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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Thoughts upon slavery, by John Wesley
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Thoughts upon slavery
-
-Author: John Wesley
-
-Release Date: May 21, 2022 [eBook #68144]
-
-Language: English
-
-Produced by: Thomas Frost and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
-             at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
-             generously made available by The Internet Archive)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THOUGHTS UPON SLAVERY ***
-
-
-
-
-
-THOUGHTS
-
-UPON
-
-SLAVERY.
-
-
-THE FIFTH EDITION.
-
-
-By _JOHN WESLEY_, A. M.
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-_LONDON_:
-
-Printed by G. PARAMORE, North Green, Worship-Street;
-and sold by _G. Whitfield_, at the Chapel, City-Road; and at the
-Methodist Preaching-Houses, in Town and Country. 1792.
-
-[Price TWO-PENCE.]
-
-
-
-
-I. 1. By _Slavery_ I mean Domestic Slavery, or that of a servant to
-a master. A late ingenious Writer well observes, “The variety of
-forms in which Slavery appears, makes it almost impossible to convey
-a just notion of it, by way of definition. There are however certain
-properties which have accompanied Slavery in most places, whereby it is
-easily distinguished from that mild domestic _service_ which obtains in
-our country.”[1]
-
-[1] See Mr. _Hargrave’s_ Plea for _Somerset_ the Negro.
-
-2. _Slavery_ imports an obligation of perpetual service, an obligation
-which only the consent of the master can dissolve. Neither in some
-countries can the master himself dissolve it, without the consent of
-judges appointed by the law. It generally gives the master an arbitrary
-power of any correction, not affecting life or limb. Sometimes even
-these are exposed to his will: or protected only by a fine, or some
-slight punishment, too inconsiderable to restrain a master of a harsh
-temper. It creates an incapacity of acquiring any thing, except for
-the master’s benefit. It allows the master to alienate the Slave, in
-the same manner as his cows and horses. Lastly it descends in its full
-extent from parent to child, even to the last generation.
-
-3. The beginning of this may be dated from the remotest period, of
-which we have an account in history. It commenced in the barbarous
-State of Society, and in process of time spread into all nations. It
-prevailed particularly among the _Jews_, the _Greeks_, the _Romans_,
-and the ancient _Germans_: and was transmitted by them to the various
-kingdoms and states, which arose out of the _Roman_ empire. But after
-christianity prevailed, it gradually fell into decline in almost all
-parts of _Europe_. This great change began in _Spain_, about the end of
-the eighth century: and was become general in most other kingdoms of
-_Europe_, before the middle of the fourteenth.
-
-4. From this time Slavery was nearly extinct, till the commencement
-of the sixteenth century, when the discovery of _America_, and of the
-Western and Eastern coasts of _Africa_, gave occasion to the revival
-of it. It took its rise from the _Portuguese_, who to supply the
-_Spaniards_ with men, to cultivate their new possessions in _America_,
-procured Negroes from _Africa_, whom they sold for Slaves to the
-_American_ Spaniards. This began in the year 1508, when they imported
-the first Negroes into _Hispaniola_. In 1540, _Charles_ the fifth, then
-King of _Spain_, determined to put an end to _Negro-Slavery_: giving
-positive orders, That all the Negro-Slaves in the _Spanish_ dominions
-should be set free. And this was accordingly done by _Lagasca_, whom
-he sent and impowered to free them all, on condition of continuing to
-labour for their masters. But soon after _Lagasca_ returned to _Spain_,
-Slavery returned and flourished as before. Afterwards other nations, as
-they acquired possessions in _America_, followed the examples of the
-_Spaniards_; and Slavery has taken deep root in most of our _American_
-colonies.
-
-II. Such is the nature of Slavery: such the beginning of Negro-Slavery
-in _America_. But some may desire to know, what country it is, from
-which the Negroes are brought? What sort of men, of what temper and
-behaviour are they in their own country? And in what manner they are
-generally procured, carried to, and treated in _America_?
-
-1. And first, What kind of country is that from whence they are
-brought? Is it so remarkably horrid, dreary and barren, that it is a
-kindness to deliver them out of it? I believe many have apprehended so:
-but it is an entire mistake, if we may give credit to those who have
-lived many years therein, and could have no motive to misrepresent it.
-
-2. That part of _Africa_ whence the Negroes are brought, commonly known
-by the name of _Guinea_, extends along the coast, in the whole, between
-three and four thousand miles. From the river _Senegal_, (seventeen
-degrees North of the line) to Cape _Sierra Leona_, it contains seven
-hundred miles. Thence it runs Eastward about fifteen hundred miles,
-including the _Grain-coast_, the _Ivory-coast_, the _Gold-coast_, and
-the _Slave-coast_, with the large kingdom of _Benin_. From thence it
-runs Southward, about twelve hundred miles, and contains the kingdoms
-of _Congo_ and _Angola_.
-
-3. Concerning the first, the _Senegal_ coast, Mons. _Bene_, who lived
-there sixteen years, after describing its fruitfulness near the
-sea, says, “The farther you go from the sea, the more fruitful and
-well-improved is the country, abounding in pulse, Indian corn, and
-various fruits. Here are vast meadows, which feed large herds of great
-and small cattle. And the villages which lie thick, shew the country
-is well peopled.” And again: “I was surprized, to see the land so well
-cultivated; scarce a spot lay unimproved: the low lands divided by
-small canals, were all sowed with rice: the higher grounds were planted
-with Indian corn, and peas of different sorts. Their beef is excellent;
-poultry plenty, and very cheap, as are all the necessaries of life.”
-
-4. As to the _Grain_ and _Ivory-coast_, we learn from eye-witnesses,
-that the soil is in general fertile, producing abundance of rice and
-roots. Indigo and cotton thrive without cultivation. Fish is in great
-plenty; the flocks and herds are numerous, and the trees loaden with
-fruit.
