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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6474e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #67745 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/67745) diff --git a/old/67745-0.txt b/old/67745-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 1b06170..0000000 --- a/old/67745-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1707 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Yorktown: Climax of the Revolution, by -Charles E. Hatch - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Yorktown: Climax of the Revolution - -Editors: Charles E. Hatch - Thomas M. Pitkin - -Release Date: March 31, 2022 [eBook #67745] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson, Craig Kirkwood, and the Online - Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YORKTOWN: CLIMAX OF THE -REVOLUTION *** - - -Transcriber’s Notes: - -Text enclosed by underscores is in italics. - -Additional Transcriber’s Notes are at the end. - - * * * * * - -Yorktown - -[Illustration] - -_CLIMAX of the_ REVOLUTION - -NATIONAL PARK SERVICE - -_Source Book Series_ - -NUMBER ONE - - * * * * * - -The National Park System, of which this Colonial National Historical -Park is a unit, is dedicated to conserving the scenic, scientific, and -historic heritage of the United States for the benefit and inspiration -of its people. - -[Illustration] - -THIS BOOK printed at the UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. -Copies may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, -_Washington, D. C._ - -PRICE 20 CENTS - - - - -Yorktown _CLIMAX_ OF THE REVOLUTION - - - _EDITED by_ CHARLES E. HATCH, JR. - _and_ THOMAS M. PITKIN - - [Illustration] - - _WASHINGTON, D. C., 1941 (REPRINT 1956)_ - - * * * * * - - UNITED STATES - DEPARTMENT OF THE - INTERIOR - - Fred A. Seaton, _Secretary_ - - [Illustration] - - NATIONAL PARK SERVICE - CONRAD L. WIRTH, _Director_ - - - - -_CONTENTS_ - - - Page - - 1. CORNWALLIS GOES TO YORKTOWN 1 - - 2. THE FRENCH FLEET BLOCKADES THE CHESAPEAKE 1 - - 3. THE ALLIES ASSEMBLE AT WILLIAMSBURG 3 - - 4. THE BRITISH POSITION 5 - - 5. THE SIEGE BEGINS 8 - - 6. THE FIRST PARALLEL 9 - - 7. THE BOMBARDMENT 10 - - 8. STORMING THE REDOUBTS 11 - - 9. THE BRITISH COUNTERATTACK 14 - - 10. CORNWALLIS TRIES TO ESCAPE 15 - - 11. CORNWALLIS DECIDES TO SURRENDER 17 - - 12. THE PARLEY 18 - - 13. THE SURRENDER 18 - - 14. “THE PLAY IS OVER” 22 - - 15. WASHINGTON CONGRATULATES THE ARMY 22 - - 16. THE MEANING OF YORKTOWN 24 - - BIBLIOGRAPHY 25 - - - - -_ILLUSTRATIONS_ - - - THE SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS’S ARMY Frontispiece - - PLAN OF THE SIEGE OF YORK TOWN IN VIRGINIA 6 - - THE STORMING OF REDOUBT NUMBER TEN 12 - - THE LAST DAY OF THE SIEGE 16 - - THE MOORE HOUSE 19 - - CORNWALLIS’S PAROLE 21 - - * * * * * - -_THIS BOOKLET relates to the Yorktown portion of Colonial National -Historical Park, Jamestown-Yorktown, Virginia, which commemorates -significant phases of American history from the first settlement at -Jamestown until the winning of American independence at Yorktown. Other -areas under National Park Service administration commemorating the -Revolutionary period of American history are:_ - - George Washington Birthplace National Monument, - Washington’s Birthplace, Westmoreland County, Virginia. - Washington Monument National Memorial, Washington, D. C. - Statue of Liberty National Monument, Liberty Island, New York, N. Y. - Independence National Historical Park, Philadelphia, Pa. - Federal Hall National Memorial, New York, N. Y.[1] - Saratoga National Historical Park, Stillwater, N. Y. - Morristown National Historical Park, Morristown, N. J. - Kings Mountain National Military Park, York, S. C. - Guilford Courthouse National Military Park, Greensboro, N. C. - Moores Creek National Military Park, Cowie, N. C. - Cowpens National Battlefield Site, Gaffney, S. C. - - -FOOTNOTE: - -[1] Operated by the Federal Hall Memorial Associates cooperating with -the National Park Service. - - - - -_INTRODUCTION_ - - -The story of the last great act in the drama of American independence -has been told many times, but never more vividly than in the words of -the actors themselves. This book is an attempt to portray the crowning -campaign of the American Revolution in the language of participants. -Cornwallis, commander of the British forces, and Tarleton, his -dashing cavalry leader, have been called upon to describe scenes and -events inside Yorktown, during the campaign which culminated in the -surrender of Cornwallis’s army and was followed by the abandonment of -British efforts to reduce the revolting American colonies to their -old allegiance. Washington, “Mad” Anthony Wayne, Surgeon Thacher -of the Continental Line, the young and chivalrous Count William de -Deux-Ponts, and others recount for us American and French operations -around Yorktown, for the most part in words penned while the events -themselves were transpiring. Lafayette writes exultantly, on the heels -of the surrender, that “the play is over,” and Washington congratulates -the army on its success. Here is the story of the siege of Yorktown -recorded by those who were a part of it. - -Here also are estimates of the significance of the surrender by a -contemporary American statesman who was in position to view its -immediate effects on the watching European world, by an American -President who saw Yorktown against the background of a century’s -independent national development, and by the commission which prepared -the sesquicentennial celebration of the event in 1931. There has been -added only sufficient new narrative to fill the obvious gaps in the -accounts of contemporaries. - - CHARLES E. HATCH, JR. - THOMAS M. PITKIN. - - _Colonial National Historical Park, - Yorktown, Virginia, - January 23, 1941._ - - * * * * * - -[Illustration: _THE SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS’S ARMY_] - -_Reproduced from a picture made shortly after the American Revolution -by the painter Van Blarenburghe, based on an action sketch by Captain -Louis Alexandre Berthier, of Rochambeau’s army. It depicts the British -army marching out of Yorktown between the French and American troops to -surrender its arms and flags._ - - - - -1. CORNWALLIS GOES TO YORKTOWN - - -In the spring of 1781, the seventh year of the struggle for American -independence, Lord Cornwallis, commanding a British Army, marched from -North Carolina into Virginia, in an attempt to conquer the State and -restore it to allegiance to Great Britain. The Marquis de Lafayette, -sent to Virginia with a small American force, was unable to meet him in -open battle but did his best to hamper the movements of the British. -In midsummer Cornwallis received orders from Sir Henry Clinton, his -superior in New York, to fortify a base in the lower Chesapeake for the -use of the British fleet. - - Sir, I was honoured with your letter of the 12th of July, by the - Solebay, in which you mention a desire of having a harbour secured - in the Chesapeak for line of battle ships. I immediately ordered the - engineers to examine Old Point Comfort, and went thither myself with - the captains of the navy on this station. You will receive a copy - of the engineer’s report, with a sketch of the peninsula, and the - opinion of the officers of the navy relative to the occupying and - fortifying of that post. - - The Commander-in-chief having signified to me in his letter of the - 11th instant, that he thought a secure harbour for line of battle - ships of so much importance in the Chesapeak, that he wished me to - possess one, even if it should occupy all the force at present in - Virginia; and, as it is our unanimous opinion, that Point Comfort - will not answer the purpose, I shall immediately sieze and fortify - the posts of York and Gloucester, and shall be happy at all times - to concur in any measures which may promote the convenience and - advantage of his Majesty’s navy. - - LORD CORNWALLIS TO ADMIRAL GRAVES, JULY 26, 1781. - - - - -2. THE FRENCH FLEET BLOCKADES THE CHESAPEAKE - - -Cornwallis moved his whole army to Yorktown, on the York River, in -August and began leisurely fortifying that position and Gloucester -Point opposite. Meanwhile the French West Indies fleet, under Comte de -Grasse, evaded its British opponent and moved north to cooperate with -the French and American land forces under Washington and Rochambeau. De -Grasse sailed for the mouth of Chesapeake Bay to blockade Cornwallis -by sea, while the allied armies prepared to leave the Hudson River, -where they had been threatening Clinton, and close in by land. Lt. Col. -Banastre Tarleton, Cornwallis’s cavalry leader, watched the gathering -of hostile forces. - - Near the end of August, the Guadaloupe of twenty-eight guns, - left York town, to proceed to New York with dispatches from Earl - Cornwallis, and from Captain Symonds of the Charon, who commanded - his Majesty’s ships in the Chesapeak. At this period, the sea - officers imagined that the British fleet from the West Indies would - be discovered off the capes by the frigate, and the land officers - expected that a considerable body of troops would soon arrive from - New York to strengthen the King’s forces for solid operations in - Virginia, and likewise to garrison the works which were constructing - for the advantage and protection of both army and navy. These - suppositions, which were well grounded, diffused among the royalists - general satisfaction: but their prospects of glory were suddenly - obscured. On the 30th, the French fleet, of twenty-eight sail - of the line, from the West Indies, under orders of the Count de - Grasse, entered the Chesapeak. The advanced guard of his squadron, - consisting of the Glorieux, a coppered seventy-four, and the - Diligente and Aigrette frigates, met the Guadaloupe near the capes, - who, not understanding their signals, kept aloof, and afterwards by - swiftness, made good her retreat to York town; whilst the Loyalist, - a bad twenty-gun ship, who was stationed in the bay, after a gallant - struggle in the mouth of the channel, fell into the possession of the - French. - - The Count de Grasse, without loss of time, blocked up York river with - three large ships and some frigates, and moored the principal part - of the fleet in Lynhaven bay. Upon his arrival within the capes, he - dispatched information of that event to General Washington in the - Jerseys, and to the Marquis de la Fayette, who was encamped near - the Chickahomany. The disembarkation of the troops brought in the - line-of-battle ships from the West Indies immediately took place, and - the continental army in Virginia advanced to the Green springs on the - 3d of September, to form a junction with the Count de St. Simon. The - Marquis de la Fayette soon after moved the French and Americans to - Williamsburgh. - - In the mean time Earl Cornwallis practised various means to send - intelligence to New York of the situation and force of the French - fleet. Patroles of the legion cavalry were continually detached - to the shores of James and York rivers, and daily reported to his - lordship every occurrence worthy of attention: They informed him of - the movement of the boats with troops towards the Chickahomany, and - of the different manoeuvres of the Count de Grasse. On the 5th, the - French ships were observed to make repeated signals, and it was soon - discovered that an English squadron was approaching. Notwithstanding - the absence of a number of officers and seamen employed in the - disembarkation of St. Simon’s brigade, and of another detachment - engaged in procuring water, the French fleet got under way, and stood - out of the capes. - - This state of hope was interrupted by the arrival of Count de - Barras’s division in the Chesapeak from Rhode Island. Intelligence - soon after reached York town, that Count de Grasse had repulsed the - British fleet, and was returning to the bay. Before this period - accounts were brought to Earl Cornwallis that General Washington, - with a large body of continentals, and Count Rochambeau, with the - French army, were preparing to form a junction with LaFayette, by - descending in transports from the head of Elk river in Maryland, - under the convoy of the French ships. In this situation, blocked - up by sea, and exposed to a powerful combination on shore, Earl - Cornwallis turned his attention towards the corps already arrived at - Williamsburgh. - - LIEUTENANT-COLONEL TARLETON, - _A History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781_. - - - - -3. THE ALLIES ASSEMBLE AT WILLIAMSBURG - - -Williamsburg, at the heart of the Virginia Peninsula, commanded the -landward approach to Yorktown. Here, during September, the allied -armies gathered, Washington and Rochambeau hastening down from the -north to join the troops of Lafayette and St. Simon. Richard Butler, -then a colonel of the Pennsylvania Line, serving with Lafayette, kept -daily record of the scene. - - _Sept. 8th._--Received orders to march for Williamsburgh to join the - allied army; arrived at our ground at 11 o’clock, had some difficulty - in getting our baggage as we had to let the allied army have our - wagons to bring on their whole train and camp, therefore had to lay - in bough huts, on very dusty ground, for this day and night; the - French army, the Pennsylvania and light-troops made a very elegant - appearance in passing through the city. - - _Sept. 9th._--Obtained our baggage, pitched our camp. Lay by without - any accounts of the enemy stirring on the eighth, the British fleet - passed Cape Henry and came into the bay, and were gallantly engaged - by the French, who drove them to sea, and pursued them, but leaving - six ships of the line for the security of the bay. The Baron de - Steuben arrived in camp with his suite. - - _Aug._ [_sic._] _11th._--Accounts by a Frigate that the French were - left in full pursuit of the British, who were flying before them, and - that in about six hours sailing they must come up with eighteen sail - of victuallers which the British intend for Lord Cornwallis’ relief - and support, which they had abandoned in their flight. Still no flour - or meal, and the beef supplied is very bad, in short there is yet no - exertions made to supply the troops who have been supplied with only - three days’ bread out of seven, and not the least likelihood of being - better supplied. - - _Sept. 12th._--Several cannon heard down the river; no account from - the fleet. This day Governor Nelson sent Mr. Nichols to give me an - order to retain a mill, and to impress corn carriages, boats, or any - thing to facilitate the collecting of provisions; sent off Lieutenant - Collier with a party for this purpose. - - _Sept. 13th._--An account of the Commander-in-Chief having arrived at - his own seat at last. He has not been within his own door for seven - years, indeed not since he was first a member of Congress in the year - 1775, all which time he has been a most faithful patriot and servant - of his country, from the citizen he was a councellor, then a General, - and in reality the Father of the people, he has nobly shared in all - their misfortunes, shewing the utmost fortitude and regularity of - conduct; indeed the able statesman has appeared in all his actions. - Some malign shafts have been shot at him by a small insignificant - tribe whose falsely and ill directed arrows always reverted to their - own bow and wounded themselves. - - _Sept. 14th._--The Marquis Lafayette still continues ill of the ague. - Yesterday the Marquis de St. Simon, and a number of his officers, - paid a visit to our line, and the Baron Steuben and our good friend - Gen. Wayne, whose wound and gout still continue ill. About 3 o’clock - an express arrived, announcing the approach of our great and good - Commander-in-Chief, Gen. Washington, and the Count de Rochambeau, the - commander of the allied armies of France, now joining. At 4, P. M., - the guns fired a royal salute as the General approached the camp, - on which the two armies turned out on their battalion parades;--his - Excellency and the Count De Rochambeau, with their suites, attended - by the Marquis de Lafayette, Maj. Gen. and commander of the American, - and Maj. Gen. Marquis de St. Simon, commander of the allied army - (lately arrived), and all their suites, visited the allied army - first, and then the American army, and were saluted according to - custom; these ceremonies finished, the whole of the officers of the - French army attended at the Marquis de St. Simon’s quarters and - were introduced to the _Illustrious Hero_. The field officers of - the American army all attended to bid him and the other Generals - welcome. These ceremonies over, an elegant supper was served up.... - To add to the happiness of the event and evening, an elegant band - of music played an introductive part of a French Opera, signifying - the happiness of the family when blessed with the presence of their - father, and their great dependance upon him. About 10 o’clock the - company rose up, and after mutual congratulations and the greatest - expression of joy, they separated. - - _Sept. 15th._--An officer arrived from Count de Grasse’s fleet, - with certain account of the arrival of his and Count de Barras’ - fleet, from Rhode Island, with the French troops on board, and heavy - artillery and large mortars, also of the capture of the _famous_ - Iris frigate, and the Richmond frigate, which with the Romulus of 44 - guns, are sent to Baltimore, and