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diff --git a/old/67465-0.txt b/old/67465-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 3bdcddf..0000000 --- a/old/67465-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3805 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Poultry diseases, causes, symptoms and -treatment, with notes on post-mortem examinations, by E. J. Wortley - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Poultry diseases, causes, symptoms and treatment, with notes on - post-mortem examinations - -Author: E. J. Wortley - -Release Date: February 21, 2022 [eBook #67465] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Bryan Ness, Les Galloway and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was - produced from images generously made available by The - Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POULTRY DISEASES, CAUSES, -SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT, WITH NOTES ON POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS *** - - Transcriber’s Notes - -Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. Variations -in hyphenation and accents have been standardised but all other -spelling and punctuation remains unchanged. - -Italics are represented thus _italic_. - - - - -[Illustration: _PROFIT OR LOSS_] - - - - - POULTRY - DISEASES - - Causes - Symptoms - and Treatment - With Notes on - Post-Mortem Examinations - - E. J. WORTLEY, F. C. S. - - _Illustrated_ - - NEW YORK - ORANGE JUDD COMPANY - 1915 - LONDON - KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & CO., Limited - - - Copyright, 1915, by - ORANGE JUDD COMPANY - _All Rights Reserved_ - - Entered at Stationers’ Hall - _LONDON, ENGLAND_ - - PRINTED IN U. S. A. - - - - -PREFACE - - -Poultry farming as a means of profit can be made successful only by -maintaining the most vigorous and sustained campaign against disease. -The aim of the poultry rearer should be to stamp out disease by -preventive measures. Practical experience proves the inefficiency -of many so-called cures, and points to the urgency of poultrymen -endeavoring to understand more thoroughly the causes of the ailments to -which domestic fowls are liable. - -My aim is to put a concise handbook into the hands of poultry rearers, -who should thus be assisted in determining the various diseases -and in taking the precautionary steps important in preventing the -introduction and spread of contagious diseases. No effort is made -to elaborate the scientific side of the subject. Those desirous of -obtaining full information about the types of organisms that have been -proved to be the specific causes of, or to be invariably associated -with, particular disorders, may do so with profit by obtaining fuller -works on the subject. Many scientific workers are devoting their time -to the problem of combating diseases among poultry, and assistance is -willingly given by officers of the experiment stations to farmers who -desire to identify any disease causing loss in their flocks. - -The practical poultryman will recognize the fact that measures for the -control of disease cannot be limited to sanitation and the treatment -of sick birds, but, in reality, include such important matters as the -selection of healthy stock, intelligent feeding, proper housing, and -other details essential to the successful management of poultry. - -I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to the works of Dr. D. E. -Salmon and John H. Robinson, editor of Farm Poultry, and to the recent -publication on poultry diseases by Dr. Raymond Pearl, Frank M. Surface, -and Maynie R. Curtis. My thanks are due to R. S. Martinez for the -care taken in making the photographs from which the drawings for the -illustrations in the chapter on Post-Mortem Examinations were prepared. -Much valuable information has also been obtained from bulletins issued -by the experiment stations of the United States and by the Ontario -Agricultural College of Canada. - - E. J. WORTLEY. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PAGE - - CHAPTER I - - GENERAL METHODS OF CONTROLLING DISEASE 1 - - 1. Importance of controlling disease. - - 2. Dangers of introducing disease. - - 3. Control measures. - - 4. Nursing sick birds. - - 5. The use of drugs and medicines. - - 6. Disinfection. - - - CHAPTER II - - SUMMARY OF EXTERNAL SYMPTOMS AND - TREATMENT 14 - - 1. Diseases affecting head and respiratory organs. - - 2. Diseases affecting organs of digestion and reproduction. - - 3. Diseases affecting legs and feet. - - 4. Parasites. - - 5. Miscellaneous. - - - CHAPTER III - - DISEASES OF POULTRY OTHER THAN FOWLS 19 - - - CHAPTER IV - - DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS 22 - (In alphabetical order.) - - - CHAPTER V - - POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS 99 - - 1. Making the examination. - - 2. The normal condition of the internal organs. - - 3. Diagnosis of disease by post-mortem symptoms. - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - - - FIG. PAGE - - Profit or Loss _Frontispiece_ - - 2 Isolation 5 - - 3 Desolation 6 - - 4 Poultryman’s Medicine Shelves 8 - - 5 How Disease Is Spread 10 - - 6 Aids to Thorough Disinfection 12 - - - 7 Head Showing Brain Exposed 29 - - 8 {Windpipe Cut Open } 30 - {A Fungus That Causes Aspergillosis } - - 9 Bumblefoot 36 - - 10 Chicken Pox 38 - - 11 Diphtheritic Roup 50 - - 12 {Chicken Affected with Gapes } 60 - {Gape Worms } - - 13 Looking for Lice 67 - - 14 Three Lice That Commonly Affect Fowls 68 - - 15 The Air-Sac Mite 74 - - 16 The Depluming Mite 74 - - 17 The Red Mite 75 - - 18 Organs of Reproduction of the Hen 78 - - 19 Examining a Fowl with a Suspicious Cold 84 - - 20 A Roupy Eye 87 - - 21 Scaly Leg 88 - - 22 The Mite That Causes Scaly Leg 89 - - 23 The Fowl Tick 90 - - 24 Organs Affected by Tuberculosis and Blackhead 91 - - 25 Chickens Affected with White Diarrhea 93 - - 26 Healthy Chickens 93 - - 27 Worms in Intestinal Tract of Fowl 95 - - 28 The Parts of a Fowl 96 - - 29 Skeleton of a Fowl 97 - - 30 Post-Mortem Examination No. 1 100 - - 31 Post-Mortem Examination No. 2 102 - - 32 Post-Mortem Examination No. 3 104 - - 33 Post-Mortem Examination No. 4 106 - - 34 Post-Mortem Examination No. 5 110 - - - - -CHAPTER I - -GENERAL METHODS OF CONTROLLING DISEASE - - -_1. Importance of Controlling Disease_ - -The ravages of disease add considerably to the difficulties of raising -poultry in all parts of the world. It is the experience of poultry -rearers that an annual toll has to be paid in the lives of young birds -and older stock. Sooner or later, in addition, an epidemic may break -out and result in heavy losses and much discouragement. - -It is most important, therefore, to be able to recognize the symptoms -and to know the causes of the many diseases to which various kinds of -poultry are subject. Every practical effort should be made to reduce -avoidable mortality. An unexplained death should be regarded with -concern. It may point to the presence of a serious disease. When there -is not sufficient external evidence for determining the cause of -death, a post-mortem examination should be made (see page 98). - -The poultryman must know above all whether he is dealing with an -infectious disease or not. The discovery that a sudden death among -his fowls is due to apoplexy will set his mind at ease. On the other -hand, if a case of cholera occurs, the body of the dead fowl should be -burnt, and a vigorous campaign started to prevent the spread of the -disease; birds showing mopishness and other suspicious symptoms should -be isolated; the houses, the feed troughs, the water vessels, and the -yard to which the dead fowl has had access, should all be thoroughly -disinfected. - - -_2. Dangers of Introducing Disease_ - -Perhaps more loss has been caused by introducing birds with disease -into a healthy flock than by any other means. Readers will, doubtless, -be able to recall occasions on which their own, or their neighbors’, -flocks suffered. An instance was recently related to the writer. A -poultryman was offered two fowls, which he at first refused, but owing -to the vagrant seller’s importunity, he eventually bought the birds and -let them loose among the home flock. On the following day one died; but -no effort was made to discover the cause, nor was the dead fowl’s body -burnt. In a few days, a fowl belonging to the original flock died and, -in three to four weeks after the purchase, two-thirds of the stock had -died. It afterwards transpired that the vendor had lost several of his -fowls from cholera, and the fear of further mortalities had been his -reason for being so anxious to dispose of the survivors. - -On every farm where poultry is kept, there should be a quarantine ward -for new purchases. The most careful breeders will isolate their own -birds that have returned from an exhibition, for fear they may have -contracted some disease there or on the journey. - - -_3. Control Measures_ - -Practical experience and scientific investigation have clearly proved -that preventive measures are more economical and effective than -curative. Failing prevention, everything points to the importance of -dealing promptly with the first cases, owing to the risk of infection -of the rest of the stock. Control measures may be divided into three -classes: - - 1. Proper housing and feeding of fowls. - - 2. General sanitation and disinfection. - - 3. Administration of medicine to sick birds. - -The details to which special attention must be given are covered by the -following axiomatic rules: - - 1. Isolate birds recently purchased—for two or three weeks. - - 2. Isolate every bird that shows any sign of ill health. - - 3. Provide a fresh and pure supply of water in a shady position. - - 4. Add Epsom salts (one teaspoonful to a quart) once a week to the - drinking water. Give chickens daily a liberal supply of bran in - addition to their other food. - - 5. Feed birds on a varied diet, including green food. - - 6. Arrange that birds have to scratch for some of their food. - - 7. Construct houses, nest boxes, etc., so that they can be readily and - thoroughly disinfected. Houses should be free from drafts. - - 8. Disinfect contaminated soil by spraying, liming, and resting. - - 9. Visit the roosts at night to detect cases of wheezing due to colds, - and to search for mites and other pests. - - 10. Keep on hand disinfectants, lice powders and medicines likely to - be required. - - -_4. Nursing Sick Birds_ - -[Illustration: FIG. 2.—ISOLATION] - -The small margin of profit on a single fowl makes dosing with medicines -and nursing an unprofitable occupation, except in the case of valuable -stock. If the treatment of a bird is undertaken, it should be borne -in mind that more depends upon attention to the rules of good nursing -than to the administration of drugs. Comfortable quarters, warm and -free from drafts, clean straw, and invalid’s diet of soft and easily -digested food will all turn the chances in favor of recovery. - -[Illustration: FIG. 2.—ISOLATION] - -[Illustration: FIG. 3.—DESOLATION] - -Too often isolation is in effect a death sentence. The bird is put into -cramped quarters, exposed to cold winds and beating rains, and, being -in an out-of-the-way corner, is, perhaps, neglected instead of being -specially cared for. - -Fowls that will not take food should be fed lightly, but frequently, -with a spoon in order that their strength may be kept up. All stale -food should be removed. - - -_5. The Use of Drugs and Medicines_ - -Drugs and medicines likely to be required should always be kept in -stock. The weekly use of Epsom salts, as a mild laxative for preventing -intestinal disorders, is strongly recommended. Little faith should be -put in drugs said to cure tuberculosis, cholera, etc. Below is given a -list of the medicines generally required. The doses given in the table -are for a medium-sized adult fowl; three-quarters as much should be -given for a half-grown bird, and about one-fifth for a young chicken. -Treatment should be repeated as necessary, and animals should be well -nursed. - -[Illustration: FIG. 4.—POULTRYMAN’S MEDICINE SHELVES] - ───────────────────────────┬──────────────────┬──────────────────────── - MEDICINE │ DOSE OR STRENGTH │ DISEASE - ───────────────────────────┼──────────────────┼──────────────────────── - _Stimulants_— │ │ - Brandy │3-10 drops in │ - │ warm milk │ - │ │ - _Aperients_— │ │ - Calomel │1 grain │ Diarrhea; liver disease. - Castor oil │1 teaspoonful │ Diarrhea. - │ │ - Epsom salts │20 grains to 50 │ } - │ grains in │ } Constipation; diarrhea; - │ food or │ } liver disease. - │ warm water │ } - │ │ - _Astringents_— │ │ - Chlorodyne │ 6-12 drops │ Diarrhea; dysentery. - Laudanum (relieves pain)│ 4-6 drops │ Diarrhea; dysentery. - │ │ - _Tonic and Febrifuge_— │ │ - Quinine │1 grain │ } - Aconite │1 drop │ } Colds; fever; roup. - │ │ - _For Worms_— │ │ - Turpentine │ 5 to 10 drops │ } - │ in 1 teaspoonful│ } - │ castor oil │ } Worms (intestinal). - Santonin │ 3 to 5 grains │ } - │ │ - _Antiseptic Washes_— │ │ - (a) Carbolic acid │ 1-5% sol. │ } - (b) Hydrogen peroxide │ 50% │ }Colds; roup; - (c) Creolin │ 2-5% sol. │ } diphtheria; - (d) Permanganate of │ ½-2% sol. │ }cuts and injuries. - potash │ │ - │ │ - _Dressing Flesh Wounds_— │ │ - ½ creolin and │ │ - ½ sweet oil │ │ Cuts and injuries. - │ │ - _To Reduce Swellings_— │ │ - Iodine │Tincture │ - Embrocation: │ │ - Turpentine │10 drops │ } Cramp. - Sweet oil │1 ounce │ } Rheumatism. - │ │ - _Insecticides_— │ │ - Lice powders │ │ Lice, mites. - Kerosene │ │ Scaly legs. - Sulphur ointment: │ │ Lice, scaly legs, - Sulphur │1 part │ mites, ticks. - Kerosene │1 part │ - Lard │2 parts │ - ───────────────────────────┴──────────────────┴──────────────────────── - - -NOTE.