-
-5. The _Gold-coast_ and _Slave-coast_, all who have seen it agree, is
-exceeding fruitful and pleasant, producing vast quantities of rice and
-other grain, plenty of fruit and roots, palm-wine and oil, and fish in
-great abundance, with much tame and wild cattle. The very same account
-is given us of the soil and produce of the kingdoms of _Benin_, _Congo_
-and _Angola_. From which it appears, that _Guinea_ in general, is far
-from a horrid, dreary, barren country, is one of the most fruitful,
-as well as the most pleasant countries in the known world. It is said
-indeed to be unhealthy. And so it is to strangers, but perfectly
-healthy to the native inhabitants.
-
-6. Such is the country from which the Negroes are brought. We come next
-to enquire, What sort of men they are, of what temper and behaviour,
-not in our plantations, but in their native country. And here likewise
-the surest way is to take our account from eye and ear-witnesses. Now
-those who have lived in the _Senegal_ country observe, it is inhabited
-by three nations, the _Jalofs_, _Fulis_ and _Mandingos_. The king
-of the _Jalofs_ has under him several Ministers, who assist in the
-exercise of justice, the Chief Justice goes in circuit through all
-his dominions, to hear complaints and determine controversies. And
-the Viceroy goes with him, to inspect the behaviour of the _Alkadi_,
-or Governor of each village. The _Fulis_ are governed by their chief
-men, who rule with much moderation. Few of them will drink any thing
-stronger than water, being strict _Mahometans_. The government is
-easy, because the people are of a quiet and good disposition; and so
-well instructed in what is right, that a man who wrongs another is the
-abomination of all.--They desire no more land than they use, which they
-cultivate with great care and industry: if any of them are known to be
-made Slaves by the white men; they all join to redeem them. They not
-only support all that are old, or blind, or lame among themselves: but
-have frequently supplied the necessities of the _Mandingos_, when they
-were distrest by famine.
-
-7. The _Mandingos_, says Mons. _Brue_, are right _Mahometans_, drinking
-neither wine nor brandy. They are industrious and laborious, keeping
-their ground well cultivated, and breeding a good stock of cattle.
-Every town has a Governor, and he appoints the labour of the people.
-The men work the ground designed for corn; the women and girls, the
-rice-ground. He afterwards divides the corn and rice, among them:
-and decides all quarrels, if any arise. All the Mahometan Negroes
-constantly go to public prayers thrice a day: there being a Priest in
-every village, who regularly calls them together: and it is surprising
-to see the modesty, attention and reverence which they observe during
-their worship--These three nations practise several trades; they have
-Smiths, Sadlers, Potters and Weavers. And they are very ingenious
-at their several occupations. Their Smiths not only make all the
-instruments of iron, which they have occasion to use, but likewise work
-many things neatly in gold and silver. It is chiefly the women and
-children who weave fine cotton cloth, which they dye blue and black.
-
-8. It was of these parts of _Guinea_, that Mons. _Adanson_,
-Correspondent of the Royal Academy of Sciences at _Paris_, from
-1749, to 1753, gives the following account, both as to the country
-and people, “Which way soever I turned my eyes, I beheld a perfect
-image of pure nature: an agreeable solitude, bounded on every side by
-a charming landscape; the rural situation of cottages, in the midst
-of trees; the ease and quietness of the Negroes, reclined under the
-shade of the spreading foliage, with the simplicity of their dress and
-manners: the whole revived in my mind the idea of our first parents,
-and I seemed to contemplate the world in its primitive state. They are,
-generally speaking, very good natured, sociable and obliging. I was
-not a little pleased with my first reception, and it fully convinced
-me, that there ought to be a considerable abatement made, in the
-accounts we have of the savage character of the _Africans_.” He adds,
-“It is amazing that an illiterate people should reason so pertinently
-concerning the heavenly bodies. There is no doubt, but that with proper
-instruments, they would become excellent astronomers.”
-
-9. The inhabitants of the _Grain_ and _Ivory-coast_ are represented
-by those that deal with them, as sensible, courteous, and the fairest
-traders on the coasts of _Guinea_. They rarely drink to excess: if any
-do they are severely punished by the King’s order. They are seldom
-troubled with war: if a difference happen between two nations, they
-commonly end the dispute amicably.
-
-10. The inhabitants of the _Gold_ and _Slave-coast_ likewise, when they
-are not artfully incensed against each other, live in great union and
-friendship, being generally well tempered, civil, tractable, and ready
-to help any that need it. In particular, the natives of the kingdom
-of _Whidah_, are civil, kind, and obliging to strangers. And they are
-the most gentleman-like of all the Negroes, abounding in good manners
-toward each other. The inferiors pay the utmost respect to their
-superiors: so wives to their husbands, children to their parents. And
-they are remarkably industrious; all are constantly employed; the men
-in agriculture, the women in spinning and weaving cotton.
-
-11. The _Gold_ and _Slave-coasts_ are divided into several districts,
-some governed by Kings, others by the principal men, who take care
-each of their own town or village, and prevent or appease tumults.
-They punish murder and adultery severely; very frequently with death.
-Theft and robbery are punished by a fine proportionable to the goods
-that were taken.--All the natives of this coast, though heathens,
-believe there is one God, the Author of them and all things. They
-appear likewise to have a confused apprehension of a future state. And
-accordingly every town and village has a place of public worship.--It
-is remarkable that they have no beggars among them; such is the care of
-the chief men, in every city and village, to provide some easy labour,
-even for the old and weak. Some are employed in blowing the Smith’s
-bellows; others in pressing palm-oil; others in grinding of colours. If
-they are too weak even for this, they sell provisions in the market.