head of Elk, to bring down all our - troops and apparatus for a siege; the storm seems to thicken fast - about Lord Cornwallis, whose people desert fast, which is a certain - symptom of despondency in all armies. This day, his Excellency, - the Commander-in-Chief, dined with the Marquis de Lafayette, - also Marquis de St. Simon, Baron de Steuben, Count de Rochambeau, - Dumas, and Desandroins, a number of American and French officers of - distinction, and passed the afternoon in the greatest happiness and - harmony. Several officers of the Navy, among whom is the captain of - the Experiment of 40 guns. - - _Sept. 16th._--His Excellency Gen. Washington, Counts de Rochambeau, - de Chastelleux, and a great number of Generals and other officers - dined with Baron de Steuben; we spent the afternoon in great harmony - and retired. - - _Sept. 17 to 27._--Has been spent in debarking the troops and - trains from the shipping the whole being arrived, the troops having - taken their proper stations and every thing arranged, and the - Commander-in-Chief and principal officers returned from on board - the Ville de Paris where the Generals have been fixing a plan of - cooperation with the Admiral, orders were issued for the whole army - to move at 5 o’clock. - - GENERAL RICHARD BUTLER’S JOURNAL. - - - - -4. THE BRITISH POSITION - - -Meanwhile Cornwallis had not been idle. The unexpected appearance of -the French fleet in the bay, its repulse of the British fleet, and the -gathering of his enemies at Williamsburg had spurred him to renewed -exertions in preparing the defenses of Yorktown. His outer line was -extensive but well chosen. His inner line, close about the town, was -less advantageous. - - At this period, the labour which had been bestowed on the outward - position at York town, had improved its natural advantages, and - rendered it in every respect convenient for the King’s troops. The - right rested on a swamp which cover the right of the town: A large - redoubt was constructed beyond it, close to the river road from - Williamsburgh, and completed with fraizing and abbatis. The Charon, - Guadaloupe, and other armed vessels, were moored opposite to the - swamp; and the town batteries commanded at the roads and causeways - which approached it. On the right, at the head of the morass, two - redoubts were placed, one on each side, of the main Williamsburgh - road. The center was protected by a thin wood, whose front was cut - down, with the branches facing outwards. A field work, mounted with - cannon, was erected on the left of the center, to command the Hampton - road. A deep ravine, and a creek, which increased till it reached - York river, covered the left. Trees were felled, fleches were thrown - up, and batteries were constructed, at the points which were deemed - most vulnerable. The distance between the heads of the swamp and - creek, which embraced the flanks of the town, did not exceed half - a mile. The face of the country, in front of this line, was cut - near the center by a morass, and, excepting this break, the ground - was plain and open for near two thousand yards. An excellent field - artillery was placed to the greatest advantage by Captain Rochefort, - who commanded in that department.... - - The works erected for the protection of York town, consisted, on the - right, of redoubts and batteries, with a line of stockade in the - rear, which supported a high parapet of earth. The redoubts were - furnished with fraizing and abbatis. A marshy ravine lay in front of - the right, over which was placed a large redoubt, with a good ditch, - fraizing, and abbatis: The morass extended along the center, which - was defended by a line of stockade, and by batteries that looked upon - all the avenues to the swamp: On the left of the center, was a horn - work, with a ditch, a row of fraize, and an abbatis: Some embrazures - for cannon were at present open in this work. The left was fortified - by redoubts, communications of earth, and batteries, which were - all furnished with fraizing, but without stockade or abbatis. Two - redoubts were advanced before the left, which were small, and not so - well finished as that in front of the right. The ground in front of - the left was in some parts on a level with the works, in others cut - by ravines, and altogether very convenient for the besiegers. The - space within the works was exceedingly narrow, not large enough for - retrenchments, and, except under the cliff, exposed to enfilade. - - LIEUTENANT-COLONEL TARLETON, - _A History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781_. - - - - -5. THE SIEGE BEGINS - - -French and American troops having assembled in overwhelming force, from -points as far distant as Rhode Island and the West Indies, Washington -assumed command of the whole and moved on Yorktown. - - I have not leisure to give a particular account of our proceedings, - it must suffice only to inform you, that, after assembling all the - Troops at _Williamsburg_, and making the necessary Arrangements, the - Allied Army moved on the Morning of the 28th Sept. and took post in - the neighbourhood of York that night. The Enemy gave us no annoyance - on the March; a body of Horse that was paraded in front of their - Works retired upon our firing a few shot among them. The 29th. was - spent in reconnoitring, and taking a position as near the advanced - Works as could be done without placing the Encampments directly in - the range of the Enemy’s shot; some skirmishing happened between our - Riffle men and the Yagers, in which the former had the advantage. At - night, the Enemy abandoned all their Out Posts (some of which were - very advantageous) and retired to the Town. Yesterday Morning we - occupied the same ground and last night made some lodgments at a - short distance from the Lines. The Horses and Teams are beginning to - arrive from the Northward, the heavy Artillery will be brought up as - soon as possible and the Seige pushed with vigor; as I have no Idea - that Lord Cornwallis will surrender so respectable a force, as he has - under his command, unless he is compelled by dire necessity. - - WASHINGTON TO MAJOR GENERAL WILLIAM HEATH, OCTOBER 1, 1781. - - - - -6. THE FIRST PARALLEL - - -The siege operations of the eighteenth century were conducted according -to a set pattern. When the most advantageous ground had been chosen and -marked, the besiegers began digging a line of entrenchments facing the -besieged position at a distance of from 800 to 1,000 yards, convenient -range for the artillery of that day. This line of entrenchments, in -which batteries were erected, was known as the “first parallel.” In -planning the siege of Yorktown, the allied engineers chose for the -first parallel a line from the head of a deep ravine, which half -encircled the town on the left, to the York River on the right. Its -opening was delayed for several days pending the arrival of heavy -artillery. - - The reconnoissance completed, the artillery disembarked, and the - necessary supplies arranged, the establishment of the first parallel - was begun. - - The strength and reputation of the Garrison were the reason for the - decision to establish it at the usual distance, and to fortify it - by redoubts against sorties. The advanced works on the enemy’s left - made it necessary even to increase the distance of the right of the - attacks from the body of the place. The lay of the ground determined - its outline; the right resting on the steep bank of the river, on the - left of the great ravine. - - In the night of the 6th to 7th, the first parallel was opened, and - the construction of the redoubts necessary for safety began. This - work was only interrupted by the batteries, the fire of which was - turned upon the new redoubts from the beginning of their construction. - - The same night an end of a parallel with a flying sap was opened to - support a battery which served the double purpose of disturbing the - advanced redoubt on the right of the besieged and of driving off the - ships of war which might have taken the left of the great attack in - reverse. - - This work, information of which was given by a deserter, was greatly - troubled by the batteries of the besieged, and the attention which - they paid to it diverted their attention from the opening of the - great attack. - - _October 7th._--At daybreak the guard batteries entered the parallel. - From the 7th to 8th the perfectionment of the first parallel and the - redoubts was continued, and the construction of the batteries begun. - The nature of the ground on the left decided their establishment - behind the parallel, and one was placed on its left flank beyond the - ravine. - - _October 8th._--At noon the parallel and the battery at the left - attack were completed. - - From the 8th to the 9th the perfectionment of the parallel, and of - the redoubts and batteries was continued, and communications opened - in their rear. - - _October 9th._--The construction of a battery of mortars was begun in - part of the parallel. - - In the afternoon the batteries began their fire, and subdued that of - the enemy. - - The fire of that on the left compelled the frigate and the other - vessels of war to withdraw. - - From the 9th to the 10th the perfecting of the works was continued, - and palisades were set in the ditches of the redoubts. - - On the left attempts were made to set fire to the abattis of the - redoubt. - - ENGINEERS’ JOURNAL OF THE SIEGE OF YORK. - - * * * * * - -[Illustration: _Plan of the SIEGE of_ YORK TOWN in Virginia.] - -_This map of the siege of Yorktown appeared in the London edition of -Tarleton’s_ Campaigns, _1787. The cartographer has not been identified, -but was probably with the British Army during the siege. The British -and allied entrenchments are clearly shown, with the allied encampments -in rear of the latter._ - - - - -7. THE BOMBARDMENT - - -Some of the allied batteries were ready to fire by the afternoon of -October 9. All movements and activities up to this time had been merely -preliminary. The siege of Yorktown now settled into deadly earnest, -with a heavy and continuous bombardment of the British position. -Additional batteries took up the chorus on the following morning. -Surgeon Thacher, of the American Army, in the intervals of caring for -the wounded, watched the terrible spectacle. - - From the 10th to the 15th, a tremendous and incessant firing from the - American and French batteries is kept up, and the enemy return the - fire, but with little effect. A red hot shell from the French battery - set fire to the Charon, a British 44 gun ship, and two or three - smaller vessels at anchor in the river, which were consumed in the - night. From the bank of the river, I had a fine view of this splendid - conflagration. The ships were enwrapped in a torrent of fire, which - spreading with vivid brightness among the combustible rigging, and - running with amazing rapidity to the tops of the several masts, while - all around was thunder and lightning from our numerous cannon and - mortars, and in the darkness of night, presented one of the most - sublime and magnificent spectacles which can be imagined. Some of our - shells, overreaching the town, are seen to fall into the river, and - bursting, throw up columns of water like the spouting of the monsters - of the deep. We have now made further approaches to the town, by - throwing up a second parallel line, and batteries within about three - hundred yards; this was effected in the night, and at daylight the - enemy were roused to the greatest exertions, the engines of war have - raged with redoubled fury and destruction on both sides, no cessation - day or night. The French had two officers wounded, and fifteen - men killed or wounded, and among the Americans, two or three were - wounded. I assisted in amputating a man’s thigh. The siege is daily - becoming more and more formidable and alarming, and his Lordship - must view his situation as extremely critical, if not desperate. - - Being in the trenches every other night and day, I have a fine - opportunity of witnessing the sublime and stupendous scene which - is continually exhibiting. The bomb shells from the besiegers and - the besieged are incessantly crossing each others’ path in the - air. They are clearly visible in the form of a black ball in the - day, but in the night, they appear like fiery meteors with blazing - tails, most beautifully brilliant, ascending majestically from the - mortar to a certain altitude, and gradually descending to the spot - where they are destined to execute their work of destruction. It is - astonishing with what accuracy an experienced gunner will make his - calculations, that a shell shall fall within a few feet of a given - point, and burst at the precise time, though at a great distance. - When a shell falls, it whirls round, burrows, and excavates the earth - to a considerable extent, and bursting, makes dreadful havoc around. - I have more than once witnessed fragments of the mangled bodies and - limbs of the British soldiers thrown into the air by the bursting of - our shells, and by one from the enemy, Captain White, of the seventh - Massachusetts regiment, and one soldier were killed, and another - wounded near where I was standing. About twelve or fourteen men have - been killed or wounded within twenty-four hours; I attended at the - hospital, amputated a man’s arm, and assisted in dressing a number of - wounds. - - JAMES THACHER, - _A Military Journal during the American Revolutionary War_. - - - - -8. STORMING THE REDOUBTS - - -Under cover of the fire of their heavy guns, the allies moved forward -on the night of October 11 to a second parallel, halfway to the main -British line. At the right, nearest the river, the completion of this -entrenchment was delayed by the fire of two advanced redoubts held by -the British. It was determined to storm them. Early on the evening of -October 14 French troops prepared to attack one of the redoubts, while -picked American units from Lafayette’s Light Infantry assaulted the -other. Count William de Deux-Ponts led the French attack, while Lt. -Col. Alexander Hamilton was at the head of the American column. - - * * * * * - -[Illustration: _THE STORMING OF REDOUBT NUMBER TEN_] - -_This is a reproduction of the painting made about 1840 by Louis Eugene -Lami, the original of which is in the old Senate Chamber of the Capitol -in Richmond, Va. It shows the detachment of Lafayette’s Light Infantry -swarming into the British redoubt. Bitter hand-to-hand fighting is -going on, the Americans using only the bayonet._ - - -THE FRENCH ATTACK - - The six shells were fired at last; and I advanced in the greatest - silence; at a hundred and twenty or thirty paces, we were discovered; - and the Hessian soldier who was stationed as a sentinel on the - parapet, cried out “Werda?” (Who comes there?) to which we did not - reply, but hastened our steps. The enemy opened fire the instant - after the “Werda.” We lost not a moment in reaching the abatis, which - being strong and well preserved, at about twenty-five paces from the - redoubt, cost us many men, and stopped us for some minutes, but was - cleared away with brave determination; we threw ourselves into the - ditch at once, and each one sought to break through the fraises, and - to mount the parapet. - - We reached there at first in small numbers, and I gave the order to - fire; the enemy kept up a sharp fire, and charged us at the point - of the bayonet; but no one was driven back. The carpenters, who had - worked hard on their part, had made some breaches in the palisades, - which helped the main body of the troops in mounting. The parapet was - becoming manned visibly. Our fire was increasing, and making terrible - havoc among the enemy, who had placed themselves behind a kind of - intrenchment of barrels, where they were well massed, and where all - our shots told. We succeeded at the moment when I wished to give the - order to leap into the redoubt and charge upon the enemy with the - bayonet; then they laid down their arms, and we leaped in with more - tranquillity and less risk. I shouted immediately the cry of _Vive le - Roi_, which was repeated by all the grenadiers and chasseurs who were - in good condition, by all the troops in the trenches, and to which - the enemy replied by a general discharge of artillery and musketry. I - never saw a sight more beautiful or more majestic. I did not stop to - look at it: I had to give attention to the wounded, and directions to - be observed towards the prisoners. - - At the same time, the Baron de Viomesnil came to give me orders to - be prepared for a vigorous defence, as it would be important for - the enemy to attempt to retake this work. An active enemy would not - have failed, and the Baron de Viomesnil judged the English general - by himself. I made my dispositions to the best of my ability; the - enemy showered bullets upon us. I did not doubt that the idea of the - Baron de Viomesnil would be fulfilled. Finally, when all was over, a - sentinel charged with observing the movements without, called me, and - said that some of the enemy were appearing. I raised my head above - the parapet, and at the same time a ball, which ricochetted in the - parapet, and passed very near my head, covered my face with sand and - gravel. I suffered much, and was obliged to leave the place, and to - be conducted to the ambulance. - - COUNT WILLIAM DE DEUX-PONTS, - _My Campaigns in America_. - - -THE AMERICAN ATTACK - - SIR, - - I