphtheria.</li> -<li>Diphtheritic roup.</li> -<li>Dislocations (see Fractures).</li> -<li>Dropsy.</li> -<li>Dysentery.</li> -<li>Egg-bound.</li> -<li>Egg-eating.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span></li> -<li>Emphysema.</li> -<li>Enlargement of heart (see Heart, diseases of).</li> -<li>Enlargement of liver (see Liver diseases).</li> -<li>Enlargement of kidneys (see Kidney diseases).</li> -<li>Enteritis (see Diarrhea).</li> -<li>Entero-hepatitis (see Blackhead).</li> -<li>Epilepsy.</li> -<li>Fatty degeneration.</li> -<li>Favus.</li> -<li>Feather-eating.</li> -<li>Fits (see <a href="#Page_55">Epilepsy</a>).</li> -<li>Fleas.</li> -<li>Fowl typhoid.</li> -<li>Fractures.</li> -<li>Frost bite.</li> -<li>Gangrenous Ovary (see Ovary diseases).</li> -<li>Gapes.</li> -<li>Gastritis.</li> -<li>Going light (see Anæmia).</li> -<li>Gout.</li> -<li>Grippe (see <a href="#Page_43">Cold</a>).</li> -<li>Heart, diseases of.</li> -<li>Heart, dropsy of.</li> -<li>Heart, enlargement of.</li> -<li>Heart, rupture.</li> -<li>Hypertrophy of the liver (see Liver diseases).</li> -<li>Impaction of the crop (see Crop-bound).</li> -<li>Indigestion.</li> -<li>Influenza (see <a href="#Page_43">Cold</a>).<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span></li> -<li>Jaundice.</li> -<li>Kidney diseases.</li> -<li>Leg weakness.</li> -<li>Leukemia (see Cholera).</li> -<li>Lice.</li> -<li>Limber-neck.</li> -<li>Liver diseases.</li> -<li>Lungs, congestion of (see <a href="#Page_79">Pneumonia</a>).</li> -<li>Maggots.</li> -<li>Mites, air sac.</li> -<li>Mites, depluming.</li> -<li>Mites, red.</li> -<li>Mites, scaly leg (see Scaly leg).</li> -<li>Molting.</li> -<li>Nodular tæniasis (see Worms).</li> -<li>Ovary diseases.</li> -<li>Oviduct diseases.</li> -<li>Peritonitis.</li> -<li>Pip.</li> -<li>Pneumonia.</li> -<li>Poisoning.</li> -<li>Prolapse of oviduct (see <a href="#Page_77">Oviduct diseases</a>).</li> -<li>Puffed skin (see <a href="#Page_54">Emphysema</a>).</li> -<li>Pyæmia.</li> -<li>Rheumatism.</li> -<li>Roup.</li> -<li>Scabies (see Mites, depluming).</li> -<li>Scaly leg.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span></li> -<li>Soft crop.</li> -<li>Sore head (see <a href="#Page_38">Chicken pox</a>).</li> -<li>Ticks.</li> -<li>Tuberculosis.</li> -<li>Vertigo (see Apoplexy).</li> -<li>White comb (see Favus).</li> -<li>White diarrhea of chickens.</li> -<li>Worms.</li> -</ul> - - - -<h3>ABSCESSES<br /> - -<small><i>Not a common poultry complaint</i></small> -</h3> - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> The flesh becomes inflamed -and swollen and forms a “head” containing -pus.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> A scratch or a small injury followed -by inflammation due to pus-forming -organisms.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Lance the abscess when -“ripe” with a clean, sharp knife, cutting low -so that the sore may drain readily. Squeeze -out the pus; wash with 1% carbolic acid or -creolin and dress with creolin and sweet oil -(half and half) until healed.</p> - -<p>The most common abscess is that which -forms on the pad of the foot and develops -into bumblefoot.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span></p> - - -<h3>ANÆMIA, OR GOING LIGHT<br /> - -<small><i>A condition that should incite the poultryman to investigate -the cause</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Birds lose weight, or ”go -light,” without any apparent reason.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> A general lack of thriftiness in -the flock may be due to insufficient or poor -food, to lack of exercise, or to bad ventilation -of houses; lice or mites may be infesting the -birds. On the other hand, birds may gradually -lose weight as the result of some such -disease as tuberculosis (see page 90}, aspergillosis -(see page 29), or worms (see -page 94).</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Make any changes in feeding -or management that may appear desirable. -Search at night for mites or lice on -the birds; in the daytime examine the -straw in nest boxes, the roosts, and the -cracks and crevices of the woodwork for -parasites. Much time may often be saved -in discovering what is wrong with the flock -by killing one or more of the affected birds<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span> -and making a post-mortem examination to -discover if a specific disease is the cause.</p> - - -<h3>APOPLEXY<br /> - -<small><i>Not a common trouble</i></small></h3> - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Staggering gait and bewildered -appearance; bird generally drops -dead suddenly.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Attributed to high feeding or -over-laying.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> There is usually no time for -treatment, but if the attack is mild, put the -bird in a dark place and give no food for a -few hours; give a dose of Epsom salts and -add green food to diet. Bleeding from -under a wing is sometimes tried.</p> - -<p><i>Post-mortem examination</i> shows clotted -blood on the brain, the other organs being -normal.</p> - -<p>The name vertigo is applied to congestion -of the brain as distinct from apoplexy due -to hemorrhage of the brain. The fowl has -fits. It is difficult to distinguish this disease -from epilepsy (see page 55). The cause -is little understood.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="i040" style="max-width: 40em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i040.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 7.—Head Showing -Brain Exposed</span></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span></p> - - -<h3>ASPERGILLOSIS<br /> - -<small><i>A disease that exists more commonly than is usually suspected, -and is the cause of the death of large numbers of -young chickens</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Fowls gradually lose weight, -mope, and die without any pronounced ailment -except difficulty in breathing. In -adults the disease may be mistaken for -tuberculosis and in chickens for white -diarrhea. Aspergillosis of chickens is dealt -with under brooder pneumonia. Post-mortem -symptoms are whitish -or yellowish growths on the -windpipe, that can only be -definitely diagnosed under -the microscope.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> A fungoid growth -in the windpipe and bronchial -tubes, sometimes extending -to the lungs and -liver. Fig. 8 shows the -spores and filaments of the -species of aspergillosis -most commonly responsible<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span> -for this disease. Infection may be due to -musty grain or dirty straw.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i041" style="max-width: 62.5em;"> - <img src="images/i041.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 8.</span>—ASPERGILLOSIS<br /> -On left—Windpipe cut open. On right—A fungus that causes aspergillosis</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> No medicines are of any -avail. Protection lies in not using musty -grain or moldy litter. Burn dead birds.</p> - - -<h3>BLACKHEAD OF TURKEYS<br /> - -<small><i>A very serious disease, making the successful rearing of -turkeys difficult and in some cases impossible</i>.</small> -</h3> - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Young turkeys, or poults, -are most commonly attacked; there is loss -of weight and loss of appetite; the bird -appears listless and stands by itself with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span> -drooping wings and tail. Diarrhea is generally -one of the symptoms. The comb -often turns a dark purple—a symptom that -has given rise to the name blackhead. -Death generally follows an attack fairly -rapidly, but in some cases the disease may -take a chronic form, while it is believed -that recovery is occasionally effected.</p> - -<p><i>Post-mortem symptoms.</i> The cæca (see -Fig. 32) are enlarged, are diseased in parts, -and are more or less plugged with cheesy -matter and pus. The liver is diseased, -being sometimes very much enlarged and -covered with yellowish necrotic areas, generally -depressed in the centre (see Fig. 24<i>d</i>). -In cases of an acute attack, especially in -young birds, one of the cæca only may be -affected and the liver may not be invaded. -The extent of the necrotic areas and the -degree of the enlargement of the infected -organs may vary greatly in different cases.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> The cause of blackhead has been -shown by Drs. Cole and Hadley to be a -coccidium. A full account of their work -is published in Bulletin 141 of the Rhode<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span> -Island Experiment Station. Coccidia enter -the digestive tract of the healthy turkey by -means of food or water infected by the -excrement of a sick bird. The organisms -pass along the alimentary canal until they -reach the cæca, the lining of which they -attack, giving rise to the conditions mentioned -under post-mortem symptoms. How -the infection spreads from the cæca to the -liver is not clear.</p> - -<p>It has been conclusively proved that -fowls, as well as pigeons, sparrows, etc., act -as hosts for these parasites. Although -adult fowls have a great degree of resistance -themselves, they are a means of carrying -infection to turkeys.</p> - -<p>Eggs may be one of the means of spreading -the disease, as they may become contaminated -in the oviduct or the cloaca of -birds affected with blackhead.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> No remedy or satisfactory -method of prevention has been discovered. -The difficulty of effecting a cure is obvious -when the nature of the disease is con<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span>sidered. -Drs. Cole and Hadley summarize -measures of prevention as follows:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>1. Protect the yards and flocks which may have the good -fortune to be uninfected with the blackhead organism by a -thorough examination of all new stock, whether turkeys, -fowls, geese or other domestic birds.</p> - -<p>2. Keep the turkeys on grounds which are as fresh as -can be obtained, and above all, keep them isolated from -fowls and other domestic birds.</p> - -<p>3. Keep every turkey in the flock under close observation -in order to separate and at once isolate any bird which -gives evidence of the disease. To facilitate such observations -it is helpful to leg-band each individual, and to record -its weight from time to time. Such a course makes it possible -to learn whether any birds are losing weight, and if -this is the case, these birds must be regarded with suspicion, -and separated from the rest of the flock.</p> - -<p>4. If it is known that blackhead is present in any of the -poultry, the yard should be kept free from English sparrows, -and the poultry houses and grain boxes from rats and mice, -which have been shown to carry the causative organism.</p> - -<p>5. When it is desired to fatten birds for the market, -begin to increase the rations gradually. Never attempt to -fatten birds which, in successive weighings, show a loss of -weight. Overfeeding does not cause blackhead, but frequently -causes the sudden death of birds in which blackhead -is present.</p> - -<p>6. When birds have died of blackhead, their bodies -should be promptly burned or buried in order to prevent the -dissemination of the coccidia, either through the ravages of -rats or skunks, or consequent to the natural processes of decay.</p> -</div> - - -<h3>BREAKDOWN<br /> - -<small><i>Not often seen in the poultry yard</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> The abdomen becomes en<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span>larged, -hangs down at the back, and sometimes -touches the ground.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Old layers are generally affected. -The cause may be the strain of heavy -laying, or may in cases be due to too much -internal fat.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> No satisfactory treatment -can be recommended and the bird had best -be killed. Such birds should not be used -for breeding purposes.</p> - - -<h3>BRONCHITIS (CROUP)<br /> - -<small><i>Not very common</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Bronchitis may be distinguished -by the rattling in the throat of the -bird affected and by the rapid breathing and -cough. The rattling is due to mucus in -the inflamed bronchial tubes. In bad cases, -birds mope, refuse to eat, and soon die.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Bronchitis may develop from an -ordinary cold, or may be due to sudden -changes of temperature, or to exposure to -rain, cold, and damp.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Keep affected bird away<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span> -from drafts and in a warm place; dose -with Epsom salts (see page 9) and give -soft food, e. g., bread, bran, and middlings, -with milk. Wine of ipecacuanha has been -recommended for cases in which breathing -is very difficult owing to excessive inflammation.</p> - - -<h3>BROODER PNEUMONIA<br /> - -<small><i>A very serious disease, causing the death of many -chickens</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Chickens affected stand by -themselves with roughened plumage. -There is a whitish diarrhea, and this disease -can easily be mistaken for white diarrhea. -(See page 92.) Post-mortem examination -will show yellowish spots on the lungs, on -the walls of the air sacs, and on the liver and -other organs, due to infection by the aspergillus -fungus. (See page 29.)</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Infection by a species of the aspergillus -fungus, the spores of which are -probably inhaled. This fungus is common. -The spores may be in the straw used for -nests or for litter, or in the food, especially -if it is at all moldy.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span></p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> There is no cure for an affected -chicken, and the poultryman must aim -at prevention. Vigorous sanitary measures -are imperative. Clean straw or excelsior -should be used for nests; eggs for hatching -should be disinfected by wiping with 80% -alcohol; incubators and brooders should be -thoroughly disinfected.</p> - - -<h3>BUMBLEFOOT<br /> - -<i>Not serious if treated early</i></h3> - - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i047" style="max-width: 62.5em;"> - <img src="images/i047.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 9.</span>—BUMBLEFOOT</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Lameness with swelling on -pad of foot.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Injury to sole of foot, developing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span> -into an abscess. Heavy birds are more subject -than light ones to bumblefoot, especially -if made to roost on perches that are too high.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Paint with iodine. Lance -the abscess if it is sufficiently advanced. -Lower perches. Birds under treatment -should have their feet bandaged, and should -be put on deep straw to prevent further injury -while the wounds are healing. Not -serious if taken in hand promptly.</p> - - -<h3>CATARRH OF THE CROP<br /> - -<small><i>Not a common trouble</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Distention of crop with soft -pasty matter of a more or less offensive -character.