-
-12. The natives of the kingdom of _Benin_ are a reasonable and
-good-natured people. They are sincere and inoffensive, and do no
-injustice either to one another or to strangers. They are eminently
-civil and courteous: if you make them a present, they endeavour to
-repay it double. And if they are trusted, till the ship returns the
-next year, they are sure honestly to pay the whole debt. Theft is
-punished among them, although not with the same severity as murder.
-If a man and woman of any quality, are taken in adultery, they are
-certain to be put to death, and their bodies thrown on a dunghill, and
-left a prey to wild beasts. They are punctually just and honest in
-their dealings; and are also very charitable: the King and the great
-Lords taking care to employ all that are capable of any work. And those
-that are utterly helpless they keep for God’s sake; so that here also
-are no beggars. The inhabitants of _Congo_ and _Angola_ are generally
-a quiet people. They discover a good understanding, and behave in a
-friendly manner to strangers, being of a mild temper and an affable
-carriage.----Upon the whole therefore the Negroes who inhabit the
-coast of _Africa_, from the river _Senegal_ to the Southern bounds
-of _Angola_, are so far from being the stupid, senseless, brutish,
-lazy barbarians, the fierce, cruel, perfidious Savages they have been
-described, that on the contrary, they are represented by them who have
-no motive to flatter them, as remarkably sensible, considering the few
-advantages they have for improving their understanding: as industrious
-to the highest degree, perhaps more so than any other natives of so
-warm a climate: as fair, just and honest in all their dealings, unless
-where white men have taught them to be otherwise: and as far more mild,
-friendly and kind to strangers, than any of our forefathers were. Our
-forefathers! Where shall we find at this day, among the fair-faced
-natives of _Europe_, a nation generally practising the justice, mercy,
-and truth, which are found among these poor _Africans_? Suppose the
-preceding accounts are true, (which I see no reason or pretence to
-doubt of,) and we may leave _England_ and _France_, to seek genuine
-honesty in _Benin_, _Congo_, or _Angola_.
-
-III. We have now seen what kind of country it is, from which the
-Negroes are brought: and what sort of men (even white men being the
-judges) they were in their own country. Enquire we, thirdly, In
-what manner are they generally procured, carried to, and treated in
-_America_.
-
-1. _First._ In what manner are they procured? Part of them by fraud.
-Captains of ships from time to time, invited Negroes to come on board,
-and then carried them away. But far more have been procured by force.
-The Christians landing upon their coasts, seized as many as they found,
-men, women and children, and transported them to _America_. It was
-about 1551, that the _English_ began trading to _Guinea_: at first, for
-gold and Elephant’s teeth, but soon after, for men. In 1556, Sir _John
-Hawkins_ sailed with two ships to Cape _Verd_, where he sent eighty men
-on shore to catch Negroes. But the natives flying, they fell farther
-down, and there set the men on shore, “to burn their towns and take the
-inhabitants.” But they met with such resistance, that they had seven
-men killed, and took but ten Negroes. So they went still farther down,
-till having taken enough, they proceeded to the _West-Indies_ and sold
-them.
-
-2. It was some time before the _Europeans_ found a more compendious
-way of procuring _African_ Slaves, by prevailing upon them to make war
-upon each other, and to sell their prisoners. Till then they seldom had
-any wars: but were in general quiet and peaceable. But the white men
-first taught them drunkenness and avarice, and then hired them to sell
-one another. Nay, by this means, even their Kings are induced to sell
-their own subjects. So Mr. _Moore_ (Factor of the _African_ Company in
-1730) informs us, “When the King of _Barsalli_ wants goods or brandy,
-he sends to the _English_ Governor at _James’_ Fort, who immediately
-sends a sloop. Against the time it arrives, he plunders some of his
-neighbours’ towns, selling the people for the goods he wants. At other
-times he falls upon one of his own towns, and makes bold to sell his
-own subjects.” So Mons. _Brue_ says, “I wrote to the King” (not the
-same) “if he had a sufficient number of slaves I would treat with
-him. He seized three hundred of his own people, and sent word he was
-ready to deliver them for goods.” He adds, “Some of the natives are
-always ready” (when well paid) “to surprize and carry off their own
-countrymen. They come at night without noise, and if they find any
-lone cottage, surround it and carry off all the people.”--_Barbot_,
-(another French Factor) says, “Many of the Slaves sold by the Negroes
-are prisoners of war, or taken in the incursions they make into their
-enemy’s territories. Others are stolen. Abundance of little Blacks of
-both sexes, are stolen away by their neighbours, when found abroad on
-the road, or in the woods, or else in the corn-fields, at the time
-of year when their parents keep them there all day to scare away the
-devouring birds.” That their own parents sell them, is utterly false:
-Whites not Blacks, are without natural affection!
-
-3. To set the manner wherein Negroes are procured in a yet stronger
-light, it will suffice to give an extract of two voyages to _Guinea_ on
-this account. The first is taken verbatim from the original manuscript
-of the Surgeon’s Journal.
-
-“SESTRO, Dec. 29, 1724. No trade to-day, though many traders came on
-board. They informed us, that the people are gone to war within land,
-and will bring prisoners enough in two or three days; in hopes of which
-we stay.
-
-“The 30th. No trade yet: but our traders came on board to-day, and
-informed us the people had burnt four towns: so that to-morrow we
-expect slaves off.
-
-“The 31st, Fair weather; but no trading yet. We see each night towns
-burning. But we hear many of the _Sestro_ men are killed by the inland
-Negroes: so that we fear this war will be unsuccessful.