have the honour to render you an account of the corps under my - command, in your attack of last night upon the redoubt of the enemy’s - lines. - - Agreeable to your orders, we advanced in two columns with unloaded - arms, the right composed of Lieutenant-colonel Gimat’s battalion and - my own, commanded by Major Fish. The left of a detachment commanded - by Lieutenant-colonel Laurens, destined to take the enemy of reverse, - and intercept their retreat. The column on the right hand was - preceded by a van guard of twenty men, led by Lieutenant Mansfield; - and a detachment of sappers and miners, commanded by Captain - Gilliland, for the purpose of removing obstructions. - - The redoubt was commanded by Major Campbell, with a detachment of - British and German troops, and was completely in a state of defence. - - The rapidity and immediate success of the assault, are the best - comment on the behaviour of the troops. Lieutenant-colonel Laurens - distinguished himself by an exact and vigourous execution of his - part of the plan, by entering the enemy’s work with his corps among - the foremost, and making prisoner of the commanding officer of the - redoubt. Lieutenant-colonel Gimat’s battalion, which formed the van - of the right attack, and which fell under my immediate observation, - encouraged by the decisive and animated example of their leader, - advanced with an order and resolution superior to every obstacle. - They were well seconded by Major Fish, with the battalion under his - command, who, when the front of the column reached the abbatis, - unlocking his corps to the left, as he had been directed, advanced - with such celerity, as to arrive in time to participate in the - assault. - - Lieutenant Mansfield deserves particular commendation, for the - coolness, firmness, and punctuality, with which he conducted the - van guard, Captain Olney who commanded the first platoon of Gimat’s - battalion, is entitled to peculiar applause. He led his platoon - into the work with exemplary intrepidity, and received two bayonet - wounds. Captain Gilliland, with the detachment of sappers and miners, - acquitted themselves in a manner that did them great honour. - - I do but justice to the several corps when I have the pleasure to - assure you, there was not an officer nor soldier whose behaviour if - it could be particularized, would not have a claim to the warmest - approbation. As it would have been attended with delay and loss to - wait for the removal of the abbatis and pallisades, the ardour of the - troops was indulged in passing over them. - - There was a happy coincidence of movements. The redoubt was in the - same moment inveloped and carried on every part. The enemy are - entitled to the acknowledgment of an honourable defence. - - LIEUTENANT-COLONEL HAMILTON’S REPORT TO LAFAYETTE. - - - - -9. THE BRITISH COUNTERATTACK - - -The completion of the second parallel, including the captured redoubts, -would bring the allied artillery at some points to within 300 yards of -the main British line, a close and deadly range. To delay the work, -Cornwallis launched a counterattack. - - The batteries were opened and fired with great success, which - silenced the chief of the enemy’s batteries; many of their men were - killed, and the whole of the garrison thrown into confusion. About 12 - o’clock at night, Maj. Abercrombie, of the British, with a party of - the Light Infantry and Guards, made a sally, and passing between two - small redoubts that were unfinished, and where (by the parties being - moved in another post to work,) the line was weak, got possession - of the trench; thence they pushed rapidly to a French battery, and - spiked the guns and drove out the people, having killed four or five: - Thence to the covert way or communication leading from the first - to the second parallel, where they halted. They then discovered a - battery commanded by Capt. Savage, of the Americans and challenged, - What troops? The answer was French--on which the order of the British - Commandant was “Push on, my brave boys, and skin the b----rs.” This - was heard by Count de Noailles, who had the command of a covering - party, which he ordered to advance, and was guided by the Huzza of - the British. He ordered grenadiers to “charge bayonet and rush on,” - which they did with great spirit crying “_Vive Le Roy_”, and to use - the British phrase skivered eight of the Guards and Infantry, and - took twelve prisoners, and drove them quite off. The British spiked - Savage’s three guns with the points of bayonets, but our smiths and - artillery men soon cleared all the guns, and in six hours chastised - the enemy for their temerity with the same pieces. Our loss was very - trifling, though the British really executed the sortie with secrecy - and spirit. - - GENERAL RICHARD BUTLER’S JOURNAL. - - - - -10. CORNWALLIS TRIES TO ESCAPE - - -Finding his enemies closing in for the kill, Cornwallis determined on a -desperate measure. This was to transport his army across the river to -Gloucester, break through the allied troops guarding that point, and -march overland to New York. - - A few hours cannonade from the new batteries upon York town, - where the fraizings were already destroyed, the guns dismounted, - many breaches effected, and the shells nearly expended, would be - productive either of a capitulation, or an assault. A retreat by - Gloucester was the only expedient that now presented itself to - avert the mortification of a surrender, or the destruction of a - storm. Though this plan appeared less practicable than when first - proposed, and was adopted at this crisis, as the last resource, it - yet afforded some hopes of success. In the evening, Earl Cornwallis - sent Lord Chewton to Gloucester, with explicit directions for - Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton to prepare some artillery and other - requisites from his garrison to accompany the British troops - with which his lordship designed to attack Brigadier de Choisy - before daybreak, and afterwards retreat through the country. The - guards of cavalry and infantry at Tarleton’s post were immediately - augmented, and many officers were advanced as sentries, to prevent - any intelligence being conveyed to the enemy. All the commanding - officers of regiments were afterwards acquainted with the intended - project, that their corps might be completely assembled and equipped. - The spare horses of the garrison were ordered to parade for the - benefit of the infantry, and the necessary artillery and waggons were - prepared. - - A number of sailors and soldiers were dispatched with boats from - Gloucester, to assist the troops in passing the river. Earl - Cornwallis sent off the first embarkation before eleven o’clock that - night, consisting of the light infantry, great part of the brigade - of guards, and the 23d regiment, and purposed himself to pass with - the second, when he had finished a letter to General Washington, - calculated to excite the humanity of that officer towards the sick, - the wounded, and the detachment that would be left to capitulate. - Much of the small craft had been damaged during the siege; yet it was - computed, that three trips would be sufficient to convey over all - the troops that were necessary for the expedition. The whole of the - first division arrived before midnight, and part of the second had - embarked, when a squall, attended with rain, scattered the boats, - and impeded their return to Gloucester. About two o’clock in the - morning the weather began to moderate, when orders were brought to - the commanding officers of the corps that had passed, to re-cross - the water. As the boats were all on the York side the river, in - order to bring over the troops, it required some time to row them - to Gloucester, to carry back the infantry of the first embarkation; - but soon after daybreak they returned under the fire of the enemy’s - batteries to Earl Cornwallis, at Yorktown. Thus expired the last hope - of the British army. - - LIEUTENANT-COLONEL TARLETON, - _A History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781_. - - * * * * * - -[Illustration: _THE LAST DAY OF THE SIEGE_] - -_Reproduced from a picture by Van Blarenberghe, based on an action -sketch. The foreground shows allied staff officers in consultation -over a map. Nearby, French troops are moving up to the front. In the -background the batteries of the second parallel are in full play -against Yorktown._ - - - - -11. CORNWALLIS DECIDES TO SURRENDER - - -With the failure of the attempt to escape, and the opening of the -batteries in the advanced allied line, the position of the British -Army, as Cornwallis realized, became hopeless. - - Our works in the mean time were going to ruin, and not having been - able to strengthen them by abbatis, nor in any other manner but by a - slight fraizing which the enemy’s artillery were demolishing wherever - they fired, my opinion entirely coincided with that of the engineer - and principal officers of the army, that they were in many places - assailable in the forenoon, and that by the continuance of the same - fire for a few hours longer, they would be in such a state as to - render it desperate with our numbers to attempt to maintain them. We - at that time could not fire a single gun, only one eight-inch and - little more than an hundred cohorn shells remained; a diversion by - the French ships of war that lay at the mouth of York-river, was to - be expected. Our numbers had been diminished by the enemy’s fire, but - particularly by sickness, and the strength and spirits of those in - the works were much exhausted by the fatigue of constant watching and - unremitting duty. Under all these circumstances, I thought it would - have been wanton and inhuman to the last degree to sacrifice the - lives of this small body of gallant soldiers, who had ever behaved - with so much fidelity and courage, by exposing them to an assault, - which from the numbers and precautions of the enemy could not fail to - succeed. I therefore proposed to capitulate.... - - EARL CORNWALLIS TO SIR HENRY CLINTON, OCTOBER 20, 1781. - - - - -12. THE PARLEY - - -“Mad” Anthony Wayne, brigadier-general of the Pennsylvania Line, has -recorded for us the preliminaries of the surrender. - - _17th._--The enemy beat the chamade at 10 o’clock, A. M. - - Cornwallis now “sent out a flag, proposing a cessation of hostilities - for twenty-four hours, ... and that commissioners might be appointed - to meet at Mr. Moore’s house, to settle the terms upon which - the garrisons of York and Gloucester should surrender. General - Washington would only grant a cessation for _two hours_; previously - to the expiration of which, his lordship, by another flag, sent - the following terms, viz: The troops to be prisoners of war; - the British to be sent to Great Britain, and not to act against - America, France, or their allies, until exchanged; the Hessians - to Germany, on the same conditions; and that all operations cease - until the commissioners should determine the details. To this his - excellency returned for answer: That hostilities should cease, and - no alterations in the works, or any new movement of the troops, take - place, until he sent terms in writing; which he did on the 18th, at - nine o’clock, A. M., allowing the enemy two hours to determine. They - again requested more time; and the general granted them until one - o’clock, when they acceded to the heads of the imposed terms, and - nominated Colonel Dundas and Major Ross, on their part, to meet with - Colonel Laurens and Viscount de Noailles on ours, to reduce them - to form, which was completed by nine o’clock at night; and, on the - 19th, at one o’clock, P. M., the capitulation was ratified and signed - by the commander of each army, when the enemy received a guard of - Pennsylvania and Maryland troops in one of their principal works, and - one of French troops in another. - - H. N. MOORE, - _Life of Gen. Anthony Wayne_. - - * * * * * - -[Illustration: _THE SURRENDER HOUSE, COMMONLY CALLED THE MOORE HOUSE_] - -_The sketch of which this is a reproduction was made about 1843 by -Henry Howe, for his_ Historical Collections of Virginia. _It is a -rear view of the house. The room in which the allied and British -commissioners met to discuss the terms of surrender is at the lower -left. In the sketch the window of this “Surrender Room” is half hidden -by the chimney._ - - - - -13. THE SURRENDER - - -The terms settled, the victorious allies prepared to receive the -surrender of the British Army, while Cornwallis’s men made ready for -the humiliating ordeal with which they were faced. - - _19th._--This is to us a most glorious day, but to the English, one - of bitter chagrin and disappointment. Preparations are now making to - receive as captives, that vindictive, haughty commander, and that - victorious army, who by their robberies and murders have so long been - a scourge to our brethren of the southern states. Being on horseback, - I anticipate a full share of satisfaction in viewing the various - movements in the interesting scene. - - The stipulated terms of capitulation are similar to those granted to - General Lincoln at Charleston the last year. The captive troops are - to march out with shouldered arms, colors cased, and drums beating a - British or German march, and to ground their arms at a place assigned - for the purpose. The officers are allowed their side arms and private - property, and the generals and such officers as desire it, are to - go on parole to England or New York. The marines and seamen of the - king’s ships are prisoners of war to the navy of France, and the - land forces to the United States. All military and artillery stores - to be delivered up unimpaired. The royal prisoners to be sent into - the interior of Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania, in regiments, - to have rations allowed them equal to the American soldiers, and to - have their officers near them. Lord Cornwallis to man and despatch - the Bonetta sloop of war with despatches to Sir Henry Clinton at New - York without being searched, the vessel to be returned and the hands - accounted for. - - At about twelve o’clock, the combined army was arranged and drawn - up in two lines extending more than a mile in length. The Americans - were drawn up in a line on the right side of the road, and the French - occupied the left. At the head of the former the great American - commander, mounted on his noble courser, took his station, attended - by his aids. At the head of the latter was posted the excellent Count - Rochambeau and his suite. The French troops, in complete uniform, - displayed a martial and noble appearance, their band of music, - of which the timbrel formed a part, is a delightful novelty, and - produced while marching to the ground, a most enchanting effect. The - Americans though not all in uniform nor their dress so neat, yet - exhibited an erect soldierly air, and every countenance beamed with - satisfaction and joy. The concourse of spectators from the country - was prodigious, in point of numbers probably equal to the military, - but universal silence and order prevailed. - - It was about two o’clock when the captive army advanced through the - line formed for their reception. Every eye was prepared to gaze on - Lord Cornwallis, the object of peculiar interest and solicitude; but - he disappointed our anxious expectations; pretending indisposition, - he made General O’Harra his substitute as the leader of his army. - This officer was followed by the conquered troops in a slow and - solemn step, with shouldered arms, colors cased and drums beating - a British march. Having arrived at the head of the line, General - O’Harra, elegantly mounted, advanced to his Excellency the Commander - in Chief, taking off his hat, and apologized for the non-appearance - of Earl Cornwallis. With his usual dignity and politeness his - Excellency pointed to Major General Lincoln for directions, by whom - the British army was conducted into a spacious field, where it was - intended they should ground their arms. - - The royal troops, while marching through the line formed by the - allied army, exhibited a decent and neat appearance, as respects - arms and clothing, for their commander opened his store and directed - every soldier to be furnished with a new suit complete, prior to the - capitulation. But in their line of march we remarked a disorderly - and unsoldierly conduct, their step was irregular, and their ranks - frequently broken. But it was in the field when they came to the last - act of the drama, that the spirit and pride of the British soldier - was put to the severest test, here their mortification could not be - concealed. Some of the platoon officers appeared to be exceedingly - chagrined when giving the word “_ground arms_,” and I am a witness - that they performed this duty in a very unofficerlike manner, and - that many of the soldiers manifested a _sullen temper_, throwing - their arms on the pile with violence, as if determined to render them - useless. This irregularity, however, was checked by the authority - of General Lincoln. After having grounded their arms and divested - themselves of their accoutrements, the captive troops were conducted - back to Yorktown and guarded by our troops till they could be removed - to the place of their destination. The British troops that were - stationed at Gloucester surrendered at the same time, and in the same - manner to the command of the French general