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Eating stale, putrifying food or -some poisonous matter.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Empty the bird’s crop by -holding the head downwards and gently -pressing the contents out through the mouth. -Feed sparingly on soft food.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span></p> - - -<h3>CHICKEN POX OR SORE HEAD<br /> - -<small><i>An infectious disease that causes considerable loss among -chickens and young birds in warm climates</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Small, scabby, wart-like -growths and eruptions on the head, especially -on the comb and the wattles and -around the eyes—in bad cases extending to -the lids and even the mouth. Chickens and -young birds are most commonly attacked -by this disease, which spreads rapidly.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i049" style="max-width: 40em;"> - <img src="images/i049.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 10.</span>—CHICKEN POX</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> The specific organism has not -been definitely determined. Chicken pox -may be started by the introduction of an<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</span> -infected bird, and mosquitoes and other insects -are suspected of being agents in its -spread.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Prompt treatment may be -very successful. Isolate affected birds. -Apply tincture of iodine, first scraping off -the scabs. Creolin 2%, or other disinfectants, -may be used instead of iodine. Dirty -coops are a contributing cause, and cleanliness -of chicken runs and houses is important. -Disinfect soil (see page 13) and woodwork -(see page 12) regularly and with -extra care when the first cases are noticed. -When roupy lesions develop, as is sometimes -the case, treat as for roup. (See page 83.)</p> - - -<h3>CHOLERA<br /> - -<small><i>A serious and epidemic form of diarrhea for which no -remedy is known</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Fowls die suddenly with -apparently little reason. There are symptoms -of diarrhea and examination shows -that the feces are a bright yellow or green -instead of the normal color. Before death, -fowls have fever and may be seen moping<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</span> -and showing evidences of distress. For -post-mortem symptoms see page 112.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> A contagious disease, due to -bacteria, that, owing to infection of soil and -drinking water by birds suffering from the -disease, spreads rapidly through a flock. -It is often introduced by the purchase of an -infected bird that appears at the time of -purchase to be well.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Prevention by strict sanitary -measures is what must be aimed at. It -is believed that no cure is known for genuine -cases of cholera. Isolate all new birds -brought into the flock, especially when -cases of cholera are reported in the neighborhood. -The bodies of birds that have -died of this disease are best burnt without -delay. The germ of cholera appears to be -both persistent and easily spread, and too -much stress cannot be laid on the necessity -of preventing its introduction, failing that, -of quickly stamping it out. The sacrifice -of a few birds to prevent the spread of the -disease will be well repaid, for it has been -necessary on occasions to kill a whole flock.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span> -In some cases it has been found best to move -unaffected birds to new quarters.</p> - -<p>Fowl typhoid, or leukemia, is a disease -of the blood that may be mistaken for -cholera. The poultryman must treat it in -the same way.</p> - - -<h3>CLOACITIS OR VENT-GLEET<br /> - -<small><i>Not a common disease</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Frequent small discharges -of excrement and unsuccessful efforts to -discharge when the cloaca (Fig. 32) is -empty, the mucous membrane of which becomes -hot and inflamed. These symptoms -are soon followed by an offensive discharge.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> A specific disease transmitted -from hen to hen by the agency of the cock.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Immediately isolate affected -hens; syringe out cloaca twice daily with -2% creolin; give mild purgative and put -on soft food. Males likely to be affected -should be examined, and diseased birds -killed.</p> - -<p><i>Caution.</i> The hands should be carefully<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</span> -cleansed and disinfected, as a serious inflammation -will result if the eyes are rubbed -with infected hands. This is a troublesome -and risky disease to treat.</p> - - -<h3>COCCIDIOSIS OF ADULT FOWLS<br /> - -<small><i>The germ of this disease does not usually affect adult fowls -seriously, but causes severe losses among chickens and -turkeys</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> The external symptoms are -not very pronounced; there is loss of weight -and in some cases diarrhea. The disease -may last for a long time and birds may even -recover. A post-mortem examination -shows the walls of the cæca thickened and -filled with a pasty mass, while characteristic -whitish or yellowish spots (see Fig. -24, <i>d</i>) are found in the liver.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> This disease is due to the same -germ (a coccidium) that causes blackhead -in turkeys. Adult fowls occasionally develop -this disease, but appear to be able, as -a rule, to act as a host for the germs without -being themselves affected, although heavy<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</span> -losses occur among turkeys or chickens that -get the germ from them.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Copperas in the drinking -water (three grains to a quart) has been -recommended, together with the occasional -use of calomel in one-grain doses, or one or -two teaspoonfuls of castor oil. Thorough -disinfection (see page 10) of houses and -runs, etc., where affected fowls have been, -is important. Burn the bodies of birds that -die of the disease.</p> - - -<h3>COLD (SIMPLE CATARRH)<br /> - -<small><i>Dangerous, because it may be confused with the early stages -of roup</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Discharge from the nostrils -and the eyes, with occasional fits of sneezing; -loss of appetite, and moping.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Cold and damp. Colds most -frequently occur in wet weather and among -poorly housed and poorly fed stock.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Warm housing and protection -from cold and wet. Give quinine—one -grain to an adult fowl. Many believe -in dosing fowls suffering from colds with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span> -red pepper given in the food. When there -are signs of stuffiness, the eyes and the nostrils -should be washed out once or twice -daily. Carbolic acid 2%, or boric acid, -about 3%, dissolved in water, is recommended -for this purpose. Witch hazel has -been found very effective.</p> - -<p><i>Caution.</i> There is a risk of mistaking -the early stages of roup for a simple cold. -Further, birds are more likely to contract -roup when suffering from a cold, and -should, on this account, be isolated and -regularly examined.</p> - -<p><i>Influenza.</i> The term influenza, or -grippe, is generally applied to a severe cold -that has no symptoms of roup.</p> - - -<h3>CONSTIPATION<br /> - -<small><i>Not common and seldom serious</i></small></h3> - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> The bird suffering is dull -and listless. Its efforts to evacuate are -painful and unsuccessful.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Internal blocking of the cloaca -or the intestines, or, occasionally, of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span> -vent by dirt accumulated on the outside. -Want of exercise and lack of green food are -held to be contributing causes.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> If constipation is due to dirt -on the outside, cleanse vent by swabbing -with warm water. When stoppage is inside -and can be felt through the vent -syringe with sweet oil. In other cases, give -a purgative such as castor oil or Epsom -salts. If worms are suspected as the cause, -give santonin (see page 9), followed by a -teaspoonful of castor oil.</p> - - -<h3>CRAMP<br /> - -<small><i>Must not be confused with more serious complaints</i></small></h3> - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Difficulty in standing and -lameness, due to inflammation of muscles -and joints.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Damp and cold.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Put legs of bird in warm -water; rub joints with embrocation and put -in dry quarters.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Note</span>—In cases of rheumatism, tick fever,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span> -and tuberculosis, birds may show the same -difficulty in standing that they do in cramp.</p> - - -<h3>CROP-BOUND (IMPACTION OF CROP)<br /> - -<small><i>Not serious, as a rule</i></small></h3> - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> The crop is hard and -swollen.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> The blocking of the passage -from the crop to the gizzard by a bit of -stick or a stone, with the result that the -food cannot pass out of the crop.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Pour sweet oil down fowl’s -throat; work the crop with the fingers, endeavoring -to remove the obstructing object. -If unsuccessful, cut open the crop and remove -the contents, making sure that the -opening into the gizzard is clear. Sew up -the cut made, stitching separately first the -inner skin and then the outer.</p> - - -<h3>DIARRHEA OR ENTERITIS<br /> - -<small><i>May take a serious and epidemic form</i></small></h3> - - -<p>Diarrhea is a common complaint among -fowls, and in some cases takes a severe and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</span> -epidemic form. The latter form may be -due to various causes, and it will be best, -perhaps, to deal with diarrhea under the -following heads:</p> - - -<ul> -<li>1. Mild diarrhea.</li> -<li>2. Epidemic and severe diarrhea.</li> -<li>3. Dysentery. (See page 52.)</li> -<li>4. Cholera. (See page 39.)</li> -<li>5. White diarrhea of chickens. (See page 92.)</li> -</ul> - - - -<h4><i>Mild Diarrhea</i>.</h4> - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Looseness of bowels and -staining of feathers around the anus with -excreta.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Indigestion caused by food -which may be too laxative; e. g., excess of -bran, or, by food which may be partly decomposed -or may contain an intestinal irritant. -Cold may also be a cause.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Give Epsom salts, or castor -oil. (See page 9.) Change diet if food -is suspected. Often no treatment is necessary, -but it is not wise to neglect cases that -are apparently mild diarrhea, for fear they<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</span> -may turn out to be an epidemic and contagious -form.</p> - - -<h4><i>Diarrhea, Severe and Epidemic</i></h4> - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Excessive looseness of -bowels, ruffling of feathers, depression, loss -of appetite. A number of birds in the flock -are attacked and death results.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> There are a variety of causes. -Scientific investigation has led to the discovery -of specific organisms responsible for -various forms of diarrhea. It would be -well for poultry rearers to study the results -of such work, but, for the purposes of this -book, it will be sufficient to state that the -causal organism may be bacterial, mycotic, -or protozoan. The owner of poultry will -not usually be able himself to determine -what type of diarrhea the fowls are suffering -from, but as a rule the treatment will -have to be the same. Advice will have to -be sought from an expert when dangerous -epidemics are feared.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> The most energetic meas<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</span>ures -of disinfection must be undertaken. -(See page 10.)</p> - -<ul> -<li class="hang">1. Isolate sick fowls.</li> - -<li class="hang">2. Disinfect soil of run thoroughly.</li> - -<li class="hang">3. Clean and disinfect coops.</li> - -<li class="hang">4. In bad cases, remove the rest of -the flock from the infested run.</li> - -<li class="hang">5. Give sick fowls Epsom salts, or -castor oil; feed fowls on soft -food.</li> - -<li class="hang">6. If the diarrhea is not checked, -give 6 to 12 drops of chlorodyne.</li> -</ul> - - - -<h3>DIPHTHERIA OR DIPHTHERITIC ROUP<br /> - -<small><i>A dangerous disease, and infected birds should be killed -at once</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> A cold, accompanied by -whitish and yellowish patches on the back -of the throat and in the mouth. These -patches apparently form a false membrane -and cannot be torn off without causing -bleeding. The disease is sometimes known -as canker.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="i061" style="max-width: 62.5em;"> - <img src="images/i061.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 11.</span>—DIPHTHERITIC ROUP<br /> -<i>b</i>, lower beak; <i>t</i>, tongue; <i>m</i>, false membrane.<br /> -(After Harrison and Streit.)</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> This disease is often clearly a -later stage of roup. It is difficult to say -where one ends and the other begins. It -has been claimed that the organism is the -same as that which causes diphtheria in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</span> -human beings, but the weight of evidence -is against this conclusion.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Diphtheria is extremely infectious. -It is best to kill the first cases at -once. If the bird is of particular value, it -may be isolated and the patches on the -throat swabbed with 50% hydrogen peroxide -or 5% creolin, with a small bit of -cotton wool wound around a stick. If -great care is exercised, 20% carbolic acid -or 20% creolin may be painted on the -patches, but neither should be allowed to -touch the normal skin. Burn the swabs. -Treat accompanying roupy symptoms as -recommended under roup.</p> - -<p>The term canker is also applied to certain -spots or growths that occur on the -throat. These are not in any way associated -with diphtheritic roup, or any dangerous, -contagious disease, and are due to injury -or to an unhealthy condition of the -mucous membrane.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</span></p> - - -<h3>DROPSY<br/> - -<small><i>Not a common disease</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Distention of abdomen.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Collection of liquid in abdominal -cavity.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Treatment is seldom successful. -It is best and most merciful to kill -the afflicted bird. If it is desired to make -an effort to save the bird, carefully puncture -the lower portion of the abdomen with -a trocar and squeeze out the liquid. Give -invalid diet.</p> - - -<h3>DYSENTERY<br /> - -<small><i>Serious if in epidemic form</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Severe diarrhea with blood -in the discharges.