diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/68130-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/68130-0.txt | 3014 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 3014 deletions
diff --git a/old/68130-0.txt b/old/68130-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 4dd2c7e..0000000 --- a/old/68130-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3014 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of A handbook of library appliances, by -James D. Brown - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: A handbook of library appliances - The technical equipment of libraries: fittings, furniture, - charging systems, forms, recipes, etc. - -Author: James D. Brown - -Editors: J. Y. W. MacAlister - Thomas Mason - -Release Date: May 19, 2022 [eBook #68130] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from - images generously made available by The Internet - Archive/Canadian Libraries) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HANDBOOK OF LIBRARY -APPLIANCES *** - - - - - - -Library Association of the United Kingdom. - - -This Association was founded on 5th October, 1877, at the conclusion -of the International Conference of Librarians held at the London -Institution, under the presidency of the late Mr. J. Winter Jones, then -principal librarian of the British Museum. - -Its objects are: (_a_) to encourage and aid by every means in its power -the establishment of new libraries; (_b_) to endeavour to secure better -legislation for rate-supported libraries; (_c_) to unite all persons -engaged or interested in library work, for the purpose of promoting -the best possible administration of libraries; and (_d_) to encourage -bibliographical research. - -The Association has, by the invitation of the Local Authorities, held its -Annual Meetings in the following towns: Oxford, Manchester, Edinburgh, -London, Cambridge, Liverpool, Dublin, Plymouth, Birmingham, Glasgow, -Reading, Nottingham, and Paris. - -The Annual Subscription is ONE GUINEA, payable in advance, on 1st -January. The Life Subscription is FIFTEEN GUINEAS. _Any person actually -engaged in library administration may become a member, without election, -on payment of the Subscription to the Treasurer._ Any person not so -engaged may be elected at the Monthly or Annual Meetings. Library -Assistants, approved by the Council, are admitted on payment of a -Subscription of HALF-A-GUINEA. - -The official organ of the Association is _The Library_, which is issued -monthly and sent free to members. Other publications of the Association -are the _Transactions and Proceedings_ of the various Annual Meetings, -_The Library Chronicle_, 1884-1888, 5 vols., and _The Library Association -Year-Book_ (price one shilling), in which will be found full particulars -of the work accomplished by the Association in various departments. - -A small Museum of Library Appliances has been opened in the Clerkenwell -Public Library, Skinner Street, London, E.C., and will be shown to -any one interested in library administration. It contains Specimens -of Apparatus, Catalogues, Forms, &c., and is the nucleus of a larger -collection contemplated by the Association. - -All communications connected with the Association should be addressed -to Mr. J. Y. W. MACALISTER, 20 Hanover Square, London, W. Subscriptions -should be paid to Mr. H. R. TEDDER, Hon. Treasurer, Athenæum Club, Pall -Mall, London, W. - - -COTGREAVE’S LIBRARY INDICATOR. - -_This Invention is now in use in some 200 Public Libraries (30 in London -and Suburbs), and has everywhere given great satisfaction. The following -is a brief summary of its more useful features_: - -=1.= Show at a glance both to borrower and Librarian the books or -magazines in or out. Also the titles can be shown to the borrower if -desired. =2.= Who has any book that is out, and how long it has been out. -=3.= The names of every borrower that has had any book since it was added -to the Library. =4.= The dates of accession, binding, or replacement -of any book. =5.= The title, author, number of volumes, and date of -publication. =6.= The book any individual has out, and every book he has -had out since joining the library. =7.= If a borrower’s ticket has been -misplaced in the indicator, it will instantly denote, if referred to, -the exact number where such ticket will be found. =8.= It will show at -a glance by a colour arrangement the number of books issued each day or -week, and consequently which are overdue. =9.= Stocktaking can be carried -out in one quarter of the time usually required, and without calling -the books in. =10.= Wherever it has been adopted the cost of labour and -losses of books have been very greatly reduced, so much so that in a very -short time it has recouped the cost of purchase. Thus all book-keeping or -other record may be entirely dispensed with. - - SOLE AGENT AND MANUFACTURER: - W. MORGAN, 21 CANNON STREET, BIRMINGHAM. - - -Cotgreave’s Rack for Periodicals and Magazines. - -_This design is now used in a large number of Libraries and Reading Rooms -with great advantage. Periodicals of any size can be kept alphabetically -arranged either in covers or without. There are no clips, springs, or -other mechanical fittings, but everything is as simple as can be._ - - MANUFACTURER: - WAKE & DEAN, 111 LONDON ROAD, LONDON, S.E. - - -Cotgreave’s Solid Leather Covers for Periodicals. - -_These covers are made of solid leather and will last longer than a dozen -of any other material. Several Libraries have had them in use for a dozen -years or more, without any appearance of wear._ - - MANUFACTURER: - W. MORGAN, 21 CANNON STREET, BIRMINGHAM. - -N.B. Any special information required may be obtained from the inventor, -A. COTGREAVE, Public Libraries, West Ham, London, E. - - -[Illustration: REMINGTON STANDARD TYPEWRITER.] - -[Illustration: CONTRACTORS TO H. M. GOVERNMENT] - -Used and endorsed as the best everywhere. The following is one of the -strongest testimonials which could possibly be received:— - -AMERICAN NEWSPAPER PUBLISHERS’ ASSOCIATION. - -OFFICERS: - - President, JAMES W. SCOTT—Chicago Herald. - Vice-President, E. H. WOODS—Boston Herald. - Secretary and Treasurer, L. L. MORGAN—New Haven Register. - -EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE: - - W. C. BRYANT—Brooklyn Times. - C. W. KNAPP—St. Louis Republic. - J. A. BUTLER—Buffalo News. - M. A. McRAE—Cincinnati Post and St. Louis Chronicle. - A. S. PEASE—Woonsocket Reporter. - -Address all communications to the Secretary, care NEW YORK OFFICE, 206 -POTTER BUILDING. - - To the Members of the American Newspaper Publishers’ Association. - - NEW YORK, MAY 11, 1892. - - GENTLEMEN, - - The undersigned, a committee appointed by the President to - investigate into the merits of the various typewriting machines - with a view to the adoption of some machine for the use of - members of this association, respectfully report that in their - judgment, all things having been considered, the “Remington” - is the machine which they would recommend for adoption, - believing that in its superiority of design and excellence - of workmanship, its great simplicity, durability and easy - manipulation, it is more desirable for use in newspaper offices - than any other. In addition, the fact that it is understood and - operated by a great many thousands of young men and women, that - the use of it is being taught not only in the public schools, - but in commercial schools and colleges throughout the land, - and, its being generally referred to as the standard: the large - number of offices which the company have scattered throughout - the country, making it easy to have repairs made at the least - expense, have all had some effect in basing their judgment. - - L. L. MORGAN, J. S. SEYMOUR, W. C. BRYANT. - - WRITE FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: - WYCKOFF, SEAMANS _AND_ BENEDICT, - 100 Gracechurch St., London, E.C. - - - - - Library Association Series - - EDITED BY THE HON. SECRETARIES OF THE ASSOCIATION - - No. 1. - - LIBRARY APPLIANCES - - BY - JAMES D. BROWN - - THE ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS. - - - - - The Library Association Series - - EDITED BY J. Y. W. MACALISTER AND THOMAS MASON - HON. SECRETARIES OF THE ASSOCIATION - - No. 1. - - A HANDBOOK OF - LIBRARY APPLIANCES: - - THE - TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT OF LIBRARIES: - FITTINGS, FURNITURE, CHARGING SYSTEMS, FORMS, RECIPES - &c. - - BY - JAMES D. BROWN - CLERKENWELL PUBLIC LIBRARY, LONDON - - PUBLISHED FOR THE ASSOCIATION BY DAVID STOTT - 370 OXFORD STREET, W. - LONDON - 1892 - - _PRICE ONE SHILLING NET_ - - - - -PREFACE. - - -The Council of the Library Association have arranged for the issue of -a series of Handbooks on the various departments of Library work and -management. Each Handbook has been entrusted to an acknowledged expert -in the subject with which he will deal—and will contain the fullest and -latest information that can be obtained. - -Every branch of library work and method will be dealt with in detail, and -the series will include a digest of Public Library Law and an account -of the origin and growth of the Public Library Movement in the United -Kingdom. - -The comprehensive thoroughness of the one now issued is, the Editors -feel, an earnest of the quality of the whole series. To mere amateurs, -it may appear that it deals at needless length with matters that are -perfectly familiar; but it is just this kind of thing that is really -wanted by the people for whom Mr. Brown’s Handbook is intended. It seems -a simple matter to order a gross of chairs for a library; but only -experience teaches those little points about their construction which -make so much difference as regards economy and comfort. - -With this Handbook in their possession, a new committee, the members of -which may never have seen the inside of a public library, may furnish -and equip the institution under their charge as effectively as if an -experienced library manager had lent his aid. - -The second issue of the series will be on “Staff,” by Mr. Peter Cowell, -Chief Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public Libraries. - - THE EDITORS. - -LONDON, _August, 1892_. - - - - -LIBRARY APPLIANCES. - -THE TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT OF LIBRARIES, INCLUDING FITTINGS AND FURNITURE, -RECORDS, FORMS, RECIPES, &c. - -BY JAMES D. BROWN, LIBRARIAN, CLERKENWELL PUBLIC LIBRARY, LONDON. - - -This Handbook bears some analogy to the division “miscellaneous” usually -found in most library classifications. It is in some respects, perhaps, -more exposed to the action of heterogeneity than even that refuge of -doubt “polygraphy,” as “miscellaneous” is sometimes seen disguised; -but the fact of its limits being so ill-defined gives ample scope for -comprehensiveness, while affording not a little security to the compiler, -should it be necessary to deprecate blame on the score of omissions or -other faults. There is, unfortunately, no single comprehensive word or -phrase which can be used to distinguish the special sort of library -apparatus here described—“appliances” being at once too restricted or -too wide, according to the standpoint adopted. Indeed there are certain -bibliothecal sophists who maintain that anything is a library appliance, -especially the librarian himself; while others will have it that, when -the paste-pot and scissors are included, the appliances of a library -have been named. To neither extreme will this tend, but attention -will be strictly confined to the machinery and implements wherewith -libraries, public and other, are successfully conducted. It would be -utterly impossible, were it desirable, to describe, or even mention, -every variety of fitting or appliance which ingenuity and the craving -for change have introduced, and the endeavour shall be accordingly to -notice the more generally established apparatus, and their more important -modifications. It is almost needless to point out that very many of the -different methods of accomplishing the same thing, hereinafter described, -result from similar causes to those which led in former times to such -serious political complications in the kingdom of Liliput. There are -several ways of getting into an egg, and many ways of achieving one end -in library affairs, and the very diversity of these methods shows that -thought is active and improvement possible. As Butler has it— - - “Opiniators naturally differ - From other men: as wooden legs are stiffer - Than those of pliant joints, to yield and bow, - Which way soe’er they are design’d to go”. - -Hence it happens that all library appliances are subject to the happy -influences of disagreement, which, in course of time, leads to entire -changes of method and a general broadening of view. Many of these -differences arise from local conditions, or have their existence -in experiment and the modification of older ideas, so that actual -homogeneity in any series of the appliances described in this Handbook -must not be expected. It will be sufficient if the young librarian finds -enough of suggestion and information to enable him to devise a system of -library management in its minor details which shall be consistent and -useful. - - -FITTINGS AND FURNITURE. - -To some extent the arrangement of fittings and furniture will be dealt -with in the Handbook on Buildings, so that it will only be necessary here -to consider their construction, variety, and uses. - - -BOOK-CASES, SHELVES, &c. - -Standard cases or presses, designed for what is called the “stack” -system of arrangement, are constructed with shelves on both sides, and -are intended to stand by themselves on the floor. They are without doors -or glass fronts, and their dimensions must be decided entirely by the -requirements of each library and the class of books they are to contain. -For ordinary lending libraries a very convenient double case with ten -shelves of books to the tier can be made about 9 feet 6 inches wide × 8 -feet 6 inches high, including cornice and plinth × 18 inches deep—the -depth of the shelves being about 9 inches, their length 3 feet, and their -thickness, as finished, not less than ¾″ nor more than 1 inch. Such a -case will hold about 1800 volumes in 8vo and 12mo sizes, and the top -shelf can be reached by a middle-sized person from a step or stool 12 -inches high. Lower cases should be provided if rapidity of service is -particularly required and there is plenty of floor space to carry the -stock. The top shelf of a case 7 feet high, including cornice and plinth, -can be reached from the floor by any one of ordinary height, small boys -and girls of course excluded. These cases are made with middle partitions -between the backs of the shelves, though some librarians prefer a simple -framework of uprights, cornice, and plinth. For the sake of security and -the necessary rigidity a central partition ought to be included, and if -this is formed of thin ¼″ boarding, double and crossing diagonally, with -a strong iron strap between screwed tight into the outer uprights, all -tendency to bulging will be obviated, and the cases will be firm and -workmanlike. The skeleton or framework cases have to be stayed in all -directions by iron rods and squares fixed in the floor, and, when empty, -look very unsightly and rickety; besides, books get pushed or tumble -over on to the adjoining shelf, and the plea of ventilation, which is -practically the only recommendation for this plan of construction, loses -much of its weight in a lending library where most of the books are in -circulation. - -[Illustration: FIG. 1.[1]—STANDARD BOOK-CASE.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 2.