de Choise. - - JAMES THACHER, - _A Military Journal during the American Revolutionary War._ - - * * * * * - -[Illustration: _CORNWALLIS’S PAROLE_] - -_Following the surrender, Cornwallis, as a prisoner of war, gave his -parole not to engage in further hostilities against the United States, -or its allies, until exchanged and was permitted to go to New York. The -original document is in the Virginia State Library._ - - - - -14. “THE PLAY IS OVER” - - -Lafayette, exulting in the victory which he had helped to create, wrote -in the first flush of enthusiasm to high officials in France. - - The play is over, Monsieur le Comte, the fifth act has just come to - an end. I was somewhat disturbed during the former acts, but my heart - rejoices exceedingly at this last, and I have no less pleasure in - congratulating you upon the happy ending of our campaign.... I am - happy that our Virginia campaign has ended so well, and my respect - for the talents of Lord Cornwallis gives his capture an additional - value to my mind. After this attempt, what English general will - undertake the conquest of America? Their manoeuvres in the southern - country have not been more successful than those at the North, and - now the experience of General Burgoyne has been repeated. - - LAFAYETTE TO M. DE MAUREPAS AND M. DE VERGENNES, OCTOBER 20, 1781. - - - - -15. WASHINGTON CONGRATULATES THE ARMY - - -Washington, more reserved than his young friend and subordinate, -nevertheless felt deeply the triumph which had come after long years of -defeat and bitterness and hope deferred. With his pride in the victory -was mingled gratitude to the brave allies and the officers and men of -his own army who had made it possible. - - The General congratulates the Army upon the glorious event of - yesterday. - - The generous proofs which his most Christian Majesty has given of his - attachment to the Cause of America must force conviction on the minds - of the most deceived among the Enemy: relatively to the decisive - good consequences of the Alliance and inspire every citizen of these - States with sentiments of the most unalterable Gratitude. - - His Fleet the most numerous and powerful that ever appeared in these - seas commanded by an Admiral whose Fortune and Talents ensure great - Events. - - An Army of the most admirable composition both in officers and men - are the Pledges of his friendship to the United States and their - cooperation has secured us the present signal success. - - The General upon this occasion entreats his Excellency Count de - Rochambeau to accept his most grateful acknowledgments for his - Counsels and assistance at all times. He presents his warmest thanks - to the Generals Baron Viomenil, Chevalier Chastellux, Marquis de St. - Simond and Count Viomenil and to Brigadier General de Choissy (who - had a separate command) for the illustrious manner in which they have - advanced the interest of the common cause. - - He requests that Count de Rochambeau will be pleased to communicate - to the Army under his immediate command the high sense he entertains - of the distinguished merits of the officers and soldiers of every - corps and that he will present in his name to the regiments of - Gattinois and Deuxponts the Two Pieces of Brass Ordnance captured - by them; as a testimony of their Gallantry in storming the Enemy’s - Redoubt on the Night of the 14th. instant, when officers and men so - universally vied with each other in the exercise of every soldierly - virtue. - - The General’s Thanks to each individual of Merit would comprehend the - whole Army. But He thinks himself bound however by Affection Duty and - Gratitude to express his obligations to Major Generals Lincoln, de La - Fayette and Steuben for the dispositions in the Trenches. - - To General Du Portail and Colonel Carney for the Vigor and Knowledge - which were conspicuous in their Conduct of the Attacks, and to - General Knox and Colonel D’Aberville for their great care and - attention and fatigue in bringing forward the Artillery and Stores - and for their judicious and spirited management of them in the - Parallels. - - He requests the Gentlemen above mentioned to communicate his thanks - to the officers and soldiers of their respective commands. - - Ingratitude which the General hopes never to be guilty of would be - conspicuous in him was he to omit thanking in the warmest terms His - Excellency Governor Nelson for the Aid he has derived from him and - from the Militia under his Command to whose Activity Emulation and - Courage much Applause is due; the Greatness of the Acquisition will - be an ample Compensation for the Hardships and Hazards which they - encountered with so much patriotism and firmness. - - In order to diffuse the general Joy through every Breast the General - orders that those men belonging to the Army who may now be in - confinement shall be pardoned released and join their respective - corps. - - Divine Service is to be performed tomorrow in the several Brigades or - Divisions. - - The Commander in Chief earnestly recommends that the troops not on - duty should universally attend with that seriousness of Deportment - and gratitude of Heart which the recognition of such reiterated and - astonishing interpositions of Providence demand of us. - - WASHINGTON’S GENERAL ORDER, OCTOBER 20, 1781. - - - - -16. THE MEANING OF YORKTOWN - - -The surrender of Cornwallis was immediately recognized as bringing -within sight the end of the Revolution and the independence of the -United States. - - Your predictions regarding the fate of Lord Cornwallis have, thank - God, been verified. It is a glorious, joyful, and important event. - Britain feels the force of that stroke and other nations begin to - doubt less of the continuance of our independence. Further successes - must prepare the way for peace, and I hope that victory will - stimulate instead of relaxing our exertions. - - JOHN JAY TO ELBRIDGE GERRY, MADRID, JANUARY 9, 1782. - -The news of Yorktown brought the defeat of Lord North’s war ministry in -England. Negotiations ending in a treaty of peace, with recognition of -the independence of the United States, soon followed. The succeeding -century brought out in stronger relief the significance of this -decisive victory in the struggle for American self-government. - - Upon this soil one hundred years ago our forefathers brought to a - successful issue their heroic struggle for independence. Here and - then was established, and as we trust made secure upon this continent - for ages yet to come, that principle of government which is the very - fiber of our system--the sovereignty of the people. - - PRESIDENT CHESTER A. ARTHUR, YORKTOWN, OCTOBER 19, 1881. - -With the approach of the 150th anniversary of the Yorktown victory, -there was renewed realization of the meaning of the event and of the -debt which the people of the United States owed to the men who, by -that victory, made the Declaration of Independence a living thing. The -National Government and local organizations in 1931 cooperated in -impressive commemorative services, and the battlefield of Yorktown was -dedicated as a national shrine to be maintained for the people by the -National Park Service. - - While the events commemorated in other national parks are well worth - the expense to the Government in commemorating them, and they all - recall to the minds of the citizens important events in our history, - as well as the heroism and devotion of our soldiers, they are at best - only events, although important ones, in our history, while Yorktown - marks the consummation of our national independence. Other battles - of the Revolutionary War led up to this one battle, while battles of - other wars since then were only struggles for our rights, or for the - preservation of the Government, whose existence was decided on the - field at Yorktown. It was at the bridge at Concord, Massachusetts, on - April 19, 1775, where the embattled farmers stood and fired the shot - heard around the world. It was on the field at Yorktown, Virginia, on - October 19, 1781, that it was finally decided after six and one-half - years of heroic struggle that shot had not been fired in vain. From - that date the freedom of our country was secure and has never again - been in danger. The treaty of peace acknowledging our independence - two years later was but a natural and inevitable sequence to the - surrender of our opponent’s finest army and ablest general. - - REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR’S YORKTOWN COMMISSION. - - - - -BIBLIOGRAPHY - - -Bland, Schuyler Otis, _The Yorktown Sesquicentennial; Proceedings of -the United States Yorktown Sesquicentennial Commission_ (Washington, -1932). - -General Richard Butler’s Journal of the Siege of Yorktown, _Historical -Magazine_, vol. VIII (New York, 1864). - -Deux-Ponts, Count William de, _My Campaigns in America: A Journal kept -by Count William de Deux-Ponts, 1780-81_. Translated by Samuel Abbott -Green (Boston, 1868). - -Fitzpatrick, John C., editor, _The Writings of George Washington_, vol. -23 (Washington, 1937). - -Lieutenant-colonel Hamilton’s report to Major-general the Marquis De La -Fayette, with a return, _The Remembrancer; or, Impartial Repository of -Public Events_ (London, 1782). - -Journal of the Siege of York in Virginia (Engineers), _Magazine of -American History with Notes and Queries_, vol. IV (New York, 1880). - -Johnston, Henry P., editor, _The Correspondence and Public Papers of -John Jay_, vol. II (New York, 1891). - -Moore, H. N., _Life and Services of Gen. Anthony Wayne_ (Philadelphia, -1859). - -_Report of the Commission Created in Accordance with a Joint Resolution -of Congress, Approved March 3, 1881, Providing for the Erection of -a Monument at Yorktown, Va., Commemorative of the Surrender of Lord -Cornwallis_ (Washington, 1883). - -Stevens, Benjamin Franklin, editor, _Clinton-Cornwallis Controversy_, -vol. II (London, 1888). - -Tarleton, Lieutenant-Colonel, _A History of the Campaigns of 1780 and -1781, in the Southern Provinces of North America_ (Dublin, 1787). - -Thacher, James, M. D., _A Military Journal during the American -Revolutionary War, from 1775 to 1783_ (Boston, 1827). - -Tower, Charlemagne, Jr., _The Marquis de La Fayette in the American -Revolution_, vol. II (Philadelphia, 1895). - -U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1956 O-406522 - - * * * * * - -Transcriber’s Notes: - -Illustrations have been moved to paragraph breaks near where they are -mentioned. - -Variations in spelling and punctuation were retained as they appear in -the original publication, except that obvious typographical errors have -been corrected in the main text, but not in the quoted material. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YORKTOWN: CLIMAX OF THE -REVOLUTION *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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Hatch</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Yorktown: Climax of the Revolution</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Editors: Charles E. Hatch</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em;'>Thomas M. Pitkin</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: March 31, 2022 [eBook #67745]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson, Craig Kirkwood, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YORKTOWN: CLIMAX OF THE REVOLUTION ***</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp47" style="max-width: 40.625em;"> - <img id="coverpage" class="w100" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Cover." /> -</div> - -<div style="padding-top:2em"> -<p class="center xxlargefont boldfont p2">Yorktown</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp96" style="max-width: 20.125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/cover_illo.jpg" alt="Cover illustration." /> -</div> - -<p class="center xlargefont p1" style="letter-spacing:0.25em"><em>CLIMAX of the</em><br /> -REVOLUTION</p> - -<p class="center p2" style="letter-spacing:0.25em"><span class="smcap">National Park Service</span></p> - -<p class="center"><em>Source Book Series</em></p> - -<p class="center p1"><span class="smcap">Number One</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="tb x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="boxit"> -<p>The National Park System, of which this -Colonial National Historical Park is a unit, is -dedicated to conserving the scenic, scientific, -and historic heritage of the United States -for the benefit and inspiration of its people.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp60" style="max-width: 8.125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i01.jpg" alt="National Park Service logo." /> -</div> - -<div class="boxit1"> -<p class="p2">THIS BOOK printed at the UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING -OFFICE. Copies may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, -<em>Washington, D. C.</em></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="allsmcap">PRICE 20 CENTS</span></p> -</div></div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h1 class="nobreak">Yorktown<br /> -<span class="xlargefont"><span style="letter-spacing:0.2em"><em>CLIMAX</em></span> <span class="allsmcap">OF THE</span><br /> -REVOLUTION</span></h1> -</div> - - -<p class="center largefont"> -<em><span style="letter-spacing:0.2em">EDITED</span> by</em> <span class="smcap">Charles E. Hatch, Jr.</span><br /> -<em>and</em> <span class="smcap">Thomas M. Pitkin</span></p> - -<p class="center p2 smallfont"><em>WASHINGTON, D. C., 1941 (REPRINT 1956)</em></p> - -<hr class="tb x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="center"> -UNITED STATES<br /> -DEPARTMENT OF THE<br /> -INTERIOR<br /> -<br /> -Fred A. Seaton, <em>Secretary</em></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp74" style="max-width: 10.3125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i03.jpg" alt="Department of Interior logo." /> -</div> - -<p class="center">NATIONAL PARK SERVICE<br /> -<span class="smcap">Conrad L. Wirth</span>, <em>Director</em><br /> -</p></div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum">[iii]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><em>CONTENTS</em></h2> -</div> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="toc" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents"> -<tr><td class="tocchapter"></td><td></td><td class="tocpage"><span class="smallfont">Page</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tocchapter">1.</td><td class="toctitle"><span class="smcap">Cornwallis Goes to Yorktown</span></td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#CHAPTER_1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tocchapter">2.</td><td class="toctitle"><span class="smcap">The French Fleet Blockades the Chesapeake</span></td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#CHAPTER_2">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tocchapter">3.</td><td class="toctitle"><span class="smcap">The Allies Assemble at Williamsburg</span></td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#CHAPTER_3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tocchapter">4.</td><td class="toctitle"><span class="smcap">The British Position</span></td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#CHAPTER_4">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tocchapter">5.</td><td class="toctitle"><span class="smcap">The Siege Begins</span></td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#CHAPTER_5">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tocchapter">6.</td><td class="toctitle"><span class="smcap">The First Parallel</span></td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#CHAPTER_6">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tocchapter">7.</td><td class="toctitle"><span class="smcap">The Bombardment</span></td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#CHAPTER_7">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tocchapter">8.</td><td class="toctitle"><span class="smcap">Storming the Redoubts</span></td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#CHAPTER_8">11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tocchapter">9.</td><td class="toctitle"><span class="smcap">The British Counterattack</span></td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#CHAPTER_9">14</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tocchapter">10.</td><td class="toctitle"><span class="smcap">Cornwallis Tries To Escape</span></td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#CHAPTER_10">15</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tocchapter">11.</td><td class="toctitle"><span class="smcap">Cornwallis Decides To Surrender</span></td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#CHAPTER_11">17</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tocchapter">12.</td><td class="toctitle"><span class="smcap">The Parley</span></td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#CHAPTER_12">18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tocchapter">13.</td><td class="toctitle"><span class="smcap">The Surrender</span></td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#CHAPTER_13">18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tocchapter">14.</td><td class="toctitle">“<span class="smcap">The Play Is Over</span>”</td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#CHAPTER_14">22</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tocchapter">15.