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Bacterial or other specific infection -of the intestines. Occasionally the eating -of some poisonous or irritating substance -will give rise to blood in the excrement.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Isolate bird, and give six to -eight drops of chlorodyne on a small piece<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</span> -of bread. Thorough disinfection (see -page 10) of water, soil and house is necessary -to prevent this disease spreading.</p> - - -<h3>EGG-BOUND<br /> - -<small><i>An uncommon complaint</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> The hen goes on and off -the nest straining to lay. Generally the egg -may be felt through the vent. After straining -for some time, she may succeed in laying -the egg, and treatment should not be -undertaken until it is evident that the fowl -needs assistance.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Very young hens are more liable -to this complaint, which arises from eggs of -an abnormal size, from lack of muscular -power, or from some other disorder of the -oviduct.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> It will be most merciful to -kill fowls in much distress, as treatment is -tedious and painful to the fowl. It has -been recommended to hold the fowl’s vent -over steam from boiling water and then to -pass an oiled finger up the vent. In bad<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</span> -cases, pierce the egg and withdraw the contents, -then break the shell and remove all -the pieces. Great care must be taken to -leave no particle of the broken shell behind.</p> - - -<h3>EGG-EATING<br /> - -<small><i>A bad habit that may be controlled</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> If remains of eggs are seen -in nests or runs, the poultryman should become -suspicious and make observations to -prove whether any of his flock are eating -eggs.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Broken eggs or soft-shelled eggs -left about the yard may be the cause of hens -acquiring this bad habit.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> All signs of broken eggs -should always be immediately removed. -The culprit, when detected, should be removed -to a different pen and nest. Dark -nests have been recommended. A trap nest -will prevent a hen from getting at her egg.</p> - - -<h3>EMPHYSEMA (AIR UNDER SKIN)<br /> - -<small><i>Not a common disease of chickens</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> In this disease of chickens<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</span> -the skin becomes puffed out in one or more -places, generally on the neck. In rare cases -the puffing spreads over nearly the whole -of the body.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> This disease is evidently caused -by some obstruction of the air passages that -forces the air to escape under the skin.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Let out the air by puncturing -the skin. Give soft and nourishing -food. It will probably be wiser not to use -birds that recover from this complaint for -breeding stock.</p> - - -<h3>EPILEPSY<br /> - -<small><i>An unusual complaint</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> The bird staggers about and -has a fit. It may recover.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> It is difficult to discover a cause; -intestinal worms are suspected in some -cases.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> If it is suspected that intestinal -worms are responsible, try the treatment -recommended for worms. (See -page 95.)</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</span></p> - - -<h3>FATTY DEGENERATION<br /> - -<small><i>Not contagious, but pointing to error in diet</i></small></h3> - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> More or less sudden deaths -of birds in good condition. Post-mortem -examination shows an enlarged liver and -masses of fat attached to the intestines.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Something wrong with the diet; -too much heat-giving food and want of exercise.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment</i>. Post-mortem proof of fatty -degeneration in the flock should lead the -poultry owner to change the diet, reducing -the amount of heat-giving food, and giving -more exercise. Some authors draw attention -to a fatty degeneration in which the -liver is shrunken and shows fat globules -under the microscope.</p> - - -<h3>FAVUS (WHITE COMB)<br /> - -<small><i>Disfiguring, but easily controlled if treated early</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Whitish scabs or crusts on -the comb, the head and down the neck.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Due to a fungus that spreads, if<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</span> -not treated, and that probably starts where -there is an abrasion of the skin.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Treat in early stages of the -disease by dressing with sulphur ointment. -(See page 9.) Isolate bird. If the case -has been neglected and allowed to develop, -the crusts must first be moistened with oil -and the surface scraped off with a blunt -instrument. Then apply tincture of iodine -or nitrate of silver.</p> - - -<h3>FEATHER-EATING<br /> - -<small><i>Not a very common habit</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> The presence of bare patches -and injured plumage on birds should lead -the poultryman to watch for feather-eaters.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Irritation from insects, some -defect in diet, or natural cussedness.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Isolate the offender, and, if -persistent and of no special value, kill, for -fear the bad example may be followed by -others. If several fowls develop this vice, -try hanging up a bone for them to peck at -and thus distract their attention.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</span></p> - - -<h3>FLEAS<br /> - -<small><i>An occasional parasite of poultry</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Fleas are found on the fowls -or in the straw of their nests.</p> - -<p><i>Description.</i> The flea that attacks fowls -is known as the hen flea (<i>Pulex gallinæ</i>). -It is dark colored and has sharp mouth -parts. Doubtless it causes the fowl it attacks -much irritation in addition to loss of -blood.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Keep poultry houses in a -clean, sanitary condition. Dust the infested -fowls with an insect powder or dip them in -creolin, about 1%. Burn infested straw.</p> - - -<h3>FRACTURES</h3> - -<p>Broken bones of legs or wings can be -mended by placing the bones back in their -proper positions and binding with light -splints. The splints may be removed in -about four weeks. It will be found that -shanks are easily set, but that broken wings -give far more trouble.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</span></p> - -<p>If a fowl dislocates its leg or its wing, -the joint should be gently pushed back into -place.</p> - - -<h3>FROST BITE<br /> - -<small><i>A strain on the bird’s system</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Combs and wattles are most -liable to frost bite, particularly in breeds -in which these parts are large.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Exposure to very low temperatures, -especially if birds are suddenly -turned out from warm quarters; dipping -comb and wattles in water when the temperature -is low.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Prevent by keeping birds as -warm as possible during winter, and do not -allow them to go out early in the mornings -in very cold weather. Drinking water -should be provided in a vessel from which -birds can drink without wetting their -wattles. In a case of frost bite, thaw the -affected parts by gently rubbing with vaseline -and afterwards treat with a mixture of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</span> -two grains of salicylic acid to one ounce of -vaseline or lard.</p> - - -<h3>GAPES<br /> - -<small><i>Serious in badly infested yards</i></small> -</h3> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i071" style="max-width: 62.5em;"> - <img src="images/i071.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 12.</span>—GAPES<br /> -On left: Chicken affected with gapes. On right: <i>a</i>, male and female -gape worms; <i>b</i>, gape worms in windpipe. (From Salmon.)</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Frequent gaping and coughing; -young chicks attacked, as a rule. -Notice if any worms are coughed up by the -chicken; if none can be found, but the gaping -continues, put a stripped feather down -the windpipe, as recommended under treatment, -and see if any gape worms can be -pulled up.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</span></p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Small worms, red in color when -engorged, which attach themselves to the -mucous membrane of the windpipe. Affected -birds cough up worms or ova, which -infect the yard and sometimes the water -supply. Earthworms taken from infested -yards have been found to contain portions -of gape worms, and may be one means of -infecting poultry.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Isolate attacked poultry and -disinfect coops and yards. The worms may -be extracted from the windpipe of a gaping -chicken with a feather stripped nearly to -the end, and moistened, but not dripping, -with oil of turpentine. Hold the mouth -open, push the feather down the windpipe, -and give it a sudden twist, which will dislodge -the worms and allow of their being -drawn up. Fumigation by holding the -bird’s head over an irritant vapor, such as -that of carbolic acid poured into boiling -water, is risky, but sometimes successful. If -not cautiously done, much suffering may be -inflicted on the bird.</p> - -<p><i>Post-mortem.</i> Cut open the windpipe<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</span> -and look for the worms, which may be -easily recognized by Fig. 12. Male and -female specimens will be found attached to -one another.</p> - - -<h3>GASTRITIS (CATARRH OF THE STOMACH)<br /> - -<small><i>Not a common complaint</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> This disease cannot be -readily diagnosed while the fowl is living; -it is generally associated with catarrh of the -crop. (See page 37.) The symptoms are -similar. Post-mortem examination will -show the lining of the stomach in an inflamed -condition.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> The inflammation of the lining -of the stomach is generally due to eating decomposing -food or other poisonous matter.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Empty the crop as recommended -under Catarrh of the crop. Give -one or two tablespoonfuls of castor oil and -feed on soft and easily digested food with -milk or barley water. Be sure that poultry -are not allowed to run under trees that have -been sprayed with arsenical poisons.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</span></p> - - -<h3>GOUT<br /> - -<small><i>Not a common ailment</i></small></h3> - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> The bird sometimes loses -weight, and as the disease develops shows -stiffness and an indisposition to stand. In -some cases small nodules containing crystals -of urate of soda occur on the underside -of the toes.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Failure of the kidneys to perform -their normal functions and consequent -accumulation of urates in the bird’s system -in excessive quantities. Gout may be due -to too concentrated feeding.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Medicines and treatment -are of little avail. Endeavor to prevent by -feeding a mixed diet.</p> - -<p><i>Post-mortem.</i> In one form of this disease, -known as visceral gout, the liver and -other abdominal organs are covered over -with a powder-like deposit of the crystals of -urate of soda.</p> - - -<h3>HEART DISEASES<br /> - -<small><i>Not common, and cannot be treated</i></small></h3> - -<p>The heart is an organ that is subject to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</span> -several serious diseases, but these cannot be -detected with any certainty while the bird -is living, and treatment cannot be recommended -as likely to be successful. Post-mortem -examination may show the following -symptoms:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>1. The heart sac full of serous liquid, -in the case of pericarditis, or -dropsy of the heart sac.</p> - -<p>2. A reddening of the membrane lining -the heart, in the case of inflammation -(endocarditis).</p> - -<p>3. An enlarged heart, in the case of -enlargement of the heart.</p> - -<p>4. Hemorrhage, in the case of rupture -of the heart and of the -blood vessels.</p> -</div> - - -<h3>INDIGESTION<br /> - -<small><i>Disorder of the intestinal tract, that is not very serious</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> The bird mopes and shows -signs of a capricious appetite. Either diarrhea -or, less commonly, constipation, may -be a symptom.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</span></p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Disorders of the digestive tract, -due to error in dieting—for example, overfeeding, -or too little green food and not -enough exercise.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Alter the feeding, see that -the water is clean, and give a dose of Epsom -salts. (See page 9.)</p> - - -<h3>JAUNDICE<br /> - -<small><i>Not a common disease</i></small></h3> - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> A yellow comb may indicate -jaundice, but there are no definite external -symptoms. Post-mortem examination -shows distention of the gall bladder, due to -an excessive secretion of bile.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Said to be due to continued congestion -of the liver, arising possibly from -too much heat-giving food.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> If the disease is suspected, -give one grain of calomel as a purgative and -feed on more green food.</p> - - -<h3>KIDNEY DISEASES<br /> - -<small><i>With the exception of gout, kidney diseases cannot be -detected by external symptoms</i></small></h3> - - -<p>Gout (see page 63) is the commonest dis<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</span>ease -of the kidneys. In addition, there are -some disorders of the kidneys (e. g., enlargement) -that may be noticed on post-mortem -examination. Little is known about -these diseases; there are no symptoms that -can be recognized before death, and no -treatment can be recommended.</p> - - -<h3>LEG WEAKNESS<br /> - -<small><i>Constitutional weakness, to which the heavier breeds are -more subject than are the lighter ones</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Fowls walk in an unsteady -manner, without showing any specific cause -for lameness. Young birds are more likely -to be affected in this manner, particularly -those of the heavier breeds.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Too rapid growth, the bird outgrowing -the strength of its legs.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Reduce the quantity of fat-producing -foods. Care in the selection of -breeding stock is important.