[2]—STANDARD BOOK-CASE WITHOUT PARTITION.] - -The shelves should have rounded edges, and ought not to exceed 3′ or 3′ -6″ in length. If longer ones are used they must be thin, in order to be -easily moved, and so these become bent in course of time, especially -if heavy books are placed on them. The objection to long shelves -which are very thick is simply that they are unhandy and difficult to -move and waste valuable space. All shelves should be movable, and if -possible interchangeable. No paint or varnish should be applied to any -surface with which the books come in contact, but there is nothing to -be said against polishing. Indeed, to reduce as far as possible the -constant friction to which books are exposed in passing to and from -their resting-places, it ought to be remembered that smooth surfaces are -advantageous. Few libraries can afford leather-covered shelves like those -of the British Museum, but all can have smoothness and rounded edges. - -[Illustration: FIG. 3.—LEDGED WALL BOOK-CASE.] - -Reference library cases are constructed similarly to those above -described; but as folio and quarto books require storage in this -department, it is necessary to make provision for them. This is usually -done by making the cases with projecting bases, rising at least 3′ -high, and in the enlarged space so obtained fair-sized folios and -quartos can be placed. Very large volumes of plates or maps should be -laid flat on shelves made to slide over hard wood runners like trays, -as they frequently suffer much damage from standing upright. A special, -many-shelved press should be constructed for books of this generally -valuable class, and each volume should be allowed a tray for itself. If -the tray is covered with leather, felt, or baize, so much the better. -Wall cases, and cases arranged in bays or alcoves, are generally much -more expensive than the plain standards just described, because, as -they are intended for architectural effect as well as for storage, they -must be ornamental, and possibly made from superior woods. The plan -of arranging books round the walls has been almost entirely abandoned -in modern lending libraries, but there are still many librarians and -architects who prefer the bay arrangement for reference departments. The -matter of arrangement is one, however, which depends largely upon the -shape and lighting of rooms, means of access, and requirements of each -library, and must be settled accordingly. - -The question of material is very important, but of course it depends -altogether upon the amount which is proposed to be spent on the fittings. -It is very desirable that the cases should be made durable and handsome, -as it is not pleasant to have bad workmanship and ugly fittings in a -centre of “sweetness and light”. For the standards previously mentioned -there can be nothing better or cheaper than sound American or Baltic -yellow pine, with, in reference cases, oak ledges. This wood is easily -worked, wears very well, and can be effectively stained and varnished -to look like richer and more expensive woods. Of course if money is -no object, oak, mahogany, or walnut can be used; but the cost of such -materials usually works out to nearly double that of softer woods. Cases -with heavily moulded cornices should be boarded over the top, and not -left with huge empty receptacles for dust and cobwebs. This caution is -tendered, because joiners very often leave the space made by the cornice -vacant and exposed. - - -SHELF FITTINGS. - -[Illustration: FIG. 4.—METAL SHELF FITTING.] - -Shelf fittings for wooden book-presses are required in all modern -libraries where movable shelves are almost universally used. Cases -with fixed shelves are much cheaper than those fitted with one of the -button or other spacing arrangements now in the market, but the serious -disadvantage of having to size the books to fit the shelves disposes -of any argument that can be urged on behalf of fixtures. There are -many varieties of shelf fitting designed to assist in the necessary -differential spacing of shelves, from the old-fashioned, and by no means -cheap, wooden ratchet and bar arrangement to the comparatively recent -metal stud. The fitting which is most often adopted in new libraries is -that of Messrs. E. Tonks, of Birmingham. It consists of metal strips, -perforated at 1-inch intervals, let into the uprights of the cases -and small gun-metal studs for supporting the shelves. As is shown in -the illustration, the studs fit into the perforations and support the -shelves on little points which sink into the wood, and prevent tilting -or sliding. The strips should not go either to the top or bottom of -the uprights, and at least two feet can be saved in every division by -stopping 6 inches from both ends. Though rather more expensive than -pegs, or the studs mentioned below, it is very desirable to have Tonks’ -fittings, because of their superiority to all others in the matters of -convenience and ease in adjusting. Another form of stud often used is -the one shaped like this [Illustration] which fits into holes drilled -in the uprights and supports the shelf on the lower rectangular part. -These are most effective in operation when let into grooves as broad as -the studs, otherwise the shelves must be cut shorter than the width of -the divisions; and in that case end spaces are caused and security is -considerably sacrificed. The peg part of this stud is very apt in course -of time, to enlarge the wooden holes, and when any series of shelves -have to be frequently moved, the result of such enlargement is to make -the studs drop out. If perforated metal strips are used, of course the -price immediately goes up, and there is then no advantage over the Tonks’ -fitting. Another form of peg for use in the same kind of round hole is -that similar in shape to the pegs used for violins, and, like them, -demanding much judicious _thumbing_ before they can be properly adjusted. -There are many other kinds of shelf fitting in the market, but none of -them are so well known or useful as those just described. - - -IRON BOOK-CASES. - -The iron book-cases manufactured by Messrs. Lucy & Co. of Oxford are -very convenient, and in buildings designed as fire-proof, in basements, -or in certain cases where much weight is wanted to be carried, they -should be useful. They can be fitted up as continuous wall-cases, or -supplied as standards holding books on both sides. The size B, 7′ 6″ -high × 4′ 1″ wide × 1′ 3″ deep, will hold about 640 demy 8vo books, and -the ironwork costs £4, shelves £1 4s. Other sizes are made, and the -continuous wall-shelving is charged per yard run—7 feet high, £3 3s.; -shelves of wood, 12 inches deep, 5s. each; if iron, felt covered, 4s. 6d. -each. The durability of these cases is beyond question, and the expense -is not great when their security, strength, and neatness are considered. -The arrangement for spacing the shelves is convenient and effective. The -sliding iron book-cases swung in the galleries of the British Museum, -and their prototype[3] at Bethnal Green Free Library, London, have been -so often and so fully described elsewhere[4] that it is needless to do -more here than to briefly refer to them. The British Museum pattern, -the invention of Mr. Jenner of the Printed Books Department, consists -of a double case suspended from strong runners, which can be pushed -against the permanent cases when not in use, or pulled out when books -are required. Only libraries with very wide passages between the cases -could use them, and only then by greatly strengthening the ordinary -wooden presses in existence.[5] The revolving wooden book-cases now so -extensively used for office purposes, and in clubs or private libraries, -can be bought for £3 and upwards. They should not be placed for public -use in ordinary libraries to which all persons have access, though there -is no reason why subscription libraries and kindred institutions should -not have them for the benefit of their members. - -Other fittings connected with book-cases are press and shelf numbers, -contents or classification frames, blinds, and shelf-edging. The press -marks used in the fixed location are sometimes painted or written in gold -over the cases, but white enamelled copper tablets, with the numbers or -letters painted in black or blue, are much more clear and effective. -They cost only a few pence each. The numbering of shelves for the -movable location, or their lettering for the fixed location, is usually -done by means of printed labels. These are sold in sheets, gummed and -perforated, and can be supplied in various sizes in consecutive series -at prices ranging from 2s. 6d. per 1000 for numbers, and 1d. or 2d. each -for alphabets. Shelf numbers can also be stamped on in gold or written -with paint, and brass numbers are also made for the purpose, but the -cost is very great. The little frames used for indicating the contents -of a particular case or division are usually made of brass, and have -their edges folded over to hold the cards. Some are made like the sliding -_carte-de-visite_ frames, but the object in all is the same, namely—to -carry descriptive cards referring to the contents or classification of -book-cases. They are most often used in reference libraries where readers -are allowed direct access to the shelves, and are commonly screwed to the -uprights. A convenient form is that used with numbered presses, and the -card bears such particulars as these— - - +------+----------------------+ - |SHELF.| CASE 594. | - +------+----------------------+ - | A |Buffon’s Nat. Hist. | - | B |Geological Rec. | - | C |Sach’s Bot.; Bot. Mag.| - | D |&c. | - | E |&c. | - | F |&c. | - +------+----------------------+ - -Others bear the book numbers, while some simply refer to the shelf -contents as part of a particular scheme of classification, viz.:— - - 941·1 Northern Scotland. - -To keep these contents-cards clean it is usual to cover them with little -squares of glass. - -Glazed book-cases are not recommended, wire-work being much better -in cases where it is necessary to have locked doors. The mesh of the -wire-work should be as fine as possible, because valuable bindings -are sometimes nail-marked and scratched by inquisitive persons poking -through at the books. It is only in very special circumstances that -locked presses are required, such as when they are placed in a public -reading-room or in a passage, and though glazed book-cases are a -tradition among house furnishers, no librarian will have them if it can -possibly be avoided. Their preservative value is very questionable, and -books do very well in the open, while there can be no two opinions as -to their being a source of considerable trouble. Blinds concealed in -the cornices of book-cases are sometimes used, their object being to -protect the books from dust during the night, but they do not seem to be -wanted in public libraries. In regard to the various shelf-edgings seen -in libraries, leather is only ornamental, certainly not durable; while -scalloped cloth, though much more effective, may also be dispensed with. - - -COUNTERS, CUPBOARDS, &c. - -To the practical librarian a good counter is a source of perennial -joy. It is not only the theatre of war, and the centre to which every -piece of work undertaken by the library converges, but it is a barrier -over which are passed most of the suggestions and criticisms which -lead to good work, and from which can be gleaned the best idea of the -business accomplished. For these reasons alone a first-class counter -is very desirable. As in every other branch of library management, -local circumstances must govern the size and shape of the counter to be -provided. Lending libraries using indicators require a different kind -of counter than those which use ledgers or card-charging systems, and -reference libraries must have them according to the plan of arrangement -followed for the books. A lending library counter where no indicator -is used need not be a very formidable affair, but it ought to afford -accommodation for at least six persons standing abreast, and have space -for a screened desk and a flap giving access to the public side. On -the staff side should be plenty of shelves, cupboards, and drawers, -and it may be found desirable to place in it a locked till also for -the safe-keeping of money received for fines, catalogues, &c. All -counter-tops should project several inches beyond the front to keep back -the damage-working toes of the public, and on the staff side a space of -at least 3 inches should be left under the pot-board. A height of 3 feet -and a width of 2 feet will be found convenient dimensions for reference -and non-indicator lending library counters. Where indicators are used a -width of 18 inches and a height of 30 of 32 inches will be found best. If -the counter is made too high and wide neither readers nor assistants can -conveniently see or reach the top numbers. As regards length, everything -will depend on the indicator used and the size of the library. An idea -of the comparative size of some indicators may be got from the following -table:— - - Counter space required for 12,000 numbers Cotgreave 15 feet. - ” ” ” Elliot (small) 16 feet. - ” ” ” Duplex (small) 22 feet. - ” ” ” ” (full) 32 feet. - ” ” ” Elliot (full) 36 feet. - -Allowing 12 feet of counter space for service of readers, 2 feet for desk -space, and 2 feet for flap, a Cotgreave indicator for 12,000 numbers -would mean a counter 31 feet long, a small Elliot 32 feet, a small Duplex -38 feet, a full Duplex 48 feet, and a full Elliot 52 feet. For double the -quantity of numbers the smallest indicator would require a counter 46 -feet long, and the largest one 88 feet. These are important points to -bear in mind when planning the counter; though it must be said generally -that, in nearly every instance where a Library Committee has proceeded -with the fitting of a new building before appointing a librarian, they -are over-looked, because the architect invariably provides a counter -about 6 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 3 feet high, with a carved front of -surpassing excellence! What has been already said respecting materials -applies with equal force to this class of fitting; but it should be -added that a good hard-wood counter will likely last for ever. Some -librarians who use card catalogues prefer to keep them in drawers opening -to the public side of the reference library counter. This point is worth -remembering in connection with the fitting of the reference department. - -In addition to the store cupboards provided behind the counters there -should be plenty of wall or other presses fixed in convenient places for -holding stationery, supplies of forms, &c. Locked store presses are also -useful; and every large library should have a key-press, in which should -be hung every public key belonging to the building, properly numbered -and labelled to correspond with a list pasted inside the press itself. -These useful little cabinets are infinitely superior to the caretaker’s -pocket, and much inconvenience is avoided by their use. Desks for the -staff use should be made with a beading all round the top and at bottom -of slope to prevent papers, pens, and ink from falling or being pushed -over. Superintendents’ desks should be made large, and to stand on a -double pedestal of drawers, so that they may be high enough for useful -oversight and capacious enough for stationery or other supplies. There is -an admirable specimen of a superintendent’s desk in the Mitchell Library, -Glasgow. - - -FURNITURE. - -[Illustration: FIG. 5.