</td><td class="toctitle"><span class="smcap">Washington Congratulates the Army</span></td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#CHAPTER_15">22</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tocchapter">16.</td><td class="toctitle"><span class="smcap">The Meaning of Yorktown</span></td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#CHAPTER_16">24</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tocchapter"></td><td class="toctitle"><span class="smcap">Bibliography</span></td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#Bibliography">25</a></td></tr> -</table></div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><em>ILLUSTRATIONS</em></h2> -</div> - - -<div class="center"> -<table class="toc" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Illustrations"> -<tr><td class="toctitle"><span class="smcap">The Surrender of Cornwallis’s Army</span></td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#ifrontispiece">Frontispiece</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="toctitle"><span class="smcap">Plan of the Siege of York Town in Virginia</span></td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#i06">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="toctitle"><span class="smcap">The Storming of Redoubt Number Ten</span></td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#i12">12</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="toctitle"><span class="smcap">The Last Day of the Siege</span></td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#i16">16</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="toctitle"><span class="smcap">The Moore House</span></td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#i19">19</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="toctitle"><span class="smcap">Cornwallis’s Parole</span></td><td class="tocpage"><a href="#i21">21</a></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<hr class="tb x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum">[iv]</span></p> - -<div class="boxit2"> -<p><em>THIS BOOKLET relates to the Yorktown portion of Colonial -National Historical Park, Jamestown-Yorktown, Virginia, -which commemorates significant phases of American history from -the first settlement at Jamestown until the winning of American -independence at Yorktown. Other areas under National Park -Service administration commemorating the Revolutionary period -of American history are:</em></p> - -<p style="text-align:left"> -George Washington Birthplace National Monument, Washington’s Birthplace, Westmoreland County, Virginia.<br /> -Washington Monument National Memorial, Washington, D. C.<br /> -Statue of Liberty National Monument, Liberty Island, New York, N. Y.<br /> -Independence National Historical Park, Philadelphia, Pa.<br /> -Federal Hall National Memorial, New York, N. Y.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><br /> -Saratoga National Historical Park, Stillwater, N. Y.<br /> -Morristown National Historical Park, Morristown, N. J.<br /> -Kings Mountain National Military Park, York, S. C.<br /> -Guilford Courthouse National Military Park, Greensboro, N. C.<br /> -Moores Creek National Military Park, Cowie, N. C.<br /> -Cowpens National Battlefield Site, Gaffney, S. C. -</p></div> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> Operated by the Federal Hall Memorial Associates cooperating with the National -Park Service.</p> - -</div></div></div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum">[v]</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><em>INTRODUCTION</em></h2> -</div> - - -<div> - <img class="drop-capi" src="images/i04.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> -<p class="drop-capi-t">The story of the last great act in the drama of American -independence has been told many times, but never -more vividly than in the words of the actors themselves. -This book is an attempt to portray the crowning campaign -of the American Revolution in the language of participants. -Cornwallis, commander of the British forces, and Tarleton, his dashing -cavalry leader, have been called upon to describe scenes and -events inside Yorktown, during the campaign which culminated in -the surrender of Cornwallis’s army and was followed by the -abandonment of British efforts to reduce the revolting American -colonies to their old allegiance. Washington, “Mad” Anthony -Wayne, Surgeon Thacher of the Continental Line, the young and -chivalrous Count William de Deux-Ponts, and others recount for -us American and French operations around Yorktown, for the -most part in words penned while the events themselves were transpiring. -Lafayette writes exultantly, on the heels of the surrender, -that “the play is over,” and Washington congratulates the army -on its success. Here is the story of the siege of Yorktown recorded -by those who were a part of it.</p> - -<p>Here also are estimates of the significance of the surrender by a -contemporary American statesman who was in position to view -its immediate effects on the watching European world, by an -American President who saw Yorktown against the background of -a century’s independent national development, and by the commission -which prepared the sesquicentennial celebration of the -event in 1931. There has been added only sufficient new narrative -to fill the obvious gaps in the accounts of contemporaries.</p> - -<p class="ir1"><span class="smcap">Charles E. Hatch, Jr.</span><br /> -<span class="smcap" style="padding-right:1.35em">Thomas M. Pitkin.</span></p> - -<p><em>Colonial National Historical Park,<br /> -Yorktown, Virginia,<br /> -January 23, 1941.</em></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum">[vi]</span></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="ifrontispiece" style="max-width: 40.625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/ifrontispiece.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="center"><em>THE SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS’S ARMY</em></p></div> -</div> - -<div class="boxit3"> -<p><em>Reproduced from a picture -made shortly after the American Revolution -by the painter Van Blarenburghe, -based on an action sketch by Captain -Louis Alexandre Berthier, of Rochambeau’s -army. It depicts the British -army marching out of Yorktown between -the French and American troops -to surrender its arms and flags.</em></p></div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum">[1]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_1">1. <span class="smcap">Cornwallis Goes to Yorktown</span></h2> -</div> - - -<p>In the spring of 1781, the seventh year of the struggle for American -independence, Lord Cornwallis, commanding a British Army, -marched from North Carolina into Virginia, in an attempt to conquer -the State and restore it to allegiance to Great Britain. The -Marquis de Lafayette, sent to Virginia with a small American force, -was unable to meet him in open battle but did his best to hamper -the movements of the British. In midsummer Cornwallis received -orders from Sir Henry Clinton, his superior in New York, to fortify -a base in the lower Chesapeake for the use of the British fleet.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Sir, I was honoured with your letter of the 12th of July, by the Solebay, in which -you mention a desire of having a harbour secured in the Chesapeak for line of battle -ships. I immediately ordered the engineers to examine Old Point Comfort, and -went thither myself with the captains of the navy on this station. You will -receive a copy of the engineer’s report, with a sketch of the peninsula, and the -opinion of the officers of the navy relative to the occupying and fortifying of that -post.</p> - -<p>The Commander-in-chief having signified to me in his letter of the 11th instant, -that he thought a secure harbour for line of battle ships of so much importance -in the Chesapeak, that he wished me to possess one, even if it should occupy -all the force at present in Virginia; and, as it is our unanimous opinion, that Point -Comfort will not answer the purpose, I shall immediately sieze and fortify the -posts of York and Gloucester, and shall be happy at all times to concur in any -measures which may promote the convenience and advantage of his Majesty’s -navy.</p> - -<p class="ir2"><span class="smcap">Lord Cornwallis to Admiral Graves, July 26, 1781.</span></p> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_2">2. <span class="smcap">The French Fleet Blockades The Chesapeake</span></h2> -</div> - - -<p>Cornwallis moved his whole army to Yorktown, on the York -River, in August and began leisurely fortifying that position and -Gloucester Point opposite. Meanwhile the French West Indies -fleet, under Comte de Grasse, evaded its British opponent and -moved north to cooperate with the French and American land forces -under Washington and Rochambeau. De Grasse sailed for the -mouth of Chesapeake Bay to blockade Cornwallis by sea, while the<span class="pagenum">[2]</span> -allied armies prepared to leave the Hudson River, where they had -been threatening Clinton, and close in by land. Lt. Col. Banastre -Tarleton, Cornwallis’s cavalry leader, watched the gathering of -hostile forces.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Near the end of August, the Guadaloupe of twenty-eight guns, left York town, -to proceed to New York with dispatches from Earl Cornwallis, and from Captain -Symonds of the Charon, who commanded his Majesty’s ships in the Chesapeak. -At this period, the sea officers imagined that the British fleet from the West -Indies would be discovered off the capes by the frigate, and the land officers -expected that a considerable body of troops would soon arrive from New York to -strengthen the King’s forces for solid operations in Virginia, and likewise to -garrison the works which were constructing for the advantage and protection of -both army and navy. These suppositions, which were well grounded, diffused -among the royalists general satisfaction: but their prospects of glory were suddenly -obscured. On the 30th, the French fleet, of twenty-eight sail of the line, -from the West Indies, under orders of the Count de Grasse, entered the Chesapeak. -The advanced guard of his squadron, consisting of the Glorieux, a coppered -seventy-four, and the Diligente and Aigrette frigates, met the Guadaloupe -near the capes, who, not understanding their signals, kept aloof, and afterwards -by swiftness, made good her retreat to York town; whilst the Loyalist, a bad -twenty-gun ship, who was stationed in the bay, after a gallant struggle in the -mouth of the channel, fell into the possession of the French.</p> - -<p>The Count de Grasse, without loss of time, blocked up York river with three -large ships and some frigates, and moored the principal part of the fleet in Lynhaven -bay. Upon his arrival within the capes, he dispatched information of that -event to General Washington in the Jerseys, and to the Marquis de la Fayette, -who was encamped near the Chickahomany. The disembarkation of the troops -brought in the line-of-battle ships from the West Indies immediately took place, -and the continental army in Virginia advanced to the Green springs on the 3d -of September, to form a junction with the Count de St. Simon. The Marquis de -la Fayette soon after moved the French and Americans to Williamsburgh.</p> - -<p>In the mean time Earl Cornwallis practised various means to send intelligence -to New York of the situation and force of the French fleet. Patroles of the -legion cavalry were continually detached to the shores of James and York rivers, -and daily reported to his lordship every occurrence worthy of attention: They -informed him of the movement of the boats with troops towards the Chickahomany, -and of the different manoeuvres of the Count de Grasse. On the 5th, the -French ships were observed to make repeated signals, and it was soon discovered -that an English squadron was approaching. Notwithstanding the absence of a -number of officers and seamen employed in the disembarkation of St. Simon’s -brigade, and of another detachment engaged in procuring water, the French fleet -got under way, and stood out of the capes.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum">[3]</span></p> - -<p>This state of hope was interrupted by the arrival of Count de Barras’s division -in the Chesapeak from Rhode Island. Intelligence soon after reached York town, -that Count de Grasse had repulsed the British fleet, and was returning to the bay. -Before this period accounts were brought to Earl Cornwallis that General Washington, -with a large body of continentals, and Count Rochambeau, with the -French army, were preparing to form a junction with LaFayette, by descending -in transports from the head of Elk river in Maryland, under the convoy of the -French ships. In this situation, blocked up by sea, and exposed to a powerful -combination on shore, Earl Cornwallis turned his attention towards the corps -already arrived at Williamsburgh.</p> - -<p class="ir1"><span class="smcap" style="padding-right:5em">Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton,</span><br /> -<cite>A History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781</cite>.</p> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_3">3. <span class="smcap">The Allies Assemble at Williamsburg</span></h2> -</div> - - -<p>Williamsburg, at the heart of the Virginia Peninsula, commanded -the landward approach to Yorktown. Here, during September, -the allied armies gathered, Washington and Rochambeau hastening -down from the north to join the troops of Lafayette and St. Simon. -Richard Butler, then a colonel of the Pennsylvania Line, serving -with Lafayette, kept daily record of the scene.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><em>Sept. 8th.</em>—Received orders to march for Williamsburgh to join the allied army; -arrived at our ground at 11 o’clock, had some difficulty in getting our baggage as -we had to let the allied army have our wagons to bring on their whole train and -camp, therefore had to lay in bough huts, on very dusty ground, for this day and -night; the French army, the Pennsylvania and light-troops made a very elegant -appearance in passing through the city.</p> - -<p><em>Sept. 9th.</em>—Obtained our baggage, pitched our camp. Lay by without any -accounts of the enemy stirring on the eighth, the British fleet passed Cape Henry -and came into the bay, and were gallantly engaged by the French, who drove -them to sea, and pursued them, but leaving six ships of the line for the security -of the bay. The Baron de Steuben arrived in camp with his suite.</p> - -<p><em>Aug.</em> [<em>sic.</em>] <em>11th.</em>—Accounts by a Frigate that the French were left in full pursuit -of the British, who were flying before them, and that in about six hours sailing -they must come up with eighteen sail of victuallers which the British intend for -Lord Cornwallis’ relief and support, which they had abandoned in their flight. -Still no flour or meal, and the beef supplied is very bad, in short there is yet no -exertions made to supply the troops who have been supplied with only three -days’ bread out of seven, and not the least likelihood of being better supplied.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum">[4]</span></p> - -<p><em>Sept. 12th.</em>—Several cannon heard down the river; no account from the fleet. -This day Governor Nelson sent Mr. Nichols to give me an order to retain a mill, -and to impress corn carriages, boats, or any thing to facilitate the collecting of -provisions; sent off Lieutenant Collier with a party for this purpose.</p> - -<p><em>Sept. 13th.</em>—An account of the Commander-in-Chief having arrived at his own -seat at last. He has not been within his own door for seven years, indeed not -since he was first a member of Congress in the year 1775, all which time he has -been a most faithful patriot and servant of his country, from the citizen he was a -councellor, then a General, and in reality the Father of the people, he has nobly -shared in all their misfortunes, shewing the utmost fortitude and regularity of -conduct; indeed the able statesman has appeared in all his actions. Some malign -shafts have been shot at him by a small insignificant tribe whose falsely and ill -directed arrows always reverted to their own bow and wounded themselves.</p> - -<p><em>Sept. 14th.</em>—The Marquis Lafayette still continues ill of the ague. Yesterday -the Marquis de St. Simon, and a number of his officers, paid a visit to our line, and -the Baron Steuben and our good friend Gen. Wayne, whose wound and gout still -continue ill. About 3 o’clock an express arrived, announcing the approach of our -great and good Commander-in-Chief, Gen. Washington, and the Count de -Rochambeau, the commander of the allied armies of France, now joining. At -4, P. M., the guns fired a royal salute as the General approached the camp, on -which the two armies turned out on their battalion parades;—his Excellency and -the Count De Rochambeau, with their suites, attended by the Marquis de -Lafayette, Maj. Gen. and commander of the American, and Maj. Gen. Marquis -de St. Simon, commander of the allied army (lately arrived), and all their suites, -visited the allied army first, and then the American army, and were saluted -according to custom; these ceremonies finished, the whole of the officers of the -French army attended at the Marquis de St. Simon’s quarters and were introduced -to the <em>Illustrious Hero</em>. The field officers of the American army all attended to -bid him and the other Generals welcome. These ceremonies over, an elegant -supper was served up.... To add to the happiness of the event and evening, -an elegant band of music played an introductive part of a French Opera, signifying -the happiness of the family when blessed with the presence of their father, and -their great dependance upon him. About 10 o’clock the company rose up, and -after mutual congratulations and the greatest expression of joy, they separated.