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Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7d274a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #67838 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/67838) diff --git a/old/67838-0.txt b/old/67838-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 95671fb..0000000 --- a/old/67838-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1402 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Instructions for the Management of -Harvey's Sea Torpedo, by Frederick Harvey - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Instructions for the Management of Harvey's Sea Torpedo - -Author: Frederick Harvey - -Release Date: April 14, 2022 [eBook #67838] - -Language: English - -Produced by: deaurider and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE -MANAGEMENT OF HARVEY'S SEA TORPEDO *** - - - - - - -[Illustration: Plate 1. - -‘Royal Sovereign’ ‘Camel’ - -TRIAL OF HARVEY’S SEA TORPEDO. - -Kell Bros. Lith. London.] - - - - - INSTRUCTIONS - FOR THE - MANAGEMENT - OF - HARVEY’S SEA TORPEDO. - - LONDON: - E. & F. N. SPON, 48, CHARING CROSS. - PORTSMOUTH: J. GRIFFIN & CO. DEVONPORT: J. R. H. SPRY. - 1871. - - LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET AND - CHARING CROSS. - - - - -INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF HARVEY’S SEA TORPEDO. - - -To impart a thorough knowledge of the management of such an arm as the -sea torpedo is a matter of easy accomplishment by personal explanation; -especially so, when the arm is in the water, and practised with under -conditions that would obtain in its application to the disabling of, or -to the destruction of vessels against which it may be employed. - -But in the absence of such mode of instruction, the following directions -are offered, with a hope that they will prove sufficiently explanatory of -an arm, which, like other arms, requires skill and aptitude in using it -effectively. - -By the instructions here given, it must be understood, there are two -torpedoes; though both are of the same kind, they differ in construction, -by reason of the difference in the position of their respective planes, -so that one may diverge to port, and the other to starboard; the -direction of the divergence is known by the position of the slings and -rudder. There is a like difference in the exploding bolts; the bolts -which respectively belong to the port and starboard torpedoes are known -by the direction of their safety keys. - -[Illustration: (A) - -STARBOARD TORPEDO.] - -[Illustration: (B) - -PORT TORPEDO.] - -The sea torpedo has the advantage of exploding only when in hugging -contact with the vessel attacked; the levers by which it is exploded are -so placed in relation to the tow-rope, that either the side or top lever -is found invariably to act effectively in forcing down the exploding -bolt at the instant of contact; this has been ascertained by the result -of many experimental trials. - -The shape is an irregular figure, which can be best understood by -reference to the drawings (p. 4). The dimensions of exterior case are as -follows:— - - ft. in. - - ⎧ Length 5 0 - Large Torpedo ⎨ Breadth 0 6⅛ - ⎩ Depth 1 8¾ - - ⎧ Length 3 8 - Small Torpedo ⎨ Breadth 0 5 - ⎩ Depth 1 6 - -[Illustration: (C) - -SECTION (C).] - -The exterior case is made of well-seasoned elm 1½ in. thick, iron bound, -and screwed together with water-tight packing between the joints, also -cemented with pitch. The interior case is made of stout sheet copper; -the case has two loading holes corresponding in size to two holes in the -deck, or top of the exterior case. These holes are made sufficiently -large to load with gun-cotton discs, if preferred. The loading holes -are fitted with corks, which are inserted before screwing on the brass -cap, to prevent any chance of accident through friction in screwing on -the cap; the bushing has the thread of the screw on the outside for -the same reason. If thought necessary, the cork can be cemented over -before screwing on the cap, which will render the joint doubly secure -from leakage. The centre of the copper case has a stout copper tube, -which is soldered to the top and bottom surfaces of the copper case, the -charge being all round it; into this centre tube is screwed the priming -case. It should be understood that both the exterior and inner cases are -thoroughly water-tight, so that in the event of the outer case being -damaged, still the charge in the interior case is preserved perfectly -dry, the cases being altogether independent of each other. - -The capacity of the copper case of the large torpedo is such that it will -contain 77 lbs. of water; the capacity of the small one, 28 lbs.; from -these can be determined the quantity of any explosive agent with which it -may be desired to charge either torpedo. - -The charges of various powders the torpedoes will contain are as follows:— - - Large Torpedo. Small Torpedo. - lbs. lbs. - Glyoxilin 47 16 - Schultze’s blasting powder 60 22 - Compressed gun-cotton 60 22 - Picric powders 73 26 - Rifle grained powder 76 27 - Horsley’s original 80 28 - Horsley’s blasting powder 85 30 - Nobel’s dynamite 100 35 - -The above must be considered an approximation, since much will depend -upon the labour expended in packing the torpedo. - -Some of the powders named have not yet been manufactured on a large scale. - -The priming case is made of stout sheet copper, and contains a large -bursting charge, which may be either rifle grained powder or a stronger -explosive, which is recommended. - -[Illustration: (D) - -SECTION.] - -[Illustration: (E)] - -In the centre of the priming case is a brass tube in which the exploding -bolt works, and at the bottom of this tube is a steel-pointed pin, which -pierces the capsule on the muzzle of the exploding bolt, when the bolt is -forced down. At the side of the brass tube, and near the base of the pin, -is a small hole, covered with thin brass foil, which will allow of an -escape of water into the priming case, should any have collected at the -bottom of the tube. The loading hole of the priming case is at the bottom -of the case, and arranged with cork and cap upon the same principle as -the loading holes for main charge. A powerful spanner is provided for -screwing in the priming case and caps of main loading holes, which are -fitted with leather washers to form a water-tight joint. The priming case -can be stored separate from the torpedo if preferred, but there is no -necessity for so doing unless it is charged with a dangerous compound. -When the torpedoes are being stored, a wooden plug is inserted into the -brass tube of the priming case; there is a cavity in the plug at the -lower end; the cavity is filled with a greasy composition, into which -runs the pin of the priming case when the ping is in its place; the pin -is thus protected from corrosion, and the tube of the case secured from -any foreign matter getting accidentally into it. - -The exploding bolt is fitted to work with a pressure of about 50 lbs. on -the head of the bolt for the large torpedo, and 20 lbs. for the small. - -[Illustration: (F)] - -On account of the great proportional length of the stuffing box, it is -quite impossible for water to enter into the tube, and the pressure can -be regulated to the greatest nicety by the quantity of thread wound on. -The bolts are easily kept in order by turning them round occasionally in -their tubes, stored as they would be in the bolt magazine (see p. 20, -Fig. Y). The best lubrication for them is hog’s lard free from salt, -beeswax, neat’s-foot oil, in proportion 3, 1, 1. The bolt has several -grooves for the thread stuffing to be wound on, and in the event of its -working too easy, a few turns of whity-brown thread on the two lower -stuffings will suffice; should it work too stiff, revolve it in the -magazine tube until it works with the desired amount of pressure, which, -after a little practice, is well known by the hand. In the event of a few -drops of water entering the tube, which has never occurred, a provision -is made for its escape (see priming case), that it may not impede the -descent of the bolt. The cavity in the bolt for containing the exploding -composition is, in length and diameter, sufficient to contain a charge -that will of itself explode the torpedo (see Fig G), without depending -upon the priming case. The bolts are all the same size, and differ only -in the direction of the slot for safety key, being port or starboard -bolts accordingly. - -[Illustration: (G)] - -[Illustration: (H)] - -The muzzle of the exploding bolt stands one inch off the pin when in -safety position, that is, when the safety key rests on the brasswork of -the priming case. This can always be ascertained before entering the bolt -(if thought necessary) by a wooden gauge forced down until it touches the -point of the pin, which measurement transferred to the bolt will show the -distance of the muzzle when forced down to the safety position. - -The safety key is secured in the slot of the exploding bolt by eight or -nine parts of strong whity-brown thread secured to the key, as shown -in Fig. J (p. 10), passed round the bolt, and securely knotted in this -manner; the parts of the thread come away with the key when drawn, -in order that none of the parts may be worked down the tube by the -exploding bolt. - -[Illustration: (I)] - -[Illustration: (J)] - -In the event of the large torpedo being cut away in deep water after -withdrawal of the safety key, it will explode by pressure on the head of -the bolt at about sixty fathoms depth. The small one at about thirty. - -The brass guard for the exploding bolt is an extra precaution (suggested -by Capt. A. Hood, R.N., Director-General of Naval Ordnance) should any -person by mistake attempt to place the bolt into the torpedo without -the safety key in its place. It is placed over the head of the bolt and -pushed down until the thumb-screw on the side works into a small hole in -the shoulder of the bolt.[1] The manner in which this guard is fitted -ensures its removal before launching, since the after lever cannot be -placed until it is. It also makes a convenient handle for turning the -bolt in the magazine. - -[1] As the certainty of explosion depends mainly upon the exploding -bolt being properly charged, the inventor takes entire charge of this -important detail. - -[Illustration: (K)] - -The explosive composition in the bolts is powerful and safe; so packed -that no amount of concussion can explode it; the bolt must be pierced -through the capsule at the muzzle for that purpose. The bolts are -hermetically sealed at the muzzle by a metallic capsule, and can be -stored for an indefinite length of time without chance of deterioration. -The exploding point of the composition in the bolt is 420° Fahrenheit. - -[Illustration: (L)] - -The side and top levers are so arranged, that when driven close into -the torpedo, the bolt is down to the shoulder; and, since there are -three explosions to take place, it is calculated the torpedo will be in -hugging contact when the main charge explodes, and exploded by a powerful -discharge in the centre, thereby disposing of the explosive force to the -greatest advantage. - -The torpedo must be closing to the ship when the levers are acting and -the bolt descending; no experiment for the force of explosive agents, -with a cushion of water intervening, is required. The amount of explosive -agent, when in contact, is all that is required, and the torpedo can be -manufactured to contain a larger charge, if thought necessary, with a -very small increase of dimensions; but the present size is convenient for -handling and launching; and if loaded with any of the powerful blasting -powders, would, in all probability, prove sufficient to bilge or destroy -the largest iron-clad. - -[Illustration: (M)] - -[Illustration: (N)] - -The lanyard or side-lever is permanently secured to the short arm of the -lever; the end is rove under the fair lead on the deck of the torpedo -up through the brass oval hole in the after top lever, then down under -the fair lead (abaft the first turn), and across the deck of the torpedo -to the handle, and secured with a round turn and two half-hitches. Care -should be taken that the short arm of the lever is brought close into -the fair lead, and the lanyard should be set up sufficiently taut to -give a slight spring in the after top lever by the strain brought on it. -This lever has a steel fish on the top, in order to prevent it taking -a permanent bend. If the side-lever lanyard is properly set up, the -bolt will spring down about one-eighth of an inch when the safety key -is withdrawn, owing to the spring in the lever and shrinking of the -lanyard; this brings the muzzle one-eighth of an inch nearer the pin -without disturbing the side lever. The lanyard should be made up like a -reef-point; it should be well-greased immediately before launching. - -[Illustration: (O)] - -[Illustration: (P)] - -[Illustration: (Q)] - -To secure the fore top lever to the after, in order that a back hit -may not separate them, the small lanyards, with an eye in one end, and -whipped at the other, are first placed over the eyes in the fore top -lever, then rove through the brass hole in the after top lever, in -opposite directions, passed up through the eyes in the fore top lever, -and knotted over it. The distance from the eyes in the fore top lever -to the hole in the after top lever is so arranged that it will not -interfere with the descent of them. The fore-locks for the various bolts -which fix the levers are made of fishing-line. After knotting them, the -ends should be secured together by a seizing of thread. - -[Illustration: (R)] - -[Illustration: (S)] - -The handles, formed of iron straps passing under the torpedo, and -terminating in four eyes above the