-
-“The second of January. Last night we saw a prodigious fire break out
-about eleven o’clock, and this morning see the town of _Sestro_ burnt
-down to the ground.” (It contained some hundred houses.) “So that we
-find their enemies are too hard for them at present, and consequently
-our trade spoiled here. Therefore about seven o’clock we weighed
-anchor, to proceed lower down.”
-
-4. The second Extract taken from the Journal of a Surgeon, who went
-from _New-York_ on the same trade, is as follows. “The Commander of the
-vessel sent to acquaint the King, that he wanted a cargo of slaves. The
-King promised to furnish him, and in order to it, set out, designing to
-surprize some town, and make all the people prisoners. Some time after,
-the King sent him word, he had not yet met with the desired success:
-having attempted to break up two towns, but having been twice repulsed:
-but that he still hoped to procure the number of Slaves. In this design
-he persisted, till he met his enemies in the field. A battle was
-fought, which lasted three days. And the engagement was so bloody, that
-four thousand five hundred men were slain upon the spot.”----Such is
-the manner wherein the Negroes are procured! Thus the Christians preach
-the Gospel to the Heathens!
-
-5. Thus they are _procured_. But in what numbers and in what manner are
-they carried to _America_?----Mr. _Anderson_ in his history of Trade
-and Commerce, observes, “_England_ supplies her _American_ Colonies
-with Negro-slaves, amounting in number to about a hundred thousand
-every year.” That is, so many are taken on board our ships; but at
-least ten thousand of them die in the voyage: about a fourth part more
-die at the different Islands, in what is called the Seasoning. So that
-at an average, in the passage and seasoning together, thirty thousand
-die: that is, properly are murdered. O earth, O sea, cover not thou
-their blood!
-
-6. When they are brought down to the shore in order to be sold, our
-Surgeons thoroughly examine them, and that quite naked, women and men,
-without any distinction: those that are approved are set on one side.
-In the mean time a burning iron, with the arms or name of the Company,
-lies in the fire, with which they are marked on the breast. Before they
-are put into the ships, their masters strip them of all they have on
-their backs: so that they come on board stark naked, women as well
-as men. It is common for several hundred of them to be put on board
-one vessel: where they are stowed together in as little room as it is
-possible for them to be crowded. It is easy to suppose what a condition
-they must soon be in, between heat, thirst and stench of various kinds.
-So that it is no wonder, so many should die in the passage; but rather
-that any survive it.
-
-7. When the vessels arrive at their destined port, the Negroes are
-again exposed naked, to the eyes of all that flock together, and
-the examination of their purchasers; then they are separated to the
-plantations of their several masters, to see each other no more. Here
-you may see mothers hanging over their daughters, bedewing their naked
-breasts with tears, and daughters clinging to their parents, till the
-whipper soon obliges them to part. And what can be more wretched than
-the condition they then enter upon? Banished from their country, from
-their friends and relations for ever, from every comfort of life, they
-are reduced to a state scarce any way preferable to that of beasts of
-burden. In general a few roots, not of the nicest kind, usually yams or
-potatoes, are their food, and two rags, that neither screen them from
-the heat of the day, nor the cold of the night their covering. Their
-sleep is very short, their labour continual, and frequently above their
-strength; so that death sets many of them at liberty, before they have
-lived out half their days. The time they work in the _West-Indies_, is
-from day-break to noon, and from two o’clock till dark: during which
-time they are attended by overseers, who, if they think them dilatory,
-or think any thing not so well done as it should be, whip them most
-unmercifully, so that you may see their bodies long after whealed and
-scarred usually from the shoulders to the waist. And before they are
-suffered to go to their quarters, they have commonly something to
-do, as collecting herbage for the horses, or gathering fewel for the
-boilers. So that it is often past twelve before they can get home.
-Hence if their food is not prepared, they are some times called to
-labour again, before they can satisfy their hunger. And no excuse will
-avail. If they are not in the field immediately, they must expect to
-feel the lash. Did the Creator intend that the noblest creatures in
-the visible world, should live such a life as this! “Are _these_ thy
-glorious works, Parent of Good?”
-
-8. As to the punishment inflicted on them, says Sir _Hans Sloan_,
-“they frequently geld them, or chop off half a foot: after they are
-whipped till they are raw all over. Some put pepper and salt upon
-them: some drop melted wax upon their skin. Others cut off their ears,
-and constrain them to broil and eat them. For Rebellion,” (that is,
-asserting their native Liberty, which they have as much right to as to
-the air they breathe) “they fasten them down to the ground with crooked
-sticks on every limb, and then applying fire by degrees, to the feet
-and hands, they burn them gradually upward to the head.”
-
-9. But will not the laws made in the plantations, prevent or redress
-all cruelty and oppression? We will take but a few of those laws for a
-specimen, and then let any man judge.
-
-In order to rivet the chain of slavery, the law of _Virginia_ ordains,
-“That no slave shall be set free, upon any pretence whatever, except
-for some meritorious services, to be adjudged and allowed by the
-_Governor and Council_: and that where any slave shall be set free by
-his owner, otherwise than is herein directed, the Church-wardens of the
-parish wherein such negro shall reside for the space of one month are
-hereby authorized and required, to _take up and sell_ the said negro,
-by _public outcry_.”
-
-10. Will not these Law-givers take effectual care, to prevent cruelty
-and oppression?
-
-The law of _Jamaica_ ordains, “Every slave that shall run away, and
-continue absent from his master twelve months, shall be _deemed
-rebellious_:” And by another law, fifty pounds are allowed, to those
-who kill or bring in alive a _rebellious_ slave. So their law treats
-these poor men with as little ceremony and consideration, as if they
-were merely brute beasts! But the innocent blood which is shed in
-consequence of such a detestable law, must call for vengeance on the
-murderous abetters and actors of such deliberate wickedness.