</p> - -<p><em>Sept. 15th.</em>—An officer arrived from Count de Grasse’s fleet, with certain account -of the arrival of his and Count de Barras’ fleet, from Rhode Island, with the -French troops on board, and heavy artillery and large mortars, also of the capture -of the <em>famous</em> Iris frigate, and the Richmond frigate, which with the Romulus -of 44 guns, are sent to Baltimore, and head of Elk, to bring down all our troops -and apparatus for a siege; the storm seems to thicken fast about Lord Cornwallis, -whose people desert fast, which is a certain symptom of despondency in all armies. -This day, his Excellency, the Commander-in-Chief, dined with the Marquis de<span class="pagenum">[5]</span> -Lafayette, also Marquis de St. Simon, Baron de Steuben, Count de Rochambeau, -Dumas, and Desandroins, a number of American and French officers of distinction, -and passed the afternoon in the greatest happiness and harmony. Several officers -of the Navy, among whom is the captain of the Experiment of 40 guns.</p> - -<p><em>Sept. 16th.</em>—His Excellency Gen. Washington, Counts de Rochambeau, de -Chastelleux, and a great number of Generals and other officers dined with Baron -de Steuben; we spent the afternoon in great harmony and retired.</p> - -<p><em>Sept. 17 to 27.</em>—Has been spent in debarking the troops and trains from the -shipping the whole being arrived, the troops having taken their proper stations -and every thing arranged, and the Commander-in-Chief and principal officers -returned from on board the Ville de Paris where the Generals have been fixing a -plan of cooperation with the Admiral, orders were issued for the whole army to -move at 5 o’clock.</p> - -<p class="ir0"><span class="smcap">General Richard Butler’s Journal.</span></p> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_4">4. <span class="smcap">The British Position</span></h2> -</div> - - -<p>Meanwhile Cornwallis had not been idle. The unexpected -appearance of the French fleet in the bay, its repulse of the British -fleet, and the gathering of his enemies at Williamsburg had spurred -him to renewed exertions in preparing the defenses of Yorktown. -His outer line was extensive but well chosen. His inner line, close -about the town, was less advantageous.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>At this period, the labour which had been bestowed on the outward position -at York town, had improved its natural advantages, and rendered it in every -respect convenient for the King’s troops. The right rested on a swamp which -cover the right of the town: A large redoubt was constructed beyond it, close to -the river road from Williamsburgh, and completed with fraizing and abbatis. -The Charon, Guadaloupe, and other armed vessels, were moored opposite to the -swamp; and the town batteries commanded at the roads and causeways which -approached it. On the right, at the head of the morass, two redoubts were placed, -one on each side, of the main Williamsburgh road. The center was protected by -a thin wood, whose front was cut down, with the branches facing outwards. A -field work, mounted with cannon, was erected on the left of the center, to command -the Hampton road. A deep ravine, and a creek, which increased till it reached -York river, covered the left. Trees were felled, fleches were thrown up, and batteries -were constructed, at the points which were deemed most vulnerable. The -distance between the heads of the swamp and creek, which embraced the flanks -of the town, did not exceed half a mile. The face of the country, in front of this -line, was cut near the center by a morass, and, excepting this break, the ground -was plain and open for near two thousand yards. An excellent field artillery was -placed to the greatest advantage by Captain Rochefort, who commanded in that -department....</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum">[6]</span></p> - -<p>The works erected for the protection of York town, consisted, on the right, of -redoubts and batteries, with a line of stockade in the rear, which supported a high -parapet of earth. The redoubts were furnished with fraizing and abbatis. A -marshy ravine lay in front of the right, over which was placed a large redoubt, -with a good ditch, fraizing, and abbatis: The morass extended along the center, -which was defended by a line of stockade, and by batteries that looked upon all -the avenues to the swamp: On the left of the center, was a horn work, with a -ditch, a row of fraize, and an abbatis: Some embrazures for cannon were at present -open in this work. The left was fortified by redoubts, communications of earth, -and batteries, which were all furnished with fraizing, but without stockade or -abbatis. Two redoubts were advanced before the left, which were small, and -not so well finished as that in front of the right. The ground in front of the left -was in some parts on a level with the works, in others cut by ravines, and altogether -very convenient for the besiegers. The space within the works was exceedingly -narrow, not large enough for retrenchments, and, except under the -cliff, exposed to enfilade.</p> - -<p class="ir1"><span class="smcap" style="padding-right:4.5em">Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton,</span><br /> -<cite>A History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781</cite>.</p> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_5">5. <span class="smcap">The Siege Begins</span></h2> -</div> - - -<p>French and American troops having assembled in overwhelming -force, from points as far distant as Rhode Island and the West -Indies, Washington assumed command of the whole and moved -on Yorktown.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>I have not leisure to give a particular account of our proceedings, it must -suffice only to inform you, that, after assembling all the Troops at <em>Williamsburg</em>, -and making the necessary Arrangements, the Allied Army moved on the Morning -of the 28th Sept. and took post in the neighbourhood of York that night. The -Enemy gave us no annoyance on the March; a body of Horse that was paraded in -front of their Works retired upon our firing a few shot among them. The 29th. -was spent in reconnoitring, and taking a position as near the advanced Works as -could be done without placing the Encampments directly in the range of the -Enemy’s shot; some skirmishing happened between our Riffle men and the Yagers, -in which the former had the advantage. At night, the Enemy abandoned all -their Out Posts (some of which were very advantageous) and retired to the Town. -Yesterday Morning we occupied the same ground and last night made some -lodgments at a short distance from the Lines. The Horses and Teams are beginning -to arrive from the Northward, the heavy Artillery will be brought up as soon -as possible and the Seige pushed with vigor; as I have no Idea that Lord Cornwallis -will surrender so respectable a force, as he has under his command, unless he is -compelled by dire necessity.</p> - -<p class="ir1"><span class="smcap">Washington to Major General William Heath, October 1, 1781.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum">[7]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_6">6. <span class="smcap">The First Parallel</span></h2> -</div> - - -<p>The siege operations of the eighteenth century were conducted -according to a set pattern. When the most advantageous ground -had been chosen and marked, the besiegers began digging a line -of entrenchments facing the besieged position at a distance of from -800 to 1,000 yards, convenient range for the artillery of that day. -This line of entrenchments, in which batteries were erected, was -known as the “first parallel.” In planning the siege of Yorktown, -the allied engineers chose for the first parallel a line from the head -of a deep ravine, which half encircled the town on the left, to the -York River on the right. Its opening was delayed for several days -pending the arrival of heavy artillery.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>The reconnoissance completed, the artillery disembarked, and the necessary -supplies arranged, the establishment of the first parallel was begun.</p> - -<p>The strength and reputation of the Garrison were the reason for the decision -to establish it at the usual distance, and to fortify it by redoubts against sorties. -The advanced works on the enemy’s left made it necessary even to increase the -distance of the right of the attacks from the body of the place. The lay of the -ground determined its outline; the right resting on the steep bank of the river, on -the left of the great ravine.</p> - -<p>In the night of the 6th to 7th, the first parallel was opened, and the construction -of the redoubts necessary for safety began. This work was only interrupted by -the batteries, the fire of which was turned upon the new redoubts from the beginning -of their construction.</p> - -<p>The same night an end of a parallel with a flying sap was opened to support a -battery which served the double purpose of disturbing the advanced redoubt on -the right of the besieged and of driving off the ships of war which might have -taken the left of the great attack in reverse.</p> - -<p>This work, information of which was given by a deserter, was greatly troubled -by the batteries of the besieged, and the attention which they paid to it diverted -their attention from the opening of the great attack.</p> - -<p><em>October 7th.</em>—At daybreak the guard batteries entered the parallel. From the -7th to 8th the perfectionment of the first parallel and the redoubts was continued, -and the construction of the batteries begun. The nature of the ground on the -left decided their establishment behind the parallel, and one was placed on its -left flank beyond the ravine.</p> - -<p><em>October 8th.</em>—At noon the parallel and the battery at the left attack were -completed.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum">[8]</span></p> - -<p>From the 8th to the 9th the perfectionment of the parallel, and of the redoubts -and batteries was continued, and communications opened in their rear.</p> - -<p><em>October 9th.</em>—The construction of a battery of mortars was begun in part of the -parallel.</p> - -<p>In the afternoon the batteries began their fire, and subdued that of the enemy.</p> - -<p>The fire of that on the left compelled the frigate and the other vessels of war to -withdraw.</p> - -<p>From the 9th to the 10th the perfecting of the works was continued, and palisades -were set in the ditches of the redoubts.</p> - -<p>On the left attempts were made to set fire to the abattis of the redoubt.</p> - -<p class="ir0"><span class="smcap">Engineers’ Journal of the Siege of York.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="figcenter illowp82" id="i06" style="max-width: 40.625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i06.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="center"><em>Plan -of the SIEGE of</em> -<span class="smcap">York Town</span> -in Virginia.</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="boxit3"> -<p><em>This map of the siege of Yorktown -appeared in the London edition of -Tarleton’s</em> Campaigns, <em>1787. The -cartographer has not been identified, -but was probably with the British -Army during the siege. The British -and allied entrenchments are -clearly shown, with the allied -encampments in rear of the latter.</em></p></div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_7">7. <span class="smcap">The Bombardment</span></h2> -</div> - - -<p>Some of the allied batteries were ready to fire by the afternoon -of October 9. All movements and activities up to this time had -been merely preliminary. The siege of Yorktown now settled into -deadly earnest, with a heavy and continuous bombardment of the -British position. Additional batteries took up the chorus on the -following morning. Surgeon Thacher, of the American Army, in -the intervals of caring for the wounded, watched the terrible -spectacle.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>From the 10th to the 15th, a tremendous and incessant firing from the American -and French batteries is kept up, and the enemy return the fire, but with little -effect. A red hot shell from the French battery set fire to the Charon, a British -44 gun ship, and two or three smaller vessels at anchor in the river, which were -consumed in the night. From the bank of the river, I had a fine view of this -splendid conflagration. The ships were enwrapped in a torrent of fire, which -spreading with vivid brightness among the combustible rigging, and running with -amazing rapidity to the tops of the several masts, while all around was thunder -and lightning from our numerous cannon and mortars, and in the darkness of -night, presented one of the most sublime and magnificent spectacles which can be -imagined. Some of our shells, overreaching the town, are seen to fall into the -river, and bursting, throw up columns of water like the spouting of the monsters -of the deep. We have now made further approaches to the town, by throwing -up a second parallel line, and batteries within about three hundred yards; this -was effected in the night, and at daylight the enemy were roused to the greatest -exertions, the engines of war have raged with redoubled fury and destruction on -both sides, no cessation day or night. The French had two officers wounded, -and fifteen men killed or wounded, and among the Americans, two or three were -wounded. I assisted in amputating a man’s thigh. The siege is daily becoming<span class="pagenum">[9]</span> -more and more formidable and alarming, and his Lordship must view his situation -as extremely critical, if not desperate.</p> - -<p>Being in the trenches every other night and day, I have a fine opportunity of -witnessing the sublime and stupendous scene which is continually exhibiting. -The bomb shells from the besiegers and the besieged are incessantly crossing each -others’ path in the air. They are clearly visible in the form of a black ball in the -day, but in the night, they appear like fiery meteors with blazing tails, most -beautifully brilliant, ascending majestically from the mortar to a certain altitude, -and gradually descending to the spot where they are destined to execute their -work of destruction. It is astonishing with what accuracy an experienced gunner -will make his calculations, that a shell shall fall within a few feet of a given point, -and burst at the precise time, though at a great distance. When a shell falls, it -whirls round, burrows, and excavates the earth to a considerable extent, and -bursting, makes dreadful havoc around. I have more than once witnessed -fragments of the mangled bodies and limbs of the British soldiers thrown into -the air by the bursting of our shells, and by one from the enemy, Captain White, -of the seventh Massachusetts regiment, and one soldier were killed, and another -wounded near where I was standing. About twelve or fourteen men have been -killed or wounded within twenty-four hours; I attended at the hospital, amputated -a man’s arm, and assisted in dressing a number of wounds.</p> - -<p class="ir0"><span class="smcap" style="padding-right:17.5em">James Thacher,</span><br /> -<cite>A Military Journal during the American Revolutionary War</cite>.</p> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_8">8. <span class="smcap">Storming the Redoubts</span></h2> -</div> - - -<p>Under cover of the fire of their heavy guns, the allies moved -forward on the night of October 11 to a second parallel, halfway -to the main British line. At the right, nearest the river, the -completion of this entrenchment was delayed by the fire of two -advanced redoubts held by the British. It was determined to -storm them. Early on the evening of October 14 French troops -prepared to attack one of the redoubts, while picked American -units from Lafayette’s Light Infantry assaulted the other. Count -William de Deux-Ponts led the French attack, while Lt. Col. -Alexander Hamilton was at the head of the American column.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum">[12]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i12" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i12.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="center"><em>THE STORMING OF REDOUBT NUMBER TEN</em></p></div> -</div> - -<div class="boxit3"> -<p><em>This is a reproduction -of the painting made about 1840 by -Louis Eugene Lami, the original of -which is in the old Senate Chamber of -the Capitol in Richmond, Va. It shows -the detachment of Lafayette’s Light -Infantry swarming into the British -redoubt. Bitter hand-to-hand fighting -is going on, the Americans using only -the bayonet.