deck, are principally for handling it; -one of the foremost eyes is made use of as a fair lead for the safety-key -lanyard, and to stop it to; the other foremost is made use of to secure -the side lanyard to Fig. N (p. 12). - -The ballast is composed of iron and sheet lead; the former, a fixture -to the wooden bottom of the torpedo; the latter, screwed on with long -screws into the iron. A thin sheet of lead is always kept on the -bottom, affording a soft material for moving them about on, removing -the objection that may be made to the friction caused by an iron bottom -in the moving of them in the torpedo-room. By taking out these screws, -several more thicknesses of sheet-lead can be screwed on, the same -screws binding all together. On leaving the manufacturers, there is -sufficient lead placed on the bottom for a speed between three and ten -knots. A very large increase of ballast would require another buoy to be -strung on over and above the usual complement. - -[Illustration: (T)] - -The proper adjustment of the slings is most important, as the divergence -depends upon it. The after legs of the slings, when stretched out -alongside the torpedo, should extend one foot beyond the stem iron of -the torpedo for the large torpedo, and eight inches for the small one; -the distance on the slings being reckoned from the seizing round the -thimble. This first adjustment is near enough if within two inches of the -regulation. - -The thimble of the slings is made suitable for wire or hemp rope, the -fore surface of it being bell-mouthed, to prevent chafe of the tow-rope; -the thimble is so constructed that the parts of the slings cannot escape -from the groove should the seizing become slack; it will be observed that -by this arrangement the edge of the thimble is not brought in contact -when rounding the stem or stern of a vessel, the nip after leaving the -tow-rope coming direct on to the fore span, and thence to the projecting -curve of the side lever. - -When all four legs are pulled out, in direction of the tow-rope, they -bear an equal strain; the junction of the four legs should be on a level -with the upper towing-irons, at the same time the upper fore span should -make an angle between 80° and 85° with the near side of the torpedo. -This arrangement gives the best divergence with the least strain on the -tow-rope, and is suitable when the torpedo is kept at short scope, as -well as when a long length of tow-line is out. The slings are made of -the best Italian hemp (not laid up too hard), the rope being of the same -strength as the tow-rope; for although in towing four legs divide the -strain, yet during collision the strain might be brought on one or two.[2] - -[2] It may be here remarked, the small rudder on the stern of the torpedo -is not for the purpose of increasing the divergence, but to control the -direction of the torpedo when the tow-rope is suddenly slacked. - -[Illustration: (U)] - -[Illustration: (V)] - -The tow-rope for large torpedo can be of 2½ in. or 3 in. hemp, or 1½ in. -flexible galvanized iron wire. For small torpedo, 1½ in. to 2 in. hemp, -or ⅞ in. wire. - -The buoys are made of solid cork (such cork only being used as will -ensure great floating power after being immersed for a time), it is built -up on a galvanized iron tube, running longitudinally through; on the -ends of the tube are screwed wooden cones, which bind all together and -render the buoy indestructible. The iron tube gives great facility for -stringing on the number of buoys required. - -[Illustration: DRAWING (W). - -SECTION ON A B.] - -Two buoys are generally used for the large torpedo, and one for the -small. The buoy-rope is of hemp, about five or six fathoms in length and -two inches circumference, an eye being spliced in the end nearest the -torpedo; to this eye is bent the tow-rope with a single or double sheet -bend, forming the knot by which the torpedo is towed; the other end of -the buoy-rope is passed through the large or small ring in the stern -(according to whether working in deep or shallow water), then through the -tube of the first buoy, an overhand knot made in the rear; then through -the next buoy, and a knot in the rear of that. - -[Illustration: DRAWING (X).] - -[Illustration: DRAWING 1.] - -The brakes are used for the purpose of controlling the tow-ropes; they -can be fixed by screws into the deck at the most convenient place for -command, and, in a properly-constructed vessel, would be worked below the -water-line to prevent exposure of the men. They are so arranged as to -admit of the tow-rope being quickly veered, and at the same time powerful -in bringing the torpedo to the surface when required. Success greatly -depends on the skilful handling of these brakes, for in conjunction with -the cork buoys they give the operator command of the depth at which -the enemy is to be struck. The handles on the leather straps are for -the purpose of lifting the strap off the drum when veering suddenly, -that there may be no friction to interfere. The handles for winding -up would rarely be used in real action, and never should be on when -veering. Unless a very high rate of speed is required, one handspike -will control the tow-rope; the other strap can be thrown off the drum, -and the handspike allowed to lie on the deck ready to be thrown into -gear, if necessary. The surface of the drum in contact with the strap -should be powdered with rosin to increase the friction. The tow-rope -should be so reeled up, that in veering the reel may revolve towards the -men at the handspike (see Plate 2). The spindle will contain several -tow-ropes, that, in the event of one torpedo being cut away, another can -be immediately bent. - -The brake for small torpedo requires only one drum and handspike. It can -be fitted to a steam-launch by placing an extra thwart across near one of -the others. - -[Illustration: DRAWING 2.] - -The drawing shows a small brake fitted for the electric torpedo, having -a hollow central spindle, through which the end of the tow-rope carrying -the insulated wire is rove, after passing out at the axle; a swivel -connection is made with the battery. The brakes, both large and small, -are so made as to ensure durability, they being considered a part of the -ship’s furniture. - -Brake for safety-key line is a small reel on the same principle. When -going a slow speed, it may not be necessary, as the safety-key line can -be attended by hand; but when going ten or eleven knots, it will be found -of considerable advantage, both in keeping the light of the safety-key -line from dragging astern, thereby lessening the divergence of the -torpedo, and also in drawing the safety key when a strong stop is used. -The ordinary deep-sea lead line can be used for a safety-key line, or any -hemp-rope from three-quarters to an inch circumference. It should be new -and of good quality; for in the event of its carrying away before the -stop, it would necessitate the recovery of the torpedo. - -[Illustration: DRAWING 3.] - -[Illustration: (Y)] - -The magazine for exploding bolts is fitted with exactly the same size -brass tubing as in the priming case; therefore, if the bolts are kept to -work with the proper pressure when in the magazine, they will do so in -the torpedo. This magazine should be kept apart from the torpedo-room, -and care should be taken that the tube is clear before forcing the loaded -bolt into it. The torpedoes are then no more dangerous than any other -powder case, and, being very strongly made and sealed, are probably less -so. - -[Illustration: Plate 2. - -Kell Bros. Lith. London.] - - -ARRANGEMENTS REQUIRED FOR LAUNCHING AND TOWING. - -A yard across either the main or mizen mast of a torpedo vessel, from ten -to fifteen feet above the water-line, is a very convenient method for -launching and towing. The leading block on the yard, through which the -tow-rope is rove, may be fitted to a traveller on the yard with an inhaul -and outhaul, that the distance out from the ship’s side may be regulated -as convenient. - -In a large vessel, the leading block for tow-rope can be fixed to the -end of the quarter-boat’s davits. The brakes for commanding the tow-rope -should be screwed firmly to the deck. In a vessel properly constructed -for the service, they would be on the lower deck, the tow-rope having -been led along the yard, and down each side of the mast. - -A leading block for the tow-rope is placed on the deck by span or bolt -a few feet in front of the brake. The safety-key reel, if used, must be -fixed in a convenient position on deck, that the man attending it can see -how to control it; in a properly-constructed vessel he would be in the -pilot-house. The safety-key line leads through a small leading block on -the ensign-staff or some convenient point abaft the lead of the tow-rope, -that it may be kept well clear of it. The leading block on the yard may -be fitted with a lizard, if thought necessary. A sharp instrument should -be kept by the brakes ready to sever the tow-rope. - - -PREPARATIONS FOR LAUNCHING AND TOWING. - -[Illustration: (Z)] - -The torpedoes, port and starboard, loaded and ballasted, having been -hoisted out of the torpedo-room, are placed on the deck on their own -sides, with their heads forward under the leading block, and the number -of buoys required for each, placed abaft them, strung together as -directed (p. 17); the necessary number of exploding bolts having also -been taken from the bolt magazine, are now entered into the torpedoes, -and forced down until their safety keys rest on the brasswork, taking -care that each safety key points in the direction of the eye through -which its lanyard has to pass; the brass guard is now taken off, and -after top lever placed in the crutch of the exploding bolt; the fore top -lever is now placed on the shoulder of the after one, and the two levers -secured by their lanyards, as directed in pages 12 and 13. The eye at -the end of the buoy-rope is now rove through the large or small ring -in the stern end of the torpedo (see p. 17). The tow-rope having been -previously rove through the leading block on the deck and on the yard, is -rove through the thimble of the slings from forward aft, and bent, with a -single or double sheet bend, to the eye of the buoy-rope. The safety-key -line having been previously rove through the leading block on the -ensign-staff, and the lanyard on the safety key having been led through -the eye of the handle, making a fair lead with the slit in the bolt, are -bent together with a double-sheet bend, and stopped to the eye by a split -yarn of suitable strength, the yarn having been secured outside the bend. -It can also be stopped with another split yarn to the slings near the -thimble of the slings. The torpedo is now ready for launching. - - -LAUNCHING THE TORPEDO. - -The crew having been stationed at their respective posts, the handles -having been shipped on the tow-reel, the tow-line is then reeled up until -the torpedo will launch clear, and swing out under the leading block on -the yard. Hold the torpedo by the handspikes, and take off the handles of -the brake. In swinging out, care should be taken that in starting from -the deck the fore slings do not foul the fore top lever. The stern of the -torpedo can be steadied by keeping a slight strain on the buoy-rope. The -safety-key line must be kept clear, and not checked, or it might break -the stop and draw the safety key before intended. - -The buoys must be placed in a proper position, and hands stationed by -them to launch them overboard the instant the torpedo takes the water. -It would be better to stop the screw, if circumstances would allow of it, -when lowering the torpedo and buoys into the water, to prevent the chance -of the buoys fouling the screw. The torpedo, on reaching the water, will -_immediately_ diverge clear of the ship; the buoys being launched, as the -strain comes on the buoy-rope, they will be towed clear away from the -screw, and full speed may be put on at once. The men at the handspikes -must veer steadily, occasionally checking the torpedo, that it may be -kept near the surface, and not allowed to dive, which it will do if the -tow-rope is slacked up altogether, and then a sudden strain brought on it. - -[Illustration: DRAWING 4.] - -Eventually it will come to the surface, when the bow is pointed up by -the strain on the tow-rope; greater the speed the more quickly will it -be brought to the surface. In shallow water this should be particularly -attended to, as in diving it might strike the bottom and injure the -levers; and if the safety key has been withdrawn, explode; moreover it -brings an undue strain on the tow-rope. The torpedo can now be gradually -veered out to the distance required, the safety-key line so attended, -that a sufficient strain is kept on it as not to allow of a long bight -of line dragging astern of the torpedo; at the same time having due -regard to the strength of the yarn by which the line is stopped to the -handle of the torpedo. The distance veered must depend upon the nature -of attack. The tow-line should be marked with knots every ten fathoms; -under some circumstances the torpedo would be close to the ship until -passing the enemy (_see_ Tactics); at other times veered to 40 fathoms it -will be found most suitable. The full divergence of 45° is obtained up -to 50 fathoms, beyond that the bight of the tow-rope in the water drags -the torpedo astern unless the tow-rope is triced much higher up, which -has its disadvantage; 40 to 50 fathoms of tow-rope gives the best command -of the torpedo, veering 2 or 3 fathoms of tow-line suddenly will always -sink the torpedo some feet below the surface. Should it become necessary -to use the torpedoes with a stern-board they can be so used, but in -this case the port torpedo is used on the starboard bow and starboard -on the port; all other arrangements being exactly the same. In rough -weather, advantage should be taken of the roll, and the torpedo allowed -to swing out from the yard, and be let go by the run, checking the -tow-rope immediately the torpedo is in the water. It is not absolutely -necessary to ease the vessel when launching, the torpedo can be launched -at full speed. In the event of its being found necessary to cut adrift -the torpedo, in consequence of coming suddenly across a friendly vessel, -the tow-rope should be cut near the brake, and if the buoy-rope has been -rove through the large stern-ring, the torpedo will sink and be lost, the -buoy only remaining. If the buoy-rope has been rove through the small -stern-ring, the torpedo will be suspended by the buoy-rope; and should -the safety key not have been withdrawn, can be recovered with safety. -In the event of wishing to recover it when the buoy-rope has been rove -through the large ring, a toggle must be lashed on the tow-rope abaft the -leading block on the yard, when it can be recovered by the buoy-rope; as -a general rule, it will however be found best to expend the torpedo, and -not attempt its recovery. By slacking the tow-rope roundly and stopping -the vessel, a friendly ship can pass over the bight of the tow-rope -without striking the torpedo; but this is rather a delicate operation, -particularly if the safety key has been withdrawn. - - -RECOVERING THE TORPEDO. - -Should the safety key have been withdrawn, great caution must be used. - -[Illustration: DRAWING 5.] - -Tongs, for going round the upper part of the bolt, to take the place of -the safety key, when once clasped and secured round the bolt, render the -torpedo safe to handle; this could only be done from a boat. With the -safety key in, there is no danger in hooking it inboard again by its own -tow-rope, and hoisting up the buoys at the same time with a grapnel. - - -TORPEDO ARRANGED TO EXPLODE BY ELECTRICITY. - -To substitute the electrical method of firing the torpedo for the -mechanical one, all that will be necessary is to unscrew the priming -case from the centre hole of the mechanical torpedo, and screw in the -electrical arrangement which contains McEvoy’s patent circuit-closer, -especially adapted by him to suit this particular torpedo. - -The electrical arrangement has its own exploding bolt, which differs -from the other only below the safety key, which key is fitted and worked -in the same manner as the mechanical one, in order that the electrical -arrangement might not be disturbed by an accidental blow when launching. -The insulated conducting wire is carried along the whole length of -the tow-rope in the centre, forming a core. The tow-rope, as in the -mechanical one, is bent on to the hemp buoy-rope by a sheet bend, the -strands at the end are then unlaid, sufficiently so to form a connection -between the insulated wire in the tow-rope and that projecting from -the centre hole of the torpedo; this connection can be best made with -McEvoy’s patent jointer. The other end of the tow-rope on the barrel of -the brake passes through the hollow spindle of the brake at one extremity -and is connected with the constant battery, which must be suitable for -heating platinum at the distance of 100 fathoms, the return circuit being -by the water. The levers act in the same manner as in the mechanical one, -forcing down the bolt and thereby closing the circuit through the fuze -and exploding the torpedo. - -This system of exploding the torpedo may be preferred in rivers or -shallow water, where it would be considered dangerous to leave a -mechanical torpedo at the bottom; but it cannot be reckoned upon with -the same certainty as the mechanical one. It is necessarily more costly, -complicated, and delicate; the two latter conditions rendering it -unsuited for the rough work it will have to encounter. - -The torpedo being provided with this centre tube in addition to the -usual priming case, admits of its being used upon an emergency, special -ones not being at hand, for various other purposes, _viz._ clearing -away obstructions; as land torpedoes; as stationary torpedoes, provided -they are not to remain a very long time in the water. In these cases -the ordinary insulated wire and jointers are all that is required. If -required to be fired at will, it will be only necessary to force down the -bolt sufficiently to close the circuit through the fuze and then secure -it. If to be self-acting, leave the bolt up in its position, as when -working at sea, to be acted upon by pressure. - - -DESCRIPTION OF CAPT. C. A. MCEVOY’S CIRCUIT-CLOSING ARRANGEMENT FOR -HARVEY’S SEA TORPEDO. - -[Illustration: _Fig: 1._ _Fig: 2._ - -London: E. & F. N. Spon, 48, Charing Cross. - -Kell Bros. Lithrs. - -FIG. 1.—An exterior tube, _a a_; screw-head, [= _a_]; interior tube, -_b_; intermediate tube, _d_; firing bolt, _e_; spindle, _f_; long brass -spiral spring, _g_; short spiral spring, _h_; socket for spindle, _i i_; -insulated wire from battery, _k k_; insulated terminal, _l_; electric -fuze, _m_; priming space, _n n_; charging hole, _o_; insulated bridge, -_p_; metal bridge, _u_.] - -The electric wire _k k_ passes through the screw-head [= _a_] of external -tube _a a_, and winding spirally around the intermediate tube _d_, -terminates in a connection with the insulated bridge _p_ at _s_. The -intermediate tube _d_ is attached to the head of the spindle _f_ at _t_. -When pressure is brought to bear on the firing bolt _e_, the spindle _f_ -is forced down, and carries with it the insulated bridge _p_, until the -bridge touches the insulated terminal _l_. It will be seen that the -long spiral spring _g_ and short spiral spring _h_ serve to support -the spindle _f_, and keep the bridge _p_ off the terminal _l_ until -they are forced into contact. Whilst the insulated bridge _p_ remains -above the insulated terminal, the former is in constant contact with -the metal bridge _u_; but this contact is broken when the metal bridge -moves downward and before it makes contact with the insulated terminal -_l_. When the insulated bridge _p_ is in contact with the metal bridge -_u_, the electric fuze is out of circuit; and a current sent through -the torpedo will return by way of the earth without firing the torpedo; -but when contact with the metal bridge _u_ is broken, and contact with -the insulated terminal _l_ is made, the current is directed through the -electric fuze, and the torpedo fired. - -The priming in the tube is sufficient to rupture the tubes and ignite the -charge in the torpedo. - -Fig. 2 shows a section of the circuit-closer, with the spiral spring -slightly compressed, and the insulated bridge in contact with the -insulated terminal, and the circuit closed. By dispensing with the -electric fuze, and using in its place a piece of copper wire, any number -of experiments may be made with an uncharged torpedo without adjustment -or manipulation of any kind; it only being necessary to attach to the -return wire near the battery a galvanometer or electric fuze to indicate -the time of the impact. - - The torpedoes here described are manufactured by J. Vavasseur - and Co., at the London Ordnance Works; at which establishment - the inventor has every facility in the supervision of the - various details in the construction of the torpedoes, buoys, - and brakes. Such supervision of the torpedoes and their - equipments is highly essential to secure safety and efficiency. - - - - -TACTICS. - - -Torpedo vessels should, as a rule, attack under the cover of darkness. By -the experience gained in blockade running in the late American conflict, -we are assured that a vessel in rapid motion can, when it is dark, pass -with impunity close under the fire of hostile vessels, armed with cannon. - -In the more early stage of the torpedo, the tactics of vessels armed -with torpedoes embraced modes of attack that are not now entertained. So -general is becoming the use of torpedoes as a means both of defence and -offence, that vessels, which may be at anchor or moored in a harbour or -roadstead, would be protected by stationary torpedoes; the use of which -admits also of vessels, when at anchor or moored, protecting themselves -by placing a web of torpedoes in such manner as to render the attack -of a hostile vessel or boats extremely hazardous, and therefore not -likely to be attempted. But in the event of a vessel being at anchor in -a harbour or roadstead unprotected, she could be attacked, as shown in -the illustration of Tactics, under such conditions. As, however, vessels -armed with torpedoes are intended to work the arm against vessels at sea -or in motion, the management of the torpedo in so attacking vessels is -the more important part of the code of Tactics. - -It should be here remarked, that with a view to simplicity, the -explanations will be confined to a single steamer, the attacking vessel -adapted to the service of the arm in question, and confined also to a -single vessel, the object of attack. - - - - -CASE 1. - -ATTACKING A VESSEL MOORED HEAD AND STERN. - - -In this case the torpedo vessel steers in for the bow or quarter of -the vessel attacked, according to the direction of the current, and on -the side approached launches the torpedo between the moorings as at A; -leaving the tow-rope slack, the torpedo vessel proceeds ahead or astern -against the current, and when at a sufficient distance off, the tow-rope -is held fast, which will cause the torpedo to diverge into contact with -the vessel attacked, as shown by the drawing. - -[Illustration: Plate 4. - -Kell Bros. Lith. London. - -CASE 1.—ATTACKING A VESSEL MOORED HEAD AND STERN.] - - - - -CASE 2. - -ATTACKING A VESSEL AT ANCHOR BY CROSSING THE BOW. - - -In this case, the torpedo is sufficiently diverged when near to the -vessel with a good scope of tow-rope out. After having crossed her bow, -proceeding onwards, the tow-rope will be brought obliquely across her -cable, and the torpedo will swing into her, as shown in the drawing. It -may be here remarked that, in all cases, the depth of explosion can be -obtained by the sudden slacking of the tow-rope; and the tow-rope, once -under the keel, causes the torpedo to be hauled down near to it before -exploding. - -[Illustration: Plate 5. - -Kell Bros. Lith. London. - -CASE 2.—ATTACKING A VESSEL AT ANCHOR BY CROSSING THE BOW.] - - - - -CASE 3. - -ATTACKING A VESSEL AT ANCHOR BY PASSING ON EITHER SIDE DETERMINED UPON, -COMING UP FROM THE STERN. - - -In this case, the torpedo is launched when on the quarter of the vessel -attacked, as at A, the tow-rope left slack. After steaming ahead some -distance, hold fast the tow-rope, when, by continuing to steam on, -the torpedo will diverge into contact with the bottom of the vessel -attacked, as shown in the drawing. _When skilfully performed_, the total -destruction of the enemy is certain, since the torpedo is springing -from a depth to the surface, and will, in consequence, strike near the -keel. The torpedo vessel can pass at her greatest speed, and, if thought -necessary, near enough to clear away any of the ordinary obstructions, -such as booms, nets, &c. - -[Illustration: Plate 6. - -Kell Bros. Lith. London. - -CASE 3.—ATTACKING A VESSEL AT ANCHOR BY PASSING ON EITHER SIDE.] - - - - -CASE 4. - -ATTACKING A VESSEL AT ANCHOR BY COMING UP RIGHT ASTERN AND THEN PASSING -ON EITHER SIDE. - - -In this case, having determined upon the side it is desirable to pass, -a torpedo is launched accordingly. When near the vessel, the torpedo is -sufficiently diverged, and the torpedo vessel passing onwards ahead, the -torpedo is brought under the run or bottom of the vessel attacked, as -shown by the drawing. - -[Illustration: Plate 7. - -Kell Bros. Lith. London. - -CASE 4.—ATTACKING A VESSEL AT ANCHOR COMING UP FROM ASTERN AND THEN -PASSING ON EITHER SIDE.] - - - - -CASE 5. - -PASSING DOWN BETWEEN TWO LINES OF VESSELS AT ANCHOR, AND DESTROYING THEM -ON EITHER SIDE. - - -In this case, it would be impossible to fire at the torpedo vessel for -fear of injury to their friends. Two or more torpedo vessels following -each other with preconcerted signals would cause great destruction. - -[Illustration: Plate 8. - -Kell Bros. Lith. London. - -CASE 5.—PASSING BETWEEN TWO VESSELS AT ANCHOR.] - - - - -CASE 6. - -ATTACKING A VESSEL IN MOTION BY COMING DOWN FROM RIGHT AHEAD. - - -In this case, two torpedoes are launched, port and starboard, each -diverging to its full extent; when passing the vessel attacked, one -or the other of the tow-ropes is brought across the cut-water, and by -the simultaneous motion of the two vessels in opposite directions, -the torpedo is brought alongside of or under the bottom of the vessel -attacked, as shown by the drawing. The torpedo vessel should keep the -masts of her enemy in one until close to, when either torpedo will be -used, according to the movement of the enemy. At the time of the tow-rope -taking the cut-water, the brake is suddenly eased up; the tow-rope will -then pass under the bottom, when, by checking the tow-rope, the torpedo -will be hauled under the bottom. - -[Illustration: Plate 9. - -Kell Bros. Lith. London. - -CASE 6.—ATTACKING A VESSEL IN MOTION COMING DOWN FROM AHEAD.] - - - - -CASE 7. - -ATTACKING A VESSEL IN MOTION, COMING UP TO HER FROM RIGHT ASTERN. - - -In this case, two torpedoes are launched and diverged, as in Case 6; -and in this case it is assumed that the torpedo vessel can outspeed the -vessel attacked, which will enable her to bring a torpedo under the run -of the vessel attacked, as shown by the drawing. - -[Illustration: Plate 10. - -Kell Bros. Lith. London. - -CASE 7.