</p> - - -<h3>LICE<br /> - -<small><i>Invariably present in small numbers, and likely to become a -serious pest, if not persistently controlled</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Unthrifty look of fowl and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</span> -signs of irritation; desertion of nest by -setting hens; and, of course, the detection -of lice on the fowl: this may be done by -quickly turning over the feathers on the -body and looking for the lice.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i078" style="max-width: 62.5em;"> - <img src="images/i078.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 13.</span>—LOOKING FOR LICE</div> -</div> - -<div class="figleft illowp25" id="i079" style="max-width: 10em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i079.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 14.—Three Lice -That Commonly Affect Fowls</span> (From Salmon.)<br /> -<i>a.</i> Lipeurus variabilis.<br /> -<i>b</i>, Menopon pallidum.<br /> -<i>c</i>, Goniodes dissimilis.</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Introduction of an infested<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</span> -fowl; neglect to dust fowls -regularly to keep down lice, -and to clean out fowl houses -and change the straw of nest -boxes. At the season that -lice are likely to be most -prevalent the poultryman -should take precautionary -measures.</p> - -<p><i>Description of lice.</i> Lice -are small insects ranging in -size from 1∕25 to 1∕8 of an -inch. They breed rapidly, -laying their eggs on the -feathers. They are not -blood-sucking insects, but -cause much irritation to the -birds they infest.</p> - -<p>Several species are found -on fowls. Fig. 14 shows three -of the common species.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Dust fowls -with fresh insect powder -(pyrethrum). Smear sulphur -ointment on head and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</span> -under wings, especially in the case of -chickens. Infested fowls may be dipped -in 2% creolin. Dust setting hens with a -lice powder before putting them on their -nests. Infested straw should be burnt, and -boxes, nests, fixtures, etc., should be thoroughly -sprayed with 2% creolin.</p> - - -<h3>LIMBER-NECK<br /> - -<small><i>An occasional complaint</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> The muscles of the fowl’s -neck become so relaxed that they cannot -support the head.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Limber-neck, due to partial or -entire paralysis of the muscles of the neck, -is believed to be associated with acute indigestion -or worms.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> A strong purgative may be -the means of effecting a cure by cleaning -out any intestinal poisons and thus correcting -the cause. If the treatment recommended -does not effect a cure in a few days, -kill the bird.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</span></p> - - -<h3>LIVER DISEASES</h3> - -<p>The liver is affected by several diseases, -and the poultryman, who finds a spotted -liver on post-mortem examination, will be -much aided in determining the cause, if he -takes into consideration the symptoms -noticed before the fowl died, as well as the -changes in the other internal organs. The -importance of the post-mortem examination -is in distinguishing whether the death of the -fowl is due to a contagious disease.</p> - -<p>The causes of diseased livers may be conveniently -divided into two classes:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>1. Diseased livers due to indigestion, -e. g., enlargement.</p> - -<p>2. Diseased livers due to a specific -disease, e. g., tuberculosis.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="center"><i>Diseases Due to Indigestion</i></p> - -<p>In this class may be included degeneration, -inflammation, congestion, enlargement, -and atrophy of the liver. There are more -or less distinct differences in these diseases, -but the only possible methods of treatment<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</span> -known at present are very much the same.</p> - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> There are no definite external -symptoms. The poultryman’s suspicions -should, however, be aroused if fowls -apparently in good health die suddenly. A -post-mortem examination will reveal a liver -of abnormal size, or somewhat shrunken, -and of unhealthy texture.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> The cause is generally something -wrong in the feeding. Fowls may be eating -too large a proportion of heat-producing -foods and not enough green food. If -an enlarged liver is associated with an excessive -layer of fat covering the internal -organs, it points to too large quantities of -carbohydrates.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Correct errors in feeding. -Give more green food and let the fowls -scratch for some of their grain. If errors -in feeding and general management are not -obvious, make experimental changes.</p> - - -<p class="center"><i>Diseased Livers Due to Specific Diseases</i></p> - -<p>Tuberculosis, coccidiosis, gout and other -specific diseases are responsible for spotted<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</span> -or diseased livers. (Fig. 24.) The section -on diagnosis by post-mortem examination -gives further information on these subjects -and shows how the principal diseases -may be distinguished.</p> - -<p>The term cancer is sometimes applied to -cases in which there are tumors on the liver.</p> - - -<h3>MAGGOTS<br /> - -<small><i>Occasionally found in flesh wounds of poultry</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> A flesh wound that instead -of healing develops into a sore with a slight -running. On examination, maggots will be -found.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Several species of flies are always -ready to lay their eggs in any available -wound or sore; therefore wounds must be -watched in the case of poultry, as with all -other animals of the farmyard. The eggs -laid by these flies hatch and develop into -small footless grubs commonly known as -maggots.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Wash the wound with 1 to -2% creolin; remove as many of the maggots -as possible with a pair of tweezers or a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</span> -feather. If the maggots are deep-seated, -stuff the wound with a cotton wad saturated -with strong creolin or 10% carbolic acid. -Examine next day and remove dead maggots. -Treat again in a similar manner if -the maggots are not all killed. Fish oil, or -iodoform made into a paste with vaseline, -will prevent the flies depositing -their eggs, if smeared on the surface of -the wound.</p> - - -<h3>MITES (AIR-SAC)<br /> - -<small><i>Not a common parasite</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> There are no definite external -symptoms. If the bird is very badly -affected, there may be evidences of suffocation. -This may end fatally. A post-mortem -examination will show the mites in the -air passages and bronchi as small yellowish -and whitish particles, which on careful observation -may be seen to move.</p> - -<div class="figleft illowp25" id="i085" style="max-width: 18.75em;"> - <img src="images/i085.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 15<br /> -The Air Sac Mite</span>(From Salmon.)</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> A small mite (<i>Sarcoptes lævis</i>) -which infests the air sacs and bronchi. -These mites, when present in large numbers,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</span> -obstruct the air passages and cause suffocation. -A secretion from the mucous membrane -affected, results from -the presence of the mites -and increases the obstruction -of the air passages.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> The fumigation -method tried for gapes -has been recommended, -but there is little reason -to expect success.</p> - - -<h3>MITES, DEPLUMING (SCABIES)</h3> - -<div class="figright illowp25" id="i085a" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img src="images/i085a.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 16.</span> -<span class="smcap">The Depluming Mite</span>(From Salmon.)</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Bare patches on the bird’s -body due to the loss of -feathers. The rump and -the breast are most frequently -attacked.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> A small mite -(<i>Sarcoptes lævis</i>) found -on the bird’s body near the -base of the fallen feathers.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Isolate affected -birds; rub bare -patches and neighboring<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</span> -portion of body with sulphur ointment (see -page 9) or dip body of fowl in a solution -of about 2% creolin.</p> - - -<h3>MITES (RED MITE)<br /> - -<small><i>A serious pest</i></small></h3> - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Unthriftiness of birds.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> A small whitish mite, which appears -red when filled with blood. These -mites suck the bird’s blood at night and hide -during the day in the sockets -of the perches and in the -crevices of the woodwork.</p> - -<div class="figright illowp25" id="i086" style="max-width: 18.75em;"> - <img src="images/i086.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 17.</span><br /> -<span class="smcap">The Red Mite</span></div> -</div> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Examine the -fowl house at night. Dust -hens with an insect powder; -thoroughly spray houses and -perches with 5% creolin or -other disinfectant, and squirt kerosene oil -or turpentine into cracks and crevices. A -specially constructed mite-proof perch, or -one that can be easily removed, should -be used.</p> - - -<h3>MOLTING</h3> - -<p>Molting is not a disease, but may prove<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</span> -trying to poultry not in the best condition -to stand the strain of the process. Hens -overtaxed with forced laying and cocks -running with too large a number of hens are -most likely to suffer. Molting occurs in -healthy adult birds every twelve months. -The process, which is a natural one, should -be allowed to take its natural course unless -the fowls appear weak and depressed during -the period. In such cases specially -nourishing and stimulating food should be -given. Anyhow, it would be well to pay -particular attention to the feeding of birds -during the molting season.</p> - - -<h3>OVARY DISEASES</h3> - -<p>Hens suffer from various diseases of the -ovary, which may become shriveled and useless -or gangrenous. Tumorous growths, -sometimes called cancers, are also found. -As diseased conditions of this organ can be -detected only by post-mortem examination, -and as no remedies are known, the subject -need not be dealt with more fully.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</span></p> - - -<h3>OVIDUCT, DISEASES OF</h3> - -<p>Abnormal eggs must be regarded as due -to functional disorders of the oviduct. One -cause of soft eggs is lack of shell-forming -material; therefore a liberal supply of -powdered oyster shells, or lime in some -other form, should always be accessible to -laying hens. Other abnormal eggs occur, -such as those with double yolks, without -any yolk, with blood clots, etc. No treatment -can be suggested beyond feeding a -varied diet and avoiding too stimulating or -over-heating foods.</p> - -<p>Prolapse of the oviduct may occur. The -protruding portion should be oiled or vaselined -and gently pressed back.</p> - - -<h3>PERITONITIS<br /> - -<small><i>Not common and not contagious</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Loss of appetite, fever and -evidence of discomfort and pain in the -stomach, especially if the abdomen is -pressed with the hand. Post-mortem -examination shows inflamed appearance of -membrane of the abdominal cavity.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</span></p> - -<div class="figleft illowp40" id="i089" style="max-width: 53.125em;"> - <img src="images/i089.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 18.—Organs of Reproduction -of the Hen</span> (From Salmon.)</div> -</div> - -<div class="caption hang"> -<p><i>a.</i> Undeveloped ovules in ovary.</p> - -<p><i>b.</i> Partly developed ovule showing stigma. -Here the follicle wall -breaks and allows the ovule -yolk to leave the ovary preparatory -to laying.</p> - -<p><i>c.</i> An empty follicle in which the -stigma and the yolk passed -out.</p> - -<p><i>d.</i> Opening of oviduct.</p> - -<p><i>e.</i> Portion of oviduct distended, -allowing yolk to pass down.</p> - -<p><i>f.</i> Walls of oviduct which secrete -albumen forming the white of -the egg.</p> - -<p><i>g.</i> Membranous lining added.</p> - -<p><i>h.</i> Portion of oviduct that secretes -shell-forming substance.</p> - -<p><i>i.</i> Cloaca.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</span></p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Serious inflammation of the -wall of the abdominal cavity.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Put the bird in a quiet place. -Aconite (see page 9), to reduce the temperature, -and opium, or one drop of laudanum, -to relieve pain, have been recommended, -but as a rule it is best to kill the bird.</p> - - -<h3>PIP<br /> - -<small><i>Generally the effect of some other disorder</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> A hardened scale formed at -tip of tongue.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Generally due to cold or other -disorder affecting the breathing of the bird.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Do not try to tear off the -growth on the tongue by force, but moisten -with vaseline or glycerin until it becomes -loose. Give soft food.</p> - - -<h3>PNEUMONIA AND CONGESTION OF LUNGS<br /> - -<small><i>Generally fatal</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Extreme depression and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</span> -great difficulty in breathing. Difficult to -distinguish in the living bird from a very -bad cold. Post-mortem examination shows -the affected lung filled with an exudate. -The lung sinks if put in water.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Following on a cold, the lung -becomes congested with blood and a dark, -viscous matter. Pneumonia may be considered -a further, and generally final, stage -of congestion.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> A cure is seldom effected, -but in the case of a valuable bird the following -treatment may be tried Keep the bird -in a dry, warm place; paint the skin above -the lungs with tincture of iodine; give -aconite. Feed on soft food and give a -stimulant.</p> - - -<h3>POISONING</h3> - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> As a rule the poisons that -fowls eat are mineral. The most pronounced -symptom is evidence of pain. In -cases of arsenical poison there is diarrhea. -A poison containing a copper compound<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</span> -acts partly as an emetic, causing the fowl -to make an effort to vomit. In cases of -mineral poisons, post-mortem examinations -show inflammation of the stomach and the -digestive tract.</p> - -<p><i>Sources of poison.</i> Poultry are likely to -get poisoned from the following sources:</p> - -<p><i>Fertilizers</i> (e. g., nitrate of soda) used -on fields in which fowls scratch for food. -Such cases are rare.