</em></p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum">[13]</span></p> - - -<h3>THE FRENCH ATTACK</h3> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>The six shells were fired at last; and I advanced in the greatest silence; at a -hundred and twenty or thirty paces, we were discovered; and the Hessian soldier -who was stationed as a sentinel on the parapet, cried out “Werda?” (Who comes -there?) to which we did not reply, but hastened our steps. The enemy opened -fire the instant after the “Werda.” We lost not a moment in reaching the abatis, -which being strong and well preserved, at about twenty-five paces from the redoubt, -cost us many men, and stopped us for some minutes, but was cleared away -with brave determination; we threw ourselves into the ditch at once, and each -one sought to break through the fraises, and to mount the parapet.</p> - -<p>We reached there at first in small numbers, and I gave the order to fire; the -enemy kept up a sharp fire, and charged us at the point of the bayonet; but no -one was driven back. The carpenters, who had worked hard on their part, had -made some breaches in the palisades, which helped the main body of the troops in -mounting. The parapet was becoming manned visibly. Our fire was increasing, -and making terrible havoc among the enemy, who had placed themselves behind -a kind of intrenchment of barrels, where they were well massed, and where all -our shots told. We succeeded at the moment when I wished to give the order to -leap into the redoubt and charge upon the enemy with the bayonet; then they laid -down their arms, and we leaped in with more tranquillity and less risk. I shouted -immediately the cry of <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Vive le Roi</i>, which was repeated by all the grenadiers and -chasseurs who were in good condition, by all the troops in the trenches, and to -which the enemy replied by a general discharge of artillery and musketry. I -never saw a sight more beautiful or more majestic. I did not stop to look at it: -I had to give attention to the wounded, and directions to be observed towards -the prisoners.</p> - -<p>At the same time, the Baron de Viomesnil came to give me orders to be prepared -for a vigorous defence, as it would be important for the enemy to attempt to retake -this work. An active enemy would not have failed, and the Baron de Viomesnil -judged the English general by himself. I made my dispositions to the best of my -ability; the enemy showered bullets upon us. I did not doubt that the idea of the -Baron de Viomesnil would be fulfilled. Finally, when all was over, a sentinel -charged with observing the movements without, called me, and said that some of -the enemy were appearing. I raised my head above the parapet, and at the same -time a ball, which ricochetted in the parapet, and passed very near my head, -covered my face with sand and gravel. I suffered much, and was obliged to leave -the place, and to be conducted to the ambulance.</p> - -<p class="ir1"><span class="smcap">Count William de Deux-Ponts</span>,<br /> -<span style="padding-right:2.5em"><cite>My Campaigns in America</cite>.</span></p> -</div> - - -<h3>THE AMERICAN ATTACK</h3> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> - -<p>I have the honour to render you an account of the corps under my command, -in your attack of last night upon the redoubt of the enemy’s lines.</p> - -<p>Agreeable to your orders, we advanced in two columns with unloaded arms, -the right composed of Lieutenant-colonel Gimat’s battalion and my own, commanded -by Major Fish. The left of a detachment commanded by Lieutenant-colonel -Laurens, destined to take the enemy of reverse, and intercept their retreat.<span class="pagenum">[14]</span> -The column on the right hand was preceded by a van guard of twenty men, led -by Lieutenant Mansfield; and a detachment of sappers and miners, commanded -by Captain Gilliland, for the purpose of removing obstructions.</p> - -<p>The redoubt was commanded by Major Campbell, with a detachment of British -and German troops, and was completely in a state of defence.</p> - -<p>The rapidity and immediate success of the assault, are the best comment on the -behaviour of the troops. Lieutenant-colonel Laurens distinguished himself by an -exact and vigourous execution of his part of the plan, by entering the enemy’s -work with his corps among the foremost, and making prisoner of the commanding -officer of the redoubt. Lieutenant-colonel Gimat’s battalion, which formed the -van of the right attack, and which fell under my immediate observation, encouraged -by the decisive and animated example of their leader, advanced with an -order and resolution superior to every obstacle. They were well seconded by -Major Fish, with the battalion under his command, who, when the front of the -column reached the abbatis, unlocking his corps to the left, as he had been directed, -advanced with such celerity, as to arrive in time to participate in the assault.</p> - -<p>Lieutenant Mansfield deserves particular commendation, for the coolness, -firmness, and punctuality, with which he conducted the van guard, Captain Olney -who commanded the first platoon of Gimat’s battalion, is entitled to peculiar -applause. He led his platoon into the work with exemplary intrepidity, and received -two bayonet wounds. Captain Gilliland, with the detachment of sappers -and miners, acquitted themselves in a manner that did them great honour.</p> - -<p>I do but justice to the several corps when I have the pleasure to assure you, -there was not an officer nor soldier whose behaviour if it could be particularized, -would not have a claim to the warmest approbation. As it would have been attended -with delay and loss to wait for the removal of the abbatis and pallisades, -the ardour of the troops was indulged in passing over them.</p> - -<p>There was a happy coincidence of movements. The redoubt was in the same -moment inveloped and carried on every part. The enemy are entitled to the -acknowledgment of an honourable defence.</p> - -<p class="ir1"><span class="smcap">Lieutenant-Colonel Hamilton’s Report To Lafayette.</span></p> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_9">9. <span class="smcap">The British Counterattack</span></h2> -</div> - - -<p>The completion of the second parallel, including the captured redoubts, -would bring the allied artillery at some points to within 300 -yards of the main British line, a close and deadly range. To delay -the work, Cornwallis launched a counterattack.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>The batteries were opened and fired with great success, which silenced the -chief of the enemy’s batteries; many of their men were killed, and the whole of the -garrison thrown into confusion. About 12 o’clock at night, Maj. Abercrombie, of<span class="pagenum">[15]</span> -the British, with a party of the Light Infantry and Guards, made a sally, and -passing between two small redoubts that were unfinished, and where (by the parties -being moved in another post to work,) the line was weak, got possession of the -trench; thence they pushed rapidly to a French battery, and spiked the guns and -drove out the people, having killed four or five: Thence to the covert way or communication -leading from the first to the second parallel, where they halted. They -then discovered a battery commanded by Capt. Savage, of the Americans and -challenged, What troops? The answer was French—on which the order of the -British Commandant was “Push on, my brave boys, and skin the b——rs.” This -was heard by Count de Noailles, who had the command of a covering party, -which he ordered to advance, and was guided by the Huzza of the British. He -ordered grenadiers to “charge bayonet and rush on,” which they did with great -spirit crying “<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Vive Le Roy</i>”, and to use the British phrase skivered eight of the -Guards and Infantry, and took twelve prisoners, and drove them quite off. -The British spiked Savage’s three guns with the points of bayonets, but our -smiths and artillery men soon cleared all the guns, and in six hours chastised the -enemy for their temerity with the same pieces. Our loss was very trifling, though -the British really executed the sortie with secrecy and spirit.</p> - -<p class="ir0"><span class="smcap">General Richard Butler’s Journal.</span></p> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_10">10. <span class="smcap">Cornwallis Tries to Escape</span></h2> -</div> - - -<p>Finding his enemies closing in for the kill, Cornwallis determined -on a desperate measure. This was to transport his army across the -river to Gloucester, break through the allied troops guarding that -point, and march overland to New York.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>A few hours cannonade from the new batteries upon York town, where the -fraizings were already destroyed, the guns dismounted, many breaches effected, -and the shells nearly expended, would be productive either of a capitulation, or an -assault. A retreat by Gloucester was the only expedient that now presented itself -to avert the mortification of a surrender, or the destruction of a storm. Though -this plan appeared less practicable than when first proposed, and was adopted -at this crisis, as the last resource, it yet afforded some hopes of success. In the -evening, Earl Cornwallis sent Lord Chewton to Gloucester, with explicit directions -for Lieutenant-colonel Tarleton to prepare some artillery and other requisites -from his garrison to accompany the British troops with which his lordship designed -to attack Brigadier de Choisy before daybreak, and afterwards retreat through -the country. The guards of cavalry and infantry at Tarleton’s post were immediately -augmented, and many officers were advanced as sentries, to prevent -any intelligence being conveyed to the enemy. All the commanding officers of -regiments were afterwards acquainted with the intended project, that their corps -might be completely assembled and equipped. The spare horses of the garrison -were ordered to parade for the benefit of the infantry, and the necessary artillery -and waggons were prepared.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum">[17]</span></p> - -<p>A number of sailors and soldiers were dispatched with boats from Gloucester, -to assist the troops in passing the river. Earl Cornwallis sent off the first embarkation -before eleven o’clock that night, consisting of the light infantry, great -part of the brigade of guards, and the 23d regiment, and purposed himself to pass -with the second, when he had finished a letter to General Washington, calculated -to excite the humanity of that officer towards the sick, the wounded, and the -detachment that would be left to capitulate. Much of the small craft had been -damaged during the siege; yet it was computed, that three trips would be sufficient -to convey over all the troops that were necessary for the expedition. The whole -of the first division arrived before midnight, and part of the second had embarked, -when a squall, attended with rain, scattered the boats, and impeded their return -to Gloucester. About two o’clock in the morning the weather began to moderate, -when orders were brought to the commanding officers of the corps that had passed, -to re-cross the water. As the boats were all on the York side the river, in order -to bring over the troops, it required some time to row them to Gloucester, to carry -back the infantry of the first embarkation; but soon after daybreak they returned -under the fire of the enemy’s batteries to Earl Cornwallis, at Yorktown. Thus -expired the last hope of the British army.</p> - -<p class="ir1"><span class="smcap" style="padding-right:5.2em">Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton,</span><br /> -<cite>A History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781</cite>.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i16" style="max-width: 40.625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i16.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="center"><em>THE LAST DAY OF THE SIEGE</em></p></div> -</div> - -<div class="boxit3"> -<p><em>Reproduced from a picture by -Van Blarenberghe, based on an action -sketch. The foreground shows allied -staff officers in consultation over a map. -Nearby, French troops are moving -up to the front. In the background the -batteries of the second parallel are in -full play against Yorktown.</em></p></div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_11">11. <span class="smcap">Cornwallis Decides to Surrender</span></h2> -</div> - - -<p>With the failure of the attempt to escape, and the opening of the -batteries in the advanced allied line, the position of the British -Army, as Cornwallis realized, became hopeless.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Our works in the mean time were going to ruin, and not having been able to -strengthen them by abbatis, nor in any other manner but by a slight fraizing which -the enemy’s artillery were demolishing wherever they fired, my opinion entirely -coincided with that of the engineer and principal officers of the army, that they -were in many places assailable in the forenoon, and that by the continuance of the -same fire for a few hours longer, they would be in such a state as to render it -desperate with our numbers to attempt to maintain them. We at that time -could not fire a single gun, only one eight-inch and little more than an hundred -cohorn shells remained; a diversion by the French ships of war that lay at the -mouth of York-river, was to be expected. Our numbers had been diminished by -the enemy’s fire, but particularly by sickness, and the strength and spirits of those -in the works were much exhausted by the fatigue of constant watching and unremitting<span class="pagenum">[18]</span> -duty. Under all these circumstances, I thought it would have been -wanton and inhuman to the last degree to sacrifice the lives of this small body of -gallant soldiers, who had ever behaved with so much fidelity and courage, by -exposing them to an assault, which from the numbers and precautions of the enemy -could not fail to succeed. I therefore proposed to capitulate....</p> - -<p class="ir0"><span class="smcap">Earl Cornwallis to Sir Henry Clinton, October 20, 1781.</span></p> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_12">12. <span class="smcap">The Parley</span></h2> -</div> - - -<p>“Mad” Anthony Wayne, brigadier-general of the Pennsylvania -Line, has recorded for us the preliminaries of the surrender.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><em>17th.</em>—The enemy beat the chamade at 10 o’clock, A. M.</p> - -<p>Cornwallis now “sent out a flag, proposing a cessation of hostilities for twenty-four -hours, ... and that commissioners might be appointed to meet at Mr. -Moore’s house, to settle the terms upon which the garrisons of York and Gloucester -should surrender. General Washington would only grant a cessation for <em>two -hours</em>; previously to the expiration of which, his lordship, by another flag, sent the -following terms, viz: The troops to be prisoners of war; the British to be sent to -Great Britain, and not to act against America, France, or their allies, until exchanged; -the Hessians to Germany, on the same conditions; and that all operations -cease until the commissioners should determine the details. To this his excellency -returned for answer: That hostilities should cease, and no alterations in the -works, or any new movement of the troops, take place, until he sent terms in writing; -which he did on the 18th, at nine o’clock, A. M., allowing the enemy two hours -to determine. They again requested more time; and the general granted them -until one o’clock, when they acceded to the heads of the imposed terms, and -nominated Colonel Dundas and Major Ross, on their part, to meet with Colonel -Laurens and Viscount de Noailles on ours, to reduce them to form, which was -completed by nine o’clock at night; and, on the 19th, at one o’clock, P. M., the -capitulation was ratified and signed by the commander of each army, when the -enemy received a guard of Pennsylvania and Maryland troops in one of their -principal works, and one of French troops in another.</p> - -<p class="ir1"><span class="smcap" style="padding-right:5.8em">H. N. Moore,</span><br /> -<cite>Life of Gen. Anthony Wayne</cite>.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i19" style="max-width: 40.625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i19.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="center"><em>THE SURRENDER HOUSE, COMMONLY CALLED THE MOORE HOUSE</em></p></div> -</div> - -<div class="boxit3"> -<p><em>The sketch of which this is a -reproduction was made about 1843 -by Henry Howe, for his</em> Historical -Collections of Virginia. <em>It is a rear -view of the house. The room in which -the allied and British commissioners -met to discuss the terms of surrender -is at the lower left. In the sketch -the window of this “Surrender Room” -is half hidden by the chimney.</em></p></div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_13">13. <span class="smcap">The Surrender</span></h2> -</div> - - -<p>The terms settled, the victorious allies prepared to receive the -surrender of the British Army, while Cornwallis’s men made ready -for the humiliating ordeal with which they were faced.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><em>19th.</em>—This is to us a most glorious day, but to the English, one of bitter chagrin -and disappointment. Preparations are now making to receive as captives, that<span class="pagenum">[20]</span> -vindictive, haughty commander, and that victorious army, who by their robberies -and murders have so long been a scourge to our brethren of the southern -states. Being on horseback, I anticipate a full share of satisfaction in viewing -the various movements in the interesting scene.