—By accepting that 1¼ teaspoonfuls made up to a pint with water -gives approximately a 1% solution, any of the weak dilutions required -by poultrymen can be easily prepared. - - -_6. Disinfection_ - -[Illustration: FIG. 5.—HOW DISEASE IS SPREAD -Germs of tuberculosis in the excrement of a fowl. (After Edwards.)] - -The important part played by micro-organisms in causing and spreading -disease must be understood before the value of disinfection can be -fully appreciated. The poultryman must develop a sense of sight that -sees lurking microbes at every turn, especially in unclean corners. -Figure 5 shows germs revealed by the microscope in the excrement of a -bird suffering from tuberculosis. The fact that this speck contained -so many germs, although it was far too small to be seen with the naked -eye, will give an idea of how epidemics may be caused by food, water, -and soil contaminated by excreta, nasal discharges, etc. - -Regular and thorough disinfection of woodwork, of feeding vessels, -and of the drinking water should form part of the routine of poultry -management, and a stock of disinfectants should always be kept on -hand. It will be found convenient to have an iron drum with a tap -for a diluted solution, say 5%, of some standard disinfectant—e. g., -creolin—that can be further diluted as required. - -_Water._ A stock solution of permanganate of potash, made by adding -ten grains to one quart of water, should always be kept on hand for -purposes of disinfection. When there is danger of infection, two -tablespoonfuls of this solution should be added to every gallon of -drinking water. - -_Feeding Vessels._ Clean with boiling water. - -[Illustration: FIG. 6.—AIDS TO THOROUGH DISINFECTION] - -_Houses and Fixtures._ Spray with 2% to 5% creolin (or other -disinfectant) and whitewash afterwards, or use whitewash to which 2% -of creolin has been added. The whitewash should be prepared with -quick-lime. The house should first be cleaned out with an iron scraper -and scrubbing brush, using a liberal supply of water (see Fig. 6). - -_Soil._ The most convenient of the following methods should be adopted: - -(1) Spray surface with 5% creolin. - -(2) Spread straw over ground and set fire to it. - -(3) Fork over and lime. This method is not sufficient if serious -contamination is suspected. - - - - -CHAPTER II - -SUMMARY OF EXTERNAL SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT - - - ───────────────────────┬────────────────────┬────────────────────────── - DISEASE │ EXTERNAL SYMPTOMS │ TREATMENT - ───────────────────────┼────────────────────┼────────────────────────── - │ - _1. Diseases affecting head_ │ - _and respiratory organs_: │ - │ - Air under skin (see Emphysema). │ - │ - Apoplexy │ Staggering gait and│ Keep fowl quiet; put in a - │ appearances of a │ dark place; - │ sudden fit │ give Epsom salts. - │ │ - Aspergillosis │ Loss of weight │ Avoid musty grain and straw. - │ │ - Brooder pneumonia │ Affects chickens; │ No cure; prevent by strict - │ whitish diarrhea;│ sanitary methods. - │ many deaths │ - │ │ - Bronchitis (croup) │ Rattling in throat│ Paint throat with iodine. - │ │ - Canker (see Roup). │ │ - │ - Catarrh, contagious (see Roup). │ - │ - Chicken pox │ Scabby, wart-like │ Gently scrape off scab - │ growths on head │ and paint with iodine. - │ and comb │ - │ │ - Cold (catarrh) │ Running at nose and│ Isolate and syringe - │ eyes │ nostrils with 2% - │ │ carbolic acid. - │ │ - Congestion of lungs │ │ - (see Pneumonia). │ │ - │ │ - Conjunctivitis—sore │ │ - eyes (see Roup). │ │ - │ │ - Diphtheria │Yellowish patches on│ Isolate; paint patches - (diphtheritic roup) │ throat following an│ with hydrogen peroxide or - │ attack of roup │ iodine; best to kill fowl. - │ │ - Emphysema │ Skin puffed out │ Puncture with needle. - │ │ - Epilepsy │ Bird has fit │ If worms are believed to be - │ │ the cause give santonin. - │ │ - Favus │ Scurfy patches on │ Anoint with sulphur - │ comb and upper │ ointment or iodine. - │ portion of neck │ - │ │ - Frost bite │ Frozen wattles │ Rub with vaseline. - │ - Influenza—grippe (see Cold). │ - │ - Roup │ Nostrils caked with│ Isolate; syringe nostrils - │ offensive smelling │ with 5% carbolic acid; - │ exudate │ best to kill fowl with - │ │ bad attack. - │ │ - Pip │ Hardened scale on │ Soften and remove. - │ tip of tongue │ - │ │ - Pneumonia │ Great difficulty │ Paint shoulders above lungs - │ in breathing │ with iodine; generally - │ │ incurable. - │ │ - Sore head (see Chicken pox). │ - │ - Vertigo (see Epilepsy). │ - │ - White comb (see Favus). │ - │ - _2. Diseases affecting_ │ - _organs of digestion_ │ - _and reproduction_: │ - │ - Blackhead of turkeys │ Drooping wings; │ Strict sanitary measures; - │ dullness; many │ difficult to control. - │ deaths │ - Cancer (see Liver diseases │ - and Ovary diseases). │ - │ │ - Catarrh of crop │ Distended crop with│ Empty crop; diet - │ offensive liquid │ sparingly. - │ │ - Catarrh of stomach │ │ - (see Gastritis). │ │ - │ │ - Cholera │ Yellow feces; bad │ No cure known; kill fowl - │ diarrhea; sudden │ and burn body; take every - │ death of several │ precaution to prevent - │ birds │ spread. - │ │ - Cloacitis │Offensive discharges│ Syringe out cloaca. - │ from cloaca │ - │ │ - Constipation │Unsuccessful efforts│ Give castor oil; supply - │ to evacuate │ green food and make bird - │ │ scratch for grain. - │ │ - Coccidiosis of adult │Loss of weight, │ No remedies. - fowls │ diarrhea │ - │ │ - Coccidiosis of chickens│ │ - (see White diarrhea). │ │ - │ │ - Coccidiosis of turkeys │ │ - (see Blackhead). │ │ - │ │ - Crop-bound │ Distended crop │ Pour sweet oil down throat - │ │ and knead crop, holding - │ │ fowl’s head down; or slit - │ │ crop and remove food. - │ │ - Diarrhea │ Frequent passing of│ Isolate for fear of - │ liquid excreta; │ epidemics; in bad cases - │ soiled vent │ give 6 to 10 drops - │ │ chlorodyne. - │ │ - Dropsy │ Distention of │ Kill bird or puncture - │ abdomen │ abdomen. - │ │ - Dysentery │Bad form of diarrhea│ Treat as for bad cases - │ distinguished by │ of diarrhea. - │blood in the excreta│ - │ │ - Egg-bound │ Unsuccessful │ Remove egg. - │ efforts to lay │ - │ - Enteritis (see Diarrhea). │ - │ - Fatty degeneration │Sudden death; │ Change diet of others. - │ excessively fat │ - │ - Fowl typhoid (see Cholera). │ - │ - Gastritis │Dullness; loss of │ Empty stomach; give castor - │ appetite │ oil and easily digested - │ │ food. - Impaction of crop │ │ - (see Crop-bound). │ │ - │ │ - Indigestion │Difficult to │ Change diet. - │ diagnose │ - │ │ - Jaundice │Yellowish comb │ One grain of calomel and - │ │ green food. - Leukemia (see Cholera).│ │ - │ │ - Liver diseases │Difficult to │ Change diet. - │ diagnose │ - │ │ - Ovary diseases │Irregularity in egg │ No remedies. - │ production │ - │ │ - Oviduct diseases │Prolapse of oviduct │ Vaseline and replace. - │ │ - Peritonitis │Fever; pain in │ Aconite and opium. - │ abdomen │ - │ │ - Pyæmia │No external symptoms│ No remedy. - │ │ - Soft crop │Distended and soft │ Empty crop; diet - │ crop │ sparingly. - │ │ - Tuberculosis │Wasting away; │ Kill affected birds; - │ lamenesss │ disinfect poultry houses, - │ │ etc. - │ │ - White diarrhea of │ Dullness; many │ Proper feeding; thorough - chickens │ deaths; whitish │ disinfection; difficult - │ diarrhea │ to control. - │ - _3. Diseases affecting legs_ │ - _and feet_: │ - │ │ - Bumblefoot │ Swelling on pad of │ Lance, if bad; paint with - │ foot │ iodine; lower perches. - │ │ - Cramp │ Difficulty in │ Hold legs in warm water; - │ standing straight │ rub with embrocation; - │ │ keep bird in dry place. - │ │ - Fractures │Broken shank or wing│ Splints. - │ │ - Gout │ Pain in joints of │ Difficult to cure; rub - │ legs and difficulty│ joints with embrocation. - │ in standing │ - │ │ - Leg weakness │ Unsteady walk │ Select breeders. - │ │ - Rheumatism │Stiffness in joints;│ Rub legs with embrocation; - │ difficult to │ keep bird in dry place. - │ distinguish from │ - │ cramp and gout │ - │ │ - _4. Parasites_: │ │ - │ │ - Fleas │ On hen and in nest │ Dust with insect powder; - │ straw │ burn infested straw - │ │ - Gape worms │Gaping of chicks and│ Extract by pushing feather - │ effort to dislodge │ moistened with turpentine - │ something in throat│ down windpipe. - │ or windpipe │ - │ │ - Lice │Unthrifty condition │ Dust fowl with insect - │ of birds; desertion│ powder; grease head and - │ of nests by setting│ neck of chickens; spray - │ hens │ woodwork. - │ │ - Maggots │ Running wound │ Remove maggots; treat with - │ │ creolin or carbolic acid. - │ │ - Mites (air sac) │ In bad cases, │ Difficult to treat. - │ suffocation │ - │ │ - Mites (depluming) │ Bare patches │ Sulphur ointment. - │ │ - Mites (red) │ Examine roosts at │ Kerosene. - │ night │ - Scabies (see Mites, │ │ - depluming). │ │ - │ │ - Scaly leg │ Uneven crusts on │ Scrub with soap and water; - │ legs │ kerosene oil or sulphur - │ │ ointment. - - Ticks │Birds suffering │ Remove ticks from fowl; - │from the fever; │ spray perches, etc., with - │ticks found on body,│ 5% creolin. - │especially at night │ - │ │ - Worms │ Loss of weight; │ Give 3 to 5 grains santonin, - │ segments of worms │ followed by 2 teaspoonfuls - │ in excreta │ castor oil. - _5. Miscellaneous_: │ │ - │ │ - Abscesses │ Swelling with pus │ Lance and dress with - │ │ healing oil. - │ │ - Anæmia │ Loss of weight and │ Search for cause and treat. - │ unthrifty condition│ - │ │ - Breakdown │ Enlarged and │ No satisfactory treatment. - │ pendulent abdomen │ - │ │ - Egg-eating │ Remains of eggs │ Trap nests. - │ │ - Feather-eating │ Injured plumage │ Isolation of culprit. - │ │ - Going light (see Anæmia) │ - │ │ - Heart, diseases of │No external symptoms│ No treatment possible. - │ │ - Limber-neck │ Muscles of neck │ Try purgative to correct - │ unable to support │ cause. - │ head │ - │ │ - Kidney diseases │No external symptoms│ No treatment except for - │ except in gout │ gout. - │ │ - Molting │ Unthrifty condition│ Feed up and give tonic. - │ of bird │ - │ │ - Poisoning │ Evidence of pain │ Give milk, white of egg - │ and depression │ and a stimulant. - - - - CHAPTER III - - DISEASES OF POULTRY OTHER THAN FOWLS - - -All classes of domestic poultry are to a great extent subject to -the same diseases that affect the common fowl. The symptoms of such -diseases are for the most part similar to those noticed when fowls are -affected, and treatment must be on the same lines. In the management of -turkeys, ducks, geese, guinea fowls and pigeons, the strictest sanitary -measures must be enforced, as in the rearing of fowls. - -Owing to its importance, blackhead of turkeys is dealt with separately. -It is one of the most serious of poultry diseases and causes heavy -losses to turkey rearers. Careful study should be made of the reports -of the recent investigations at the Rhode Island Experiment Station. - -Severe epidemics of diarrhea or cholera occur among all classes of -poultry. Geese are subject to a form of cholera that appears to be -different from any kind that attacks fowls. Water fowl are not commonly -infested with external parasites. Pigeons, on the other hand, are -worried by fleas and ticks as well as mites. Smallpox of pigeons is -similar to chicken pox of fowls, but pustular swellings may be found on -the rump and the cloaca of the pigeon as well as on the head. The scaly -leg mite attacks turkeys and the gape worm is sometimes a serious pest -of poults. Below is given a list of some of the diseases of turkeys, -ducks, geese, guinea fowls and pigeons: - - -TURKEYS - - Blackhead - Diphtheria - Gapes - Leg weakness - Lice - Mites - Roup - Tuberculosis - Scaly leg - White comb - Worms - - -DUCKS - - Aspergillosis - Catarrh - Congestion of lungs - Cholera - Diphtheria - Lice - Mites - Worms - - -GEESE - - Aspergillosis - Cholera - Congestion of lungs - Diphtheria - Lice - Mites - Worms - - -GUINEA FOWLS - - Aspergillosis - Cholera - Diphtheria - Lice - Mites - Worms - - -PIGEONS - - Aspergillosis - Canker - Chicken pox (smallpox) - Diphtheria - Dovecot bug - Flea - Lice - Mites - Ticks - Worms - - - - - CHAPTER IV - - DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS - - - Abscesses. - Abnormal eggs (see Oviduct diseases). - Air under skin (see Emphysema). - Air sac mite (see Mites, air sac). - Anæmia. - Apoplexy. - Aspergillosis. - Atrophy of liver (see Liver diseases). - Bacterial enteritis (see Diarrhea) - Baldness (see Favus). - Biliary repletion (see Jaundice). - Blackhead of turkeys. - Breakdown. - Broken limbs (see Fractures). - Bronchitis. - Brooder pneumonia. - Bumblefoot. - Cancer (see Liver diseases and Ovary diseases). - Canker (see Diphtheria). - Catarrh (see Cold). - Catarrh, contagious (see Roup). - Catarrh of crop. - Catarrh of stomach (see Gastritis). - Chicken pox. - Cholera. - Cloacitis. - Coccidiosis of adult fowls. - Coccidiosis of chickens (see Brooder pneumonia). - Coccidiosis of turkeys (see Blackhead). - Cold. - Congestion of the liver (see Liver diseases). - Congestion of the lungs (see Pneumonia). - Conjunctivitis (see Roup). - Constipation. - Cramp. - Crop-bound. - Crop, soft (see Soft crop). - Crop, Catarrh of. - Depluming mite. - Diarrhea, bacterial. - Diarrhea, mycotic. - Diarrhea, protozoan. - Diarrhea, simple. - Diarrhea, severe. - Diarrhea, white. - Diphtheria. - Diphtheritic roup. - Dislocations (see Fractures). - Dropsy. - Dysentery. - Egg-bound. - Egg-eating. - Emphysema. - Enlargement of heart (see Heart, diseases of). - Enlargement of liver (see Liver diseases). - Enlargement of kidneys (see Kidney diseases). - Enteritis (see Diarrhea). - Entero-hepatitis (see Blackhead). - Epilepsy. - Fatty degeneration. - Favus. - Feather-eating. - Fits (see Epilepsy). - Fleas. - Fowl typhoid. - Fractures. - Frost bite. - Gangrenous Ovary (see Ovary diseases). - Gapes. - Gastritis. - Going light (see Anæmia). - Gout. - Grippe (see Cold). - Heart, diseases of. - Heart, dropsy of. - Heart, enlargement of. - Heart, rupture. - Hypertrophy of the liver (see Liver diseases). - Impaction of the crop (see Crop-bound). - Indigestion. - Influenza (see Cold). - Jaundice. - Kidney diseases. - Leg weakness. - Leukemia (see Cholera). - Lice. - Limber-neck. - Liver diseases. - Lungs, congestion of (see Pneumonia). - Maggots. - Mites, air sac. - Mites, depluming. - Mites, red. - Mites, scaly leg (see Scaly leg). - Molting. - Nodular tæniasis (see Worms). - Ovary diseases. - Oviduct diseases. - Peritonitis. - Pip. - Pneumonia. - Poisoning. - Prolapse of oviduct (see Oviduct diseases). - Puffed skin (see Emphysema). - Pyæmia. - Rheumatism. - Roup. - Scabies (see Mites, depluming). - Scaly leg. - Soft crop. - Sore head (see Chicken pox). - Ticks. - Tuberculosis. - Vertigo (see Apoplexy). - White comb (see Favus). - White diarrhea of chickens. - Worms. - - - ABSCESSES - - _Not a common poultry complaint_ - -_Symptoms._ The flesh becomes inflamed and swollen and forms a “head” -containing pus. - -_Cause._ A scratch or a small injury followed by inflammation due to -pus-forming organisms. - -_Treatment._ Lance the abscess when “ripe” with a clean, sharp knife, -cutting low so that the sore may drain readily. Squeeze out the pus; -wash with 1% carbolic acid or creolin and dress with creolin and sweet -oil (half and half) until healed. - -The most common abscess is that which forms on the pad of the foot and -develops into bumblefoot. - - - ANÆMIA, OR GOING LIGHT - - _A condition that should incite the poultryman to investigate the - cause_ - -_Symptoms._ Birds lose weight, or ”go light,” without any apparent -reason. - -_Cause._ A general lack of thriftiness in the flock may be due to -insufficient or poor food, to lack of exercise, or to bad ventilation -of houses; lice or mites may be infesting the birds. On the other hand, -birds may gradually lose weight as the result of some such disease as -tuberculosis (see page 90}, aspergillosis (see page 29), or worms (see -page 94). - -_Treatment._ Make any changes in feeding or management that may appear -desirable. Search at night for mites or lice on the birds; in the -daytime examine the straw in nest boxes, the roosts, and the cracks and -crevices of the woodwork for parasites. Much time may often be saved in -discovering what is wrong with the flock by killing one or more of the -affected birds and making a post-mortem examination to discover if a -specific disease is the cause. - - - APOPLEXY - - _Not a common trouble_ - -_Symptoms._ Staggering gait and bewildered appearance; bird generally -drops dead suddenly. - -_Cause._ Attributed to high feeding or over-laying. - -_Treatment._ There is usually no time for treatment, but if the attack -is mild, put the bird in a dark place and give no food for a few hours; -give a dose of Epsom salts and add green food to diet. Bleeding from -under a wing is sometimes tried. - -_Post-mortem examination_ shows clotted blood on the brain, the other -organs being normal. - -The name vertigo is applied to congestion of the brain as distinct -from apoplexy due to hemorrhage of the brain. The fowl has fits. It is -difficult to distinguish this disease from epilepsy (see page 55). The -cause is little understood. - - - ASPERGILLOSIS - -_A disease that exists more commonly than is usually suspected, and is - the cause of the death of large numbers of young chickens_ - -_Symptoms._ Fowls gradually lose weight, mope, and die without any -pronounced ailment except difficulty in breathing. In adults the -disease may be mistaken for tuberculosis and in chickens for white -diarrhea. Aspergillosis of chickens is dealt with under brooder -pneumonia. Post-mortem symptoms are whitish or yellowish growths on the -windpipe, that can only be definitely diagnosed under the microscope. - -[Illustration: FIG. 7.—HEAD SHOWING BRAIN EXPOSED] - -_Cause._ A fungoid growth in the windpipe and bronchial tubes, -sometimes extending to the lungs and liver. Fig. 8 shows the spores and -filaments of the species of aspergillosis most commonly responsible -for this disease. Infection may be due to musty grain or dirty straw. - -[Illustration: FIG. 8.—ASPERGILLOSIS -On left—Windpipe cut open. On right—A fungus that causes aspergillosis] - -_Treatment._ No medicines are of any avail. Protection lies in not -using musty grain or moldy litter. Burn dead birds. - - - BLACKHEAD OF TURKEYS - - _A very serious disease, making the successful rearing of turkeys - difficult and in some cases impossible_. - -_Symptoms._ Young turkeys, or poults, are most commonly attacked; there -is loss of weight and loss of appetite; the bird appears listless and -stands by itself with drooping wings and tail. Diarrhea is generally -one of the symptoms. The comb often turns a dark purple—a symptom that -has given rise to the name blackhead. Death generally follows an attack -fairly rapidly, but in some cases the disease may take a chronic form, -while it is believed that recovery is occasionally effected. - -_Post-mortem symptoms._ The cæca (see Fig. 32) are enlarged, are -diseased in parts, and are more or less plugged with cheesy matter -and pus. The liver is diseased, being sometimes very much enlarged -and covered with yellowish necrotic areas, generally depressed in the -centre (see Fig. 24_d_). In cases of an acute attack, especially in -young birds, one of the cæca only may be affected and the liver may -not be invaded. The extent of the necrotic areas and the degree of the -enlargement of the infected organs may vary greatly in different cases. - -_Cause._ The cause of blackhead has been shown by Drs. Cole and Hadley -to be a coccidium. A full account of their work is published in -Bulletin 141 of the Rhode Island Experiment Station. Coccidia enter -the digestive tract of the healthy turkey by means of food or water -infected by the excrement of a sick bird. The organisms pass along -the alimentary canal until they reach the cæca, the lining of which -they attack, giving rise to the conditions mentioned under post-mortem -symptoms. How the infection spreads from the cæca to the liver is not -clear. - -It has been conclusively proved that fowls, as well as pigeons, -sparrows, etc., act as hosts for these parasites. Although adult fowls -have a great degree of resistance themselves, they are a means of -carrying infection to turkeys. - -Eggs may be one of the means of spreading the disease, as they may -become contaminated in the oviduct or the cloaca of birds affected with -blackhead. - -_Treatment._ No remedy or satisfactory method of prevention has been -discovered. The difficulty of effecting a cure is obvious when the -nature of the disease is considered. Drs. Cole and Hadley summarize -measures of prevention as follows: - - 1. Protect the yards and flocks which may have the good fortune to be - uninfected with the blackhead organism by a thorough examination of - all new stock, whether turkeys, fowls, geese or other domestic birds. - - 2. Keep the turkeys on grounds which are as fresh as can be obtained, - and above all, keep them isolated from fowls and other domestic birds. - - 3. Keep every turkey in the flock under close observation in order - to separate and at once isolate any bird which gives evidence of the - disease. To facilitate such observations it is helpful to leg-band - each individual, and to record its weight from time to time. Such a - course makes it possible to learn whether any birds are losing weight, - and if this is the case, these birds must be regarded with suspicion, - and separated from the rest of the flock. - - 4. If it is known that blackhead is present in any of the poultry, the - yard should be kept free from English sparrows, and the poultry houses - and grain boxes from rats and mice, which have been shown to carry the - causative organism. - - 5. When it is desired to fatten birds for the market, begin to - increase the rations gradually. Never attempt to fatten birds which, - in successive weighings, show a loss of weight. Overfeeding does not - cause blackhead, but frequently causes the sudden death of birds in - which blackhead is present. - - 6. When birds have died of blackhead, their bodies should be promptly - burned or buried in order to prevent the dissemination of the - coccidia, either through the ravages of rats or skunks, or consequent - to the natural processes of decay. - - - BREAKDOWN - - _Not often seen in the poultry yard_ - -_Symptoms._ The abdomen becomes enlarged, hangs down at the back, and -sometimes touches the ground. - -_Cause._ Old layers are generally affected. The cause may be the strain -of heavy laying, or may in cases be due to too much internal fat. - -_Treatment._ No satisfactory treatment can be recommended and the bird -had best be killed. Such birds should not be used for breeding purposes. - - - BRONCHITIS (CROUP) - - _Not very common_ - -_Symptoms._ Bronchitis may be distinguished by the rattling in the -throat of the bird affected and by the rapid breathing and cough. The -rattling is due to mucus in the inflamed bronchial tubes. In bad cases, -birds mope, refuse to eat, and soon die. - -_Cause._ Bronchitis may develop from an ordinary cold, or may be due to -sudden changes of temperature, or to exposure to rain, cold, and damp. - -_Treatment._ Keep affected bird away from drafts and in a warm -place; dose with Epsom salts (see page 9) and give soft food, e. g., -bread, bran, and middlings, with milk. Wine of ipecacuanha has been -recommended for cases in which breathing is very difficult owing to -excessive inflammation. - - - BROODER PNEUMONIA - - _A very serious disease, causing the death of many chickens_ - -_Symptoms._ Chickens affected stand by themselves with roughened -plumage. There is a whitish diarrhea, and this disease can easily be -mistaken for white diarrhea. (See page 92.) Post-mortem examination -will show yellowish spots on the lungs, on the walls of the air sacs, -and on the liver and other organs, due to infection by the aspergillus -fungus. (See page 29.) - -_Cause._ Infection by a species of the aspergillus fungus, the spores -of which are probably inhaled. This fungus is common. The spores may be -in the straw used for nests or for litter, or in the food, especially -if it is at all moldy. - -_Treatment._ There is no cure for an affected chicken, and the -poultryman must aim at prevention. Vigorous sanitary measures are -imperative. Clean straw or excelsior should be used for nests; eggs for -hatching should be disinfected by wiping with 80% alcohol; incubators -and brooders should be thoroughly disinfected. - - - BUMBLEFOOT - - _Not serious if treated early_ - -[Illustration: FIG. 9.