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} -.hebr { font-family: Shlomo, 'Ezra SIL', serif; } -.syrc { font-family: 'Serto Jerusalem', serif; } -/* CSS rules generated from rendition elements in TEI file */ -.index b { -font-size: 120%; -} -.normalpar { -font-size: 125% !important; margin-left: 0 !important; text-indent: 0 !important; -} -/* CSS rules generated from @rend attributes in TEI file */ -.colvol { -text-align:right; -} -.cover-imagewidth { -width:480px; -} -.titlepage-imagewidth { -width:452px; -} -.xd31e276 { -font-style:italic; -} -.p052width { -width:145px; -} -.xd31e1382 { -text-align:center; -} -.xd31e2036 { -text-indent:2em; -} -.xd31e2044 { -text-indent:8em; -} -.xd31e2497 { -font-size:large; -} -.xd31e3618 { -text-align:center; font-size:large; -} -.xd31e3710 { -text-align:center; font-size:small; -} -.tbl\.293 { -font-size:small; -} -@media handheld { -} -/* ]]> */ </style> -</head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Fors Clavigera (Volume 4 of 8), by John Ruskin</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Fors Clavigera (Volume 4 of 8)</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>Letters to the workmen and labourers of Great Britain</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: John Ruskin</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: March 2, 2022 [eBook #67544]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FORS CLAVIGERA (VOLUME 4 OF 8) ***</div> -<div class="front"> -<div class="div1 cover"> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="figure cover-imagewidth"><img src="images/new-cover.jpg" alt="Newly Designed Front Cover." width="480" height="720"></div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 titlepage"> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="figure titlepage-imagewidth"><img src="images/titlepage.png" alt="Original Title Page." width="452" height="720"></div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="titlePage"> -<div class="docTitle"> -<div class="mainTitle">FORS CLAVIGERA.</div><br><div class="subTitle">LETTERS</div><br><div class="subTitle"><i>TO THE WORKMEN AND LABOURERS OF GREAT BRITAIN.</i></div> -</div> -<div class="byline">BY <br><span class="docAuthor">JOHN RUSKIN, <abbr title="Doctor of Laws">LL.D.</abbr>,</span> <br>HONORARY STUDENT OF CHRIST CHURCH, AND SLADE PROFESSOR OF FINE ART. </div> -<div class="docImprint"> <span class="sc">Vol. IV.</span> -<br>GEORGE ALLEN, <br>SUNNYSIDE, ORPINGTON, KENT. <br><span class="docDate">1874.</span> </div> -</div> -<p><span class="pageNum" id="pb1">[<a href="#pb1">1</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="body"> -<div class="div1 chapter"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="super">FORS CLAVIGERA.</h2> -<h2 class="main">LETTER XXXVII.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first dateline"><i>1st January, 1874</i> -</p> -<div class="lgouter xd31e276"> -<div lang="fr" class="lg"> -<p class="line">“Selon la loy, et ly prophetes, </p> -<p class="line">Qui a charité parfaicte </p> -<p class="line">Il ayme Dieu sur toute rien </p> -<p class="line">De cueur, de force, et d’ame nette; </p> -<p class="line">Celui devons-nous tous de debte </p> -<p class="line">Comme soy-mesmes, son prochain; </p> -<p class="line">Qu’on dit qui in ayme, ayme mon chien. </p> -<p class="line">De tel pierre, et de tel merrien </p> -<p class="line">Est ès cieulx nostre maison faicte </p> -<p class="line">Car nulz ne peut dire, ‘c’est mien,’ </p> -<p class="line">Fors ce qu’il a mis en ce bien; </p> -<p class="line">Tout le remenant est retraicte.” </p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">According to the Law and the Prophets, </p> -<p class="line">He who has perfect charity, </p> -<p class="line">Loves God above everything, </p> -<p class="line">With heart, with flesh, and with spirit pure. </p> -<p class="line">Him also, our neighbour, we are all in debt </p> -<p class="line">To love as ourselves; </p> -<p class="line">For one says, Who loves me, loves my dog. </p> -<p class="line">Of such stone, and of such crossbeam, <span class="pageNum" id="pb2">[<a href="#pb2">2</a>]</span></p> -<p class="line">Is in the heavens our house made; </p> -<p class="line">For no one can say, ‘It is mine,’ </p> -<p class="line">Beyond what he has put into that good, </p> -<p class="line">All the rest is taken away. </p> -</div> -</div> -<p class="first">One day last November, at Oxford, as I was going in at the private door of the University -galleries, to give a lecture on the Fine Arts in Florence, I was hindered for a moment -by a nice little girl, whipping a top on the pavement. She was a <i>very</i> nice little girl; and rejoiced wholly in her whip, and top; but could not inflict -the reviving chastisement with all the activity that was in her, because she had on -a large and dilapidated pair of woman’s shoes, which projected the full length of -her own little foot behind it and before; and being securely fastened to her ancles -in the manner of mocassins, admitted, indeed, of dextrous glissades, and other modes -of progress quite sufficient for ordinary purposes; but not conveniently of all the -evolutions proper to the pursuit of a whipping-top. -</p> -<p>There were some worthy people at my lecture, and I think the lecture was one of my -best. It gave some really trustworthy information about art in Florence six hundred -years ago. But all the time I was speaking, I knew that nothing spoken about art, -either by myself or other people, could be of the least use to anybody there. For -their primary business, and mine, was with art in Oxford, now; not with art in Florence, -then; and art in Oxford now was absolutely dependent on <span class="pageNum" id="pb3">[<a href="#pb3">3</a>]</span>our power of solving the question—which I knew that my audience would not even allow -to be proposed for solution—“Why have our little girls large shoes?” -</p> -<p>Indeed, my great difficulty, of late, whether in lecturing or writing, is in the intensely -practical and matter-of-fact character of my own mind as opposed to the loquacious -and speculative disposition, not only of the British public, but of all my quondam -friends. I am left utterly stranded, and alone, in life, and thought. Life and knowledge, -I ought to say; for I have done what thinking was needful for me long ago, and know -enough to act upon, for the few days, or years, I may have yet to live. I find some -of my friends greatly agitated in mind, for instance, about Responsibility, Free-will, -and the like. I settled all those matters for myself, before I was ten years old, -by jumping up and down an awkward turn of four steps in my nursery-stairs, and considering -whether it was likely that God knew whether I should jump only three, or the whole -four at a time. Having settled it in my mind that He knew quite well, though I didn’t, -which I should do; and also whether I should fall or not in the course of the performance,—though -I was altogether responsible for taking care not to,—I never troubled my head more -on the matter, from that day to this. But my friends keep buzzing and puzzling about -it, as if they had to order the course of the world themselves; and won’t attend to -me for an instant, if I ask why little girls have large shoes. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb4">[<a href="#pb4">4</a>]</span></p> -<p>I don’t suppose any man, with a tongue in his head, and zeal to use it, was ever left -so entirely unattended to, as he grew old, by his early friends; and it is doubly -and trebly strange to me, because I have lost none of my power of sympathy with <i>them</i>. Some are chemists; and I am always glad to hear of the last new thing in elements; -some are palæontologists, and I am no less happy to know of any lately unburied beast -peculiar in his bones; the lawyers and clergymen can always interest me with any story -out of their courts or parishes;—but not one of them ever asks what I am about myself. -If they chance to meet me in the streets of Oxford, they ask whether I am staying -there. When I say, yes, they ask how I like it; and when I tell them I don’t like -it at all, and don’t think little girls should have large shoes, they tell me I ought -to read the ‘<span lang="fr">Cours de Philosophie Positive</span>.’ As if a man who had lived to be fifty-four, content with what philosophy was needful -to assure him that salt was savoury, and pepper hot, could ever be made positive in -his old age, in the impertinent manner of these youngsters. But positive in a pertinent -and practical manner, I have been, and shall be, with such stern and steady wedge -of fact and act as time may let me drive into the gnarled blockheadism of the British -mob. -</p> -<p>I am free to confess I did not quite know the sort of creature I had to deal with, -when I began, fifteen years ago, nor the quantity of ingenious resistance to practical -<span class="pageNum" id="pb5">[<a href="#pb5">5</a>]</span>reform which could be offered by theoretical reformers. Look, for instance, at this -report of a speech of Mr. Bright’s in the Times, on the subject of adulteration of -food.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e329src" href="#xd31e329">1</a> -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">“The noble lord has taken great pains upon this question, and has brought before the -House a great amount of detail in connection with it. As I listened to his observations -I hoped and believed that there was, though unintentional, no little exaggeration -in them. Although there may be particular cases in which great harm to health and -great fraud may possibly be shown, yet I think that general statements of this kind, -implicating to a large extent the traders of this country, are dangerous, and are -almost certain to be unjust. Now, my hon. friend (Mr. Pochin) who has just addressed -the House in a speech showing his entire mastery of the question, has confirmed my -opinion, for he has shown—and I dare say he knows as much of the matter as any present—that -there is a great deal of exaggeration in the opinions which have prevailed in many -parts of the country, and which have even been found to prevail upon the matter in -this House.… Now, I am prepared to show that the exaggeration of the noble lord—I -do not say intentionally, of course; I am sure he is incapable of that—is just as -great in the matter of weights and measures as in that of adulteration. Probably he -is not aware that in the list of persons employing weights that are inaccurate—I do -not say fraudulent—no distinction is drawn between those who are intentionally fraudulent -and those who are accidentally inaccurate, and that the penalty is precisely the same, -and the offence is just as eagerly detected, whether there be a fraud or merely an -accident. Now, the noble lord will probably be surprised when I tell him that many -persons <span class="pageNum" id="pb6">[<a href="#pb6">6</a>]</span>are fined annually, not because their weights are too small, but because they are -too large. In fact, when the weights are inaccurate, but are in favour of the customer, -still the owner and user of the weight is <span class="corr" id="xd31e337" title="Source: liably">liable</span> to the penalty, and is fined.… My own impression with regard to this adulteration -is that it arises from the very great, and perhaps inevitable, competition in business; -and that to a great extent it is promoted by the ignorance of customers. As the ignorance -of customers generally is diminishing, we may hope that before long the adulteration -of food may also diminish. The noble lord appears to ask that something much more -extensive and stringent should be done by Parliament. The fact is, it is vain to attempt -by the power of Parliament to penetrate into and to track out evils such as those -on which the noble lord has dwelt at such length. It is quite impossible that you -should have the oversight of the shops of the country by inspectors, and that you -should have persons going into shops to buy sugar, pickles, and Cayenne pepper, to -get them analyzed, and then raise complaints against shopkeepers, and bring them before -the magistrates. If men in their private businesses were to be tracked by Government -officers and inspectors every hour of the day, life would not be worth having, and -I recommend them to remove to another country, where they would not be subject to -such annoyance.”</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>Now, I neither know, nor does it matter to the public, what Mr. Bright actually said; -but the report in the Times is the permanent and universally influential form of his -sayings: and observe what the substance is, of these three or four hundred Parliamentary -words, so reported. -</p> -<p>First. That an evil which has been exaggerated ought not to be prevented. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb7">[<a href="#pb7">7</a>]</span></p> -<p>Secondly. That at present we punish honest men as much as rogues; and must always -continue to do so if we punish anybody. -</p> -<p>Thirdly. That life would not be worth having if one’s weights and measures were liable -to inspection. -</p> -<p>I can assure Mr. Bright that people who know what life means, can sustain the calamity -of the inspection of their weights and measures with fortitude. I myself keep a tea-and-sugar -shop. I have had my scales and weights inspected more than once or twice, and am not -in the least disposed to bid my native land good-night on that account. That I could -bid it nothing <i>but</i> good-night—never good-morning, the smoke of it quenching the sun, and its parliamentary -talk, of such quality as the above, having become darkness voluble, and some of it -worse even than that, a mere watchman’s rattle, sprung by alarmed constituencies of -rascals when an honest man comes in sight,—these are things indeed which should make -any man’s life little worth having, unless he separate himself from the scandalous -crowd; but it must not be in exile from his country. -</p> -<p>I have not hitherto stated, except in general terms, the design to which these letters -point, though it has been again and again defined, and it seems to me explicitly enough—the -highest possible education, namely, of English men and women living by agriculture -in their native land. Indeed, during these three past years I have not hoped to do -more than make my readers feel what mischiefs <span class="pageNum" id="pb8">[<a href="#pb8">8</a>]</span>they have to conquer. It is time now to say more clearly what I want them to do. -</p> -<p>The substantial wealth of man consists in the earth he cultivates, with its pleasant -or serviceable animals and plants, and in the rightly produced work of his own hands. -I mean to buy, for the St. George’s Company, the first pieces of ground offered to -me at fair price, (when the subscriptions enable me to give <i>any</i> price),—to put them as rapidly as possible into order, and to settle upon them as -many families as they can support, of young and healthy persons, on the condition -that they do the best they can for their livelihood with their own hands, and submit -themselves and their children to the rules written for them. -</p> -<p>I do not care where the land is, nor of what quality. I would rather it should be -poor, for I want space more than food. I will make the best of it that I can, at once, -by wage-labour, under the best agricultural advice. It is easy now to obtain good -counsel, and many of our landlords would willingly undertake such operations occasionally, -but for the fixed notion that every improvement of land should at once pay, whereas -the St. George’s Company is to be consistently monastic in its principles of labour, -and to work for the redemption of any desert land, without other idea of gain than -the certainty of future good to others. I should best like a bit of marsh land of -small value, which I would trench into alternate ridge and canal, changing it all -into solid <span class="pageNum" id="pb9">[<a href="#pb9">9</a>]</span>land, and deep water, to be farmed in fish. If, instead, I get a rocky piece, I shall -first arrange reservoirs for rain, then put what earth is sprinkled on it into workable -masses; and ascertaining, in either case, how many mouths the gained spaces of ground -will easily feed, put upon them families chosen for me by old landlords, who know -their people, and can send me cheerful and honest ones, accustomed to obey orders, -and live in the fear of God. Whether the fear be Catholic, or Church-of-England, or -Presbyterian, I do not in the least care, so that the family be capable of any kind -of sincere devotion; and conscious of the sacredness of order. If any young couples -of the higher classes choose to accept such rough life, I would rather have them for -tenants than any others. -</p> -<p>Tenants, I say, and at long lease, if they behave well: with power eventually to purchase -the piece of land they live on for themselves, if they can save the price of it; the -rent they pay, meanwhile, being the tithe of the annual produce, to St. George’s fund. -The modes of the cultivation of the land are to be under the control of the overseer -of the whole estate, appointed by the Trustees of the fund; but the tenants shall -build their own houses to their own minds, under certain conditions as to materials -and strength; and have for themselves the entire produce of the land, except the tithe -aforesaid. -</p> -<p>The children will be required to attend training schools <span class="pageNum" id="pb10">[<a href="#pb10">10</a>]</span>for bodily exercise, and music, with such other education as I have already described. -Every household will have its library, given it from the fund, and consisting of a -fixed number of volumes,—some constant, the others chosen by each family out of a -list of permitted books, from which they afterwards may increase their library if -they choose. The formation of this library for choice, by a republication of classical -authors in standard forms, has long been a main object with me. No newspapers, nor -any books but those named in the annually renewed lists, are to be allowed in any -household. In time I hope to get a journal published, containing notice of any really -important matters taking place in this or other countries, in the closely sifted truth -of them. -</p> -<p>The first essential point in the education given to the children will be the habit -of instant, finely accurate, and totally unreasoning, obedience to their fathers, -mothers, and tutors; the same precise and unquestioning submission being required -from heads of families to the officers set over them. The second essential will be -the understanding of the nature of honour, making the obedience solemn and constant; -so that the slightest wilful violation of the laws of the society may be regarded -as a grave breach of trust, and no less disgraceful than a soldier’s recoiling from -his place in a battle. -</p> -<p>In our present state of utter moral disorganization, it might indeed seem as if it -would be impossible either to secure obedience, or explain the sensation of honour; -<span class="pageNum" id="pb11">[<a href="#pb11">11</a>]</span>but the instincts of both are native in man, and the roots of them cannot wither, -even under the dust-heap of modern liberal opinions. My settlers, you observe, are -to be young people, bred on old estates; my commandants will be veteran soldiers; -and it will be soon perceived that pride based on servitude to the will of another -is far loftier and happier than pride based on servitude to humour of one’s own. -</p> -<p>Each family will at first be put on its trial for a year, without any lease of the -land: if they behave well, they shall have a lease for three years; if through that -time they satisfy their officers, a life-long lease, with power to purchase. -</p> -<p>I have already stated that no machines moved by artificial power are to be used on -the estates of the society; wind, water, and animal force are to be the only motive -powers employed, and there is to be as little trade or importation as possible; the -utmost simplicity of life, and restriction of possession, being combined with the -highest attainable refinement of temper and thought. Everything that the members of -any household can sufficiently make for themselves, they are so to make, however clumsily; -but the carpenter and smith, trained to perfectest work in wood and iron, are to be -employed on the parts of houses and implements in which finish is essential to strength. -The ploughshare and spade must be made by the smith, and the roof and floors by a -carpenter; but the boys <span class="pageNum" id="pb12">[<a href="#pb12">12</a>]</span>of the house must be able to make either a horseshoe, or a table. -</p> -<p>Simplicity of life without coarseness, and delight in life without lasciviousness, -are, under such conditions, not only possible to human creatures, but natural to them. -I do not pretend to tell you straightforwardly all laws of nature respecting the conduct -of men; but some of those laws I know, and will endeavour to get obeyed; others, as -they are needful, will be in the sequel of such obedience ascertained. What final -relations may take place between masters and servants, labourers and employers, old -people and young, useful people and useless, in such a society, only experience can -conclude; nor is there any reason to anticipate the conclusion. Some few things the -most obstinate will admit, and the least credulous believe: that washed faces are -healthier than dirty ones, whole clothes decenter than ragged ones, kind behaviour -more serviceable than malicious, and pure air pleasanter than foul. Upon that much -of ‘<span lang="fr">philosophie positive</span>’ I mean to act; and, little by little, to define in these letters the processes of -action. That it should be left to me to begin such a work, with only one man in England—Thomas -Carlyle—to whom I can look for steady guidance, is alike wonderful and sorrowful to -me; but as the thing is so, I can only do what seems to me necessary, none else coming -forward to do it. For my own part, I entirely hate the whole business: I dislike having -either power or responsibility; am ashamed <span class="pageNum" id="pb13">[<a href="#pb13">13</a>]</span>to ask for money, and plagued in spending it. I don’t want to talk, nor to write, -nor to advise or direct anybody. I am far more provoked at being thought foolish by -foolish people, than pleased at being thought sensible by sensible people; and the -average proportion of the numbers of each is not to my advantage. If I could find -any one able to carry on the plan instead of me, I never should trouble myself about -it more; and even now, it is only with extreme effort and chastisement of my indolence -that I go on: but, unless I am struck with palsy, I do not seriously doubt my perseverance, -until I find somebody able to take up the matter in the same mind, and with a better -heart. -</p> -<p>The laws required to be obeyed by the families living on the land will be,—with some -relaxation and modification, so as to fit them for English people,—those of Florence -in the fourteenth century. In what additional rules may be adopted, I shall follow, -for the most part, Bacon, or Sir Thomas More, under sanction always of the higher -authority which of late the English nation has wholly set its strength to defy—that -of the Founder of its Religion; nor without due acceptance of what teaching was given -to the children of God by their Father, before the day of Christ, of which, for present -ending, read and attend to these following quiet words.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e389src" href="#xd31e389">2</a> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb14">[<a href="#pb14">14</a>]</span></p> -<p>“ ‘In what point of view, then, and on what ground shall a man be profited by injustice -or intemperance or other baseness, even though he acquire money or power?’ -</p> -<p>‘There is no ground on which this can be maintained.’ -</p> -<p>‘What shall he profit if his injustice be undetected? for he who is undetected only -gets worse, whereas he who is detected and punished has the brutal part of his nature -silenced and humanized; the greater element in him is liberated, and his whole soul -is perfected and ennobled by the acquirement of justice and temperance and wisdom, -more than the body ever is by receiving gifts of beauty, strength, and health, in -proportion as the soul is more honourable than the body.’ -</p> -<p>‘Certainly,’ he said. -</p> -<p>‘Will not, then, the man of understanding, gather all that is in him, and stretch -himself like a bent bow to this aim of life; and, in the first place, honour studies -which thus chastise and deliver his soul in perfection; and despise others?’ -</p> -<p>‘Clearly,’ he said. -</p> -<p>‘In the next place, he will keep under his body, and so far will he be from yielding -to brutal and irrational pleasure,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e401src" href="#xd31e401">3</a> that he will not even first look to bodily health as his main object, nor desire -to be fair, or strong, or well, unless he is likely thereby to gain temperance; <span class="pageNum" id="pb15">[<a href="#pb15">15</a>]</span>but he will be always desirous of preserving the harmony of the body for the sake -of the concord of the soul?’ -</p> -<p>‘Certainly,’ he replied, ‘that he will, if he is indeed taught by the Muses.’ -</p> -<p>‘And he will also observe the principle of classing and concord in the acquisition -of wealth; and will not, because the mob beatify him, increase his endless load of -wealth to his own infinite harm?’ -</p> -<p>‘I think not,’ he said. -</p> -<p>‘He will look at the city which is within him, and take care to avoid any change of -his own institutions, such as might arise either from abundance or from want; and -he will duly regulate his acquisition and expense, in so far as he is able?’ -</p> -<p>‘Very true.’ -</p> -<p>‘And, for the same reason, he will accept such honours as he deems likely to make -him a better man; but those which are likely to loosen his possessed habit, whether -private or public honours, he will avoid?’ -</p> -<p>‘Then, if this be his chief care, he will not be a politician?’ -</p> -<p>‘By the dog of Egypt, he will! in the city which is his own, though in his native -country perhaps not, unless some providential accident should occur.’ -</p> -<p>‘I understand; you speak of that city of which we are the founders, and which exists -in idea only, for I do not think there is such an one anywhere on earth?’ -<span class="pageNum" id="pb16">[<a href="#pb16">16</a>]</span></p> -<p>‘In heaven,’ I replied, ‘there is laid up a pattern of such a city; and he who desires -may behold this, and, beholding, govern himself accordingly. But whether there really -is, or ever will be, such an one, is of no importance to him, for he will act accordingly -to the laws of that city and of no other?’ -</p> -<p>‘True,’ he said.” -<span class="pageNum" id="pb17">[<a href="#pb17">17</a>]</span> </p> -<div class="div2 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE.</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">It is due to my readers to state my reasons for raising the price, and withdrawing -the frontispieces, of Fors. -</p> -<p>The cessation of the latter has nothing to do with the price. At least, for the raised -price I could easily afford the plates, and they would help the sale; but I cannot -spare my good assistant’s time in their preparation, and find that, in the existing -state of trade, I cannot trust other people, without perpetual looking after them; -for which I have no time myself. Even last year the printing of my Fors frontispieces -prevented the publication of my Oxford lectures on engraving; and it is absolutely -necessary that my Oxford work should be done rightly, whatever else I leave undone. -Secondly, for the rise in price. I hold it my duty to give my advice for nothing; -but not to write it in careful English, and correct press, for nothing. I like the -feeling of being paid for my true work as much as any other labourer; and though I -write Fors, not for money, but because I know it to be wanted, as I would build a -wall against the advancing sea for nothing, if I couldn’t be paid for doing it; yet -I will have proper pay from the harbour-master, if I can get it. As soon as the book -gives me and the publisher what is right, the surplus shall go to the St. George’s -fund. The price will not signify ultimately;—sevenpence, or tenpence, or a shilling, -will be all the same to the public if the book is found useful;—but I fix, and mean -to keep to, tenpence, because I intend striking for use on my farms the pure <span class="pageNum" id="pb18">[<a href="#pb18">18</a>]</span>silver coin called in Florence the ‘soldo,’ of which the golden florin was worth twenty; -(the soldo itself being misnamed from the Roman ‘solidus’) and this soldo will represent -the Roman denarius, and be worth ten silver pence; and this is to be the price of -Fors. -</p> -<p>Then one further <i>petty</i> reason I have for raising the price. In all my dealings with the public, I wish them -to understand that my first price is my lowest. They may have to pay more; but never -a farthing less. And I am a little provoked at not having been helped in the least -by the Working Men’s College, after I taught there for five years, or by any of my -old pupils there, whom I have lost sight of:—(three remain who would always help me -in anything,) and I think they will soon begin to want Fors, now,—and they shall not -have it for sevenpence. -</p> -<p>The following three stray newspaper cuttings may as well be printed now; they have -lain some time by me. The first two relate to economy. The last is, I hope, an exaggerated -report; and I give it as an example of the kind of news which my own journal will -<i>not</i> give on hearsay. But I know that things did take place in India which were not capable -of exaggeration in horror, and such are the results, remember, of our past missionary -work, as a whole, in India and China. -</p> -<p>I point to them to-day, in order that I may express my entire concurrence in all that -I have seen reported of Professor Max Müller’s lecture in Westminster Abbey, though -there are one or two things I should like to say in addition, if I can find time. -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">“Those who find fault with the present Government on account of its rigid economy, -and accuse it of shabbiness, have little idea of the straits it is put to for money -and the sacrifices it is obliged to make in order to make both ends meet. The following -melancholy facts will serve to show how hardly pushed this great <span class="pageNum" id="pb19">[<a href="#pb19">19</a>]</span>nation is to find sixpence even for a good purpose. The Hakluyt Society was, as some -of our readers may know, formed in the year 1846 for the purpose of printing in English -for distribution among its members rare and valuable voyages, travels, and geographical -records, including the more important early narratives of British enterprise. For -many years the Home Office, the Board of Trade, and the Admiralty have been in the -habit of subscribing for the publications of this society; and considering that an -annual subscription of one guinea entitles each subscriber to receive without further -charge a copy of every work produced by the society within the year subscribed for, -it can hardly be said that the outlay was ruinous to the Exchequer. But we live in -an exceptional period; and accordingly last year the society received a communication -from the Board of Trade to the effect that its publications were no longer required. -Then the Home Office wrote to say that its subscription must be discontinued, and -followed up the communication by another, asking whether it might have a copy of the -society’s publications supplied to it gratuitously. Lastly, the Admiralty felt itself -constrained by the urgency of the times to reduce its subscription, and asked to have -only one instead of two copies annually. It seems rather hard on the Hakluyt Society -that the Home Office should beg to have its publications for nothing, and for the -sake of appearance it seems advisable that the Admiralty should continue its subscription -for two copies, and lend one set to its impoverished brother in Whitehall until the -advent of better times.”—<i>Pall Mall Gazette.</i> -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>“We make a present of a suggestion to Professor Beesly, Mr. Frederic Harrison, and -the artisans who are calling upon the country to strike a blow for France. They must -appoint a Select Committee to see what war really means. Special commissioners will -find out for them how many pounds, on an average, have <span class="pageNum" id="pb20">[<a href="#pb20">20</a>]</span>been lost by the families whose breadwinners have gone to Paris with the King, or -to Le Mans with Chanzy. Those hunters of facts will also let the working men know -how many fields are unsown round Metz and on the Loire. Next, the Select Committee -will get an exact return of the killed and wounded from Count Bismarck and M. Gambetta. -Some novelist or poet—a George Eliot or a Browning—will then be asked to lavish all -the knowledge of human emotion in the painting of one family group out of the half-million -which the returns of the stricken will show. That picture will be distributed broadcast -among the working men and their wives. Then the Select Committee will call to its -aid the statisticians and the political economists—the Leone Levis and the John Stuart -Mills. Those authorities will calculate what sum the war has taken from the wages -fund of France and Germany; what number of working men it will cast out of employment, -or force to accept lower wages, or compel to emigrate.” (I do not often indulge myself -in the study of the works of Mr. Levi or Mr. Mill;—but have they really never done -anything of this kind hitherto?) “Thus the facts will be brought before the toiling -people, solidly, simply, truthfully. Finally, Professor Beesly and Mr. Harrison will -call another meeting, will state the results of the investigation, will say, ‘This -is the meaning of war,’ and will ask the workmen whether they are prepared to pay -the inevitable price of helping Republican France. The answer, we imagine, would at -once shock and surprise the scholarly gentlemen to whom the Democrats are indebted -for their logic and their rhetoric. Meanwhile Mr. Ruskin and the Council of the Workmen’s -National Peace Society have been doing some small measure of the task which we have -mapped out. The Council asks the bellicose section of the operative classes a number -of questions about the cost and the effect of battles. Some, it is true, are not very -cogent, and some are absurd; but, taken together, they press the inquiry whether war -<span class="pageNum" id="pb21">[<a href="#pb21">21</a>]</span>pays anybody, and in particular whether it pays the working man. Mr. Ruskin sets forth -the truth much more vividly in the letter which appeared in our impression of Thursday. -‘Half the money lost by the inundation of the Tiber,’ etc., (the <i>Telegraph</i> quotes the letter to the end). -</p> -<p>“Before stating what might have been done with the force which has been spent in the -work of mutual slaughter, Mr. Ruskin might have explained what good it has undone, -and how. Take, first, the destruction of capital. Millions of pounds have been spent -on gunpowder, bombs, round shot, cannon, needle guns, chassepôts, and mitrailleuses. -But for the war, a great part of the sum would have been expended in the growing of -wheat, the spinning of cloth, the building of railway bridges, and the construction -of ships. As the political economists say, the amount would have been spent productively, -or, to use the plain words of common speech, would have been so used that, directly -or indirectly, it would have added to the wealth of the country, and increased the -fund to be distributed among the working people. But the wealth has been blown away -from the muzzle of the cannon, or scattered among the woods and forts of Paris in -the shape of broken shells and dismounted guns. Now, every shot which is fired is -a direct loss to the labouring classes of France and Germany. <i>King William on the one side, and General Trochu on the other, really load their guns -with gold.</i> They put the wages of the working people into every shell. The splinters of iron -that strew the fields represent the pay which would have gone to the farm labourers -of Alsace, the mechanics of Paris and Berlin, and the silk weavers of Lyons. If the -political economist were some magician, he would command the supernatural agent to -transform the broken gun-carriages, the fragments of bombs, and the round shot into -loaves of bread, bottles of wine, fields of corn, clothes, houses, cattle, furniture, -books, the virtue of women, the health of children, the years of the aged. The whole -field would become <span class="pageNum" id="pb22">[<a href="#pb22">22</a>]</span>alive with the forms, the wealth, the beauty, the bustle of great cities. If working -men ever saw such a transformation, they would rise up from end to end of Europe, -and execrate the King or Emperor who should let loose the dogs of war. And yet such -a scene would represent only a small part of the real havoc. For every man whom Germany -takes away from the field or the workshop to place in the barrack or the camp, she -must sustain as certain a loss as if she were to cast money into the sea. The loss -may be necessary as an insurance against still greater injury; but nevertheless the -waste does take place, and on the working people does it mainly fall. The young recruit -may have been earning thirty shillings a week or a day, and that sum is lost to himself -or his friends. Hitherto he has supported himself; now he must be maintained by the -State—that is, by his fellow-subjects. Hitherto he has added to the national wealth -by ploughing the fields, building houses, constructing railways. A skilful statistician -could state, with some approach to accuracy, the number of pounds by which the amount -of his yearly productive contribution could be estimated. It might be thirty, or a -hundred, or a thousand. Well, he ceases to produce the moment that he becomes a soldier. -He is then a drone. He is as unproductive as a pauper. The millions of pounds spent -in feeding and drilling the army as clearly represent a <span class="corr" id="xd31e463" title="Source: deed">dead</span> loss as the millions spent on workhouses. Nor are these the only ways in which war -destroys wealth. Hundreds of railway bridges have been broken down; the communications -between different parts of the country have been cut off; hundreds of thousands have -lost their means of livelihood; and great tracts of country are wasted like a desert. -Thus the total destruction of wealth has been appalling. A considerable time ago Professor -Leone Levi calculated that Germany alone had lost more than £300,000,000; France must -have lost much more; and, even if we make a liberal discount from so tremendous a -computation, we may safely say that the <span class="pageNum" id="pb23">[<a href="#pb23">23</a>]</span>war has cost both nations at least half as much as the National Debt of England. -</p> -<p>“A large part of that amount, it is true, would have been spent unproductively, even -if the war had not taken place. A vast sum would have been lavished on the luxuries -of dress and the table, on the beauties of art, and on the appliances of war. But -it is safe to calculate that at least half of the amount would have been so expended -as to bring a productive return. Two or three hundred millions would have been at -the service of peace; and Mr. Ruskin’s letter points the question, What could have -been done with that enormous total? If it were at the disposal of an English statesman -as farseeing in peace as Bismarck is in war, what might not be done for the England -of the present and the future? The prospect is almost millennial. Harbours of refuge -might be built all round the coast; the fever dens of London, Manchester, and Liverpool -might give place to abodes of health; the poor children of the United Kingdom might -be taught to read and write; great universities might be endowed; the waste lands -might be cultivated, and the Bog of Allen drained; the National Debt could be swiftly -reduced; and a hundred other great national enterprises would sooner or later be fulfilled. -But all this store of human good has been blown away from the muzzles of the Krupps -and the chassepôts. It has literally been transformed into smoke. We do not deny that -such a waste may be necessary in order to guard against still further destruction. -Wars have often been imperative. It would frequently be the height of national wickedness -to choose an ignoble peace. Nevertheless war is the most costly and most wasteful -of human pursuits. When the working class followers of Professor Beesly ask themselves -what is the price of battle, what it represents, and by whom the chief part is paid, -they will be better able to respond to the appeal for armed intervention than they -were on Tuesday night.”—<i>Daily Telegraph, January 14th, 1871.</i> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb24">[<a href="#pb24">24</a>]</span></p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>“The story of the massacre of Tientsin, on the 21st June last, is told in a private -letter dated Cheefoo, June 30th, published in Thursday’s Standard, but the signature -of which is not given. The horrors narrated are frightful, and remembering how frequently -stories of similar horrors in the Mutiny melted away on close investigation,—though -but too many were true,—we may hope that the writer, who does not seem to have been -in Tientsin at the time, has heard somewhat exaggerated accounts. Yet making all allowances -for this, there was evidently horror enough. The first attack was on the French Consul, -who was murdered, the Chinese mandarins refusing aid. Then the Consulate was broken -open, and two Catholic priests murdered, as well as M. and Madame Thomassin, an attaché -to the Legation at Pekin and his bride. Then came the worst part. The mob, acting -with regular Chinese soldiers, it is said, whom their officers did not attempt to -restrain, attacked the hospital of the French Sisters of Charity, stripped them, exposed -them to the mob, plucked out their eyes, mutilated them in other ways, and divided -portions of their flesh among the infuriated people, and then set fire to the hospital, -in which a hundred orphan children, who were the objects of the sisters’ care, were -burnt to death.”—<i>The Spectator, September 3, 1870.</i></p> -</blockquote><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb25">[<a href="#pb25">25</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e329"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e329src">1</a></span> Of 6th March, not long ago, but I have lost note of the year. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e329src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e389"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e389src">2</a></span> The close of the ninth book of Plato’s Republic. I use for the most part Mr. Jowett’s -translation, here and there modifying it in my own arbitrarily dogged or diffuse way -of Englishing passages of complex significance. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e389src" title="Return to note 2 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e401"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e401src">3</a></span> Plato does not mean here, merely dissipation of a destructive kind, (as the next sentence -shows,) but also healthy animal stupidities, as our hunting, shooting, and the like. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e401src" title="Return to note 3 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 chapter"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="super">FORS CLAVIGERA.</h2> -<h2 class="main">LETTER XXXVIII.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first dateline"><span class="sc">Herne Hill</span>, <i>December, 1873</i>. -</p> -<p>The laws of Florence in the fourteenth century, for us in the nineteenth! -</p> -<p>Even so, good reader. You have, perhaps, long imagined that the judges of Israel, -and heroes of Greece, the consuls of Rome, and the dukes of Venice, the powers of -Florence, and the kings of England, were all merely the dim foreshadowings and obscure -prophecyings of the advent of the Jones and Robinson of the future: demi-gods revealed -in your own day, whose demi-divine votes, if luckily coincident upon any subject, -become totally divine, and establish the ordinances thereof, for ever. -</p> -<p>You will find it entirely otherwise, gentlemen, whether of the suburb, or centre. -Laws small and great, for ever unchangeable;—irresistible by all the force of Robinson, -and unimprovable by finest jurisprudence of Jones, have long since been known, and, -by wise nations, obeyed. <span class="pageNum" id="pb26">[<a href="#pb26">26</a>]</span>Out of the statute books of one of these I begin with an apparently unimportant order, -but the sway of it cuts deep. -</p> -<p>“No person whatsoever shall buy fish, to sell it again, either in the market of Florence, -or in any markets in the state of Florence.” -</p> -<p>It is one of many such laws, entirely abolishing the profession of middleman, or costermonger -of perishable articles of food, in the city of the Lily. -</p> -<p>“Entirely abolishing!—nonsense!” thinks your modern commercial worship. “Who was to -prevent private contract?” -</p> -<p>Nobody, my good sir;—there is, as you very justly feel, no power in law whatever to -prevent private contract. No quantity of laws, penalties, or constitutions, can be -of the slightest use to a public inherently licentious and deceitful. There is no -legislation for liars and traitors. They cannot be prevented from the pit; the earth -finally swallows them. They find their level against all embankment—soak their way -down, irrestrainably, to the gutter grating;—happiest the nation that most rapidly -so gets rid of their stench. There is no law, I repeat, for these, but gravitation. -Organic laws can only be serviceable to, and in general will only be written by, a -public of honourable citizens, loyal to their state, and faithful to each other. -</p> -<p>The profession of middleman was then, by civic consent, and formal law, rendered impossible -in Florence <span class="pageNum" id="pb27">[<a href="#pb27">27</a>]</span>with respect to fish. What advantage the modern blessed possibility of such mediatorial -function brings to our hungry multitudes; and how the miraculous draught of fishes, -which living St. Peter discerns, and often dextrously catches—“the shoals of them -like shining continents,” (said Carlyle to me, only yesterday,)—are by such apostolic -succession miraculously diminished, instead of multiplied; and, instead of baskets -full of fragments taken up from the ground, baskets full of whole fish laid down on -it, lest perchance any hungry person should cheaply eat of the same,—here is a pleasant -little account for you, by my good and simple clergyman’s wife. It would have been -better still, if I had not been forced to warn her that I wanted it for Fors, which -of course took the sparkle out of her directly. Here is one little naughty bit of -private preface, which really must go with the rest. “I have written my little letter -about the fish trade, and L. says it is all right. I am afraid you won’t think there -is anything in it worth putting in Fors, as I really know very little about it, and -absolutely nothing that every one else does not know, except ladies, who generally -never trouble about anything, but scold their cooks, and abuse the fishmongers—when -they cannot pay the weekly bills easily.” (After this we are quite proper.) -</p> -<p>“The poor fishermen who toil all through these bitter nights, and the retail dealer -who carries heavy baskets, <span class="pageNum" id="pb28">[<a href="#pb28">28</a>]</span>or drags a truck so many weary miles along the roads, get but a poor living out of -their labour; but what are called ‘fish salesmen,’ who by reason of their command -of capital keep entire command of the London markets are making enormous fortunes. -</p> -<p>“When you ask the fishermen why they do not manage better for themselves at the present -demand for fish, they explain how helpless they are in the hands of what they call -‘the big men.’ Some fishermen at Aldborough, who have a boat of their own, told my -brother that one season, when the sea seemed full of herrings, they saw in the newspapers -how dear they were in London, and resolved to make a venture on their own account; -so they spent all their available money in the purchase of a quantity of the right -sort of baskets, and, going out to sea, filled them all,—putting the usual five hundred -lovely fresh fish in each,—sent them straight up to London by train, to the charge -of a salesman they knew of, begging him to send them into the market and do the best -he could for them. But he was very angry with the fishermen; and wrote them word that -the market was quite sufficiently stocked; that if more fish were sent in, <i>the prices would go down</i>; that he should not allow their fish to be sold at all; and, if they made a fuss -about it, he would not send their baskets back, and would make them pay the carriage. -As it was, he returned them, after a time; but the poor men never received one farthing -for their thousands of nice fish, <span class="pageNum" id="pb29">[<a href="#pb29">29</a>]</span>and only got a scolding for having dared to try and do without the agents, who buy -the fish from the boats at whatever price they choose to settle amongst themselves. -</p> -<p>“When we were at Yarmouth this autumn, the enormous abundance of herrings on the fish -quay was perfectly wonderful; it must be, (I should think,) two hundred yards long, -and is capable of accommodating the unloading of a perfect fleet of boats. The ‘swills,’ -as they call the baskets, each containing five hundred fish, were side by side, touching -each other, all over this immense space, and men were shovelling salt about, with -spades, over heaps of fish, previous to packing at once in boxes. I said, ‘How surprised -our poor people would be to see such a sight, after constantly being obliged to pay -three-halfpence for every herring they buy.’ An old fisherman answered me, saying, -‘No one need pay that, ma’am, if we could get the fish to them; we could have plenty -more boats, and plenty more fish, if we could have them taken where the poor people -could get them.’ We brought home a hundred dried herrings, for which we paid ten shillings; -when we asked if we might buy some lovely mackerel on the Fish Quay, they said, (the -fishermen,) that they were not allowed to sell them there, except all at once. Since -then, I have read an account of a Royal Commission having been investigating the subject -of the fishery for some time past, and the result of its inquiries seems to prove -that it is <span class="pageNum" id="pb30">[<a href="#pb30">30</a>]</span>inexhaustible, and that in the North Sea it is always harvest-time.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e520src" href="#xd31e520">1</a> -</p> -<p>“When I told our fishmonger all about it, he said I was quite right about the ‘big -men’ in London, and added, ‘They will not let us have the fish under their own prices; -and if it is so plentiful that they cannot sell it all at that, they have it thrown -away, or carted off for manure; sometimes sunk in the river. If we could only get -it here, my trade would be twice what it is, for, except sprats, the poor can seldom -buy fish now.’ -<span class="pageNum" id="pb31">[<a href="#pb31">31</a>]</span></p> -<p>“I asked him if the new Columbia Market was of no use in making things easier, but -he said, ‘No;’ that these salesmen had got that into their hands also; and were so -rich that they would keep any number of markets in their own hands. A few hundred -pounds sacrificed any day to keep up the prices they think well worth their while.” -</p> -<p>What do you think of that, by way of Free-trade?—my British-never-never-never-will-be-slaves,—hey? -Free-trade; and the Divine Law of Supply and Demand; and the Sacred Necessity of Competition, -and what not;—and here’s a meek little English housewife who can’t get leave, on her -bended knees, from Sultan Costermonger, to eat a fresh herring at Yarmouth! and must -pay three-halfpence apiece, for his leave to eat them anywhere;—and you, you simpletons—Fishermen, -indeed!—Cod’s heads and shoulders, say rather,—meekly receiving back your empty baskets; -your miracle of loaves and fishes executed for you by the Costermongering Father of -the Faithful, in that thimblerig manner! -</p> -<p>“But haven’t you yourself been hard against competition, till now? and haven’t <i>you</i> always wanted to regulate prices?” -</p> -<p>Yes, my good SS. Peter and Andrew!—very certainly I want to regulate prices; and very -certainly I will, as to such things as I sell, or have the selling of. I should like -to hear of anybody’s getting this letter for less than <span class="pageNum" id="pb32">[<a href="#pb32">32</a>]</span>tenpence!—and if you will send <i>me</i> some fish to sell for you, perhaps I may even resolve that they shall be sold at -twopence each, or else made manure of,—like these very costermongers; but the twopence -shall go into your pockets—not mine; which you will find a very pleasant and complete -difference in principle between his Grace the Costermonger and me; and, secondly, -if I raise the price of a herring to twopence, it will be because I know that people -have been in some way misusing them, or wasting them; and need to get fewer for a -time; or will eat twopenny herrings at fashionable tables, (when they wouldn’t touch -halfpenny ones,) and so give the servants no reason to turn up their noses at them.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e542src" href="#xd31e542">2</a> I may have twenty such good reasons for fixing the price of your fish; but not one -of them will be his Grace the Costermonger’s. All that I want you to see is, not only -the possibility of regulating prices, but the fact that they <i>are</i> now regulated, and regulated by rascals, while all the world is bleating out its -folly about Supply and Demand. -</p> -<p>“Still, even in your way, you would be breaking the laws of Florence, anyhow, and -buying to sell again?” Pardon me: I should no more buy your fish than a butcher’s -boy buys his master’s mutton. I should simply carry your fish for you where I knew -it was wanted; <span class="pageNum" id="pb33">[<a href="#pb33">33</a>]</span>being as utterly your servant in the matter as if I were one of your own lads sent -dripping up to the town with basket on back. And I should be paid, as your servant, -so much wages; (not <i>commission</i>, observe,) making bargains far away for you, and many another Saunders Mucklebackit, -just as your wife makes them, up the hill at Monkbarns; and no more buying the fish, -to sell again, than she. -</p> -<p>“Well, but where could we get anybody to do this?” -</p> -<p>Have you no sons then?—or, among them, none whom you can take from the mercy of the -sea, and teach to serve you mercifully on the land? -</p> -<p>It is not that way, however, that the thing will be done. It must be done for you -by gentlemen. They may stagger on perhaps a year or two more in their vain ways; but -the day <i>must</i> come when your poor little honest puppy, whom his people have been wanting to dress -up in a surplice, and call, “The to be Feared,” that he might have pay enough, by -tithe or tax, to marry a pretty girl, and live in a parsonage,—some poor little honest -wretch of a puppy, I say, will eventually get it into his glossy head that he would -be incomparably more reverend to mortals, and acceptable to St. Peter and all Saints, -as a true monger of sweet fish, than a false fisher for rotten souls; and that his -wife would be incomparably more ‘lady-like’—not to say Madonna-like—marching beside -him in purple stockings and sabots—or even frankly barefoot—with <span class="pageNum" id="pb34">[<a href="#pb34">34</a>]</span>her creel full of caller herring on her back, than in administering any quantity of -Ecclesiastical scholarship to her Sunday-schools. -</p> -<p>“How dreadful—how atrocious!”—thinks the tender clerical lover. “<i>My</i> wife walk with a fish-basket on her back!” -</p> -<p>Yes, you young scamp, your’s. You were going to lie to the Holy Ghost, then, were -you, only that she might wear satin slippers and be called a ‘lady’? Suppose, instead -of fish, I were to ask her and you to carry coals. Have you ever read your Bible carefully -enough to wonder where Christ got them from, to make His fire, (when he was so particular -about St. Peter’s dinner, and St. John’s)? Or if I asked you to be hewers of wood, -and drawers of water;—would that also seem intolerable to you? My poor clerical friends, -God was never more in the burning bush of Sinai than He would be in every crackling -faggot (cut with your own hands) that you warmed a poor hearth with: nor did that -woman of Samaria ever give Him to drink more surely than you may, from every stream -and well in this your land, that you can keep pure. -</p> -<p><i>20th Dec.</i>—To hew wood—to draw water;—you think these base businesses, do you? and that you -are noble, as well as sanctified, in binding faggot-burdens on poor men’s backs, which -you will not touch with your own fingers;—and in preaching the efficacy of baptism -inside the church, by yonder stream (under the first bridge of <span class="pageNum" id="pb35">[<a href="#pb35">35</a>]</span>the Seven Bridge Road here at Oxford,) while the sweet waters of it are choked with -dust and dung, within ten fathoms from your font;—and in giving benediction with two -fingers and your thumb, of a superfine quality, to the Marquis of B.? Honester benediction, -and more efficacious, can be had cheaper, gentlemen, in the existing market. Under -my own system of regulating prices, I gave an Irishwoman twopence yesterday for two -oranges, of which fruit—under pressure of competition—she was ready to supply me with -three for a penny. “The Lord Almighty take you to eternal glory!” said she. -</p> -<p>You lawyers, also,—distributors, by your own account, of the quite supreme blessing -of Justice,—you are not so busily eloquent in her cause but that some of your sweet -voices might be spared to Billingsgate, though the river air might take the curl out -of your wigs, and so diminish that æsthetic claim which, as aforesaid, you still hold -on existence. But you will bring yourselves to an end soon,—wigs and all,—unless you -think better of it. -</p> -<p>I will dismiss at once, in this letter, the question of regulation of prices, and -return to it no more, except in setting down detailed law. -</p> -<p>Any rational group of persons, large or small, living in war or peace, will have its -commissariat;—its officers for provision of food. Famine in a fleet, or an army, may -sometimes be inevitable; but in the event of <i>national</i> famine, the officers of the commissariat should be starved the first. God has given -to man corn, wine, cheese, and <span class="pageNum" id="pb36">[<a href="#pb36">36</a>]</span>honey, all preservable for a number of years;—filled His seas with inexhaustible salt, -and incalculable fish; filled the woods with beasts, the winds with birds, and the -fields with fruit. Under these circumstances, the stupid human brute stands talking -metaphysics, and expects to be fed by the law of Supply and Demand. I do not say that -I shall always succeed in regulating prices, or quantities, absolutely to my mind; -but in the event of any scarcity of provision, rich tables shall be served like the -poorest, and—we will see. -</p> -<p>The price of every other article will be founded on the price of food. The price of -what it takes a day to produce, will be a day’s maintenance; of what it takes a week -to produce, a week’s maintenance,—such maintenance being calculated according to the -requirements of the occupation, and always with a proportional surplus for saving. -</p> -<p>“How am I to know exactly what a day’s maintenance is?” I don’t want to know exactly. -I don’t know exactly how much dinner I ought to eat; but, on the whole, I eat enough, -and not too much. And I shall not know ‘exactly’ how much a painter ought to have -for a picture. It may be a pound or two under the mark—a pound or two over. On the -average it will be right,—that is to say, his decent keep<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e583src" href="#xd31e583">3</a> during the number of <span class="pageNum" id="pb37">[<a href="#pb37">37</a>]</span>days’ work that are properly accounted for in the production. -</p> -<p>“How am I to hinder people from giving more if they like?” -</p> -<p>People whom I catch doing as they like will generally have to leave the estate. -</p> -<p>“But how is it to be decided to which of two purchasers, each willing to give its -price, and more, anything is to belong?” -</p> -<p>In various ways, according to the nature of the thing sold, and circumstances of sale. -Sometimes by priority; sometimes by privilege; sometimes by lot; and sometimes by -auction, at which whatever excess of price, above its recorded value, the article -brings, shall go to the national treasury. So that nobody will ever buy anything to -make a profit on it. -</p> -<p><i>11th January, 1874.</i>—Thinking I should be the better of a look at the sea, I have come down to an old -watering-place, where one used to be able to get into <span class="pageNum" id="pb38">[<a href="#pb38">38</a>]</span>a decent little inn, and possess one’s self of a parlour with a bow window looking -out on the beach, a pretty carpet, and a print or two of revenue cutters, and the -Battle of the Nile. One could have a chop and some good cheese for dinner; fresh cream -and cresses for breakfast, and a plate of shrimps. -</p> -<p>I find myself in the Umfraville Hotel, a quarter of a mile long by a furlong deep; -in a ghastly room, five-and-twenty feet square, and eighteen high,—that is to say, -just four times as big as I want, and which I can no more light with my candles in -the evening than I could the Peak cavern. A gas apparatus in the middle of it serves -me to knock my head against, but I take good care not to light it, or I should soon -be stopped from my evening’s work by a headache, and be unfit for my morning’s business -besides. The carpet is threadbare, and has the look of having been spat upon all over. -There is only one window, of four huge panes of glass, through which one commands -a view of a plaster balcony, some ornamental iron railings, an esplanade,—and,—well, -I suppose,—in the distance, that is really the sea, where it used to be. I am ashamed -to ask for shrimps,—not that I suppose I could get any if I did. There’s no cream, -“because, except in the season, we could only take so small a <span class="sic">quanity</span>, sir.” The bread’s stale, because it’s Sunday; and the cheese, last night, was of -the cheapest tallow sort. The bill will be at least three times my old bill;—I shall -get no thanks <span class="pageNum" id="pb39">[<a href="#pb39">39</a>]</span>from anybody for paying it;—and this is what the modern British public thinks is “living -in style.” But the most comic part of all the improved arrangements is that I can -only have codlings for dinner, because all the cod goes to London, and none of the -large fishing-boats dare sell a fish, here. -</p> -<p>And now but a word or two more, final, as to the fixed price of this book. -</p> -<p>A sensible and worthy tradesman writes to me in very earnest terms of expostulation, -blaming me for putting the said book out of the reach of most of the persons it is -meant for, and asking me how I can except, for instance, the working men round him -(in Lancashire),—who have been in the habit of strictly ascertaining that they have -value for their money,—to buy, for tenpence, what they know might be given them for -twopence-halfpenny. -</p> -<p>Answer first: -</p> -<p>My book is meant for no one who cannot reach it. If a man with all the ingenuity of -Lancashire in his brains, and breed of Lancashire in his body; with all the steam -and coal power in Lancashire to back his ingenuity and muscle; all the press of literary -England vomiting the most valuable information at his feet; with all the tenderness -of charitable England aiding him in his efforts, and ministering to his needs; with -all the liberality of republican Europe rejoicing in his dignities as a man and a -brother; and with all the science of enlightened Europe directing his opinions on -the subject <span class="pageNum" id="pb40">[<a href="#pb40">40</a>]</span>of the materials of the Sun, and the origin of his species; if, I say, a man so circumstanced, -assisted, and informed, living besides in the richest country of the globe, and, from -his youth upwards, having been in the habit of ‘seeing that he had value for his money,’ -cannot, as the upshot and net result of all, now afford to pay me tenpence a month—or -an annual half-sovereign, for my literary labour,—in Heaven’s name, let him buy the -best reading he can for twopence-halfpenny. For that sum, I clearly perceive he can -at once provide himself with two penny illustrated newspapers and one halfpenny one,—full -of art, sentiment, and the Tichborne trial. He can buy a quarter of the dramatic works -of Shakspeare, or a whole novel of Sir Walter Scott’s. Good value for his money, he -thinks!—reads one of them through, and in all probability loses some five years of -the eyesight of his old age; which he does not, with all his Lancashire ingenuity, -reckon as part of the price of his cheap book. But how has he read? There is an act -of Midsummer Night’s Dream printed in a page. Steadily and dutifully, as a student -should, he reads his page. The lines slip past his eyes, and mind, like sand in an -hour-glass; he has some dim idea at the end of the act that he has been reading about -Fairies, and Flowers, and Asses. Does he know what a Fairy is? Certainly not. Does -he know what a flower is? He has perhaps never seen one wild, or happy, in his life. -Does he even know—quite distinctly, inside and out—what an Ass is? -<span class="pageNum" id="pb41">[<a href="#pb41">41</a>]</span></p> -<p>But, answer second. Whether my Lancashire friends need any aid to their discernment -of what is good or bad in literature, I do not know;—but I mean to give them the best -help I can; and, therefore, not to allow them to have for twopence what I know to -be worth tenpence. For here is another law of Florence, still concerning fish, which -is transferable at once to literature. -</p> -<p>“Eel of the lake shall be sold for three soldi a pound; and eel of the common sort -for a soldo and a half.” -</p> -<p>And eel of a bad sort was not allowed to be sold at all. -</p> -<p>“Eel of the lake,” I presume, was that of the Lake of Bolsena; Pope Martin IV. died -of eating too many, in spite of their high price. You observe I do not reckon my Fors -Eel to be of Bolsena; I put it at the modest price of a soldo a pound, or English -tenpence. One cannot be precise in such estimates;—one can only obtain rude approximations. -Suppose, for instance, you read the Times newspaper for a week, from end to end; your -aggregate of resultant useful information will certainly not be more than you may -get out of a single number of Fors. But your Times for the week will cost you eighteenpence. -</p> -<p>You borrow the Times? Borrow this then; till the days come when English people cease -to think they can live by lending, or learn by borrowing. -</p> -<p>I finish with copy of a bit of a private letter to the <span class="pageNum" id="pb42">[<a href="#pb42">42</a>]</span>editor of an honestly managed country newspaper, who asked me to send him Fors. -</p> -<p>“I find it—on examining the subject for these last three years very closely—necessary -to defy the entire principle of advertisement; and to make no concession of any kind -whatsoever to the public press—even in the minutest particular. And this year I cease -sending Fors to <i>any</i> paper whatsoever. It <i>must</i> be bought by every one who has it, editor or private person. -</p> -<p>“If there are ten people in —— willing to subscribe a penny each for it, you can see -it in turn; by no other means can I let it be seen. From friend to friend, or foe -to foe, It must make its own way, or stand still, abiding its time.” -<span class="pageNum" id="pb43">[<a href="#pb43">43</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e520"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e520src">1</a></span> Not quite so, gentlemen of the Royal Commission. Harvests, no less than sales, and -fishermen no less than salesmen, need regulation by just human law. Here is a piece -of news, for instance, from Glasgow, concerning Loch Fyne:—“Owing to the permission -to fish for herring by trawling, which not only scrapes up the spawn from the bottom, -but catches great quantities of the fry which are useless for market, and only fit -for manure, it is a fact that, whereas Loch Fyne used to be celebrated for containing -the finest herrings to be caught anywhere, and thousands and tens of thousands of -boxes used to be exported from Inverary, there are not now enough caught there to -<i>enable them to export a single box</i>, and the quantity caught lower down the loch, near its mouth (and every year the -herring are being driven farther and farther down) is not a tithe of what it used -to be. Such a thing as a Loch Fyne herring (of the old size and quality) cannot be -had now in Glasgow for any money, and this is only a type of the destruction which -trawling, and too short close-time, are causing to all the west-coast fishing. Whiting -Bay, Arran, has been rid of its whiting by trawling on the spawning coast opposite. -The cupidity of careless fishers, unchecked by beneficial law, is here also ‘killing -the goose that lays the golden eggs,’ and herring of any kind are <i>very</i> scarce and very bad in Glasgow, at a penny and sometimes twopence each. Professor -Huxley gave his sanction to trawling, in a Government Commission, I am told, some -years ago, and it has been allowed ever since. I will tell you something similar about -the seal-fishing off Newfoundland, another time.” <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e520src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e542"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e542src">2</a></span> In my aunt’s younger days, at Perth, the servants used regularly to make bargain that -they should not be forced to dine on salmon more than so many times a week. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e542src" title="Return to note 2 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e583"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e583src">3</a></span> As for instance, and in farther illustration of the use of herrings, here is some -account of the maintenance of young painters and lawyers in Edinburgh, sixty years -since, sent me by the third Fors; and good Dr. Brown, in an <span class="pageNum" id="pb37n">[<a href="#pb37n">37</a>]</span>admirable sketch of the life of an admirable Scottish artist, says: “Raeburn (Sir -Henry) was left an orphan at six, and was educated in Heriot’s Hospital. At fifteen -he was apprenticed to a goldsmith; but after his time was out, set himself entirely -to portrait painting. About this time he became acquainted with the famous cynic, -lawyer, and wit, John Clerk, afterwards Lord Eldon, then a young advocate. Both were -poor. Young Clerk asked Raeburn to dine at his lodgings. Coming in, he found the landlady -laying the cloth, and setting down two dishes, one containing three herrings, and -the other three potatoes. “Is this a’?” said John. “Ay, it’s a’.” “A’! didna I tell -ye, woman, that a gentleman is to dine wi’ me, and that ye were to get six <span class="sic">herrin</span> and six potatoes?” <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e583src" title="Return to note 3 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 chapter"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The following bit of a private letter to a good girl belonging to the upper classes -may be generally useful; so I asked her to copy it for Fors. -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first dateline">“<i>January, 1874.</i> -</p> -<p>“Now mind you dress always charmingly; it is the first duty of a girl to be charming, -and she cannot be charming if she is not charmingly dressed. -</p> -<p>“And it is quite the first of firsts in the duties of girls in high position, nowadays, -to set an example of beautiful dress without extravagance,—that is to say, without -waste, or unnecessary splendour. -</p> -<p>“On great occasions they may be a blaze of jewels, if they like, and can; but only -when they are part of a great show or ceremony. In their daily life, and ordinary -social relations, they ought <i>at present</i> to dress with marked simplicity, to put down the curses of luxury and waste which -are consuming England. -</p> -<p>“Women usually apologize to themselves for their pride and vanity, by saying, ‘It -is good for trade.’ -</p> -<p>“Now you may soon convince yourself, and everybody about you, of the monstrous folly -of this, by a very simple piece of definite action. -</p> -<p>“Wear, yourself, becoming, pleasantly varied, but simple dress, of the best possible -material. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb44">[<a href="#pb44">44</a>]</span></p> -<p>“What you think necessary to buy (beyond this) ‘for the good of trade,’ buy, and immediately -<i>burn</i>. -</p> -<p>“Even your dullest friends will see the folly of that proceeding. You can then explain -to them that by wearing what they don’t want (instead of burning it) for the good -of trade, they are merely adding insolence and vulgarity to absurdity.”</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>I am very grateful to the writer of the following letters for his permission to print -the portions of them bearing on our work. The first was written several years ago. -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">“Now, my dear friend, I don’t know why I should intrude what I now want to say about -my little farm, which you disloyally dare to call a kingdom, but that I know you <i>do</i> feel an interest in such things; whereas I find not one in a hundred does care a -jot for the moral influence and responsibilities of landowners, or for those who live -out of it, and by the sweat of the brow for them and their own luxuries which pamper -them, whilst too often their tenants starve, and the children die of want and fever. -</p> -<p>“One of the most awful things I almost ever heard was from the lips of a clergyman, -near B——, when asked what became of the children, by day, of those mothers employed -in mills. He said, ‘Oh, I take care of them; they are brought to me, and I lay them -in the churchyard.’ Poor lambs! What a flock! -</p> -<p>“But now for my little kingdom,—the <i>royalties</i> of which, by the way, still go to the Duke of Devonshire, as lord of the minerals -under the earth. -</p> -<p>“It had for many years been a growing dream and desire of mine (whether right or wrong -I do not say) to possess a piece of God’s earth, be it only a rock or a few acres -of land, with a few people to live out of and upon it. Well, my good father had an -estate about four miles across, embracing the whole upper streams and head of ——dale, -some twelve hundred feet above <span class="pageNum" id="pb45">[<a href="#pb45">45</a>]</span>the sea, and lifted thus far away above the din and smoke of men, surrounded by higher -hills, the grassy slopes of Ingleborough and Carn Fell. It was a waste moorland, with -a few sheep farms on it, undivided, held in common,—a few small enclosures of grass -and flowers, taken off at the time of the Danes, retaining Danish names and farm usages,—a -few tenements, built by that great and noble Lady Anne Clifford, two hundred years -ago; in which dwelt honest, sturdy, great-hearted English men and women, as I think -this land knows. -</p> -<p>“Well, this land my father made over by deed of gift to me, reserving to himself the -rents for life, but granting to me full liberty to ‘improve’ and lay out what I pleased; -charged also with the maintenance of a schoolmaster for the little school-house I -built in memory of my late wife, who loved the place and people. With this arrangement -I was well pleased, and at once began to enclose and drain, and, on Adam Smith principle, -make two blades of grass grow where one grew before. This has gone on for some years, -affording labour to the few folks there, and some of their neighbours. Of the prejudices -of the old farmers, the less said the better; and as to the prospective increased -value of rental, I may look, at least, for my five per cent., may I not? I am well -repaid, at present, by the delight gained to me in wandering over this little Arcady, -where I fancy at times I still hear the strains of the pipe of the shepherd Lord Clifford -of Cumberland, blending with the crow of the moor-fowl, the song of the lark, and -cry of the curlew, the bleating of sheep, and heaving and dying fall of the many waters. -To think of all this, and yet men prefer the din of war or commercial strife! It is -so pleasant a thing to know all the inhabitants, and all their little joys and woes,—like -one of your bishops; and to be able to apportion them their work. Labour, there, is -not accounted degrading work; even stone-breaking for the roads is not <i>pauper’s</i> work, and a test of starvation, <span class="pageNum" id="pb46">[<a href="#pb46">46</a>]</span>but taken gladly by tenant farmers to occupy spare time; for I at once set to work -to make roads, rude bridges, plantations of fir-trees, and of oak and birch, which -once flourished there, as the name signifies. -</p> -<p>“I am now laying out some thousands of pounds in draining and liming, and <i>killing out</i> the Alpine flowers, which you tell me<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e688src" href="#xd31e688">1</a> is not wrong to do, as God has reserved other gardens for them, though I must say -not one dies without a pang to me; yet I see there springs up the fresh grass, the -daisy, the primrose—the life of growing men and women, the source of labour and of -happiness; God be thanked if one does even a little to attain that for one’s fellows, -either for this world or the next! -</p> -<p>“How I wish you could see them on our one day’s feast and holiday, when all—as many -as will come from all the country round—are regaled with a hearty Yorkshire tea at -the <i>Hall</i>, as they will call a rough mullioned-windowed house I built upon a rock rising from -the river’s edge. The children have their games, and then all join in a missionary -meeting, to hear something of their fellow-creatures who live in other lands; the -little ones gather their pennies to support and educate a little Indian school child;<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e695src" href="#xd31e695">2</a> this not only for sentiment, but to teach a care for others near home and far off. -</p> -<p>“The place is five miles from church, and, happily, as far from a public-house, though -still, I grieve to say, drink is the one failing of these good people, mostly arising -from the want of full occupation. -</p> -<p>“You speak of <i>mining</i> as servile work: why so? Hugh Miller was a quarryman, and I know an old man who has -wrought coal <span class="pageNum" id="pb47">[<a href="#pb47">47</a>]</span>for me in a narrow seam, lying on his side to work, who has told me that in winter -time he had rather work thus than sit over his fireside;<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e705src" href="#xd31e705">3</a> he is quiet and undisturbed, earns his bread, and is a man not without reflection. -Then there is the smith, an artist in his way, and loves <i>his</i> work too; and as to the quarrymen and masons, they are some of the merriest fellows -I know: they come five or six miles to work, <i>knitting</i> stockings as they walk along. -</p> -<p>“I must just allude to one social feature which is pleasant,—that is, the free intercourse, -without familiarity, or loss of respect for master and man. The farmer or small landowner -sits at the same table at meals with the servants, yet the class position of yeoman -or labourer is fully maintained, and due respect shown to the superior, and almost -royal worship to the lord of the soil, if he is in anywise a good landlord. Now, is -England quite beyond all hope, when such things exist here, in this nineteenth century -of machine-made life? I know not why, I say again, I should inflict all this about -<i>self</i> upon you, except that I have a hobby, and I love it, and so fancy others must do -so too. -</p> -<p class="signed">“Forgive me this, and believe me always, -</p> -<p class="signed">“Yours affectionately.”