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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..897f737 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #68056 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/68056) diff --git a/old/68056-0.txt b/old/68056-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 6c11da3..0000000 --- a/old/68056-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1343 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Thoughts upon the African Slave Trade, -by John Newton - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Thoughts upon the African Slave Trade - -Author: John Newton - -Release Date: May 12, 2022 [eBook #68056] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Barry Abrahamsen, The Online - Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This - file was produced from images generously made available by - The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THOUGHTS UPON THE AFRICAN -SLAVE TRADE *** - - - - - - +THOUGHTS+ - - UPON THE - - AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE. - - - - --------------------- - - - - [PRICE ONE SHILLING.] - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - +ADVERTISEMENT+. - - - THE profits, if any, arising from the sale - of this pamphlet, are appropriated to the - use of the Society, established in London, - for the support and encouragement of - Sunday Schools, in the different counties - of England. - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - +THOUGHTS+ - - - - UPON THE - - - - AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE. - - - - - ---------------------------- - - - +BY JOHN NEWTON+, - - +RECTOR OF ST. MARY WOOLNOTH+. - - - - ---------------------------- - - - - MATT. vii. 12. - - ALL THINGS WHATSOEVER YE WOULD THAT MEN - SHOULD DO TO YOU, DO YE EVEN SO TO THEM: - FOR THIS IS THE LAW AND THE PROPHETS. - - HOMO SUM—— - - - - ---------------------------- - - - - +LONDON+: - - - PRINTED FOR J. BUCKLAND, IN PATER-NOSTER-ROW; AND - - J. JOHNSON, IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH-YARD. - - M.DCC.LXXXVIII. - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - ════════════════════════════════════════════════ - - - - - +THOUGHTS+ - - +UPON THE+ - - +AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE+. - - - - ---------------------------- - - -THE nature and effects of that unhappy and disgraceful branch of -commerce, which has long been maintained on the Coast of Africa, with -the sole, and professed design of purchasing our fellow-creatures, in -order to supply our West-India islands and the American colonies, when -they were ours, with Slaves; is now generally understood. So much light -has been thrown upon the subject, by many able pens; and so many -respectable persons have already engaged to use their utmost influence, -for the suppression of a traffic, which contradicts the feelings of -humanity; that it is hoped, this stain of our National character will -soon be wiped out. - -If I attempt, after what has been done, to throw my mite into the public -stock of information, it is less from an apprehension that my -interference is necessary, than from a conviction, that silence, at such -a time, and on such an occasion, would, in me, be criminal. If my -testimony should not be necessary, or serviceable, yet, perhaps, I am -bound, in conscience, to take shame to myself by a public confession, -which, however sincere, comes too late to prevent, or repair, the misery -and mischief to which I have, formerly, been accessary. - -I hope it will always be a subject of humiliating reflection to me, that -I was, once, an active instrument, in a business at which my heart now -shudders. My headstrong passions and follies plunged me, in early life, -into a succession of difficulties and hardships, which, at length, -reduced me to seek a refuge among the Natives of Africa. There, for -about the space of eighteen months, I was in effect, though without the -name, a Captive and a Slave myself; and was depressed to the lowest -degree of human wretchedness. Possibly, I should not have been so -completely miserable, had I lived among the Natives only, but it was my -lot to reside with white men; for at that time, several persons of my -own colour and language were settled upon that part of the Windward -coast, which lies between Sierra-Leon and Cape Mount; for the purpose of -purchasing and collecting Slaves, to sell to the vessels that arrived -from Europe. - -This is a bourn, from which few travellers return, who have once -determined to venture upon a temporary residence there; but the good -providence of God, without my expectation, and almost against my will, -delivered me from those scenes of wickedness and woe; and I arrived at -Liverpool in May 1748. I soon revisited the place of my captivity, as -mate of a ship, and, in the year 1750, I was appointed commander, in -which capacity I made three voyages to the Windward Coast, for Slaves. - -I first saw the Coast of Guinea in the year 1745, and took my last leave -of it in 1754. It was not, intentionally, a farewel; but through the -mercy of God it proved so. I fitted out for a fourth voyage, and was -upon the point of sailing, when I was arrested by a sudden illness, and -I resigned the ship to another Captain. - -Thus I was unexpectedly freed from this disagreeable service. -Disagreeable I had long found it; but I think I should have quitted it -sooner, had I considered it, as I now do, to be unlawful and wrong. But -I never had a scruple upon this head at the time; nor was such a thought -once suggested to me, by any friend. What I did, I did ignorantly; -considering it as the line of life which Divine Providence had allotted -me, and having no concern, in point of conscience, but to treat the -Slaves, while under my care, with as much humanity as a regard to my own -safety would admit. - -The experience and observation of nine years, would qualify me for being -a competent witness upon this subject, could I safely trust to the -report of Memory, after an interval of more than thirty-three years. -But, in the course of so long a period, the ideas of past scenes and -transactions, grow indistinct; and I am aware, that what I have seen, -and what I have only heard related, may, by this time, have become so -insensibly blended together, that, in some cases, it may be difficult -for me, if not impossible, to distinguish them, with absolute certainty. -It is, however, my earnest desire, and will therefore engage my utmost -care, that I may offer nothing in writing, as from my own knowledge, -which I could not chearfully, if requisite, confirm upon oath. - -That part of the African shore, which lies between the river -Sierra-Leon, lat. 8. 30. N. and Cape Palmas, is usually known by the -name of the Windward, or Grain Coast. The extent (if my recollection -does not fail me) is about one hundred and fifty leagues. There is a -fort upon Benee Island, in Sierra-Leon, which formerly belonged to the -old African Company: they also had a fort on an island in the river -Sherbro; but the former was in private hands, and of the latter, -scarcely the foundations were visible, when I first went to Africa. -There is no fort, or factory, upon this coast, under the sanction of our -Government; but there were, as I have said, and probably still are, -private traders resident at Benee Island, at the Bananoes, and at the -Plantanes. The former of these is about twelve, and the latter twenty -leagues, from Sierra-Leon, to the South-East. - -By these persons, the trade is carried on, in boats and shallops, thirty -or forty leagues to the northward, in several rivers lying within the -shoals of Rio Grande. But the most northerly place of trade, for -shipping, is Sierra-Leon, and the business there, and in that -neighbourhood, is chiefly transacted with the white men: but from -Sherbro to Cape Palmas, directly with the natives. Though I have been on -the Gold Coast, and beyond it as far as Cape Lopez, in the latitude of -one or two degrees South, I profess no knowledge of the African trade, -but as it was conducted on the Windward Coast when I was concerned in -it. - -I am not qualified, and if I were, I should think it rather unsuitable -to my present character, as a Minister of the Gospel, to consider the -African Slave Trade, merely, in a political light. This disquisition -more properly belongs to persons in civil life. Only thus far my -character as a Minister will allow, and perhaps require me, to observe, -that the best Human Policy, is that which is connected with a -reverential regard to Almighty God, the Supreme Governor of the Earth. -Every plan, which aims at the welfare of a nation, in defiance of his -authority and laws, however apparently wise, will prove to be -essentially defective, and, if persisted in, ruinous. The Righteous Lord -loveth Righteousness, and He has engaged to plead the cause, and -vindicate the wrongs of the oppressed. It is Righteousness that exalted -a nation; and Wickedness is the present reproach, and will, sooner or -later, unless repentance intervene, prove the ruin of any people. - -Perhaps what I have said of myself may be applicable to the nation at -large. The Slave Trade was always unjustifiable; but inattention and -interest prevented, for a time, the evil from being perceived. It is -otherwise at present; the mischiefs and evils, connected with it, have -been, of late years, represented with such undeniable evidence, and are -now so generally known, that I suppose there is hardly an objection can -be made, to the wish of thousands, perhaps of millions, for the -suppression of this Trade, but upon the ground of political expedience, - -Tho’ I were even sure, that a principal branch of the public revenue -depended upon the African Trade (which, I apprehend, is far from being -the case), if I had access and influence, I should think myself bound to -say to Government, to Parliament, and to the Nation, “It is not lawful -to put it into the Treasury, because it is the price of blood[1].” - -Footnote 1: - - Matth. xxvii. 6. - -I account an intelligent Farmer to be a good Politician, in this sense; -that, if he has a large heap of good corn, he will not put a small -quantity, that is damaged, to the rest, for the sake of encreasing the -heap. He knows that such an addition would spoil the whole. God forbid, -that any supposed profit or advantage, which we can derive from the -groans and agonies, and blood of the poor Africans, should draw down his -heavy curse, upon all that we might, otherwise, honourably and -comfortably possess. - -For the sake of Method, I could wish to consider the African -Trade,—First, with regard to the effects it has upon our own people; and -Secondly, as it concerns the Blacks, or, as they _are_ more -contemptuously styled, the Negroe Slaves, whom we purchase upon the -Coast. But these two topics are so interwoven together, that it will not -be easy to keep them exactly separate. - -1. The first point I shall mention is surely of political importance, if -the lives of our fellow-subjects be so; and if a rapid loss of Seamen -deserves the attention of a maritime people. This loss, in the African -Trade, is truly alarming. I admit, that many of them are cut off in -their first voyage, and, consequently, before they can properly rank as -Seamen; though they would have been Seamen, if they had lived. But the -neighbourhood of our sea-ports is continually drained, of men and boys, -to supply the places of those who die abroad; and if they are not all -Seamen, they are all our brethren and countrymen, subjects of the -British Government. - -The people who remain, on ship-board, upon the open coast, if not -accustomed to the climate, are liable to the attack of an inflammatory -fever, which is not often fatal, unless the concurrence of unfavourable -circumstances makes it so. When this danger is over, I think they might, -probably, be as healthy as in most other voyages; provided, they could -be kept from sleeping in the dews, from being much exposed to the rain, -from the intemperate use of spirits, and especially from women. - -But, considering the general disposition of our Sailors, and the nature -of the Slave Trade, these provisos are of little more significance, than -if I should say, upon another occasion, that Great-Britain would be a -happy country, _provided_, all the inhabitants were Wise, and Good. The -Sailors _must be_ much exposed to the weather; especially on the -Windward Coast, where a great part of the cargo is procured by boats, -which are often sent to the distance of thirty or forty leagues, and are -sometimes a month before they return. Many vessels arrive upon the coast -before the rainy season, which continues from about May to October, is -over; and if trade be scarce, the ships which arrive in the fair, or dry -season, often remain till the rains return, before they can complete -their purchase. A proper shelter from the weather, in an open boat, when -the rain is incessant night and day, for weeks and months, is -impracticable. - -I have myself, in such a boat, been five or six days together, without, -as we say, a dry thread about me, sleeping or waking. And during the -fair season, Tornadoes, or violent storms of wind, thunder, and heavy -rain, are very frequent, though they seldom last long. In fact, the -boats seldom return, without bringing some of the people ill of -dangerous fevers or fluxes, occasioned either by the weather, or by -unwholesome diet, such as the crude fruits and palm wine, with which -they are plentifully supplied by the natives. - -Strong liquors, such as brandy, rum, or English spirits, the Sailors -cannot often