-
-11. But the law of _Barbadoes_ exceeds even this, “If any negro under
-punishment, by his master, or his order, for running away, or any other
-crime or misdemeanor, shall suffer _in life or member, no person
-whatsoever shall be liable to any fine therefore_. But if any man, of
-wantonness, or only of bloody-mindedness or cruel intention, _wilfully
-kill_ a negro of his own” (Now observe the severe punishment!) “He
-shall pay into the public treasury fifteen pounds sterling! And not be
-liable to any other punishment or forfeiture for the same!”
-
-Nearly allied to this is that law of _Virginia_: “After proclamation
-is issued against slaves that run away, it is lawful for any person
-whatsoever to kill and destroy such slaves, by such ways and means as
-he shall think fit.”
-
-We have seen already some of the ways and means which have been
-_thought fit_ on such occasions. And many more might be mentioned.
-One Gentleman, when I was abroad, _thought fit_ to roast his slave
-alive! But if the most natural act of “running away” from intolerable
-tyranny, deserves such relentless severity, what punishment have these
-_Law-makers_ to expect hereafter, on account of their own enormous
-offences?
-
-IV. 1. This is the plain, unaggravated matter of fact. Such is the
-manner wherein our _African_ slaves are procured: such the manner
-wherein they are removed from their native land, and wherein they are
-treated in our plantations. I would now enquire, whether these things
-can be defended, on the principles of even heathen honesty? Whether
-they can be reconciled (setting the Bible out of the question) with any
-degree of either justice or mercy?
-
-2. The grand plea is, “They are authorized by law.” But can law, Human
-Law, change the nature of things? Can it turn darkness into light,
-or evil into good? By no means. Notwithstanding ten thousand laws,
-right is right, and wrong is wrong still. There must still remain an
-essential difference between justice and injustice, cruelty and mercy.
-So that I still ask, who can reconcile this treatment of the negroes,
-first and last, with either mercy or justice?
-
-Where is the justice of inflicting the severest evils, on those that
-have done us no wrong? Of depriving those that never injured us in word
-or deed, of every comfort of life? Of tearing them from their native
-country, and depriving them of liberty itself? To which an _Angolan_,
-has the same natural right as an _Englishman_, and on which he sets as
-high a value? Yea, where is the justice of taking away the lives of
-innocent, inoffensive men? Murdering thousands of them in their own
-land, by the hands of their own countrymen: many thousands, year after
-year, on shipboard, and then casting them like dung into the sea! And
-tens of thousands in that cruel slavery, to which they are so unjustly
-reduced?
-
-3. But waving, for the present, all other considerations, I strike
-at the root of this complicated villany. I absolutely deny all
-slave-holding to be consistent with any degree of natural justice.
-
-I cannot place this in a clearer light, than that great ornament of his
-profession, Judge _Blackstone_ has already done. Part of his words are
-as follows:
-
-“The three origins of the right of slavery assigned by _Justinian_,
-are all built upon false foundations. 1. Slavery is said to arise
-from captivity in war. The conqueror having a right to the life of
-his captive, if he spares that, has then a right to deal with them as
-he speaks. But this is untrue, if taken generally, That by the laws
-of nations, a man has a right to kill his enemy. He has only a right
-to kill him in particular cases, in cases of absolute necessity for
-self-defence. And it is plain, this absolute necessity did not subsist,
-since he did not kill him, but made him prisoner. War itself is
-justifiable only on principles of self-preservation. Therefore it gives
-us no right over prisoners, but to hinder their hurting us by confining
-them. Much less can it give a right to torture, or kill, or even
-enslave an enemy when the war is over. Since therefore the right of
-making our prisoners slaves, depends on a supposed right of slaughter,
-that foundation failing, the consequence which is drawn from it must
-fail likewise.”
-
-“It is said secondly, Slavery may begin, by one man’s selling himself
-to another. And it is true, a man may sell himself to work for another;
-but he can not sell himself to be a slave, as above defined. Every sale
-implies an equivalent given to the seller, in lieu of what he transfers
-to the buyer. But what equivalent can be given for life or liberty?
-His property likewise, with the very price which he seems to receive,
-devolves _ipso facto_ to his master, the instant he becomes his slave:
-in this case therefore the buyer gives nothing. Of what validity then
-can a sale be, which destroys the very principle upon which all sales
-are founded?”
-
-“We are told, Thirdly, that men may be _born slaves_, by being the
-children of slaves. But this being built upon the two former rights
-must fall together with them, if neither captivity, nor contract can
-by the plain law of nature and reason, reduce the parent to a state of
-slavery, much less can they reduce the offspring.” It clearly follows,
-that all slavery is as irreconcileable to justice as to mercy.
-
-4. That slave-holding is utterly inconsistent with mercy, is almost
-too plain to need a proof. Indeed it is said, “That these negroes
-being prisoners of war, our captains and factors buy them, merely to
-save them from being put to death. And is not this mercy?” I answer,
-1. Did Sir _John Hawkins_, and many others, seize upon men, women and
-children, who were at peace in their own fields and houses, merely to
-save them from death? 2. Was it to save them from death, that they
-knock’d out the brains of those they could not bring away? 3. Who
-occasioned and fomented those wars, wherein these poor creatures were
-taken prisoners? Who excited them by money, by drink, by every possible
-means, to fall upon one another? Was it not themselves? They know in
-their own conscience it was, if they have any conscience left. But 4.
-To bring the matter to a short issue. Can they say before God, That
-they ever took a single voyage, or bought a single negro from this
-motive? They cannot, they well know, to get money, not to save lives,
-was the whole and sole spring of their motions.
-
-5. But if this manner of procuring and tearing negroes is not
-consistent either with mercy or justice, yet there is a plea for it
-which every man of business will acknowledge to be quite sufficient.