</p> - -<p>The stipulated terms of capitulation are similar to those granted to General -Lincoln at Charleston the last year. The captive troops are to march out with -shouldered arms, colors cased, and drums beating a British or German march, -and to ground their arms at a place assigned for the purpose. The officers are -allowed their side arms and private property, and the generals and such officers -as desire it, are to go on parole to England or New York. The marines and seamen -of the king’s ships are prisoners of war to the navy of France, and the land -forces to the United States. All military and artillery stores to be delivered up -unimpaired. The royal prisoners to be sent into the interior of Virginia, Maryland -and Pennsylvania, in regiments, to have rations allowed them equal to the American -soldiers, and to have their officers near them. Lord Cornwallis to man and -despatch the Bonetta sloop of war with despatches to Sir Henry Clinton at New -York without being searched, the vessel to be returned and the hands accounted for.</p> - -<p>At about twelve o’clock, the combined army was arranged and drawn up in -two lines extending more than a mile in length. The Americans were drawn up in -a line on the right side of the road, and the French occupied the left. At the head -of the former the great American commander, mounted on his noble courser, took -his station, attended by his aids. At the head of the latter was posted the -excellent Count Rochambeau and his suite. The French troops, in complete -uniform, displayed a martial and noble appearance, their band of music, of which -the timbrel formed a part, is a delightful novelty, and produced while marching -to the ground, a most enchanting effect. The Americans though not all in -uniform nor their dress so neat, yet exhibited an erect soldierly air, and every -countenance beamed with satisfaction and joy. The concourse of spectators -from the country was prodigious, in point of numbers probably equal to the military, -but universal silence and order prevailed.</p> - -<p>It was about two o’clock when the captive army advanced through the line -formed for their reception. Every eye was prepared to gaze on Lord Cornwallis, -the object of peculiar interest and solicitude; but he disappointed our anxious -expectations; pretending indisposition, he made General O’Harra his substitute -as the leader of his army. This officer was followed by the conquered troops in a -slow and solemn step, with shouldered arms, colors cased and drums beating a -British march. Having arrived at the head of the line, General O’Harra, elegantly -mounted, advanced to his Excellency the Commander in Chief, taking off his hat, -and apologized for the non-appearance of Earl Cornwallis. With his usual -dignity and politeness his Excellency pointed to Major General Lincoln for -directions, by whom the British army was conducted into a spacious field, where -it was intended they should ground their arms.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum">[22]</span></p> - -<p>The royal troops, while marching through the line formed by the allied army, -exhibited a decent and neat appearance, as respects arms and clothing, for their -commander opened his store and directed every soldier to be furnished with a new -suit complete, prior to the capitulation. But in their line of march we remarked -a disorderly and unsoldierly conduct, their step was irregular, and their ranks -frequently broken. But it was in the field when they came to the last act of the -drama, that the spirit and pride of the British soldier was put to the severest test, -here their mortification could not be concealed. Some of the platoon officers -appeared to be exceedingly chagrined when giving the word “<em>ground arms</em>,” and -I am a witness that they performed this duty in a very unofficerlike manner, and -that many of the soldiers manifested a <em>sullen temper</em>, throwing their arms on the -pile with violence, as if determined to render them useless. This irregularity, -however, was checked by the authority of General Lincoln. After having grounded -their arms and divested themselves of their accoutrements, the captive troops -were conducted back to Yorktown and guarded by our troops till they could be -removed to the place of their destination. The British troops that were stationed -at Gloucester surrendered at the same time, and in the same manner to the -command of the French general de Choise.</p> - -<p class="ir0"><span class="smcap" style="padding-right:17.3em">James Thacher,</span><br /> -<cite>A Military Journal during the American Revolutionary War.</cite></p> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="figcenter illowp62" id="i21" style="max-width: 40.625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i21.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="center"><em>CORNWALLIS’S PAROLE</em></p></div> -</div> - -<div class="boxit3"> -<p><em>Following the surrender, -Cornwallis, as a prisoner of war, gave his -parole not to engage in further hostilities -against the United States, or its allies, until -exchanged and was permitted to go to New -York. The original document is in the -Virginia State Library.</em></p></div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_14">14. “<span class="smcap">The Play is Over</span>”</h2> -</div> - - -<p>Lafayette, exulting in the victory which he had helped to create, -wrote in the first flush of enthusiasm to high officials in France.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>The play is over, Monsieur le Comte, the fifth act has just come to an end. -I was somewhat disturbed during the former acts, but my heart rejoices exceedingly -at this last, and I have no less pleasure in congratulating you upon the happy -ending of our campaign.... I am happy that our Virginia campaign has -ended so well, and my respect for the talents of Lord Cornwallis gives his capture -an additional value to my mind. After this attempt, what English general will -undertake the conquest of America? Their manoeuvres in the southern country -have not been more successful than those at the North, and now the experience -of General Burgoyne has been repeated.</p> - -<p class="ir1"><span class="smcap">Lafayette to M. de Maurepas and M. de Vergennes, October 20, 1781.</span></p> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_15">15. <span class="smcap">Washington Congratulates the Army</span></h2> -</div> - - -<p>Washington, more reserved than his young friend and subordinate, -nevertheless felt deeply the triumph which had come after -long years of defeat and bitterness and hope deferred. With his<span class="pagenum">[23]</span> -pride in the victory was mingled gratitude to the brave allies and -the officers and men of his own army who had made it possible.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>The General congratulates the Army upon the glorious event of yesterday.</p> - -<p>The generous proofs which his most Christian Majesty has given of his attachment -to the Cause of America must force conviction on the minds of the most -deceived among the Enemy: relatively to the decisive good consequences of the -Alliance and inspire every citizen of these States with sentiments of the most -unalterable Gratitude.</p> - -<p>His Fleet the most numerous and powerful that ever appeared in these seas -commanded by an Admiral whose Fortune and Talents ensure great Events.</p> - -<p>An Army of the most admirable composition both in officers and men are the -Pledges of his friendship to the United States and their cooperation has secured -us the present signal success.</p> - -<p>The General upon this occasion entreats his Excellency Count de Rochambeau -to accept his most grateful acknowledgments for his Counsels and assistance at all -times. He presents his warmest thanks to the Generals Baron Viomenil, Chevalier -Chastellux, Marquis de St. Simond and Count Viomenil and to Brigadier General -de Choissy (who had a separate command) for the illustrious manner in which -they have advanced the interest of the common cause.</p> - -<p>He requests that Count de Rochambeau will be pleased to communicate to the -Army under his immediate command the high sense he entertains of the distinguished -merits of the officers and soldiers of every corps and that he will present -in his name to the regiments of Gattinois and Deuxponts the Two Pieces of Brass -Ordnance captured by them; as a testimony of their Gallantry in storming the -Enemy’s Redoubt on the Night of the 14th. instant, when officers and men so -universally vied with each other in the exercise of every soldierly virtue.</p> - -<p>The General’s Thanks to each individual of Merit would comprehend the -whole Army. But He thinks himself bound however by Affection Duty and -Gratitude to express his obligations to Major Generals Lincoln, de La Fayette -and Steuben for the dispositions in the Trenches.</p> - -<p>To General Du Portail and Colonel Carney for the Vigor and Knowledge which -were conspicuous in their Conduct of the Attacks, and to General Knox and -Colonel D’Aberville for their great care and attention and fatigue in bringing -forward the Artillery and Stores and for their judicious and spirited management -of them in the Parallels.</p> - -<p>He requests the Gentlemen above mentioned to communicate his thanks to the -officers and soldiers of their respective commands.</p> - -<p>Ingratitude which the General hopes never to be guilty of would be conspicuous -in him was he to omit thanking in the warmest terms His Excellency Governor -Nelson for the Aid he has derived from him and from the Militia under his Command -to whose Activity Emulation and Courage much Applause is due; the<span class="pagenum">[24]</span> -Greatness of the Acquisition will be an ample Compensation for the Hardships and -Hazards which they encountered with so much patriotism and firmness.</p> - -<p>In order to diffuse the general Joy through every Breast the General orders that -those men belonging to the Army who may now be in confinement shall be pardoned -released and join their respective corps.</p> - -<p>Divine Service is to be performed tomorrow in the several Brigades or Divisions.</p> - -<p>The Commander in Chief earnestly recommends that the troops not on duty -should universally attend with that seriousness of Deportment and gratitude of -Heart which the recognition of such reiterated and astonishing interpositions of -Providence demand of us.</p> - -<p class="ir1"><span class="smcap">Washington’s General Order, October 20, 1781.</span></p> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_16">16. <span class="smcap">The Meaning of Yorktown</span></h2> -</div> - - -<p>The surrender of Cornwallis was immediately recognized as bringing -within sight the end of the Revolution and the independence of -the United States.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Your predictions regarding the fate of Lord Cornwallis have, thank God, been -verified. It is a glorious, joyful, and important event. Britain feels the force of -that stroke and other nations begin to doubt less of the continuance of our independence. -Further successes must prepare the way for peace, and I hope that -victory will stimulate instead of relaxing our exertions.</p> - -<p class="ir1"><span class="smcap">John Jay to Elbridge Gerry, Madrid, January 9, 1782.</span></p> -</div> - -<p>The news of Yorktown brought the defeat of Lord North’s war -ministry in England. Negotiations ending in a treaty of peace, -with recognition of the independence of the United States, soon -followed. The succeeding century brought out in stronger relief -the significance of this decisive victory in the struggle for American -self-government.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Upon this soil one hundred years ago our forefathers brought to a successful -issue their heroic struggle for independence. Here and then was established, and -as we trust made secure upon this continent for ages yet to come, that principle of -government which is the very fiber of our system—the sovereignty of the people.</p> - -<p class="ir1"><span class="smcap">President Chester A. Arthur, Yorktown, October 19, 1881.</span></p> -</div> - -<p>With the approach of the 150th anniversary of the Yorktown -victory, there was renewed realization of the meaning of the event -and of the debt which the people of the United States owed to the -men who, by that victory, made the Declaration of Independence -a living thing. The National Government and local organizations<span class="pagenum">[25]</span> -in 1931 cooperated in impressive commemorative services, and the -battlefield of Yorktown was dedicated as a national shrine to be -maintained for the people by the National Park Service.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>While the events commemorated in other national parks are well worth the -expense to the Government in commemorating them, and they all recall to the -minds of the citizens important events in our history, as well as the heroism and -devotion of our soldiers, they are at best only events, although important ones, -in our history, while Yorktown marks the consummation of our national independence. -Other battles of the Revolutionary War led up to this one battle, -while battles of other wars since then were only struggles for our rights, or for the -preservation of the Government, whose existence was decided on the field at -Yorktown. It was at the bridge at Concord, Massachusetts, on April 19, 1775, -where the embattled farmers stood and fired the shot heard around the world. -It was on the field at Yorktown, Virginia, on October 19, 1781, that it was finally -decided after six and one-half years of heroic struggle that shot had not been fired -in vain. From that date the freedom of our country was secure and has never -again been in danger. The treaty of peace acknowledging our independence two -years later was but a natural and inevitable sequence to the surrender of our -opponent’s finest army and ablest general.</p> - -<p class="ir0"><span class="smcap">Report of the Secretary of War’s Yorktown Commission.</span></p> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Bibliography"><span class="smcap">Bibliography</span></h2> -</div> - - -<p class="hangindent">Bland, Schuyler Otis, <cite>The Yorktown Sesquicentennial; Proceedings of -the United States Yorktown Sesquicentennial Commission</cite> (Washington, -1932).</p> - -<p class="hangindent">General Richard Butler’s Journal of the Siege of Yorktown, -<cite>Historical Magazine</cite>, vol. VIII (New York, 1864).</p> - -<p class="hangindent">Deux-Ponts, Count William de, <cite>My Campaigns in America: A -Journal kept by Count William de Deux-Ponts, 1780-81</cite>. Translated -by Samuel Abbott Green (Boston, 1868).</p> - -<p class="hangindent">Fitzpatrick, John C., editor, <cite>The Writings of George Washington</cite>, -vol. 23 (Washington, 1937).</p> - -<p class="hangindent">Lieutenant-colonel Hamilton’s report to Major-general the Marquis -De La Fayette, with a return, <cite>The Remembrancer; or, Impartial -Repository of Public Events</cite> (London, 1782).</p> - -<p class="hangindent"><span class="pagenum">[26]</span></p> - -<p class="hangindent">Journal of the Siege of York in Virginia (Engineers), <cite>Magazine of -American History with Notes and Queries</cite>, vol. IV (New York, -1880).</p> - -<p class="hangindent">Johnston, Henry P., editor, <cite>The Correspondence and Public Papers -of John Jay</cite>, vol. II (New York, 1891).</p> - -<p class="hangindent">Moore, H. N., <cite>Life and Services of Gen. Anthony Wayne</cite> (Philadelphia, -1859).</p> - -<p class="hangindent"><cite>Report of the Commission Created in Accordance with a Joint Resolution -of Congress, Approved March 3, 1881, Providing for the Erection -of a Monument at Yorktown, Va., Commemorative of the -Surrender of Lord Cornwallis</cite> (Washington, 1883).</p> - -<p class="hangindent">Stevens, Benjamin Franklin, editor, <cite>Clinton-Cornwallis Controversy</cite>, -vol. II (London, 1888).</p> - -<p class="hangindent">Tarleton, Lieutenant-Colonel, <cite>A History of the Campaigns of 1780 -and 1781, in the Southern Provinces of North America</cite> (Dublin, -1787).</p> - -<p class="hangindent">Thacher, James, M. D., <cite>A Military Journal during the American -Revolutionary War, from 1775 to 1783</cite> (Boston, 1827).</p> - -<p class="hangindent">Tower, Charlemagne, Jr., <cite>The Marquis de La Fayette in the American -Revolution</cite>, vol. II (Philadelphia, 1895).</p> - -<p class="ir0 smallfont">U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1956 O-406522</p> - -<hr class="tb x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="transnote"> -<h2 style="margin-top: 0em">Transcriber’s Notes:</h2> - -<p>Illustrations have been moved to paragraph breaks near where they are -mentioned.</p> - -<p>Variations in spelling and punctuation were retained as they appear in -the original publication, except that obvious typographical errors -have been corrected in the main text, but not in the quoted material.</p> -</div></div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YORKTOWN: CLIMAX OF THE REVOLUTION ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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