procure, in such quantities as to hurt them; but they will, -if they can; and opportunities sometimes offer, especially to those who -are in the boats; for strong liquor being an article much in demand, so -that, without it, scarcely a single Slave can be purchased, it is always -at hand. And if what is taken from the casks or bottles, that are for -sale, be supplied with water, they are as full as they were before. The -Blacks, who buy the liquor, are the losers by the adulteration; but -often the people, who cheat them, are the greatest sufferers. - -The article of Women, likewise, contributes largely to the loss of our -Seamen. When they are on shore, they often, from their known, -thoughtless imprudence, involve themselves, on this account, in quarrels -with the Natives, and, if not killed upon the spot, are frequently -poisoned. On ship-board, they may be restrained, and in some ships they -are; but such restraint is far from being general. It depends much upon -the disposition, and attention, of the Captain. When I was in the trade, -I knew several commanders of African ships, who were prudent, -respectable men, and who maintained a proper discipline and regularity -in their vessels; but there were too many of a different character. In -some ships, perhaps in the most, the license allowed, in this -particular, was almost unlimited. Moral turpitude was seldom considered, -but they who took care to do the ship’s business, might, in other -respects, do what they pleased. These excesses, if they do not induce -fevers, at least, render the constitution less able to support them; and -lewdness, too frequently, terminates in death. - -The risk of insurrections is to be added. These, I believe, are always -meditated; for the Men Slaves are not, easily, reconciled to their -confinement, and treatment; and if attempted, they are seldom suppressed -without considerable loss; and sometimes they succeed, to the -destruction of a whole ship’s company at once. Seldom a year passes, but -we hear of one or more such catastrophes: and we likewise hear, -sometimes, of Whites and Blacks involved, in one moment, in one common -ruin, by the gunpowder taking fire, and blowing up the ship. - -How far the several causes, I have enumerated, may respectively operate, -I cannot say: the fact however is sure, that a great number of our -Seamen perish in the Slave Trade. Few ships, comparatively, are either -blown up, or totally cut off, but some are. Of the rest, I have known -some that have lost half their people, and some a larger proportion. I -am far from saying, that it is always, or even often, thus; but, I -believe, I shall state the matter sufficiently low, if I suppose, that, -at least, one fifth part of those who go from England to the Coast of -Africa, in ships which trade for Slaves, never return from thence. I -dare not depend, too much, upon my memory, as to the number of ships, -and men, employed in the Slave Trade more than thirty years ago; nor do -I know what has been the state of the trade since; therefore I shall not -attempt to make calculations. But, as I cannot but form some opinion -upon the subject, I judge it probable, that the collective sum of -Seamen, who go, from all our ports, to Africa, within the course of a -year, (taking Guinea in the extensive sense, from Goree or Gambia, and -including the coast of Angola,) cannot be less than eight thousand; and -if, upon an average of ships and seasons, a fifth part of these die, the -annual loss is fifteen hundred. I believe those, who have taken pains to -make more exact enquiries, will deem my supposition to be very moderate. - -Thus much concerning the first evil, the Loss of Seamen and Subjects, -which the nation sustains, by the African Slave Trade. - -2. There is a second, which either is, or ought to be, deemed of -importance, considered in a political light. I mean, the dreadful -effects of this trade, upon the minds of those who are engaged in it. -There are, doubtless, exceptions, and I would, willingly, except myself. -But, in general, I know of no method of getting money, not even that of -robbery, for it, upon the highway, which has a more direct tendency to -efface the moral sense, to rob the heart of every gentle and humane -disposition, and to harden it, like steel, against all impressions of -sensibility. - -Usually, about two-thirds of a cargo of Slaves are males. When a hundred -and fifty or two hundred stout men, torn from their native land, many of -whom never saw the sea, much less a ship, till a short space before they -are embarked; who have, probably, the same natural prejudice against a -white man, as we have against a black; and who often bring with them an -apprehension that they are bought to be eaten: I say, when thus -circumstanced, it is not to be expected that they will, tamely, resign -themselves to their situation. It is always taken for granted, that they -will attempt to gain their liberty, if possible. Accordingly, as we dare -not trust them, we receive them on board, from the first, as enemies: -and before their number exceeds, perhaps, ten or fifteen, they are all -put in irons; in most ships, two and two together. And frequently, they -are not thus confined, as they might, most conveniently, stand or move, -the right hand and foot of one to the left of the other; but across, -that is, the hand and foot of each on the same side, whether right or -left, are fettered together: so that they cannot move, either hand or -foot, but with great caution, and with perfect, consent. Thus they must -sit, walk and lie, for many months, (sometimes for nine or ten,) without -any mitigation or relief, unless they are sick. - -In the night they are confined below, in the day-time (if the weather be -fine) they are upon deck; and as they are brought up, by pairs, a chain -is put through a ring upon their irons, and this is likewise locked down -to the ring-bolts, which are fastened at certain intervals upon the -deck. These, and other precautions, are no more than necessary; -especially, as while the number of Slaves increases, that of the people, -who are to guard them, is diminished, by sickness, or death, or by being -absent in the boats: so that, sometimes, not ten men can be mustered, to -watch, night and day, over two hundred, besides having all the other -business of the ship to attend. - -That these precautions are so often effectual, is much more to be -wondered at, than that they sometimes fail. One unguarded hour, or -minute, is sufficient to give the Slaves the opportunity they are always -waiting for. An attempt to rise upon the ship’s company, brings on -instantaneous and horrid war; for, when they are once in motion, they -are desperate; and where they do not conquer, they are seldom quelled -without much mischief and bloodshed, on both sides. - -Sometimes, when the Slaves are ripe for an insurrection, one of them -will impeach the affairs; and then necessity, and the state policy, of -these small, but most absolute governments, enforce maxims directly -contrary to the nature of things. The traitor to the cause of liberty is -caressed, rewarded, and deemed an honest fellow. The patriots, who -formed and animated the plan, if they can be found out, must be treated -as villains, and punished, to intimidate the rest. These punishments, in -their nature and degree, depend upon the sovereign will of the Captain. -Some are content with inflicting such moderate punishment, as may -suffice for an example. But unlimited power, instigated by revenge, and -where the heart, by a long familiarity with the sufferings of Slaves, is -become callous, and insensible to the pleadings of humanity, is -terrible. - -I have seen them sentenced to unmerciful whippings, continued till the -poor creatures have not had power to groan under their misery, and -hardly a sign of life has remained. I have seen them agonizing for -hours, I believe, for days together, under the torture of the -thumb-screws; a dreadful engine, which, if the screw be turned by an -unrelenting hand, can give intolerable anguish. There have been -instances in which cruelty has proceeded still further; but, as I hope -they are few, and I can mention but one, from my own knowledge, I shall -but mention it. - -I have often heard a Captain, who has been long since dead, boast of his -conduct in a former voyage, when his Slaves attempted to rise upon him. -After he had suppressed the insurrection, he sat in judgment upon the -insurgents; and not only, in cold blood, adjudged several of them, I -know not how many, to die, but studied, with no small attention, how to -make death as excruciating to them as possible. For my reader’s sake, I -suppress the recital of particulars. - -Surely, it must be allowed, that they who are long conversant with such -scenes as these, are liable to imbibe a spirit of ferociousness, and -savage insensibility, of which human nature, depraved as it is, is not, -ordinarily, capable. If these things be true, the reader will admit the -possibility of a fact, that was in current report, when I was upon the -Coast, and the truth of which, though I cannot now authenticate it, I -have no reason to doubt. - -A Mate of a ship, in a long-boat, purchased a young woman, with a fine -child, of about a year old, in her arms. In the night, the child cried -much, and disturbed his sleep. He rose up in great anger, and swore, -that if the child did not cease making such a noise, he would presently -silence it. The child continued to cry. At length he rose up a second -time, tore the child from the mother, and threw it into the sea. The -child was soon silenced indeed, but it was not so easy to pacify the -woman: she was too valuable to be thrown overboard, and he was obliged -to bear the sound of her lamentations, till he could put her on board -his ship. - -I am persuaded, that every tender mother who feasts her eyes and her -mind, when she contemplates the infant in her arms, will commiserate the -poor Africans.—But why do I speak of one child, when we have heard and -read a melancholy story, too notoriously true to admit of contradiction, -of more than a hundred grown slaves, thrown into the sea, at one time, -from on board a ship, when fresh water was scarce; to fix the loss upon -the Underwriters, which otherwise, had they died on board, must have -fallen upon the Owners of the vessel. These instances are specimens of -the spirit produced, by the African Trade, in men, who, once, were no -more destitute of the milk of human kindness than ourselves. - -Hitherto, I have considered the condition of the Men Slaves only. From -the Women, there is no danger of insurrection, and they are carefully -kept from the men; I mean, from the Black men. But——In what I have to -offer, on this head, I am far from including every ship. I speak not of -what is universally, but of what is too commonly, and, I am afraid, too -generally, prevalent. - -I have already observed, that the Captain of an African ship, while upon -the Coast, is absolute in his command; and if he be humane, vigilant, -and determined, he has it in his power to protect the miserable; for -scarcely any thing can be done, on board the ship, without his -permission, or connivance. But this power is, too seldom, exerted in -favour of the poor Women Slaves. - -When we hear of a town taken by storm, and given up to the ravages of an -enraged and licentious army, of wild and unprincipled Cossacks, perhaps -no part of the distress affects a feeling mind more, than the treatment -to which the women are exposed. But the enormities frequently committed, -in an African ship, though equally flagrant, are little known _here_, -and are considered, _there_, only as matters of course. When the Women -and Girls are taken on board a ship, naked, trembling, terrified, -perhaps almost exhausted with cold, fatigue, and hunger, they are often -exposed to the wanton rudeness of white Savages. The poor creatures -cannot understand the language they hear, but the looks and manner of -the speakers, are sufficiently intelligible. In imagination, the prey is -divided, upon the spot, and only reserved till opportunity offers. Where -resistance, or refusal, would be utterly in vain, even the solicitation -of consent is seldom thought of. But I forbear.