</p> - -<p><i>Insecticides and fungicides</i> (e. g., Paris -green [arsenic], lead arsenate, Bordeaux -mixture) applied to plants under which -fowls run. If sprays are mixed in correct -proportions and used in normal quantities, -there is little danger to poultry feeding on -the grass below sprayed trees. Great care -should, however, be taken in disposing of -the sediment and the residue after spraying -operations are completed.</p> - -<p><i>Rat poisons</i> (e. g., phosphorus, strychnine, -baryta). These poisons are particularly -dangerous when mixed with cornmeal -or other bait attractive to fowls. The best -way to set rat poison is to put it in a piece<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</span> -of piping of such a diameter and length that -fowls cannot reach it.</p> - -<p><i>Salt.</i> Food mixed with salt for other -domestic animals may be accidentally given -to fowls. Chickens are the most likely to -be poisoned by excess of salt.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> If fowls have eaten poisonous -substances, the fact is not usually discovered -until after death or until it is too -late to administer an antidote. Most of the -poisons fowls are likely to eat act as irritants -of the digestive tract. Milk and -white of egg should be given. It is advisable -to give a stimulant, such as half a teaspoonful -of brandy.</p> - - -<h3>PYÆMIA<br /> - -<small><i>Not contagious, and not common</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> This disease cannot be diagnosed -except by post-mortem examination -and microscopic identification of pus-forming -organisms in the infected areas (whitish -spots) of liver, spleen, etc.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Pus-forming organisms believed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</span> -to enter the blood through a wound in the -skin.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> As there are no external -symptoms, treatment is not possible.</p> - - -<h3>RHEUMATISM<br /> - -<small><i>Not a common trouble</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Lameness and stiffness of -joints.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> May be due in some cases to too -stimulating food and to dampness.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Put affected bird in dry -quarters and vary food, adding more greens. -Rub joints with embrocation, or turpentine -and oil.</p> - - -<h3>ROUP (CONTAGIOUS CATARRH)<br /> - -<small><i>One of the most serious contagious diseases</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> The bird first has symptoms -of an ordinary cold, such as running at the -nostrils and sneezing. Definite evidence of -roup is the <i>offensive odor</i> detected on opening -the bird’s mouth. The exudate is also -offensive. The disease may attack the eyes,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</span> -which then become inflamed and swollen; -a tumor, containing offensive, yellowish, -cheesy matter, sometimes develops. The -course of the disease may extend over several -weeks or months and there may be cases -of chronic roup. Some cases end fatally<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</span> -in a comparatively short time. The form -of the disease, in which yellowish patches -develop on the throat, is dealt with under -diphtheria or diphtheritic roup.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i095" style="max-width: 62.5em;"> - <img src="images/i095.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 19.</span>—EXAMINING A FOWL WITH A SUSPICIOUS COLD</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Cases of roup occur when birds -are subjected to draft and damp, but the -cause must be infection with disease germs. -It is believed that the almost constant presence -of the germs is due to lack of regular -disinfection and to birds in the flock believed -to have recovered from a previous -attack of the disease, but that, in reality, are -suffering from chronic roup, and are able, -whenever suitable conditions arise for an -outbreak of this disease, to infect the rest of -the flock through the drinking water and -the soil.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> The seriousness of this disease -makes it imperative for the poultry -rearer to isolate immediately any birds -showing any suspicious symptoms. If -treatment of the infected bird is taken in -hand early, and carried out faithfully, a -cure can be effected, but it is often wiser to -kill and burn infected stock. In treating<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</span> -birds, the mouth and nostrils should be -washed out with 5% carbolic acid, or with -50% hydrogen peroxide, or with 2% permanganate -of potash. It is important to -clean out the passage of the nostrils, and -this may be done by:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>1. Pressing against the roof of the -bird’s mouth from inside and -squeezing the nostrils from -above downwards.</p> - -<p>2. Syringing out the nostrils.</p> - -<p>3. Dipping the fowl’s head for a few -seconds in a solution of the disinfectant. -Great care should be -exercised in this method of -treatment, which is only recommended -when permanganate of -potash is used.</p> -</div> - -<p>It is well to keep birds isolated for some -time after apparent recovery. When the -eye is affected (see Fig. 20), the tumor -should be carefully lanced and the cheesy -matter removed, after which the cavity -should be rinsed out with one of the dis<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</span>infectants -recommended above; such treatment -may have to be repeated time after -time.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i098" style="max-width: 40em;"> - <img src="images/i098.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 20.—A Roupy Eye</span></div> -</div> - -<p>As an after effect of a cold or of roup, -conjunctivitis or sore eyes may develop. A -discharge comes from the eyes and the eyelids -become stuck together. Bathe the eyes -with hydrogen peroxide mixed with an -equal quantity of water.</p> - -<p>If this condition follows an attack of -roup, there is danger that the fowl has not -entirely recovered, and may be a source of -infection to the rest of the flock.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</span></p> - - -<h3>SCALY LEG<br /> - -<small><i>An unsightly affection that, although contagious, does not -spread rapidly</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> A rough and scaly growth -on the legs of the bird.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="i099" style="max-width: 56.25em;"> - <img src="images/i099.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 21.—SCALY LEG</span><br /> -A. Showing early stages of attack.</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> A small mite (Fig. 22), known -as <i>Sarcoptes mutans</i>, burrows in the skin -and gives rise to the unsightly growth -(Fig. 21) that gives this disease its name.</p> - -<div class="figright illowp15" id="i100" style="max-width: 15em;"> - <img src="images/i100.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 22.-The Mite -That Causes Scaly Leg</span></div> -</div> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Soften the scaly growth by -washing and soaking the legs with warm -water and soap. Scrub the affected portion<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</span> -of the legs with a brush and then treat as -follows: Dip the legs in kerosene oil, -holding them there for not -longer than a few seconds. If -the kerosene oil is mixed with -sweet oil, or if the legs are wet -first with water, there will be -no risk of the kerosene proving -harsh, as sometimes happens. -Sulphur ointment (see -page 9) may be used instead of the kerosene -oil treatment.</p> - - - -<h3>SOFT CROP<br /> - -<small><i>Not a serious complaint</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Distended crop, soft to the -feel.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Over-eating; or food turning -sour in the crop.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Hold bird downwards and -squeeze contents of crop through mouth, -taking care not to suffocate the patient. -Repeat treatment if necessary. Put on low -diet for some time, feeding slowly and -sparingly.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</span></p> - - -<h3>TICKS<br /> - -<small><i>A pest found in the Southern States and tropical countries</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> The fowl has fever, appears -depressed, and stands in a cramped position.</p> - -<div class="figleft illowp25" id="i101" style="max-width: 12.5em;"> - <img src="images/i101.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 23.</span> -<span class="smcap">The Fowl Tick</span> -<i>a.</i> Adult.<br /> -<i>b.</i> Larva.</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> The fowl tick (<i>Argas minatus</i>), -which hides during the day in -cracks and crevices, sucks the -fowl’s blood at night and introduces -a fever-producing parasite.</p> - -<p><i>Remedies.</i> Examine sick -birds during the day, and visit -the roosts at night, for proof of the presence -of ticks; carefully search under perches, in -nests, and in corners of woodwork, etc. -Spray woodwork with 5% creolin; squirt -kerosene oil, or turpentine, into cracks and -crevices.</p> - - -<h3>TUBERCULOSIS<br /> - -<small><i>A very serious poultry disease</i></small></h3> - -<div class="figcenter illowp90" id="i102" style="max-width: 50em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i102.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 24.</span> Organs Affected by -Tuberculosis and Blackhead -<ul> -<li><i>a.</i> Normal spleen.</li> -<li><i>b.</i> Tubercular spleen.</li> -<li><i>c.</i> Portion of tubercular liver.</li> -<li><i>d.</i> Blackhead liver of turkey for -comparison with <i>c</i>.</li> -<li><i>a</i> and <i>b</i> after Edwards.</li> -</ul> -</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> This disease may be present -in a poultry yard for some time without -being detected. Suspicion should be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</span> -aroused if birds gradually lose weight and -die. If a bird that -has gradually been -getting thinner, goes -lame, or loses the use -of a wing, without apparent -injury, the evidence -that tuberculosis -is present is -strong, but positive -proof of its presence -can be obtained only -by post-mortem and -microscopic examination. -This disease generally -attacks adult -birds.</p> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> The specific -organism causing this -disease, known as the -<i>Bacillus tuberculosis</i> -(Fig. 5), infects the -liver (Fig. 24), the -spleen (Fig. 24), and -other organs, least fre<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</span>quently -the lungs. The disease may be introduced -into a flock by the purchase of an -infected bird, and may be spread by uninfected -birds picking up the excrement of -diseased birds with their food.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> There is no known cure. -The insidious manner in which this disease -advances through a poultry yard makes it -a very serious malady. Birds suffering -from it should be killed and burnt. -Thorough disinfection of coops, etc., should -be made. Strict attention to sanitation will -help in preventing and controlling this disease. -If many birds in a flock are believed -to have tuberculosis, it would be well to -destroy the whole flock and start again, -preferably on fresh ground.</p> - - -<h3>WHITE DIARRHEA OF CHICKENS<br /> - -<small><i>A very serious disease, causing the death of large numbers</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> Chickens are generally attacked -when 10 to 15 days old. They appear -listless, their feathers become rough, -and they stand about with drooping wings. -A white diarrhea is soon noticed. Chicken<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</span> -after chicken shows similar symptoms and -dies, resulting in much loss and discouragement -to the poultry rearer.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i104a" style="max-width: 62.5em;"> - <img src="images/i104a.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 25.</span>—CHICKENS AFFECTED WITH WHITE DIARRHEA<br /> -Ten-day White Leghorn chickens showing symptoms of bacillary white -diarrhea. (After Rettger & Stoneburn.)</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i104b" style="max-width: 62.5em;"> - <img src="images/i104b.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 26.</span>—HEALTHY CHICKENS<br /> -Normal ten-day White Leghorn chickens. (After Rettger & Stoneburn.)</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Various causes, such as improper -or stale food, may upset the chicken’s -digestive organs and give rise to a -whitish diarrhea, but the term “white diarrhea” -is best restricted to a contagious form -of diarrhea due to minute parasites in the -intestinal tracts of chickens. A coccidium<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</span> -and a bacillus have been proved by different -investigators to cause very similar forms of -white diarrhea. A distinct form of white -diarrhea, known as brooder pneumonia, is -described on page 35.</p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> This disease is a very difficult -one to control. Incubators and -brooders should be thoroughly disinfected. -Special care should be taken in the feeding -during the first few weeks. Chickens -should not be overfed. The feeding of -dry bran is recommended, as it tends to keep -the bowels in a healthy, active condition. -In the form of white diarrhea due to a -bacillus, suspicion rests on the hen and the -egg as sources of infection. When the disease -becomes serious, and general sanitation -and proper care of chickens do not control -it, the advisability of obtaining the eggs for -hatching from a poultry farm free of white -diarrhea should be considered.</p> - - -<h3>WORMS<br /> - -<small><i>Intestinal parasites that occasionally become serious</i></small></h3> - - -<p><i>Symptoms.</i> General debility; worms or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</span> -segments of worms; seen in the droppings. -If there is doubt as to whether a flock is -suffering from worms, give a suspected -bird a strong purgative and keep it up so -that the feces may be examined for worms. -If doubt still -exists, the suspected -bird -should be killed -and a post-mortem -examination -made. Cut -the intestines -open lengthways -(see Fig. -34) with a small -pair of scissors -and wash them out with water so as to detect -the smaller worms, and the tapeworms -attached to the lining of the intestines.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="i106" style="max-width: 50em;"> - <img src="images/i106.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 27.—Worms in Intestinal Tract -of Fowl</span><br /> -(After Bradshaw. From Pearl, Surface & Curtis.)</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Cause.</i> Two classes of worms are commonly -parasitic on fowls—round worms -(see Fig. 27) and tapeworms. There are -generally a few specimens of worms in the -intestines of fowls; but only when the -numbers are large do worms affect the health -of the fowl.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i107" style="max-width: 62.5em;"> - <img src="images/i107.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 28.</span>—THE PARTS OF A FOWL</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i108" style="max-width: 62.5em;"> - <img src="images/i108.