—ATTACKING A VESSEL IN MOTION COMING UP FROM ASTERN.] - - - - -CASE 8. - -IF CHASED BY A HOSTILE VESSEL, AND IT IS DEEMED UNADVISABLE TO FACE HER -AND PROCEED AS IN CASE 6. - - -In this case, veer a torpedo astern, having first obtained a position -a little on the bow of the chasing vessel. When it is known, by the -length of the tow-rope out, that the torpedo is about abreast of her bow, -hold fast the tow-rope, which will cause the torpedo to diverge, and be -brought into contact, as shown in the drawing. As a last resort, drop -spanned torpedoes. - -[Illustration: Plate 11 - -Kell Bros. Lith. London. - -CASE 8.—CHASED BY A HOSTILE VESSEL.] - - - - -CASE 9. - -ATTACKING A VESSEL IN MOTION BY CROSSING HER BOW. - - -In this case, the torpedo being diverged when near, will, after crossing -the bow, be dragged into contact, as shown by the drawing. - -Torpedoes can be used with a stern-board, if necessary. The port torpedo, -in this case, will be launched on the starboard side, and the starboard -on the port side. - -[Illustration: Plate 12 - -Kell Bros. Lith. London. - -CASE 9.—ATTACKING A VESSEL IN MOTION BY CROSSING THE BOW.] - - - - -In conclusion, it should be stated that a dark night and tempestuous -weather are in favour of the attacking torpedo vessels; and these -conditions are especially advantageous when attacking large, long, -unwieldy vessels, and the greater the number of them together, the -more easily can they be disabled or destroyed, by reason of consequent -confusion. Though the sea torpedo can be used in the light of day, or -darkness of night, by vessels of the present navies, armed with cannon, -it is nevertheless earnestly advised that fast vessels be built of -comparatively small size and cost, adapted to the service of and armed -with torpedoes, by reason that such vessels can keep at sea for long -periods without replenishing supplies of coals and provisions; and -in conflict upon the ocean, can easily destroy or render unseaworthy -vessels, how large soever they may be, and armed with any cannon and -projectiles at present known. Hence the necessity of being prepared -with vessels suited to the change in naval warfare, and with officers -well practised in an arm which, sooner or later, will be adopted by -all Maritime States, by reason of its economy and efficiency. In the -tactics, here attempted to be rendered intelligible, it is presumed that -the various modes of attack are by small handy vessels adapted to the -service, and armed with torpedoes, against large unwieldy vessels, armed -with cannon. When it shall have been clearly demonstrated, in actual war, -that large vessels can be disabled or destroyed by small vessels, with -something like impunity, torpedo warfare will then take another form, -that of torpedo vessels against torpedo vessels, whose tactics will, in -due time, be a subject for another study. - - FREDERICK HARVEY, - _Commander R.N._ - - - - -THE SUBJOINED IS A REMARK UPON THE DESCRIPTION OF VESSEL ADAPTED TO THE -SERVICE OF THE SEA TORPEDO. - - -Vessels adapted to the service of the sea torpedo should be about 400 -tons burthen; her extreme length, over all, from taffrail to figure-head, -about 150 feet. The form of body to be such as to attain the greatest -practicable speed. - -Speed being the essential condition of a torpedo vessel, a perfectly -flush upper or weather deck, without any bulwarks, is advisable; instead -of bulwarks, life-lines, supported by stanchions, supply their place -to prevent accidents of falling overboard. Thus fitted, there would be -nothing to hold wind that could retard speed, as there is in vessels of -ordinary build. So covered in, the vessel would not, under any condition -of weather, ship water; she would not, from such cause, be in any danger -of foundering. - -The height of the weather-deck above the water-line at midships, 9 feet; -the height of the main deck above the water-line, 18 inches; leaving -a clear height between decks of 6 feet 6 inches. There should be two -water-tight bulkheads, one about 50 feet from the stem, and the other -about 20 feet from the stern-post; the two water-tight bulkheads come -up to the under side of the main deck, with which the bulkhead form -perfectly water-tight compartments. In the fore compartment, empty -water-tight cases would occupy the lower part, over which would be stowed -the cork buoys and some light resisting material, rendered uninflammable, -so that in the event of the fore body being ripped open below the -water-line, there would be no space for the admission of water; the -trim of the vessel would therefore be preserved. The after compartment -would be similarly stowed. There would be a capacious engine-room to -allow of powerful engines to work twin screws; there would also be -capacious coal-bunkers and a coal-hold before the engine-room; and -before the coal-hold a small hold for the stowage of cables and various -articles. There would also be a pilot-house, in which would be protected -the officer in command, who would be so placed as to have his orders -immediately obeyed. The torpedo-room, to contain about one hundred -torpedoes of various destructive powers, the weight of which may be -about 10 tons, would be in the after body, and as low down as may be -convenient. Upon the orlop deck, which covers the magazine, would be the -towing gear, and machinery for working such gear. On the orlop deck would -also be a steering wheel, by which the vessel would be steered when in -action. The space between the decks of the entire length of the vessel -would afford ample accommodation for officers and crew, embracing, also, -stowage for provisions and means of cooking. Ventilation and light would -be obtained by hatchways, fitted with skylights; and there would also be -side scuttles, which, from their height above water, would admit of their -being generally open. The rig would be that of a three-masted schooner, -having fore, main, and mizen gaffsails, with a fore staysail and two -jibs, inner and outer. When going into action, the sails would be lowered -and stowed; the vessel would then be entirely under steam. To each mast -there would be a yard of suitable dimensions, for the double purpose of -towing the torpedoes and setting flying square sails. The rigging would -not be rattled; the ascent to the masthead would be by a Jacob’s ladder -before the mast; there would be a small top to each masthead, principally -for the use of the look-out men. The crew would be stationed upon the -orlop deck, each man being provided with a life-belt. With regard to -boats, there may be a small stern boat, and two larger boats, stowed on -deck; and upon going into action, gripes or lashings should be cast off -so that the boats would instantly be disengaged from the vessel. - -Torpedo vessels for foreign service should, under the present -difficulties of keeping iron from oxidizing and fouling, be built -of timber. For home service, vessels constructed of iron would be -preferable, and with very reduced masts, to enable them to pass under the -yards of a vessel. One or two light guns, to bring-to an unarmed vessel, -and for signal purposes, on the weather-deck, and fired over all. - -[Illustration: Plate 3. - -Kell Bros. Lith. London. - -AN IRON CLAD FLEET SURPRISED AT SEA BY A SQUADRON OF TORPEDO CRAFT ARMED -WITH HARVEY’S SEA TORPEDOES.] - - -LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING -CROSS. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT -OF HARVEY'S SEA TORPEDO *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Instructions for the Management of Harvey's Sea Torpedo</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Frederick Harvey</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: April 14, 2022 [eBook #67838]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: deaurider and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF HARVEY'S SEA TORPEDO ***</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate1"> -<p class="caption-r">Plate 1.</p> -<img src="images/plate-1.jpg" width="700" height="400" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">‘Royal Sovereign’ <span class="spacer">‘Camel’</span></p> -<p class="caption">TRIAL OF HARVEY’S SEA TORPEDO.</p> -<p class="caption-r-sm">Kell Bros. Lith. London.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage larger">INSTRUCTIONS<br /> -<span class="smaller">FOR THE</span><br /> -MANAGEMENT<br /> -<span class="smaller">OF</span><br /> -HARVEY’S SEA TORPEDO.</p> - -<p class="titlepage">LONDON:<br /> -E. & F. N. SPON, 48, CHARING CROSS.<br /> -PORTSMOUTH: J. GRIFFIN & CO. DEVONPORT: J. R. H. SPRY.<br /> -1871.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage smaller">LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, -STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span></p> - -<h1>INSTRUCTIONS<br /> -<span class="smaller">FOR THE</span><br /> -MANAGEMENT OF HARVEY’S SEA TORPEDO.</h1> - -<p>To impart a thorough knowledge of the management of -such an arm as the sea torpedo is a matter of easy accomplishment -by personal explanation; especially so, when the -arm is in the water, and practised with under conditions -that would obtain in its application to the disabling of, or -to the destruction of vessels against which it may be employed.</p> - -<p>But in the absence of such mode of instruction, the following -directions are offered, with a hope that they will -prove sufficiently explanatory of an arm, which, like other -arms, requires skill and aptitude in using it effectively.</p> - -<p>By the instructions here given, it must be understood, -there are two torpedoes; though both are of the same kind, -they differ in construction, by reason of the difference in -the position of their respective planes, so that one may -diverge to port, and the other to starboard; the direction -of the divergence is known by the position of the slings -and rudder. There is a like difference in the exploding -bolts; the bolts which respectively belong to the port and -starboard torpedoes are known by the direction of their -safety keys.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<p class="caption">(A)</p> -<img src="images/figure-a.jpg" width="500" height="300" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Starboard Torpedo.</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<p class="caption">(B)</p> -<img src="images/figure-b.jpg" width="500" height="300" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Port Torpedo.</span></p> -</div> - -<p>The sea torpedo has the advantage of exploding only<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span> -when in hugging contact with the vessel attacked; the -levers by which it is exploded are so placed in relation to -the tow-rope, that either the side or top lever is found -invariably to act effectively in forcing down the exploding<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span> -bolt at the instant of contact; this has been ascertained by -the result of many experimental trials.</p> - -<p>The shape is an irregular figure, which can be best understood -by reference to the drawings (<a href="#Page_4">p. 4</a>). The dimensions -of exterior case are as follows:—</p> - -<table summary="The dimensions of exterior case"> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th></th> - <th>ft.</th> - <th>in.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td rowspan="3" class="tdvm">Large Torpedo</td> - <td>⎧ Length</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td>0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>⎨ Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td>6⅛</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>⎩ Depth</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td>8¾</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td rowspan="3" class="tdvm">Small Torpedo</td> - <td>⎧ Length</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td>8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>⎨ Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td>5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>⎩ Depth</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td>6</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<p class="caption">(C)</p> -<img src="images/figure-c.jpg" width="500" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Section</span> (C).</p> -</div> - -<p>The exterior case is made of well-seasoned elm 1½ in. -thick, iron bound, and screwed together with water-tight -packing between the joints, also cemented with pitch. -The interior case is made of stout sheet copper; the case -has two loading holes corresponding in size to two holes in -the deck, or top of the exterior case. These holes are made -sufficiently large to load with gun-cotton discs, if preferred.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span> -The loading holes are fitted with corks, which are inserted -before screwing on the brass cap, to prevent any chance of -accident through friction in screwing on the cap; the bushing -has the thread of the screw on the outside for the same -reason. If thought necessary, the cork can be cemented -over before screwing on the cap, which will render the -joint doubly secure from leakage. The centre of the copper -case has a stout copper tube, which is soldered to the top -and bottom surfaces of the copper case, the charge being -all round it; into this centre tube is screwed the priming -case. It should be understood that both the exterior and -inner cases are thoroughly water-tight, so that in the event -of the outer case being damaged, still the charge in the -interior case is preserved perfectly dry, the cases being -altogether independent of each other.</p> - -<p>The capacity of the copper case of the large torpedo is -such that it will contain 77 lbs. of water; the capacity of -the small one, 28 lbs.; from these can be determined the -quantity of any explosive agent with which it may be -desired to charge either torpedo.