—This is not a subject -for declamation. Facts like these, so certain, and so numerous, speak -for themselves. Surely, if the advocates for the Slave Trade attempt to -plead for it, before the Wives and Daughters of our happy land, or -before those who have Wives or Daughters of their own, they must lose -their cause. - -Perhaps some hard-hearted pleader may suggest, that such treatment would -indeed be cruel, in Europe; but the African Women are Negroes, Savages, -who have no idea of the nicer sensations which obtain among civilized -people. I dare contradict them in the strongest terms. I have lived -long, and conversed much, amongst these supposed Savages. I have often -slept in their towns, in a house filled with goods for trade, with no -person in the house but myself, and with no other door than a mat; in -that security, which no man in his senses would expect, in this -civilized nation, especially in this metropolis, without the precaution -of having strong doors, strongly locked and bolted. And with regard to -the women, in Sherbro, where I was most acquainted, I have seen many -instances of modesty, and even delicacy, which would not disgrace an -English woman. Yet, such is the treatment which I have known permitted, -if not encouraged, in many of our ships—they have been abandoned, -without restraint, to the lawless will of the first comer. - -Accustomed thus to despise, insult, and injure the Slaves on board, it -may be expected that the conduct of many of our people to the Natives, -with whom they trade, is, as far as circumstances admit, very similar; -and it is so. They are considered as a people to be robbed and spoiled, -with impunity. Every art is employed to deceive, and wrong them. And he -who has most address, in this way, has most to boast of. - -Not an article, that is capable of diminution or adulteration, is -delivered genuine, or entire. The spirits are lowered by water. False -heads are put into the kegs that contain the gun-powder; so that, though -the keg appears large, there is no more powder in it, than in a much -smaller. The linen and cotton cloths are opened, and two or three yards, -according to the length of the piece, cut off, not from the end, but out -of the middle, where it is not so readily noticed. - -The Natives are cheated, in the number, weight, measure, or quality, of -what they purchase, in every possible way. And, by habit and emulation, -a marvellous dexterity is acquired in these practices. And thus the -Natives, in their turn, in proportion to their commerce with the -Europeans, and (I am sorry to add) particularly with the English, become -jealous, insidious and revengeful. - -They know with whom they deal, and are accordingly prepared;—though they -can trust some ships and boats, which have treated them with -punctuality, and may be trusted by them. A quarrel, sometimes, furnishes -pretext for detaining, and carrying away, one or more of the Natives, -which is retaliated, if practicable, upon the next boat that comes to -the place, from the same port. For so far their vindictive temper is -restrained by their ideas of justice, that they will not, often, revenge -an injury received from a Liverpool ship, upon one belonging to Bristol -or London. - -They will, usually, wait with patience, the arrival of one, which, they -suppose, by her sailing from the same place, has some connection with -that which used them ill; and they are so quick at distinguishing our -little local differences of language, and customs in a ship, that before -they have been in a ship five minutes, and often before they come on -board, they know, with certainty, whether she be from Bristol, -Liverpool, or London. - -Retaliation on their parts, furnishes a plea for reprizal on ours. Thus, -in one place or another, trade is often suspended, all intercourse cut -off, and things are in a state of war; till necessity, either on the -ship’s part, or on theirs, produces overtures of peace, and dictates the -price, which the offending party must pay for it. But it is a warlike -peace. We trade under arms; and they are furnished with long knives. - -For, with a few exceptions, the English and the Africans, reciprocally, -consider each other as consummate villains, who are always watching -opportunities to do mischief. In short, we have, I fear too deservedly, -a very unfavourable character upon the Coast. When I have charged a -Black with unfairness and dishonesty, he has answered, if able to clear -himself, with an air of disdain, “What! do you think I am a White Man?” - -Such is the nature, such are the concomitants, of the Slave Trade; and -such is the school in which many thousands of our Seamen are brought up. -Can we then wonder at that impatience of subordination, and that -disposition to mutiny, amongst them, which has been, of late, so loudly -complained of, and so severely felt? Will not sound policy suggest, the -necessity, of some expedient here? Or can sound policy suggest any, -effectual, expedient, but the total suppression of a Trade, which, like -a poisonous root, diffuses its malignity into every branch? - -The effects which our trade has upon the Blacks, those especially who -come under our power, may be considered under three heads,—How they are -acquired? The mortality they are subject to! and, How those who survive -are disposed of? - -I confine my remarks on the first head to the Windward Coast, and can -speak most confidently of the trade in Sherbro, where I lived. I own, -however, that I question, if any part of the Windward Coast is equal to -Sherbro, in point of regularity and government. They have no men of -great power or property among them; as I am told there are upon the Gold -Coast, at Whidah and Benin. The Sherbro people live much in the -patriarchal way. An old man usually presides in each town, whose -authority depends more on his years, than on his possessions: and He, -who is called the King, is not easily distinguished, either by state or -wealth, from the rest. But the different districts, which seem to be, in -many respects, independent of each other, are incorporated, and united, -by means of an institution which pervades them all, and is called The -_Purrow_. The persons of this order, who are very numerous, seem, very -much, to resemble the Druids, who once presided in our island. - -The _Purrow_ has both the legislative and executive authority, and, -under their sanction, there is a police exercised, which is by no means -contemptible. Every thing belonging to the _Purrow_ is mysterious and -severe, but, upon the whole, it has very good effects; and as any man, -whether bond or free, who will submit to be initiated into their -mysteries, may be admitted of the Order, it is a kind of Common-wealth. -And, perhaps, few people enjoy more, simple, political freedom, than the -inhabitants of Sherbro, belonging to the _Purrow_, (who are not slaves,) -further than they are bound by their own institutions. Private property -is tolerably well secured, and violence is much suppressed. - -The state of Slavery, among these wild barbarous people, as we esteem -them, is much milder than in our colonies. For as, on the one hand, they -have no land in high cultivation, like our West-India plantations, and -therefore no call for that excessive, unintermitted labour, which -exhausts our Slaves; so, on the other hand, no man is permitted to draw -blood, even from a Slave. If he does, he is liable to a strict -inquisition; for the _Purrow_ laws will not allow a private individual -to shed blood. A man may sell his slave, if he pleases; but he may not -wantonly abuse him. The laws likewise punish some species of theft, with -slavery; and in cases of adultery, which are very common, as polygamy is -the custom of the country, both the woman, and the man who offends with -her, are liable to be sold for Slaves, unless they can satisfy the -husband, or unless they are redeemed by their friends. - -Among these unenlightened Blacks, it is a general maxim, that if a man -steals, or breaks a moveable, as a musket, for instance, the offence may -be nearly compensated, by putting another musket in its place; but -offences, which cannot be repaired in kind, as adultery, admit of no -satisfaction, till the injured person declares, that He is satisfied. So -that, if a rich man seduces the wife of a poor man, he has it in his -power to change places with him; for he may send for every article in -his house, one by one, till he says, “I have enough.” The only -alternative, is personal slavery. - -I suppose, bribery and influence may have their effects in Guinea, as -they have in some other countries; but their laws, in the main, are wise -and good, and, upon the whole, they have considerable operation; and -therefore, I believe, many of the Slaves purchased in Sherbro, and -probably upon the whole Windward Coast, are convicts, who have forfeited -their liberty, by breaking the laws of their country. - -But, I apprehend, that the neighbourhood of our ships, and the desire of -our goods, are motives, which often push the rigour of the laws to an -extreme, which would not be exacted, if they were left to themselves. - -But Slaves are the staple article of the traffic; and though a -considerable number may have been born near the sea, I believe the bulk, -of them are brought from far. I have reason to think, that some travel -more than a thousand miles, before they reach the sea-coast. Whether -there may be convicts amongst these likewise, or what proportion they -may bear to those who are taken prisoners in war, it is impossible to -know. - -I judge, the principal source of the Slave Trade, is, the wars which -prevail among the Natives. Sometimes, these wars break out between those -who live near the sea. The English, and other Europeans, have been -charged with fomenting them; I believe (so far as concerns the Windward -Coast) unjustly. That some would do it, if they could, I doubt not; but -I do not think they can have opportunity. Nor is it needful they should -interfere. Thousands, in our own country, wish for war, because they -fatten upon its spoils. - -Human nature is much the same in every place, and few people will be -willing to allow, that the _Negroes_ in Africa are better than -themselves. Supposing, therefore, they wish for European goods, may not -they wish to purchase them from a ship just arrived? Of course, they -must wish for Slaves to go to market with; and if they have not Slaves, -and think themselves strong enough to invade their neighbours, they will -probably wish for war.—And if once they wish for it, how easy is it to -find, or make, pretexts for breaking an inconvenient peace; or (after -the example of greater heroes, of Christian name) to make depredations, -without condescending to assign any reasons. - -I verily believe, that the far greater part of the wars, in Africa, -would cease; if the Europeans would cease to tempt them, by offering -goods for Slaves. And though they do not bring legions into the field, -their wars are bloody. I believe, the captives reserved for sale, are -fewer than the slain. - -I have not sufficient data to warrant calculation, but, I suppose, not -less than one hundred thousand Slaves are exported, annually, from all -parts of Africa, and that more than one half, of these, are exported in -English bottoms. - -If but an equal number are killed in war, and if many of these wars are -kindled by the incentive of selling their prisoners; what an annual -accumulation of blood must there be, crying against the nations of -Europe concerned in this trade, and particularly against our own! - -I have, often, been gravely told, as a proof that the Africans, however -hardly treated, deserve but little compassion, that they are a people so -destitute of natural affection, that it is common, among them, for -parents to sell their children, and children their parents. And, I -think, a charge, of this kind, is brought against them, by the -respectable author of _Spectacle de la Nature_. But he must have been -misinformed. I never heard of one instance of either, while I used the -Coast. - -One article more, upon this head, is Kidnapping, or stealing free -people. Some people suppose, that the Ship Trade is rather the stealing, -than the buying of Slaves. But there is enough to lay to the charge of -the ships, without accusing them falsely. The slaves, in general, are -bought, and paid for. Sometimes, when goods are lent, or trusted on -shore, the trader voluntarily leaves a free person, perhaps his own son, -as a hostage, or pawn, for the payment; and, in case of default, the -hostage is carried off, and sold; which, however hard upon him, being in -consequence of a free stipulation, cannot be deemed unfair. There have -been instances of unprincipled Captains, who, at the close of what they -supposed their last voyage, and when they had no intention of revisiting -the Coast, have detained, and carried away, free people with them; and -left the next ship, that should come from the same port, to risk the -consequences. But these actions, I hope, and believe, are not common. - -With regard to the Natives, to steal a free man or woman, and to sell -them on board a ship, would, I think, be a more difficult, and more -dangerous attempt, in Sherbro, than in London. But I have no doubt, that -the traders who come, from the interior parts of Africa, at a great -distance, find opportunity, in the course of their journey, to pick up -stragglers, whom they may meet in their way. This branch of oppression, -and robbery, would likewise fail, if the temptation to it were removed. - -I have, to the best of my knowledge, pointed out the principal sources, -of that immense supply of Slaves, which furnishes so large an -exportation every year. If all that are taken on board the ships, were -to survive the voyage, and be landed in good order, possibly the -English, French, and Dutch islands, and colonies, would be soon -overstocked, and fewer ships would sail to the Coast. But a large -abatement must be made for mortality.—After what I have already said of -their treatment, I shall now, that I am again to consider them on board -the ships, confine myself to this point. - -In the Portuguese ships, which trade from Brasil to the Gold Coast and -Angola, I believe a heavy mortality is not frequent. The Slaves have -room, they are not put in irons, (I speak from information only,) and -are humanely treated. - -With our ships the great object is, to be full. When the ship is there, -it is thought desirable, she should take as many as possible. The cargo -of a vessel of a hundred tons, or little more, is calculated to purchase -from two hundred and twenty to two hundred and fifty Slaves. Their -lodging-rooms below the deck, which are three, (for the men, the boys, -and the women,) besides a place for the sick, are sometimes more than -five feet high, and sometimes less; and this height is divided towards -the middle, for the Slaves lie in two rows, one above the other, on each -side of the ship, close to each other, like books upon a shelf. I have -known them so close, that the shelf would not, easily, contain one more. - -And I have known a white man sent down among the men, to lay them in -these rows to the greatest advantage, so that as little space as -possible might be lost. Let it be observed, that the poor creatures, -thus cramped for want of room, are likewise in irons, for the most part -both hands and feet, and two together, which makes it difficult for them -to turn or move, to attempt either to rise or to lie down, without -hurting themselves, or each other. Nor is the motion of the ship, -especially her heeling, or stoop on one side, when under sail, to be -admitted; for this, as they lie athwart, or across the ship, adds to the -uncomfortableness of their lodging, especially to those who lie on the -leeward, or leaning side of the vessel. - - Dire is the tossing, deep the groans.