</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first dateline">“<i>5th January, 1874.</i> -</p> -<p>“My dear Mr. Ruskin,—I have just come from an old Tudor house in Leicestershire, which -tells of happier days in some ways than our own. It was once the Grange of St. Mary’s -Abbey; where rent and service were paid and done <i>in kind</i>. When there, I wished I could have gone a few miles with you to St. Bernard’s Monastery -in Charnwood Forest; there you <span class="pageNum" id="pb48">[<a href="#pb48">48</a>]</span>would see what somewhat resembles your St. George’s land, only without the family -and domestic features—certainly most essential to the happiness of a people.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e733src" href="#xd31e733">4</a> But there you may see rich well-kept fields and gardens, where thirty years ago was -nothing but wild moorland and granite tors on the hill ridges. -</p> -<p>“The Cross of Calvary rises now on the highest rock; below are gardens and fields, -all under the care and labour (happy labour it seems) of the Silent Brothers,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e738src" href="#xd31e738">5</a> and a reformatory for boys. There is still much waste land adjoining. The spot is -central, healthy, and as yet unoccupied: it really seems to offer itself to you. There, -too, is space, pure air and water, and quarries of slate and granite, etc., for the -less skilled labour. -</p> -<p>“Well, you ask if the dalesmen of Yorkshire rise to a vivid state of contented life -and love of the pretty things of heaven and earth. They have a rough outside, at times -hard to penetrate; but when you do, there is a warm heart, but not much culture, although -a keen value of manly education, and their duty to God and man. Apart from the vanities -of the so-called ‘higher education,’ their calling is mostly out of doors, in company -with sheep and cattle; the philosophy of their minds often worthy of the Shepherd -Lord,—not much sight for the beauties of Nature beyond its <i>uses</i>. I <span class="asc">CAN</span> say their tastes are not <i>low</i> nor <i>degraded</i> by literature of the daily press, etc. I have known <span class="pageNum" id="pb49">[<a href="#pb49">49</a>]</span>them for twenty years, have stood for hours beside them at work, building or draining, -and I never heard one foul or coarse word. In sickness, both man and woman are devoted. -They have, too, a reverence for social order and ‘Divine Law,’—familiar without familiarity. -This even pervades their own class or sub-classes;—for instance, although farmers -and their families, and workpeople and servants, all sit at the same table, it is -a rare thing for a labourer to presume to ask in marriage a farmer’s daughter. Their -respect to landlords is equally shown. As a specimen of their politics, I may instance -this;—to a man at the county election they voted for Stuart Wortley, ‘because he bore -a well-known Yorkshire name, and had the blood of a gentleman.<span class="corr" id="xd31e755" title="Not in source">’</span> -</p> -<p>“As to <i>hardships</i>, I see none beyond those incident to their calling, in snow-storms, etc. You never -see a child unshod or ill-clad. Very rarely do they allow a relative to receive aid -from the parish. -</p> -<p>“I tried a reading club for winter evenings, but found they liked their own fireside -better. Happily, there is, in my part, no public-house within six miles; still I must -say drink is the vice of some. In winter they have much leisure time, in which there -is a good deal of card-playing. Still some like reading; and we have among them now -a fair lot of books, mostly from the Pure Literature Society. They are proud and independent, -and, as you say, must be dealt with cautiously. Everywhere I see much might be done. -Yet on the whole, when compared with the town life of men, one sees little to amend. -There is a pleasant and curious combination of work. Mostly all workmen,—builders -(<i>i.e.</i> wallers), carpenters, smiths, etc.,—work a little farm as well as follow their own -craft; this gives wholesome occupation as well as independence, and almost realizes -Sir T. More’s Utopian plan. There is contented life of men, women, and children,—happy -in their work and joyful in <span class="pageNum" id="pb50">[<a href="#pb50">50</a>]</span>prospect: what could one desire further, if each be full according to his capacity -and refinement? -</p> -<p>“You ask what I purpose to do further, or leave untouched. I desire to leave untouched -some 3,000 acres of moor-land needed for their sheep, serviceable for peat fuel, freedom -of air and mind and body, and the growth of all the lovely things of moss and heather. -Wherever land is capable of improvement, I hold it is a grave responsibility until -it is done. You must come and look for yourself some day. -</p> -<p>“I enclose a cheque for ten guineas for St. George’s Fund, with my best wishes for -this new year. -</p> -<p class="signed">“Ever yours affectionately.”</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>I have questioned one or two minor points in my friend’s letters; but on the whole, -they simply describe a piece of St. George’s old England, still mercifully left,—and -such as I hope to make even a few pieces more, again; conquering them out of the Devil’s -new England. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb51">[<a href="#pb51">51</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e688"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e688src">1</a></span> I don’t remember telling you anything of the sort. I should tell you another story -now, my dear friend. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e688src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e695"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e695src">2</a></span> Very fine; but have all the children in Sheffield and Leeds had their pennyworth of -gospel, first? <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e695src" title="Return to note 2 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e705"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e705src">3</a></span> All I can say is, tastes differ; but I have not myself tried the degree of comfort -which may be attained in winter by lying on one’s side in a coal-seam, and cannot -therefore feel confidence in offering an opinion. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e705src" title="Return to note 3 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e733"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e733src">4</a></span> Very much so indeed, my good friend; and yet, the plague of it is, one never can get -people to do anything that is wise or generous, unless they go and make monks of themselves. -I believe this St. George’s land of mine will really be the first place where it has -been attempted to get married people to live in any charitable and human way, and -graft apples where they may eat them, without getting driven out of their Paradise. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e733src" title="Return to note 4 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e738"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e738src">5</a></span> There, again! why, in the name of all that’s natural, can’t decent men and women use -their tongues, on occasion, for what God made them for,—talking in a civil way; but -must either go and make dumb beasts of themselves, or else (far worse) let out their -tongues for hire, and live by vomiting novels and reviews! <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e738src" title="Return to note 5 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 chapter"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="super">FORS CLAVIGERA.</h2> -<h2 class="main">LETTER XXXIX.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">On a foggy forenoon, two or three days ago, I wanted to make my way quickly from Hengler’s -Circus to Drury Lane Theatre, without losing time which might be philosophically employed; -and therefore afoot, for in a cab I never can think of anything but how the driver -is to get past whatever is in front of him. -</p> -<p>On foot, then, I proceeded, and accordingly by a somewhat complex diagonal line, to -be struck, as the stars might guide me, between Regent Circus and Covent Garden. I -have never been able, by the way, to make any coachman understand that such diagonals -were not always profitable. Coachmen, as far as I know them, always possess just enough -geometry to feel that the hypothenuse is shorter than the two sides, but I never yet -could get one to see that an hypothenuse constructed of cross streets in the manner -of the line A C, had no advantage, in the matter of distance to be traversed, over -the simple thoroughfares A B, B C, while it involved <span class="pageNum" id="pb52">[<a href="#pb52">52</a>]</span>the loss of the momentum of the carriage, and a fresh start for the cattle, at seventeen -corners instead of one, not to mention the probability of a block at half a dozen -of them, none the less frequent since underground railways, and more difficult to -get out of, in consequence of the increasing discourtesy and diminishing patience -of all human creatures. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure floatLeft p052width"><img src="images/p052.png" alt="" width="145" height="138"></div><p> -</p> -<p>Now here is just one of the pieces of practical geometry and dynamics which a modern -schoolmaster, exercising his pupils on the positions of letters in the word Chillianwallah, -would wholly despise. Whereas, in St. George’s schools, it shall be very early learned, -on a square and diagonal of actual road, with actual loaded wheelbarrow—first one-wheeled, -and pushed; and secondly, two-wheeled, and pulled. And similarly, every bit of science -the children learn shall be directly applied by them, and the use of it felt, which -involves the truth of it being known in the best possible way, and without any debating -thereof. And what they cannot apply they shall not be troubled to know. I am not the -least desirous that they should know so much even of the sun as that it stands still, -(if it does). They may remain, for anything I care, under the most simple conviction -that it gets up every morning and goes to bed every night; but they shall assuredly -possess the applicable science of the hour it gets up at, and goes to bed at, on any -day of the year, because they will have <span class="pageNum" id="pb53">[<a href="#pb53">53</a>]</span>to regulate their own gettings up and goings to bed upon those solar proceedings. -</p> -<p>Well, to return to Regent Street. Being afoot, I took the complex diagonal, because -by wise regulation of one’s time and angle of crossing, one may indeed move on foot -in an economically drawn line, provided one does not miss its main direction. As it -chanced, I took my line correctly enough; but found so much to look at and think of -on the way, that I gained no material advantage. First, I could not help stopping -to consider the metaphysical reasons of the extreme gravity and self-abstraction of -Archer Street. Then I was delayed a while in Prince’s Street, Soho, wondering what -Prince it had belonged to. Then I got through Gerrard Street into Little Newport Street; -and came there to a dead pause, to think why, in these days of division of mechanical -labour, there should be so little space for classification of commodities, as to require -oranges, celery, butchers’ meat, cheap hosiery, soap, and salt fish, to be all sold -in the same alley. -</p> -<p>Some clue to the business was afforded me by the sign of the ‘<span lang="fr">Hotel de l’Union des Peuples</span>’ at the corner, “<span lang="fr">bouillon et bœuf à emporter;</span>” but I could not make out why, in spite of the union of people, the provision merchant -at the opposite corner had given up business, and left his house with all its upper -windows broken, and its door nailed up. Finally, I was stopped at the corner of Cranbourne -Street by a sign over a large shop advising me to buy some “screwed boots and shoes.” -I am too shy <span class="pageNum" id="pb54">[<a href="#pb54">54</a>]</span>to go in and ask, on such occasions, what screwed boots are, or at least too shy to -come out again without buying any, if the people tell me politely, and yet I couldn’t -get the question what such things may be out of my head, and nearly got run over in -consequence, before attaining the Arcadian shelter of Covent Garden. I was but just -in time to get my tickets for Jack in the Box, on the day I wanted, and put them carefully -in the envelope with those I had been just securing at Hengler’s for my fifth visit -to Cinderella. For indeed, during the last three weeks, the greater part of my available -leisure has been spent between Cinderella and Jack in the Box; with this curious result -upon my mind, that the intermediate scenes of Archer Street and Prince’s Street, Soho, -have become to me merely as one part of the drama, or pantomime, which I happen to -have seen last; or, so far as the difference in the appearance of men and things may -compel me to admit some kind of specific distinction, I begin to ask myself, Which -is the reality, and which the pantomime? Nay, it appears to me not of much moment -which we choose to call Reality. Both are equally real; and the only question is whether -the cheerful state of things which the spectators, especially the youngest and wisest, -entirely applaud and approve at Hengler’s and Drury Lane, must necessarily be interrupted -always by the woful interlude of the outside world. -</p> -<p>It is a bitter question to me, for I am myself now, hopelessly, a man of the world!—of -that woful outside <span class="pageNum" id="pb55">[<a href="#pb55">55</a>]</span>one, I mean. It is now Sunday; half-past eleven in the morning. Everybody about me -is gone to church except the kind cook, who is straining a point of conscience to -provide me with dinner. Everybody else is gone to church, to ask to be made angels -of, and profess that they despise the world and the flesh, which I find myself always -living in, (rather, perhaps, living, or endeavouring to live, in too little of the -last). And I am left alone with the cat, in the world of sin. -</p> -<p>But I scarcely feel less an outcast when I come out of the Circus, on week days, into -my own world of sorrow. Inside the Circus, there have been wonderful Mr. Edward Cooke, -and pretty Mademoiselle Aguzzi, and the three brothers Leonard, like the three brothers -in a German story, and grave little Sandy, and bright and graceful Miss Hengler, all -doing the most splendid feats of strength, and patience, and skill. There have been -dear little Cinderella and her Prince, and all the pretty children beautifully dressed, -taught thoroughly how to behave, and how to dance, and how to sit still, and giving -everybody delight that looks at them; whereas, the instant I come outside the door, -I find all the children about the streets ill-dressed, and ill-taught, and ill-behaved, -and nobody cares to look at them. And then, at Drury Lane, there’s just everything -I want people to have always, got for them, for a little while; and they seem to enjoy -them just as I should expect they would. Mushroom Common, with its lovely mushrooms, -white and gray, so finely set off by the <span class="pageNum" id="pb56">[<a href="#pb56">56</a>]</span>incognita fairy’s scarlet cloak; the golden land of plenty with furrow and sheath; -Buttercup Green, with its flock of mechanical sheep, which the whole audience claps -because they are of pasteboard, as they do the sheep in Little Red Riding Hood because -they are alive; but in either case, must have them on the stage in order to be pleased -with them, and never clap when they see the creatures in a field outside. They can’t -have enough, any more than I can, of the loving duet between Tom Tucker and little -Bo Peep: they would make the dark fairy dance all night long in her amber light if -they could; and yet contentedly return to what they call a necessary state of things -outside, where their corn is reaped by machinery, and the only duets are between steam -whistles. Why haven’t they a steam whistle to whistle to them on the stage, instead -of Miss Violet Cameron? Why haven’t they a steam Jack in the Box to jump for them, -instead of Mr. Evans? or a steam doll to dance for them, instead of Miss Kate Vaughan? -They still seem to have human ears and eyes, in the Theatre; to know <i>there</i>, for an hour or two, that golden light, and song, and human skill and grace, are -better than smoke-blackness, and shrieks of iron and fire, and monstrous powers of -constrained elements. And then they return to their underground railroad, and say, -‘This, behold,—this is the right way to move, and live in a real world.’ -</p> -<p>Very notable it is also that just as in these two theatrical entertainments—the Church -and the Circus,<span class="pageNum" id="pb57">[<a href="#pb57">57</a>]</span>—the imaginative congregations still retain some true notions of the value of human -and beautiful things, and don’t have steam-preachers nor steam-dancers,—so also they -retain some just notion of the truth, in moral things: Little Cinderella, for instance, -at Hengler’s, never thinks of offering her poor fairy Godmother a ticket from the -Mendicity Society. She immediately goes and fetches her some dinner. And she makes -herself generally useful, and sweeps the doorstep, and dusts the door;—and none of -the audience think any the worse of her on that account. They think the worse of her -proud sisters who make her do it. But when they leave the Circus, they never think -for a moment of making <i>themselves</i> useful, like Cinderella. They forthwith play the proud sisters as much as they can; -and try to make anybody else, who will, sweep their doorsteps. Also, at Hengler’s, -nobody advises Cinderella to write novels, instead of doing her washing, by way of -bettering herself. The audience, gentle and simple, feel that the only chance she -has of pleasing her Godmother, or marrying a prince, is in remaining patiently at -her tub, as long as the Fates will have it so, heavy though it be. Again, in all dramatic -representation of Little Red Riding Hood, everybody disapproves of the carnivorous -propensities of the Wolf. They clearly distinguish there—as clearly as the Fourteenth -Psalm, itself—between the class of animal which eats, and <span class="pageNum" id="pb58">[<a href="#pb58">58</a>]</span>the class of animal which is eaten. But once outside the theatre, they declare the -whole human race to be universally carnivorous—and are ready themselves to eat up -any quantity of Red Riding Hoods, body and soul, if they can make money by them. -</p> -<p>And lastly,—at Hengler’s and Drury Lane, see how the whole of the pleasure of life -depends on the existence of Princes, Princesses, and Fairies. One never hears of a -Republican pantomime; one never thinks Cinderella would be a bit better off if there -were no princes. The audience understand that though it is not every good little housemaid -who can marry a prince, the world would not be the least pleasanter, for the rest, -if there were no princes to marry. -</p> -<p>Nevertheless, it being too certain that the sweeping of doorsteps diligently will -not in all cases enable a pretty maiden to drive away from said doorsteps, for evermore, -in a gilded coach,—one has to consider what may be the next best for her. And next -best, or, in the greater number of cases, best altogether, will be that Love, with -his felicities, should himself enter over the swept and garnished steps, and abide -with her in her own life, such as it is. And since St. Valentine’s grace is with us, -at this season, I will finish my Fors, for this time, by carrying on our little romance -of the Broom-maker, to the place in which he unexpectedly finds it. In which romance, -while we may perceive the <span class="pageNum" id="pb59">[<a href="#pb59">59</a>]</span>principal lesson intended by the author to be that the delights and prides of affectionate -married life are consistent with the humblest station, (or may even be more easily -found there than in a higher one,) we may for ourselves draw some farther conclusions -which the good Swiss pastor only in part intended. We may consider in what degree -the lightening of the wheels of Hansli’s cart, when they drave heavily by the wood -of Muri, corresponds to the change of the English highway into Mount Parnassus, for -Sir Philip Sidney; and if the correspondence be not complete, and some deficiency -in the divinest power of Love be traceable in the mind of the simple person as compared -to that of the gentle one, we may farther consider, in due time, how, without help -from any fairy Godmother, we may make Cinderella’s life gentle to her, as well as -simple; and, without taking the peasant’s hand from his labour, make his heart leap -with joy as pure as a king’s.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e827src" href="#xd31e827">1</a> -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>Well, said Hansli, I’ll help you; give me your bag; I’ll put it among my brooms, and -nobody will see it. Everybody knows <i>me</i>. Not a soul will think I’ve got your shoes underneath there. You’ve only to tell -me where to leave them—or indeed where to stop for you, <span class="pageNum" id="pb60">[<a href="#pb60">60</a>]</span>if you like. You can follow a little way off;—nobody will think we have anything to -do with each other. -</p> -<p>The young girl made no compliments.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e840src" href="#xd31e840">2</a> -</p> -<p>You are really very good,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e845src" href="#xd31e845">3</a> said she, with a more serene face. She brought her packet, and Hans hid it so nicely -that a cat couldn’t have seen it. -</p> -<p>Shall I push, or help you to pull? asked the young girl, as if it had been a matter -of course that she should also do her part in the work. -</p> -<p>As you like best, though you needn’t mind; it isn’t a pair or two of shoes that will -make my cart much heavier. The young girl began by pushing; but that did not last -long. Presently she found herself<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e851src" href="#xd31e851">4</a> in front, pulling also by the pole. -</p> -<p>It seems to me that the cart goes better so, said she. As one ought to suppose, she -pulled with all her strength; that which nevertheless did not put her out of breath, -nor hinder her from relating all she had in her head, or heart. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb61">[<a href="#pb61">61</a>]</span></p> -<p>They got to the top of the hill of Stalden without Hansli’s knowing how that had happened: -the long alley<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e859src" href="#xd31e859">5</a> seemed to have shortened itself by half. -</p> -<p>There, one made one’s dispositions; the young girl stopped behind, while Hansli, with -her bag and his brooms, entered the town without the least difficulty, where he remitted -her packet to the young girl, also without any accident; but they had scarcely time -to say a word to each other before the press<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e864src" href="#xd31e864">6</a> of people, cattle, and vehicles separated them. Hansli had to look after his cart, -lest it should be knocked to bits. And so ended the acquaintanceship for that day. -This vexed Hansli not a little; howbeit he didn’t think long about it. We cannot (more’s -the pity) affirm that the young girl had made an ineffaceable impression upon him,—and -all the less, that she was not altogether made for producing ineffaceable impressions. -She was a stunted little girl, with a broad face. That which she had of best was a -good heart, and an indefatigable ardour for work; but those are things which, externally, -are not very remarkable, and many people don’t take much notice of them. -</p> -<p>Nevertheless, the next Tuesday, when Hansli saw himself<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e869src" href="#xd31e869">7</a> at his cart again, he found it extremely heavy. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb62">[<a href="#pb62">62</a>]</span></p> -<p>I wouldn’t have believed, said he to himself, what a difference there is between two -pulling, and one. -</p> -<p>Will she be there again, I wonder, thought he, as he came near the little wood of -Muri. I would take her bag very willingly if she would help me to pull. Also the road -is nowhere so ugly as between here and the town.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e879src" href="#xd31e879">8</a> -</p> -<p>And behold that it precisely happened that the young girl was sitting there upon the -same bench, all the same as eight days before; only with the difference that she was -not crying. -</p> -<p>Have you got anything for me to carry to-day? asked Hansli, who found his cart at -once became a great deal lighter at the sight of the young girl. -</p> -<p>It is not only for that that I have waited, answered she; even if I had had nothing -to carry to the town, I should have come, all the same; for eight days ago I wasn’t -able to thank you; nor to ask if that cost anything. -</p> -<p>A fine question! said Hansli. Why, you served me for a second donkey; and yet I never -asked how much <span class="pageNum" id="pb63">[<a href="#pb63">63</a>]</span>I owed you for helping me to pull! So, as all that went of itself, the young girl -brought her bundle, and Hansli hid it, and she went to put herself at the pole as -if she had known it all by heart. I had got a little way from home, said she, before -it came into my head that I ought to have brought a cord to tie to the cart behind, -and that would have gone better; but another time, if I return, I won’t forget. -</p> -<p>This association for mutual help found itself, then, established, without any long -diplomatic debates, and in the most simple manner. And, that day, it chanced that -they were also able to come back together as far as the place where their roads parted; -all the same, they were so prudent as not to show themselves together before the gens-d’armes -at the town gates. -</p> -<p>And now for some time Hansli’s mother had been quite enchanted with her son. It seemed -to her he was more gay, she said. He whistled and sang, now, all the blessed day; -and tricked himself up, so that he could never have done.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e892src" href="#xd31e892">9</a> Only just the other day he had bought a great-coat of drugget, in which he had nearly -the air of a real counsellor. But she could not find any fault with him for all that; -he was so good to her that certainly the good God must reward him;—as for herself, -she was in no way of doing it, but could do nothing but pray for him. Not that you -are to think, said she, that he puts everything into his clothes; <span class="pageNum" id="pb64">[<a href="#pb64">64</a>]</span>he has some money too. If God spares his life, I’ll wager that one day he’ll come -to have a cow:—he has been talking of a goat ever so long; but it’s not likely I shall -be spared to see it. And, after all, I don’t pretend to be sure it will ever be. -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>Mother, said Hans one day, I don’t know how it is; but either the cart gets heavier, -or I’m not so strong as I was; for some time I’ve scarcely been able to manage it. -It is getting really too much for me; especially on the Berne road, where there are -so many hills. -</p> -<p>I dare say, said the mother; aussi, why do you go on loading it more every day? I’ve -been fretting about you many a time; for one always suffers for over-work when one -gets old. But you must take care. Put a dozen or two of brooms less on it, and it -will roll again all right. -</p> -<p>That’s impossible, mother; I never have enough as it is, and I haven’t time to go -to Berne twice a week. -</p> -<p>But, Hansli, suppose you got a donkey. I’ve heard say they are the most convenient -beasts in the world: they cost almost nothing, eat almost nothing, and anything one -likes to give them; and that’s<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e908src" href="#xd31e908">10</a> as strong as a horse, without counting that one can make something <span class="pageNum" id="pb65">[<a href="#pb65">65</a>]</span>of the milk,—not that I want any, but one may speak of it.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e919src" href="#xd31e919">11</a> -</p> -<p>No, mother, said Hansli,—they’re as self-willed as devils: sometimes one can’t get -them to do anything at all; and then what I should do with a donkey the other five -days of the week! No, mother;—I was thinking of a wife,—hey, what say you? -</p> -<p>But, Hansli, I think a goat or a donkey would be much better. A wife! What sort of -idea is that that has come into your head? What would you do with a wife? -</p> -<p>Do! said Hansli; what other people do, I suppose; and then, I thought she would help -me to draw the cart, which goes ever so much better with another hand:—without counting -that she could plant potatoes between times, and help me to make my brooms, which -I couldn’t get a goat or a donkey to do. -</p> -<p>But, Hansli, do you think to find one, then, who will help you to draw the cart, and -will be clever enough to do all that? asked the mother, searchingly. -</p> -<p>Oh, mother, there’s one who has helped me already often with the cart, said Hansli, -and who would be good for a great deal besides; but as to whether she would marry -me or not, I don’t know, for I haven’t asked her. I thought that I would tell you -first. -</p> -<p>You rogue of a boy, what’s that you tell me there? <span class="pageNum" id="pb66">[<a href="#pb66">66</a>]</span>I don’t understand a word of it, cried the mother. You too!—are you also like that? -The good God Himself might have told me, and I wouldn’t have believed Him. What’s -that you say?—you’ve got a girl to help you to pull the cart! A pretty business to -engage her for! Ah well,—trust men after this! -</p> -<p>Thereupon Hansli put himself to recount the history; and how that had happened quite -by chance; and how that girl was just expressly made for him: a girl as neat as a -clock,—not showy, not extravagant,—and who would draw the cart better even than a -cow could. But I haven’t spoken to her of anything, however. All the same, I think -I’m not disagreeable to her. Indeed, she has said to me once or twice that she wasn’t -in a hurry to marry; but if she could manage it, so as not to be worse off than she -was now, she wouldn’t be long making up her mind. She knows, for that matter, very -well also why she is in the world. Her little brothers and sisters are growing up -after her; and she knows well how things go, and how the youngest are always made -the most of, for one never thinks of thanking the elder ones for the trouble they’ve -had in bringing them up. -</p> -<p>All that didn’t much displease the mother; and the more she ruminated over these unexpected -matters, the more it all seemed to her very proper. Then she put herself to make inquiries, -and learned that nobody knew the least harm of the girl. They told her she <span class="pageNum" id="pb67">[<a href="#pb67">67</a>]</span>did all she could to help her parents; but that with the best they could do, there -wouldn’t be much to fish for. Ah, well: it’s all the better, thought she; for then -neither of them can have much to say to the other. -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>The next Tuesday, while Hansli was getting his cart ready, his mother said to him, -</p> -<p>Well, speak to that girl: if she consents, so will I; but I can’t run after her. Tell -her to come here on Sunday, that I may see her, and at least we can talk a little. -If she is willing to be nice, it will all go very well. Aussi, it must happen some -time or other, I suppose. -</p> -<p>But, mother, it isn’t written anywhere that it must happen, whether or no; and if -it doesn’t suit you, nothing hinders me from leaving it all alone. -</p> -<p>Nonsense, child; don’t be a goose. Hasten thee to set out; and say to that girl, that -if she likes to be my daughter-in-law, I’ll take her, and be very well pleased. -</p> -<p>Hansli set out, and found the young girl. Once that they were pulling together, he -at his pole, and she at her cord, Hansli put himself to say, -</p> -<p>That certainly goes as quick again when there are thus two cattle at the same cart. -Last Saturday I went to Thun by myself, and dragged all the breath out of my body. -</p> -<p>Yes, I’ve often thought, said the young girl, that it was very foolish of you not -to get somebody to help <span class="pageNum" id="pb68">[<a href="#pb68">68</a>]</span>you; all the business would go twice as easily, and you would gain twice as much. -</p> -<p>What would you have? said Hansli. Sometimes one thinks too soon of a thing, sometimes -too late,—one’s always mortal.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e954src" href="#xd31e954">12</a> But now it really seems to me that I should like to have somebody for a help; if -you were of the same mind, you would be just the good thing for me. If that suits -you, I’ll marry you. -</p> -<p>Well, why not,—if you don’t think me too ugly nor too poor? answered the young girl. -Once you’ve got me, it will be too late to despise me. As for me, I could scarcely -fall in with a better chance. One always gets a husband,—but, aussi, of what sort? -You are quite good enough<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e962src" href="#xd31e962">13</a> for me: you take care of your affairs, and I don’t think you’ll treat a wife like -a dog. -</p> -<p>My faith, she will be as much master as I; if she is not pleased that way, I don’t -know what more to do, said Hansli. And for other matters, I don’t think you’ll be -worse off with me than you have been at home. If that suits you, come to see us on -Sunday. It’s my mother who told me to ask you, and to say that if you liked to be -her daughter-in-law, she would be very well pleased. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb69">[<a href="#pb69">69</a>]</span></p> -<p>Liked! But what could I want more? I am used to submit myself, and take things as -they come,—worse to-day, better to-morrow,—sometimes more sour, sometimes less. I -never have thought that a hard word made a hole in me, else by this time I shouldn’t -have had a bit of skin left as big as a kreutzer. But, all the same, I must tell my -people, as the custom is. For the rest, they won’t give themselves any trouble about -the matter. There are enough of us in the house: if any one likes to go, nobody will -stop them.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e973src" href="#xd31e973">14</a> -</p> -<p>And, aussi, that was what happened. On Sunday the young girl really appeared at Rychiswyl. -Hansli had given her very clear directions; nor had she to ask long before she was -told where the broom-seller lived. The mother made her pass a good examination upon -the garden and the kitchen; and would know what book of prayers she used, and whether -she could read in the New Testament, and also in the Bible,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e978src" href="#xd31e978">15</a> for it was very bad for the children, and it was always they who suffered, if the -mother didn’t know enough for that, said the old woman. The girl pleased her, and -the affair was concluded. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb70">[<a href="#pb70">70</a>]</span></p> -<p>You won’t have a beauty there, said she to Hansli, before the young girl; nor much -to crow about, in what she has got. But all that is of no consequence. It isn’t beauty -that makes the pot boil; and as for money, there’s many a man who wouldn’t marry a -girl unless she was rich, who has had to pay his father-in-law’s debts in the end. -When one has health, and work, in one’s arms, one gets along always. I suppose (turning -to the girl) you have got two good chemises and two gowns, so that you won’t be the -same on Sunday and work-days? -</p> -<p>Oh yes, said the young girl; you needn’t give yourself any trouble about that. I’ve -one chemise quite new, and two good ones besides,—and four others which, in truth, -are rather ragged. But my mother said I should have another; and my father, that he -would make me my wedding shoes, and they should cost me nothing. And with that I’ve -a very nice godmother, who is sure to give me something fine;—perhaps a saucepan, -or a frying-stove,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e986src" href="#xd31e986">16</a>—who knows? without counting that perhaps I shall inherit something from her some -day. She has some children, indeed, but they may die. -</p> -<p>Perfectly satisfied on both sides, but especially the girl, to whom Hansli’s house, -so perfectly kept in order, appeared a palace in comparison with her own home, full -of children and scraps of leather, they separated, <span class="pageNum" id="pb71">[<a href="#pb71">71</a>]</span>soon to meet again and quit each other no more. As no soul made the slightest objection, -and the preparations were easy,—seeing that new shoes and a new chemise are soon stitched -together,—within a month, Hansli was no more alone on his way to Thun. And the old -cart went again as well as ever. -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>And they lived happily ever after? You shall hear. The story is not at an end; note -only, in the present phase of it, this most important point, that Hansli does not -think of his wife as an expensive luxury, to be refused to himself unless under irresistible -temptation. It is only the modern Pall-Mall-pattern Englishman who must ‘abstain from -the luxury of marriage’ if he be wise. Hansli thinks of his wife, on the contrary, -as a useful article, which he cannot any longer get on without. He gives us, in fact, -a final definition of proper wifely quality,—“She will draw the cart better than a -cow could.” -<span class="pageNum" id="pb73">[<a href="#pb73">73</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e827"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e827src">1</a></span> If to any reader, looking back on the history of Europe for the last four centuries, -this sentence seems ironical, let him be assured that for the causes which make it -seem so, during the last four centuries, the end of kinghood has come. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e827src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e840"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e840src">2</a></span> Untranslateable. It means, she made no false pretence of reluctance, and neither politely -nor feebly declined what she meant to accept. But the phrase might be used of a person -accepting with ungraceful eagerness, or want of sense of obligation. A slight sense -of this simplicity is meant by our author to be here included in the expression. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e840src" title="Return to note 2 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e845"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e845src">3</a></span> “Trop bon.” It is a little more than ‘very good,’ but not at all equivalent to our -English ‘too good.’ <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e845src" title="Return to note 3 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e851"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e851src">4</a></span> “Se trouva.” Untranslateable. It is very little more than ‘was’ in front. But that -little more,—the slight sense of not knowing quite how she got there,—is necessary -to mark the under-current of meaning; she goes behind the cart first, thinking it -more modest; but presently, nevertheless, ‘finds herself’ in front; “the cart goes -better, so.” <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e851src" title="Return to note 4 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e859"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e859src">5</a></span> There used to be an avenue of tall trees, about a quarter of a mile long, on the Thun -road, just at the brow of the descent to the bridge of the Aar, at the lower end of -the main street of Berne. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e859src" title="Return to note 5 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e864"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e864src">6</a></span> “Cohue.” Confused and moving mass. We have no such useful word. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e864src" title="Return to note 6 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e869"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e869src">7</a></span> “Se revit.” It would not be right to say here ‘se trouva,’ because <span class="pageNum" id="pb62n">[<a href="#pb62n">62</a>]</span>there is no surprise, or discovery, in the doing once again what is done every week. -But one may nevertheless contemplate oneself, and the situation, from a new point -of view. Hansli ‘se revit’—reviewed himself, literally; a very proper operation, every -now and then, for everybody. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e869src" title="Return to note 7 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e879"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e879src">8</a></span> A slight difference between the Swiss and English peasant is marked here; to the advantage -of the former. At least, I imagine an English Hansli would not have known, even in -love, whether the road was ugly or pretty. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e879src" title="Return to note 8 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e892"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e892src">9</a></span> “<span lang="fr">Se requinquait a n’en plus finir.</span>” Entirely beyond English rendering. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e892src" title="Return to note 9 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e908"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e908src">10</a></span> “<span lang="fr">Ça.</span>” Note the peculiar character and value, in modern French, of this general and slightly -depreciatory pronoun, essentially a republican word,—hurried, inconsiderate, and insolent. -The popular chant ‘<span lang="fr">ça ira</span>’ gives the typical power. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e908src" title="Return to note 10 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e919"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e919src">11</a></span> “<span lang="fr">C’est seulement pour dire.</span>” I’ve been at least ten minutes trying to translate it, and can’t. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e919src" title="Return to note 11 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e954"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e954src">12</a></span> “<span lang="fr">On est toujours homme.</span>” The proverb is frequent among the French and Germans. The modesty of it is not altogether -easy to an English mind, and would be totally incomprehensible to an ordinary Scotch -one. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e954src" title="Return to note 12 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e962"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e962src">13</a></span> “<span lang="fr">Assez brave.</span>” Untranslateable, except by the old English sense of the word brave, and even that -has more reference to outside show than the French word. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e962src" title="Return to note 13 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e973"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e973src">14</a></span> You are to note carefully the conditions of sentiment in family relationships implied -both here, and in the bride’s reference, farther on, to her godmother’s children. -Poverty, with St. Francis’ pardon, is not always holy in its influence: yet a richer -girl might have felt exactly the same, without being innocent enough to say so. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e973src" title="Return to note 14 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e978"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e978src">15</a></span> I believe the reverend and excellent novelist would himself authorize the distinction; -but Hansli’s mother must be answerable for it to my Evangelical readers. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e978src" title="Return to note 15 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e986"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e986src">16</a></span> “<span lang="fr">Poêle a frire.</span>” I don’t quite understand the nature of this article. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e986src" title="Return to note 16 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 chapter"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="super">FORS CLAVIGERA.</h2> -<h2 class="main">LETTER XL.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">I am obliged to go to Italy this spring, and find beside me, a mass of Fors material -in arrear, needing various explanation and arrangement, for which I have no time. -Fors herself must look to it, and my readers use their own wits in thinking over what -she has looked to. I begin with a piece of Marmontel, which was meant to follow, ‘in -due time,’ the twenty-first letter,—of which, please glance at the last four pages -again. This following bit is from another story professing to give some account of -Molière’s Misanthrope, in his country life, after his last quarrel with Celimène. -He calls on a country gentleman, M. de Laval, “and was received by him with the simple -and serious courtesy which announces neither the need nor the vain desire of making -new connections. Behold, said he, a man who does not surrender himself at once. I -esteem him the more. He congratulated M. de Laval <span class="pageNum" id="pb74">[<a href="#pb74">74</a>]</span>on the agreeableness of his solitude. You come to live here, he said to him, far from -men, and you are very right to avoid them. -</p> -<p><i>I</i>, Monsieur! I do not avoid men; I am neither so weak as to fear them, so proud as -to despise them, or so unhappy as to hate them. -</p> -<p>This answer struck so home that Alceste was disconcerted by it; but he wished to sustain -his debût, and began to satirize the world. -</p> -<p>I have lived in the world like another, said M. de Laval, and I have not seen that -it was so wicked. There are vices and virtues in it,—good and evil mingled,—I confess; -but nature is so made, and one should know how to accommodate oneself to it. -</p> -<p>On my word, said Alceste, in that unison the evil governs to such a point that it -chokes the other. Sir, replied the Viscount, if one were as eager to discover good -as evil, and had the same delight in spreading the report of it,—if good examples -were made public as the bad ones almost always are,—do you not think that the good -would weigh down the balance?<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e1017src" href="#xd31e1017">1</a> But gratitude speaks so low, and indignation so loudly, that you cannot hear but -the last. Both friendship and esteem are commonly moderate in their praises; they -imitate the modesty of honour, in praise, while <span class="pageNum" id="pb75">[<a href="#pb75">75</a>]</span>resentment and mortification exaggerate everything they describe. -</p> -<p>Monsieur, said Alceste to the Viscount, you make me desire to think as you do; and -even if the sad truth were on my side, your error would be preferable. Ah, yes, without -doubt, replied M. de Laval, ill-humour is good for nothing, the fine part that it -is, for a man to play, to fall into a fit of spite like a child!—and why? For the -mistakes of the circle in which one has lived, as if the whole of nature were in the -plot against us, and responsible for the hurt we have received. -</p> -<p>You are right, replied Alceste, it would be unjust to consider all men as partners -in fault; yet how many complaints may we not justly lodge against them, as a body? -Believe me, sir, my judgment of them has serious and grave motives. You will do me -justice when you know me. Permit me to see you often! <i>Often</i>, said the Viscount, will be difficult. I have much business, and my daughter and -I have our studies, which leave us little leisure; but sometimes, if you will, let -us profit by our neighbourhood, at our ease, and without formality, for the privilege -of the country is to be alone, when we like. -</p> -<p>Some days afterwards Monsieur de Laval returned his visit, and Alceste spoke to him -of the pleasure that he doubtless felt in making so many people happy. It is a beautiful -example, he said, and, to the shame of men, a very rare one. How many persons there -are, more powerful <span class="pageNum" id="pb76">[<a href="#pb76">76</a>]</span>and more rich than you, who are nothing but a burden to their inferiors! I neither -excuse nor blame them altogether, replied M. de Laval. In order to do good, one must -know how to set about it; and do not think that it is so easy to effect our purpose. -It is not enough even to be sagacious; it is needful also to be fortunate; it is necessary -to find sensible and docile persons to manage:<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e1033src" href="#xd31e1033">2</a> and one has constantly need of much address, and patience, to lead the people, naturally -suspicious and timid, to what is really for their advantage. Indeed, said Alceste, -such excuses are continually made; but have you not conquered all these obstacles? -and why should not others conquer them? I, said M. de Laval, have been tempted by -opportunity, and seconded by accident.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e1036src" href="#xd31e1036">3</a> The people of this province, at the time that I came into possession of my estate, -were in a condition of extreme distress. I did but stretch my arms to them; they gave -themselves up to me in despair. An arbitrary tax had been lately imposed upon them, -which they regarded with so much terror that they preferred sustaining hardships to -making any appearance of having wealth; and I found, current through the country, -this desolating and destructive maxim, ‘The more we work, the more we shall be trodden -down.’<span id="xd31e1039"></span> (It is <span class="pageNum" id="pb77">[<a href="#pb77">77</a>]</span>precisely so in England to-day, also.) “<i>The men dared not be laborious; the women trembled to have children.</i><span class="corr" id="xd31e1045" title="Not in source">”</span> -</p> -<p>I went back to the source of the evil. I addressed myself to the man appointed for -the reception of the tribute. Monsieur, I said to him, my vassals groan under the -weight of the severe measures necessary to make them pay the tax. I wish to hear no -more of them; tell me what is wanting yet to make up the payment for the year, and -I will acquit the debt myself. Monsieur, replied the receiver, that cannot be. Why -not? said I. Because it is not the rule. What! is it not the rule to pay the King -the tribute that he demands with the least expense and the least delay possible? Yes, -answered he, that would be enough for the King, but it would not be enough for <i>me</i>. Where should <i>I</i> be if they paid money down? It is by the expense of the compulsory measures that -I live; they are the perquisites of my office. To this excellent reason I had nothing -to reply, but I went to see the head of the department, and obtained from him the -place of receiver-general for my peasants. -</p> -<p>My children, I then said to them, (assembling them on my return home,) I have to announce -to you that you are in future to deposit in my hands the exact amount of the King’s -tribute, and no more. There will be no more expenses, no more bailiff’s visits. Every -Sunday at the bank of the parish, your wives shall bring me their savings, and insensibly -you shall find yourselves out of debt. Work now, and cultivate your land; make the -most of it <span class="pageNum" id="pb78">[<a href="#pb78">78</a>]</span>you can; no farther tax shall be laid on you. <i>I</i> answer for this to you—I who am your father. For those who are in arrear, I will -take some measures for support, or I will advance them the sum necessary,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e1060src" href="#xd31e1060">4</a> and a few days at the dead time of the year, employed in work for me, will reimburse -me for my expenses. This plan was agreed upon, and we have followed it ever since. -The housewives of the village bring me their little offerings: I encourage them, and -speak to them of our good King; and what was an act of distressing servitude, has -become an unoppressive act of love. -</p> -<p>Finally, as there was a good deal of superfluous time, I established the workshop -that you have seen; it turns everything to account, and brings into useful service -time which would be lost between the operations of agriculture: the profits of it -are applied to public works. A still more precious advantage of this establishment -is its having greatly increased the population—more children are born, as there is -certainty of extended means for their support.” -</p> -<p>Now note, first, in this passage what material of loyalty and affection there was -still in the French heart before the Revolution; and, secondly, how useless it is -to be a good King, if the good King allows his officers to live upon the cost of compulsory -measures.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e1066src" href="#xd31e1066">5</a> <span class="pageNum" id="pb79">[<a href="#pb79">79</a>]</span>And remember that the French Revolution was the revolt of absolute loyalty and love -against the senseless cruelty of a “good King.” -</p> -<p>Next, for a little specimen of the state of our own working population; and the “compulsory—not -measures, but measureless license,” under which their loyalty and love are placed,—here -is a genuine working woman’s letter; and if the reader thinks I have given it him -in its own spelling that he may laugh at it, the reader is wrong. -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first dateline">“<i>May 12, 1873.</i> -</p> -<p class="salute">“Dear —— -</p> -<p>“Wile Reading the herald to Day on the subject on shortor houers of Labou<sup>r</sup><a class="noteRef" id="xd31e1088src" href="#xd31e1088">6</a> I was Reminded of A cercomstanc<sup>e</sup> that came under my hone notis when the 10 hours sistom Began in the cotton mills -in Lancashire I was Minding a mesheen with 30 treds in it I was then maid to mind -2 of 30 treds each with one shilling Advance of wages wich was 5<sup>s</sup> for one and 6<sup>s</sup> for tow with an increes of speed and with improved mecheens in A few years I was -minding tow mecheens with tow 100 trads Each and Dubel speed for 9<sup>s</sup> perweek so that in our improved condation we had to turn out some 100 weght per day -and we went as if the Devel was After us for 10 houers per day and with that comparetive -small Advance in money and the feemals have <span class="pageNum" id="pb80">[<a href="#pb80">80</a>]</span>ofton Been carred out fainting what with the heat and hard work and those that could -not keep up mst go and make room for a nother and all this is Done in Christian England -and then we are tould to Be content in the station of Life in wich the Lord as places -us But I say the Lord never Did place us there so we have no Right to Be content <sub>o</sub> that Right and not might was the Law yours truely C. H. S.”</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>Next to this account of Machine-labour, here is one of Hand-labour, also in a genuine -letter,—this second being to myself; (I wish the other had been also, but it was to -one of my friends.) -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first dateline">“<span class="sc">Beckenham, Kent</span>, -</p> -<p class="dateline">“<i>Sept. 24, 1873.</i> -</p> -<p>“That is a pleasant evening in our family when we read and discuss the subjects of -‘Fors Clavigera,’ and we frequently reperuse them, as for instance, within a few days, -your August letter. In page 16 I was much struck by the notice of the now exploded -use of the spinning wheel. My mother, a Cumberland woman, was a spinner, and the whole -process, from the fine thread that passed through her notable fingers, and the weaving -into linen by an old cottager—a very ‘Silas Marner,’—to the bleaching on the orchard -grass, was well known to my sister<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e1124src" href="#xd31e1124">7</a> and myself, when children. -</p> -<p>“When I married, part of the linen that I took to <span class="pageNum" id="pb81">[<a href="#pb81">81</a>]</span>my new home was my mother’s spinning, and one fine table-cloth was my grandmother’s. -<i>What factory, with its thousand spindles, and chemical bleaching powders, can send -out such linen as that, which lasted three generations?</i><a class="noteRef" id="xd31e1132src" href="#xd31e1132">8</a> -</p> -<p>“I should not have troubled you with these remarks, had I not at the moment when I -read your paragraph on hand-spinning, received a letter from my daughter, now for -a time resident in Coburg, (a friend of Octavia Hill’s,) which bears immediately on -the subject. I have therefore ventured to transcribe it for your perusal, believing -that the picture she draws from life, beautiful as it is for its simplicity, may give -you a moment’s pleasure.”</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first dateline">“<span class="sc">Coburg</span>, <i>Sept. 4, 1873</i>. -</p> -<p>“On Thursday I went to call on Frau L.; she was not in; so I went to her mother’s, -Frau E., knowing that I should find her there. They were all sitting down to afternoon -coffee, and asked me to join them, which I gladly did. I had my work-basket with me, -and as they were all at work, it was pleasant to do the same thing. Hildigard was -there; in fact she lives there, to take care of Frau E. since she had her fall and -stiffened her ankle, a year ago. Hildigard took her spinning, and tied on her white -apron, filled the little brass basin of the spinning-wheel with water, to wet her -fingers, and set the wheel a-purring. I have never seen <span class="pageNum" id="pb82">[<a href="#pb82">82</a>]</span>the process before, and it was very pretty to see her, with her white fingers, and -to hear the little low sound. It is quite a pity, I think, ladies do not do it in -England,—it is so pretty, and far nicer work than crotchet, and so on, when it is -finished. <i>This soft linen made by hand is so superior to any that you get now.</i> Presently the four children came in, and the great hunting dog, Feldman; and altogether -I thought, as dear little Frau E. sat sewing in her arm-chair, and her old sister -near her at her knitting, and Hildigard at her spinning, while pretty Frau L. sewed -at her little girl’s stuff-skirt,—all in the old-fashioned room full of old furniture, -and hung round with miniatures of still older dames and officers, in, to our eyes, -strange stiff costumes, that it was a most charming scene, and one I enjoyed as much -as going to the theatre,—which I did in the evening.”</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>A most charming scene, my dear lady, I have no doubt; just what Hengler’s Circus was, -to me, this Christmas. Now for a little more of the charming scenery outside, and -far away. -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">“<span class="sc">12, Tunstall Terrace, Sunderland</span>, -</p> -<p class="dateline">“<i>14th Feb., 1874</i>. -</p> -<p>“My dear Sir,—The rice famine is down upon us in earnest, and finds our wretched ‘administration’ -unprepared—a ministration unto death! -</p> -<p>“It can carry childish gossip ‘by return of post’ into <span class="pageNum" id="pb83">[<a href="#pb83">83</a>]</span>every village in India, but not food; no, not food even for mothers and babes. So -far has our scientific and industrial progress attained. -</p> -<p>“To-night comes news that hundreds of deaths from starvation have already occurred, -and that even high-caste women are working on the roads;—no food from stores of ours -except at the price of degrading, health-destroying, and perfectly useless toil. God -help the nation responsible for this wickedness! -</p> -<p>“Dear Mr. Ruskin, you wield the most powerful pen in England, can you not shame us -into some sense of duty, some semblance of human feeling? [Certainly not. My good -sir, as far as I know, nobody ever minds a word I say, except a few nice girls, who -are a great comfort to me, but can’t do anything. They don’t even know how to spin, -poor little lilies!] -</p> -<p>“I observe that the ‘Daily News’ of to-day is horrified at the idea that Disraeli -should dream of appropriating any part of the surplus revenue to the help of India -in this calamity [of course], and even the ‘Spectator’ calls that a ‘dangerous’ policy. -So far is even ‘the conscience of the Press’ [What next?] corrupted by the dismal -science. -</p> -<p class="signed">“I am, yours truly.”</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>So far the Third Fors has arranged matters for me; but I must put a stitch or two -into her work. -</p> -<p>Look back to my third letter, for March, 1871, page 5. You see it is said there that -the French war <span class="pageNum" id="pb84">[<a href="#pb84">84</a>]</span>and its issues were none of Napoleon’s doing, nor Count Bismarck’s; that the mischief -in them was St. Louis’s doing; and the good, such as it was, the rough father of Frederick -the Great’s doing. -</p> -<p>The father of Frederick the Great was an Evangelical divine of the strictest orthodoxy,—very -fond of beer, bacon, and tobacco, and entirely resolved to have his own way, supposing, -as pure Evangelical people always do, that his own way was God’s also. It happened, -however, for the good of Germany, that this king’s own way, to a great extent, <i>was</i> God’s also,—(we will look at Carlyle’s statement of that fact another day,)—and accordingly -he maintained, and the ghost of him,—with the help of his son, whom he had like to -have shot as a disobedient and dissipated character,—maintains to this day in Germany, -such sacred domestic life as that of which you have an account in the above letter. -Which, in peace, is entirely happy, for its own part; and, in war, irresistible. -</p> -<p>‘Entirely <i>blessed</i>,’ I had written first, too carelessly. I have had to scratch out the ‘blessed’ and -put in ‘happy.’ For blessing is only for the meek and merciful, and a German cannot -be either; he does not understand even the meaning of the words. In that is the intense, -irreconcilable difference between the French and German natures. A Frenchman is selfish -only when he is vile and lustful; but a German, selfish in the purest states of virtue -and morality. A Frenchman is arrogant <span class="pageNum" id="pb85">[<a href="#pb85">85</a>]</span>only in ignorance; but no quantity of learning ever makes a German modest. “Sir,” -says Albert Durer of his own work, (and he is the modestest German I know,) “it cannot -be better done.” Luther serenely damns the entire gospel of St. James, because St. -James happens to be not precisely of his own opinions. -</p> -<p>Accordingly, when the Germans get command of Lombardy, they bombard Venice, steal -her pictures, (which they can’t understand a single touch of,) and entirely ruin the -country, morally and physically, leaving behind them misery, vice, and intense hatred -of themselves, wherever their accursed feet have trodden. They do precisely the same -thing by France,—crush her, rob her, leave her in misery of rage and shame; and return -home, smacking their lips, and singing Te Deums. -</p> -<p>But when the French conquer England, their action upon it is entirely beneficent. -Gradually, the country, from a nest of restless savages, becomes strong and glorious; -and having good material to work upon, they make of us at last a nation stronger than -themselves. -</p> -<p>Then the strength of France perishes, virtually, through the folly of St. Louis;—her -piety evaporates, her lust gathers infectious power, and the modern Cité rises round -the Sainte Chapelle. -</p> -<p>It is a woful history. But St. Louis does not perish selfishly; and perhaps is not -wholly dead yet,—whatever Garibaldi and his red-jackets may think about him, and their -‘Holy Republic.’ -<span class="pageNum" id="pb86">[<a href="#pb86">86</a>]</span></p> -<p>Meantime Germany, through Geneva, works quaintly against France, in our British destiny, -and makes an end of many a Sainte Chapelle, in our own sweet river islands. Read Froude’s -sketch of the Influence of the Reformation on Scottish Character, in his “Short studies -on great subjects.” And that would be enough for you to think of, this month; but -as this letter is all made up of scraps, it may be as well to finish with this little -private note on Luther’s people, made last week. -</p> -<p><i>4th March, 1874.</i>—I have been horribly plagued and misguided by evangelical people, all my life; and -most of all lately; but my mother was one, and my Scotch aunt; and I have yet so much -of the superstition left in me, that I can’t help sometimes doing as evangelical people -wish,—for all I know it comes to nothing. -</p> -<p>One of them, for whom I still have some old liking left, sent me one of their horrible -sausage-books the other day, made of chopped-up Bible; but with such a solemn and -really pathetic adjuration to read a ‘text’ every morning, that, merely for old acquaintance’ -sake, I couldn’t refuse. It is all one to me, now, whether I read my Bible, or my -Homer, at one leaf or another; only I take the liberty, pace my evangelical friend, -of looking up the contexts if I happen not to know them. -</p> -<p>Now I was very much beaten and overtired yesterday, chiefly owing to a week of black -fog, spent in looking <span class="pageNum" id="pb87">[<a href="#pb87">87</a>]</span>over the work of days and people long since dead; and my ‘text’ this morning was, -“Deal courageously, and the Lord do that which seemeth Him good.” It sounds a very -saintly, submissive, and useful piece of advice; but I was not quite sure who gave -it; and it was evidently desirable to ascertain that. -</p> -<p>For, indeed, it chances to be given, not by a saint at all, but by quite one of the -most self-willed people on record in any history,—about the last in the world to let -the Lord do that which seemed Him good; if he could help it, unless it seemed just -as good to himself also,—Joab the son of Zeruiah. The son, to wit, of David’s elder -sister; who, finding that it seemed good to the Lord to advance the son of David’s -younger sister to a place of equal power with himself, unhesitatingly smites his thriving -young cousin under the fifth rib, while pretending to kiss him, and leaves him wallowing -in blood in the midst of the highway. But we have no record of the pious or resigned -expressions he made use of on that occasion. We have no record, either, of several -other matters one would have liked to know about these people. How it is, for instance, -that David has to make a brother of Saul’s son;—getting, as it seems, no brotherly -kindness—nor, more wonderful yet, sisterly kindness—at his own fireside. It is like -a German story of the seventh son—or the seventh bullet—as far as the brothers are -concerned; but these sisters, had they also no love for their brave <span class="pageNum" id="pb88">[<a href="#pb88">88</a>]</span>young shepherd brother? Did they receive no countenance from him when he was king? -Even for Zeruiah’s sake, might he not on his death-bed have at least allowed the Lord -to do what seemed Him good with Zeruiah’s son, who had so well served him in his battles, -(and so quietly in the matter of Bathsheba,) instead of charging the wisdom of Solomon -to find some subtle way of preventing his hoar head from going down to the grave in -peace? My evangelical friend will of course desire me not to wish to be wise above -that which is written. I am not to ask even who Zeruiah’s husband was?—nor whether, -in the West-end sense, he was her husband at all?—Well; but if I only want to be wise -up to the meaning of what is written? I find, indeed, nothing whatever said of David’s -elder sister’s lover;—but, of his younger sister’s lover, I find it written in this -evangelical Book-Idol, in one place, that his name was Ithra, an Israelite, and in -another that it was Jether, the Ishmaelite. Ithra or Jether, is no matter; Israelite -or Ishmaelite, perhaps matters not much; but it matters a great deal that you should -know that this is an ill written, and worse trans-written, human history, and not -by any means ‘Word of God;’ and that whatever issues of life, divine or human, there -may be in it, for you, can only be got by searching it; and not by chopping it up -into small bits and swallowing it like pills. What a trouble there is, for instance, -just now, in all manner of people’s minds, about Sunday keeping, <span class="pageNum" id="pb89">[<a href="#pb89">89</a>]</span>just because these evangelical people <i>will</i> swallow their bits of texts in an entirely indigestible state, without chewing them. -Read your Bibles honestly and utterly, my scrupulous friends, and stand by the consequences,—if -you have what true men call ‘faith.’ In the first place, determine clearly, if there -is a clear place in your brains to do it, whether you mean to observe the Sabbath -as a Jew, or the day of the Resurrection, as a Christian. Do either thoroughly; you -can’t do both. If you choose to keep the ‘Sabbath,’ in defiance of your great prophet, -St. Paul, keep the new moons too, and the other fasts and feasts of the Jewish law; -but even so, remember that the Son of Man is Lord of the Sabbath also, and that not -only it is lawful to do good upon it, but unlawful, in the strength of what you call -keeping one day Holy, to do Evil on other six days, and make those unholy; and, finally, -that neither new-moon keeping, nor Sabbath keeping, nor fasting, nor praying, will -in anywise help an evangelical city like Edinburgh to stand in the judgment higher -than Gomorrah, while her week-day arrangements for rent from her lower orders are -as follows:<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e1214src" href="#xd31e1214">9</a>— -</p> -<p>“We entered the first room by descending two steps. It seemed to be an old coal-cellar, -with an earthen floor, shining in many places from damp, and from a greenish <span class="pageNum" id="pb90">[<a href="#pb90">90</a>]</span>ooze which drained through the wall from a noxious collection of garbage outside, -upon which a small window could have looked had it not been filled up with brown paper -and rags. There was no grate, but a small fire smouldered on the floor, surrounded -by heaps of ashes. The roof was unceiled, the walls were rough and broken, the only -light came in from the open door, which let in unwholesome smells and sounds. No cow -or horse could thrive in such a hole. It was abominable. It measured eleven feet by -six feet, and the rent was 10<i>d.</i> per week, paid in advance. It was nearly dark at noon, even with the door open; but -as my eyes became accustomed to the dimness, I saw that the plenishings consisted -of an old bed, a barrel with a flagstone on the top of it for a table, a three-legged -stool, and an iron pot. A very ragged girl, sorely afflicted with ophthalmia, stood -among the ashes doing nothing. She had never been inside a school or church. She did -not know how to do anything, but ‘did for her father and brother.’ On a heap of straw, -partly covered with sacking, which was the bed in which father, son, and daughter -slept, the brother, ill with rheumatism and sore legs, was lying moaning from under -a heap of filthy rags. He had been a baker ‘over in the New Town,’ but seemed not -very likely to recover. It looked as if the sick man had crept into his dark, damp -lair, just to die of hopelessness. The father was past work, but ‘sometimes got an -odd job to do.’ The sick man had supported the three. It <span class="pageNum" id="pb91">[<a href="#pb91">91</a>]</span>was hard to be godly, impossible to be cleanly, impossible to be healthy in such circumstances. -</p> -<p>“The next room was entered by a low, dark, impeded passage about twelve feet long, -too filthy to be traversed without a light. At the extremity of this was a dark winding -stair which led up to four superincumbent storeys of crowded subdivided rooms; and -beyond this, to the right, a pitch-dark passage with a ‘room’ on either side. It was -not possible to believe that the most grinding greed could extort money from human -beings for the tenancy of such dens as those to which this passage led. They were -lairs into which a starving dog might creep to die, but nothing more. Opening a dilapidated -door, we found ourselves in a recess nearly six feet high, and nine feet in length -by five in breadth. It was not absolutely dark, yet matches aided our investigations -even at noonday. There was an earthen floor full of holes, in some of which water -had collected. The walls were black and rotten, and alive with woodlice. There was -no grate. The rent paid for this evil den, which was only ventilated by the chimney, -is 1<i>s.</i> per week, or £2 12<i>s.</i> annually! The occupier was a mason’s labourer, with a wife and three children. He -had come to Edinburgh in search of work, and could not afford a ‘higher rent.’ The -wife said that her husband took the ‘wee drap.’ So would the President of the Temperance -League himself if he were hidden away in such a hole. The contents of this lair on -our first visit were a great heap <span class="pageNum" id="pb92">[<a href="#pb92">92</a>]</span>of ashes and other refuse in one corner, some damp musty straw in another, a broken -box in the third, with a battered tin pannikin upon it, and nothing else of any kind, -saving two small children, nearly nude, covered with running sores, and pitiable from -some eye disease. Their hair was not long, but felted into wisps, and alive with vermin. -When we went in they were sitting among the ashes of an extinct fire, and blinked -at the light from our matches. Here a neighbour said they sat all day, unless their -mother was merciful enough to turn them into the gutter. We were there at eleven the -following night, and found the mother, a decent, tidy body, at ‘<i>hame</i>.’ There was a small fire then, but no other light. She complained of little besides -the darkness of the house, and said, in a tone of dull discontent, she supposed it -was ‘as good as such as they could expect in Edinburgh.’ ” -<span class="pageNum" id="pb93">[<a href="#pb93">93</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e1017"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e1017src">1</a></span> Well said, the Viscount. People think me a grumbler; but I wholly believe this,—nay, -<i>know</i> this. The world exists, indeed, only by the strength of its silent virtue. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e1017src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e1033"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e1033src">2</a></span> Well said, Viscount, again! So few people know the power of the Third Fors. If I had -not chanced to give lessons in drawing to Octavia Hill, I could have done nothing -in Marylebone, nor she either, for a while yet, I fancy. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e1033src" title="Return to note 2 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e1036"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e1036src">3</a></span> A lovely, classic, unbetterable sentence of Marmontel’s, perfect in wisdom and modesty. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e1036src" title="Return to note 3 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e1060"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e1060src">4</a></span> Not for a dividend upon it, I beg you to observe, and even the capital to be repaid -in work. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e1060src" title="Return to note 4 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e1066"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e1066src">5</a></span> Or, worse still, as <i>our</i> public men do, upon the cost of <i>non</i>-compulsory measures! <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e1066src" title="Return to note 5 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e1088"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e1088src">6</a></span> These small “powers” of terminal letters in some of the words are very curious. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e1088src" title="Return to note 6 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e1124"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e1124src">7</a></span> A lady high in the ranks of kindly English literature. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e1124src" title="Return to note 7 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e1132"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e1132src">8</a></span> Italics mine, as usual. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e1132src" title="Return to note 8 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e1214"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e1214src">9</a></span> Notes on Old Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, 1869. Things may possibly have mended -in some respects in the last five years, but they have assuredly, in the country villages, -got tenfold worse. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e1214src" title="Return to note 9 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 chapter"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">To my great satisfaction, I am asked by a pleasant correspondent, where and what the -picture of the Princess’s Dream is. High up, in an out-of-the-way corner of the Academy -of Venice, seen by no man—nor woman neither,—of all pictures in Europe the one I should -choose for a gift, if a fairy queen gave me choice,—Victor Carpaccio’s “Vision of -St. Ursula.” -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>The following letter, from the ‘Standard,’ is worth preserving:— -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">Sir,—For some time past the destruction of tons of young fry—viz., salmon, turbot, -trout, soles, cod, whiting, etc.,—in fact, every fish that is to be found in the Thames,—has -been enormous. I beg leave to say that it is now worse than ever, inasmuch as larger -nets, and an increased number of them, are used, and the trade has commenced a month -earlier than usual, from the peculiarity of the season. -</p> -<p>At this time there are, at one part of the river, four or five vessels at work, which -in one tide catch three tons of fry; this is sifted and picked over by hand, and about -three per cent. of fry is all that can be picked out small enough for the London market. -The remainder of course dies during the process, and is thrown overboard! Does the -London consumer realize the fact that at least thirty tons a week of young fry<span id="xd31e1249"></span> are thus sacrificed? Do Londoners know that under the name of “whitebait” they eat -a mixture largely composed of <span class="pageNum" id="pb94">[<a href="#pb94">94</a>]</span>sprat fry, a fish which at Christmas cost 9d. a bushel, but which now fetches 2s. -a quart, which is £3 4s. a bushel? (Price regulated by Demand and Supply, you observe!