—BUMBLEFOOT] - -_Symptoms._ Lameness with swelling on pad of foot. - -_Cause._ Injury to sole of foot, developing into an abscess. Heavy -birds are more subject than light ones to bumblefoot, especially if -made to roost on perches that are too high. - -_Treatment._ Paint with iodine. Lance the abscess if it is sufficiently -advanced. Lower perches. Birds under treatment should have their feet -bandaged, and should be put on deep straw to prevent further injury -while the wounds are healing. Not serious if taken in hand promptly. - - - CATARRH OF THE CROP - - _Not a common trouble_ - -_Symptoms._ Distention of crop with soft pasty matter of a more or less -offensive character. - -_Cause._ Eating stale, putrifying food or some poisonous matter. - -_Treatment._ Empty the bird’s crop by holding the head downwards and -gently pressing the contents out through the mouth. Feed sparingly on -soft food. - - - CHICKEN POX OR SORE HEAD - - _An infectious disease that causes considerable loss among chickens - and young birds in warm climates_ - -_Symptoms._ Small, scabby, wart-like growths and eruptions on the head, -especially on the comb and the wattles and around the eyes—in bad cases -extending to the lids and even the mouth. Chickens and young birds are -most commonly attacked by this disease, which spreads rapidly. - -[Illustration: FIG. 10.—CHICKEN POX] - -_Cause._ The specific organism has not been definitely determined. -Chicken pox may be started by the introduction of an infected bird, -and mosquitoes and other insects are suspected of being agents in its -spread. - -_Treatment._ Prompt treatment may be very successful. Isolate affected -birds. Apply tincture of iodine, first scraping off the scabs. Creolin -2%, or other disinfectants, may be used instead of iodine. Dirty coops -are a contributing cause, and cleanliness of chicken runs and houses -is important. Disinfect soil (see page 13) and woodwork (see page 12) -regularly and with extra care when the first cases are noticed. When -roupy lesions develop, as is sometimes the case, treat as for roup. -(See page 83.) - - - CHOLERA - -_A serious and epidemic form of diarrhea for which no remedy is known_ - -_Symptoms._ Fowls die suddenly with apparently little reason. There are -symptoms of diarrhea and examination shows that the feces are a bright -yellow or green instead of the normal color. Before death, fowls have -fever and may be seen moping and showing evidences of distress. For -post-mortem symptoms see page 112. - -_Cause._ A contagious disease, due to bacteria, that, owing to -infection of soil and drinking water by birds suffering from the -disease, spreads rapidly through a flock. It is often introduced by the -purchase of an infected bird that appears at the time of purchase to be -well. - -_Treatment._ Prevention by strict sanitary measures is what must be -aimed at. It is believed that no cure is known for genuine cases of -cholera. Isolate all new birds brought into the flock, especially -when cases of cholera are reported in the neighborhood. The bodies of -birds that have died of this disease are best burnt without delay. -The germ of cholera appears to be both persistent and easily spread, -and too much stress cannot be laid on the necessity of preventing its -introduction, failing that, of quickly stamping it out. The sacrifice -of a few birds to prevent the spread of the disease will be well -repaid, for it has been necessary on occasions to kill a whole flock. -In some cases it has been found best to move unaffected birds to new -quarters. - -Fowl typhoid, or leukemia, is a disease of the blood that may be -mistaken for cholera. The poultryman must treat it in the same way. - - - CLOACITIS OR VENT-GLEET - - _Not a common disease_ - -_Symptoms._ Frequent small discharges of excrement and unsuccessful -efforts to discharge when the cloaca (Fig. 32) is empty, the mucous -membrane of which becomes hot and inflamed. These symptoms are soon -followed by an offensive discharge. - -_Cause._ A specific disease transmitted from hen to hen by the agency -of the cock. - -_Treatment._ Immediately isolate affected hens; syringe out cloaca -twice daily with 2% creolin; give mild purgative and put on soft food. -Males likely to be affected should be examined, and diseased birds -killed. - -_Caution._ The hands should be carefully cleansed and disinfected, as -a serious inflammation will result if the eyes are rubbed with infected -hands. This is a troublesome and risky disease to treat. - - - COCCIDIOSIS OF ADULT FOWLS - - _The germ of this disease does not usually affect adult fowls - seriously, but causes severe losses among chickens and turkeys_ - -_Symptoms._ The external symptoms are not very pronounced; there is -loss of weight and in some cases diarrhea. The disease may last for a -long time and birds may even recover. A post-mortem examination shows -the walls of the cæca thickened and filled with a pasty mass, while -characteristic whitish or yellowish spots (see Fig. 24, _d_) are found -in the liver. - -_Cause._ This disease is due to the same germ (a coccidium) that causes -blackhead in turkeys. Adult fowls occasionally develop this disease, -but appear to be able, as a rule, to act as a host for the germs -without being themselves affected, although heavy losses occur among -turkeys or chickens that get the germ from them. - -_Treatment._ Copperas in the drinking water (three grains to a quart) -has been recommended, together with the occasional use of calomel in -one-grain doses, or one or two teaspoonfuls of castor oil. Thorough -disinfection (see page 10) of houses and runs, etc., where affected -fowls have been, is important. Burn the bodies of birds that die of the -disease. - - - COLD (SIMPLE CATARRH) - - _Dangerous, because it may be confused with the early stages of roup_ - -_Symptoms._ Discharge from the nostrils and the eyes, with occasional -fits of sneezing; loss of appetite, and moping. - -_Cause._ Cold and damp. Colds most frequently occur in wet weather and -among poorly housed and poorly fed stock. - -_Treatment._ Warm housing and protection from cold and wet. Give -quinine—one grain to an adult fowl. Many believe in dosing fowls -suffering from colds with red pepper given in the food. When there -are signs of stuffiness, the eyes and the nostrils should be washed -out once or twice daily. Carbolic acid 2%, or boric acid, about 3%, -dissolved in water, is recommended for this purpose. Witch hazel has -been found very effective. - -_Caution._ There is a risk of mistaking the early stages of roup for -a simple cold. Further, birds are more likely to contract roup when -suffering from a cold, and should, on this account, be isolated and -regularly examined. - -_Influenza._ The term influenza, or grippe, is generally applied to a -severe cold that has no symptoms of roup. - - - CONSTIPATION - - _Not common and seldom serious_ - -_Symptoms._ The bird suffering is dull and listless. Its efforts to -evacuate are painful and unsuccessful. - -_Cause._ Internal blocking of the cloaca or the intestines, or, -occasionally, of the vent by dirt accumulated on the outside. Want of -exercise and lack of green food are held to be contributing causes. - -_Treatment._ If constipation is due to dirt on the outside, cleanse -vent by swabbing with warm water. When stoppage is inside and can be -felt through the vent syringe with sweet oil. In other cases, give a -purgative such as castor oil or Epsom salts. If worms are suspected as -the cause, give santonin (see page 9), followed by a teaspoonful of -castor oil. - - - CRAMP - - _Must not be confused with more serious complaints_ - -_Symptoms._ Difficulty in standing and lameness, due to inflammation of -muscles and joints. - -_Cause._ Damp and cold. - -_Treatment._ Put legs of bird in warm water; rub joints with -embrocation and put in dry quarters. - -NOTE—In cases of rheumatism, tick fever, and tuberculosis, birds may -show the same difficulty in standing that they do in cramp. - - - CROP-BOUND (IMPACTION OF CROP) - - _Not serious, as a rule_ - -_Symptoms._ The crop is hard and swollen. - -_Cause._ The blocking of the passage from the crop to the gizzard by a -bit of stick or a stone, with the result that the food cannot pass out -of the crop. - -_Treatment._ Pour sweet oil down fowl’s throat; work the crop with the -fingers, endeavoring to remove the obstructing object. If unsuccessful, -cut open the crop and remove the contents, making sure that the opening -into the gizzard is clear. Sew up the cut made, stitching separately -first the inner skin and then the outer. - - - DIARRHEA OR ENTERITIS - - _May take a serious and epidemic form_ - -Diarrhea is a common complaint among fowls, and in some cases takes -a severe and epidemic form. The latter form may be due to various -causes, and it will be best, perhaps, to deal with diarrhea under the -following heads: - - 1. Mild diarrhea. - 2. Epidemic and severe diarrhea. - 3. Dysentery. (See page 52.) - 4. Cholera. (See page 39.) - 5. White diarrhea of chickens. (See page 92.) - - -_Mild Diarrhea_. - -_Symptoms._ Looseness of bowels and staining of feathers around the -anus with excreta. - -_Cause._ Indigestion caused by food which may be too laxative; e. g., -excess of bran, or, by food which may be partly decomposed or may -contain an intestinal irritant. Cold may also be a cause. - -_Treatment._ Give Epsom salts, or castor oil. (See page 9.) Change diet -if food is suspected. Often no treatment is necessary, but it is not -wise to neglect cases that are apparently mild diarrhea, for fear they -may turn out to be an epidemic and contagious form. - - -_Diarrhea, Severe and Epidemic_ - -_Symptoms._ Excessive looseness of bowels, ruffling of feathers, -depression, loss of appetite. A number of birds in the flock are -attacked and death results. - -_Cause._ There are a variety of causes. Scientific investigation has -led to the discovery of specific organisms responsible for various -forms of diarrhea. It would be well for poultry rearers to study the -results of such work, but, for the purposes of this book, it will be -sufficient to state that the causal organism may be bacterial, mycotic, -or protozoan. The owner of poultry will not usually be able himself to -determine what type of diarrhea the fowls are suffering from, but as -a rule the treatment will have to be the same. Advice will have to be -sought from an expert when dangerous epidemics are feared. - -_Treatment._ The most energetic measures of disinfection must be -undertaken. (See page 10.) - - 1. Isolate sick fowls. - - 2. Disinfect soil of run thoroughly. - - 3. Clean and disinfect coops. - - 4. In bad cases, remove the rest of the flock from the infested run. - - 5. Give sick fowls Epsom salts, or castor oil; feed fowls on soft food. - - 6. If the diarrhea is not checked, give 6 to 12 drops of chlorodyne. - - - DIPHTHERIA OR DIPHTHERITIC ROUP - - _A dangerous disease, and infected birds should be killed at once_ - -_Symptoms._ A cold, accompanied by whitish and yellowish patches on -the back of the throat and in the mouth. These patches apparently form -a false membrane and cannot be torn off without causing bleeding. The -disease is sometimes known as canker. - -[Illustration: FIG. 11.—DIPHTHERITIC ROUP -_b_, lower beak; _t_, tongue; _m_, false membrane. -(After Harrison and Streit.)] - -_Cause._ This disease is often clearly a later stage of roup. It is -difficult to say where one ends and the other begins. It has been -claimed that the organism is the same as that which causes diphtheria -in human beings, but the weight of evidence is against this conclusion. - -_Treatment._ Diphtheria is extremely infectious. It is best to kill -the first cases at once. If the bird is of particular value, it may -be isolated and the patches on the throat swabbed with 50% hydrogen -peroxide or 5% creolin, with a small bit of cotton wool wound around -a stick. If great care is exercised, 20% carbolic acid or 20% creolin -may be painted on the patches, but neither should be allowed to touch -the normal skin. Burn the swabs. Treat accompanying roupy symptoms as -recommended under roup. - -The term canker is also applied to certain spots or growths that occur -on the throat. These are not in any way associated with diphtheritic -roup, or any dangerous, contagious disease, and are due to injury or to -an unhealthy condition of the mucous membrane. - - - DROPSY - - _Not a common disease_ - -_Symptoms._ Distention of abdomen. - -_Cause._ Collection of liquid in abdominal cavity. - -_Treatment._ Treatment is seldom successful. It is best and most -merciful to kill the afflicted bird. If it is desired to make an effort -to save the bird, carefully puncture the lower portion of the abdomen -with a trocar and squeeze out the liquid. Give invalid diet. - - - DYSENTERY - - _Serious if in epidemic form_ - -_Symptoms._ Severe diarrhea with blood in the discharges. - -_Cause._ Bacterial or other specific infection of the intestines. -Occasionally the eating of some poisonous or irritating substance will -give rise to blood in the excrement. - -_Treatment._ Isolate bird, and give six to eight drops of chlorodyne on -a small piece of bread. Thorough disinfection (see page 10) of water, -soil and house is necessary to prevent this disease spreading. - - - EGG-BOUND - - _An uncommon complaint_ - -_Symptoms._ The hen goes on and off the nest straining to lay. -Generally