[6]] - -[Illustration: FIG. 6.] - -Tables for reading or writing at are best made in the form of a double -desk, [Illustration] which gives readers the most convenience, and -affords an effective but unobtrusive means of mutual oversight. The -framing and rails should be as shallow as possible, so as not to -interfere with the comfort of readers, and elaborately turned or carved -legs should be avoided, because certain to harbour dust, and likely -to form resting-places for feet. Tables with flat tops resting on -central pedestals, and without side rails, are very useful in general -reading-rooms, the free leg space being a decided advantage. Long tables -are not recommended, nor are narrow ones which accommodate readers on -one side only. The former are obstructive, and the latter are neither -economical as regards the seating of readers, nor of much use for the -necessary mutual oversight which ought to be promoted among the public. -Very good dimensions for reading-room tables are 8 to 10 feet long by -3 to 3 feet 6 inches wide by 2 feet 6 inches high. But the librarian -who wishes to consult the varying requirements of his readers will -have his tables made different heights—some 29, some 30, and some 32 -inches high. Whatever materials may be used for the framing and legs -of tables, let the tops be hard-wood, like American or English oak, -mahogany, or walnut. Teak is handsome and very durable, but its cost is -much more than the better known woods. Yellow pine is too soft and looks -common, and should not be used for tops unless the most rigid economy is -absolutely necessary. Heavy tables, like those used in clubs, are not -recommended. Ink wells, if provided at all, should be let in flush with -the tops of the desk tables, and ought to have sliding brass covers, with -thumb-notches for moving instead of knobs. Two common forms of library -tables are shown in the annexed illustrations. The one on pedestals -need not have such large brackets, and the ends can easily be allowed -to project at least 18 inches from the pedestals in order to admit of -readers sitting at them. In connection with tables there are various -kinds of reading slopes made for large books, of which those with movable -supporters working in a ratcheted base are the most useful. But there are -endless varieties of such reading desks or stands in existence, and some -invalid-appliance makers manufacture many different kinds. - - -PERIODICAL RACKS. - -Librarians are not unanimous as regards the treatment of the current -numbers of periodicals. Some maintain that they should be spread all over -the tables of the reading-room in any order, to ensure that all shall -receive plenty of attention at the _hands_ of readers, whether they are -wanted or not for perusal. Others hold the opinion that the periodicals -in covers should be spread over the tables, but in some recognised order, -alphabetical or otherwise. Yet another section will have it that this -spreading should be accompanied by fixing, and that each cover should -be fastened in its place on the table. Finally, many think that the -magazines, &c., should be kept off the tables entirely, and be arranged -in racks where they will be accessible without littering the room, and at -the same time serve as a sort of indicator to periodicals which are in or -out of use. For the unfixed alphabetical arrangement several appliances -have been introduced. At Manchester the periodicals are arranged on -raised desks along the middle of the tables. In the Mitchell Library, -Glasgow, each table is surmounted by a platform raised on brackets which -carries the magazine covers, without altogether obstructing the reader’s -view of the room and his neighbours. Each periodical is given a certain -place on the elevated carriers, and this is indicated to the reader by a -label fixed on the rail behind the cover. On the cover itself is stamped -the name of the periodical and its table number. Each table has a list of -the periodicals belonging to it shown in a glazed tablet at the outer end -of the platform support. Wolverhampton and St. Martin’s, London, furnish -very good examples of the fixed arrangement. In the former library each -periodical is fastened to its table by a rod, and has appropriated to it -a chair, so that removal and disarrangement cannot occur. In the latter -those located in the newsroom are fastened on stands where chairs cannot -be used, and the arrangement is more economical as regards space than at -Wolverhampton. The periodicals in the magazine room are fixed by cords -to the centre of the table and signboards indicate the location of each -periodical. This seems to be the best solution of the difficulty after -all. Every periodical in this library is fixed, more or less, and it is -therefore easy to find out if a periodical is in use. - -The rack system has many advocates, and can be seen both in libraries -and clubs in quite a variety of styles. At the London Institution there -is an arrangement of rails and narrow beaded shelves on the wall, which -holds a large number of periodicals not in covers, and seems to work -very well. The rails are fastened horizontally about two inches from the -walls at a distance above the small shelf sufficient to hold and keep -upright the periodicals proposed to be placed on it, and a small label -bearing a title being fixed on the rail, the corresponding periodical -is simply dropped behind it on to the shelf, and so remains located. A -similar style of rail-rack has been introduced for time-tables, &c., -in several libraries, and has been found very useful. Another style -of periodical-rack is that invented by Mr. Alfred Cotgreave, whereby -periodicals are displayed on two sides of a large board, and secured in -their places by means of clips. The same inventor has also an arrangement -similar to that described as in the London Institution for magazines in -covers. The ordinary clip-rack used largely by newsvendors has been often -introduced in libraries where floor space was not available, and is very -convenient for keeping in order the shoals of presented periodicals, -which live and die like mushrooms, and scarcely ever justify the -expense of a cover. An improvement on the usual perpendicular wall-rack -just mentioned is that used in the National Liberal Club, London, -which revolves on a stand, and can be made to hold two or three dozen -periodicals or newspapers, according to dimensions. - -[Illustration: FIG. 7.—PERIODICAL RACK.] - -The racks just mentioned are all designed to hold periodicals without -covers, but there are several kinds in existence for holding them in -their covers. Among such are the table supports, in metal and wood, on -the same principle as shelf book-holders, in which the magazines lie in -their cases on their fore-edges, and are distinguished by having the -titles lettered along the back or otherwise. Probably the best of all the -racks devised for periodicals in their cases is that on the system of -overlapping sloping shelves, shown in the illustration. The idea of this -rack is simply that the covers should lie on the shelves with only the -title exposed. They are retained in place by a beading just deep enough -to afford a catch for one cover, and so avoid the chance of their being -hidden by another periodical laid above. These racks can also be made -single to stand against the wall if floor space is not available. Oak, -walnut, and mahogany are the best woods to use, but pitch or ordinary -yellow pine may also be used. - - -NEWSPAPER STANDS. - -[Illustration: FIG. 8.—NEWSPAPER STAND.] - -The day has not yet come when octavo-sized newspapers will obviate the -necessity for expensive and obstructive stands on which the day’s news -is spread in the manner least conducive to the comfort of readers. The -man who runs and reads has no necessity for much study, while he who -stands and reads does so with the consciousness that at any moment he may -be elbowed from his studies by impatient news-seekers, and be subjected -to the added discomfort of being made a leaning pillar for half-a-dozen -persons to embrace. Meanwhile it is necessary to provide convenient -reading desks for the broadsheets which are issued. It is cheaper to have -double stands, holding four spread papers, than single ones, holding only -two, though there is certainly less comfort to readers with the larger -size. The illustration shows a single stand, but it should be remembered -that the design can be made much heavier and richer. The dimensions -should be for double stands 7′ 6″ long, 2′ 6″ high for slope, and about -3′ from floor to bottom of slope. Single ones should be 4′ long, with the -other measurements as before. Half-stands for going against the wall have -only the slope to the front, and are generally made in long lengths to -cover the whole side of a room. The slope should not in any case be made -either too steep or too great—the former always causing the papers to -droop, and the latter placing the upper parts beyond the sight of short -persons. Before adopting any type of stand, it is advisable to visit a -few other libraries and examine their fittings. It is so much easier to -judge what is liked best by actual examination. Fittings for holding -the newspapers in their places are generally made of wood or brass, and -there are many different kinds in use. The wooden ones usually consist -of a narrow oak bar, fitted with spikes to keep the paper up, hinged -at top and secured at bottom of the slope by a staple and padlock, or -simply by a button. The brass ones include some patented fittings, such -as Cummings’, made by Messrs. Denison of Leeds, and Hills’, invented by -the library superintendent of Bridgeport, Connecticut. The former is a -rod working on an eccentric bed, and is turned with a key to tighten -or loosen it; the latter works on a revolving pivot secured in the -middle of the desk, and is intended more particularly for illustrated -periodicals, like the _Graphic_, &c., which require turning about to suit -the pictures. The “Burgoyne” spring rod made by the North of England -School Furnishing Co., Darlington and London, is very effective, neat, -and comparatively inexpensive. It is secured by a catch, which requires a -key to open it, but it is simply snapped down over the paper when changes -are made. Other varieties of brass holders are those secured by ordinary -locks or strong thumb-screws. In cases where the rods have no spikes -(which are not recommended) or buttons, or which do not lie in grooves, -it is advisable to have on them two stout rubber rings, which will keep -the papers firmly pressed in their places, and so prevent slipping. A -half-inch beading along the bottom of the slope is sometimes useful in -preventing doubling down and slipping. The names of the papers may be -either gilded or painted on the title-board, or they may be done in black -or blue letters on white enamelled title-pieces and screwed to the head -board. These latter are very cheap, durable, and clear. Some librarians -prefer movable titles; and in this case grooved holders or brass frames -must be provided to hold the names, which can be printed on stiff cards, -or painted on wood or bone tablets. The brass rail at the foot of the -slope, shown in the illustration, is meant to prevent readers from -leaning on the papers with their arms. By some librarians it is thought -quite unnecessary, by others it is considered essential; but it is really -a matter for the decision of every individual librarian. - - -CHAIRS AND MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS. - -The chairs made in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire are the best and -cheapest in the market, and more satisfaction will result from orders -placed direct with the makers than from purchasing at an ordinary -furniture dealer’s. It is better to have small chairs made with the -back and back legs all in one piece, thus, [Illustration] rather than -with legs and back rails all separately glued into the seat like this, -[Illustration]. The reason is of course that by the former plan of -construction greater strength is obtained, and future trouble in the way -of repairs will be largely obviated. Avoid showy chairs, and everything -that smacks of the cheap furniture market. It will strengthen the chairs -to have hat rails as well as ordinary side rails, and be a convenience -to readers as well. They should cross from the bottom side rail, thus, -[Illustration]. Arm-chairs should be provided at discretion. In magazine -rooms where there is a rack, tables can be largely dispensed with if -arm-chairs are used. If neither wood-block flooring nor linoleum is -used, the chairs may with great advantage be shod with round pieces of -sole leather screwed through a slightly sunk hole to the ends of the -legs. These deaden the noise of moving greatly, and are more durable -than india-rubber. Two or three dozen of chairs _more_ than are actually -required should be ordered. Umbrella stands are best patronised when -attached to the tables, like ordinary pew ones. An umbrella stand close -to the door is such an obvious temptation to the thief that careful -readers never use them on any consideration. Of rails for fixing to -the tables there are many kinds, but probably the hinged pew variety, -plain rail, or rubber wheel, all with water-pans, will serve most -purposes. Many libraries make no provision at all either of hat rails -or umbrella stands, for the simple reason that 50% of the readers do -not enter to stay, while 99% never remove their hats. In proprietary -libraries everything is different, and an approach to comforts of the -sort indicated must be made. The standard hat rack and umbrella stand -combined, like that used in clubs, schools, the House of Commons, &c., is -the best for such institutions. - -Show-cases ought to be well made by one of the special firms who make -this class of fitting. Glass sides and sliding trays, with hinged and -_locked_ backs, are essential. For museum purposes all sorts of special -cases are required, and the only way to find out what is best is to visit -one or two good museums for the purpose. - - -TECHNICAL APPLIANCES. - -CHARGING SYSTEMS AND INDICATORS.