-Fifty years ago, one meeting an eminent statesman in the lobby of the
-House of Commons, said, “You have been long talking about justice and
-equity, Pray which is this bill? Equity or justice?” He answered, very
-short, and plain, “D--n justice: it is necessity.” Here also the
-slave-holder fixes his foot: here he rests the strength of his cause.
-“If it is not quite right, yet it _must_ be so: there is an absolute
-_necessity for it_. It is necessary we should procure slaves: and when
-we have procured them, it is necessary to use them with severity,
-considering their stupidity, stubbornness and wickedness.”
-
-I answer, You stumble at the threshold: I deny that villany is ever
-necessary. It is impossible that it should ever be necessary, for
-any reasonable creature to violate all the laws of justice, mercy,
-and truth. No circumstances can make it necessary for a man to burst
-in sunder all the ties of humanity. It can never be necessary for a
-rational being to sink himself below a brute. A man can be under no
-necessity, of degrading himself into a wolf. The absurdity of the
-supposition is so glaring, that one would wonder any one could help
-seeing it.
-
-6. This in general. But to be more particular, I ask, 1. What is
-necessary? And secondly, To what end? It may be answered, “The whole
-method now used by the original purchasers of negroes, is necessary to
-the furnishing our colonies yearly with a hundred thousand slaves.” I
-grant this is necessary to that end. But how is that end necessary?
-How will you prove it necessary that one hundred, that _one_ of those
-slaves should be procured? “Why, it is necessary to my gaining an
-hundred thousand pounds.” Perhaps so: but how is _this_ necessary?
-It is very possible you might be both a better and a happier man, if
-you had not a quarter of it. I deny that your gaining one thousand is
-necessary, either to your present or eternal happiness. “But however
-you must allow, these slaves are necessary for the cultivation of
-our Islands: inasmuch as white men are not able to labour in hot
-climates.” I answer, 1. It were better that all those Islands should
-remain uncultivated for ever, yea, it were more desirable that they
-were altogether sunk in the depth of the sea, than that they should
-be cultivated at so high a price, as the violation of justice, mercy
-and truth. But, secondly, the supposition on which you ground your
-argument is false. For white men, even _English_ men, are well able
-to labour in hot climates: provided they are temperate both in meat
-and drink, and that they inure themselves to it by degrees. I speak
-no more than I know by experience. It appears from the thermometer,
-that the summer heat in _Georgia_, is frequently equal to that in
-_Barbadoes_, yea to that under the line. And yet I and my family (eight
-in number) did employ all our spare time there, in felling of trees and
-clearing of ground, as hard labour as any negro need be employed in.
-The _German_ family likewise, forty in number, were employed in all
-manner of labour. And this was so far from impairing our health, that
-we all continued perfectly well, while the idle ones round about us,
-were swept away as with a pestilence. It is not true therefore that
-white men are not able to labour, even in hot climates, full as well
-as black. But if they were not, it would be better that none should
-labour there, that the work should be left undone, than that myriads
-of innocent men should be murdered, and myriads more dragged into the
-basest slavery.
-
-7. “But the furnishing us with slaves is necessary, for the trade, and
-wealth, and glory of our nation:” here are several mistakes. For 1.
-Wealth is not necessary to the glory of any nation; but wisdom, virtue,
-justice, mercy, generosity, public spirit, love of our country. These
-are necessary to the real glory of a nation; but abundance of wealth
-is not. Men of understanding allow, that the glory of _England_ was
-full as high, in Queen _Elizabeth’s_ time as it is now: although our
-riches and trade were then as much smaller, as our virtue was greater.
-But, secondly, it is not clear, that we should have either less money
-or trade, (only less of that detestable trade of man-stealing) if
-there was not a negro in all our Islands, or in all _English America_.
-It is demonstrable, white men, inured to it by degrees _can_ work as
-well as them: and they _would_ do it, were negroes out of the way, and
-proper encouragement given them. However, thirdly, I come back to the
-same point: better no trade, than trade procured by villany. It is far
-better to have no wealth, than to gain wealth at the expence of virtue.
-Better is honest poverty, than all the riches bought by the tears, and
-sweat and blood of our fellow-creatures.
-
-8. “However this be; it is necessary when we have slaves, to use them
-with severity.” What, to whip them for every petty offence, till they
-are all in gore blood? To take that opportunity, of rubbing pepper and
-salt into their raw flesh? To drop burning sealing-wax upon their skin?
-To castrate them? To cut off half their foot with an axe? To hang them
-on gibbets, that they may die by inches, with heat, and hunger, and
-thirst? To pin them down to the ground, and then burn them by degrees,
-from the feet, to the head? To roast them alive?--When did a Turk or a
-Heathen find it necessary to use a fellow-creature thus?
-
-I pray, to what end is this usage necessary? “Why, to prevent their
-running away: and to keep them constantly to their labour, that they
-may not idle away their time. So miserably stupid is this race of
-men, yea, so stubborn and so wicked.” Allowing them to be as stupid
-as you say, to whom is that stupidity owing? Without question it lies
-altogether at the door of their inhuman masters: who give them no
-means, no opportunity of improving their understanding: and indeed
-leave them no motive, either from hope or fear, to attempt any such
-thing. They were no way remarkable for stupidity, while they remained
-in their own country: the inhabitants of _Africa_ where they have
-equal motives and equal means of improvement, are not inferior to the
-inhabitants of _Europe_: to some of them they are greatly superior.
-Impartially survey in their own country, the natives of _Benin_, and
-the natives of _Lapland_. Compare, (setting prejudice aside) the
-_Samoeids_ and the _Angolans_. And on which side does the advantage
-lie, in point of understanding? Certainly the _African_ is in no
-respect inferior to the _European_. Their stupidity therefore in our
-plantations is not natural; otherwise than it is the natural effect of
-their condition. Consequently it is not their fault, but _your’s_: you
-must answer for it, before God and man.