the egg may be felt through the vent. After straining for -some time, she may succeed in laying the egg, and treatment should not -be undertaken until it is evident that the fowl needs assistance. - -_Cause._ Very young hens are more liable to this complaint, which -arises from eggs of an abnormal size, from lack of muscular power, or -from some other disorder of the oviduct. - -_Treatment._ It will be most merciful to kill fowls in much distress, -as treatment is tedious and painful to the fowl. It has been -recommended to hold the fowl’s vent over steam from boiling water and -then to pass an oiled finger up the vent. In bad cases, pierce the -egg and withdraw the contents, then break the shell and remove all the -pieces. Great care must be taken to leave no particle of the broken -shell behind. - - - EGG-EATING - - _A bad habit that may be controlled_ - -_Symptoms._ If remains of eggs are seen in nests or runs, the -poultryman should become suspicious and make observations to prove -whether any of his flock are eating eggs. - -_Cause._ Broken eggs or soft-shelled eggs left about the yard may be -the cause of hens acquiring this bad habit. - -_Treatment._ All signs of broken eggs should always be immediately -removed. The culprit, when detected, should be removed to a different -pen and nest. Dark nests have been recommended. A trap nest will -prevent a hen from getting at her egg. - - - EMPHYSEMA (AIR UNDER SKIN) - - _Not a common disease of chickens_ - -_Symptoms._ In this disease of chickens the skin becomes puffed out in -one or more places, generally on the neck. In rare cases the puffing -spreads over nearly the whole of the body. - -_Cause._ This disease is evidently caused by some obstruction of the -air passages that forces the air to escape under the skin. - -_Treatment._ Let out the air by puncturing the skin. Give soft and -nourishing food. It will probably be wiser not to use birds that -recover from this complaint for breeding stock. - - - EPILEPSY - - _An unusual complaint_ - -_Symptoms._ The bird staggers about and has a fit. It may recover. - -_Cause._ It is difficult to discover a cause; intestinal worms are -suspected in some cases. - -_Treatment._ If it is suspected that intestinal worms are responsible, -try the treatment recommended for worms. (See page 95.) - - - FATTY DEGENERATION - - _Not contagious, but pointing to error in diet_ - -_Symptoms._ More or less sudden deaths of birds in good condition. -Post-mortem examination shows an enlarged liver and masses of fat -attached to the intestines. - -_Cause._ Something wrong with the diet; too much heat-giving food and -want of exercise. - -_Treatment_. Post-mortem proof of fatty degeneration in the flock -should lead the poultry owner to change the diet, reducing the amount -of heat-giving food, and giving more exercise. Some authors draw -attention to a fatty degeneration in which the liver is shrunken and -shows fat globules under the microscope. - - - FAVUS (WHITE COMB) - - _Disfiguring, but easily controlled if treated early_ - -_Symptoms._ Whitish scabs or crusts on the comb, the head and down the -neck. - -_Cause._ Due to a fungus that spreads, if not treated, and that -probably starts where there is an abrasion of the skin. - -_Treatment._ Treat in early stages of the disease by dressing with -sulphur ointment. (See page 9.) Isolate bird. If the case has been -neglected and allowed to develop, the crusts must first be moistened -with oil and the surface scraped off with a blunt instrument. Then -apply tincture of iodine or nitrate of silver. - - - FEATHER-EATING - - _Not a very common habit_ - -_Symptoms._ The presence of bare patches and injured plumage on birds -should lead the poultryman to watch for feather-eaters. - -_Cause._ Irritation from insects, some defect in diet, or natural -cussedness. - -_Treatment._ Isolate the offender, and, if persistent and of no special -value, kill, for fear the bad example may be followed by others. If -several fowls develop this vice, try hanging up a bone for them to peck -at and thus distract their attention. - - - FLEAS - - _An occasional parasite of poultry_ - -_Symptoms._ Fleas are found on the fowls or in the straw of their nests. - -_Description._ The flea that attacks fowls is known as the hen flea -(_Pulex gallinæ_). It is dark colored and has sharp mouth parts. -Doubtless it causes the fowl it attacks much irritation in addition to -loss of blood. - -_Treatment._ Keep poultry houses in a clean, sanitary condition. Dust -the infested fowls with an insect powder or dip them in creolin, about -1%. Burn infested straw. - - - FRACTURES - -Broken bones of legs or wings can be mended by placing the bones back -in their proper positions and binding with light splints. The splints -may be removed in about four weeks. It will be found that shanks are -easily set, but that broken wings give far more trouble. - -If a fowl dislocates its leg or its wing, the joint should be gently -pushed back into place. - - - FROST BITE - - _A strain on the bird’s system_ - -_Symptoms._ Combs and wattles are most liable to frost bite, -particularly in breeds in which these parts are large. - -_Cause._ Exposure to very low temperatures, especially if birds are -suddenly turned out from warm quarters; dipping comb and wattles in -water when the temperature is low. - -_Treatment._ Prevent by keeping birds as warm as possible during -winter, and do not allow them to go out early in the mornings in very -cold weather. Drinking water should be provided in a vessel from which -birds can drink without wetting their wattles. In a case of frost bite, -thaw the affected parts by gently rubbing with vaseline and afterwards -treat with a mixture of two grains of salicylic acid to one ounce of -vaseline or lard. - - - GAPES - - _Serious in badly infested yards_ - -[Illustration: FIG. 12.—GAPES -On left: Chicken affected with gapes. On right: _a_, male and female -gape worms; _b_, gape worms in windpipe. (From Salmon.)] - -_Symptoms._ Frequent gaping and coughing; young chicks attacked, as a -rule. Notice if any worms are coughed up by the chicken; if none can -be found, but the gaping continues, put a stripped feather down the -windpipe, as recommended under treatment, and see if any gape worms can -be pulled up. - -_Cause._ Small worms, red in color when engorged, which attach -themselves to the mucous membrane of the windpipe. Affected birds -cough up worms or ova, which infect the yard and sometimes the water -supply. Earthworms taken from infested yards have been found to contain -portions of gape worms, and may be one means of infecting poultry. - -_Treatment._ Isolate attacked poultry and disinfect coops and yards. -The worms may be extracted from the windpipe of a gaping chicken with -a feather stripped nearly to the end, and moistened, but not dripping, -with oil of turpentine. Hold the mouth open, push the feather down the -windpipe, and give it a sudden twist, which will dislodge the worms -and allow of their being drawn up. Fumigation by holding the bird’s -head over an irritant vapor, such as that of carbolic acid poured into -boiling water, is risky, but sometimes successful. If not cautiously -done, much suffering may be inflicted on the bird. - -_Post-mortem._ Cut open the windpipe and look for the worms, which -may be easily recognized by Fig. 12. Male and female specimens will be -found attached to one another. - - - GASTRITIS (CATARRH OF THE STOMACH) - - _Not a common complaint_ - -_Symptoms._ This disease cannot be readily diagnosed while the fowl is -living; it is generally associated with catarrh of the crop. (See page -37.) The symptoms are similar. Post-mortem examination will show the -lining of the stomach in an inflamed condition. - -_Cause._ The inflammation of the lining of the stomach is generally due -to eating decomposing food or other poisonous matter. - -_Treatment._ Empty the crop as recommended under Catarrh of the crop. -Give one or two tablespoonfuls of castor oil and feed on soft and -easily digested food with milk or barley water. Be sure that poultry -are not allowed to run under trees that have been sprayed with -arsenical poisons. - - - GOUT - - _Not a common ailment_ - -_Symptoms._ The bird sometimes loses weight, and as the disease -develops shows stiffness and an indisposition to stand. In some cases -small nodules containing crystals of urate of soda occur on the -underside of the toes. - -_Cause._ Failure of the kidneys to perform their normal functions and -consequent accumulation of urates in the bird’s system in excessive -quantities. Gout may be due to too concentrated feeding. - -_Treatment._ Medicines and treatment are of little avail. Endeavor to -prevent by feeding a mixed diet. - -_Post-mortem._ In one form of this disease, known as visceral gout, the -liver and other abdominal organs are covered over with a powder-like -deposit of the crystals of urate of soda. - - - HEART DISEASES - - _Not common, and cannot be treated_ - -The heart is an organ that is subject to several serious diseases, -but these cannot be detected with any certainty while the bird is -living, and treatment cannot be recommended as likely to be successful. -Post-mortem examination may show the following symptoms: - - 1. The heart sac full of serous liquid, in the case of pericarditis, - or dropsy of the heart sac. - - 2. A reddening of the membrane lining the heart, in the case of - inflammation (endocarditis). - - 3. An enlarged heart, in the case of enlargement of the heart. - - 4. Hemorrhage, in the case of rupture of the heart and of the blood - vessels. - - - INDIGESTION - - _Disorder of the intestinal tract, that is not very serious_ - -_Symptoms._ The bird mopes and shows signs of a capricious appetite. -Either diarrhea or, less commonly, constipation, may be a symptom. - -_Cause._ Disorders of the digestive tract, due to error in dieting—for -example, overfeeding, or too little green food and not enough exercise. - -_Treatment._ Alter the feeding, see that the water is clean, and give a -dose of Epsom salts. (See page 9.) - - - JAUNDICE - - _Not a common disease_ - -_Symptoms._ A yellow comb may indicate jaundice, but there are no -definite external symptoms. Post-mortem examination shows distention of -the gall bladder, due to an excessive secretion of bile. - -_Cause._ Said to be due to continued congestion of the liver, arising -possibly from too much heat-giving food. - -_Treatment._ If the disease is suspected, give one grain of calomel as -a purgative and feed on more green food. - - - KIDNEY DISEASES - - _With the exception of gout, kidney diseases cannot be detected by - external symptoms_ - -Gout (see page 63) is the commonest disease of the kidneys. In -addition, there are some disorders of the kidneys (e. g., enlargement) -that may be noticed on post-mortem examination. Little is known about -these diseases; there are no symptoms that can be recognized before -death, and no treatment can be recommended. - - - LEG WEAKNESS - - _Constitutional weakness, to which the heavier breeds are more subject - than are the lighter ones_ - -_Symptoms._ Fowls walk in an unsteady manner, without showing any -specific cause for lameness. Young birds are more likely to be affected -in this manner, particularly those of the heavier breeds. - -_Cause._ Too rapid growth, the bird outgrowing the strength of its legs. - -_Treatment._ Reduce the quantity of fat-producing foods. Care in the -selection of breeding stock is important. - - - LICE - - _Invariably present in small numbers, and likely to become a serious - pest, if not persistently controlled_ - -_Symptoms._ Unthrifty look of fowl and signs of irritation; desertion -of nest by setting hens; and, of course, the detection of lice on the -fowl: this may be done by quickly turning over the feathers on the body -and looking for the lice. - -[Illustration: FIG. 13.—LOOKING FOR LICE] - -_Cause._ Introduction of an infested fowl; neglect to dust fowls -regularly to keep down lice, and to clean out fowl houses and change -the straw of nest boxes. At the season that lice are likely to be most -prevalent the poultryman should take precautionary measures. - -[Illustration: FIG. 14.