—The charging of books includes every -operation connected with the means taken to record issues and returns, -whether in lending or reference libraries. Although the word “charging” -refers mainly to the actual entry or booking of an issue to the account -of a borrower, it has been understood in recent years to mean the whole -process of counter work in circulating libraries. It is necessary to -make this explanation at the outset, as many young librarians understand -the meaning of the word differently. For example, one bright young man -on being asked what was the system of “charging” pursued in his library -responded: “Oh! just a penny for the ticket!” And another equally -intelligent assistant replied to the same question: “We don’t charge -anything unless you keep books more than the _proscribed_ time!” Before -proceeding to describe some of the existing systems it may be wise to -impress on assistants in libraries the advisability of trying to think -for themselves in this matter. There is nothing more discouraging than -to find young librarians slavishly following the methods bequeathed by -their predecessors, because in no sphere of public work is there a -larger field for substantial improvement, or less reason to suppose that -readers are as easily satisfied as they were thirty years ago. The truth -is that every library method is more or less imperfect in matters of -detail, and there are numerous directions in which little improvements -tending to greater homogeneity and accuracy can be effected. It is all -very well, and likewise easy, to sit at the feet of some bibliothecal -Gameliel, treasuring his dicta as incontrovertible, and at the same -time assuming that the public is utterly indifferent to efficiency and -simplicity of system. But it ought to be seriously considered that -everything changes, and that the public knowledge of all that relates -to their welfare increases every day; so that the believer in a _dolce -far niente_ policy must be prepared for much adverse criticism, and -possibly for improvements being effected in his despite, which is very -unpleasant. In libraries conducted for profit, everything likely to lead -to extension of business, or to the increased convenience of the public, -is at once adopted, and it is this sort of generous flexibility which -ought to be more largely imported into public library management. A -suitable reverence for the good work accomplished in the past should be -no obstacle to improvement and enlargement of ideas in the future. - - -LEDGERS. - -The present state of the question of charging turns largely on the -respective merits of indicator and non-indicator systems, or, in other -words, whether the burden of ascertaining if books are _in_ or _out_ -should be placed on readers or the staff. There is much to be said on -both sides, and reason to suppose that the final solution lies with -neither. The non-indicator systems come first as a matter of seniority. -The advantages of all ledger and card-charging systems are claimed to be -that readers are admitted directly to the benefit of intercourse with the -staff; that they are saved the trouble of discovering if the numbers they -want are in; that they are in very many cases better served, because more -accustomed to explain their wants; that less counter space is required; -that the initial expense of an indicator is saved; and, finally, that -with a good staff borrowers can be more quickly attended to. Some of -these statements may be called in question, but they represent the views -of librarians who have tried both systems. From the readers’ point of -view there can hardly be a doubt but that the least troublesome system -is the most acceptable; and it is only fair to the non-indicator systems -to assert that they _are_ the least troublesome to borrowers. The -original method of charging, still used in many libraries, consisted in -making entries of all issues in a day-book ruled to show the following -particulars:— - - DATE OF ISSUE. - - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - -----------+--------+-------+----+-----+-------+---------+-----++-------- - Progressive|Title of| Class | | |Date of| Name of | No. || - No. | Book. |Letter.|No. |Vols.|Return.|Borrower.| of || Fines. - | | | | | | |Card.|| - -----------+--------+-------+----+-----+-------+---------+-----++--+--+-- - 1 | | | | | | | || | | - | | | | | | | || | | - 2 | | | | | | | || | | - | | | | | | | || | | - 3 | | | | | | | || | | - -But after a time certain economies were introduced, columns 2, 7, and -9 being omitted, and day-books in this later form, perhaps with the -arrangement slightly altered, are in common use now. Of course it is -plain that a book on issue was entered in the first vacant line of the -day-book, and the progressive number, borrower’s number, and date were -carried on to its label. On return, the particulars on the label pointed -out the day and issue number, and the book was duly marked off. It will -at once be seen that this form of ledger only shows what books are out, -but cannot readily show the whereabouts of any particular volume without -some trouble. As to what book any reader has is another question which -cannot be answered without much waste of time. A third disadvantage is -that as borrowers retain their tickets there is very little to prevent -unscrupulous persons from having more books out at one time than they -should. A fourth weakness of this ledger is that time is consumed in -marking off, and books are not available for re-issue until they are -marked off. For various reasons some librarians prefer a system of -charging direct to each borrower instead of journalising the day’s -operations as above described. These records were at one time kept in -ledgers, each borrower being apportioned a page or so, headed with full -particulars of his name, address, guarantor, date of the expiry of his -borrowing right, &c. These ledgers were ruled to show date of issue, -number of book, and date of return, and an index had to be consulted at -every entry. Now-a-days this style of ledger is kept on cards arranged -alphabetically or numerically, and is much easier to work. Subscription -and commercial circulating libraries use the system extensively. The main -difficulty with this system was to find out who had a particular book; -and “overdues” were hard to discover, and much time was consumed in the -process. To some extent both these defects could be remedied by keeping -the borrowers’ cards and arranging them in dated trays, so that as books -were returned and the cards gradually weeded out from the different days -of issue, a deposit of overdue borrowers’ cards pointing to their books -would result. Another form of ledger is just the reverse of the last, the -reader being charged to the book instead of the book to the reader. This -is a specimen:— - - K 5942. WOOD—EAST LYNNE. - - -------+----------+-------++-------+----------+-------++ - Date of|Borrowers’|Date of||Date of|Borrowers’|Date of|| - Issue. | No. |Return.||Issue. | No. |Return.|| - -------+----------+-------++-------+----------+-------++ - 4 May | 395 |18 May || | | || - | | || | | || - 6 June | 3421 | || | | || - | | || | | || - -Every book has a page or more, according to popularity, and there can -hardly be a doubt of its superiority to the personal ledger, because the -question of a book’s whereabouts is more often raised than what book a -given reader has. Dates of issue and return are stamped, and all books -are available for issue on return. The borrowers’ cards, if kept in dated -trays as above, show at once “overdues” and who have books out. But the -“overdues” can be ascertained also by periodical examination of the -ledger. In this system book ledgers are as handy as cards. In both of -the ledger systems above described classified day sheets for statistical -purposes are used. They are generally ruled thus:— - - DATE. - - +---+---+---+---+---+---+ - | A | B | C | D | E | F | - +---+---+---+---+---+---+ - | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | - -and the issues are recorded by means of strokes or other figures. At -one time it was considered an ingenious arrangement to have a series of -boxes lettered according to classes, with locked doors and apertures at -the top, in which a pea could be dropped for every issue in any class; -but this seems to have been now completely abandoned. Certainly neither -the sheet-stroking nor pea-dropping method of getting at the number of -daily issues can be recommended, because in both cases the account is at -the mercy of assistants, who may either neglect to make such charges, or -register some dozen issues at a time to account for intervals spent in -idling. An application slip is the best solution of the difficulty. This -can either be filled up by the assistants or the borrowers. In certain -libraries these slips are of some permanence, being made of stout paper -in long narrow strips, on which borrowers enter their ticket-numbers -and the numbers and classes of the books they would like. The assistant -stamps the current date against the book had out, and the slips, after -the statistics are compiled from them, are sorted in order of borrowers’ -numbers and placed in dated trays. Of course when the borrower returns -the book, his list is looked out, and the name of the returned book -heavily cancelled and another work procured as before. There are various -kinds of ticket-books issued for this purpose, some with counterfoils -and detachable cheques, and others with similar perforated slips and -ruled columns for lists of books wanted to read. Messrs. Lupton & Co. of -Birmingham, Mr. Ridal of Rotherham Free Library, and Messrs. Waterston & -Sons, stationers, Edinburgh, all issue different varieties of call-books, -or lists of wants. Some libraries provide slips of paper, on which the -assistant jots down the book-number after the borrower hands it in with -his ticket-number written in thus:— - - +-------+-------+ - |TICKET.| BOOK. | - +-------+-------+ - | 5963 | C 431 | - +-------+-------+ - -These are simply filed at the moment of service, and become the basis -of the statistical entry for each day’s operations. Such slips save the -loss of time which often arises when careful entries have to be made on -day-sheets or books, and there can be no question as to their greater -accuracy. These are the main points in connection with the most-used -class of day-books and ledgers. - - -CARD-CHARGING SYSTEMS. - -Somewhat akin to the ledger systems are the various card- and -pocket-charging methods which work without the intervention of an -indicator. There are several of such systems in existence both in Britain -and the United States, most of them having features in common, but all -distinguished by differences on points of detail. At Bradford a pocket -system has long been in use. It is worked as follows: Every book has -attached to one of the inner sides of its boards a linen pocket, with a -table of months for dating, and an abstract of the lending rules. Within -this pocket is a card on which are the number and class of the book, its -title and author. To each reader is issued on joining a cloth-covered -card and a pocket made of linen, having on one side the borrower’s -number, name, address, &c., and on the other side a calendar. The pockets -are kept in numerical order at the library, and the readers retain their -cards. When a borrower wishes a book, he hands in a list of numbers and -his card to the assistant, who procures the first book he finds in. He -next selects from the numerical series of pockets the one bearing the -reader’s number. The title card is then removed from the book and placed -in the reader’s numbered pocket, and the date is written in the date -column of the book pocket. This completes the process at the time of -service. At night the day’s issues are classified and arranged in the -order of the book numbers, after the statistics are made up and noted in -the sheet ruled for the purpose, and are then placed in a box bearing the -date of issue. When a book is returned the assistant turns up its date -of issue, proceeds to the box of that date, and removes the title card, -which he replaces in the book. The borrower’s pocket is then restored -to its place among its fellows. The advantages of this plan are greater -rapidity of service as compared with the ledger systems, and a mechanical -weeding out of overdues somewhat similar to what is obtained by the -“Duplex” indicator system described further on. Its disadvantages are the -absence of permanent record, and the danger which exists of title cards -getting into the wrong pockets. - -A system on somewhat similar lines is worked at Liverpool and Chelsea, -the difference being that in these libraries a record is made of the -issues of books. It has the additional merit of being something in the -nature of a compromise between a ledger and an indicator system, so that -to many it will recommend itself on these grounds alone. The Cotgreave -indicator is in this system used for fiction and juvenile books only, and -as the records of issues are made on cards, the indicator is simply used -to show books _out_ and _in_. Mr. George Parr, of the London Institution, -is the inventor of an admirable card-ledger, and though it has been in -use for a number of years its merits do not seem to be either recognised -or widely known. The main feature of this system, which was described at -the Manchester meeting of the L.A.U.K. in 1879, is a fixed alphabetical -series of borrowers’ names on cards, behind which other cards descriptive -of books issued are placed. The system is worked as follows: Every book -has a pocket inside the board somewhat similar to that used at Bradford -and Chelsea, in which is a card bearing the title and number of the -book. When the book is issued the card is simply withdrawn and placed, -with a coloured card to show the date, behind the borrower’s card in the -register. When it is returned the title card is simply withdrawn from -behind the borrower’s card, replaced in the book, and the transaction -is complete. This is the brief explanation of its working, but Mr. Parr -has introduced many refinements and devices whereby almost any question -that can be raised as regards who has a book, when it was issued, and -what book a given person has, can be answered with very little labour. -This is accomplished by means of an ingenious system of projecting guides -on the cards, together with different colours for each 1000 members, -and with these aids a ready means is afforded of accurately finding the -location in the card-ledger of any given book or borrower. As regards -its application to a popular public library, the absence of a permanent -record would in most cases be deemed objectionable, but there seems no -reason why, with certain modifications, it could not be adapted to the -smaller libraries, where neither pocket systems nor indicators are in -use. This very ingenious and admirable system suggests what seems in -theory a workable plan for any library up to 10,000 volumes. Instead of -making a fixed alphabet of borrowers, as in Mr. Parr’s model, a series of -cards might be prepared, one for each book in the library, in numerical -order, distributed in hundreds and tens, shown by projections to -facilitate finding. A label would be placed in each book, ruled to take -the borrower’s number and date of issue, and a borrower’s card like that -used for Mr. Elliot’s indicator, ruled to take the book numbers only. -When a book is asked for, all that the assistant has to do is to write -its number in the borrower’s card, the number of the borrower’s card and -the date on the book label, and then to issue the book, having left the -borrower’s card in the register. The period of issue could be indicated -by differently coloured cards to meet the overdue question, and a simple -day-sheet ruled for class letters and numbers of books issued would serve -for statistical purposes. The register of book-numbers could be used as -an indicator by the staff in many cases, and such a plan would be as -easily worked, as economical, and as accurate as most of the charging -systems in use in small libraries. - -There are many other card-charging systems in use, but most of them are -worked only in the United States. A large number of British libraries, -especially those established under the “Public Libraries Acts,” use one -or other of the various indicators which have been introduced since 1870, -and it now becomes necessary to describe some of these. - - -INDICATORS. - -[Illustration: FIG. 9.