</p> - -<p>The charges of various powders the torpedoes will contain -are as follows:—</p> - -<table summary="The charges of various powders the torpedoes will contain"> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Large<br />Torpedo.<br />lbs.</th> - <th>Small<br />Torpedo.<br />lbs.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Glyoxilin</td> - <td class="tdr">47</td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Schultze’s blasting powder</td> - <td class="tdr">60</td> - <td class="tdr">22</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Compressed gun-cotton</td> - <td class="tdr">60</td> - <td class="tdr">22</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Picric powders</td> - <td class="tdr">73</td> - <td class="tdr">26</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Rifle grained powder</td> - <td class="tdr">76</td> - <td class="tdr">27</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Horsley’s original</td> - <td class="tdr">80</td> - <td class="tdr">28</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Horsley’s blasting powder</td> - <td class="tdr">85</td> - <td class="tdr">30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nobel’s dynamite</td> - <td class="tdr">100</td> - <td class="tdr">35</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The above must be considered an approximation, since -much will depend upon the labour expended in packing the -torpedo.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span></p> - -<p>Some of the powders named have not yet been manufactured -on a large scale.</p> - -<p>The priming case is made of stout sheet copper, and -contains a large bursting charge, which may be either -rifle grained powder or a stronger explosive, -which is recommended.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - -<div class="figmulti" style="width: 200px;"> -<p class="caption">(D) <span class="smcap spacer2">Section.</span></p> -<img src="images/figure-d.jpg" width="200" height="400" alt="" /> -</div> - -<div class="figmulti" style="width: 200px;"> -<p class="caption">(E)</p> -<img src="images/figure-e.jpg" width="200" height="225" alt="" /> -</div> - -</div> - -<p>In the centre of the priming case is a -brass tube in which the exploding bolt -works, and at the bottom of this tube -is a steel-pointed pin, which pierces the -capsule on the muzzle of the exploding -bolt, when the bolt is forced down. At -the side of the brass tube, and near the -base of the pin, is a small hole, covered -with thin brass foil, which will allow of -an escape of water into the priming -case, should any have collected at the -bottom of the tube. The loading hole of the priming case -is at the bottom of the case, and arranged with cork and -cap upon the same principle as the loading holes for main -charge. A powerful spanner is provided -for screwing in the priming case -and caps of main loading holes, which -are fitted with leather washers to form -a water-tight joint. The priming case -can be stored separate from the torpedo -if preferred, but there is no -necessity for so doing unless it is -charged with a dangerous compound. -When the torpedoes are being stored, a wooden plug is -inserted into the brass tube of the priming case; there is a -cavity in the plug at the lower end; the cavity is filled with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span> -a greasy composition, into which runs the pin of the -priming case when the ping is in its place; the pin is -thus protected from corrosion, and the tube of the case -secured from any foreign matter getting accidentally -into it.</p> - -<p>The exploding bolt is fitted to work with a pressure of -about 50 lbs. on the head of the bolt for the large torpedo, -and 20 lbs. for the small.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<p class="caption">(F)</p> -<img src="images/figure-f.jpg" width="200" height="400" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>On account of the great proportional -length of the stuffing box, it is quite -impossible for water to enter into the -tube, and the pressure can be regulated -to the greatest nicety by the quantity -of thread wound on. The bolts are -easily kept in order by turning them -round occasionally in their tubes, stored -as they would be in the bolt magazine -(see <a href="#Page_20">p. 20</a>, Fig. Y). The best lubrication -for them is hog’s lard free from salt, beeswax, -neat’s-foot oil, in proportion 3, 1, 1. -The bolt has several grooves for the thread stuffing to be -wound on, and in the event of its working too easy, a few -turns of whity-brown thread on the two lower stuffings -will suffice; should it work too stiff, revolve it in the -magazine tube until it works with the desired amount of -pressure, which, after a little practice, is well known by -the hand. In the event of a few drops of water entering -the tube, which has never occurred, a provision is made -for its escape (see priming case), that it may not impede -the descent of the bolt. The cavity in the bolt for containing -the exploding composition is, in length and diameter, -sufficient to contain a charge that will of itself<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span> -explode the torpedo (see Fig G), without depending upon -the priming case. The bolts are all the same size, and -differ only in the direction of the slot for safety key, being -port or starboard bolts accordingly.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - -<div class="figmulti" style="width: 250px;"> -<p class="caption">(G)</p> -<img src="images/figure-g.jpg" width="250" height="350" alt="" /> -</div> - -<div class="figmulti" style="width: 200px;"> -<p class="caption">(H)</p> -<img src="images/figure-h.jpg" width="200" height="350" alt="" /> -</div> - -</div> - -<p>The muzzle of the exploding bolt stands one inch off the -pin when in safety position, that is, when the safety key -rests on the brasswork of the priming case. This can -always be ascertained before entering the bolt (if thought -necessary) by a wooden gauge forced down until it touches -the point of the pin, which measurement transferred to the -bolt will show the distance of the muzzle when forced -down to the safety position.</p> - -<p>The safety key is secured in the slot of the exploding -bolt by eight or nine parts of strong whity-brown thread -secured to the key, as shown in Fig. J (<a href="#Page_10">p. 10</a>), passed round -the bolt, and securely knotted in this manner; the parts of -the thread come away with the key when drawn, in order<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span> -that none of the parts may be worked down the tube -by the exploding bolt.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - -<div class="figmulti" style="width: 200px;"> -<p class="caption">(I)</p> -<img src="images/figure-i.jpg" width="200" height="350" alt="" /> -</div> - -<div class="figmulti" style="width: 200px;"> -<p class="caption">(J)</p> -<img src="images/figure-j.jpg" width="200" height="150" alt="" /> -</div> - -</div> - -<p>In the event of the large torpedo being cut away in -deep water after withdrawal of the safety key, it will -explode by pressure on the head of the bolt at about -sixty fathoms depth. The small one at about thirty.</p> - -<p>The brass guard for the exploding bolt is an extra -precaution (suggested by Capt. A. Hood, R.N., Director-General -of Naval Ordnance) should -any person by mistake attempt to place -the bolt into the torpedo without the -safety key in its place. It is placed -over the head of the bolt and pushed -down until the thumb-screw on the -side works into a small hole in the -shoulder of the bolt.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> The manner in -which this guard is fitted ensures its removal before launching, -since the after lever cannot be placed until it is. It -also makes a convenient handle for turning the bolt in the -magazine.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"> -<div class="footnote"> -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> As the certainty of explosion depends mainly upon the exploding bolt -being properly charged, the inventor takes entire charge of this important detail.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<p class="caption">(K)</p> -<img src="images/figure-k.jpg" width="200" height="200" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span></p> - -<p>The explosive composition in the bolts is powerful and -safe; so packed that no amount of concussion can explode -it; the bolt must be pierced through the capsule at the -muzzle for that purpose. The bolts are hermetically sealed -at the muzzle by a metallic capsule, and can be stored for -an indefinite length of time without chance of deterioration. -The exploding point of the composition in the bolt is 420° -Fahrenheit.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<p class="caption">(L)</p> -<img src="images/figure-l.jpg" width="500" height="275" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The side and top levers are so arranged, that when -driven close into the torpedo, the bolt is down to the -shoulder; and, since there are three explosions to take -place, it is calculated the torpedo will be in hugging contact -when the main charge explodes, and exploded by a -powerful discharge in the centre, thereby disposing of the -explosive force to the greatest advantage.</p> - -<p>The torpedo must be closing to the ship when the levers -are acting and the bolt descending; no experiment for the -force of explosive agents, with a cushion of water intervening, -is required. The amount of explosive agent, when -in contact, is all that is required, and the torpedo can be -manufactured to contain a larger charge, if thought necessary,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span> -with a very small increase of dimensions; but the -present size is convenient for handling and launching; and -if loaded with any of the powerful blasting powders, would, -in all probability, prove sufficient to bilge or destroy the -largest iron-clad.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> -<p class="caption">(M)</p> -<img src="images/figure-m.jpg" width="300" height="150" alt="" /> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<p class="caption">(N)</p> -<img src="images/figure-n.jpg" width="500" height="325" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The lanyard or side-lever is permanently secured to the -short arm of the lever; the end is rove under the fair lead -on the deck of the torpedo -up through the -brass oval hole in the -after top lever, then -down under the fair lead -(abaft the first turn), -and across the deck -of the torpedo to the -handle, and secured with a round turn and two half-hitches. -Care should be taken that the short arm of the lever is -brought close into the fair lead, and the lanyard should be -set up sufficiently taut to give a slight spring in the after -top lever by the strain brought on it. This lever has a -steel fish on the top, in order to prevent it taking a permanent<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span> -bend. If the side-lever lanyard is properly set up, -the bolt will spring down about one-eighth of an inch when -the safety key is withdrawn, owing to the spring in the -lever and shrinking of the lanyard; this brings the muzzle -one-eighth of an inch nearer the pin without disturbing -the side lever. The lanyard should be made up like a -reef-point; it should be well-greased immediately before -launching.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> -<p class="caption">(O)</p> -<img src="images/figure-o.jpg" width="450" height="150" alt="" /> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<p class="caption">(P)</p> -<img src="images/figure-p.jpg" width="500" height="75" alt="" /> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> -<p class="caption">(Q)</p> -<img src="images/figure-q.jpg" width="450" height="125" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>To secure the fore top lever to the after, in order that a -back hit may not separate them, the small lanyards, with -an eye in one end, and whipped at the other, are first -placed over the eyes in the fore top lever, then rove -through the brass hole in the after top lever, in opposite -directions, passed up through the eyes in the fore top lever, -and knotted over it. The distance from the eyes in the -fore top lever to the hole in the after top lever is so arranged<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span> -that it will not interfere with the descent of them. The -fore-locks for the various bolts which fix the levers are -made of fishing-line. After knotting them, the ends should -be secured together by a seizing of thread.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> -<p class="caption">(R)</p> -<img src="images/figure-r.jpg" width="300" height="250" alt="" /> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<p class="caption">(S)</p> -<img src="images/figure-s.jpg" width="500" height="200" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The handles, formed of iron straps passing under the -torpedo, and terminating in four eyes above the deck, -are principally for handling -it; one of the foremost -eyes is made use of as a -fair lead for the safety-key -lanyard, and to stop it to; -the other foremost is made -use of to secure the side -lanyard to Fig. N (<a href="#Page_12">p. 12</a>).</p> - -<p>The ballast is composed -of iron and sheet lead; the -former, a fixture to the wooden bottom of the torpedo; -the latter, screwed on with long screws into the iron. A -thin sheet of lead is always kept on the bottom, affording -a soft material for moving them about on, removing the -objection that may be made to the friction caused by an -iron bottom in the moving of them in the torpedo-room. -By taking out these screws, several more thicknesses of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span> -sheet-lead can be screwed on, the same screws binding all -together. On leaving the manufacturers, there is sufficient -lead placed on the bottom for a speed between three and -ten knots. A very large increase of ballast would require -another buoy to be strung on over and above the usual -complement.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<p class="caption">(T)</p> -<img src="images/figure-t.jpg" width="500" height="150" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The proper adjustment of the slings is most important, -as the divergence depends upon it. The after legs of the -slings, when stretched out alongside the torpedo, should -extend one foot beyond the stem iron of the torpedo for -the large torpedo, and eight inches for the small one; the -distance on the slings being reckoned from the seizing -round the thimble. This first adjustment is near enough -if within two inches of the regulation.</p> - -<p>The thimble of the slings is made suitable for wire or -hemp rope, the fore surface of it being bell-mouthed, to -prevent chafe of the tow-rope; the thimble is so constructed -that the parts of the slings cannot escape from -the groove should the seizing become slack; it will be -observed that by this arrangement the edge of the thimble -is not brought in contact when rounding the stem or stern -of a vessel, the nip after leaving the tow-rope coming -direct on to the fore span, and thence to the projecting -curve of the side lever.</p> - -<p>When all four legs are pulled out, in direction of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span> -tow-rope, they bear an equal strain; the junction of -the four legs should be on a level with the upper towing-irons, -at the same time the upper fore span should make -an angle between 80° and 85° with the near side of the -torpedo. This arrangement gives the best divergence with -the least strain on the tow-rope, and is suitable when the -torpedo is kept at short scope, as well as when a long -length of tow-line is out. The slings are made of the best -Italian hemp (not laid up too hard), the rope being of the -same strength as the tow-rope; for although in towing -four legs divide the strain, yet during collision the strain -might be brought on one or two.<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> - -<div class="footnotes"> -<div class="footnote"> -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> It may be here remarked, the small rudder on the stern of the torpedo is not -for the purpose of increasing the divergence, but to control the direction of the -torpedo when the tow-rope is suddenly slacked.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - -<div class="figmulti" style="width: 150px;"> -<p class="caption">(U)</p> -<img src="images/figure-u.jpg" width="150" height="150" alt="" /> -</div> - -<div class="figmulti" style="width: 400px;"> -<p class="caption">(V)</p> -<img src="images/figure-v.jpg" width="400" height="350" alt="" /> -</div> - -</div> - -<p>The tow-rope for large torpedo can be of 2½ in. or 3 in. -hemp, or 1½ in. flexible galvanized iron wire. For small -torpedo, 1½ in. to 2 in. hemp, or ⅞ in. wire.</p> - -<p>The buoys are made of solid cork (such cork only being -used as will ensure great floating power after being immersed -for a time), it is built up on a galvanized iron<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span> -tube, running longitudinally through; on the ends of the -tube are screwed wooden cones, which bind all together -and render the buoy indestructible. The iron tube gives -great facility for stringing on the number of buoys required.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Drawing (W).</span> <span class="smcap spacer">Section on A B.</span></p> -<img src="images/figure-w.jpg" width="500" height="125" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>Two buoys are generally used for the large torpedo, and -one for the small. The buoy-rope is of hemp, about five -or six fathoms in length and two inches circumference, an -eye being spliced in the end nearest the torpedo; to this -eye is bent the tow-rope with a single or double sheet -bend, forming the knot by which the torpedo is towed; -the other end of the buoy-rope is passed through the large -or small ring in the stern (according to whether working -in deep or shallow water), then through the tube of the first -buoy, an overhand knot made in the rear; then through -the next buoy, and a knot in the rear of that.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Drawing (X).</span></p> -<img src="images/figure-x.jpg" width="500" height="200" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Drawing 1.</span></p> -<img src="images/drawing-1.jpg" width="500" height="275" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The brakes are used for the purpose of controlling the -tow-ropes; they can be fixed by screws into the deck at -the most convenient place for command, and, in a properly-constructed -vessel, would be worked below the water-line to -prevent exposure of the men. They are so arranged as -to admit of the tow-rope being quickly veered, and at the -same time powerful in bringing the torpedo to the surface -when required. Success greatly depends on the skilful -handling of these brakes, for in conjunction with the cork -buoys they give the operator command of the depth at -which the enemy is to be struck. The handles on the -leather straps are for the purpose of lifting the strap off -the drum when veering suddenly, that there may be no -friction to interfere. The handles for winding up would -rarely be used in real action, and never should be on when -veering. Unless a very high rate of speed is required, one -handspike will control the tow-rope; the other strap can be -thrown off the drum, and the handspike allowed to lie on -the deck ready to be thrown into gear, if necessary. The<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span> -surface of the drum in contact with the strap should be -powdered with rosin to increase the friction. The tow-rope -should be so reeled up, that in veering the reel may revolve -towards the men at the handspike (see <a href="#plate2">Plate 2</a>). The spindle -will contain several tow-ropes, that, in the event of one -torpedo being cut away, another can be immediately bent.</p> - -<p>The brake for small torpedo requires only one drum and -handspike. It can be fitted to a steam-launch by placing -an extra thwart across near one of the others.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Drawing 2.</span></p> -<img src="images/drawing-2.jpg" width="400" height="250" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The drawing shows a small brake fitted for the electric -torpedo, having a hollow central spindle, through which the -end of the tow-rope carrying the insulated wire is rove, -after passing out at the axle; a swivel connection is made -with the battery. The brakes, both large and small, are so -made as to ensure durability, they being considered a part -of the ship’s furniture.</p> - -<p>Brake for safety-key line is a small reel on the same -principle. When going a slow speed, it may not be necessary, -as the safety-key line can be attended by hand; but -when going ten or eleven knots, it will be found of considerable -advantage, both in keeping the light of the safety-key -line from dragging astern, thereby lessening the divergence -of the torpedo, and also in drawing the safety key<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span> -when a strong stop is used. The ordinary deep-sea lead -line can be used for a safety-key line, or any hemp-rope -from three-quarters to an inch circumference. It should -be new and of good quality; for in the event of its carrying -away before the stop, it would necessitate the recovery of -the torpedo.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Drawing 3.</span></p> -<img src="images/drawing-3.jpg" width="500" height="250" alt="" /> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<p class="caption">(Y)</p> -<img src="images/figure-y.jpg" width="500" height="375" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The magazine for exploding bolts is fitted with exactly -the same size brass tubing as in the priming case; therefore, -if the bolts are kept to work with the proper pressure -when in the magazine, they will do so in the torpedo. -This magazine should be kept apart from the torpedo-room,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span> -and care should be taken that the tube is clear before -forcing the loaded bolt into it. The torpedoes are then no -more dangerous than any other powder case, and, being -very strongly made and sealed, are probably less so.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate2"> -<p class="caption-r">Plate 2.</p> -<img src="images/plate-2.jpg" width="700" height="400" alt="" /> -<p class="caption-r-sm">Kell Bros. Lith. London.</p> -</div> - -<h2><span class="smcap">Arrangements required for Launching and Towing.</span></h2> - -<p>A yard across either the main or mizen mast of a torpedo -vessel, from ten to fifteen feet above the water-line, is a -very convenient method for launching and towing. The -leading block on the yard, through which the tow-rope is -rove, may be fitted to a traveller on the yard with an -inhaul and outhaul, that the distance out from the ship’s -side may be regulated as convenient.</p> - -<p>In a large vessel, the leading block for tow-rope can be -fixed to the end of the quarter-boat’s davits. The brakes -for commanding the tow-rope should be screwed firmly to -the deck. In a vessel properly constructed for the service, -they would be on the lower deck, the tow-rope having -been led along the yard, and down each side of the mast.</p> - -<p>A leading block for the tow-rope is placed on the deck -by span or bolt a few feet in front of the brake. The safety-key -reel, if used, must be fixed in a convenient position on -deck, that the man attending it can see how to control it; -in a properly-constructed vessel he would be in the pilot-house. -The safety-key line leads through a small leading -block on the ensign-staff or some convenient point abaft the -lead of the tow-rope, that it may be kept well clear of it. -The leading block on the yard may be fitted with a lizard, -if thought necessary. A sharp instrument should be kept -by the brakes ready to sever the tow-rope.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span></p> - -<h2><span class="smcap">Preparations for Launching and Towing.</span></h2> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<p class="caption">(Z)</p> -<img src="images/figure-z.jpg" width="500" height="375" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The torpedoes, port and starboard, loaded and ballasted, -having been hoisted out of the torpedo-room, are placed on -the deck on their own sides, with their heads forward under -the leading block, and the number of buoys required for -each, placed abaft them, strung together as directed (<a href="#Page_17">p. 17</a>); -the necessary number of exploding bolts having also been -taken from the bolt magazine, are now entered into the -torpedoes, and forced down until their safety keys rest on -the brasswork, taking care that each safety key points in -the direction of the eye through which its lanyard has to -pass; the brass guard is now taken off, and after top lever -placed in the crutch of the exploding bolt; the fore top -lever is now placed on the shoulder of the after one, and -the two levers secured by their lanyards, as directed in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span> -pages <a href="#Page_12">12</a> and <a href="#Page_13">13</a>. The eye at the end of the buoy-rope is -now rove through the large or small ring in the stern end -of the torpedo (see <a href="#Page_17">p. 17</a>). The tow-rope having been previously -rove through the leading block on the deck and on -the yard, is rove through the thimble of the slings from -forward aft, and bent, with a single or double sheet bend, -to the eye of the buoy-rope. The safety-key line having -been previously rove through the leading block on the -ensign-staff, and the lanyard on the safety key having been -led through the eye of the handle, making a fair lead with -the slit in the bolt, are bent together with a double-sheet -bend, and stopped to the eye by a split yarn of suitable -strength, the yarn having been secured outside the bend. -It can also be stopped with another split yarn to the slings -near the thimble of the slings. The torpedo is now ready -for launching.</p> - -<h2><span class="smcap">Launching the Torpedo.</span></h2> - -<p>The crew having been stationed at their respective posts, -the handles having been shipped on the tow-reel, the tow-line -is then reeled up until the torpedo will launch clear, -and swing out under the leading block on the yard. Hold -the torpedo by the handspikes, and take off the handles of -the brake. In swinging out, care should be taken that in -starting from the deck the fore slings do not foul the fore -top lever. The stern of the torpedo can be steadied by -keeping a slight strain on the buoy-rope. The safety-key -line must be kept clear, and not checked, or it might break -the stop and draw the safety key before intended.</p> - -<p>The buoys must be placed in a proper position, and -hands stationed by them to launch them overboard the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span> -instant the torpedo takes the water. It would be better -to stop the screw, if circumstances would allow of it, when -lowering the torpedo and buoys into the water, to prevent -the chance of the buoys fouling the screw. The torpedo, -on reaching the water, will <i>immediately</i> diverge clear of the -ship; the buoys being launched, as the strain comes on -the buoy-rope, they will be towed clear away from the -screw, and full speed may be put on at once. The men at -the handspikes must veer steadily, occasionally checking -the torpedo, that it may be kept near the surface, and not -allowed to dive, which it will do if the tow-rope is slacked -up altogether, and then a sudden strain brought on it.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Drawing 4.</span></p> -<img src="images/drawing-4.jpg" width="500" height="200" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>Eventually it will come to the surface, when the bow is -pointed up by the strain on the tow-rope; greater the speed -the more quickly will it be brought to the surface. In -shallow water this should be particularly attended to, as in -diving it might strike the bottom and injure the levers; -and if the safety key has been withdrawn, explode; moreover -it brings an undue strain on the tow-rope. The -torpedo can now be gradually veered out to the distance -required, the safety-key line so attended, that a sufficient -strain is kept on it as not to allow of a long bight of line<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span> -dragging astern of the torpedo; at the same time having -due regard to the strength of the yarn by which the line is -stopped to the handle of the torpedo. The distance veered -must depend upon the nature of attack. The tow-line -should be marked with knots every ten fathoms; under -some circumstances the torpedo would be close to the ship -until passing the enemy (<i>see</i> <a href="#TACTICS">Tactics</a>); at other times -veered to 40 fathoms it will be found most suitable. The -full divergence of 45° is obtained up to 50 fathoms, beyond -that the bight of the tow-rope in the water drags the -torpedo astern unless the tow-rope is triced much higher -up, which has its disadvantage; 40 to 50 fathoms of tow-rope -gives the best command of the torpedo, veering 2 or 3 -fathoms of tow-line suddenly will always sink the torpedo -some feet below the surface. Should it become necessary -to use the torpedoes with a stern-board they can be so used, -but in this case the port torpedo is used on the starboard -bow and starboard on the port; all other arrangements -being exactly the same. In rough weather, advantage -should be taken of the roll, and the torpedo allowed to -swing out from the yard, and be let go by the run, checking -the tow-rope immediately the torpedo is in the water. It -is not absolutely necessary to ease the vessel when launching, -the torpedo can be launched at full speed. In the -event of its being found necessary to cut adrift the torpedo, -in consequence of coming suddenly across a friendly vessel, -the tow-rope should be cut near the brake, and if the buoy-rope -has been rove through the large stern-ring, the torpedo -will sink and be lost, the buoy only remaining. If the buoy-rope -has been rove through the small stern-ring, the torpedo -will be suspended by the buoy-rope; and should the safety -key not have been withdrawn, can be recovered with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span> -safety. In the event of wishing to recover it when the -buoy-rope has been rove through the large ring, a toggle -must be lashed on the tow-rope abaft the leading block on -the yard, when it can be recovered by the buoy-rope; as a -general rule, it will however be found best to expend the -torpedo, and not attempt its recovery. By slacking the -tow-rope roundly and stopping the vessel, a friendly ship -can pass over the bight of the tow-rope without striking -the torpedo; but this is rather a delicate operation, particularly -if the safety key has been withdrawn.</p> - -<h2><span class="smcap">Recovering the Torpedo.</span></h2> - -<p>Should the safety key have been withdrawn, great caution -must be used.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Drawing 5.</span></p> -<img src="images/drawing-5.jpg" width="500" height="225" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>Tongs, for going round the upper part of the bolt, to take -the place of the safety key, when once clasped and secured -round the bolt, render the torpedo safe to handle; this -could only be done from a boat. With the safety key in, -there is no danger in hooking it inboard again by its own -tow-rope, and hoisting up the buoys at the same time with -a grapnel.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span></p> - -<h2><span class="smcap">Torpedo arranged to Explode by Electricity.</span></h2> - -<p>To substitute the electrical method of firing the torpedo -for the mechanical one, all that will be necessary is to -unscrew the priming case from the centre hole of the -mechanical torpedo, and screw in the electrical arrangement -which contains McEvoy’s patent circuit-closer, especially -adapted by him to suit this particular torpedo.</p> - -<p>The electrical arrangement has its own exploding bolt, -which differs from the other only below the safety key, -which key is fitted and worked in the same manner as the -mechanical one, in order that the electrical arrangement -might not be disturbed by an accidental blow when launching. -The insulated conducting wire is carried along the -whole length of the tow-rope in the centre, forming a core. -The tow-rope, as in the mechanical one, is bent on to the -hemp buoy-rope by a sheet bend, the strands at the end -are then unlaid, sufficiently so to form a connection between -the insulated wire in the tow-rope and that projecting from -the centre hole of the torpedo; this connection can be best -made with McEvoy’s patent jointer. The other end of the -tow-rope on the barrel of the brake passes through the hollow -spindle of the brake at one extremity and is connected with -the constant battery, which must be suitable for heating -platinum at the distance of 100 fathoms, the return circuit -being by the water. The levers act in the same manner -as in the mechanical one, forcing down the bolt and -thereby closing the circuit through the fuze and exploding -the torpedo.</p> - -<p>This system of exploding the torpedo may be preferred -in rivers or shallow water, where it would be considered -dangerous to leave a mechanical torpedo at the bottom;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span> -but it cannot be reckoned upon with the same certainty -as the mechanical one. It is necessarily more costly, complicated, -and delicate; the two latter conditions rendering -it unsuited for the rough work it will have to encounter.</p> - -<p>The torpedo being provided with this centre tube in -addition to the usual priming case, admits of its being used -upon an emergency, special ones not being at hand, for -various other purposes, <i>viz.</i> clearing away obstructions; -as land torpedoes; as stationary torpedoes, provided they -are not to remain a very long time in the water. In these -cases the ordinary insulated wire and jointers are all that -is required. If required to be fired at will, it will be only -necessary to force down the bolt sufficiently to close the -circuit through the fuze and then secure it. If to be self-acting, -leave the bolt up in its position, as when working -at sea, to be acted upon by pressure.</p> - -<h2><span class="smcap">Description of Capt. C. A. McEvoy’s Circuit-closing -Arrangement for Harvey’s Sea Torpedo.</span></h2> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> - -<p class="caption"><i>Fig: 1.</i> <span class="spacer2"><i>Fig: 2.</i></span></p> - -<img src="images/figure-1-2.jpg" width="400" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">London: E. & F. N. Spon, 48, Charing Cross.</p> - -<p class="caption-r-sm">Kell Bros. Lithrs.</p> - -<p class="caption-fts"><span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span>—An exterior tube, -<i>a a</i>; screw-head, [= <i>a</i>]; interior tube, <i>b</i>; intermediate -tube, <i>d</i>; firing bolt, <i>e</i>; spindle, <i>f</i>; long brass spiral -spring, <i>g</i>; short spiral spring, <i>h</i>; socket for spindle, <i>i i</i>; -insulated wire from battery, <i>k k</i>; insulated terminal, <i>l</i>; electric -fuze, <i>m</i>; priming space, <i>n n</i>; charging hole, <i>o</i>; insulated -bridge, <i>p</i>; metal bridge, <i>u</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<p>The electric wire <i>k k</i> passes through the screw-head [= <i>a</i>] of -external tube <i>a a</i>, and winding spirally around the intermediate -tube <i>d</i>, terminates in a connection with the insulated -bridge <i>p</i> at <i>s</i>. The intermediate tube <i>d</i> is attached to -the head of the spindle <i>f</i> at <i>t</i>. When pressure is brought -to bear on the firing bolt <i>e</i>, the spindle <i>f</i> is forced down, -and carries with it the insulated bridge <i>p</i>, until the bridge -touches the insulated terminal <i>l</i>. It will be seen that the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span> -long spiral spring <i>g</i> and short spiral spring <i>h</i> serve to support -the spindle <i>f</i>, and keep the bridge <i>p</i> off the terminal <i>l</i> -until they are forced into contact. Whilst the insulated -bridge <i>p</i> remains above the insulated terminal, the former -is in constant contact with the metal bridge <i>u</i>; but this -contact is broken when the metal bridge moves downward -and before it makes contact with the insulated terminal <i>l</i>. -When the insulated bridge <i>p</i> is in contact with the metal -bridge <i>u</i>, the electric fuze is out of circuit; and a current -sent through the torpedo will return by way of the earth -without firing the torpedo; but when contact with the -metal bridge <i>u</i> is broken, and contact with the insulated -terminal <i>l</i> is made, the current is directed through the -electric fuze, and the torpedo fired.</p> - -<p>The priming in the tube is sufficient to rupture the -tubes and ignite the charge in the torpedo.</p> - -<p>Fig. 2 shows a section of the circuit-closer, with the -spiral spring slightly compressed, and the insulated bridge -in contact with the insulated terminal, and the circuit -closed. By dispensing with the electric fuze, and using in -its place a piece of copper wire, any number of experiments -may be made with an uncharged torpedo without adjustment -or manipulation of any kind; it only being necessary -to attach to the return wire near the battery a galvanometer -or electric fuze to indicate the time of the impact.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"> -<div class="footnote"> -<p>The torpedoes here described are manufactured by J. Vavasseur and Co., at -the London Ordnance Works; at which establishment the inventor has every -facility in the supervision of the various details in the construction of the torpedoes, -buoys, and brakes. Such supervision of the torpedoes and their equipments -is highly essential to secure safety and efficiency.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span></p> - -<h2 id="TACTICS">TACTICS.</h2> - -<p>Torpedo vessels should, as a rule, attack under the cover of -darkness. By the experience gained in blockade running -in the late American conflict, we are assured that a vessel -in rapid motion can, when it is dark, pass with impunity -close under the fire of hostile vessels, armed with cannon.</p> - -<p>In the more early stage of the torpedo, the tactics of -vessels armed with torpedoes embraced modes of attack -that are not now entertained. So general is becoming the -use of torpedoes as a means both of defence and offence, -that vessels, which may be at anchor or moored in a -harbour or roadstead, would be protected by stationary -torpedoes; the use of which admits also of vessels, when -at anchor or moored, protecting themselves by placing a -web of torpedoes in such manner as to render the attack of -a hostile vessel or boats extremely hazardous, and therefore -not likely to be attempted. But in the event of a -vessel being at anchor in a harbour or roadstead unprotected, -she could be attacked, as shown in the illustration -of Tactics, under such conditions. As, however, vessels -armed with torpedoes are intended to work the arm -against vessels at sea or in motion, the management of -the torpedo in so attacking vessels is the more important -part of the code of Tactics.</p> - -<p>It should be here remarked, that with a view to simplicity, -the explanations will be confined to a single -steamer, the attacking vessel adapted to the service of -the arm in question, and confined also to a single vessel, -the object of attack.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span></p> - -<h3>CASE 1.<br /> -<span class="smaller">ATTACKING A VESSEL MOORED HEAD AND STERN.</span></h3> - -<p>In this case the torpedo vessel steers in for the bow or -quarter of the vessel attacked, according to the direction of -the current, and on the side approached launches the torpedo -between the moorings as at A; leaving the tow-rope -slack, the torpedo vessel proceeds ahead or astern against -the current, and when at a sufficient distance off, the tow-rope -is held fast, which will cause the torpedo to diverge -into contact with the vessel attacked, as shown by the -drawing.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate4"> -<p class="caption-r">Plate 4.</p> -<img src="images/plate-4.jpg" width="700" height="400" alt="" /> -<p class="caption-r-sm">Kell Bros. Lith. London.</p> -<p class="caption">CASE 1.—ATTACKING A VESSEL MOORED HEAD AND STERN.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span></p> - -<h3>CASE 2.<br /> -<span class="smaller">ATTACKING A VESSEL AT ANCHOR BY CROSSING THE BOW.</span></h3> - -<p>In this case, the torpedo is sufficiently diverged when -near to the vessel with a good scope of tow-rope out. -After having crossed her bow, proceeding onwards, the -tow-rope will be brought obliquely across her cable, and -the torpedo will swing into her, as shown in the drawing. -It may be here remarked that, in all cases, the depth of -explosion can be obtained by the sudden slacking of the -tow-rope; and the tow-rope, once under the keel, causes -the torpedo to be hauled down near to it before exploding.