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 29.</span>—SKELETON OF A FOWL</div> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</span></p> - -<p><i>Treatment.</i> Every bird suspected of -having worms may be tested with a purgative -as suggested above. Or, if it is established -that several birds in a flock are suffering -from worms, all in poor condition, -without any cause being apparent, should -be dosed with santonin—three to five grains -in the morning before any food has been -picked up. After about two hours give a -purgative of two teaspoonfuls of castor oil -and soon after let the fowl have its morning -food. As important as dosing the fowls, is -disinfecting the feed troughs, the water vessels, -and the soil of the runs in order to prevent -re-infection.</p> - -<p><i>Nodular tæniasis.</i> Small nodules on the -intestines, resembling the nodules in tuberculosis, -are sometimes caused by tapeworms. -The name “nodular tæniasis” has been given -to this disease.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V<br /> - - -<small><span class="smcap">Post-mortem Examinations</span></small></h2> -</div> - -<h3><i>1. Making the Examination</i></h3> - -<p>A post-mortem examination should -always be undertaken if there is any -doubt as to the cause of death. Poultry -rearers who are not already familiar with -the normal appearance of the internal organs -of a fowl should take the first opportunity -of studying them.</p> - -<p>Post-mortem examinations should be -done in a systematic manner; but, if desired, -a very speedy examination may be -made by rapidly removing, or bending back, -the breast bone of the unplucked bird.</p> - -<p>It will be more generally satisfactory, -however, to devote time to the operation, -and it is suggested that the work be carried -out on the following lines:</p> - -<div class="hangsection"> - -<p>1. Nail the body of the dead fowl on -a board in the position shown -in Fig. 30, having first partly -or wholly plucked the bird. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="i111" style="max-width: 62.5em;"> - <img src="images/i111.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 30.</span>—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 1<br /> -Fowl nailed on board; lines A B, A C and B D show where to cut.</div> -</div> - -<p>2. With a sharp knife cut along -lines AC, BD (Fig. 30), and -bend the breast bone backwards, -exposing the internal -organs. (Fig. 31.) As the -breast bone is raised it will be -necessary to cut through the -mesentery and other connecting -tissues. Break it back at D, -cutting through the flesh and -the muscle with sharp scissors.</p> - -<p>3. Remove heart, liver, gall-bladder -and spleen, making neat severances -and without injury to -any of the other organs. If the -heart or large blood vessels be -injured in the operation, blood -will flow out and interfere with -the work.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="i113" style="max-width: 62.5em;"> - <img src="images/i113.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 31.</span>—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 2<br /> -Breast bone removed; internal organs in situ.</div> -</div> - - -<p>4. Cut through the œsophagus, below -or above the crop, as most -convenient, and also cut -through the large intestine near<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</span> -the cloaca. Without disconnecting -the parts, lift out the -gizzard, intestines, and other -portions of the alimentary -canal, carefully tearing away -the membranous tissues of the -mesentery.</p> - -<p>5. Spread the organs out and examine -each one carefully and -critically, making sections if -necessary. (Fig. 32.)</p> - -<p>6. Cut open gullet, crop, stomach, -gizzard, intestines, and cæca -and examine the contents.</p> - -<p>7. Examine the lungs, cutting off a -portion and throwing it into -water, when it will float if -healthy, but sink if congested.</p> - -<p>8. Cut through the skin of the neck. -Sever the windpipe near the -head, and also where the bronchi -enter the lungs. With -scissors cut it open, and examine -for molds or gapes or for exudates -indicative of various forms of cold or lung congestion.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i115" style="max-width: 62.5em;"> - <img src="images/i115.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 32.</span>—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 3<br /> -Internal organs removed for examination.</div> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</span></p> - - -<p class="hang">9. Examine the brain (Fig. 34) for -blood clots. Some care will be -necessary in cutting through -the skull so as not to injure the -brain tissue, which should be a -milky white. A sharp and -strong pair of scissors or a -small, fine saw (e. g., tenon -saw) will be useful for older -birds. Remove the skin and -cut from behind, raising the -bones and exposing the brain.</p> - - -<h3><i>2. The Normal Condition of the -Internal Organs</i></h3> - -<p class="center">(See Fig. 32.)</p> - -<p>The <i>œsophagus</i> carries the food from the -mouth and passing down the neck beside -the windpipe opens into—</p> - -<p>The <i>crop</i>, where the food is macerated. -Thence it gradually passes into— - -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</span></p> - -<p>The <i>true stomach</i> (or proventriculus), -which is lined with small gastric-secreting -glands that may be seen with the naked eye. -This organ is hidden by the liver, and opens -directly into—</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i117" style="max-width: 62.5em;"> - <img src="images/i117.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 33.</span>—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 4<br /> -Lungs, kidneys, etc., in situ.</div> -</div> - -<p>The <i>gizzard</i>, situated on the left side of -the abdomen. It rests on the coiled-up mass -of intestines. It is dark red and is partly -hidden by the left lobe of the liver. The -walls are strong and muscular. Here the -food is ground against small bits of stone, -etc. The partially digested food passes out<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</span> -through an aperture near the entrance of the -true stomach into—</p> - -<p>The <i>duodenum</i> or upper portion of the -small intestine. It forms a loop that incloses—</p> - -<p>The <i>pancreas</i>, a compact, flattened organ, -pinkish in color, that discharges its secretion -by three ducts into the intestines.</p> - -<p>The <i>small intestine</i>, after forming the -loop (duodenum), continues its course. It -first passes toward the left and is disposed -in many folds connected by the mesentery; -toward the end it passes up behind the true -stomach. Connected to the intestines are -the blind bodies known as—</p> - -<p>The <i>cæca</i>, connected to the small intestines -for several inches and which, after -becoming considerably smaller in diameter, -enter the alimentary tract where—</p> - -<p>The <i>large intestine</i> (rectum) starts. This -portion of the intestines is short and enters—</p> - -<p>The <i>cloaca</i>, into which the urinary and -reproductive ducts discharge. The external -opening is known as the <i>vent</i> or <i>anus</i>.</p> - -<p>The <i>brain</i>, situated in the back of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</span> -head, is protected by the cranial bones. It -is milky white except where the blood vessels -may be seen.</p> - -<p>The <i>windpipe</i> connects the larynx at the -throat with the lungs branching into the two -<i>bronchi</i>.</p> - -<p>The <i>lungs</i>, situated in the upper portion -of the thoracic abdominal cavity, are firmly -attached to the ribs, in the interspaces between -which they fit. They are flattened -and oval in shape, bright red in color, and -loose and spongy in texture.</p> - -<p>The <i>heart</i> is cone-shaped. The lower -portion rests between the lobes of the liver. -The heart is red and is inclosed in a sac -(the pericardium) that is easily removed.</p> - -<p>The <i>liver</i>, situated a little lower down -than the heart, consists of two lobes. The -right lobe is often larger than the left which -may be cleft at the lower end. The left -lobe covers the true stomach and part of the -gizzard. If there is some delay in holding -a post-mortem examination the edges of the -lobes of the liver become discolored. Normally -the color is a purplish red.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</span></p> - -<p>The <i>gall bladder</i> fits into a shallow depression -on the underside of the right lobe -of the liver and appears green in color. A -duct conveys the bile from the liver into the -gall bladder, whence it passes by another -duct into the intestine.</p> - -<p>The <i>spleen</i>, a nearly round, reddish body, -with a purplish tinge, is attached by a ligament -to the right side of the true stomach -and is hidden by the liver.</p> - -<p>The <i>kidneys</i> extend along the sides of the -spine from immediately below the lungs to -near the termination of the abdominal -cavity. The general color is a chocolate -red, but a small portion at the upper end -(known as the adrenal), is yellow. There -is no urinary bladder. The urates are carried -direct through the <i>ureters</i> to the cloaca.</p> - -<p>The <i>testes</i> (of the male bird) are attached -to the upper portion of the kidneys. They -are white or very light-colored, and may be -of different sizes.</p> - -<p>The <i>ovary</i> (of the female bird), situated -on the left side, covers the kidney on that -side. It consists of numerous ova of vari<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</span>ous -sizes each of which may develop into -an egg. As an ovum passes through the -oviduct it is first coated with an albuminous -covering (the white of egg); lower down -it is coated with a calcareous deposit that -forms the shell of the egg. (Fig. 18.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i121" style="max-width: 62.5em;"> - <img src="images/i121.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 34.</span>—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 5<br /> -Examination of brain and of portions of intestines and windpipe.</div> -</div> - - -<h3><i>3. Diagnosis of Disease by Post-Mortem -Symptoms</i></h3> - -<p>For purposes of diagnosis each organ -must be examined. Note in each case if it -is enlarged, spotted, ruptured, inflamed or -engorged with blood. Observe if it is an -unusual color or if it possesses any other -symptom of an abnormal character.</p> - -<p>A single symptom in a single organ, unless -very pronounced and characteristic, -will not be sufficient evidence for forming -an accurate opinion as to the cause of death. -But if the condition of the other organs and -the symptoms before and attending death -are taken into consideration, there will seldom -be any difficulty, from a practical -standpoint, in deciding upon the nature of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</span> -the disease. Many points can be decided -only by a pathologist with the aid of a microscope, -such, for example, as the difference -between coccidial and bacterial diarrhea, -but it is quite enough for the poultryman to -realize that one of his fowls has died of an -attack of an acute form of diarrhea and that -the rest of his birds may become infected.</p> - -<p>The following notes draw attention to the -main diagnostic symptoms observable on -post-mortem examination, arranged under -the heading of the organs affected. Other -symptoms are put in parentheses.</p> - - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Post-Mortem Symptoms</span></p> - -<h3>BRAIN</h3> - -<p><i>Apoplexy.</i>—Shown by congestion of -blood vessels of brain. (Staggering gait -and sudden death.)</p> - -<h3>HEART</h3> - -<p><i>Cholera.</i>—Punctiform hemorrhages are -generally found in the heart in cases of -cholera. (Yellow feces; diarrhea; sudden<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</span> -death of several or many fowls; inflammation -of upper portion of intestines.)</p> - -<h3>LIVER</h3> - -<p><i>Tuberculosis.</i>—Yellowish-white spots on -liver varying in size, somewhat <i>raised</i> and -convex; the spots or nodules may be readily -separated from the rest of the liver. The -liver itself is often very much enlarged. -(Fowl gradually loses weight and may go -lame; mesentery and spleen affected with -nodules.)</p> - -<p><i>Cholera.</i>—Liver enlarged, dark green -and softened, sometimes showing whitish -spots.</p> - -<p><i>Coccidial diarrhea.</i>—More or less circular -patches, depressed in the centre, associated -with plugged cæca, the linings of -which have sores.</p> - -<p><i>Congested liver.</i>—Much enlarged and engorged -with blood, may be readily torn.</p> - -<p><i>Fatty degeneration or fatty liver.</i>—In the -first case the liver is rather shrunken and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</span> -hardened, and in the latter excessive deposits -of fat may be noticed.</p> - -<p><i>Liver trouble.</i>—(Indigestion.) An enlarged -liver without any of the special -symptoms noted among the other diseases -of the liver.</p> - -<p><i>Gout.</i>—Needle-like crystals (urate of -soda) give the liver the appearance of having -been covered with chalk. (Other organs -in abdominal cavity covered with -same powder-like crystals.)</p> - -<p><i>Aspergillosis.</i>—Necrotic areas with -mold. (Fowls go light and move about in -a depressed manner, resting on their breast -bones.)</p> - -<h3>STOMACH</h3> - -<p><i>Gastritis.</i>—The mucous membrane lining -of the stomach is reddened and inflamed.</p> - -<h3>INTESTINES</h3> - -<p><i>Diarrhea.</i>—Acute forms of intestinal -troubles give rise to inflammation of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</span> -mucous membrane lining the walls of the -intestines.</p> - -<p><i>Cholera.</i>—The upper portion of the intestines -may be reddened and the contents -show streaks or clots of blood.</p> - -<p><i>Worms.</i>—Round or tape worms present -in intestines.</p> - -<h3>CÆCA</h3> - -<p>These blind ducts are of importance in -showing the presence of coccidiosis in fowls -or blackhead in turkeys.</p> - -<p><i>Coccidial diarrhea.</i>—The cæca are enlarged -and show ulcers developing from -the inside.</p> - -<h3>WINDPIPE</h3> - -<p>The linings of this organ should be clean -and free of obstruction or mucous exudations.</p> - -<p><i>Gapes.</i>—Small worms about three-quarters -of an inch long are found attached to -the trachea.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</span></p> - -<p><i>Aspergillosis.</i>—A whitish mold will be -seen along the inside of the windpipe.</p> - -<p><i>Pneumonia.</i>—The bronchial tubes contain -a thick mucous exudate.</p> - -<p><i>Congestion of lungs.</i>—Blood escaped -from congested lungs is found in the bronchi.</p> - -<h3>LUNGS</h3> - -<p>These should be a bright red and spongy -in texture.</p> - -<p><i>Congestion.</i>—One or both lungs are distended -with blood and dark in color.</p> - -<p><i>Pneumonia.</i>—A condition that follows on -congestion, the whole lung affected losing -its spongy texture, the air spaces being filled -with a semi-solid substance.</p> - -<p><i>Brooder pneumonia.</i>—Spots due to an Aspergillus -fungus on lungs. (Chickens attacked.)</p> - -<h3>MESENTERY</h3> - -<p><i>Cholera.</i>—Congestion of blood vessels of -mesentery often seen.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</span></p> - -<p><i>Tuberculosis.</i>—The mesentery may be -studded with nodules.</p> - -<h3>SPLEEN</h3> - -<p><em class="gesperrt"><i>Tuberculosis.</i></em>—A greatly enlarged -spleen.</p> - -<p><i>Enteritis.</i>—(Bacterial.) Spleen enlarged -but paler in color.</p> - -<h3>URETERS</h3> - -<p><i>Cholera.</i>—Ureters distended with yellow -urates.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="INDEX">INDEX</h2> -</div> - - - -<table class="standard" summary=""> -<tr> -<td class="tdl"></td> -<td class="tdr"><small>PAGE</small></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Abscesses</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Abnormal eggs (see <a href="#Page_77">Oviduct diseases</a>)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Aconite</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Air under skin (see <a href="#Page_54">Emphysema</a>)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Air sac mite (see Mites, air sac)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Anæmia</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Apoplexy</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Aspergillosis</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Atrophy of liver (see Liver diseases)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Bacterial enteritis (see Diarrhea)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Baldness (see Favus)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Biliary repletion (see Jaundice)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Blackhead of turkeys</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Brandy</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Breakdown</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Broken limbs (see Fractures)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Bronchitis</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Brooder pneumonia</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Bumblefoot</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Calomel</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Cancer (see Liver diseases and Ovary diseases)</td> -<td class="tdl"><a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Canker (see Diphtheria)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Carbolic acid 9</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Castor oil</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Catarrh (see <a href="#Page_43">Cold</a>)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Catarrh, contagious (see <a href="#Page_83">Roup</a>)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Catarrh of crop</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Catarrh of stomach (see Gastritis)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Chicken pox</td> -<td class="tdl"><a href="#Page_38">38</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Chlorodyne</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Cholera</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Cloacitis</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Coccidiosis of adult fowls</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Coccidiosis of chickens (see Brooder pneumonia)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Coccidiosis of turkeys (see Blackhead)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Cold</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Congestion of the liver (see Liver diseases)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Congestion of the Lungs (see <a href="#Page_79">Pneumonia</a>)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Conjunctivitis (see <a href="#Page_83">Roup</a>)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Constipation</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Cramp</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Creolin</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Crop-bound</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Crop, soft</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Crop, catarrh of</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Depluming mite</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Diarrhea, bacterial</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Diarrhea, mycotic</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Diarrhea, protozoan</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Diarrhea, mild</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Diarrhea, severe</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Diarrhea, white</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Diphtheria</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Diphtheritic roup</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Disinfection</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Dislocations (see Fractures)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Doses</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Dropsy</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Drugs</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Ducks</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Dysentery</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Egg-bound</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Egg-eating</td> -<td class="tdl"><a href="#Page_54">54</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Emphysema</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Enlargement of heart (see Heart, diseases of)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Enlargement of liver (see Liver diseases)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Enlargement of kidneys (see Kidney diseases)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Enteritis (see Diarrhea)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Entero-hepatitis (see Blackhead)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Epilepsy</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Epsom salts</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Fatty degeneration</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Favus</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Feather-eating</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Fits (see <a href="#Page_55">Epilepsy</a>)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Fleas</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Fowl typhoid</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Fractures</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Frost bite</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Gangrenous ovary (see Ovary diseases)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Gapes</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Gastritis</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Geese</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Going light (see Anæmia)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Gout</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Grippe (see <a href="#Page_43">Cold</a>)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Guinea fowls</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Heart, diseases of</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Heart, dropsy of</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Heart, enlargement of</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Heart, rupture</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Hydrogen peroxide</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Hypertrophy of the liver (see Liver diseases)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Impaction of crop (see Crop-bound)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Indigestion</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Influenza (see <a href="#Page_43">Cold</a>)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Iodine</td> -<td class="tdl"><a href="#Page_9">9</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Jaundice</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Kidney diseases</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Leg weakness</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Leukemia (see Cholera)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Lice</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Limber-neck</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Liver diseases</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Lungs, congestion of (see <a href="#Page_79">Pneumonia</a>)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Maggots</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Medicines</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Mites, air sac</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Mites, depluming</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Mites, red</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Mites, scaly leg (see Scaly leg)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Molting</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Nodular tæniasis (see Worms)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Nursing fowls</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Ointment</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Ovary diseases</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Oviduct diseases</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Peritonitis</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Permanganate of potash</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Pigeons</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Pip</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Pneumonia</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Poisoning</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Post-mortem examination</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Prolapse of oviduct (see <a href="#Page_77">Oviduct diseases</a>)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Puffed skin (see <a href="#Page_54"></a>Emphysema)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Pyæmia</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Quinine</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Rheumatism</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Roup</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Scabies (see Mites, depluming)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Scaly leg</td> -<td class="tdl"><a href="#Page_88">88</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Soft crop</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Sore head (see <a href="#Page_38">Chicken pox</a>)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Sulphur ointment</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Ticks</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Tuberculosis</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Turkeys</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Turpentine</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Vertigo (see Apoplexy)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Water</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">White comb (see Favus)</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">White diarrhea of chickens</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl">Worms</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="STANDARD_BOOKS">STANDARD BOOKS<br /> -<small>PUBLISHED BY<br /> -ORANGE JUDD COMPANY</small></h2> -</div> - -<table class="lrgr" summary=""> -<tr> -<td class="tdc"> -NEW YORK<br /> -<span class="smcap">Ashland Building</span><br /> -315-321 Fourth Avenue</td> -<td class="tdc"> -CHICAGO<br /> -<span class="smcap">People’s Gas Building</span><br /> -150 Michigan Avenue</td> -</tr></table> - -<p><i>Any of these books will be sent by mail, postpaid, to -any part of the world, or receipt of catalog price. We are -always happy to correspond with our patrons, and cordially -invite them to address us on any matter pertaining to rural -books. Send for our large illustrated catalog, free on application.</i></p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p>First Principles of Soil Fertility</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">Alfred Vivian</span>. There is no subject of more vital -importance to the farmer than that of the best method -of maintaining the fertility of the soil. The very evident -decrease in the fertility of those soils which have been -under cultivation for a number of years, combined with -the increased competition and the advanced price of labor, -have convinced the intelligent farmer that the agriculture -of the future must be based upon more rational practices -than those which have been followed in the past. We -have felt for some time that there was a place for a -brief, and at the same time comprehensive, treatise on -this important subject of Soil Fertility. Professor Vivian’s -experience as a teacher in the short winter courses has -admirably fitted him to present this matter in a popular -style. In this little book he has given the gist of the -subject in plain language, practically devoid of technical -and scientific terms. It is pre-eminently a “First Book,” -and will be found especially valuable to those who desire -an introduction to the subject, and who intend to do subsequent -reading. Illustrated. 5 x 7 inches. 265 pages. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -Net, $1.00<br /> -</p> - - -<p>The Study of Corn</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">Prof. V. M. Shoesmith</span>. A most helpful book to all -farmers and students interested in the selection and improvement -of corn. It is profusely illustrated from photographs, -all of which carry their own story and contribute -their part in making pictures and text matter a clear, concise -and interesting study of corn. Illustrated. 5 x 7 inches. -100 pages. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -Net, $0.50<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</span></p> - - -<p>The New Egg Farm</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">H. H. Stoddard</span>. A practical, reliable manual on -producing eggs and poultry for market as a profitable business -enterprise, either by itself or connected with other branches -of agriculture. It tells all about how to feed and manage, -how to breed and select, incubators and brooders, its labor-saving -devices, etc., etc. Illustrated. 331 pages. 5 × 7 inches. -Cloth.</p> - -<p> -$1.00<br /> -</p> - - -<p>Poultry Feeding and Fattening</p> - -<p>Compiled by <span class="smcap">G. B. Fiske</span>. A handbook for poultry keepers -on the standard and improved methods of feeding and -marketing all kinds of poultry. The subject of feeding and -fattening poultry is prepared largely from the side of the -best practice and experience here and abroad, although the -underlying science of feeding is explained as fully as needful. -The subject covers all branches, including chickens, broilers, -capons, turkeys and waterfowl; how to feed under various -conditions and for different purposes. The whole subject of -capons and caponizing is treated in detail. A great mass of -practical information and experience not readily obtainable -elsewhere is given with full and explicit directions for fattening -and preparing for market. This book will meet the needs -of amateurs as well as commercial poultry raisers. Profusely -illustrated. 160 pages. 5 × 7-1/2 inches. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -$0.50<br /> -</p> - - -<p>Poultry Architecture</p> - -<p>Compiled by <span class="smcap">G. B. Fiske</span>. A treatise on poultry buildings -of all grades, styles and classes, and their proper location, -coops, additions and special construction; all practical in design, -and reasonable in cost. Over 100 illustrations. 