[7]—ELLIOT’S INDICATOR.] - -The first indicator of any practical use was that invented by Mr. -John Elliot, of Wolverhampton, in 1870. Previous to that date various -make-shift contrivances had been used to aid the staff in finding what -books were in or out without the trouble of actually going to the -shelves, chief among which was a board drilled with numbered holes -to receive pegs when the books represented by the numbers were out. -Elliot’s indicator is a large framework of wood, divided, as shown in the -engraving, into ten divisions by wooden uprights, on which are fastened -printed columns of numbers 1 to 100, 101 to 200, &c., representing -volumes in the library. Between each number, in the spaces between the -uprights, are fastened small tin slides, forming a complete series of -tiny shelves for the reception of borrowers’ tickets, which are placed -against the numbers of the books taken out. The numbers are placed on -both sides of the indicator, which is put on the counter, with one side -glazed to face the borrowers. Its working is simple: Every borrower -receives on joining a ticket in the shape of a book, having spaces ruled -to show the numbers of books and dates of issue, with the ends coloured -red and green. On looking at the indicator the borrower sees so many -vacant spaces opposite numbers, and so many occupied by cards, and if the -number he wishes is shown blank he knows it is in and may be applied for. -He accordingly does so, and the assistant procures the book, writes in -the borrower’s card the number and date of issue, and on the issue-label -of the book the reader’s ticket-number and date. When the book is -returned the assistant simply removes the borrower’s card from the space -and returns it, and the transaction is complete. A day-sheet is commonly -used for noting the number of issues; but, of course, application forms -can also be used. The coloured ends of the borrowers’ tickets are used to -show overdue books, red being turned outwards one fortnight, or whatever -the time allowed may be, and green the next. Towards the end of the -second period the indicator is searched for the first colour, and the -“overdues” noted. The main defect of the Elliot indicator lies in the -danger which exists of readers’ tickets being placed in the wrong spaces, -when they are practically lost. - -The “Cotgreave” indicator, invented by Mr. Alfred Cotgreave, now -librarian of West Ham, London, differs from the Elliot in principle and -appearance, and is more economical in the space required. It consists of -an iron frame, divided into columns of 100 by means of wooden uprights -and tin slides; but has numbered blank books in every space, instead of -an alternation of numbered uprights and spaces. Into each space is fitted -a movable metal case, cloth-covered, containing a miniature ledger ruled -to carry a record of borrowers’ numbers and dates of issue. These cases -are turned up at each end, thus [Illustration], and the book-number -appears at one end on a red ground and at the other on a blue ground. - -[Illustration: FIG. 10.[8]—COTGREAVE’S INDICATOR] - -The blue end is shown to the public to indicate books _in_, and the -red end to indicate books _out_. The ordinary method of working it is -as follows: The borrower, having found the number of the book wanted -indicated _in_ (blue), asks for it by number at the counter, and hands -over his ticket. The assistant, having procured the book, next withdraws -the indicator-book and enters in the first blank space the reader’s -ticket-number and the date, reverses the little ledger to show the -number _out_, and leaves in it the borrower’s card; stamps or writes -the date on the issue-label of the book, and gives it to the reader. On -return the indicator number is simply turned round, and the borrower -receives back his card. “Overdues” can be shown by means of coloured -clips, or by having the borrowers’ cards shaped or coloured, and issues -are recorded on day-sheets, or by means of application forms. There -are, however, endless ways of working both the Elliot and Cotgreave -indicators, though there is only space to describe the most elementary -forms. Like every other department of library work, the working of an -indicator-charging system will bear careful thought, and leave room -for original developments. The “Duplex” indicator, invented by Mr. A. -W. Robertson, librarian of Aberdeen, has several novel features which -call for attention. A full-sized Duplex indicator occupies 5 ft. 4 in. -of counter space for every 2000 numbers, while a smaller pattern for a -similar number occupies 3 ft. 8 in. of counter space, both being 4 ft. -high, and is a frame fitted with slides in the manner of the Cotgreave -and Elliot indicators. It is also a catalogue, and the numbers and -titles of books are given on the blocks which fit into numbered spaces. -Each block has a removable and reversible sheet for carrying a record -consisting of borrower’s number, number in ticket-register, and date of -issue. The borrowers’ cards are made of wood, and also bear a removable -slip for noting the numbers of books read. When a book is asked for the -assistant proceeds first to the indicator and removes the block, which -bears on its surface the location marks and accession number of the -book, and on one end the number and title of the book; the other being -coloured red to indicate _out_, but also bearing the number. He then -carries the reader’s number on to the block, and having got and issued -the book, leaves the block and card on a tray. This is all that is done -at the moment of issue, and it is simple enough, all the registration -being postponed till another time. The assistant who does this takes a -tray of blocks and cards and sits down in front of the ticket-register, -which is a frame divided into compartments, consecutively numbered up -to five hundred or more, and bearing the date of issue. He then selects -a card and block, carries the book-number on to the borrower’s card, -and the number of the first vacant ticket-register compartment, with -the date, on to the book block, and leaves the borrower’s card in the -register. Probably the statistical returns will also be made up at this -time. The blocks are then placed reversed in the indicator, and so are -shown out to the public. When a book is returned, the assistant proceeds -to the indicator to turn the block, and while doing so notes the date and -register number, and then removes and returns the borrower’s card. By -this process the ticket-register is gradually weeded, till on the expiry -of the period during which books can be kept without fine, all tickets -remaining are removed to the overdue register, which bears the same -date, and are placed in its compartments according to the order of the -ticket-register. A slip bearing those numbers is pinned down the side of -the overdue register so that defaulters can easily be found. - -These are the principal points in the three best indicators yet -invented, and it only remains to note their differences. The Elliot -indicator system makes the charge to the borrower, and preserves no -permanent record of book issues apart from the label in the book itself. -The Cotgreave system charges the borrower to the book, and _does_ keep -a permanent record of the issues. The “Duplex” system shows who has -had a certain book, what books a certain reader has had, in addition -to a record on the book itself similar to that kept with the Elliot -and Cotgreave systems, but only in a temporary manner. So far as -permanency of record is concerned the Cotgreave is the only indicator -which keeps this in itself. The reading done by borrowers is not shown -in a satisfactory manner by any of the three systems, as worked in -their elementary stages, and the Elliot and Duplex records are only -available when the readers’ tickets are in the library _and their places -known_. Much difference of opinion exists among librarians as regards -the necessity for a double entry charging system, many experienced -men holding that a simple record of the issues of a book is all that -is required. Others are equally positive that a separate record of a -borrower’s reading is only a logical outcome of the spirit of public -library work, which aims at preserving, as well as compiling, full -information touching public use and requirements. In this view the -writer agrees, and strongly recommends every young librarian to avoid -the slipshod, and go in heart and soul for thoroughness. A simple double -record of borrowers’ reading and books read, which will give as little -trouble to the public as possible, is much required, and will repay the -attention bestowed on it by the young librarian. Where application slips -are used, which give book- and borrower-numbers, it is a simple matter -compiling a daily record of the reading done by each borrower. At several -libraries where Cotgreave’s indicator is used, it is done by the process -of pencilling the number of the book taken out on to a card bearing the -reader’s number. These cards form a numerical register of borrowers, and -are posted up from the application forms. - -Before leaving the subject of charging systems let it again be strongly -urged that no system of charging should be adopted without a careful -thinking-out of the whole question; giving due consideration of the -matters before raised, at counters (p. 10) and above, touching space and -public convenience in the use of indicators. Though it is claimed for -the indicator that it reduces friction between assistant and public, -facilitates service, and secures impartiality, it should be remembered -that it is expensive; occupies much space; abolishes most of the helpful -relations between readers and staff; quickens service only to the staff; -and after all is not infallible in its working, especially when used -without any kind of cross-check such as is afforded by application forms -and separate records of issues to borrowers. - -Reference library charging is usually accomplished by placing the -reader’s application in the place vacated by the book asked for, and -removing and signing it on return. In some libraries these slips are kept -for statistical purposes; in others they are returned to the reader as a -sort of receipt; and in others, again, the form has a detachable portion -which is used for the same purpose. In some libraries two different -colours of slips are used to facilitate the examination of the shelves on -the morning after the issues. - - -CATALOGUING APPARATUS. - -In this section will be noticed only catalogue-holders, or -accession-frames, together with any mechanical apparatus used in the -production of catalogues. Cabinets for holding card-catalogues are made -in a variety of styles, some being drawers fitted into the fronts of -counters, and others being independent stands of drawers. The usual style -of cabinet at present used provides for the cards being strung through -oval or rounded holes on to brass rods, which are fixed, to prevent -readers from removing them and so upsetting the order of the cards. The -drawers themselves are made to pull out only as far as necessary, in -order to prevent careless users from pulling them out altogether and -working destruction to both fittings and arrangement. The construction -of these cabinets should only be entrusted to skilled workmen, and only -oak, walnut, or other hard woods should be used. As every librarian has -his or her own opinion as to how such cabinets should be made and their -contents safeguarded, it will be best to refer inquirers to examples -of such catalogues in actual work, in different styles, at Liverpool, -Newcastle-on-Tyne, Nottingham; the Royal College of Surgeons, Guildhall, -Battersea, St. Martin-in-the-Fields, and Clerkenwell, London, and -elsewhere. A special cabinet is made by Messrs. Stone of Banbury, Oxon., -but its safeguards require to be improved. A half-falling front locked on -to the rod which secures the cards is a very simple and effective plan -of keeping order in isolated cabinets. In cases where the backs of the -drawers are get-at-able from the staff side of the counter, even more -simple methods of securing the cards, while giving every facility in the -way of making additions, can be adopted. Projecting guides to show in -index style the whereabouts of particular parts of the alphabet should be -made either of tin or linen-mounted cards. Tin lasts best, although the -lettering sometimes rubs off. Nothing will satisfy a librarian, who has a -card-catalogue in contemplation, so much as the comparison of the kinds -adopted in different libraries. The chief objection to card cabinets -or drawers is the insurmountable one of limitation to public use being -fixed by the number of drawers or cabinets. With drawers in a counter -front one consulter monopolises one drawer, while with tiers of three -or four drawers in cabinet form never more than two persons can use it -with any comfort. The exposure of only one title at a time is another -serious drawback, while the peculiar daintiness of touch requisite for -the proper manipulation of the cards makes the use of the catalogue a -labour and a perplexity to working people with hardened finger-tips. We -think it likely, therefore, that catalogues in a large series of handy -guard-books, or in volumes or boxes provided with an arrangement for -inserting slips of additions, will in the future come to be recognised -as that best adapted for general use. A card-catalogue for staff use -ought in any case to be kept, either in boxes or covered trays. Another -catalogue appliance is the accession-frame, or device for making public -all recent additions to the library. Of these there are several, but -we need only mention a few as typical of the rest. At some libraries -a glazed case with shelves is placed on the counter, and in this new -books are displayed with their titles towards the public. It seems to -work very well, and has been used with success at Birmingham, Lambeth, -and elsewhere, to make known different classes of literature which are -not so popular as they should be. Liverpool has, or had, a series of -frames in which were movable blocks carrying the titles of additions, -and at Rotherham a somewhat similar plan has been adopted. Cardiff -shows additions in a frame holding title cards which can be removed by -readers and handed over the counter as demand notes. Guard-books like -those in use at the British Museum are common, both for additions and -general catalogues; while cards or leaves in volumes laced on cords or -rods have been used at Manchester, in Italy, and generally in Europe -and America. A neat box with falling sides for holding catalogue cards -is used in the University Library of Giessen in Germany, and seems well -adapted for staff use, or for private and proprietary libraries. Latest -of all is the ingenious cylindrical catalogue-holder or stand invented by -Mr. Mason, of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, London. It consists of a broad -revolving cylinder, upon the outer rim of which are placed a number of -wooden bars, each wide enough to take a written or printed author and -title entry. These bars are movable, being designed to slide round the -whole circumference of the cylinder, so that additions can be inserted -at any part of the alphabet. Each bar represents a book-title, and the -plan of using is that the titles of additions should be mounted on the -bars, leaving spaces for additions, and so afford a convenient and easily -worked accession list in strict alphabetical order. The cylinder is -intended to be fixed in a counter front or special stand, and to be all -covered in with the exception of a portion about equal to the size of -a demy octavo page, which will show under glass. The reader turns the -cylinder round to the part of the alphabet he wants by simply turning -a handle, and so the whole is shown to him without any waste of public -space. - - -COPYING MACHINES. - -Typewriters for cataloguing or listing purposes are making slow progress -in public libraries; but it is unquestionable that before long they will -be introduced into every large library. Their advantages are many, among -them being greater speed, neatness, and clearness; not to speak of the -attention always bestowed by the public on printed titles or notices as -compared with written ones. If many copies of a list of “books wanted” -should be required, the typewriter will make a stencil on waxed paper -from which can be printed hundreds of copies. If three or six copies of -any title or document are required the typewriter will print them all -at once. For card-catalogues it is better to print two or three