—THREE LICE THAT COMMONLY AFFECT FOWLS -(From Salmon.) -_a._ Lipeurus variabilis. -_b_, Menopon pallidum. -_c_, Goniodes dissimilis.] - -_Description of lice._ Lice are small insects ranging in size from -1∕25 to 1∕8 of an inch. They breed rapidly, laying their eggs on the -feathers. They are not blood-sucking insects, but cause much irritation -to the birds they infest. - -Several species are found on fowls. Fig. 14 shows three of the common -species. - -_Treatment._ Dust fowls with fresh insect powder (pyrethrum). Smear -sulphur ointment on head and under wings, especially in the case of -chickens. Infested fowls may be dipped in 2% creolin. Dust setting hens -with a lice powder before putting them on their nests. Infested straw -should be burnt, and boxes, nests, fixtures, etc., should be thoroughly -sprayed with 2% creolin. - - - LIMBER-NECK - - _An occasional complaint_ - -_Symptoms._ The muscles of the fowl’s neck become so relaxed that they -cannot support the head. - -_Cause._ Limber-neck, due to partial or entire paralysis of the muscles -of the neck, is believed to be associated with acute indigestion or -worms. - -_Treatment._ A strong purgative may be the means of effecting a cure by -cleaning out any intestinal poisons and thus correcting the cause. If -the treatment recommended does not effect a cure in a few days, kill -the bird. - - - LIVER DISEASES - -The liver is affected by several diseases, and the poultryman, who -finds a spotted liver on post-mortem examination, will be much aided -in determining the cause, if he takes into consideration the symptoms -noticed before the fowl died, as well as the changes in the other -internal organs. The importance of the post-mortem examination is in -distinguishing whether the death of the fowl is due to a contagious -disease. - -The causes of diseased livers may be conveniently divided into two -classes: - - 1. Diseased livers due to indigestion, e. g., enlargement. - - 2. Diseased livers due to a specific disease, e. g., tuberculosis. - - -_Diseases Due to Indigestion_ - -In this class may be included degeneration, inflammation, congestion, -enlargement, and atrophy of the liver. There are more or less distinct -differences in these diseases, but the only possible methods of -treatment known at present are very much the same. - -_Symptoms._ There are no definite external symptoms. The poultryman’s -suspicions should, however, be aroused if fowls apparently in good -health die suddenly. A post-mortem examination will reveal a liver of -abnormal size, or somewhat shrunken, and of unhealthy texture. - -_Cause._ The cause is generally something wrong in the feeding. Fowls -may be eating too large a proportion of heat-producing foods and not -enough green food. If an enlarged liver is associated with an excessive -layer of fat covering the internal organs, it points to too large -quantities of carbohydrates. - -_Treatment._ Correct errors in feeding. Give more green food and let -the fowls scratch for some of their grain. If errors in feeding and -general management are not obvious, make experimental changes. - - -_Diseased Livers Due to Specific Diseases_ - -Tuberculosis, coccidiosis, gout and other specific diseases are -responsible for spotted or diseased livers. (Fig. 24.) The section on -diagnosis by post-mortem examination gives further information on these -subjects and shows how the principal diseases may be distinguished. - -The term cancer is sometimes applied to cases in which there are tumors -on the liver. - - - MAGGOTS - - _Occasionally found in flesh wounds of poultry_ - -_Symptoms._ A flesh wound that instead of healing develops into a sore -with a slight running. On examination, maggots will be found. - -_Cause._ Several species of flies are always ready to lay their eggs -in any available wound or sore; therefore wounds must be watched in -the case of poultry, as with all other animals of the farmyard. The -eggs laid by these flies hatch and develop into small footless grubs -commonly known as maggots. - -_Treatment._ Wash the wound with 1 to 2% creolin; remove as many of -the maggots as possible with a pair of tweezers or a feather. If the -maggots are deep-seated, stuff the wound with a cotton wad saturated -with strong creolin or 10% carbolic acid. Examine next day and remove -dead maggots. Treat again in a similar manner if the maggots are not -all killed. Fish oil, or iodoform made into a paste with vaseline, will -prevent the flies depositing their eggs, if smeared on the surface of -the wound. - - - MITES (AIR-SAC) - - _Not a common parasite_ - -_Symptoms._ There are no definite external symptoms. If the bird is -very badly affected, there may be evidences of suffocation. This may -end fatally. A post-mortem examination will show the mites in the air -passages and bronchi as small yellowish and whitish particles, which on -careful observation may be seen to move. - -_Cause._ A small mite (_Sarcoptes lævis_) which infests the air sacs -and bronchi. These mites, when present in large numbers, obstruct -the air passages and cause suffocation. A secretion from the mucous -membrane affected, results from the presence of the mites and increases -the obstruction of the air passages. - -[Illustration: FIG. 15 THE AIR SAC MITE -(From Salmon.)] - -_Treatment._ The fumigation method tried for gapes has been -recommended, but there is little reason to expect success. - - - MITES, DEPLUMING (SCABIES) - -_Symptoms._ Bare patches on the bird’s body due to the loss of -feathers. The rump and the breast are most frequently attacked. - -[Illustration: FIG. 16 THE DEPLUMING MITE -(From Salmon.)] - -_Cause._ A small mite (_Sarcoptes lævis_) found on the bird’s body near -the base of the fallen feathers. - -_Treatment._ Isolate affected birds; rub bare patches and neighboring -portion of body with sulphur ointment (see page 9) or dip body of fowl -in a solution of about 2% creolin. - - - MITES (RED MITE) - -_A serious pest_ - -_Symptoms._ Unthriftiness of birds. - -_Cause._ A small whitish mite, which appears red when filled with -blood. These mites suck the bird’s blood at night and hide during the -day in the sockets of the perches and in the crevices of the woodwork. - -[Illustration: FIG. 17. THE RED MITE] - -_Treatment._ Examine the fowl house at night. Dust hens with an insect -powder; thoroughly spray houses and perches with 5% creolin or other -disinfectant, and squirt kerosene oil or turpentine into cracks and -crevices. A specially constructed mite-proof perch, or one that can be -easily removed, should be used. - - - MOLTING - -Molting is not a disease, but may prove trying to poultry not in the -best condition to stand the strain of the process. Hens overtaxed with -forced laying and cocks running with too large a number of hens are -most likely to suffer. Molting occurs in healthy adult birds every -twelve months. The process, which is a natural one, should be allowed -to take its natural course unless the fowls appear weak and depressed -during the period. In such cases specially nourishing and stimulating -food should be given. Anyhow, it would be well to pay particular -attention to the feeding of birds during the molting season. - - - OVARY DISEASES - -Hens suffer from various diseases of the ovary, which may become -shriveled and useless or gangrenous. Tumorous growths, sometimes called -cancers, are also found. As diseased conditions of this organ can be -detected only by post-mortem examination, and as no remedies are known, -the subject need not be dealt with more fully. - - - OVIDUCT, DISEASES OF - -Abnormal eggs must be regarded as due to functional disorders of the -oviduct. One cause of soft eggs is lack of shell-forming material; -therefore a liberal supply of powdered oyster shells, or lime in some -other form, should always be accessible to laying hens. Other abnormal -eggs occur, such as those with double yolks, without any yolk, with -blood clots, etc. No treatment can be suggested beyond feeding a varied -diet and avoiding too stimulating or over-heating foods. - -Prolapse of the oviduct may occur. The protruding portion should be -oiled or vaselined and gently pressed back. - - - PERITONITIS - - _Not common and not contagious_ - -_Symptoms._ Loss of appetite, fever and evidence of discomfort and pain -in the stomach, especially if the abdomen is pressed with the hand. -Post-mortem examination shows inflamed appearance of membrane of the -abdominal cavity. - -[Illustration: FIG. 18.—ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION OF THE HEN -(From Salmon.) - -_a._ Undeveloped ovules in ovary. - -_b._ Partly developed ovule showing stigma. Here the follicle wall -breaks and allows the ovule yolk to leave the ovary preparatory to -laying. - -_c._ An empty follicle in which the stigma and the yolk passed out. - -_d._ Opening of oviduct. - -_e._ Portion of oviduct distended, allowing yolk to pass down. - -_f._ Walls of oviduct which secrete albumen forming the white of the -egg. - -_g._ Membranous lining added. - -_h._ Portion of oviduct that secretes shell-forming substance. - -_i._ Cloaca.] - -_Cause._ Serious inflammation of the wall of the abdominal cavity. - -_Treatment._ Put the bird in a quiet place. Aconite (see page 9), to -reduce the temperature, and opium, or one drop of laudanum, to relieve -pain, have been recommended, but as a rule it is best to kill the bird. - - - PIP - - _Generally the effect of some other disorder_ - -_Symptoms._ A hardened scale formed at tip of tongue. - -_Cause._ Generally due to cold or other disorder affecting the -breathing of the bird. - -_Treatment._ Do not try to tear off the growth on the tongue by force, -but moisten with vaseline or glycerin until it becomes loose. Give soft -food. - - - PNEUMONIA AND CONGESTION OF LUNGS - - _Generally fatal_ - -_Symptoms._ Extreme depression and great difficulty in breathing. -Difficult to distinguish in the living bird from a very bad cold. -Post-mortem examination shows the affected lung filled with an exudate. -The lung sinks if put in water. - -_Cause._ Following on a cold, the lung becomes congested with blood -and a dark, viscous matter. Pneumonia may be considered a further, and -generally final, stage of congestion. - -_Treatment._ A cure is seldom effected, but in the case of a valuable -bird the following treatment may be tried Keep the bird in a dry, warm -place; paint the skin above the lungs with tincture of iodine; give -aconite. Feed on soft food and give a stimulant. - - - POISONING - -_Symptoms._ As a rule the poisons that fowls eat are mineral. The most -pronounced symptom is evidence of pain. In cases of arsenical poison -there is diarrhea. A poison containing a copper compound acts partly -as an emetic, causing the fowl to make an effort to vomit. In cases -of mineral poisons, post-mortem examinations show inflammation of the -stomach and the digestive tract. - -_Sources of poison._ Poultry are likely to get poisoned from the -following sources: - -_Fertilizers_ (e. g., nitrate of soda) used on fields in which fowls -scratch for food. Such cases are rare. - -_Insecticides and fungicides_ (e. g., Paris green [arsenic], lead -arsenate, Bordeaux mixture) applied to plants under which fowls run. If -sprays are mixed in correct proportions and used in normal quantities, -there is little danger to poultry feeding on the grass below sprayed -trees. Great care should, however, be taken in disposing of the -sediment and the residue after spraying operations are completed. - -_Rat poisons_ (e. g., phosphorus, strychnine, baryta). These poisons -are particularly dangerous when mixed with cornmeal or other bait -attractive to fowls. The best way to set rat poison is to put it in a -piece of piping of such a diameter and length that fowls cannot reach -it. - -_Salt._ Food mixed with salt for other domestic animals may be -accidentally given to fowls. Chickens are the most likely to be -poisoned by excess of salt. - -_Treatment._ If fowls have eaten poisonous substances, the fact is -not usually discovered until after death or until it is too late to -administer an antidote. Most of the poisons fowls are likely to eat act -as irritants of the digestive tract. Milk and white of egg should be -given. It is advisable to give a stimulant, such as half a teaspoonful -of brandy. - - - PYÆMIA - - _Not contagious, and not common_ - -_Symptoms._ This disease cannot be diagnosed except by post-mortem -examination and microscopic identification of pus-forming organisms in -the infected areas (whitish spots) of liver, spleen, etc. - -_Cause._ Pus-forming organisms believed to enter the blood through a -wound in the skin. - -_Treatment._ As there are no external symptoms, treatment is not -possible. - - - RHEUMATISM - - _Not a common trouble_ - -_Symptoms._ Lameness and stiffness of joints. - -_Cause._ May be due in some cases to too stimulating food and to -dampness. - -_Treatment._ Put affected bird in dry quarters and vary food, adding -more greens. Rub joints with embrocation, or turpentine and oil. - - - ROUP (CONTAGIOUS CATARRH) - - _One of the most serious contagious diseases_ - -_Symptoms._ The bird first has symptoms of an ordinary cold, such as -running at the nostrils and sneezing. Definite evidence of roup is the -_offensive odor_ detected on opening the bird’s mouth. The exudate is -also offensive. The disease may attack the eyes, which then become -inflamed and swollen; a tumor, containing offensive, yellowish, cheesy -matter, sometimes develops. The course of the disease may extend over -several weeks or months and there may be cases of chronic roup. Some -cases end fatally in a comparatively short time. The form of the -disease, in which yellowish patches develop on the throat, is dealt -with under diphtheria or diphtheritic roup. - -[Illustration: FIG. 19.—EXAMINING A FOWL WITH A SUSPICIOUS COLD] - -_Cause._ Cases of roup occur when birds are subjected to draft and -damp, but the cause must be infection with disease germs. It is -believed that the almost constant presence of the germs is due to lack -of regular disinfection and to birds in the flock believed to have -recovered from a previous attack of the disease, but that, in reality, -are suffering from chronic roup, and are able, whenever suitable -conditions arise for an outbreak of this disease, to infect the rest of -the flock through the drinking water and the soil. - -_Treatment._ The seriousness of this disease makes it imperative -for the poultry rearer to isolate immediately any birds showing any -suspicious symptoms. If treatment of the infected bird is taken in -hand early, and carried out faithfully, a cure can be effected, but it -is often wiser to kill and burn infected stock. In treating birds, -the mouth and nostrils should be washed out with 5% carbolic acid, or -with 50% hydrogen peroxide, or with 2% permanganate of potash. It is -important to clean out the passage of the nostrils, and this may be -done by: - - 1. Pressing against the roof of the bird’s mouth from inside and - squeezing the nostrils from above downwards. - - 2. Syringing out the nostrils. - - 3. Dipping the fowl’s head for a few seconds in a solution of the - disinfectant. Great care should be exercised in this method of - treatment, which is only recommended when permanganate of potash is - used. - -It is well to keep birds isolated for some time after apparent -recovery. When the eye is affected (see Fig. 20), the tumor should be -carefully lanced and the cheesy matter removed, after which the cavity -should be rinsed out with one of the disinfectants recommended above; -such treatment may have to be repeated time after time. - -[Illustration: FIG. 20.—A ROUPY EYE] - -As an after effect of a cold or of roup, conjunctivitis or sore eyes -may develop. A discharge comes from the eyes and the eyelids become -stuck together. Bathe the eyes with hydrogen peroxide mixed with an -equal quantity of water. - -If this condition follows an attack of roup, there is danger that the -fowl has not entirely recovered, and may be a source of infection to -the rest of the flock. - - - SCALY LEG - - _An unsightly affection that, although contagious, does not spread - rapidly_ - -_Symptoms._ A rough and scaly growth on the legs of the bird. - -[Illustration: FIG. 21.—SCALY LEG -A. Showing early stages of attack.] - -_Cause._ A small mite (Fig. 22), known as _Sarcoptes mutans_, burrows -in the skin and gives rise to the unsightly growth (Fig. 21) that gives -this disease its name. - -_Treatment._ Soften the scaly growth by washing and soaking the legs -with warm water and soap. Scrub the affected portion of the legs -with a brush and then treat as follows: Dip the legs in kerosene oil, -holding them there for not longer than a few seconds. If the kerosene -oil is mixed with sweet oil, or if the legs are wet first with water, -there will be no risk of the kerosene proving harsh, as sometimes -happens. Sulphur ointment (see page 9) may be used instead of the -kerosene oil treatment. - -[Illustration: FIG. 22.-THE MITE THAT CAUSES SCALY LEG] - - - SOFT CROP - - _Not a serious complaint_ - -_Symptoms._ Distended crop, soft to the feel. - -_Cause._ Over-eating; or food turning sour in the crop. - -_Treatment._ Hold bird downwards and squeeze contents of crop through -mouth, taking care not to suffocate the patient. Repeat treatment if -necessary. Put on low diet for some time, feeding slowly and sparingly. - - - TICKS - - _A pest found in the Southern States and tropical countries_ - -_Symptoms._ The fowl has fever, appears depressed, and stands in a -cramped position. - -[Illustration: FIG. 23. THE FOWL TICK -_a._ Adult. -_b._ Larva.] - -_Cause._ The fowl tick (_Argas minatus_), which hides during the day in -cracks and crevices, sucks the fowl’s blood at night and introduces a -fever-producing parasite. - -_Remedies._ Examine sick birds during the day, and visit the roosts -at night, for proof of the presence of ticks; carefully search under -perches, in nests, and in corners of woodwork, etc. Spray woodwork -with 5% creolin; squirt kerosene oil, or turpentine, into cracks and -crevices. - - - TUBERCULOSIS - - _A very serious poultry disease_ - -_Symptoms._ This disease may be present in a poultry yard for some time -without being detected. Suspicion should be aroused if birds gradually -lose weight and die. If a bird that has gradually been getting thinner, -goes lame, or loses the use of a wing, without apparent injury, the -evidence that tuberculosis is present is strong, but positive proof -of its presence can be obtained only by post-mortem and microscopic -examination. This disease generally attacks adult birds. - -[Illustration: FIG. 24.—ORGANS AFFECTED BY TUBERCULOSIS AND BLACKHEAD -_a._ Normal spleen. -_b._ Tubercular spleen. -_c._ Portion of tubercular liver. -_d._ Blackhead liver of turkey for comparison with _c_. -_a_ and _b_ after Edwards.] - -_Cause._ The specific organism causing this disease, known as the -_Bacillus tuberculosis_ (Fig. 5), infects the liver (Fig. 24), the -spleen (Fig. 24), and other organs, least frequently the lungs. The -disease may be introduced into a flock by the purchase of an infected -bird, and may be spread by uninfected birds picking up the excrement of -diseased birds with their food. - -_Treatment._ There is no known cure. The insidious manner in which -this disease advances through a poultry yard makes it a very serious -malady. Birds suffering from it should be killed and burnt. Thorough -disinfection of coops, etc., should be made. Strict attention to -sanitation will help in preventing and controlling this disease. If -many birds in a flock are believed to have tuberculosis, it would be -well to destroy the whole flock and start again, preferably on fresh -ground. - - - WHITE DIARRHEA OF CHICKENS - - _A very serious disease, causing the death of large numbers_ - -_Symptoms._ Chickens are generally attacked when 10 to 15 days old. -They appear listless, their feathers become rough, and they stand about -with drooping wings. A white diarrhea is soon noticed. Chicken after -chicken shows similar symptoms and dies, resulting in much loss and -discouragement to the poultry rearer. - -[Illustration: FIG. 25.—CHICKENS AFFECTED WITH WHITE DIARRHEA -Ten-day White Leghorn chickens showing symptoms of bacillary white -diarrhea. (After Rettger & Stoneburn.)] - -[Illustration: FIG. 26.—HEALTHY CHICKENS -Normal ten-day White Leghorn chickens. (After Rettger & Stoneburn.)] - -_Cause._ Various causes, such as improper or stale food, may upset the -chicken’s digestive organs and give rise to a whitish diarrhea, but -the term “white diarrhea” is best restricted to a contagious form of -diarrhea due to minute parasites in the intestinal tracts of chickens. -A coccidium and a bacillus have been proved by different investigators -to cause very similar forms of white diarrhea. A distinct form of white -diarrhea, known as brooder pneumonia, is described on page 35. - -_Treatment._ This disease is a very difficult one to control. -Incubators and brooders should be thoroughly disinfected. Special care -should be taken in the feeding during the first few weeks. Chickens -should not be overfed. The feeding of dry bran is recommended, as it -tends to keep the bowels in a healthy, active condition. In the form -of white diarrhea due to a bacillus, suspicion rests on the hen and -the egg as sources of infection. When the disease becomes serious, and -general sanitation and proper care of chickens do not control it, the -advisability of obtaining the eggs for hatching from a poultry farm -free of white diarrhea should be considered. - - - WORMS - - _Intestinal parasites that occasionally become serious_ - -_Symptoms._ General debility; worms or segments of worms; seen in -the droppings. If there is doubt as to whether a flock is suffering -from worms, give a suspected bird a strong purgative and keep it up so -that the feces may be examined for worms. If doubt still exists, the -suspected bird should be killed and a post-mortem examination made. -Cut the intestines open lengthways (see Fig. 34) with a small pair -of scissors and wash them out with water so as to detect the smaller -worms, and the tapeworms attached to the lining of the intestines. - -[Illustration: FIG. 27.—WORMS IN INTESTINAL TRACT OF FOWL -(After Bradshaw. From Pearl, Surface & Curtis.)] - -_Cause._ Two classes of worms are commonly parasitic on fowls—round -worms (see Fig. 27) and tapeworms. There are generally a few specimens -of worms in the intestines of fowls; but only when the numbers are -large do worms affect the health of the fowl. - -[Illustration: FIG. 28.—THE PARTS OF A FOWL] - -[Illustration: FIG. 29.—SKELETON OF A FOWL] - -_Treatment._ Every bird suspected of having worms may be tested with -a purgative as suggested above. Or, if it is established that several -birds in a flock are suffering from worms, all in poor condition, -without any cause being apparent, should be dosed with santonin—three -to five grains in the morning before any food has been picked up. After -about two hours give a purgative of two teaspoonfuls of castor oil and -soon after let the fowl have its morning food. As important as dosing -the fowls, is disinfecting the feed troughs, the water vessels, and the -soil of the runs in order to prevent re-infection. - -_Nodular tæniasis._ Small nodules on the intestines, resembling the -nodules in tuberculosis, are sometimes caused by tapeworms. The name -“nodular tæniasis” has been given to this disease. - - - - - CHAPTER V - - POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS - - -_1. Making the Examination_ - -A post-mortem examination should always be undertaken if there is any -doubt as to the cause of death. Poultry rearers who are not already -familiar with the normal appearance of the internal organs of a fowl -should take the first opportunity of studying them. - -Post-mortem examinations should be done in a systematic manner; but, if -desired, a very speedy examination may be made by rapidly removing, or -bending back, the breast bone of the unplucked bird. - -It will be more generally satisfactory, however, to devote time to the -operation, and it is suggested that the work be carried out on the -following lines: - - 1. Nail the body of the dead fowl on a board in the position shown - in Fig. 30, having first partly or wholly plucked the bird. - - [Illustration: FIG. 30.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 1 - Fowl nailed on board; lines A B, A C and B D show where to cut.] - - 2. With a sharp knife cut along lines AC, BD (Fig. 30), and bend the - breast bone backwards, exposing the internal organs. (Fig. 31.) As - the breast bone is raised it will be necessary to cut through the - mesentery and other connecting tissues. Break it back at D, cutting - through the flesh and the muscle with sharp scissors. - - 3. Remove heart, liver, gall-bladder and spleen, making neat - severances and without injury to any of the other organs. If the heart - or large blood vessels be injured in the operation, blood will flow - out and interfere with the work. - - [Illustration: FIG. 31.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 2 - Breast bone removed; internal organs in situ.] - - 4. Cut through the œsophagus, below or above the crop, as most - convenient, and also cut through the large intestine near the - cloaca. Without disconnecting the parts, lift out the gizzard, - intestines, and other portions of the alimentary canal, carefully - tearing away the membranous tissues of the mesentery. - - 5. Spread the organs out and examine each one carefully and - critically, making sections if necessary. (Fig. 32.) - - 6. Cut open gullet, crop, stomach, gizzard, intestines, and cæca and - examine the contents. - - 7. Examine the lungs, cutting off a portion and throwing it into - water, when it will float if healthy, but sink if congested. - - 8. Cut through the skin of the neck. Sever the windpipe near the head, - and also where the bronchi enter the lungs. With scissors cut it open, - and examine for molds or gapes or for exudates indicative of various - forms of cold or lung congestion. - -[Illustration: FIG. 32.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 3 -Internal organs removed for examination.] - - - 9. Examine the brain (Fig. 34) for blood clots. Some care will be - necessary in cutting through the skull so as not to injure the brain - tissue, which should be a milky white. A sharp and strong pair of - scissors or a small, fine saw (e. g., tenon saw) will be useful for - older birds. Remove the skin and cut from behind, raising the bones - and exposing the brain. - - -_2. The Normal Condition of the Internal Organs_ - -(See Fig. 32.) - -The _œsophagus_ carries the food from the mouth and passing down the -neck beside the windpipe opens into— - -The _crop_, where the food is macerated. Thence it gradually passes -into— - -The _true stomach_ (or proventriculus), which is lined with small -gastric-secreting glands that may be seen with the naked eye. This -organ is hidden by the liver, and opens directly into— - -[Illustration: FIG. 33.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 4 -Lungs, kidneys, etc., in situ.] - -The _gizzard_, situated on the left side of the abdomen. It rests on -the coiled-up mass of intestines. It is dark red and is partly hidden -by the left lobe of the liver. The walls are strong and muscular. Here -the food is ground against small bits of stone, etc. The partially -digested food passes out through an aperture near the entrance of the -true stomach into— - -The _duodenum_ or upper portion of the small intestine. It forms a loop -that incloses— - -The _pancreas_, a compact, flattened organ, pinkish in color, that -discharges its secretion by three ducts into the intestines. - -The _small intestine_, after forming the loop (duodenum), continues its -course. It first passes toward the left and is disposed in many folds -connected by the mesentery; toward the end it passes up behind the true -stomach. Connected to the intestines are the blind bodies known as— - -The _cæca_, connected to the small intestines for several inches and -which, after becoming considerably smaller in diameter, enter the -alimentary tract where— - -The _large intestine_ (rectum) starts. This portion of the intestines -is short and enters— - -The _cloaca_, into which the urinary and reproductive ducts discharge. -The external opening is known as the _vent_ or _anus_. - -The _brain_, situated in the back of the head, is protected by the -cranial bones. It is milky white except where the blood vessels may be -seen. - -The _windpipe_ connects the larynx at the throat with the lungs -branching into the two _bronchi_. - -The _lungs_, situated in the upper portion of the thoracic abdominal -cavity, are firmly attached to the ribs, in the interspaces between -which they fit. They are flattened and oval in shape, bright red in -color, and loose and spongy in texture. - -The _heart_ is cone-shaped. The lower portion rests between the -lobes of the liver. The heart is red and is inclosed in a sac (the -pericardium) that is easily removed. - -The _liver_, situated a little lower down than the heart, consists -of two lobes. The right lobe is often larger than the left which may -be cleft at the lower end. The left lobe covers the true stomach and -part of the gizzard. If there is some delay in holding a post-mortem -examination the edges of the lobes of the liver become discolored. -Normally the color is a purplish red. - -The _gall bladder_ fits into a shallow depression on the underside of -the right lobe of the liver and appears green in color. A duct conveys -the bile from the liver into the gall bladder, whence it passes by -another duct into the intestine. - -The _spleen_, a nearly round, reddish body, with a purplish tinge, is -attached by a ligament to the right side of the true stomach and is -hidden by the liver. - -The _kidneys_ extend along the sides of the spine from immediately -below the lungs to near the termination of the abdominal cavity. The -general color is a chocolate red, but a small portion at the upper end -(known as the adrenal), is yellow. There is no urinary bladder. The -urates are carried direct through the _ureters_ to the cloaca. - -The _testes_ (of the male bird) are attached to the upper portion -of the kidneys. They are white or very light-colored, and may be of -different sizes. - -The _ovary_ (of the female bird), situated on the left side, covers the -kidney on that side. It consists of numerous ova of various sizes -each of which may develop into an egg. As an ovum passes through the -oviduct it is first coated with an albuminous covering (the white of -egg); lower down it is coated with a calcareous deposit that forms the -shell of the egg. (Fig. 18.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 34.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 5 -Examination of brain and of portions of intestines and windpipe.] - - -_3. Diagnosis of Disease by Post-Mortem Symptoms_ - -For purposes of diagnosis each organ must be examined. Note in each -case if it is enlarged, spotted, ruptured, inflamed or engorged with -blood. Observe if it is an unusual color or if it possesses any other -symptom of an abnormal character. - -A single symptom in a single organ, unless very pronounced and -characteristic, will not be sufficient evidence for forming an accurate -opinion as to the cause of death. But if the condition of the other -organs and the symptoms before and attending death are taken into -consideration, there will seldom be any difficulty, from a practical -standpoint, in deciding upon the nature of the disease. Many points -can be decided only by a pathologist with the aid of a microscope, -such, for example, as the difference between coccidial and bacterial -diarrhea, but it is quite enough for the poultryman to realize that one -of his fowls has died of an attack of an acute form of diarrhea and -that the rest of his birds may become infected. - -The following notes draw attention to the main diagnostic symptoms -observable on post-mortem examination, arranged under the heading of -the organs affected. Other symptoms are put in parentheses. - - - POST-MORTEM SYMPTOMS - - BRAIN - -_Apoplexy._—Shown by congestion of blood vessels of brain. (Staggering -gait and sudden death.) - - HEART - -_Cholera._—Punctiform hemorrhages are generally found in the heart in -cases of cholera. (Yellow feces; diarrhea; sudden death of several or -many fowls; inflammation of upper portion of intestines.) - - LIVER - -_Tuberculosis._—Yellowish-white spots on liver varying in size, -somewhat _raised_ and convex; the spots or nodules may be readily -separated from the rest of the liver. The liver itself is often very -much enlarged. (Fowl gradually loses weight and may go lame; mesentery -and spleen affected with nodules.) - -_Cholera._—Liver enlarged, dark green and softened, sometimes showing -whitish spots. - -_Coccidial diarrhea._—More or less circular patches, depressed in the -centre, associated with plugged cæca, the linings of which have sores. - -_Congested liver._—Much enlarged and engorged with blood, may be -readily torn. - -_Fatty degeneration or fatty liver._—In the first case the liver is -rather shrunken and hardened, and in the latter excessive deposits of -fat may be noticed. - -_Liver trouble._—(Indigestion.) An enlarged liver without any of the -special symptoms noted among the other diseases of the liver. - -_Gout._—Needle-like crystals (urate of soda) give the liver the -appearance of having been covered with chalk. (Other organs in -abdominal cavity covered with same powder-like crystals.) - -_Aspergillosis._—Necrotic areas with mold. (Fowls go light and move -about in a depressed manner, resting on their breast bones.) - - STOMACH - -_Gastritis._—The mucous membrane lining of the stomach is reddened and -inflamed. - - INTESTINES - -_Diarrhea._—Acute forms of intestinal troubles give rise to -inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the walls of the intestines. - -_Cholera._—The upper portion of the intestines may be reddened and the -contents show streaks or clots of blood. - -_Worms._—Round or tape worms present in intestines. - - CÆCA - -These blind ducts are of importance in showing the presence of -coccidiosis in fowls or blackhead in turkeys. - -_Coccidial diarrhea._—The cæca are enlarged and show ulcers developing -from the inside. - - WINDPIPE - -The linings of this organ should be clean and free of obstruction or -mucous exudations. - -_Gapes._—Small worms about three-quarters of an inch long are found -attached to the trachea. - -_Aspergillosis._—A whitish mold will be seen along the inside of the -windpipe. - -_Pneumonia._—The bronchial tubes contain a thick mucous exudate. - -_Congestion of lungs._—Blood escaped from congested lungs is found in -the bronchi. - - LUNGS - -These should be a bright red and spongy in texture. - -_Congestion._—One or both lungs are distended with blood and dark in -color. - -_Pneumonia._—A condition that follows on congestion, the whole lung -affected losing its spongy texture, the air spaces being filled with a -semi-solid substance. - -_Brooder pneumonia._—Spots due to an Aspergillus fungus on lungs. -(Chickens attacked.) - - MESENTERY - -_Cholera._—Congestion of blood vessels of mesentery often seen. - -_Tuberculosis._—The mesentery may be studded with nodules. - - SPLEEN - -_Tuberculosis._—A greatly enlarged spleen. - -_Enteritis._—(Bacterial.) Spleen enlarged but paler in color. - - URETERS - -_Cholera._—Ureters distended with yellow urates. - - - - - INDEX - - - PAGE - Abscesses 26 - - Abnormal eggs (see Oviduct diseases) 77 - - Aconite 9 - - Air under skin (see Emphysema) 54 - - Air sac mite (see Mites, air sac) 73 - - Anæmia 27 - - Apoplexy 28 - - Aspergillosis 29 - - Atrophy of liver (see Liver diseases) 70 - - Bacterial enteritis (see Diarrhea) 48 - - Baldness (see Favus) 56 - - Biliary repletion (see Jaundice) 65 - - Blackhead of turkeys 30 - - Brandy 9 - - Breakdown 33 - - Broken limbs (see Fractures) 58 - - Bronchitis 34 - - Brooder pneumonia 35 - - Bumblefoot 36 - - Calomel 9 - - Cancer (see Liver diseases and Ovary diseases) 72, 76 - - Canker (see Diphtheria) 49 - - Carbolic acid 9 - - Castor oil 9 - - Catarrh (see Cold) 43 - - Catarrh, contagious (see Roup) 83 - - Catarrh of crop 37 - - Catarrh of stomach (see Gastritis) 62 - - Chicken pox 38 - - Chlorodyne 9 - - Cholera 39 - - Cloacitis 41 - - Coccidiosis of adult fowls 42 - - Coccidiosis of chickens (see Brooder pneumonia) 35 - - Coccidiosis of turkeys (see Blackhead) 30 - - Cold 43 - - Congestion of the liver (see Liver diseases) 70 - - Congestion of the Lungs (see Pneumonia) 79 - - Conjunctivitis (see Roup) 83 - - Constipation 44 - - Cramp 45 - - Creolin 9 - - Crop-bound 46 - - Crop, soft 89 - - Crop, catarrh of 37 - - Depluming mite 74 - - Diarrhea, bacterial 48 - - Diarrhea, mycotic 48 - - Diarrhea, protozoan 48 - - Diarrhea, mild 47 - - Diarrhea, severe 48 - - Diarrhea, white 47 - - Diphtheria 49 - - Diphtheritic roup 49 - - Disinfection 10 - - Dislocations (see Fractures) 58 - - Doses 9 - - Dropsy 52 - - Drugs 9 - - Ducks 20 - - Dysentery 52 - - Egg-bound 53 - - Egg-eating 54 - - Emphysema 54 - - Enlargement of heart (see Heart, diseases of) 64 - - Enlargement of liver (see Liver diseases) 70 - - Enlargement of kidneys (see Kidney diseases) 66 - - Enteritis (see Diarrhea) 46 - - Entero-hepatitis (see Blackhead) 30 - - Epilepsy 55 - - Epsom salts 9 - - Fatty degeneration 56 - - Favus 56 - - Feather-eating 57 - - Fits (see Epilepsy) 55 - - Fleas 58 - - Fowl typhoid 41 - - Fractures 58 - - Frost bite 59 - - Gangrenous ovary (see Ovary diseases) 76 - - Gapes 60 - - Gastritis 62 - - Geese 21 - - Going light (see Anæmia) 27 - - Gout 63 - - Grippe (see Cold) 43 - - Guinea fowls 21 - - Heart, diseases of 63 - - Heart, dropsy of 64 - - Heart, enlargement of 64 - - Heart, rupture 64 - - Hydrogen peroxide 9 - - Hypertrophy of the liver (see Liver diseases) 70 - - Impaction of crop (see Crop-bound) 46 - - Indigestion 64 - - Influenza (see Cold) 43 - - Iodine 9 - - Jaundice 65 - - Kidney diseases 65 - - Leg weakness 66 - - Leukemia (see Cholera) 39 - - Lice 66 - - Limber-neck 69 - - Liver diseases 70 - - Lungs, congestion of (see Pneumonia) 79 - - Maggots 72 - - Medicines 9 - - Mites, air sac 73 - - Mites, depluming 74 - - Mites, red 75 - - Mites, scaly leg (see Scaly leg) 88 - - Molting 75 - - Nodular tæniasis (see Worms) 97 - - Nursing fowls 5 - - Ointment 9 - - Ovary diseases 76 - - Oviduct diseases 77 - - Peritonitis 77 - - Permanganate of potash 9 - - Pigeons 21 - - Pip 79 - - Pneumonia 79 - - Poisoning 80 - - Post-mortem examination 99 - - Prolapse of oviduct (see Oviduct diseases) 77 - - Puffed skin (see Emphysema) 54 - - Pyæmia 82 - - Quinine 9 - - Rheumatism 83 - - Roup 83 - - Scabies (see Mites, depluming) 74 - - Scaly leg 88 - - Soft crop 89 - - Sore head (see Chicken pox) 38 - - Sulphur ointment 9 - - Ticks 90 - - Tuberculosis 90 - - Turkeys 20 - - Turpentine 9 - - Vertigo (see Apoplexy) 28 - - Water 11 - - White comb (see Favus) 56 - - White diarrhea of chickens 92 - - Worms 94 - - - - - STANDARD BOOKS PUBLISHED BY ORANGE JUDD COMPANY - - NEW YORK CHICAGO - ASHLAND BUILDING PEOPLE’S GAS BUILDING - 315-321 Fourth Avenue 150 Michigan Avenue - - -_Any of these books will be sent by mail, postpaid, to any part of the -world, or receipt of catalog price. 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