125 pages. -5 × 7 inches. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -$0.50<br /> -</p> - - -<p>Poultry Appliances and Handicraft</p> - -<p>Compiled by <span class="smcap">G. B. Fiske</span>. Illustrated description of a -great variety and styles of the best homemade nests, roosts, -windows, ventilators, incubators and brooders, feeding and -watering appliances, etc., etc. Over 100 illustrations. Over -125 pages. 5 × 7 inches. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -$0.50<br /> -</p> - - -<p>Turkeys and How to Grow Them</p> - -<p>Edited by <span class="smcap">Herbert Myrick</span>. A treatise on the natural -history and origin of the name of turkeys; the various breeds, -the best methods to insure success in the business of turkey -growing. With essays from practical turkey growers in -different parts of the United States and Canada. Copiously -illustrated. 154 pages. 5 x 7 inches. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -$1.00<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</span></p> - - -<p>Profitable Stock Raising</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">Clarence A. Shamel</span>. This book covers fully the -principles of breeding and feeding for both fat stock and -dairying type. It tells of sheep and mutton raising, hot -house lambs, the swine industry and the horse market. -Finally, he tells of the preparation of stock for the market -and how to prepare it so that it will bring a high market -price. Live stock is the most important feature of farm -life, and statistics show a production far short of the -actual requirements. There are many problems to be -faced in the profitable production of stock, and these are -fully and comprehensively covered in Mr. Shamel’s new -book. Illustrated. 5 x 7 inches. 288 pages. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -Net, $1.50<br /> -</p> - - -<p>The Business of Dairying</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">C. B. Lane</span>. The author of this practical little book -is to be congratulated on the successful manner in which -he has treated so important a subject. It has been prepared -for the use of dairy students, producers and handlers -of milk, and all who make dairying a business. Its purpose -is to present in a clear and concise manner various -business methods and systems which will help the dairyman -to reap greater profits. This book meets the needs -of the average dairy farmer, and if carefully followed will -lead to successful dairying. It may also be used as an -elementary textbook for colleges, and especially in short-course -classes. Illustrated. 5 x 7 inches. 300 pages. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -Net, $1.25<br /> -</p> - - -<p>Questions and Answers on Buttermaking</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">Chas A. Publow</span>. This book is entirely different -from the usual type of dairy books, and is undoubtedly in -a class by itself. The entire subject of butter-making in -all its branches has been most thoroughly treated, and -many new and important features have been added. The -tests for moisture, salt and acid have received special -attention, as have also the questions on cream separation, -pasteurization, commercial starters, cream ripening, -cream overrun, marketing of butter, and creamery management. -Illustrated. 5 x 7 inches. 100 pages. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -Net, $0.50<br /> -</p> - - -<p>Questions and Answers on Milk and Milk Testing</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">Chas. A. Publow</span>, and <span class="smcap">Hugh C. Troy</span>. A book that -no student in the dairy industry can afford to be without. -No other treatise of its kind is available, and no book of -its size gives so much practical and useful information in -the study of milk and milk products. Illustrated. 5 x 7 -inches. 100 pages. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -Net, $0.50<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</span></p> - - -<p>Soils</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">Charles William Burkett</span>, Director Kansas Agricultural -Experiment Station. The most complete and -popular work of the kind ever published. As a rule, a -book of this sort is dry and uninteresting, but in this case -it reads like a novel. The author has put into it his individuality. -The story of the properties of the soils, their -improvement and management, as well as a discussion of -the problems of crop growing and crop feeding, make this -book equally valuable to the farmer, student and teacher. -Illustrated. 303 pages. 5-1/2 x 8 inches. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -Net, $1.25<br /> -</p> - - -<p>Weeds of the Farm Garden</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">L. H. Pammel</span>. The enormous losses, amounting -to several hundred million dollars annually in the United -States, caused by weeds stimulate us to adopt a better -system of agriculture. The weed question is, therefore -a most important and vital one for American farmers. -This treatise will enable the farmer to treat his field to -remove weeds. The book is profusely illustrated by photographs -and drawings made expressly for this work, and -will prove invaluable to every farmer, land owner, gardener -and park superintendent. 5 x 7 inches. 300 pages. -Cloth.</p> - -<p> -Net, $1.50<br /> -</p> - - -<p>Farm Machinery and Farm Motors</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">J. B. Davidson</span> and <span class="smcap">L. W. Chase</span>. Farm Machinery -and Farm Motors is the first American book published -on the subject of Farm Machinery since that written by -J. J. Thomas in 1867. This was before the development -of many of the more important farm machines, and the -general application of power to the work of the farm. -Modern farm machinery is indispensable in present-day -farming operations, and a practical book like Farm Machinery -and Farm Motors will fill a much-felt need. The -book has been written from lectures used by the authors -before their classes for several years, and which were prepared -from practical experience and a thorough review of -the literature pertaining to the subject. Although written -primarily as a textbook, it is equally useful for the practical -farmer. Profusely illustrated. 5-1/2 x 8 inches. 520 -pages. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -Net, $2.00<br /> -</p> - - -<p>The Book of Wheat</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">P. T. Dondlinger</span>. This book comprises a complete -study of everything pertaining to wheat. It is the work -of a student of economic as well as agricultural conditions, -well fitted by the broad experience in both practical -and theoretical lines to tell the whole story in a condensed -form. It is designed for the farmer, the teacher, and the -student as well. Illustrated. 5-1/2 x 8 inches. 370 pages. -Cloth.</p> - -<p> -Net, $2.00<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</span></p> - - -<p>Bean Culture</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">Glenn C. Sevey</span>, B.S. A practical treatise on the production -and marketing of beans. It includes the manner of -growth, soils and fertilizers adapted, best varieties, seed selection -and breeding, planting, harvesting, insects and fungous -pests, composition and feeding value; with a special chapter -on markets by Albert W. Fulton. A practical book for the -grower and student alike. Illustrated. 144 pages. 5 × 7 -inches. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -$0.50<br /> -</p> - - -<p>Celery Culture</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">W. R. Beattie</span>. A practical guide for beginners and a -standard reference of great interest to persons already engaged -in celery growing. It contains many illustrations giving -a clear conception of the practical side of celery culture. The -work is complete in every detail, from sowing a few seeds in -a window-box in the house for early plants, to the handling -and marketing of celery in carload lots. Fully illustrated. -150 pages. 5 × 7 inches. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -$0.50<br /> -</p> - - -<p>Tomato Culture</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">Will W. Tracy</span>. The author has rounded up in this -book the most complete account of tomato culture in all its -phases that has ever been gotten together. It is no second-hand -work of reference, but a complete story of the practical -experiences of the best-posted expert on tomatoes in the -world. No gardener or farmer can afford to be without the -book. Whether grown for home use or commercial purposes, -the reader has here suggestions and information nowhere else -available. Illustrated. 150 pages. 5 × 7 inches. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -$0.50<br /> -</p> - - -<p>The Potato</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">Samuel Fraser</span>. This book is destined to rank as a -standard work upon Potato Culture. While the practical side -has been emphasized, the scientific part has not been neglected, -and the information given is of value, both to the grower and -to the student. Taken all in all, it is the most complete, reliable -and authoritative book on the potato ever published in America. -Illustrated. 200 pages. 5 × 7 inches. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -$0.75<br /> -</p> - - -<p>Dwarf Fruit Trees</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">F. A. Waugh</span>. This interesting book describes in detail -the several varieties of dwarf fruit trees, their propagation, -planting, pruning, care and general management. Where -there is a limited amount of ground to be devoted to orchard -purposes, and where quick results are desired, this book will -meet with a warm welcome. Illustrated. 112 pages. 5 × 7 -inches. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -$0.50<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</span></p> - - -<p>Cabbage, Cauliflower and Allied Vegetables</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">C. L. Allen</span>. A practical treatise on the various -types and varieties of cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels -sprouts, kale, collards and kohl-rabi. An explanation is given -of the requirements, conditions, cultivation and general management -pertaining to the entire cabbage group. After this -each class is treated separately and in detail. The chapter -on seed raising is probably the most authoritative treatise on -this subject ever published. Insects and fungi attacking this -class of vegetables are given due attention. Illustrated. 126 -pages. 5 x 7 inches. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -$0.50<br /> -</p> - - -<p>Asparagus</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">F. M. Hexamer</span>. This is the first book published in -America which is exclusively devoted to the raising of asparagus -for home use as well as for market. It is a practical -and reliable treatise on the saving of the seed, raising of the -plants, selection and preparation of the soil, planting, cultivation, -manuring, cutting, bunching, packing, marketing, canning -and drying, insect enemies, fungous diseases and every requirement -to successful asparagus culture, special emphasis being -given to the importance of asparagus as a farm and money -crop. Illustrated. 174 pages. 5 x 7 inches. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -$0.50<br /> -</p> - - -<p>The New Onion Culture</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">T. Greiner</span>. Rewritten, greatly enlarged and brought -up to date. A new method of growing onions of largest size -and yield, on less land, than can be raised by the old plan. -Thousands of farmers and gardeners and many experiment -stations have given it practical trials which have proved a -success. A complete guide in growing onions with the greatest -profit, explaining the whys and wherefores. Illustrated. -5 x 7 inches. 140 pages. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -$0.50<br /> -</p> - - -<p>The New Rhubarb Culture</p> - -<p>A complete guide to dark forcing and field culture. Part -I—By <span class="smcap">J. E. Morse</span>, the well-known Michigan trucker and -originator of the now famous and extremely profitable new -methods of dark forcing and field culture. Part II—Compiled -by <span class="smcap">G. B. Fiske</span>. Other methods practiced by the most -experienced market gardeners, greenhouse men and experimenters -in all parts of America. Illustrated. 130 pages. -5 x 7 inches. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -$0.50<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</span></p> - - -<p>Alfalfa</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">F. D. Coburn</span>. Its growth, uses, and feeding value. -The fact that alfalfa thrives in almost any soil; that without -reseeding, it goes on yielding two, three, four, and sometimes -five cuttings annually for five, ten, or perhaps 100 years; and -that either green or cured it is one of the most nutritious -forage plants known, makes reliable information upon its production -and uses of unusual interest. Such information is -given in this volume for every part of America, by the highest -authority. Illustrated. 164 pages. 5 × 7 inches. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -$0.50<br /> -</p> - - -<p>Ginseng, Its Cultivation, Harvesting, Marketing -and Market Value</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">Maurice G. Kains</span>, with a short account of its history -and botany. It discusses in a practical way how to begin with -either seeds or roots, soil, climate and location, preparation, -planting and maintenance of the beds, artificial propagation, -manures, enemies, selection for market and for improvement, -preparation for sale, and the profits that may be expected. -This booklet is concisely written, well and profusely illustrated, -and should be in the hands of all who expect to grow -this drug to supply the export trade, and to add a new and -profitable industry to their farms and gardens, without interfering -with the regular work. New edition. Revised and enlarged. -Illustrated. 5 × 7 inches. Cloth.</p> - -<p> -$0.50<br /> -</p> - - -<p>Landscape Gardening</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">F. A. Waugh</span>, professor of horticulture, university of -Vermont. A treatise on the general principles governing -outdoor art; with sundry suggestions for their application -in the commoner problems of gardening. Every paragraph is -short, terse and to the point, giving perfect clearness to the -discussions at all points. In spite of the natural difficulty -of presenting abstract principles the whole matter is made -entirely plain even to the inexperienced reader. Illustrated. -152 pages. 5 × 7 inches. Cloth</p> - -<p> -$0.50<br /> -</p> - - -<p>Hedges, Windbreaks, Shelters and Live Fences</p> - -<p>By <span class="smcap">E. P. Powell</span>. A treatise on the planting, growth -and management of hedge plants for country and suburban -homes. It gives accurate directions concerning hedges; how -to plant and how to treat them; and especially concerning -windbreaks and shelters. It includes the whole art of making -a delightful home, giving directions for nooks and balconies, -for bird culture and for human comfort. Illustrated. 140 -pages. 5 × 7 inches. 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