-
-9. “But their stupidity is not the only reason of our treating them
-with severity. For it is hard to say, which is the greatest, this
-or their stubbornness and wickedness.”----It may be so: But do not
-these as well as the other, lie at _your_ door; are not stubbornness,
-cunning, pilfering, and divers other vices, the natural, necessary
-fruits of slavery? Is not this an observation which has been made,
-in every age and nation?----And what means have you used to remove
-this stubbornness? Have you tried what mildness and gentleness would
-do? I knew one that did: that had prudence and patience to make
-the experiment: Mr. _Hugh Bryan_, who then lived on the borders of
-_South-Carolina_. And what was the effect? Why, that all his negroes
-(and he had no small number of them) loved and reverenced him as a
-father, and chearfully obeyed him out of love. Yea, they were more
-afraid of a frown from _him_, than of many blows from an overseer. And
-what pains have _you_ taken, what method have _you_ used, to reclaim
-them from their wickedness? Have you carefully taught them,
-
-“That there is a God, a wise, powerful, merciful being, the Creator
-and Governor of heaven and earth? That he has appointed a day wherein
-he will judge the world, will take an account of all our thoughts,
-words and actions? That in that day he will reward every child of man
-according to his works: that “then the righteous shall inherit the
-kingdom prepared for them from the foundation of the world: and the
-wicked shall be cast into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and
-his angels.” If you have not done this, if you have taken no pains or
-thought about the matter, can you wonder at their wickedness? What
-wonder, if they should cut your throat? And if they did, whom could you
-thank for it but yourself? You first acted the villain in making them
-slaves, (whether you stole them or bought them.) You kept them stupid
-and wicked, by cutting them off from all opportunities of improving
-either in knowledge or virtue: and now you assign their want of wisdom
-and goodness as the reason for using them worse than brute beasts!
-
-V. 1. It remains only to make a little application of the preceding
-observations.--But to whom should that application be made? That may
-bear a question. Should we address ourselves to the public at large?
-What effect can this have? It may inflame the world against the guilty,
-but is not likely to remove that guilt. Should we appeal to the
-_English_ nation in general? This also is striking wide; and is never
-likely to procure any redress for the sore evil we complain of.--As
-little would it in all probability avail, to apply to the Parliament.
-So many things, which _seem_ of greater importance lie before them that
-they are not likely to attend to this. I therefore add a few words to
-those who are more immediately concerned, whether captains, merchants
-or planters.
-
-2. And, first, to the captains employed in this trade. Most of _you_
-know, the country of _Guinea_: several parts of it at least, between
-the river _Senegal_ and the kingdom of _Angola_. Perhaps now, by
-_your_ means, part of it is become a dreary uncultivated wilderness,
-the inhabitants being all murdered or carried away, so that there are
-none left to till the ground. But you well know, how populous, how
-fruitful, how pleasant it was a few years ago. You know the people
-were not stupid, not wanting in sense, considering the few means of
-improvement they enjoyed. Neither did you find them savage, fierce,
-cruel, treacherous, or unkind to strangers. On the contrary, they were
-in most parts, a sensible and ingenious people. They were kind and
-friendly, courteous and obliging, and remarkably fair and just in their
-dealings. Such are the men whom you hire their own countrymen, to tear
-away from this lovely country; part by stealth, part by force, part
-made captive in those wars, which you raise or foment on purpose. You
-have seen them torn away, children from their parents, parents from
-their children: husbands from their wives, wives from their beloved
-husbands, brethren and sisters from each other. You have dragged them
-who had never done you any wrong, perhaps in chains, from their native
-shore. You have forced them into your ships like an herd of swine, them
-who had souls immortal as your own: (only some of them, leaped into
-the sea, and resolutely stayed under water, till they could suffer no
-more from you.) You have stowed them together as close as ever they
-could lie, without any regard either to decency or convenience. And
-when many of them had been poisoned by foul air, or had sunk under
-various hardships, you have seen their remains delivered to the deep,
-till the sea should give up its dead. You have carried the survivors
-into the vilest slavery, never to end but with life: such slavery as is
-not found among the Turks at _Algiers_, no nor among the Heathens in
-_America_.
-
-3. May I speak plainly to you? I must. Love constrains me: love to
-_you_, as well as to those you are concerned with.
-
-Is there a God? You know there is. Is he a just God? Then there must be
-a state of retribution: a state wherein the just God will reward every
-man according to his works. Then what reward will he render to _you_? O
-think betimes! Before you drop into eternity! Think now, _He shall have
-judgment without mercy that hath shewed no mercy_. Are you a _man_?
-Then you should have a _human_ heart. But have you indeed? What is your
-heart made of? Is there no such principle as compassion there? Do you
-never _feel_ another’s pain? Have you no sympathy? No sense of human
-woe? No pity for the miserable? When you saw the flourishing eyes,
-the heaving breasts, or the bleeding sides and tortured limbs of your
-fellow-creatures, was you a stone, or a brute? Did you look upon them
-with the eyes of a tiger? When you squeezed the agonizing creatures
-down in the ship, or when you threw their poor mangled remains into the
-sea, had you no relenting? Did not one tear drop from your eye, one
-sigh escape from your breast? Do you feel no relenting _now_? If you
-do not, you must go on, till the measure of your iniquities is full.
-Then will the great God deal with _you_, as you have dealt with _them_,
-and require all their blood at your hands. And at that day it shall be
-more tolerable for Sodom and Gomorrah than for _you_! But if your heart
-does relent, though in a small degree, know it is a call from the God
-of love. And to-day, if you will hear his voice, harden not your heart.
-To-day resolve, God being your helper, to escape for your life. Regard
-not money! All that a man hath will he give for his life! Whatever
-you lose, lose not your soul: nothing can countervail that loss.
-Immediately quit the horrid trade: at all events, be an honest man.
-
-4. This equally concerns every Merchant, who is engaged in the
-Slave-trade. It is _you_ that induce the _African_ villain to sell his
-countrymen; and in order thereto, to steal, rob, murder men, women and
-children without number: by enabling the _English_ villain to pay him
-for so doing; whom you over pay for his execrable labour. It is _your_
-money, that is the spring of all, that impowers him to go on: so that
-whatever he or the _African_ does in this matter, is all _your_ act and
-deed. And is your conscience quite reconciled to this? Does it never
-reproach you at all? Has gold entirely blinded your eyes, and stupified
-your heart? Can you see, can you _feel_ no harm therein? Is it doing
-as you would be done to? Make the case your own. “Master,” said a Slave
-at _Liverpool_ (to the Merchant that owned him) “what if some of my
-countrymen were to come here, and take away my mistress, and master
-_Tommy_ and master _Billy_ and carry them into our country, and make
-them slaves, how would you like it?” His answer was worthy of a man:
-“I will never buy a slave more while I live.” O let his resolution be
-your’s! Have no more any part in this detestable business. Instantly
-leave it to those unfeeling wretches, “Who laugh at human nature
-and compassion!” Be _you_ a man! Not a wolf, a devourer of the human
-species! Be merciful, that you may obtain mercy!
-
-5. And this equally concerns every gentleman that has an estate in our
-_American_ plantations: yea all Slave-holders of whatever rank and
-degree: seeing _men-buyers_ are exactly on a level with _men-stealers_.
-Indeed you say, “I pay honestly for my goods: and I am not concerned to
-know how they are come by”: nay but you are: you are deeply concerned
-to know they are honestly come by. Otherwise you are partaker with a
-thief, and are not a jot honester than him. But you know, they are not
-honestly come by: you know they are procured by means, nothing near
-so innocent as picking pockets, house-breaking, or robbery upon the
-high-way. You know they are procured by a deliberate series of more
-complicated villany, (of fraud, robbery and murder) than was ever
-practised either by Mahometans or Pagans: in particular by murders of
-all kinds; by the blood of the innocent poured upon the ground like
-water. Now it is _your_ money that pays the Merchant, and through him
-the Captain, and the _African_ butchers. _You_ therefore are guilty,
-yea principally guilty, of all these frauds, robberies and murders. You
-are the spring that puts all the rest in motion: they would not stir
-a step without _you_: therefore the blood of all these wretches, who
-die before their time, whether in the country or elsewhere, lies upon
-your head. _The blood of thy brother_, (for, whether thou wilt believe
-it or no, such he is in the sight of Him that made him) _crieth against
-thee from the earth_, from the ship, and from the waters. O, whatever
-it costs, put a stop to its cry before it be too late: instantly,
-at any price, were it the half of your goods, deliver thyself from
-blood-guiltiness! Thy hands, thy bed, thy furniture, thy house,
-thy lands are at present stained with blood. Surely it is enough;
-accumulate no more guilt: spill no more the blood of the innocent! Do
-not hire another to shed blood: do not pay him for doing it! Whether
-you are a Christian or no, shew yourself a man! Be not more savage than
-a lion or a bear!
-
-6. Perhaps you will say, “I do not _buy_ any Negroes: I only _use_
-those left by my father.” So far is well: but is it enough to satisfy
-your own conscience? Had your father, have _you_, has any man living, a
-right to use another as a slave? It cannot be, even setting revelation
-aside. It cannot be that either war, or contract, can give any man such
-a property in another as he has in his sheep and oxen. Much less is it
-possible, that any child of man, should ever be _born a slave_. Liberty
-is the right of every human creature, as soon as he breathes the vital
-air. And no human law can deprive him of that right, which he derives
-from the law of nature.
-
-If therefore you have any regard to justice, (to say nothing of mercy,
-nor the revealed law of God) render unto all their due. Give liberty to
-whom liberty is due, that is to every child of man, to every partaker
-of human nature. Let none serve you but by his own act and deed, by his
-own voluntary choice. Away with all whips, all chains, all compulsion!
-Be gentle toward all men, and see that you invariably do unto every
-one, as you would he should do unto _you_.
-
-7. O thou God of love, thou who art loving to every man, and whose
-mercy is over all thy works; thou who art the Father of the spirits of
-all flesh, and who art rich in mercy unto all; thou who has mingled of
-one blood, all the nations upon the earth; have compassion upon these
-outcasts of men, who are trodden down as dung upon the earth! Arise
-and help these that have no helper, whose blood is spilt upon the
-ground like water! Are not these also the work of thine own hands, the
-purchase of thy Son’s blood? Stir them up to cry unto thee in the land
-of their captivity; and let their complaint come up before thee; let
-it enter into thy ears! Make even those that lead them away captive to
-pity them, and turn their captivity as the rivers in the South. O burst
-thou all their chains in sunder; more especially the chains of their
-sins: Thou, Saviour of all, make them free, that they may be free indeed!
-
-    The servile progeny of _Ham_
-      Seize as the purchase of thy blood!
-    Let all the Heathens know thy name,
-      From Idols to the living God;
-    The dark _Americans_ convert,
-    And shine in every Pagan heart.
-
-
-FINIS
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber’s Note
-
-
-Clear printer’s errors have been corrected by the transcriber; as far as
-possible, however, original spelling and punctuation have been preserved.
-
-In this file, text in _italics_ is indicated by underscores.
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