—J. -R.) It is bad enough that so many young salmon and trout are trapped and utterly wasted -in these nets; but is it fair towards the public thus to diminish their supply of -useful and cheap food? -</p> -<p>Mr. Frank Buckland would faint, were he to see the wholesale destruction of young -fry off Southend (on one fishing-ground only). I may truly say that the fishermen -themselves are ashamed of the havoc they are making—well they may be; but who is to -blame? -</p> -<p class="signed">I have the honour to be, etc., <br><span class="sc">Pisciculus</span>. -</p> -<p class="dateline"><i>Feb. 23.</i></p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>The following note, written long before the last Fors on fish, bears on some of the -same matters, and may as well find place now. Of the Bishop to whom it alludes, I -have also something to say in next, or next, Fors. The note itself refers to what -I said about the defence of Pope, who, like all other gracious men, had grave faults; -and who, like all other wise men, is intensely obnoxious to evangelical divines. I -don’t know what school of divines Mr. Elwyn belongs to; nor did I know his name when -I wrote the note: I have been surprised, since, to see how good his work is; he writes -with the precise pomposity of Macaulay, and in those worst and fatallest forms of -fallacy which are true as far as they reach. -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">“There is an unhappy wretch of a clergyman I read of in the papers—spending his life -industriously in showing the meanness of Alexander Pope—and how Alexander Pope cringed, -and lied. He cringed—yes—to his friends;—nor is any man good for much who will not -play spaniel to his friend, or his mistress, <span class="pageNum" id="pb95">[<a href="#pb95">95</a>]</span>on occasion;—to how many more than their friends do average clergymen cringe? I have -had a Bishop go round the Royal Academy even with <i>me</i>,—pretending he liked painting, when he was eternally incapable of knowing anything -whatever about it. Pope lied also—alas, yes, for his vanity’s sake. Very woful. But -he did not pass the whole of his life in trying to anticipate, or appropriate, or -efface, other people’s discoveries, as your modern men of science do so often; and -for lying—any average partizan of religious dogma tells more lies in his pulpit in -defence of what in his heart he knows to be indefensible, on any given Sunday, than -Pope did in his whole life. Nay, how often is your clergyman himself nothing but a -lie rampant—in the true old sense of the word,—creeping up into his pulpit pretending -that he is there as a messenger of God, when he really took the place that he might -be able to marry a pretty girl, and live like a ‘gentleman’ as he thinks. Alas! how -infinitely more of a gentleman if he would but hold his foolish tongue, and get a -living honestly—by street-sweeping, or any other useful occupation—instead of sweeping -the dust of his own thoughts into people’s eyes—as this ‘biographer.’ ”</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>I shall have a good deal to say about human madness, in the course of Fors; the following -letter, concerning the much less mischievous rabies of Dogs, is, however, also valuable. -Note especially its closing paragraph. I omit a sentence here and there which seems -to me unnecessary. -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">“On the 7th June last there appeared in the ‘Macclesfield Guardian’ newspaper a letter -on Rabies and the muzzling and confining of Dogs, signed ‘Beth-Gêlert.’ That communication -contained several facts and opinions relating to the disease; the possible causes -of the same; and the uselessness and cruelty of muzzling and confinement as a preventive -to it. The first-named <span class="pageNum" id="pb96">[<a href="#pb96">96</a>]</span>unnatural practice has been condemned (as was there shown) by no less authority than -the leading medical journal of England,—which has termed muzzling ‘<i>a great practical mistake, and one which cannot fail to have an injurious effect both -upon the health and temper of dogs; for, although rabies is a dreadful thing, dogs -ought not, any more than men, to be constantly treated as creatures likely to go mad</i>.’ -</p> -<p>“This information and judgment, however, seem insufficient to convince some minds, -even although they have no observations or arguments to urge in opposition. It may -be useful to the public to bring forward an opinion on the merits of that letter expressed -by the late Thomas Turner, of Manchester, who was not only a member of the Council, -but one of the ablest and most experienced surgeons in Europe. The words of so eminent -a professional man cannot but be considered valuable, and must have weight with the -sensible and sincere; though on men of an opposite character all evidence, all reason, -is too often utterly cast away. -</p> -<p class="dateline">“<span class="sc">Mosley Street</span>, <i>June 8, 1873</i>. -</p> -<p>“ ‘Dear ——,—Thanks for your sensible letter. It contains great and <i>kind</i> truths, and such as humanity should applaud. On the subject you write about there -is a large amount of ignorance both in and out of the profession. -</p> -<p class="signed">“Ever yours, <br>“<span class="sc">Thomas Turner</span>.’ -</p> -<p>“In addition to the foregoing statement of the founder of the Manchester Royal School -of Medicine and Surgery, the opinion shall now be given of one of the best veterinarians -in London, who, writing on the above letter in the ‘Macclesfield Guardian,’ observed,—‘<i>With regard to your paper on muzzling dogs, I feel certain from observation that the -restraint put upon them by the muzzle is productive of evil, and has a tendency to -cause fits, etc.</i>’ -<span class="pageNum" id="pb97">[<a href="#pb97">97</a>]</span></p> -<p>“Rabies, originally spontaneous, was probably created, like many other evils which -afflict humanity, by the viciousness, ignorance, and selfishness of man himself. ‘<i>Man’s inhumanity to man makes countless thousands mourn</i>,’—wrote the great peasant and national poet of Scotland. He would have uttered even -a wider and more embracing truth had he said, man’s inhumanity to his <i>fellow-creatures</i> makes countless millions mourn. Rabies is most prevalent amongst the breeds of dogs -bred and maintained for the atrocious sports of ‘the pit;’ they are likewise the most -dangerous when victims to that dreadful malady. Moreover, dogs kept to worry other -animals are also among those most liable to the disease, and the most to be feared -when mad. But, on the other hand, dogs who live as the friends and companions of men -of true humanity, and never exposed to annoyance or ill-treatment, remain gentle and -affectionate even under the excruciating agonies of this dire disease. Delabere Blaine, -first an army surgeon and subsequently the greatest veterinarian of this or probably -of any other nation, tells us in his ‘Canine Pathology,’— -</p> -<p>“ ‘It will sensibly affect any one to witness the earnest, imploring look I have often -seen from the unhappy sufferers under this dreadful malady. The strongest attachment -has been manifested to those around during their utmost sufferings; and the parched -tongue has been carried over the hands and feet of those who noticed them, with more -than usual fondness. This disposition has continued to the last moment of life,—in -many cases, without one manifestation of any inclination to bite, or to do the smallest -harm.’ -</p> -<p>“Here is another instance of ‘with whatsoever measure ye mete, it shall be measured -to you again.’ The cruelty of man, as it ever does, recoils, like a viper, ultimately -on man. He who invests in the Bank of Vice receives back his capital with compound -interest at a high rate and to the uttermost farthing. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb98">[<a href="#pb98">98</a>]</span></p> -<p>“When a mad dog bites many people, he sometimes quits scores for a long, long arrear -of brutalities, insults, and oppression inflicted upon him by the baser portion of -mankind:—the hard blow, the savage kick, the loud curse, the vile annoyance, the insulting -word, the starving meal, the carrion food, the shortened chain, the rotten straw, -the dirty kennel (appropriate name), the bitter winter’s night, the parching heat -of summer, the dull and dreary years of hopeless imprisonment, the thousand aches -which patient merit of the unworthy takes, are represented, culminate there; and the -cup man has poisoned, man is forced to drink. -</p> -<p>“All these miseries are often, too often, the lot of this most affectionate creature, -who has truly been called ‘our faithful friend, gallant protector, and useful servant.’ -</p> -<p>“No muzzling, murder, or incarceration tyrannically inflicted on this much-enduring, -much-insulted slave by his master, will ever extirpate rabies. No abuse of the wondrous -creature beneficently bestowed by the Omniscient and Almighty on ungrateful man, to -be the friend of the poor and the guardian of the rich, will ever extirpate rabies. -Mercy and justice would help us much more. -</p> -<p>“In many lands the disease is utterly unknown,—in the land of Egypt, for example, -where dogs swarm in all the towns and villages. Yet the follower of Mohammed, more -humane than the follower of Christ,—to our shame be it spoken,—neither imprisons, -muzzles, nor murders them. England, it is believed, never passed such an Act of Parliament -as this before the present century. There is, certainly, in the laws of Canute a punishment -awarded to the man whose dog went mad, and by his negligence wandered up and down -the country. A far more sensible measure than our own. Canute punished the <i>man</i>, not the <i>dog</i>. Also, in Edward the Third’s reign, all owners of fighting dogs whose dogs were found -wandering about the <span class="pageNum" id="pb99">[<a href="#pb99">99</a>]</span>streets of London were fined. Very different species of legislation from the brainless -or brutal Dog’s Act of 1871, passed by a number of men, not one of whom it is probable -either knew or cared to know anything of the nature of the creature they legislated -about; not even that he perspires, not by means of his skin, but performs this vital -function by means of his tongue, and that to muzzle <i>him</i> is tantamount to coating the skin of a man all over with paint or gutta-percha. Such -selfishness and cruelty in this age appears to give evidence towards proof of the -assertion made by our greatest writer on Art,—that ‘we are now getting cruel in our -avarice,’—‘our hearts, of iron and clay, have hurled the Bible in the face of our -God, and fallen down to grovel before Mammon.’—If not, how is it that we can so abuse -one of the Supreme’s most choicest works,—a creature sent to be man’s friend, and -whose devotion so often ‘puts to shame all human attachments’? -</p> -<p>“We are reaping what we have sown: Rabies certainly seems on the increase in this -district,—in whose neighbourhood, it is stated, muzzling was first practised. It may -spread more widely if we force a crop. The best way to check it, is to do our duty -to the noble creature the Almighty has entrusted to us, and treat him with the humanity -and affection he so eminently deserves. To deprive him of liberty and exercise; to -chain him like a felon; to debar him from access to his natural medicine; to prevent -him from following the overpowering instincts of his being and the laws of Nature, -is conduct revolting to reason and religion. -</p> -<p>“The disease of rabies comes on by degrees, not suddenly. Its symptoms can easily -be read. Were knowledge more diffused, people would know the approach of the malady, -and take timely precautions. To do as we now do,—namely, drive the unhappy creatures -insane, into an agonizing sickness by sheer ignorance or inhumanity, and then, because -one is ill, <span class="pageNum" id="pb100">[<a href="#pb100">100</a>]</span>tie up the mouths of the healthy, and unnaturally restrain all the rest, is it not -the conduct of idiots rather than of reasonable beings? -</p> -<p>“Why all this hubbub about a disease which causes less loss of life than almost any -other complaint known, and whose fatal effects can, in almost every case, be surely -and certainly prevented by a surgeon? If our lawgivers and lawmakers (who, by the -way, although the House of Commons is crowded with lawyers, do not in these times -draw Acts of Parliament so that they can be comprehended, without the heavy cost of -going to a superior court,) wish to save human life, let them educate the hearts as -well as heads of Englishmen, and give more attention to boiler and colliery explosions, -railway smashes, and rotten ships; to the overcrowding and misery of the poor; to -the adulteration of food and medicines. Also, to dirt, municipal stupidity, and neglect; -by which one city alone, Manchester, loses annually above three thousand lives. -</p> -<p class="signed">“I am, your humble servant, -</p> -<p class="signed">“<span class="sc">Beth-Gelert</span>.”</p> -</blockquote><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb101">[<a href="#pb101">101</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 chapter"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="super">FORS CLAVIGERA.</h2> -<h2 class="main">LETTER XLI.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first dateline"><span class="sc">Paris</span>, <i>1st April, 1874</i>. -</p> -<p>I find there are still primroses in Kent, and that it is possible still to see blue -sky in London in the early morning. It was entirely pure as I drove down past my old -Denmark Hill gate, bound for Cannon Street Station, on Monday morning last; gate, -closed now on me for evermore, that used to open gladly enough when I came back to -it from work in Italy. Now, father and mother and nurse all dead, and the roses of -the spring, prime or late—what are they to me? -</p> -<p>But I want to know, rather, what are they to <i>you</i>? What have <i>you</i>, workers in England, to do with April, or May, or June either; your mill-wheels go -no faster for the sunshine, do they? and you can’t get more smoke up the chimneys -because more sap goes up the trunks. Do you so much as know or care who May was, or -her son, Shepherd of the heathen souls, so despised of you <span class="pageNum" id="pb102">[<a href="#pb102">102</a>]</span>Christians? Nevertheless, I have a word or two to say to you in the light of the hawthorn -blossom, only you must read some rougher ones first. I have printed the June Fors -together with this, because I want you to read the June one first, only the substance -of it is not good for the May-time; but read it, and when you get to near the end, -where it speaks of the distinctions between the sins of the hot heart and the cold, -come back to this, for I want you to think in the flush of May what strength is in -the flush of the heart also. You will find that in all my late books (during the last -ten years) I have summed the needful virtue of men under the terms of gentleness and -justice; gentleness being the virtue which distinguishes gentlemen from churls, and -justice that which distinguishes honest men from rogues. Now gentleness may be defined -as the Habit or State of Love; the Red Carita of Giotto (see account of her in Letter -Seventh); and ungentleness or clownishness, the opposite State or Habit of Lust. -</p> -<p>Now there are three great loves that rule the souls of men: the love of what is lovely -in creatures, and of what is lovely in things, and what is lovely in report. And these -three loves have each their relative corruption, a lust—the lust of the flesh, the -lust of the eyes, and the pride of life. -</p> -<p>And, as I have just said, a gentleman is distinguished from a churl by the purity -of sentiment he can reach in all these three passions: by his imaginative love, as -<span class="pageNum" id="pb103">[<a href="#pb103">103</a>]</span>opposed to lust; his imaginative possession of wealth as opposed to avarice; his imaginative -desire of honour as opposed to pride. -</p> -<p>And it is quite possible for the simplest workman or labourer for whom I write to -understand what the feelings of a gentleman are, and share them, if he will; but the -crisis and horror of this present time are that its desire of money, and the fulness -of luxury dishonestly attainable by common persons, are gradually making churls of -all men; and the nobler passions are not merely disbelieved, but even the conception -of them seems ludicrous to the impotent churl mind; so that, to take only so poor -an instance of them as my own life—because I have passed it in almsgiving, not in -fortune-hunting; because I have laboured always for the honour of others, not my own, -and have chosen rather to make men look to Turner and Luini, than to form or exhibit -the skill of my own hand; because I have lowered my rents, and assured the comfortable -lives of my poor tenants, instead of taking from them all I could force for the roofs -they needed; because I love a wood walk better than a London street, and would rather -watch a seagull fly than shoot it, and rather hear a thrush sing than eat it; finally, -because I never disobeyed my mother, because I have honoured all women with solemn -worship, and have been kind even to the unthankful and the evil; therefore the hacks -of English art and literature wag their heads at me, and the poor wretch who pawns -the dirty linen of his soul daily for a <span class="pageNum" id="pb104">[<a href="#pb104">104</a>]</span>bottle of sour wine and a cigar, talks of the “effeminate sentimentality of Ruskin.” -</p> -<p>Now of these despised sentiments, which in all ages have distinguished the gentleman -from the churl, the first is that reverence for womanhood which, even through all -the cruelties of the Middle Ages, developed itself with increasing power until the -thirteenth century, and became consummated in the imagination of the Madonna, which -ruled over all the highest arts and purest thoughts of that age. -</p> -<p>To the common Protestant mind the dignities ascribed to the Madonna have been always -a violent offence; they are one of the parts of the Catholic faith which are openest -to reasonable dispute, and least comprehensible by the average realistic and materialist -temper of the Reformation. But after the most careful examination, neither as adversary -nor as friend, of the influences of Catholicism for good and evil, I am persuaded -that the worship of the Madonna has been one of its noblest and most vital graces, -and has never been otherwise than productive of true holiness of life and purity of -character. I do not enter into any question as to the truth or fallacy of the idea; -I no more wish to defend the historical or theological position of the Madonna than -that of St. Michael or St. Christopher; but I am certain that to the habit of reverent -belief in, and contemplation of, the character ascribed to the heavenly hierarchies, -we must ascribe the highest results yet achieved in human nature, <span class="pageNum" id="pb105">[<a href="#pb105">105</a>]</span>and that it is neither Madonna-worship nor saint-worship, but the evangelical self-worship -and hell-worship—gloating, with an imagination as unfounded as it is foul, over the -torments of the damned, instead of the glories of the blest,—which have in reality -degraded the languid powers of Christianity to their present state of shame and reproach. -There has probably not been an innocent cottage home throughout the length and breadth -of Europe during the whole period of vital Christianity, in which the imagined presence -of the Madonna has not given sanctity to the humblest duties, and comfort to the sorest -trials of the lives of women; and every brightest and loftiest achievement of the -arts and strength of manhood has been the fulfilment of the assured prophecy of the -poor Israelite maiden, “He that is mighty hath magnified me, and Holy is His name.” -What we are about to substitute for such magnifying in our modern wisdom, let the -reader judge from two slight things that chanced to be noticed by me in my walk round -Paris. I generally go first to Our Lady’s Church, for though the towers and most part -of the walls are now merely the modern model of the original building, much of the -portal sculpture is still genuine, and especially the greater part of the lower arcades -of the north-west door, where the common entrance is. I always held these such valuable -pieces of the thirteenth century work that I had them cast, in mass, some years ago, -brought away casts, eight feet high by twelve wide, and gave them to the <span class="pageNum" id="pb106">[<a href="#pb106">106</a>]</span>Architectural Museum. So as I was examining these, and laboriously gleaning what was -left of the old work among M. Violet le Duc’s fine fresh heads of animals and points -of leaves, I saw a brass plate in the back of one of the niches, where the improperly -magnified saints used to be. At first I thought it was over one of the usual almsboxes -which have a right to be at church entrances (if anywhere); but catching sight of -an English word or two on it, I stopped to read, and read to the following effect:— -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first xd31e1382">“F. du Larin, <br>office <br>of the <br>Victoria Pleasure Trips <br>And Excursions to Versailles. <br>Excursions to the Battle-fields round Paris. -</p> -<p>“A four-horse coach with an English guide starts daily from Notre Dame Cathedral, -at 10½ a.m. for Versailles, by the Bois de Boulogne, St. Cloud, Montretout, and Ville -d’Avray. Back in Paris at 5½ p.m. Fares must be secured one day in advance at the -entrance of Notre Dame. -</p> -<p class="signed">The Manager, H. du Larin.”</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>“<span lang="la">Magnificat anima mea Dominum, quia respexit humilitatem ancillæ Suæ.</span>” Truly it seems to be time that God should again regard the lowliness of His handmaiden, -now that she has become keeper of the coach <span class="pageNum" id="pb107">[<a href="#pb107">107</a>]</span>office for excursions to Versailles. The arrangement becomes still more perfect in -the objects of this Christian joyful pilgrimage (<i>from</i> Canterbury, as it were, instead of to it), the “Battle-fields round Paris!” -</p> -<p>From Notre Dame I walked back into the livelier parts of the city, though in no very -lively mood; but recovered some tranquillity in the <span lang="fr">Marché aux fleurs</span>, which is a pleasant spectacle in April, and then made some circuit of the Boulevards, -where, as the third Fors would have it, I suddenly came in view of one of the temples -of the modern superstition, which is to replace Mariolatry. For it seems that human -creatures <i>must</i> imagine something or someone in Apotheosis, and the Assumption of the Virgin, and -Titian’s or Tintoret’s views on that matter being held reasonable no more, apotheosis -of some other power follows as a matter of course. Here accordingly is one of the -modern hymns on the Advent of Spring, which replace now in France the sweet Cathedral -services of the Mois de Marie. It was printed in vast letters on a white sheet, dependent -at the side of the porch or main entrance to the fur shop of the “<span lang="fr">Compagnie Anglo-Russe.</span>” -</p> -<p lang="fr">“Le printemps s’annonce avec son gracieux cortège de rayons et de fleurs. Adieu, l’hiver! -C’en est bien fini! Et cependant il faut que toutes ces fourrures soient enlevées, -vendues, données, dans ces 6 jours. C’est une aubaine inesperée, un placement fabuleux; -car, qu’on ne l’oublie pas, la fourrure vraie, la belle, la riche, a toujours <span class="pageNum" id="pb108">[<a href="#pb108">108</a>]</span>sa valeur intrinsique. Et, comme couronnement de cette sorte d’<span class="sc">Apothéose</span> la C<sup>ie.</sup> Anglo-Russe remet gratis à tout acheteur un talisman merveilleux pour conserver la -fourrure pendant 10 saisons.” -</p> -<p>“Unto Adam also, and to his wife, did the Lord God make coats of skins and clothed -them.” -</p> -<p>The Anglo-Russian company having now superseded Divine labour in such matters, you -have also, instead of the grand old Dragon-Devil with his “Ye shall be as Gods, knowing -good and evil,” only a little weasel of a devil with an ermine tip to his tail, advising -you, “Ye shall be as Gods, buying your skins cheap.” -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>I am a simpleton, am I, to quote such an exploded book as Genesis? My good wiseacre -readers, I know as many flaws in the book of Genesis as the best of you, but I knew -the book before I knew its flaws, while you know the flaws, and never have known the -book, nor can know it. And it is at present much the worse for you; for indeed the -stories of this book of Genesis have been the nursery tales of men mightiest whom -the world has yet seen in art, and policy, and virtue, and none of you will write -better stories for your children, yet awhile. And your little Cains will learn quickly -enough to ask if they are their brother’s keepers, and your little Fathers of Canaan -merrily enough to show their own father’s nakedness without dread either of banishment -or malediction; but many a day will pass, and their evil <span class="pageNum" id="pb109">[<a href="#pb109">109</a>]</span>generations vanish with it, in that sudden nothingness of the wicked, “He passed away, -and lo, he was not,” before one will again rise, of whose death there may remain the -Divine tradition, “He walked with God, and was not, for God took him.” Apotheosis! -How the dim hope of it haunts even the last degradation of men; and through the six -thousand years from Enoch, and the vague Greek ages which dreamed of their twin-hero -stars, declines, in this final stage of civilization, into dependence on the sweet -promise of the Anglo-Russian tempter, with his ermine tail, “Ye shall be as Gods, -and buy cat-skin cheap.” -</p> -<p>So it must be. I know it, my good wiseacres. You can have no more Queens of Heaven, -nor assumptions of triumphing saints. Even your simple country Queen of May, whom -once you worshipped for a goddess—has not little Mr. Faraday analysed her, and proved -her to consist of charcoal and water, combined under what the Duke of Argyll calls -the “reign of law”? Your once fortune-guiding stars, which used to twinkle in a mysterious -manner, and to make you wonder what they were,—everybody knows what they are now: -only hydrogen gas, and they stink as they twinkle. My wiseacre acquaintances, it is -very fine, doubtless, for you to know all these things, who have plenty of money in -your pockets, and nothing particular to burden your chemical minds; but for the poor, -who have nothing in their pockets, and the wretched, who have much on their <span class="pageNum" id="pb110">[<a href="#pb110">110</a>]</span>hearts, what in the world is the good of knowing that the only heaven they have to -go to is a large gasometer? -</p> -<p>“Poor and wretched!” you answer. “But when once everybody is convinced that heaven -is a large gasometer, and when we have turned all the world into a small gasometer, -and can drive round it by steam, and in forty minutes be back again where we were,—nobody -will be poor or wretched any more. Sixty pounds on the square inch,—can anybody be -wretched under that general application of high pressure?” -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p class="dateline">(Assisi, 15th April.) -</p> -<p>Good wiseacres, yes; it seems to me, at least, more than probable: but if not, and -you all find yourselves rich and merry, with steam legs and steel hearts, I am well -assured there will be found yet room, where your telescopes have not reached, nor -can,—grind you their lenses ever so finely,—room for the quiet souls, who choose for -their part, poverty, with light and peace. -</p> -<p>I am writing at a narrow window, which looks out on some broken tiles and a dead wall. -A wall dead in the profoundest sense, you wiseacres would think it. Six hundred years -old, and as strong as when it was built, and paying nobody any interest, and still -less commission, on the cost of repair. Both sides of the street, or pathway rather,—it -is not nine feet wide,—are similarly built with solid blocks of grey marble, arched -rudely above <span class="pageNum" id="pb111">[<a href="#pb111">111</a>]</span>the windows, with here and there a cross on the keystones. -</p> -<p>If I chose to rise from my work and walk a hundred yards down this street (if one -may so call the narrow path between grey walls, as quiet and lonely as a sheep-walk -on Shap Fells,) I should come to a small prison-like door; and over the door is a -tablet of white marble let into the grey, and on the tablet is written, in contracted -Latin, what in English signifies:— -</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“Here, Bernard the Happy<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e1457src" href="#xd31e1457">1</a> </p> -<p class="line">Received St. Francis of Assisi, </p> -<p class="line">And saw him, in ecstacy.” </p> -</div> -<p class="first">Good wiseacres, you believe nothing of the sort, do you? Nobody ever yet was in ecstacy, -you think, till now, when they may buy cat-skin cheap? -</p> -<p>Do you believe in Blackfriars Bridge, then; and admit that some day or other there -must have been reason to call it “Black Friar’s”? As surely as the bridge stands over -Thames, and St. Paul’s above it, these two men, Paul and Francis, had their ecstacies, -in bygone days, concerning other matters than ermine tails; and still the same ecstacies, -or effeminate sentiments, are possible to human creatures, believe it or not as you -will. I am <span class="pageNum" id="pb112">[<a href="#pb112">112</a>]</span>not now, whatever the ‘Pall Mall Gazette’ may think, an ecstatic person myself. But -thirty years ago I knew once or twice what joy meant, and have not forgotten the feeling; -nay, even so little a while as two years ago, I had it back again—for a day. And I -can assure you, good wiseacres, there is such a thing to be had; but not in cheap -shops, nor, I was going to say, for money; yet in a certain sense it is buyable—by -forsaking all that a man hath. Buyable—literally enough—the freehold Elysian field -at that price, but not a doit cheaper; and I believe, at this moment, the reason my -voice has an uncertain sound, the reason that this design of mine stays unhelped, -and that only a little group of men and women, moved chiefly by personal regard, stand -with me in a course so plain and true, is that I have not yet given myself to it wholly, -but have halted between good and evil, and sit still at the receipt of custom, and -am always looking back from the plough. -</p> -<p>It is not wholly my fault this. There seem to me good reasons why I should go on with -my work in Oxford; good reasons why I should have a house of my own with pictures -and library; good reasons why I should still take interest from the bank; good reasons -why I should make myself as comfortable as I can, wherever I go; travel with two servants, -and have a dish of game at dinner. It is true, indeed, that I have given the half -of my goods and more to the poor; it is true also that the work in Oxford is not a -matter <span class="pageNum" id="pb113">[<a href="#pb113">113</a>]</span>of pride, but of duty with me; it is true that I think it wiser to live what seems -to other people a rational and pleasant, not an enthusiastic, life; and that I serve -my servants at least as much as they serve me. But, all this being so, I find there -is yet something wrong; I have no peace, still less ecstacy. It seems to me as if -one had indeed to wear camel’s hair instead of dress coats before one can get that; -and I was looking at St. Francis’s camel’s-hair coat yesterday (they have it still -in the sacristy), and I don’t like the look of it at all; the Anglo-Russian Company’s -wear is ever so much nicer,—let the devil at least have this due. -</p> -<p>And he must have a little more due even than this. It is not at all clear to me how -far the Beggar and Pauper Saint, whose marriage with the Lady Poverty I have come -here to paint from Giotto’s dream of it,—how far, I say, the mighty work he did in -the world was owing to his vow of poverty, or diminished by it. If he had been content -to preach love alone, whether among poor or rich, and if he had understood that love, -for all God’s creatures, was one and the same blessing; and that, if he was right -to take the doves out of the fowler’s hand, that they might build their nests, he -was himself wrong when he went out in the winter’s night on the hills, and made for -himself dolls of snow, and said, “Francis, these—behold—these are thy wife and thy -children.” If instead of quitting his father’s trade, that he might nurse lepers, -he had made <span class="pageNum" id="pb114">[<a href="#pb114">114</a>]</span>his father’s trade holy and pure, and honourable more than beggary, perhaps at this -day the Black Friars might yet have had an unruined house by Thames shore, and the -children of his native village not be standing in the porches of the temple built -over his tomb, to ask alms of the infidel. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb115">[<a href="#pb115">115</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e1457"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e1457src">1</a></span> “Bernard the happy.” The Beato of Mont Oliveto; not Bernard of Clairvaux. The entire -inscription is, “received St. Francis of Assisi to supper and bed”; but it I had written -it so, it would have appeared that St. Francis’s ecstacy was in consequence of his -getting his supper. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e1457src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 chapter"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="super">FORS CLAVIGERA.</h2> -<h2 class="main">LETTER XLII.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">I must construct my letters still, for a while, of swept-up fragments; every day provokes -me to write new matter; but I must not lose the fruit of the old days. Here is some -worth picking up, though ill-ripened for want of sunshine, (the little we had spending -itself on the rain,) last year. -</p> -<p class="dateline"><i>1st August, 1873.</i> -</p> -<p>“Not being able to work steadily this morning, because there was a rainbow half a -mile broad, and violet-bright, on the shoulders of the Old Man of Coniston—(by calling -it half a mile broad, I mean that half a mile’s breadth of mountain was coloured by -it,—and by calling it violet-bright, I mean that the violet zone of it came pure against -the grey rocks; and note, by the way, that essentially all the colours of the rainbow -are secondary;—yellow exists only as a line—red as a line—blue as a line; but the -zone itself is of varied orange, green, and violet,)—not being able, I say, for steady -work, I opened <span class="pageNum" id="pb116">[<a href="#pb116">116</a>]</span>an old diary of 1849, and as the third Fors would have it, at this extract from the -Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. -</p> -<p>(Venice.) -</p> -<p>“The Prince of Saxony went to see the Arsenal three days ago, waited on by a numerous -nobility of both sexes; the Bucentaur was adorned and launched, a magnificent collation -given; and we sailed a little in it. I was in company with the Signora Justiniani -Gradenigo and Signora Marina Crizzo. There were two cannons founded in his (the Prince -of Saxony’s) presence, and a galley built and launched in an hour’s time.” (Well may -Dante speak of that busy Arsenal!) -</p> -<p>“Last night there was a concert of voices and instruments at the Hospital of the Incurabili, -where there were two girls that in the opinion of all people excel either Faustina -or Cuzzoni. -</p> -<p>“I am invited to-morrow to the Foscarini to dinner, which is to be followed by a concert -and a ball.” -</p> -<p>The account of a regatta follows, in which the various nobles had boats costing £1000 -sterling each, none less than £500, and enough of them to look like a little fleet. -The Signora Pisani Mocenigo’s represented the Chariot of the Night, drawn by four -sea-horses, and showing the rising of the moon, accompanied with stars, the statues -on each side representing the Hours, to the number of twenty-four. -</p> -<p>Pleasant times, these, for Venice! one’s Bucentaur <span class="pageNum" id="pb117">[<a href="#pb117">117</a>]</span>launched, wherein to eat, buoyantly, a magnificent collation—beautiful ladies driving -their ocean steeds in the Chariot of the Night—beautiful songs, at the Hospital of -the Incurabili. Much bettered, these, from the rough days when one had to row and -fight for life, thought Venice; better days still, in the nineteenth century, being—as -she appears to believe now—in store for her. -</p> -<p>You thought, I suppose, that in writing those numbers of Fors last year from Venice -and Verona, I was idling, or digressing? -</p> -<p>Nothing of the kind. The business of Fors is to tell you of Venice and Verona; and -many things of them. -</p> -<p>You don’t care about Venice and Verona? Of course not. Who does? And I beg you to -observe that the day is coming when, exactly in the same sense, active working men -will say to any antiquarian who purposes to tell them something of England, “We don’t -care about England.” And the antiquarian will answer, just as I have answered you -now, “Of course not. Who does?” -</p> -<p>Nay, the saying has been already said to me, and by a wise and good man. When I asked, -at the end of my inaugural lecture at Oxford, “Will you, youths of England, make your -country again a royal throne of kings, a sceptred isle, for all the world a source -of light—a centre of peace?”—my University friends came to me, with grave faces, to -remonstrate against irrelevant and Utopian topics of that nature being introduced -in <span class="pageNum" id="pb118">[<a href="#pb118">118</a>]</span>lectures on art; and a very dear American friend wrote to me, when I sent the lecture -to him, in some such terms as these: “Why will you diminish your real influence for -good, by speaking as if England could now take any dominant place in the world? How -many millions, think you, are there here, of the activest spirits of their time, who -care nothing for England, and would read no farther, after coming upon such a passage?” -</p> -<p>That England deserves little care from any man nowadays, is fatally true; that in -a century more she will be—where Venice is—among the dead of nations, is far more -than probable. And yet—that you do not care for dead Venice, is the sign of your own -ruin; and that the Americans do not care for dying England, is only the sign of their -inferiority to her. -</p> -<p>For this dead Venice once taught us to be merchants, sailors, and gentlemen; and this -dying England taught the Americans all they have of speech, or thought, hitherto. -What thoughts they have not learned from England are foolish thoughts; what words -they have not learned from England, unseemly words; the vile among them not being -able even to be humorous parrots, but only obscene mocking birds. An American republican -woman, lately, describes a child which “like cherubim and seraphim continually did -cry;”<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e1509src" href="#xd31e1509">1</a> such their feminine learning of the European fashions of ‘Te Deum’! And, as I tell -<span class="pageNum" id="pb119">[<a href="#pb119">119</a>]</span>you, Venice in like manner taught us, when she and we were honest, our marketing, -and our manners. Then she began trading in pleasure, and souls of men, before us; -followed that Babylonish trade to her death,—we nothing loth to imitate, so plausible -she was, in her mythic gondola, and Chariot of the Night! But where her pilotage has -for the present carried her, and is like to carry <i>us</i>, it may be well to consider. And therefore I will ask you to glance back to my twentieth -letter, giving account of the steam music, the modern Tasso’s echoes, practised on -her principal lagoon. That is her present manner, you observe, of “whistling <i>at her darg</i>.” But for festivity <i>after</i> work, or altogether superseding work—launching one’s adorned Bucentaur for collation—let -us hear what she is doing in that kind. -</p> -<p>From the Rinnovamento (Renewal, or Revival,) “Gazette of the people of Venice” of -2nd July, 1872, I print, in my terminal notes, a portion of one of their daily correspondent’s -letters, describing his pleasures of the previous day, of which I here translate a -few pregnant sentences. -</p> -<p>“I embarked on a little steamboat. It was elegant—it was vast. But its contents were -enormously greater than its capacity. The little steamboat overflowed<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e1523src" href="#xd31e1523">2</a> with men, women, and boys. The Commandant, a proud young man, cried, ‘Come in, come -in!’ and the <span class="pageNum" id="pb120">[<a href="#pb120">120</a>]</span>crowd became always more close, and one could scarcely breathe” (the heroic exhortations -of the proud youth leading his public to this painful result). “All at once a delicate -person<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e1528src" href="#xd31e1528">3</a> of the piazza, feeling herself unwell, cried ‘I suffocate.’ The Commandant perceived -that suffocation did veritably prevail, and gave the word of command, ‘Enough.’ -</p> -<p>“In eighteen minutes I had the good fortune to land safe at the establishment, ‘The -Favourite.’ And here my eyes opened for wonder. In truth, only a respectable force -of will could have succeeded in transforming this place, only a few months ago still -desert and uncultivated, into a site of delights. Long alleys, grassy carpets, small -mountains, charming little banks, châlets, solitary and mysterious paths, and then -an interminable covered way which conducts to the bathing establishment; and in that, -attendants dressed in mariners’ dresses, a most commodious basin, the finest linen, -and the most regular and solicitous service. -</p> -<p>“Surprised, and satisfied, I plunged myself cheerfully into the sea. After the bath, -is prescribed a walk. Obedient to the dictates of hygiene, I take my returning way -along the pleasant shore of the sea to ‘The Favourite.’ A châlet, or rather an immense -salon, is become a concert <span class="pageNum" id="pb121">[<a href="#pb121">121</a>]</span>room. And, in fact, an excellent orchestra is executing therein most chosen pieces. -The artists are all endued in dress coats, and wear white cravats. I hear with delight -a pot-pourri from Faust. I then take a turn through the most vast park, and visit -the Restaurant. -</p> -<p>“To conclude. The Lido has no more need to become a place of delights. It is, in truth, -already become so. -</p> -<p>“All honour to the brave who have effected the marvellous transformation.” -</p> -<p><span lang="it">Onori ai bravi!</span>—Honour to the brave! Yes; in all times, among all nations, that is entirely desirable. -You know I told you, in last Fors, that to honour the brave dead was to be our second -child’s lesson. None the less expedient if the brave we have to honour be alive, instead -of long dead. Here are our modern Venetian troubadours, in white cravats, celebrating -the victories of their Hardicanutes with collection of choicest melody—pot-pourri—hotch-potch, -from Faust. And, indeed, is not this a notable conquest which resuscitated Venice -has made of her Lido? Where all was vague sea-shore, now, behold, “little mountains, -mysterious paths.” Those unmanufactured mountains—Eugeneans and Alps—seen against -the sunset, are not enough for the vast mind of Venice born again; nor the canals -between her palaces mysterious enough paths. Here are mountains to our perfect mind, -and more <span class="pageNum" id="pb122">[<a href="#pb122">122</a>]</span>solemn ways,—a new kingdom for us, conquered by the brave. Conquest, you observe also, -just of the kind which in our ‘Times’ newspaper is honoured always in like manner, -‘Private Enterprise.’ The only question is, whether the privacy of your enterprise -is always as fearless of exposure as it used to be,—or even, the enterprise of it -as enterprising. Let me tell you a little of the private enterprise of dead Venice, -that you may compare it with that of the living. -</p> -<p>You doubted me just now, probably, when I told you that Venice taught you to be sailors. -You thought your Drakes and Grenvilles needed no such masters. No! but a hundred years -before Sir Francis’s time, the blind captain of a Venetian galley,—of one of those -things which the Lady Mary saw built in an hour,—won the empire of the East. You did -fine things in the Baltic, and before Sebastopol, with your ironclads and your Woolwich -infants, did you? Here was a piece of fighting done from the deck of a rowed boat, -which came to more good, it seems to me. -</p> -<p>“The Duke of Venice had disposed his fleet in one line along the sea-wall (of Constantinople), -and had cleared the battlements with his shot (of stones and arrows); but still the -galleys dared not take ground. But the Duke of Venice, though he was old (ninety) -and stone-blind, stood, all armed, at the head of his galley, and had the gonfalon -of St. Mark before him; and he called to his people to ground his ship, or <span class="pageNum" id="pb123">[<a href="#pb123">123</a>]</span>they should die for it. So they ran the ship aground, and leaped out, and carried -St. Mark’s gonfalon to the shore before the Duke. Then the Venetians, seeing their -Duke’s galley ashore, followed him; and they planted the flag of St. Mark on the walls, -and took twenty-five towers.” -</p> -<p>The good issue of which piece of pantaloon’s play was that the city itself, a little -while after, with due help from the French, was taken, and that the crusading army -proceeded thereon to elect a new Emperor of the Eastern Empire. -</p> -<p>Which office six French Barons, and six Venetian, being appointed to bestow, and one -of the French naming first the Duke of Venice, he had certainly been declared Emperor, -but one of the Venetians themselves, Pantaleone Barbo, declaring that no man could -be Duke of Venice, and Emperor too, gave his word for Baldwin of Flanders, to whom -accordingly the throne was given; while to the Venetian State was offered, with the -consent of all, if they chose to hold it—about a third of the whole Roman Empire! -</p> -<p>Venice thereupon deliberates with herself. Her own present national territory—the -true ‘State’ of Venice—is a marsh, which you can see from end to end of;—some wooden -houses, half afloat, and others wholly afloat, in the canals of it; and a total population, -in round numbers, about as large as that of our parish of Lambeth. Venice feels some -doubt whether, out of <span class="pageNum" id="pb124">[<a href="#pb124">124</a>]</span>this wild duck’s nest, and with that number of men, she can at once safely, and in -all the world’s sight, undertake to govern Lacedæmon, Ægina, Ægos Potamos, Crete, -and half the Greek islands; nevertheless, she thinks she will try a little ‘private -enterprise’ upon them. So in 1207 the Venetian Senate published an edict by which -there was granted to all Venetian citizens permission to arm, at their own expense, -war-galleys, and to subdue, if they could manage it in that private manner, such islands -and Greek towns of the Archipelago as might seem to them what we call “eligible residences,” -the Senate graciously giving them leave to keep whatever they could get. Whereupon -certain Venetian merchants—proud young men—stood, as we see them standing now on their -decks on the Riva, crying to the crowd, ‘Montate! Montate!’ and without any help from -steam, or encumbrance from the markets of Ascension Day, rowed and sailed—somewhat -<i>outside</i> the Lido. Mark Dandolo took Gallipoli; Mark Sanudo, Naxos, Paros, and Melos;—(you -have heard of marbles and Venuses coming from those places, have not you?)—Marin Dandolo, -Andros; Andrea Ghisi, Micone and Scyros; Dominico Michieli, Ceos; and Philocola Navigieri, -the island of Vulcan himself, Lemnos. Took them, and kept them also! (not a little -to our present sorrow; for, being good Christians, these Venetian gentlemen made wild -work among the Parian and Melian gods). It was not till 1570 that the twenty-first -Venetian Duke of Melos <span class="pageNum" id="pb125">[<a href="#pb125">125</a>]</span>was driven out by the Turks, and the career of modern white-cravated Venice virtually -begun. -</p> -<p>“Honour to the brave!” Yes, in God’s name, and by all manner of means! And dishonour -to the cowards: but, my good Italian and good English acquaintances, are you so sure, -then, you know which is which? Nay, are you honestly willing to acknowledge there -is any difference? Heaven be praised if you are!—but I thought your modern gospel -was, that all were alike? Here’s the ‘Punch’ of last week lying beside me, for instance, -with its normal piece of pathos upon the advertisements of death. Dual deaths this -time; and pathetic epitaphs on the Bishop of Winchester and the Baron Bethell. The -best it can honestly say, (and ‘Punch’ as far as I know papers, is an honest one,) -is that the Bishop was a pleasant kind of person; and the best it can say for the -Chancellor is, that he was witty;—but, fearing that something more might be expected, -it smooths all down with a sop of popular varnish, “How good the worst of us!—how -bad the best!” Alas, Mr. Punch, is it come to this? and is there to be no more knocking -down, then? and is your last scene in future to be—shaking hands with the devil?—clerical -pantaloon in white cravat asking a blessing on the reconciliation, and the drum and -pipe finishing with a pot-pourri from Faust? -</p> -<p>A popular tune, truly, everywhere, nowadays—“Devil’s hotch-potch,” and listened to -“<span lang="fr">avec delices!</span>” And, <span class="pageNum" id="pb126">[<a href="#pb126">126</a>]</span>doubtless, pious Republicans on their death-beds will have a care to bequeath it, -rightly played, to their children, before they go to hear it, divinely executed, in -their own blessed country. -</p> -<p>“How good the worst of us!—how bad the best!” Jeanie Deans, and St. Agnes, and the -Holy Thursday fairing, all the same! -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>My good working readers, I will try to-day to put you more clearly in understanding -of this modern gospel,—of what truth there is in it—for some there is,—and of what -pestilent evil. -</p> -<p>I call it a modern gospel: in its deepest truth it is as old as Christianity. “This -man receiveth sinners, and eateth with them.” And it was the most distinctive character -of Christianity. Here was a new, astonishing religion indeed; one had heard before -of righteousness; before of resurrection;—never before of mercy to sin, or fellowship -with it. -</p> -<p>But it is only in strictly modern times (that is to say, within the last hundred years) -that this has been fixed on, by a large sect of thick-headed persons, as the <i>essence</i> of Christianity,—nay, as so much its essence, that to be an extremely sinful sinner -is deliberately announced by them as the best of qualifications for becoming an extremely -Christian Christian. -</p> -<p>But all the teachings of Heaven are given—by sad law—in so obscure, nay, often in -so ironical manner <span class="pageNum" id="pb127">[<a href="#pb127">127</a>]</span>that a blockhead necessarily reads them wrong. Very marvellous it is that Heaven, -which really in one sense <i>is</i> merciful to sinners, is in no sense merciful to fools, but even lays pitfalls for -them, and inevitable snares. -</p> -<p>Again and again, in the New Testament, the publican (supposed at once traitor to his -country and thief) and the harlot are made the companions of Christ. She out of whom -He had cast seven devils, loves Him best, sees Him first, after His resurrection. -The sting of that <i>old</i> verse, “When thou sawest a thief, thou consentedst to him, and hast been partaker -with adulterers,” seems done away with. Adultery itself uncondemned,—for, behold, -in your hearts is not every one of you alike? “He that is without sin among you, let -him first cast a stone at her.” And so, and so, no more stones shall be cast nowadays; -and here, on the top of our epitaph on the Bishop, lies a notice of the questionable -sentence which hanged a man for beating his wife to death with a stick. “The jury -recommended him strongly to mercy.” -</p> -<p>They did so, because they knew not, in their own hearts, what mercy meant. They were -afraid to do anything so extremely compromising and disagreeable as causing a man -to be hanged,—had no ‘pity’ for any creatures beaten to death—wives, or beasts; but -only a cowardly fear of commanding death, where it was due. Your modern conscience -will not incur the responsibility of shortening the hourly more guilty life of a single -rogue; but will contentedly fire a salvo of mitrailleuses into a <span class="pageNum" id="pb128">[<a href="#pb128">128</a>]</span>regiment of honest men—leaving Providence to guide the shot. But let us fasten on -the word they abused, and understand it. Mercy—misericordia: it does not in the least -mean forgiveness of sins,—it means pity of sorrows. In that very instance which the -Evangelicals are so fond of quoting—the adultery of David—it is not the Passion for -which he is to be judged, but the <i>want</i> of Passion,—the want of Pity. <i>This</i> he is to judge himself for, by his own mouth:—“As the Lord liveth, the man that hath -done this thing shall surely die,—because he hath done this thing, and because he -had <i>no pity</i>.” -</p> -<p>And you will find, alike throughout the record of the Law and the promises of the -Gospel, that there is, indeed, forgiveness with God, and Christ, for the passing sins -of the hot heart, but none for the eternal and inherent sin of the cold. ‘Blessed -are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy’;—find it you written anywhere that -the <i>un</i>merciful shall? ‘Her sins, which are many, are forgiven, for she loved much.’ But -have you record of any one’s sins being forgiven who loved not at all? -</p> -<p>I opened my oldest Bible just now, to look for the accurate words of David about the -killed lamb;—a small, closely, and very neatly printed volume it is, printed in Edinburgh -by Sir D. Hunter Blair and J. Bruce, Printers to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty -in 1816. Yellow, now, with age, and flexible, but not unclean, with much use, except -that the lower corners of <span class="pageNum" id="pb129">[<a href="#pb129">129</a>]</span>the pages at 8th of 1st Kings, and 32nd Deuteronomy are worn somewhat thin and dark, -the learning of these two chapters having cost me much pains. My mother’s list of -the chapters with which, learned every syllable accurately, she established my soul -in life, has just fallen out of it. And as probably the sagacious reader has already -perceived that these letters are written in their irregular way, among other reasons, -that they may contain, as the relation may become apposite, so much of autobiography -as it seems to me desirable to write, I will take what indulgence the sagacious reader -will give me, for printing the list thus accidentally occurrent:— -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Exodus, </td> -<td class="cellTop"><span class="seg">chapters</span> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop">15th and 20th. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">2 Samuel </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">chapters</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight">1st, from 17th verse to the end. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">1 Kings </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">chapters</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight">8th. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Psalms </td> -<td> </td> -<td class="cellRight">23rd, 32nd, 90th, 91st, 103rd, 112th, 119th, 139th. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Proverbs </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">chapters</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight">2nd, 3rd, 8th, 12th. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Isaiah </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">chapters</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight">58th. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Matthew </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">chapters</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight">5th, 6th, 7th. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">Acts </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">chapters</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight">26th. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">1 Corinthians </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">chapters</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight">13th, 15th. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">James </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">chapters</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight">4th. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Revelation </td> -<td class="cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">chapters</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom">5th, 6th. </td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>And truly, though I have picked up the elements of a little further knowledge,—in -mathematics, meteorology, and the like, in after life,—and owe not a little to the -<span class="pageNum" id="pb130">[<a href="#pb130">130</a>]</span>teaching of many people, this maternal installation of my mind in that property of -chapters, I count very confidently the most precious, and, on the whole, the one essential -part of all my education. -</p> -<p>For the chapters became, indeed, strictly conclusive and protective to me in all modes -of thought; and the body of divinity they contain, acceptable through all fear or -doubt: nor, through any fear or doubt or fault have I ever lost my loyalty to them, -nor betrayed the first command in the one I was made to repeat oftenest, “Let not -Mercy and Truth forsake Thee.” -</p> -<p>And at my present age of fifty-five, in spite of some enlarged observations of what -modern philosophers call the Reign of Law, I perceive more distinctly than ever the -Reign of a Spirit of Mercy and Truth,—infinite in pardon and purification for its -wandering and faultful children, who have yet Love in their hearts; and altogether -adverse and implacable to its perverse and lying enemies, who have resolute hatred -in their hearts, and resolute falsehood on their lips. -</p> -<p>This assertion of the existence of a Spirit of Mercy and Truth, as the master first -of the Law of Life, and then of the methods of knowledge and labour by which it is -sustained, and which the ‘Saturday Review’ calls the effeminate sentimentality of -Mr. Ruskin’s political economy, is accurately, you will observe, reversed by the assertion -of the Predatory and Carnivorous—or, in plainer English, flesh-eating spirit in Man -himself, as <span class="pageNum" id="pb131">[<a href="#pb131">131</a>]</span>the regulator of modern civilization, in the paper read by the Secretary at the Social -Science meeting in Glasgow, 1860. Out of which the following fundamental passage may -stand for sufficient and permanent example of the existent, practical, and unsentimental -English mind, being the most vile sentence which I have ever seen in the literature -of any country or time:— -</p> -<p>“As no one will deny that Man possesses carnivorous teeth, or that all animals that -possess them are more or less predatory, it is unnecessary to argue, à priori, that -a predatory instinct naturally follows from such organization. It is our intention -here to show how this inevitable result operates on civilized existence by its being -one of the conditions of Man’s nature, and, consequently, of all arrangements of civilized -society.” -</p> -<p>The paper proceeds, and is entirely constructed, on the assumption that the predatory -spirit is not only one of the conditions of man’s nature, but the particular condition -on which the arrangements of Society are to be founded. For “Reason would immediately -suggest to one of superior strength, that however desirable it might be to take possession -by violence, of what another had laboured to produce, he might be treated in the same -way by one stronger than himself, to which he, of course, would have great objection. -In order, therefore, to prevent or put a stop to a practice which each would object -to in his own case,” etc., etc. And so the Social Science interpreter proceeds to -sing the <span class="pageNum" id="pb132">[<a href="#pb132">132</a>]</span>present non-sentimental Proverbs and Psalms of England,—with trumpets also and shawms—and -steam whistles. And there is concert of voices and instruments at the Hospital of -the Incurabili, and Progress—indubitably—in Chariots of the Night. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb133">[<a href="#pb133">133</a>]</span> </p> -<div class="div2 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE.</h3> -<blockquote lang="it"> -<p class="first h3"><span class="sc">Corriere Dei Bagni.</span> -</p> -<p>M’imbarcai su di un vaporetto; era elegante, era vasto, ma il suo contenuto era enormemente -superiore al contenente; il vaporetto rigurgitava di uomini, di donne, e di ragazzi. -</p> -<p>Il commandante, un fiero giovanotto, gridava: <i>Montate! Montate!</i> e la calca si faceva sempre più fitta, ed appena si poteva respirare. -</p> -<p>Tutto ad un tratto un sensale di piazza si sentì venir male, e gridò; <i>io soffoco!</i> Il commandante si accorse che si soffocava davvero, ed ordino; <i>basta!</i> -</p> -<p>Il vapore allora si avv ò (<i>sic</i>) ed io rimasi stipato fra la folla per diciotto minuti, in capo ai quali ebbi la -buona ventura di sbarcare incolume sul pontile dello stabilimento la <i>Favorita</i>—Il pontile è lunghissimo, ma elegante e coperto. Il sole per conseguenza non dà nessuna -noia. -</p> -<p>Una strada che, fino a quando non sia migliorata, non consiglierei di percorrere a -chi non abbia i piedi in perfetto stato, conduce al parco della Stabilimento Bagni -del signor Delahant.—E qui i miei occhi si aprirono per la meraviglia. E diffati, -solo una rispettibile forza di volontà ed operosita poté riuscire a trasformare quel -luogo, pochi mesi fa ancora deserto ed incolto, in un sito di delisie.—Lunghi viali, -tappeti erbosi, montagnole, banchine, <span class="pageNum" id="pb134">[<a href="#pb134">134</a>]</span>châlet, strade solitarie e misteriose, lumi, spalti, e poi un interminabile pergolato -che conduce allo stabilimento bagni, ed in questo inservienti <i>vestiti alla marinara</i>, comodissima vasca, biancheria finissima, e servizio regolare e premuroso. -</p> -<p>Sorpreso e contento, mi tuffo allegramente nel mare. -</p> -<p>Dopo il bagno è prescritta una passeggiata. Ossequiente ai dettami dell’ igiene, riprendo -la via e lungo la piacevole spiaggia del mare ritorno alla <i>Favorita</i>. -</p> -<p>Un châlet, o piuttosto una sala immensa, addobbata con origi nalità e ricchezza, è -divenuta una sala di concerto. Diffatti una eccellente orchestra sta eseguendo pezzi -sceltissimi. -</p> -<p><i>Gli artisti indossana tutti la marsina e la cravatta bianca.</i> Ascolto con delizia un <i>potpourri</i> del <i>Faust</i> e poi torno a girare per il vastissimo parco e visito il <i>Restaurant</i>. -</p> -<p>Concludeno, il Lido non ha più bisogno di diventare un luogo di delizie; esse lo è -in verità diggià diventato, e fra breve i comodi bagni del Lido di Venezia saranno -fra i più famosi d’Italia. -</p> -<p>Onore ai bravi che hanno operata la meravigliosa trasformazione! -</p> -<p>‘Ii Rinnovamento,’ Gazetta del Popolo di Venezia; (<span lang="en">2nd July, 1872</span>).</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="tb"></p> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p>This following part of a useful letter, dated 19th March, 1873, ought to have been -printed before now:— -</p> -<p>“Sir,—Will you permit me to respectfully call your attention to a certain circumstance -which has, not unlikely, something to do with the failure (if failure it is) of your -appeal for the St. George’s Fund? -</p> -<p>“At page 22 of Fors Clavigera for May, 1871, your words were, ‘Will any such give -a tenth of what they have <i>and</i> of what they earn?’ But in May of the following year, at page 8, the subject is referred -to as the giving of ‘the tenth of what <span class="pageNum" id="pb135">[<a href="#pb135">135</a>]</span>they have, or make.’ The two passages are open to widely differing interpretations. -Moreover, none of the sums received appear to have any relation to ‘tenths’ either -of earnings or possessions. -</p> -<p>“It is not probable that the majority of your readers understood you either to mean -literally what you said, or to mean nothing but jest? They would naturally ask themselves, -‘Must it be a tenth of both, or nothing?’ ‘A tenth of either?’ Or, ‘After all, only -what we feel able to give?’ Their perplexity would lead to the giving of nothing. -As nobody who has a pecuniary title to ask for an explanation appears to have called -your attention to the subject, I, who have no such title, do so now,—feeling impelled -thereto by the hint in this month’s ‘Fors’ of the possible ‘non-continuance of the -work.’ -</p> -<p>“May I presume to add one word more? Last Monday’s ‘Times’ (March 17th) gave a report -of a Working Men’s Meeting on the present political crisis. One of the speakers said -‘he wanted every working man to be free.’ And his idea of freedom he explained to -be that all workmen should be at liberty ‘to leave their work at a moment’s notice.’ -This, as I have reason to know, is one of the things which working men have got into -their heads, and which the newspapers ‘get their living by asserting.’ -</p> -<p>“Lastly, the present English notion of civilizing China by inches, may be worth keeping -record of. -</p> -<p>“We have Philistines out here, and a Philistine out here is a perfect Goliath. When -he imagines that anything is wrong, he says—let it be a Coolie or an Emperor—‘Give -him a thrashing.’ The men of this class here propose their usual remedy: ‘Let us have -a war, and give the Chinese a good licking, and then we shall have the audience question -granted, and everything else will follow.’ This includes opening up the country for -trade, and civilizing the people, which according to their <span class="pageNum" id="pb136">[<a href="#pb136">136</a>]</span>theories can be best done by ‘thrashing them.’ The missionaries are working to civilize -the people here in another way, that is by the usual plan of tracts and preaching; -but their system is not much in favour, for they make such very small progress among -the 360,000,000, the conversion of which is their problem. The man of business wants -the country opened up to trade, wants manufactures introduced, the mineral wealth -to be used, and generally speaking the resources of the country to be developed, ‘and -that sort of thing you know—that’s the real way to civilize them.’ This, of course, -implies a multitudinous breed of Mr. Ruskin’s demons, or machinery, to accomplish -all this. I am here giving the tone of the ideas I hear expressed around me. It was -only the other day that I heard some of these various points talked over. We were -sailing on the river in a steam launch, which was making the air impure with its smoke, -snorting in a high-pressure way, and whistling as steam launches are wont to do. The -scene was appropriate to the conversation, for we were among a forest of great junks—most -quaint and picturesque they looked—so old-fashioned they seemed, that Noah’s Ark, -had it been there, would have had a much more modern look about it. My friend, to -whom the launch belonged, and who is in the machinery line himself, gave his opinion. -He began by giving a significant movement of his head in the direction of the uncouth-looking -junks, and then pointing to his own craft with its engine, said ‘he did not believe -much in war, and the missionaries were not of much account. This is the thing to do -it,’ he added, pointing to the launch; ‘let us get at them with this sort of article, -and steam at sixty pounds on the square inch; that would soon do it; that’s the thing -to civilize them—sixty pounds on the square inch.’ ” -<span class="pageNum" id="pb137">[<a href="#pb137">137</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e1509"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e1509src">1</a></span> ‘Pall Mall Gazette,’ July 31st, 1873. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e1509src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e1523"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e1523src">2</a></span> “Rigurgitava”—gushed or gorged up; as a bottle which you have filled too full and -too fast. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e1523src" title="Return to note 2 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e1528"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e1528src">3</a></span> Sensale, an interesting Venetian word. The fair on the Feast of the Ascension at Venice -became in mellifluous brevity, ‘Sensa,’ and the most ornamental of the ware purchaseable -at it, therefore, Sensale. -</p> -<p class="footnote cont">A “Holy-Thursday-Fairing,” feeling herself unwell, would be the properest translation. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e1528src" title="Return to note 3 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 chapter"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="super">FORS CLAVIGERA.</h2> -<h2 class="main">LETTER XLIII.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first dateline"><span class="sc">Rome</span>, <i>Corpus-Domini, 1874</i>. -</p> -<p>I wrote, for a preface to the index at the end of the second volume of Fors, part -of an abstract of what had been then stated in the course of this work. Fate would -not let me finish it; but what was done will be useful now, and shall begin my letter -for this month. Completing three and a half volumes of Fors, it may contain a more -definite statement of its purpose than any given hitherto; though I have no intention -of explaining that purpose entirely, until it is in sufficient degree accomplished. -I have a house to build; but none shall mock me by saying I was not able to finish -it, nor be vexed by not finding in it the rooms they expected. But the current and -continual purpose of Fors Clavigera is to explain the powers of Chance, or Fortune -(Fors), as she offers to men the conditions of prosperity; and as these conditions -are accepted or refused, nails down and fastens their fate for ever, being thus ‘Clavigera,’—‘nail-bearing.’ -<span class="pageNum" id="pb138">[<a href="#pb138">138</a>]</span>The image is one familiar in mythology: my own conception of it was first got from -Horace, and developed by steady effort to read history with impartiality, and to observe -the lives of men around me with charity. “How you may make your fortune, or mar it,” -is the expansion of the title. -</p> -<p>Certain authoritative conditions of life, of its happiness, and its honour, are therefore -stated, in this book, as far as they may be, conclusively and indisputably, at present -known. I do not enter into any debates, nor advance any opinions. With what is debateable -I am unconcerned; and when I only have opinions about things, I do not talk about -them. I attack only what cannot on any possible ground be defended; and state only -what I know to be incontrovertibly true. -</p> -<p>You will find, as you read Fors more, that it differs curiously from most modern books -in this. Modern fashion is, that the moment a man strikes some little lucifer match, -or is hit by any form of fancy, he begins advertising his lucifer match, and fighting -for his fancy, totally ignoring the existing sunshine, and the existing substances -of things. But I have no matches to sell, no fancies to fight for. All that I have -to say is that the day is in heaven, and rock and wood on earth, and that you must -see by the one, and work with the other. You have heard as much before, perhaps. I -hope you have; I should be ashamed if there were anything in Fors which had not been -said before,—and that a thousand times, <span class="pageNum" id="pb139">[<a href="#pb139">139</a>]</span>and a thousand times of times,—there is nothing in it, nor ever will be in it, but -common truths, as clear to honest mankind as their daily sunrise, as necessary as -their daily bread; and which the fools who deny can only live, themselves, because -other men know and obey. -</p> -<p>You will therefore find that whatever is set down in Fors for you is assuredly true,—inevitable,—trustworthy -to the uttermost,—however strange.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e1817src" href="#xd31e1817">1</a> Not because I have any power of knowing more than other people, but simply because -I have taken the trouble to ascertain what they also may ascertain if they choose. -Compare on this point, Letter VI., page 5. -</p> -<p>The following rough abstract of the contents of the first seven letters may assist -the reader in their use. -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first"><span class="sc">Letter I.</span> Men’s prosperity is in their own hands; and no forms of government are, in themselves, -of the least use. The first beginnings of prosperity must be in getting food, clothes, -and fuel. These cannot be got either by the fine arts, or the military arts. Neither -painting nor fighting feed men; nor can capital, in the form of money or machinery, -feed them. All capital is imaginary or unimportant, except the quantity of food existing -in the world <span class="pageNum" id="pb140">[<a href="#pb140">140</a>]</span>at any given moment. Finally, men cannot live by lending money to each other, and -the conditions of such loan at present are absurd and deadly.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e1829src" href="#xd31e1829">2</a> -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Letter II.</span> The nature of Rent. It is an exaction, by force of hand, for the maintenance of Squires: -but had better at present be left to them. The nature of useful and useless employment. -When employment is given by capitalists, it is sometimes useful, but oftener useless; -sometimes moralizing, but oftener demoralizing. And we had therefore better employ -ourselves, without any appeal to the capitalists (page 22); and to do this successfully, -it must be with three resolutions; namely, to be personally honest, socially helpful, -and conditionally obedient (page 23): explained in Letter VII., page 21 to end. -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Letter III.</span> The power of Fate is independent of the Moral Law, but never supersedes it. Virtue -ceases to be such, if expecting reward: it is therefore never materially rewarded. -(I ought to have said, except as one of the appointed means of physical and mental -health.) The Fates of England, and proper mode of studying them. Stories of Henry -II. and Richard I. -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Letter IV.</span> The value and nature of Education. It may be good, bad,—or neither the one nor <span class="pageNum" id="pb141">[<a href="#pb141">141</a>]</span>the other. Knowledge is not education, and can neither make us happy nor rich. Opening -discussion of the nature and use of riches. Gold and diamonds are not riches, and -the reader is challenged to specify their use. Opening discussion of the origin of -wealth. It does not fall from heaven, (compare Letter VII., page 19,) but is certainly -obtainable, and has been generally obtained, by pillage of the poor. Modes in which -education in virtue has been made costly to them, and education in vice cheap. (Page -23.) -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Letter V.</span> The powers of Production. Extremity of modern folly in supposing there can be over-production. -The power of machines. They cannot increase the possibilities of life, but only the -possibilities of idleness. (Page 13.) The things which are essential to life are mainly -three material ones and three spiritual ones. First sketch of the proposed action -of St. George’s Company. -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Letter VI.</span> The Elysium of modern days. This letter, written under the excitement of continual -news of the revolution in Paris, is desultory, and limits itself to noticing some -of the causes of that revolution: chiefly the idleness, disobedience, and covetousness -of the richer and middle classes. -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Letter VII.</span> The Elysium of ancient days. The definitions of true, and spurious, Communism. Explanation -of the design of true Communism, in <span class="pageNum" id="pb142">[<a href="#pb142">142</a>]</span>Sir Thomas More’s “Utopia.” This letter, though treating of matters necessary to the -whole work, yet introduces them prematurely, being written, incidentally, upon the -ruin of Paris.</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p class="dateline"><span class="sc">Assisi</span>, <i>18th May, 1874</i>. -</p> -<p>So ended, as Fors would have it, my abstraction, which I see Fors had her reason for -stopping me in; else the abstraction would have needed farther abstracting. As it -is, the reader may find in it the real gist of the remaining letters, and discern -what a stiff business we have in hand,—rent, capital, and interest, all to be attacked -at once! and a method of education shown to be possible in virtue, as cheaply as in -vice! -</p> -<p>I should have got my business, stiff though it may be, farther forward by this time, -but for that same revolution in Paris, and burning of the Tuileries, which greatly -confused my plan by showing me how much baser the human material I had to deal with, -was, than I thought in beginning. -</p> -<p>That a Christian army (or, at least, one which Saracens would have ranked with that -they attacked, under the general name of Franks,) should fiercely devastate and rob -an entire kingdom laid at their mercy by the worst distress;—that the first use made -by this distressed country of the defeat of its armies would be to overthrow its government; -and that, when its metropolis had all but perished in conflagration during the contest -<span class="pageNum" id="pb143">[<a href="#pb143">143</a>]</span>between its army and mob, no warning should be taken by other civilized societies, -but all go trotting on again, next week, in their own several roads to ruin, persistently, -as they had trotted before,—bells jingling, and whips cracking,—these things greatly -appalled me, finding I had only slime to build with instead of mortar; and shook my -plan partly out of shape. -</p> -<p>The frightfullest thing of all, to my mind, was the German temper, in its naïve selfishness; -on which point, having been brought round again to it in my last letter, I have now -somewhat more to say. -</p> -<p>In the ‘Pall Mall Gazette’ of 7th March, this year, under the head of ‘This Evening’s -News,’ appeared an article of which I here reprint the opening portion. -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">The well-known Hungarian author, Maurus Jokai, is at present a visitor in the German -capital. As a man of note he easily obtained access to Prince Bismarck’s study, where -an interesting conversation took place, which M. Jokai reports pretty fully to the -Hungarian journal the <i>Hon</i>:— -</p> -<p>“The Prince was, as usual, easy in his manner, and communicative, and put a stop at -the very outset to the Hungarian’s attempt at ceremony. M. Jokai humorously remarked -upon the prevalence of ‘iron’ in the surroundings of the ‘iron’ Prince. Among other -things, there is an iron couch, and an iron safe, in which the Chancellor appears -to keep his cigars. Prince Bismarck was struck by the youthful appearance of his guest, -who is ten years his junior, but whose writings he remembers to have seen reviewed -long ago, in the <i>Augsburg Gazette</i> (at that time still, the Chancellor said, a clever paper) when he bore a lieutenant’s -commission. In the ensuing conversation, Prince Bismarck pointed out the paramount -necessity to Europe of a consolidated State in the position of Austro-Hungary. It -was mainly on that account that he concluded peace <span class="pageNum" id="pb144">[<a href="#pb144">144</a>]</span>with so great despatch in 1866. Small independent States in the East would be a misfortune -to Europe. Austria and Hungary must realize their mutual interdependence, and the -necessity of being one. However, the dualist system of government must be preserved, -because the task of developing the State, which on this side of the Leitha falls to -the Germans, beyond that river naturally falls to the Magyars. The notion that Germany -has an inclination to annex more land, Prince Bismarck designated as a myth. God preserve -the Germans from such a wish! Whatever more territory they might acquire would probably -be undermined by Papal influence, and they have enough of that already. Should the -Germans of Austria want to be annexed by Germany, the Chancellor would feel inclined -to declare war against them for that wish alone. A German Minister who should conceive -the desire to annex part of Austria would deserve to be hanged—a punishment the Prince -indicated by gesture. He does not wish to annex even a square foot of fresh territory, -not as much as two pencils he kept on playing with during the conversation would cover. -Those pencils, however, M. Jokai remarks, were big enough to serve as walking-sticks, -and on the map they would have reached quite from Berlin to Trieste. Prince Bismarck -went on to justify his annexation of Alsace-Loraine by geographical necessity. Otherwise -he would rather not have grafted the French twig upon the German tree.</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>The French are enemies never to be appeased. <i>Take away from them the cook, the tailor, and the hairdresser, and what remains of -them is a copper-coloured Indian.</i>” -</p> -<p>Now it does not matter whether Prince Bismarck ever said this, or not. That the saying -should be attributed to him in a leading journal, without indication of doubt or surprise, -is enough to show what the German temper is publicly recognized to be. And observe -what a sentence it is—thus attributed to him. The French are only copper-coloured -Indians, finely dressed. This said <span class="pageNum" id="pb145">[<a href="#pb145">145</a>]</span>of the nation which gave us Charlemagne, St. Louis, St. Bernard, and Joan of Arc; -which founded the central type of chivalry in the myth of Roland; which showed the -utmost height of valour yet recorded in history, in the literal life of Guiscard; -and which built Chartres Cathedral! -</p> -<p>But the French are not what they were! No; nor the English, for that matter; probably -we have fallen the farther of the two: meantime the French still retain, at the root, -the qualities they always had; and of one of these, a highly curious and commendable -one, I wish you to take some note to-day. -</p> -<p>Among the minor nursery tales with which my mother allowed me to relieve the study -of the great nursery tale of Genesis, my favourite was Miss Edgeworth’s “Frank.” The -authoress chose this for the boy’s name, because she meant him to be a type of Frankness, -or openness of heart:—truth of heart, that is to say, <i>liking</i> to lay itself open. You are in the habit, I believe, some of you, still, of speaking -occasionally of English Frankness;—not recognizing, through the hard clink of the -letter K, that you are only talking, all the while, of English Frenchness. Still less -when you count your cargoes of gold from San Francisco, do you pause to reflect what -San means, or what Francis means, without the Co;—or how it came to pass that the -power of this mountain town of Assisi, where not only no gold can be dug, but where -St. Francis forbade his Company to dig <span class="pageNum" id="pb146">[<a href="#pb146">146</a>]</span>it anywhere else—came to give names to Devil’s towns far across the Atlantic—(and -by the way you may note how clumsy the Devil is at christening; for if by chance he -gets a fresh York all to himself, he never has any cleverer notion than to call it -‘New York’; and in fact, having no mother-wit from his dam, is obliged very often -to put up with the old names which were given by Christians,—<span lang="es">Nombre di Dios, Trinidad, Vera Cruz</span>, and the like, even when he has all his own way with everything else in the places, -but their names). -</p> -<p>But to return. You have lately had a fine notion, have you not, of English Liberty -as opposed to French Slavery? -</p> -<p>Well, whatever your English liberties may be, the French knew what the word meant, -before you. For France, if you will consider of it, means nothing else than the Country -of Franks;—the country of a race so intensely Free that they for evermore gave name -to Freedom. The Greeks sometimes got their own way, as a mob; but nobody, meaning -to talk of liberty, calls it ‘Greekness.’ The Romans knew better what Libertas meant, -and their word for it has become common enough, in that straitened form, on your English -tongue; but nobody calls it ‘Romanness.’ But at last comes a nation called the Franks; -and they are so inherently free and noble in their natures, that their name becomes -the word for the virtue; and when you now want to talk of freedom of heart, you say -Frankness, <span class="pageNum" id="pb147">[<a href="#pb147">147</a>]</span>and for the last political privilege which you have it so much in your English minds -to get, you haven’t so much as an English word, but must call it by the French one, -‘Franchise.’<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e1912src" href="#xd31e1912">3</a> -</p> -<p>“Freedom of <i>heart</i>,” you observe, I say. Not the English freedom of Insolence, according to Mr. B., -(see above, Letter 29,) but pure French openness of heart, Fanchette’s and her husband’s -frankness, the source of joy, and courtesy, and civility, and passing softness of -human meeting of kindly glance with glance. Of which Franchise, in her own spirit -Person, here is the picture for you, from the French Romance of the Rose,—a picture -which English Chaucer was thankful to copy. -</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“And after all those others came Franchise, </p> -<p class="line">Who was not brown, nor grey, </p> -<p class="line">But she was white as snow. </p> -<p class="line">And she had not the nose of an Orleanois. </p> -<p class="line">Aussi had she the nose long and straight. </p> -<p class="line">Eyes green, and laughing—vaulted eyebrows; </p> -<p class="line">She had her hair blonde and long, </p> -<p class="line">And she was simple as a dove. </p> -<p class="line">The body she had sweet, and brightly bred; </p> -<p class="line">And she dared not do, nor say </p> -<p class="line">To any one, anything she ought not. </p> -<p class="line">And if she knew of any man </p> -<p class="line">Who was in sorrow for love of her, </p> -<p class="line">So soon she had great pity for him, <span class="pageNum" id="pb148">[<a href="#pb148">148</a>]</span></p> -<p class="line">For she had the heart so pitiful, </p> -<p class="line">And so sweet and so lovely, </p> -<p class="line">That no one suffered pain about her, </p> -<p class="line">But she would help him all she could. </p> -<p class="line">And she wore a surquanye </p> -<p class="line">Which was of no coarse cloth; </p> -<p class="line">There’s none so rich as far as Arras. </p> -<p class="line">And it was so gathered up, and so joined together, </p> -<p class="line">That there was not a single point of it </p> -<p class="line">Which was not set in its exact place, rightly. </p> -<p class="line">Much well was dressed Franchise, </p> -<p class="line">For no robe is so pretty </p> -<p class="line">As the surquanye for a demoiselle. </p> -<p class="line">A girl is more gentle and more darling </p> -<p class="line">In surquanye than in coat, </p> -<p class="line">And the white surquanye </p> -<p class="line">Signifies that sweet and frank </p> -<p class="line">Is she who puts it on her.” </p> -</div> -<p class="first">May I ask you now to take to heart those two lines of this French description of Frenchness: -</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“And she dared not do, nor say </p> -<p class="line">To any one, anything she ought not.” </p> -</div> -<p class="first">That is not your modern notion of Frenchness, or franchise, or libertas, or liberty—for -all these are synonyms for the same virtue. And yet the strange thing is that the -lowest types of the modern French grisette are the precise corruption of this beautiful -Franchise: <span class="pageNum" id="pb149">[<a href="#pb149">149</a>]</span>and still retain, at their worst, some of the grand old qualities; the absolute sources -of corruption being the neglect of their childhood by the upper classes, the abandonment -to their own resources, and the development therefore of “Liberty and Independence,” -in your beautiful English, <i>not</i> French, sense. -</p> -<p lang="fr">“Livrée à elle-meme depuis <span class="corr" id="xd31e1969" title="Source: l’àge">l’âge</span> de treize ans, habituée à ne compter que sur elle seule, elle avait de la vie un -expérience dont j’étais confondue. De ce Paris où elle était née, elle savait tout, -elle connaissait tout. -</p> -<p lang="fr">Je n’avais pas idée d’une si complete absence de sens moral, d’une si inconsciente -dépravation, d’une impudeur si <span class="corr" id="xd31e1974" title="Source: effrontement">effrontément</span> naïve. -</p> -<p lang="fr">La <span class="corr" id="xd31e1979" title="Source: régle">règle</span> de sa conduite, c’était sa fantaisie, son instinct, le caprice du moment. -</p> -<p lang="fr">Elle aimait les longues stations dans les cafés, les mélodrames <span class="corr" id="xd31e1984" title="Source: entremélés">entremêlés</span> de chopes et d’oranges pendant les entr’actes, les parties de canot à <span class="corr" id="xd31e1987" title="Source: Asniéres">Asnières</span>, et surtout, et avant tout, le bal. -</p> -<p lang="fr">Elle était comme chez elle à <span class="corr" id="xd31e1992" title="Source: l’Elysée">l’Élysée</span>—Montmartre et au <span class="corr" id="xd31e1995" title="Source: Cháteau-Rouge">Château-Rouge</span>; elle y connaissait tout le monde, le chef d’orchestre la saluait, ce dont elle était -extraordinairement <span class="corr" id="xd31e1998" title="Source: fiére">fière</span>, et quantité de gens la tutoyaient. -</p> -<p lang="fr">Je l’accompagnais partout, dans les commencements, et bien que je n’étais pas précisément -naïve, ni <span class="corr" id="xd31e2003" title="Source: génée">gênée</span> par les scrupules de mon éducation, je fus tellement consternée de l’incroyable désordre -de sa vie, que je ne pus <span class="corr" id="xd31e2006" title="Source: m’empécher">m’empêcher</span> de lui en faire quelques représentations. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb150">[<a href="#pb150">150</a>]</span></p> -<p lang="fr">Elle se <span class="corr" id="xd31e2012" title="Source: facha">fâcha</span> tout rouge. -</p> -<p lang="fr">Tu fais ce qui te <span class="corr" id="xd31e2017" title="Source: plait">plaît</span>, me dit-elle, laisse-moi faire ce qui me convient. -</p> -<p lang="fr">C’est un justice que je lui dois: jamais elle n’essaya sur moi son influence, jamais -elle ne m’engagea à suivre son exemple. Ivre de liberté elle respectait la liberté -des autres.” -</p> -<p>Such is the form which Franchise has taken under republican instruction. But of the -true Franchise of Charlemagne and Roland, there were, you must note also, two distinct -forms. In the last stanzas of the Chant de Roland, Normandy and France have two distinct -epithets,—“<span lang="fr">Normandie, la franche; France, la solue</span>” (soluta). “<i>Frank</i> Normandy; <i>Loose</i> France. Solute;<span class="corr" id="xd31e2032" title="Not in source">”</span>—we, adding the dis, use the words loose and dissolute only in evil sense. But ‘France -la solue’ has an entirely lovely meaning. The frankness of Normandy is the soldier’s -virtue; but the unbinding, so to speak, of France, is the peasant’s. -</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“And having seen that lovely maid, </p> -<p class="line xd31e2036">Why should I fear to say </p> -<p class="line">That she is ruddy, fleet, and strong, </p> -<p class="line">And down the rocks can leap along </p> -<p class="line xd31e2036">Like rivulets in May?” </p> -</div> -<p class="first">It is curious that the most beautiful descriptive line in all Horace, -</p> -<div lang="la" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line xd31e2044">“montibus altis </p> -<p class="line">Levis crepante lympha desilit pede,” </p> -</div> -<p><span class="pageNum" id="pb151">[<a href="#pb151">151</a>]</span></p> -<p>comes in the midst of the dream of the blessed islands which are to be won by following -the founders of—what city, think you? The city that first sang the “Marseillaise.” -</p> -<div lang="la" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“Juppiter illa <i>piae</i> secrevit litora genti.” </p> -</div> -<p class="first">Recollect that line, my French readers, if I chance to find any, this month, nor less -the description of those ‘<span lang="la">arva beata</span>’ as if of your own South France; and then consider also those prophetic lines, true -of Paris as of Rome,— -</p> -<div lang="la" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“Nec fera coerulea domuit Germania pube. </p> -<p class="line"><i>Impia</i>, perdemus devoti sanguinis aetas.” </p> -</div> -<p class="first">Consider them, I say, and deeply, thinking over the full force of those words, “<span lang="la">devoti sanguinis</span>,” and of the ways in which the pure blood of <span lang="fr">Normandie la franche</span>, and <span lang="fr">France la solue</span>, has corrupted itself, and become accursed. Had I but time to go into the history -of that word ‘<span lang="la">devoveo</span>,’ what a piece of philology it would lead us into! But, for another kind of opposition -to the sweet Franchise of old time, take this sentence of description of another French -maiden, by the same author from whom I have just quoted the sketch of the grisette: -</p> -<p lang="fr">“C’était une vieille fille d’une cinquantaine d’années, sèche et jaune, avec un grand -nez d’oiseau de proie, très noble, encore plus dévote, joueuse comme la dame de pique -en personne, et médisante à faire battre des montagnes.” -</p> -<p>You see what accurate opposition that gives you of <span class="pageNum" id="pb152">[<a href="#pb152">152</a>]</span>another kind, to Franchise. You even have the ‘<span lang="fr">nez d’Orleanois</span>’ specified, which the song of the Rose is so careful to tell you Franchise had not. -</p> -<p>Here is another illustrative sentence: -</p> -<p lang="fr">“La colère, à la fin, une de ces terribles colères blanches de dévote, chassait des -flots de bile au cerveau de Mademoiselle de la Rochecardeau, et <span class="corr" id="xd31e2092" title="Source: blémissait">blêmissait</span> ses <span class="corr" id="xd31e2095" title="Source: levres">lèvres</span>.” -</p> -<p>These three sentences I have taken from two novels of Emile Gaboriau, “L’argent des -autres,” and “La Degringolade.” They are average specimens of modern French light -literature, with its characteristic qualities and defects, and are both of them in -many respects worth careful study; but chiefly in the representation they give, partly -with conscious blame, and partly in unconscious corruption, of the Devoti sanguinis -aetas; with which, if you would compare old France accurately, read first Froude’s -sketch of the life of Bishop Hugo of Lincoln, and think over the scene between him -and Cœur de Lion. -</p> -<p>You have there, as in life before you, two typical Frenchmen of the twelfth century—a -true king, and a true priest, representing the powers which the France of that day -contrived to get set over her, and did, on the whole, implicitly and with her heart -obey. -</p> -<p>They are not altogether—by taking the dancing-master and the hairdresser away from -them—reduced to copper-coloured Indians. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb153">[<a href="#pb153">153</a>]</span></p> -<p>If, next, you will take the pains—and it will need some pains, for the book is long -and occasionally tiresome—to read the Degringolade, you will find it nevertheless -worth your while; for it gives you a modern Frenchman’s account of the powers which -France in the nineteenth century contrived to get set over her; and obeyed—not with -her heart, but restively, like an ill-bred dog or mule, which have no honour in their -obedience, but bear the chain and bit all the same. -</p> -<p>But there is a farther and much more important reason for my wish that you should -read this novel. It gives you types of existent Frenchmen and Frenchwomen of a very -different class. They are, indeed, only heroes and heroines in a quite second-rate -piece of literary work. But these stereotypes, nevertheless, have living originals. -There is to be found in France, as truly the Commandant Delorge, as the Comte de Combelaine. -And as truly Mademoiselle de Maillefert as the Duchesse de Maumussy. How is it, then, -that the Count and Duchess command everything in France, and that the Commandant and -Demoiselle command nothing?—that the best they can do is to get leave to live—unknown, -and unthought-of? The question, believe me, is for England also; and a very pressing -one. -</p> -<p>Of the frantic hatred of all religion developed in the French republican mind, the -sentences I have quoted are interesting examples. I have not time to speak of them -in this letter, but they struck me sharply as I <span class="pageNum" id="pb154">[<a href="#pb154">154</a>]</span>corrected the press to-day; for I had been standing most part of the morning by St. -Paul’s grave, thinking over his work in the world. A bewildered peasant, from some -green dingle of Campagna, who had seen me kneel when the Host passed, and took me -therefore to be a human creature and a friend, asked me ‘where St. Paul was’? -</p> -<p>‘There, underneath,’ I answered. -</p> -<p>‘There?’ he repeated, doubtfully,—as dissatisfied. -</p> -<p>‘Yes,’ I answered; ‘his body at least;—his head is at the Lateran.’ -</p> -<p>‘<span lang="it">Il suo corpo</span>,’ again he repeated, still as in discontent. Then, after a pause, ‘<span lang="it">E la sua statua?</span>’ -</p> -<p>Such a wicked thing to ask for that! wasn’t it, my Evangelical friends? You would -so much rather have had him ask for Hudson’s! -<span class="pageNum" id="pb155">[<a href="#pb155">155</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e1817"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e1817src">1</a></span> Observe, this is only asserted of its main principles; not of minor and accessory -points. I may be entirely wrong in the explanation of a text, or mistake the parish -schools of St. Matthias for St. Matthew’s, over and over again. I have so large a -field to work in that this cannot be helped. But none of these minor errors are of -the least consequence to the business in hand. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e1817src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e1829"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e1829src">2</a></span> See first article in the Notes and Correspondence to this number. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e1829src" title="Return to note 2 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e1912"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e1912src">3</a></span> See second note at end of this letter. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e1912src" title="Return to note 3 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 chapter"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">I have had by me, some time, three eager little fragments from one of Mr. Sillar’s -letters:—<i>too</i> eager, always, in thinking this one sin of receiving interest on money means every -other. I know many excellent people, happily, whose natures have not been spoiled -by it: the more as it has been done absolutely without knowledge of being wrong. I -did not find out the wrong of it myself, till Mr. Sillar showed me the way to judge -of it. -</p> -<p>The passage which I have italicized, from Mr. Lecky, is a very precious statement -of his sagacious creed. The chief jest of it is his having imagined himself to <i>be</i> of Aristotle’s ‘species’! -</p> -<p>“To get profit without responsibility has been a fond scheme as impossible of honest -attainment as the philosopher’s stone or perpetual motion. Visionaries have imagined -such things to exist, but it has been reserved for this mammon-worshipping generation -to find it in that arrangement by which a man, without labour, can secure a permanent -income with perfect security, and without diminution of the capital. -</p> -<p>“A view of it is evidently taken by Lord Bacon when he says that usury bringeth the -treasure of a realm into few hands; for the usurer trading on a certainty, and other -men on uncertainties, at the end of the game all the money will be in the box. -</p> -<p>“We have had now an opportunity of practically testing this <span class="pageNum" id="pb156">[<a href="#pb156">156</a>]</span>theory; not more than seventeen years have elapsed since all restraint was removed -from the growth of what Lord Coke calls this ‘pestilent weed’ and we see Bacon’s words -verified, the rich becoming richer, and the poor poorer, is the cry throughout the -whole civilized world. Rollin in his Ancient History, speaking of the Roman Empire, -tells us that it has been the ruin of every state where it was tolerated. It is in -a fair way to ruin this of ours, and ruin it it will, unless England’s sons calmly -and candidly investigate the question for themselves, and resolutely act upon the -conclusions to which the investigation must lead them. -</p> -<p>“There is such a thing as unlimited liability; of the justice of such laws I do not -now speak, but the law exists, and as it was made by moneyed men in the interest of -moneyed men they cannot refuse to be judged by it. The admission, therefore, of the -fact that interest is a share of the profit, would throw upon the money-lender the -burden of unlimited liability; this he certainly refuses to admit, consequently he -has no alternative but to confess that interest has nothing whatever to do with profit, -but that it is a certain inherent property of money, viz., that of producing money, -and that interest is as legitimately the offspring of money as a Calf is that of a -Cow. That this is really the stand now taken, may be shown from the literature and -practice of the present day. Mr. Lecky, one of the latest champions of interest, boldly -admits it. In his history of the rise and influence of rationalism in Europe, p. 284, -after quoting Aristotle’s saying, that all money is sterile by nature, he says, ‘<i>This is an absurdity of Aristotle’s, and the number of centuries during which it was -incessantly asserted without being (so far as we know) once questioned, is a curious -illustration of the longevity of a sophism when expressed in a terse form, and sheltered -by a great name. It is enough to make one ashamed of his species to think that Bentham -was the first to bring into notice the simple consideration that if the borrower employs -the borrowed money in buying bulls and cows, and if these produce calves to ten times -the <span class="pageNum" id="pb157">[<a href="#pb157">157</a>]</span>value of the interest, the money borrowed can scarcely be said to be sterile.</i>’ -</p> -<p>“And now to remedy all this. Were there no remedy, to parade it in our view, would -be cruel; but there is one, so simple, that like those of divine making, it may be -despised for its simplicity. It consists in the recognition of the supreme wisdom -which forbade the taking of usury. We should not reimpose the usury laws, which were -in themselves a blunder and a snare, nor would we advocate the forcible repression -of the vice any more than we do that of other vices, such as gambling or prostitution, -but we would put them on precisely the same footing, and enact thus— -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">Whereas, usury is a sin detestable and abominable, the law will refuse to recognize -any contract in which it is an element.</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>The first effect of this would be, that all those who had lent, taking security into -their hands, would have no power of oppression beyond keeping the pledge,—the balance -of their debts being on a similar footing to those of the men who had lent without -security. -</p> -<p>“To these their chance of repayment would depend on their previous conduct. If they -had lent their money to honourable men, they would surely be repaid; if to rogues, -they surely would not; and serve them right. Those, and those only, who have lent -without interest would have the power of an action at law to recover; and as such -men must have possessed philanthropy, they could safely be trusted with that power. -</p> -<p>“Regarding the future employment of money, a usurer who intended to continue his unholy -trade, would lend only to such men as would repay without legal pressure, and from -such men trade would not have to fear competition. But to disreputable characters -the money-market would be hermetically sealed; and then as commerce, freed from the -competition of these scoundrels, began again to be remunerative, we should find it -more to our <span class="pageNum" id="pb158">[<a href="#pb158">158</a>]</span>advantage to take an interest in commerce than usury <i>from</i> it, and so gradually would equity supersede iniquity, and peace and prosperity be -found where now abound corruption, riot, and rebellion, with all the host of evils -inseparable from a condition of plethoric wealth on one hand, and on the other hopeless -and despairing poverty.” -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>II. I intended in this note to have given some references to the first use of the -word Franc, as an adjective. But the best dictionary-makers seem to have been foiled -by it. “I recollect,” (an Oxford friend writes to me,) “Clovis called his axe ‘Francisca’ -when he threw it to determine by its fall where he should build a church,” and in -<span class="corr" id="xd31e2166" title="Source: Littre’s">Littré’s</span> dictionary a root is suggested, in the Anglo-Saxon Franca, ‘javelin.’ But I think -these are all collateral, not original uses. I am not sure even when the word came -to be used for the current silver coin of France: that, at least, must be ascertainable. -It is curious that in no fit of Liberty and Equality, the anti-Imperialists have thought -of calling their golden coins ‘Citizens’ instead of ‘Napoleons’; nor even their sous, -Sansculottes. -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>III. Some of my correspondents ask me what has become of my promised additional Fors -on the glaciers. Well, it got crevassed, and split itself into three; and then <span class="corr" id="xd31e2173" title="Source: regelated">relegated</span> itself into a somewhat compact essay on glaciers; and then got jammed up altogether, -because I found that the extremely scientific Professor Tyndall had never distinguished -the quality of viscosity from plasticity, (or the consistence of honey from that of -butter,) still less the gradations of character in the approach of metals, glass, -or stone, to their freezing-points; and that I wasn’t as clear as could be wished -on some of these matters myself; and, in fact, that I had better deal with the subject -seriously in my Oxford lectures than in Fors, which <span class="pageNum" id="pb159">[<a href="#pb159">159</a>]</span>I hope to do this next autumn, after looking again at the riband structure of the -Brenva. Meantime, here—out of I don’t know what paper, (I wish my correspondents would -always <i>cross</i> the slips they cut out with the paper’s name and date,)—is a lively account of the -present state of affairs, with a compliment to Professor Tyndall on his style of debate, -which I beg humbly to endorse. -</p> -<p>“An awful battle, we regret to say, is now raging between some of the most distinguished -men of Science, Literature, and Art, for all those three fair sisters have hurtled -into the Homeric fray. The combatants on one side are Professors G. Forbes, Tait, -and Ruskin, with Mr. Alfred Wills, and on the other—alone, but fearless and undismayed—the -great name of Tyndall. The <i lang="la">causa teterrima belli</i> is in itself a cold and unlikely one—namely, the glaciers of Switzerland; but fiercer -the fight could not be, we grieve to state, if the question of eternal punishment, -with all its fiery accessory scenery, were under discussion. We have no rash intention -of venturing into that terrible battleground where Professor Ruskin is laying about -him with his ‘Fors Clavigera,’ and where Professor Tait, like another Titan, hurls -wildly into the affrighted air such epithets as ‘contemptible,’ ‘miserable,’ ‘disgusting,’ -‘pernicious,’ ‘pestilent.’ These adjectives, for anything that ignorant journalists -can know, may mean, in Scotch scientific parlance, everything that is fair, chivalrous, -becoming, and measured in argument. But, merely from the British instinct of fair -play, which does not like to see four against one, and without venturing a single -word about the glaciers, we cannot help remarking how much more consistent with the -dignity of science appears Professor Tyndall’s answer in the last number of the <i>Contemporary Review</i>. If it be true that the man who keeps his temper is generally in the right, we shall -decidedly back Mr. Tyndall and the late lamented Agassiz in the present dreadful conflict. -Speaking, for instance, <span class="pageNum" id="pb160">[<a href="#pb160">160</a>]</span>of those same furious adjectives which we have culled from the literary parterre of -Professor Tait, Dr. Tyndall sweetly says, ‘The spirit which prompts them may, after -all, be but a local distortion of that noble force of heart which answered the Cameron’s -Gathering at Waterloo; carried the Black Watch to Coomassie; and which has furnished -Scotland with the materials of an immortal history. Still, rudeness is not independence, -bluster is not strength, nor is coarseness courage. We have won the human understanding -from the barbarism of the past; but we have won along with it the dignity, courtesy, -and truth of civilized life. And the man who on the platform or in the press does -violence to this ethical side of human nature discharges but an imperfect duty to -the public, whatever the qualities of his understanding may be.’ This, we humbly think, -is how men of science ought to talk when they quarrel—if they quarrel at all.” -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>I hope much to profit by this lesson. I have not my “School for Scandal” by me—but -I know where to find it the minute I get home; and I’ll do my best. “The man who,” -etc., etc.;—yes, I think I can manage it. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb161">[<a href="#pb161">161</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 chapter"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">FORS CLAVIGERA.</h2> -<h2 class="main">LETTER XLIV.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first dateline"><span class="sc">Rome</span>, <i>6th June, 1874</i>. -</p> -<p>The poor Campagna herdsman, whose seeking for St. Paul’s statue the Professor of Fine -Art in the University of Oxford so disgracefully failed to assist him in, had been -kneeling nearer the line of procession of the Corpus Domini than I;—in fact, quite -among the rose-leaves which had been strewed for a carpet round the aisles of the -Basilica. I grieve to say that I was shy of the rose-bestrewn path, myself; for the -crowd waiting at the side of it had mixed up the rose-leaves with spittle so richly -as to make quite a pink pomatum of them. And, indeed, the living temples of the Holy -Ghost which in any manner bestir themselves here among the temples,—whether of Roman -gods or Christian saints,—have merely and simply the two great operations upon them -of filling their innermost adyta with dung, and making their pavements slippery with -spittle: the Pope’s new tobacco manufactory under the Palatine,—an infinitely more -important <span class="pageNum" id="pb162">[<a href="#pb162">162</a>]</span>object now, in all views of Rome from the west, than either the Palatine or the Capitol,—greatly -aiding and encouraging this especial form of lustration: while the still more ancient -documents of Egyptian religion—the obelisks of the Piazza del Popolo, and of the portico -of St. Peter’s—are entirely eclipsed by the obelisks of our English religion, lately -elevated, in full view from the Pincian and the Montorio, with smoke coming out of -the top of them. And farther, the entire eastern district of Rome, between the two -Basilicas of the Lateran and St. Lorenzo, is now one mass of volcanic ruin;—a desert -of dust and ashes, the lust of wealth exploding there, out of a crater deeper than -Etna’s, and raging, as far as it can reach, in one frantic desolation of whatever -is lovely, or holy, or memorable, in the central city of the world. -</p> -<p>For there is one fixed idea in the mind of every European progressive politician, -at this time; namely, that by a certain application of Financial Art, and by the erection -of a certain quantity of new buildings on a colossal scale, it will be possible for -society hereafter to pass its entire life in eating, smoking, harlotry, and talk; -without doing anything whatever with its hands or feet of a laborious character. And -as these new buildings, whose edification is a main article of this modern political -faith and hope,—(being required for gambling and dining in on a large scale),—cannot -be raised without severely increased taxation of the poorer classes, (here in Italy -<span class="pageNum" id="pb163">[<a href="#pb163">163</a>]</span>direct, and in all countries consisting in the rise of price in all articles of food—wine -alone in Italy costing just ten times what it did ten years ago,) and this increased -taxation and distress are beginning to be felt too grievously to be denied; nor only -so, but—which is still less agreeable to modern politicians—with slowly dawning perception -of their true causes,—one finds also the popular journalists, for some time back addressing -themselves to the defence of Taxation, and Theft in general, after this fashion. -</p> -<p>“The wealth in the world may practically be regarded as infinitely great. It is not -true that what one man appropriates becomes thereupon useless to others, and it is -also untrue that force or fraud, direct or indirect, are the principal, or, indeed, -that they are at all common or important, modes of acquiring wealth.”—<i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>, Jan. 14th, 1869.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2217src" href="#xd31e2217">1</a> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb164">[<a href="#pb164">164</a>]</span></p> -<p>The philosophical journalist, after some further contemptuous statement of the vulgar -views on this subject, conveniently dispenses (as will be seen by reference to the -end of the clause in the note) with the defence of his own. I will undertake the explanation -of what was, perhaps, even to himself, not altogether clear in his impressions. If -a burglar ever carries off the Editor’s plate-basket, the bereaved Editor will console -himself by reflecting that “it is not true that what one man appropriates becomes -thereupon useless to others:”—for truly, (he will thus proceed to finer investigation,) -this plate of mine, melted down, after being transitionally serviceable to the burglar, -will enter again into the same functions among the silver of the world which it had -in my own possession; so that the intermediate benefit to the burglar may be regarded -as entirely a form of trade profit, and a kind of turning over of capital. And “it -is also untrue that force or fraud, direct or indirect, are the principal, or indeed -that they are at all common or important, modes of acquiring wealth,”—for this poor -thief, with his crowbar and jemmy, does but disfurnish my table for a day; while I, -with my fluent pen, can replenish it any number <span class="pageNum" id="pb165">[<a href="#pb165">165</a>]</span>of times over, by the beautiful expression of my opinions for the public benefit. -But what manner of fraud, or force, there may be in living by the sale of one’s opinions, -instead of knowledges; and what quantity of true knowledge on any subject whatsoever—moral, -political, scientific, or artistic—forms at present the total stock in trade of the -Editors of the European Press, our Pall Mall Editor has very certainly not considered. -</p> -<p>“The wealth in the world practically infinite,”—is it? Then it seems to me, the poor -may ask, with more reason than ever before, Why have we not our share of Infinity? -We thought, poor ignorants, that we were only the last in the scramble; we submitted, -believing that somebody must be last, and somebody first. But if the mass of good -things be inexhaustible, and there are horses for everybody,—why is not every beggar -on horseback? And, for my own part, why should the question be put to me so often,—which -I am sick of answering and answering again,—“How, with our increasing population, -are we to live without Machinery?” For if the wealth be already infinite, what need -of machinery to make more? Alas, if it <i>could</i> make more, what a different world this might be. Arkwright and Stephenson would deserve -statues indeed,—as much as St. Paul. If all the steam engines in England, and all -the coal in it, with all their horse and ass power put together, could produce—so -much as one grain of corn! The last time this perpetually recurring question <span class="pageNum" id="pb166">[<a href="#pb166">166</a>]</span>about machinery was asked me, it was very earnestly and candidly pressed, by a master -manufacturer, who honestly desired to do in his place what was serviceable to England, -and honourable to himself. I answered at some length, in private letters, of which -I asked and obtained his leave to print some parts in Fors. They may as well find -their place in this number; and for preface to them, here is a piece, long kept by -me, concerning railroads, which may advisably now be read. -</p> -<p>Of modern machinery for locomotion, my readers, I suppose, thought me writing in ill-temper, -when I said in one of the letters on the childhood of Scott, “infernal means of locomotion”? -Indeed, I am always compelled to write, as always compelled to live, in ill-temper. -But I never set down a single word but with the serenest purpose. I <i>meant</i> “infernal” in the most perfect sense the word will bear. -</p> -<p>For instance. The town of Ulverstone is twelve miles from me, by four miles of mountain -road beside Coniston lake, three through a pastoral valley, five by the seaside. A -healthier or lovelier walk would be difficult to find. -</p> -<p>In old times, if a Coniston peasant had any business at Ulverstone, he walked to Ulverstone; -spent nothing but shoe-leather on the road, drank at the streams, and if he spent -a couple of batz when he got to Ulverstone, “it was the end of the world.” But now, -he would never think of doing such a thing! He first walks three miles <span class="pageNum" id="pb167">[<a href="#pb167">167</a>]</span>in a contrary direction, to a railroad station, and then travels by railroad twenty-four -miles to Ulverstone, paying two shillings fare. During the twenty-four miles transit, -he is idle, dusty, stupid; and either more hot or cold than is pleasant to him. In -either case he drinks beer at two or three of the stations, passes his time, between -them, with anybody he can find, in talking without having anything to talk of; and -such talk always becomes vicious. He arrives at Ulverstone, jaded, half drunk, and -otherwise demoralized, and three shillings, at least, poorer than in the morning. -Of that sum, a shilling has gone for beer, threepence to a railway shareholder, threepence -in coals, and eighteenpence has been spent in employing strong men in the vile mechanical -work of making and driving a machine, instead of his own legs, to carry the drunken -lout. The results, absolute loss and demoralization to the poor, on all sides, and -iniquitous gain to the rich. Fancy, if you saw the railway officials actually employed -in carrying the countryman bodily on their backs to Ulverstone, what you would think -of the business! And because they waste ever so much iron and fuel besides to do it, -you think it a profitable one! -</p> -<p>And for comparison of the advantages of old times and new, for travellers of higher -order, hear how Scott’s excursions used to be made. -</p> -<p>“Accordingly, during seven successive years, Scott made a raid, as he called it, into -Liddesdale with Mr. <span class="pageNum" id="pb168">[<a href="#pb168">168</a>]</span>Shortreed for his guide, exploring every rivulet to its source, and every ruined peel -from foundation to battlement. At this time no wheeled carriage had ever been seen -in the district; the first, indeed, that ever appeared there was a gig, driven by -Scott himself for a part of his way, when on the last of these seven excursions. There -was no inn <i>nor public-house of any kind</i> in the whole valley; the travellers passed from the shepherd’s hut to the minister’s -manse, and again from the cheerful hospitality of the manse to the rough and jolly -welcome of the homestead; gathering, wherever they went, songs and tunes, and occasionally -more tangible relics of antiquity—even such ‘a rowth of auld nicknackets’ as Burns -ascribes to Captain Grose. To these rambles Scott owed much of the materials of his -‘Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border’; and not less of that intimate acquaintance with -the living manners of these unsophisticated regions, which constitutes the chief charm -of the most charming of his prose works. But how soon he had any definite object before -him in his researches seems very doubtful. ‘He was makin’ himsel’ a’ the time,’ said -Mr. Shortreed; ‘but he didna ken maybe what he was about, till years had passed. At -first he thought o’ little, I dare say, but the queerness and the fun.’ -</p> -<p>‘It was that same season, I think,’ says Mr. Shortreed, ‘that Sir Walter got from -Dr. Elliot the large old border war horn, which ye may still see hanging in the armoury -at Abbotsford. How great he was when he <span class="pageNum" id="pb169">[<a href="#pb169">169</a>]</span>was made master o’ that! I believe it had been found in Hermitage Castle—and one of -the doctor’s servants had used it many a day as a grease-horn for his scythe before -they had discovered its history. When cleaned out, it was never a hair the worse; -the original chain, hoop, and mouthpiece of steel were all entire, just as you now -see them. Sir Walter carried it home all the way from Liddesdale to Jedburgh slung -about his neck like Johnny Gilpin’s bottle, while I was entrusted with an ancient -bridle-bit, which we had likewise picked up. -</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“ ‘The feint o’ pride—nae pride had he, … </p> -<p class="line">A lang kail-gully hung down by his side, </p> -<p class="line">And a great meikle nowt-horn to rout on had he.’ </p> -</div> -<p class="first">And meikle and sair we routed on’t, and ’hotched and blew wi’ micht and main.’ O what -pleasant days! and then <i>a’ the nonsense we had cost us nothing. We never put hand in pocket</i> for a week on end. Toll-bars there were none, and indeed I think our haill charges -were a feed o’ corn to our horses in the gangin’ and comin’ at Riccartoun mill.’ ” -</p> -<p>This absolute economy,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2269src" href="#xd31e2269">2</a> of course, could only exist when travelling was so rare that patriarchal hospitality -could still be trusted for its lodging. But the hospitality <span class="pageNum" id="pb170">[<a href="#pb170">170</a>]</span>of the inn need not be less considerate or true because the inn’s master lives in -his occupation. Even in these days, I have had no more true or kind friend than the -now dead Mrs. Eisenkraemer of the <i>old</i> Union Inn at Chamouni; and an innkeeper’s daughter in the Oberland taught me that -it was still possible for a Swiss girl to be refined, imaginative, and pure-hearted, -though she waited on her father’s guests, and though these guests were often vulgar -and insolent English travellers. For she had been bred in the rural districts of happy -olden days,—to which, as it chances, my thoughts first turned, in the following answer -to my English manufacturing friend. -</p> -<p>On any given farm in Switzerland or Bavaria, fifty years ago, the master and his servants -lived, in abundance, on the produce of their ground, without machinery, and exchanged -some of its surplus produce for Lyons velvet and Hartz silver, (produced by the unhappy -mechanists and miners of those localities,) whereof the happy peasant made jackets -and bodices, and richly adorned the same with precious chain-work. It is not more -than ten years since I saw in a farm-shed near Thun, three handsome youths and three -comely girls, all in well-fitting, pretty, and snow-white shirt and chemisette, threshing -corn with a steady shower of timed blows, as skilful in their—cadence, shall we, literally, -say?—as the most exquisitely performed music, and as rapid as its swiftest notes. -There was no question for any of them, whether they should have their <span class="pageNum" id="pb171">[<a href="#pb171">171</a>]</span>dinner when they had earned it, nor the slightest chance of any of them going in rags -through the winter. -</p> -<p>That is entirely healthy, happy, and wise human life. Not a theoretical or Utopian -state at all; but one which over large districts of the world has long existed, and -must, thank God, in spite of British commerce and its consequences, for ever, somewhere, -exist. -</p> -<p>But the farm, we will say, gets over-populous, (it always does, of course, under ordinary -circumstances;) that is to say, the ground no longer affords corn and milk enough -for the people on it. Do you suppose you will make more of the corn, because you now -thresh it with a machine? So far from needing to do so, you have more hands to employ -than you had—can have twelve flails going instead of six. You make your twelve human -creatures stand aside, and thresh your corn with a steam engine. You gain time, do -you? What’s the use of time to you? did it not hang heavy enough on your hands before? -You thresh your entire farm produce, let us say, in twelve minutes. Will that make -it one grain more, to feed the twelve mouths? Most assuredly, the soot and stench -of your steam engine will make your crop <i>less</i> next year, but not one grain more can you have, to-day.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2285src" href="#xd31e2285">3</a> But you don’t mean to use your engines to thresh with or plough with? Well, <span class="pageNum" id="pb172">[<a href="#pb172">172</a>]</span>that is one point of common sense gained. What will you do with them, then?—spin and -weave cotton, sell the articles you manufacture, and buy food? Very good; then somewhere -there must be people still living as <i>you</i> once did,—that is to say, producing more corn and milk than they want, and able to -give it to you in exchange for your cotton, or velvet, or what not, which you weave -with your steam. Well, <i>those</i> people, wherever they are, and whoever they may be, are your lords and masters thenceforth. -<i>They</i> are living happy and wise human lives, and are served by you, their mechanics and -slaves. Day after day your souls will become more mechanical, more servile: also you -will go on multiplying, wanting more food, and more; you will have to sell cheaper -and cheaper, work longer and longer, to buy your food. At last, do what you can, you -can make no more, or the people who have the corn will not want any more; and your -increasing population will necessarily come to a quite imperative stop—by starvation, -preceded necessarily by revolution and massacre. -</p> -<p>And now examine the facts about England in this broad light. -</p> -<p>She has a vast quantity of ground still food-producing, in corn, grass, cattle, or -game. With that territory she educates her squire, or typical gentleman, and his tenantry, -to whom, together, she owes all her power in the world. With another large portion -of territory,—now continually on the increase,—she educates a mercenary <span class="pageNum" id="pb173">[<a href="#pb173">173</a>]</span>population, ready to produce any quantity of bad articles to anybody’s order; population -which every hour that passes over them makes acceleratingly avaricious, immoral, and -insane. In the increase of that kind of territory and its people, her ruin is just -as certain as if she were deliberately exchanging her corn-growing land; and her heaven -above it, for a soil of arsenic, and rain of nitric acid. -</p> -<p>“Have the Arkwrights and Stephensons, then, done nothing but harm?” Nothing; but the -root of all the mischief is not in Arkwrights or Stephensons; nor in rogues or mechanics. -The real root of it is the crime of the squire himself. And the method of that crime -is thus. A certain quantity of the food produced by the country is paid annually by -it into the squire’s hand, in the form of rent, privately, and taxes, publicly. If -he uses this food to support a food-producing population, he increases daily the strength -of the country and his own; but if he uses it to support an idle population, or one -producing merely trinkets in iron, or gold, or other rubbish he steadily weakens the -country, and debases himself. -</p> -<p>Now the action of the squire for the last fifty years has been, broadly, to take the -food from the ground of his estate, and carry it to London, where he feeds with it<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2308src" href="#xd31e2308">4</a> a vast number of builders, upholsterers, (one <span class="pageNum" id="pb174">[<a href="#pb174">174</a>]</span>of them charged me five pounds for a footstool the other day,) carriage and harness -makers, dress-makers, grooms, footmen, bad musicians, bad painters, gamblers, and -harlots, and in supply of the wants of these main classes, a vast number of shopkeepers -of minor useless articles. The muscles and the time of this enormous population being -wholly unproductive—(for of course time spent in the mere process of sale is unproductive, -and much more that of the footman and groom, while that of the vulgar upholsterer, -jeweller, fiddler, and painter, etc., etc., is not only unproductive, but mischievous,)—the -entire mass of this London population do nothing whatever either to feed or clothe -themselves; and their vile life preventing them from all rational entertainment, they -are compelled to seek some pastime in a vile literature, the demand for which again -occupies another enormous class, who do nothing to feed or dress themselves; finally, -the vain disputes of this vicious population give employment to the vast industry -of the lawyers and their clerks,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2315src" href="#xd31e2315">5</a> who similarly do nothing to feed or dress themselves. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb175">[<a href="#pb175">175</a>]</span></p> -<p>Now the peasants might still be able to supply this enormous town population with -food, (in the form of the squire’s rent,) but it cannot, without machinery, supply -the flimsy dresses, toys, metal work, and other rubbish, belonging to their accursed -life. Hence over the whole country the sky is blackened and the air made pestilent, -to supply London and other such towns<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2321src" href="#xd31e2321">6</a> with their iron railings, vulgar upholstery, jewels, toys, liveries, lace, and other -means of dissipation and dishonour of life. Gradually the country people cannot even -supply food to the <span class="corr" id="xd31e2324" title="Source: veracity">voracity</span> of the vicious centre; and it is necessary to import food from other countries, giving -in exchange any kind of commodity we can attract their itching desires for, and produce -by machinery. The tendency of the entire national energy is therefore to approximate -more and more to the state of a squirrel in a cage, or a turnspit in a wheel, fed -by foreign masters with nuts and dog’s-meat. And indeed, when we rightly conceive -the relation of London to the country, the sight of it becomes more fantastic and -wonderful than any dream. Hyde Park, in the season, is the great rotatory form of -the vast squirrel-cage; round and round it go the idle company, in their reversed -streams, urging themselves to their necessary exercise. They cannot with safety even -eat their nuts, without so much ‘revolution’ as shall, in Venetian language <span class="pageNum" id="pb176">[<a href="#pb176">176</a>]</span>‘comply with the demands of hygiene.’ Then they retire into their boxes, with due -quantity of straw; the Belgravian and Piccadillian streets outside the railings being, -when one sees clearly, nothing but the squirrel’s box at the side of his wires. And -then think of all the rest of the metropolis as the creation and ordinance of these -squirrels, that they may squeak and whirl to their satisfaction, and yet be fed. Measure -the space of its entirely miserable life. Begin with that diagonal which I struck -from Regent Circus to Drury Lane; examine it, house by house; then go up from Drury -Lane to St. Giles’ Church, look into Church Lane there, and explore your Seven Dials -and Warwick Street; and remember this is the very centre of the mother city,—precisely -between its Parks, its great Library and Museum, its principal Theatres, and its Bank. -Then conceive the East-end; and the melancholy Islington and Pentonville districts; -then the ghastly spaces of southern suburb—Vauxhall, Lambeth, the Borough, Wapping, -and Bermondsey. All this is the nidification of those Park Squirrels. This is the -thing they have produced round themselves; this their work in the world. When they -rest from their squirrellian revolutions, and die in the Lord, and their works do -follow them, <i>these</i> are what will follow them. Lugubrious march of the <span class="corr" id="xd31e2331" title="Source: Warterloo">Waterloo</span> Road, and the Borough, and St. Giles’s; the shadows of all the Seven Dials having -fetched their last compass. New Jerusalem, prepared as a bride, of course, opening -<span class="pageNum" id="pb177">[<a href="#pb177">177</a>]</span>her gates to them;—but, pertinaciously attendant, Old Jewry outside. “Their works -do follow them.” -</p> -<p>For these streets are indeed what they have built; their inhabitants the people they -have chosen to educate. They took the bread and milk and meat from the people of their -fields; they gave it to feed, and retain here in their service, this fermenting mass -of unhappy human beings,—news-mongers, novel-mongers, picture-mongers, poison-drink-mongers, -lust and death-mongers; the whole smoking mass of it one vast dead-marine storeshop,—accumulation -of wreck of the Dead Sea, with every activity in it, a form of putrefaction. -</p> -<p>Some personal matters were touched upon in my friend’s reply to this letter, and I -find nothing more printable of the correspondence but this following fragment or two. -</p> -<p>“But what are you to do, having got into this mechanical line of life?” -</p> -<p>You must persevere in it, and do the best you can for the present, but resolve to -get out of it as soon as may be. The one essential point is to know thoroughly that -it is wrong; how to get out of it, you can decide afterwards, at your leisure. -</p> -<p>“But somebody must weave by machinery, and dig in mines: else how could one have one’s -velvet and silver chains?” -</p> -<p>Whatever machinery is needful for human purposes can be driven by wind or water; the -Thames alone could <span class="pageNum" id="pb178">[<a href="#pb178">178</a>]</span>drive mills enough to weave velvet and silk for all England. But even mechanical occupation -not involving pollution of the atmosphere must be as limited as possible; for it invariably -degrades. You may use your slave in your silver mine, or at your loom, to avoid such -labour yourself, if you honestly believe you have brains to be better employed;—or -you may yourself, for the service of others, honourably <i>become</i> their slave; and, in benevolent degradation, dig silver or weave silk, making yourself -semi-spade, or semi-worm. But you must eventually, for no purpose or motive whatsoever, -live amidst smoke and filth, nor allow others to do so; you must see that your slaves -are as comfortable and safe as their employment permits, and that they are paid wages -high enough to allow them to leave it often for redemption and rest. -</p> -<p>Eventually, I say; how fast events may move, none of us know; in our compliance with -them, let us at least be intelligently patient—if at all; not blindly patient. -</p> -<p>For instance, there is nothing really more monstrous in any recorded savagery or absurdity -of mankind, than that governments should be able to get money for any folly they choose -to commit, by selling to capitalists the right of taxing future generations to the -end of time. All the cruellest wars inflicted, all the basest luxuries grasped by -the idle classes, are thus paid for by the poor a hundred times over. And yet I am -obliged to keep my money in the funds or the bank, <span class="pageNum" id="pb179">[<a href="#pb179">179</a>]</span>because I know no other mode of keeping it safe; and if I refused to take the interest, -I should only throw it into the hands of the very people who would use it for these -evil purposes, or, at all events, for less good than I can. Nevertheless it is daily -becoming a more grave question with me what it may presently be right to do. It may -be better to diminish private charities, and much more, my own luxury of life, than -to comply in any sort with a national sin. But I am not agitated or anxious in the -matter: content to know my principle, and to work steadily towards better fulfilment -of it. -</p> -<p>And this is all that I would ask of my correspondent, or of any other man,—that he -should know what he is about, and be steady in his line of advance or retreat. I know -myself to be an usurer as long as I take interest on any money whatsoever. I confess -myself such, and abide whatever shame or penalty may attach to usury, until I can -withdraw myself from the system. So my correspondent says he must abide by his post. -I think so too. A naval captain, though I should succeed in persuading him of the -wickedness of war, would in like manner, if he were wise, abide at his post; nay, -would be entirely traitorous and criminal if he at once deserted it. Only let us all -be sure what our positions are; and if, as it is said, the not living by interest -and the resolutely making everything as good as can be, are incompatible with the -present state of society, let us, <span class="pageNum" id="pb180">[<a href="#pb180">180</a>]</span>though compelled to remain usurers and makers of bad things, at least not deceive -ourselves as to the nature of our acts and life. -</p> -<p>Leaving thus the personal question, how the great courses of life are to be checked -or changed, to each man’s conscience and discretion,—this following answer I would -make in all cases to the inquiry, ‘What can I <i>do</i>?’ -</p> -<p>If the present state of this so-called rich England is so essentially miserable and -poverty-stricken that honest men must always live from hand to mouth, while speculators -make fortunes by cheating them out of their labour, and if, therefore, no sum can -be set aside for charity,—the paralyzed honest men can certainly do little for the -present. But, with what can be spared for charity, if <i>any</i>thing, do this; buy ever so small a bit of ground, in the midst of the worst back -deserts of our manufacturing towns; six feet square, if no more can be had,—nay, the -size of a grave, if you will, but buy it <i>freehold</i>, and make a garden of it, by hand-labour; a garden visible to all men, and cultivated -<i>for</i> all men of that place. If absolutely nothing will grow in it, then have herbs carried -there in pots. Force the bit of ground into order, cleanliness, <i>green</i> or <i>coloured</i> aspect. What difficulties you have in doing this are your best subjects of thought; -the good you will do in doing this, the best in your present power. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb181">[<a href="#pb181">181</a>]</span></p> -<p>What the best in your ultimate power may be, will depend on the action of the English -landlord; for observe, we have only to separate the facts of the Swiss farm to ascertain -what they are with respect to any state. We have only to ask what quantity of food -it produces, how much it exports in exchange for other articles, and how much it imports -in exchange for other articles. The food-producing countries have the power of educating -gentlemen and gentlewomen if they please,—they are the lordly and masterful countries. -Those which exchange mechanical or artistic productions for food are servile, and -necessarily in process of time will be ruined. Next Fors, therefore, will be written -for any Landlords who wish to be true Workmen in their vocation; and, according to -the first law of the St. George’s Company, ‘to do good work, whether they die or live.’ -<span class="pageNum" id="pb183">[<a href="#pb183">183</a>]</span> </p> -<div class="div2 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE.</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">I commend the whole of the following letter to the reader’s most serious consideration:— -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first dateline"><span class="sc">Broxbourn, Herts</span>, <i>11th June, 1874</i>. -</p> -<p>My dear Sir,—You are so tolerant of correspondents with grievances, that I venture -to say a few more words, in reply to your note about Law Reform. In November next -the Judicature Bill will come into operation. The preamble recites this incontestable -fact, “that it is expedient to make provision for the better administration of justice -in England.” Now, the two salient features of the incessant clamour for Law Reform -are these—1st, an increased conviction of the sanctity of property; 2nd, a proportionate -decrease in the estimate of human life. For years past the English people have spent -incalculable money and talk in trying to induce Parliament to give them safe titles -to their land, and sharp and instant means of getting in their debts: the Land Transfer -Bill is in answer to this first demand, and the Judicature Bill to the second. Meanwhile -the Criminal Code may shift for itself; and here we have, as the outcome of centuries -of vulgar national flourish about Magna Charta, Habeas Corpus, and much else, the -present infamous system of punishing crime by pecuniary penalties. Now the spirit -of this evil system is simply this: “A crime is an offence against society. Making -the <span class="pageNum" id="pb184">[<a href="#pb184">184</a>]</span>criminal suffer pain won’t materially benefit society, but making him suffer in his -pocket <i>will</i>;” and so society elects to be battered about, and variously maltreated, on a sliding -scale of charges, adjusted more on medical than moral principles. No doubt it is very -desirable to have a title-deed to your thousand acres, no bigger than the palm of -your hand, to be able to put it in a box, and sit upon it, and defy all the lawyers -in the land to pick a flaw in your title; quite a millenium-like state of things, -but liable to be somewhat marred if your next door neighbour may knock you off your -box, stab you with a small pocket-knife, and jump on your stomach, all with grievous -damage to you, but comparative immunity to himself. We are one day to have cheap law, -meanwhile we have such cheap crime that injuries to the person are now within the -reach of all. I may be a villain of the first water, if I have a few spare pounds -in my pocket. From a careful survey of lately reported cases, I find I can run away -with my neighbour’s wife, seduce his daughter, half poison his household with adulterated -food, and finally stab him with a pocket-knife, for rather less than £1000. Stabbing -is so ridiculously cheap that I can indulge in it for a trifling penalty of £1. (See -Southall’s case.) But woe be to me if I dare to encroach on my neighbour’s land, prejudice -his trade, or touch his pocket; then the law has remedies, vast and many, and I shall -not only incur pecuniary penalties that are to all effects and purpose limitless, -but I shall be made to suffer in person also. These two things are exactly indicative -of the gradual decay of the national mind under the influence of two schools. The -first teaches that man’s primary object in life is to “get on in the world;” hence -we have this exaggerated estimate of the value and sanctity of property. The second -school teaches that love can exist without reverence, mercy without justice, and liberty -without obedience; and as the logical result of such teaching, we have lost all clear -and healthy knowledge of what justice really is, and invent a system of punishments -<span class="pageNum" id="pb185">[<a href="#pb185">185</a>]</span>which is not even really punitive, and without any element of retribution at all. -Let us have instead a justice that not only condones the crime, but also makes a profit -out of the criminal. And we get her; but note the irony of Fate: when our modern goddess -<i>does</i> pluck up heart to be angry, she seems doomed to be angry in the wrong way, and with -the wrong people. Here is a late instance (the printed report of which I send you):— -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first"><i>William Hawkes</i>, a blind man and very infirm, was brought up, having been committed from Marlborough -Street, to be dealt with as a rogue and vagabond. -</p> -<p>On being placed in the dock, -</p> -<p>Mr. Montagu Williams, as <i lang="la">amicus curiæ</i>, said he had known the prisoner for years, from seeing him sitting on Waterloo Bridge -tracing his fingers over a book designed for the blind to read, and in no instance -had he seen him beg from those who passed by, so that he was practically doing no -harm, and some time ago the late Sir William Bodkin had dealt very mercifully with -him. Something ought to be done for him. -</p> -<p>Mr. Harris said he could corroborate all that his learned friend had stated. -</p> -<p>The Assistant-Judge said he had been convicted by the magistrate, and was sent here -to be sentenced as a rogue and vagabond, <i>but the Court would not deal hardly with him</i>. -</p> -<p>Horsford, chief officer of the Mendicity Society, said the prisoner had been frequently -convicted for begging. -</p> -<p>The Assistant-Judge sentenced him to be imprisoned for four months.—<i>May, 1874.</i></p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>The other day I was reading a beautiful Eastern story of a certain blind man who sat -by the wayside begging; clearly a very importunate and troublesome blind man, who -would by no means hold his peace, but who, nevertheless, had his heart’s desire granted -unto him at last. And yesterday I was also reading a very unlovely Western story of -another blind man, who was “very infirm,” not at all importunate, did not even beg; -only sat there by the roadside and read out of a certain Book that has <span class="pageNum" id="pb186">[<a href="#pb186">186</a>]</span>a great deal to say about justice and mercy. The sequel of the two stories varies -considerably: in this latter one our civilized English Law clutches the old blind -man by the throat, tells him he is a rogue and a vagabond, and flings him into prison -for four months! -</p> -<p>But our enlightened British Public is too busy clamouring for short deeds and cheap -means of litigation, ever to give thought or time to mere “sentimental grievances.” -Have you seen the strange comment on Carlyle’s letter of some months ago, in which -he prophesied evil things to come, if England still persisted in doing her work “ill, -swiftly, and mendaciously”? Our export trade, for the first five months of this year, -shows a decrease of just eight millions! The newspapers note, with a horrified amazement, -that the continental nations decline dealing any longer at the “old shop,” and fall -back on home products, and try to explain it by reference to the Capital and Labour -question. Carlyle foresaw Germany’s future, and told us plainly of it; he foresees -England’s decadence, and warns us just as plainly of <i>that</i>; and the price we have already paid, in this year of grace 1874, for telling him -to hold his tongue, is just eight millions. -</p> -<p class="signed">Yours sincerely,</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>Next, or next but one, to the Fors for the squires, will come that for the lawyers. -In the meantime, can any correspondent inform me, approximately, what the income and -earnings of the legal profession are annually in England, and what sum is spent in -collateral expenses for juries, witnesses, etc.? The ‘Times’ for May 18th of this -year gives the following estimate of the cost of the Tichborne trial, which seems -to me very moderate:— -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first"><span class="sc">The Trial of the Tichborne Claimant.</span>—On Saturday a return to the House of Commons, obtained by Mr. W. H. Smith, was printed, -showing the amount expended upon the prosecution in the <span class="pageNum" id="pb187">[<a href="#pb187">187</a>]</span>case of “Regina v. Castro, otherwise Orton, otherwise Tichborne,” and the probable -amount still remaining to be paid out of the vote of Parliament for “this service.” -The probable cost of the trial is stated at £55,315 17<i>s.</i> 1<i>d.</i>, of which £49,815 17<i>s.</i> 1<i>d.</i> had been paid up to the 11th ult., and on the 11th of May inst. £5,500 remained unpaid. -In 1872–3 counsels’ fees were £1,146 16<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, and in 1873–4 counsels’ fees were £22,495 18<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i> The jury were paid £3,780, and the shorthand writers £3,493 3<i>s.</i> The other expenses were witnesses, agents, etc., and law stationers and printing. -Of the sum to be paid, £4,000 is for the Australian and Chili witnesses.—<i>Times</i>, May 18th, 1874.</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>II. I reprint the following letter as it was originally published. I meant to have -inquired into the facts a little farther, but have not had time. -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first dateline"><span class="sc">21, Mincing Lane, London, E.C.</span>, -</p> -<p class="dateline"><i>19th March, 1874</i>. -</p> -<p>Dear Sirs,—On the 27th March, 1872, we directed your attention to this subject of -Usury in a paper headed “<span class="sc">Choose you this day whom ye will serve</span>.” We have since published our correspondence with the Rev. Dr. Cumming, and we take -his silence as an acknowledgment of his inability to justify his teaching upon this -subject. We have also publicly protested against the apathy of the Bishops and Clergy -of the Established Church regarding this national sin. We now append an extract from -the ‘Hampshire Independent’ of the 11th instant, which has been forwarded to us:— -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">“The Church of England in South Australia is in active competition with the money -changers and those who sell doves. The Church Office, Leigh Street, Adelaide, advertises -that ‘it is prepared to lend money at current rates—no commission or brokerage charged,’ -which is really liberal on the part of the Church of England, and may serve to distinguish -it as a <span class="pageNum" id="pb188">[<a href="#pb188">188</a>]</span>lender from the frequenters of the synagogues.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2483src" href="#xd31e2483">7</a> It has been suggested that the Church Office should hang out the triple symbol of -the Lombards, and that at the next examination of candidates for holy orders a few -apposite questions might be asked, such as—‘State concisely the best method of obtaining -the highest rate of interest for Church moneys. Demonstrate how a system of Church -money-lending was approved by the founder of Christianity.’ ”</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>As such perverseness can only end in sudden and overwhelming calamity, we make no -apology for again urging you to assist us in our endeavours to banish the accursed -element at least from our own trade. -</p> -<p class="signed">Your obedient servants, -</p> -<p class="signed"><span class="sc">J. C. Sillar and Co.</span></p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>I put in large print—it would be almost worth capital letters—the following statement -of the principle of interest as “necessary to the existence of money.” I suppose it -is impossible to embody the modern view more distinctly:— -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first xd31e2497">“Money, the representation and measure of value, has also <i>the power to accumulate value by interest</i> (italics <i>not</i> mine). This accumulative power is essential to the existence of money, for no one -will exchange productive property for money that does not represent production. The -laws making gold and silver a public tender impart to dead masses of metal, as it -were, life and animation. <span class="pageNum" id="pb189">[<a href="#pb189">189</a>]</span>They give them powers which without legal enactment they could not possess, and which -enable their owner to obtain for their use what other men must earn by their labour. -One piece of gold receives a legal capability to earn for its owner, in a given time, -another piece of gold as large as itself; or in other words, the legal power of money -to accumulate by interest compels the borrower in a given period, according to the -rate of interest, to mine and coin, or to procure by the sale of his labour or products, -another lump of gold as large as the first, and give it, together with the first, -to the lender.”—<i>Kellogg on Labour and Capital, New York, 1849.</i></p> -</blockquote><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb191">[<a href="#pb191">191</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2217"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2217src">1</a></span> The passage continues thus, curiously enough,—for the parallel of the boat at sea -is precisely that which I have given, in <i>true</i> explanation of social phenomena:— -</p> -<p class="footnote cont">“The notion that when one man becomes rich he makes others poor, will be found upon -examination to depend upon the assumption that there is in the world a fixed quantity -of wealth; that when one man appropriates to himself a large amount of it, he excludes -all others from any benefit arising from it, and that at the same time he forces some -one else to be content with less than he would otherwise have had. Society, in short, -must be compared to a boat at sea, in which there is a certain quantity of fresh water, -and a certain number of shipwrecked passengers. In that case, no doubt, the water -drunk by one is of no use to <span class="pageNum" id="pb164n">[<a href="#pb164n">164</a>]</span>the rest, and if one drinks more, others must drink less, as the water itself is a -fixed quantity. Moreover, no one man would be able to get more than a rateable share, -except by superior force, or by some form of deceit, because the others would prevent -him. The mere statement of this view ought to be a sufficient exposure of the fundamental -error of the commonplaces which we are considering.” <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2217src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2269"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2269src">2</a></span> The reader might at first fancy that the economy was not “absolute,” but that the -expenses of the traveller were simply borne by his host. Not so; the host only gave -what he in his turn received, when he also travelled. Every man thus carried his home -with him, and to travel, was merely to walk or ride from place to place, instead of -round one’s own house. (See Saunders Fairford’s expostulation with Alan on the charges -incurred at Noble House.) <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2269src" title="Return to note 2 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2285"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2285src">3</a></span> But what is to be done, then? Emigrate, of course; but under different laws from those -of modern emigration. Don’t emigrate to China, poison Chinamen, and teach them to -make steam engines, and then import Chinamen, to dig iron <i>here</i>. But see next Fors. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2285src" title="Return to note 3 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2308"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2308src">4</a></span> The writings of our vulgar political economists, calling money only a “medium of exchange,” -blind the foolish public conveniently to all the practical actions of the machinery -of the currency. Money is not a medium of exchange, but a token of right. I have, -suppose, at this moment, ten, twenty, or thirty thousand pounds. That signifies that, -as compared with a man who has only ten pounds, I can claim possession of, call for, -and do <span class="pageNum" id="pb174n">[<a href="#pb174n">174</a>]</span>what I like with a thousand, or two thousand, or three thousand times as much of the -valuable things existing in the country. The peasant accordingly gives the squire -a certain number of these tokens or counters, which give the possessor a right to -claim so much corn or meat. The squire gives these tokens to the various persons in -town, enumerated in the text, who then claim the corn and meat from the peasant, returning -him the counters, which he calls “price,” and gives to the squire again next year. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2308src" title="Return to note 4 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2315"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2315src">5</a></span> Of the industry of the Magistrate against crime, I say nothing; for it now scarcely -exists, but to do evil. See first article in Correspondence, at end of letter. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2315src" title="Return to note 5 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2321"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2321src">6</a></span> Compare, especially, Letter xxix., p. 11. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2321src" title="Return to note 6 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2483"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2483src">7</a></span> It is possible that this lending office may have been organised as a method of charity, -corresponding to the original Monte di Pieta, the modern clergymen having imagined, -in consequence of the common error about interest, that they could improve the system -of Venice by ignoring its main condition—the lending gratis,—and benefit themselves -at the same time. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2483src" title="Return to note 7 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 chapter"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="super">FORS CLAVIGERA.</h2> -<h2 class="main">LETTER XLV.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first dateline"><span class="sc">Lucca</span>, <i>2nd August, 1874</i>. -</p> -<p>The other day, in the Sacristan’s cell at Assisi, I got into a great argument with -the Sacristan himself, about the prophet Isaiah. It had struck me that I should like -to know what sort of a person his wife was: and I asked my good host, over our morning’s -coffee, whether the Church knew anything about her. Brother Antonio, however, instantly -and energetically denied that he ever had a wife. He was a ‘<span lang="it">Castissimo profeta</span>,’—how could I fancy anything so horrible of him! Vainly I insisted that, since he -had children, he must either have been married, or been under special orders, like -the prophet Hosea. But my Protestant Bible was good for nothing, said the Sacristan. -Nay, I answered, I never read, usually, in anything later than a thirteenth century -text; let him produce me one out of the convent library, and see if I couldn’t find -Shearjashub in it. The discussion dropped <span class="pageNum" id="pb192">[<a href="#pb192">192</a>]</span>upon this,—because the library was inaccessible at the moment; and no printed Vulgate -to be found. But I think of it again to-day, because I have just got into another -puzzle about Isaiah,—to wit, what he means by calling himself a “man of unclean lips.”<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2527src" href="#xd31e2527">1</a> And that is a vital question, surely, to all persons venturing to rise up, as teachers;—vital, -at all events, to me, here, and now, for these following reasons. -</p> -<p>Thirty years ago, I began my true study of Italian, and all other art,—here, beside -the statue of Ilaria di Caretto, recumbent on her tomb. It turned me from the study -of landscape to that of life, being then myself in the fullest strength of labour, -and joy of hope. -</p> -<p>And I was thinking, last night, that the drawing which I am now trying to make of -it, in the weakness and despair of declining age, might possibly be the last I should -make before quitting the study of Italian, and even all other, art, for ever. -</p> -<p>I have no intent of doing so: quite the reverse of that. But I feel the separation -between me and the people round me, so bitterly, in the world of my own which they -cannot enter; and I see their entrance to it now barred so absolutely by their own -resolves, (they having deliberately and self-congratulatingly chosen for themselves -the Manchester Cotton Mill instead of the Titian,) that it becomes every hour more -urged upon <span class="pageNum" id="pb193">[<a href="#pb193">193</a>]</span>me that I shall have to leave,—not father and mother, for they have left me; nor children, -nor lands, for I have none,—but at least this spiritual land and fair domain of human -art and natural peace,—because I am a man of unclean lips, and dwell in the midst -of a people of unclean lips, and therefore am undone, because mine eyes have seen -the King, the Lord of Hosts. -</p> -<p>I say it, and boldly. Who else is there of you who can stand with me, and say the -same? It is an age of progress, you tell me. Is your progress chiefly in this, that -you <i>cannot</i> see the King, the Lord of Hosts, but only Baal, instead of Him? -</p> -<p>“The Sun is God,” said Turner, a few weeks before he died with the setting rays of -it on his face. -</p> -<p><i>He</i> meant it, as Zoroaster meant it; and was a Sun-worshipper of the old breed. But the -unheard-of foulness of your modern faith in Baal is its being faith <i>without</i> worship. The Sun is—<i>not</i> God,—you say. Not by any manner of means. A gigantic railroad accident, perhaps,—a -coruscant <span class="trans" title="dinos"><span lang="grc" class="grek">δινος</span></span>,—put on the throne of God like a limelight; and able to serve you, eventually, much -better than ever God did. -</p> -<p>I repeat my challenge. You,—Te Deum-singing princes, colonels, bishops, choristers, -and what else,—do any of you know what Te means? or what Deum? or what Laudamus? Have -any of your eyes seen the King, or His Sabaoth? Will any of you say, with your hearts, -‘Heaven and earth are full of His glory; <span class="pageNum" id="pb194">[<a href="#pb194">194</a>]</span>and in His name we will set up our banners, and do good work, whether we live or die’? -</p> -<p>You, in especial, Squires of England, whose fathers were England’s bravest and best,—by -how much better and braver you are than your fathers, in this Age of Progress, I challenge -you: Have any of your eyes seen the King? Are any of your hands ready for His work, -and for His weapons,—even though they should chance to be pruning-hooks instead of -spears? -</p> -<p>Who am I, that should challenge <i>you</i>—do you ask? My mother was a sailor’s daughter, so please you; one of my aunts was -a baker’s wife—the other, a tanner’s; and I don’t know much more about my family, -except that there used to be a greengrocer of the name in a small shop near the Crystal -Palace. Something of my early and vulgar life, if it interests you, I will tell in -next Fors: in this one, it is indeed my business, poor gipsy herald as I am, to bring -you such challenge, though you shall hunt and hang me for it. -</p> -<p>Squires, are you, and not Workmen, nor Labourers, do you answer next? -</p> -<p>Yet, I have certainly sometimes seen engraved over your family vaults, and especially -on the more modern tablets, those comfortful words, “Blessed are the dead which die -in the Lord.” But I observe that you are usually content, with the help of the village -stone-mason, to say <i>only</i> this concerning your dead; and that you but rarely venture to add the “yea” of the -Spirit, <span class="pageNum" id="pb195">[<a href="#pb195">195</a>]</span>“that they may rest from their Labours, and their Works do follow them.” Nay, I am -not even sure that many of you clearly apprehend the meaning of such followers and -following; nor, in the most pathetic funeral sermons, have I heard the matter made -strictly intelligible to your hope. For indeed, though you have always graciously -considered your church no less essential a part of your establishment than your stable, -you have only been solicitous that there should be no broken-winded steeds in the -one, without collateral endeavour to find clerks for the other in whom the breath -of the Spirit should be unbroken also. -</p> -<p>As yet it is a text which, seeing how often we would fain take the comfort of it, -surely invites explanation. The implied difference between those who die in the Lord, -and die—otherwise; the essential distinction between the labour from which these blessed -ones rest, and the work which in some mysterious way follows them; and the doubt—which -must sometimes surely occur painfully to a sick or bereaved squire—whether the labours -of his race are always severe enough to make rest sweet, or the works of his race -always distinguished enough to make their following superb,—ought, it seems to me, -to cause the verse to glow on your (lately, I observe, more artistic) tombstones, -like the letters on Belshazzar’s wall; and with the more lurid and alarming light, -that this “following” of the works is distinctly connected, in the parallel passage -of <span class="pageNum" id="pb196">[<a href="#pb196">196</a>]</span>Timothy, with “judgment” upon the works; and that the kinds of them which can securely -front such judgment, are there said to be, in some cases, “manifest beforehand,” and, -in no case, ultimately obscure. -</p> -<p>“It seems to me,” I say, as if such questions should occur to the squire during sickness, -or funeral pomp. But the seeming is far from the fact. For I suppose the last idea -which is likely ever to enter the mind of a representative squire, in any vivid or -tenable manner, would be that anything he had ever done, or said, was liable to a -judgment from superior powers; or that any other law than his own will, or the fashion -of his society, stronger than his will, existed in relation to the management of his -estate. Whereas, according to any rational interpretation of our Church’s doctrine, -as by law established; if there be one person in the world rather than another to -whom it makes a serious difference whether he dies in the Lord or out of Him; and -if there be one rather than another who will have strict scrutiny made into his use -of every instant of his time, every syllable of his speech, and every action of his -hand and foot,—on peril of having hand and foot bound, and tongue scorched, in Tophet,—that -responsible person is the British Squire. -</p> -<p>Very strange, the unconsciousness of this, in his own mind, and in the minds of all -belonging to him. Even the greatest painter of him—the Reynolds who has filled England -with the ghosts of her noble squires and dames,<span class="pageNum" id="pb197">[<a href="#pb197">197</a>]</span>—though he ends his last lecture in the Academy with “the <i>name</i> of Michael Angelo,” never for an instant thought of following out the purposes of -Michael Angelo, and painting a Last Judgment upon Squires, with the scene of it laid -in Leicestershire. Appealing lords and ladies on either hand;—“Behold, Lord, here -is Thy land; which I have—as far as my distressed circumstances would permit—laid -up in a napkin. Perhaps there may be a cottage or so less upon it than when I came -into the estate,—a tree cut down here and there imprudently;—but the grouse and foxes -are undiminished. Behold, there Thou hast that is Thine.” And what capacities of dramatic -effect in the cases of less prudent owners,—those who had said in their hearts, “My -Lord delayeth His coming.” Michael Angelo’s St. Bartholomew, exhibiting his <i>own</i> skin flayed off him, awakes but a minor interest in that classic picture. How many -an English squire might not we, with more pictorial advantage, see represented as -adorned with the flayed skins of other people? Micah the Morasthite, throned above -them on the rocks of the mountain of the Lord, while his Master now takes up His parable, -“Hear, I pray you, ye heads of Jacob, and ye princes of the house of Israel; Is it -not for you to know judgment, who also eat the flesh of my people, and flay their -skin from off them, and they break their bones, and chop them in pieces as for the -pot.” -</p> -<p>And how of the appeals on the other side? “Lord, <span class="pageNum" id="pb198">[<a href="#pb198">198</a>]</span>Thou gavest me one land; behold, I have gained beside it ten lands more.” You think -that an exceptionally economical landlord might indeed be able to say so much for -himself; and that the increasing of their estates has at least been held a desirable -thing by all of them, however Fortune, and the sweet thyme-scented Turf of England, -might thwart their best intentions. Indeed it is well to have coveted—much more to -have gained—increase of estate, in a certain manner. But neither the Morasthite nor -his Master have any word of praise for you in appropriating surreptitiously, portions, -say, of Hampstead Heath, or Hayes Common, or even any bit of gipsy-pot-boiling land -at the roadside. Far the contrary: In that day of successful appropriation, there -is one that shall take up a parable against you, and say, “We be utterly spoiled. -He hath changed the portion of my people; turning away, he hath divided our fields. -Therefore thou shalt have none that shall cast a cord by lot in the congregation of -the Lord.” In modern words, you shall have quite unexpected difficulties in getting -your legal documents drawn up to your satisfaction; and truly, as you have divided -the fields of the poor, the poor, in their time, shall divide yours. -</p> -<p>Nevertheless, in their deepest sense, those triumphant words, “Behold, I have gained -beside it ten lands more,” must be on the lips of every landlord who honourably enters -into his rest; whereas there will soon be considerable difficulty, as I think you -are beginning to perceive, <span class="pageNum" id="pb199">[<a href="#pb199">199</a>]</span>not only in gaining more, but even in keeping what you have got. -</p> -<p>For the gipsy hunt is up also, as well as Harry our King’s; and the hue and cry loud -against your land and you; your tenure of it is in dispute before a multiplying mob, -deaf and blind as you,—frantic for the spoiling of you. The British Constitution is -breaking fast. It never was, in its best days, entirely what its stout owner flattered -himself. Neither British Constitution, nor British law, though it blanch every acre -with an acre of parchment, sealed with as many seals as the meadow had buttercups, -can keep your landlordships safe, henceforward, for an hour. You will have to fight -for them as your fathers did, if you mean to keep them. -</p> -<p>That is your only sound and divine right to them; and of late you seem doubtful of -appeal to it. You think political economy and peace societies will contrive some arithmetical -evangel of possession. You will not find it so. If a man is not ready to fight for -his land, and for his wife, no legal forms can secure them to him. They can affirm -his possession; but neither grant, sanction, nor protect it. To his own love, to his -own resolution, the lordship is granted; and to those only. -</p> -<p>That is the first ‘labour’ of landlords, then. Fierce exercise of body and mind, in -so much pugnacity as shall supersede all office of legal documents. Whatever labour -you mean to put on your land, your first entirely Divine labour is to keep hold of -it. And are you ready for <span class="pageNum" id="pb200">[<a href="#pb200">200</a>]</span>that toil to-day? It will soon be called for. Sooner or later, within the next few -years, you will find yourselves in Parliament in front of a majority resolved on the -establishment of a Republic, and the division of lands. Vainly the landed millowners -will shriek for the “operation of natural laws of political economy.” The vast natural -law of carnivorous rapine which they have declared their Baal-God, in so many words, -will be in <i>equitable</i> operation then; and not, as they fondly hoped to keep it, all on their own side. -Vain, then, your arithmetical or sophistical defence. You may pathetically plead to -the people’s majority, that the divided lands will not give much more than the length -and breadth of his grave to each mob-proprietor. They will answer, “We will have what -we can get;—at all events, <i>you</i> shall keep it no longer.” And what will you do? Send for the Life Guards and clear -the House, and then, with all the respectable members of society as special constables, -guard the streets? That answered well against the Chartist meeting on Kennington Common -in 1848. Yes; but in 1880 it will not be a Chartist meeting at Kennington, but a magna-and-maxima-Chartist -Ecclesia at Westminster, that you must deal with. You will find a difference, and -to purpose. Are you prepared to clear the streets with the Woolwich infant,—thinking -that out of the mouth of that suckling, God will perfect your praise, and ordain your -strength? Be it so; but every grocer’s and chandler’s shop in the thoroughfares of -<span class="pageNum" id="pb201">[<a href="#pb201">201</a>]</span>London is a magazine of petroleum and percussion powder; and there are those who will -use both, among the Republicans. And you will see your father the Devil’s will done -on earth, as it is in hell. -</p> -<p>I call him your father, for you have denied your mortal fathers, and the Heavenly -One. You have declared, in act and thought, the ways and laws of your sires—obsolete, -and of your God—ridiculous; above all, the habits of obedience, and the elements of -justice. You were made lords over God’s heritage. You thought to make it your own -heritage; to be lords of your own land, not of God’s land. And to this issue of ownership -you are come. -</p> -<p>And what a heritage it was, you <i>had</i> the lordship over! A land of fruitful vales and pastoral mountains; and a heaven -of pleasant sunshine and kindly rain; and times of sweet prolonged summer, and cheerful -transient winter; and a race of pure heart, iron sinew, splendid fame, and constant -faith. -</p> -<p>All this was yours! the earth with its fair fruits and innocent creatures;—the firmament -with its eternal lights and dutiful seasons;—the men, souls and bodies, your fathers’ -true servants for a thousand years,—their lives, and their children’s children’s lives -given into your hands, to save or to destroy; their food yours,—as the grazing of -the sheep is the shepherd’s; their thoughts yours,—priest and tutor chosen for them -by you; their hearts yours,—if you would but so much as know them <span class="pageNum" id="pb202">[<a href="#pb202">202</a>]</span>by sight and name, and give them the passing grace of your own glance, as you dwelt -among them, their king. And all this monarchy and glory, all this power and love, -all this land and its people, you pitifullest, foulest of Iscariots, sopped to choking -with the best of the feast from Christ’s own fingers, you have deliberately sold to -the highest bidder;—Christ, and His Poor, and His Paradise together; and instead of -sinning only, like poor natural Adam, gathering of the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge, -you, who don’t want to gather it, <i>touch</i> it with a vengeance,—cut it down, and sell the timber. -</p> -<p>Judases with the big bag—game-bag to wit!—to think how many of your dull Sunday mornings -have been spent, for propriety’s sake, looking chiefly at those carved angels blowing -trumpets above your family vaults; and never one of you has had Christianity enough -in him to think that he might as easily have his moors full of angels as of grouse. -And now, if ever you did see a real angel before the Day of Judgment, your first thought -would be,—to shoot it. -</p> -<p>And for your ‘family’ vaults, what will be the use of them to you? Does not Mr. Darwin -show you that you can’t wash the slugs out of a lettuce without disrespect to your -ancestors? Nay, the ancestors of the modern political economist cannot have been so -pure;—they were not—he tells you himself—vegetarian slugs, but carnivorous ones—those, -to wit, that you see also carved on your tombstones, going in and out at the eyes -of skulls. And <span class="pageNum" id="pb203">[<a href="#pb203">203</a>]</span>truly, I don’t know what else the holes in the heads of modern political economists -were made for. -</p> -<p>If there are any brighter windows in your’s—if any audience chambers—if any council -chambers—if any crown of walls that the pin of Death has not yet pierced,—it is time -for you to rise to your work, whether you live or die. -</p> -<p>What are you to do, then? First,—the act which will be the foundation of all bettering -and strength in your own lives, as in that of your tenants,—fix their rent; under -legal assurance that it shall not be raised; and under moral assurance that, if you -see they treat your land well, and are likely to leave it to you, if they die, raised -in value, the said rent shall be <i>diminished</i> in proportion to the improvement; that is to say, providing they pay you the fixed -rent during the time of lease, you are to leave to them the entire benefit of whatever -increase they can give to the value of the land. Put the bargain in a simple instance. -You lease them an orchard of crab-trees for so much a year; they leave you at the -end of the lease, an orchard of golden pippins. Supposing they have paid you their -rent regularly, you have no right to anything more than what you lent them—crab-trees, -to wit. You must pay them for the better trees which by their good industry they give -you back, or, which is the same thing, previously reduce their rent in proportion -to the improvement in apples. “The exact contrary,” you observe, “of your present -modes of proceeding.” Just so, gentlemen; and <span class="pageNum" id="pb204">[<a href="#pb204">204</a>]</span>it is not improbable that the exact contrary in many other cases of your present modes -of proceeding will be found by you, eventually, the proper one, and more than that, -the necessary one. Then the second thing you have to do is to determine the income -necessary for your own noble and peaceful country life; and setting that aside out -of the rents, for a constant sum, to be habitually lived well within limits of, put -your heart and strength into the right employment of the rest for the bettering of -your estates, in ways which the farmers for their own advantage could not or would -not; for the growth of more various plants; the cherishing, not killing, of beautiful -living creatures—bird, beast, and fish; and the establishment of such schools of History, -Natural History, and Art, as may enable your farmers’ children, with your own, to -know the meaning of the words Beauty, Courtesy, Compassion, Gladness, and Religion. -Which last word, primarily, (you have not always forgotten to teach this one truth, -because it chanced to suit your ends, and even the teaching of this one truth has -been beneficent;)—Religion, primarily, means ‘Obedience’—binding to something, or -some one. To be bound, or in bonds, as apprentice; to be bound, or in bonds, by military -oath; to be bound, or in bonds, as a servant to man; to be bound, or in bonds, under -the yoke of God. These are all divinely instituted, eternally necessary, conditions -of Religion; beautiful, inviolable captivity and submission of soul in life and death. -This essential <span class="pageNum" id="pb205">[<a href="#pb205">205</a>]</span>meaning of Religion it was your office mainly to teach,—each of you captain and king, -leader and lawgiver, to his people;—vicegerents of your Captain, Christ. And now—you -miserable jockeys and gamesters—you can’t get a seat in Parliament for those all but -worn-out buckskin breeches of yours, but by taking off your hats to the potboy. Pretty -classical statues you will make, Coriolanuses of the nineteenth century, humbly promising, -not to your people gifts of corn, but to your potboys, stealthy sale of adulterated -beer! -</p> -<p>Obedience!—you dare not so much as utter the word, whether to potboy, or any other -sort of boy, it seems, lately; and the half of you still calling themselves Lords, -Marquises, Sirs, and other such ancient names, which—though omniscient Mr. Buckle -says they and their heraldry are nought—some little prestige lingers about still. -You yourselves, what do you yet mean by them—Lords of what?—Herrs, Signors, Dukes -of what?—of whom? Do you mean merely, when you go to the root of the matter, that -you sponge on the British farmer for your living, and are strong-bodied paupers compelling -your dole? -</p> -<p>To that extent, there is still, it seems, some force in you. Heaven keep it in you; -for, as I have said, it will be tried, and soon; and you would even yourselves see -what was coming, but that in your hearts—not from cowardice, but from shame,—you are -not sure whether you will be ready to fight for your dole; and would fain <span class="pageNum" id="pb206">[<a href="#pb206">206</a>]</span>persuade yourselves it will still be given, you for form’s sake, or pity’s. -</p> -<p>No, my lords and gentlemen,—you won it at the lance’s point, and must so hold it, -against the clubs of Sempach, if still you may. No otherwise. You won ‘<i>it</i>,’ I say,—your dole,—as matters now stand. But perhaps, as matters used to stand, -something else. As receivers of alms, you will find there is no fight in you. No beggar, -nor herd of beggars, can fortify so very wide circumference of dish. And the real -secret of those strange breakings of the lance by the clubs of Sempach, is—“that villanous -saltpetre”—you think? No, Shakespearian lord; nor even the sheaf-binding of Arnold, -which so stopped the shaking of the fruitless spiculæ. The utter and inmost secret -is, that you have been fighting these three hundred years for what you could <i>get</i>, instead of what you could <i>give</i>. You were ravenous enough in rapine in the olden times;<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2645src" href="#xd31e2645">2</a> but you lived fearlessly and innocently by it, because, essentially, you wanted money -and food to give,—not to consume; to maintain your followers with, not to swallow -yourselves. Your chivalry was founded, invariably, by knights who were content all -their lives with their horse and armour and daily bread. Your kings, of true power, -never desired for themselves more,—down to the last of them, Friedrich. What they -<i>did</i> desire was strength of manhood <span class="pageNum" id="pb207">[<a href="#pb207">207</a>]</span>round them, and, in their own hands, the power of largesse. -</p> -<p>‘Largesse.’ The French word is obsolete; one Latin equivalent, Liberalitas, is fast -receiving another, and not altogether similar significance, among English Liberals. -The other Latin equivalent, Generosity, has become doubly meaningless, since modern -political economy and politics neither require virtue, nor breeding. The Greek, or -Greek-descended, equivalents—Charity, Grace, and the like, your Grace the Duke of -—— can perhaps tell me what has become of <i>them</i>. Meantime, of all the words, ‘Largesse,’ the entirely obsolete one, is the perfectly -chivalric one; and therefore, next to the French description of Franchise, we will -now read the French description of Largesse,—putting first, for comparison with it, -a few more sentences<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2658src" href="#xd31e2658">3</a> from the secretary’s speech at the meeting of Social Science in Glasgow; and remembering -also the ‘Pall Mall Gazette’s’ exposition of the perfection of Lord Derby’s idea of -agriculture, in the hands of the landowner—“Cultivating” (by machinery) “large farms -<i>for himself</i>.” -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">“Exchange is the result, put into action, of the desire to possess that which belongs -to another, controlled by reason and conscientiousness. It is difficult to conceive -of any human transaction that cannot be resolved, in some form or other, into the -idea of an <span class="pageNum" id="pb208">[<a href="#pb208">208</a>]</span>exchange. All that <i>is</i> essential in production <i>are</i>,” (sic, only italics mine,) “directly evolved from this source.” -</p> -<p class="tb">* * *</p><p> -</p> -<p>“Man has therefore been defined to be an animal that exchanges. It will be seen, however, -that he not only exchanges, but from the fact of his belonging, in part, to the order -carnivora, that he also inherits, to a considerable degree, the desire to possess -without exchanging; or, in other words, by fraud and violence, when such can be used -for his own advantage, without danger to himself.” -</p> -<p class="tb">* * *</p><p> -</p> -<p>“Reason would immediately suggest to one of superior strength, that, however desirable -it might be to take possession, by violence, of what another had laboured to produce, -he might be treated in the same way by one stronger than himself; to which he, of -course, would have great objection.” -</p> -<p class="tb">* * *</p><p> -</p> -<p>“In order, therefore, to prevent, or put a stop to, a practice which each would object -to in his own case, and which, besides, would put a stop to production altogether, -both reason and a sense of justice would suggest the act of exchange, as the only -proper mode of obtaining things from one another.” -</p> -<p class="tb">* * *</p><p></p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>To anybody who <i>had</i> either reason or a sense of justice, it might possibly have suggested itself that, -except for the novelty of the thing, <i>mere</i> exchange profits nobody, and presupposes a coincidence, or rather a harmonious dissent, -of opinion not always attainable. -</p> -<p>Mr. K. has a kettle, and Mr. P. has a pot. Mr. P. says to Mr. K., ‘I would rather -have your kettle than my pot;’ and if, coincidently, Mr. K. is also in a discontented -humour, and can say to Mr. P., ‘I would rather have your pot than my kettle,’ why—both -Hanses <span class="pageNum" id="pb209">[<a href="#pb209">209</a>]</span>are in luck, and all is well; but is their carnivorous instinct thus to be satisfied? -Carnivorous instinct says, in both cases, ‘I want both pot and kettle myself, and -you to have neither,’ and is entirely unsatisfiable on the principle of exchange. -The ineffable blockhead who wrote the paper forgot that the principle of division -of labour <i>underlies</i> that of exchange, and does not arise out of it, but is the only reason for it. If -Mr. P. can make two pots, and Mr. K. two kettles, and so, by exchange, both become -possessed of a pot and a kettle, all is well. But the profit of the business is in -the additional production, and only the convenience in the subsequent exchange. For, -indeed, there are in the main two great fallacies which the rascals of the world rejoice -in making its fools proclaim: the first, that by continually exchanging, and cheating -each other on exchange, two exchanging persons, out of one pot, alternating with one -kettle, can make their two fortunes. That is the principle of <i>Trade</i>. The second, that Judas’ bag has become a juggler’s, in which, if Mr. P. deposits -his pot, and waits awhile, there will come out two pots, both full of broth; and if -Mr. K. deposits his kettle, and waits awhile, there will come out two kettles, both -full of fish! That is the principle of <i>Interest</i>. -</p> -<p>However, for the present, observe simply the conclusion of our social science expositor, -that “the art of exchange is the only proper mode of obtaining things from one another;” -and now compare with this theory <span class="pageNum" id="pb210">[<a href="#pb210">210</a>]</span>that of old chivalry, namely, that gift was also a good way, both of losing and gaining. -</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“And after, in the dance, went </p> -<p class="line">Largesse, that set all her intent </p> -<p class="line">For to be honourable and free. </p> -<p class="line">Of Alexander’s kin was she; </p> -<p class="line">Her mostë joy was, I wis, </p> -<p class="line">When that she gave, and said, ‘Have this.’<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2714src" href="#xd31e2714">4</a> </p> -<p class="line">Not Avarice, the foul caitiff,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2737src" href="#xd31e2737">5</a> </p> -<p class="line">Was half, to gripe, so ententive, </p> -<p class="line">As Largesse is to give, and spend. </p> -<p class="line">And God always enough her send, (sent) </p> -<p class="line">So that the more she gave away, </p> -<p class="line">The more, I wis, she had alway. </p> -</div> -<p class="tb">* * *</p> -<p><span class="pageNum" id="pb211">[<a href="#pb211">211</a>]</span></p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">Largesse had on a robe fresh </p> -<p class="line">Of rich purpure, sarlinish;<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2752src" href="#xd31e2752">6</a> </p> -<p class="line">Well formed was her face, and clear, </p> -<p class="line">And open had she her colere, (collar) </p> -<p class="line">For she right then had in present </p> -<p class="line">Unto a lady made present </p> -<p class="line">Of a gold brooch, full well wrought; </p> -<p class="line">And certes, it mis-set her nought, </p> -<p class="line">For through her smocke, wrought with silk, </p> -<p class="line">The flesh was seen as white as milke.” </p> -</div> -<p class="first">Think over that, ladies, and gentlemen who love them, for a pretty way of being decolletée. -Even though the flesh should be a little sunburnt sometimes,—so that it be the Sun -of Righteousness, and not Baal, who shines on it—though it darken from the milk-like -flesh to the colour of the Madonna of Chartres,—in this world you shall be able to -say, I am black, but comely; and, dying, shine as the brightness of the firmament—as -the stars for ever and ever. <i>They</i> do not receive their glories,—however one differeth in glory from another,—either -by, or on, Exchange. -</p> -<p class="dateline"><span class="sc">Lucca.</span> (<i>Assumption of the Virgin.</i>) -</p> -<p>‘As the stars, <i>for ever</i>.’ Perhaps we had better not say that,—modern science looking pleasantly forward to -the extinction of a good many of them. But it <span class="pageNum" id="pb212">[<a href="#pb212">212</a>]</span>will be well to shine like them, if but for a little while. -</p> -<p>You probably did not understand why, in a former letter, the Squire’s special duty -towards the peasant was said to be “presenting a celestial appearance to him.” -</p> -<p>That is, indeed, his appointed missionary work; and still more definitely, his wife’s. -</p> -<p>The giving of loaves is indeed the lady’s first duty; the first, but the least. -</p> -<p>Next, comes the giving of brooches;—seeing that her people are dressed charmingly -and neatly, as well as herself, and have pretty furniture, like herself.<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2785src" href="#xd31e2785">7</a> -</p> -<p>But her chief duty of all—is to be, Herself, lovely. -</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“That through her smocke, wrought with silk, </p> -<p class="line">The flesh be seen as white as milke.”<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2794src" href="#xd31e2794">8</a> </p> -</div> -<p class="first">Flesh, ladies mine, you observe; and not any merely illuminated resemblance of it, -after the fashion of the daughter of Ethbaal. It is your duty to be <span class="pageNum" id="pb213">[<a href="#pb213">213</a>]</span>lovely, not by candlelight, but sunshine; not out of a window or opera-box, but on -the bare ground. -</p> -<p>Which that you may be,—if through the smocke the flesh, then, much more, through the -flesh, the spirit, must be seen “as white as milke.” -</p> -<p>I have just been drawing, or trying to draw, Giotto’s ‘Poverty’ (Sancta Paupertas) -at Assisi. You may very likely know the chief symbolism of the picture: that Poverty -is being married to St. Francis, and that Christ marries them, while her bare feet -are entangled in thorns, but behind her head is a thicket of rose and lily. It is -less likely you should be acquainted with the farther details of the group. -</p> -<p>The thorns are of the acacia, which, according to tradition, was used to weave Christ’s -crown. The roses are in two clusters,—palest red,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2815src" href="#xd31e2815">9</a> and deep crimson; the one on her right, the other on her left; above her head, pure -white on the golden ground, rise the Annunciation Lilies. She is not crowned with -them, observe; they are behind her: she is crowned only with her own hair, wreathed -in a tress with which she had bound her short bridal veil. For dress, she has—her -smocke only; and <i>that</i> torn, and torn again, and patched, diligently; except just at the shoulders, and -a little below the throat, where Giotto <span class="pageNum" id="pb214">[<a href="#pb214">214</a>]</span>has torn it, too late for her to mend; and the fair flesh is seen through, so white -that one cannot tell where the rents are, except when quite close. -</p> -<p>For girdle, she has the Franciscan’s cord; but that also is white, as if spun of silk; -her whole figure, like a statue of snow, seen against the shade of her purple wings: -for she is already one of the angels. A crowd of them, on each side, attend her; two, -her sisters, are her bridesmaids also. Giotto has written their names above them—<span class="sc">Spes</span>; <span class="sc">Karitas</span>;—their sister’s Christian name he has written in the lilies, for those of us who -have truly learned to read. Charity is <i>crowned</i> with white roses, which burst, as they open, into flames; and she gives the bride -a marriage gift. -</p> -<p>“An apple,” say the interpreters. -</p> -<p>Not so. It was some one else than Charity who gave the first bride <i>that</i> gift. It is a heart. -</p> -<p>Hope only points upwards; and while Charity has the golden nimbus round her head circular -(infinite), like that of Christ and the eternal angels, <i>she</i> has her glory set within the lines that limit the cell of the bee,—hexagonal. -</p> -<p>And the bride has hers, also, so restricted: nor, though she and her bridesmaids are -sisters, are they dressed alike; but one in red; and one in green; and one, robe, -flesh and spirit, a statue of Snow. -</p> -<div lang="it" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“La terza parea neve, teste mossa.” </p> -</div> -<p><span class="pageNum" id="pb215">[<a href="#pb215">215</a>]</span></p> -<p>Do you know now, any of you, ladies mine, what Giotto’s lilies mean between the roses? -or how they may also grow among the Sesame of knightly spears? -</p> -<p>Not one of you, maid or mother, though I have besought you these four years, (except -only one or two of my personal friends,) has joined St. George’s Company. You probably -think St. George may advise some different arrangements in Hanover Square? It is possible; -for his own knight’s cloak is white, and he may wish you to bear such celestial appearance -constantly. You talk often of bearing Christ’s cross; do you never think of putting -on Christ’s robes,—those that He wore on Tabor? nor know what lamps they were which -the wise virgins trimmed for the marriage feast? You think, perhaps, you can go in -to that feast in gowns made half of silk, and half of cotton, spun in your Lancashire -cotton-mills; and that the Americans have struck oil enough—(lately, I observe also, -native gas,)—to supply any number of belated virgins? -</p> -<p>It is not by any means so, fair ladies. It is only your newly adopted Father who tells -you so. Suppose, learning what it is to be generous, you recover your descent from -God, and then weave your household dresses white with your own fingers? For as no -fuller on earth can white them, but the light of a living faith,—so no demon under -the earth can darken them like the shadow of a dead one. And your modern English ‘faith -without works’ <i>is</i> dead; and <span class="pageNum" id="pb216">[<a href="#pb216">216</a>]</span>would to God she were buried too, for the stench of her goes up to His throne from -a thousand fields of blood. <i>Weave</i>, I say,—you have trusted far too much lately to the washing,—your household raiment -white; go out in the morning to Ruth’s field, to sow as well as to glean; sing your -Te Deum, at evening, thankfully, as God’s daughters,—and there shall be no night there, -for your light shall so shine before men that they may see your good works, and glorify—not -Baal the railroad accident—but -</p> -<div lang="it" class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“L’Amor che muove il Sole, e l’altre stelle.” </p> -</div> -<p><span class="pageNum" id="pb217">[<a href="#pb217">217</a>]</span></p> -<div class="div2 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE.</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">I have had by me for some time a small pamphlet, “The Agricultural Labourer, by a -Farmer’s Son,”<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2864src" href="#xd31e2864">10</a> kindly sent me by the author. The matter of it is excellent as far as it reaches; -but the writer speaks as if the existing arrangements between landlord, farmer, and -labourer must last for ever. If he will look at the article on “Peasant Farming” in -the ‘Spectator’ of July 4th of this year, he may see grounds for a better hope. That -article is a review of Mr. W. T. Thornton’s “Plea for Peasant Proprietors;” and the -following paragraph from it may interest, and perhaps surprise, other readers besides -my correspondent. Its first sentence considerably surprises <i>me</i> to begin with; so I have italicized it:— -</p> -<p>“<i>This country is only just beginning to be seriously roused to the fact that it has -an agricultural question at all</i>; and some of those most directly interested therein are, in their pain and surprise -at the discovery, hurrying so fast the wrong way, that it will probably take a long -time to bring them round again to sensible thoughts, after most of the rest of the -community are ready with an answer. -</p> -<p>“The primary object of this book is to combat the pernicious error of a large school -of English economists with reference to the hurtful character of small farms and small -landed properties.… One would think that the evidence daily before a rural economist, -in the marvellous extra production of a market garden, or even a peasant’s allotment, -over an ordinary farm, might suffice to raise doubts whether <span class="pageNum" id="pb218">[<a href="#pb218">218</a>]</span>vast fields tilled by steam, weeded by patent grubbers, and left otherwise to produce -in rather a happy-go-lucky fashion, were likely to be the most advanced and profitable -of all cultivated lands. On this single point of production, Mr. Thornton conclusively -proves the small farmer to have the advantage. -</p> -<p>“The extreme yields of the very highest English farming are even exceeded in Guernsey, -and in that respect the evidence of the greater productiveness of small farming over -large is overwhelming. The Channel Islands not only feed their own population, but -are large exporters of provisions as well. -</p> -<p>“Small farms being thus found to be more advantageous, it is but an easy step to peasant -proprietors.” -</p> -<p>Stop a moment, Mr. Spectator. The step is easy, indeed;—so is a step into a well, -or out of a window. There is no question whatever, in any country, or at any time, -respecting the expediency of small farming; but whether the small farmer should be -the proprietor of his land, <i>is</i> a very awkward question indeed in some countries. Are you aware, Mr. Spectator, that -your ‘easy step,’ taken in two lines and a breath, means what I, with all my Utopian -zeal, have been fourteen years writing on Political Economy, without venturing to -hint at, except under my breath;—some considerable modification, namely, in the position -of the existing British landlord?—nothing less, indeed, if your ‘step’ were to be -completely taken, than the reduction of him to a ‘small peasant proprietor’? And unless -he can show some reason against it, the ‘easy step’ will most assuredly be taken with -him. -</p> -<p>Yet I have assumed, in this Fors, that it is not to be taken. That under certain modifications -of his system of Rent, he may still remain lord of his land,—may, and ought, provided -always he knows what it is to be lord of <i>any</i>thing. Of which I hope to reason farther in the Fors for November of this year. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb219">[<a href="#pb219">219</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2527"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2527src">1</a></span> Read Isaiah vi. through carefully. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2527src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2645"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2645src">2</a></span> The reader will perhaps now begin to see the true bearing of the earlier letters in -Fors. Re-read, with this letter, that on the campaign of Crecy. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2645src" title="Return to note 2 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2658"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2658src">3</a></span> I wish I could find room also for the short passages I omit; but one I quoted before, -“As no one will deny that man possesses carnivorous teeth,” etc., and the others introduce -collateral statements equally absurd, but with which at present we are not concerned. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2658src" title="Return to note 3 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2714"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2714src">4</a></span> I must warn you against the false reading of the original, in many editions. Fournier’s -five volume one is altogether a later text, in some cases with interesting intentional -modifications, probably of the fifteenth century; but oftener with destruction of -the older meaning. It gives this couplet, for instance,— -</p> -<div class="q"> -<div class="nestedtext"> -<div class="nestedbody"> -<div lang="fr" class="lgouter footnote"> -<p class="line">“Si n’avoit el plaisir de rien, </p> -<p class="line">Que quant elle donnoit du sien.” </p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div><p> -</p> -<p class="footnote cont">The old reading is, -</p> -<div class="q"> -<div class="nestedtext"> -<div class="nestedbody"> -<div lang="fr" class="lgouter footnote"> -<p class="line">“Si n’avoit elle joie de rien, </p> -<p class="line">Fors quant elle povoit dire, ‘tien.’ </p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div><p> -</p> -<p class="footnote cont">Didot’s edition, Paris, 1814, is founded on very early and valuable texts; but it -is difficult to read. Chaucer has translated a text some twenty or thirty years later -in style; and his English is quite trustworthy as far as it is carried. For the rest -of the Romanee, Fournier’s text is practically good enough, and easily readable. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2714src" title="Return to note 4 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2737"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2737src">5</a></span> Fr. ‘chetive,’ rhyming accurately to ‘ententive.’ <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2737src" title="Return to note 5 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2752"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2752src">6</a></span> Fr. Sarrasinesse. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2752src" title="Return to note 6 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2785"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2785src">7</a></span> Even after eighteen hundred years of sermons, the Christian public do not clearly -understand that ‘two coats,’ in the brief sermon of the Baptist to repentance, mean -also, two petticoats, and the like. -</p> -<p class="footnote cont">I am glad that Fors obliges me to finish this letter at Lucca, under the special protection -of St. Martin. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2785src" title="Return to note 7 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2794"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2794src">8</a></span> Fr., -</p> -<div class="q"> -<div class="nestedtext"> -<div class="nestedbody"> -<div lang="fr" class="lgouter footnote"> -<p class="line">“Si que par oula la chemise </p> -<p class="line">Lui blancheoit la char alise.” </p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div><p> -</p> -<p class="footnote cont">Look out ‘Alice,’ in Miss Yonge’s Dictionary of Christian Names and remember Alice -of Salisbury. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2794src" title="Return to note 8 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2815"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2815src">9</a></span> I believe the pale roses are meant to be white, but are tinged with red that they -may not contend with the symbolic brightness of the lilies. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2815src" title="Return to note 9 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2864"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2864src">10</a></span> Macintosh, 24, Paternoster Row. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2864src" title="Return to note 10 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 chapter"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="super">FORS CLAVIGERA.</h2> -<h2 class="main">LETTER XLVI.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first dateline"><span class="sc">Florence</span>, <i>28th August, 1874</i>. -</p> -<p>I intended this letter to have been published on my mother’s birthday, the second -of next month. Fors, however, has entirely declared herself against that arrangement, -having given me a most unexpected piece of work here, in drawing the Emperor, King, -and Baron, who, throned by Simone Memmi beneath the Duomo of Florence, beside a Pope, -Cardinal, and Bishop, represented, to the Florentine mind of the fourteenth century, -the sacred powers of the State in their fixed relation to those of the Church. The -Pope lifts his right hand to bless, and holds the crosier in his left; having no powers -but of benediction and protection. The Emperor holds his sword upright in his right -hand, and a skull in his left, having alone the power of death. Both have triple crowns; -but the Emperor alone has a nimbus. The King has the diadem of fleur-de-lys, and the -ball and globe; the Cardinal, a <span class="pageNum" id="pb220">[<a href="#pb220">220</a>]</span>book. The Baron has his warrior’s sword; the Bishop, a pastoral staff. And the whole -scene is very beautifully expressive of what have been by learned authors supposed -the Republican or Liberal opinions of Florence, in her day of pride. -</p> -<p>The picture (fresco), in which this scene occurs, is the most complete piece of theological -and political teaching given to us by the elder arts of Italy; and this particular -portion of it is of especial interest to me, not only as exponent of the truly liberal -and communist principles which I am endeavouring to enforce in these letters for the -future laws of the St. George’s Company; but also because my maternal grandmother -was the landlady of the Old King’s Head in Market Street, Croydon; and I wish she -were alive again, and I could paint her Simone Memmi’s King’s head, for a sign. -</p> -<p>My maternal grandfather was, as I have said, a sailor, who used to embark, like Robinson -Crusoe, at Yarmouth, and come back at rare intervals, making himself very delightful -at home. I have an idea he had something to do with the herring business, but am not -clear on that point; my mother never being much communicative concerning it. He spoiled -her, and her (younger) sister, with all his heart, when he was at home; unless there -appeared any tendency to equivocation, or imaginative statements, on the part of the -children, which were always unforgiveable. My <span class="pageNum" id="pb221">[<a href="#pb221">221</a>]</span>mother being once perceived by him to have distinctly told him a lie, he sent the -servant out forthwith to buy an entire bundle of new broom twigs to whip her with. -“They did not hurt me so much as one would have done,” said my mother, “but I <i>thought</i> a good deal of it.” -</p> -<p>My grandfather was killed at two-and-thirty, by trying to ride, instead of walk, into -Croydon; he got his leg crushed by his horse against a wall; and died of the hurt’s -mortifying. My mother was then seven or eight years old, and, with her sister, was -sent to quite a fashionable (for Croydon) day-school, (Mrs. Rice’s), where my mother -was taught evangelical principles, and became the pattern girl and best sewer in the -school; and where my aunt absolutely refused evangelical principles, and became the -plague and pet of it. -</p> -<p>My mother, being a girl of great power, with not a little pride, grew more and more -exemplary in her entirely conscientious career, much laughed at, though much beloved, -by her sister; who had more wit, less pride, and no conscience. At last my mother, -being a consummate housewife, was sent for to Scotland to take care of my paternal -grandfather’s house; who was gradually ruining himself; and who at last effectually -ruined, and killed, himself. My father came up to London; was a clerk in a merchant’s -house for nine years, without a holiday; then began business on his <span class="pageNum" id="pb222">[<a href="#pb222">222</a>]</span>own account; paid his father’s debts; and married his exemplary Croydon cousin. -</p> -<p>Meantime my aunt had remained in Croydon, and married a baker. By the time I was four -years old, and beginning to recollect things,—my father rapidly taking higher commercial -position in London,—there was traceable—though to me, as a child, wholly incomprehensible—just -the least possible shade of shyness on the part of Hunter Street, Brunswick Square, -towards Market Street, Croydon. But whenever my father was ill,—and hard work and -sorrow had already set their mark on him,—we all went down to Croydon to be petted -by my homely aunt; and walk on Duppas Hill, and on the heather of Addington. -</p> -<p>(And now I go on with the piece of this letter written last month at Assisi.) -</p> -<p>My aunt lived in the little house still standing—or which was so four months ago—the -fashionablest in Market Street, having actually two windows over the shop, in the -second story; but I never troubled myself about that superior part of the mansion, -unless my father happened to be making drawings in Indian ink, when I would sit reverently -by and watch; my chosen domains being, at all other times, the shop, the bakehouse, -and the stones round the spring of crystal water at the back door (long since let -down into the modern sewer); and my chief companion, my aunt’s dog, Towzer, whom she -had taken pity on when he was a snappish, <span class="pageNum" id="pb223">[<a href="#pb223">223</a>]</span>starved vagrant; and made a brave and affectionate dog of: which was the kind of thing -she did for every living creature that came in her way, all her life long. -</p> -<p>I am sitting now in the Sacristan’s cell at Assisi. Its roof is supported by three -massive beams,—not squared beams, but tree trunks barked, with the grand knots left -in them, answering all the purpose of sculpture. The walls are of rude white plaster, -though there is a Crucifixion by Giottino on the back of one, outside the door; the -floor, brick; the table, olive wood; the windows two, and only about four feet by -two in the opening, (but giving plenty of light in the sunny morning, aided by the -white walls,) looking out on the valley of the Tescio. Under one of them, a small -arched stove for cooking; in a square niche beside the other, an iron wash-hand stand,—that -is to say, a tripod of good fourteenth century work, carrying a grand brown porringer, -two feet across, and half a foot deep. Between the windows is the fireplace, the wall -above it rich brown with the smoke. Hung against the wall behind me are a saucepan, -gridiron, and toasting-fork; and in the wall a little door, closed only by a brown -canvas curtain, opening to an inner cell nearly filled by the bedstead; and at the -side of the room a dresser, with cupboard below, and two wine flasks, and three pots -of Raphael ware on the top of it, together with the first volume of the ‘<span lang="it">Maraviglie di Dio nell’ anime del Purgatorio, del padre Carlo Gregorio Rosignoli, -della Compagnia <span class="pageNum" id="pb224">[<a href="#pb224">224</a>]</span>de Gesu</span>,’ (Roma, 1841). There is a bird singing outside; a constant low hum of flies, making -the ear sure it is summer; a dove cooing, very low; and absolutely nothing else to -be heard, I find, after listening with great care. And I feel entirely at home, because -the room—except in the one point of being extremely dirty—is just the kind of thing -I used to see in my aunt’s bakehouse; and the country and the sweet valley outside -still rest in peace, such as used to be on the Surrey hills in the olden days. -</p> -<p>And now I am really going to begin my steady explanation of what the St. George’s -Company have to do. -</p> -<p>1. You are to do good work, whether you live or die. ‘What <i>is</i> good work?’ you ask. Well you may! For your wise pastors and teachers, though they -have been very careful to assure you that good works are the fruits of faith, and -follow after justification, have been so certain of that fact that they never have -been the least solicitous to explain to you, and still less to discover for themselves, -what good works <i>were</i>; content if they perceived a general impression on the minds of their congregations -that good works meant going to church and admiring the sermon on Sundays, and making -as much money as possible in the rest of the week. -</p> -<p>It is true, one used to hear almsgiving and prayer sometimes recommended by old-fashioned -country <span class="pageNum" id="pb225">[<a href="#pb225">225</a>]</span>ministers. But “the poor are now to be raised without gifts,” says my very hard-and-well-working -friend Miss Octavia Hill; and prayer is entirely inconsistent with the laws of hydro -(and other) statics, says the Duke of Argyll. -</p> -<p>It may be so, for aught I care, just now. Largesse and supplication may or may not -be still necessary in the world’s economy. They are not, and never were, part of the -world’s work. For no man can give till he has been paid his own wages; and still less -can he ask his Father for the said wages till he has done his day’s duty for them. -</p> -<p>Neither almsgiving nor praying, therefore, nor psalm-singing, nor even—as poor Livingstone -thought, to his own death, and our bitter loss—discovering the mountains of the Moon, -have anything to do with “good work,” or God’s work. But it is not so very difficult -to discover what that work is. You keep the Sabbath, in imitation of God’s rest. Do, -by all manner of means, if you like; and keep also the rest of the week in imitation -of God’s work. -</p> -<p>It is true that, according to tradition, that work was done a long time ago, “before -the chimneys in Zion were hot, and ere the present years were sought out, and or ever -the inventions of them that now sin, were turned; and before they were sealed that -have gathered faith for a treasure.”<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2944src" href="#xd31e2944">1</a> But the established processes of <span class="pageNum" id="pb226">[<a href="#pb226">226</a>]</span>it continue, as his Grace of Argyll has argutely observed;—and your own work will -be good, if it is in harmony with them, and duly sequent of them. Nor are even the -first main facts or operations by any means inimitable, on a duly subordinate scale, -for if Man be made in God’s image, much more is Man’s work made to be the image of -God’s work. So therefore look to your model, very simply stated for you in the nursery -tale of Genesis. -</p> -<ul> -<li><i>Day First.</i>—The Making, or letting in, of Light. </li> -<li><i>Day Second.</i>—The Discipline and Firmament of Waters. </li> -<li><i>Day Third.</i>—The Separation of earth from water, and planting the secure earth with trees. -</li> -<li><i>Day Fourth.</i>—The Establishment of time and seasons, and of the authority of the stars. </li> -<li><i>Day Fifth.</i>—Filling the water and air with fish and birds. </li> -<li><i>Day Sixth.</i>—Filling the land with beasts; and putting divine life into the clay of one of these, -that it may have authority over the others, and over the rest of the Creation. </li> -</ul><p> -</p> -<p>Here is your nursery story,—very brief, and in some sort unsatisfactory; not altogether -intelligible, (I don’t know anything very good that is,) nor wholly indisputable, -(I don’t know anything ever spoken usefully <span class="pageNum" id="pb227">[<a href="#pb227">227</a>]</span>on so wide a subject that is); but substantially vital and sufficient. So the good -human work may properly divide itself into the same six branches; and will be a perfectly -literal and practical following out of the Divine; and will have opposed to it a correspondent -Diabolic force of eternally bad work—as much worse than idleness or death, as good -work is better than idleness or death. -</p> -<p>Good work, then, will be,— -</p> -<p><span class="asc">A.</span> Letting in light where there was darkness; as especially into poor rooms and back -streets; and generally guiding and administering the sunshine wherever we can, by -all the means in our power. -</p> -<p>And the correspondent Diabolic work is putting a tax on windows, and blocking out -the sun’s light with smoke. -</p> -<p><span class="asc">B.</span> Disciplining the falling waters. In the Divine work, this is the ordinance of clouds;<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2984src" href="#xd31e2984">2</a> in the human it is properly putting the clouds to service; and first stopping the -rain where they carry it from the sea, and then keeping it pure as it goes back to -the sea again. -</p> -<p>And the correspondent Diabolic work is the arrangement of land so as to throw all -the water back to the sea as fast as we can;<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e2989src" href="#xd31e2989">3</a> and putting every sort of filth into the stream as it runs. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb228">[<a href="#pb228">228</a>]</span></p> -<p><span class="asc">C.</span> The separation of earth from water, and planting it with trees. The correspondent -human work is especially clearing morasses, and planting desert ground. -</p> -<p>The Dutch, in a small way, in their own country, have done a good deal with sand and -tulips; also the North Germans. But the most beautiful type of the literal ordinance -of dry land in water is the State of Venice, with her sea-canals, restrained, traversed -by their bridges, and especially bridges of the Rivo Alto, or High Bank, which are, -or were till a few years since, symbols of the work of a true Pontifex,—the Pontine -Marshes being the opposite symbol. -</p> -<p>The correspondent Diabolic work is turning good land and water into mud; and cutting -down trees that we may drive steam ploughs, etc., etc. -</p> -<p><span class="asc">D.</span> The establishment of times and seasons. The correspondent human work is a due watching -of the rise and set of stars, and course of the sun; and due administration and forethought -of our own annual labours, preparing for them in hope, and concluding them in joyfulness, -according to the laws and gifts of Heaven. Which beautiful order is set forth in symbols -on all lordly human buildings round the semicircular arches which are types of the -rise and fall of days and years. -</p> -<p>And the correspondent Diabolic work is turning night into day with candles, so that -we never see the stars; and mixing the seasons up one with another, <span class="pageNum" id="pb229">[<a href="#pb229">229</a>]</span>and having early strawberries, and green pease and the like. -</p> -<p><span class="asc">E.</span> Filling the waters with fish, and air with birds. The correspondent human work is -Mr. Frank Buckland’s and the like,—of which ‘like’ I am thankful to have been permitted -to do a small piece near Croydon, in the streams to which my mother took me when a -child, to play beside. There were more than a dozen of the fattest, shiniest, spottiest, -and tamest trout I ever saw in my life, in the pond at Carshalton, the last time I -saw it this spring. -</p> -<p>The correspondent Diabolic work is poisoning fish, as is done at Coniston, with copper-mining; -and catching them for ministerial and other fashionable dinners when they ought not -to be caught; and treating birds—as birds are treated, Ministerially and otherwise. -</p> -<p><span class="asc">F.</span> Filling the earth with beasts, properly known and cared for by their master, Man; -but chiefly breathing into the clayey and brutal nature of Man himself, the Soul, -or Love, of God. -</p> -<p>The correspondent Diabolic work is shooting and tormenting beasts; and grinding out -the soul of man from his flesh, with machine labour; and then grinding down the flesh -of him, when nothing else is left, into clay, with machines for that purpose—mitrailleuses, -Woolwich infants, and the like. -</p> -<p>These are the six main heads of God’s and the Devil’s work. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb230">[<a href="#pb230">230</a>]</span></p> -<p>And as Wisdom, or Prudentia, is with God, and with His children in the doing,—“There -I was by Him, as one brought up with Him, and I was daily His delight,”—so Folly, -or Stultitia, saying, There is No God, is with the Devil and his children, in the -<i>un</i>doing. “There she is with them as one brought up with them, and she is daily their -delight.” -</p> -<p>And so comes the great reverse of Creation, and wrath of God, accomplished on the -earth by the fiends, and by men their ministers, seen by Jeremy the Prophet: “For -my people is foolish, they have not known me; they are sottish children, and they -have none understanding: they are wise to do evil, but to do good they have no knowledge. -[Now note the reversed creation.] I beheld the Earth, and, lo, it was without form, -and void; and the Heavens, and they had no light. I beheld the mountains, and, lo, -they trembled, and all the hills moved lightly. I beheld, and, lo, there was no man, -and all the birds of the heavens were fled. I beheld, and, lo, the fruitful place -was a wilderness, and all the cities thereof were broken down at the presence of the -Lord, and by His fierce anger.” -</p> -<p>And so, finally, as the joy and honour of the ancient and divine Man and Woman were -in their children, so the grief and dishonour of the modern and diabolic Man and Woman -are in their children; and as the Rachel of Bethlehem weeps for her children, and -will not be comforted, because they are not, the Rachel of <span class="pageNum" id="pb231">[<a href="#pb231">231</a>]</span>England weeps for her children, and will not be comforted—because they are. -</p> -<p>Now, whoever you may be, and how little your power may be, and whatever sort of creature -you may be,—man, woman, or child,—you can, according to what discretion of years you -may have reached, do something of this Divine work, or <i>un</i>do something of this Devil’s work, every day. Even if you are a slave, forced to labour -at some abominable and murderous trade for bread,—as iron-forging, for instance, or -gunpowder-making,—you can resolve to deliver yourself, and your children after you, -from the chains of that hell, and from the dominion of its slave-masters, or to die. -That is Patriotism; and true desire of Freedom, or Franchise. What Egyptian bondage, -do you suppose—(painted by Mr. Poynter as if it were a thing of the past!)—was ever -so cruel as a modern English iron forge, with its steam hammers? What Egyptian worship -of garlic or crocodile ever so damnable as modern English worship of money? Israel—even -by the fleshpots—was sorry to have to cast out her children,—would fain stealthily -keep her little Moses,—if Nile were propitious; and roasted her passover anxiously. -But English Mr. P., satisfied with his fleshpot, and the broth of it, will not be -over-hasty about his roast. If the Angel, perchance, should <i>not</i> pass by, it would be no such matter, thinks Mr. P. -</p> -<p>Or, again, if you are a slave to Society, and must do <span class="pageNum" id="pb232">[<a href="#pb232">232</a>]</span>what the people next door bid you,—you can resolve, with any vestige of human energy -left in you, that you will indeed put a few things into God’s fashion, instead of -the fashion of next door. Merely fix that on your mind as a thing to be done; to have -things—dress, for instance,—according to God’s taste, (and I can tell you He is likely -to have some, as good as any modiste you know of); or dinner, according to God’s taste -instead of the Russians’; or supper, or picnic, with guests of God’s inviting, occasionally, -mixed among the more respectable company. -</p> -<p>By the way, I wrote a letter to one of my lady friends, who gives rather frequent -dinners, the other day, which may perhaps be useful to others: it was to this effect -mainly, though I add and alter a little to make it more general:— -</p> -<p>“You probably will be having a dinner-party to-day; now, please do this, and remember -I am quite serious in what I ask you. We all of us, who have any belief in Christianity -at all, wish that Christ were alive now. Suppose, then, that He is. I think it very -likely that if He were in London, you would be one of the people whom He would take -some notice of. Now, suppose He has sent you word that He is coming to dine with you -to-day; but that you are not to make any change in your guests on His account; that -He wants to meet exactly the party you have; and no other. Suppose you have just received -this message, and that St. John has <span class="pageNum" id="pb233">[<a href="#pb233">233</a>]</span>also left word, in passing, with the butler, that his Master will come alone; so that -you won’t have any trouble with the Apostles. Now this is what I want you to do. First, -determine what you will have for dinner. You are not ordered, observe, to make no -changes in your bill of fare. Take a piece of paper, and absolutely <i>write</i> fresh orders to your cook,—you can’t realize the thing enough without writing. That -done, consider how you will arrange your guests—who is to sit next Christ on the other -side—who opposite, and so on; finally, consider a little what you will talk about, -supposing, which is just possible, that Christ should tell you to go on talking as -if He were not there, and never to mind <i>Him</i>. You couldn’t, you will tell me? Then, my dear lady, how can you in general? Don’t -you profess—nay, don’t you much more than profess—to believe that Christ <i>is</i> always there, whether you see Him or not? Why should the seeing make such a difference?” -</p> -<p>But you are no master nor mistress of household? You are only a boy, or a girl. What -can you do? -</p> -<p>We will take the work of the third day, for its range is at once lower and wider than -that of the others: Can you do <i>nothing</i> in that kind? Is there no garden near you where you can get from some generous person -leave to weed the beds, or sweep up the dead leaves? (I once allowed an eager little -girl of ten years old to weed my garden; and now, though <span class="pageNum" id="pb234">[<a href="#pb234">234</a>]</span>it is long ago, she always speaks as if the favour had been done to <i>her</i>, and not to the garden and me.) Is there no dusty place that you can water?—if it -be only the road before your door, the traveller will thank you. No roadside ditch -that you can clean of its clogged rubbish, to let the water run clear? No scattered -heap of brickbats that you can make an ordinary pile of? You are ashamed? Yes; that -false shame is the Devil’s pet weapon. He does more work with it even than with false -pride. For with false pride, he only goads evil; but with false shame, paralyzes good. -</p> -<p>But you have no ground of your own; you are a girl, and can’t work on other people’s? -At least you have a window of your own, or one in which you have a part interest. -With very little help from the carpenter, you can arrange a safe box outside of it, -that will hold earth enough to root something in. If you have any favour from Fortune -at all, you can train a rose, or a honeysuckle, or a convolvulus, or a nasturtium, -round your window—a quiet branch of ivy—or if for the sake of its leaves only, a tendril -or two of vine. Only, be sure all your plant-pets are kept well outside of the window. -Don’t come to having pots in the room, unless you are sick. -</p> -<p>I got a nice letter from a young girl, not long since, asking why I had said in my -answers to former questions that young ladies were “to have nothing to do with greenhouses, -still less with hothouses.” The new <span class="pageNum" id="pb235">[<a href="#pb235">235</a>]</span>inquirer has been sent me by Fors, just when it was time to explain what I meant. -</p> -<p>First, then—The primal object of your gardening, for yourself, is to keep you at work -in the open air, whenever it is possible. The greenhouse will always be a refuge to -you from the wind; which, on the contrary, you ought to be able to bear; and will -tempt you into clippings and pottings and pettings, and mere standing dilettantism -in a damp and over-scented room, instead of true labour in fresh air. -</p> -<p>Secondly.—It will not only itself involve unnecessary expense—(for the greenhouse -is sure to turn into a hothouse in the end; and even if not, is always having its -panes broken, or its blinds going wrong, or its stands getting rickety); but it will -tempt you into buying nursery plants, and waste your time in anxiety about them. -</p> -<p>Thirdly.—The use of your garden to the household ought to be mainly in the vegetables -you can raise in it. And, for these, your proper observance of season, and of the -authority of the stars, is a vital duty. Every climate gives its vegetable food to -its living creatures at the right time; your business is to know that time, and be -prepared for it, and to take the healthy luxury which nature appoints you, in the -rare annual taste of the thing given in those its due days. The vile and gluttonous -modern habit of forcing never allows people properly to taste anything. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb236">[<a href="#pb236">236</a>]</span></p> -<p>Lastly, and chiefly.—Your garden is to enable you to obtain such knowledge of plants -as you may best use in the country in which you live, by communicating it to others; -and teaching them to take pleasure in the green herb, given for meat, and the coloured -flower, given for joy. And your business is not to make the greenhouse or hothouse -rejoice and blossom like the rose, but the wilderness and solitary place. And it is, -therefore, (look back to Letter 26th, p. 15,) not at all of camellias and air-plants -that the devil is afraid; on the contrary, the Dame aux Camellias is a very especial -servant of his; and the Fly-God of Ekron himself superintends—as you may gather from -Mr. Darwin’s recent investigations—the birth and parentage of the orchidaceæ. But -he is mortally afraid of roses and crocuses. -</p> -<p>Of roses, that is to say, growing wild;—(what lovely hedges of them there were, in -the lane leading from Dulwich College up to Windmill (or Gipsy) Hill, in my aunt’s -time!)—but of the massy horticultural-prize rose,—fifty pounds weight of it on a propped -bush—he stands in no awe whatever; not even when they are cut afterwards and made -familiar to the poor in the form of bouquets, so that poor Peggy may hawk them from -street to street—and hate the smell of them, as his own imps do. For Mephistopheles -knows there are poorer Margarets yet than Peggy. -</p> -<p>Hear <i>this</i>, you fine ladies of the houses of York and <span class="pageNum" id="pb237">[<a href="#pb237">237</a>]</span>Lancaster, and you, new-gilded Miss Kilmanseggs, with your gardens of Gul,—you, also, -evangelical expounders of the beauty of the Rose of Sharon;—it is a bit of a letter -just come to me from a girl of good position in the manufacturing districts:— -</p> -<p>“The other day I was coming through a nasty part of the road, carrying a big bunch -of flowers, and met two dirty, ragged girls, who looked eagerly at my flowers. Then -one of them said, ‘Give us a flower!’ I hesitated, for she looked and spoke rudely; -but when she ran after me, I stopped; and pulled out a large rose, and asked the other -girl which she would like. ‘A red one, the same as hers,’ she answered. They actually -did not know its name. Poor girls! they promised to take care of them, and went away -looking rather softened and pleased, I thought; but perhaps they would pull them to -pieces, and laugh at the success of their boldness. At all events, they made me very -sad and thoughtful for the rest of my walk.” -</p> -<p>And, I hope, a little so, even when you got home again, young lady. Meantime, are -you quite sure of your fact; and that there was no white rose in your bouquet, from -which the “red one” might be distinguished, without naming? In any case, my readers -have enough to think of, for this time, I believe. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb238">[<a href="#pb238">238</a>]</span> </p> -<div class="div2 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE.</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">I. Together with the Spectator’s telescopic and daring views of the Land question, -given in last Fors, I may as well preserve its immediate and microscopic approval -of our poor little practice upon it at Hincksey:— -</p> -<p>“<span class="sc">Adam and Jehu.</span>—It is very vexatious, but one never gets fairly the better of Mr. Ruskin. Sometimes -he lets his intellect work, and fires off pamphlet after pamphlet on political economy, -each new one more ridiculous than the last, till it ceases to be possible even to -read his brochures without condemning them as the utterances of a man who cannot lose -a certain eloquence of expression, <span class="asc">BUT WHO CANNOT THINK AT ALL</span>; and then, again, he lets his genius work, and produces something which raises the -admiration of the reader till every folly which preceded it is forgotten. There never -was a more absurd paper published than his on the duty of the State towards unmarried -couples, and never perhaps one wiser than his lecture on ‘Ambition,’ reviewed in our -columns on the 18th of October, 1873. Just recently he has been pushing some plans -for an agricultural Utopia, free of steam-engines and noises and everything modern, -in which the inconsequence of his mind is as evident as its radical benevolence; and -now he has, we believe, done the whole youth of Oxford a substantial service. He has -turned, or rather tried to turn, the rage for athletics into a worthy channel.”—<i>Spectator, May 30, 1874.</i> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb239">[<a href="#pb239">239</a>]</span></p> -<p>The above paragraph may, I think, also be, some day, interesting as a summary of the -opinions of the British press on Fors Clavigera; and if my last month’s letter should -have the fortune to displease, or discomfort, any British landlord, my alarmed or -offended reader may be relieved and pacified by receiving the Spectatorial warrant -at once for the inconsequence of my mind, and for its radical benevolence. -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>II. The following paragraphs from a leading journal in our greatest commercial city, -surpass, in folly and impudence, anything I have yet seen of the kind, and are well -worth preserving:— -</p> -<p>“The material prosperity of the country has, notwithstanding, increased, and the revenue -returns, comparing as they do against an exceptionally high rate of production and -consumption, show that we are fairly holding our own.” Production and consumption -of <i>what</i>, Mr. Editor, is the question, as I have told you many a time. A high revenue, raised -on the large production and consumption of weak cloth and strong liquor, does <i>not</i> show the material prosperity of the country. Suppose you were to tax the production -of good pictures, good books, good houses, or honest men, where would your revenue -be? “Amongst the middle classes, exceptionally large fortunes have been rapidly realized -here and there, chiefly in the misty regions of ‘finance,’ [What do you mean by misty, -Mr. Editor? It is a Turnerian and Titianesque quality, not in the least properly applicable -to any cotton-mill business.] and instances occur from day to day of almost prodigal -expenditure in objects of art [Photographs of bawds, do you mean, Mr. Editor? I know -no other objects of art that are multiplying,—certainly not Titians, by your Spectator’s -decision.] and luxury, the display of wealth in the metropolis being more striking -year by year. -</p> -<p>“Turning from these dazzling exhibitions, the real source of congratulation must be -found in the existence of a broad and <span class="pageNum" id="pb240">[<a href="#pb240">240</a>]</span>solid foundation for our apparent prosperity; and this, happily, is represented in -the amelioration of the condition of the lower orders of society.”—Indeed! -</p> -<p>“The adjustment of an increasing scale of wages has not been reduced to scientific -principles, and has consequently been more or less arbitrary and capricious. From -time to time it has interfered with the even current of affairs, and been resented -as an unfair and unwarranted interception of profits in their way to the manufacturer’s -pockets. -</p> -<p>“Whilst ‘financial’ talent has reaped liberal results from its exercise, the steady -productions of manufacturers have left only moderate returns to their producers, and -importers of raw material have, as a rule, had a trying time. The difficulties of -steamship owners have been tolerably notorious, and the enhancement of sailing vessels -is an instance of the adage that ‘It is an ill wind that blows no one any good.’ -</p> -<p>“For our railways, the effects of a most critical half-year can scarcely be forecast. -Increased expenses have not, it is to be feared, been met by increased rates and traffics, -and the public may not have fully prepared themselves for diminished dividends. With -the Erie and the Great Western of Canada undergoing the ordeal of investigation, and -the Atlantic and Great Western on the verge of insolvency, it is not surprising that -American and colonial railways are at the moment out of favour. If, however, they -have not made satisfactory returns to their shareholders, they have been the media -of great profit to operators on the stock exchanges; and some day we shall, perhaps, -learn the connection existing between the well or ill doing of a railway <i>per se</i>, and the facility for speculation in its stock.”—<i>Liverpool Commercial News</i>, of this year. I have not kept the date. -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>III. A young lady’s letter about flowers and books, I gratefully acknowledge, and -have partly answered in the text of this Fors; <span class="pageNum" id="pb241">[<a href="#pb241">241</a>]</span>the rest she will find answered up and down afterwards, as I can; also a letter from -a youth at New Haven in Connecticut has given me much pleasure. I am sorry not to -be able to answer it more specially, but have now absolutely no time for any private -correspondence, except with personal friends,—and I should like even those to show -themselves friendly rather by setting themselves to understand my meaning in Fors, -and by helping me in my purposes, than by merely expressing anxiety for my welfare, -not satisfiable but by letters, which do not promote it. -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>IV. Publishing the subjoined letter from Mr. Sillar, I must now wish him good success -in his battle, and terminate my extracts from his letters, there being always some -grave points in which I find myself at issue with him, but which I have not at present -any wish farther to discuss:— -</p> -<p>“I am right glad to see you quote in your July Fors, from the papers which the Record -newspaper refused to insert, on the plea of their ‘confusing two things so essentially -different as usury and interest of money.’ -</p> -<p>“I printed them, and have sold <i>two</i>,—following your advice and not advertising them. -</p> -<p>“You wrong me greatly in saying that I think the sin of usury means every other. What -I say is that it is the only sin I know <i>which is never denounced from the pulpit</i>; and therefore <i>I</i> have to do <i>that part</i> of the parson’s work. I would much rather be following the business to which I was -educated; but so long as usury is prevalent, honourable and profitable employments -<i>in that business are impossible</i>. It may be conducted honourably, but at an annual loss; or it may be conducted profitably -<i>at the expense of honour</i>. I can no longer afford the former, still less can I afford the latter; and as I -cannot be <span class="pageNum" id="pb242">[<a href="#pb242">242</a>]</span>idle, I occupy my leisure, at least part of it, in a war to the knife with that great -dragon ‘Debt.’ I war not with flesh and blood, but with principalities and powers -of darkness in high places.” -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>V. To finish, here is one of the pleasantest paragraphs I ever saw in print:— -</p> -<p>“<span class="sc">Rope Cordage.</span>—On Saturday last a very interesting experiment was made at Kirkaldy’s Testing Works, -Southwark Street, as to the relative strength of hand-spun yarn rope, machine yarn -rope, and Russian yarn rope. Mr. Plimsoll, M.P., Captain Bedford Pim, M.P., and others -attended the test, which lasted over three hours. There were nine pieces of rope, -each 10ft. long, being three of each of the above classes. The ultimate stress or -breaking strain of the Russian rope was 11,099 lb., or 1,934 lb<span class="corr" id="xd31e3159" title="Not in source">.</span> strength per fathom; machine rope, 11,527 lb., or 2,155 lb. per fathom; hand-spun -rope, 18,279 lb., or 3,026 lb. per fathom. The ropes were all of 5 in. circumference, -and every piece broke clear of the fastenings. The prices paid per cwt. were: Russian -rope, 47<i>s.</i>; machine yarn rope, 47<i>s.</i>; hand-spun yarn rope, 44<i>s.</i>—all described as best cordage and London manufacture. It will thus be seen that the -hand-made was cheaper by 3<i>s.</i> per cwt., and broke at a testing strength of 7,180 lb. over Russian, and 6,752 lb. -over machine-made.”—<i>Times</i>, July 20, 1874. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb243">[<a href="#pb243">243</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2944"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2944src">1</a></span> 2 Esdras iv. 4. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2944src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2984"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2984src">2</a></span> See ‘Modern Painters,’ vol. iii., “The Firmament.” <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2984src" title="Return to note 2 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e2989"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e2989src">3</a></span> Compare Dante, Purg., end of Canto V. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e2989src" title="Return to note 3 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 chapter"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="super">FORS CLAVIGERA.</h2> -<h2 class="main">LETTER XLVII.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first dateline"><span class="sc">Hotel du Mont Blanc, St. Martin’s</span>, <br><i>12th October, 1874</i>. -</p> -<p>We have now briefly glanced at the nature of the squire’s work in relation to the -peasant; namely, making a celestial or worshipful appearance to him; and the methods -of operation, no less than of appearance, which are generally to be defined as celestial, -or worshipful. -</p> -<p>We have next to examine by what rules the action of the squire towards the peasant -is to be either restrained or assisted; and the function, therefore, of the lawyer, -or definer of limits and modes,—which was above generally expressed, in its relation -to the peasant, as “telling him, in black letter, that his house is his own.” It will -be necessary, however, evidently, that his house <i>should</i> be his own, before any lawyer can divinely assert the same to him. -</p> -<p>Waiving, for the moment, examination of this primal necessity, let us consider a little -how that divine function <span class="pageNum" id="pb244">[<a href="#pb244">244</a>]</span>of asserting, in perfectly intelligible and indelible letters, the absolute claim -of a man to his own house, or castle, and all that it properly includes, is actually -discharged by the powers of British law now in operation. -</p> -<p>We will take, if you please, in the outset, a few wise men’s opinions on this matter, -though we shall thus be obliged somewhat to generalize the inquiry, by admitting into -it some notice of criminal as well as civil law. -</p> -<p>My readers have probably thought me forgetful of Sir Walter all this time. No; but -all writing about him is impossible to me in the impure gloom of modern Italy. I have -had to rest awhile here, where human life is still sacred, before I could recover -the tone of heart fit to say what I want to say in this Fors. -</p> -<p>He was the son, you remember, of a writer to the signet, and practised for some time -at the bar himself. Have you ever chanced to ask yourself what was his innermost opinion -of the legal profession? -</p> -<p>Or, have you even endeavoured to generalize that expressed with so much greater violence -by Dickens? The latter wrote with a definitely reforming purpose, seemingly; and, -I have heard, had real effects on Chancery practice. -</p> -<p>But are the Judges of England—at present I suppose the highest types of intellectual -and moral power that Christendom possesses—content to have reform forced on them by -the teazing of a caricaturist, instead of the pleading of their own consciences? -<span class="pageNum" id="pb245">[<a href="#pb245">245</a>]</span></p> -<p>Even if so, is there no farther reform indicated as necessary, in a lower field, by -the same teazing personage? The Court of Chancery and Mr. Vholes were not his only -legal sketches. Dodson and Fogg; Sampson Brass; Serjeant Buzfuz; and, most of all, -the examiner, for the Crown, of Mr. Swiveller in the trial of Kit,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e3204src" href="#xd31e3204">1</a>—are these deserving of no repentant attention? You, good reader, probably have read -the trial in Pickwick, and the trial of Kit, merely to amuse yourself; and perhaps -Dickens himself meant little more than to amuse you. But did it never strike you as -quite other than a matter of amusement, that in both cases, the force of the law of -England is represented as employed zealously to prove a crime against a person known -by the accusing counsel to be innocent; and, in both cases, as obtaining a conviction? -</p> -<p>You might perhaps think that these were only examples of the ludicrous, and sometimes -tragic, accidents which must sometimes happen in the working of any complex system, -however excellent. They are by no means so. Ludicrous, and tragic, mischance must -indeed take place in all human affairs of importance, however honestly conducted. -But here you have deliberate, artistic, energetic dishonesty; skilfullest and resolutest -endeavour to prove a crime against an innocent person,—a crime of which, in the case -of the boy, the reputed <span class="pageNum" id="pb246">[<a href="#pb246">246</a>]</span>commission will cost him at least the prosperity and honour of his life,—more to him -than life itself. And this you forgive, or admire, because it is not done in malice, -but for money, and in pride of art. Because the assassin is paid,—makes his living -in that line of business,—and delivers his thrust with a bravo’s artistic finesse -you think him a respectable person; so much better in style than a passionate one -who does his murder gratis, vulgarly, with a club,—Bill Sykes, for instance? It is -all balanced fairly, as the system goes, you think. ‘It works round, and two and two -make four. He accused an innocent person to-day:—to-morrow he will defend a rascal.’ -</p> -<p>And you truly hold this a business to which your youth should be bred—gentlemen of -England? -</p> -<p>‘But how is it to be ordered otherwise? Every supposed criminal ought surely to have -an advocate, to say what can be said in his favour; and an accuser, to insist on the -evidence against him. Both do their best, and can anything be fairer?’ -</p> -<p>Yes; something else could be much fairer; but we will find out what Sir Walter thinks, -if we can, before going farther; though it will not be easy—for you don’t at once -get at the thoughts of a great man, upon a great matter. -</p> -<p>The first difference, however, which, if you know your Scott well, strikes you, between -him and Dickens, is that your task of investigation is chiefly pleasant, <span class="pageNum" id="pb247">[<a href="#pb247">247</a>]</span>though serious; not a painful one—and still less a jesting or mocking one. The first -figure that rises before you is Pleydell; the second, Scott’s own father, Saunders -Fairford, with his son. And you think for an instant or two, perhaps, “The question -is settled, as far as Scott is concerned, at once. What a beautiful thing is Law!” -</p> -<p>For you forget, by the sweet emphasis of the divine art on what is good, that there -ever was such a person in the world as Mr. Glossin. And you are left, by the grave -cunning of the divine art, which reveals to you no secret without your own labour, -to discern and unveil for yourself the meaning of the plot of Redgauntlet. -</p> -<p>You perhaps were dissatisfied enough with the plot, when you read it for amusement. -Such a childish fuss about nothing! Solway sands, forsooth, the only scenery; and -your young hero of the story frightened to wet his feet; and your old hero doing nothing -but ride a black horse, and make himself disagreeable; and all that about the house -in Edinburgh so dull; and no love-making, to speak of, anywhere! -</p> -<p>Well, it doesn’t come in exactly with my subject, to-day;—but, by the way, I beg you -to observe that there is a bit of love in Redgauntlet which is worth any quantity -of modern French or English amatory novels in a heap. Alan Fairford has been bred, -and willingly bred, in the strictest discipline of mind and <span class="pageNum" id="pb248">[<a href="#pb248">248</a>]</span>conduct; he is an entirely strong, entirely prudent, entirely pure young Scotchman,—and -a lawyer. Scott, when he wrote the book, was an old Scotchman; and had seen a good -deal of the world. And he is going to tell you how Love ought first to come to an -entirely strong, entirely prudent, entirely pure youth, of his own grave profession. -</p> -<p>How love <i>ought</i> to come, mind you. Alan Fairford is the real hero (next to Nanty Ewart) of the novel; -and he is the exemplary and happy hero—Nanty being the suffering one, under hand of -Fate. -</p> -<p>Of course, you would say, if you didn’t know the book, and were asked what should -happen—(and with Miss Edgeworth to manage matters instead of Scott, or Shakespeare, -nothing else <i>would</i> have happened,)—of course the entirely prudent young lawyer will consider what an -important step in life marriage is; and will look out for a young person of good connections, -whose qualities of mind and moral disposition he will examine strictly before allowing -his affections to be engaged; he will then consider what income is necessary for a -person in a high legal position, etc., etc., etc. -</p> -<p>Well, this is what <i>does</i> happen, according to Scott, you know;—(or more likely, I’m afraid, know nothing about -it). The old servant of the family announces, with some dryness of manner, one day, -that a ‘leddy’ wants to see Maister Alan Fairford,—for legal consultation. The <span class="pageNum" id="pb249">[<a href="#pb249">249</a>]</span>prudent young gentleman, upon this, puts his room into the most impressive order, -intending to make a first appearance reading a legal volume in an abstracted state -of mind. But, on a knock coming at the street door, he can’t resist going to look -out at the window; and—the servant maliciously showing in the client without announcement—is -discovered peeping out of it. The client is closely veiled—little more than the tip -of her nose discernible. She is, fortunately, a little embarrassed herself; for she -did not want Mr. Alan Fairford at all, but Mr. Alan Fairford’s father. They sit looking -at each other—at least, he looking at the veil and a green silk cloak—for half a minute. -The young lady—(for she <i>is</i> young; he has made out that, he admits; and something more perhaps,)—is the first -to recover her presence of mind; makes him a pretty little apology for having mistaken -him for his father; says that, now she has done it, he will answer her purpose, perhaps, -even better; but she thinks it best to communicate the points on which she requires -his assistance, in writing,—curtsies him, on his endeavour to remonstrate, gravely -and inexorably into silence,—disappears,—“And put the sun in her pocket, I believe,” -as she turned the corner, says prudent Mr. Alan. And keeps it in her pocket for him,—evermore. -That is the way one’s Love is sent, when she is sent from Heaven, says the aged Scott. -</p> -<p>‘But how ridiculous,—how entirely unreasonable,—how <span class="pageNum" id="pb250">[<a href="#pb250">250</a>]</span>unjustifiable, on any grounds of propriety or common sense!’ -</p> -<p>Certainly, my good sir,—certainly: Shakespeare and Scott can’t help that;—all they -know is,—that is the way God and Nature manage it. Of course, Rosalind ought to have -been much more particular in her inquiries about Orlando;—Juliet about the person -masqued as a pilgrim;—and there is really no excuse whatever for Desdemona’s conduct; -and we all know what came of it;—but, again I say, Shakespeare and Scott can’t help -that. -</p> -<p>Nevertheless, Love is not the subject of this novel of Redgauntlet; but Law: on which -matter we will endeavour now to gather its evidence. -</p> -<p>Two youths are brought up together—one, the son of a Cavalier, or Ghibelline, of the -old school, whose Law is in the sword, and the heart; and the other of a Roundhead, -or Guelph, of the modern school, whose Law is in form and precept. Scott’s own prejudices -lean to the Cavalier; but his domestic affections, personal experience, and sense -of equity, lead him to give utmost finish to the adverse character. The son of the -Cavalier—in moral courage, in nervous power, in general sense and self-command,—is -entirely inferior to the son of the Puritan; nay, in many respects quite weak and -effeminate; one slight and scarcely noticeable touch, (about the unproved pistol,) -gives the true relation of the characters, and makes their portraiture complete, as -by Velasquez. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb251">[<a href="#pb251">251</a>]</span></p> -<p>The Cavalier’s father is dead; his uncle asserts the Cavalier’s law of the Sword over -him: its effects upon him are the first clause of the book. -</p> -<p>The Puritan’s father—living—asserts the law of Precept over him: its effects upon -him are the second clause of the book. -</p> -<p>Together with these studies of the two laws in their influence on the relation of -guardian and ward—or of father and child, their influence on society is examined in -the opposition of the soldier and hunter to the friend of man and animals,—Scott putting -his whole power into the working out of this third clause of the book. -</p> -<p>Having given his verdict in these three clauses, wholly in favour of the law of precept,—he -has to mark the effects of its misapplication,—first moral, then civil. -</p> -<p>The story of Nanty Ewart, the fourth clause, is the most instructive and pathetic -piece of Scott’s judgment on the abuse of the moral law, by pride, in Scotland, which -you can find in all his works. -</p> -<p>Finally, the effects of the abuse of the civil law by sale, or simony, have to be -examined; which is done in the story of Peter Peebles. -</p> -<p>The involution of this fifth clause with that of Nanty Ewart is one of the subtlest -pieces of heraldic quartering which you can find in all the Waverley novels; and no -others have any pretence to range with them in this <span class="pageNum" id="pb252">[<a href="#pb252">252</a>]</span>point of art at all. The best, by other masters, are a mere play of kaleidoscope colour -compared to the severe heraldic delineation of the Waverleys. -</p> -<p>We will first examine the statement of the abuse of Civil Law. -</p> -<p>There is not, if you have any true sympathy with humanity, extant for you a more exquisite -study of the relations which must exist, even under circumstances of great difficulty -and misunderstanding, between a good father and good son, than the scenes of Redgauntlet -laid in Edinburgh. The father’s intense devotion, pride, and joy, mingled with fear, -in the son; the son’s direct, unflinching, unaffected obedience, hallowed by pure -affection, tempered by youthful sense, guided by high personal power. And all this -force of noble passion and effort, in both, is directed to a single object—the son’s -success at the bar. That success, as usually in the legal profession, must, if it -be not wholly involved, at least give security for itself, in the impression made -by the young counsel’s opening speech. All the interests of the reader (if he has -any interest in him) are concentrated upon this crisis in the story; and the chapter -which gives account of the fluctuating event is one of the supreme masterpieces of -European literature. -</p> -<p>The interests of the reader, I say, are concentrated on the success of the young counsel: -that of his client is of no importance whatever to any one. You perhaps <span class="pageNum" id="pb253">[<a href="#pb253">253</a>]</span>forget even who the client is—or recollect him only as a poor drunkard, who must be -kept out of the way for fear he should interrupt his own counsel, or make the jury -laugh at him. His cause has been—no one knows how long—in the courts; it is good for -practising on, by any young hand. -</p> -<p>You forget Peter Peebles, perhaps: you don’t forget Miss Flite, in the Dickens’ court? -Better done, therefore,—Miss Flite,—think you? -</p> -<p>No; not so well done; or anything like so well done. The very primal condition in -Scott’s type of the ruined creature is, that he <i>should</i> be forgotten! Worse;—that he should <i>deserve</i> to be forgotten. Miss Flite interests you—takes your affections—deserves them. Is -mad, indeed, but not a destroyed creature, morally, at all. A very sweet, kind creature,—not -even altogether unhappy,—enjoying her lawsuit, and her bag, and her papers. She is -a picturesque, quite unnatural and unlikely figure,—therefore wholly ineffective except -for story-telling purposes. -</p> -<p>But Peter Peebles is a natural ruin, and a total one. An accurate type of what is -to be seen every day, and carried to the last stage of its misery. He is degraded -alike in body and heart;—mad, but with every vile sagacity unquenched,—while every -hope in earth and heaven is taken away. And in this desolation, you can only hate, -not pity him. -</p> -<p>That, says Scott, is the beautiful operation of the <span class="pageNum" id="pb254">[<a href="#pb254">254</a>]</span>Civil Law of Great Britain, on a man whose affairs it has spent its best intelligence -on, for an unknown number of years. His affairs being very obscure, and his cause -doubtful, you suppose? No. His affairs being so simple that the young <i>honest</i> counsel can explain them entirely in an hour;—and his cause absolutely and unquestionably -just. -</p> -<p>What is Dickens’ entire Court of Chancery to that? With all its dusty delay,—with -all its diabolical ensnaring;—its pathetic death of Richard—widowhood of Ada, etc., -etc.? All mere blue fire of the stage, and dropped footlights; no real tragedy.—A -villain cheats a foolish youth, who would be wiser than his elders, who dies repentant, -and immediately begins a new life,—so says, at least, (not the least believing,) the -pious Mr. Dickens. All that might happen among the knaves of any profession. -</p> -<p>But with Scott, the best honour—soul—intellect in Scotland take in hand the cause -of a man who comes to them justly, necessarily, for plain, instantly possible, absolutely -deserved, decision of a manifest cause. -</p> -<p>They are endless years talking of it,—to amuse, and pay, themselves. -</p> -<p>And they drive him into the foulest death—eternal—if there be, for such souls, any -Eternity. On which Scott does not feel it his duty, as Dickens does, to offer you -an opinion. He tells you, as Shakespeare, the facts he knows,—no more. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb255">[<a href="#pb255">255</a>]</span></p> -<p>There, then, you have Sir Walter’s opinion of the existing method and function of -British Civil Law. -</p> -<p>What the difference may be, and what the consequences of such difference, between -this lucrative function, and the true duty of Civil Law,—namely, to fulfil and continue -in all the world the first mission of the mightiest Lawgiver, and declare that on -such and such conditions, written in eternal letters by the finger of God, every man’s -house, or piece of Holy land, is his own,—there does not, it appears, exist at present -wit enough under all the weight of curled and powdered horsehair in England, either -to reflect, or to define. -</p> -<p>In the meantime, we have to note another question beyond, and greater than this,—answered -by Scott in his story. -</p> -<p>So far as human laws have dealt with the man, this their ruined client has been destroyed -in his innocence. But there is yet a Divine Law, controlling the injustice of men. -</p> -<p>And the historian—revealing to us the full relation of private and public act—shows -us that the wretch’s destruction was in his refusal of the laws of God, while he trusted -in the laws of man. -</p> -<p>Such is the entire plan of the story of Redgauntlet,—only in part conscious,—partly -guided by the Fors which has rule over the heart of the noble king in his word, and -of the noble scribe in his scripture, as <span class="pageNum" id="pb256">[<a href="#pb256">256</a>]</span>over the rivers of water. We will trace the detail of this story farther in next Fors; -meantime, here is your own immediate lesson, reader, whoever you may be, from our -to-day’s work. -</p> -<p>The first—not the chief, but the first—piece of good work a man has to do is to find -rest for himself,—a place for the sole of his foot; his house, or piece of Holy land; -and to <i>make</i> it so holy and happy, that if by any chance he receive order to leave it, there may -be bitter pain in obedience; and also that to his daughter there may yet one sorrowful -sentence be spoken in her day of mirth, “Forget also thy people, and thy father’s -house.” -</p> -<p>‘But I mean to make money, and have a better and better house, every ten years.’ -</p> -<p>Yes, I know you do. -</p> -<p>If you intend to keep that notion, I have no word more to say to you. Fare you—not -well, for you cannot; but as you may. -</p> -<p>But if you have sense, and feeling, determine what sort of a house will be fit for -you;—determine to work for it—to get it—and to die in it, if the Lord will. -</p> -<p>‘What sort of house will be fit for me?—but of course the biggest and finest I can -get will be fittest!’ -</p> -<p>Again, so says the Devil to you: and if you believe him, he will find you fine lodgings -enough,—for rent. But if you don’t believe him, consider, I repeat, what sort of house -will be fit for you. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb257">[<a href="#pb257">257</a>]</span></p> -<p>‘Fit!—but what do you mean by fit?’ -</p> -<p>I mean, one that you can entirely enjoy and manage; but which you will not be proud -of, except as you make it charming in its modesty. If you are proud of it, it is <i>un</i>fit for you,—better than a man in your station of life can by simple and sustained -exertion obtain; and it should be rather under such quiet level than above. Ashesteil -was entirely fit for Walter Scott, and Walter Scott was entirely happy there. Abbotsford -was fit also for <i>Sir</i> Walter Scott; and had he been content with it, his had been a model life. But he -would fain still add field to field,—and died homeless. Perhaps Gadshill was fit for -Dickens; I do not know enough of him to judge; and he knew scarcely anything of himself. -But the story of the boy on Rochester Hill is lovely. -</p> -<p>And assuredly, my aunt’s house at Croydon was fit for her; and my father’s at Herne -Hill,—in which I correct the press of this Fors, sitting in what was once my nursery,—was -exactly fit for him, and me. He left it for the larger one—Denmark Hill; and never -had a quite happy day afterwards. It was not his fault, the house at Herne Hill was -built on clay, and the doctors said he was not well there; also, I was his pride, -and he wanted to leave <i>me</i> in a better house,—a good father’s cruellest, subtlest temptation. -</p> -<p>But <i>you</i> are a poor man, you say, and have no hope of a grand home? -<span class="pageNum" id="pb258">[<a href="#pb258">258</a>]</span></p> -<p>Well, here is the simplest ideal of operation, then. You dig a hole, like Robinson -Crusoe; you gather sticks for fire, and bake the earth you get out of your hole,—partly -into bricks, partly into tiles, partly into pots. If there are any stones in the neighbourhood, -you drag them together, and build a defensive dyke round your hole or cave. If there -are no stones, but only timber, you drive in a palisade. And you are already exercising -the arts of the Greeks, Etruscans, Normans, and Lombards, in their purest form, on -the wholesome and true threshold of all their art; and on your own wholesome threshold. -</p> -<p>You don’t know, you answer, how to make a brick, a tile, or a pot; or how to build -a dyke, or drive a stake that will stand. No more do I. Our education has to begin;—mine -as much as yours. I have indeed, the newspapers say, a power of expression; but as -they also say I cannot think at all, you see I have nothing to express; so that peculiar -power, according to <i>them</i>, is of no use to me whatever. -</p> -<p>But you don’t want to make your bricks yourself; you want to have them made for you -by the United Grand Junction Limited Liability Brick-without-Straw Company, paying -twenty-five per cent. to its idle shareholders? Well, what will you do, yourself, -then? Nothing? Or do you mean to play on the fiddle to the Company making your bricks? -What will <i>you</i> do—of this first work necessary for your life? There’s <span class="pageNum" id="pb259">[<a href="#pb259">259</a>]</span>nothing but digging and cooking now remains to be done. Will you dig, or cook? Dig, -by all means; but your house should be ready for you first. -</p> -<p>Your wife should cook. What else can <i>you</i> do? Preach?—and give us your precious opinions of God and His ways! Yes, and in the -meanwhile <i>I</i> am to build your house, am I? and find you a barrel-organ, or a harmonium, to twangle -psalm-tunes on, I suppose? Fight—will you?—and pull other people’s houses down; while -I am to be set to build your barracks, that you may go smoking and spitting about -all day, with a cockscomb on your head, and spurs to your heels?—(I observe, by the -way, the Italian soldiers have now got cocks’ <i>tails</i> on their heads, instead of cocks’ combs.)—Lay down the law to me in a wig,—will you? -and tell me the house I have built is—<span class="asc">NOT</span> mine? and take my dinner from me, as a fee for <i>that</i> opinion? Build, my man,—build, or dig,—one of the two; and then eat your honestly-earned -meat, thankfully, and let other people alone, if you can’t help them. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb261">[<a href="#pb261">261</a>]</span> </p> -<div class="div2 section"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE.</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The points suggested by the letter printed in the Fors of September, respecting the -minor action of English Magistracy, must still be kept for subsequent consideration, -our to-day’s work having been too general to reach them. -</p> -<p>I have an interesting letter from a man of business, remonstrating with me on my declaration -that railroads should no more pay dividends than carriage roads, or field footpaths. -</p> -<p>He is a gentle man of business, and meshed, as moderately well-meaning people, nowadays, -always are, in a web of equivocation between what is profitable and benevolent. -</p> -<p>He says that people who make railroads should be rewarded by dividends for having -acted so benevolently towards the public, and provided it with these beautiful and -easy means of locomotion. But my correspondent is too good a man of business to remain -in this entanglement of brains—unless by his own fault. He knows perfectly well, in -his heart, that the ‘benevolence’ involved in the construction of railways amounts -exactly to this much and no more,—that if the British public were informed that engineers -were now confident, after their <span class="pageNum" id="pb262">[<a href="#pb262">262</a>]</span>practice in the Cenis and St. Gothard tunnels, that they could make a railway to Hell,—the -British public would instantly invest in the concern to any amount; and stop church-building -all over the country, for fear of diminishing the dividends. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb263">[<a href="#pb263">263</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e3204"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e3204src">1</a></span> See the part of examination respecting communication held with the brother of the -prisoner. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e3204src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 chapter"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="super">FORS CLAVIGERA.</h2> -<h2 class="main">LETTER XLVIII.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The accounts of the state of St. George’s Fund, given without any inconvenience in -crowding type, on the last leaf of this number of Fors, will, I hope, be as satisfactory -to my subscribers as they are to me. In these days of financial operation, the subscribers -to <i>any</i>thing may surely be content when they find that all their talents have been laid up -in the softest of napkins; and even farther, that, though they are getting no interest -themselves, that lichenous growth of vegetable gold, or mould, is duly developing -itself on their capital. -</p> -<p>The amount of subscriptions received, during the four years of my mendicancy, might -have disappointed me, if, in my own mind, I had made any appointments on the subject, -or had benevolence pungent enough to make me fret at the delay in the commencement -of the national felicity which I propose to bestow. On the contrary, I am only too -happy to continue amusing myself in my study, with stones and pictures; and find, -<span class="pageNum" id="pb264">[<a href="#pb264">264</a>]</span>as I grow old, that I remain resigned to the consciousness of any quantity of surrounding -vice, distress, and disease, provided only the sun shine in at my window over Corpus -Garden, and there are no whistles from the luggage trains passing the Waterworks. -</p> -<p>I understand this state of even temper to be what most people call ‘rational;’ and, -indeed, it has been the result of very steady effort on my own part to keep myself, -if it might be, out of Hanwell, or that other Hospital which makes the name of Christ’s -native village dreadful in the ear of London. For, having long observed that the most -perilous beginning of trustworthy qualification for either of those establishments -consisted in an exaggerated sense of self-importance; and being daily compelled, of -late, to value my own person and opinions at a higher and higher rate, in proportion -to my extending experience of the rarity of any similar creatures or ideas among mankind, -it seemed to me expedient to correct this increasing conviction of my superior wisdom, -by companionship with pictures I could not copy, and stones I could not understand:—while, -that this wholesome seclusion may remain only self-imposed, I think it not a little -fortunate for me that the few relations I have left are generally rather fond of me;—don’t -know clearly which is the next of kin,—and perceive that the administration of my -inconsiderable effects<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e3379src" href="#xd31e3379">1</a> would be rather troublesome than profitable to <span class="pageNum" id="pb265">[<a href="#pb265">265</a>]</span>them. Not in the least, therefore, wondering at the shyness of my readers to trust -me with money of theirs, I have made, during these four years past, some few experiments -with money of my own,—in hopes of being able to give such account of them as might -justify a more extended confidence. I am bound to state that the results, for the -present, are not altogether encouraging. On my own little piece of mountain ground -at Coniston, I grow a large quantity of wood-hyacinths and heather, without any expense -worth mentioning; but my only industrious agricultural operations have been the getting -three pounds ten worth of hay, off a field for which I pay six pounds rent; and the -surrounding, with a costly wall six feet high, to keep out rabbits, a kitchen garden, -which, being terraced and trim, my neighbours say is pretty; and which will probably, -every third year, when the weather is not wet, supply me with a dish of strawberries. -</p> -<p>At Carshalton, in Surrey, I have indeed had the satisfaction of cleaning out one of -the springs of the Wandel, and making it pleasantly habitable by trout; but find that -the fountain, instead of taking care of itself when once pure, as I expected it to -do, requires continual looking after, like a child getting into a mess; and involves -me besides in continual debate with the surveyors of the parish, who insist on letting -all the roadwashings run into it. For the present, however, I persevere, at Carshalton, -against the wilfulness of the <span class="pageNum" id="pb266">[<a href="#pb266">266</a>]</span>spring and the carelessness of the parish; and hope to conquer both: but I have been -obliged entirely to abandon a notion I had of exhibiting ideally clean street pavement -in the centre of London,—in the pleasant environs of Church Lane, St. Giles’s. There -I had every help and encouragement from the authorities; and hoped, with the staff -of two men and a young rogue of a crossing-sweeper, added to the regular force of -the parish, to keep a quarter of a mile square of the narrow streets without leaving -so much as a bit of orange-peel on the footway, or an eggshell in the gutters. I failed, -partly because I chose too difficult a district to begin with, (the contributions -of transitional mud being constant, and the inhabitants passive,) but chiefly because -I could no more be on the spot myself, to give spirit to the men, when I left Denmark -Hill for Coniston. -</p> -<p>I next set up a tea-shop at 29, Paddington Street, W., (an establishment which my -Fors readers may as well know of,) to supply the poor in that neighbourhood with pure -tea, in packets as small as they chose to buy, without making a profit on the subdivision,—larger -orders being of course equally acceptable from anybody who cares to promote honest -dealing. The result of this experiment has been my ascertaining that the poor only -like to buy their tea where it is brilliantly lighted and eloquently ticketed; and -as I resolutely refuse to compete with my neighbouring tradesmen either in gas or -rhetoric, the patient subdivision of my parcels by <span class="pageNum" id="pb267">[<a href="#pb267">267</a>]</span>the two old servants of my mother’s, who manage the business for me, hitherto passes -little recognized as an advantage by my uncalculating public. Also, steady increase -in the consumption of spirits throughout the neighbourhood faster and faster slackens -the demand for tea; but I believe none of these circumstances have checked my trade -so much as my own procrastination in painting my sign. Owing to that total want of -imagination and invention which makes me so impartial and so accurate a writer on -subjects of political economy, I could not for months determine whether the said sign -should be of a Chinese character, black upon gold; or of a Japanese, blue upon white; -or of pleasant English, rose-colour on green; and still less how far legible scale -of letters could be compatible, on a board only a foot broad, with lengthy enough -elucidation of the peculiar offices of ‘Mr. Ruskin’s tea-shop.’ Meanwhile the business -languishes, and the rent and taxes absorb the profits, and something more, after the -salary of my good servants has been paid. -</p> -<p>In all these cases, however, I can see that I am defeated only because I have too -many things on hand: and that neither rabbits at Coniston, road-surveyors at Croydon, -or mud in St. Giles’s would get the better of me, if I could give exclusive attention -to any one business: meantime, I learn the difficulties which are to be met, and shall -make the fewer mistakes when I venture on any work with other people’s money. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb268">[<a href="#pb268">268</a>]</span></p> -<p>I may as well, together with these confessions, print a piece written for the end -of a Fors letter at Assisi, a month or two back, but for which I had then no room, -referring to the increase of commercial, religious, and egotistic insanity,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e3397src" href="#xd31e3397">2</a> in modern society, and delicacy of the distinction implied by that long wall at Hanwell, -between the persons inside it, and out. -</p> -<p>‘Does it never occur to me,’ (thus the letter went on) ‘that I may be mad myself?’ -</p> -<p>Well, I am so alone now in my thoughts and ways, that if I am not mad, I should soon -become so, from mere solitude, but for my <i>work</i>. But it must be manual work. Whenever I succeed in a drawing, I am happy, in spite -of all that surrounds me of sorrow. It is a strange feeling;—not gratified vanity: -I can have any quantity of praise I like from some sorts of people; but that does -me no vital good, (though dispraise does me mortal harm); whereas to succeed to my -own satisfaction in a manual piece of work, is life,—to me, as to all men; and it -is only the peace which comes necessarily from manual labour which in all time has -kept the honest country people patient in their task of maintaining the rascals who -live in towns. But we are in hard times, now, for all men’s wits; for men who know -the truth are like to go mad from isolation; and the fools are all going mad in ‘<span class="corr" id="xd31e3405" title="Source: Schwarmerei">Schwärmerei</span>,’—only that is much the pleasanter way. Mr. Lecky, for instance, quoted in <span class="pageNum" id="pb269">[<a href="#pb269">269</a>]</span>last Fors; how pleasant for him to think he is ever so much wiser than Aristotle; -and that, as a body, the men of his generation are the wisest that ever were born—giants -of intellect, according to Lord Macaulay, compared to the pigmies of Bacon’s time, -and the minor pigmies of Christ’s time, and the minutest of all, the microscopic pigmies -of Solomon’s time, and, finally, the vermicular and infusorial pigmies—twenty-three -millions to the cube inch—of Mr. Darwin’s time, whatever that may be. How pleasant -for Mr. Lecky to live in these days of the Anakim,—“his spear, to equal which, the -tallest pine,” etc., etc., which no man Stratford-born could have lifted, much less -shaken. -</p> -<p>But for us of the old race—few of us now left,—children who reverence our fathers, -and are ashamed of ourselves; comfortless enough in that shame, and yearning for one -word or glance from the graves of old, yet knowing ourselves to be of the same blood, -and recognizing in our hearts the same passions, with the ancient masters of humanity;—we, -who feel as men, and not as carnivorous worms; we, who are every day recognizing some -inaccessible height of thought and power, and are miserable in our shortcomings,—the -few of us now standing here and there, alone, in the midst of this yelping, carnivorous -crowd, mad for money and lust, tearing each other to pieces, and starving each other -to death, and leaving heaps of their dung and ponds of their spittle on every palace -floor and altar stone,—<span class="pageNum" id="pb270">[<a href="#pb270">270</a>]</span>it is impossible for us, except in the labour of our hands, not to go mad. -</p> -<p>And the danger is tenfold greater for a man in my own position, concerned with the -arts which develope the more subtle brain sensations; and, through them, tormented -all day long. Mr. Leslie Stephen rightly says how much better it is to have a thick -skin and a good digestion. Yes, assuredly; but what is the use of knowing that, if -one hasn’t? In one of my saddest moods, only a week or two ago, because I had failed -twice over in drawing the lifted hand of Giotto’s ‘Poverty;’ utterly beaten and comfortless, -at Assisi, I got some wholesome peace and refreshment by mere sympathy with a Bewickian -little pig in the roundest and conceitedest burst of pig-blossom. His servant,—a grave -old woman, with much sorrow and toil in the wrinkles of <i>her</i> skin, while his was only dimpled in its divine thickness,—was leading him, with magnanimous -length of rope, down a grassy path behind the convent; stopping, of course, where -he chose. Stray stalks and leaves of eatable things, in various stages of ambrosial -rottenness, lay here and there; the convent walls made more savoury by their fumigation, -as Mr. Leslie Stephen says the Alpine pines are by his cigar. And the little joyful -darling of Demeter shook his curly tail, and munched; and grunted the goodnaturedest -of grunts, and snuffled the approvingest of snuffles, and was a balm and beatification -to behold; and I would fain have changed <span class="pageNum" id="pb271">[<a href="#pb271">271</a>]</span>places with him for a little while, or with Mr. Leslie Stephen for a little while,—at -luncheon, suppose,—anywhere but among the Alps. But it can’t be. -</p> -<p class="dateline"><span class="sc">Hotel Meurice, Paris</span>, <br><i>20th October, 1874</i>. -</p> -<p>I interrupt myself, for an instant or two, to take notice of two little things that -happen to me here—arriving to breakfast by night train from Geneva. -</p> -<p>Expecting to be cold, I had ordered fire, and sat down by it to read my letters as -soon as I arrived, not noticing that the little parlour was getting much too hot. -Presently, in comes the chambermaid, to put the bedroom in order, which one enters -through the parlour. Perceiving that I am mismanaging myself, in the way of fresh -air, as she passes through, “<span lang="fr">Il fait bien chaud, monsieur, ici</span>,” says she reprovingly, and with entire self-possession. Now that is French servant-character -of the right old school. She knows her own position perfectly, and means to stay in -it, and wear her little white radiant frill of a cap all her days. She knows my position -also; and has not the least fear of my thinking her impertinent because she tells -me what it is right that I should know. Presently afterwards, an evidently German-importation -of waiter brings me up my breakfast, which has been longer in appearing than it would -have been in old times. It looks all right at first,—the napkin, china, and solid -silver sugar basin, all of the old régime. Bread, butter,—yes, of <span class="pageNum" id="pb272">[<a href="#pb272">272</a>]</span>the best still. Coffee, milk,—all right too. But, at last, here is a bit of the new -régime. There are no sugar-tongs; and the sugar is of beetroot, and in methodically -similar cakes, which I must break with my finger and thumb if I want a small piece, -and put back what I don’t want for my neighbour, to-morrow. -</p> -<p>‘Civilization,’ this, you observe, according to Professor Liebig and Mr. John Stuart -Mill. Not according to old French manners, however. -</p> -<p>Now, my readers are continually complaining that I don’t go on telling them my plan -of life, under the rule of St. George’s Company. -</p> -<p>I <i>have</i> told it them, again and again, in broad terms: agricultural life, with as much refinement -as I can enforce in it. But it is impossible to describe what I mean by ‘refinement,’ -except in details which can only be suggested by practical need; and which cannot -at all be set down at once. -</p> -<p>Here, however, to-day, is one instance. At the best hotel in what has been supposed -the most luxurious city of modern Europe,—because people are now always in a hurry -to catch the train, they haven’t time to use the sugar-tongs, or look for a little -piece among differently sized lumps, and therefore they use their fingers; have bad -sugar instead of good, and waste the ground that would grow blessed cherry trees, -currant bushes, or wheat, in growing a miserable root as a substitute for the sugar-cane, -which God has appointed to grow where <span class="pageNum" id="pb273">[<a href="#pb273">273</a>]</span>cherries and wheat won’t, and to give juice which will freeze into sweet snow as pure -as hoar-frost. -</p> -<p>Now, on the poorest farm of the St. George’s Company, the servants shall have white -and brown sugar of the best—or none. If we are too poor to buy sugar, we will drink -our tea without; and have suet-dumpling instead of pudding. But among the earliest -school lessons, and home lessons, decent behaviour at table will be primarily essential; -and of such decency, one little exact point will be—the neat, patient, and scrupulous -use of sugar-tongs instead of fingers. If we are too poor to have silver basins, we -will have delf ones; if not silver tongs, we will have wooden ones; and the boys of -the house shall be challenged to cut, and fit together, the prettiest and handiest -machines of the sort they can contrive. In six months you would find more real art -fancy brought out in the wooden handles and claws, than there is now in all the plate -in London. -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>Now, there’s the cuckoo-clock striking seven, just as I sit down to correct the press -of this sheet, in my nursery at Herne Hill; and though I don’t remember, as the murderer -does in Mr. Crummles’ play, having heard a cuckoo-clock strike seven—in my infancy, -I do remember, in my favourite ‘Frank,’ much talk of the housekeeper’s cuckoo-clock, -and of the boy’s ingenuity in mending it. Yet to this hour of seven in the morning, -ninth December of my fifty-fifth year, <span class="pageNum" id="pb274">[<a href="#pb274">274</a>]</span>I haven’t the least notion how any such clock says ‘Cuckoo,’ nor a clear one even -of the making of the commonest barking toy of a child’s Noah’s ark. I don’t know how -a barrel organ produces music by being ground; nor what real function the pea has -in a whistle. Physical science—all this—of a kind which would have been boundlessly -interesting to me, as to all boys of mellifluous disposition, if only I had been taught -it with due immediate practice, and enforcement of true manufacture, or, in pleasant -Saxon, ‘handiwork.’ But there shall not be on St. George’s estate a single thing in -the house which the boys don’t know how to make, nor a single dish on the table which -the girls will not know how to cook. -</p> -<p>By the way, I have been greatly surprised by receiving some letters of puzzled inquiry -as to the meaning of my recipe, given last year, for Yorkshire Pie. Do not my readers -yet at all understand that the whole gist of this book is to make people build their -own houses, provide and cook their own dinners, and enjoy both? Something else besides, -perhaps; but at least, and at first, those. St. Michael’s mass, and Christ’s mass, -may eventually be associated in your minds with other things than goose and pudding; -but Fors demands at first no more chivalry nor Christianity from you than that you -build your houses bravely, and earn your dinners honestly, and enjoy them both, and -be content with them both. The contentment is the main matter; you <span class="pageNum" id="pb275">[<a href="#pb275">275</a>]</span>may enjoy to any extent, but if you are discontented, your life will be poisoned. -The little pig was so comforting to me because he was wholly content to be a little -pig; and Mr. Leslie Stephen is in a certain degree exemplary and comforting to me, -because he is wholly content to be Mr. Leslie Stephen; while I am miserable because -I am always wanting to be something else than I am. I want to be Turner; I want to -be Gainsborough; I want to be Samuel Prout; I want to be Doge of Venice; I want to -be Pope; I want to be Lord of the Sun and Moon. The other day, when I read that story -in the papers about the dog-fight,<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e3459src" href="#xd31e3459">3</a> I wanted to be able to fight a bulldog. -</p> -<p>Truly, that was the only effect of the story upon me, though I heard everybody else -screaming out how horrible it was. What’s horrible in it? Of course it is in bad taste, -and the sign of a declining era of national honour—as all brutal gladiatorial exhibitions -are; and the stakes and rings of the tethered combat meant precisely, for England, -what the stakes and rings of the Theatre of Taormina,—where I saw the holes left for -them among the turf, blue with Sicilian lilies, in this last April,—meant, for Greece, -and Rome. There might be something loathsome, or something ominous, in such a story, -to the old Greeks of the school of Heracles; who used <span class="pageNum" id="pb276">[<a href="#pb276">276</a>]</span>to fight with the Nemean lion, or with Cerberus, when it was needful only, and not -for money; and whom their Argus remembered through all Trojan exile. There might be -something loathsome in it, or ominous, to an Englishman of the school of Shakespeare -or Scott; who would fight with men only, and loved his hound. But for you—you carnivorous -cheats—what, in dog’s or devil’s name, is there horrible in it for <i>you</i>? Do you suppose it isn’t more manly and virtuous to fight a bulldog, than to poison -a child, or cheat a fellow who trusts you, or leave a girl to go wild in the streets? -And don’t you live, and profess to live—and even insolently proclaim that there’s -no other way of living than—by poisoning and cheating? And isn’t every woman of fashion’s -dress, in Europe, now set the pattern of to her by its prostitutes? -</p> -<p><span class="corr" id="xd31e3469" title="Source: W hat’s">What’s</span> horrible in it? I ask you, the third time. I hate, myself, seeing a bulldog ill-treated; -for they are the gentlest and faithfullest of living creatures if you use them well. -And the best dog I ever had was a bull-terrier, whose whole object in life was to -please me, and nothing else; though, if he found he <i>could</i> please me by holding on with his teeth to an inch-thick stick, and being swung round -in the air as fast as I could turn, that was his own idea of entirely felicitous existence. -I don’t like, therefore, hearing of a bulldog’s being ill-treated; but I can tell -you a little thing that chanced to me at Coniston the other day, more horrible, in -the <span class="pageNum" id="pb277">[<a href="#pb277">277</a>]</span>deep elements of it, than all the dog, bulldog, or bull fights, or baitings, of England, -Spain, and California. A fine boy, the son of an amiable English clergyman, had come -on the coach-box round the Water-head to see me, and was telling me of the delightful -drive he had had. “Oh,” he said, in the triumph of his enthusiasm, “and just at the -corner of the wood, there was <i>such</i> a big squirrel! and the coachman threw a stone at it, and nearly hit it!” -</p> -<p>‘Thoughtlessness—only thoughtlessness’—say you—proud father? Well, perhaps not much -worse than that. But how <i>could</i> it be much worse? Thoughtlessness is precisely the chief public calamity of our day; -and when it comes to the pitch, in a clergyman’s child, of not thinking that a stone -hurts what it hits of living things, and not caring for the daintiest, dextrousest, -innocentest living thing in the northern forests of God’s earth, except as a brown -excrescence to be knocked off their branches,—nay, good pastor of Christ’s lambs, -believe me, your boy had better have been employed in thoughtfully and resolutely -stoning St. Stephen—if any St. Stephen is to be found in these days, when men not -only can’t see heaven opened, but don’t so much as care to see it, shut. -</p> -<p>For they, at least, meant neither to give pain nor death without cause,—that unanimous -company who stopped their ears,—they, and the consenting bystander who afterwards -was sorry for his mistake. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb278">[<a href="#pb278">278</a>]</span></p> -<p>But, on the whole, the time has now come when we must cease throwing of stones either -at saints or squirrels; and, as I say, build our own houses with them, honestly set: -and similarly content ourselves in peaceable use of iron and lead, and other such -things which we have been in the habit of throwing at each other dangerously, in thoughtlessness; -and defending ourselves against as thoughtlessly, though in what we suppose to be -an ingenious manner. Ingenious or not, will the fabric of our new ship of the Line, -‘Devastation,’ think you, follow its fabricator in heavenly places, when he dies in -the Lord? In such representations as I have chanced to see of probable Paradise, Noah -is never without his ark;—holding that up for judgment as the main work of his life. -Shall we hope at the Advent to see the builder of the ‘Devastation’ invite St. Michael’s -judgment on his better style of naval architecture, and four-foot-six-thick ‘armour -of light’? -</p> -<p>It is to-day the second Sunday in Advent, and all over England, about the time that -I write these words, full congregations will be for the second time saying Amen to -the opening collect of the Christian year. -</p> -<p>I wonder how many individuals of the enlightened public understand a single word of -its first clause: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">“Almighty God, give us grace that we may cast away the works of darkness, and put -upon us the armour of light, now in the time of this mortal life.”</p> -</blockquote><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb279">[<a href="#pb279">279</a>]</span></p> -<p>How many of them, may it be supposed, have any clear knowledge of what grace is, or -of what the works of darkness are which they hope to have grace to cast away; or will -feel themselves, in the coming year, armed with any more luminous mail than their -customary coats and gowns, hosen and hats? Or again, when they are told to “have no -fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, but rather reprove them,”—what fellowship -do they recognize themselves to have guiltily formed; and whom, or what, will they -feel now called upon to reprove? -</p> -<p>In last Fors, I showed <i>you</i> how the works of darkness were unfruitful;—the precise reverse of the fruitful, or -creative, works of Light;—but why in this collect, which you pray over and over again -all Advent, do you ask for ‘armour’ instead of industry? You take your coat off to -work in your own gardens; why must you put a coat of mail on, when you are to work -in the Garden of God? -</p> -<p>Well; because the earthworms in it are big—and have teeth and claws, and venomous -tongues. So that the first question for you is indeed, not whether you have a mind -to work in it—many a coward has that—but whether you have courage to stand in it, -and armour proved enough to stand in. -</p> -<p>Suppose you let the consenting bystander who took care of the coats taken off to do -that piece of work on St. Stephen, explain to you the pieces out of St. Michael’s -<span class="pageNum" id="pb280">[<a href="#pb280">280</a>]</span>armoury needful to the husbandman, or Georgos, of God’s garden. -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">“Stand therefore; having your loins girt about with Truth.”</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>That means, that the strength of your backbone depends on your meaning to do true -battle. -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">“And having on the breastplate of Justice.”</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>That means, there are to be no partialities in your heart, of anger or pity;—but you -must only in justice kill, and only in justice keep alive. -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">“And your feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of Peace.”</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>That means, that where your foot pauses, moves, or enters, there shall be peace; and -where you can only shake the dust of it on the threshold, mourning. -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">“Above all, take the shield of Faith.”</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>Of fidelity or obedience to your captain, showing his bearings, argent, a cross gules; -your safety, and all the army’s, being first in the obedience of faith: and all casting -of spears vain against such guarded phalanx. -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">“And take the helmet of Salvation.”</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>Elsewhere, the <i>hope</i> of salvation, that being the defence of your intellect against base and sad thoughts, -as the shield of fidelity is the defence of your heart against burning and consuming -passions. -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">“And the sword of the Spirit, which is the Word of God.”</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>That being your weapon of war,—your power of action, <span class="pageNum" id="pb281">[<a href="#pb281">281</a>]</span>whether with sword or ploughshare; according to the saying of St. John of the young -soldiers of Christ, “I have written unto you, young men, because ye are strong, and -the Word of God abideth in you.” The Word by which the heavens were of old; and which, -being once only Breath, became in man Flesh, ‘quickening it by the spirit’ into the -life which is, and is to come; and enabling it for all the works nobly done by the -quick, and following the dead. -</p> -<p>And now, finish your Advent collect, and eat your Christmas fare, and drink your Christmas -wine, thankfully; and with understanding that if the supper is holy which shows your -Lord’s death till He come, the dinner is also holy which shows His life; and if you -would think it wrong at any time to go to your own baby’s cradle side, drunk, do not -show your gladness by Christ’s cradle in that manner; but eat your meat, and carol -your carol in pure gladness and singleness of heart; and so gird up your loins with -truth, that, in the year to come, you may do such work as Christ can praise, whether -He call you to judgment from the quick or dead; so that among your Christmas carols -there may never any more be wanting the joyfullest,— -</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">O sing unto the Lord a new song: </p> -<p class="line">Sing unto the Lord, all the earth. </p> -<p class="line">Say among the heathen that the Lord is King: </p> -<p class="line">The world also shall be stablished that it shall not be moved. <span class="pageNum" id="pb282">[<a href="#pb282">282</a>]</span></p> -<p class="line">Let the heavens rejoice, </p> -<p class="line">And let the earth be glad; </p> -<p class="line">Let the sea shout, and the fulness thereof. </p> -<p class="line">Let the field be joyful, and all that is therein: </p> -<p class="line">Then shall all the trees of the wood rejoice </p> -<p class="line">Before the Lord: </p> -<p class="line">For He cometh, for He cometh to <span class="sc">judge the earth:</span> </p> -<p class="line"><span class="sc">He shall judge the world with righteousness,</span> </p> -<p class="line"><span class="sc">And the people with His truth.</span> </p> -</div> -<p><span class="pageNum" id="pb283">[<a href="#pb283">283</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e3379"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e3379src">1</a></span> See statement at close of accounts. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e3379src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e3397"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e3397src">2</a></span> See second letter in Notes and Correspondence. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e3397src" title="Return to note 2 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e3459"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e3459src">3</a></span> I don’t know how far it turned out to be true,—a fight between a dwarf and a bulldog -(both chained to stakes as in Roman days), described at length in some journals. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e3459src" title="Return to note 3 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 chapter"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE.</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">I. I have kept the following kind and helpful letter for the close of the year:— -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first dateline"><i>“January 8, 1874.</i> -</p> -<p>“Sir,—I have been much moved by a passage in No. 37 of Fors Clavigera, in which you -express yourself in somewhat desponding terms as to your loneliness in ‘life and thought,’ -now you have grown old. You complain that many of your early friends have forgotten -or disregarded you, and that you are almost left alone. I cannot certainly be called -an early friend, or, in the common meaning of the word, a friend of any time. But -I cannot refrain from telling you that there are ‘more than 7,000’ in this very ‘Christ-defying’ -England whom you have made your friends by your wise sympathy and faithful teaching. -I, for my own part, owe you a debt of thankfulness not only for the pleasant hours -I have spent with you in your books, but also for the clearer views of many of the -ills which at present press upon us, and for the methods of cure upon which you so -urgently and earnestly insist. I would especially mention ‘Unto this Last’ as having -afforded me the highest satisfaction. It has ever since I first read it been my text-book -of political economy. I think it is one of the needfullest lessons for a selfish, -recklessly competitive, cheapest-buying and dearest-selling age, that it should be -told there are principles deeper, higher, and even more prudent than those by which -it is <span class="pageNum" id="pb284">[<a href="#pb284">284</a>]</span>just now governed. It is particularly refreshing to find Christ’s truths applied to -modern commercial immorality in the trenchant and convincing style which characterizes -your much maligned but most valuable book. It has been, let me assure you, appreciated -in very unexpected quarters; and one humble person to whom I lent my copy, <i>being too poor to buy one for himself actually wrote it out word for word, that he -might always have it by him</i>.” -</p> -<p>(“What a shame!” thinks the enlightened Mudie-subscriber. “See what comes of his refusing -to sell his books cheap.” -</p> -<p>Yes,—see what comes of it. The dreadful calamity, to another person, of doing once, -what I did myself twice—and, in great part of the book, three times. A vain author, -indeed, thinks nothing of the trouble of writing his own books. But I had infinitely -rather write somebody’s else’s. My good poor disciple, at the most, had not half the -pain his master had; learnt his book rightly, and gave me more help, by this best -kind of laborious sympathy, than twenty score of flattering friends who tell me what -a fine word-painter I am, and don’t take the pains to understand so much as half a -sentence in a volume.) -</p> -<p>“You have done, and are doing, a good work for England, and I pray you not to be discouraged. -Continue as you have been doing, convincing us by your ‘sweet reasonableness’ of our -errors and miseries, and the time will doubtless come when your work, now being done -in Jeremiah-like sadness and hopelessness, will bear gracious and abundant fruit. -</p> -<p>“Will you pardon my troubling you with this note? but, indeed, I could not be happy -after reading your gloomy experience, until I had done my little best to send one -poor ray of comfort into your seemingly almost weary heart. -</p> -<p class="signed">“I remain, <br>“Yours very sincerely.”</p> -</blockquote><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb285">[<a href="#pb285">285</a>]</span></p> -<p>II. Next to this delightful testimony to my ‘sweet reasonableness,’ here is some discussion -of evidence on the other side:— -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first dateline"><i>November 12, 1872.</i> -</p> -<p class="salute">“To <span class="sc">John Ruskin</span>, LL.D., greeting, these. -</p> -<p>“Enclosed is a slip cut from the ‘Liverpool Mercury’ of last Friday, November 8. I -don’t send it to you because I think it matters anything what the ‘Mercury’ thinks -about any one’s qualification for either the inside or outside of any asylum; but -that I may suggest to you, as a working-man reader of your letters, the desirability -of your printing any letters of importance you may send to any of the London papers, -over again—in, say, the space of ‘Fors Clavigera’ that you have set apart for correspondence. -It is most tantalizing to see a bit printed like the enclosed, and not know either -what is before or after. I felt similar feelings some time ago over a little bit of -a letter about the subscription to Warwick Castle. -</p> -<p>“We cannot always see the London papers, especially us provincials; and we would like -to see what goes on between you and the newspaper world. -</p> -<p>“Trusting that you will give this suggestion some consideration, and at any rate take -it as given in good faith from a disciple following afar off, -</p> -<p class="signed">“I remain, sincerely yours.”</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>The enclosed slip was as follows:— -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">“<span class="sc">Mr. Ruskin’s Tender Point.</span>—Mr. John Ruskin has written a letter to a contemporary on madness and crime, which -goes far to clear up the mystery which has surrounded some of his writings of late. -The following passage amply qualifies the distinguished art critic for admission into -any asylum in the country:—‘I assure you, sir, insanity is a tender point with me.’ ” -The writer then quotes to the end the last paragraph of the letter, <span class="pageNum" id="pb286">[<a href="#pb286">286</a>]</span>which, in compliance with my correspondent’s wish, I am happy here to reprint in its -entirety. -</p> -<p class="xd31e3618">MADNESS AND CRIME. -</p> -<p class="xd31e1382">TO THE EDITOR OF THE ‘PALL MALL GAZETTE.’ -</p> -<p>Sir,—Towards the close of the excellent article on the Taylor trial in your issue -for October 31, you say that people never will be, nor ought to be, persuaded “to -treat criminals simply as vermin which they destroy, and not as men who are to be -punished.” Certainly not, sir! Who ever talked or thought of regarding criminals “simply” -as anything; (or innocent people either, if there be any)? But regarding criminals -complexly and accurately, they are partly men, partly vermin; what is human in them -you must punish—what is vermicular, abolish. Anything between—if you can find it—I -wish you joy of, and hope you may be able to preserve it to society. Insane persons, -horses, dogs, or cats, become vermin when they become dangerous. I am sorry for darling -Fido, but there is no question about what is to be done with him. -</p> -<p>Yet, I assure you, sir, insanity is a tender point with me. One of my best friends -has just gone mad; and all the rest say I am mad myself. But, if ever I murder anybody—and, -indeed, there are numbers of people I should like to murder—I won’t say that I ought -to be hanged; for I think nobody but a bishop or a bank director can ever be rogue -enough to deserve hanging; but I particularly, and with all that is left me of what -I imagine to be sound mind, request that I may be immediately shot. -</p> -<p class="signed">I am, Sir, your obedient servant, <br><span class="sc">J. Ruskin</span>. -</p> -<p class="dateline"><i>Corpus Christi College, Oxford, November 2, (1872).</i></p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>III. I am very grateful to the friend who sends me the following note on my criticism -of Dickens in last letter:— -<span class="pageNum" id="pb287">[<a href="#pb287">287</a>]</span></p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">“It does not in the least detract from the force of Fors, p. 253, line 18 (November), -that there was a real ‘Miss Flite,’ whom I have seen, and my father well remembers; -and who used to haunt the Courts in general, and sometimes to address them. She had -been ruined, it was believed; and Dickens must have seen her, for her picture is like -the original. But he knew nothing about her, and only constructed her after his fashion. -She cannot have been any prototype of the character of Miss Flite. I never heard her -real name. Poor thing! she did not look sweet or kind, but crazed and spiteful; and -unless looks deceived Dickens, he just gave careless, false witness about her. Her -condition seemed to strengthen your statement in its very gist,—as Law had made her -look like Peter Peebles. -</p> -<p>“My father remembers little Miss F., of whom nothing was known. She always carried -papers and a bag, and received occasional charity from lawyers. -</p> -<p>“Gridley’s real name was Ikey;—he haunted Chancery. Another, named Pitt, in the Exchequer;—broken -attorneys, both.”</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>IV. I have long kept by me an official statement of the condition of England when -I began Fors, and together with it an illustrative column, printed, without alteration, -from the ‘Pall Mall Gazette’ of the previous year. They may now fitly close my four -years’ work, of which I have good hope next year to see some fruit. -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Mr. Goschen on the Condition of England.</span>—“The nation is again making money at an enormous rate, and driving every kind of -decently secure investment up to unprecedented figures. Foreign Stocks, Indian Stocks, -Home Railway Shares, all securities which are beyond the control of mere speculators -and offer above four per cent. were never so dear; risky <span class="pageNum" id="pb288">[<a href="#pb288">288</a>]</span>loans for millions, like that for Peru, are taken with avidity; the cup is getting -full, and in all human probability some new burst of speculation is at hand, which -may take a beneficial form—for instance, we could get rid of a hundred millions in -making cheap country railways with immense advantage—but will more probably turn out -to be a mere method of depletion. However it goes, the country is once more getting -rich, and the money is filtering downwards to the actual workers. The people, as Mr. -Goschen showed by unimpugnable figures, are consuming more sugar, more tea, more beer, -spirits, and tobacco, more, in fact, of every kind of popular luxury, than ever. Their -savings have also increased, while the exports of cotton, of wool, of linen, of iron, -of machinery, have reached a figure wholly beyond precedent. By the testimony of all -manner of men—factory inspectors, poor-law inspectors, members of great cities—the -Lancashire trade, the silk trade, the flax-spinning trade, the lace trade, and, above -all, the iron trade, are all so flourishing, that the want is not of work to be done, -but of hands to do it. Even the iron shipbuilding trade, which was at so low a point, -is reviving, and the only one believed to be still under serious depression is the -building trade of London, which has, it is believed, been considerably overdone. So -great is the demand for hands in some parts of the country, that Mr. Goschen believes -that internal emigration would do more to help the people than emigration to America, -while it is certain that no relief which can be afforded by the departure of a few -workpeople is equal to the relief caused by the revival of any one great trade—relief, -we must add, which would be more rapid and diffused if the trades’ unions, in this -one respect at least false to their central idea of the brotherhood of labour, were -not so jealous of the intrusion of outsiders. There is hardly a trade into which a -countryman of thirty, however clever, can enter at his own discretion—one of the many -social disqualifications which press upon the agricultural labourer. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb289">[<a href="#pb289">289</a>]</span></p> -<p>“The picture thus drawn by Mr. Goschen, and truly drawn—for the President of the Poor-Law -Board is a man who does not manipulate figures, but treats them with the reverence -of the born statist—is a very pleasant one, especially to those who believe that wealth -is the foundation of civilization; but yet what a weary load it is that, according -to the same speech, this country is carrying, and must carry! There are 1,100,000 -paupers on the books, and not a tenth of them will be taken off by any revival whatever, -for not a tenth of them are workers. The rest are children—350,000 of them alone—widows, -people past work, cripples, lunatics, incapables, human drift of one sort or another, -the detritus of commerce and labour, a compost of suffering, helplessness, and disease. -In addition to the burden of the State, in addition to the burden of the Debt, which -we talk of as nothing, but without which England would be the least-taxed country -in the world, this country has to maintain an army of incapables twice as numerous -as the army of France, to feed, and clothe, and lodge and teach them,—an army which -she cannot disband, and which she seems incompetent even to diminish. To talk of emigration, -of enterprise, even of education, as reducing this burden, is almost waste of breath; -for cripples do not emigrate, the aged do not benefit by trade, when education is -universal children must still be kept alive.”—<i>The Spectator, June 25, 1870.</i> -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>V. The following single column of the ‘Pall Mall Gazette’ has been occasionally referred -to in past letters:— -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">“It is proposed to erect a memorial church at Oxford to the late Archbishop Longley. -The cost is estimated at from £15,000 to £20,000. The subscriptions promised already -amount to upwards of £2,000, and in the list are the Archbishop of Canterbury, and -the Bishops of Oxford, St. Asaph, and Chester.” -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p><span class="corr" id="xd31e3663" title="Source: ‘">“</span>An inquest was held in the Isle of Dogs by Mr. Humphreys, <span class="pageNum" id="pb290">[<a href="#pb290">290</a>]</span>the coroner, respecting the death of a woman named Catherine Spence, aged thirty-four, -and her infant. She was the wife of a labourer, who had been almost without employment -for two years and a half. They had pledged all their clothes to buy food, and some -time since part of the furniture had been seized by the brokers for rent. The house -in which they lived was occupied by six families, who paid the landlord 5<i>s.</i> 9<i>d.</i> for rent. One of the witnesses stated that ‘all the persons in the house were ill -off for food, and the deceased never wanted it more than they did.’ The jury on going -to view the bodies found that the bed on which the woman and child had died was composed -of rags, and there were no bed-clothes upon it. A small box placed upon a broken chair -had served as a table. Upon it lay a tract entitled ‘<i>The Goodness of God</i>.’ The windows were broken, and an old iron tray had been fastened up against one -and a board up against another. Two days after his wife’s death the poor man went -mad, and he was taken to the workhouse. He was not taken to the asylum, for there -was no room for him in it—it was crowded with mad people. Another juror said it was -of no use to return a verdict of death from starvation. It would only cause the distress -in the island to be talked about in newspapers. The jury returned a verdict that the -deceased woman died from exhaustion, privation, and want of food.” -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>“The Rev. James Nugent, the Roman Catholic chaplain of the Liverpool borough gaol, -reported to the magistrates that crime is increasing among young women in Liverpool; -and he despairs of amendment until effective steps are taken to check the open display -of vice which may now be witnessed nightly, and even daily, in the thoroughfares of -the town. Mr. Raffles, the stipendiary magistrate, confesses that he is at a loss -what to do in order to deter women of the class referred to from offending against -the law, as even committal to the sessions and a long term of imprisonment <span class="pageNum" id="pb291">[<a href="#pb291">291</a>]</span>fail to produce beneficial effects. Father Nugent also despairs of doing much good -with this class; but he thinks that if they were subjected to stricter control, and -prevented from parading in our thoroughfares, many girls would be deterred from falling -into evil ways.” -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>“At the Liverpool borough gaol sessions Mr. Robertson Gladstone closely interrogated -the chaplain (the Rev. Thomas Carter) respecting his visitation of the prisoners. -Mr. Gladstone is of opinion that sufficient means to make the prisoners impressionable -to religious teaching are not used; whilst the chaplain asserts that the system which -he pursues is based upon a long experience, extending over twenty-eight years, at -the gaol. Mr. Gladstone, who does not share the chaplain’s belief that the prisoners -are ‘generally unimpressionable,’ hinted that some active steps in the matter would -probably be taken.” -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>“Mr. Fowler, the stipendiary magistrate of Manchester, referring to Mr. Ernest Jones’ -death yesterday, in the course of the proceedings at the City police-court, said: -‘I wish to say one word, which I intended to have said yesterday morning, in reference -to the taking from amongst us of a face which has been so familiar in this court; -but I wished to have some other magistrates present in order that I might, on the -part of the bench, and not only as an individual, express our regret at the unexpected -removal from our midst of a man whose life has been a very remarkable one, whose name -will always be associated in this country in connection with the half-century he lived -in it, and who, whatever his faults—and who amongst us is free?—possessed the great -virtues of undoubted integrity and honour, and of being thoroughly consistent, never -flinching from that course which he believed to be right, though at times at the cost -of fortune and of freedom.’ ” -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>“A Chester tradesman named Meacock, an ex-town councillor, <span class="pageNum" id="pb292">[<a href="#pb292">292</a>]</span>has been arrested in that city on a charge of forging conveyances of property upon -which he subsequently obtained a mortgage of £2,200. The lady who owns the property -appeared before the magistrates, and declared that her signature to the conveyance -was a forgery. The prisoner was remanded, and was sent to prison in default of obtaining -the bail which was required.” -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>“Mr. Hughes, a Liverpool merchant, was summoned before the local bench for having -sent to the London Dock a case, containing hydrochloric acid, without a distinct label -or mark denoting that the goods were dangerous. A penalty of £10 was imposed.” -</p> -<p class="tb"></p><p> -</p> -<p>“A woman, named Daley, came before the Leeds magistrates, with her son, a boy six -years old, whom she wished to be sent to a reformatory, as she was unable to control -him. She said that one evening last week he went home, carrying a piece of rope, and -said that he was going to hang himself with it. He added that he had already attempted -to hang himself ‘in the Crown Court, but a little lass loosed the rope for him, and -he fell into a tub of water.’ It turned out that the mother was living with a man -by whom she had two children, and it was thought by some in court that her object -was merely to relieve herself of the cost and care of the boy; but the magistrates, -thinking that the boy would be better away from the contaminating influence of the -street and of his home, committed him to the Certified Industrial Schools until he -arrives at sixteen years of age, and ordered his mother to contribute one shilling -per week towards his maintenance.”—<i>Pall Mall Gazette, January 29, 1869.</i></p> -</blockquote><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb293">[<a href="#pb293">293</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 chapter"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">Subscriptions to St. George’s Fund</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first xd31e1382">TO CLOSE OF YEAR 1874. -</p> -<p class="xd31e3710">(<i>The Subscribers each know his or her number in this List.</i>) -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table class="tbl.293"> -<thead> -<tr class="unit"> -<td class="colvol cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"> </td> -<td class="cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"> </td> -<td class="colvol cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"> £ </td> -<td class="colvol cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"><i>s.</i> </td> -<td class="colvol cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"><i>d.</i> </td> -</tr> -</thead> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft"> 1. </td> -<td>Annual, £4 0 0 (1871, ’72, ’73, ’74) </td> -<td class="colvol"> 16 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 0 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft"> 2. </td> -<td>Annual, £20 0 0 (1871, ’72, ’73, ’74) </td> -<td class="colvol"> 80 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 0 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft"> 3. </td> -<td>Gift </td> -<td class="colvol"> 5 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 0 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft"> 4. </td> -<td>Gifts (1871), £30 0 0; (1873), £20 0 0 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 50 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 0 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft"> 5. </td> -<td>Gift (1872) </td> -<td class="colvol"> 20 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 0 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft"> 6. </td> -<td>Annual, £1 1 0 (1872, ’73, ’74) </td> -<td class="colvol"> 3 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 3 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft"> 7. </td> -<td>Gift (1872) </td> -<td class="colvol"> 10 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 0 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft"> 8. </td> -<td>Annual, £20 0 0 (1872, ’73, ’74) </td> -<td class="colvol"> 60 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 0 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft"> 9. </td> -<td>Gift (1872) </td> -<td class="colvol"> 25 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 0 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft">10. </td> -<td>Annual, £5 0 0 (1872, ’73) </td> -<td class="colvol"> 10 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 0 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft">11. </td> -<td>Annual, £1 1 0 (1873, ’74) </td> -<td class="colvol"> 2 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 2 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft">12. </td> -<td>Gift (1873) </td> -<td class="colvol"> 4 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 0 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft">13. </td> -<td>Annual, £3 0 0 (1873, ’74) </td> -<td class="colvol"> 6 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 0 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft">14. </td> -<td>Gift (1873) </td> -<td class="colvol"> 13 </td> -<td class="colvol">10 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft">15. </td> -<td>Gift (1873) </td> -<td class="colvol"> 5 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 0 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft">16. </td> -<td><span class="seg">Gift (1874)</span> </td> -<td class="colvol"> 25 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 0 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft">17. </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gift</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> <span class="ditto"><span class="s">(1874)</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="colvol"> 1 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 0 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft">18. </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gift</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> <span class="ditto"><span class="s">(1874)</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="colvol"> 10 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 0 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft">19. </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gift</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> <span class="ditto"><span class="s">(1874)</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="colvol"> 5 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 0 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft">20. </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gift</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> <span class="ditto"><span class="s">(1874)</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="colvol"> 2 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 0 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft">21. </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gift</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> <span class="ditto"><span class="s">(1874)</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="colvol"> 10 </td> -<td class="colvol">10 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft">22. </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gift</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> <span class="ditto"><span class="s">(1874)</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="colvol"> 1 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 1 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft">23. </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gift</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> <span class="ditto"><span class="s">(1874)</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="colvol"> 5 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 0 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft">24. </td> -<td><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gift</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> <span class="ditto"><span class="s">(1874)</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td> -<td class="colvol"> 1 </td> -<td class="colvol"> 1 </td> -<td class="colvol cellRight">0 -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft cellBottom"> </td> -<td class="cellBottom"> </td> -<td class="colvol cellBottom"><span class="sum"> £370 </span></td> -<td class="colvol cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 7 </span></td> -<td class="colvol cellRight cellBottom"><span class="sum">0 </span></td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>One or two more subscriptions have come in since this list was drawn <span class="pageNum" id="pb294">[<a href="#pb294">294</a>]</span>up; these will be acknowledged in the January number, and the subjoined letter from -Mr. Cowper-Temple gives the state of the Fund in general terms. -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first dateline"><span class="sc">Broadlands, Romsey</span>, <br><i>December 9, 1874</i>. -</p> -<p class="salute"><span class="sc">Dear Ruskin</span>, -</p> -<p>The St. George’s Fund, of which Sir Thomas Acland and I are Trustees, consists at -present of £7,000<a class="noteRef" id="xd31e4047src" href="#xd31e4047">1</a> Consolidated Stock, and of £923 standing to the credit of our joint account at the -Union Bank of London, Chancery Lane Branch. Contributions to this fund are received -by the Bank and placed to the credit of our joint account. -</p> -<p class="signed">Yours faithfully, <br><span class="sc">W. Cowper-Temple</span>.</p> -</blockquote><p> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb1x">[<a href="#pb1x">1</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<div class="fndiv" id="xd31e4047"> -<p class="footnote"><span class="fnlabel"><a class="noteRef" href="#xd31e4047src">1</a></span> I have heard that some impression has got abroad that in giving this £7,000 stock -to the St. George’s Company, I only parted with one year’s income. It was a fairly -estimated tenth of my entire property, including Brantwood. The excess of the sum -now at the credit of the Trustees, over the amount subscribed, consists in the accumulated -interest on this stock. With the sum thus at their disposal, the Trustees are about -to purchase another £1,000 of stock, and in the Fors of January will be a more complete -statement of what we shall begin the year with, and of some dawning prospect of a -beginning also to our operations. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd31e4047src" title="Return to note 1 in text.">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="back"> -<div class="div1 index"> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="super">FORS CLAVIGERA.</h2> -<h2 class="main">INDEX</h2> -<h2 class="sub"><i>TO THE VOLUMES FOR 1873 AND 1874.</i></h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first xd31e3710">(<span class="sc">Second Thousand.</span>) -</p> -<p class="normalpar"><i>The larger black numerals indicate the number of the letter; the smaller numerals -the pages.</i> -</p> -<p class="normalpar"><i>Though the kind friends who have drawn up this and the earlier index are not content -with their work, I believe it will be found entirely sufficient for its purposes, -until the system of the whole is more developed. As soon as it has received anything -like conclusive form I will index its subjects, in connection, myself.</i> -</p> -<p>Abbey of St. Radagune, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.04"><b>27</b>, 4</a>. -</p> -<p>Abbotsford, fit for <i>Sir</i> Walter Scott, <a href="#pb257"><b>47</b>, 257</a>. -</p> -<p>Abstract of the first seven letters of this book, <a href="#pb139"><b>43</b>, 139</a>. -</p> -<p>Accent, struggle between the author and his mother regarding correct, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.14"><b>33</b>, 14</a>. -</p> -<p>Acres, how many given up to make beasts, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.10"><b>27</b>, 10</a>. -</p> -<p>Adderley, Sir C., his opinion on sentiment, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.04"><b>34</b>, 4</a>. -</p> -<p>Addington, country near, when the author was young, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.03"><b>29</b>, 3</a>. -</p> -<p>Advent, collect for, <a href="#pb278"><b>48</b>, 278</a>. -</p> -<p>Advertisement, entire principle of, defied, <a href="#pb42"><b>38</b>, 42</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb2x">[<a href="#pb2x">2</a>]</span></p> -<p>Advice of friends, author usually does good by acting contrary to, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.13"><b>27</b>, 13</a>. -</p> -<p>Agassiz, Professor, his labours on glacier movement, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.21"><b>34</b>, 21</a>. -</p> -<p>Agricultural, population of England, her only power, <a href="#pb172"><b>44</b>, 172</a>; <br>labourer, present privileges of the, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.18"><b>28</b>, 18</a>. -</p> -<p>Agriculture, book on, <a href="#pb217"><b>45</b>, 217</a> (note); <br>Lord Derby’s idea of, <a href="#pb207"><b>45</b>, 207</a>; <br>success of the author’s experiment in, <a href="#pb265"><b>48</b>, 265</a>. -</p> -<p>Alice, in Miss Yonge’s Dictionary of Christian Names, <a href="#pb212"><b>45</b>, 212</a>; <br>of Salisbury, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.15"><b>25</b>, 15</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.28">28</a>; <br>her defence of her castle, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.10"><b>31</b>, 10</a>. -</p> -<p>Alison Wilson, in ‘Old Mortality,’ a real person, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.10"><b>32</b>, 10</a>; <br>allusion to story of, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Almsgiving, not work, <a href="#pb225"><b>46</b>, 225</a>. -</p> -<p>Alpine flowers, not to be killed, <a href="#pb46"><b>38</b>, 46</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Alps, ice of the, has lost one-third of its depth in the last twenty years, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.17"><b>34</b>, 17</a>. -</p> -<p>Amaryllis, St. George much interested <span class="corr" id="xd31e4253" title="Source: n">in</span>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.28"><b>25</b>, 28</a>. -</p> -<p>America, her carelessness about dying England, a sign of her own ruin, <a href="#pb118"><b>42</b>, 118</a>; <br>what she has learned from England, <i>ib.</i>; <br>Republican woman of, describes a child, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Amery, of Pavia, the false Lombard, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.17"><b>25</b>, 17</a>. -</p> -<p>Amiens, Peace of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.11"><b>25</b>, 11</a>. -</p> -<p>Amusement of factory managers soon likely to end, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.21"><b>35</b>, 21</a>. -</p> -<p>Ancestors of modern political economists, <a href="#pb202"><b>45</b>, 202</a>. -</p> -<p>Andrew, St., cross of adopted by the Scotch as the national device, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.13"><b>25</b>, 13</a>; <br>vision of, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Angel, first thought of squire to shoot it, <a href="#pb202"><b>45</b>, 202</a>. -</p> -<p>Anne, the author’s nurse, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.13"><b>28</b>, 13</a>. -</p> -<p>Anthony, St., knows desert flowers, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.20"><b>26</b>, 20</a>. -</p> -<p>Apotheosis, modern notion of, <a href="#pb107"><b>41</b>, 107</a>. -</p> -<p>Applegarth, Mr., quoted by the ‘Pall Mall Gazette,’ <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.01"><b>33</b>, 1</a>; <br>his views, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.27"><b>34</b>, 27</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Arcadia, a modern, described, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.15"><b>35</b>, 15</a>; <a href="#pb44"><b>38</b>, 44</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Ariadne, tale of, frontispiece, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.05"><b>28</b>, 5</a>. -</p> -<p>Arkwright and Stevenson have done nothing but harm, <a href="#pb173"><b>44</b>, 173</a>. -</p> -<p>Armour, of light, what it is, and why necessary, <a href="#pb279"><b>48</b>, 279</a>; <br>of God, reflections on the, <a href="#pb280"><b>48</b>, 280</a>; <br>meaning of, in the Advent collect, <a href="#pb279"><b>48</b>, 279</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb3x">[<a href="#pb3x">3</a>]</span></p> -<p>Armstrong guns, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.12"><b>29</b>, 12</a>. -</p> -<p>Art, in Florence and Oxford, <a href="#pb2"><b>37</b>, 2</a>; <br>study of, begun by the author, <a href="#pb192"><b>45</b>, 192</a>. -</p> -<p>Assisi, sacristan’s cell at, <a href="#pb223"><b>46</b>, 223</a>; <br>the author comforted by a little pig at, <a href="#pb270"><b>48</b>, 270</a>, <a href="#pb275">275</a>. -</p> -<p>Athenian wisdom in fondness for crocuses, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.16"><b>26</b>, 16</a>. -</p> -<p>Athens, opposed to dressing Sisters of Charity in black, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.16"><b>26</b>, 16</a>. -</p> -<p>Aunt, the author’s, <a href="#pb221"><b>46</b>, 221</a>. -</p> -<p>Author, the, of this book, does not set himself up as a leader, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.18"><b>30</b>, 18</a>; <br>his letter to the ‘Daily Telegraph’ quoted, <a href="#pb21"><b>37</b>, 21</a> (note); <br>remarks on his life, <a href="#pb103"><b>41</b>, 103</a>; <br>some account of his parentage, <a href="#pb194"><b>45</b>, 194</a>; <br>he finds himself alone in life and knowledge, <a href="#pb3"><b>37</b>, 3</a>; <br>results of his few experiments, <a href="#pb265"><b>48</b>, 265</a>; <br>his want of success, cause of, <a href="#pb112"><b>41</b>, 112</a>; <br>reflections on his life, <a href="#pb113"><b>41</b>, 113</a>; <br>family history, his maternal grandmother and grandfather, <a href="#pb220"><b>46</b>, 220</a>. -</p> -<p>Avernus, lake of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.13"><b>32</b>, 13</a>. -</p> -<p>Ayrshire, opposition of the plough to the pulpit in, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.17"><b>32</b>, 17</a>. -</p> -<p>Baal-god, law of, in <i>equitable</i> operation, <a href="#pb200"><b>45</b>, 200</a>. -</p> -<p>Baby-nursing, not a lucrative employment according to J. S. Mill, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.13"><b>29</b>, 13</a>, <a href="#pb4"><b>36</b>, 4</a>. -</p> -<p>Bacon, Sir Francis, <a href="#pb13"><b>37</b>, 13</a>. -</p> -<p>Bad thing, a, will pay if put properly before the public, <a href="#pb2"><b>36</b>, 2</a>. -</p> -<p>Ballads, Scottish, sweet, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.17"><b>32</b>, 17</a>. -</p> -<p>Bank, the author obliged to keep his money in a, <a href="#pb178"><b>44</b>, 178</a>; <br>his reasons, <a href="#pb179"><b>44</b>, 179</a>. -</p> -<p>Barrister, selling his talents, <a href="#pb246"><b>47</b>, 246</a>; <br>remarks on the profession of a, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Bath, Scott’s visit to, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.16"><b>33</b>, 16</a>; <br>Scott’s recollections of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.18"><b>33</b>, 18</a>. -</p> -<p>Beasts, wild, what they were made for, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.07"><b>27</b>, 7</a>; <br>their worth to us, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.08"><b>27</b>, 8</a>; <br>might be spared a little room on earth, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.09"><b>27</b>, 9</a>; <br>of prey, men have the nature of, according to Social Science, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.04"><b>28</b>, 4</a>. -</p> -<p><span class="corr" id="xd31e4658" title="Source: Beesley">Beesly</span>, Professor, <a href="#pb19"><b>37</b>, 19</a>, <a href="#pb23">23</a> (notes). -</p> -<p>Beetroot, a miserable substitute for sugar-cane, <a href="#pb272"><b>48</b>, 272</a>. -</p> -<p>Begging for money, result of, <a href="#pb1"><b>36</b>, 1</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb4x">[<a href="#pb4x">4</a>]</span></p> -<p>Benediction, of clergy, <a href="#pb35"><b>38</b>, 35</a>; <br>of Irishwoman, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Bible, how to read it, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.02"><b>27</b>, 2</a>; <br>meaning of one verse of the, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.04"><b>30</b>, 4</a>; <br>study of, by the author under his mother’s teaching, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.14"><b>33</b>, 14</a>; <br>text from, examined, <a href="#pb87"><b>40</b>, 87</a>; <br>evangelical book-idol, not by any means the word of God, <a href="#pb88"><b>40</b>, 88</a>; <br>to be searched, not chopped up, <i>ib.</i>; <br>list of chapters in the, by the author’s mother, <a href="#pb129"><b>42</b>, 129</a>; <br>the author’s lessons in the, on the whole, the one essential part of all his education, -<a href="#pb130"><b>42</b>, 130</a>; <br>text which the author had to repeat oftenest, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Biography pleasant to read, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.02"><b>33</b>, 2</a>. -</p> -<p>Bishop, at the Royal Academy, <a href="#pb95"><b>40</b>, 95</a> (note); <br>epitaph on a, <a href="#pb125"><b>42</b>, 125</a>. -</p> -<p>Bishops and clergy, apathy of, regarding national sin, letter on, <a href="#pb187"><b>44</b>, 187</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Bismarck, not the cause of the French war, <a href="#pb84"><b>40</b>, 84</a>; <br>Prince, description of, from the ‘Pall Mall Gazette,’ <a href="#pb143"><b>43</b>, 143</a>. -</p> -<p>Blackfriars Bridge, <a href="#pb111"><b>41</b>, 111</a>, <a href="#pb114">114</a>. -</p> -<p>Blind man, sent to gaol for four months for begging, <a href="#pb185"><b>44</b>, 185</a> (note); <br>Eastern story of a, for comparison, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Boat at sea, society compared to a, <a href="#pb163"><b>44</b>, 163</a>; <br>how truly and how falsely, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Boerhaave, Johnson’s account of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.07"><b>32</b>, 7</a>; <br>teacher of Scott’s maternal grandfather, <i>ib.</i>; <br>naturally quick of resentment,—how cured of this, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.08"><b>32</b>, 8</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Bondage worse than that of Egypt, <a href="#pb231"><b>46</b>, 231</a>. -</p> -<p>Bones, boiled, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.18"><b>27</b>, 18</a>. -</p> -<p>Book, our most current, written in three languages, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.10"><b>25</b>, 10</a>; <br>not readable, unless the mind is one with the author’s, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.15"><b>25</b>, 15</a>. -</p> -<p>Bookcase, the author’s, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.01"><b>30</b>, 1</a>. -</p> -<p>Books, what, read by rising middle classes about London, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.05"><b>29</b>, 5</a>; <br>Scott’s, when a child, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.11"><b>33</b>, 11</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.15">15</a>; <br>change for the better, Mudie and ‘Good Words,’ <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.11"><b>33</b>, 11</a>; <br>Ramsey’s tea-table, this compared with Knatchbull-Hugessen’s Tales at tea-time, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.12"><b>33</b>, 12</a>. -</p> -<p>Border, morals, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.08"><b>31</b>, 8</a>; <br>of Scotland, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.13"><b>32</b>, 13</a>; <br>pre-eminently a singing country, <i>ib.</i>; <br>beauty of, in summer time, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.10"><b>33</b>, 10</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb5x">[<a href="#pb5x">5</a>]</span></p> -<p>Borrowing and lending, <a href="#pb41"><b>38</b>, 41</a>. -</p> -<p>Boy or girl, advice to, <a href="#pb233"><b>46</b>, 233</a>. -</p> -<p>Breeding, good, what it means, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.27"><b>25</b>, 27</a>. -</p> -<p>Bright, Mr., his speech on the adulteration of food, <a href="#pb5"><b>37</b>, 5</a>; <br>his opinion that life <i>inspected</i> would not be worth having, <a href="#pb6"><b>37</b>, 6</a>; <br>his speech analysed, <a href="#pb7"><b>37</b>, 7</a>. -</p> -<p>Britannia, as represented on a penny, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.06"><b>25</b>, 6</a>; <br>who is she? <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>British, never will be slaves, <a href="#pb31"><b>38</b>, 31</a>; <br>constitution breaking fast, <a href="#pb199"><b>45</b>, 199</a>. -</p> -<p>Broom merchant, story of, begins, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.05"><b>30</b>, 5</a>; <br>continued, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.10"><b>34</b>, 10</a>, <a href="#pb59"><b>39</b>, 59</a>; <br>(concluded) the conditions of sentiment in the family relationships to be carefully -noted, <a href="#pb69"><b>39</b>, 69</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Brown, Dr., his letter, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.25"><b>32</b>, 25</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Bucentaur, launched for a collation, <a href="#pb119"><b>42</b>, 119</a>. -</p> -<p>Buckland, Frank, his work, <a href="#pb229"><b>46</b>, 229</a>. -</p> -<p>Builders, plague of their work near London, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.02"><b>29</b>, 2</a>; <br>houses, residents in, described, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.04"><b>29</b>, 4</a>. -</p> -<p>Building and cooking, <a href="#pb274"><b>48</b>, 274</a>. -</p> -<p>Buildings, modern suburban, described, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.04"><b>29</b>, 4</a>. -</p> -<p>Bull terrier, the author’s, <a href="#pb276"><b>48</b>, 276</a>. -</p> -<p>Burdens on poor men’s backs, clergy neither noble nor sanctified in binding, <a href="#pb34"><b>38</b>, 34</a>. -</p> -<p>Burns quoted, <a href="#pb97"><b>40</b>, 97</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Butcher, Steam-Butcher’s-boy-Co., <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.10"><b>29</b>, 10</a>. -</p> -<p>Buzzing and whistling in Yorkshire, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.11"><b>28</b>, 11</a>. -</p> -<p>Cab, the author’s thoughts in a, <a href="#pb51"><b>39</b>, 51</a>. -</p> -<p>Calais, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.17"><b>25</b>, 17</a>; <br>siege of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.19"><b>25</b>, 19</a>. -</p> -<p>Candles, peasants of Picardy too poor to afford, except to drip on church floors, -<a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.22"><b>31</b>, 22</a>. -</p> -<p>Canticle, meaning of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.05"><b>35</b>, 5</a>. -</p> -<p>Capital, <i>see</i> Labour. -</p> -<p>Captain, of Christian war, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.11"><b>26</b>, 11</a>; <br>Shakespeare’s meaning of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.16"><b>25</b>, 16</a>; <br>a, taking the wheel in an emergency, account of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.26"><b>25</b>, 26</a>; <br>each squire should be a, <a href="#pb205"><b>45</b>, 205</a>. -</p> -<p>Carlyle, Thomas, the only man in England to whom the author <span class="pageNum" id="pb6x">[<a href="#pb6x">6</a>]</span>can look for guidance in his plan, <a href="#pb12"><b>37</b>, 12</a>; <br>his description of a shoal of fish, <a href="#pb27"><b>38</b>, 27</a>; <br>strange comment on his letter, <a href="#pb186"><b>44</b>, 186</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Carol, <a href="#pb281"><b>48</b>, 281</a>. -</p> -<p>Carpaccio, his deep conviction on the subject of dragons, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.13"><b>26</b>, 13</a>. -</p> -<p>Carpentering, advice to rely on your own boys for, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.09"><b>29</b>, 9</a>. -</p> -<p>Carshalton, the author’s work at, <a href="#pb229"><b>46</b>, 229</a><span class="corr" id="xd31e5244" title="Not in source">;</span> <b><span class="corr" id="xd31e5247" title="Source: 4 8">48</span></b>, 265. -</p> -<p>Cattle dealer, Robert Scott is a, yet a gentleman, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.24"><b>31</b>, 24</a>; <br>a stubbornly honest, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.20"><b>31</b>, 20</a>. -</p> -<p>Celibacy of laity, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.19"><b>28</b>, 19</a>. -</p> -<p>Centaur Chiron, type of Greek tutor, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.27"><b>25</b>, 27</a>. -</p> -<p>Challenge from the author to the squires of England, <a href="#pb194"><b>45</b>, 194</a>. -</p> -<p>Channel Islands feed their own people and export provisions also, <a href="#pb218"><b>45</b>, 218</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Character, noble, the only perfect, in Scott’s first novel, a Hanoverian Colonel, -<a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.03"><b>31</b>, 3</a>; <br>heroic, the most finished in all Scott’s novels, a presbyterian milkmaid, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Charity, French poem on, and translation, <a href="#pb1"><b>37</b>, 1</a>, <a href="#pb2">2</a>. -</p> -<p>Charlemagne, alliance of, with Scottish king, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.13"><b>25</b>, 13</a>; <a href="#pb145"><b>43</b>, 145</a>. -</p> -<p>Charming, to be, first duty of a girl, <a href="#pb43"><b>38</b>, 43</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Children, of St. George’s Company, how to be treated, <a href="#pb10"><b>37</b>, 10</a>; <br>of mothers in mills, how taken care of by the clergymen, <a href="#pb44"><b>38</b>, 44</a> (note); <br>a joy and honour, and the reverse, <a href="#pb230"><b>46</b>, 230</a>; <br>the Rachel of England weeps because they <i>are</i>, <a href="#pb231"><b>46</b>, 231</a>. -</p> -<p>Chillianwallah, different arrangement of letters in, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.20"><b>30</b>, 20</a><span class="corr" id="xd31e5370" title="Source: ,">;</span> <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.23"><b>31</b>, 23</a>. -</p> -<p>China, how to be civilized by steam at sixty pounds on the inch, <a href="#pb136"><b>42</b>, 136</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Christianity, essence of, modern idea of, <a href="#pb126"><b>42</b>, 126</a>. -</p> -<p>Christmas fare, advice concerning, <a href="#pb281"><b>48</b>, 281</a>. -</p> -<p>Church, of England, in South Australia turned money lender, letter on, <a href="#pb187"><b>44</b>, 187</a> (note); <br>and state, relations of, <a href="#pb219"><b>46</b>, 219</a>; <br>no power but benediction and protection, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Cinderella, at Hengler’s, <a href="#pb55"><b>39</b>, 55</a>; <br>reflections on, <a href="#pb57"><b>39</b>, 57</a>. -</p> -<p>Circular of Howell and James, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.02"><b>26</b>, 2</a>. -</p> -<p>Circus, Hengler’s, <a href="#pb55"><b>39</b>, 55</a>. -</p> -<p>Civilization, what we now call, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.05"><b>27</b>, 5</a>; <br>principal condition of, <span class="pageNum" id="pb7x">[<a href="#pb7x">7</a>]</span>according to the Secretary of the Social Science Meeting, <a href="#pb131"><b>42</b>, 131</a>. -</p> -<p>Clarty hole, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.15"><b>32</b>, 15</a>. -</p> -<p>Clay eaten by the Otomac Indians, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.19"><b>27</b>, 19</a>. -</p> -<p>Clergy, dread their congregations doing anything, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.05"><b>25</b>, 5</a>; <br>really responsible for present state of things, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.13"><b>27</b>, 13</a>; <br>of the McCosh persuasion, characterised by shrinking modesty, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.09"><b>27</b>, 9</a>; <br>profession of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.20"><b>31</b>, 20</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.23">23</a>; <br>how many honest clergymen, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.20"><b>31</b>, 20</a>; <br>address to the, <a href="#pb279"><b>48</b>, 279</a>. -</p> -<p>Clergyman, south country, letter from, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.04"><b>25</b>, 4</a>; <br>author of novellettes, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.01"><b>30</b>, 1</a>. -</p> -<p>Clergymen, author not prejudiced in favour of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.02"><b>30</b>, 2</a>; <br>advice to young, <a href="#pb34"><b>38</b>, 34</a>; <br>modern, often a lie rampant, <a href="#pb95"><b>40</b>, 95</a>. -</p> -<p>Clifford, Lady Anne, <b>38</b><span class="corr" id="xd31e5562" title="Not in source">,</span> 45 (note). -</p> -<p>Coal mining, tastes differ about, <a href="#pb47"><b>38</b>, 47</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Coburg, letter from, <a href="#pb81"><b>40</b>, 81</a>. -</p> -<p>Colchis, crocus, the enchanted herb of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.16"><b>26</b>, 16</a>. -</p> -<p>Colours, Shakspeare’s meaning of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.17"><b>25</b>, 17</a>. -</p> -<p>Commerce, failures in, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.01"><b>26</b>, 1</a>. -</p> -<p>Commonness, not vulgarity, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.29"><b>25</b>, 29</a> (note); <br>refer to ‘Modern Painters,’ <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Compassion, true meaning of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.05"><b>34</b>, 5</a>. -</p> -<p>Competition, great principle of, among Scott’s servants, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.21"><b>32</b>, 21</a>. -</p> -<p>Coniston, poisoning fish at, <a href="#pb229"><b>46</b>, 229</a>; <br>result of the author’s agricultural experiments at, <a href="#pb265"><b>48</b>, 265</a>. -</p> -<p>Constitution, British, is breaking fast, <a href="#pb199"><b>45</b>, 199</a>. -</p> -<p>Contentment, the main matter, <a href="#pb274"><b>48</b>, 274</a>; <br>the author not contented, <a href="#pb275"><b>48</b>, 275</a>. -</p> -<p>Cookery book, penny, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.18"><b>27</b>, 18</a>. -</p> -<p>Cooking, advice as to, <a href="#pb259"><b>47</b>, 259</a>, <a href="#pb274"><b>48</b>, 274</a>. -</p> -<p>Coolness, necessary to meet even pressing need, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.26"><b>25</b>, 26</a>. -</p> -<p>Corn land, how much is occupied in supplying means of drink, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.10"><b>27</b>, 10</a>. -</p> -<p>Corners, sweeping into, uncommon, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.11"><b>30</b>, 11</a>. -</p> -<p>Cornhill Magazine, quotation from the, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.18"><b>28</b>, 18</a>; <br>on luxury of marriage and labourers, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.19"><b>28</b>, 19</a>. -</p> -<p>Costermonger, to be entirely abolished, <a href="#pb26"><b>38</b>, 26</a>, <a href="#pb32">32</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb8x">[<a href="#pb8x">8</a>]</span></p> -<p>Count, of Stafford, at Calais, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.18"><b>25</b>, 18</a>; <br>of Suffolk, at Calais, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Country, air, effect of, on Scott, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.11"><b>32</b>, 11</a>; <br>life in France before the Revolution, <a href="#pb73"><b>40</b>, 73</a>. -</p> -<p>Cozeners, true, what they are, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.20"><b>31</b>, 20</a>. -</p> -<p>Credit, no gain in the long run, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.02"><b>26</b>, 2</a>. -</p> -<p>Critics, remarks on the author’s, <a href="#pb103"><b>41</b>, 103</a>. -</p> -<p>Crocodile, the word, always terrific to the author when a child, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.15"><b>26</b>, 15</a>; <br>meaning of the word, <i>ib.</i>; <br>fat of, used by the Otomac Indians, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.19"><b>27</b>, 19</a>; <br>potted, <i>ib.</i>; <br>Manchester and Rochdale muddy and smoking streams suitable for, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Crocus, St. George much interested in, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.28"><b>25</b>, 28</a>; <br>true story of a, written for the author by a friend, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.16"><b>26</b>, 16</a>. -</p> -<p>Crossness Sewage Works, letter on the, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.22"><b>27</b>, 22</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Cuckoo clock, the author ignorant of the mechanism of, <a href="#pb274"><b>48</b>, 274</a>. -</p> -<p>Dædalus, labyrinth, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.04"><b>28</b>, 4</a>. -</p> -<p>‘Daily News,’ the, views of, on the prices of things, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.02"><b>29</b>, 2</a>; <br>on ‘Fors Clavigera,’ <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.21"><b>30</b>, 21</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Darwin, and Huxley, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.13"><b>35</b>, 13</a>, <a href="#pb202"><b>45</b>, 202</a>. -</p> -<p>David, King, reflections on, <a href="#pb87"><b>40</b>, 87</a>. -</p> -<p>Degringolade, La, worth reading, though long and tiresome, <a href="#pb153"><b>43</b>, 153</a>. -</p> -<p>Demand and supply, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.14"><b>30</b>, 14</a>, <a href="#pb32"><b>38</b>, 32</a>. -</p> -<p>Derby, Lord, his new code of civilization, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.13"><b>29</b>, 13</a>; <br>his idea of agriculture, <a href="#pb207"><b>45</b>, 207</a>. -</p> -<p>Derivation, cannot stand astride on two languages, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.18"><b>30</b>, 18</a>. -</p> -<p>Devastation, new ship of the line, <a href="#pb278"><b>48</b>, 278</a>. -</p> -<p>Devil, in the second part of Faust, afraid of roses, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.16"><b>26</b>, 16</a>; <br>clumsy at christening, <a href="#pb146"><b>43</b>, 146</a>; <br>how the father of English squires, <a href="#pb201"><b>45</b>, 201</a>; <br>his pet weapon, <a href="#pb234"><b>46</b>, 234</a>; <br>not afraid of hothouse plants, mortally so of roses and crocuses, <a href="#pb236"><b>46</b>, 236</a>; <br>his work, the six heads of, <a href="#pb227"><b>46</b>, 227</a> to 229. -</p> -<p>Dickens, Charles, his opinion about menials, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.15"><b>28</b>, 15</a>; <br>as a novelist, his power over the feelings, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.01"><b>31</b>, 1</a>; <br>his opinion of British law, <a href="#pb244"><b>47</b>, 244</a>. -</p> -<p>Didron, his work “<span lang="fr">Iconographie Chrétienne</span>,” <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.13"><b>26</b>, 13</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb9x">[<a href="#pb9x">9</a>]</span></p> -<p>Dinner party, advice to a lady about her, <a href="#pb232"><b>46</b>, 232</a>. -</p> -<p>Dividend not expected by M. De Laval, <a href="#pb78"><b>40</b>, 78</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Dog and man fight, <a href="#pb275"><b>43</b>, 275</a>. -</p> -<p>Dogs Act of 1871, brainless and brutal, <a href="#pb99"><b>40</b>, 99</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Dollar, engraving of Swiss, <b>34</b> (frontispiece). -</p> -<p>Domestic relations, modern, satirical questions regarding, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.08"><b>31</b>, 8</a>. -</p> -<p>Doré, his pictures, better see the devil than, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.11"><b>29</b>, 11</a>; <br>his paintings, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.09"><b>34</b>, 9</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.15"><b>35</b>, 15</a>. -</p> -<p>Dover, description of, in the Catechism of Kent, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.03"><b>27</b>, 3</a>. -</p> -<p>Dragon, fight, real difficulty of, not so much to kill as to see him, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.04"><b>26</b>, 4</a>; <br>symbol of sins and trials innumerable, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.06"><b>26</b>, 6</a>; <br>marvel of the world, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.13"><b>26</b>, 13</a>; <br>a seeing creature, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.14"><b>26</b>, 14</a>; <br>representing spiritual enemies, natural habit of the Greek mind, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.11"><b>26</b>, 11</a>; <br>too true a creature spiritually, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.13"><b>26</b>, 13</a>; <br>sacred Egyptian, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.14"><b>26</b>, 14</a>; <br>crocodile, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Dream, don’t think a thing is done as soon as you have dreamt it<span class="corr" id="xd31e6115" title="Not in source">,</span> <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.09"><b>30</b>, 9</a>. -</p> -<p>Dress, letter to a good girl on, <a href="#pb43"><b>38</b>, 43</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Drink, ‘I was thirsty, and ye gave me’; as carried out by Christian Englishmen, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.12"><b>27</b>, 12</a>. -</p> -<p>Drury lane, pantomime at, <a href="#pb55"><b>39</b>, 55</a>; <br>reflections on it, <a href="#pb57"><b>39</b>, 57</a>. -</p> -<p>Dulwich, lovely wild roses at, formerly, <a href="#pb236"><b>46</b>, 236</a>. -</p> -<p>Earls of Guildford, worship of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.05"><b>27</b>, 5</a>. -</p> -<p>Economy, first question of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.12"><b>29</b>, 12</a>; <br>of Government in the matter of books, <a href="#pb19"><b>37</b>, 19</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Ecstacy, how to be had, <a href="#pb112"><b>41</b>, 112</a>. -</p> -<p>Edgeworth, Mr., Scott’s description of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.17"><b>28</b>, 17</a>; <br>Miss, her morality, <a href="#pb1"><b>38</b>, 1</a>; <br>not read as she should be, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.25"><b>32</b>, 25</a> (note); <br>her tale of ‘Frank,’ <a href="#pb145"><b>43</b>, 145</a>; <br>her love-making, <a href="#pb248"><b>47</b>, 248</a>. -</p> -<p>Edinburgh, or Edwin’s Burg, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.13"><b>25</b>, 13</a>; <br>inhabitants of, called worse than heathen by Charlemagne, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.14"><b>25</b>, 14</a>; <br>houses in, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.12"><b>27</b>, 12</a>; <br>new town of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.05"><b>31</b>, 5</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.09"><b>32</b>, 9</a>; <br>arrangement for taking rent from the lower orders in, <a href="#pb89"><b>40</b>, 89</a>; <br>houses of the poor described, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Education, practical, Ecclesiastical idea of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.04"><b>25</b>, 4</a>; <br>nobility of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.15"><b>25</b>, 15</a>; <br>of children of St. Matthias’ school, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.19"><b>30</b>, 19</a>; <br>of <span class="pageNum" id="pb10x">[<a href="#pb10x">10</a>]</span>Sir Walter Scott, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.27"><b>31</b>, 27</a>; <br>of Scott’s mother, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.03"><b>33</b>, 3</a>; <br>bodily, for a girl, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.05"><b>33</b>, 5</a>; <br>when it begins, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.07"><b>33</b>, 7</a>; <br>end of all right, for a woman, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.17"><b>33</b>, 17</a>; <br>the highest agricultural, possible for men and women, the design of these Letters, -<a href="#pb7"><b>37</b>, 7</a>; <br>has to begin, the author’s as well as the reader’s, <a href="#pb258"><b>47</b>, 258</a>. -</p> -<p>Edward III., his quartering, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.11"><b>25</b>, 11</a>; <br>fighting under captainship, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.17"><b>25</b>, 17</a>; <br>becoming doubtful, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.27"><b>25</b>, 27</a>; <br>his behaviour to his prisoners after the siege of Calais, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.20"><b>25</b>, 20</a>; <br>his fighting, rightness of, not discussed, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.26"><b>25</b>, 26</a>; <br>his first interview with Alice of Salisbury, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.27"><b>25</b>, 27</a>; <br>rides to help Alice of Salisbury, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.10"><b>31</b>, 10</a>. -</p> -<p>Eels, law concerning, in Florence, <a href="#pb41"><b>38</b>, 41</a>. -</p> -<p>Egbert, trained by Charles, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.14"><b>25</b>, 14</a>; <br>recovers the throne of the West Saxons, <i>ib.</i>; <br>first king of all England, <i>ib.</i>; <br>grandfather of Alfred, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Egyptian, worship of the, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.14"><b>26</b>, 14</a>. -</p> -<p>Eldon, Lord, anecdote of his economical dinner, <a href="#pb37"><b>38</b>, 37</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Emerson, his bas relief of St. George, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.04"><b>26</b>, 4</a>; <br>his English traits, extract from, on St. George, <i>ib.</i>; <br>his true instincts of heroism, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.05"><b>26</b>, 5</a>. -</p> -<p>England, present and future influence of, <a href="#pb118"><b>42</b>, 118</a>; <br>how despised in America, <i>ib.</i>; <br>that it deserves little care is now fatally true, <i>ib.</i>; <br>state of, examined in a broad light, <a href="#pb172"><b>44</b>, 172</a>; <br>official statement of the condition of, at the commencement of ‘Fors,’ by Mr. Goschen, -<a href="#pb287"><b>48</b>, 287</a> (note); <br>Press extracts on, <a href="#pb288"><b>48</b>, 288</a>, <a href="#pb292">292</a>. -</p> -<p>Epitaph, in ‘Punch’ on the Bishop of Winchester and Baron Bethell, <a href="#pb125"><b>42</b>, 125</a>; <br>on the squires, <a href="#pb194"><b>45</b>, 194</a>. -</p> -<p>Evangelicals, only read the bits of the Bible they like, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.04"><b>35</b>, 4</a>; <br>refuse to practise Bible precepts if against their money interests, <i>ib.</i>; <br>do not understand in the least the 14th Psalm, <i>ib.</i>; <br>never read the 15th Psalm, <i>ib.</i>; <br>self worship and hell worship, <a href="#pb105"><b>41</b>, 105</a>. -</p> -<p>Exchange, definition of, by the Secretary to the Social Science Meeting, <a href="#pb207"><b>45</b>, 207</a>; <br>mere, profits nobody, <a href="#pb208"><b>45</b>, 208</a>. -</p> -<p>Excursions to the French battle-fields, <a href="#pb106"><b>41</b>, 106</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb11x">[<a href="#pb11x">11</a>]</span></p> -<p>Facts against the author he never flinches from stating, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.05"><b>31</b>, 5</a>. -</p> -<p>Failing, remarks on mercantile credit, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.01"><b>26</b>, 1</a>. -</p> -<p>Fair-ladies, description of a home so called by the author, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.08"><b>29</b>, 8</a>. -</p> -<p>Faith, by or in, substituted for “without doubting,” <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.26"><b>25</b>, 26</a>; <br>Giotto’s picture of, <a href="#pb213"><b>45</b>, 213</a>; <br>without works, better buried as well as dead, <a href="#pb216"><b>45</b>, 216</a>. -</p> -<p>False shame, the devil’s pet weapon, <a href="#pb234"><b>46</b>, 234</a>. -</p> -<p>Families, of St. George, to be cheerful and honest, obedient and God-fearing, <a href="#pb9"><b>37</b>, 9</a>; <br>higher classes preferred, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Famine, in the event of a national, commissariat officers to starve first, <a href="#pb35"><b>38</b>, 35</a>; <br>in India, <a href="#pb82"><b>40</b>, 82</a>. -</p> -<p>Farm, in Switzerland or Bavaria, fifty years ago, <a href="#pb170"><b>44</b>, 170</a>; <br>at Thun, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Father, the author’s, <a href="#pb221"><b>46</b>, 221</a>. -</p> -<p>Feathers, Prince of Wales’, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.07"><b>28</b>, 7</a>; <br>ostrich, meaning of, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Fiction, works of, supply defect of imagination in common minds, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.05"><b>34</b>, 5</a>. -</p> -<p>Fighting, modern British, compared with that at Calais, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.23"><b>25</b>, 23</a>; <br>with dogs, <a href="#pb275"><b>48</b>, 275</a>; <br>rightness of Edward III.’s, not discussed, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.26"><b>25</b>, 26</a>. -</p> -<p>Financial art, modern, <a href="#pb162"><b>44</b>, 162</a>. -</p> -<p>Fine art, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.07"><b>28</b>, 7</a>. -</p> -<p>Fireside, too costly, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.18"><b>27</b>, 18</a>; <br>not a patent stove, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.22"><b>31</b>, 22</a>. -</p> -<p>Fish, in Florence, not to be re-sold, <a href="#pb26"><b>38</b>, 26</a>; <br>shoals of, like shining continents, <a href="#pb27"><b>38</b>, 27</a>; <br>trade in, described by a correspondent, <i>ib.</i>; <br>result of independent action of the fishermen, <a href="#pb28"><b>38</b>, 28</a>; <br>big men in the conduct of, <a href="#pb28"><b>38</b>, 28</a>, <a href="#pb30">30</a>; <br>Columbia market a failure, <a href="#pb31"><b>38</b>, 31</a>; <br>selling must be done by gentlemen, <a href="#pb33"><b>38</b>, 33</a>; <br>trade, letter on the, <a href="#pb93"><b>40</b>, 93</a> (note); <br>to fill the waters with, a celestial work, <a href="#pb229"><b>46</b>, 229</a>. -</p> -<p>Fiske, James, canonized in America, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.07"><b>26</b>, 7</a>. -</p> -<p>Fleur de Lys, what it is, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.10"><b>25</b>, 10</a>. -</p> -<p>Flite, Miss, some account of, <a href="#pb287"><b>48</b>, 287</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Florence, the laws of, to be obeyed in St. George’s Company, <a href="#pb13"><b>37</b>, 13</a>, <a href="#pb26"><b>38</b>, 26</a>; <br>art in, 600 years ago, <a href="#pb2"><b>37</b>, 2</a>; <br>her opinion of Church and State, <a href="#pb219"><b>46</b>, 219</a>; <br>her liberal opinions according to learned authors, <a href="#pb220"><b>46</b>, 220</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb12x">[<a href="#pb12x">12</a>]</span></p> -<p>Florin, new, examination of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.09"><b>25</b>, 9</a>; <br>ancient Florentine engraving of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.18"><b>25</b>, 18</a>. -</p> -<p>Food, only to be got out of the ground, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.19"><b>30</b>, 19</a>; <br>abundance of, in the world, <a href="#pb36"><b>38</b>, 36</a>; <br>prices of, regulate all other prices, <i>ib.</i>; <br>those who produce, the masters of those who buy, <a href="#pb172"><b>44</b>, 172</a>, <a href="#pb181">181</a>; <br>a certain quantity of, paid in the form of rent and taxes, <a href="#pb173"><b>44</b>, 173</a>. -</p> -<p>Fools, heaven in no sense merciful to, <a href="#pb127"><b>42</b>, 127</a>. -</p> -<p>Footstool, the author charged £5 for a, <a href="#pb174"><b>44</b>, 174</a>. -</p> -<p>Forbes, his book on glaciers, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.22"><b>34</b>, 22</a>. -</p> -<p>Forcing, vegetables, a vile and gluttonous habit, <a href="#pb235"><b>46</b>, 235</a>. -</p> -<p>Ford and bridge, difference between, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.15"><b>32</b>, 15</a>. -</p> -<p>Fords, give names to half the prettiest towns and villages, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.15"><b>32</b>, 15</a>; <br>Scottish fords, the happiest pieces of all one’s day’s walk, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Fors, publication of, in future, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.21"><b>27</b>, 21</a> (note); <br>the third, orders the contents of these letters, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.13"><b>30</b>, 13</a>; <br>price raised and frontispiece withdrawn,—reasons for this, <a href="#pb17"><b>37</b>, 17</a> (note); <br>must now be bought by editors and others, <a href="#pb42"><b>38</b>, 42</a>; <br>power of the third, <a href="#pb76"><b>40</b>, 76</a> (note); <br>Clavigera, meaning and purpose of the word, <a href="#pb137"><b>43</b>, 137</a>; <br>the whole gist of this book, <a href="#pb274"><b>48</b>, 274</a>. -</p> -<p>Fortune, how you may make or mar your, <a href="#pb138"><b>43</b>, 138</a>. -</p> -<p>Fournier, caution requisite in reading, <a href="#pb210"><b>45</b>, 210</a>. -</p> -<p>Fox, George, in Scotland, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.14"><b>31</b>, 14</a>. -</p> -<p>Franc, remarks on, <a href="#pb158"><b>43</b>, 158</a> (note). -</p> -<p>France, final resignation of, in George’s III.’s time, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.11"><b>25</b>, 11</a>. -</p> -<p>Franchise, picture of, from the ‘Romance of the Rose,’ <a href="#pb147"><b>43</b>, 147</a>; <br>corrupted form of, from a French novel, <a href="#pb149"><b>43</b>, 149</a>. -</p> -<p>Francis, St., <a href="#pb111"><b>41</b>, 111</a>. -</p> -<p>Frankness, freedom of heart, not freedom of insolence, <a href="#pb147"><b>43</b>, 147</a>. -</p> -<p>Fraud and Taxation, views of the ‘Pall Mall Gazette’ concerning, <a href="#pb163"><b>44</b>, 163</a>. -</p> -<p>Frederick the Great, his father an evangelical divine, <a href="#pb84"><b>40</b>, 84</a>. -</p> -<p>French, girl, story of a, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.18"><b>29</b>, 18</a>; <br>character, <a href="#pb84"><b>40</b>, 84</a>, <a href="#pb144"><b>43</b>, 144</a>; <br>of the 12th century, <a href="#pb152"><b>43</b>, 152</a>; <br>character described by Bismarck, <a href="#pb144"><b>43</b>, 144</a>; <br>remarks thereon, <a href="#pb145"><b>43</b>, 145</a>; <br>readers, advice to, <a href="#pb151"><b>43</b>, 151</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb13x">[<a href="#pb13x">13</a>]</span></p> -<p>Frenchman, to hate a, Nelson’s notion of duty, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.12"><b>25</b>, 12</a>. -</p> -<p>Friends, the author still retains power of sympathy with his, <a href="#pb4"><b>73</b>, 4</a>; <br>this not reciprocal, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Froissart, no fault of his if you don’t enjoy the story of the siege of Calais, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.21"><b>25</b>, 21</a>; <br>his account of the fight and supper at Calais, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.22"><b>25</b>, 22</a>; <br>his account of the meeting of Edward III. and Alice of Salisbury, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.11"><b>31</b>, 11</a>. -</p> -<p>Froude, on the influence of the Reformation on Scottish character, to be read, <a href="#pb86"><b>40</b>, 86</a>; <br>his sketch of the life of Bishop Hugo, <a href="#pb152"><b>43</b>, 152</a>. -</p> -<p>Fruits, out of season, diabolic work, <a href="#pb229"><b>46</b>, 229</a>. -</p> -<p>Fuel-company, letter to the author from a cheap, <a href="#pb13"><b>36</b>, 13</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Gaboriau, Emile, extracts from novels of, <a href="#pb152"><b>43</b>, 152</a>. -</p> -<p>Garden, the use of, ought to be in its vegetables, <a href="#pb235"><b>46</b>, 235</a>. -</p> -<p>Garibaldi, <a href="#pb85"><b>40</b>, 85</a>. -</p> -<p>Gasometer, heaven only a large, <a href="#pb110"><b>41</b>, 110</a>. -</p> -<p>Genesis, book of, <a href="#pb108"><b>41</b>, 108</a>; <br>nursery tales of mightiest men, <i>ib.</i>, <b><span class="corr" id="xd31e7224" title="Source: 4">48</span></b>, 145. -</p> -<p>Gentleman, how distinguished from a churl, <a href="#pb102"><b>41</b>, 102</a>. -</p> -<p>Gentleness, meaning of, by the author, <a href="#pb102"><b>41</b>, 102</a>. -</p> -<p>Geoffrey of Chargny at Calais, account of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.17"><b>25</b>, 17</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.19">19</a>. -</p> -<p>Geology, the author’s interest in, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.19"><b>34</b>, 19</a>. -</p> -<p>Geometry, how to be taught in St. George’s School, <a href="#pb52"><b>39</b>, 52</a>. -</p> -<p>George, St., type of a Christian gentleman, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.28"><b>25</b>, 28</a>; <br>on a modern pound, good die cutting of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.03"><b>26</b>, 3</a>; <br>on coins of George III. and George IV. compared, <i>ib.</i>; <br>by Carpaccio described, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.04"><b>26</b>, 4</a>; <br>Pistrucci, <i>ib.</i>; <br>modern literature respecting, as unsatisfactory as modern art, <i>ib.</i>; <br>not merely one, but a symbol of Knights innumerable, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.06"><b>26</b>, 6</a>; <br>the real, martyred <span class="asc">A.D.</span> 290, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.08"><b>26</b>, 8</a>; <br>the Arian bishop, killed <span class="asc">A.D.</span> 361, <i>ib.</i>; <br>Historie of, by Peter Heylyn, 1631, <i>ib.</i>; <br>remarks on ditto, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.11"><b>26</b>, 11</a>; <br>his speech to the Senate, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.09"><b>26</b>, 9</a>; <br>beheaded, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.11"><b>26</b>, 11</a>; <br>a husbandman, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.12"><b>26</b>, 12</a>; <br>knows field flowers, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.20"><b>26</b>, 20</a>; <br>fund of, list of subscriptions to, <a href="#pb15"><b>36</b>, 15</a> (note); <br>the company of, <a href="#pb8"><b>37</b>, 8</a>; <a href="#pb134"><b>42</b>, 134</a>; <a href="#pb215"><b>45</b>, 215</a>; <a href="#pb224"><b>46</b>, 224</a>; <a href="#pb263"><b>48</b>, 263</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb14x">[<a href="#pb14x">14</a>]</span></p> -<p>George’s Square, St., mistake about, corrected, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.09"><b>32</b>, 9</a>. -</p> -<p>Germans, character of the, <a href="#pb84"><b>40</b>, 84</a>, <a href="#pb143"><b>43</b>, 143</a>; <br>temper of the, frightful in its naïve selfishness, <a href="#pb143"><b>43</b>, 143</a>. -</p> -<p>Giles’s, St., Church Lane, impossibility of keeping it clean, <a href="#pb266"><b>48</b>, 266</a>. -</p> -<p>Giotto, <a href="#pb113"><b>41</b>, 113</a>; <br>his picture of the marriage of St. Francis to Poverty, <a href="#pb213"><b>45</b>, 213</a>. -</p> -<p>Girl, little, with large shoes, <a href="#pb2"><b>37</b>, 2</a>; <br>letter to a, on dress, <a href="#pb43"><b>38</b>, 43</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Girls, picture of some of them from ‘Daily Telegraph,’ <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.13"><b>29</b>, 13</a>; <br>2,000 apply at the Post Office for eleven places, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Glaciers, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.17"><b>34</b>, 17</a> to 26; <br>only one step in the knowledge of, made in forty years, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.19"><b>34</b>, 19</a>; <br>movement of, explained, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.22"><b>34</b>, 22</a>; <br>sketch of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.32"><b>34</b>, 32</a> (note), <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.21"><b>35</b>, 21</a> to 23; <br>their movements, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.22"><b>35</b>, 22</a>, <a href="#pb158"><b>43</b>, 158</a> (note); <br>newspaper account of the battle of the, <a href="#pb159"><b>43</b>, 159</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Gladiatorial exhibitions, signs of declining national honour, <a href="#pb275"><b>48</b>, 275</a>. -</p> -<p>Gold, all vices summed in the simple acceptance of the authority of, <a href="#pb6"><b>36</b>, 6</a>. -</p> -<p>Goose pie, receipt for, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.02"><b>25</b>, 2</a>; <br>not economical, a friend thinks, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.17"><b>27</b>, 17</a>; <br>economy of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.13"><b>35</b>, 13</a>, <a href="#pb274"><b>48</b>, 274</a>. -</p> -<p>Goschen, Mr., on the state of England, <a href="#pb287"><b>48</b>, 287</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Gospel, modern, what truth and what pestilent evil is in it, <a href="#pb126"><b>42</b>, 126</a>. -</p> -<p>Gotthelf, author of the ‘Mirror of Peasants,’ <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.01"><b>30</b>, 1</a>; <br>in sympathy with Pope and Fielding, and pure as Wordsworth, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.10"><b>34</b>, 10</a>. -</p> -<p>Grandfather, the author’s, his severe punishment of falsehood, <a href="#pb221"><b>46</b>, 221</a>; <br>his death, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Greenhouses, girls advised to have nothing to do with, <a href="#pb235"><b>46</b>, 235</a>. -</p> -<p>Grey, Lady Jane, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.12"><b>35</b>, 12</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.14">14</a>. -</p> -<p>Grisette, modern, corruption of Franchise, <a href="#pb148"><b>43</b>, 148</a>; <br>description of a French, <a href="#pb149"><b>43</b>, 149</a>. -</p> -<p>Grocers’ shops, magazines of petroleum, <a href="#pb201"><b>45</b>, 201</a>. -</p> -<p>Guns, Armstrong, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.12"><b>29</b>, 12</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb15x">[<a href="#pb15x">15</a>]</span></p> -<p>Haliburton, Barbara, heraldry of her shield, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.13"><b>33</b>, 13</a>. -</p> -<p>Handiwork shall be taught to St. George’s boys, <a href="#pb274"><b>48</b>, 274</a>. -</p> -<p>Hanwell, qualification for, how it begins, <a href="#pb264"><b>48</b>, 264</a>. -</p> -<p>Happiness, only to be got out of honesty, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.19"><b>30</b>, 19</a>; <br>and counter-happiness, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.05"><b>34</b>, 5</a>. -</p> -<p>Hardiknute, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.12"><b>32</b>, 12</a>. -</p> -<p>Heart, difference between the sins of the hot and cold, <a href="#pb102"><b>41</b>, 102</a>, <a href="#pb128"><b>42</b>, 128</a>. -</p> -<p>Heaven, how grave we are, if the doctor hints we are going there, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.02"><b>28</b>, 2</a>; <br>only a large gasometer, <a href="#pb110"><b>41</b>, 110</a>; <br>the teachings of, are often given in an obscure manner, <a href="#pb126"><b>42</b>, 126</a>; <br>necessarily read wrong by blockheads, <a href="#pb127"><b>42</b>, 127</a>. -</p> -<p>Helmet, proper signification of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.08"><b>25</b>, 8</a>. -</p> -<p>Henry, R., Scotch clergyman and historian, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.13"><b>25</b>, 13</a>. -</p> -<p>Heraldry of Barbara Haliburton’s shield, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.13"><b>33</b>, 13</a>; <br>of the Waverley novels, <a href="#pb252"><b>47</b>, 252</a>. -</p> -<p>Heritage of the squires of England, what it once was, <a href="#pb201"><b>45</b>, 201</a>. -</p> -<p>Heylyn, his translation of the history of St. George, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.08"><b>26</b>, 8</a>. -</p> -<p>Hill, Miss Octavia, <a href="#pb225"><b>46</b>, 225</a>. -</p> -<p>History, better read none than such as the specimen by R. Henry, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.22"><b>25</b>, 22</a>. -</p> -<p>Home, Scott’s notice of his first, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.06"><b>29</b>, 6</a>; <br>letter describing the break up of a real, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.07"><b>29</b>, 7</a>; <br>each man to live in one fit for him, <a href="#pb256"><b>47</b>, 256</a>; <br>love of, the end of all right education for a woman, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.17"><b>33</b>, 17</a>; <br>the break up of the, of one of the author’s friends, <a href="#pb14"><b>36</b>, 14</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Home-made things, advantage of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.11"><b>30</b>, 11</a>. -</p> -<p>Homes, railroad, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.06"><b>29</b>, 6</a>. -</p> -<p>Honest men, and rogues, confusion of the two is the result of evangelical teaching, -<a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.03"><b>35</b>, 3</a>; <br>can do little for the present, <a href="#pb180"><b>44</b>, 180</a>; <br>advice to, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Honesty, of open cattle stealing, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.20"><b>31</b>, 20</a>; <br>of R. Scott, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.21"><b>31</b>, 21</a>; <br>and roguery, difference between, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.03"><b>35</b>, 3</a>; <br>one punished as much as the other at present, <a href="#pb7"><b>37</b>, 7</a>; <br>how distinguished, <a href="#pb102"><b>41</b>, 102</a>. -</p> -<p>Honour, understanding of, will be essential in the education of the children of St. -George’s company, <a href="#pb10"><b>37</b>, 10</a>; <br>to the <span class="pageNum" id="pb16x">[<a href="#pb16x">16</a>]</span>brave in modern Venice, <a href="#pb121"><b>42</b>, 121</a>; <br>entirely desirable, <a href="#pb121"><b>42</b>, 121</a> and 125. -</p> -<p>Hope, picture of, by Giotto, <a href="#pb214"><b>45</b>, 214</a>. -</p> -<p>Horace, the most beautiful descriptive line in, <a href="#pb150"><b>43</b>, 150</a>. -</p> -<p>Horsehair worn by English squires, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.08"><b>25</b>, 8</a>. -</p> -<p>Host or hospitaller, a sacred function for young Christian men, <a href="#pb5"><b>36</b>, 5</a>. -</p> -<p>Hotel, Umfraville, ghastly nature of, <a href="#pb38"><b>38</b>, 38</a>; <br>in Paris, <a href="#pb271"><b>48</b>, 271</a>. -</p> -<p>House, each man to live in one fit for him, <a href="#pb256"><b>47</b>, 256</a>; <br>the simplest way of building, <a href="#pb258"><b>47</b>, 258</a>; <br>advice about a suitable, <a href="#pb256"><b>47</b>, 256</a>; <br>at Herne Hill exactly fit for the author, <a href="#pb257"><b>47</b>, 257</a>. -</p> -<p>Houses, about London, packing cases, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.05"><b>29</b>, 5</a>; <br>ill-aired, pestilence of, in the suburbs of London, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.02"><b>29</b>, 2</a>; <br>of St. George’s Co., <a href="#pb11"><b>37</b>, 11</a>. -</p> -<p>Housemaid, would young ladies feel aggrieved at being made under-, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.05"><b>30</b>, 5</a>. -</p> -<p>Housemaid’s broom, spear of lady members of St. George’s Co., <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.05"><b>30</b>, 5</a>. -</p> -<p>Housewife, her weekly bill doubled, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.10"><b>29</b>, 10</a>; <br>cause of this, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.11"><b>29</b>, 11</a>. -</p> -<p>Howell, James, and Co., remarks on a circular from, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.02"><b>26</b>, 2</a>. -</p> -<p>Hunter St., London, and Market St., Croydon, change in relations between, <a href="#pb222"><b>46</b>, 222</a>. -</p> -<p>Hunting and shooting, healthy animal stupidities, <a href="#pb14"><b>37</b>, 14</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Hurry of mind, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.25"><b>25</b>, 25</a>. -</p> -<p>Huxley, Professor, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.13"><b>35</b>, 13</a>; <br>thinks himself wiser than any quantity of psalmists, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.05"><b>35</b>, 5</a>. -</p> -<p>Idiot, meaning of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.18"><b>28</b>, 18</a>. -</p> -<p>‘Illustrated News,’ worth of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.07"><b>28</b>, 7</a>. -</p> -<p>Imagination, power of, always purifies, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.08"><b>34</b>, 8</a>; <br>fiction supplies defect of, in common minds, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.05"><b>34</b>, 5</a>. -</p> -<p>Index, difficulty of making, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.13"><b>30</b>, 13</a>. -</p> -<p>Indians, Otomac, diet of the, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.18"><b>27</b>, 18</a>; <br>assertion by Count Bismarck that the French only copper-coloured, finely dressed, -<a href="#pb144"><b>43</b>, 144</a>. -</p> -<p>Infernal things, various, described, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.11"><b>29</b>, 11</a>. -</p> -<p>Inn, true hospitality of, still possible, <a href="#pb170"><b>44</b>, 170</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb17x">[<a href="#pb17x">17</a>]</span></p> -<p>Insanity, egotistic, <a href="#pb268"><b>48</b>, 268</a>; <br>manual work a preventive of, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Institutes, Literary, failures, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.15"><b>25</b>, 15</a>. -</p> -<p>Interest, the power of money to accumulate value by—extract from Kellogg on, <a href="#pb189"><b>44</b>, 189</a>; <br>principle of, <a href="#pb209"><b>45</b>, 209</a>. -</p> -<p>Inundation, Roman, extract from a letter to the ‘Daily Telegraph’ by the author on, -<a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.23"><b>33</b>, 23</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Isaiah, argument about, with the sacristan at Assisi, <a href="#pb191"><b>45</b>, 191</a>. -</p> -<p>Jeremiah, quotation from, <a href="#pb230"><b>46</b>, 230</a>. -</p> -<p>Jersey, account of changes produced in, by recent trade, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.14"><b>30</b>, 14</a>. -</p> -<p>Jews, have not all hard hearts, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.03"><b>30</b>, 3</a>. -</p> -<p>John, St., gospel of, the author stopped by a text in, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.01"><b>28</b>, 1</a>. -</p> -<p>Jones and Robinson, demigods, <a href="#pb25"><b>38</b>, 25</a>. -</p> -<p>Journal to be published by the St. George’s Company, <a href="#pb10"><b>37</b>, 10</a>. -</p> -<p>Judges of England, <a href="#pb244"><b>47</b>, 244</a>. -</p> -<p>Judging, all good, gratis, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.23"><b>31</b>, 23</a>. -</p> -<p>Jury, ignorant of the meaning of mercy, <a href="#pb127"><b>42</b>, 127</a>. -</p> -<p>Justice and mercy, professional sale of, a deadly sin, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.24"><b>31</b>, 24</a>; <br>virtue summed in, <a href="#pb102"><b>41</b>, 102</a>. -</p> -<p>Juvenile depravity, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.30"><b>35</b>, 30</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Katrine, Loch, a reservoir, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.11"><b>27</b>, 11</a>. -</p> -<p>Kensington, a few words on, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.27"><b>32</b>, 27</a> (note); <br>modern art teaching at, how utterly bad, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.29"><b>32</b>, 29</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Kent, catechism of the county of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.03"><b>27</b>, 3</a>. -</p> -<p>King, Kenneth, showing shining figure to his councillors, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.13"><b>25</b>, 13</a>; <br>a good, useless if his officers are allowed to oppress, <a href="#pb78"><b>40</b>, 78</a>; <br>French revolution was against a good, <a href="#pb79"><b>40</b>, 79</a>; <br>last kings of true power, <a href="#pb206"><b>45</b>, 206</a>; <br>whose eyes have seen the? <a href="#pb193"><b>45</b>, 193</a>. -</p> -<p>Kinghood, the end of, supposed to have come, <a href="#pb59"><b>39</b>, 59</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Kirk, Professor, his “social politics” to be read carefully, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.11"><b>27</b>, 11</a>; <br>on land and liquor, <i>ib.</i>; <br>letter to the author regarding book of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.23"><b>29</b>, 23</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Kitten, the author’s, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.08"><b>27</b>, 8</a>. -</p> -<p>Knatchbull-Hugessen, his tales, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.12"><b>33</b>, 12</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Labour, question of, at the Social Science meeting, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.21"><b>28</b>, 21</a> (note); <br><span class="pageNum" id="pb18x">[<a href="#pb18x">18</a>]</span>greater part spent unproductively, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.11"><b>29</b>, 11</a>; <br>of St. George’s Company, <a href="#pb8"><b>37</b>, 8</a>; <br>machine, letter describing, <a href="#pb79"><b>40</b>, 79</a>; <br>hand, letter describing, <a href="#pb80"><b>40</b>, 80</a>; <br>how best spent, <a href="#pb180"><b>44</b>, 180</a>; <br>and capital, extract from Kellogg of New York on, <a href="#pb188"><b>44</b>, 188</a> (note); <br>rest from, <a href="#pb195"><b>45</b>, 195</a>; <br>the first of the landlords, to keep hold of their lands, <a href="#pb199"><b>45</b>, 199</a>; <br>killing and grinding, <a href="#pb229"><b>46</b>, 229</a>. -</p> -<p>Labourers, what sort of, the author writes for, <a href="#pb3"><b>36</b>, 3</a>. -</p> -<p>La Cava, forests of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.13"><b>32</b>, 13</a>. -</p> -<p>Ladies, advice to, <a href="#pb215"><b>45</b>, 215</a>. -</p> -<p>Lady, the first duty of a, <a href="#pb212"><b>45</b>, 212</a>. -</p> -<p>Lameness (of Scott), caused by cold and bad air, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.27"><b>31</b>, 27</a>. -</p> -<p>Lance point, land won at the, must be held by the, <a href="#pb206"><b>45</b>, 206</a>. -</p> -<p>Land, for St. George’s company, poor preferred, <a href="#pb8"><b>37</b>, 8</a>; <br>if marsh, how to be treated, <i>ib.</i>; <br>how, if rocky, <a href="#pb9"><b>37</b>, 9</a>; <br>desert, to be redeemed, <a href="#pb180"><b>44</b>, 180</a>; <br>laid up in a napkin, <a href="#pb197"><b>45</b>, 197</a>. -</p> -<p>Landlords, more or less thoughtless and ignorant, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.13"><b>27</b>, 13</a>; <br>to fight for their lands, <a href="#pb199"><b>45</b>, 199</a>, <a href="#pb205">205</a>. -</p> -<p>Landscape, how the author was diverted from the study of, <a href="#pb192"><b>45</b>, 192</a>. -</p> -<p>Laocoon, story of, to the Greeks, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.14"><b>26</b>, 14</a>. -</p> -<p>Largesse, French description of, <a href="#pb207"><b>45</b>, 207</a>, <a href="#pb210">210</a>; <br>and supplication, not part of the world’s work, <a href="#pb225"><b>46</b>, 225</a>. -</p> -<p>Last judgment of squires, imaginary picture of, <a href="#pb197"><b>45</b>, 197</a>. -</p> -<p>Latin, supposed properties of, for purposes of explanation, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.23"><b>35</b>, 23</a>. -</p> -<p>Law reform, letter on, <a href="#pb183"><b>44</b>, 183</a> (note); <br>British modern, <a href="#pb244"><b>47</b>, 244</a>. -</p> -<p>Laws, to be obeyed in St. George’s Company to be the laws of Florence of the fourteenth -century, modified, <a href="#pb13"><b>37</b>, 13</a>, <a href="#pb38">38</a>, <a href="#pb26">26</a>; <br>wise, long since known and obeyed, <a href="#pb26"><b>38</b>, 26</a>. -</p> -<p>Lawyers, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.20"><b>31</b>, 20</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.23">23</a>; <br>no need to speak of the honesty of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.20"><b>31</b>, 20</a>; <br>advice to, at Billingsgate, <a href="#pb35"><b>38</b>, 35</a>; <br>in parliament, advice to, <a href="#pb100"><b>40</b>, 100</a> (note); <br>definers of limits and modes, <a href="#pb243"><b>47</b>, 243</a>. -</p> -<p>Leader, the author does not pretend to be a, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.19"><b>30</b>, 19</a>. -</p> -<p>Leal, the land of the, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.23"><b>32</b>, 23</a>. -</p> -<p>Lecky, Mr., statement of his sagacious creed, <a href="#pb155"><b>43</b>, 155</a> (note); <br>his opinions, <a href="#pb268"><b>48</b>, 268</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb19x">[<a href="#pb19x">19</a>]</span></p> -<p>Legal, profession, exactly right condition of, explained, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.23"><b>31</b>, 23</a>; <br>expenses of the kingdom, query concerning, <a href="#pb186"><b>44</b>, 186</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Legibility of character, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.23"><b>31</b>, 23</a>. -</p> -<p>Leith, condition of the water at, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.02"><b>33</b>, 2</a>. -</p> -<p>Lessons, by heart, meaning of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.12"><b>32</b>, 12</a>; <br>first, what they are to be, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.13"><b>32</b>, 13</a>. -</p> -<p>Letter, from a working man on literary institutes, remarks on, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.15"><b>25</b>, 15</a>; <br>interesting, from Manchester working man and mates, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.29"><b>25</b>, 29</a> (note); <br>of Mr. Affleck, the author pleased with, <i>ib.</i>; <br>of a native and honest republican, <i>ib.</i>; <br>from a girl describing a modern Arcadia, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.16"><b>35</b>, 16</a>; <br>on the rice famine, <a href="#pb83"><b>40</b>, 83</a>. -</p> -<p>Letters, of the author, constant objects of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.04"><b>25</b>, 4</a>; <br>to the author, from a south country clergyman, <i>ib.</i>; <br>remarks regarding, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.23"><b>29</b>, 23</a> (note); <br>these, mosaic work, and more useful as they go on, <a href="#pb3"><b>36</b>, 3</a>. -</p> -<p>Liars and traitors, no legislation for, <a href="#pb26"><b>38</b>, 26</a>; <br>no law for, but gravitation, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Liberty, ultimate privileges of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.19"><b>28</b>, 19</a>; <br>working man’s notion of, <a href="#pb135"><b>42</b>, 135</a>; <br>in the modern English sense, <a href="#pb146"><b>43</b>, 146</a>; <br>the French knew what it was before you, <i>ib.</i>; <br>its synonyms, <a href="#pb148"><b>43</b>, 148</a>. -</p> -<p>Library, of Scott, when a child, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.11"><b>33</b>, 11</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.15">15</a>; <br>of the St. George’s company, <a href="#pb10"><b>37</b>, 10</a>; <br>formation of a, a main object with the author, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Life, division of, into youth, labour, and death, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.01"><b>32</b>, 1</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.03">3</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.05">5</a>; <br>entirely healthy, happy, and wise, <a href="#pb171"><b>44</b>, 171</a>; <br>mechanical, must be as limited as possible, <a href="#pb178"><b>44</b>, 178</a>. -</p> -<p>Lilias Redgauntlet, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.03"><b>32</b>, 3</a>; <br>examination of, <a href="#pb247"><b>47</b>, 247</a>. -</p> -<p>Lilies, Belt of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.14"><b>25</b>, 14</a>. -</p> -<p>Linen, good Scots preferable to that from Glasgow mills, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.16"><b>32</b>, 16</a>; <br>hand-made, compared with machine-made, <a href="#pb81"><b>40</b>, 81</a>; <br>hand-made, lasted three generations, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Linlithgow, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.02"><b>33</b>, 2</a>. -</p> -<p>Lions in heraldry, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.11"><b>25</b>, 11</a>. -</p> -<p>Literature, modern, for children, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.12"><b>33</b>, 12</a>; <br>value of cheap, <a href="#pb40"><b>38</b>, 40</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb20x">[<a href="#pb20x">20</a>]</span></p> -<p>‘Liverpool Commercial News,’ folly and impudence of, <a href="#pb239"><b>46</b>, 239</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Living in style, British public’s idea of, <a href="#pb39"><b>38</b>, 39</a>. -</p> -<p>Lockhart, not answerable for the author’s statements about Scott, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.04"><b>31</b>, 4</a>. -</p> -<p>London, type of five-sixths of middle classes about, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.05"><b>29</b>, 5</a>; <br>they compare unfavourably with apes, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.06"><b>29</b>, 6</a>; <br>privileges and facilities in, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.11"><b>29</b>, 11</a>; <br>population, vile life of, <a href="#pb174"><b>44</b>, 174</a>; <br>East and West end compared, <a href="#pb176"><b>44</b>, 176</a>. -</p> -<p>Loneliness, severity of change from, to membership of a large family, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.28"><b>31</b>, 28</a>. -</p> -<p>Lord, de Manny, at Calais, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.17"><b>25</b>, 17</a>; <br>John de Montagu, at Calais, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.18"><b>25</b>, 18</a>; <br>Beauchamp, at Calais, <i>ib.</i>; <br>Eustace of Ribaumont at Calais, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.19"><b>25</b>, 19</a>; <br>John of Landas, <i>ib.</i>; <br>Gawain of Bailleul, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Loss, the son of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.02"><b>28</b>, 2</a>. -</p> -<p>Louis, St., folly of, virtually causes the strength of France to perish, <a href="#pb85"><b>40</b>, 85</a>. -</p> -<p>Love, two kinds of noble, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.03"><b>34</b>, 3</a>; <br>songs, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.05"><b>35</b>, 5</a>; <br>decree of the court of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.10"><b>35</b>, 10</a>; <br>of money, the root of all evil, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.21"><b>35</b>, 21</a>; <br>state or habit of, is gentleness, <a href="#pb102"><b>41</b>, 102</a>; <br>three great loves rule the souls of men, <i>ib.</i>; how it ought to come, according to Shakespeare and Scott, <a href="#pb248"><b>47</b>, 248</a>; <br>story of, in Redgauntlet, <a href="#pb247"><b>47</b>, 247</a>. -</p> -<p>Loyalty, capacity of the French people for, before the revolution, <a href="#pb78"><b>40</b>, 78</a>. -</p> -<p>Lust, state or habit of, is clownishness, <a href="#pb102"><b>41</b>, 102</a>. -</p> -<p>Lustration, popular, in Rome, <a href="#pb162"><b>44</b>, 162</a>. -</p> -<p>Luther, on the gospel of St. James, <a href="#pb85"><b>40</b>, 85</a>. -</p> -<p>Luxuries, the basest, of the idle classes, how paid for by the poor, <a href="#pb178"><b>44</b>, 178</a>. -</p> -<p>Machinery, not to be used on St. George’s land, except such as is moved by wind, water, -and animal force, <a href="#pb11"><b>37</b>, 11</a>; <br>power of, <a href="#pb165"><b>44</b>, 165</a>, <a href="#pb171">171</a>; <br>whatever is needful can be driven by wind or water, <a href="#pb177"><b>44</b>, 177</a>. -</p> -<p>Madness in dogs. (<i>See</i> Rabies.) -<span class="pageNum" id="pb21x">[<a href="#pb21x">21</a>]</span></p> -<p>Madonna, influence of the worship of the, <a href="#pb104"><b>41</b>, 104</a>; <br>modern magnifying of the, <a href="#pb106"><b>41</b>, 106</a>. -</p> -<p>Magistrate, scarcely now exists, but to do evil, <a href="#pb174"><b>44</b>, 174</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Mammon, the author never heard one preacher deal faithfully with the worship of, <a href="#pb6"><b>36</b>, 6</a>. -</p> -<p>Man, a carnivorous animal, <a href="#pb131"><b>42</b>, 131</a>. -</p> -<p>Management, necessity of docile and sensible people for, <a href="#pb76"><b>40</b>, 76</a>. -</p> -<p>Manchester, muddy and smoking streams of, suitable for crocodiles, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.19"><b>27</b>, 19</a>. -</p> -<p>Manfred of Swabia, death of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.08"><b>25</b>, 8</a>. -</p> -<p>Manny, Sir Walter de, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.17"><b>25</b>, 17</a>. -</p> -<p>Mansion, meaning of, in St. John’s gospel, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.02"><b>27</b>, 2</a>. -</p> -<p>Marmion, quotation from, note every word of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.21"><b>31</b>, 21</a>. -</p> -<p>Marmontel, quotation from story by, <a href="#pb73"><b>40</b>, 73</a>; <br>lovely and wise sentence of, <a href="#pb76"><b>40</b>, 76</a>. -</p> -<p>Marriage, a providence of God, <a href="#pb5"><b>36</b>, 5</a>; <br>not possible in modern life on five hundred per annum, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.14"><b>28</b>, 14</a>. -</p> -<p>Martyrs, made away with usually less for their faith than for their incivility, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.10"><b>26</b>, 10</a>; <br>boy and girl, the author has no respect for, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.27"><b>32</b>, 27</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Mary, St., you don’t care for any, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.07"><b>31</b>, 7</a>. -</p> -<p>Masters, and servants, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.09"><b>28</b>, 9</a>; <br>true relations between, taught by Scott, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.03"><b>31</b>, 3</a>; <br>subject begins to purpose, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.18"><b>31</b>, 18</a>; <br>masters, only truly served if loved, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.22"><b>32</b>, 22</a>; <br>curious piece of lecture on the duties of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.09"><b>33</b>, 9</a>. -</p> -<p>Materia medica, Thomas Scott’s opinion of, to be greatly respected <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.26"><b>31</b>, 26</a>. -</p> -<p>Matthias, St., schools, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.26"><b>32</b>, 26</a> (note). -</p> -<p>May, first of, questions proposed on the, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.20"><b>30</b>, 20</a>. -</p> -<p>M’Cosh, the Rev. Jas., a catechist of nature, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.08"><b>27</b>, 8</a>. -</p> -<p>Meat and drink, how sanctified to us, <a href="#pb4"><b>36</b>, 4</a>. -</p> -<p>Mechanical population of England her certain ruin, <a href="#pb173"><b>44</b>, 173</a>; <br>occupation invariably degrades, <a href="#pb178"><b>44</b>, 178</a>. -</p> -<p>Memmi, Simone, painting by, in Florence, <a href="#pb220"><b>46</b>, 220</a>. -</p> -<p>Mendicity society’s tickets, <a href="#pb57"><b>39</b>, 57</a>. -</p> -<p>Menial, a terrible word to the modern English mind, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.12"><b>28</b>, 12</a>; <br>meaning of, <i>ib.</i> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb22x">[<a href="#pb22x">22</a>]</span></p> -<p>Mercy, the real meaning of, <a href="#pb127"><b>42</b>, 127</a>, <a href="#pb128">128</a>; <br>not understood by a jury, <a href="#pb127"><b>42</b>, 127</a>. -</p> -<p>Michael Angelo, painter of squires, <a href="#pb197"><b>45</b>, 197</a>. -</p> -<p>Michael, St., his patronage, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.12"><b>35</b>, 12</a>; <br>armour of, <a href="#pb280"><b>48</b>, 280</a>. -</p> -<p>Michaelmas, henceforward only remembered for goose, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.13"><b>35</b>, 13</a>. -</p> -<p>Mickle-mouth Meg, story of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.13"><b>31</b>, 13</a>. -</p> -<p>Middlemen, for sale of perishable articles, to be entirely abolished, <a href="#pb26"><b>38</b>, 26</a>. -</p> -<p>Mill, J. S., on nursing the baby, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.08"><b>31</b>, 8</a>; <br>result of his Essay on Liberty becoming the gospel of England, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.14"><b>35</b>, 14</a>; <br>labourers produced by the writings of, <a href="#pb2"><b>36</b>, 2</a>. -</p> -<p>Millowners, shrieks of the landed, <a href="#pb200"><b>45</b>, 200</a>. -</p> -<p>Mind, of the author, practical and matter of fact, <a href="#pb3"><b>37</b>, 3</a>. -</p> -<p>Minstrel, feeling of, steadily antagonistic to puritanism, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.17"><b>32</b>, 17</a>. -</p> -<p>‘Mirror of Peasants,’ <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.01"><b>30</b>, 1</a>; <br>life of the author of the, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.02"><b>30</b>, 2</a>. -</p> -<p>Miscreant, or misbeliever, properly applied accurately to Turks, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.24"><b>25</b>, 24</a>. -</p> -<p>Missionary work in India, result of as a whole, <a href="#pb18"><b>37</b>, 18</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Mob, British, its gnarled blockheadism, <a href="#pb4"><b>37</b>, 4</a>. -</p> -<p>Mona, meaning of, in St. John’s gospel, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.01"><b>27</b>, 1</a>; <br>possible effect of using the word, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.03"><b>27</b>, 3</a>. -</p> -<p>Monastery of St. Bernard in Charnwood forest, <a href="#pb47"><b>38</b>, 47</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Money, of St. George’s Company to be the ‘soldo’ of Florence, <a href="#pb18"><b>37</b>, 18</a> (note); <br>what to do with it, a question of increasing gravity, <a href="#pb179"><b>44</b>, 179</a>; <br>power of, in matters of crime, letter on, <a href="#pb184"><b>44</b>, 184</a> (note); <br>a token of right, not a medium of exchange, <a href="#pb173"><b>44</b>, 173</a> (note); <br>worship, <a href="#pb231"><b>46</b>, 231</a>. -</p> -<p>Monks, why don’t people do anything wise and generous without becoming? <a href="#pb48"><b>38</b>, 48</a> (note); <br>silent, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Montagu, Lady M. W., <a href="#pb116"><b>42</b>, 116</a>. -</p> -<p>Moral disposition of a child determined greatly in its speechless years, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.08"><b>33</b>, 8</a>. -</p> -<p>More, Sir Thomas, <a href="#pb13"><b>37</b>, 13</a>. -</p> -<p>Morning, lovely, at Oxford, description of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.24"><b>25</b>, 24</a>; <br>at Coniston, description of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.09"><b>28</b>, 9</a>; <br>first bright, seen for months, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.01"><b>29</b>, 1</a>. -</p> -<p>Mother, the author’s, <a href="#pb221"><b>46</b>, 221</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb23x">[<a href="#pb23x">23</a>]</span></p> -<p>Motto, one-tenth of a pound, not the ancient motto of England, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.14"><b>25</b>, 14</a>; <br>of the garter described, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.15"><b>25</b>, 15</a>; <br>of the Prince of Wales, remarks on, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.08"><b>28</b>, 8</a>. -</p> -<p>Muzzling dogs, a great mistake, <a href="#pb96"><b>40</b>, 96</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Napoleon, III., not the cause of the French war, <a href="#pb84"><b>40</b>, 84</a>. -</p> -<p>Nature with her hands behind her back, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.09"><b>27</b>, 9</a>. -</p> -<p>Needle and thread preferable to telegraphic needle, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.15"><b>29</b>, 15</a>. -</p> -<p>Neglect of their children by the French upper classes, an absolute source of corruption, -<a href="#pb149"><b>43</b>, 149</a>. -</p> -<p>Newcastle, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.12"><b>29</b>, 12</a>. -</p> -<p>Newspaper extracts, <a href="#pb18"><b>37</b>, 18</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Normandy, frankness of, <a href="#pb150"><b>43</b>, 150</a>. -</p> -<p>Northfleet, wreck of the, alluded to, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.25"><b>29</b>, 25</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Northumberland, extent of in Charlemagne’s time, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.13"><b>25</b>, 13</a>; <br>letter of Lord, to Henry VIII., <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.09"><b>31</b>, 9</a>. -</p> -<p>Notre-dame, casts brought by the author from, <a href="#pb105"><b>41</b>, 105</a>. -</p> -<p>Novels, Scott’s, are history, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.04"><b>32</b>, 4</a>. -</p> -<p>Nugget, hardness of another walking off with a scientific, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.23"><b>34</b>, 23</a>. -</p> -<p>Nurse, the author’s account of his, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.13"><b>28</b>, 13</a>; <br>Scott’s second, went mad, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.09"><b>32</b>, 9</a>. -</p> -<p>Obedience, nature of, in the St. George’s Company, <a href="#pb10"><b>37</b>, 10</a>; <br>can not be mentioned by the English squire, <a href="#pb205"><b>45</b>, 205</a>. -</p> -<p>Ogilvie, Hon. Mrs., account of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.04"><b>33</b>, 4</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.05">5</a>. -</p> -<p>Old Mortality, Scott the, of the heart, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.05"><b>32</b>, 5</a>. -</p> -<p>Opinions, sale of, fraudulent, <a href="#pb165"><b>44</b>, 165</a>. -</p> -<p>Ornithology, the author going to lecture on, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.25"><b>25</b>, 25</a>. -</p> -<p>Otomac Indians, diet of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.18"><b>27</b>, 18</a>. -</p> -<p>Own, every man to his, meaning of the expression, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.01"><b>28</b>, 1</a>. -</p> -<p>Oxford, art at, on what now dependent, <a href="#pb2"><b>37</b>, 2</a>. -</p> -<p>Painters and authors, no need to speak of the honesty of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.20"><b>31</b>, 20</a>. -</p> -<p>Painting, the witness of, unbroken, down to the last days of Venice, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.13"><b>26</b>, 13</a>. -</p> -<p>‘Pall Mall Gazette,’ extract from the, on a month’s railway accidents, <span class="pageNum" id="pb24x">[<a href="#pb24x">24</a>]</span><a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.26"><b>35</b>, 26</a>–29 (note); <br>extract from the, on the wealth of the world, <a href="#pb163"><b>44</b>, 163</a>; <br>remarks thereon, <a href="#pb164"><b>44</b>, 164</a>. -</p> -<p>Pancras, St., <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.27"><b>32</b>, 27</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Pantomime at Drury Lane, <a href="#pb54"><b>39</b>, 54</a>; <br>compared with the real world, <a href="#pb56"><b>39</b>, 56</a>. -</p> -<p>Paper manufacture, pollutes streams, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.02"><b>33</b>, 2</a>. -</p> -<p>Paris, behaviour of old, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.18"><b>29</b>, 18</a>; <br>breakfast in, <a href="#pb271"><b>48</b>, 271</a>; <br>food fund, committee of, pleasant reading, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.22"><b>33</b>, 22</a> (note); <br>walk through, <a href="#pb105"><b>41</b>, 105</a>; <br>destruction of, <a href="#pb143"><b>43</b>, 143</a>. -</p> -<p>Park, meaning of the word, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.06"><b>27</b>, 6</a>; <br>pulling down railings of, <i>ib.</i>; <br>cost of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.10"><b>27</b>, 10</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.04"><b>28</b>, 4</a>; <br>no longer for us, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.04"><b>28</b>, 4</a>. -</p> -<p>Parks of England, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.10"><b>27</b>, 10</a>. -</p> -<p>Parliamentary talk, a watchman’s rattle sprung by constituencies of rascals at the -sight of an honest man, <a href="#pb7"><b>37</b>, 7</a>. -</p> -<p>Parricide at Halifax, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.31"><b>35</b>, 31</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Passion not judged, but the want of it, <a href="#pb128"><b>42</b>, 128</a>. -</p> -<p>Pastoral life promotes song, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.13"><b>32</b>, 13</a>. -</p> -<p>Patience, necessary for work, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.26"><b>25</b>, 26</a>; <br>a mother’s effect of, in education, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.14"><b>33</b>, 14</a>. -</p> -<p>Patriotism, real, what it is, <a href="#pb231"><b>46</b>, 231</a>. -</p> -<p>Patron saints of the chief occupations of the members of St. George’s Company, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.13"><b>26</b>, 13</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Paul, St., why to be reverenced, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.03"><b>28</b>, 3</a>; <br>ascertained by German critics to be Simon Magus, <i>ib.</i>; <br>his grave, <a href="#pb154"><b>43</b>, 154</a>. -</p> -<p>Paupers, squires are able-bodied, compelling their dole, <a href="#pb250"><b>45</b>, 250</a>. -</p> -<p>Pavement, ideally clean street, <a href="#pb266"><b>48</b>, 266</a>. -</p> -<p>Payment over the counter, in all wise commerce, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.02"><b>26</b>, 2</a>. -</p> -<p>Peasant, difference between English and Swiss, <a href="#pb62"><b>39</b>, 62</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Peebles, story of Peter, <a href="#pb251"><b>47</b>, 251</a>, <a href="#pb252">252</a>; <br>compared with Miss Flite, <a href="#pb253"><b>47</b>, 253</a>. -</p> -<p>Penny, shilling, and pound, the British Bible, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.06"><b>25</b>, 6</a>; <br>description of a, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Pepin de Werre, at Calais, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.18"><b>25</b>, 18</a>. -</p> -<p>Pepper’s ghost, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.05"><b>29</b>, 5</a>. -</p> -<p>Perseverance of the author’s mother, consequence of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.15"><b>33</b>, 15</a>. -</p> -<p>Peter Mathieson, old dignified coachman, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.20"><b>32</b>, 20</a>; <br>turned ploughman, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.21"><b>32</b>, 21</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb25x">[<a href="#pb25x">25</a>]</span></p> -<p>Phalanthus of Sparta, allusion to, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.08"><b>25</b>, 8</a>. -</p> -<p>Physical science, advantage of, to boys and girls, <a href="#pb274"><b>48</b>, 274</a>. -</p> -<p>Physicians, dishonesty of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.20"><b>31</b>, 20</a>. -</p> -<p>Piper, Highland, feeling of, steadily antagonistic to puritanism, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.17"><b>32</b>, 17</a>. -</p> -<p>Place, every one to find his own, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.02"><b>28</b>, 2</a>. -</p> -<p>Plan, the author’s, in this book, <a href="#pb2"><b>36</b>, 2</a>, <a href="#pb13"><b>37</b>, 13</a>, <a href="#pb142"><b>43</b>, 142</a>. -</p> -<p>Plato, quotation from the republic of, <a href="#pb14"><b>37</b>, 14</a>. -</p> -<p>Play, how was it Scott could not write a? <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.20"><b>33</b>, 20</a>. -</p> -<p>Plumes, what they are the symbol of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.07"><b>28</b>, 7</a>. -</p> -<p>Poetry, dramatic, lyric, and epic, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.06"><b>34</b>, 6</a>. -</p> -<p>Political economy and the Peace Society can neither grant nor protect land, <a href="#pb199"><b>45</b>, 199</a>. -</p> -<p>Pontine marshes, a symbol of diabolic work, <a href="#pb228"><b>46</b>, 228</a>. -</p> -<p>Pope, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.04"><b>32</b>, 4</a>, <a href="#pb94"><b>40</b>, 94</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Positive philosophy, <a href="#pb4"><b>37</b>, 4</a>. -</p> -<p>Post-office, eleven vacancies for girls at the, applied for by 2000, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.13"><b>29</b>, 13</a>. -</p> -<p>Pound, (the coin,) put it on the table and let us examine it, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.03"><b>26</b>, 3</a>; <br>(the prison,) chosen in preference to park, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.04"><b>28</b>, 4</a>. -</p> -<p>Poverty, of the country through the enriching of a few, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.17"><b>27</b>, 17</a>; <br>Giotto’s picture of the marriage of, to St. Francis, <a href="#pb213"><b>45</b>, 213</a>. -</p> -<p>Power of writing and spelling correctly, how acquired by the author, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.14"><b>33</b>, 14</a>. -</p> -<p>Prayer, to take away hardness of heart from all Jews, etc., an absurd one, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.03"><b>30</b>, 3</a>; <br>for Jews, etc., the author’s form of, for himself, <i>ib.</i>; <br>is not work, <a href="#pb225"><b>46</b>, 225</a>; <br>Duke of Argyll on, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Preaching, to be good, must be gratis, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.23"><b>31</b>, 23</a>. -</p> -<p>Press, writers for the public, really answerable for the present state of things, -<a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.13"><b>27</b>, 13</a>; <br>for thirty years steadily opposed to good work of the author, <i>ib.</i>; <br>opinion of the British, on Fors Clavigera, <a href="#pb239"><b>46</b>, 239</a> (note); <br>folly and impudence of the, <i>ib.</i>; <br>remarks theron, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Presumption of pointing out all the ways of governing the universe, M’Cosh on the, -<a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.09"><b>27</b>, 9</a>. -</p> -<p>Price, the author’s first, always the <i>lowest</i>, <a href="#pb17"><b>37</b>, 17</a> (note); <br>regulation of, <a href="#pb31"><b>38</b>, 31</a>; <br>now regulated by rascals, <a href="#pb32"><b>38</b>, 32</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb26x">[<a href="#pb26x">26</a>]</span></p> -<p>Prices, regulation of, <a href="#pb35"><b>38</b>, 35</a>; <br>of this book, <a href="#pb39"><b>38</b>, 39</a>. -</p> -<p>Pride, Scott’s strongest passion nobly set, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.18"><b>32</b>, 18</a>. -</p> -<p>Princess, dream of the, picture of, <a href="#pb93"><b>40</b>, 93</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Print shops can be only looked into at the expense of modesty, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.11"><b>29</b>, 11</a>. -</p> -<p>Profession, every gentlemanly, except digging, has a taint of dishonesty in it, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.20"><b>31</b>, 20</a>. -</p> -<p>Property, private right of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.17"><b>28</b>, 17</a>; <br>letter on the increased conviction of the sanctity of, <a href="#pb183"><b>44</b>, 183</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Provident, people in good position so, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.14"><b>28</b>, 14</a>. -</p> -<p>Psalm-singing squire, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.05"><b>35</b>, 5</a>; <br>his lovely love-poems, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.06"><b>35</b>, 6</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.07">7</a>. -</p> -<p>Psalmody, modern Scottish, discordant, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.17"><b>32</b>, 17</a>. -</p> -<p>Psalms, book of, very precious, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.04"><b>35</b>, 4</a>; <br>the fourteenth and fifteenth examined, <a href="#pb7"><b>36</b>, 7</a>; <br>the author unable to account for the sentence, “There were they in great fear,” etc., -<a href="#pb8"><b>36</b>, 8</a>; <br>of England, <a href="#pb132"><b>42</b>, 132</a>. -</p> -<p>Public, reluctance of the British, to trust an honest person, <a href="#pb2"><b>36</b>, 2</a>. -</p> -<p>Punch, epitaph on the Bishop of Winchester and Baron Bethell in, <a href="#pb125"><b>42</b>, 125</a>. -</p> -<p>Punishment, capital, only opposed by rogues and their abettors, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.03"><b>35</b>, 3</a>; 14. -</p> -<p>Puppy, glossy headed, to sell fish eventually, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.33"><b>34</b>, 33</a>. -</p> -<p>Puritanism, influence of, on Scott’s mental life, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.17"><b>32</b>, 17</a>; <br>one of the last remains of noble and sincere, among men of sound learning, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.07"><b>33</b>, 7</a>. -</p> -<p>Purity, Shakespeare’s meaning of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.16"><b>25</b>, 16</a>. -</p> -<p>Quakers, influence of, on Scott’s ancestors, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.14"><b>31</b>, 14</a>. -</p> -<p>Questions, on Shakespeare answered, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.17"><b>25</b>, 17</a>; <br>pressing, for England and France, <a href="#pb153"><b>43</b>, 153</a>. -</p> -<p>Rabies, canine, letter concerning, <a href="#pb95"><b>40</b>, 95</a>. -</p> -<p>Race, few now left of the old, <a href="#pb269"><b>48</b>, 269</a>. -</p> -<p>Rachel of England, <a href="#pb231"><b>46</b>, 231</a>. -</p> -<p>Raeburn, Sir Henry, dining with Lord Eldon, <a href="#pb37"><b>38</b>, 37</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Railings, pulling down park, a significant business, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.06"><b>27</b>, 6</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb27x">[<a href="#pb27x">27</a>]</span></p> -<p>Railroad dividends, letter on, <a href="#pb261"><b>47</b>, 261</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Railways, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.06"><b>35</b>, 6</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.26">26</a>–30 (note); <br>“blamed for blood,” <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.07"><b>35</b>, 7</a>; <br>an infernal means of locomotion, <a href="#pb166"><b>44</b>, 166</a>. -</p> -<p>Rainbow, all the colours of the, are essentially secondary, <a href="#pb115"><b>42</b>, 115</a>. -</p> -<p>Rational, what is now called, <a href="#pb264"><b>48</b>, 264</a>. -</p> -<p>Readers, evangelical, compared to hedgehogs, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.04"><b>35</b>, 4</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Reading, how to make young ladies fond of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.04"><b>33</b>, 4</a>. -</p> -<p>‘Record,’ newspaper, <a href="#pb241"><b>46</b>, 241</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Redgauntlet, novel of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.08"><b>29</b>, 8</a>; <br>Sir Walter Scott’s own biography, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.16"><b>31</b>, 16</a>; <br>the story of, <a href="#pb247"><b>47</b>, 247</a>; <br>epitome of, <a href="#pb248"><b>47</b>, 248</a>. -</p> -<p>Refined personages not easy in their minds, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.10"><b>28</b>, 10</a>. -</p> -<p>Refinement to be enforced in St. George’s Company, <a href="#pb272"><b>48</b>, 272</a>. -</p> -<p>Reign of law, or a spirit of mercy and truth, <a href="#pb130"><b>42</b>, 130</a>. -</p> -<p>Religion, frantic hatred of, by French republican mind, <a href="#pb153"><b>43</b>, 153</a>; <br>essential meaning of, <a href="#pb204"><b>45</b>, 204</a>. -</p> -<p>Religious egotism, Scott’s inevitable perception of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.06"><b>33</b>, 6</a>. -</p> -<p>Remedy, for the present state of affairs, proposed in a letter to the author, <a href="#pb157"><b>43</b>, 157</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Rent, of St. George to be paid in tithes of produce, <a href="#pb9"><b>37</b>, 9</a>; <br>capital and interest all to be attacked at once, <a href="#pb142"><b>43</b>, 142</a>; <br>paid in food, <a href="#pb173"><b>44</b>, 173</a>; <br>how to be fixed, <a href="#pb203"><b>45</b>, 203</a>; <br>ought to be diminished in proportion to the improvement of land, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Republican, list of questions put to the author by a, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.30"><b>25</b>, 30</a> (note); <br>answer to ditto, <i>ib.</i>; <br>characteristic letter from a, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.25"><b>29</b>, 25</a>–28 (note); <br>pantomime unknown, <a href="#pb58"><b>39</b>, 58</a>. -</p> -<p>Republicanism, letter characteristic of the genius of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.25"><b>29</b>, 25</a>–28 (note). -</p> -<p>Reserved subtlety of Scott’s teaching like Nature’s own, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.02"><b>31</b>, 2</a>. -</p> -<p>Responsibility and free will, the author settled these questions for himself long -ago, <a href="#pb3"><b>37</b>, 3</a>. -</p> -<p>Rest on the seventh day and work on the six, <a href="#pb225"><b>46</b>, 225</a>. -</p> -<p>Revolution, French, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.16"><b>29</b>, 16</a>, <a href="#pb79"><b>40</b>, 79</a>; <br>and massacre the result of our present policy, <a href="#pb172"><b>44</b>, 172</a>. -</p> -<p>Riband, blue, worn by the Queen, fastened by Alice of Salisbury, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.11"><b>31</b>, 11</a>. -</p> -<p>Ribaumont, Lord Eustace de, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.19"><b>25</b>, 19</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb28x">[<a href="#pb28x">28</a>]</span></p> -<p>Rich, English people not, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.17"><b>27</b>, 17</a>. -</p> -<p>Rivers, Scottish, condition of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.02"><b>33</b>, 2</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Road, an old English, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.06"><b>35</b>, 6</a>. -</p> -<p>Roast beef, no more, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.17"><b>27</b>, 17</a>. -</p> -<p>Robert Henry, his polished account of the Supper at Calais, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.22"><b>25</b>, 22</a>. -</p> -<p>Robinson Crusoe, advice to imitate, <a href="#pb258"><b>47</b>, 258</a>. -</p> -<p>Rogue, what distinguishes him from an honest man, <a href="#pb102"><b>41</b>, 102</a>. -</p> -<p>Rome, modern buildings in, <a href="#pb162"><b>44</b>, 162</a>. -</p> -<p>Rope, superiority of hand-made over machine-made, <a href="#pb242"><b>46</b>, 242</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Rose, Romance of the, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.03"><b>34</b>, 3</a>, <a href="#pb147"><b>43</b>, 147</a>; <br>bestrewn path in the Basilica, filthy state of, <a href="#pb161"><b>44</b>, 161</a>. -</p> -<p>Roses, the devil afraid of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.15"><b>26</b>, 15</a>; <br>wild, not cultivated, <a href="#pb236"><b>46</b>, 236</a>; <br>sad story of poor girl’s asking for, <a href="#pb237"><b>46</b>, 237</a>. -</p> -<p>Ruffianism, quotation from ‘Morning Post’ on, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.27"><b>34</b>, 27</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Rugby, travellers’ repose at, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.08"><b>28</b>, 8</a>. -</p> -<p>Ruin, the only remedy now possible, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.25"><b>29</b>, 25</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Rutherford, Dr., accustomed to pray for his patients, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.06"><b>33</b>, 6</a>. -</p> -<p>Sadness of the past promotes song, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.14"><b>32</b>, 14</a>. -</p> -<p>Saint (<i>see</i> separate names); evangelical notion of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.06"><b>27</b>, 6</a>. -</p> -<p>Saints, those the St. George’s Company will be bound to reverence, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.12"><b>26</b>, 12</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.05"><b>27</b>, 5</a>. -</p> -<p>St. George. (<i>See</i> George.) -</p> -<p>St. George’s Square, mistake about, corrected, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.09"><b>32</b>, 9</a>. -</p> -<p>Salmon, servants at Perth objected to too much, <a href="#pb32"><b>38</b>, 32</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Sandy-Knowe, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.09"><b>32</b>, 9</a>. -</p> -<p>Sanitary condition of Scotherne, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.23"><b>27</b>, 23</a> (note). -</p> -<p>‘Saturday Review’ on the author’s sentimentality, <a href="#pb130"><b>42</b>, 130</a>. -</p> -<p>Scandal at Bath Pump Room, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.18"><b>33</b>, 18</a>. -</p> -<p>‘School for Scandal,’ in reference to Dr. Tyndall’s sweet speeches, <a href="#pb160"><b>43</b>, 160</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Schoolmistress, profession of, respectable, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.05"><b>33</b>, 5</a>. -</p> -<p>Science, general, corrupted and retarded by jealousy, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.25"><b>34</b>, 25</a>; <br>in St. George’s schools to be practically taught, <a href="#pb52"><b>39</b>, 52</a>. -</p> -<p>Scotherne, sanitary condition of the village of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.23"><b>27</b>, 23</a> (note). -<span class="pageNum" id="pb29x">[<a href="#pb29x">29</a>]</span></p> -<p>Scotland, pre-eminently a singing country, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.13"><b>32</b>, 13</a>. -</p> -<p>Scott, Sir Walter, on poor law, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.14"><b>27</b>, 14</a>; <br>on tippling houses, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.15"><b>27</b>, 15</a>; <br>on the gambling nature of business generally, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.17"><b>27</b>, 17</a>; <br>on the beatitude and virtues of masterhood, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.16"><b>28</b>, 16</a>; <br>description of his first country house, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.07"><b>29</b>, 7</a>; <br>portrait of, frontispiece to <b>31</b>; <br>made romance ridiculous, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.01"><b>31</b>, 1</a>; <br>the good his works could do, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.02"><b>31</b>, 2</a>; <br>his one weakness, <i>ib.</i>; <br>compared with Dante and Virgil, <i>ib.</i>; <br>life of, begins, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.04"><b>31</b>, 4</a>; <br>his temper, <i>ib.</i>; <br>his monument a vulgar gothic steeple, <i>ib.</i>; <br>the unhealthiness of his birthplace, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.05"><b>31</b>, 5</a>; <br>his ancestors, <i>ib.</i>, also 12, 14, 16; <br>his notes and private letters, caution to be observed when reading, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.17"><b>31</b>, 17</a>; <br>his ancestors, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.24"><b>31</b>, 24</a>; <br>his aunt Janet, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.26"><b>31</b>, 26</a>; <br>divisions of his life, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.01"><b>32</b>, 1</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.03">3</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.05">5</a>; <br>his loving thought of his dogs on parting, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.03"><b>32</b>, 3</a>; <br>reflections on his life, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.02"><b>32</b>, 2</a>; <br>epitome of his youth, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.05"><b>32</b>, 5</a>; <br>his childhood, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.07"><b>32</b>, 7</a>–12; <br>his pride, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.18"><b>32</b>, 18</a>; <br>his sorrow for his servants, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.20"><b>32</b>, 20</a>; <br>Sir Walter, commonly read, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.25"><b>32</b>, 25</a> (note); <br>life of, too interesting to readers, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.01"><b>33</b>, 1</a>; <br>his mother, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.03"><b>33</b>, 3</a>; <br>his grandmother, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.08"><b>33</b>, 8</a>–10; <br>his aunt, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.08"><b>33</b>, 8</a>–13; <br>his library, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.11"><b>33</b>, 11</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.15">15</a>; <br>Janet, aunt of Sir Walter, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.13"><b>33</b>, 13</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.16">16</a>; <br>goes to the play, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.19"><b>33</b>, 19</a>; <br>his work always epic, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.07"><b>34</b>, 7</a>; <br>dramatic work contrary to his nature, <i>ib.</i>; <br>classed with Pindar, Homer, Virgil, and Dante, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.08"><b>34</b>, 8</a>; <br>his character-portraits, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.10"><b>34</b>, 10</a>; <br>his mode of travelling, <a href="#pb167"><b>44</b>, 167</a>; <br>the chief charm of his prose works, what, and how obtained, <a href="#pb168"><b>44</b>, 168</a>; <br>his opinion of British law, <a href="#pb244"><b>47</b>, 244</a>; <br>his legal characters, <a href="#pb247"><b>47</b>, 247</a>. -</p> -<p>Scott’s land, limits of, fixed by the author, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.07"><b>29</b>, 7</a>. -</p> -<p>Scottish streams, the beauty of the sound of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.14"><b>32</b>, 14</a>. -</p> -<p>Sculpture, effect of, on Scott when a child, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.18"><b>33</b>, 18</a>; <br>power of religious, <i>meant</i> to terrify, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.19"><b>33</b>, 19</a>; <br>grand knots in the beams answering all the purposes of, <a href="#pb223"><b>46</b>, 223</a>. -</p> -<p>Seaside hotel, old and new, <a href="#pb38"><b>38</b>, 38</a>. -</p> -<p>Seasons, proper observation of, a celestial work, <a href="#pb228"><b>46</b>, 228</a>. -</p> -<p>Secret, the utter and inmost, of the squire’s behaviour <a href="#pb206"><b>45</b>, 206</a>. -</p> -<p>Selborne, history of, alluded to on the Crocus, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.16"><b>26</b>, 16</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb30x">[<a href="#pb30x">30</a>]</span></p> -<p>Sentiment, ancient, compared with modern common sense, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.01"><b>33</b>, 1</a>; <br>of the dark ages, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.03"><b>34</b>, 3</a>; <br>its real nature, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.05"><b>34</b>, 5</a>; <br>Sir C. Adderley on, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.04"><b>34</b>, 4</a>; <br>purity of, distinguishes a gentle from a churlish mind, <a href="#pb102"><b>41</b>, 102</a>. -</p> -<p>Serfs, who are, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.11"><b>28</b>, 11</a>. -</p> -<p>Sermons, the author’s experience of, for thirty years, <a href="#pb6"><b>36</b>, 6</a>. -</p> -<p>Servants, Scott’s, their love for him, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.20"><b>32</b>, 20</a>; <br>sometimes masters, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.21"><b>32</b>, 21</a> (<i>see</i> Masters); <br>character of the old school of, at the hotel Meurice, <a href="#pb271"><b>48</b>, 271</a>; <br>German, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Service to death may be recovered, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.22"><b>32</b>, 22</a>; <br>broken by the sin of your masters, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Shakespeare, remarks on shilling copy of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.15"><b>25</b>, 15</a>; <br>Chaucer and Fielding, remarks on, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.09"><b>34</b>, 9</a>; <br>and Scott, <a href="#pb250"><b>47</b>, 250</a>. -</p> -<p>Sheep, Scott’s knowledge of individual, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.11"><b>32</b>, 11</a>; <br>difficulty of knowing each one in a large flock, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.12"><b>32</b>, 12</a>. -</p> -<p>Shield, Barbara Haliburton’s, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.13"><b>33</b>, 13</a>. -</p> -<p>Shillings, the author’s delight in lion, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.12"><b>34</b>, 12</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Shirley, beauty of the village of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.03"><b>29</b>, 3</a>; <br>now covered with houses built of rotten brick, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Shooting and tormenting beasts, <a href="#pb229"><b>46</b>, 229</a>. -</p> -<p>Sidney, Sir Philip, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.01"><b>35</b>, 1</a>; <br>his wound, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.11"><b>35</b>, 11</a>; <br>his dying charge to his brother, <i>ib.</i>; <br>his kind act to a soldier, <i>ib.</i>, and <a href="#pb5"><b>36</b>, 5</a>; <br>his death, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.12"><b>35</b>, 12</a>; <br>all England went into mourning for, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Simplicity without coarseness, possible and natural, under laws of St. George’s Company, -<a href="#pb12"><b>37</b>, 12</a>. -</p> -<p>Sins of the hot and cold heart, <a href="#pb128"><b>42</b>, 128</a>. -</p> -<p>Sire of Cresques, the, at Calais, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.19"><b>25</b>, 19</a>. -</p> -<p>Sir Walter Scott’s land, limits of, fixed by the author, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.07"><b>29</b>, 7</a>. -</p> -<p>Sixty pounds on the square inch, power of steam at, <a href="#pb110"><b>41</b>, 110</a>. -</p> -<p>Sky still blue in London in the early morning, <a href="#pb101"><b>41</b>, 101</a>. -</p> -<p>Slaves, those employed in mechanical labour are, <a href="#pb172"><b>44</b>, 172</a>, <a href="#pb178">178</a>; <br>to society, <a href="#pb231"><b>46</b>, 231</a>. -</p> -<p>Smith and carpenter in St. George’s Company, what work permitted, <a href="#pb11"><b>37</b>, 11</a>. -</p> -<p>Smoke and filth not to be lived in, <a href="#pb178"><b>44</b>, 178</a>. -</p> -<p>Social Science meeting, author’s address on the labour question <span class="pageNum" id="pb31x">[<a href="#pb31x">31</a>]</span>at, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.23"><b>28</b>, 23</a> (note); <br>secretary of, on civilization—the vilest sentence in literature, <a href="#pb131"><b>42</b>, 131</a>. -</p> -<p>Soldier, French, and his bride, story of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.19"><b>29</b>, 19</a>. -</p> -<p>Soldier’s life passing into shepherd’s promotes song, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.14"><b>32</b>, 14</a>. -</p> -<p>Song, its connexion with industry and human love, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.17"><b>32</b>, 17</a>; <br>in border land of Scotland, reasons for, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.13"><b>32</b>, 13</a>; <br>love-song, by Sir Philip Sidney, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.05"><b>35</b>, 5</a>–9. -</p> -<p>Soul, what does Shakespeare mean by a pure? <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.16"><b>25</b>, 16</a>. -</p> -<p>Sound of Scottish streams, the beauty of, promotes song, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.14"><b>32</b>, 14</a>. -</p> -<p>Sour plums in Galashiels, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.26"><b>31</b>, 26</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.26"><b>32</b>, 26</a> (note); <br>origin of the song and tune, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.10"><b>33</b>, 10</a>. -</p> -<p>‘Spectator,’ its meaning of ‘high aims,’ <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.14"><b>27</b>, 14</a>; <br>on agriculture, <a href="#pb218"><b>45</b>, 218</a>; <br>quotation from the, on the author, <a href="#pb238"><b>46</b>, 238</a>. -</p> -<p>Spelling, difficulty of, with many girls, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.04"><b>33</b>, 4</a>; <br>cannot be learned late, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Spinning-wheel, ancient use of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.16"><b>32</b>, 16</a>, <a href="#pb80"><b>40</b>, 80</a>; <br>at Coburg, <a href="#pb81"><b>40</b>, 81</a>. -</p> -<p>Spurs, dish of two, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.09"><b>31</b>, 9</a>. -</p> -<p>Squire, means a rider, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.06"><b>35</b>, 6</a>; <br>the root of the present evil his crime, <a href="#pb173"><b>44</b>, 173</a>; <br>his usual action, <i>ib.</i>; <br>strict scrutiny will be made as to the use of every instant of his time, <a href="#pb196"><b>45</b>, 196</a>; <br>the vicegerent of Christ his Captain, <a href="#pb205"><b>45</b>, 205</a>; <br>an able-bodied pauper compelling his dole, <i>ib.</i>; <br>how he gets into parliament now, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Squires of England, the author’s challenge to the, <a href="#pb194"><b>46</b>, 194</a>; <br>will have to fight for their lands, <a href="#pb199"><b>45</b>, 199</a>; <br>heritage, what it once was, <a href="#pb201"><b>45</b>, 201</a>; <br>first duty of, <a href="#pb203"><b>45</b>, 203</a>; <br>second ditto, <a href="#pb204"><b>45</b>, 204</a>. -</p> -<p>Squirrel at Coniston, sad story of a, <a href="#pb277"><b>48</b>, 277</a>. -</p> -<p>Squirrel cage, London a vast, <a href="#pb175"><b>44</b>, 175</a>. -</p> -<p>State, power of death alone possessed by the, <a href="#pb219"><b>46</b>, 219</a>. -</p> -<p>Station in life, frantic fear of people falling below, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.04"><b>30</b>, 4</a>. -</p> -<p>Statuary, superstitious terror of, in Scott when a child, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.18"><b>33</b>, 18</a>. -</p> -<p>Steam at sixty pounds to the square inch, <a href="#pb110"><b>41</b>, 110</a>; <br>letter from China on, <a href="#pb136"><b>42</b>, 136</a>. -</p> -<p>Stephen, Mr. Leslie, among the Alps, <a href="#pb271"><b>48</b>, 271</a>. -</p> -<p>Stephen, St., <a href="#pb277"><b>48</b>, 277</a>. -</p> -<p>Story of the Broom merchant. (<i>See</i> Broom.) -<span class="pageNum" id="pb32x">[<a href="#pb32x">32</a>]</span></p> -<p>Stoves, patent, instead of fires, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.17"><b>27</b>, 17</a>; <br>difference of effect between, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.22"><b>31</b>, 22</a>. -</p> -<p>Stowe, Mrs. Beecher, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.19"><b>28</b>, 19</a>. -</p> -<p>Streams, sound of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.14"><b>32</b>, 14</a>; <br>geological reasons for music of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.14"><b>32</b>, 14</a>; <br>Italian, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.23"><b>33</b>, 23</a> (note); <br>Scottish, present condition of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.02"><b>33</b>, 2</a>; <br>the first thing a king has to do is to manage them, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.23"><b>33</b>, 23</a>; <br>at Seven Bridge Road at Oxford, <a href="#pb35"><b>38</b>, 35</a>. -</p> -<p>Streets of London, <a href="#pb53"><b>39</b>, 53</a>. -</p> -<p>Strikes, no thought of, among Scott’s servants, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.21"><b>32</b>, 21</a>. -</p> -<p>Strutting, Emerson quoted on, and remarks, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.05"><b>26</b>, 5</a>. -</p> -<p>Subscriptions to St. George’s fund, list of, <a href="#pb293"><b>48</b>, 293</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Sugar tongs and modern refinements, <a href="#pb272"><b>48</b>, 272</a>. -</p> -<p>Suisse, the Superbe, and his bear, frontispiece to <b>34</b>. -</p> -<p>Sun, worship of the, <a href="#pb193"><b>45</b>, 193</a>; <br>Turner, a sun worshipper, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Sunday, <a href="#pb55"><b>39</b>, 55</a>; <br>remarks on, in a letter to the author, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.09"><b>29</b>, 9</a>; <br>keeping of, <a href="#pb89"><b>40</b>, 89</a>. -</p> -<p>Sunshine at six o’clock on an October morning, a mistake, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.26"><b>32</b>, 26</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Supply and demand, <a href="#pb32"><b>38</b>, 32</a>; <br>operation of the law of, in Jersey, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.14"><b>30</b>, 14</a>; <br>not consulted by Scott’s servants, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.21"><b>32</b>, 21</a>. -</p> -<p>Swindler, probable consequences if the author had been a, <a href="#pb1"><b>36</b>, 1</a>. -</p> -<p>Swiss, life fast passing away, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.17"><b>34</b>, 17</a>; <br>snows fast passing away, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Sympathy with the author, letter of, <a href="#pb283"><b>48</b>, 283</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Tale-tellers, the four great modern, had all the best intentions, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.01"><b>31</b>, 1</a>; <br>difficult to know what good they did, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.01"><b>31</b>, 1</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.02">2</a>. -</p> -<p>Taormina, theatre of, <a href="#pb275"><b>48</b>, 275</a>. -</p> -<p>Taxation, <a href="#pb163"><b>44</b>, 163</a>, <a href="#pb178">178</a>; <br>and theft defended by popular journalists, <a href="#pb163"><b>44</b>, 163</a>. -</p> -<p>Taxes, oppressive nature of French, <a href="#pb76"><b>40</b>, 76</a>; <br>in England, <i>ib.</i>; <br>receiver of, in France, his perquisites, <a href="#pb77"><b>40</b>, 77</a>. -</p> -<p>Teaching, of nature, reserved subtlety of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.02"><b>31</b>, 2</a>; <br>of heaven often ironical and obscure, <a href="#pb126"><b>42</b>, 126</a>; <br>theological and political art, the most complete example of, <a href="#pb220"><b>46</b>, 220</a>. -</p> -<p>Tea shop, the author’s, <a href="#pb266"><b>48</b>, 266</a>; <br>his difficulty about a sign for the, <a href="#pb267"><b>48</b>, 267</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb33x">[<a href="#pb33x">33</a>]</span></p> -<p>‘Telegraph’ newspaper, extract from, describing murder by kicking, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.23"><b>25</b>, 23</a>; <br>working men called hard names by, <i>ib.</i>; <br>‘The Daily,’ <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.13"><b>27</b>, 13</a>; <br>extracts from, on Paris food fund, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.22"><b>33</b>, 22</a> (note); <br>extract from, on Roman inundation, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.23"><b>33</b>, 23</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Telegraph wire won’t feed people, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.15"><b>29</b>, 15</a>. -</p> -<p>Temper, a noble, better for having its own way, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.28"><b>31</b>, 28</a>; <br>rational, <a href="#pb264"><b>48</b>, 264</a>. -</p> -<p>Temperance man, the author not a, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.10"><b>27</b>, 10</a>. -</p> -<p>Tenants of St. George’s Company, <a href="#pb9"><b>37</b>, 9</a>; <br>on what terms they obtain leases, <a href="#pb11"><b>37</b>, 11</a>. -</p> -<p>Thackeray compared to a meat fly, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.01"><b>31</b>, 1</a>. -</p> -<p>Thatch, tiles substituted for, in Picardy, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.22"><b>31</b>, 22</a>. -</p> -<p>Theatre, Scott’s first visit to a, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.19"><b>33</b>, 19</a>. -</p> -<p>Theseus, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.05"><b>28</b>, 5</a>, and frontispiece. -</p> -<p>Thick skin, and a good digestion, the advantage of a, <a href="#pb270"><b>48</b>, 270</a>. -</p> -<p>Thieving, open, has no dishonesty in it, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.08"><b>31</b>, 8</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.20">20</a>. -</p> -<p>Thing, a bad, will pay if put properly before the public, <a href="#pb2"><b>36</b>, 2</a>. -</p> -<p>Thistle and rue, must learn their story, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.13"><b>25</b>, 13</a>. -</p> -<p>Thomas, St., the author’s sympathy for, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb27.02"><b>27</b>, 2</a>. -</p> -<p>Thought, power of, how formed in a child, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.08"><b>33</b>, 8</a>. -</p> -<p>Thoughtlessness, the chief calamity of the day, <a href="#pb277"><b>48</b>, 277</a>. -</p> -<p>Thoughts of a great man, the, not got at at once, <a href="#pb246"><b>47</b>, 246</a>. -</p> -<p>Thun, scene in a farmhouse near, <a href="#pb170"><b>44</b>, 170</a>. -</p> -<p>Tichborne claimant, cost of the trial of the, <a href="#pb187"><b>44</b>, 187</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Tien Tsin, massacre of, described by the ‘Spectator,’ <a href="#pb24"><b>37</b>, 24</a> (note). -</p> -<p>‘Times, The,’ conquest honoured by, as private enterprise, <a href="#pb122"><b>42</b>, 122</a>. -</p> -<p>Tintoret, his convictions on the subject of the dragon, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.13"><b>26</b>, 13</a>. -</p> -<p>Tongues, decent men and women ought to use their, <a href="#pb48"><b>38</b>, 48</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Townspeople, wretched, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.12"><b>30</b>, 12</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Trade, true and beneficent, what it is, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.12"><b>29</b>, 12</a>; <br>dress bought for the good of, to be immediately burned, <a href="#pb44"><b>38</b>, 44</a> (note); <br>principles of, <a href="#pb209"><b>45</b>, 209</a>. -</p> -<p>Tradespeople, demoralization of, <a href="#pb174"><b>44</b>, 174</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb34x">[<a href="#pb34x">34</a>]</span></p> -<p>Tramways, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.11"><b>29</b>, 11</a>. -</p> -<p>Travelling in olden times compared with new, <a href="#pb167"><b>44</b>, 167</a>. -</p> -<p>Treasure of Charlemagne, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.14"><b>25</b>, 14</a>. -</p> -<p>Trout, the author’s, at Carshalton, <a href="#pb229"><b>46</b>, 229</a>. -</p> -<p>Trust, get your customers’, not to enable you to cheat them, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.08"><b>30</b>, 8</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Truth, the author only states what he knows to be incontrovertibly, <a href="#pb138"><b>43</b>, 138</a>. -</p> -<p>Tuilleries, the burning of the, confused the author’s plans, <a href="#pb142"><b>43</b>, 142</a>. -</p> -<p>Turk, the author would enforce a passage of the Koran on a faithful, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.03"><b>30</b>, 3</a>. -</p> -<p>Turner darkening his picture, author’s story of, disbelieved, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.06"><b>26</b>, 6</a>; <br>a sun worshipper, <a href="#pb193"><b>45</b>, 193</a>. -</p> -<p>Tweed, river, what it was to Scott, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.15"><b>32</b>, 15</a>. -</p> -<p>Tyndall, Professor, on the regelation of ice, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.11"><b>33</b>, 11</a>; <br>his recent work on glaciers, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.18"><b>34</b>, 18</a>; <br>degree of ignorance to which he has reduced the general scientific public, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.22"><b>35</b>, 22</a>; <br>his sweet speeches, <a href="#pb160"><b>43</b>, 160</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Ulverstone, railway travelling at, described, <a href="#pb167"><b>44</b>, 167</a>. -</p> -<p>Usury, <a href="#pb155"><b>43</b>, 155</a> (note), <a href="#pb179"><b>44</b>, 179</a>. -</p> -<p>Utopian topics objected to in the author’s art lectures, <a href="#pb117"><b>42</b>, 117</a>. -</p> -<p>Vaults, family, <a href="#pb194"><b>45</b>, 194</a>, <a href="#pb202">202</a>. -</p> -<p>Venice, called ‘pleasant’ by Shakespeare—remarks thereon, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.16"><b>25</b>, 16</a>; <br>witness of painting in, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.13"><b>26</b>, 13</a>; <br>result of her trading in pleasure, <a href="#pb119"><b>42</b>, 119</a>; <br>sea canals of, <a href="#pb228"><b>46</b>, 228</a>. -</p> -<p>Verona, chant of girls at, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.16"><b>32</b>, 16</a>; <br>no one cares for now, <a href="#pb117"><b>42</b>, 117</a>. -</p> -<p>Veterinarian, opinion of an eminent London, on rabies, <a href="#pb96"><b>40</b>, 96</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Victor Carpaccio, his opinion of St. George, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.03"><b>26</b>, 3</a>; <br>how he painted him, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb26.13"><b>26</b>, 13</a>. -</p> -<p>Virtue, the world exists only by the strength of silent, <a href="#pb74"><b>40</b>, 74</a>; <br>summed by the author as gentleness and justice, <a href="#pb102"><b>41</b>, 102</a>. -</p> -<p>Voltaire, Henriade of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.07"><b>34</b>, 7</a>; <br>destitute of imaginative power, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.08"><b>34</b>, 8</a>; <br>Candide of, <i>ib.</i> -<span class="pageNum" id="pb35x">[<a href="#pb35x">35</a>]</span></p> -<p>Vote for parliament, author never did and never means to, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.27"><b>29</b>, 27</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Wages of Sir W. Scott’s servants not determined by competition, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.21"><b>32</b>, 21</a>. -</p> -<p>Walls, strength of old, <a href="#pb110"><b>41</b>, 110</a>. -</p> -<p>Wandering Willie, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.17"><b>32</b>, 17</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.26">26</a> (note). -</p> -<p>War, what it really means, <a href="#pb19"><b>37</b>, 19</a> (note); <br>select committee on, proposed by ‘Daily Telegraph,’ <a href="#pb19"><b>37</b>, 19</a> (note); <br>French, <a href="#pb83"><b>40</b>, 83</a>. -</p> -<p>War horn, border, found by Scott, <a href="#pb168"><b>44</b>, 168</a>. -</p> -<p>Wars, how paid for, <a href="#pb178"><b>44</b>, 178</a>. -</p> -<p>Washstand in the cell at Assisi, <a href="#pb223"><b>46</b>, 223</a>. -</p> -<p>Water, states of, on the Alps, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.26"><b>34</b>, 26</a>. -</p> -<p>Waverley novels, heraldic delineations of the, <a href="#pb252"><b>47</b>, 252</a>. -</p> -<p>Wealth, substantial, of what it consists, <a href="#pb8"><b>37</b>, 8</a>; <br>of the world infinitely great, according to the ‘Pall Mall Gazette,’ <a href="#pb163"><b>44</b>, 163</a>; <br>remarks thereon, <a href="#pb165"><b>44</b>, 165</a>. -</p> -<p>Wheatstone’s invention won’t feed people, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.15"><b>29</b>, 15</a>. -</p> -<p>Whistling, and buzzing, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.22"><b>32</b>, 22</a>; <br>natural and steam, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb33.02"><b>33</b>, 2</a>; <br>at Venice, <a href="#pb119"><b>42</b>, 119</a>. -</p> -<p>Whitebait, <a href="#pb229"><b>46</b>, 229</a>. -</p> -<p>Wife, not an expensive luxury, <a href="#pb71"><b>39</b>, 71</a>; <br>wifely quality, final definition of proper, <i>ib.</i>; <br>position of, in liberal modern life, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.08"><b>31</b>, 8</a>. -</p> -<p>Wigan and Preston, labyrinths to be seen at, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.05"><b>28</b>, 5</a>. -</p> -<p>Wilson, Alison, in ‘Old Mortality,’ <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.10"><b>32</b>, 10</a>. -</p> -<p>Windsor, St. George’s Chapel at, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.11"><b>31</b>, 11</a>. -</p> -<p>Wine, price of in Italy, why increased, <a href="#pb163"><b>44</b>, 163</a>. -</p> -<p>‘Without doubting,’ meaning of the expression, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.26"><b>25</b>, 26</a>. -</p> -<p>Womanhood, reverence for, inculcated, <a href="#pb104"><b>41</b>, 104</a>. -</p> -<p>Women, picture of, as qualified aspirants by the ‘Telegraph,’ <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.13"><b>29</b>, 13</a>, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.14">14</a>; <br>rights of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.15"><b>29</b>, 15</a>; <br>influence of the possession or want of beauty upon, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.14"><b>31</b>, 14</a>; <br>what is true work for, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.29"><b>34</b>, 29</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Woodstock, labyrinth at, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb31.11"><b>31</b>, 11</a>; <br>novel of, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb32.03"><b>32</b>, 3</a>. -</p> -<p>Woolwich infant, <a href="#pb200"><b>45</b>, 200</a>. -<span class="pageNum" id="pb36x">[<a href="#pb36x">36</a>]</span></p> -<p>Word of God, the Bible so called, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb35.04"><b>35</b>, 4</a>; <br>evangelical notion of, <i>ib.</i>; <br>the real meaning of, <a href="#pb3"><b>36</b>, 3</a>; <br>to call a collection of books the, a grave heresy, <i>ib.</i> -</p> -<p>Workers, and idlers, relations between, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb28.09"><b>28</b>, 9</a>; <br>generally have more control over their appetites than idlers, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.24"><b>29</b>, 24</a> (note). -</p> -<p>Working, man, taught for fifty years that one man is as good as another, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.24"><b>29</b>, 24</a> (note); <br>woman, letter from a, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb34.29"><b>34</b>, 29</a> (note), <a href="#pb79"><b>40</b>, 79</a>. -</p> -<p>Work, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb29.12"><b>29</b>, 12</a>; <br>good and bad, <a href="#pb224"><b>46</b>, 224</a>, <a href="#pb229">229</a>; <br>good, modern notion of, <a href="#pb224"><b>46</b>, 224</a>; <br>model for, <a href="#pb226"><b>46</b>, 226</a>; <br>God’s on six days, described, <i>ib.</i>; <br>the first piece a man has to do, <a href="#pb256"><b>47</b>, 256</a>; <br>manual, the only defence against madness, <a href="#pb268"><b>48</b>, 268</a>, <a href="#pb270">270</a>; <br>“works do follow them, their,” <a href="#pb177"><b>44</b>, 177</a>; <br>meaning of the text, <a href="#pb195"><b>46</b>, 195</a>; <br>of darkness, <a href="#pb279"><b>48</b>, 279</a>. -</p> -<p>World, the, discussed, <a href="#pb74"><b>40</b>, 74</a>. -</p> -<p>Worship of money, <a href="#pb231"><b>46</b>, 231</a>. -</p> -<p>Wrath, and doubting, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb25.27"><b>25</b>, 27</a>. -</p> -<p>Young ladies, letter addressed to, <a class="exlink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61634/61634-h/61634-h.htm#pb30.02"><b>30</b>, 2</a>. -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="transcriberNote"> -<h2 class="main">Colophon</h2> -<h3 class="main">Availability</h3> -<p class="first">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project -Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at <a class="seclink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/">www.gutenberg.org</a>. -</p> -<p>This eBook is produced by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at <a class="seclink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://www.pgdp.net/">www.pgdp.net</a>. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="table"> -<h4 class="tablecaption">Overview of available volumes.</h4> -<table> -<thead> -<tr class="label"> -<td class="colvol cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Volume </td> -<td class="cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Year </td> -<td class="cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">PG ebook </td> -<td class="cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Scans </td> -</tr> -</thead> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft">I </td> -<td>1871 </td> -<td><a class="pglink xd31e40" title="Link to Project Gutenberg ebook" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/59456">59456</a> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><a class="seclink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://archive.org/details/forsclavigeralet01ruskrich">1</a> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft">II </td> -<td>1872 </td> -<td><a class="pglink xd31e40" title="Link to Project Gutenberg ebook" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/61591">61591</a> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><a class="seclink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://archive.org/details/forsclavigeralet02ruskrich">2</a> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft">III </td> -<td>1873 </td> -<td><a class="pglink xd31e40" title="Link to Project Gutenberg ebook" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/61634">61634</a> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><a class="seclink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://archive.org/details/forsclavigeralet03ruskrich">3</a> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft">IV </td> -<td>1874 </td> -<td><i>This volume</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><a class="seclink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://archive.org/details/forsclavigeralet04ruskrich">4</a> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft">V </td> -<td>1875 </td> -<td><i>In preparation</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><a class="seclink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://archive.org/details/forsclavigeralet05ruskrich">5</a> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft">VI </td> -<td>1876 </td> -<td><i>In preparation</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><a class="seclink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://archive.org/details/forsclavigeralet06ruskrich">6</a> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft">VII </td> -<td>1877 </td> -<td><i>In preparation</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight"><a class="seclink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://archive.org/details/forsclavigeralet07ruskrich">7</a> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="colvol cellLeft cellBottom">VIII </td> -<td class="cellBottom">1878–’84 </td> -<td class="cellBottom"><i>In preparation</i> </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom"><a class="seclink xd31e40" title="External link" href="https://archive.org/details/forsclavigeralet08ruskrich">8</a> </td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<h3 class="main">Metadata</h3> -<table class="colophonMetadata" summary="Metadata"> -<tr> -<td><b>Title:</b></td> -<td>Fors Clavigera: Letters to the Workmen and Labourers of Great Britain (Volume 4 of -8)</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>Author:</b></td> -<td>John Ruskin (1819–1900)</td> -<td><a href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73859585/" class="seclink">Info</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>Language:</b></td> -<td>English</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>Original publication date:</b></td> -<td>1873</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>Keywords:</b></td> -<td>Aesthetics</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b></b></td> -<td>Conduct of life</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b></b></td> -<td>Labor</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b></b></td> -<td>Social conditions</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b></b></td> -<td>Social problems</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b></b></td> -<td>Working class</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>Library of Congress:</b></td> -<td><a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/08011225" class="seclink">08011225</a></td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>OCLC/WorldCat:</b></td> -<td><a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3852549" class="seclink">3852549</a></td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>Open Library (Book):</b></td> -<td><a href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7025221M" class="seclink">OL7025221M</a></td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>Open Library (Work):</b></td> -<td><a href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL88627W" class="seclink">OL88627W</a></td> -<td></td> -</tr> -</table> -<h3 class="main">Revision History</h3> -<ul> -<li>2022-01-13 Started. </li> -</ul> -<h3 class="main">External References</h3> -<p>This Project Gutenberg eBook contains external references. These links may not work -for you.</p> -<h3 class="main">Corrections</h3> -<p>The following corrections have been applied to the text:</p> -<table class="correctionTable" summary="Overview of corrections applied to the text."> -<tr> -<th>Page</th> -<th>Source</th> -<th>Correction</th> -<th>Edit distance</th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e337">6</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">liably</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">liable</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e463">22</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">deed</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">dead</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e755">49</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -[<i>Not in source</i>] -</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">’</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e1039">76</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">”</td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -[<i>Deleted</i>] -</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e1045">77</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e2032">150</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -[<i>Not in source</i>] -</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">”</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e1249">93</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">.</td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -[<i>Deleted</i>] -</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e1969">149</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">l’àge</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">l’âge</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e1974">149</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">effrontement</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">effrontément</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e1979">149</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">régle</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">règle</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e1984">149</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">entremélés</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">entremêlés</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e1987">149</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Asniéres</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Asnières</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e1992">149</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">l’Elysée</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">l’Élysée</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e1995">149</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Cháteau-Rouge</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Château-Rouge</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e1998">149</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">fiére</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">fière</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e2003">149</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">génée</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">gênée</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e2006">149</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">m’empécher</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">m’empêcher</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e2012">150</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">facha</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">fâcha</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e2017">150</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">plait</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">plaît</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e2092">152</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">blémissait</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">blêmissait</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e2095">152</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">levres</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">lèvres</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e2166">158</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Littre’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Littré’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e2173">158</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">regelated</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">relegated</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e2324">175</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">veracity</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">voracity</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e2331">176</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Warterloo</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Waterloo</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e3159">242</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -[<i>Not in source</i>] -</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">.</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e3405">268</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Schwarmerei</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Schwärmerei</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e3469">276</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">W hat’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">What’s</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e3663">289</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">‘</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">“</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e4253">2</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">n</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">in</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e4658">3</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Beesley</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Beesly</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e5244">6</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -[<i>Not in source</i>] -</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">;</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e5247">6</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">4 8</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">48</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e5370">6</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">,</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">;</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e5562">7</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd31e6115">9</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -[<i>Not in source</i>] -</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">,</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd31e7224">13</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">4</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">48</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -</table> -<h3 class="main">Abbreviations</h3> -<p>Overview of abbreviations used.</p> -<table class="abbreviationtable" summary="Overview of abbreviations used."> -<tr> -<th>Abbreviation</th> -<th>Expansion</th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bottom">LL.D.</td> -<td class="bottom">Doctor of Laws</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FORS CLAVIGERA (VOLUME 4 OF 8) ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 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