—— - -The heat and the smell of these rooms, when the weather will not admit -of the Slaves being brought upon deck, and of having their rooms cleaned -every day, would be, almost, insupportable, to a person not accustomed -to them. If the Slaves and their rooms can be constantly aired, and they -are not detained too long on board, perhaps there are not many who die; -but the contrary is often their lot. They are kept down, by the weather, -to breathe a hot and corrupted air, sometimes for a week: this, added to -the galling of their irons, and the despondency which seizes their -spirits, when thus confined, soon becomes fatal. And every morning, -perhaps, more instances than one are found, of the living and the dead, -like the Captives of Mezentius, fastened together. - -Epidemical fevers and fluxes, which fill the ship with noisome and -noxious effluvia, often break out, infect the Seamen likewise, and the -Oppressors, and the Oppressed, fall by the same stroke. I believe, -nearly one half of the Slaves on board, have, sometimes, died; and that -the loss of a third part, in these circumstances, is not unusual. The -ship, in which I was Mate, left the Coast with Two Hundred and Eighteen -Slaves on board; and though we were not much affected by epidemical -disorders, I find, by my journal of that voyage, (now before me,) that -we buried Sixty-two on our passage to South-Carolina, exclusive of those -which died before we left the Coast, of which I have no account. - -I believe, upon an average between the more healthy, and the more sickly -voyages, and including all contingencies, One Fourth of the whole -purchase may be allotted to the article of Mortality. That is, if the -English ships purchase _Sixty Thousand_ Slaves annually, upon the whole -extent of the Coast, the annual loss of lives cannot be much less than -_Fifteen Thousand_. - -I am now to speak of the survivors.—When the ships make the land, -(usually the West-India islands,) and have their port in view after -having been four, five, six weeks, or a longer time, at sea, (which -depends much upon the time that passes before they can get into the -permanent Trade Winds, which blow from the North-East and East across -the Atlantic,) then, and not before, they venture to release the Men -Slaves from their irons. And then, the sight of the land, and their -freedom from long and painful confinement, usually excite in them a -degree of alacrity, and a transient feeling of joy—— - - The prisoner leaps to lose his chains. - -But, this joy is short-lived indeed. The condition of the unhappy Slaves -is in a continual progress from bad to worse. Their case is truly -pitiable, from the moment they are in a state of slavery, in their own -country; but it may be deemed a state of ease and liberty, compared with -their situation on board our ships. - -Yet, perhaps, they would wish to spend the remainder of their days on -ship board, could they know, before-hand, the nature of the servitude -which awaits them, on shore; and that the dreadful hardships and -sufferings they have already endured, would, to the most of them, only -terminate in excessive toil, hunger, and the excruciating tortures of -the cart-whip, inflicted at the caprice of an unfeeling Overseer, proud -of the power allowed him of punishing whom, and when, and how he -pleases. - -I hope the Slaves, in our islands, are better treated now, than they -were, at the time when I was in the trade. And even then, I know, there -were Slaves, who, under the care and protection of humane masters, were, -comparatively, happy. But I saw and heard enough to satisfy me, that -their condition, in general, was wretched to the extreme. However my -stay in Antigua and St. Christopher’s (the only islands I visited) was -too short, to qualify me for saying much, from my own certain knowledge; -upon this painful subject. Nor is it needful:—Enough has been offered by -several respectable writers, who have had opportunity of collecting -surer, and fuller information. - -One thing I cannot omit, which was told me by the Gentleman to whom my -ship was consigned, at Antigua, in the year 1751, and who was, himself, -a Planter. He said, that calculations had been made, with all possible -exactness, to determine which was the preferable, that is, the most -saving method of managing Slaves:—— - - - “Whether, to appoint them moderate work, plenty of provision, and - such treatment, as might enable them to protract their lives to - old age?” Or, - - - “By rigorously straining their strength to the utmost, with little - relaxation, hard fare, and hard usage, to wear them out before - they became useless, and unable to do service; and then, to buy - new ones, to fill up their places?” - - -He farther said, that these skilful calculators had determined in favour -of the latter mode, as much the cheaper; and that he could mention -several estates, in the island of Antigua, on which, it was seldom -known, that a Slave had lived above nine years.——_Ex pede Herculem!_ - -When the Slaves are landed for sale, (for in the Leeward Islands they -are usually sold on shore,) it may happen, that after a long separation -in different parts of the ship, when they are brought together in one -place, some, who are nearly related, may recognize each other. If, upon -such a meeting, pleasure should be felt, it can be but momentary. The -sale disperses them wide, to different parts of the island, or to -different islands. Husbands and Wives, Parents and Children, Brothers -and Sisters, must suddenly part again, probably to meet no more. - -After a careful perusal of what I have written, weighing every paragraph -distinctly, I can find nothing to retract. As it is not easy to write -altogether with coolness, upon this business, and especially not easy to -me, who have formerly been so deeply engaged in it; I have been jealous, -lest the warmth of imagination might have insensibly seduced me, to -aggravate and overcharge some of the horrid features, which I have -attempted to delineate, of the African Trade. But, upon a strict review, -I am satisfied. - -I have apprized the reader, that I write from memory, after an interval -of more than thirty years. But at the same time, I believe, many things -which I saw, heard and felt, upon the Coast of Africa, are so deeply -engraven in my memory, that I can hardly forget, or greatly mistake -them, while I am capable of remembering any thing. I am certainly not -guilty of wilful misrepresentation. And, upon the whole, I dare appeal -to the Great Searcher of hearts, in whose presence I write, and before -whom I, and my readers, must all shortly appear, that (with the -restrictions and exceptions I have made) I have advanced nothing, but -what, to the best of my judgement and conscience, is true. - -I have likewise written without solicitation, and simply from the motive -I have already assigned; a conviction, that the share I have formerly -had in the trade, binds me, in conscience, to throw what light I am able -upon the subject, now it is likely to become a point of Parliamentary -investigation. - -No one can have less interest in it, than I have at present, further -than as I am interested by the feelings of humanity, and a regard for -the honour, and welfare of my country. - -Though unwilling to give offence to a single person; in such a cause, I -ought not to be afraid of offending many, by declaring the truth; if, -indeed, there can be many, whom even interest can prevail upon to -contradict the common sense of mankind, by pleading for a commerce, so -iniquitous, so cruel, so oppressive, so destructive, as the African -Slave Trade! - - - - +FINIS+. - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - _Published by the Author of these Thoughts._ - - -1. +MESSIAH.+ Fifty Discourses on the Series of Scriptural Passages, - which form the Subject of the celebrated ORATORIO OF HANDEL. - Preached in the Years 1784 and 1785, in the Parish Church of St. - Mary Woolnoth, Lombard-Street. 2 Vols. 8vo. Price 12s. bound. - -2. A SERMON on the Death of the late DR. CONYERS. Price 6d. - -3. Apologia: four Letters to a Minister of an independent Church, by a - Minister of the Church of England. Price 2s. - -4. Letters and Sermons, with a Review of Ecclesiastical History, and - Hymns. 6 Vols. 12mo. Price 15s. sewed, 18s. in plain binding, or - 21s. bound in calf and lettered. - - - +CONTAINING+ - - -* 1. An Authentic Narrative of some interesting Particulars in the Life - of **** ******. 2s. - -* 2. OLNEY Hymns. 2s. - -* 3. OMICRON’S Letters, complete. 2s. 6d. - -* 4. CARDIPHONIA, or the Utterance of the Heart. 2 Vols. 7s. - -5. Twenty-seven Sermons. - -6. A Review of Ecclesiastical History. - - -☞ Such Articles as are marked * may be had alone at the prices affixed. - - - Printed for J. BUCKLAND in Pater-noster Row; and J. JOHNSON, - N^o 72, St. Paul’s Church-Yard. - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ● Transcriber’s Notes: - ○ Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected. - ○ Typographical errors were silently corrected. - ○ Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only - when a predominant form was found in this book. - ○ Text that: - was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_); - was stretched (had extra character spacing) by “plus” signs - (+stretched+). - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THOUGHTS UPON THE AFRICAN SLAVE -TRADE *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Thoughts upon the African Slave Trade</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: John Newton</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: May 12, 2022 [eBook #68056]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Barry Abrahamsen, The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THOUGHTS UPON THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE ***</div> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/cover.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> -<div> - <h1 class='c001'><span class='c002'><em class='gesperrt'>THOUGHTS</em></span><br /> <br /><span class='c003'>UPON THE</span><br /> <br /><span class='c004'>AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE.</span></h1> -</div> -<hr class='c005' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c006'> - <div>[PRICE ONE SHILLING.]</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c007' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c008'> - <div><span class='large'><em class='gesperrt'>ADVERTISEMENT</em>.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lh'> - -<p class='c009'><i>THE profits, if any, arising from the sale of -this pamphlet, are appropriated to the use of the -Society, established in London, for the support -and encouragement of Sunday Schools, in the -different counties of England.</i></p> - -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c008' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c007'> - <div><span class='c002'><em class='gesperrt'>THOUGHTS</em></span></div> - <div class='c006'><span class='small'>UPON THE</span></div> - <div class='c010'><span class='c002'>AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c011' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c007'> - <div><span class='c012'><em class='gesperrt'><span class='sc'>By</span> JOHN NEWTON</em>,</span></div> - <div class='c000'><em class='gesperrt'>RECTOR OF ST. MARY WOOLNOTH</em>.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c013' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c006'> - <div><span class='sc'>Matt.</span> vii. 12.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c014'><span class='small'>ALL THINGS WHATSOEVER YE WOULD THAT MEN SHOULD DO TO YOU, -DO YE EVEN SO TO THEM: FOR THIS IS THE LAW AND THE PROPHETS.</span></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c000'> - <div><span class='small'>HOMO SUM——</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c013' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c006'> - <div><span class='c015'><em class='gesperrt'>LONDON</em>:</span></div> - <div class='c007'>PRINTED FOR J. BUCKLAND, IN PATER-NOSTER-ROW; AND</div> - <div class='c000'>J. JOHNSON, IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCH-YARD.</div> - <div class='c000'><span class='small'>M.DCC.LXXXVIII.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c007' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c007'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span>════════════════════════════════════════════════</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c016'><span class='c017'><em class='gesperrt'>THOUGHTS</em></span><br /> <br /><em class='gesperrt'>UPON THE</em><br /> <br /><span class='c015'><em class='gesperrt'>AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE</em>.</span></h2> -</div> -<hr class='c013' /> -<p class='drop-capa0_25_0_7 c018'>THE nature and effects of that unhappy -and disgraceful branch of commerce, -which has long been maintained on the Coast -of Africa, with the sole, and professed design -of purchasing our fellow-creatures, in order -to supply our West-India islands and the American -colonies, when they were ours, with -Slaves; is now generally understood. So much -light has been thrown upon the subject, by -many able pens; and so many respectable persons -have already engaged to use their utmost -influence, for the suppression of a traffic, which -contradicts the feelings of humanity; that it -is hoped, this stain of our National character -will soon be wiped out.</p> - -<p class='c019'><span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>If I attempt, after what has been done, to -throw my mite into the public stock of information, -it is less from an apprehension that -my interference is necessary, than from a conviction, -that silence, at such a time, and on -such an occasion, would, in me, be criminal. -If my testimony should not be necessary, or -serviceable, yet, perhaps, I am bound, in conscience, -to take shame to myself by a public -confession, which, however sincere, comes too -late to prevent, or repair, the misery and mischief -to which I have, formerly, been accessary.</p> - -<p class='c019'>I hope it will always be a subject of humiliating -reflection to me, that I was, once, an -active instrument, in a business at which my -heart now shudders. My headstrong passions -and follies plunged me, in early life, into a -succession of difficulties and hardships, which, -at length, reduced me to seek a refuge among -the Natives of Africa. There, for about the -space of eighteen months, I was in effect, -though without the name, a Captive and a -Slave myself; and was depressed to the lowest -degree of human wretchedness. Possibly, I -should not have been so completely miserable, -had I lived among the Natives only, but it -was my lot to reside with white men; for at -that time, several persons of my own colour -<span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>and language were settled upon that part of the -Windward coast, which lies between Sierra-Leon -and Cape Mount; for the purpose of -purchasing and collecting Slaves, to sell to the -vessels that arrived from Europe.</p> - -<p class='c019'>This is a bourn, from which few travellers -return, who have once determined to venture -upon a temporary residence there; but the good -providence of God, without my expectation, -and almost against my will, delivered me from -those scenes of wickedness and woe; and I arrived -at Liverpool in May 1748. I soon revisited -the place of my captivity, as mate of a -ship, and, in the year 1750, I was appointed -commander, in which capacity I made three -voyages to the Windward Coast, for Slaves.</p> - -<p class='c019'>I first saw the Coast of Guinea in the year -1745, and took my last leave of it in 1754. -It was not, intentionally, a farewel; but through -the mercy of God it proved so. I fitted out -for a fourth voyage, and was upon the point -of sailing, when I was arrested by a sudden -illness, and I resigned the ship to another Captain.</p> - -<p class='c019'>Thus I was unexpectedly freed from this -disagreeable service. Disagreeable I had long -<span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>found it; but I think I should have quitted it -sooner, had I considered it, as I now do, to be -unlawful and wrong. But I never had a scruple -upon this head at the time; nor was such -a thought once suggested to me, by any friend. -What I did, I did ignorantly; considering it -as the line of life which Divine Providence -had allotted me, and having no concern, in -point of conscience, but to treat the Slaves, -while under my care, with as much humanity -as a regard to my own safety would admit.</p> - -<p class='c019'>The experience and observation of nine -years, would qualify me for being a competent -witness upon this subject, could I safely -trust to the report of Memory, after an interval -of more than thirty-three years. But, in the -course of so long a period, the ideas of past -scenes and transactions, grow indistinct; and I -am aware, that what I have seen, and what I -have only heard related, may, by this time, -have become so insensibly blended together, -that, in some cases, it may be difficult for me, -if not impossible, to distinguish them, with -absolute certainty. It is, however, my earnest -desire, and will therefore engage my utmost -care, that I may offer nothing in writing, as -from my own knowledge, which I could not -chearfully, if requisite, confirm upon oath.</p> - -<p class='c019'><span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>That part of the African shore, which lies -between the river Sierra-Leon, lat. 8. 30. N. -and Cape Palmas, is usually known by the -name of the Windward, or Grain Coast. The -extent (if my recollection does not fail me) is -about one hundred and fifty leagues. There -is a fort upon Benee Island, in Sierra-Leon, -which formerly belonged to the old African -Company: they also had a fort on an island -in the river Sherbro; but the former was in -private hands, and of the latter, scarcely the -foundations were visible, when I first went to -Africa. There is no fort, or factory, upon -this coast, under the sanction of our Government; -but there were, as I have said, and -probably still are, private traders resident at -Benee Island, at the Bananoes, and at the -Plantanes. The former of these is about twelve, -and the latter twenty leagues, from Sierra-Leon, -to the South-East.</p> - -<p class='c019'>By these persons, the trade is carried on, in boats -and shallops, thirty or forty leagues to the northward, -in several rivers lying within the shoals -of Rio Grande. But the most northerly place -of trade, for shipping, is Sierra-Leon, and the -business there, and in that neighbourhood, is -chiefly transacted with the white men: but -from Sherbro to Cape Palmas, directly with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>the natives. Though I have been on the Gold -Coast, and beyond it as far as Cape Lopez, in -the latitude of one or two degrees South, I profess -no knowledge of the African trade, but -as it was conducted on the Windward Coast -when I was concerned in it.</p> - -<p class='c019'>I am not qualified, and if I were, I should -think it rather unsuitable to my present character, -as a Minister of the Gospel, to consider -the African Slave Trade, merely, in a political -light. This disquisition more properly belongs -to persons in civil life. Only thus far -my character as a Minister will allow, and perhaps -require me, to observe, that the best Human -Policy, is that which is connected with a -reverential regard to Almighty God, the Supreme -Governor of the Earth. Every plan, which -aims at the welfare of a nation, in defiance of -his authority and laws, however apparently -wise, will prove to be essentially defective, -and, if persisted in, ruinous. The Righteous -Lord loveth Righteousness, and He has engaged -to plead the cause, and vindicate the -wrongs of the oppressed. It is Righteousness -that exalted a nation; and Wickedness is the -present reproach, and will, sooner or later, -unless repentance intervene, prove the ruin of -any people.</p> - -<p class='c019'><span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>Perhaps what I have said of myself may -be applicable to the nation at large. The -Slave Trade was always unjustifiable; but inattention -and interest prevented, for a time, the -evil from being perceived. It is otherwise -at present; the mischiefs and evils, connected -with it, have been, of late years, represented -with such undeniable evidence, and are now -so generally known, that I suppose there is -hardly an objection can be made, to the wish -of thousands, perhaps of millions, for the suppression -of this Trade, but upon the ground of -political expedience,</p> - -<p class='c019'>Tho’ I were even sure, that a principal branch -of the public revenue depended upon the African -Trade (which, I apprehend, is far from being the -case), if I had access and influence, I should -think myself bound to say to Government, to -Parliament, and to the Nation, “It is not lawful -to put it into the Treasury, because it is -the price of blood<a id='r1' /><a href='#f1' class='c020'><sup>[1]</sup></a>.”</p> - -<div class='fn'> - -<div class='footnote' id='f1'> -<p class='c021'><span class='label'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. </span>Matth. xxvii. 6.</p> -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c019'>I account an intelligent Farmer to be a good -Politician, in this sense; that, if he has a -large heap of good corn, he will not put a -small quantity, that is damaged, to the rest, -for the sake of encreasing the heap. He knows -<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>that such an addition would spoil the whole. -God forbid, that any supposed profit or advantage, -which we can derive from the groans -and agonies, and blood of the poor Africans, -should draw down his heavy curse, upon all -that we might, otherwise, honourably and -comfortably possess.</p> - -<p class='c019'>For the sake of Method, I could wish to -consider the African Trade,—First, with regard -to the effects it has upon our own people; and -Secondly, as it concerns the Blacks, or, as -they <i>are</i> more contemptuously styled, the -Negroe Slaves, whom we purchase upon the -Coast. But these two topics are so interwoven -together, that it will not be easy to keep them -exactly separate.</p> - -<p class='c019'>1. The first point I shall mention is surely -of political importance, if the lives of our -fellow-subjects be so; and if a rapid loss of -Seamen deserves the attention of a maritime -people. This loss, in the African Trade, is -truly alarming. I admit, that many of them -are cut off in their first voyage, and, consequently, -before they can properly rank as Seamen; -though they would have been Seamen, -if they had lived. But the neighbourhood of -our sea-ports is continually drained, of men -and boys, to supply the places of those who -<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>die abroad; and if they are not all Seamen, -they are all our brethren and countrymen, -subjects of the British Government.</p> - -<p class='c019'>The people who remain, on ship-board, -upon the open coast, if not accustomed to the -climate, are liable to the attack of an inflammatory -fever, which is not often fatal, unless -the concurrence of unfavourable circumstances -makes it so. When this danger is over, I -think they might, probably, be as healthy -as in most other voyages; provided, they -could be kept from sleeping in the dews, from -being much exposed to the rain, from the intemperate -use of spirits, and especially from -women.</p> - -<p class='c019'>But, considering the general disposition of -our Sailors, and the nature of the Slave Trade, -these provisos are of little more significance, -than if I should say, upon another occasion, -that Great-Britain would be a happy country, -<i>provided</i>, all the inhabitants were Wise, and -Good. The Sailors <i>must be</i> much exposed to -the weather; especially on the Windward -Coast, where a great part of the cargo is procured -by boats, which are often sent to the -distance of thirty or forty leagues, and are -sometimes a month before they return. Many -vessels arrive upon the coast before the rainy -<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>season, which continues from about May to -October, is over; and if trade be scarce, the -ships which arrive in the fair, or dry season, -often remain till the rains return, before they -can complete their purchase. A proper shelter -from the weather, in an open boat, when the -rain is incessant night and day, for weeks and -months, is impracticable.</p> - -<p class='c019'>I have myself, in such a boat, been five or -six days together, without, as we say, a dry -thread about me, sleeping or waking. And -during the fair season, Tornadoes, or violent -storms of wind, thunder, and heavy rain, are -very frequent, though they seldom last long. -In fact, the boats seldom return, without -bringing some of the people ill of dangerous -fevers or fluxes, occasioned either by the weather, -or by unwholesome diet, such as the -crude fruits and palm wine, with which they -are plentifully supplied by the natives.</p> - -<p class='c019'>Strong liquors, such as brandy, rum, or -English spirits, the Sailors cannot often procure, -in such quantities as to hurt them; but -they will, if they can; and opportunities -sometimes offer, especially to those who are -in the boats; for strong liquor being an article -much in demand, so that, without it, scarcely -a single Slave can be purchased, it is always at -<span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>hand. And if what is taken from the casks -or bottles, that are for sale, be supplied with -water, they are as full as they were before. -The Blacks, who buy the liquor, are the -losers by the adulteration; but often the -people, who cheat them, are the greatest sufferers.</p> - -<p class='c019'>The article of Women, likewise, contributes -largely to the loss of our Seamen. When they -are on shore, they often, from their known, -thoughtless imprudence, involve themselves, -on this account, in quarrels with the Natives, -and, if not killed upon the spot, are frequently -poisoned. On ship-board, they may be restrained, -and in some ships they are; but such -restraint is far from being general. It depends -much upon the disposition, and attention, of -the Captain. When I was in the trade, I -knew several commanders of African ships, -who were prudent, respectable men, and who -maintained a proper discipline and regularity -in their vessels; but there were too many of a -different character. In some ships, perhaps in -the most, the license allowed, in this particular, -was almost unlimited. Moral turpitude -was seldom considered, but they who took care -to do the ship’s business, might, in other respects, -do what they pleased. These excesses, -if they do not induce fevers, at least, render the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>constitution less able to support them; and -lewdness, too frequently, terminates in death.</p> - -<p class='c019'>The risk of insurrections is to be added. -These, I believe, are always meditated; for -the Men Slaves are not, easily, reconciled to -their confinement, and treatment; and if attempted, -they are seldom suppressed without -considerable loss; and sometimes they succeed, -to the destruction of a whole ship’s company -at once. Seldom a year passes, but we hear -of one or more such catastrophes: and we -likewise hear, sometimes, of Whites and Blacks -involved, in one moment, in one common -ruin, by the gunpowder taking fire, and blowing -up the ship.</p> - -<p class='c019'>How far the several causes, I have enumerated, -may respectively operate, I cannot say: -the fact however is sure, that a great number -of our Seamen perish in the Slave Trade. Few -ships, comparatively, are either blown up, or -totally cut off, but some are. Of the rest, I -have known some that have lost half their -people, and some a larger proportion. I am -far from saying, that it is always, or even -often, thus; but, I believe, I shall state the -matter sufficiently low, if I suppose, that, at -least, one fifth part of those who go from -England to the Coast of Africa, in ships which -<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>trade for Slaves, never return from thence. -I dare not depend, too much, upon my memory, -as to the number of ships, and men, employed -in the Slave Trade more than thirty years ago; -nor do I know what has been the state of the -trade since; therefore I shall not attempt to -make calculations. But, as I cannot but form -some opinion upon the subject, I judge it probable, -that the collective sum of Seamen, -who go, from all our ports, to Africa, within -the course of a year, (taking Guinea in the -extensive sense, from Goree or Gambia, and -including the coast of Angola,) cannot be less -than eight thousand; and if, upon an average -of ships and seasons, a fifth part of these die, -the annual loss is fifteen hundred. I believe -those, who have taken pains to make more -exact enquiries, will deem my supposition to -be very moderate.</p> - -<p class='c019'>Thus much concerning the first evil, the -Loss of Seamen and Subjects, which the nation -sustains, by the African Slave Trade.</p> - -<p class='c019'>2. There is a second, which either is, or -ought to be, deemed of importance, considered -in a political light. I mean, the dreadful effects -of this trade, upon the minds of those -who are engaged in it. There are, doubtless, -exceptions, and I would, willingly, except -<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>myself. But, in general, I know of no method -of getting money, not even that of robbery, -for it, upon the highway, which has a -more direct tendency to efface the moral sense, -to rob the heart of every gentle and humane -disposition, and to harden it, like steel, against -all impressions of sensibility.</p> - -<p class='c019'>Usually, about two-thirds of a cargo of -Slaves are males. When a hundred and fifty -or two hundred stout men, torn from their -native land, many of whom never saw the sea, -much less a ship, till a short space before they -are embarked; who have, probably, the same -natural prejudice against a white man, as we -have against a black; and who often bring with -them an apprehension that they are bought to -be eaten: I say, when thus circumstanced, it -is not to be expected that they will, tamely, -resign themselves to their situation. It is always -taken for granted, that they will attempt -to gain their liberty, if possible. Accordingly, -as we dare not trust them, we receive them on -board, from the first, as enemies: and before -their number exceeds, perhaps, ten or fifteen, -they are all put in irons; in most ships, two -and two together. And frequently, they are -not thus confined, as they might, most conveniently, -stand or move, the right hand and -foot of one to the left of the other; but across, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>that is, the hand and foot of each on the same -side, whether right or left, are fettered together: -so that they cannot move, either hand -or foot, but with great caution, and with perfect, -consent. Thus they must sit, walk and -lie, for many months, (sometimes for nine or -ten,) without any mitigation or relief, unless -they are sick.</p> - -<p class='c019'>In the night they are confined below, in -the day-time (if the weather be fine) they are -upon deck; and as they are brought up, by -pairs, a chain is put through a ring upon their -irons, and this is likewise locked down to the -ring-bolts, which are fastened at certain intervals -upon the deck. These, and other precautions, -are no more than necessary; especially, -as while the number of Slaves increases, -that of the people, who are to guard -them, is diminished, by sickness, or death, or -by being absent in the boats: so that, sometimes, -not ten men can be mustered, to watch, -night and day, over two hundred, besides -having all the other business of the ship to -attend.</p> - -<p class='c019'>That these precautions are so often effectual, -is much more to be wondered at, than that -they sometimes fail. One unguarded hour, -or minute, is sufficient to give the Slaves the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>opportunity they are always waiting for. An -attempt to rise upon the ship’s company, brings -on instantaneous and horrid war; for, when -they are once in motion, they are desperate; -and where they do not conquer, they are seldom -quelled without much mischief and bloodshed, -on both sides.</p> - -<p class='c019'>Sometimes, when the Slaves are ripe for an -insurrection, one of them will impeach the -affairs; and then necessity, and the state policy, -of these small, but most absolute governments, -enforce maxims directly contrary to -the nature of things. The traitor to the -cause of liberty is caressed, rewarded, and -deemed an honest fellow. The patriots, who -formed and animated the plan, if they can be -found out, must be treated as villains, and -punished, to intimidate the rest. These punishments, -in their nature and degree, depend -upon the sovereign will of the Captain. Some -are content with inflicting such moderate punishment, -as may suffice for an example. But -unlimited power, instigated by revenge, and -where the heart, by a long familiarity with -the sufferings of Slaves, is become callous, -and insensible to the pleadings of humanity, -is terrible.</p> - -<p class='c019'><span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>I have seen them sentenced to unmerciful -whippings, continued till the poor creatures -have not had power to groan under their -misery, and hardly a sign of life has remained. -I have seen them agonizing for hours, I believe, -for days together, under the torture of -the thumb-screws; a dreadful engine, which, -if the screw be turned by an unrelenting hand, -can give intolerable anguish. There have -been instances in which cruelty has proceeded -still further; but, as I hope they are few, and -I can mention but one, from my own knowledge, -I shall but mention it.</p> - -<p class='c019'>I have often heard a Captain, who has been -long since dead, boast of his conduct in a -former voyage, when his Slaves attempted to -rise upon him. After he had suppressed the -insurrection, he sat in judgment upon the insurgents; -and not only, in cold blood, adjudged -several of them, I know not how -many, to die, but studied, with no small -attention, how to make death as excruciating -to them as possible. For my reader’s sake, I -suppress the recital of particulars.</p> - -<p class='c019'>Surely, it must be allowed, that they who -are long conversant with such scenes as these, -are liable to imbibe a spirit of ferociousness, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>and savage insensibility, of which human nature, -depraved as it is, is not, ordinarily, capable. -If these things be true, the reader will -admit the possibility of a fact, that was in -current report, when I was upon the Coast, and -the truth of which, though I cannot now authenticate -it, I have no reason to doubt.</p> - -<p class='c019'>A Mate of a ship, in a long-boat, purchased -a young woman, with a fine child, of about a -year old, in her arms. In the night, the -child cried much, and disturbed his sleep. He -rose up in great anger, and swore, that if the -child did not cease making such a noise, he -would presently silence it. The child continued -to cry. At length he rose up a second -time, tore the child from the mother, and -threw it into the sea. The child was soon -silenced indeed, but it was not so easy to -pacify the woman: she was too valuable to be -thrown overboard, and he was obliged to bear -the sound of her lamentations, till he could put -her on board his ship.</p> - -<p class='c019'>I am persuaded, that every tender mother -who feasts her eyes and her mind, when she -contemplates the infant in her arms, will commiserate -the poor Africans.—But why do I -speak of one child, when we have heard and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>read a melancholy story, too notoriously true -to admit of contradiction, of more than a -hundred grown slaves, thrown into the sea, at -one time, from on board a ship, when fresh -water was scarce; to fix the loss upon the -Underwriters, which otherwise, had they died -on board, must have fallen upon the Owners of -the vessel. These instances are specimens of -the spirit produced, by the African Trade, in -men, who, once, were no more destitute of -the milk of human kindness than ourselves.</p> - -<p class='c019'>Hitherto, I have considered the condition of -the Men Slaves only. From the Women, -there is no danger of insurrection, and they -are carefully kept from the men; I mean, -from the Black men. But——In what I have -to offer, on this head, I am far from including -every ship. I speak not of what is universally, -but of what is too commonly, and, I am afraid, -too generally, prevalent.</p> - -<p class='c019'>I have already observed, that the Captain of -an African ship, while upon the Coast, is absolute -in his command; and if he be humane, -vigilant, and determined, he has it in his -power to protect the miserable; for scarcely -any thing can be done, on board the ship, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>without his permission, or connivance. But -this power is, too seldom, exerted in favour of -the poor Women Slaves.</p> - -<p class='c019'>When we hear of a town taken by storm, -and given up to the ravages of an enraged and -licentious army, of wild and unprincipled -Cossacks, perhaps no part of the distress affects -a feeling mind more, than the treatment to -which the women are exposed. But the -enormities frequently committed, in an African -ship, though equally flagrant, are little known -<i>here</i>, and are considered, <i>there</i>, only as matters -of course. When the Women and Girls are -taken on board a ship, naked, trembling, terrified, -perhaps almost exhausted with cold, -fatigue, and hunger, they are often exposed to -the wanton rudeness of white Savages. The -poor creatures cannot understand the language -they hear, but the looks and manner of the -speakers, are sufficiently intelligible. In imagination, -the prey is divided, upon the spot, -and only reserved till opportunity offers. -Where resistance, or refusal, would be utterly -in vain, even the solicitation of consent is -seldom thought of. But I forbear.—This is -not a subject for declamation. Facts like -these, so certain, and so numerous, speak for -themselves. Surely, if the advocates for -<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>the Slave Trade attempt to plead for it, before -the Wives and Daughters of our happy -land, or before those who have Wives or -Daughters of their own, they must lose their -cause.</p> - -<p class='c019'>Perhaps some hard-hearted pleader may -suggest, that such treatment would indeed be -cruel, in Europe; but the African Women are -Negroes, Savages, who have no idea of the nicer -sensations which obtain among civilized people. -I dare contradict them in the strongest terms. -I have lived long, and conversed much, -amongst these supposed Savages. I have often -slept in their towns, in a house filled with -goods for trade, with no person in the house -but myself, and with no other door than a -mat; in that security, which no man in -his senses would expect, in this civilized -nation, especially in this metropolis, without -the precaution of having strong doors, -strongly locked and bolted. And with regard -to the women, in Sherbro, where I -was most acquainted, I have seen many -instances of modesty, and even delicacy, -which would not disgrace an English woman. -Yet, such is the treatment which I have known -permitted, if not encouraged, in many of our -ships—they have been abandoned, without -<span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>restraint, to the lawless will of the first -comer.