copies -of a title at once, and mount them on cards afterwards, making one the -author and another the subject entry. The best machines are those called -“type-bar” writers, the principle of which is that a circle or row of -rods carrying types at the ends, operated by a key like a pianoforte, -is made to strike on a common centre, so that a piece of paper fastened -at the point of contact is printed by being simply jerked along. The -various mechanical devices employed to achieve the different requirements -of printing are ingenious, but vary more or less in every machine. The -following machines are recommended for trial before a choice is made: -the Bar-lock, the Caligraph, the Hammond, the Remington, and the Yost. -Any of the manufacturers or agents will allow a week or fortnight’s -free trial of the machines, and this is the most satisfactory way of -deciding. Recommendations of friends and agents alike should be ignored, -and the librarian should trust to his own liking in the matter. After -all is said, there is really very little difference, as regards cost and -manipulation, in the best machines, and the matter resolves itself into a -question of meeting the requirements of a particular operator or purpose. -In the Bar-lock the type-bars strike downwards through a narrow inked -ribbon. There is a separate key for each type. In the Caligraph the bars -strike upwards through a broad ink ribbon, and the key-board is arranged -with capitals down each side and the lower case letters in the middle. -The Hammond is not a type-bar machine, but has two sizes of type on -different holders which are exchangeable and is operated by keys carrying -the names of two or three letters. The type-holder is struck by a striker -working from behind, and the letter is impressed on the paper through -an inked ribbon. The keys alter the position of the holder to bring the -proper letter or figure against the striker. Cards can be printed more -easily by the Hammond than by the other machines. The Remington, which -has had the longest career, has a single key-board, each key representing -two letters or figures. The bars strike upwards, and the construction of -the instrument is excellent. The Yost is a light and compact machine, -which prints direct from an ink pad on to the paper. It has a separate -key for each type, and a very good arrangement for spacing or inserting -missed letters. - -Other copying or manifolding machines for manuscript are the Cyclostyle, -Mimeograph, and Trypograph. The two former are perhaps most useful in -libraries; the Mimeograph being best for manifolding along with the -typewriter. The ordinary screw letter copying press is a necessary -adjunct of every librarian’s office, but in libraries with small incomes -an “Anchor” copying press, costing about 12s. 6d., will be found to serve -all ordinary purposes. - - -FILES, BOXES, BOOK-HOLDERS, STAMPS, &c. - -Letter files are made in a great variety of styles, from the spiked -wire to the elaborate and systematic index of the Amberg and Shannon -Companies. A useful series of cheap document files are made by Messrs. -John Walker & Co. of London, and comprise manilla paper and cloth -envelope, and box files for alphabetical arrangement, to hold papers -about 11 × 9 inches, &c. The collapsing accordion files are also made by -this firm. Single alphabetical files to hold some hundreds of documents -are supplied by the Amberg and Shannon File Companies in neat box form at -a small cost; and both these makers can supply file-cabinets of any size -or for any purpose, so far as the preservation of documents is concerned. -Any of the above-named are preferable to the ordinary wire and binder -files which pierce and tear documents without keeping them in get-at-able -order. Sheet-music and prints are best preserved in flat boxes with lids -and falling fronts, though the former, if kept at all, is best bound in -volumes. Print boxes are preferable to portfolios because they are not -so apt to crush their contents, and certainly afford a better protection -from dust. Pamphlet boxes are made in many styles: some with hinged lids -and falling fronts as in the illustration, Fig. 11; some with book-shaped -backs and hinged ends, and others in two parts. - -Most librarians prefer the cloth-covered box with hinged lid and falling -front, which can be made in any form by all box-makers. The kind shown -in the illustration above are manufactured by Messrs. Fincham & Co. -of London; but others with a uniformly-sized rim are made in Glasgow, -Bradford, and Manchester. Messrs. Marlborough & Co. of London supply -boxes made in two parts. For filing unbound magazines and serials the -cloth-covered boxes with lids and flaps are most convenient. They -should be made of wood when intended for large periodicals like the -_Graphic_ or _Era_. American cloth or canvas wrappers are sometimes used -for preserving periodicals previous to binding, but boxes will, in the -long run, be found most economical, cleanly and easily used. There are -various kinds of binders made for holding a year’s numbers of certain -periodicals, in which the parts are either laced with cords or secured by -wires to the back. The difficulty with these seems to be that necessary -expansion is not always provided against by the appliances supplied. -Newspapers intended for binding are usually kept on racks and protected -from dust by American cloth or pasteboard wrappers. In other cases a -month’s papers are laced on perforated wooden bars and kept in rolls. - -[Illustration: FIG. 11.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 12.] - -Stitching machines are sometimes used for periodicals, and though -probably quicker than ordinary needle and thread sewing, have certain -drawbacks which make their use worthy of some deliberation. In the first -place a good machine is expensive and somewhat liable to get out of -order, and in the second place the wires used for the stitching very -often rust, and cause much trouble to the binder both because of the -tearing of the periodicals and the difficulty of their removal. - -[Illustration: FIGS. 13-14.] - -Reference might be made here to the “Fauntleroy” magazine case designed -by Mr. Chivers of Bath, in which an ingenious and neat brass fastener is -substituted for elastic or leather thongs. - -[Illustration: FIGS. 15-16.] - -Application forms are sometimes strung in bundles and left hanging or -lying about, but boxes made to their size and provided with thumb-holes -in the sides will be found more convenient and tidy. Various sorts of -holders are made for keeping books erect on the shelves or on tables, -among which the kinds illustrated above are probably best known. The -one shown in Fig. 12, manufactured by Walker & Co. of London, makes -an extremely useful device for arranging cards or slips, as it can be -adjusted to any space from ¼ of an inch. The others are best adapted -for ordinary shelf use. Figs. 13-14 are made by Messrs. Braby & Co. -of Deptford, London, and Messrs. Lewis & Grundy of Nottingham. Figs. -15-16 were designed by Mr. Mason, one of the secretaries of the Library -Association, and are supplied by Messrs. Wake & Dean of London. - - -STAMPS, SEALS, &c. - -In addition to labels on the boards, it is usual in public libraries to -stamp the name of the institution on certain fixed places throughout -books, in order to simplify identification in cases of loss, and to deter -intending pilferers from stealing. Metal and rubber ink stamps have -been in use for a long time, and are doubtless the simplest to apply -and cheapest to procure. The ordinary aniline inks supplied with these -stamps are not reliable, as they can be quite easily removed by the aid -of various chemicals. The best ink for the purpose which can be used is -printing ink, but unfortunately it is difficult to apply and takes a very -long time to dry thoroughly. The best substitute appears to be the ink -for rubber stamps manufactured by Messrs. Stephens of London, which is -not by any means so easily removed as the purely aniline kinds. Embossing -stamps are perhaps more satisfactory as regards indelibility than any -of those just mentioned, but they are generally somewhat clumsy in make -and slow in application. The best method of marking books to indicate -proprietorship and to insure impossibility of removal is by the use -of a perforating stamp, which will bite several pages at once without -disfiguring the book. Most of the kinds at present made are rather -awkward, but there seems no reason why a handy perforator in the shape of -a pair of pincers should not be well within the mechanical abilities of -the average embossing stamp maker. The difficulty with perforating stamps -will always be that of having sufficient points to make the letters clear -without being too large. Dating stamps for lending library labels can -be had in revolving form for continuous use, or in small galleys which -can be altered from day to day. The latter are cheaper and more easily -applied. Seals for public library Boards which are incorporated can be -procured of any engraver at prices ranging from £5 to £50 according to -design and elaboration. Those in lever presses are just as effective as -those in screw presses. - - -LADDERS, &c. - -Ladders should always be shod with rubber or leather at the foot to -prevent slipping, and an arrangement like that shown in the illustration -will be found of service in preventing books from being pushed back -in the shelves. The hinged top and top shelf are the invention of Mr. -MacAlister, one of the secretaries of the Library Association, and the -shelf for the books being replaced or taken down was first used at the -Kensington Public Library, London. If steps are used instead of ladders -they should be made with treads on both sides so that assistants need -not turn them about before using. Lightness is a very desirable quality -both in steps and ladders, and should be aimed at before durability. -There is nothing more tiresome than having to drag about a heavy pair -of steps, and the assistants who are entirely free from them have to be -congratulated. - -[Illustration: FIG. 17.] - -In some large libraries trucks are used for the conveyance of heavy -volumes. The light truck, covered with leather on the surfaces where -books rest, such as is used in the British Museum, will be found very -useful. Reference might be made here to the ingenious carrier invented -by Miss James of the People’s Palace Library, London, for the purpose of -conveying books from the galleries to the service counter in the middle -of the floor. This consists of a box running on a wire cable, and worked -by means of an endless cord and a wheel. For the peculiar purpose for -which it was designed it seems to be very satisfactory. There are many -other forms of lifts in use for lowering books from galleries, but very -few of them are of general application. In certain parishes in London -enamelled iron tablets directing to the library have been suspended from -the ladder-bars of the street lamps, to show strangers the whereabouts -of the institution. These are effective as a means of advertising the -library, and might be used for a similar purpose in all large towns. - - -BOOKS OF RECORD. - -For maintaining a permanent register of the different kinds of work -accomplished in libraries a great number of books are used, the varieties -of which are as numerous as charging systems. It would serve no useful -purpose to describe all of these books, much less their variations, -and so we shall content ourselves by taking a few typical specimens as -representative of all the rest. As the names of these various books -sufficiently describe their purpose, it will only be necessary to briefly -indicate the uses of the more obscure kinds and give occasional rulings -in explanation of the others. - -The =minute book= contains a complete history of the work of the library -as far as the proceedings of the Library Board is concerned, and in many -cases it is really a succinct record of all the most important operations -of the institution. It should be well bound in morocco or other strong -leather, and should consist of good quality paper ruled faint and margin, -and paged. The =agenda book= forms the necessary accompaniment of the -minutes, and is a sort of draft minute book in which all the business to -come before the meeting is entered. A plain foolscap folio book, ruled -faint only, will serve for this purpose. The business is generally -entered on one side of the folio and the resolutions of the meeting on -the other. To save possible misunderstandings the chairman ought to enter -the decisions of the Board himself, after reading them over, and the -minutes should be compiled from this record rather than from separate -notes made by the clerk. The business books of public libraries are not -often kept by the librarian, except in London where the duties of clerk -are usually conjoined. For that reason it is perhaps needless to do more -than name the cash book, ledger, petty cash book, cash receipt book, and -postage book as the principal records maintained for financial purposes. -Many librarians unite their issue and receipts from fines books, while -others keep separate records; but it is best for beginners to keep their -cash affairs strictly apart, and in the ordinary fashion of good business -houses. The =donation book= is the record of all books, prints, maps, -or other gifts to the library, ruled to show the following particulars: -Author and Title | Vols. and Date | Name and Address of Donor | Date of -Receipt | Date of Acknowledgment | and, sometimes, the library number. -Some libraries have this book with a counterfoil, in which a double -entry is made, and the detachable portion is torn off to form a thanks -circular. This is a very convenient style of register. - -=Proposition book= and =suggestion book=. In many cases these are nothing -more than plain faint ruled folio volumes, in which readers are allowed -to enter suggestions of new books or on the management of the library. -Often, however, the proposition book is ruled to carry the following -particulars: Book proposed | Publisher and Price | Date of Publication | -Name and Address of Proposer | Decision of Committee | Date or Number of -Order |. In other cases a form is supplied to readers desirous of making -suggestions of any sort. =Contract= or =estimate books= are not always -used, but the young librarian will find it of the greatest convenience -to keep a chronological record of every estimate received for work to -be done in the library. A guard book in which can be pasted the various -tenders received, or an ordinary plain ruled one in which they can be -entered, will be found a perfect treasury of assistance in many cases. -An index at the beginning or end can easily be made. =Inventory books= -are intended to furnish a complete record of all the library property, -showing when, from whom, and at what cost every item of furniture, -fitting, stationery, &c., was procured. It can be kept in a specially -ruled book, or in a faint ruled folio, classified to show the different -kinds of supplies. When re-ordering or reckoning up the duration of -supplies, this book will be found of the greatest use. As a record of -prices it is also valuable. =Invoice books= are sometimes kept in two -forms: first, as mere guard books in which paid invoices are pasted; -and second, as chronological records of every lot of books received by -purchase or donation. This very often saves much trouble in fixing the -routine in which books should be dealt with when being prepared for -public use. The ordinary ruling is as follows: Date of Receipt | Name of -Donor or Vendor | First Word of Invoice | No. of Vols. | Total Cost | -Remarks |. In addition to these columns some librarians add spaces for -marking with initials when every process connected with the preparation -of the books has been finished. =Location books= are used only with the -movable system of shelving books and are long narrow volumes ruled to -hold 50 lines on a folio, with the numbers written or printed down one -side, generally running from 1 to 10,000. The specimen ruling will show -this plainly. - - 501-550 - - +-----+---------------+-----------------------+ - | No. | Location. | Author and Title. | - +-----+---------------+-----------------------+ - | 501 | | | - | 02 | | | - | 03 | | | - -The first new book awaiting treatment of course receives the first -unappropriated number. Some location books give additional particulars, -such as a column for the date of accession of books, which is often -required when spaces are left for continued sets of a series. The =stock -book= in most libraries forms a numerical catalogue of accessions in the -order of their receipt; giving particulars of edition, binding, vendor or -donor, price, and other information. It is, therefore, the most valuable -record kept by the library, if the minute book is excepted. Some are -classified, others classify the books in separate columns, while a few -keep the classification in a different book. The following selection -of headings will show the variety of rulings in use. At Bradford a -classified stock book is used, and it is ruled thus:— - - (PRESS) - 850-899. CLASS. - +-------+------++-----------------------+--------+ - | DATE. | BOOK || TITLE. AUTHOR. | STOCK | - | | NO. || |BOOK NO.