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate5"> -<p class="caption-r">Plate 5.</p> -<img src="images/plate-5.jpg" width="700" height="400" alt="" /> -<p class="caption-r-sm">Kell Bros. Lith. London.</p> -<p class="caption">CASE 2.—ATTACKING A VESSEL AT ANCHOR BY CROSSING THE BOW.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span></p> - -<h3>CASE 3.<br /> -<span class="smaller">ATTACKING A VESSEL AT ANCHOR BY PASSING ON EITHER SIDE -DETERMINED UPON, COMING UP FROM THE STERN.</span></h3> - -<p>In this case, the torpedo is launched when on the quarter -of the vessel attacked, as at A, the tow-rope left slack. -After steaming ahead some distance, hold fast the tow-rope, -when, by continuing to steam on, the torpedo will -diverge into contact with the bottom of the vessel attacked, -as shown in the drawing. <i>When skilfully performed</i>, the -total destruction of the enemy is certain, since the torpedo -is springing from a depth to the surface, and will, in consequence, -strike near the keel. The torpedo vessel can pass -at her greatest speed, and, if thought necessary, near -enough to clear away any of the ordinary obstructions, such -as booms, nets, &c.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate6"> -<p class="caption-r">Plate 6.</p> -<img src="images/plate-6.jpg" width="700" height="400" alt="" /> -<p class="caption-r-sm">Kell Bros. Lith. London.</p> -<p class="caption">CASE 3.—ATTACKING A VESSEL AT ANCHOR BY PASSING ON EITHER SIDE.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span></p> - -<h3>CASE 4.<br /><span class="smaller">ATTACKING A VESSEL AT ANCHOR BY COMING UP RIGHT ASTERN AND -THEN PASSING ON EITHER SIDE.</span></h3> - -<p>In this case, having determined upon the side it is desirable -to pass, a torpedo is launched accordingly. When -near the vessel, the torpedo is sufficiently diverged, and -the torpedo vessel passing onwards ahead, the torpedo is -brought under the run or bottom of the vessel attacked, as -shown by the drawing.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate7"> -<p class="caption-r">Plate 7.</p> -<img src="images/plate-7.jpg" width="700" height="400" alt="" /> -<p class="caption-r-sm">Kell Bros. Lith. London.</p> -<p class="caption">CASE 4.—ATTACKING A VESSEL AT ANCHOR COMING UP FROM ASTERN -AND THEN PASSING ON EITHER SIDE.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span></p> - -<h3>CASE 5.<br /> -<span class="smaller">PASSING DOWN BETWEEN TWO LINES OF VESSELS AT ANCHOR, AND -DESTROYING THEM ON EITHER SIDE.</span></h3> - -<p>In this case, it would be impossible to fire at the torpedo -vessel for fear of injury to their friends. Two or more -torpedo vessels following each other with preconcerted -signals would cause great destruction.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate8"> -<p class="caption-r">Plate 8.</p> -<img src="images/plate-8.jpg" width="700" height="400" alt="" /> -<p class="caption-r-sm">Kell Bros. Lith. London.</p> -<p class="caption">CASE 5.—PASSING BETWEEN TWO VESSELS AT ANCHOR.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span></p> - -<h3>CASE 6.<br /> -<span class="smaller">ATTACKING A VESSEL IN MOTION BY COMING DOWN FROM RIGHT -AHEAD.</span></h3> - -<p>In this case, two torpedoes are launched, port and starboard, -each diverging to its full extent; when passing the -vessel attacked, one or the other of the tow-ropes is brought -across the cut-water, and by the simultaneous motion of the -two vessels in opposite directions, the torpedo is brought -alongside of or under the bottom of the vessel attacked, as -shown by the drawing. The torpedo vessel should keep the -masts of her enemy in one until close to, when either -torpedo will be used, according to the movement of the -enemy. At the time of the tow-rope taking the cut-water, -the brake is suddenly eased up; the tow-rope will then -pass under the bottom, when, by checking the tow-rope, -the torpedo will be hauled under the bottom.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate9"> -<p class="caption-r">Plate 9.</p> -<img src="images/plate-9.jpg" width="700" height="400" alt="" /> -<p class="caption-r-sm">Kell Bros. Lith. London.</p> -<p class="caption">CASE 6.—ATTACKING A VESSEL IN MOTION COMING DOWN FROM AHEAD.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span></p> - -<h3>CASE 7.<br /> -<span class="smaller">ATTACKING A VESSEL IN MOTION, COMING UP TO HER FROM RIGHT -ASTERN.</span></h3> - -<p>In this case, two torpedoes are launched and diverged, as -in Case 6; and in this case it is assumed that the torpedo -vessel can outspeed the vessel attacked, which will enable -her to bring a torpedo under the run of the vessel attacked, -as shown by the drawing.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate10"> -<p class="caption-r">Plate 10.</p> -<img src="images/plate-10.jpg" width="700" height="400" alt="" /> -<p class="caption-r-sm">Kell Bros. Lith. London.</p> -<p class="caption">CASE 7.—ATTACKING A VESSEL IN MOTION COMING UP FROM ASTERN.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span></p> - -<h3>CASE 8.<br /> -<span class="smaller">IF CHASED BY A HOSTILE VESSEL, AND IT IS DEEMED UNADVISABLE -TO FACE HER AND PROCEED AS IN CASE 6.</span></h3> - -<p>In this case, veer a torpedo astern, having first obtained -a position a little on the bow of the chasing vessel. When -it is known, by the length of the tow-rope out, that the -torpedo is about abreast of her bow, hold fast the tow-rope, -which will cause the torpedo to diverge, and be brought -into contact, as shown in the drawing. As a last resort, -drop spanned torpedoes.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate11"> -<p class="caption-r">Plate 11</p> -<img src="images/plate-11.jpg" width="700" height="400" alt="" /> -<p class="caption-r-sm">Kell Bros. Lith. London.</p> -<p class="caption">CASE 8.—CHASED BY A HOSTILE VESSEL.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span></p> - -<h3>CASE 9.<br /> -<span class="smaller">ATTACKING A VESSEL IN MOTION BY CROSSING HER BOW.</span></h3> - -<p>In this case, the torpedo being diverged when near, will, -after crossing the bow, be dragged into contact, as shown -by the drawing.</p> - -<p>Torpedoes can be used with a stern-board, if necessary. -The port torpedo, in this case, will be launched on the starboard -side, and the starboard on the port side.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate12"> -<p class="caption-r">Plate 12</p> -<img src="images/plate-12.jpg" width="700" height="400" alt="" /> -<p class="caption-r-sm">Kell Bros. Lith. London.</p> -<p class="caption">CASE 9.—ATTACKING A VESSEL IN MOTION BY CROSSING THE BOW.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span></p> - -<p>In conclusion, it should be stated that a dark night and -tempestuous weather are in favour of the attacking torpedo -vessels; and these conditions are especially advantageous -when attacking large, long, unwieldy vessels, and the -greater the number of them together, the more easily can -they be disabled or destroyed, by reason of consequent -confusion. Though the sea torpedo can be used in the -light of day, or darkness of night, by vessels of the present -navies, armed with cannon, it is nevertheless earnestly -advised that fast vessels be built of comparatively small -size and cost, adapted to the service of and armed with -torpedoes, by reason that such vessels can keep at sea for -long periods without replenishing supplies of coals and provisions; -and in conflict upon the ocean, can easily destroy -or render unseaworthy vessels, how large soever they may -be, and armed with any cannon and projectiles at present -known. Hence the necessity of being prepared with -vessels suited to the change in naval warfare, and with -officers well practised in an arm which, sooner or later, -will be adopted by all Maritime States, by reason of its -economy and efficiency. In the tactics, here attempted to -be rendered intelligible, it is presumed that the various -modes of attack are by small handy vessels adapted to the -service, and armed with torpedoes, against large unwieldy -vessels, armed with cannon. When it shall have been -clearly demonstrated, in actual war, that large vessels can -be disabled or destroyed by small vessels, with something -like impunity, torpedo warfare will then take another form, -that of torpedo vessels against torpedo vessels, whose tactics -will, in due time, be a subject for another study.</p> - -<p class="right">FREDERICK HARVEY,<br /> -<i>Commander R.N.</i></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span></p> - -<h2><span class="smcap">The subjoined is a Remark upon the Description of Vessel -adapted to the Service of the Sea Torpedo.</span></h2> - -<p>Vessels adapted to the service of the sea torpedo should -be about 400 tons burthen; her extreme length, over all, -from taffrail to figure-head, about 150 feet. The form of -body to be such as to attain the greatest practicable speed.</p> - -<p>Speed being the essential condition of a torpedo vessel, a -perfectly flush upper or weather deck, without any bulwarks, -is advisable; instead of bulwarks, life-lines, supported -by stanchions, supply their place to prevent accidents -of falling overboard. Thus fitted, there would be -nothing to hold wind that could retard speed, as there is in -vessels of ordinary build. So covered in, the vessel would -not, under any condition of weather, ship water; she -would not, from such cause, be in any danger of foundering.</p> - -<p>The height of the weather-deck above the water-line at -midships, 9 feet; the height of the main deck above the -water-line, 18 inches; leaving a clear height between decks -of 6 feet 6 inches. There should be two water-tight bulkheads, -one about 50 feet from the stem, and the other about -20 feet from the stern-post; the two water-tight bulkheads -come up to the under side of the main deck, with which the -bulkhead form perfectly water-tight compartments. In the -fore compartment, empty water-tight cases would occupy -the lower part, over which would be stowed the cork -buoys and some light resisting material, rendered uninflammable, -so that in the event of the fore body being -ripped open below the water-line, there would be no space -for the admission of water; the trim of the vessel would -therefore be preserved. The after compartment would be -similarly stowed. There would be a capacious engine-room<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span> -to allow of powerful engines to work twin screws; there -would also be capacious coal-bunkers and a coal-hold before -the engine-room; and before the coal-hold a small hold for -the stowage of cables and various articles. There would -also be a pilot-house, in which would be protected the -officer in command, who would be so placed as to have his -orders immediately obeyed. The torpedo-room, to contain -about one hundred torpedoes of various destructive powers, -the weight of which may be about 10 tons, would be in -the after body, and as low down as may be convenient. -Upon the orlop deck, which covers the magazine, would be -the towing gear, and machinery for working such gear. -On the orlop deck would also be a steering wheel, by which -the vessel would be steered when in action. The space -between the decks of the entire length of the vessel would -afford ample accommodation for officers and crew, embracing, -also, stowage for provisions and means of cooking. -Ventilation and light would be obtained by hatchways, -fitted with skylights; and there would also be side scuttles, -which, from their height above water, would admit of -their being generally open. The rig would be that of a -three-masted schooner, having fore, main, and mizen gaffsails, -with a fore staysail and two jibs, inner and outer. -When going into action, the sails would be lowered and -stowed; the vessel would then be entirely under steam. -To each mast there would be a yard of suitable dimensions, -for the double purpose of towing the torpedoes and setting -flying square sails. The rigging would not be rattled; the -ascent to the masthead would be by a Jacob’s ladder -before the mast; there would be a small top to each masthead, -principally for the use of the look-out men. The -crew would be stationed upon the orlop deck, each man<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span> -being provided with a life-belt. With regard to boats, -there may be a small stern boat, and two larger boats, -stowed on deck; and upon going into action, gripes or -lashings should be cast off so that the boats would instantly -be disengaged from the vessel.</p> - -<p>Torpedo vessels for foreign service should, under the present -difficulties of keeping iron from oxidizing and fouling, -be built of timber. For home service, vessels constructed -of iron would be preferable, and with very reduced masts, -to enable them to pass under the yards of a vessel. One -or two light guns, to bring-to an unarmed vessel, and for -signal purposes, on the weather-deck, and fired over all.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate3"> -<p class="caption-r">Plate 3.</p> -<img src="images/plate-3.jpg" width="700" height="400" alt="" /> -<p class="caption-r-sm">Kell Bros. Lith. London.</p> -<p class="caption">AN IRON CLAD FLEET SURPRISED AT SEA BY A SQUADRON OF TORPEDO CRAFT ARMED -WITH HARVEY’S SEA TORPEDOES.</p> -</div> - -<p class="titlepage">LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, -STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF HARVEY'S SEA TORPEDO ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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