</p> - -<p class='c019'>Accustomed thus to despise, insult, and injure -the Slaves on board, it may be expected -that the conduct of many of our people to the -Natives, with whom they trade, is, as far as -circumstances admit, very similar; and it is -so. They are considered as a people to be -robbed and spoiled, with impunity. Every -art is employed to deceive, and wrong them. -And he who has most address, in this way, -has most to boast of.</p> - -<p class='c019'>Not an article, that is capable of diminution -or adulteration, is delivered genuine, or -entire. The spirits are lowered by water. -False heads are put into the kegs that contain -the gun-powder; so that, though the keg appears -large, there is no more powder in it, -than in a much smaller. The linen and cotton -cloths are opened, and two or three yards, -according to the length of the piece, cut off, -not from the end, but out of the middle, -where it is not so readily noticed.</p> - -<p class='c019'>The Natives are cheated, in the number, -weight, measure, or quality, of what they -<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>purchase, in every possible way. And, by -habit and emulation, a marvellous dexterity is -acquired in these practices. And thus the -Natives, in their turn, in proportion to their -commerce with the Europeans, and (I am -sorry to add) particularly with the English, -become jealous, insidious and revengeful.</p> - -<p class='c019'>They know with whom they deal, and are -accordingly prepared;—though they can trust -some ships and boats, which have treated them -with punctuality, and may be trusted by them. -A quarrel, sometimes, furnishes pretext for -detaining, and carrying away, one or more of -the Natives, which is retaliated, if practicable, -upon the next boat that comes to the place, -from the same port. For so far their vindictive -temper is restrained by their ideas of justice, -that they will not, often, revenge an injury -received from a Liverpool ship, upon one belonging -to Bristol or London.</p> - -<p class='c019'>They will, usually, wait with patience, the -arrival of one, which, they suppose, by her -sailing from the same place, has some connection -with that which used them ill; and they -are so quick at distinguishing our little local -differences of language, and customs in a ship, -that before they have been in a ship five minutes, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>and often before they come on board, -they know, with certainty, whether she be -from Bristol, Liverpool, or London.</p> - -<p class='c019'>Retaliation on their parts, furnishes a plea -for reprizal on ours. Thus, in one place or -another, trade is often suspended, all intercourse -cut off, and things are in a state of war; -till necessity, either on the ship’s part, or on -theirs, produces overtures of peace, and dictates -the price, which the offending party must -pay for it. But it is a warlike peace. We -trade under arms; and they are furnished with -long knives.</p> - -<p class='c019'>For, with a few exceptions, the English -and the Africans, reciprocally, consider each -other as consummate villains, who are always -watching opportunities to do mischief. In -short, we have, I fear too deservedly, a very -unfavourable character upon the Coast. When -I have charged a Black with unfairness and -dishonesty, he has answered, if able to clear -himself, with an air of disdain, “What! do -you think I am a White Man?”</p> - -<p class='c019'>Such is the nature, such are the concomitants, -of the Slave Trade; and such is the -school in which many thousands of our Seamen -<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>are brought up. Can we then wonder at that -impatience of subordination, and that disposition -to mutiny, amongst them, which has -been, of late, so loudly complained of, and so -severely felt? Will not sound policy suggest, -the necessity, of some expedient here? Or can -sound policy suggest any, effectual, expedient, -but the total suppression of a Trade, which, -like a poisonous root, diffuses its malignity into -every branch?</p> - -<p class='c019'>The effects which our trade has upon the -Blacks, those especially who come under our -power, may be considered under three heads,—How -they are acquired? The mortality they -are subject to! and, How those who survive -are disposed of?</p> - -<p class='c019'>I confine my remarks on the first head to -the Windward Coast, and can speak most confidently -of the trade in Sherbro, where I lived. -I own, however, that I question, if any part of -the Windward Coast is equal to Sherbro, in -point of regularity and government. They -have no men of great power or property -among them; as I am told there are upon the -Gold Coast, at Whidah and Benin. The -Sherbro people live much in the patriarchal -way. An old man usually presides in each -<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>town, whose authority depends more on his -years, than on his possessions: and He, who -is called the King, is not easily distinguished, -either by state or wealth, from the rest. But -the different districts, which seem to be, in -many respects, independent of each other, are -incorporated, and united, by means of an institution -which pervades them all, and is called -The <i>Purrow</i>. The persons of this order, who -are very numerous, seem, very much, to resemble -the Druids, who once presided in our -island.</p> - -<p class='c019'>The <i>Purrow</i> has both the legislative and -executive authority, and, under their sanction, -there is a police exercised, which is by no -means contemptible. Every thing belonging -to the <i>Purrow</i> is mysterious and severe, but, -upon the whole, it has very good effects; and -as any man, whether bond or free, who will -submit to be initiated into their mysteries, may -be admitted of the Order, it is a kind of -Common-wealth. And, perhaps, few people -enjoy more, simple, political freedom, than the -inhabitants of Sherbro, belonging to the <i>Purrow</i>, -(who are not slaves,) further than they -are bound by their own institutions. Private -property is tolerably well secured, and violence -is much suppressed.</p> - -<p class='c019'><span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>The state of Slavery, among these wild barbarous -people, as we esteem them, is much -milder than in our colonies. For as, on the -one hand, they have no land in high cultivation, -like our West-India plantations, and -therefore no call for that excessive, unintermitted -labour, which exhausts our Slaves; so, -on the other hand, no man is permitted to -draw blood, even from a Slave. If he does, -he is liable to a strict inquisition; for the -<i>Purrow</i> laws will not allow a private individual -to shed blood. A man may sell his slave, -if he pleases; but he may not wantonly abuse -him. The laws likewise punish some species -of theft, with slavery; and in cases of adultery, -which are very common, as polygamy is -the custom of the country, both the woman, -and the man who offends with her, are liable -to be sold for Slaves, unless they can satisfy -the husband, or unless they are redeemed by -their friends.</p> - -<p class='c019'>Among these unenlightened Blacks, it is a -general maxim, that if a man steals, or breaks -a moveable, as a musket, for instance, the offence -may be nearly compensated, by putting -another musket in its place; but offences, -which cannot be repaired in kind, as adultery, -admit of no satisfaction, till the injured person -<span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>declares, that He is satisfied. So that, if a -rich man seduces the wife of a poor man, he -has it in his power to change places with him; -for he may send for every article in his house, -one by one, till he says, “I have enough.” -The only alternative, is personal slavery.</p> - -<p class='c019'>I suppose, bribery and influence may have -their effects in Guinea, as they have in some -other countries; but their laws, in the main, -are wise and good, and, upon the whole, they -have considerable operation; and therefore, I -believe, many of the Slaves purchased in -Sherbro, and probably upon the whole Windward -Coast, are convicts, who have forfeited -their liberty, by breaking the laws of their -country.</p> - -<p class='c019'>But, I apprehend, that the neighbourhood -of our ships, and the desire of our goods, are -motives, which often push the rigour of the -laws to an extreme, which would not be exacted, -if they were left to themselves.</p> - -<p class='c019'>But Slaves are the staple article of the traffic; -and though a considerable number may have -been born near the sea, I believe the bulk, of -them are brought from far. I have reason to -think, that some travel more than a thousand -<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>miles, before they reach the sea-coast. Whether -there may be convicts amongst these likewise, -or what proportion they may bear to -those who are taken prisoners in war, it is impossible -to know.</p> - -<p class='c019'>I judge, the principal source of the Slave -Trade, is, the wars which prevail among the -Natives. Sometimes, these wars break out -between those who live near the sea. The -English, and other Europeans, have been -charged with fomenting them; I believe -(so far as concerns the Windward Coast) unjustly. -That some would do it, if they could, -I doubt not; but I do not think they can have -opportunity. Nor is it needful they should -interfere. Thousands, in our own country, -wish for war, because they fatten upon its -spoils.</p> - -<p class='c019'>Human nature is much the same in every -place, and few people will be willing to allow, -that the <i>Negroes</i> in Africa are better than themselves. -Supposing, therefore, they wish for -European goods, may not they wish to purchase -them from a ship just arrived? Of -course, they must wish for Slaves to go to -market with; and if they have not Slaves, -and think themselves strong enough to invade -<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>their neighbours, they will probably wish for -war.—And if once they wish for it, how easy -is it to find, or make, pretexts for breaking an -inconvenient peace; or (after the example of -greater heroes, of Christian name) to make -depredations, without condescending to assign -any reasons.</p> - -<p class='c019'>I verily believe, that the far greater part of -the wars, in Africa, would cease; if the Europeans -would cease to tempt them, by offering -goods for Slaves. And though they do -not bring legions into the field, their wars are -bloody. I believe, the captives reserved for -sale, are fewer than the slain.</p> - -<p class='c019'>I have not sufficient data to warrant calculation, -but, I suppose, not less than one hundred -thousand Slaves are exported, annually, from all -parts of Africa, and that more than one half, of -these, are exported in English bottoms.</p> - -<p class='c019'>If but an equal number are killed in war, -and if many of these wars are kindled by -the incentive of selling their prisoners; what -an annual accumulation of blood must there -be, crying against the nations of Europe concerned -in this trade, and particularly against -our own!</p> - -<p class='c019'><span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>I have, often, been gravely told, as a proof -that the Africans, however hardly treated, -deserve but little compassion, that they are a -people so destitute of natural affection, that it -is common, among them, for parents to sell -their children, and children their parents. -And, I think, a charge, of this kind, is -brought against them, by the respectable author -of <i>Spectacle de la Nature</i>. But he must -have been misinformed. I never heard of one -instance of either, while I used the Coast.</p> - -<p class='c019'>One article more, upon this head, is Kidnapping, -or stealing free people. Some people -suppose, that the Ship Trade is rather the -stealing, than the buying of Slaves. But -there is enough to lay to the charge of the -ships, without accusing them falsely. The -slaves, in general, are bought, and paid for. -Sometimes, when goods are lent, or trusted -on shore, the trader voluntarily leaves a free -person, perhaps his own son, as a hostage, or -pawn, for the payment; and, in case of default, -the hostage is carried off, and sold; -which, however hard upon him, being in -consequence of a free stipulation, cannot be -deemed unfair. There have been instances of -unprincipled Captains, who, at the close of -what they supposed their last voyage, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>when they had no intention of revisiting the -Coast, have detained, and carried away, free -people with them; and left the next ship, -that should come from the same port, to risk -the consequences. But these actions, I hope, -and believe, are not common.</p> - -<p class='c019'>With regard to the Natives, to steal a free -man or woman, and to sell them on board a -ship, would, I think, be a more difficult, and -more dangerous attempt, in Sherbro, than in -London. But I have no doubt, that the -traders who come, from the interior parts of -Africa, at a great distance, find opportunity, -in the course of their journey, to pick up -stragglers, whom they may meet in their way. -This branch of oppression, and robbery, -would likewise fail, if the temptation to it -were removed.</p> - -<p class='c019'>I have, to the best of my knowledge, -pointed out the principal sources, of that immense -supply of Slaves, which furnishes so -large an exportation every year. If all that -are taken on board the ships, were to survive -the voyage, and be landed in good order, possibly -the English, French, and Dutch islands, -and colonies, would be soon overstocked, and -fewer ships would sail to the Coast. But a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>large abatement must be made for mortality.—After -what I have already said of their treatment, -I shall now, that I am again to consider -them on board the ships, confine myself to -this point.</p> - -<p class='c019'>In the Portuguese ships, which trade from -Brasil to the Gold Coast and Angola, I believe -a heavy mortality is not frequent. The -Slaves have room, they are not put in irons, -(I speak from information only,) and are humanely -treated.</p> - -<p class='c019'>With our ships the great object is, to be -full. When the ship is there, it is thought -desirable, she should take as many as possible. -The cargo of a vessel of a hundred tons, or -little more, is calculated to purchase from -two hundred and twenty to two hundred and -fifty Slaves. Their lodging-rooms below the -deck, which are three, (for the men, the -boys, and the women,) besides a place for the -sick, are sometimes more than five feet high, -and sometimes less; and this height is divided -towards the middle, for the Slaves lie in two -rows, one above the other, on each side of -the ship, close to each other, like books -upon a shelf. I have known them so close, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>that the shelf would not, easily, contain one -more.</p> - -<p class='c019'>And I have known a white man sent down -among the men, to lay them in these rows -to the greatest advantage, so that as little -space as possible might be lost. Let it be -observed, that the poor creatures, thus -cramped for want of room, are likewise in -irons, for the most part both hands and feet, -and two together, which makes it difficult -for them to turn or move, to attempt either -to rise or to lie down, without hurting themselves, -or each other. Nor is the motion of -the ship, especially her heeling, or stoop on -one side, when under sail, to be admitted; for -this, as they lie athwart, or across the ship, -adds to the uncomfortableness of their lodging, -especially to those who lie on the leeward, or -leaning side of the vessel.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c022'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Dire is the tossing, deep the groans.——</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c023'>The heat and the smell of these rooms, -when the weather will not admit of the Slaves -being brought upon deck, and of having -their rooms cleaned every day, would be, almost, -insupportable, to a person not accustomed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>to them. If the Slaves and their rooms -can be constantly aired, and they are not detained -too long on board, perhaps there are not -many who die; but the contrary is often their -lot. They are kept down, by the weather, to -breathe a hot and corrupted air, sometimes -for a week: this, added to the galling of their -irons, and the despondency which seizes their -spirits, when thus confined, soon becomes -fatal. And every morning, perhaps, more -instances than one are found, of the living -and the dead, like the Captives of Mezentius, -fastened together.</p> - -<p class='c019'>Epidemical fevers and fluxes, which fill -the ship with noisome and noxious effluvia, -often break out, infect the Seamen likewise, -and the Oppressors, and the Oppressed, fall by -the same stroke. I believe, nearly one half of -the Slaves on board, have, sometimes, died; -and that the loss of a third part, in these circumstances, -is not unusual. The ship, in -which I was Mate, left the Coast with Two -Hundred and Eighteen Slaves on board; and -though we were not much affected by epidemical -disorders, I find, by my journal of that -voyage, (now before me,) that we buried -Sixty-two on our passage to South-Carolina, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>exclusive of those which died before we left -the Coast, of which I have no account.</p> - -<p class='c019'>I believe, upon an average between the -more healthy, and the more sickly voyages, -and including all contingencies, One Fourth -of the whole purchase may be allotted to the -article of Mortality. That is, if the English -ships purchase <i>Sixty Thousand</i> Slaves annually, -upon the whole extent of the Coast, the annual -loss of lives cannot be much less than -<i>Fifteen Thousand</i>.</p> - -<p class='c019'>I am now to speak of the survivors.—When -the ships make the land, (usually the West-India -islands,) and have their port in view -after having been four, five, six weeks, or a -longer time, at sea, (which depends much -upon the time that passes before they can get -into the permanent Trade Winds, which blow -from the North-East and East across the Atlantic,) -then, and not before, they venture to -release the Men Slaves from their irons. And -then, the sight of the land, and their freedom -from long and painful confinement, usually -excite in them a degree of alacrity, and a -transient feeling of joy——</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c022'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>The prisoner leaps to lose his chains.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c024'><span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>But, this joy is short-lived indeed. The -condition of the unhappy Slaves is in a continual -progress from bad to worse. Their case -is truly pitiable, from the moment they are -in a state of slavery, in their own country; -but it may be deemed a state of ease and liberty, -compared with their situation on board -our ships.</p> -<p class='c019'>Yet, perhaps, they would wish to spend the -remainder of their days on ship board, -could they know, before-hand, the nature of -the servitude which awaits them, on shore; -and that the dreadful hardships and sufferings -they have already endured, would, to the most -of them, only terminate in excessive toil, -hunger, and the excruciating tortures of the -cart-whip, inflicted at the caprice of an unfeeling -Overseer, proud of the power allowed -him of punishing whom, and when, and how -he pleases.</p> - -<p class='c019'>I hope the Slaves, in our islands, are better -treated now, than they were, at the time -when I was in the trade. And even then, I -know, there were Slaves, who, under the care -and protection of humane masters, were, comparatively, -happy. But I saw and heard -<span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>enough to satisfy me, that their condition, in -general, was wretched to the extreme. However -my stay in Antigua and St. Christopher’s -(the only islands I visited) was too short, to -qualify me for saying much, from my own -certain knowledge; upon this painful subject. -Nor is it needful:—Enough has been offered -by several respectable writers, who have had -opportunity of collecting surer, and fuller information.</p> - -<p class='c019'>One thing I cannot omit, which was told -me by the Gentleman to whom my ship was -consigned, at Antigua, in the year 1751, -and who was, himself, a Planter. He said, -that calculations had been made, with all -possible exactness, to determine which was -the preferable, that is, the most saving method -of managing Slaves:——</p> -<p class='c025'>“Whether, to appoint them moderate -work, plenty of provision, and such -treatment, as might enable them to -protract their lives to old age?” Or,</p> -<p class='c025'>“By rigorously straining their strength to -the utmost, with little relaxation, -hard fare, and hard usage, to wear -them out before they became useless, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>and unable to do service; and then, -to buy new ones, to fill up their -places?”</p> -<p class='c026'>He farther said, that these skilful calculators -had determined in favour of the latter -mode, as much the cheaper; and that he -could mention several estates, in the island of -Antigua, on which, it was seldom known, -that a Slave had lived above nine years.——<i>Ex -pede Herculem!</i></p> - -<p class='c019'>When the Slaves are landed for sale, (for in -the Leeward Islands they are usually sold on -shore,) it may happen, that after a long separation -in different parts of the ship, when -they are brought together in one place, some, -who are nearly related, may recognize each -other. If, upon such a meeting, pleasure -should be felt, it can be but momentary. -The sale disperses them wide, to different -parts of the island, or to different islands. -Husbands and Wives, Parents and Children, -Brothers and Sisters, must suddenly part again, -probably to meet no more.</p> - -<p class='c019'>After a careful perusal of what I have -written, weighing every paragraph distinctly, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>I can find nothing to retract. As it is not -easy to write altogether with coolness, upon -this business, and especially not easy to me, -who have formerly been so deeply engaged -in it; I have been jealous, lest the warmth -of imagination might have insensibly seduced -me, to aggravate and overcharge some of the -horrid features, which I have attempted to -delineate, of the African Trade. But, upon -a strict review, I am satisfied.</p> - -<p class='c019'>I have apprized the reader, that I write -from memory, after an interval of more than -thirty years. But at the same time, I believe, -many things which I saw, heard and felt, -upon the Coast of Africa, are so deeply engraven -in my memory, that I can hardly -forget, or greatly mistake them, while I am -capable of remembering any thing. I am -certainly not guilty of wilful misrepresentation. -And, upon the whole, I dare appeal -to the Great Searcher of hearts, in whose -presence I write, and before whom I, and -my readers, must all shortly appear, that -(with the restrictions and exceptions I have -made) I have advanced nothing, but what, -to the best of my judgement and conscience, is -true.</p> - -<p class='c019'><span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>I have likewise written without solicitation, -and simply from the motive I have already -assigned; a conviction, that the share I have -formerly had in the trade, binds me, in conscience, -to throw what light I am able upon -the subject, now it is likely to become a point -of Parliamentary investigation.</p> - -<p class='c019'>No one can have less interest in it, than I -have at present, further than as I am interested -by the feelings of humanity, and a -regard for the honour, and welfare of my -country.</p> - -<p class='c019'>Though unwilling to give offence to a single -person; in such a cause, I ought not to be -afraid of offending many, by declaring the -truth; if, indeed, there can be many, whom -even interest can prevail upon to contradict -the common sense of mankind, by pleading -for a commerce, so iniquitous, so cruel, so -oppressive, so destructive, as the African Slave -Trade!</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c006'> - <div><em class='gesperrt'>FINIS</em>.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c006' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c007'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span><i>Published by the Author of these Thoughts.</i></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c027'>1. <em class='gesperrt'>MESSIAH.</em> Fifty Discourses on the Series -of Scriptural Passages, which form the Subject -of the celebrated <span class='sc'>Oratorio of Handel</span>. -Preached in the Years 1784 and 1785, in the -Parish Church of St. Mary Woolnoth, Lombard-Street. -2 Vols. 8vo. Price 12<i>s.</i> bound.</p> -<p class='c028'>2. <span class='sc'>A Sermon</span> on the Death of the late <span class='sc'>Dr. Conyers</span>. -Price 6<i>d.</i></p> -<p class='c028'>3. Apologia: four Letters to a Minister of an independent -Church, by a Minister of the -Church of England. Price 2<i>s.</i></p> -<p class='c028'>4. Letters and Sermons, with a Review of Ecclesiastical -History, and Hymns. 6 Vols. 12mo. -Price 15<i>s.</i> sewed, 18<i>s.</i> in plain binding, or -21<i>s.</i> bound in calf and lettered.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c007'> - <div><em class='gesperrt'>CONTAINING</em></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c027'>* 1. An Authentic Narrative of some interesting -Particulars in the Life of **** ******. 2<i>s.</i></p> -<p class='c028'>* 2. <span class='sc'>Olney</span> Hymns. 2<i>s.</i></p> -<p class='c028'>* 3. <span class='sc'>Omicron’s</span> Letters, complete. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> -<p class='c028'>* 4. <span class='sc'>Cardiphonia</span>, or the Utterance of the Heart. -2 Vols. 7<i>s.</i></p> -<p class='c028'>5. Twenty-seven Sermons.</p> -<p class='c028'>6. A Review of Ecclesiastical History.</p> -<p class='c026'><span class='c002'>☞</span> Such Articles as are marked * may be had alone at the -prices affixed.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c007'> - <div>Printed for <span class='sc'>J. Buckland</span> in Pater-noster Row; and <span class='sc'>J. Johnson</span>,</div> - <div>N<sup>o</sup> 72, St. Paul’s Church-Yard.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c007' /> -</div> -<p class='c019'> </p> -<div class='tnbox'> - - <ul class='ul_1 c007'> - <li>Transcriber’s Notes: - <ul class='ul_2'> - <li>Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected. - </li> - <li>Typographical errors were silently corrected. - </li> - <li>Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant - form was found in this book. - </li> - </ul> - </li> - </ul> - -</div> -<p class='c019'> </p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THOUGHTS UPON THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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