| - +-------+------++-----------------------+--------+ - | | 850 || | | - | | 851 || | | - | | 852 || | | - | | || | | - | | || | | - | | || | | - -The last column refers to a book in which purchases are entered with a -consecutive numbering, and is an index to the accession of the volumes, -while the stock book shown above is primarily a _place_ book. It is thus -rather a shelf register than a record of accession of stock. The Mitchell -Library, Glasgow, uses the following headings: Date of Receipt | Author -and Title | Language | Number | Class Letter | Number of Vols. | New Work -or Continuation | Book or Pamphlet | Size | Place of Publication | Date -of Publication | Condition when Received | Donor, if Presented | Price, -if Purchased | Discount | Vendor | Collation | Special Collections | -Remarks |. Various Modifications of this stock book are used in different -libraries. At Manchester a much briefer description is given, namely: -Date when Received | Author | Title | No. of Vols. | No. of Pamphlets | -Class | Size | Place of Publication | Date when Published | Condition -when Received | Donor, if Presented | Price, if Purchased | Vendor, if -Purchased | Remarks |. In this book no provision seems to be made for the -number which directs to the place of books or their order of accession. -The stock book used at Lambeth classifies as it goes along, and has -headings as follows: - - | Stock Number | Shelf Number | Author and Title | Volumes | Condition | - | 7501 | B 1874 | | | | - - | | How Acquired | - | +--------+-------+-----------+ - Vendor or Donor | Price | Bought | Given | News Room | - - Classification. | | - A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. | Remarks | - -This is intended for lending library books. For reference libraries the -dates of publication and other particulars of edition would be given. At -Liverpool and Chelsea a cumulative system of classifying is used, which -is shown in the following sample: | Date Received | Author | Title | No. -of Vols. | Size | Place of Publication | Date of Publication | Bound in -| Class | Number | Donor or Vendor | Price | Net Total | Class Accession -Number | Accession Number | Remarks |. - -With stock books of the Glasgow pattern a classification book is -commonly used, in which are entered abstracts of classes, books, -pamphlets, purchases, gifts, works as distinguished from volumes, special -collections, totals, &c., page by page. Accuracy is almost inevitable -by this method, owing to the numerous cross checks provided. In some -libraries separate stock books are kept for periodicals and annual -publications, but the principle in all is similar to the ordinary -stock book. It only remains to add that, as stock books are records of -some importance and permanency, they ought to be made of the very best -materials. The =shelf register=, as the name indicates, is the volume -in which a list of the books is kept, in the order of their arrangement -on the shelves. Such registers are only required for the fixed plan of -location. The most elementary form simply gives the | Press Mark | Author -and Title | No. of Vols. | Stock, Progressive, or Consecutive Number |; -the last referring to the entry in the accessions or stock book. Others -are much more elaborate, being really varieties of classified stock -books, and giving particulars of edition, price, &c. The main uses of -the shelf catalogue or register are to fix the numbers of new books, and -to afford a ready means of taking stock. The varieties of this book are -practically endless, and we shall only give two other specimens:— - - Press No. _________________ - Shelf Letter ______________ - - +------------+--------+-------------+---------+--------+--------+-------+ - | Date of | Shelf | Progressive | Author. | Short | Place. | Date. | - | Accession. | Order. | Number. | | Title. | | | - | | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | | - -and - - +----------+---------+---------+----------------+-----------+ - | Remarks. | Number. | Author. | Title of Book. | Admitted. | - | | | | | | - | | | | | | - -=Duplicate registers= give particulars of the accession of duplicate -books, and their destination if sold or exchanged. =Order= and =letter -books= are usually just separate copying books, but frequently the former -are kept with counterfoils, and sometimes separate ruled forms are used, -and simply copied into an ordinary tissue letter book. =Binding books= -or sheets record the volumes sent out for binding or repair, and usually -note the following particulars:— - - Manchester. Date of Sending. - - | Press Mark | Title of Book for Lettering | Date of Return | - Binder’s Charge |. - - Bradford. Date of Sending. - - | Style | Book Number | Title | Price |. - - Mitchell Library, Glasgow. Date of Sending. - - | Instruction | Lettering | Date of Return |. - -=Borrowers’= and =guarantors’ registers= are sometimes kept in books, -but often on cards, which are the most convenient. They register names, -addresses, period of borrowing right, and guarantors in one case, and -names, addresses, and persons guaranteed in the other. In some libraries -a record of each borrower’s reading is posted on to his card from the -book application forms. - -=Periodical receipt and check books= are for marking off the current -numbers of newspapers and magazines as received from the newsagent, -and for checking them each morning as they lie on the tables or racks. -Ruled sheets and cards are also used for the same purpose. They usually -consist of lists of monthly, weekly, daily, and other periodicals, -with rulings to show dates of receipt or finding covering a period of -one to six months. =Issue books=, for recording the issues of books in -libraries, are designed in many styles, each having reference to the -particular requirements of a certain institution. Generally, however, the -particulars preserved include: | Date | No. of Vols. Issued by Classes | -Totals | Weekly or Monthly Average |. Many give the number of visits to -newsrooms and reading-rooms, while others include the amounts received -from fines, sale of catalogues, &c. One issue book is usually ruled to -show the work accomplished in every department, but many libraries keep -separate registers for lending and reference departments. In towns where -there are a number of branch libraries the returns of issues, &c., -are often recorded in a very elaborate and complete fashion. The day -book or issue ledger has already been referred to under ledger charging -systems, but in addition to these there is an endless variety of daily -issue sheets, some simple and some very complex. It would be useless to -give patterns of these, as the whole question of their adoption hinges -on the main system by which each library is managed. =Work books=, -=time book= and =sheets=, =scrap books=, and =lost and found registers= -are sufficiently described by their names. The two first are for staff -management, and in large libraries are absolutely necessary; the work -book for noting the duties of each assistant, and the time book or sheet -for recording times of arrival and departure from duty. Lost and found -registers record thefts, mutilations, or other abstractions of library -property, and dates and descriptions of articles found on the premises. -These are, roughly speaking, the most necessary books of record required -in the administration of a public library, but many others exist which -have been designed for special purposes. The Museum of the Association -contains specimens of many of the books above named, and librarians -are, as a rule, glad to show what they have in the way of novelties or -variations from standard patterns. - - -FORMS AND STATIONERY. - -Here again selection is difficult, owing to the perplexing quantity and -variety of forms, and we shall, with as little comment as possible, -merely give specimens or indicate uses. - -_Precept forms_ are the requisitions for the library rate presented by -London Commissioners to the Local Boards or Vestries. - -_Public notices_, _rules_, &c., should be boldly printed and displayed in -glazed frames. - -Requisition forms are in use in a few of the larger libraries. They -are filled up and submitted to the Library Committee when supplies are -wanted. They seem rather a useless formality where an agenda book is kept. - -_Thanks circulars_ or _acknowledgment forms_ usually bear the arms of the -library, and are engraved on quarto sheets of good paper. Many libraries -use a simple post-card with a very curt acknowledgment. Others use -perforated receipt books or donation books with counterfoils, like those -previously described. - -_Labels_ and _book-plates_ for the inside of the boards of books in -addition to the name and arms of the library often bear location marks -and book numbers, or the names of donors. Paste holds them better -than gum, and is much cleaner. An engraved bookplate of any artistic -pretension should be dated and signed by designer and engraver. It is -to be regretted that more of our large reference libraries do not use -photographic or other reproductions of views of their best rooms for this -purpose. The town’s arms are inappropriate and meaningless, while the -library interior is of historical interest and germane to the object held -in view, namely, marking suitably to indicate ownership. - -_Issues_ and _rule-labels_ are chiefly used in lending libraries, though -some reference libraries have labels on which the dates of issues are -noted. The issue-labels must be ruled to suit the system of charging -adopted, the ledger systems as a rule requiring something more than mere -date slips. The rule-labels usually bear an abstract of the library rules -applicable to the borrowing of books. - -_Vouchers_ for lending library borrowers must, of course, be arranged -according to the general rules of the library; but in every case the -agreement should take the form of a declaration: “I, the undersigned,” or -“I, ________, do hereby,” or “I, ________ of ________, ratepayer in the -________, do hereby”. A large selection of all kinds of these vouchers -and applications for the right of borrowing are preserved in the Museum -of the Library Association. Most librarians bind the vouchers when filled -up and numbered in convenient volumes, or mount them in blank books. - -_Borrowers’ tickets_ or _cards_ also are entirely governed by the system -of charging as regards shape, size, and material. Millboard, pasteboard, -leather, wood, and cloth are all used. In cases where borrowers are -allowed to retain their cards when they have books out it is advisable to -have them rather strongly made, or else provide cases, especially when -the right of borrowing extends over two years. - -_Receipts for fines_, &c., may either be in books of numbered and priced -tickets—1d., 2d., 3d., 6d., &c.—or in perforated counterfoil books with -running numbers. Both kinds are extensively used, as well as tissue books -with carbonised paper, similar to those seen in drapers’ shops. - -_Application forms for books_ exist in many varieties, but chiefly in -connection with reference libraries. The number of lending libraries -which use the application slips is as yet comparatively small, but there -are indications pointing to a more general adoption of this appliance, -especially where indicators are used. Some reference libraries have an -elaborate application in duplicate, one part being retained when the -transaction is complete, and the other returned to the borrower. The plan -adopted in the British Museum of charging assistants with issues, and -returning the readers’ applications, is not recommended for imitation. -The very special arrangements of the Museum require special means of -working, which are not suitable for general adoption. On reference -library applications, in addition to the usual admonitory sentences as -to books being only for use on the premises, &c., it is customary to ask -for the book number or its press mark, author and title, volumes wanted, -reader’s name and address, and date. In addition most libraries include a -space for the initials of the assistant who issues and replaces the book, -while some ask for the ages and professions of readers. Lending library -applications need be no more elaborate than this:— - - +-------------------------------------------------+ - | ________ PUBLIC LIBRARY. | - +---------------------+---------------------------+ - | NO. OF BOOK WANTED. | NO. OF BORROWER’S TICKET. | - +---------------------+---------------------------+ - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | DATE. | - | | | - +---------------------+---------------------------+ - -Or this:— - - ________ PUBLIC LIBRARY. - - LENDING DEPARTMENT. - - ------------+--------------------------------+------------— - BOOK NUMBER.|AUTHOR AND TITLE OF BOOK WANTED.|TICKET NUMBER. - ------------+--------------------------------+------------— - | | - | | - | | - | | - ------------+--------------------------------+------------— - | DATE. | VOLS. ISSUED. - -Renewal slips and post-cards, and bespoke cards or forms require no -description. - -_Information circulars_ and _readers’ handbooks_ are becoming more and -more general, and many useful documents of the kind have been issued. -The object of all is to direct attention to the library, its uses, and -contents, while making more public the rules, newspapers taken, hours of -opening, &c. The little handbooks issued from Manchester, Boston (U.S.), -Glasgow, and elsewhere, are models. - -The barest reference will suffice for such articles as book-marks, -cloth or paper, overdue notices and post-cards, issue returns, branch -library returns, infectious diseases notification forms, and stock-taking -returns, all of which are almost explained by their names. It should be -stated as a curious fact that very many persons object to having notices -of overdue books or defaulting borrowers sent on post-cards, while others -think a charge for the postage of such notices an imposition. Any young -librarian desirous of obtaining specimens of these or any other forms -will always be sure to get them on application at the various libraries. -The Museum, as before stated, contains a number of all kinds of forms. - -As regards ordinary STATIONERY it is hardly necessary to say much. -Note-paper is usually stamped with the library arms, and envelopes -with the name on the flap. Pens, ink, pencils, rulers, date-cases, -paper-knives, &c., are all so familiar that it would be waste of time to -consider them separately. Any intelligent librarian will find endless -suggestion and profit from a visit to a large stationer’s warehouse, and -may even pick up wrinkles of some value by keeping his eyes open to the -adaptability of many articles of manufactured stationery. - - -RECIPES. - -_Pastes._ Ordinary flour paste is made by mixing flour and water to the -consistency of a thin cream, taking care that all knots are rubbed out, -and boiling over a slow fire with constant stirring until it becomes -translucent. It can be made of almost any thickness and toughness, and -by the admixture of a little glue very strong paste is obtained. A few -drops of oil of cloves, creasote, or corrosive sublimate, or a few grains -of salicylic acid will preserve flour paste for a long time if it is -kept in closely covered vessels. The office paste called “Stickphast” is -a variety of this preparation, and is much better than gum. There are a -number of firms in London and elsewhere who make flour pastes which will -keep, and these may be had through any bookbinder or direct from the -makers at a cost as small as the home-made kinds, and of a much superior -quality. There are various preparations of starch also used as paste, but -they are best adapted for mounting photographs. A clean compound called -“gloy” used to be sold in bottles, and was found useful for mounting fine -plates or for office purposes. Mr. Zaehnsdorf recommends a paste made of -rice flour, mixed with cold water and gently boiled, as one admirably -adapted for delicate work. For all purposes of book patching which can be -accomplished by the library staff Le Page’s soluble glue will be found -handier and better than the ordinary kinds. - -_Stains_ caused by writing-ink may be removed by (1) Equal quantities of -lapis calaminaris, common salt, and rock alum, boiled in white wine for -half-an-hour, and applied with a brush or sponge. (2) A small quantity -of oxalic or muriatic acid diluted with water, applied with a camel’s -hair brush, and dried with clean white blotting paper—two applications. -(3) Solution of oxalic acid and water, after which the leaves should be -dipped in a weak solution of chloride of lime and water, and thoroughly -dried, after washing in clean water. (4) Aniline ink stains can be -sponged off with warm water, or completely removed by a bath of alcohol. -Grease spots or oil stains can be removed by (1) washing or dabbing -the part with ether or benzoline, and afterwards placing between white -blotting paper, over which pass a hot iron. Keep the ether and benzoline -away from burning lights. (2) Put the leaf between two pieces of white -blotting paper and carefully apply a hot iron to both sides. (3) When the -stain is caused by a slice of bacon having been used as a book-mark, or -by contact with a paraffin lamp, the borrower should be asked to remove -it and supply a new copy of the work! (4) In general oxalic, citric, -and tartaric acids are safe agents to use for removing stains in books, -as they do not affect the letter-press. (5) Water and damp stains are -removable by the application of boiling water and alum. (6) Foxing may -be removed by dipping the leaves in a weak solution of hydrochloric -acid, half ounce of acid to one pint of hot water, or by a weak bath of -chlorine water. (7) Mud stains will yield to washing in cold water, then -in a weak solution of muriatic acid, and finally in a weak solution of -chloride of lime; dry well. For many practical hints on these and other -subjects, see the admirable _Art of Bookbinding_, by J. W. Zaehnsdorf, -issued as one of Bell’s “Technological Handbooks”. The receipts given -in Power’s _Handy Book about Books_, Brannt and Wahl’s _Techno-Chemical -Receipt Book_, and Cooley’s _Cyclopædia of Practical Receipts_ will also -repay a little study. - -_To repair torn leaves_: lay the torn leaf upon a piece of tissue paper -of the same colour as the leaf itself. Touch the edges of the torn -pieces, lightly, with good paste, _applied by the finger_,—bring them -carefully together in proper position and place on top another piece of -tissue paper; then put the volume under a heavy weight or in a press and -leave it till next day. Finally, with great care, tear off the tissue -paper which will adhere wherever it has touched the paste. The fibres of -the tissue which remain, together with the paste, result in an almost -invisible union of the torn fragments. - - - - -FOOTNOTES - - -[1] For Figures 1, 3, and 7 we are indebted to Mr. Thomas Greenwood, in -whose work on Public Libraries they appear. - -[2] For Figures 2 and 4 we have to thank Messrs. Wake & Dean, library -furnishers, London. - -[3] We believe the credit of this really most ingenious invention -belongs to the late Dr. Tyler, one of the founders of Bethnal Green Free -Library.—EDITORS. - -[4] See _Library Chronicle_, vol. iv. p. 88; Library Notes (American); -and _The Library_, vol. III. p. 414. - -[5] An ingenious adaptation of this invention is suggested and described -by Mr. Lymburn, Librarian of Glasgow University Library—in _The Library_ -for July-August, 1892—EDITORS. - -[6] Figures 5, 6, and 8 are inserted by kind permission of Messrs. Hammer -& Co., library furnishers, London. - -[7] For Figures 9, 11, 13, 14, and 17 we are indebted to Mr. Greenwood’s -work on Public Libraries. - -[8] We are obliged to Messrs. Wake & Dean for the Figures Nos. 10, 15 and -16. - - - - -INDEX. - - - Accession frames, 34. - - Accessions book, 44; - (order book), 44. - - Acknowledgment forms, 48. - - Advertising whereabouts of libraries, 42. - - Agenda book, 42. - - Alphabetical files, 37. - - Amberg files, 37. - - Anchor copying press, 37. - - Application form boxes, 39. - - Application forms for books, 49; - (lending), 24; - (reference), 33. - - Arm-chairs, 19. - - Assistants’ time-book, 48. - - - Bar-lock typewriter, 36. - - Battersea P. L. card catalogue, 33. - - Bespoke cards and forms, 51. - - Bethnal Green L. (sliding cases), 9. - - Binder files, 37. - - Binding (order) books and sheets, 47. - - Birmingham Public Library accession shelves, 34. - - Blanks, 48. - - Book-cases, 2-6. - - Book-cases (arrangement), 6; - (blinds), 10; - (British Museum sliding), 8; - (double), 2; - (glazed), 10; - (iron), 8; - (locked), 10; - (materials), 6; - (reference library), 5; - (revolving), 9; - (single with ledge), 6; - (skeleton), 4; - (wire fronts), 10. - - Book-holders, 39. - - Book-marks, 51. - - Book-plates, 48. - - Booking systems, 20. - - Books of record, 42. - - Borrowers (applications), 24; - (register), 47; - (tickets), 49. - - Boxes for pamphlets, &c., 37. - - Braby & Co.’s book-support, 40. - - Bradford P. L. (accessions book), 45; - (binding order book), 47; - (charging system), 25. - - Branch library returns, 48. - - British Museum (issue system), 50; - (sliding cases), 8. - - Burgoyne newspaper holder, 18. - - Business books, 43. - - - Caligraph typewriter, 36. - - Call slips, 24. - - Card catalogues, 33. - - Card-charging systems, 25. - - Cardiff P. L. accession frame, 34. - - Cards for press classification, 10. - - Cases for books, 2-6. - - Catalogue cabinets, 33. - - Cataloguing apparatus, 33. - - Chairs, 19. - - Charging systems, 20-33. - - Chelsea P. L. (charging system), 26; - (stock book), 46. - - Chivers’ magazine case, 39. - - Circulars of information, 51. - - Classification book, 46. - - Classification frames, 9-10. - - Clerkenwell P. L. card catalogue, 33. - - Cloth-covered boxes, 37. - - Contents frames, 9-10. - - Contract book, 43. - - Copying machines, 35. - - Cotgreave’s indicator, 29; - (periodical rack), 15. - - Counters, 10-12. - - Counters (card catalogues in), 12; - (sizes), 11; - (tills), 11. - - Cumming’s newspaper holder, 18. - - Cupboards, 12. - - Cyclostyle copying machine, 36. - - Cylindrical catalogue holder, 35. - - - Daily issue sheets, 48. - - Date-labels, 49. - - Dating stamps, 40. - - Day books, 21. - - Day issue sheets, 20. - - Demand notes, 24. - - Desk-tables, 12. - - Desks (reading), 14; - (staff), 12. - - Document files, 37. - - Donation book, 43. - - Drawers for card catalogues, 33. - - Duplex indicator, 30. - - Duplicate registers, 47. - - Dust protectors, 10. - - - Elliot’s indicator, 27. - - Embossing stamps for books, 40. - - Enamelled iron lamp tablets, 42. - - Enamelled title labels, 9, 18. - - Estimate book, 43. - - - Fauntleroy magazine case, 39. - - Files, 37. - - Fineham & Co.’s pamphlet boxes, 37. - - Fine receipt books, 43, 49. - - Fittings, 2. - - Forms, 48. - - Found property register, 48. - - Foxing of plates, to remove, 52. - - Furniture, 12. - - - Giessen University catalogue case, 35. - - Glass-fronted book-cases, 10. - - Glass show-cases, 20. - - Gloy paste, 52. - - Glue (Le Page’s soluble), 52. - - Grease stains, to remove, 52. - - Guarantor’s register, 47. - - Guard-book catalogues, 35. - - Guides for card catalogues, 34. - - Guildhall Library card catalogue, 33. - - - Hammond typewriter, 36. - - Hat racks, 20; - (rails on chairs), 19. - - Hill’s newspaper holder, 18. - - Holders for newspapers, 18. - - - Indicators, 27-33. - - Information circulars, 51. - - Ink stamps for books, 40. - - Ink wells, 14. - - Inventory book, 43. - - Invoice book, 44. - - Iron book-cases, 8. - - Issue book, 47; - (labels), 46-49; - (recording systems), 20; - (stamps), 24. - - - James’ book carrier, 42. - - Journal charging system, 22. - - - Kensington Public Library ladder, 41. - - Key cupboards, 12. - - - Labels for books, 48. - - Ladders, 41. - - Lambeth Public Library (accession shelves), 34; - (stock book), 45. - - Leather for chair legs, 19. - - Ledger charging systems, 21. - - Lending library application forms, 50. - - Lending systems, 20. - - Letter book, 47. - - Letter copying presses, 37. - - Lewis and Grundy’s book-holder, 40. - - Lists of wants, 24. - - Liverpool Public Library (accession frame), 34; - (card catalogue), 33; - (charging system), 26; - (stock book), 46. - - Location book, 44. - - London Institution, 15, 26. - - Lost property register, 48. - - Lucy & Co.’s iron book shelves, 8. - - Lupton’s borrowers’ note-book, 24. - - - MacAlister’s shelved ladder, 41. - - Magazine racks, 14-17. - - Manchester P.L. (binding order book), 47; - (card catalogue), 35; - (readers’ handbook), 51; - (stock book), 45; - (periodical arrangement), 15. - - Manifolding machines, 35-36. - - Marlborough pamphlet cases, 37. - - Mason’s book-holder, 40; - (catalogue holder), 35. - - Mimeograph copying machine, 36, 37. - - Minute book, 42. - - Mitchell Library, Glasgow, 12, 15; - (binding order book), 47; - (stock book), 45. - - Movable location finding register, 44. - - Museum cases, 20. - - Museum of Library Association, 48, 51. - - Music boxes, 37. - - - National Liberal Club, London, 16. - - Newspapers (holders), 18; - (stands), 17-19. - - Notices to the public, 48. - - Nottingham P. L. card catalogue, 33. - - Numbers for shelves, 9. - - - Order book, 47. - - Overdue books, detection of, 22, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 33; - (notices), 51. - - - Pamphlet boxes, 37. - - Parr’s card-charging system, 26. - - Paste for mending, 51. - - Pedestal tables, 14. - - Pegs for shelves, 8. - - Perforating stamps for books, 40. - - Periodicals (arrangement), 14-15; - (binders), 37; - (check book), 47; - (files), 37; - (racks), 14-17; - (receipt book), 47; - (stock book), 46. - - Precept form, 48. - - Press marks, 9-10. - - Presses for books, 2-6. - - Print boxes, 37. - - Proposition book, 43. - - - Racks (periodicals), 14-17; - (hats, &c.), 20. - - Readers’ handbooks, 51. - - Reading slopes, 14. - - Reading stands (newspapers), 17. - - Receipts for fines, 49. - - Recipes for paste, stain-removal, &c., 51. - - Records of library work, 42. - - Reference library (application forms), 50; - (charging), 33. - - Remington typewriter, 36. - - Renewal forms for books, 51. - - Requisition forms (staff), 48. - - Revolving book-cases, 9. - - Revolving catalogue holder, 35. - - Robertson’s indicator, 30. - - Rotherham P. L. note-book, 24. - - Routine (invoice) book, 44. - - Royal College of Surgeons, London, 33. - - Rubber stamp ink (Stephens’), 40. - - Rubber stamps, 24. - - Rubber stamps for books, 40. - - Rule-labels, 49. - - Rules and regulations, 48. - - - St. Martin’s Public Library, 15. - - Screw newspaper holder, 18. - - Seals for Library Boards, 40. - - Shannon files, 37. - - Shelf-edging, 10; - (fittings), 7; - (numbers), 9; - (registers), 46. - - Shelves, 5. - - Show cases, 20. - - Stains, to remove, 52. - - Stamps for books, 40; - (dating), 40; - (issues), 21. - - Stationery, 48-51. - - Stationery cupboards, 12. - - Steps for libraries, 41. - - Stickphast paste, 52. - - Stitching machines, 38. - - Stock book, 44. - - Stone’s card catalogue cabinet, 34. - - Store presses, 12. - - Studs for shelves, 8. - - Suggestion book, 43. - - Superintendents’ desks, 12. - - - Tables, 12-14. - - Tablets for directing to libraries, 42. - - Technical appliances, 20. - - Thanks circulars, 43, 48. - - Ticket-books, 24. - - Tickets for borrowers, 49. - - Time (assistants’) book, 48. - - Tonks’ shelf fitting, 7. - - Tray book-cases, 6. - - Trucks for books, 42. - - Trypograph copying machine, 37. - - Typewriters, 35-36. - - - Umbrella stands, 19. - - - Voucher forms, 49. - - - Wake and Dean’s book-holder, 40. - - Walker’s book-rack, 39. - - Waterston’s borrowers’ note-book, 24. - - Wire-fronted book-cases, 10. - - Wire-stitching machines, 38. - - Wolverhampton Public Library, 15. - - Work book, 48. - - - Yost typewriter, 36. - - - Zaehnsdorf’s paste, 52. - - -ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS. - - -WAKE & DEAN, - -School, Church, & Library Furniture Manufacturers. - -111 LONDON ROAD, LONDON, S.E. - -[Illustration: GOLD MEDAL, LONDON, 1885. - -SILVER MEDAL, ANTWERP, 1885.] - -Manufacturers to Her Majesty’s Stationery Office and War Office. - -LONDON SCHOOL BOARD, AND OTHER SCHOOL BOARDS THROUGHOUT ENGLAND, -SCOTLAND, AND WALES. - -MANUFACTURERS OF AND ESTIMATES GIVEN FOR - -Book-Shelves and Book-Cases, Reading Tables, Counters, Seats and Chairs, -Newspaper Stands, Screens, Librarians’ Tables, Periodical Racks, And -every description of Fittings for Public & other Libraries. - -_PLEASE APPLY FOR LIST OF NEW CARD CATALOGUE CABINET._ - -THE FOLLOWING LIBRARIES HAVE BEEN FITTED BY WAKE AND DEAN:— - - ST. MARTIN-IN-THE-FIELDS LIBRARY, Trafalgar Square. - CHRISTCHURCH ” Blackfriars. - CAMBERWELL ” Peckham. - CAMBERWELL ” Dulwich. - HAMMERSMITH ” Hammersmith. - PETERBOROUGH ” - BERMONDSEY ” Bermondsey. - CHISWICK ” Acton Green. - GOLDSMITHS’ ” New Cross. - DURNING (Lambeth) ” Kennington. - STOKE NEWINGTON ” Stoke Newington. - WATFORD ” Watford. - KENDAL ” - AND MANY OTHERS. - -_Also all the Book-cases and Cupboards in the offices of the London -School Board, and 300 Museums to the different Schools._ - -Catalogues and Special Designs on Application. - -ARCHITECTS’ DESIGNS CAREFULLY EXECUTED. - -Sole Manufacturers of Mason’s Improved Book-holder. - - =WAKE & DEAN=, Public Library Fitters, - 111 LONDON ROAD, LONDON, S.E. - STEAM FACTORY, BATH STREET. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HANDBOOK OF LIBRARY -APPLIANCES *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where - you are located before using this eBook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that: - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without -widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |