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diff --git a/old/69049-0.txt b/old/69049-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index b639cf8..0000000 --- a/old/69049-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,52901 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The flowering plants of Africa, by -Franz Thonner - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The flowering plants of Africa - An analytical key to the genera of African Phanerograms - -Author: Franz Thonner - -Release Date: September 26, 2022 [eBook #69049] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - available at The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF -AFRICA *** - - - - - - - THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF AFRICA - - - - - THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF AFRICA - - AN ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA OF AFRICAN PHANEROGAMS - - BY FR. THONNER - - WITH 150 PLATES AND A MAP - - DULAU & CO., LTD. 37 SOHO SQUARE, LONDON 1915 - - - - - _ALL RIGHTS RESERVED_ - - - - -PREFACE - - -The flora of Africa being now comparatively well known, the author -of the present work considered the time opportune to present to the -public an analytical key for determining in an easy way the generic -name of every phanerogamous plant growing wild, whether indigenous or -naturalized, or cultivated upon a large scale within the geographical -limits of Africa including the islands. - -The names and limits of the genera and families adopted in this -work are those accepted in ENGLER & PRANTL’S “Die natürlichen -Pflanzenfamilien,” the most recent work containing the description -of all genera of flowering plants, and its supplement “Genera -Siphonogamarum” by DALLA TORRE & HARMS. - -As the present work is intended for the use not only of botanists, -but also of colonists and travellers in Africa, who take an interest -in botany, I have used, wherever it was possible, as distinctive -characters, those which are visible to the naked eye in a plant in -flower, being careful, however, not to deviate too much from the -natural system. - -Besides the diagnostic characters of the genera, I have also indicated -the approximative number of the species described to the end of the -year 1910, their geographical distribution, their uses, and their more -important synonyms. - -As to the terms used in indicating the geographical distribution of -African plants, “North Africa” (including North-west-and North-east -Africa) means all northern extratropical Africa, “South Africa” -(including South-west and South-east Africa) southern extratropical -Africa, “tropical Africa” Africa within the tropics, including all -islands, whereas the continent of Africa within the tropics including -only the small islands in the proximity of the coast, is designated by -“Central Africa.” - -The present work was originally published in German under the title -“Die Blütenpflanzen Africas” (Berlin, R. Friedländer & Sohn, 1908). A -new edition being desirable, I have preferred the English language, and -I am indebted to Dr. A. B. RENDLE, of the British Museum, for revising -my translation. - -The plates were drawn by the Vienna artist JOSEPH FLEISCHMANN from -herbarium specimens kindly lent from the collections of the Hofmuseum -at Vienna and the Jardin botanique de l’Etat at Brussels by their -respective keepers Dr. A. ZAHLBRUCKNER and Dr. E. DE WILDEMAN. Drawings -already published have been used for a few plates only; these are duly -indicated. - -FRANZ THONNER. - -VIENNA (AUSTRIA), September 1913. - - - - -LIST OF PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED - - - A. ENGLER & K. PRANTL, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (Leipzig, - 1889-1908). - - C. G. DE DALLA TORRE & H. HARMS, Genera Siphonogamarum (Leipzig, - 1900-1907). - - A. ENGLER, Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, 6. ed. (Berlin, 1909). - ---Das Pflanzenreich (Leipzig, 1900-1910). - ---Monographien afrikanischer Pflanzenfamilien und-gattungen - (Leipzig, 1898-1904). - ---Die Vegetation Afrikas (Berlin, 1908-1910). - - G. BENTHAM & J. D. HOOKER, Genera plantarum (London, 1862-1883). - - J. D. HOOKER & B. D. JACKSON, Index Kewensis plantarum - phanerogamarum (Oxford, 1895-1908). - - A. DE CANDOLLE, Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis - (Paris, 1824-1873). - - C. S. KUNTH, Enumeratio plantarum (Stuttgart, 1833-1850). - - G. WALPERS, Repertorium botanices systematicae (Leipzig, - 1842-1847). - ---Annales botanices systematicae (Leipzig, 1848-1868). - - A. & C. DE CANDOLLE, Monographiae phanerogamarum (Paris, - 1878-1896). - - H. BAILLON, Histoire des plantes (Paris, 1867-1895). - - TH. DURAND & H. SCHINZ, Conspectus florae Africae (Bruxelles, - 1895-1898). - - * * * * * - - R. DELILE, Flore d’Egypte (Paris, 1810). - - E. BOISSIER, Flora orientalis (Basel, 1867-1888). - - P. ASCHERSON & G. SCHWEINFURTH, Illustrations de la flore d’Egypte - (Le Caire, 1887). - - E. SICKENBERGER, Contributions à la flore d’Egypte (Le Caire, - 1901). - - E. DURAND & G. BARRATTE, Florae Libycae prodromus (Genève, 1910). - - J. A. BATTANDIER & TRABUT, Flore de l’Algérie (Alger, 1888-1910). - ---Flore de l’Algérie et de la Tunisie (Alger, 1902). - - W. TRELEASE, Botanical observations on the Azores (St. Louis, - 1897). - - R. T. LOWE, A manual flora of Madeira (London, 1868). - - PH. BARKER-WEBB & S. BERTHELOT, Phytographia Canariensis (Paris, - 1836-1840). - - J. PITARD & L. PROUST, Les îles Canaries (Paris, 1908). - - * * * * * - - D. OLIVER & W. T. THISELTON-DYER, Flora of tropical Africa (London, - 1868-1910). - - J. MILDBREAD, Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen - Central-Africa-Expedition; Botanik (Berlin, 1910). - - A. ENGLER, Die Pflanzenwelt Ostafrikas (Berlin, 1895). - - A. RICHARD, Tentamen florae Abyssinicae (Paris, 1847). - - R. PIROTTA, Flora della colonia Eritrea (Roma, 1903-1908). - - J. A. GRANT & D. OLIVER, The botany of the Speke and Grant - expedition. (London, 1872-1875). - - W. PETERS, Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mozambik (Berlin, - 1862-1864). - - TH. SIM, Forest flora and forest resources of Portuguese East - Africa (Aberdeen, 1909). - - J. B. BALFOUR, Botany of Socotra (Edinburgh, 1888). - - H. FORBES, The natural history of Socotra and Abdelkuri (Liverpool, - 1903). - - F. VIERHAPPER, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Flora Südarabiens und der - Inseln Socotra, Semha und Abdelkuri (Wien, 1907). - - J. A. SCHMIDT, Beiträge zur Flora der kapverdischen Inseln - (Heidelberg, 1852). - - J. A. GUILLEMIN, S. Perrotet, & A. Richard, Florae Senegambiae - tentamen (Paris, 1830-1833). - - J. PALISOT BEAUVOIS, Flore d’Oware et de Benin (Paris 1804). - - W. J. HOOKER, Niger flora (London, 1849). - - H. POBEGUIN, Essai sur la flore de la Guinée française (Paris, - 1906). - - TH. DURAND & E. DE WILDEMAN, Matériaux pour la flore du Congo - (Bruxelles, 1897-1901). - - E. DE WILDEMAN & TH. DURAND, Contributions a la flore du Congo - (Bruxelles, 1900). - ----- Reliquiae Dewevreanae (Bruxelles, 1901). - ----- Illustrations de la flore du Congo (Bruxelles, 1898-1904). - ----- Plantae Thonnerianae Congolenses (Bruxelles, 1900). - - E. DE WILDEMAN, Etudes sur la flore du Katanga (Bruxelles, - 1902-1903). - ---Etudes sur la flore du Bas-et du Moyen-Congo (Bruxelles, - 1903-1910). - ---Mission E. Laurent (Bruxelles, 1905-1907). - ---Notice sur des plantes utiles ou interessantes de la flore du - Congo (Bruxelles, 1903-1906). - ---Plantae novae horti Thenensis (Bruxelles, 1904-1910). - ---Companie du Kasai (Bruxelles, 1909). - - TH. & H. DURAND, Sylloge florae Congolanae (Bruxelles, 1909). - - W. P. HIERN, Catalogue of the African plants collected by Welwitsch - (London, 1896-1901). - - O. WARBURG, Die Kunene-Sambesi-Expedition (Berlin, 1903). - - J. C. MELLIS, St. Helena (London, 1875). - - * * * * * - - A. GRANDIDIER & DRAKE DEL CASTILLO, Histoire naturelle de - Madagascar (Paris, 1886-1902). - - P. BARON, Compendium des plants malgaches (Paris, 1901-1906). - - J. PALACKY, Catalogus plantarum Madagascariensium (Prag, 1906). - - J. G. BAKER, Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles (London, 1877). - - J. B. BALFOUR, Flora of the Island of Rodriguez (London, 1879). - - J. DE CORDEMOY, Flore de l’île de la Réunion (Paris, 1895). - - A. VOELTZKOW, Die von Aldabra bis jetzt bekannte Flora und Fauna - (Frankfurt, 1902). - - * * * * * - - W. HARVEY, The genera of South-African plants, 2. ed. (Capetown, - 1868). - - W. HARVEY. O. W. Sonder &. W. Thiselton-Dyer, Flora Capensis - (London, 1859-1910). - - W. HARVEY, Thesaurus Capensis (Dublin, 1859-1863). - - H. BOLUS & A. H. WOLLEY-DOD, A list of the flowering plants of the - Cape peninsula (Capetown, 1903). - - TH. SIM, The forests and forest flora of the Colony of the Cape of - Good Hope (Aberdeen, 1907). - - J. M. WOOD, Handbook to the flora of Natal (Durban, 1907). - ---Natal plants (Durban, 1898-1910). - - H. SCHINZ, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der afrikanischen Flora (Genève, - 1892-1908). - ---Die Pflanzenwelt Deutsch-Südwestafrikas. (Genève, 1896-1900). - - A. ZAHLBRUCKNER, Plantae Pentherianae (Wien, 1900-1905). - - CHALLENGER Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. - “Challenger” (London, 1885). - - H. SCHENK, Vergleichende Darstellung der Pflanzengeographie der - subantarktischen Inseln (Jena, 1905). - - * * * * * - - LINNEAN SOCIETY, Journal. Botany. (London, 1857-1910). - - KEW GARDENS, Bulletin of miscellaneous information. (London, - 1892-1910). - - W. CURTIS, The Botanical Magazine (London, 1793-1910). - - W. J. & J. D. HOOKER, Icones plantarum (London, 1837-1910). - - B. SEEMANN & J. BRITTEN, The Journal of Botany (London, 1853-1910). - - A. ENGLER, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte - und Pflanzengeographie (Leipzig, 1881-1910). - ---Notizblatt des königl. botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin - (Leipzig, 1897-1910). - - K. SCHUMANN & F. FEDDE, Just’s botanischer Jahresbericht (Leipzig, - 1873-1910). - - F. FEDDE, Repertorium novarum specierum regni vegetabilis (Berlin, - 1906-1910). - - BOTANISCHES CENTRALBLATT (Leiden, 1880-1910). - - SOCIÉTÉ BOTANIQUE DE FRANCE, Bulletin (Paris, 1854-1910). - - SOCIÉTÉ LINNÉENNE DE PARIS, Bulletin (Paris, 1889-1899). - - MUSÉUM D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE, Bulletin (Paris, 1895-1910). - - G. BEAUVERD, Bulletin de l’herbier Boissier, 2me série (Genéve, - 1901-1908). - - R. PIROTTA, Annuario del istituto botanico di Roma (Milano, - 1885-1908). - ---Annali di Botanica (Roma, 1904-1910). - - SOCIEDADE BROTERIANA, Boletim (Coimbra, 1883-1910). - - * * * * * - - J. LINDLEY & TH. MOORE, The treasury of botany (London, 1884). - - J. C. WILLIS, A manual and dictionary of the flowering plants and - ferns, 3. ed. (Cambridge, 1908). - - J. WIESNER, Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreichs, 2. Aufl. (Leipzig, - 1900). - - G. DRAGENDORFF, Die Heilpflanzen (Stuttgart, 1898). - - L. LEWIN, Lehrbuch der Toxikologie, 2. Aufl. (Wien, 1897). - - F. MACMILLAN, A handbook of tropical gardening and planting - (Colombo, 1910). - - M. WOODROW, Gardening in the tropics (Paisley, 1910). - - A. VOSS, Vilmorin’s Blumengärtnerei (Berlin, 1896). - - A. MOLONEY, Sketch of the forestry of West Africa (London, 1887). - - J. H. HOLLAND, The useful plants of Nigeria (London, 1908). - - R. SADEBECK, Die Kulturgewächse der deutschen Kolonien (Jena, - 1899). - - J. L. DE LANESSAN, Les plantes utiles des colonies françaises - (Paris, 1886). - - G. NIEDERLEIN, Ressources végétales des colonies françaises (Paris, - 1902). - - A. SEBIRE, Les plantes utiles du Senegal (Paris, 1899). - - A. CHEVALIER, Les végétaux utiles de l’Afrique tropicale française - (Paris, 1905-1910). - - E. HECKEL, Les plantes utiles de Madagascar (Paris, 1910). - - L. CUOCO, Fauna e flora medica ed industriale della colonia Eritrea - (Napoli, 1897). - - C. DE FICALHO, Plantas uteis da Africa portugueza (Lisboa, 1884). - - * * * * * - - B. D. JACKSON, A glossary of botanic terms, 2. ed. (London, 1905). - - - - -TABLE OF CONTENTS - - -KEY TO THE FAMILIES - - PAGE - -Gymnospermae 1 - -Monocotyledoneae 2 - -Apetalae 6 - -Choripetalae 18 - -Sympetalae 49 - - -KEY TO THE GENERA - - -I. CYCADALES. - -1. Cycadaceae 69 - - -II. CONIFERAE. - -2. Taxaceae 70 - -3. Pinaceae 70 - - -III. GNETALES. - -4. Gnetaceae 71 - - -IV. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE. - - -_Pandanales._ - -5. Typhaceae 72 - -6. Pandanaceae 73 - -7. Sparganiaceae 73 - - -_Helobiae._ - -8. Potamogetonaceae 73 - -9. Naiadaceae 75 - -10. Aponogetonaceae 75 - -11. Scheuchzeriaceae 75 - -12. Alismataceae 75 - -13. Butomaceae 77 - -14. Hydrocharitaceae 77 - - -_Triuridales._ - -15. Triuridaceae 78 - - -_Glumiflorae._ - -16. Gramineae 79 - -17. Cyperaceae 106 - - -_Principes._ - -18. Palmae 110 - - -_Spathiflorae._ - -19. Araceae 114 - -20. Lemnaceae 119 - - -_Farinosae._ - -21. Flagellariaceae 119 - -22. Restionaceae 119 - -23. Mayacaceae 120 - -24. Xyridaceae 121 - -25. Eriocaulaceae 121 - -26. Rapateaceae 121 - -27. Bromeliaceae 122 - -28. Commelinaceae 122 - -29. Pontederiaceae 123 - -30. Cyanastraceae 124 - - -_Liliiflorae._ - -31. Juncaceae 124 - -32. Liliaceae 125 - -33. Haemodoraceae 134 - -34. Amaryllidaceae 135 - -35. Velloziaceae 139 - -36. Taccaceae 139 - -37. Dioscoreaceae 140 - -38. Iridaceae 140 - - -_Scitamineae._ - -39. Musaceae 145 - -40. Zingiberaceae 146 - -41. Cannaceae 147 - -42. Marantaceae 148 - - -_Microspermae._ - -43. Burmanniaceae 149 - -44. Orchidaceae 150 - - -V. DICOTYLEDONEAE. - - -_ARCHICHLAMYDEAE._ - - -_Verticillatae._ - -45. Casuarinaceae 160 - - -_Piperales._ - -46. Piperaceae 161 - - -_Salicales._ - -47. Salicaceae 161 - - -_Myricales._ - -48. Myricaceae 162 - - -_Juglandales._ - -49. Juglandaceae 162 - - -_Fagales._ - -50. Betulaceae 162 - -51. Fagaceae 163 - - -_Urticales._ - -52. Ulmaceae 163 - -53. Moraceae 164 - -54. Urticaceae 168 - - -_Proteales._ - -55. Proteaceae 170 - - -_Santalales._ - -56. Santalaceae 172 - -57. Opiliaceae 173 - -58. Grubbiaceae 173 - -59. Olacaceae 173 - -60. Octoknemataceae 175 - -61. Loranthaceae 175 - -62. Balanophoraceae 176 - - -_Aristolochiales._ - -63. Aristolochiaceae 176 - -64. Rafflesiaceae 177 - -65. Hydnoraceae 177 - - -_Polygonales._ - -66. Polygonaceae 177 - - -_Centrospermae._ - -67. Chenopodiaceae 179 - -68. Amarantaceae 182 - -69. Nyctaginaceae 186 - -70. Cynocrambaceae 187 - -71. Phytolaccaceae 187 - -72. Aizoaceae 188 - -73. Portulacaceae 190 - -74. Basellaceae 191 - -75. Caryophyllaceae 191 - - -_Ranales._ - -76. Nymphaeaceae 197 - -77. Ceratophyllaceae 197 - -78. Ranunculaceae 197 - -79. Berberidaceae 199 - -80. Memspermaceae 199 - -81. Anonaceae 203 - -82. Myristicaceae 206 - -83. Monimiaceae 208 - -84. Lauraceae 209 - -85. Hernandiaceae 211 - - -_Rhoeadales._ - -86. Papaveraceae 211 - -87. Capparidaceae 213 - -88. Cruciferae 216 - -89. Resedaceae 228 - -90. Moringaceae 229 - - -_Sarraceniales._ - -91. Nepenthaceae 229 - -92. Droseraceae 230 - - -_Rosales._ - -93. Podostemonaceae 230 - -94. Hydrostachyaceae 231 - -95. Crassulaceae 232 - -96. Saxifragaceae 233 - -97. Pittosporaceae 235 - -98. Cunoniaceae 235 - -99. Myrothamnaceae 236 - -100. Bruniaceae 236 - -101. Hamamelidaceae 238 - -102. Platanaceae 238 - -103. Rosaceae 239 - -104. Connaraceae 243 - -105. Leguminosae 245 - - -_Pandales._ - -106. Pandaceae 289 - - -_Geraniales._ - -107. Geraniaceae 289 - -108. Oxalidaceae 290 - -109. Tropaeolaceae 291 - -110. Linaceae 291 - -111. Humiriaceae 292 - -112. Erythroxylaceae 292 - -113. Zygophyllaceae 293 - -114. Cneoraceae 295 - -115. Rutaceae 295 - -116. Simarubaceae 299 - -117. Burseraceae 301 - -118. Meliaceae 302 - -119. Malpighiaceae 306 - -120. Polygalaceae 308 - -121. Dichapetalaceae 309 - -122. Euphorbiaceae 309 - -123. Callitrichaceae 324 - - -_Sapindales._ - -124. Buxaceae 324 - -125. Empetraceae 325 - -126. Coriariaceae 325 - -127. Anacardiaceae 325 - -128. Aquifoliaceae 329 - -129. Celastraceae 329 - -130. Hippocrateaceae 332 - -131. Salvadoraceae 332 - -132. Icacinaceae 333 - -133. Aceraceae 335 - -134. Sapindaceae 335 - -135. Melianthaceae 342 - -136. Balsaminaceae 343 - - -_Rhamnales._ - -137. Rhamnaceae 343 - -138. Vitaceae 345 - - -_Malvales._ - -139. Elaeocarpaceae 347 - -140. Chlaenaceae 347 - -141. Tiliaceae 348 - -142. Malvaceae 350 - -143. Bombacaceae 353 - -144. Sterculiaceae 354 - -145. Scytopetalaceae 357 - - -_Parietales._ - -146. Dilleniaceae 358 - -147. Ochnaceae 359 - -148. Theaceae 360 - -149. Guttiferae 360 - -150. Dipterocarpaceae 363 - -151. Elatinaceae 363 - -152. Frankeniaceae 363 - -153. Tamaricaceae 364 - -154. Cistaceae 365 - -155. Bixaceae 365 - -156. Cochlospermaceae 366 - -157. Winteranaceae 366 - -158. Violaceae 366 - -159. Flacourtiaceae 367 - -160. Turneraceae 373 - -161. Passifloraceae 374 - -162. Achariaceae 376 - -163. Caricaceae 377 - -164. Loasaceae 377 - -165. Begoniaceae 377 - -166. Ancistrocladaceae 378 - - -_Opuntiales._ - -167. Cactaceae 378 - - -_Myrtiflorae._ - -168. Geissolomataceae 379 - -169. Penaeaceae 379 - -170. Oliniaceae 380 - -171. Thymelaeaceae 380 - -172. Elaeagnaceae 383 - -173. Lythraceae 383 - -174. Sonneratiaceae 385 - -175. Punicaceae 386 - -176. Lecythidaceae 386 - -177. Rhizophoraceae 387 - -178. Alangiaceae 389 - -179. Combretaceae 389 - -180. Myrtaceae 391 - -181. Melastomataceae 392 - -182. Oenotheraceae 397 - -183. Halorrhagaceae 399 - -184. Cynomoriaceae 400 - - -_Umbelliflorae._ - -185. Araliaceae 400 - -186. Umbelliferae 401 - -187. Cornaceae 414 - - -_METACHLAMYDEAE._ - - -_Ericales._ - -188. Clethraceae 414 - -189. Ericaceae 415 - - -_Primulales._ - -190. Myrsinaceae 417 - -191. Primulaceae 419 - -192. Plumbaginaceae 420 - - -_Ebenales._ - -193. Sapotaceae 421 - -194. Hoplestigmataceae 424 - -195. Ebenaceae 424 - -196. Styracaceae 425 - - -_Contortae._ - -197. Oleaceae 425 - -198. Loganiaceae 427 - -199. Gentianaceae 429 - -200. Apocynaceae 432 - -201. Asclepiadaceae 441 - - -_Tubiflorae._ - -202. Convolvulaceae 457 - -203. Hydrophyllaceae 462 - -204. Borraginaceae 463 - -205. Verbenaceae 467 - -206. Labiatae 470 - -207. Solanaceae 481 - -208. Scrophulariaceae 483 - -209. Bignoniaceae 495 - -210. Pedaliaceae 498 - -211. Martyniaceae 500 - -212. Orobanchaceae 500 - -213. Gesneraceae 500 - -214. Lentibulariaceae 501 - -215. Globulariaceae 502 - -216. Acanthaceae 502 - -217. Myoporaceae 515 - - -_Plantaginales._ - -218. Plantaginaceae 515 - - -_Rubiales._ - -219. Rubiaceae 516 - -220. Caprifoliaceae 533 - -221. Valerianaceae 534 - -222. Dipsacaceae 534 - - -_Campanulatae._ - -223. Cucurbitaceae 535 - -224. Campanulaceae 541 - -225. Goodeniaceae 544 - -226. Compositae 544 - - -STATISTICAL TABLE 585 - -GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS 591 - -ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS’ NAMES 600 - -LIST OF POPULAR NAMES 602 - -ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 607 - -INDEX 613 - - - - -LIST OF PLATES - - - To face page - -1. _Cycadaceae._ Encephalartos Lemarinelianus De Wild. et Dur. 70 - -2. _Pinaceae._ Callitris cupressoides (L.) Schrad. 71 - -3. _Pandanaceae._ Pandanus candelabrum Beauv. 72 - -4. _Potamogetonaceae._ Potamogeton javanicus Hassk. 73 - -5. _Aponogetonaceae._ Aponogeton leptostachyus E. Mey. 74 - -6. _Alismataceae._ Limnophyton obtusifolium (L.) Miq. 75 - -7. _Hydrocharitaceae._ Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. 78 - -8. _Gramineae._ Chloris Gayana Kunth 79 - -9. _Cyperaceae._ Kyllinga alba Nees 110 - -10. _Palmae._ Raphia Laurentii De Wild. 111 - -11. “ “ “ “ 114 - -12. _Araceae._ Amorphophallus gratus (Schott) N. E. Brown 115 - -13. _Restionaceae._ Restio compressus Rottb. 120 - -14. _Xyridaceae._ Xyris augustifolia De Wild. et Dur. 121 - -15. _Eriocaulaceae._ Mesanthemum radicans (Benth.) Koern. 122 - -16. _Commelinaceae._ Aneilema beninense Kunth 123 - -17. _Juncaceae._ Prionium serratum Drege 124 - -18. _Liliaceae._ Dracaena Perrotetii Bak. 125 - -19. _Amaryllidaceae._ Crinum abyssinicum Hochst. 138 - -20. _Velloziaceae._ Barbacenia aequatorialis Rendle 139 - -21. _Dioscoreaceae._ Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax. 140 - -22. _Iridaceae._ Lapeyrousia Fabricii Ker. 141 - -23. _Musaceae._ Strelitzia Reginae Banks ex Ait. 146 - -24. _Zingiberaceae._ Aframomum Laurentii (De Wild. et Dur.) K. Schum. 147 - -25. _Marantaceae._ Clinogyne arillata K. Schum. 148 - -26. _Orchidaceae._ Listrostachys vesicata Reichb. f. 149 - -27. _Piperaceae._ Piper guineense Schum. 160 - -28. _Salicaceae._ Salix Safsaf Forsk. 161 - -29. _Myricaceae._ Myrica conifera Burm. f. 162 - -30. _Ulmaceae._ Trema guineensis Schum. 163 - -31. _Moraceae._ Dorstenia elliptica Bureau 164 - -32. _Urticaceae._ Fleurya aestuans Gaud. 165 - -33. _Proteaceae._ Leucospermum conocarpum R. Br. 170 - -34. _Loranthaceae._ Loranthus capitatus (Spreng.) Engl. 171 - -35. _Santalaceae._ Osyris tenuifolia Engl. 172 - -36. _Opiliaceae._ Opilia amentacea Roxb. 173 - -37. _Olacaceae._ Olax Durandii Eng. 174 - -38. _Aristolochiaceae._ Aristolochia bracteata Retz. 175 - -39. _Polygonaceae._ Oxygonum sinuatum (Hochst. et Steud.) - Benth. et Hook. 178 - -40. _Chenopodiaceae._ Traganum nudatum Del. 179 - -41. _Amarantaceae._ Achyranthes angustifolia Benth. 184 - -42. _Nyctaginaceae._ Pisonia aculeata L. 185 - -43. _Aizoaceae._ Trianthema pentandrum L. 190 - -44. _Portulacaceae._ Talinum cuneifolium Willd. 191 - -45. _Caryophyllaceae._ Polycarpaea linearifolia DC. 196 - -46. _Ranunculaceae._ Anemone vesicatoria (L. f.) Prantl 197 - -47. _Menispermaceae._ Cocculus Leaeba DC. 202 - -48. _Anonaceae._ Anona senegalensis Pers. 203 - -49. _Myristicaceae._ Pycnanthus Kombo (Baill.) Warb. 208 - -50. _Monimiaceae._ Glossocalyx longicuspis Benth. 209 - -51. _Lauraceae._ Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Benth. 210 - -52. _Papaveraceae._ Trigonocapnos curvipes Schlecht. 211 - -53. _Cruciferae._ Heliophila amplexicaulis L. f. 214 - -54. _Capparidaceae._ Polanisia hirta (Klotzsch) Sond. 215 - -55. _Resedaceae._ Oligomeris glaucescens Cambess. 228 - -56. _Droseraceae._ Drosera Burkeana Planch. 229 - -57. _Podostemonaceae._ Tristicha alternifolia Tul. 230 - -58. _Hydrostachyaceae._ Hydrostachys multifida A. Juss. 231 - -59. _Crassulaceae._ Kalanchoe laciniata DC. 232 - -60. _Saxifragaceae._ Brexia madagascariensis Thouars 233 - -61. _Pittosporaceae._ Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims 234 - -62. _Cunoniaceae._ Weinmannia Hildebrandtii Baill. 235 - -63. _Bruniaceae._ Raspalia microphylla (Thunb.) Brongn. 236 - -64. _Hamamelidaceae._ Trichocladus ellipticus Eckl. et Zeyh. 237 - -65. _Rosaceae._ Parinarium congoense Engl. 242 - -66. _Connaraceae._ Connarus Smeathmannii DC. 243 - -67. _Leguminosae._ Bauhinia macrantha Oliv. 288 - -68. _Geraniaceae._ Monsonia biflora DC. 289 - -69. _Oxalidaceae._ Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. 290 - -70. _Linaceae._ Hugonia acuminata Engl. 291 - -71. _Erythroxylaceae._ Erythroxylon pictum E. Mey. 292 - -72. _Zygophyllaceae._ Balanites aegyptiaca Del. 293 - -73. _Rutaceae._ Agathosma ciliata Link 298 - -74. _Simarubaceae._ Irvingia Barter Hook. f. 299 - -75. _Burseraceae._ Pachylobus edulis G. Don 302 - -76. _Meliaceae._ Trichilia retusa Oliv. 303 - -77. _Malpighiaceae._ Acridocarpus macrocalyx Engl. 306 - -78. _Polygalaceae._ Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen. 307 - -79. _Dichapetalaceae._ Dichapetalum leucosepalum Ruhl. 308 - -80. _Euphorbiaceae._ Phyllanthus floribundus Muell. Arg. 309 - -81. _Anacardiaceae._ Lannea Schimperi (Hochst.) Engl. 328 - -82. _Celastraceae._ Elaeodendron croceum (Thunb.) DC. 329 - -83. _Hippocrateaceae._ Salacia Dusenii Loesen 332 - -84. _Icacinaceae._ Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey. 333 - -85. _Sapindaceae._ Deinbollia pycnophylla Gilg 340 - -86. _Melianthaceae._ Bersama abyssinica Fresen. 341 - -87. _Balsaminaceae._ Impatiens capensis Thunb. 342 - -88. _Rhamnaceae._ Ventilago leiocarpa Benth. 343 - -89. _Vitaceae._ Cissus cirrhosa (Thunb.) Planch. 346 - -90. _Chlaenaceae._ Leptochlaena multiflora Thouars 347 - -91. _Tiliaceae._ Grewia occidentalis L. 350 - -92. _Malvaceae._ Pavonia praemorsa Willd. 351 - -93. _Bombacaceae._ Bombax lukayensis De Wild. et Dur. 354 - -94. _Sterculiaceae._ Dombeya Bruceana A. Rich. 355 - -95. _Scytopetalaceae._ Rhaptopetalum sessilifolium Engl. 358 - -96. _Dilleniaceae._ Tetracera alnifolia Willd. 359 - -97. _Ochnaceae._ Ochna Hoepfneri Engl. et Gilg 360 - -98. _Theaceae._ Visnea Mocanera L. f. 361 - -99. _Guttiferae._ Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. 362 - -100. _Elatinaceae._ Bergia suffruticosa (Del.) Fenzl 363 - -101. _Tamaricaceae._ Tamarix senegalensis DC. 364 - -102. _Cistaceae._ Cistus heterophyllus Desf. 365 - -103. _Violaceae._ Rinorea gracilipes Engl. 366 - -104. _Flacourtiaceae._ Flacourtia Ramontchi L’Her. 367 - -105. _Turneraceae._ Wormskioldia lobate Urb. 374 - -106. _Passifloraceae._ Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. 375 - -107. _Begoniaceae._ Begonia Favargeri Rechinger 378 - -108. _Penaeaceae._ Sarcocolla squamosa (L.) Kunth 379 - -109. _Thymelaeaceae._ Lachnaea filamentosa (L. f.) Gilg 382 - -110. _Lythraceae._ Nesaea floribunda Sond. 383 - -111. _Lecythidaceae._ Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Blume 386 - -112. _Rhizophoraceae._ Weihea africana Benth. 387 - -113. _Combretaceae._ Combretum racemosum Beauv. 390 - -114. _Myrtaceae._ Eugenia natalitia Sond. 391 - -115. _Melastomataceae._ Dissotis capitata (Vahl) Hook. f. 396 - -116. _Oenotheraceae._ Jussieua linifolia Vahl 397 - -117. _Halorrhagaceae._ Laurembergia repens Berg 400 - -118. _Araliaceae._ Cussonia spicata Thunb. 401 - -119. _Umbelliferae._ Annesorrhiza capensis Cham. et Schlechtd. 414 - -120. _Ericaceae._ Philippia Chamissonis Klotzsch 415 - -121. _Myrsinaceae._ Maesa lanceolata Forsk. 418 - -122. _Primulaceae._ Ardisiandra sibthorpioides Hook. 419 - -123. _Plumbaginaceae._ Dyerophyton africanum (Lam.) O. Ktze. 420 - -124. _Sapotaceae._ Mimusops Kummel Bruce 421 - -125. _Ebenaceae._ Maba buxifolia (Rottb.) Pers. 424 - -126. _Oleaceae._ Schrebera alata Welw. 425 - -127. _Loganiaceae._ Nuxia Autunesii Gilg 428 - -128. _Gentianaceae._ Chironia transvaalensis Gilg 429 - -129. _Apocynaceae._ Clitandra Arnoldiana De Wild. 440 - -130. _Asclepiadaceae._ Tacazzea venosa (Hochst.) Decne 441 - -131. _Convolvulaceae._ Jacquemontia capitata Don 462 - -132. _Borraginaceae._ Cordia senegalensis Juss. 463 - -133. _Verbenaceae._ Clerodendron formicarum Guerke 470 - -134. _Labiatae._ Plectranthus madagascariensis Benth. 471 - -135. _Solanaceae._ Discopodium penninervium Hochst. 482 - -136. _Scrophulariaceae._ Chaenostoma Burkeanum (Benth.) Wettst. 483 - -137. _Bignoniaceae._ Kigelia aethiopica Decne 496 - -138. _Pedaliaceae._ Sesamum angolense Welw. 497 - -139. _Orobanchaceae._ Cistanche lutea Link et Hoffmsg. 500 - -140. _Gesneraceae._ Streptocarpus Cooperi Clarke 501 - -141. _Lentibulariaceae._ Utricularia livida E. Mey. 502 - -142. _Acanthaceae._ Justicia matammensis (Schweinf.) Lindau 503 - -143. _Plantaginaceae._ Plantago palmata Hook. f. 516 - -144. _Rubiaceae._ Pavetta lasiorrhachis K. Schum. 517 - -145. _Caprifoliaceae._ Viburnum rugosum Pers. 532 - -146. _Valerianaceae._ Valeriana capensis Vahl 533 - -147. _Dipsacaceae._ Cephalaria rigida (Spreng.) Schrad. 534 - -148. _Cucurbitaceae._ Momordica Charantia L. 535 - -149. _Campanulaceae._ Lightfootia subulata L’Her. 544 - -150. _Compositae._ Vernonia Baumii O. Hoffm. 545 - - -MAP - -MAP OF AFRICA, 1:49,000,000, with list of floral regions and provinces. - - - - -KEY TO THE FAMILIES - - - - -EMBRYOPHYTA SIPHONOGAMA - -(PHANEROGAMAE) - -1. Ovules naked, borne on a floral axis without carpels, or on open -carpels without a stigma. Perianth simple or none. Flowers unisexual. -Stem woody. [Subdivision =GYMNOSPERMAE=.] 2 - -Ovules encased in the ovary formed by stigma-bearing carpels and -nearly always closed to the top, rarely (_Resedaceae_) open above. -[Subdivision =ANGIOSPERMAE=.] 5 - -2. Leaves pinnately compound or dissected, forming a crown at the -top of the stem. Stem simple or scantily branched towards the top. -Juice mucilaginous. Perianth none. Stamens with numerous pollen-sacs. -Embryo with 2 more or less connate cotyledons. [Class CYCADALES.] =1. -Cycadaceae.= - -Leaves undivided, scattered along the branches of the stem, rarely -(_Gnetaceae_) leaves 2, arising from the top of an undivided -turnip-shaped stem and sometimes splitting lengthwise. Stamens with 1-9 -pollen-sacs. Embryo with 2-15 free cotyledons 3 - -3. Perianth present. Juice not resinous. Leaves not needle-shaped. -Shrubs. [Class GNETALES.] =4. Gnetaceae.= - -Perianth absent. Juice resinous, rarely scarcely so, but then leaves -needle-shaped. Leaves needle-or scale-shaped. [Class CONIFERAE.] 4 - -4. Seeds overtopping the fleshy or rudimentary carpels and surrounded -by a fleshy aril. Carpels with 1 ovule =2. Taxaceae.= - -Seeds concealed between the carpels, without an aril. Carpels usually -with 2 or more ovules =3. Pinaceae.= - -5. (1.) Embryo with a single cotyledon, rarely undivided. Vascular -bundles scattered in the stem. Leaves usually parallel-veined -(net-veined in many _Araceae Dioscoreaceae_ and _Taccaceae_ and a few -_Hydrocharitaceae Liliaceae_ and _Orchidaceae_), generally narrow -entire and sessile with a dilated base. Flowers usually 3-merous. -[Class MONOCOTYLEDONEAE.] 6 - -Embryo with 2 cotyledons, rarely with only one well-developed cotyledon -or undivided. Vascular bundles of the stem nearly always disposed in -a cylinder. Leaves usually net-veined, rarely sessile with a dilated -base and a narrow entire blade. Flowers usually 4-or 5-merous. [Class -DICOTYLEDONEAE.] 52 - -6. Perianth wanting or rudimentary, that is, reduced to -small, hypogynous, free or partially-united scales, rarely -(_Potamogetonaceae_) replaced by sepaloid appendages of the connective. -7 - -Perianth well developed, calyx-or corolla-like or consisting of calyx -and corolla, rarely (_Eriocaulaceae_ and _Restionaceae_) wanting in the -female flowers. 15 - -7. Flowers in the axils of membranous or more or less dry bracts -(glumes) in spikelets consisting of one or several flowers and one or -several empty glumes and nearly always arranged in spikes, racemes, -panicles, or heads. Land-, marsh-, or freshwater-plants. Carpel -solitary, with a single basal or laterally attached ovule 8 - -Flowers in spadices with a fleshy rachis and surrounded by one or -several spathes, more rarely solitary or in glomerules, heads, or -spikes; in the latter case (_Potamogetonaceae_) saltwater 9 - -8. Embryo enclosed in the lower part of the albumen. Seed and ovule -attached at the base, free from the pericarp and the wall of the ovary. -Style 1, with 1-3 stigmas. Anthers usually affixed at the base. Sheaths -of the cauline and inner radical leaves closed all round, usually -without a ligule. Stem usually triangular solid and without nodes. =17. -Cyperaceae.= - -Embryo outside the albumen, at its base. Seed and ovule attached -laterally, but often near the base, usually adnate to the pericarp or -the wall of the ovary. Style 1, with 1-6 stigmas, or styles 2. Anthers -usually affixed at the back. Sheaths of the leaves nearly always split -on one side and ending in a ligule. Stem usually cylindrical and hollow -between the nodes. =16. Gramineae.= - -9. Plants without differentiation into stem and leaves, consisting of -small floating leaf-or granule-like shoots. Flowers 2-3 together in -cavities of the shoots =20. Lemnaceae.= - -Plants differentiated into stem and leaves 10 - -10. Flowers solitary or in glomerules in the axils of the leaves. -Carpel solitary. _Naias_, =9. Naiadaceae=. - -Flowers in spikes, spadices, or heads, rarely (_Potamogetonaceae_) -solitary or in glomerules, but then several separate carpels 11 - -11. Male flowers in panicles, female in heads or spadices. Flowers -dioecious. Leaves narrow, usually serrate or prickly. Stem usually -woody. _Pandanus_, =6. Pandanaceae=. - -Male or all flowers solitary or in spikes, heads, or cymes 12 - -12. Flowers in globose heads _Sparganium_, =7. Sparganiaceae=. - -Flowers solitary or in spikes, spadices, or cymes 13 - -13. Ovaries several, separate, rarely ovary solitary, and then marine -plants, very rarely freshwater-plants with hermaphrodite flowers. If -flowers in spadices or spikes, then hermaphrodite or polygamous with 1 -or several one-ovuled ovaries =8. Potamogetonaceae.= - -Ovary solitary. Land-, marsh-, or freshwater-plants; the latter -with unisexual flowers. Flowers in spadices, unisexual, rarely -hermaphrodite, but then with a several-ovuled ovary. 14 - -14. Flowers monoecious; male inflorescence, at least when young, -separated from the female by a deciduous spathe. Flowers usually -surrounded by hairs. Ovule 1, pendulous. Seed-coat not fleshy. _Typha_, -=5. Typhaceae=. - -Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual; if monoecious, then male -inflorescence in uninterrupted connexion with the female, or separated -from it by an empty interval or by barren flowers, but not by a spathe. -Seed-coat fleshy. =19. Araceae.= - -15. (6.) Ovary superior. 16 - -Ovary inferior or half-inferior. 37 - -16. Carpel solitary or carpels connate and forming a single entire or -slightly lobed ovary. 17 - -Carpels several, separate or cohering only at the base. 33 - -17. Perianth calyx-like, sometimes slightly coloured, but firmly -membranous or leathery, or differentiated by size or coalescence into -an inner and an outer whorl of segments, all of which are sepaloid. 18 - -Perianth corolla-like or consisting of outer sepaloid and inner -petaloid segments. 25 - -18. Leaves folded in the bud, subsequently splitting into pinnately -or palmately disposed segments, rarely only 2-cleft. Stem woody, but -sometimes very short. Flowers in spadices or panicles with spathes. -=18. Palmae.= - -Leaves undivided, rarely divided, but then not folded and springing -from a herbaceous stem. 19 - -19. Flowers in spadices with a spathe forming sometimes a continuation -of the stem. =19. Araceae.= - -Flowers not in spadices. 20 - -20. Stamen 1. Ovule 1, erect. Stigmas several. Flowers solitary or in -glomerules in the axils of the leaves. _Naias_, =9. Naiadaceae=. - -Stamens 2-6. 21 - -21. Anthers turned outwards. Ovary with 1 ascending ovule in each -cell and with several sessile stigmas. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds -exalbuminous. _Triglochin_, =11. Scheuchzeriaceae=. - -Anthers turned inwards. Seeds albuminous. 22 - -22. Anthers 1-celled. Flowers unisexual, in spikelets usually arranged -in spikes or panicles. Perianth dry. Stamens 2-3. Ovary with 1 -pendulous ovule in each cell. =22. Restionaceae.= - -Anthers 2-celled. If flowers unisexual and in spikelets, then perianth -not dry. 23 - -23. Flowers monoecious, in heads surrounded by an involucre. Ovary with -1 pendulous ovule in each cell. =25. Eriocaulaceae.= - -Flowers hermaphrodite, polygamous, or dioecious. 24 - -24. Style 1 with 3 long and thin stigmas. Perianth dry. Leaves linear. -=31. Juncaceae.= - -Style 1 with 3 thick or short stigmas or with a single stigma, or -styles 3. Perianth usually herbaceous. =32. Liliaceae.= - -25. (17.) Perianth corolla-like. Usually ovules inverted and embryo or -its radicle placed next to the hilum, more rarely ovules straight and -embryo or its radicle remote from the hilum, and then albumen fleshy or -cartilaginous. 26 - -Perianth differentiated into calyx and corolla. Ovules straight. Embryo -small, remote from the hilum. Albumen more or less mealy. 31 - -26. Seeds with mealy albumen. 27 - -Seeds with fleshy or cartilaginous albumen. 29 - -27. Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. Seeds with a large embryo -enclosed in the albumen. =29. Pontederiaceae.= - -Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. Seeds with a small embryo appressed to the -albumen. Perianth white or yellow. 28 - -28. Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Anthers opening lengthwise. -Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry. Stem climbing. Leaves scattered, ending in -tendrils. Flowers in panicles. _Flagellaria_, =21. Flagellariaceae.= - -Perianth-segments united below into a tube. Anthers opening by apical -pores. Stigma 1. Fruit a capsule. Stem erect. Leaves all radical. -Flowers in heads. _Maschalocephalus_, =26. Rapateaceae.= - -29. Stamens 3. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. Perianth yellow. =33. -Haemodoraceae.= - -Stamens 6 or more, rarely 3, but then ovules 2 or more in each -ovary-cell. 30 - -30. Anthers opening at the apex. Stamens affixed to the perianth. -Ovary adnate to the perianth at the base. Ovules numerous in each -cell. Perianth blue. Leaves linear or lanceolate. _Walleria_, =34. -Amaryllidaceae.= - -Anthers opening lengthwise, rarely at the apex, but then stamens (at -least some of them) and ovary free from the perianth. =32. Liliaceae.= - -31. (25.) Ovary 2-3-celled. Fertile stamens 2-6. =28. Commelinaceae.= - -Ovary 1-celled, sometimes with incomplete partitions. Ovules numerous. -Fertile stamens 3. Flowers in heads, short spikes, or umbels. 32 - -32. Sepals 3, subequal. Anthers opening by a terminal lid. Staminodes -none. Stigma 1. Leaves scattered. Flowers in umbels. _Mayaca_, =23. -Mayacaceae.= - -Sepals 3, very unequal, or 2. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. -Staminodes 3. Stigmas 3. Leaves all radical. Flowers in heads or -spikes. _Xyris_, =24. Xyridaceae.= - -33. (16.) Leaves divided. Woody plants. Seeds albuminous. =18. Palmae.= - -Leaves undivided. Herbaceous plants. 34 - -34. Plants without green colour, growing upon mould. Leaves reduced to -scales. Perianth of 6 petaloid segments. Seeds albuminous. _Sciaphila_, -=15. Triuridaceae.= - -Plants of green colour, growing in the water. Leaves well developed. -Perianth of 6 segments differentiated into sepals and petals, or of 1-3 -segments. Seeds exalbuminous. 35 - -35. Perianth consisting of 1-3 coloured segments. _Aponogeton_, =10. -Aponogetonaceae=. - -Perianth consisting of 6 segments more or less distinctly -differentiated into sepals and petals, rarely in the female flowers -only of 3 greenish segments. 36 - -36. Ovules numerous, covering the whole inner surface of the carpels. -=13. Butomaceae.= - -Ovules 1-2, rarely more, and then all inserted at the upper suture of -the carpels. =12. Alismataceae.= - -37. (15.) Stamen 1. Flowers irregular. 38 - -Stamens 2-18. Flowers usually regular. 41 - -38. Staminodes small or wanting. Ovary 1-celled with numerous ovules. -Style adnate to the filament. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves usually with -longitudinal nervation. =44. Orchidaceae.= - -Staminodes, at least some of them, petal-like. Ovary 1-celled with a -single ovule or more frequently 3-celled. Seeds albuminous. Leaves with -pinnate nervation. 39 - -39. Anthers 2-celled. Sepals united below. Flowers symmetrical. =40. -Zingiberaceae.= - -Anthers 1-celled. Sepals free. Flowers asymmetrical. 40 - -40. Ovules several or many in each ovary-cell. Seeds with straight -embryo. Leaf-stalk not thickened. _Canna_, =41. Cannaceae=. - -Ovules solitary in each cell. Seeds with curved embryo. Leaf-stalk -thickened towards the apex or throughout its whole length. =42. -Marantaceae.= - -41. Stamens 2-4, usually 3. 42 - -Stamens 5-18, usually 6. 45 - -42. Perianth-segments sepal-like or the outer sepal-, the inner -petal-like. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 6-celled. Seeds -exalbuminous. Water plants. =14. Hydrocharitaceae.= - -Perianth-segments petal-like. Ovary usually 3-celled. Seeds albuminous. -Land-or marsh-plants. 43 - -43. Stamens opposite the outer perianth-segments. Anthers opening -outwards or laterally. =38. Iridaceae.= - -Stamens alternating with the outer or with all perianth-segments. -Anthers opening inwards or laterally. 44 - -44. Leaves well developed, green. Inner perianth-segments about -equalling the outer. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas 3, linear, or -stigma single. =33. Haemodoraceae.= - -Leaves scale-like, not green, rarely well-developed and green, but then -inner perianth-segments much smaller than the outer or wanting, anthers -provided with an enlarged connective and opening transversely, and -stigmas 3, short and thick. =43. Burmanniaceae.= - -45. Ovary incompletely 6-15-celled with 6-15 stigmas, more rarely -completely 1-celled with 3 stigmas. Perianth consisting of calyx and -corolla, more rarely only of 3 petal-like segments. Water-plants with -submerged or floating leaves. =14. Hydrocharitaceae.= - -Ovary 3-celled, rarely 1-celled, but then stigmas 6. Perianth usually -of 6 petaloid segments. Land-plants. 46 - -46. Ovary 1-celled. Style umbrella-shaped, 6-lobed. _Tacca_, =36. -Taccaceae=. Ovary 3-celled. 47 - -47. Ovules in each ovary-cell 2, one above the other. Flowers -unisexual, regular. Stem climbing. =37. Dioscoreaceae.= - -Ovules in each ovary-cell 1, 2 side by side, or more. Flowers -hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual but irregular. 48 - -48. Perianth distinctly differentiated into calyx and corolla. Leaves -toothed. Inflorescence spadix-like. _Ananas_, =27. Bromeliaceae=. - -Perianth more or less corolla-like. 49 - -49. Flowers distinctly irregular, in fascicles usually arranged in -spikes or racemes. Stamens 5, rarely 6. Seeds with more or less mealy -albumen. Leaves with pinnate nervation. Tall plants. =39. Musaceae.= - -Flowers regular or nearly so. Stamens 6 or more. Seeds with fleshy -or cartilaginous albumen. Leaves nearly always with longitudinal -nervation. 50 - -50. Flowers solitary, terminal. No bulb or tuber; usually a short -woody trunk. Placentas much projecting, thickened, shield-shaped. -_Barbacenia_, =35. Velloziaceae=. - -Flowers in umbels, spikes, racemes, or panicles, more rarely solitary, -but then underground stem a bulb or a tuber. Placentas not much -projecting and thickened. 51 - -51. Ovary half-inferior, with 2 basal ovules in each cell. Anthers -opening at the apex. Seeds with a large embryo adjoining the albumen. -Flowers in racemes or panicles. _Cyanastrum_, =30. Cyanastraceae=. - -Ovary inferior, rarely half-inferior, but then with more than two -ovules in each cell. Seeds with a small embryo enclosed in the albumen. -=34. Amaryllidaceae.= - -52. (5.) Perianth wanting or simple or consisting of a calyx and a -choripetalous corolla; petals, if present, free, more rarely cohering -at the apex or in the middle, but free at the base. [Subclass -ARCHICHLAMYDEAE.] 53 - -Perianth consisting of a calyx and a sympetalous corolla; petals more -or less united, at least at the base. [Subclass METACHLAMYDEAE or -SYMPETALAE.] 551 - -53. Perianth wanting or simple, that is, consisting of similar -segments, more rarely of 2-7 somewhat dissimilar ones without a -distinct differentiation into sepals and petals. [APETALAE.] 54 - -Perianth differentiated into calyx and corolla, more rarely consisting -of 8 or more slightly dissimilar segments not distinctly separated into -sepals and petals. [CHORIPETALAE.] 188 - -54. Perianth absent in the hermaphrodite and female flowers, but -sometimes replaced by bracteoles. Ovary naked. 55 - -Perianth present in the hermaphrodite and female flowers. 69 - -55. Ovary completely 1-celled. 56 - -Ovary 2-4-celled, at least in its lower half. 65 - -56. Ovule solitary, rarely (_Balanophoraceae_) ovules 3. 57 - -Ovules numerous, rarely (_Casuarinaceae_) 2. 63 - -57. Ovule basal or attached by a basal funicle. 58 - -Ovule apical or adnate to the wall of the ovary. 62 - -58. Ovule straight. 59 - -Ovule incurved or inverted. 61 - -59. Flowers in fascicles, the male with a perianth. Stamens 1-5. Stigma -1. Fruit dry. Seed albuminous. =54. Urticaceae.= - -Flowers in spikes, the male without a perianth, but sometimes with 2-6 -bracteoles. Stamens 2-12. Fruit succulent. 60 - -60. Flowers unisexual. Stigmas 2, thread-like. Fruit a drupe. Seed -exalbuminous. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves without stipules. -_Myrica_, =48. Myricaceae=. - -Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, more rarely unisexual, but then -leaves stipulate. Fruit a berry. Seed with copious albumen. =46. -Piperaceae.= - -61. Ovule incurved. Stigmas 2-5. Seed with curved embryo. Flowers -usually in glomerule-, or spike-like cymes. =67. Chenopodiaceae.= - -Ovule inverted. Stigmas 1-2. Seed with straight embryo. Flowers usually -in heads. =226. Compositae.= - -62. Leaves well-developed, stipulate. Green plants. Ovule solitary, -free. =53. Moraceae.= - -Leaves scale-like. Coloured (not green) herbaceous plants. =62. -Balanophoraceae.= - -63. (56.) Ovules 2, ascending, straight. Male flowers with a 2-parted -perianth. Stamen 1. Fruit a nut. Trees or shrubs. Leaves whorled, -scale-like. Male flowers in spikes, female in heads. _Casuarina_, =45. -Casuarinaceae=. - -Ovules numerous, inverted. Male flowers without a perianth, but -sometimes with a disc. Fruit a capsule. Leaves well developed. Flowers -in spikes or catkins. 64 - -64. Flowers with a disc sometimes replaced by scales. Stamens 2 or -more. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire toothed or lobed, -stipulate. =47. Salicaceae.= - -Flowers without a disc. Stamen 1 (or stamens 2 with united filaments.) -Aquatic herbs. _Hydrostachys_, =94. Hydrostachyaceae.= - -65. (55.) Ovary 2-celled at the base, with 1 ovule in each incomplete -cell. Styles 2. Stamens 4. Trees or shrubs. Flowers in spikes or -catkins. =50. Betulaceae.= - -Ovary completely 2-4-celled. 66 - -66. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 67 - -Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. -Male flowers without a perianth. 68 - -67. Ovary 2-3-celled. Ovules with a double coat. =122. Euphorbiaceae.= - -Ovary 4-celled. Ovules with a single coat. Styles 2. Stamen 1. Male -flowers without a perianth. Fruit a drupe. Herbs. Leaves opposite. -_Callitriche_, =123. Callitrichaceae=. - -68. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Style 1, with 2 stigmas. -Stamens 2. Fruit a nut. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. _Fraxinus_, =197. -Oleaceae=. - -Ovary 3-4-celled with numerous ovules in each cell. Styles 3-4. Stamens -3-8. Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp. Leaves undivided, stipulate. -_Myrothamnus_, =99. Myrothamnaceae=. - -69. (54.) Ovary superior or nearly so. 70 - -Ovary inferior to half-inferior. 153 - -70. Ovary 1, entire or lobed. 71 - -Ovaries 2 or more, distinct or united at the base only. 146 - -71. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely chambered. 72 - -Ovary completely or almost completely 2-or more-celled. 118 - -72. Ovule 1. 73 - -Ovules 2 or more. 103 - -73. Ovule erect or ascending or attached by a basal funicle. 74 - -Ovule pendulous or descending. 94 - -74. Ovule straight. 75 - -Ovule incurved or inverted. 80 - -75. Style 1 or none; stigma solitary or stigmas 2 or more, contiguous -at the base. Stamens 1-12. 76 - -Styles 2-4, free or united at the base; stigmas not contiguous at the -base. Stamens 4-50. 79 - -76. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. -Seed with fleshy albumen. Shrubs or trees. Leaves without stipules. -_Exocarpus_, =56. Santalaceae=. - -Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous, but then herbs and stigma -penicillate. 77 - -77. Leaves exstipulate. Stamens 2-12. Stigmas 2. Seed without albumen. -_Myrica_, =48. Myricaceae=. - -Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate, but then stigma 1. Stamens 1-5. 78 - -78. Stamens straight in bud. Juice milky. Trees. =53. Moraceae.= - -Stamens incurved in bud. Juice not milky. =54. Urticaceae.= - -79. Leaves simple, entire toothed lobed or cleft, with a stem-clasping -sheath at the base. Seed with copious mealy albumen. =66. Polygonaceae.= - -Leaves compound, exstipulate. Stamens 5. Seed without albumen. -_Pistacia_, =127. Anacardiaceae=. - -80. (74.) Ovule incurved. Embryo distinctly curved; albumen usually -mealy. 81 - -Ovule inverted. Embryo straight or nearly so; albumen usually fleshy or -wanting. 87 - -81. Perianth-segments 6, petal-like, free. Stamens 8-10. Style -3-4-cleft. Flowers dioecious. Spiny trees. _Didierea_, =134. -Sapindaceae=. - -Perianth-segments 1-5. 82 - -82. Perianth with valvate and folded aestivation, lobed, enlarged in -fruit. Stamens hypogynous, united at the base. =69. Nyctaginaceae.= - -Perianth with imbricate or open aestivation, rarely with valvate not -folded aestivation; in the latter case deeply divided. 83 - -83. Stamens 1-10, perigynous, rarely (_Queria_) 10, hypogynous. -Stipules present, rarely absent, and then leaves opposite and styles -2-3. =75. Caryophyllaceae.= - -Stamens 1-5, hypogynous or nearly so, rarely distinctly perigynous, but -then stipules wanting and leaves alternate or style 1. 84 - -84. Stamens as many as the perianth-segments or one less (3-5), -alternating with them, hypogynous. Flowers hermaphrodite. 85 - -Stamens as many as the perianth-segments or one less, but opposite -to them, or considerably fewer, or in greater number. Leaves without -stipules. 86 - -85. Flowers in cymes, 5-merous. Perianth membranous. Embryo hooked. -Leaves whorled, usually stipulate. _Adenogramma_, =72. Aizoaceae=. - -Flowers in spikes or racemes, with bracteoles. Perianth herbaceous. -Embryo nearly ring-shaped. Leaves alternate, usually exstipulate. =71. -Phytolaccaceae.= - -86. Perianth more or less scarious or papery. Seed albuminous; embryo -ring-or horseshoe-shaped. Flowers with bracteoles. =68. Amarantaceae.= - -Perianth more or less herbaceous or membranous. Stigmas 2-5. =67. -Chenopodiaceae.= - -87. (80.) Leaves stipulate. 88 - -Leaves exstipulate. 89 - -88. Leaves opposite, undivided. Stamens 2-5. Seed albuminous. =75. -Caryophyllaceae.= - -Leaves alternate. Seed exalbuminous. =103. Rosaceae.= - -89. Stem herbaceous. Flowers in heads, unisexual. Stamens as many as -and alternate with the perianth-segments. Stigmas 2 in the female -flowers. Seed exalbuminous. =226. Compositae.= - -Stem woody. Stigma 1. 90 - -90. Perianth with imbricate aestivation. Stamens numerous, free or -nearly so. Seed exalbuminous. _Calophyllum_, =149. Guttiferae=. - -Perianth with valvate aestivation. 91 - -91. Stamens attached to the perianth, as many as its segments, 4, -rarely 5; filaments free. Seed exalbuminous. 92 - -Stamens free from the perianth, as many as its segments or more often -in greater number; filaments more or less united. Seed albuminous. 93 - -92. Stamens opposite the perianth-segments. Flowers in spikes or heads. -=55. Proteaceae.= - -Stamens alternate with the perianth-segments. Flowers solitary or in -fascicles. _Elaeagnus_, =172. Elaeagnaceae=. - -93. Stamens 5-15; filaments united at the base only. Anthers opening -laterally. Perianth 5-toothed. Style slender. Seed without an aril; -embryo large. _Pisonia_, =69. Nyctaginaceae=. - -Stamens very numerous or with the filaments united throughout their -length. Anthers opening outwards. Perianth 2-4-, rarely 5-lobed. Seed -with an aril; embryo small. =82. Myristicaceae.= - -94. (73.) Ovule straight. 95 - -Ovule incurved or inverted. 96 - -95. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 4. Seed without albumen. Shrubs or -trees. Flowers in spikes or heads. =55. Proteaceae.= - -Perianth 9-12-parted. Stamens 12-16. Seed with a thin albumen. -Herbs. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves. -_Ceratophyllum_, =77. Ceratophyllaceae=. - -96. Leaves stipulate. 97 - -Leaves exstipulate. 100 - -97. Leaves compound, but sometimes with one leaflet only. Ovary tightly -enclosed by the perianth. Seed exalbuminous. Herbs, undershrubs, or -shrubs. =103. Rosaceae.= - -Leaves simple, but sometimes (_Moraceae_) dissected. 98 - -98. Anthers 3-4-celled. Seed albuminous. _Macaranga_, =122. -Euphorbiaceae=. - -Anthers 2-celled. Seed usually exalbuminous. 99 - -99. Flowers solitary or in fascicles. Stamens straight in the bud. -Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. =52. Ulmaceae.= - -Flowers in spikes, racemes, panicles, or heads, or inserted upon a -dilated and often concave receptacle, rarely in fascicles, but then -stamens bent inwards in the bud. Shrubs or trees with a milky juice or -herbs. =53. Moraceae.= - -100. Anthers opening by valves. Perianth-segments 4 or 6. Seed without -albumen. Trees or shrubs. =84. Lauraceae.= - -Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. 101 - -101. Stamens numerous. Flowers unisexual. Seed with copious fleshy -albumen. Trees or shrubs. =83. Monimiaceae.= - -Stamens 8-10. 102 - -102. Style simple. Seed with a straight embryo and a fleshy albumen or -without albumen. =171. Thymelaeaceae.= - -Styles 2. Seed with a curved embryo and mealy albumen. Flowers in -panicles. _Galenia_, =72. Aizoaceae=. - -103. (72.) Ovules basal or inserted upon a central placenta. 104 - -Ovules parietal or suspended from the apex of the cell. 108 - -104. Perianth of 2-3 minute scales. Ovules numerous, inserted upon a -central placenta. Water-plants. =93. Podostemonaceae.= - -Perianth of 4-5 segments. 105 - -105. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, 4-merous. Ovules 2. Stigma 1. -Seeds without albumen; embryo straight. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. -_Empleurum_, =115=. =Rutaceae.= - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds with mealy albumen; embryo more or less -curved. Usually herbs. 106 - -106. Leaves alternate. Stamens 5. =68. Amarantaceae.= - -Leaves opposite or whorled. 107 - -107. Stigma 1, rarely stigmas 2, and then ovules 2-4. Stamens 5 or -more, perigynous. =72. Aizoaceae.= - -Stigmas 3-5, more rarely 2, but then ovules numerous or stamens 1-3. -=75. Caryophyllaceae.= - -108. (103.) Ovules 2, suspended side by side from the apex of the cell -or from a central placenta. Fruit drupaceous, usually one-seeded. 109 - -Ovules 2, one above the other, or more than 2, affixed to one or more -parietal placentas. 112 - -109. Stamens as many as, and alternate with the perianth-segments. -Leaves exstipulate. =132. Icacinaceae.= - -Stamens as many as, and opposite the perianth-segments, or in greater -number. 110 - -110. Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves exstipulate. =59. Olacaceae.= - -Flowers unisexual. Leaves stipulate. 111 - -111. Stamens very numerous. Perianth 4-5-parted. Flowers fascicled. -_Guya_, =159. Flacourtiaceae=. - -Stamens 2-8, rarely more, but then perianth 6-8-parted. =122. -Euphorbiaceae.= - -112. Ovules 2 or more, attached to a single placenta. Stamens more or -less perigynous. Fruit a legume. Leaves compound or reduced to the -dilated foot-stalk, usually stipulate. =105. Leguminosae.= - -Ovules 3 or more, attached to 2 or more placentas, rarely to a single -one, but then fruit a berry and leaves simple and undivided. 113 - -113. Style simple, or a sessile stigma. 114 - -Styles, style-branches, or sessile stigmas 2 or more. 116 - -114. Perianth-segments imbricate in bud. Stamens 10 or more. Ovary -sessile. Seeds albuminous. =159. Flacourtiaceae.= - -Perianth-segments valvate in bud, more rarely imbricate, but then ovary -stalked. Seeds exalbuminous. 115 - -115. Stamens more or less perigynous. Ovary sessile or short-stalked. -Perianth-segments valvate in bud. Leaves exstipulate. Seeds with -straight embryo. =173. Lythraceae.= - -Stamens hypogynous, more rarely perigynous, but then ovary long-stalked -and leaves stipulate. Seeds with curved embryo. =87. Capparidaceae.= - -116. Ovary at first open at the apex. Styles or sessile stigmas 3, -free. Stamens 10-30. Perianth 5-6-cleft about halfway down. Seeds -exalbuminous; embryo curved. _Ochradenus_, =89. Resedaceae=. - -Ovary closed. Stamens 4 or more; if 10 or more, then perianth deeply -divided. 117 - -117. Stamens as many as perianth-segments, 4-6, surrounded by a corona. -Styles 3, free or united at the base. =161. Passifloraceae.= - -Stamens more than perianth-segments, 6-40. Shrubs or trees. =159. -Flacourtiaceae.= - -118. (71.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 119 - -Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 129 - -119. Ovules erect or ascending. 120 - -Ovules pendulous or descending. 124 - -120. Style 1, with 1-3 stigmas. Stamens inserted within the disc or at -its edge. Flowers polygamous or unisexual. Seeds albuminous. Leaves -pinnate, exstipulate. =134. Sapindaceae.= - -Styles 2-10, free or united below. Seeds albuminous, rarely -exalbuminous, but then leaves stipulate. Leaves undivided or lobed. 121 - -121. Perianth-segments 3 or 6. Stamens 3. Flowers unisexual or -polygamous. Dwarf shrubs. =125. Empetraceae.= - -Perianth-segments 4-5. Stamens 4 or more. 122 - -122. Seeds with straight embryo. Fruit drupaceous. Styles 2-4, united -below. Stamens 4-5, perigynous. Perianth valvate in bud. Shrubs. Leaves -stipulate, alternate. =137. Rhamnaceae.= - -Seeds with curved embryo and mealy albumen. Fruit dry, rarely baccate. -Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs, but then leaves exstipulate. 123 - -123. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Herbs or undershrubs. =72. -Aizoaceae.= - -Flowers in spikes or racemes. =71. Phytolaccaceae.= - -124. Stamens hypogynous. 125 - -Stamens perigynous. 127 - -125. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 2, 4, or -6. Ovary-cells 2. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo curved. Herbs. Leaves -exstipulate. _Lepidium_, =88. Cruciferae=. - -Flowers unisexual, rarely hermaphrodite, but then perianth-segments 5, -ovary-cells 5, and leaves stipulate. 126 - -126. Flowers unisexual. Leaves simple or palmately compound. Ovary -usually 3-celled. =122. Euphorbiaceae.= - -Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual, but then leaves pinnate and -ovary surrounded by large scales. Ovary 5-celled. Leaves compound, -stipulate. =113. Zygophyllaceae.= - -127. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Perianth of the male flowers -consisting of calyx and corolla, that of the female and hermaphrodite -flowers simple, valvate in bud. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Fruit -capsular. Embryo straight. Leaves stipulate. _Trichocladus_, =101. -Hamamelidaceae=. - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth simple. Leaves exstipulate. 128 - -128. Style and stigma simple. Embryo straight. Shrubs. Leaves -alternate. =171. Thymelaeaceae.= - -Styles or stigmas 2-5. Embryo curved. =72. Aizoaceae.= - -129. (118.) Flowers unisexual or polygamous. 130 - -Flowers hermaphrodite. 136 - -130. Stamens 2. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Style -1, with 2 stigmas. Perianth 4-partite. Flowers polygamous. Leaves -opposite, pinnate, exstipulate. Trees. _Fraxinus_, =197. Oleaceae=. - -Stamens 3 or more, rarely 2, but then flowers unisexual. Leaves simple -or digitate, rarely pinnate, but then alternate. 131 - -131. Leaves with a pitcher-shaped appendage. Style absent; stigma -4-partite. Ovary 4-celled with numerous ovules in each cell. -_Nepenthes_, =91. Nepenthaceae=. - -Leaves without pitchers. Style present. 132 - -132. Style 1, with 2-6 stigmas. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate, -without stipules. =134. Sapindaceae.= - -Styles 2 or more, free at the base, towards the apex, or throughout. 133 - -133. Perianth-segments valvate in bud, united below. Filaments united. -=144. Sterculiaceae.= - -Perianth-segments imbricate or open in bud, rarely valvate, but then -free and filaments also free. 134 - -134. Ovules with ventral raphe, 2 in a cell. Fruit usually opening -septicidally and loculicidally. Leaves usually stipulate. =122. -Euphorbiaceae.= - -Ovules with dorsal raphe. Shrubs or trees. 135 - -135. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 4-6. Ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules -in each cell. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Leaves opposite, without -stipules. =124. Buxaceae.= - -Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Stamens 10 or more. Fruit a berry or a -drupe. Leaves alternate. =159. Flacourtiaceae.= - -136. (129.) Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Stamens hypogynous or -nearly so. 137 - -Perianth-segments evidently united. Stamens usually perigynous. 142 - -137. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. 138 - -Stem woody throughout its length. 140 - -138. Perianth-segments 2-3. Stamens 1-4. Water-plants. =93. -Podostemonaceae.= - -Perianth-segments 4-5. Land-plants. Seeds with curved embryo. 139 - -139. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 1-6. Ovary-cells 2. Style 1. Seeds -exalbuminous. Leaves exstipulate. =88. Cruciferae.= - -Perianth-segments 5. Ovary-cells 3-7. Styles 3-7. Seeds albuminous. -Leaves stipulate. =72. Aizoaceae.= - -140. Ovary long-stalked. Perianth-segments 2-4, valvate or imbricate in -bud; in the latter case stamens 4-8. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo curved. -=87. Capparidaceae.= - -Ovary sessile or short-stalked. Stamens 10 or more. Seeds albuminous; -embryo straight. 141 - -141. Perianth-segments 5, valvate in bud. _Grewia_, =141. Tiliaceae=. - -Perianth-segments; 3-8, imbricate or open in bud. =159. Flacourtiaceae.= - -142. (136.) Styles or sessile stigmas 2-5. Seeds albuminous; embryo -curved. =72. Aizoaceae.= - -Style 1 or a sessile stigma. Seeds exalbuminous or with a straight -embryo. 143 - -143. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 1-2. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. -144 - -Stigmas or stigma-lobes 4. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Flowers -4-merous. Leaves opposite, stipulate. 145 - -144. Stamens 1-16. Ovary sessile or short-stalked. Embryo straight. -Leaves without stipules. =173. Lythraceae.= - -Stamens very numerous. Ovary long-stalked. Embryo curved. Leaves -alternate, with small stipules. _Maerua_, =87. Capparidaceae=. - -145. Perianth with valvate aestivation. Stamens 4. Ovules ascending, at -least the lower ones. Seeds exalbuminous. =169. Penaeaceae.= - -Perianth with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 8. Ovules pendulous. Seeds -albuminous. _Geissoloma_, =168. Geissolomataceae=. - -146. (70.) Ovules solitary in each carpel. 147 - -Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. 152 - -147. Ovules erect, incurved. Perianth regular, 4-5-parted. Seeds with a -curved embryo and mealy albumen. Leaves undivided, without stipules. 148 - -Ovules pendulous or affixed laterally, rarely erect, but then perianth -irregular and strap-shaped or surrounded by an epicalyx. 149 - -148. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Fruit succulent, baccate. -_Phytolacca_, =71. Phytolaccaceae=. - -Flowers in cymes. Fruit dry. =72. Aizoaceae.= - -149. Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Stamens hypogynous. 150 - -Perianth-segments obviously united, at least in the female flowers. -Stamens usually perigynous. 151 - -150. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as perianth-segments. Fruits -fleshy, drupaceous. =80. Menispermaceae.= - -Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stamens usually more than -perianth-segments. Fruits usually dry. =78. Ranunculaceae.= - -151. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. Shrubs or trees. Flowers unisexual. -Stamens 10 or more. Seeds with copious albumen. =83. Monimiaceae.= - -Leaves more or less deeply divided or compound, stipulate. Seeds -without albumen. =103. Rosaceae.= - -152. Perianth of 6 free segments, imbricate in bud. Stamens numerous, -free. Herbs. Leaves floating, peltate, exstipulate. _Brasenia_, =76. -Nymphaeaceae=. - -Perianth 4-8-lobed, valvate in bud. Stamens 4 or more, united at the -base. Trees. Leaves stipulate. =144. Sterculiaecae.= - -153. (69.) Ovary 1-celled. 154 - -Ovary, at least after fertilisation, completely or almost completely -2-or more-celled. 177 - -154. Ovule 1. 155 - -Ovules 2 or more. 167 - -155. Ovule erect, ascending, attached by an erect funicle, or adnate to -the ovary-wall. 156 - -Ovule pendulous or descending. 162 - -156. Ovule adnate to the ovary-wall. Style simple; stigma entire. -Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments. Perianth valvate -in bud. Leaves without stipules. Shrubs growing upon trees. =61. -Loranthaceae.= - -Ovary free from the ovary-wall. Trees or shrubs growing on the ground, -or herbaceous plants. 157 - -157. Ovule straight. Embryo straight. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as -many as and opposite the perianth-segments or more. 158 - -Ovule incurved or inverted. Embryo curved, more rarely straight, but -then stamens as many as and alternating with the perianth-segments. 159 - -158. Stamens 1-5. Leaves simple or digitate, stipulate. =54. -Urticaceae.= - -Stamens numerous. Stigmas 2. Trees. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. -_Juglans_, =49. Juglandaceae=. - -159. Ovule inverted. Stamens as many as and alternating with the -perianth-segments. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight. =226. -Compositae.= - -Ovule incurved. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments -or more. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. Herbs. 160 - -160. Flowers unisexual. Perianth-segments 2-4, valvate in bud. Stamens -10-30. Stigma 1. Fruit drupaceous. _Cynocrambe_, =70. Cynocrambaceae=. - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens -5. Stigmas 2-5. Fruit opening by a lid or bursting irregularly. 161 - -161. Style short, with long stigmas. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. -Flowers in spike-or panicle-like inflorescences. _Beta_, =67. -Chenopodiaceae.= - -Style long, with 2 short stigmas. Leaves opposite, linear, stipulate. -Flowers in heads. _Sclerocephalus_, =75. Caryophyllaceae=. - -162. (155.) Ovule straight. Style simple. Stamen 1. Flowers polygamous. -Reddish-brown herbs, parasitic upon roots. Leaves reduced to scales. -_Cynomorium_, =184. Cynomoriaceae=. - -Ovule incurved or inverted. Green plants. Leaves well developed. 163 - -163. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Stamens as many as and opposite -the perianth-segments or fewer. 164 - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens as many as and alternate with the -perianth-segments or more. Leaves exstipulate. 166 - -164. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Flowers unisexual. Leaves -stipulate. =53. Moraceae.= - -Anthers opening by valves. Leaves exstipulate. 165 - -165. Flowers unisexual. Leaves penninerved. _Hypodaphnis_, =84. -Lauraceae=. - -Flowers polygamous. Leaves palminerved. _Gyrocarpus_, =85. -Hernandiaceae=. - -166. Stamens 2. Styles 2. Embryo straight. Leaves radical. _Gunnera_, -=183. Halorrhagaceae.= - -Stamens 3-5. Styles 4, or a single style. Embryo curved. Leaves -alternate. =72. Aizoaceae.= - -167. (154.) Ovules 2-5. 168 - -Ovules numerous. 174 - -168. Ovules adnate to the ovary-wall. Stamens 2-6. Shrubs parasitic on -the stem of trees. =61. Loranthaceae.= - -Ovules free from the ovary-wall. Plants growing on the ground or -parasitic upon roots. 169 - -169. Ovules suspended from the apex of the ovary-cell. Stamens 8-10, -rarely 4-5. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in spikes, -racemes, or heads. =179. Combretaceae.= - -Ovules inserted on a central, sometimes subparietal, placenta. Seeds -albuminous. 170 - -170. Styles 4. Ovules 4. Stamens 4. Perianth of the male flowers -consisting of calyx and corolla. Herbs or undershrubs. _Laurembergia_, -=183. Halorrhagaceae=. - -Style 1. Perianth of all flowers simple. 171 - -171. Stigma 6-10-lobed. Stamens 5. Albumen ruminate. Shrubs or trees. -_Octoknema_, =60. Octoknemataceae=. - -Stigma entire or 2-5-lobed. 172 - -172. Stamens 8, twice as many as the perianth-segments. Embryo with -inferior radicle. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. _Grubbia_, =58. Grubbiaceae=. - -Stamens 2-6, as many as, or fewer than, the perianth-segments. Embryo -with superior radicle or undivided. 173 - -173. Stem and leaves or scales green. Embryo with 2 cotyledons. =56. -Santalaceae.= - -Stem and leaves not green; stem herbaceous; leaves scale-like. Flowers -unisexual, in spikes or heads. Embryo without cotyledons. =62. -Balanophoraceae.= - -174. (167.) Placentas apical. Style wanting. Stamens 3-4, united. -Flowers hermaphrodite. Stem herbaceous, not green, bearing neither -leaves nor scales. _Hydnora_, =65. Hydnoraceae=. - -Placentas parietal. Style present. Stem bearing leaves or scales. 175 - -175. Filaments united, 8 or more. Style 1. Embryo without cotyledons. -Herbs. Leaves scale-like, not green. Flowers unisexual. =64. -Rafflesiaceae.= - -Filaments free. Embryo with 2 cotyledons. Shrubs or trees. Leaves well -developed. 176 - -176. Flowers unisexual. Perianth 4-5-parted. Stamens 4-5. Style 1. -_Grevea_, =96. Saxifragaceae=. - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth 7-8-parted. Stamens numerous. Styles -2-3. _Bembicia_. =159. Flacourtiaceae=. - -177. (153.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 178 - -Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 183 - -178. Ovules erect or ascending. 179 - -Ovules pendulous or descending. 180 - -179. Leaves opposite or whorled. Perianth corolla-like. Ovary-cells and -styles 2. Embryo curved. =219. Rubiaceae.= - -Leaves alternate. Perianth calyx-like. Embryo straight. =137. -Rhamnaceae.= - -180. Perianth wanting in the male flowers. Stamens 4. Ovary almost -completely 2-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs. Leaves stipulate. -_Corylus_, =50. Betulaceae=. - -Perianth present in all flowers. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or -undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees, but then, as usually, leaves -exstipulate. 181 - -181. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely in whorls, and then leaves -stipulate. Perianth-segments 5, alternating with as many stamens. -Ovary-cells and styles 2. Seeds with horny albumen; embryo small. =186. -Umbelliferae.= - -Flowers solitary or in axillary fascicles or in spikes. Leaves -exstipulate. Perianth-segments 4, rarely 3 or 5. Seeds with fleshy or -mealy albumen. Herbs or undershrubs. 182 - -182. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds with a curved embryo and mealy -albumen. Leaves undivided. _Tetragonia_, =72. Aizoaceae=. - -Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Stamens 2, 4, or 8. Seeds with a -straight embryo and fleshy albumen. Leaves, at least the lower ones, -deeply divided. _Myriophyllum_, =183. Halorrhagaceae=. - -183. (177.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Styles 3-6. Perianth-segments -more or less united. Flowers unisexual, spicate. Leaves stipulate. -Trees or shrubs. =51. Fagaceae.= - -Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell, rarely (_Lecythidaceae_) 2-6, but -then style 1 and flowers hermaphrodite. 184 - -184. Perianth-segments obviously united below. Seeds albuminous. Leaves -without stipules. 185 - -Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Seeds exalbuminous. 186 - -185. Flowers unisexual, in terminal spikes, racemes or panicles. -Perianth regular. Fruit a berry. Embryo without cotyledons. Herbs. -Leaves scale-like, not green. _Cytinus_, =64. Rafflesiaceae=. - -Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary or fascicled in the axils of the -leaves. Perianth irregular. Stamens adnate to the style. Fruit a -capsule. Embryo with 2 cotyledons. Leaves well developed, green. -_Aristolochia_, =63. Aristolochiaceae=. - -186. Flowers unisexual, in cymes. Perianth irregular. Stamens numerous. -Styles 2-6, free or united at the base. Leaves stipulate. _Begonia_, -=165. Begoniaceae=. - -Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary or in racemes or heads. Perianth -regular. Style 1, undivided. 187 - -187. Stamens 3-6. Leaves stipulate. Herbs. _Ludwigia_, =182. -Oenotheraceae=. - -Stamens numerous. Leaves exstipulate. Trees or shrubs. =176. -Lecythidaceae=. - -188. (53.) Ovary superior or nearly so. 189 - -Ovary inferior to half-inferior. 481 - -189. Ovary 1, entire or lobed. 190 - -Ovaries 2 or more, separate or united at the base only. 451 - -190. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes with incomplete partitions or containing -one or more empty rudimentary cells besides the fertile one. 191 - -Ovary completely or almost completely 2-or more-celled, the partitions -sometimes not quite reaching the apex; or one cell only fertile, the -others empty but well developed. 273 - -191. Ovule 1. 192 - -Ovules 2 or more. 214 - -192. Ovule erect or ascending or attached by a basal funicle. 193 - -Ovule pendulous or descending. 205 - -193. Leaves stipulate. Sepals 5. 194 - -Leaves exstipulate. 198 - -194. Stigma 1, entire. 195 - -Stigma 1, five-lobed, or stigmas 2-3. Stamens 1-5, more or less -distinctly perigynous. Flowers regular. Leaves undivided. 197 - -195. Flowers regular. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. -Stamens 4-5, hypogynous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, undivided. -_Dovera_, =131. Salvadoraceae=. - -Flowers irregular, rarely regular, but then leaves alternate and -corolla with valvate aestivation or stamens more than 5. Stamens more -or less distinctly perigynous. 196 - -196. Style basal or nearly so. =103. Rosaceae.= - -Style terminal or nearly so. Stamens 9-10. =105. Leguminosae.= - -197. Stigma 5-lobed. Calyx valvate in bud. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs -or trees. _Maesopsis_, =137. Rhamnaceae=. - -Stigmas 2-3. Seeds albuminous. =75. Caryophyllaceae.= - -198. Sepals 2, free or nearly so. 199 - -Sepals 3-7, free or more or less united, or an entire calyx. 201 - -199. Flowers unisexual. Stamens 8-10. Style 3-4-cleft. Trees. Leaves -undivided. _Didierea_, =134. Sapindaceae=. - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 2-7. Herbs or shrubs. 200 - -200. Corolla regular. Stamens 4-7, free or nearly so. Style 3-parted. -Embryo large, curved. Shrubs. Leaves undivided. _Portulacaria_, =73. -Portulacaceae=. - -Corolla irregular. Stamens 2, three-cleft (or 6, united in 2 bundles). -Style simple. Embryo small. Herbs. Leaves dissected. =86. Papaveraceae.= - -201. Stamens numerous. Style 1. Corolla with imbricate or contorted -aestivation. Leaves opposite. Shrubs or trees. _Calophyllum_, =149. -Guttiferae=. - -Stamens 1-10, rarely more, but then styles 3 or corolla with valvate -aestivation. 202 - -202. Stamens as many as the petals, 4, opposite and adnate to them. -Stigma 1. Calyx entire or toothed. Petals 4, valvate. Shrubs or trees. -=55. Proteaceae.= - -Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or fewer or more -numerous. 203 - -203. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 1-2. Stamens 2, 4, or 6. Sepals 4. -Petals 4. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds with curved embryo. Herbs or -undershrubs, rarely shrubs. =88. Cruciferae.= - -Stigmas or stigma-lobes 3, rarely only 1, but then fertile stamens 1, -5, 8, or more. Shrubs or trees. 204 - -204. Flowers in axillary clusters, hermaphrodite. Sepals and petals -valvate in bud. Petals hooded. Stamens 8-10, with 4-celled anthers -(or 16-20 united in pairs). Style and stigma simple. _Hua_, =144. -Sterculiaceae=. - -Flowers in panicles. Petals not hooded. Stamens neither with 4-celled -anthers nor united in pairs. =127. Anacardiaceae.= - -205. (192.) Leaves stipulate. Stamens 9-10. 206 - -Leaves exstipulate, rarely (_Polygalaceae_) stipulate, but then stamens -8. 207 - -206. Flowers irregular. Stamens more or less perigynous. Style simple. -=105. Leguminosae.= - -Flowers regular. Stamens hypogynous. Styles 3-4, free or partly united. -Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. _Erythroxylon_, =112. Erythroxylaceae=. - -207. Flowers distinctly irregular, hermaphrodite. Stamens 8; filaments -united; anthers opening by a pore. Style 1. Shrubs or trees. Leaves -undivided. _Securidaca_, =120. Polygalaceae=. - -Flowers regular or nearly so, rarely distinctly irregular, but then -unisexual or with 10 stamens. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. 208 - -208. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals or -more. Leaves simple or digitate. =80. Menispermaceae.= - -Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely (_Anacardiaceae_) -unisexual, but then stamens alternating with the petals or leaves -pinnate. 209 - -209. Stamens distinctly perigynous, 4, 8, or 10. Style simple; stigma -entire. Leaves undivided. Shrubs. =171. Thymelaeaceae.= - -Stamens hypogynous or nearly so, rarely (_Anacardiaceae_) distinctly -perigynous, but then stigma lobed and leaves pinnate. 210 - -210. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, 4-5. Calyx little -developed, entire or obscurely toothed. Shrubs. Leaves undivided. =57. -Opiliaceae.= - -Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or more. Calyx -distinctly developed. 211 - -211. Stamens 6. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Embryo curved. Herbs or -undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves simple. =88. Cruciferae.= - -Stamens 4 or more, rarely 6, but then sepals 3 and petals 3. Shrubs or -trees. 212 - -212. Stamens numerous; filaments united. Style thread-shaped. Corolla -with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Leaves opposite, undivided. -Shrubs. _Endodesmia_, =149. Guttiferae=. - -Stamens 4-20; if more than 10, then style short and thick, corolla with -valvate aestivation, and leaves pinnate. 213 - -213. Ovule with ventral raphe. Stamens 10. Leaves with 1-3 -transparently dotted leaflets. _Eriander_, =115. Rutaceae=. - -Ovule with dorsal raphe. =127. Anacardiaceae.= - -214. (191.) Ovules 2. 215 - -Ovules 3 or more. 231 - -215. Ovules or their funicle erect or ascending. 216 - -Ovules or their funicle pendulous or descending. 224 - -216. Ovules attached one above the other, rarely side by side; in the -latter case flowers irregular, stamens 9-10, and style terminal or -nearly so. Leaves usually stipulate. 217 - -Ovules attached one opposite the other or side by side. Flowers -regular, more rarely irregular, but then stamens 6 or style basal. -Leaves usually exstipulate. 218 - -217. Flowers regular. Calyx 5-lobed, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, -opposite the petals, hypogynous. Leaves undivided. _Waltheria_, =144. -Sterculiaceae=. - -Flowers irregular, more rarely regular, but then, as usually, stamens -perigynous or more than 5. Leaves usually compound. =105. Leguminosae.= - -218. Ovules straight. Stamens 5 or 10, more or less distinctly -perigynous. Leaves compound. Shrubs or trees. =104. Connaraceae.= - -Ovules incurved or inverted. Leaves simple, undivided or dissected; in -the latter case herbs. 219 - -219. Styles 2, free or united below. Stamens 2-5, hypogynous or nearly -so. Leaves opposite. Herbs or undershrubs. =75. Caryophyllaceae.= - -Style 1, with a single stigma. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, but -then shrubs or trees. 220 - -220. Style basal. Stamens perigynous. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or -trees. Seeds exalbuminous. =103. Rosaceae.= - -Style terminal or nearly so. Stamens hypogynous; rarely perigynous, but -then leaves opposite. 221 - -221. Stamens 5, perigynous. Sepals united below. Leaves opposite. -Shrubs or trees. _Pleurostylia_, =129. Celastraceae=. - -Stamens 6, hypogynous. Sepals free. Leaves alternate. 222 - -222. Flowers irregular. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Fruit a 2-seeded nut. -Herbs. Leaves dissected. _Sarcocapnos_, =86. Papaveraceae=. - -Flowers regular. Sepals 3-6. Leaves undivided. 223 - -223. Perianth of 4 sepals and 4 petals. Anthers opening by longitudinal -slits. Style distinctly developed. Fruit a 1-seeded nut. Undershrubs. -Flowers white. _Dipterygium_, =87. Capparidaceae=. - -Perianth of 3-6 sepals, 3 petals, and 6 honey-scales. Anthers opening -by valves. Style none. Fruit a berry. Shrubs. Flowers yellow. -_Berberis_, =79. Berberidaceae=. - -224. (215.) Ovules suspended from a free central placenta. Stamens -4-10. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. =59. Olacaceae.= - -Ovules attached to the wall of the ovary, usually near the apex. 225 - -225. Ovules one above the other, rarely side by side; in the latter -case flowers irregular with 9-10 stamens. Leaves usually compound and -stipulate. =105. Leguminosae.= - -Ovules side by side or one opposite the other. Flowers regular, rarely -somewhat irregular, but then stamens 3-6. 226 - -226. Ovules attached laterally. Stamens 3-5. Flowers usually unisexual. -Embryo large. Leaves exstipulate, usually compound. =115. Rutaceae.= - -Ovules attached by the apex, rarely laterally, but then stamens more -than 5. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Leaves simple. 227 - -227. Stamens 4-5. Shrubs or trees. Leaves exstipulate. =132. -Icacinaceae.= - -Stamens 6 or more. 228 - -228. Stamens 6. Style 1. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Embryo curved. Leaves -exstipulate. =88. Cruciferae.= - -Stamens 10 or more. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Shrubs or trees. 229 - -229. Stamens 10, hypogynous. Styles or stigmas 3-4. Sepals 5. Petals 5. -_Erythroxylon_, =112. Erythroxylaceae=. - -Stamens 12 or more. 230 - -230. Style 1, with a single stigma. Stamens 12-20, perigynous. Sepals -5-12. Petals 5-12. Seeds with scanty albumen or without any. =103. -Rosaceae.= - -Styles 2-6 or style 1 with 2 stigmas; in the latter case stamens more -then 20. Seeds with copious albumen. =159. Flacourtiaceae.= - -231. (214.) Ovules basal or attached to a central placenta. 232 - -Ovules attached to one or more parietal placentas. 244 - -232. Ovules basal. 233 - -Ovules attached to a central placenta. 239 - -233. Style or sessile stigma 1, entire. 234 - -Styles, stigmas, or stigma-lobes 2-6. 236 - -234. Stamens 10. Calyx closed in bud, subsequently 2-3-parted. Flowers -solitary or in pairs. =196. Styracaceae.= - -Stamens 5-6. Calyx with 3-9 imbricate segments. 235 - -235. Flowers 5-merous, in cymes. Stamens perigynous. Anthers opening -by longitudinal slits. Style present. Leaves opposite. _Pleurostylia_, -=129. Celastraceae=. - -Flowers 6-merous, in racemes. Stamens hypogynous. Anthers opening -by valves. Style wanting. Leaves alternate or all radical. =79. -Berberidaceae.= - -236. Stamens very numerous. Anthers linear. Style 2-cleft. Trees. -Leaves alternate, stipulate. _Lophira_, =147. Ochnaceae=. - -Stamens 1-20; if more than 10, then styles 5. 237 - -237. Leaves and flowers clothed with glandular hairs; the former -alternate. Stamens 10-20. Styles 5, free. Ovules upon a long funicle. -Seeds albuminous, with a minute embryo. Undershrubs. _Drosophyllum_, -=92. Droseraceae=. - -Leaves and flowers without glandular hairs. Stamens 1-10. Seeds with a -large or rather large embryo. 238 - -238. Leaves alternate. Disc present. Ovules upon a short funicle. Seeds -exalbuminous. =153. Tamaricaceae.= - -Leaves opposite. Seeds albuminous; embryo usually curved. =75. -Caryophyllaceae.= - -239. (232.) Ovules pendulous. Style 1. Fertile stamens 3-6. =59. -Olacaceae.= - -Ovules ascending or horizontal. 240 - -240. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals. Style simple; stigma -entire or obscurely lobed. 241 - -Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or fewer or more -numerous. 242 - -241. Stamens 3. Leaves opposite. Herbs. _Pelletiera_, =191. -Primulaceae=. - -Stamens 4-7. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or trees. =190. Myrsinaceae.= - -242. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Petals perigynous. Style simple -with an entire or 2-lobed stigma. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight. -=173. Lythraceae.= - -Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Petals hypogynous or nearly so. Style -simple with a 3-lobed stigma or with several stigmas, or styles 2 or -more. Seeds albuminous; embryo usually curved. 243 - -243. Sepals 2. Stamens 8-30. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 3. Leaves -alternate. =73. Portulacaceae.= - -Sepals 4-5. Stamens 1-10. Leaves opposite. =75. Caryophyllaceae.= - -244. (231.) Ovules attached to a single placenta. 245 - -Ovules attached to two or more placentas. 248 - -245. Sepals evidently united, rarely free or nearly so, and then petals -5 or leaves stipulate. Stamens usually perigynous. Stigma 1. Leaves -usually compound. =105. Leguminosae.= - -Sepals free or nearly so. Petals 2-4. Stamens hypogynous. Leaves -exstipulate, simple, but often dissected. Herbs or undershrubs. 246 - -246. Flowers distinctly irregular. Sepals 5. Petals 2-4. Stamens -numerous. Fruit opening at one side. Embryo straight. _Delphinium_, -=78. Ranunculaceae=. - -Flowers regular or nearly so. Sepals 4 or 8. Petals 4. Stamens 4 or 6. -Fruit opening in two valves or remaining closed. Embryo more or less -curved. 247 - -247. Stamens 4. Anthers opening by valves. Stigma 1. Albumen abundant. -Leaves dissected. _Epimedium_, =79. Berberidaceae=. - -Stamens 6. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Albumen scanty or -wanting. =88. Cruciferae.= - -248. (244.) Style 1, undivided, with a single stigma or with 2 or more -stigmas contiguous at the base, or 1 sessile stigma. 249 - -Styles 2-6, free or more or less united with separated stigmas (not -contiguous at the base), or 2-6 free sessile stigmas. 266 - -249. Fertile stamens as many as petals or fewer, 2-10. 250 - -Fertile stamens more than petals. 257 - -250. Fertile stamens 10. Filaments united. Anthers opening outwards. -Stigmas 5. Sepals 3. Trees. _Warburgia_, =157. Winteranaceae=. - -Fertile stamens 2-6. 251 - -251. Fertile stamens 2-4. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds exalbuminous, -with curved embryo. =87. Capparidaceae.= - -Fertile stamens 5, rarely (_Passifloraceae_) 4 or 6, but then flowers -unisexual. Seeds rarely exalbuminous, and then with straight embryo. 252 - -252. Fertile stamens opposite the petals. Shrubs or trees. 253 - -Fertile stamens alternate with the petals. Leaves simple. Seeds -albuminous. 254 - -253. Flowers irregular. Petals perigynous. Anthers opening by a single -slit. Placentas 3. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves pinnate. _Moringa_, =90. -Moringaceae=. - -Flowers regular. Anthers opening by 2 slits. Seeds albuminous. Leaves -simple, undivided. =159. Flacourtiaceae.= - -254. Sepals united below. Petals perigynous, sometimes nearly -hypogynous, and then, as usual, staminodes or a corona interposed -between the petals and the stamens. Flowers regular. =161. -Passifloraceae.= - -Sepals free or nearly so. Petals hypogynous or nearly so; in the latter -case neither staminodes nor a corona within them. 255 - -255. Staminodes present, sometimes petal-like. Placentas 3. Flowers -regular. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves stipulate. =147. Ochnaceae.= - -Staminodes wanting. 256 - -256. Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate and then stem herbaceous or -suffruticose. Placentas 3. =158. Violaceae.= - -Leaves exstipulate. Stem woody. Flowers regular. Placentas 2, rarely -3-5. _Pittosporum_, =97. Pittosporaceae=. - -257. (249.) Sepals and petals together 6 (2 sepals and 4 petals), -rarely 9 (3 sepals and 6 petals). Stamens 6 or many. Stem herbaceous. -Leaves more or less deeply divided. =86. Papaveraceae.= - -Sepals and petals together 7, 8, 10, or more, rarely 9, but then stem -woody and leaves undivided. 258 - -258. Sepals and petals together 9; sepals 3, small; petals 6, unequal. -Stamens numerous, inserted upon an elevated receptacle. Ovules -scattered over the inner wall of the ovary. Stigma sessile or nearly -so. Albumen ruminate. Trees. Leaves undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite. -_Monodora_, =81. Anonaceae=. - -Sepals and petals together 7, 8, 10, or more, rarely (_Flacourtiaceae_) -9, but then ovules attached to 2-10 placentas and either style -distinctly developed or stamens 5-15. 259 - -259. Perianth of 4 sepals and 4 petals, rarely (_Capparidaceae_) of 2 -sepals and 6 petals or of 5 sepals and 5 petals; in the latter case -ovary long-stalked. Albumen scanty or wanting. 260 - -Perianth of 3-6 sepals and 4 or more petals, but not of 4 sepals and 4 -petals. Ovary sessile or nearly so. 262 - -260. Filaments united throughout their whole length, 8. Placentas 3-5, -with 2 ovules each. Calyx 4-lobed. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs or trees. -=118. Meliaceae.= - -Filaments free or united at the base. Placentas 2 or more, in the -latter case with numerous ovules. Embryo curved. Leaves simple or -digitate. 261 - -261. Stamens 6, four of them longer than the other two. Ovary sessile -or nearly so. Placentas 2. Flowers regular or nearly so. Herbs or -undershrubs. Leaves simple, without stipules. =88. Cruciferae.= - -Stamens few or many; if 6, then not four longer than the rest. Ovary -usually stalked. Stigma usually sessile. Flowers mostly irregular. =87. -Capparidaceae.= - -262. Filaments united in 3-5 bundles. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Seeds -ex-albuminous. Leaves opposite, undivided, exstipulate. =149. -Guttiferae.= - -Filaments all free or united at the base. Seeds albuminous. 263 - -263. Anthers opening at the apex by pores or very short slits. Sepals -5. Petals 5. Leaves alternate, stipulate, usually lobed. 264 - -Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Leaves entire or toothed. 265 - -264. Anthers curved. Placentas 2. Petals red. Flowers and flower-stalks -clothed with minute scales. _Bixa_, =155. Bixaceae=. - -Anthers straight. Placentas 3-5. Petals yellow. Flowers and -flower-stalks glabrous or clothed with simple hairs. _Cochlospermum_, -=156. Cochlospermaceae=. - -265. Embryo distinctly curved, folded, or rolled up. Ovules usually -straight. Disc and corona usually wanting. Anthers opening inwards or -laterally. Sepals 3 or 5. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Leaves -mostly opposite. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. =154. Cistaceae.= - -Embryo straight or nearly straight. Ovules inverted. Disc or corona -usually present. Anthers usually opening outwards. Leaves alternate. -Shrubs or trees. =159. Flacourtiaceae.= - -266. (248.) Leaves opposite, rarely whorled, undivided. Land-plants. 267 - -Leaves alternate or all radical, rarely (_Droseraceae_) whorled, but -then water-plants with 5 stamens and 5 styles. 268 - -267. Sepals united below, valvate in bud. Stamens 4-6. Style 2-3-cleft. -Seeds with abundant albumen. =152. Frankeniaceae.= - -Sepals free, imbricate in bud. Stamens 9 or more. Seeds without -albumen. _Hypericum_, =149. Guttiferae=. - -268. Herbs with glandular hairs or with whorled leaves. Sepals, petals, -and stamens equal in number, 4, 5, or 8. Anthers more or less turned -outwards. =92. Droseraceae.= - -Herbs or undershrubs without glandular hairs or woody plants; if herbs, -then anthers turned inwards, at least when young. Leaves alternate or -all radical. 269 - -269. Flowers irregular. Ovary open at the apex. Stigmas sessile. Seeds -exalbuminous; embryo curved. =89. Resedaceae.= - -Flowers regular. Ovary closed. 270 - -270. Corolla with contorted aestivation, more or less perigynous. Calyx -deciduous, callous or glandular within. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5. -Anthers turned inwards. Styles 3. =160. Turneraceae.= - -Corolla with imbricate, not contorted, or with valvate aestivation, -very rarely with contorted aestivation, but then stamens numerous. 271 - -271. Seeds exalbuminous, rarely albuminous, and then placentas finally -separating from the wall of the ovary. Anthers usually turned outwards. -Leaves exstipulate. =153. Tamaricaceae.= - -Seeds albuminous. Placentas not separating from the wall of the ovary. -Anthers turned inwards, rarely outwards, but then, as usually, leaves -stipulate. 272 - -272. Stem erect, rarely climbing, and then stamens numerous or anthers -turned outwards. Corona, if present, simple or double. Ovary sessile -or nearly so. Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, undivided. =159. -Flacourtiaceae.= - -Stem climbing, usually tendril-bearing, rarely erect, but then corona -3-or more-fold or ovary distinctly stalked. Stamens 4-10. Anthers -turned inwards. Sepals 4-6, more or less united, imbricate in bud. -Petals as many as sepals. =161. Passifloraceae.= - -273. (190.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 274 - -Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 319 - -274. Ovules erect or ascending. 275 - -Ovules pendulous, descending, or horizontal. 288 - -275. Disc outside the stamens, sometimes one-sided or broken up into -several glands. Leaves alternate, compound, rarely simple and then -stamens 8-10. 276 - -Disc or separate glands within or between the stamens or wanting, -rarely outside the stamens, but then leaves simple and stamens 4-6. 277 - -276. Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals 5. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 4-celled. -Seeds with abundant albumen; embryo straight. _Bersama_, =135. -Melianthaceae=. - -Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Seeds without albumen; embryo more or -less curved. =134. Sapindaceae.= - -277. Petals and stamens hypogynous. 278 - -Petals and stamens more or less perigynous. Leaves simple, stipulate. -Shrubs or trees. 285 - -278. Sepals 3. Petals 3 or 6. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, -undivided, exstipulate. 279 - -Sepals 4 or 5, rarely 2. Petals 3-5. 280 - -279. Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens numerous. Anthers opening outwards. -Ovary many-celled. Styles numerous. =81. Anonaceae.= - -Sepals imbricate or open in bud. Stamens 3. Anthers opening laterally. -Ovary 2-9-celled. Style 2-9-cleft. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. -=125. Empetraceae.= - -280. Sepals valvate in bud, 5. Petals with contorted aestivation. -Filaments united. Stigmas several. Leaves simple, stipulate. 281 - -Sepals imbricate in bud, rarely valvate, but then only 2. Leaves -exstipulate. 282 - -281. Anthers 1-celled. Fertile stamens numerous. Ovary 3-or -more-celled. Seeds albuminous. =142. Malvaceae.= - -Anthers 2-celled. Fertile stamens 5, rarely more, but then ovary -2-celled and seeds exalbuminous. =144. Sterculiaceae.= - -282. Stamens numerous. Leaves opposite, undivided. Shrubs or trees. -=149. Guttiferae.= - -Stamens 2-10. Stigmas 1-2. Leaves alternate. 283 - -283. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs or trees. Stigma 1. =118. Meliaceae.= - -Leaves simple. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Embryo curved. 284 - -284. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 2-6. Glands present between the -stamens. =88. Cruciferae.= - -Sepals 5. Petals 3-5. Stamens 5-10, united at the base. _Limeum_, =72. -Aizoaceae=. - -285. (277.) Flowers irregular. Petals 4-5. Stamens 10-20. Ovary -2-celled. Style basal. Stigma 1. _Parinarium_, =103. Rosaceae=. - -Flowers regular. Petals 4-8. Stamens 4-8. Style terminal or nearly so. -286 - -286. Petals, stamens, and carpels 8 each. _Dirachma_, =107. -Geraniaceae=. - -Petals 4-5. Stamens 4-5. Carpels 2-5. 287 - -287. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Stamens opposite the petals. Style -1, with a more or less deeply divided stigma, or several styles. =137. -Rhamnaceae.= - -Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. Stamens alternate with the -petals. Style 1, with an entire or lobed stigma. =129. Celastraceae.= - -288. (274.) Flowers unisexual. 289 - -Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 293 - -289. Leaves simple. 290 - -Leaves compound. Shrubs or trees. 293 - -290. Sepals 2-3, united below, valvate in bud. Petals 5, with contorted -aestivation. Stamens numerous. Ovary 2-celled. Style wanting; stigma -lobed. Shrubs or trees. _Carpodiptera_, =141. Tiliaceae=. - -Sepals, at least in the female flowers, 4-6, sometimes almost wholly -united. 291 - -291. Ovary slightly sunk in the receptacle, 2-celled. Styles 2. Stamens -5. Anthers opening by valves. Sepals and petals valvate in bud. Shrubs. -_Trichocladus_, =101. Hamamelidaceae=. - -Ovary wholly superior, usually 3-celled. Styles usually 3. Anthers -opening by longitudinal slits. 292 - -292. Ovules straight. Stigmas sessile or nearly so. Stamens 10. -Calyx-limb nearly entire. Fruit drupaceous. _Panda_, =106. Pandaceae=. - -Ovules inverted. =122. Euphorbiaceae.= - -293. Leaves stipulate. Ovary surrounded by scales. Fruit capsular. -Spiny shrubs. _Neoluederitzia_, =113. Zygophyllaceae=. - -Leaves exstipulate. Fruit usually drupaceous. =127. Anacardiaceae.= - -294. (288.) Flowers distinctly irregular. 295 - -Flowers regular or nearly so. 298 - -295. Leaves compound. Receptacle expanded into a disc or elongated into -a stalk. Filaments free. Trees or shrubs. =127. Anacardiaceae.= - -Leaves simple, undivided. Receptacle small. 296 - -296. Stamens 10. Shrubs or undershrubs. =119. Malpighiaceae.= - -Stamens 5-8. 297 - -297. Filaments free. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Petals -5, perigynous. Style 1; stigmas 3. Climbing herbs. _Tropaeolum_, =109. -Tropaeolaceae=. - -Filaments united. Anthers opening by an apical pore. Petals hypogynous. -=120. Polygalaceae.= - -298. (294.) Stamens as many as the petals or fewer or more numerous, -but less than twice as many, 2-6. 299 - -Stamens twice as many as the petals or in greater number, rarely -(_Thymelaeaceae_) as many as the petals, but then 8-10. 305 - -299. Filaments all united below. Fertile and sterile stamens together -as many as the petals, 4-6. Disc not distinctly developed. Leaves -undivided. 300 - -Filaments free or united in pairs. 301 - -300. Stamens all fertile. Seeds albuminous. =110. Linaceae.= - -Stamens partly sterile (2 fertile, 3 sterile). Seeds exalbuminous. -_Cottsia_, =119. Malpighiaceae=. - -301. Anthers opening by apical pores. Petals and stamens 5, slightly -perigynous. Ovary 3-celled. Style simple; stigma 3-lobed. Seeds with -abundant albumen. Undershrubs. Leaves rolled inwards when young, -undivided, bearing glandular hairs. _Roridula_, =147. Ochnaceae=. - -Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Seeds with scanty albumen or -without any. 302 - -302. Stamens 6, rarely 2 or 4. Style 1. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Embryo -curved. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves simple. =88. -Cruciferae.= - -Stamens 5, rarely 4, but then styles 4 and leaves pinnate. Shrubs or -trees. 303 - -303. Flowers 4-merous. Disc within the stamens. Leaves pinnate. =116. -Simarubaceae.= - -Flowers 5-merous. 304 - -304. Disc within the stamens. Ovary 3-or 5-celled. Styles or sessile -stigmas 3 or 5. Leaves simple. =127. Anacardiaceae.= - -Disc outside the stamens. Ovary 2-celled. Style simple. Leaves pinnate. -_Filicium_, =134. Sapindaceae=. - -305. (298.) Filaments free. Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. 306 - -Filaments united into a tube, at least at the base. 312 - -306. Disc present, more or less ring-, cushion-, or cup-shaped. 307 - -Disc wanting. Leaves undivided. 310 - -307. Flowers polygamous, 4-5-merous. Leaves compound, exstipulate. -=127. Anacardiaceae.= - -Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous, but then 3-merous. 308 - -308. Leaves with glandular dots, compound, exstipulate. Ovary -3-5-celled. Style simple. =115. Rutaceae.= - -Leaves without dots. 309 - -309. Leaves stipulate, pinnate with 1-2 pairs of leaflets, more rarely -simple and undivided, and then stigma 3-parted. Ovary 3-5-celled. Style -simple. =113. Zygophyllaceae.= - -Leaves rarely stipulate, but then undivided and stigma entire or -2-lobed. =116. Simarubaceae.= - -310. Sepals united into a minute, entire or toothed calyx. Petals 4-6, -valvate in bud. Ovary 3-4-celled. Seeds with abundant albumen. =59. -Olacaceae.= - -Sepals free or united at the base only. Seeds without albumen. 311 - -311. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled. =119. Malpighiaceae.= - -Petals 8-10, rarely 4-5, scale-like, valvate in bud. Sepals free, -petaloid. Ovary 4-5-celled. _Octolepis_, =171. Thymelaeaceae=. - -312. (305.) Stamens numerous. Anthers opening by one slit. Calyx -with valvate aestivation. Seeds with curved embryo. Leaves simple, -stipulate. =142. Malvaceae.= - -Stamens twice as many as the petals, 6-12, rarely (_Malpighiaceae_) a -few more (11-15). Anthers opening by two slits. Calyx with imbricate or -open aestivation. 313 - -313. Style 1, undivided with a single stigma or with two or more -stigmas contiguous at the base. 314 - -Styles 2-5, free or more or less united with separate (not contiguous) -stigmas. Stamens 10, rarely 11-15. 316 - -314. Leaves compound, exstipulate. Seeds without albumen. =118. -Meliaceae.= - -Leaves simple, undivided. Stamens 10. 315 - -315. Ovary 5-celled. Disc present. Seeds albuminous. Trees. Leaves -exstipulate. _Saccoglottis_, =111. Humiriaceae=. - -Ovary 2-3-celled. Disc wanting. Shrubs or undershrubs. 316 - -316. Seeds albuminous. Flowers in axillary fascicles. Leaves alternate, -stipulate. _Nectaropetalum_, =110. Linaceae=. - -Seeds exalbuminous. Flowers in racemose inflorescences, rarely -solitary. Sepals usually with glands on the outside. =119. -Malpighiaceae.= - -317. Styles and ovary-cells 5. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. -=108. Oxalidaceae.= - -Styles and ovary-cells 2-4. Trees or shrubs, rarely undershrubs. Leaves -undivided. 318 - -318. Flowers solitary or in fascicles. Petals with a scale on the -inside. Styles or style-branches 3-4. Fruit a drupe. Seeds usually -albuminous. Leaves alternate, stipulate. _Erythroxylon_, =112. -Erythroxylaceae=. - -Flowers in racemose inflorescences. Sepals usually with glands on -the outside. Styles or style-branches 2-3. Seeds exalbuminous. =119. -Malpighiaceae.= - -319. (273.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. 320 - -Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. 389 - -320. Style 1, undivided, or 2 or more styles united to the base of the -stigmas, or 1 sessile stigma. 321 - -Styles 2 or more, free or united below, but not up to the base of the -stigmas, or 2 or more free sessile stigmas. 371 - -321. Stamens as many as or fewer than the petals. 322 - -Stamens more than the petals. 339 - -322. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals. 323 - -Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals, or fewer. 325 - -323. Stamens 10. Ovary 10-celled. Herbs. Leaves opposite. _Augea_, -=113. Zygophyllaceae=. - -Stamens 3-7. Leaves alternate. 324 - -324. Petals with valvate aestivation. Filaments free. Ovary 2-celled. -Fruit a berry. =138. Vitaceae.= - -Petals with imbricate-contorted aestivation. Filaments more or less -united. Ovary 3-or more-celled. Fruit a capsule. =144. Sterculiaceae.= - -325. Stamens 2-4. 326 - -Stamens 5. 333 - -326. Sepals 2-4. Petals 3-4. 327 - -Sepals 5. Petals 2-5. 332 - -327. Leaves marked with glandular dots, at least at the edges. Stipules -wanting. 328 - -Leaves without glandular dots. 329 - -328. Leaves simple, undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite. Disc -cushion-shaped. Stigmas 3. Fruit separating into 3 drupe-like, 2-celled -mericarps. Seeds with curved embryo. _Chamaelea_, =114. Cneoraceae=. - -Leaves compound, more rarely simple, but then fruit not drupe-like. -=115. Rutaceae.= - -329. Leaves stipulate. Ovules usually erect. Corolla imbricate in bud. -Shrubs or trees. 330 - -Leaves exstipulate. Ovules usually pendulous. Ovary 2-celled or -transversally septate. Flowers hermaphrodite. 331 - -330. Disc present. =129. Celastraceae.= - -Disc wanting. Flowers unisexual. Ovary 2-celled. _Azima_, =131. -Salvadoraceae=. - -331. Leaves opposite. Petals valvate in bud. Receptacle without glands. -Shrubs or trees. =197. Oleaceae.= - -Leaves alternate. Petals imbricate in bud. Receptacle provided with -glands. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. =88. Cruciferae.= - -332. (326.) Anthers opening outwards. Stamens 3. Disc present. Ovary -3-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. =130. Hippocrateaceae.= - -Anthers opening inwards. Disc reduced to separate glands or wholly -wanting. Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Seeds albuminous. =107. -Geraniaceae.= - -333. (325.) Filaments united, at least at the base. 334 - -Filaments free. 336 - -334. Filaments united nearly to the apex. Petals with valvate -aestivation. Stigma 1. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. _Quivisianthe_, -=118. Meliaceae=. - -Filaments united only at the base. Petals with imbricate or contorted -aestivation. Leaves stipulate. 335 - -335. Petals with contorted aestivation. Stigma 1. Seeds with an aril. -Shrubs. Leaves undivided. _Phyllocosmus_, =110. Linaceae=. - -Petals with imbricate aestivation. Stigmas 5. Seeds without an aril. -=107. Geraniaceae.= - -336. Leaves gland-dotted, exstipulate, but sometimes with axillary -spines. =115. Rutaceae.= - -Leaves not dotted, simple, stipulate. 337 - -337. Calyx with valvate aestivation. _Triumfetta_, =141. Tiliaceae=. - -Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. 338 - -338. Calyx large. Ovules pendulous. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves -alternate. _Dichapetalum_, =121. Dichapetalaceae=. - -Calyx small. Ovules erect, more rarely pendulous, but then leaves -opposite, at least those of the flowering branches. =129. Celastraceae.= - -339. (321.) Stamens fewer than twice as many as the petals, 5-8. 340 - -Stamens twice as many as the petals, or more. 343 - -340. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Disc outside the stamens. Stamens -8, rarely 5-6; in the latter case ovary 3-celled. Ovules ascending, at -least one of them, or horizontal. Shrubs or trees. 341 - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 5-7. Ovary 2-or 5-celled or -transversally septate. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 342 - -341. Ovary 2-celled. Leaves opposite, lobed. _Acer_, =133. Aceraceae=. - -Ovary 3-celled. Leaves alternate, pinnate. =134. Sapindaceae.= - -342. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 6. Ovary 2-celled or transversally -septate. Stigmas 1-2. Leaves exstipulate. =88. Cruciferae.= - -Sepals 5. Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Leaves stipulate. =107. -Geraniaceae.= - -343. (339.) Stamens twice as many as the petals. 344 - -Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. 359 - -344. Filaments free. 345 - -Filaments evidently united, at least at the base. 354 - -345. Calyx with valvate aestivation. 346 - -Calyx with imbricate aestivation. 349 - -346. Leaves gland-dotted, without stipules, but sometimes with axillary -spines. =115. Rutaceae.= - -Leaves not gland-dotted, usually with stipules. 347 - -347. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. Petals valvate -in bud. Stamens perigynous. Shrubs or trees. =177. Rhizophoraceae.= - -Leaves alternate. 348 - -348. Leaves simple, stipulate. Stamens hypogynous. =141. Tiliaceae.= - -Leaves compound, more rarely simple, but then, as usual, exstipulate. -Shrubs or trees. =117. Burseraceae.= - -349. Stipules present, but sometimes very small and caducous. 350 - -Stipules wanting, but axillary spines sometimes present. 352 - -350. Sepals 3, surrounded by a 6-toothed involucre. Petals 5. -Disc cup-shaped. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided. -_Leptochlaena_, =140. Chlaenaceae=. - -Sepals 4-6. Disc ring-or cushion-shaped or reduced to separate scales -or wanting. 351 - -351. Stigma 1, entire or lobed. Filaments usually provided with an -appendage. Leaves usually compound. =113. Zygophyllaceae.= - -Stigmas 5. Filaments without an appendage. Leaves simple, but sometimes -dissected. Fruit beaked, splitting into 5 nutlets. =107. Geraniaceae.= - -352. Flowers irregular, 4-merous. Disc outside the stamens, one-sided, -sometimes indistinct. Ovary 2-3-celled. Leaves pinnate. =134. -Sapindaceae.= - -Flowers regular. 353 - -353. Bark resinous. Leaves rarely dotted. Ovules pendulous or -laterally attached. Fruit drupe-like, but sometimes dehiscing. Seeds -exalbuminous. =117. Burseraceae.= - -Bark not resinous. Leaves gland-dotted. Ovules usually ascending. =115. -Rutaceae.= - -354. (344.) Sepals valvate in bud, united below. Leaves stipulate. 355 - -Sepals imbricate in bud. 356 - -355. Leaves opposite or whorled. Petals toothed or slit, valvate in -bud. =177. Rhizophoraceae.= - -Leaves alternate. Petals nearly always imbricate in bud. =144. -Sterculiaceae.= - -356. Stigmas 5. Ovary lobed. Sepals and petals imbricate in bud. Herbs -or undershrubs. Leaves simple, stipulate. =107. Geraniaceae.= - -Stigmas 1-3. Shrubs or trees. 357 - -357. Leaves stipulate, undivided. Petals with contorted aestivation. -Disc wanting. =110. Linaceae.= - -Leaves exstipulate. Stigma 1, entire or lobed. 358 - -358. Leaves simple, undivided. Ovary 3-celled. Disc wanting. -_Asteropeia_, =148. Theaceae=. - -Leaves compound, more rarely simple, but then ovary 4-20-celled. Disc -usually present. =118. Meliaceae.= - -359. (343.) Petals with valvate aestivation. Trees or shrubs. 360 - -Petals with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 362 - -360. Sepals free. Petals and stamens hypogynous. Anthers opening by an -apical pore. _Elaeocarpus_, =139. Elaeocarpaceae=. - -Sepals united below. Petals and stamens more or less perigynous. -Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. 361 - -361. Calyx entire or nearly so. Leaves alternate. =145. -Scytopetalaceae.= - -Calyx more or less deeply divided. Leaves opposite or whorled. =177. -Rhizophoraceae.= - -362. Calyx with valvate aestivation. 363 - -Calyx with imbricate aestivation. 366 - -363. Leaves exstipulate, undivided, opposite. Ovules ascending or -horizontal. Seeds exalbuminous. =149. Guttiferae.= - -Leaves stipulate. Petals 5. 364 - -364. Filaments free. Anthers opening by two slits. =141. Tiliaceae.= - -Filaments evidently united. 365 - -365. Anthers opening by a single slit. =142. Malvaceae.= - -Anthers opening by two slits. Stigmas 3 or 5. _Dombeya_, =144. -Sterculiaceae=. - -366. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base. 367 - -Stem woody throughout. Leaves undivided. 368 - -367. Sepals and petals with contorted aestivation. Ovary 3-celled. -Stigmas 1-3. Fruit opening loculicidally. Leaves entire. =154. -Cistaceae.= - -Sepals and petals with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 15. Ovary -5-celled. Stigmas 5. Fruit opening septicidally. Leaves stipulate. -=107. Geraniaceae.= - -368. Leaves stipulate. 369 - -Leaves exstipulate. 370 - -369. Sepals 3, surrounded by a 3-5-toothed involucre. Disc cup-shaped. -Fruit dehiscent. _Sarcochlaena_, =140. Chlaenaceae=. - -Sepals 5. Disc wanting. Fruit indehiscent. =150. Dipterocarpaceae.= - -370. Leaves alternate. Ovules pendulous. =148. Theaceae.= - -Leaves opposite. Ovules ascending or horizontal. =149. Guttiferae.= - -371. (320.) Stamens as many to twice as many as petals, 4-12. 372 - -Stamens more than twice as many as petals. 382 - -372. Filaments free. 373 - -Filaments obviously united, at least at the base. 377 - -373. Stipules present, but sometimes very small and caducous. 374 - -Stipules wanting, but axillary spines sometimes present. 376 - -374. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 8-10. -=98. Cunoniaceae.= - -Leaves alternate. 375 - -375. Style 1, 2-3-cleft, with undivided branches. Stamens 5. Disc -present. Sepals imbricate in bud. Petals usually 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe -or nut. Seeds exalbuminous. _Dichapetalum_, =121. Dichapetalaceae=. - -Styles 2, 3, or 5, free or united at the base, usually 2-cleft. Flowers -unisexual. Fruit usually a capsule. =122. Euphorbiaceae.= - -376. Leaves with glandular dots. Petals 4-5. Stamens as many or twice -as many. =115. Rutaceae.= - -Leaves without glandular dots, lobed, opposite. Petals 5. Stamens 8, -inserted at the inner edge of the disc. Ovary-cells and style-branches -2. _Acer_, =133. Aceraceae=. - -377. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as and alternate with the -petals. Leaves alternate, undivided, stipulate. =122. Euphorbiaceae.= - -Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous. 378 - -378. Sepals valvate in bud, united below. Leaves alternate, stipulate. -=144. Sterculiaceae.= - -Sepals imbricate in bud. 379 - -379. Petals with a callosity or scale on the inside. Ovary-cells -and styles or style-branches 3-4. Stamens 10. Flowers solitary or -in fascicles. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Shrubs or trees. =112. -Erythroxylaceae.= - -Petals without an appendage on the inside. Ovary-cells and styles or -style-branches 5, more rarely 3-4, but then stamens 4-5 or flowers in -racemes or panicles. 380 - -380. Ovary lobed, 5-celled. Styles 5. Stamens 10. Fruit a capsule. -Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually -compound. =108. Oxalidaceae.= - -Ovary entire. Stamens 4-5 or 10; in the latter case styles 3 or fruit a -drupe. Leaves simple, undivided. 381 - -381. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 3. Stamens 10. Flowers -in panicles. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Small trees or climbing -shrubs. _Asteropeia_, =148. Theaceae=. - -Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 5, rarely 3-4, but then -stamens 4-5 or flowers in cone-like racemes. =110. Linaceae.= - -382. (371.) Leaves stipulate, alternate. 383 - -Leaves exstipulate. 386 - -383. Calyx imbricate in bud, 4-partite. Stamens 10. Filaments free -or united at the base. Anthers turned outwards, 2-celled. Flowers -unisexual. Trees. _Heywoodia_, =122. Euphorbiaceae=. - -Calyx valvate in bud. 384 - -384. Anthers 1-celled (one half only developed). Filaments united. -Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. =142. Malvaceae.= - -Anthers 2-celled (both halves developed, but sometimes finally -confluent). 385 - -385. Filaments united at the base or higher up. Flowers hermaphrodite -or polygamous. =144. Sterculiaceae.= - -Filaments free or united at the base; in the latter case flowers -unisexual. =141. Tiliaceae.= - -386. Leaves opposite, undivided. Ovules ascending or horizontal. Seeds -exalbuminous. =149. Guttiferae.= - -Leaves alternate. 387 - -387. Sepals 2. Petals 4-5, imbricate in bud. Filaments free. Anthers -2-celled. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules ascending. Style 1, -two-cleft. _Talinella_, =73. Portulacaceae=. - -Sepals 5. Disc wanting. Ovary 3-5-celled. Ovules pendulous. Styles 3-5, -free or united at the base. 388 - -388. Flowers unisexual, in glomerules. Petals in the male flowers 3, -valvate in bud. Anthers 4-celled. _Junodia_, =122. Euphorbiaceae=. - -Flowers hermaphrodite, in panicles. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Anthers -2-celled. =148. Theaceae.= - -389. (319.) Style 1, undivided, with a single stigma or with two or -more stigmas contiguous at the base, or one sessile stigma. 390 - -Styles 2 or more, free or united below, but not to the base of the -stigmas, or two or more free sessile stigmas. 439 - -390. Stamens fewer than twice as many as the petals. 391 - -Stamens twice as many as the petals or more. 404 - -391. Petals and stamens hypogynous. 392 - -Petals, and usually also the stamens, more or less perigynous. Leaves -undivided. 399 - -392. Stamens 7-9, free. Sepals 3 or 5, petals 5, both with contorted -aestivation. Flowers regular. Leaves entire. =154. Cistaceae.= - -Stamens 2-6. 393 - -393. Ovary 2-celled. Stamens 6, rarely 2 or 4. Sepals 4, petals 4. -Receptacle with glands. Leaves simple, without stipules, but often with -auricles at the base. =88. Cruciferae.= - -Ovary 3-or more-celled. Stamens 4-5. 394 - -394. Sepals valvate in bud, united below. Filaments usually united. -Disc wanting. Leaves stipulate. 395 - -Sepals imbricate or open in bud, free or nearly so, rarely evidently -united, but then leaves exstipulate. Filaments free; anthers sometimes -united. 396 - -395. Anthers opening by 1 slit. Leaves palmately compound. Trees. -_Ceiba_, =143. Bombacaceae=. - -Anthers opening by 2 slits or pores. Leaves simple. =144. -Sterculiaceae.= - -396. Anthers united, opening at the apex. Stamens 5. Disc wanting. -Petals 3 or 5. Sepals 3 or 5, one of them spurred. Herbs. Leaves -undivided, exstipulate. _Impatiens_, =136. Balsaminaceae=. - -Anthers free, opening lengthwise. 397 - -397. Flowers irregular. Stamens usually fewer than the petals. Disc -present. Ovary 4-5-celled. Albumen abundant. Shrubs or trees. Leaves -alternate, pinnate. _Melianthus_, =135. Melianthaceae=. - -Flowers regular. Stamens as many as the petals. Albumen scanty or -wanting. 398 - -398. Disc present. Leaves stipulate, usually opposite or compound. -=113. Zygophyllaceae.= - -Disc wanting. Staminodes in bundles alternating with the fertile -stamens. Sepals united below. Leaves exstipulate, alternate, undivided. -_Thomassetia_, =148. Theaceae=. - -399. (391.) Calyx with valvate aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo -straight. =173. Lythraceae.= - -Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. 400 - -400. Stem herbaceous. Leaves without glandular dots, exstipulate. -Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 6. Ovary 2-celled. _Subularia_, =88. -Cruciferae=. - -Stem woody. Stamens 3-5, very rarely 6-8, but then sepals 5 and petals -5. 401 - -401. Leaves with glandular dots, alternate, exstipulate. Stamens 5-8. -Ovary 2-3-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. _Heteropyxis_, =180. Myrtaceae=. - -Leaves without glandular dots. Stamens 3-5. Ovary 3-7-celled. 402 - -402. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate and then, as usually, stamens -3. Stamens inserted upon the disc. Filaments dilated. Ovary 3-celled. -Seeds exalbuminous. =130. Hippocrateaceae.= - -Leaves alternate. Stamens 4-5, inserted below the edge of the disc. -Seeds albuminous. 403 - -403. Leaves stipulate. Ovary 3-5-celled. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with an -aril. =129. Celastraceae.= - -Leaves exstipulate. Ovary 5-7-celled. Fruit a drupe. Seeds without an -aril. _Brexia_, =96. Saxifragaceae.= - -404. (390.) Stamens twice as many as the petals. 405 - -Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. 416 - -405. Petals and stamens hypogynous. 406 - -Petals, and usually also the stamens, perigynous. Leaves undivided. 413 - -406. Filaments united in a tube, at least at the base. 407 - -Filaments free, rarely (_Rutaceae_) united in several bundles. 408 - -407. Sepals valvate in bud, very rarely at first imbricate; in this -case many ovules in each ovary-cell and leaves undivided. Disc wanting. -Leaves stipulate. =144. Sterculiaceae.= - -Sepals imbricate in bud. Ovules few in each ovary-cell, rarely many, -but then leaves pinnate. Disc usually distinctly developed. Leaves -exstipulate. Shrubs or trees. =118. Meliaceae.= - -408. Ovary distinctly stalked, entire. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo -curved. =87. Capparidaceae.= - -Ovary sessile or nearly so. 409 - -409. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Disc wanting. Leaves stipulate. -=141. Tiliaceae.= - -Calyx with imbricate, contorted, or open aestivation. 410 - -410. Calyx with contorted aestivation. Disc wanting. Leaves undivided. -Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. =154. Cistaceae.= - -Calyx with imbricate, not contorted, or with open aestivation. Disc -ring-, cushion-, or cup-shaped. 411 - -411. Disc outside the stamens. Flowers usually irregular. Seeds -with a copious albumen and straight embryo. Shrubs or trees. =135. -Melianthaceae.= - -Disc within the stamens. Flowers regular. 412 - -412. Leaves with translucent dots, exstipulate. =115. Rutaceae.= - -Leaves without dots, stipulate. =113. Zygophyllaceae.= - -413. (405.) Anthers opening by 1-2 apical pores. Leaves opposite or -whorled, exstipulate. =181. Melastomataceae.= - -Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. 414 - -414. Calyx with valvate aestivation. =173. Lythraceae.= - -Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 10. Ovary 3-celled. Shrubs or -trees. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. 415 - -415. Flowers polygamous, without bracteoles. Calyx shortly lobed. -Filaments free. Anthers attached by the base. Fruit indehiscent. Leaves -with translucent dots. _Psiloxylon_, =180. Myrtaceae=. - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx deeply divided. Anthers attached by the -back. Fruit dehiscing loculicidally. Leaves without dots. _Asteropeia_, -=148. Theaceae=. - -416. (404.) Petals and stamens hypogynous. 417 - -Petals, and usually also the stamens, perigynous. 433 - -417. Stipules present, but sometimes minute and caducous. 418 - -Stipules wanting, but axillary spines sometimes present. 428 - -418. Calyx with valvate, closed, or open aestivation. 419 - -Calyx with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 425 - -419. Corolla with valvate aestivation. 420 - -Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 421 - -420. Petals toothed or laciniate. Anthers opening by a single pore -or slit at the apex. Trees. Leaves undivided. _Elaeocarpus_, =139. -Elaeocarpaceae=. - -Petals entire or emarginate. Anthers opening by 2 pores or slits. =141. -Tiliaceae.= - -421. Ovary distinctly stalked. Stigma usually sessile. Petals with -imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous. =87. -Capparidaceae.= - -Ovary sessile or nearly so. Petals usually with contorted aestivation. -422 - -422. Anthers 1-celled, opening by 1 slit or pore. Filaments united. -Petals 5. 423 - -Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2, rarely confluent slits or pores. 424 - -423. Leaves simple. Flowers with an epicalyx. Filaments united to the -apex or nearly so. Pollen-grains spiny. =142. Malvaceae.= - -Leaves palmately compound. Flowers without an epicalyx. Filaments -united below. Pollen-grains smooth or nearly so. Trees. =143. -Bombacaceae.= - -424. Filaments more or less united. Staminodes present. =144. -Sterculiaceae.= - -Filaments free, rarely shortly united at the base, but then staminodes -absent. =141. Tiliaceae.= - -425. (418.) Calyx and corolla with contorted aestivation. Petals 5-6. -Ovary sessile or nearly so. Seeds albuminous. Leaves undivided. 426 - -Calyx and corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. 427 - -426. Disc present. Ovules inverted. =140. Chlaenaceae.= - -Disc absent. Ovules usually straight. =154. Cistaceae.= - -427. Ovary sessile, 2-3-celled. Style awl-shaped. Ovules ascending. -Seeds with copious albumen. Flowers regular. Leaves undivided. -_Sphaerosepalum_, =156. Cochlospermaceae=. - -Ovary stalked. Seeds without albumen. =87. Capparidaceae.= - -428. (417.) Leaves all radical, floating, peltate. Petals numerous. -Ovary 6-or more-celled. Stigma sessile. Seeds albuminous; embryo -straight. _Nuphar_, =76. Nymphaeaceae=. - -Leaves cauline and radical or all cauline, not floating. Petals 4-5. 429 - -429. Leaves opposite. Calyx with valvate, open, or imbricate, not -contorted aestivation. Filaments usually united in several bundles. -Seeds exalbuminous. =149. Guttiferae.= - -Leaves alternate, more rarely (Cistaceae) opposite, but then calyx -and corolla with contorted aestivation, filaments free, and seeds -albuminous. 430 - -430. Leaves compound, with 1-3 leaflets, translucently dotted. Sepals -united below. Ovary sessile, 5-or more-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. -=115. Rutaceae.= - -Leaves simple, undivided, not dotted, rarely digitate or dotted, but -then ovary stalked. 431 - -431. Ovary stalked. Stigma usually sessile. Disc usually present. Seeds -exalbuminous. =87. Capparidaceae.= - -Ovary sessile. Disc not distinctly developed. Flowers regular. 432 - -432. Sepals and petals with contorted aestivation. Ovules usually -straight. Seeds albuminous. =154. Cistaceae.= - -Sepals and petals 5, with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Ovules -inverted or incurved. Trees or shrubs. =148. Theaceae.= - -433. (416.) Calyx with valvate, closed, or open aestivation. 434 - -Calyx with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Leaves undivided. 438 - -434. Corolla with valvate, calyx with open aestivation. Ovary -3-8-celled. - -Seeds albuminous. Leaves alternate, undivided. Trees or shrubs. =145. -Scytopetalaceae.= - -Corolla with imbricate or open aestivation; in the latter case calyx -valvate. Seeds exalbuminous, rarely with scanty albumen, but then -leaves digitate. 435 - -435. Anthers opening by a single slit. Filaments united. Ovary -5-10-celled, slightly sunk in the receptacle. Petals 5, with contorted -aestivation. Seeds albuminous. Leaves digitate, stipulate. Trees. =143. -Bombacaceae.= - -Anthers opening by 2 slits. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves undivided, -rarely digitate, but then ovary stalked and 2-celled. 436 - -436. Ovary stalked, 2-celled. Embryo curved. Leaves alternate. =87. -Capparidaceae.= - -Ovary sessile. Embryo straight. Leaves undivided, usually opposite. 437 - -437. Ovary 2-6-celled. =173. Lythraceae.= - -Ovary 10-20-celled. Ovules inserted upon the dissepiments. Petals -linear. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. _Sonneratia_, -=174. Sonneratiaceae=. - -438. Calyx and corolla with contorted aestivation. Petals 5-6. Disc -present. Ovary 3-celled. Style present. Trees or shrubs. Leaves -alternate, not peltate. =140. Chlaenaceae.= - -Calyx and corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Petals -numerous. Disc wanting. Ovary 6-or more-celled. Style wanting. Herbs. -Leaves all radical, floating, peltate. _Nymphaea_, =76. Nymphaeaceae=. - -439. (389.) Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, 3-10. 440 - -Stamens numerous. 446 - -440. Petals and stamens perigynous or inserted at the base of an -hypogynous disc. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles free. Seeds albuminous. 441 - -Petals and stamens hypogynous. Disc wanting. 442 - -441. Stem herbaceous. Leaves usually radical or alternate and -exstipulate. Placentas thick. _Saxifraga_, =96. Saxifragaceae=. - -Stem woody. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. Ovules in two rows. -=98. Cunoniaceae.= - -442. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. Filaments -free. Styles free. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs or undershrubs. =151. -Elatinaceae.= - -Leaves alternate or all radical. 443 - -443. Sepals united below, valvate in bud. Leaves stipulate. =144. -Sterculiaceae.= - -Sepals free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. 444 - -444. Ovary-cells and styles 5. Petals with contorted aestivation. Seeds -albuminous. =108. Oxalidaceae.= - -Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 3. Stamens 10. Trees or -shrubs. Leaves undivided. 445 - -445. Filaments free. Anthers opening at the apex. Style shortly -3-cleft. Ovules in several rows. Albumen abundant. Bracteoles absent. -_Clethra_, =188. Clethraceae=. - -Filaments united at the base. Ovules in two rows. Albumen scanty or -wanting. Bracteoles present. _Asteropeia_, =148. Theaceae=. - -446. (439.) Petals and stamens perigynous, adnate to the ovary at the -base, numerous. Filaments free. Sepals imbricate in bud. Leaves all -radical, stipulate. _Nymphaea_, =76. Nymphaeaceae=. - -Petals and stamens hypogynous, free from the ovary. Petals 3-9. 447 - -447. Leaves opposite, undivided, exstipulate. Seeds exalbuminous. =149. -Guttiferae.= - -Leaves alternate. 448 - -448. Petals 8. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Filaments free. Styles -free. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen. Herbs. Leaves -dissected, exstipulate. _Nigella_, =78. Ranunculaceae=. - -Petals 3-5. Filaments united, at least at the base. 449 - -449. Sepals 5, free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Albumen scanty -or wanting. Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. =148. -Theaceae.= - -Sepals 3-5, valvate or open in bud. Leaves stipulate. 450 - -450. Anthers opening by a single slit or pore. =142. Malvaceae.= - -Anthers opening by two slits or pores. =144. Sterculiaceae.= - -451. (189.) Styles united below or throughout their whole length. 452 - -Styles entirely free or loosely cohering above. 457 - -452. Anthers 1-celled, opening by a single slit. Stamens numerous. -Filaments united. Disc not distinctly developed. Calyx with valvate -aestivation. Seeds albuminous. Leaves simple, stipulate. =142. -Malvaceae.= - -Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2 slits or pores. Calyx with imbricate, -more rarely with open or valvate aestivation, in the latter case leaves -exstipulate. 453 - -453. Ovules solitary in each carpel. Trees or shrubs. 454 - -Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. Leaves exstipulate. 456 - -454. Receptacle more or less elongated. Stamens 10 or more. Fruits -drupaceous. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves undivided, stipulate. =147. -Ochnaceae.= - -Receptacle expanded into a disc. Leaves exstipulate. 455 - -455. Stamens inserted within the disc. Ovules ascending. =134. -Sapindaceae.= - -Stamens inserted outside the disc. =116. Simarubaceae.= - -456. Sepals 3. Petals 6. Stamens numerous. Trees or shrubs. =81. -Anonaceae.= - -Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5. Stamens 4-10. Leaves translucently dotted. -=115. Rutaceae.= - -457. (451.) Ovules solitary in each carpel. 458 - -Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. 470 - -458. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. 459 - -Leaves alternate or the uppermost whorled, or all radical. 462 - -459. Stamens 3-10. Carpels 3-9. Albumen scanty. Leaves undivided. 460 - -Stamens numerous. Carpels 2 or many. Albumen abundant. 461 - -460. Stamens 3-9. Petals white or reddish. Fruit dehiscent. _Crassula_, -=95. Crassulaceae=. - -Stamens 10. Petals greenish, fleshy. Fruit indehiscent. Shrubs. Flowers -in racemes. _Coriaria_, =126. Coriariaceae=. - -461. Carpels 2. Ovules ascending. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Seeds with an -aril. Erect shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. _Hibbertia_, =146. -Dilleniaceae=. - -Carpels numerous. Ovules pendulous. Seeds without an aril. _Clematis_, -=78. Ranunculaceae=. - -462. Leaves stipulate. 463 - -Leaves exstipulate. 467 - -463. Stamens as many as the petals, 3-8, hypogynous or nearly so. -Styles terminal. Flowers unisexual. 464 - -Stamens twice as many as the petals or more, rarely as many as the -petals or fewer, but then distinctly perigynous and styles basal. -Ovules inverted. 465 - -464. Stem erect, tree-like. Leaves lobed. Flowers in heads. Ovules -pendulous, straight. Fruit dry. _Platanus_, =102. Platanaceae=. - -Stem climbing. Leaves undivided. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Ovules -laterally affixed, half-inverted. Fruit fleshy. _Tiliacora_, =80. -Menispermaceae=. - -465. Petals and stamens perigynous. =103. Rosaceae=. - -Petals and stamens hypogynous. Leaves undivided. 466 - -466. Flowers regular. Sepals 3-4, valvate in bud. Stamens numerous, -with united filaments. Disc absent. Trees. _Christiania_, =141. -Tiliaceae=. - -Flowers irregular. Sepals 5. Disc present. Shrubs. _Astrocarpus_, =89. -Resedaceae=. - -467. Disc present. Sepals 2-5. Albumen scanty or wanting. Stem woody. -=116. Simarubaceae.= - -Disc absent. Albumen abundant, rarely scanty or wanting, but then -sepals 6 or more. 468 - -468. Flowers unisexual. Sepals 6 or more. Stamens usually as many as -petals or fewer. Fruits drupaceous. Stem usually climbing. Flowers -usually in racemes. =80. Menispermaceae.= - -Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely unisexual, but then sepals -2-3. Stamens usually more than petals. Albumen abundant. 469 - -469. Stem woody. Leaves entire or toothed. Sepals 2-3. Albumen -ruminate. =81. Anonaceae.= - -Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, rarely throughout, but then -leaves lobed or dissected and sepals 4 or more. Albumen uniform. =78. -Ranunculaceae.= - -470. (457.) Leaves stipulate. 471 - -Leaves exstipulate. 474 - -471. Petals and stamens perigynous. =103. Rosaceae.= - -Petals and stamens hypogynous. 472 - -472. Disc one-sided, scale-like. Ovary stalked. Stamens 10-15. Flowers -irregular, 5-merous. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs. Leaves undivided. -_Caylusea_, =89. Resedaceae=. - -Disc stalk-like or wanting. Seeds albuminous. Shrubs or trees. 473 - -473. Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Stamens -10 or more. Petal-like staminodes within the stamens 5-10. Flowers -regular, 5-merous. =144. Sterculiaceae.= - -Calyx and corolla with imbricate aestivation. Stamens numerous. Leaves -undivided. =146. Dilleniaceae.= - -474. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. 475 - -Stamens numerous, not exactly twice as many as the petals, hypogynous. -Seeds with abundant albumen. 479 - -475. Sepals 2-3. Petals 3-6. Stamens 6-12, hypogynous. Albumen -abundant. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. =81. Anonaceae.= - -Sepals 4 or more, rarely 3, but then stamens 3. 476 - -476. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base, rarely throughout, but -then, as usually, ovules numerous. Albumen scanty or wanting. =95. -Crassulaceae.= - -Stem woody throughout. Ovules 2. 477 - -477. Leaves pinnate, with 3 or more leaflets, alternate, rarely dotted -and then stamens 10. Flowers 5-merous. Ovules ascending, straight. -Seeds with an aril. =104. Connaraceae.= - -Leaves simple or compound; in the latter case, as usually, leaves -translucently dotted and stamens 3-5. Ovules inverted. Seeds without an -aril. 478 - -478. Style terminal or nearly so. Stamens 3-5. Seeds albuminous, with a -thick and hard coat. _Fagara_, =115. Rutaceae=. - -Styles basal or nearly so. Stamens 5-10. Seeds exalbuminous, with a -thin coat. Leaves undivided. _Suriana_, =116. Simarubaceae=. - -479. Sepals 2-3. Petals 3-6. Albumen ruminate. Shrubs or trees. Leaves -undivided. =81. Anonaceae.= - -Sepals 4-6, imbricate in bud. 480 - -480. Seeds with an aril. Sepals persistent. Shrubs or trees. Leaves -undivided. =146. Dilleniaceae.= - -Seeds without an aril. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves more or less deeply -divided or compound. =78. Ranunculaceae.= - -481. (188.) Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely chambered. 482 - -Ovary completely or almost completely 2-or more-celled, rarely 2 or -more distinct ovaries. 507 - -482. Ovules not distinctly differentiated from the placenta. Shrubs -parasitic upon trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided. Calyx-limb little -developed. Petals 2-6, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as and opposite -the petals. Stigma 1. _Loranthus_, =61. Loranthaceae=. - -Ovules distinctly developed. Herbs or non-parasitic shrubs or trees. 483 - -483. Ovule 1. 484 - -Ovules 2 or more. 490 - -484. Ovule erect, straight. Stigmas 2. Stamens numerous. Petals 3-4. -Flowers monoecious, in spikes. Leaves pinnate. Trees. _Juglans_, =49. -Juglandaceae=. - -Ovule pendulous, inverted. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer, -rarely (_Alangiaceae_) more, but then petals 6-10 and flowers -hermaphrodite. 485 - -485. Filaments wholly united. Anthers 5, twisted. Flowers unisexual. -Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves angled or lobed. Climbing, tendril-bearing -plants. =223. Cucurbitaceae.= - -Filaments free or united at the base only. Plants without tendrils. 486 - -486. Anthers opening by valves. Stigma 1. Seed exalbuminous. Trees -or climbing shrubs. Leaves palminerved. Flowers in panicles. =85. -Hernandiaceae.= - -Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Flowers hermaphrodite or -polygamous. Seed albuminous. 487 - -487. Flowers 4-merous, in racemes or panicles. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs -or trees. Fruit a drupe. _Polyscias_, =185. Araliaceae=. - -Flowers 5-10-merous. Leaves simple, but sometimes dissected, and then -herbs or undershrubs with the flowers in umbels. 488 - -488. Flowers in umbels. Leaves more or less deeply divided. Herbs or -undershrubs. Fruit a nut. =186. Umbelliferae.= - -Flowers in heads, spikes, or cymes. Leaves undivided. Shrubs or trees. -489. - -489. Flowers in cymes. Petals valvate in bud. Fruit a drupe. Embryo -large. _Alangium_, =178. Alangiaceae.= - -Flowers in heads or spikes, 5-merous. Petals imbricate in bud. Fruit a -nut. Embryo small. =100. Bruniaceae.= - -490. (483.) Ovules basal or inserted on a free central placenta. 491 - -Ovules parietal or inserted at the apex of the ovary-cell. 499. - -491. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer, 2-5. -Fruit a berry or a nut. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 492 - -Flowers hermaphrodite. 493 - -492. Flowers 4-merous. Styles or sessile stigmas 4, free. Seeds -albuminous. Herbs. Leaves undivided. _Laurembergia_, =183. -Halorrhagaceae=. - -Flowers 5-merous. Style 1, entire or cleft. Seeds exalbuminous. =223. -Cucurbitaceae.= - -493. Sepals 2. Fruit opening by a lid. Herbs. Leaves alternate, -undivided. _Portulaca_, =73. Portulacaceae=. - -Sepals 4-8, sometimes united into an entire calyx. Style simple. Fruit -indehiscent. Trees or shrubs, rarely (_Bruniaceae_) undershrubs. 494 - -494. Stamens numerous. Petals 5. Ovules 2. Fruit a drupe. Leaves -alternate, stipulate. =103. Rosaceae.= - -Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, 4-16. Leaves undivided. -495 - -495. Stamens twice as many as the petals, 8-16. Leaves opposite or -whorled. 496 - -Stamens as many as the petals, 4-6. Seeds albuminous. 497 - -496. Leaves stipulate. Petals 5-8, toothed or lobed, valvate in bud. -Anthers without appendages. Seeds albuminous. _Carallia_, =177. -Rhizophoraceae=. - -Leaves exstipulate. Petals usually 4. Anthers with appendages. Seeds -exalbuminous. =181. Melastomataceae.= - -497. Stamens opposite the petals. Petals valvate in bud. Ovules -pendulous. Fruit a drupe. Leaves alternate. =59. Olacaceae.= - -Stamens alternating with the petals. Petals imbricate in bud. 498 - -498. Stigma 1. Ovules erect. Fruit a drupe. Leaves opposite, stipulate. -_Pleurostylia_, =129. Celastraceae=. - -Stigmas 2. Ovules pendulous. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Leaves -alternate, exstipulate. =100. Bruniaceae.= - -499. (490.) Ovules apical. 500 - -Ovules parietal. 502 - -500. Ovules numerous, affixed to 2-3 placentas suspended from the apex -of the ovary-cell. Styles 2-3, free. Stamens 5. Flowers hermaphrodite. -Fruit capsular. Seeds with abundant albumen. Herbs. Leaves opposite, -undivided. _Vahlia_, =96. Saxifragaceae=. - -Ovules 2-6, suspended from the apex of the ovary-cell. Style 1, entire -or cleft. Seeds without albumen. 501 - -501. Stamens 2-5. Flowers unisexual. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs, -usually climbing or prostrate. =223. Cucurbitaceae.= - -Stamens 8 or more, rarely 4-6, but then flowers hermaphrodite. Style -simple. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves undivided. =179. -Combretaceae.= - -502. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely -shrubs. 503 - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Shrubs or trees. Seeds albuminous. 504 - -503. Flowers 5-merous. Stamens 2-5. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves -well-developed. =223. Cucurbitaceae.= - -Flowers 6-merous. Stamens 12 or more. Seeds albuminous. Leaves -scale-like. _Pilostyles_, =64. Rafflesiaceae=. - -504. Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals, 5. Petals -small. Style 2-cleft. Ovary inferior. Ovules many. Fruit a berry. -Leaves lobed. _Ribes_, =96. Saxifragaceae=. - -Stamens as many as and opposite the petals or in greater number. Style -simple, more rarely divided, but then ovary half-inferior. Leaves -undivided or wanting. 505 - -505. Stamens numerous, not collected in bundles. Ovary inferior. -Style simple, with several stigmas. Fruit a berry. Succulent, usually -leafless plants. =167. Cactaceae.= - -Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, or collected in several -bundles. Ovary half-inferior. Style simple with an entire or slightly -lobed stigma, or more or less deeply divided into 2-6 branches. Leafy -plants. 506 - -506. Petals 5-6, lobed or slit, valvate in bud. Stamens twice their -number. Style simple. Ovules 6. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite or -whorled. _Ceriops_, =177. Rhizophoraceae=. - -Petals 4-8, imbricate in bud. Stamens placed singly or in pairs or -bundles opposite the petals; if in pairs or bundles, then style -divided. Fruit a capsule. =159. Flacourtiaceae.= - -507. (481.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 508 - -Ovules two or more in each ovary-cell. 527 - -508. Ovules erect or ascending. 509 - -Ovules pendulous or descending. 513 - -509. Stamens 10 or more. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Ovary 4-10-celled. Styles -or style-branches 2-10. Shrubs or trees. Leaves stipulate. =103. -Rosaceae.= - -Stamens 2-5. 510 - -510. Flowers 2-merous. Herbs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. _Circaea_, -=182. Oenotheraceae=. - -Flowers 4-5-merous. 511 - -511. Stamens, at least apparently (by coalescence), fewer than the -petals, 3. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Ovary-cells and stigmas 3. Flowers -unisexual. Tendril-bearing herbs. Leaves alternate. _Cayaponia_, =223. -Cucurbitaceae=. - -Stamens as many as the petals, 4-5. Shrubs or trees, rarely -undershrubs. 512 - -512. Stamens alternating with the petals. Calyx with imbricate or open -aestivation. =129. Celastraceae.= - -Stamens opposite the petals. Calyx with valvate aestivation. =137. -Rhamnaceae.= - -513. (508.) Ovary 2-celled. 514 - -Ovary 3-15-celled. 522 - -514. Style 1, with a single stigma. Flowers 4-merous. 515 - -Style 1, with 2-3 stigmas, or styles 2. 517 - -515. Stamens numerous. Flowers hermaphrodite, in cymes. Fruit a berry. -Seeds exalbuminous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. _Pimenta_, =180. -Myrtaceae=. - -Stamens 4. 516 - -516. Flowers unisexual, in cymes. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous. -Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. _Cornus_, =187. Cornaceae=. - -Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary. Fruit a nut. Seeds exalbuminous. -Herbs. Leaves radical. _Trapa_, =182. Oenotheraceae=. - -517. Stamens numerous. Petals 5. Stigmas 3. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves -alternate. _Kissenia_, =164. Loasaceae=. - -Stamens as many as the petals. Stigmas 2. Seeds albuminous. 518 - -518. Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut, and then ovary half-inferior. -Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves simple, undivided. Flowers in -heads or head-like spikes, rarely in racemes or panicles. 519 - -Fruit a schizocarp (splitting into 2 nutlets), a nut, or a drupe. Ovary -inferior, rarely half-inferior, but then leaves compound or divided. -Flowers in umbels, more rarely in heads, whorls, spikes, racemes, or -panicles. 520 - -519. Leaves stipulate. Flowers usually 4-merous. Styles 2, free. Fruit -a capsule. Albumen scanty. =101. Hamamelidaceae.= - -Leaves exstipulate, rarely stipulate, but then style 1. Flowers -5-merous. Petals clawed, imbricate in bud. Anthers opening by -longitudinal slits. Albumen abundant. =100. Bruniaceae.= - -520. Fruit a schizocarp splitting into two nutlets, rarely a nut, -and then, as usually, stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. -Flowers 5-merous. Epigynous disc usually 2-parted. Styles free. =186. -Umbelliferae.= - -Fruit a drupe or a nut. Stem woody throughout. Epigynous disc usually -entire. 521 - -521. Leaves compound or more or less deeply divided. Flowers in umbels, -spikes, or racemes. Ovules with ventral raphe. =185. Araliaceae.= - -Leaves simple, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers in racemes or panicles. -Ovules with dorsal raphe. Fruit a drupe. =187. Cornaceae.= - -522. (513.) Stem herbaceous. Fruit dry. 523 - -Stem woody. Fruit more or less succulent. 524 - -523. Flowers 4-merous. Stamens 2-8. Fruit indehiscent or splitting -into 2-4 nutlets. Seeds albuminous. Leaves exstipulate. Water-plants. -_Myriophyllum_, =183. Halorrhagaceae=. - -Flowers 5-merous. Stamens 10. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. -Leaves stipulate. Land-plants. =103. Rosaceae.= - -524. Leaves compound or more or less deeply divided, rarely the upper -ones undivided, and then ovary-cells and styles 5. Flowers in umbels or -heads, rarely in spikes or racemes. Stamens as many as petals, 4-16, -rarely twice their number, 10. =185. Araliaceae.= - -Leaves undivided, exstipulate. Flowers in spikes, racemes, panicles, or -fascicles. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles 1-4. 525 - -525. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, 4-5. Style simple. -Flowers in racemes or fascicles. =59. Olacaceae.= - -Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or twice as many. 526 - -526. Stamens as many as the petals, 4-10. Seeds albuminous. =187. -Cornaceae.= - -Stamens twice as many as the petals, 6-8, but the alternate ones -sometimes without anthers. Sepals and petals valvate in bud. Styles -3-4. Flowers polygamous. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. =177. -Rhizophoraceae.= - -527. (507.) Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. 528 - -Ovules more than 4 in each ovary-cell. 537 - -528. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer. 529 - -Stamens twice as many as the petals or more. 533 - -529. Stamens, at least apparently (by coalescence), fewer than the -petals, 2-4. Flowers 5-merous, unisexual. Ovary inferior. Usually -herbaceous and tendril-bearing plants. Leaves alternate. =223. -Cucurbitaceae.= - -Stamens as many as the petals, 4-5, free or nearly so. Trees or shrubs, -rarely undershrubs. 530 - -530. Stamens opposite the petals. Petals valvate in bud. Ovary -inferior. Style simple; stigma entire. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. -_Olinia_, =170. Oliniaceae=. - -Stamens alternating with the petals. Ovary usually half-inferior. -Leaves opposite, but stipulate, or alternate. 531 - -531. Leaves exstipulate, alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous. -Ovules pendulous. Seeds with a minute embryo and abundant albumen. -=100. Bruniaceae.= - -Leaves stipulate. 532 - -532. Calyx large. Petals 5, usually two-cleft. Stigmas 2-3. Ovules -pendulous. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. -_Dichapetalum_, =121. Dichapetalaceae=. - -Calyx small. Petals imbricate in bud. Style simple or wanting. Ovules -erect, rarely pendulous, but then leaves, at least those of the -flowering branches, opposite. =129. Celastraceae.= - -533. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Petals with valvate -aestivation. Style 1. Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled, -stipulate. =177. Rhizophoraceae.= - -Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. Petals with imbricate or -contorted aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous. 534 - -534. Style 1, with a single stigma. Ovules in the whole ovary 4 or -more. Leaves exstipulate. 535 - -Style 1, with 2-5 stigmas, or styles 2-5. Sepals 5. Leaves alternate. -536 - -535. Leaves opposite, gland-dotted. Sepals 4-5. Filaments free or -united into several bundles. =180. Myrtaceae.= - -Leaves alternate, rarely dotted. Sepals 2-4. Filaments united into a -cup at the base. Fruit indehiscent. =176. Lecythidaceae.= - -536. Stipules absent. Calyx with open aestivation. Filaments collected -in 5 bundles. Ovules in the whole ovary 3, pendulous. Style entire or -cleft at the top. Fruit a nut. _Kissenia_, =164. Loasaceae=. - -Stipules present. Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Ovules ascending. -Style more or less deeply divided. Fruit a berry or a drupe. =103. -Rosaceae.= - -537. (527.) Style 1, undivided, with a single stigma or with 2 or more -stigmas contiguous at their base. 538 - -Styles 2-20, free or united below, the stigmas not contiguous at the -base. 546 - -538. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or fewer, 2-16. 539 - -Stamens more than twice as many as the petals, or stamens and petals -very numerous. 543 - -539. Stamens fewer than the petals, at least apparently (by -coalescence), rarely as many as the petals, but then, as usually, herbs -with tendrils. Leaves alternate. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous, -5-merous. Fruit usually succulent and indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous. -=223. Cucurbitaceae.= - -Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Herbs without tendrils, -or woody plants. 540 - -540. Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens twice as many, rarely as many as -the petals; in the latter case leaves with small stipules. Anthers -opening by longitudinal slits. Seeds exalbuminous. =182. Oenotheraceae.= - -Sepals imbricate or open in bud, rarely valvate, but then either -stamens as many as the petals, leaves without stipules, and seeds -albuminous, or anthers opening by apical pores. 541 - -541. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, exstipulate, usually with -several longitudinal nerves. Filaments bent down in bud. Anthers -usually opening by apical pores. Stigma 1. Seeds exalbuminous. =181. -Melastomataceae.= - -Leaves alternate. Stamens as many as the petals. Fruit capsular. Seeds -albuminous. 542 - -542. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers -or inflorescences in the axils of the leaves or terminal. Ovules -numerous in each ovary-cell. =224. Campanulaceae.= - -Stem woody throughout. Flowers or inflorescences in the axils or on the -surface of the leaves. Ovules 6-8 in each ovary-cell. Seeds with an -aril. =129. Celastraceae.= - -543. Petals numerous. Stigmas 4-20. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or -undershrubs. _Mesembryanthemum_, =72. Aizoaceae=. - -Petals 4-8. Stigma 1, entire or lobed. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or -trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. 544 - -544. Sepals 5-8, red, with valvate aestivation. Petals crumpled in -the bud. Ovules at first basal, finally parietal. Leaves not dotted. -_Punica_, =175. Punicaceae=. - -Sepals 2-4, rarely more, but then with imbricate, open, or closed -aestivation. Ovules axile. 545 - -545. Leaves alternate, rarely dotted. Sepals 2-4. Filaments united into -a cup at the base. =176. Lecythidaceae.= - -Leaves opposite, gland-dotted. =180. Myrtaceae.= - -546. (537.) Stamens 2-10. 547 - -Stamens numerous. 548 - -547. Stamens fewer than the petals, at least apparently (by -coalescence), more rarely as many as the petals, but then, as usually, -tendril-bearing herbs. Styles usually 3. Flowers 5-merous, unisexual or -polygamous. Fruit more or less berry-like. Seeds exalbuminous. =223. -Cucurbitaceae.= - -Stamens as many as the petals, 4-5, and then styles 2 and stem -woody, or twice as many. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous, rarely -exalbuminous, but then flowers 4-merous. =96. Saxifragaceae.= - -548. Petals 3-5. Seeds exalbuminous. 549 - -Petals numerous. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or undershrubs. 550 - -549. Flowers unisexual. Sepals and petals not distinctly -differentiated, together 8-9. Ovules many in each ovary-cell. -_Begonia_, =165. Begoniaceae=. - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals and petals distinctly differentiated, -together 10. Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Shrubs. _Cydonia_, =103. -Rosaceae=. - -550. Sepals nearly hypogynous, 4. Ovules inserted upon the -dissepiments. Fruit bursting irregularly. Embryo straight. Leaves -radical, floating, peltate or cordate. Flowers solitary. _Nymphaea_, -=76. Nymphaeaceae=. - -Sepals epigynous, usually 5. Ovules basal or parietal. Fruit opening -loculicidally. Embryo curved. Leaves not floating. Flowers in cymes or -panicles. _Mesembryanthemum_, =72. Aizoaceae=. - -551. (52.) Ovary superior or nearly so. 552 - -Ovary inferior to half-inferior. 728 - -552. Ovary 1, entire or lobed. 553 - -Ovaries 2 or more, separate or cohering at the base only. 719 - -553. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely chambered. 554 - -Ovary completely or almost completely 2-or more-celled, at least at the -time of flowering (sometimes incompletely septate in the bud). 604 - -554. Ovule 1. 555 - -Ovules 2 or more. 570 - -555. Ovule erect or ascending. 556 - -Ovule pendulous or descending. Style simple. 564 - -556. Style 1, entire or cleft at the top into 2 or more stigmas (or -branches stigmatose on the inside). 557 - -Styles 3-5, free or united at the base. Stamens 5, opposite the petals. -563 - -557. Stamens free from the corolla or inserted on its base. 558 - -Stamens inserted on the upper part or near the middle of the corolla. -561 - -558. Corolla (or corolla-like perianth) with valvate or folded -aestivation. Leaves exstipulate. =69. Nyctaginaceae.= - -Corolla with imbricate or open aestivation; in the latter case leaves -stipulate. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. 559 - -559. Flowers 5-merous. Stigmas 3. Herbs. Leaves opposite, stipulate. -_Cometes_, =75. Caryophyllaceae=. - -Flowers 4-merous. Stigma 1. 560 - -560. Flowers unisexual, solitary or in fascicles. Seeds albuminous. -Herbs. Leaves all radical, exstipulate. _Litorella_, =218. -Plantaginaceae=. - -Flowers hermaphrodite, in racemes or panicles. Seeds exalbuminous. -Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, stipulate. _Salvadora_, =131. -Salvadoraceae=. - -561. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 4. Leaves -whorled. Shrubs. =205. Verbenaceae.= - -Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. 562 - -562. Stamens alternating with the divisions of the corolla (or the -petaloid staminodes). Seeds albuminous. =68. Amarantaceae.= - -Stamens opposite the divisions of the corolla (or petaloid perianth), -4. Stigma 1. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or trees. -=55. Proteaceae.= - -563. (556.) Sepals 2. Anthers turned outwards. Styles 3. Seeds with -curved embryo. =74. Basellaceae.= - -Sepals 5. Anthers turned inwards. Styles 5. Seeds with straight embryo. -=192. Plumbaginaceae.= - -564. Petals in the male flowers 2-4, united below, in the female 1-2, -free. Sepals in the male flowers 4, in the female 1-2. Stamens 4-10, -with united filaments. =80. Menispermaceae.= - -Petals united below in the flowers of both sexes, or flowers -hermaphrodite. 565 - -565. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the calyx or corolla, 4. -Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Flowers 5-merous, irregular. -Seeds albuminous. 566 - -Stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla, rarely -(Ericaceae) fewer, but then only 3. 567 - -566. Ovary 1-celled from the beginning. Stigma 2-lobed, rarely entire, -and then corolla-lobes very unequal. =215. Globulariaceae.= - -Ovary originally 2-celled, one cell becoming rudimentary. -Stigma entire. Corolla-lobes almost equal. _Microdon_, =208. -Scrophulariaceae=. - -567. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla (or -corolla-like perianth), 4, inserted on the upper part or near the -middle of the corolla. Corolla valvate in bud. Seeds exalbuminous. =55. -Proteaceae.= - -Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or -fewer or more numerous, inserted on the base of the corolla or free -from it. 568 - -568. Stamens 10, perigynous. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. -Flowers regular. =171. Thymelaeaceae.= - -Stamens 3-8, hypogynous. 569 - -569. Flowers regular. Sepals 3-4. Corolla-lobes 3-4. Anthers opening by -two pores or slits. Seeds albuminous. =189. Ericaceae.= - -Flowers irregular. Sepals 5. Corolla-lobes 3 or 5. Stamens 8. Anthers -opening by a single pore or slit. Seeds exalbuminous. _Securidaca_, -=120. Polygalaceae=. - -570. (554.) Ovules 2. 571 - -Ovules 3 or more. 578 - -571. Stamens 4, fewer than the divisions of the corolla. Flowers -irregular. Leaves opposite. 572 - -Stamens 3 or more, as many as or more than the divisions of the -corolla. 573 - -572. Anthers opening by pores. Fruit a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous. -Climbing shrubs. Flowers in clusters. _Afromendoncia_, =216. -Acanthaceae=. - -Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Stigmas 2. Fruit a capsule -or nut. Seeds albuminous. Prostrate herbs. Flowers solitary. -_Linariopsis_, =210. Pedaliaceae=. - -573. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla, 4-5. Leaves -simple, entire toothed or lobed. Flowers regular. 574 - -Stamens more than the divisions of the corolla, rarely the same number, -but then, as usually, leaves compound. 576 - -574. Stamens opposite to the divisions of the corolla. Calyx with -valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Ovules ascending. Leaves -stipulate. _Waltheria_, =144. Sterculiaceae=. - -Stamens alternating with the divisions of the corolla. Leaves -exstipulate. 575 - -575. Ovules erect. Style 2-parted, rarely simple, and then herbs. Calyx -with imbricate, corolla with valvate or folded aestivation. =202. -Convolvulaceae.= - -Ovules pendulous. Style simple or wanting. Shrubs or trees. =132. -Icacinaceae.= - -576. Stamens more than the divisions of the corolla, but fewer than -twice as many, 4-7, usually 6. Anthers opening by pores. Corolla -4-lobed. Leaves whorled, undivided, linear. _Salaxis_, =189. Ericaceae=. - -Stamens as many or twice as many as the divisions of the corolla, or -more. Leaves alternate. 577 - -577. Corolla regular, 5-partite, with imbricate aestivation. Stamens -10, five of them sometimes sterile. Ovules erect, straight. Shrubs or -trees. Leaves compound, exstipulate. Flowers in panicles or racemes. -_Connarus_, =104. Connaraceae=. - -Corolla regular, with valvate aestivation, or irregular. Ovules -inverted. Leaves usually stipulate. =105. Leguminosae.= - -578. (570.) Ovules basal or inserted upon a free central placenta. 579 - -Ovules parietal. 587 - -579. Ovules 3, pendulous. Style simple. Fertile stamens as many as and -opposite the corolla-lobes, 5-6, or fewer, 3. Flowers regular. Fruit a -drupe. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves alternate. _Olax_, =59. -Olacaceae=. - -Ovules 3, ascending, or more. 580 - -580. Style 3-cleft. Stamens more than corolla-lobes, 8-30, rarely -fewer, 3. Sepals 2. Corolla-lobes 5. Herbs or undershrubs. =73. -Portulacaceae.= - -Style simple or 2-cleft, rarely (_Caryophyllaceae_) 3-cleft, but then -sepals, corolla-lobes and stamens 5 each. 581 - -581. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, 3-7. -Style simple. 582 - -Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or -fewer or more numerous. 583 - -582. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. =191. Primulaceae.= - -Fruit a nut, berry, or drupe. Shrubs or trees, very rarely herbs or -undershrubs. Leaves alternate, gland-dotted. =190. Myrsinaceae.= - -583. Stamens 5. Flowers regular. 584 - -Stamens 2, 4, or 8. 585 - -584. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Corolla deeply divided, with imbricate -aestivation. Styles 1 or 3. Herbs or undershrubs. =75. Caryophyllaceae.= - -Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Styles 1-2. =202. Convolvulaceae.= - -585. Stamens 4, free from the corolla, or 8. Flowers regular, 4-merous. -Stigma 1. Seeds albuminous. Low shrubs. Leaves whorled, narrow. =189. -Ericaceae.= - -Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla-tube, or 2. 586 - -586. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Stamens 2. Style wanting. -Sepals 2 or 5. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped. Leaves alternate or all -radical. Herbs. =214. Lentibulariaceae.= - -Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Style present. Ovules 4. -Leaves opposite or whorled. =205. Verbenaceae.= - -587. (578.) Ovules attached to a single placenta. Style simple. Stamens -as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla. Leaves alternate, -compound or reduced to the dilated petiole. =105. Leguminosae.= - -Ovules attached to two or more placentas. 588. - -588. Style simple or 2-cleft. 589 - -Style 3-10-cleft. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. 603 - -589. Fertile stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 1-4. 590 - -Fertile stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla. -595 - -590. Fertile stamen 1, staminodes 3. Corolla-lobes 4. Stigma 2-cleft. -Herbs. Leaves opposite, undivided. =199. Gentianaceae.= - -Fertile stamens 2 or 4. 591 - -591. Fertile stamens 2. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided. Flowers -irregular. 592 - -Fertile stamens 4. 594 - -592. Seeds 4, with thin albumen. Fruit a capsule with a drupaceous -rind Ovules 4-16. Stigma 2-parted. Staminodes 3. _Martynia_, =211. -Martyniaceae=. - -Seeds numerous, without albumen. Ovules numerous. 593 - -593. Disc wanting. Ovary and fruit ovate. Placentas little projecting. -Staminodes none. Small water-plants. Leaves opposite. _Dintera_, =208. -Scrophulariaceae=. - -Disc rarely wanting, and then ovary and fruit linear or oblong and -placentas much projecting. =213. Gesneraceae.= - -594. Placentas 2. Fruit a berry or nut. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or -trees. Leaves compound. =209. Bignoniaceae.= - -Placentas 4. Fruit a capsule. Seeds albuminous. Herbs without green -colour. Leaves scale-like. Flowers irregular. =212. Orobanchaceae.= - -595. (589.) Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla, 3-8. 596 - -Stamens more numerous than the divisions of the corolla, 7 or more. -Shrubs or trees. 600 - -596. Style stigmatose beneath the thickened, often 2-lobed apex. -Placentas 2. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Flowers regular or -nearly so, 5-, rarely 4-merous. Juice milky. =200. Apocynaceae.= - -Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. Juice not -milky. 597 - -597. Leaves and stem without green colour; stem herbaceous, leaves -scale-like. Flowers irregular. Stamens 4. Placentas 4. =212. -Orobanchaceae.= - -Leaves green, rarely (_Gentianaceae_) without green colour, but then -flowers regular, stamens 5 and placentas 2. 598 - -598. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Stem woody. Bark -resinous. Flowers regular, 5-merous. Stigma 1. _Pittosporum_, =97. -Pittosporaceae=. - -Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate or all radical, but then -stem herbaceous. 599 - -599. Stem woody. Leaves opposite or whorled, usually stipulate. Flowers -4-merous. =198. Loganiaceae.= - -Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, rarely throughout, but then -flowers 5-merous. Leaves exstipulate. =199. Gentianaceae.= - -600. Stamens 7-18, with united filaments. Placentas 3-5. 601 - -Stamens 23 or more, with free filaments. Leaves undivided. 602 - -601. Sepals 3. Corolla-lobes 4-6. Stamens 7-9 or 14-18. Anthers opening -outwards. _Cinnamosma_, =157. Winteranaceae=. - -Sepals 4-5. Corolla-lobes 4-5. Stamens 8-10. Anthers opening inwards or -laterally. =118. Meliaceae.= - -602. Corolla-lobes 6. Sepals 3. Filaments and styles very short. -Placentas numerous, confluent. Albumen abundant, ruminate. =81. -Anonaceae.= - -Corolla-lobes 11-14. Sepals 2-4. Filaments and styles long. Placentas -2, two-cleft. Albumen scanty, uniform. _Hoplestigma_, =194. -Hoplestigmataceae=. - -603. (588.) Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, 3-5. Fruit a capsule. -Herbs or undershrubs. =162. Achariaceae.= - -Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes, 10. Fruit a berry. Trees. -_Carica_, =163. Caricaceae=. - -604. (553.) Ovary 2-celled. 605 - -Ovary 3-or more-celled. 669 - -605. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 606 - -Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 621 - -606. Ovules erect or ascending. 607 - -Ovules pendulous, descending, or horizontal. 611 - -607. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. 608 - -Fertile stamens 5 or 6. 609 - -608. Seeds borne on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, exalbuminous. -Fruit capsular. =216. Acanthaceae.= - -Seeds not on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle. =205. Verbenaceae.= - -609. Stamens opposite the divisions of the corolla. Anthers opening -outwards. Stigma 1. Trees or shrubs. =193. Sapotaceae.= - -Stamens alternate with the divisions of the corolla. Anthers opening -inward. 610 - -610. Stigma 1. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Seeds -exalbuminous. Herbs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. _Rochelia_, =204. -Borraginaceae=. - -Stigmas 2. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Seeds albuminous. Trees -or shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. _Gaertnera_, =219. -Rubiaceae=. - -611. (606.) Fertile stamens 2 or 4. 612 - -Fertile stamens 5 or more. 618 - -612. Stamens 4, free from the corolla. Corolla regular or nearly so, -2-4-lobed. Seeds with abundant albumen. =189. Ericaceae.= - -Stamens inserted on the corolla. 613 - -613. Corolla scarious, regular, 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 1. Fruit -opening by a lid. Seeds albuminous. _Plantago_, =218. Plantaginaceae=. - -Corolla not scarious, more or less irregular, rarely regular, but then -stamens 2 or stigmas 2. 614 - -614. Corolla regular. Stamens 2, alternating with the ovary-cells. -Disc wanting. Seeds with scanty albumen. Shrubs. Leaves compound, but -sometimes with a single leaflet. _Jasminum_, =197. Oleaceae=. - -Corolla more or less irregular, rarely regular, but then stamens 4. -Leaves simple. 615 - -615. Flowers regular. Stamens 4. Anthers opening by two slits. Style -2-cleft. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. Low shrubs. Leaves -alternate. _Wellstedia_, =204. Borraginaceae=. - -Flowers more or less irregular. Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely -alternate, but then anthers opening by a single slit or pore. 616 - -616. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones. Anthers opening by a -single slit or pore. Seeds albuminous. =208. Scrophulariaceae.= - -Leaves opposite or whorled. 617 - -617. Fruit a capsule. Seeds borne on a hook-like process of the -funicle, exalbuminous. =216. Acanthaceae.= - -Fruit a drupe or a nut. Seeds not on a hook-like process of the -funicle, albuminous. Stamens 4. Anthers opening by two slits. Herbs. -=205. Verbenaceae.= - -618. (611.) Flowers distinctly irregular. Stamens united at the base -with one another and with the corolla. Anthers opening by a single -pore. =120. Polygalaceae.= - -Flowers regular or nearly so. Anthers opening by two slits or pores. 619 - -619. Flowers unisexual. Stamens free from the corolla. =122. -Euphorbiaceae.= - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves undivided. 620 - -620. Calyx and corolla of 2-4 divisions each. Stamens 6-8, free from -the corolla or nearly so. =189. Ericaceae.= - -Calyx and corolla of 5 divisions each. Stamens 5, attached to the -corolla; filaments free. Stigmas 2. =200. Apocynaceae.= - -621. (605.) Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. 622 - -Ovules 3 or more in each cell of the ovary. 640 - -622. Fertile stamens 2-3. 623 - -Fertile stamens 4-30. 626 - -623. Flowers regular. Stamens 2, alternating with the ovary-cells, -rarely 3. Disc wanting. =197. Oleaceae.= - -Flowers more or less irregular. Stamens not regularly alternating with -the ovary-cells. 624 - -624. Leaves stipulate, alternate. Style 2-cleft. Petals 2-cleft. Seeds -exalbuminous. Trees or shrubs. _Tapura_, =121. Dichapetalaceae=. - -Leaves exstipulate, opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then, as -nearly always, style simple. 625 - -625. Seeds borne on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, exalbuminous. -=216. Acanthaceae.= - -Seeds not on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, albuminous. =208. -Scrophulariaceae.= - -626. (622.) Fertile stamens 4. 627 - -Fertile stamens 5-30. 634 - -627. Corolla with 4 divisions. 628 - -Corolla with 5 divisions. 632 - -628. Flowers more or less irregular. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves -opposite or whorled, without stipules. =216. Acanthaceae.= - -Flowers regular. Seeds albuminous. 629 - -629. Corolla scarious, regular. Stigma entire. Fruit opening by a lid. -Leaves sessile. _Plantago_, =218. Plantaginaceae=. - -Corolla not scarious. 630 - -630. Leaves alternate. Styles or stigmas 2. Ovules erect =202. -Convolvulaceae.= - -Leaves opposite or whorled. Shrubs or trees. 631 - -631. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by -transverse lines or ridges. =198. Loganiaceae.= - -Leaves without either stipules or transverse lines or ridges at their -base. =197. Oleaceae.= - -632. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones. Flowers regular or -nearly so. Corolla white. Stigma entire or 4-lobed. Fruit a drupe. -Seeds albuminous. =217. Myoporaceae.= - -Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely the upper ones alternate, but then -flowers irregular, stigma 2-partite and fruit a capsule or nut. 633 - -633. Seeds with scanty albumen. Plants with glandular hairs. =210. -Pedaliaceae.= - -Seeds without albumen. =216. Acanthaceae.= - -634. (626.) Stamens 5. 635 - -Stamens 8-30. 639 - -635. Style (or styles) stigmatose beneath the thickened and sometimes -2-lobed apex. Corolla with contorted aestivation. =200. Apocynaceae.= - -Style (or styles) stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. -636 - -636. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate or connected by transverse -lines or ridges. Shrubs or trees. =198. Loganiaceae.= - -Leaves alternate. 637 - -637. Ovules erect. Corolla lobed or nearly entire, usually folded in -bud. =202. Convolvulaceae.= - -Ovules pendulous. Styles or stigmas 2. Corolla lobed, but imbricate in -bud, or deeply divided. Shrubs or trees. 638 - -638. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in axillary cymes or panicles. Fruit a -drupe. _Dichapetalum_, =121. Dichapetalaceae=. - -Leaves exstipulate. Flowers in terminal spikes or heads. Fruit a -capsule. _Lonchostoma_, =100. Bruniaceae=. - -639. Stamens 8. Style 1. Flowers hermaphrodite. _Salaxis_, =189. -Ericaceae=. - -Stamens 10-30. Styles 2. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. _Euclea_, -=195. Ebenaceae=. - -640. (621.) Fertile stamens 1-4. 641 - -Fertile stamens 5-16. 658 - -641. Flowers more or less irregular. 642 - -Flowers regular. 652 - -642. Leaves opposite or whorled. 643 - -Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones. 648 - -643. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by -transverse lines or ridges. Shrubs or trees. =198. Loganiaceae.= - -Leaves rarely with stipules or transverse lines or ridges at their -base, and then herbs or undershrubs. 644 - -644. Seeds with distinctly developed albumen. 645 - -Seeds with very scanty albumen or without any. 646 - -645. Seeds with funicles provided with a wart-like outgrowth. Placentas -remaining attached to the beaked and recurved valves of the capsule. -Disc not distinctly developed. Calyx deeply divided. Corolla-lobes 5, -with descending aestivation. Anther-halves not confluent. Stigma lobed. -Flowers in spikes. =216. Acanthaceae.= - -Seeds without an outgrowth from the funicle or without a funicle. -Placentas usually separating from the valves of the capsule. Disc more -or less distinctly developed. =208. Scrophulariaceae.= - -646. Seeds with scanty albumen. Plants with glandular hairs. Stamens 4. -=210. Pedaliaceae.= - -Seeds without albumen. 647 - -647. Seeds borne on a large hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, rarely -on a small cushion-shaped one, and then herbs. Fruit a capsule, the -valves bearing the split dissepiment. Ovules usually few. Leaves -simple. =216. Acanthaceae.= - -Seeds not on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, more or less -distinctly winged or marginate. Fruit a capsule, the valves usually -separating from the more or less dilated dissepiment, or a nut or -berry. Ovules numerous. Stamens 4. Leaves usually compound. Shrubs or -trees. =209. Bignoniaceae.= - -648 (642.) Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation. Partition of the -ovary usually placed obliquely to the median plane of the flower. =207. -Solanaceae.= - -Corolla with imbricate, not folded aestivation. Partition of the ovary -usually placed transversely to the median plane of the flower. 649 - -640. Fruit a drupe. Ovules in each ovary-cell 4-6, in pairs placed one -above the other. Stigma 1. Stamens 4. Anther-halves confluent at the -apex. Shrubs. _Oftia_, =217. Myoporaceae=. - -Fruit a capsule, nut, or berry. Ovules usually numerous. 650 - -650. Seeds exalbuminous, usually horizontal and winged. Ovules -numerous. Stigmas 2. Stamens 4. Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually -compound. =209. Bignoniaceae.= - -Seeds albuminous. Leaves simple, but sometimes dissected. 651 - -651. Albumen very thin, nearly membranous. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 2. -Stamens 4. Plants with glandular hairs. Lower leaves opposite. =210. -Pedaliaceae.= - -Albumen distinctly developed. =208. Scrophulariaceae.= - -652. (641.) Corolla with contorted aestivation. Stamens 4. 653 - -Corolla with valvate or imbricate, not contorted aestivation. 654 - -653. Style stigmatose below the apex. Mostly shrubs or trees. =200. -Apocynaceae.= - -Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. Fruit a -septicidal capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. =199. Gentianaceae.= - -654. Corolla scarious. Stamens 4. Disc wanting. Stigma 1. Fruit -dehiscing by a lid. Flowers in spikes or heads. _Plantago_, =218. -Plantaginaceae=. - -Corolla not scarious. Fruit dehiscing lengthwise or indehiscent. 655 - -655. Anthers with confluent halves, opening by a transverse slit. Disc -more or less distinctly developed. =208. Scrophulariaceae.= - -Anthers with distinct halves, opening by two longitudinal slits or -apical pores. 656 - -656. Leaves alternate, simple, but sometimes dissected. Corolla -usually folded in bud. Partition of the ovary usually placed obliquely -to the median plane of the flower. Ovules generally numerous. =207. -Solanaceae.= - -Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then compound. -Corolla not folded. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. 657 - -657. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by -transverse lines or ridges, simple, opposite or whorled. Ovules usually -numerous. =198. Loganiaceae.= - -Leaves without either stipules or transverse lines or ridges at their -base. Ovules 3-4 in each ovary-cell. Disc none. =197. Oleaceae.= - -658. (640.) Leaves opposite or whorled. 659 - -Leaves alternate. 662 - -659. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by -transverse lines or ridges. Shrubs or trees. =198. Loganiaceae.= - -Leaves without stipules, but sometimes connected by transverse lines; -in this case herbs or undershrubs. Stamens 5. 660 - -660. Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Style -stigmatose at the entire apex. Fruit a berry. Shrubs growing upon -trees. _Dermatobotrys_, =208. Scrophulariaceae=. - -Corolla with contorted aestivation. 661 - -661. Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. Fruit a -septicidal capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. =199. Gentianaceae.= - -Style stigmatose below the apex. Mostly shrubs or trees. =200. -Apocynaceae.= - -662. Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation. 663 - -Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 665 - -663. Stamens free from the corolla. Herbs. _Lightfootia_, =224. -Campanulaceae=. - -Stamens attached to the corolla. 664 - -664. Corolla almost entire, somewhat irregular. Trees. _Humbertia_, -=202. Convolvulaceae=. - -Corolla lobed, rarely almost entire, but then herbs or undershrubs. -=207. Solanaceae.= - -665. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Style stigmatose beneath the -thickened and sometimes 2-lobed apex. =200. Apocynaceae.= - -Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Style (or styles) -stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. 666 - -666. Styles 2, free or united at the base. Disc wanting. Corolla -regular Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. Herbs or undershrubs. =203. -Hydrophyllaceae.= - -Style 1, undivided. 667 - -667. Seeds winged, exalbuminous. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Stigmas -2. Corolla slightly irregular. Shrubs. =209. Bignoniaceae.= - -Seeds not winged, albuminous. 668 - -668. Seeds with straight embryo. Fruit a capsule opening -lengthwise. Stigma 1. Corolla slightly irregular; tube short. =208. -Scrophulariaceae.= - -Seeds with curved embryo. Fruit a capsule opening by a lid, or a berry. -Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. =207. Solanaceae.= - -669. (604.) Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell 670 - -Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 685 - -670. Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the -corolla, or fewer. 671 - -Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, or more. -679 - -671. Flowers unisexual, regular. Corolla divided almost to the base. -Disc wanting. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. _Ilex_, -=128. Aquifoliaceae=. - -Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous. 672 - -672. Anthers opening by an apical pore. Stamens 5. Ovary 3-celled. -Flowers irregular. =120. Polygalaceae.= - -Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits sometimes confluent at the -apex; in the latter case ovary 4-celled. 673 - -673. Stamens free from the corolla or scarcely adhering to it, 4. -Flowers regular. =189. Ericaceae.= - -Stamens evidently attached to the corolla-tube. 674 - -674. Corolla scarious, 4-lobed, regular. Stamens 4. Disc wanting. -Stigma 1. Ovules pendulous or laterally affixed. Fruit opening by a -lid. _Plantago_, =218. Plantaginaceae=. - -Corolla not scarious. 675 - -675. Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation, regular. Stamens 5. -Leaves alternate. =202. Convolvulaceae.= - -Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 676 - -676. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. Ovules with the -micropyle directed upwards. Leaves, all or the upper ones, alternate, -undivided. Inflorescences cymose, usually one-sided and coiled when -young. =204. Borraginaceae.= - -Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, rarely the same -number, but then ovules with the micropyle directed downwards and -leaves opposite or whorled. 677 - -677. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones, undivided. Corolla -regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 4. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. -Ovules pendulous, the micropyle directed upwards. Fruit a drupe. -Shrubs. _Myoporum_, =217. Myoporaceae=. - -Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then corolla -2-lipped. Ovules with the micropyle directed downwards. 678 - -678. Ovary deeply divided, more rarely slightly lobed, and then, as -usually, fruit dry. Inflorescence composed of sometimes one-flowered -cymes arranged in false whorls. =206. Labiatae.= - -Ovary entire, rarely slightly lobed, and then fruit succulent, -drupaceous. Inflorescence usually of the racemose type. =205. -Verbenaceae.= - -679. (670.) Anthers 1-celled, opening by a single slit. Stamens -numerous. Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. -Leaves simple, stipulate. =142. Malvaceae.= - -Anthers 2-celled. 680 - -680. Style 1, undivided. 681 - -Styles 2 or more, free or partially united. 683 - -681. Stamens more than the divisions of the corolla, 4-8. Fruit a -capsule or nut. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. =189. Ericaceae.= - -Stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla; in the -latter case, 12 or more. Fruit a berry. 682 - -682. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stamens 5. Leaves pinnate. -_Leea_, =138. Vitaceae=. - -Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Leaves undivided. =193. Sapotaceae.= - -683. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals free. Corolla 5-partite. Stamens 10. -Ovary lobed, 5-celled. Styles 5, free. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely -shrubs. =108. Oxalidaceae.= - -Flowers unisexual or polygamous, rarely hermaphrodite, but then sepals -united below and ovary-cells twice as many as the styles. 684 - -684. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. Shrubs or trees. Flowers solitary -or in cymes, axillary. Corolla with contorted or valvate aestivation. -=195. Ebenaceae.= - -Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate, but then herbs or undershrubs, -and corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Flowers in -racemes or panicles, unisexual. =122. Euphorbiaceae.= - -685. (669.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. 686 - -Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. 701 - -686. Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the -corolla, or fewer. 687 - -Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, or more. -693 - -687. Stamens 4. 688 - -Stamens 5-7, rarely (_Dichapetalaceae_) 2-3 only fertile. 691 - -688. Corolla irregular, 5-lobed. Seeds with scanty albumen. Herbs. -Leaves opposite, lobed, stipulate. _Pretrea_, =210. Pedaliaceae=. - -Corolla regular, 4-lobed or 4-parted. Seeds with abundant albumen. -Leaves opposite and exstipulate, or alternate. 689 - -689. Flowers unisexual. Corolla deeply divided. Fruit a drupe. _Ilex_, -=128. Aquifoliaceae=. - -Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Fruit a capsule or nut. 690 - -690. Stamens free from the corolla or slightly adhering to it at the -base. =189. Ericaceae.= - -Stamens evidently attached to the corolla-tube. _Plantago_, =218. -Plantaginaceae=. - -691. Ovary 4-8-celled. Disc wanting. Corolla deeply divided. Flowers -unisexual. _Ilex_, =128. Aquifoliaceae=. - -Ovary 3-celled. Disc present. 692 - -692. Corolla folded in the bud. Ovules erect. Seeds albuminous. -_Ipomoea_, =202. Convolvulaceae=. - -Corolla not folded in the bud. Ovules pendulous. Stigmas 3. Seeds -exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves stipulate. =121. Dichapetalaceae.= - -693. (686.) Stamens as many to twice as many as the divisions of the -corolla. 694 - -Stamens more than twice as many as the divisions of the corolla. 698 - -694. Leaves stipulate, alternate. Sepals united below, valvate in bud. -=144. Sterculiaceae.= - -Leaves exstipulate, rarely (_Oxalidaceae_) stipulate, but then sepals -free and imbricate in bud. 695 - -695. Style 1, undivided. 696 - -Styles 2-8, free or partially united. 697 - -696. Stamens 8-10; filaments united; anthers opening by longitudinal -slits. =118. Meliaceae.= - -Stamens 4-8; filaments free, rarely united, but then anthers opening by -apical pores. Leaves undivided. =189. Ericaceae.= - -697. Sepals free. Corolla deeply divided. Stamens 10. Filaments united -in a cup at the base. Styles 5. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. -Leaves alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite. =108. Oxalidaceae.= - -Sepals united below. Filaments free or united in several bundles. -Shrubs or trees. =195. Ebenaceae.= - -698. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. Styles 2-8, free or united at the -base. Shrubs or trees. =195. Ebenaceae.= - -Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate, but then style 1, undivided. 699 - -699. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Style simple. Shrubs or trees. -Leaves undivided. =145. Scytopetalaceae.= - -Corolla with contorted, calyx with valvate aestivation. 700 - -700. Anthers 1-celled. =142. Malvaceae.= - -Anthers 2-celled. =144. Sterculiaceae.= - -701. (685.) Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the -corolla, or fewer. 702 - -Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, or more. -708 - -702. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 4. Flowers -irregular. Albumen scanty. 703 - -Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. 704 - -703. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Stigma 1. Ovary 3-celled. -Leaves whorled. Shrubs. _Bowkeria_, =208. Scrophulariaceae=. - -Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Stigmas 2. =210. -Pedaliaceae.= - -704. Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation. 705 - -Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 706 - -705. Leaves opposite or whorled. Calyx and corolla with valvate -aestivation. Ovary 5-7-celled. Embryo straight. Shrubs. _Roussea_, =96. -Saxifragaceae=. - -Leaves alternate. Corolla with folded aestivation. Embryo curved. =207. -Solanaceae.= - -706. Stamens free from the corolla or adhering to it at the base. =189. -Ericaceae.= - -Stamens attached on the middle or the upper part of the corolla-tube. -707 - -707. Fruit a capsule. Disc wanting. Stamens 4. Leaves without stipules. -_Plantago_, =218. Plantaginaceae.= - -Fruit a berry or a drupe. Leaves opposite or whorled, provided with -stipules or connected by transverse lines at the base. Shrubs or trees. -=198. Loganiaceae.= - -708. (701.) Stamens 3-12. 709 - -Stamens numerous. 714 - -709. Flowers unisexual. Fruit a berry. Trees or shrubs. 710 - -Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 711 - -710. Flowers monoecious. Calyx subentire. Corolla of the male flowers -with a long tube, of the female ones with free petals. Staminodes -absent in the female flowers. Ovary sessile. Style short. Stigmas 5. -Leaves lobed. _Cylicomorpha_, =163. Caricaceae=. - -Flowers dioecious. Calyx of free sepals. Corolla with a short tube. -Staminodes present in the female flowers. Ovary shortly stalked. -Style long. Stigma 1, lobed. Leaves undivided. _Cercopetalum_, =87. -Capparidaceae=. - -711. Styles 5, free. Stamens 10, united at the base. Calyx with -imbricate, corolla with contorted, aestivation. =108. Oxalidaceae.= - -Style 1, simple or divided; in the latter case calyx with valvate -aestivation. 712 - -712. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. =189. Ericaceae.= - -Leaves stipulate. Calyx with valvate or closed, corolla with contorted, -aestivation. 713 - -713. Anthers 1-celled, opening by a single slit, twisted, 5. Leaves -digitate. Trees. _Ceiba_, =143. Bombacaceae=. - -Anthers 2-celled, opening by two slits or pores. =144. Sterculiaceae.= - -714. (708.) Corolla of numerous divisions. Styles 5. Leaves without -stipules. Herbs. _Orygia_, =72. Aizoaceae=. - -Corolla of 5 divisions. 715 - -715. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Shrubs or trees. =145. -Scytopetalaceae.= - -Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 716 - -716. Calyx with valvate or closed, corolla with contorted, aestivation. -Leaves stipulate. 717 - -Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. Shrubs -or trees. 719 - -717. Anthers 2-celled. =144. Sterculiaceae.= - -Anthers 1-celled. Filaments united. Embryo curved. 718 - -718. Leaves palmately compound. Trees. =143. Bombacaceae.= - -Leaves simple. =142. Malvaceae.= - -719. Stamens 15. Style simple, with 5 stigmas. Albumen abundant. -_Ficalhoa_, =189. Ericaceae=. - -Stamens more than 15. Albumen scanty or wanting. =148. Theaceae.= - -720. (552.) Style 1, or styles 2 or more, united at the base or apex. -721 Styles 2 or more, entirely free. 725 - -721. Stamens numerous. Filaments united. Anthers 1-celled. Ovaries 5 or -more. Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Leaves -stipulate. =142. Malvaceae.= - -Stamens 2-5. Ovaries 2-5. 722 - -722. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Ovaries 4, one-ovuled. Flowers usually -irregular. Leaves usually opposite or whorled. =206. Labiatae.= - -Fertile stamens 5. Flowers usually regular. 723 - -723. Ovaries 4, one-ovuled. Style or style-branches stigmatose at the -apex or between the apical lobes. Disc present. Leaves, at least the -upper ones, alternate. =204. Borraginaceae.= - -Ovaries 2, rarely 3 or 5, very rarely 4, but then 2-ovuled. Style or -styles stigmatose beneath the thickened apex. Leaves usually opposite. -724 - -724. Stylar head with 5 gland-like pollen-carriers alternating with and -adhering to the anthers. Styles 2, united at the top. Pollen-grains -cohering. Disc wanting. =201. Asclepiadaceae.= - -Stylar head without pollen-carriers, but sometimes adhering to the -anthers. Styles partially or wholly united. Pollen-grains free. =200. -Apocynaceae.= - -725. Styles 2. Ovaries 2 or 4. Ovules together 4. Stamens 5. Corolla -with folded or valvate aestivation. Herbs. =202. Convolvulaceae.= - -Styles 3 or more. Ovaries 3 or more. 726 - -726. Sepals 2-3. Corolla-lobes 3-6. Stamens 6 or more. Albumen -abundant, ruminate. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. -=81. Anonaceae.= - -Sepals 4 or more, rarely 3, but then stamens 3. Albumen scanty or -wanting. 727 - -727. Flowers unisexual. Ovules solitary in each ovary. Fruits -indehiscent. Trees. Leaves alternate, lobed, stipulate. _Platanus_, -=102. Platanaceae=. - -Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Ovules 2 or more in each ovary, -rarely solitary, but then leaves opposite. Fruits dehiscent. Leaves -exstipulate. 728 - -728. Ovules 2 in each ovary. Flowers 5-merous. Leaves alternate, -pinnate. Shrubs or trees. =104. Connaraceae.= - -Ovules numerous, rarely 1-2 in each ovary, but then leaves opposite and -undivided. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. =95. Crassulaceae.= - -729. (551.) Ovary single, 1-celled. 730 - -Ovary 2-or more-celled, or 2 separate ovaries. 747 - -730. Ovules 1-4, not distinctly separated from the tissues of the -ovary. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla. -Shrubs growing upon trees. _Loranthus_, =61. Loranthaceae=. - -Ovules distinctly developed. Stamens as many as and alternate with -the divisions of the corolla, or more, or fewer, rarely opposite the -divisions, but then ovules numerous. 731 - -731. Ovule 1. 732 - -Ovules 2 or more. 740 - -732. Ovule erect. 733 - -Ovule pendulous. 734 - -733. Stigmas 2. Stamens 3-5; anthers coherent. Corolla with valvate or -open aestivation. Calyx little developed. Seed exalbuminous. Flowers -in heads, rarely in spikes or umbels or solitary. Leaves exstipulate. -=226. Compositae.= - -Stigmas 3. Stamens 9-10; anthers free. Corolla with contorted, calyx -with imbricate aestivation. Seed albuminous. Flowers in racemes or -panicles. Leaves stipulate. Tendril-bearing shrubs. _Ancistrocladus_, -=166. Ancistrocladaceae=. - -734. Leaves alternate. 735 - -Leaves opposite, whorled, or all radical. 737 - -735. Flowers unisexual. Seed exalbuminous. Climbing or prostrate -plants. Stamens 2-5. =223. Cucurbitaceae.= - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Seed albuminous. Erect shrubs. Leaves undivided. -736 - -736. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 4 or 5. Stigma 1. -Fruit dry, indehiscent. Flowers in terminal heads. _Berzelia_, =100. -Bruniaceae=. - -Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stamens 6 or more. Stigmas 2-6. Fruit -succulent, drupaceous. Flowers in axillary cymes. _Alangium_, =178. -Alangiaceae=. - -737. Style 3-parted. Stamens 5. Fruit drupaceous. Shrubs or trees. -_Viburnum_, =220. Caprifoliaceae=. - -Style simple with 1-3 stigmas or 2-parted. Herbs or undershrubs. 738 - -738. Stamens 5. Corolla with valvate aestivation. =219. Rubiaceae.= - -Stamens 1-4. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. 739 - -739. Flowers in heads. Calyx surrounded by an epicalyx. Stamens 2-4. -Seed albuminous. =222. Dipsacaceae.= - -Flowers in cymose inflorescences, without an epicalyx. Stamens 1-3. -Seed exalbuminous. =221. Valerianaceae.= - -740. (731.) Ovules basal or apical or inserted upon a free central -placenta. 741 - -Ovules inserted upon two or more parietal placentas. 745 - -741. Calyx of 2, corolla of 4-6 divisions. Stamens as many as and -opposite the divisions of the corolla or more. Herbs or undershrubs. -_Portulaca_, =73. Portulacaceae=. - -Calyx and corolla of 4-5 divisions each. Stamens as many or fewer. 742 - -742. Ovules basal or apical. Stamens as many as and alternate with -the divisions of the corolla or fewer. Corolla usually with valvate -aestivation. 743 - -Ovules inserted upon a free central placenta. Stamens as many as -and opposite the divisions of the corolla. Corolla with imbricate -aestivation. 744 - -743. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens free. Ovules 4, basal. -Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds albuminous. Undershrubs. _Merciera_, =224. -Campanulaceae=. - -Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Seeds exalbuminous. =223. -Cucurbitaceae.= - -744. Staminodes alternating with the fertile stamens. Fruit a capsule. -Herbs or undershrubs. _Samolus_, =191. Primulaceae=. - -Staminodes wanting. Fruit a berry or nut. Shrubs. _Maesa_, =190. -Myrsinaceae=. - -745. Stamens numerous. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruit a berry. Seeds -albuminous. Succulent, usually leafless plants. =167. Cactaceae.= - -Stamens 2-11. Leafy plants. 746 - -746. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Stamens 5-11. Fruit capsular. -Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. -=219. Rubiaceae.= - -Corolla with valvate, rarely with imbricate aestivation. Stamens -2-5. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Fruit berry-or nut-like. Seeds -exalbuminous. Leaves nearly always alternate. =223. Cucurbitaceae.= - -747. (729.) Ovaries 2, distinct. Styles more or less united above, -stigmatose beneath the thickened apex. Stamens 5. Leaves usually -opposite. 748 - -Ovary 1. 749 - -748. Stylar head with 5 gland-like pollen-carriers alternating with the -anthers, to which the pollen united into masses adheres. Styles free -below the thickened apex. Disc wanting. =201. Asclepiadaceae.= - -Stylar head without pollen-carriers, but sometimes adhering to the -anthers. Pollen of free grains. =200. Apocynaceae.= - -749. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 750 - -Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 758 - -750. Leaves opposite, whorled, or all radical. 751 - -Leaves alternate. 753 - -751. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 1-3. -Ovary 3-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs or undershrubs. =221. -Valerianaceae.= - -Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. 752 - -752. Leaves pinnately dissected. Stamens 5. Anthers opening outwards. -Style 3-5-parted. Fruit a drupe. _Sambucus_, =220. Caprifoliaceae=. - -Leaves undivided. =219. Rubiaceae.= - -753. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as or fewer than the divisions -of the corolla. Seeds exalbuminous. =223. Cucurbitaceae.= - -Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stamens as many as or more than -the divisions of the corolla. Seeds albuminous. Trees, shrubs, or -undershrubs. 754 - -754. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla. -Corolla with valvate aestivation. Ovary 3-4-celled. Leaves undivided. -=59. Olacaceae.= - -Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla or -more. 755 - -755. Flowers irregular. Corolla folded in bud. Ovules erect. Stigma 1, -enclosed by a cup. Leaves undivided. _Scaevola_, =225. Goodeniaceae=. - -Flowers regular. Ovules pendulous. 756 - -756. Corolla with imbricate aestivation, divided nearly to the base. -Styles or stigmas 2. Leaves undivided. =100. Bruniaceae.= - -Corolla with valvate aestivation. 757 - -757. Flowers in cymes. Petals slightly cohering at the base. Leaves -undivided. _Alangium_, =178. Alangiaceae=. - -Flowers in umbels, heads, racemes, or spikes. Petals usually united -throughout their whole length. Leaves usually compound. =185. -Araliaceae.= - -758. (749.) Stamens as many as or fewer than the divisions of the -corolla. 759 - -Stamens more numerous than the divisions of the corolla. 769 - -759. Leaves opposite or whorled. 760 - -Leaves alternate. 764 - -760. Leaves stipulate, undivided. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, -inserted on the corolla, with free filaments. =219. Rubiaceae.= - -Leaves exstipulate. 761 - -761. Flowers unisexual. Seeds exalbuminous. =223. Cucurbitaceae.= - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes. Seeds -albuminous. 762 - -762. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so. Corolla with valvate -aestivation. Usually herbs. =224. Campanulaceae.= - -Stamens evidently inserted upon the corolla, 5. Corolla with imbricate -or contorted aestivation. Usually shrubs or trees. 763 - -763. Flowers more or less irregular. Corolla with imbricate -aestivation. Style stigmatose at the apex. Fruit a berry. Shrubs. =220. -Caprifoliaceae.= - -Flowers regular. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Style stigmatose -below the apex. Ovary 2-celled. =200. Apocynaceae.= - -764. Leaves stipulate, entire. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled with -2 ovules in each cell. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. -_Dichapetalum_, =121. Dichapetalaceae=. - -Leaves exstipulate, rarely stipulate, but then more or less deeply -divided or stamens fewer than 5 or ovules numerous. 765 - -765. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, 5-merous, regular, rarely -somewhat irregular, in the latter case, as usually, stamens fewer than -the divisions of the corolla. Seeds exalbuminous. =223. Cucurbitaceae.= - -Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual or polygamous, but then -irregular. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. Seeds -albuminous. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. 766 - -766. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Ovary 2-celled. Style simple, -stigmatose beneath the thickened apex. =200. Apocynaceae.= - -Corolla with imbricate (not contorted) or valvate aestivation. Style -stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. 767 - -767. Corolla imbricate in bud, regular. Ovary 2-celled, with 2-4 ovules -in each cell. Style simple with 2 stigmas or 2-parted. Shrubs or -undershrubs. =100. Bruniaceae.= - -Corolla valvate in bud, rarely imbricate, but then irregular or ovules -numerous. Style simple. 768 - -768. Style with hairs or glands in its upper part, rarely without, and -then corolla irregular or imbricate in bud. Stigma more or less deeply -divided, at least after the period of flowering. =224. Campanulaceae.= - -Style without hairs or glands. Stigma entire, capitate. Ovary -3-4-celled with numerous ovules. Anthers free. Corolla regular, -5-partite, valvate in bud. Undershrubs. _Berenice_, =96. Saxifragaceae=. - -769. (758.) Stamens 8-10. Seeds with a straight embryo and abundant -fleshy albumen. _Vaccinium_, =189. Ericaceae=. - -Stamens numerous. 770 - -770. Corolla of numerous petals united at the base. Seeds with a curved -embryo and mealy albumen. Herbs or undershrubs. _Mesembryanthemum_, -=72. Aizoaceae=. - -Corolla of 3-6 petals. Shrubs or trees. 771 - -771. Petals united at the base, imbricate in bud. Filaments united at -the base. Ovary inferior. Seeds exalbuminous. =176. Lecythidaceae.= - -Petals united into a hood throughout their whole length, sometimes -finally separating. Filaments free or nearly so. 772 - -772. Ovary half-inferior. Seeds albuminous. _Rhaptopetalum_, =145. -Scytopetalaceae=. - -Ovary inferior. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves gland-dotted. =180. -Myrtaceae.= - - - - -KEY TO THE GENERA - - -EMBRYOPHYTA SIPHONOGAMA - -(PHANEROGAMAE) - - -SUBDIVISION GYMNOSPERMAE - - -CLASS I. CYCADALES - - -FAMILY 1. CYCADACEAE - - -Stem simple, rarely branched at the top, woody, with mucilagineous -juice. Leaves pinnate or pinnatisect, forming a tuft at the top of -the stem and intermingled with scales. Flowers solitary, terminal, in -the shape of a cone (but sometimes overtopped by the continued growth -of the stem), dioecious, without a perianth. Stamens bearing many -pollen-sacs on their lower side. Ovules 2-8 to each carpel, straight, -with a single coat. Seeds drupe-like, albuminous. Embryo with two more -or less united cotyledons.--Genera 3, species 25. Tropical and South -Africa. (Plate 1.) - -1. Stem growing through the female flower, covered with the remains -of the old leaves. Leaf-segments one-nerved, coiled in bud. Carpels -pinnately toothed or cleft, each with 4-8 ascending ovules.--Species 2, -one growing wild in Madagascar and the neighbouring islands, the other -cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various parts of Africa. Used -as ornamental and medicinal plants; the fruits are edible and the pith -contains starch (sago). [Tribe CYCADEAE.] =Cycas= L. - -Stem not growing through the female flower. Leaf-segments with several -nerves, straight in bud. Carpels each with 2 descending ovules. [Tribe -ZAMIEAE.] 2 - -2. Leaf-segments with pinnate nerves. Stem without remains -of old leaves at the base. Cone-scales (stamens and carpels) -imbricate.--Species 2. South-east Africa (Natal). Used as ornamental -plants. =Stangeria= Th. Moore - -Leaf-segments with parallel nerves. Stem covered with the remains of -old leaves. Cone-scales not imbricate.--Species 20. South and Central -Africa. The pith (Kaffir-bread) and the seeds of some species are eaten -and also used for making a sort of beer. Several species yield gum or -serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 1.) =Encephalartos= Lehm. - - -CLASS II. CONIFERAE - - -FAMILY 2. TAXACEAE - -Stem branched, woody, with resinous juice. Leaves alternate, linear or -linear-lanceolate. Flowers solitary or the male umbellate, dioecious, -without a perianth. Stamens with 2-9 pollen-sacs. Carpels free, -one-ovuled, shorter than the seeds, sometimes rudimentary. Seeds 1-2, -drupe-like, surrounded by a fleshy aril. Embryo with 2 or more free -cotyledons.--Genera 2, species 9. (Under _CONIFERAE_.) - -Stamens with 2 pollen-sacs and a triangular blade. Pollen-grains with -air-bladders. Carpels distinctly developed. Ovule inverted, with two -coats. Aril enveloping the seed. Leaves with resin-ducts.--Species 8. -South and East Africa, Madagascar, Island of St. Thomas. They yield -timber and bark for tanning. (Including _Nageia_ Gaertn.) [Subfamily -=PODOCARPOIDEAE=.] =Podocarpus= L’ Hér. - -Stamens with 5-9 pollen-sacs and a peltate blade. Pollen-grains without -air-bladders. Carpels rudimentary. Ovule straight, with one coat. Aril -cup-shaped. Leaves without resin-ducts.--Species 1. North-west Africa. -A poisonous, medicinal and ornamental plant, with hard wood. “Yew.” -[Subfamily =TAXOIDEAE=]. =Taxus= L. - - -FAMILY 3. PINACEAE - -Stem branched, woody, with resinous juice. Leaves needle-or scale-like. -Flowers unisexual, without a perianth. Stamens in catkins, with 2-5 -pollen-sacs below the scale-like limb. Carpels arranged in the shape of -a cone or bud, leathery woody or fleshy, when ripe. Ovules 2 or more -to each carpel, rarely only 1. Seeds hidden by the carpels, without an -aril. Embryo with 2 or more free cotyledons.--Genera 6, species 25. -(Under _CONIFERAE_.) (Plate 2.) - -1. Leaves alternate (as are also the floral leaves), but sometimes -fascicled, needle-like. Stamens with 2 pollen-sacs. Pollen-grains -with air-bladders. Carpels divided into an inner and an outer scale, -leathery or woody when ripe. Ovules and seeds 2 to each carpel; ovules -turned downwards. [Tribe ABIETINEAE.] 2 - -Leaves opposite or whorled. Stamens with 3-5, very rarely 2 -pollen-sacs. Pollen-grains without air-bladders. Ovules turned upwards. -[Tribe CUPRESSINEAE.] 4 - -2. Shoots all alike (all long). Leaves solitary, flat. Pollen-sacs -opening obliquely or transversely; connective without an appendage. -Cones ripening the first year; scales leathery.--Species 2. North-west -Africa. The wood and the resin are used, the latter especially for the -preparation of turpentine. “Silver fir.” =Abies= Juss. - -Shoots of two kinds, long and short. Leaves of the short shoots in -clusters of two or more, surrounded by scales when young. Pollen-sacs -opening longitudinally; connective with an appendage. Cones ripening -the second or third year; scales woody. 3 - -[Illustration: CYCADACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 1._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Encephalartos Lemarinelianus De Wild. & Dur. - -_A_ Young plant. _B_ Male inflorescence. _C_ Stamen. _D_ Pollen-sacs. -_E_ Female inflorescence. _F_ Carpel. (_A_ partly from De Wildeman, -Notices sur des plantes utiles ou intéréssantes de la flore du Congo.)] - -[Illustration: PINACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 2._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Callitris cupressoides (L.) Schrad. - -_A_ Fruiting branch. _B_ Male inflorescence. _C_ Stamen. _D_ Fruit. _E_ -Carpel. _F_ Seed.] - -3. Leaves all needle-like; those of the short shoots in clusters of -many; those of the long shoots scattered. Flowers inserted upon short -shoots, the males solitary. Cone-scales flat, imbricate, without a -terminal appendage, deciduous.--Species 2. North-west Africa. They -yield timber and medicinal drugs. “Cedar.” =Cedrus= Loud. - -Leaves of the short shoots needle-like, in clusters of two or three, -very rarely solitary; leaves of the long shoots scale-like. Male -flowers in spikes replacing short shoots; female flowers towards the -end of the branches, replacing long shoots. Cone-scales thick, with -a terminal umbonate appendage, persistent.--Species 4. North Africa; -also naturalized in South Africa and St. Helena. Wood, bark, and resin -are used for carpenters’ and joiners’ work, for tanning and for the -manufacture of paper, tar, pitch, colophony, turpentine, and other -chemical products, as well as in medicine. The seeds of some species -(especially those of the stone-pine, _P. Pinea_ L.) are edible. “Pine.” -=Pinus= L. - -4. Fruit fleshy, berry-or drupe-like. Seeds not winged, as many as the -carpels or fewer. Leaves usually needle-like.--Species 9. North and -East Africa. They yield wood, bark for tanning, resin, an essential -oil, brandy (gin), and medicines; some are used as ornamental plants. -(Including _Arceuthos_ Ant. & Kotschy and _Sabina_ Spach). =Juniperus= -L. - -Fruit woody, cone-like. Seeds winged, as many as the carpels or more. -Leaves usually scale-like. 5 - -5. Carpels 4, valve-like, separating at the apex when ripe, -1-10-seeded.--Species 8, one of them only naturalized. North, South, -and southern East Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius. Some of them -(especially _C. quadrivalvis_ Vent.) yield timber and resin (sandarac) -which is used for the preparation of lacquer, varnish, cement, and in -medicine. (Including _Tetraclinis_ Mast. and _Widdringtonia_ Endl.) -(Plate 2.) =Callitris= Vent. - -Carpels 8-10, peltate, separating at the margins when ripe, -many-seeded.--Species 1. Cultivated in North Africa as an ornamental -plant and sometimes naturalized. It yields timber and is used in -medicine. “Cypress.” =Cupressus= L. - - -CLASS III. GNETALES - - -FAMILY 4. GNETACEAE - -Stem woody. Juice not resinous. Leaves opposite, undivided. Flowers -in spikes or panicles or the female solitary, unisexual, but the male -sometimes with rudimentary ovules. Perianth of the male flowers tubular -or 2-4-parted, of the female bladder-like. Stamens 2-8. Ovule 1, erect, -straight. Embryo with 2 cotyledons.--Genera 3 species 8. North and -Central Africa. - -1. Stem turnip-shaped, very short. Leaves 2, very large, sessile, -linear, with parallel nerves. Flowers in panicled spikes; the male -consisting of a 4-partite perianth, 6 stamens with 3-celled anthers, -and a rudimentary ovule. Ovule with a single coat.--Species 1; -German South-west Africa and Angola. (_Tumboa_ Welw.) [Subfamily -=WELWITSCHIOIDEAE=.] =Welwitschia= Hook. fil. - -Stem shrubby or twining. Leaves numerous, not very large. Male flowers -consisting of a 2-partite or a tubular, undivided perianth and 2-8 -stamens with 1-2-celled anthers, without rudimentary ovules, but -sometimes accompanied by sterile female flowers. 2 - -2. Leaves large, with a short foot-stalk, lanceolate oblong elliptical -or oval, penninerved. Stem climbing. Flowers in spikes or panicles, -the male consisting of a tubular, undivided perianth and 2 stamens -with 1-celled anthers. Ovule with two coats.--Species 2. West Africa. -The young leaves are used as a vegetable. [Subfamily =GNETOIDEAE=.] -=Gnetum= L. - -Leaves scale-like. Male flowers in spikes or panicles, female solitary -or in pairs. Male flowers consisting of a 2-partite perianth and 2-8 -stamens with 2-celled anthers. Ovule with a single coat exceeding -the perianth.--Species 5. North Africa and northern Central Africa. -The fruits of some species are eaten or used in medicine. [Subfamily -=EPHEDROIDEAE=.] =Ephedra= L. - - - - -SUBDIVISION ANGIOSPERMAE - -CLASS IV. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE - - -ORDER PANDANALES - - -FAMILY 5. TYPHACEAE - -Aquatic or marsh herbs with a creeping root-stock and simple stems. -Leaves in two ranks, linear. Inflorescences spadix-like, cylindrical, -superposed, interrupted by bracts, the lower female, the upper male. -Flowers unisexual, without a perianth, but usually surrounded by hairs. -Stamens 2-7; connective thickened; anthers opening lengthwise by two -slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style and stigma -simple. Fruit tardily dehiscent. Seed with abundant albumen and a long, -axile embryo. - -Genus 1, species 4. They are used as ornamental plants and in medicine, -and yield potash and also materials for plaiting and stuffing and for -the manufacture of paper and felt. The root-stock and the pollen are -edible. “Reedmace.” =Typha= Tourn. - -[Illustration: PANDANACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 3._ - -J. Fleischmann del - -Pandanus Candelabrum Beauv. - -_A_ Whole plant. _B_ Male inflorescence. _C_ Leaf. _D_ Female -inflorescences. _E_ Male flower. _A_ and _D_ (from Palisot-Beauvois -Flore d’Oware et de Benin.)] - -[Illustration: POTAMOGETONACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 4._ - -J. Fleischmann del - -Potamogeton javanicus Hassk. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Fruiting branch. _C_ Flower. _D_ Ovary cut -lengthwise. _E_ Fruit cut lengthwise.] - - -FAMILY 6. PANDANACEAE - -Shrubs or trees, usually with aerial roots. Leaves in three ranks, -sword-shaped, usually spiny. Flowers dioecious, without bracts, -arranged in solitary or panicled, spike-or head-like spadices, which -are inserted in the axil of spathe-like bracts. Perianth none. Ovaries -connate, 1-celled. Ovule 1, descending, inverted. Stigma 1, sessile. -Fruits drupe-like, congested into a globose or ovoid head. Seed with -abundant albumen. (Plate 3.) - -Genus 1, species 65. Tropics. They yield timber, fibres, flowers -used in perfumery, edible fruits, and medicinal drugs. “Screw-pine.” -=Pandanus= L. - - - -FAMILY 7. SPARGANIACEAE - -Aquatic or marsh herbs with a creeping root-stock. Leaves in two ranks, -linear. Flowers unisexual, in globular heads, the lower of which -are female. Perianth of membranous scales. Stamens 3 or more. Ovary -superior, 1-2-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style -simple, stigmas 1-2. Fruits drupe-like. Seed with a mealy albumen and a -large, axile embryo. (Under _TYPHACEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 2. North-west Africa. “Bur-reed.” =Sparganium= L. - - -ORDER HELOBIAE - -SUBORDER POTAMOGETONINEAE - - -FAMILY 8. POTAMOGETONACEAE - -Aquatic herbs. Leaves with axillary scales. Flowers solitary or -spicate, regular, with 1-4-merous whorls. Perianth simple and little -developed or wanting. Stamens 1-4. Anthers sessile, opening outwards -or laterally. Carpel 1, with a 1-celled ovary, or several distinct or -almost distinct carpels. Ovules solitary in each carpel, very rarely -2, pendulous or laterally fixed Fruit indehiscent. Seed exalbuminous. -Embryo with a strongly developed radicle.--Genera 8, species 35. -(Including _ZOSTERACEAE_, under _NAIADACEAE_.) (Plate 4.) - -1. Flowers in spikes, hermaphrodite or polygamous, without a perianth, -but the stamens sometimes provided with a sepal-like connective. 2 - -Flowers solitary or in cymes, unisexual. 5 - -2. Spikes with a flat axis, at the time of flowering enclosed in the -sheaths of the uppermost leaves. Stamen 1. Pollen-grains filiform. -Carpel 1. Stigmas 2, on a short style. Embryo with a very large radicle -and a tail-like cotyledon. Submerged marine plants.--Species 2. North -and South Africa and Madagascar. Used for stuffing and as packing -material. “Grass-wrack.” [Tribe ZOSTEREAE.] =Zostera= L. - -Spikes with a cylindrical axis, at the time of flowering not enclosed -in the sheaths of the uppermost leaves. Stamens 2-4. Stigma 1, -undivided or many-parted. 3 - -3. Spikes compound, submerged. Spikelets shorter than their bracts. -Flowers polygamous. Stamens 3, rarely 4. Pollen-grains filiform. Carpel -1. Stigma divided (or provided with narrow appendages). Embryo with a -very large radicle and a straight cotyledon resembling the leaves of -the plumule. Marine plants.--Species 1. Mediterranean Sea. The leaves -are used for packing and thatching, and also in medicine. [Tribe -POSIDONIEAE.] =Posidonia= Koen. - -Spikes simple, above the water. Flowers hermaphrodite. Pollen-grains -globular or bent. Carpels usually 4. Stigma simple, more or less -peltate. Embryo with a curved cotyledon. [Tribe POTAMOGETONEAE.] 4 - -4. Spikes two-flowered. Stamens 2. Anthers with a very short appendage -and kidney-shaped cells opening outwards. Pollen-grains bent. Fruit -stalked. Embryo with a very thick radicle. Salt-water plants. Leaves -subulate.--Species 1. =Ruppia= L. - -Spikes several-flowered. Stamens 4. Anthers with a sepal-like appendage -and straight cells opening laterally. Pollen-grains globular. Fruit -sessile. Embryo with a slightly thickened radicle.--Species 20. Used -for manure; some have edible root-stocks. “Pondweed.” (Plate 4.) -=Potamogeton= Tourn. - -5. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Pollen-grains filiform. Carpels 2. -Stigmas strap-shaped, longer than the style. Embryo with an accumbent -cotyledon. Marine plants. [Tribe CYMODOCEAE.] 6 - -Perianth present, at least in the female flowers. Stamens 1-2. -Pollen-grains globular. Carpels 3-9. Stigma shield-or funnel-shaped, -shorter than the style. Embryo with a hooked or rolled cotyledon. -Fresh-or brackish-water plants. [Tribe ZANICHELLIEAE.] 7 - -6. Stigma 1. Anthers inserted at slightly different heights. Ripe -carpels scarcely compressed.--Species 2. Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Angola. -(_Halodule_ Endl., under _Cymodocea_ Koen.) =Diplanthera= Thouars - -Stigmas 2. Anthers inserted at the same height. Ripe carpels -compressed and keeled.--Species 5. North Africa, Senegambia, East -Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Including _Phycagrostis_ -Ascherson) =Cymodocea= Koen. - -7. Perianth in the male flowers none, in the female cup-shaped and -undivided. Anthers stalked, opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Carpels -usually 4, slightly curved, with a peltate stigma.--Species 1. North -and South Africa, southern West Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring -islands. =Zannichellia= Mich. - -Perianth in the male flowers 3-toothed, in the female consisting of 1-3 -segments. Anthers sessile, opening with one longitudinal slit. Carpels -3, straight, with a funnel-shaped stigma.--Species 1. North-west -Africa (Algeria). =Althenia= Fr. Petit - -[Illustration: APONOGETONACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 5._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Aponogeton leptostachyus E. Mey. - -_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Female flower. _C_ Carpel cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: ALISMATACEAE - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 6._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Limnophyton obtusifolium (L.) Miq. - -_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Male flower from above. _C_ Male flower cut -lengthwise.] - - -FAMILY 9. NAIADACEAE - -Herbs growing in fresh or brackish water. Leaves linear, toothed -or spiny. Flowers axillary, solitary or in glomerules, unisexual. -Perianth little developed, in the male flowers simple or double, -sack-like, in the female simple and sack-like or wanting. Stamen 1. -Anthers 1-or 4-celled. Pollen-grains globular or ovoid. Ovary 1-celled. -Ovule 1, erect, inverted. Style 1; stigmas 2-3. Seed with a hard -coat, exalbuminous. Embryo straight, with a large radicle and a well -developed plumule. - -Genus 1, species 10. (Including _Caulinia_ A. Braun) =Naias= L. - - -FAMILY 10. APONOGETONACEAE - -Aquatic herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Leaves radical, narrow, -with several longitudinal and many transverse nerves. Flowers in 1-4 -spikes connected at the base, enclosed when young in a sheath, and -rising above the water. Perianth of 1-3 more or less brightly coloured -segments. Stamens 6 or more, hypogynous, free. Anthers attached by -the base, opening with two longitudinal slits. Carpels 3-8, distinct. -Ovules in each carpel 2-8, basal or sutural, ascending, inverted. -Fruits membranous, dehiscent. Seeds 2 or more, erect, exalbuminous, -with a straight embryo. (Under _NAIADACEAE_.) (Plate 5.) - -Genus 1, species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants, especially the lattice-leaf (_A. fenestralis_ Hook. -fil.) with perforated leaves. The tubers are edible and contain starch. -(Including _Ouvirandra_ Thouars). =Aponogeton= Thunb. - - -FAMILY 11. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE - -Marsh herbs. Leaves linear, with axillary scales. Flowers in terminal -racemes or spikes, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 6 segments, -usually green. Stamens 3-6. Anthers turned outwards; pollen-grains -ovoid. Ovary 3-6-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, ascending, inverted. -Stigmas sessile. Seeds exalbuminous, with a straight embryo. -(_JUNCAGINEAE_, under _NAIADACEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 4. North, South, and West Africa. The leaves and -fruits of some species are edible. (_Juncago_ Tourn.) =Triglochin= L. - - -SUBORDER ALISMATINEAE - - -FAMILY 12. ALISMATACEAE - -Aquatic or marsh herbs, with milky juice. Leaves with axillary scales. -Flowers regular. Perianth of 3 sepals and 3 petals, rarely in the -female flowers of 3 sepals only. Stamens 6 or more, rarely 3. Anthers -opening outwards. Pollen-grains globular. Carpels 6 or more, rarely 3, -distinct or united at the base. Ovules solitary in each carpel, rarely -two or more, inverted. Seeds without albumen; embryo curved.--Genera 9, -species 15. Tropical and North Africa. (Plate 6.) - - -1. Carpels on a large and distinctly convex receptacle. Inner -perianth-segments petal-like, larger than, or almost as large as the -outer. Stamens 6 or more. [Tribe SAGITTARIEAE.] 2 - -Carpels on a small and almost flat receptacle. 4 - -2. Flowers hermaphrodite. Ripe carpels numerous, slightly compressed, -with many ribs.--Species 3. Central and North-west Africa. (Under -_Alisma_ L.) =Echinodorus= Engelm. - -Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Ripe carpels much compressed -laterally. 3 - -3. Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Petals a little longer -than the sepals. Carpels many. Ripe carpels with two crest-like -ribs.--Species 1. Tropics. (_Lophiocarpus_ Miq., under _Sagittaria_ L.) -=Lophotocarpus= Th. Dur. - -Flowers dioecious. Petals shorter than the sepals, white. Carpels -7-9. Ripe carpels with 3 ribs.--Species 1. German South-west Africa. -=Rautanenia= Buchenau - -4. Petals much smaller than the sepals or wanting. Stamens 3 or 9. -[Tribe WIESNEREAE.] 5 - -Petals larger than the sepals, coloured. Stamens 6, rarely 9. [Tribe -ALISMEAE.] 6 - -5. Flowers dioecious. Petals in the female flowers wanting. Stamens 9. -Carpels about 12.--Species 1. East Africa. =Burnatia= Mich. - -Flowers monoecious. Petals present, but very small and falling off -early. Stamens 3. Carpels 3-6.--Species 2. East Africa and Madagascar. -(_Wisneria_ Mich.) =Wiesnera= Mich. - -6. Carpels 6-8, united at the base and spreading horizontally, -containing 2 or more ovules each and opening by a lid when -ripe.--Species 2. North Africa. The root-stock is edible. =Damasonium= -Tourn. - -Carpels 6-20, distinct, with a single ovule in each, indehiscent. 7 - -7. Flowers polygamous-monoecious. Carpels 15-20. Pericarp bony within, -hollow on either side. Leaves sagittate.--Species 3. Tropics. (Plate -6.) =Limnophyton= Miq. - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves ovate, cordate, or lanceolate. 8 - -8. Carpels 6-12, irregularly whorled, slightly compressed and -3-5-ribbed when ripe; pericarp woody within.--Species 2. Tropics and -Egypt. (Under _Alisma_ L.) =Caldesia= Parl. - -Carpels 15-20, distinctly whorled, much compressed and 2-ribbed when -ripe; pericarp leathery or parchment-like.--Species 1. North and -East Africa. The root-stock contains starch and is used in medicine. -“Water-plantain.” =Alisma= L. - - -SUBORDER BUTOMINEAE - - -FAMILY 13. BUTOMACEAE - -Aquatic or marsh herbs. Leaves linear or lanceolate. Flowers in -umbel-like cymes, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 6 segments, all, -or the inner ones only, petal-like. Stamens 9, very rarely fewer. -Pollen-grains globular. Carpels 6, very rarely fewer, distinct or -united at the base only, opening when ripe along the ventral suture. -Ovules on irregularly branched parietal placentas, numerous, inverted. -Seeds without albumen.--Genera 2, species 2. North and Central Africa. -(Under _ALISMACEAE_.) - -Perianth-segments nearly equal, all petal-like, pink, persistent. -Embryo straight. Leaves linear. Juice not milky.--Species 1. North-west -Africa (Algeria). Used as a garden plant. The root-stock is edible. -“Flowering-rush.” =Butomus= Tourn. - -Perianth-segments unequal, outer sepal-like, inner petal-like, white, -falling off very early. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. Leaves elliptical. -Juice milky.--Species 1. Northern part of Central Africa. (_Butomopsis_ -Kunth) =Tenagocharis= Hochst. - - -FAMILY 14. HYDROCHARITACEAE - -Aquatic herbs. Leaves with axillary scales. Flowers enclosed when -young in a one-or several-flowered spathe of one or two bracts, -regular, rarely somewhat irregular. Perianth consisting of a calyx and -a corolla, rarely simple. Stamens 2-12. Anthers opening outwards or -laterally. Ovary inferior, more or less distinctly one-celled, with -2-15 parietal placentas, which sometimes form incomplete dissepiments. -Seeds without albumen.--Genera 10, species 40. (Plate 7.) - -1. Stigmas 2-5. Placentas as many, slightly raised. 2 - -Stigmas 6 or more. Placentas as many, much projecting and generally -meeting in the centre of the ovary. 6 - -2. Petals none. Stamens 3. Pollen-grains filiform. Stigmas several -times as long as the sepals. Embryo with a strongly developed radicle. -Totally submerged marine plants. Leaves more or less distinctly -stalked.--Species 2. Indian Ocean. [Subfamily =HALOPHILOIDEAE=.] -=Halophila= Thouars - -Petals present, but sometimes very small and falling off very early. -Pollen-grains globular. Stigmas at most twice as long as the sepals. -Embryo with a not very strongly developed radicle. Freshwater -plants; flowers raised above the water. Leaves sessile. [Subfamily -=VALLISNERIOIDEAE=.] 3 - -3. Leaves whorled. Spathes 1-flowered. Flowers unisexual. Stamens -3.--Species 1. Upper Nile, Madagascar, Mauritius. Used in refining -sugar. [Tribe HYDRILLEAE.] =Hydrilla= L. C. Rich. - -Leaves spirally arranged. Spathes of the male flowers -several-flowered. 4 - -4. Spathes of the male flowers 2-10-flowered, not breaking away from -the stem. Stamens 3-9. Ovules inverted.--Species 3. Madagascar and -Angola. [Tribe BLYXEAE.] =Blyxa= Noronha - -Spathes of the male flowers many-flowered, breaking away from the stem. -Stamens 2-3. Ovules straight. [Tribe VALLISNERIEAE.] 5 - -5. Male flowers regular, with 3 fertile and 2-4 sterile stamens. -Stigmas linear, 2-cleft or 2-parted. Leaves one-nerved. Stem -elongated.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. =Lagarosiphon= Harv. - -Male flowers somewhat irregular, with 2-3 fertile stamens and -sometimes a sterile one. Stigmas ovate, notched or two-toothed. Leaves -several-nerved.--Species 2. North and Central Africa. Used in refining -sugar. =Vallisneria= Mich. - -6. Leaves in two rows. Ovules inverted, inserted in the angles formed -by the placentas and the wall of the ovary. Radicle of the embryo -strongly developed. Marine plants. [Subfamily =THALASSIOIDEAE=.] 7 - -Leaves in rosettes. Ovules inverted, but inserted on the whole surface -of the placentas, or straight. Radicle of the embryo not strongly -developed. Freshwater plants. [Subfamily =STRATIOTOIDEAE=.] 8 - -7. Scape of the male flowers short, of the female long and at length -spirally twisted. Male spathes several-flowered; flowers with 3 petals -and 3 stamens.--Species 1. Madagascar and Red Sea. Yields fibres and -edible seeds. =Enalus= L. C. Rich. - -Scapes moderately long, not spirally twisted. Male spathes -one-flowered; flowers without petals, with 6 stamens.--Species 1. East -Africa. =Thalassia= Soland. - -8. Placentas undivided. Ovules straight. Fertile stamens 9. Stem -emitting runners. Leaves floating.--Species 1. Algeria and Madagascar. -“Frogbit.” [Tribe HYDROCHARITEAE.] =Hydrocharis= L. - -Placentas two-cleft. Ovules inverted. Seeds very numerous. Fertile -stamens 6-12. Stem very short, without runners. Leaves at least -partially submerged. [Tribe OTTELIEAE.] 9 - -9. Flowers hermaphrodite. Spathes one-flowered. Stigmas 6.--Species 9. -Tropics and Egypt. Some are used as vegetables. (Plate 7.) =Ottelia= -Pers. - -Flowers dioecious. Spathes of the male flowers several-flowered. -Stigmas 9-15.--Species 10. Tropics. Some are used as vegetables. -=Boottia= Wall. - - -ORDER TRIURIDALES - - -FAMILY 15. TRIURIDACEAE - -Small, pale, yellowish or reddish herbs. Leaves reduced to scales. -Flowers in racemes, regular, monoecious. Perianth of 6 petaloid, -valvate segments united at the base. Stamens 3; filaments short or -wanting; anthers 2-celled, opening transversely. Carpels inserted on a -convex or conical receptacle, - -[Illustration: HYDROCHARITACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 7._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. - -_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower. _C_ Stamen. _D_ Pistil cut -lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: GRAMINEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 8._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Chloris Gayana Kunth - -_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Spikelet. _D_ Flower. _E_ -Empty glume above the flower.] - -numerous, distinct; styles lateral; ovules solitary, erect, inverted. -Fruits dehiscing by a longitudinal slit. - -Genus 1, species 3. West Africa and Seychelles. (Including -_Seychellaria_ Hemsl.) =Sciaphila= Blume - - -ORDER GLUMIFLORAE - - -FAMILY 16. GRAMINEAE - -Stem usually herbaceous and hollow between the nodes. Leaves alternate, -usually linear and furnished at their base with a sheath split open -on one side and ending in a ligule. Inflorescence consisting of -spikelets, rarely of single flowers, usually enclosed by 2 glumes -(outer or empty glumes) and arranged in spikes, racemes, or panicles. -Flowers in the axil of the flowering glume (or valve), subtended by the -usually 2-keeled palea and sometimes by one or two, rarely more, minute -lodicules. Perianth none. Stamens 1-6, usually 3. Anthers opening by 2 -slits or pores. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect or laterally affixed, -slightly curved, with the micropyle turned downwards. Styles 2, rarely -3 or 1. Fruit indehiscent; pericarp usually dry and adnate to the -seed. Embryo outside the copious albumen.--Genera 205, species 1600. -“Grasses.” (Plate 8.) - -1. Spikelets 1-flowered, rarely 2-flowered, the upper flower fertile, -the lower male or barren and inserted immediately below the fertile -one. Axis of the spikelet not produced beyond the fertile flower, -jointed below the outer glumes or not jointed; ripe spikelets falling -entire from their stalk or from the rachis of the spike, sometimes -together with a part of it. [Subfamily =PANICOIDEAE=.] 2 - -Spikelets either 1-flowered with the axis produced beyond the flower -or jointed above the outer glumes, which therefore persist when the -spikelet falls off, or 2-flowered with both flowers fertile or with a -distinct interval between the flowers or with a continuation of the -axis beyond the flowers, or 3-to many-flowered. 65 - -2. Spikelets distinctly compressed from the side. Stamens usually 6. -Seed with a linear hilum. [Tribe ORYZEAE.] 3 - -Spikelets compressed from front to back or not distinctly compressed. -Stamens usually 1-3. Seed usually with a punctiform hilum. 7 - -3. Spikelets in terminal clusters of two or three, connate, at length -hardened. Stamens 3. Style undivided, papillose.--Species 1. North -Africa. One source of the Esparto-grass, which is used for plaiting and -paper-making. =Lygeum= L. - -Spikelets in panicles. Stamens nearly always 6. Style 3-cleft or -3-parted, with feathery stigmas. 4 - -4. Spikelets unisexual; 1-2 sessile female and a stalked male on each -branch of the panicle. Flowering glume globose. Stamens 6. Style 1, -long, 3-cleft. Leaves broad-lanceolate, stalked.--Species 1. Equatorial -West Africa. =Leptaspis= R. Br. - -Spikelets bisexual or polygamous. Styles 3, short, free or united at -the very base. Leaves linear or narrow lanceolate. 5 - -5. Outer glumes rudimentary. Flowering glume awnless.--Species 4. -(_Homalocenchrus_ Mieg.) =Leersia= Swartz - -Outer glumes distinctly developed. Stamens 6. 6 - -6. Flowering glume and palea slightly compressed, awnless. Leaves -linear-lanceolate, more or less distinctly stalked.--Species 4. -Madagascar and Natal. (Under _Potamophila_ R. Br.) =Maltebrunia= Kunth - -Flowering glume and palea strongly compressed.--Species 3, two wild in -Central Africa, the third (_O. sativa_ L., rice) cultivated in various -regions. The seeds are used for food and for the preparation of meal, -starch, oil, and brandy, the straw for plaiting and for the manufacture -of paper and brush-ware. =Oryza= L. - -7. (2.) Flowering glume and palea (if present) stiff or at length -hardened, firmer than the outer glumes and awnless, at least in the -hermaphrodite flowers. Lowest glume usually smaller than the others. -Rachis of the spike or raceme or branches of the panicle rarely -jointed. [Tribe PANICEAE.] 8 - -Flowering glume and palea (if present) membranous, thinner than the -outer glumes. 26 - -8. Flowers unisexual, monoecious. Spikelets in panicles, the male in -the lower portion of the panicle or in special panicles. Outer glumes -in the male spikelets none, in the female 2. Lodicules 3. Leaves -net-veined.--Species 2. Tropical and South-East Africa. =Olyra= L. - -Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous; in the latter case spikelets -arranged in spikes. 9 - -9. Spikelets partly hermaphrodite, partly male or neuter. 10 - -Spikelets all hermaphrodite. 11 - -10. Spikelets in short spikes consisting of a lower hermaphrodite -and two or three upper neuter spikelets; spikes unilateral on the -flattened, leaf-like rachis of a compound spike. Stem erect. Leaves -lanceolate, sagittate.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). -=Phyllorhachis= Trimen. - -Spikelets in a simple spike consisting of 1-2 lower female and 4-6 -upper male spikelets; rachis of the spike enlarged at the base, but not -leaf-like. Stem creeping.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Thuarea= Pers. - -11. Spikelets in short spikes sunk in pits on a broad rachis. Stem -creeping.--Species 4. Tropical and South Africa. Used for binding the -sand on riverbanks or as fodder; also in medicine. =Stenotaphrum= Trin. - -Spikelets not sunk in pits on a broad rachis. 12 - -12. Spikelets surrounded or subtended singly or 2-3 together by an -involucre formed of one or several bristles or spines or of 2 toothed -glumes inserted below the two empty glumes. 13 - -Spikelets without an involucre formed of bristles, spines, or toothed -glumes. Empty glumes 1-3. Stigmas 2, feathery. 16 - -13. Involucre formed by two toothed glumes. Stigma 1, papillose. -Aquatic herbs.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Odontelytrum= Hack. - -Involucre formed by one or several bristles or spines. Stigmas 2, -feathery. 14 - -14. Axis of the spikelet jointed above the persistent involucre. -Bristles of the involucre stiff and rough. Styles free from the base. -Spikelets in spike-like panicles.--Species 30. Some of them (especially -_S. italica_ Beauv.) are cultivated as cereals. =Setaria= Beauv. - -Axis of the spikelet jointed below the involucre or not jointed; -involucre falling together with the spikelet; rarely axis jointed above -the persistent involucre, but then styles united at the base. 15 - -15. Bristles of the involucre numerous, stiff, thickened and often -united at the base. Spikelets in spikes or racemes.--Species 10. -Tropics and Egypt. Some have edible seeds; several are fodder-grasses. -=Cenchrus= L. - -Bristles of the involucre fine, not thickened at the base.--Species 65. -Some (especially the duchn, _P. typhoideum_ Rich.) are cultivated as -cereals, as fodder, or as ornamental plants. (Including _Gymnothrix_ -Beauv. and _Penicillaria_ Willd.) =Pennisetum= Pers. - -16. Spikelets with 2 outer glumes and 1 flower, or with 1 outer glume -and 2 flowers. 17 - -Spikelets with 3 outer glumes and 1 flower, or with 2 outer glumes and -2 flowers. 21 - -17. Spikelets containing an hermaphrodite and a male flower, arranged -in panicles. Glumes awnless. Styles free.--Species 1. South-west Africa -(Nama-land). =Anthaenantia= Beauv. - -Spikelets 1-flowered, arranged in one-sided, usually digitate or -panicled spikes. 18 - -18. Rachis of the spike prolonged beyond the spikelets. Style 1, with 2 -stigmas.--Species 3. North-west and South Africa. =Spartina= Schreb. - -Rachis of the spike not prolonged beyond the spikelets. Styles 2, free -or shortly united. 19 - -19. Styles united at the base. Flowering glume papery. Upper outer -glume awned. Spikelets in digitate racemes.--Species 1. East Africa. -(_Stereochlaena_ Hack.) =Chloridion= Stapf. - -Styles free. Flowering glume cartilaginous. 20 - -20. Lower outer glume decurrent into a callous swelling. Flowering -glume mucronate.--Species 6. Central Africa. =Eriochloa= Kunth - -Lower outer glume without a callus at the base.--Species 15. Tropical -and South Africa. Used as fodder-, medicinal, or ornamental plants. -The seeds of several species (especially those of the fundi _P. exile_ -Kippist) are sometime used as food. =Paspalum= L. - -21. Spikelets containing two hermaphrodite flowers. Axis of the -spikelet jointed above the persistent outer glumes. Outer glumes -awnless. Spikelets arranged in panicles.--Species 6. Tropics. =Isachne= -R. Br. - -Spikelets containing a single hermaphrodite flower and sometimes also -a male flower. Axis of the spikelet jointed below the outer glumes; -spikelet falling as a whole. 22 - -22. First (lowest) outer glume awned, as well as the second. Spikelets -one-flowered, directed to one side and disposed in panicles.--Species -4. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as fodder. =Oplismenus= -Beauv. - -First outer glume awnless. 23 - -23. Second outer glume apparently removed from the first by a conical -or cylindrical, strongly-haired swelling at the base, usually awned or -mucronate. Spikelets in panicles. 25 - -Second outer glume without a basal swelling. 24 - -24. First outer glume as large as or larger than the second, -papery.--Species 1. South-west Africa to Angola. (Under _Panicum_ L.). -=Leucophrys= Rendle - -First outer glume much smaller than the second.--Species 20. Some are -used as ornamental or fodder-plants. (Including _Monachyron_ Parl. and -_Rhynchelytrum_ Nees, under _Panicum_ L.) =Tricholaena= Schrad. - -25. Second outer glume bearing, like the third, a long, twisted -awn.--Species 1. German East Africa. =Acritochaete= Pilger - -Second outer glume unawned.--Species 220. Some (especially _P. -miliaceum_ L., millet, and _P. sanguinale_ L.) are cultivated as -cereals, others furnish vegetables, syrup, or fodder, or are used for -plaiting-work or as ornamental plants. (Including _Axonopus_ Beauv., -_Digitaria_ Pers., _Echinolaena_ Desv., _Sacciolepis_ Nash, and -_Syntherisma_ Walt.) =Panicum= L. - -26. (7.) Outer glumes 3, the lowest smaller than the others, the -uppermost sometimes including a male flower. Rachis and branches of the -inflorescence not jointed. [Tribe TRISTEGINEAE.] 27 - -Outer glumes 1-3; if 3, then the lowest larger than the uppermost. 30 - -27. Spikelets arranged in spikes. First and second outer glume minute, -the third awned.--Species 3. Abyssinia. =Beckera= Fresen. - -Spikelets arranged in panicles. Second outer glume not very small. -Flowering glume awnless. 28 - -28. Lowest outer glume minute, like the second awnless, the third more -or less distinctly awned. Spikelets arranged singly along the branches -of the panicle.--Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used as a -fodder-grass. =Melinis= Beauv. - -Lowest outer glume not very small; the third awnless, rarely both the -second and third awned. 29 - -29. Outer glumes, at least the second, awned. Spikelets arranged singly -along the branches of the panicle. (See 24.) =Tricholaena= Schrad. - -Outer glumes awnless, the first and second about half the length of the -third and the flowering glume. Spikelets in clusters along the branches -of the panicle.--Species 2. West Africa and Mascarene Islands. Used as -ornamental plants. =Thysanolaena= Nees - -30. (26.) Flowers unisexual. Male and female spikelets in different -inflorescences, or male spikelets in the upper, female in the lower -portion of the inflorescence. [Tribe MAYDEAE.] 31 - -Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely (_Andropogon_) unisexual, -but then male and female spikelets in the same inflorescence and -arranged in pairs, the male spikelets sometimes rudimentary. 33 - -31. Male spikelets in a terminal spike, the female at its base, -enclosed singly or 2-3 together by a hardened globose bract. Style -not very long, 2-cleft.--Species 1 (_C. Lacryma Jobi_ L., Job’s -tears). North-west Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used -medicinally and for making ornamental articles and rosaries. =Coix= L. - -Male spikelets in spikes arranged in a terminal panicle, female in -spikes or spadices with membranous bracts or spathes. Style very long, -undivided or shortly 2-cleft. 32 - -32. Female spikelets in fascicled spikes with a jointed rachis. Style -2-cleft. Fruit enclosed when ripe in a cartilagineous case.--Species -1 (_E. mexicana_ Schrad., Teosinte), cultivated as an ornamental or -fodder-plant. =Euchlaena= Schrad. - -Female spikelets connate into a spadix with a thick, not jointed -rachis. Fruit projecting beyond the membranous glumes, rarely enclosed -by leathery glumes.--Species 1 (_Z. Mays_ L., maize or Indian corn). -Cultivated for the grain or as a fodder-or ornamental plant. The seeds -are also used for the preparation of starch, oil, and spirituous -drinks. The leaves and spathes yield fibre. =Zea= L. - -33. Spikelets in heads surrounded by 2 or 3 involucral bracts, -containing a single hermaphrodite flower. Outer glumes 2, membranous, -awnless, the lower one short. Flowering glume larger than the outer -glumes, awnless. Stamens 2.--Species 1. North Africa and Senegambia. -=Crypsis= Ait. - -Spikelets in spikes, racemes, or panicles. 34 - -34. Spikelets arranged singly or in clusters of 3-6, very rarely in -pairs, along the continuous rachis of a spike or raceme. Outer glumes -2. [Tribe ZOYSIEAE.] 35 - -Spikelets arranged in pairs, one sessile, the other stalked, more -rarely singly or in clusters of 3 or more, along the more or less -distinctly jointed rachis of a spike or raceme or along the branches of -a sometimes very narrow (spike-like) panicle. Outer glumes usually 3. -[Tribe ANDROPOGONEAE.] 42 - -35. Spikelets in clusters of 3-6, falling as a whole. 36 - -Spikelets solitary along the rachis, rarely in pairs. 38 - -36. Clusters of spikelets enclosed by a hard, urn-shaped involucre -formed by the lowest outer glumes. Rachis of the spike wavy.--Species -5. Central and South Africa. =Anthephora= Schreb. - -Clusters of spikelets without an involucre. 37 - -37. Clusters containing 2-4 fertile spikelets and a barren one. Outer -glumes 1-2, the upper one with hooked spines on the nerves. Rachis of -the spike glabrous.--Species 4. (_Nazia_ Adans.) =Tragus= Hall. - -Clusters containing 1-2 fertile and 2-3 barren, often awn-like -spikelets. Outer glume 1, with rough nerves, awned.--Species 1. -Southern West Africa (Hereroland). =Monelytrum= Hack. - -38. Styles united at the base; stigmas short, feathery. Outer glumes -2, glabrous, with a long awn or awnless. Flowering glume smaller. -Spikelets diverging from the rachis.--Species 4. Tropical and South -Africa. Used as fodder-grasses. =Perotis= Ait. - -Styles free or the stigmas elongated and short-haired all round. 39 - -39. Outer glume 1, compressed, keeled, awnless. Styles free. Spikelets -pressed close to the rachis. Leaves stiff.--Species 1. Mascarene -Islands. (_Osterdomia_ Neck.) =Zoysia= Willd. - -Outer glumes 2. 40 - -40. Outer glumes subulate, with a long awn, short-haired. Flowering -glume somewhat shorter, with a rather long awn. Palea slightly -shorter than the flowering glume, acuminate. Styles free. Fruit with -a large hilum. Spikelets in pairs.--Species 1. Northern East Africa. -=Tetrachaete= Chiovenda - -Outer glumes and flowering glume with a short awn or awnless. 41 - -41. Outer glumes convex, with hooked spines on the back, awnless. -Flowering glume much shorter, unarmed or mucronate. Styles free; -stigmas feathery. Spikelets with a flattened stalk.--Species 1. -Northern part of Central Africa. =Latipes= Kunth - -Outer glumes compressed and keeled, not bearing hooked spines. -Flowering glume broad, 3-nerved, mucronate or shortly awned. Stigmas -long, short-haired all round.--Species 5. North Africa. Used as -ornamental or fodder-plants. “Foxtail grass.” (Including _Colobachne_ -Beauv.) =Alopecurus= L. - -42. (34.) Joints of the rachis much thickened, forming, together with -the appressed or adnate pedicels of the stalked spikelets, hollows in -which the sessile spikelets are sunk. Flowering glumes awnless. Lowest -outer glume leathery or hardened. Sessile spikelets hermaphrodite, -stalked ones male or neuter, rarely (_Ophiurus_) reduced to the adnate -pedicel and therefore apparently absent. [Subtribe ROTTBOELLIINAE.] 43 - -Joints of the rachis not much thickened, nor forming hollows for the -reception of the spikelets, rarely slightly concave, but then flowering -glumes of the sessile spikelets awned or (_Elionurus_) the lowest -outer glume membranous or papery and marked with two transparent -balsamiferous streaks. 48 - -43. Lower outer glume awned or tailed, at least in the stalked -spikelets. 44 - -Lower outer glume neither awned nor tailed, rarely tailed in the -terminal spikelet only. 46 - -44. Lower outer glume with a long tail (or soft awn). Racemes digitate. -Aquatic herbs.--Species 1. Central Africa. Forming the chief element of -the grass-barriers (sudd) of the upper Nile. =Vossia= Wall. & Griff. - -Lower outer glume with 1-2 short awns, or in the stalked spikelets with -a long awn, in the sessile awnless. Racemes solitary or arranged in -racemes. 45 - -45. Lower outer glume with 1-2 short awns. Joints of the rachis -horizontally truncate without an appendage.--Species 7. Central Africa. -Used for plaiting-work. (_Rhytidachne_ Hack., including _Jardinea_ -Steud.) =Rhytachne= Desv. - -Lower outer glume in the sessile spikelets awnless, in the stalked -ones with a long awn or tail. Joints of the rachis obliquely truncate -with an appendage at the tip.--Species 5. Central and South Africa. -=Urelytrum= Hack. - -46. Lower outer glume globular, pitted. Leaves cordate at the -base.--Species 1. Tropics. Used in medicine. (Including _Hackelochloa_ -O. Ktze.) =Manisuris= Swartz - -Lower outer glume more or less ovate, flat or rounded on the back. 47 - -47. Stalked spikelets reduced to the adnate pedicel and therefore -apparently absent.--Species 1. Northern East Africa. (Under -_Rottboellia_ L. fil.) =Ophiurus= Gaertn. - -Stalked spikelets containing a male flower or reduced to empty -glumes.--Species 15. (Including _Hemarthria_ R. Br.) =Rottboellia= L. -fil. - -48. (42.) Sessile spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower male, the -upper male or hermaphrodite. Stalked spikelets 1-2-flowered or reduced -to empty glumes. 49 - -Sessile spikelets 1-flowered, rarely all spikelets stalked and 1-or -(_Imperata_) 2-flowered. 52 - -49. Sessile spikelets containing 2 male flowers, stalked spikelets a -male and a female or hermaphrodite flower. Outer glumes of the sessile -spikelets awned. Flowering glumes awnless. Spikelets in compound -racemes. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cyphochlaena= Hack. - -Sessile spikelets containing a male and an hermaphrodite flower. -Flowering glumes of the sessile spikelets nearly always awned. -[Subtribe ISCHAEMINAE.] 50 - -50. Racemes reduced to the 3 terminal spikelets, surrounded by -sheathing bracts, fasciculate; fascicles arranged in panicles. Stamens -2-3.--Species 1. Islands of Réunion and Socotra. Used as an ornamental -plant. =Apluda= L. - -Racemes consisting of numerous pairs of spikelets, solitary or -digitate; one spikelet of each pair sometimes reduced to the pedicel. -Stamens 3. 51 - -51. Stalked spikelets reduced to the pedicel. Lower outer glume -tuberculate.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Thelepogon= Roth - -Stalked spikelets 1-2-flowered or reduced to empty glumes.--Species 7. -Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as fodder-or garden plants. -=Ischaemum= L. - -52. Spikelets all alike, hermaphrodite. [Subtribe SACCHARINAE.] 53 - -Spikelets of two kinds, the sessile hermaphrodite, rarely female, -the stalked ones male or neuter, sometimes reduced to the pedicel. -[Subtribe ANDROPOGONINAE.] 60 - -53. Rachis of the raceme jointed. 54 - -Rachis of the raceme not jointed. 57 - -54. Racemes more or less palmately arranged on a short main axis, -rarely solitary. 55 - -Racemes arranged in panicles along a slender main axis, silky. -Spikelets in pairs. 56 - -55. Spikelets solitary on the branches of the inflorescence, -all sessile. Flowering glumes awned from the back. Leaves -cordate-lanceolate.--Species 5. Tropics. =Arthraxon= Beauv. - -Spikelets in pairs on the branches of the inflorescence, one sessile, -the other stalked. Flowering glumes awned from the tip, rarely awnless. -Leaves linear or lanceolate with a narrow base.--Species 5. South -and East Africa, Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. (Including -_Eulalia_ Kunth) =Pollinia= Trin. - -56. Flowering glume produced into a bristle or awn.--Species 5. -South Africa, southern Central Africa, and Algeria. Some are used as -ornamental plants or for plaiting mats. =Erianthus= Michx. - -Flowering glume unarmed like the other glumes.--Species 5. One of them -(_S. officinarum L._, sugar-cane) known only in a cultivated state. It -is used for the manufacture of sugar, syrup, rum, and wax, also as a -vegetable and a fodder-plant. =Saccharum= L. - -57. Spikelets in pairs along the rachis of the raceme, awnless. Outer -glumes 3, membranous, silky. Stamens 1-2.--Species 1 (_I. cylindrica_ -P. Beauv.) Sometimes a noxious weed in plantations, but also used -for paper-making, and as a fodder-, medicinal or ornamental plant. -=Imperata= Cyr. - -Spikelets scattered along the rachis of the raceme, awned. 58 - -58. Outer glumes 3, the two lower stiff. Flowering glume very small, -ending in a long awn. Panicle spreading, hairy.--Species 2. Central -Africa. =Cleistachne= Benth. - -Outer glumes 2. Flowering glume rather large, with a usually short awn -in a terminal notch or on the back. Panicle spike-like. 59 - -59. Stigmas projecting at the tip of the spikelet, short-haired all -round. Outer glumes awnless, rarely with a short awn. (See 41.) -=Alopecurus= L. - -Stigmas projecting near the base of the spikelet, feathery. Outer -glumes with usually long awns.--Species 6. North Africa, Abyssinia, -and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Beardgrass.” -=Polypogon= Desf. - -60. (52.) Racemes bearing at their base a false whorl of 4 male or -neuter spikelets and subtended by a spathe-like bract, more rarely -without a bract. 61 - -Racemes without a whorl of male or neuter spikelets at their base, -rarely surrounded by an imperfect whorl of spikelets, but then racemes -in pairs subtended by a common spathe. 62 - -61. Hermaphrodite spikelets produced at the base into an appendage -decurrent along the rachis, easily separating from the whorl of -spikelets below them.--Species 2. (_Anthistiria_ L. fil.). =Themeda= -Forsk. - -Hermaphrodite spikelets without a decurrent appendage at the base, -falling together with the whorl of spikelets below them.--Species 1. -Naturalized in the Island of Mauritius. (Under _Anthistiria_ L. fil.) -=Iseilema= Anders. - -62. Spikelets all stalked, in pairs, the longer-stalked hermaphrodite, -the shorter-stalked male. Rachis of the raceme indistinctly jointed. -Racemes terminal, solitary or 2-3 together.--Species 1. Tropical and -South Africa. =Trachypogon= Nees - -Spikelets partly sessile, partly stalked. Rachis of the raceme -distinctly jointed, fragile at maturity, rarely indistinctly or not -jointed, but then spikelets in clusters of three, arranged in panicles. -63 - -63. Lowest outer glume marked with two transparent balsamiferous -streaks, usually 2-toothed. Glumes awnless. Racemes solitary; -rachis nearly always silky.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. -=Elionurus= Humb. & Bonpl. - -Lowest outer glume without balsamiferous streaks. Flowering glumes -of the sessile spikelets awned, very rarely awnless and then racemes -nearly always panicled. 64 - -64. Flowering glumes awned from the back. Leaves cordate at the base. -(See 55.) =Arthraxon= Beauv. - -Flowering glumes awned from the tip or awnless. Leaves not -cordate.--Species 110. The sorghum or Guinea corn (_A. Sorghum_ Brot.) -is cultivated as a cereal and used for manufacturing sugar, spirituous -drinks, dyes, and brushware. Other species are used in perfumery -(lemon-grass, vetiver-root) and medicine, for plaiting-work, or as -fodder-or garden-plants. (Including _Anatherum_ Beauv., _Chrysopogon_ -Trin., _Cymbopogon_ Spreng., _Euclaste_ Franch., _Heterochloa_ -Desv., _Heteropogon_ Pers., _Homopogon_ Stapf, and _Sorghum_ Pers.) -=Andropogon= L. - -65. (1.) Leaf-blade jointed with the sheath and finally separating -from it, often contracted at the base into a short stalk, usually -transversely veined. Stem generally woody. [Subfamily =BAMBUSOIDEAE=.] -66 Leaf-blade passing into the sheath without a joint and without -a stalk, rarely transversely veined. Stem herbaceous. [Subfamily -=POOIDEAE=.] 79 - -66. Stamens 3. Styles 2-3, free. Outer glumes 1-2. Pericarp dry and -thin. [Tribe ARUNDINARIEAE.] 67 - -Stamens 6. 68 - -67. Spikelets 2-flowered. Upper flowering glume keeled. Herbs.--Species -1. Equatorial West Africa. =Microcalamus= Franch. - -Spikelets many-flowered. Flowering glumes not keeled. Undershrubs or -shrubs.--Species 2. East and South Africa. They yield wood, fibre, -vegetables, edible seeds, and medicaments. =Arundinaria= Michx. - -68. Fruit a nut or a berry; pericarp thick, free from the seed. Tall -shrubs or trees. 69 - -Fruit a caryopsis; pericarp thin, adnate to the seed. [Tribe -BAMBUSEAE.] 72 - -69. Palea rounded on the back, similar to the flowering glume. -Spikelets 1-flowered. [Tribe MELOCANNEAE.] 70 - -Palea 2-keeled. Fruit a nut. [Tribe DENDROCALAMEAE.] 71 - -70. Spikelets in one-sided spikes, the axis not continued beyond -the flower. Outer glumes acuminate. Fruit a large apple-like berry. -Trees.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Mauritius. The fruits -are edible; also the wood and the fibres are used. =Melocanna= Trin. - -Spikelets in panicled clusters, the axis continued beyond the flower -in the form of a bristle. Outer glumes rolled inwards. Fruit a small -wrinkled nut. Shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. Used medicinally. -=Schizostachyum= Nees - -71. Spikelets 1-flowered, in scattered heads. Lodicules 2-3, large. -Fruit oblong.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cephalostachyum= Munro - -Spikelets 2-or more-flowered, in panicled glomerules. Lodicules -1-2, very small, or absent. Fruit subglobular, beaked.--Species 1. -Naturalized in the Island of Mauritius. Yields wood, fibre, vegetables, -edible seeds, and medicaments, and is also used as an ornamental plant. -=Dendrocalamus= Nees - -72. Filaments united into a tube. Palea of the uppermost -(hermaphrodite) flower of each spikelet usually 1-keeled. 73 - -Filaments free. Palea of the uppermost flower 2-keeled, rarely without -a keel. 75 - -73. Spikelets terete. Lodicules none. Tall shrubs.--Species 5. Central -Africa. =Oxytenanthera= Munro - -Spikelets compressed. Herbs. 74 - -74. Outer glumes 2. Fruit spindle-shaped, furrowed; style much -broadened at the base. Spikelets in racemes.--Species 1. Equatorial -West Africa. =Atractocarpa= Franch. - -Outer glumes 3-4. Fruit subglobular, not furrowed; style not -broadened.--Species 5. Equatorial West Africa. =Puelia= Franch. - -75. Spikelets 1-flowered. Outer glumes 6-10. Ovary glabrous. Style -2-3-cleft or-parted. Tall shrubs.--Species 3. Madagascar and -Mascarenes. =Nastus= Juss. - -Spikelets 2-or more-flowered. Outer glumes 1-6. 76 - -76. Lodicules none. Spikelets 2-flowered, in clusters surrounded by two -bracts. Ovary glabrous. Style undivided, hairy.--Species 1. German East -Africa. =Oreobambus= K. Schum. - -Lodicules 2-3. Spikelets without bracts. Ovary hairy. 77 - -77. Lodicules 2. Outer glume 1. Palea not winged on the keels. Styles -2, free. Spikelets many-flowered. Herbs with 4 large leaves.--Species -1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under _Guaduella_ Franch.) =Microbambus= -K. Schum. - -Lodicules 3. Outer glumes usually 2. 78 - -78. Palea with winged keels. Spikelets strongly flattened. -Herbs.--Species 5. Equatorial West Africa. =Guaduella= Franch. - -Palea not winged on the keels. Spikelets slightly flattened. Tall -shrubs.--Species 2. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized. They yield -wood, fibre, vegetables, edible seeds, drinks, and medicaments, and are -also used as ornamental plants. “Bamboo.” =Bambusa= Schreb. - -79. (65.) Spikelets sessile in the notches on the rachis of a nearly -always equal-sided spike, usually 2-ranked. [Tribe HORDEAE.] 80 - -Spikelets along a rachis without notches, in usually one-sided spikes -or in racemes or panicles. 94 - -80. Spike one-sided. Spikelets solitary in each notch, 1-flowered. -Outer glume 1, minute. Flowering glume awned. Stigma 1. Leaves -stiff.--Species 1. Azores. “Matgrass.” [Subtribe NARDEAE.] =Nardus= L. - -Spike equal-sided. Stigmas 2. 81 - -81. Spikelets solitary in each notch of the spike. 82 - -Spikelets 2-6 in each notch of the spike. [Subtribe ELYMINAE.] 93 - -82. Spikelets with the back towards the hollows of the rachis. -[Subtribe LOLIINAE.] 83 - -Spikelets with the side towards the hollows of the rachis. 88 - -83. Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, the terminal one with 2 outer -glumes, the others with one. 84 - -Spikelets 2-to many-flowered. 86 - -84. Flowering glumes with a hairy callus at their base. Outer glumes -1-3-nerved. Dwarf herbs.--Species 2. South and East Africa. =Oropetium= -Trin. - -Flowering glumes with a glabrous, sometimes rudimentary callus. 85 - -85. Joints of the rachis of the spike produced into wing-like -appendages.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Ischnurus= Balf. fil. - -Joints of the rachis of the spike without wing-like -appendages.--Species 3. Madagascar, South and North-west Africa. -=Monerma= Beauv. - -86. Spikelets 2-flowered. Styles long. Outer glumes 2. Flowering glumes -produced into 3 points.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). -(Including _Kralikiella_ Coss. et Durieu). =Kralikia= Coss. et Durieu - -Spikelets many-flowered. Styles very short. 87 - -87. Outer glumes 2, awnless. Flowering glumes with 2 points and a -dorsal awn. Lodicules 2-cleft. Fruit hairy at the top.--Species 2. -North Africa. (Including _Meringurus_ Murbeck). =Gaudinia= Beauv. - -Outer glumes in the terminal spikelets 2, in the lateral single. Fruit -glabrous.--Species 6. North, South, and East Africa. Two species -(ray-grass) are cultivated on lawns; one (the darnel, _L. temulentum_ -L.) is poisonous. (Including _Arthrochortus_ Lowe). =Lolium= L. - -88. Spikelets 1-, very rarely 2-flowered, in a slender spike; joints -of the spike separating at maturity together with the lower spikelet. -Outer glumes approximate in front. [Subtribe LEPTURINAE.] 89 - -Spikelets 2-to many-flowered, in usually stout spikes; joints of the -spike separating at maturity together with the upper spikelet or -not separating at all. Outer glumes opposite one another. [Subtribe -TRITICINAE.] 90 - -89. Outer glume 1, very small. Flowering glumes awned. Stamen 1. Rachis -of the spike with but slightly hollowed joints.--Species 1. North-west -Africa (Algeria). =Psilurus= Trin. - -Outer glumes 2, large. Flowering glumes awnless.--Species 4. North -Africa, Abyssinia, Socotra. =Lepturus= R. Br. - -90. Flowering glumes decurrent into a callus limited by a furrow, -falling with the fruit when ripe. Fruit adhering to the palea.--Species -7. North Africa, Abyssinia, South Africa. The quitch grass (_A. repens_ -Beauv.) is used for binding the sand, as fodder, for making syrup, -and medicinally. (Including _Eremopyrum_ Jaub. et Spach). =Agropyrum= -Gaertn. - -Flowering glumes without a callus at the base, persisting at maturity. -Fruit free. 91 - -91. Outer glumes ovate, 3-to many-nerved. Fertile spikelets ventricose, -2-5-flowered. Spike usually with a terminal spikelet.--Species -13. Ten species spontaneous in North Africa and Abyssinia, the -others (especially the wheat, _T. sativum_ Lam. and _polonicum_ L.) -cultivated in various regions. The latter are used as cereals and -for plaiting-work, other species as ornamental plants. (Including -_Aegilops_ L.) =Triticum= L. - -Outer glumes oblong lanceolate or subulate, 1-2-nerved. Spikelets not -ventricose, 2-, rarely 3-flowered. Spike without a terminal spikelet. 92 - -92. Outer glumes truncate, two-keeled, with a long awn. Flowering -glumes awned from below the tip. Spike very dense.--Species 2. -North-west Africa. =Haynaldia= Schur - -Outer glumes acuminate, one-nerved. Flowering glumes awned from the -tip. Spike rather loose.--Species 3. North Africa, Abyssinia, and -South Africa. One of them (the rye, _S. cereale_ L.) is cultivated as -a cereal and also used as fodder, for making brandy and paper, and for -plaiting-work. =Secale= L. - -93. Spikelets 1-flowered, sometimes with an empty glume above the -flower. Flowering glume awned.--Species 8. North Africa; some species -also cultivated or naturalized in Abyssinia, Madagascar, and South -Africa. The barley (_H. sativum_ Jessen) is cultivated as a cereal and -for making beer; it is also used as fodder and for medicinal purposes. -Other species are used as ornamental plants. =Hordeum= L. - -Spikelets 2-6-flowered.--Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental -plants. “Lymegrass.” =Elymus= L. - -94. (79.) Spikelets in two rows approximated to one another, forming -one-sided, sometimes panicled spikes (or spike-like racemes). [Tribe -CHLORIDEAE.] 95 - -Spikelets in sometimes spike-like but equal-sided racemes or more -frequently in panicles not consisting of one-sided spikes. 123 - -95. Spikelets containing 1 hermaphrodite flower. 96 - -Spikelets containing 2 or more hermaphrodite flowers. 108 - -96. Spikelets bearing no male flowers or empty glumes above the -hermaphrodite flower, but sometimes ending in a short bristle. 97 - -Spikelets bearing above the hermaphrodite flower a male flower or one -or several empty, sometimes very small or awn-like glumes. 101 - -97. Spikelets awned. 98 - -Spikelets awnless. 99 - -98. Flowering glume much shorter than the outer glumes, with a very -long awn. Spikes 1-4, terminal.--Species 3. Central Africa and Egypt. -=Schoenefeldia= Kunth - -Flowering glume almost as long as the outer glumes, with a short awn. -Spikes numerous, arranged along a common axis.--Species 4. Southern -West Africa. =Willkommia= Hack. - -99. Spikes solitary, terminal.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. -Used in medicine. =Microchloa= R. Br. - -Spikes digitate or in racemes. 100 - -100. Spikes digitate, 3-5. Flowering glume usually larger than the -outer glumes.--Species 5. Some are used as pasture-grasses or in -medicine. “Dogstooth.” =Cynodon= Pers. - -Spikes arranged along a common axis. Rachis of the spike dilated. -Flowering glume much smaller than the outer glumes.--Species 2. East -Africa. =Craspedorhachis= Benth. - -101. Outer glumes 4. Second outer glume and flowering glume awned. -Spikes solitary, rarely 2-3 together.--Species 5. Tropical and South -Africa and Egypt. (Including _Campulosus_ Desv.) =Ctenium= Panzer - -Outer glumes 2. 102 - -102. Spike 1, terminal. 103 - -Spikes 2 or more, sometimes fascicle-like. 105 - -103. Flowering glume many-nerved, awned. Styles united at the base, -with shortly bearded, at length spirally twisted stigmas.--Species 1. -Central Africa. =Streptogyne= Beauv. - -Flowering glume 3-nerved. Styles free, with feathery stigmas. 104 - -104. Spikelets awned, imbricate, in slender spikes.--Species 6. East -and South Africa, Madagascar and Seychelles. =Enteropogon= Nees - -Spikelets awnless, crowded, in stout spikes.--Species 1. South Africa. -=Harpechloa= Kunth - -105. Spikes in false whorls or closely superposed.--Species 25. Some -are used as ornamental or fodder-plants. (Plate 8.) =Chloris= Swartz - -Spikes all distant or the lowest only approximate. 106 - -106. Spikes very short and very dense. Outer glumes ciliate, with a -straight awn. Flowering glume with 3 awns. Several empty glumes above -the flowering glume. Low grasses.--Species 1. Northern East Africa. -=Melanocenchris= Nees - -Spikes more or less elongated and loose. Flowering glume with 1 awn or -awnless. Rather tall grasses. 107 - -107. Flowering glume awned, 2-toothed. Empty glume above the flowering -one awn-like. Spikes very loose, at first erect.--Species 1. Abyssinia. -=Gymnopogon= Beauv. - -Flowering glume awnless. Spikes rather dense, spreading.--Species 8. -Central Africa. Some have edible seeds. (Including _Cypholepis_ Chiov.) -=Leptochloa= Beauv. - -108. (95.) Spikes 1-3, terminal. 109 - -Spikes more than 3. 114 - -109. Flowering glumes with 3, sometimes very short awns. Spikelets -many-flowered. Spikes long, rather loose.--Species 4. Central Africa. -=Tripogon= Roth - -Flowering glumes with one awn or mucro or unarmed. Spikes dense, -usually short. 110 - -110. Flowering glumes with a rather long awn, long-haired on the -back. Spikelets 2-3-flowered.--Species 6. Central and North Africa. -(Including _Lepidopironia_ Rich.) =Tetrapogon= Desf. - -Flowering glumes unarmed or mucronate. 111 - -111. Spikes 2-3 together. Spikelets 3-4-flowered. Fruit almost -orbicular. Leaves rather broad.--Species 1. Egypt and Nubia. (Under -_Eragrostis_ Beauv.) =Coelachyrum= Nees - -Spike solitary. Fruit oblong. Leaves narrow. 112 - -112. Spikelets 2-flowered. Flowering glumes and paleas delicately -membranous.--Species 3. South Africa. (_Prionanthium_ Desv.) -=Prionachne= Nees - -Spikelets 3-to many-flowered. Flowering glumes and paleas firmly -membranous, rather stiff. 113 - -113. Outer glumes subequal.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). -=Wangenheimia= Moench - -Outer glumes very unequal or only one present.--Species 50. Some are -used for the manufacture of paper or as ornamental or fodder-plants. -Fescue.” (Including _Ctenopsis_ De Not., _Nardurus_ Reichb., and -_Vulpia_ Gmel.) =Festuca= L. - -114. (108.) Outer glumes 4. Spikelets falling entire. 115 - -Outer glumes 2, usually persisting on the stalk of the spikelet. 116 - -115. Outer glumes 1-nerved. Flowering glumes 5-nerved. Styles -short.--Species 1. South Africa. =Tetrachne= Nees - -Outer glumes 3-8-nerved. Flowering glumes 7-11-nerved. Styles -long.--Species 2. South Africa and Angola. (Under _Tetrachne_ Nees). -=Entoplocamia= Stapf - -116. Outer glumes shortly awned, much longer than the flowering -glumes. Spikes short, distant, at length bent downward.--Species 2. -Central Africa and Egypt. Used as ornamental grasses. (_Dineba_ Jacq.) -=Dinebra= Jacq. - -Outer glumes unarmed or mucronate, shorter than the flowering glumes. -117 - -117. Spikelets very densely crowded. Spikes digitate, at least the -upper. 118 - -Spikelets not very densely crowded. Spikes distant. 119 - -118. Spikes ending in a point. Outer glumes mucronate.--Species 6. Used -as cereals, fodder-, medicinal, or ornamental plants, and for making -beer. (Under _Eleusine_ Gaertn.) =Dactyloctenium= Willd. - -Spikes terminated by a spikelet. Outer glumes usually unarmed. Pericarp -usually loose.--Species 10. The coracan (_E. coracana_ Gaertn.) is -cultivated as a cereal and for the preparation of beer; other species -are used as medicinal or ornamental plants. (Including _Acrachne_ Wight -Arn.) =Eleusine= Gaertn. - -119. Flowering glumes rounded on the back. Pericarp more or less -adhering to the palea. (See 113.) =Festuca= L. - -Flowering glumes keeled. Pericarp free. 120 - -120. Glumes thinly membranous, the outer subequal. 121 - -Glumes firmly membranous, glabrous, the outer conspicuously unequal. 122 - -121. Flowering glumes 4-toothed, shortly awned.--Species 3. East and -South Africa. (Under _Diplachne_ Beauv.) =Leptocarydium= Hochst. - -Flowering glumes entire or obscurely 2-3-toothed. (See 107.) -=Leptochloa= Beauv. - -122. Spikelets 2-8-flowered, with a jointed, ciliate axis. -Lodicules very small. Fruit linear-oblong, closely enveloped by the -glumes.--Species 2. South and East Africa. Used as fodder-grasses. -(Under _Eragrostis_ L. or _Leptochloa_ Beauv.) =Pogonarthria= Stapf - -Spikelets many-flowered, with a tough axis. Lodicules rather large. -Fruit ovate, loosely enveloped by the glumes.--Species 1. East -Africa and Egypt. (_Stapfiola_ O. Ktze., under _Eragrostis_ L.) -=Desmostachya= Stapf - -123. (94.) Spikelets 1-flowered. 124 - -Spikelets 2-or more-flowered. 153 - -124. Outer glumes 4, rarely 3. Palea usually 1-nerved. [Tribe -PHALARIDEAE.] 125 - -Outer glumes 2, rarely 1 or none. Palea usually 2-nerved. [Tribe -AGROSTIDEAE.] 129 - -125. Leaves lanceolate or elliptical, transversely veined. Spikelets -in pairs on the branches of a panicle. Outer glumes 3.--Species 2. -Madagascar. =Poecilostachys= Hack. - -Leaves linear. Flowering glume awnless. 126 - -126. Upper two outer glumes, or at least the uppermost, larger than -the lower. Stamens 6, rarely 3.--Species 25. South and East Africa, -Mascarene Islands, St. Helena. =Ehrharta= Thunb. - -Upper two outer glumes smaller than the lower, more rarely equalling -them. Stamens 2-3. 127 - -127. Upper two outer glumes awnless, smaller than the lower. Flowering -glume and palea hardening. Lodicules present. Stamens 3.--Species 10. -North, East, and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental -grasses. The seeds of _Ph. canariensis_ L. (Canary-seeds) are used as -food and in medicine. =Phalaris= L. - -Upper two outer glumes awned; lower two unequal. Flowering glume and -palea membranous. Lodicules none. Stamens 2. 128 - -128. Upper two outer glumes smaller than the lower.--Species 5. -North-west and Central Africa. The vernal grass (_A. odoratum_ L.) -imparts a sweet scent to new-made hay. =Anthoxanthum= L. - -Upper two outer glumes about as large as the lower.--Species 5. -South Africa and Madagascar. “Holygrass.” (_Ataxia_ R. Br., under -_Anthoxanthum_ L.). =Hierochloë= Gmel. - -129. (124.) Stigmas shortly branched all round, protruding between the -tips of the slightly gaping glumes. [Subtribe PHLEINAE.] 130 - -Stigmas feathery, protruding above the base of the spikelet or enclosed -in it. 133 - -130. Flowering glume rather stiff, awned or mucronate. Axis of the -spikelet produced beyond the flower into a bristle usually bearing an -empty glume.--Species 2. South Africa. =Fingerhuthia= Nees - -Flowering glume thinly membranous, unarmed. Axis of the spikelet rarely -produced beyond the flower into a bristle without empty glumes. 131 - -131. Spikelets in slender simple spikes. Outer glumes obscurely keeled, -unarmed. Flowering glume somewhat shorter than the outer. Leaves -awl-shaped.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Mibora= Adans. - -Spikelets in spike-like panicles. Outer glumes distinctly keeled. -Leaves flat. 132 - -132. Flowering glume somewhat longer than the outer. Outer glumes -unarmed.--Species 4. North Africa to Senegambia, East Africa, -Madagascar. =Heleochloa= Host - -Flowering glume much shorter than the outer. Outer glumes mucronate or -shortly awned.--Species 5. North Africa to Senegambia. Some species -have edible seeds or are used as ornamental grasses. _Ph. pratense_ L. -is a valuable fodder-grass. “Timothy-grass.” =Phleum= L. - -133. Flowering glume harder than the outer glumes at maturity, tightly -enclosing the fruit. Axis of the spikelet not prolonged beyond the -flower. [Subtribe STIPINAE.] 134 - -Flowering glume thinner than the outer at maturity, loosely enclosing -or not enclosing the fruit, rarely harder or tightly enclosing the -fruit, but then the axis of the spikelet prolonged into a bristle. 137 - -134. Flowering glume awnless.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). -Yields edible seeds and is used as an ornamental grass. =Milium= L. - -Flowering glume awned. 135 - -135. Flowering glume narrow, with a 3-branched awn, but the lateral -branches sometimes very short. Lodicules 2.--Species 80. Some of them -have edible seeds or are used as fodder. (Including _Arthratherum_ -Beauv.) =Aristida= L. - -Flowering glume with a single awn. 136 - -136. Flowering glume narrow, with a strong, kneed, usually twisted, -persistent awn. Palea not distinctly keeled. Lodicules usually -3.--Species 15. North Africa, northern East Africa, Madagascar, and -South Africa. The Esparto-grass (_St. tenacissima_ L.) is used for the -manufacture of paper, ropes, and in plaiting-work, other species as -ornamental grasses (feather-grass); some have edible seeds. (_Stupa_ -L., including _Macrochloa_ Kunth) =Stipa= L. - -Flowering glume broad, with a fine, short, deciduous awn. Palea -2-keeled. Lodicules usually 2.--Species 3. North Africa, one species -also introduced into South Africa. (_Piptatherum_ Beauv.) =Oryzopsis= -Michx. - -137. Fruit not enclosed by the glumes; pericarp usually loose and -dehiscing. Axis of the spikelet not produced beyond the flower. Glumes -unarmed. Flowering glume usually longer than the outer ones.--Species -60. Some of them yield edible seeds or are used as fodder and for -plaiting-work. (Including _Triachyrium_ Hochst. and _Vilfa_ Beauv.) -=Sporobolus= R. Br. - -Fruit enclosed by the flowering glume and the palea; pericarp usually -adnate to the seed. 138 - -138. Spikelets of two kinds, the fertile surrounded by the sterile, -which consist of numerous glumes. Flowering glume 1-nerved, with a -dorsal awn.--Species 1. North Africa and Abyssinia; also introduced -into South Africa. Used as an ornamental grass. (_Chrysurus_ Pers.) -=Lamarckia= Moench - -Spikelets all alike. 139 - -139. Outer glumes conspicuously shorter than the flowering glume. -Flowering glume firmly herbaceous, 3-5-nerved, with a long, straight, -terminal or subterminal awn. Panicle loose.--Species 2. East and -South-east Africa (Kilimandjaro and Transvaal). (Under _Brachyelytrum_ -Beauv.) =Pseudobromus= K. Schum. - -Outer glumes almost equalling the flowering glume or exceeding it. -Flowering glume membranous, rarely firmer, but then many-nerved or with -a distinctly dorsal awn or awnless. 140 - -140. Outer glumes feathery, long. Flowering glume with two short -terminal awns or with a long dorsal one. Panicles spike-or -head-like.--Species 1. North Africa; introduced in South Africa. Used -as an ornamental grass. “Harestail-grass.” =Lagurus= L. - -Outer glumes not feathery. 141 - -141. Outer glumes bladdery at the base, much longer than the flowering -glume. Panicles spike-like.--Species 2. North Africa and Abyssinia. -“Nitgrass.” =Gastridium= Beauv. - -Outer glumes not bladdery. 142 - -142. Flowering glume cleft into 9-23 awn-shaped teeth. Panicles -spike-like.--Species 13. Some are used as fodder-grasses. (Including -_Enneapogon_ Desv.) =Pappophorum= Schreb. - -Flowering glume with 1-3 awns or awnless. 143 - -143. Flowering glume with a delicate dorsal awn and two long and thin -lateral awns.--Species 2. Egypt and Abyssinia. =Trisetaria= Forsk. - -Flowering glume awnless or with a single awn and sometimes 2 short -bristles. 144 - -144. Flowering glume with a terminal awn, rounded on the back, -sometimes keeled towards the tip. (See 113.) =Festuca= L. - -Flowering glume with a dorsal awn or with a short mucro or unarmed. 145 - -145. Flowering glume decurrent into a callus bearing a tuft of long -hairs. 146 - -Flowering glume with a glabrous or shortly and scantily hairy callus or -without a callus. 147 - -146. Flowering glume papery, unarmed or shortly mucronate. Spikelets -large, with a glabrous and bristle-like or a club-shaped prolongation -of the axis.--Species 1 (_A. arundinacea_ Host, maram). North Africa. -Used for binding sand-dunes and as a fodder-grass; the root-stock is -edible. (_Psamma_ Beauv.) =Ammophila= Host - -Flowering glume membranous, awned from the back, very rarely awnless. -Spikelets rather small, sometimes with a bristle-like and usually hairy -prolongation of the axis.--Species 6. Azores, mountains of tropical -Africa, South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. -(Including _Deyeuxia_ Beauv.) =Calamagrostis= Roth - -147. Axis of the spikelet not distinctly continued beyond the flower. -Flowering glume shorter than the outer glumes. 148 - -Axis of the spikelet produced beyond the flower into a bristle-like -appendage bearing sometimes empty glumes. 149 - -148. Palea as long as the flowering glume. Panicles -few-flowered.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under _Agrostis_ L. or -_Colpodium_ Trin.) =Poagrostis= Stapf - -Palea shorter than the flowering glume. Panicles -many-flowered.--Species 30. North and South Africa and mountains of the -tropics. Some are used as fodder-or ornamental grasses. “Bent-grass.” -=Agrostis= L. - -149. Flowering glume much shorter than the outer glumes, with 2 -bristles at the top and an awn on the back near the base. Continuation -of the axis of the spikelet hairy, without glumes. Panicles -spike-like.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Under _Gastridium_ Beauv.) -=Triplachne= Link - -Flowering glume slightly shorter or longer than the outer glumes. -Continuation of the axis of the spikelet glabrous or bearing empty -glumes. 150 - -150. Flowering glume with a very long awn. Outer glumes unequal. -Continuation of the axis of the spikelet without glumes. Panicle -loose.--Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as ornamental -grasses. =Apera= Adans. - -Flowering glume with a short or moderate awn or awnless. Outer glumes -subequal. Continuation of the axis of the spikelet usually with empty -glumes. 151 - -151. Lower outer glume 1-nerved. Flowering glume 3-5-nerved, -membranous, about as long as the outer glumes. Continuation of the axis -of the spikelet with 1-2 empty glumes or without glumes.--Species 10. -North Africa, Abyssinia, South Africa. Some are used as fodder-grasses. -=Koeleria= Pers. - -Lower outer glume 3-9-nerved. Flowering glume 5-to many-nerved, -leathery or longer than the outer glumes. 152 - -152. Fruit deeply grooved. Flowering glume leathery, rounded on the -back, with a kneed dorsal awn. Outer glumes 7-9-nerved.--Species 20. -Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some (especially -_A. sativa_ L.) are cultivated as cereals (oat) or fodder, and yield -also oil and medicaments; others are used as ornamental grasses. -(Including _Avenastrum_ Juss.) =Avena= L. - -Fruit not deeply grooved. Flowering glume keeled, longer than the outer -ones. Outer glumes 3-7-nerved. Empty glumes above the flower 2 or -more.--Species 10. Extra-tropical regions. Some are used as ornamental -grasses. =Melica= L. - -153. (123.) Flowering glumes, at least one in each spikelet, bearing a -twisted or kneed, generally dorsal awn, usually shorter than the outer -glumes, rarely awnless, and then spikelets 2-flowered with a very short -axis not prolonged beyond the flowers. [Tribe AVENEAE.] 154 - -Flowering glumes bearing a straight, terminal or subterminal -awn, or unawned, usually longer than the outer glumes. Spikelets -2-flowered, the axis prolonged between the flowers or above them, or -3-many-flowered. [Tribe FESTUCEAE.] 177 - -154. Spikelets 2-flowered without a continuation of the axis beyond the -upper flower. Flowering glumes usually unawned. 155 - -Spikelets 2-flowered with a continuation of the axis beyond the upper -flower, or 3-many-flowered. Flowering glumes awned. 161 - -155. Spikelets solitary, enveloped by a spathe. Flowering glumes -connate. Style 1, undivided. Stigma papillose. (See 3.) =Lygeum= L. - -Spikelets in panicles, racemes, or spikes. Flowering glumes free. -Styles 2, free. Stigmas feathery. 156 - -156. Outer glumes with a cartilaginous, pectinately-toothed keel. -Panicle spike-like. (See 112.) =Prionachne= Nees - -Outer glumes membranous. 157 - -157. Outer glumes hemispherical. Panicle spike-like.--Species 1. -North-west Africa (Algeria). =Airopsis= Desv. - -Outer glumes not hemispherical. Panicle spreading. 158 - -158. Outer glumes shorter than the flowering glumes. Flowering glumes -truncate or minutely toothed.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Under -_Aira_ L.) =Molineria= Parl. - -Outer glumes somewhat longer than the flowering glumes. 159 - -159. Flowering glumes blunt, unarmed, hardened at maturity. Axis of the -spikelet very short. (See 21.) =Isachne= R. Br. - -Flowering glumes 3-lobed, 2-toothed, or mucronate, usually provided -with a dorsal awn, not hardened at maturity. 160 - -160. Flowering glumes 3-lobed, unarmed. Axis of the spikelet somewhat -elongated between the flowers.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). -Used as an ornamental grass. (Under _Aira_ L.) =Antinoria= Parl. - -Flowering glumes 2-toothed or mucronate, nearly always with a dorsal -awn. Axis of the spikelet very short.--Species 8. Extra-tropical -regions and mountains of the tropics. Some species are used as -ornamental grasses. =Aira= L. - -161. (154.) Flowering glumes with a terminal awn inserted between the -apical lobes or teeth. 162 - -Flowering glume with a dorsal awn inserted below the apex. 168 - -162. Spikelets 2-flowered; the lower flower male, the upper female or -hermaphrodite. 163 - -Spikelets 2-or more flowered; all flowers hermaphrodite or the -uppermost male. Flowering glumes 5-11-nerved. 165 - -163. Spikelets in clusters of 3 at the tips of the branches of a raceme -or panicle.--Species 13. Tropical and South Africa. =Tristachya= Nees - -Spikelets solitary at the tips of the branches of a panicle. 164 - -164. Palea auricled. Flowering glume of the upper flower not distinctly -toothed. Spikelets small.--Species 4. Tropical and South Africa. Some -are used for plaiting-work. =Arundinella= Raddi - -Palea not auricled. Flowering glume of the upper flower distinctly -toothed. Spikelets large.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. -=Trichopteryx= Nees - -165. Spikelets with 2 flowers and a minute or bristle-like continuation -of the axis. Flowering glumes with 2-4, at least partly bristle-like -teeth. 166 - -Spikelets with 3 or more flowers, the uppermost of which is usually -incomplete. Flowering glumes with 2 rarely bristle-like teeth. 167 - -166. Fruit globular; pericarp crusty, almost free from the -seed.--Species 5. South Africa. (Under _Danthonia_ DC.) =Pentameris= -Beauv. - -Fruit oblong.--Species 40. Southern and tropical Africa. The seeds of -some species are eaten or used in medicine. (Under _Danthonia_ DC.) -=Pentaschistis= (Nees) Stapf - -167. Spikelets falling entire with a part of their stalk. Lowest -flowering glume without, the others with side-bristles.--Species 4. -South Africa. (Under _Danthonia_ DC.) =Chaetobromus= (Nees) Stapf - -Spikelets not falling entire; axis jointed between and below the -flowering glumes.--Species 30. Extra-tropical regions and mountains -of the tropics. The seeds of several species are eaten or used in -medicine. =Danthonia= DC. - -168. (161.) Spikelets in spikes, many-flowered. (See 87.) =Gaudinia= -Beauv. - -Spikelets in sometimes spike-like panicles. 169 - -169. Lower flowers male, upper hermaphrodite. 170 - -Lower or all flowers hermaphrodite, upper sometimes male or barren. 171 - -170. Spikelets with 2 flowers and a bristle-like continuation of the -axis. Stamens 3. Styles short.--Species 2. North-west Africa. They -yield fodder and edible seeds. =Arrhenatherum= Beauv. - -Spikelets with 3 flowers, one of which is sometimes reduced to a glume, -without a continuation of the axis. Stamens in the male flowers 3, in -the hermaphrodite 2. Styles long. (See 128.) =Hierochloe= Gmel. - -171. Axis of the spikelets jointed at the base; spikelets falling -entire, 2-flowered, the upper flower usually male, the lower -hermaphrodite with the flowering glume unarmed.--Species 6. North-west -and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental grasses. =Holcus= L. - -Axis of the spikelets jointed above the persistent outer glumes. 172 - -172. Fruit grooved in front, usually adherent to the glumes. Spikelets -large. 173 - -Fruit not grooved, free. Spikelets usually small. 174 - -173. Fruit slightly grooved. Styles inserted laterally below the summit -of the ovary.--Species 30. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of -the tropics. Some species are poisonous, others are used as fodder-, -medicinal, or ornamental plants. =Bromus= L. - -Fruit deeply grooved. Styles inserted at or near the summit of the -ovary. (See 152.) =Avena= L. - -174. Flowering glumes 2-cleft or 2-toothed to 2-awned. 175 - -Flowering glumes irregularly and minutely toothed or 2-lobed with -toothed lobes or entire. 176 - -175. Flowering glume of the lower flower awnless, entire. Outer -glumes 3-5-nerved. Spikelets linear-oblong.--Species 1. North-west -Africa (Algeria) =Ventenata= Koeler Flowering glume of the lower -flower awned, 2-toothed. Outer glumes 1-3-nerved. Spikelets -lanceolate-elliptical.--Species 20. Extra-tropical regions and -mountains of the tropics. Some species are used as fodder-or ornamental -grasses. =Trisetum= Pers. - -170. Awns of the flowering glumes jointed, thickened towards the -tip.--Species 3. North Africa. (Under _Aira_ L.) =Corynephorus= Beauv. - -Awns of the flowering glumes not jointed, slender throughout.--Species -5. Azores, Canaries, high mountains of Central Africa, subantarctic -islands. Used as ornamental grasses. (Under _Aira_ L.) =Deschampsia= -Beauv. - -177. (153.) Flowering glumes of the fertile flowers cleft in 3-23 -awn-like or awn-bearing lobes. [Subtribe PAPPOPHORINAE.] 178 - -Flowering glumes entire or 2-lobed, rarely (_Triodia_) 3-lobed, bearing -a single awn or unawned. 182 - -178. Flowering glumes 3-cleft, with 3 awns. Spikelets 5-15-flowered, in -panicles.--Species 9. Southern and Central Africa, Sahara, Egypt. Some -are used as fodder-grasses. =Triraphis= R. Br. - -Flowering glumes 4-many-cleft, with 5 or more awns. Spikelets -2-6-flowered. 179 - -179. Flowering glumes with 5-9 awns springing from the back of the -lobes. Style 1, short and broad, 2-cleft. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, in -dense panicles.--Species 1. Egypt. =Boissiera= Hochst. - -Flowering glumes with 5-23 awns springing from the tips of the lobes or -from the notches between them. Styles 2, free. 180 - -180. Flowering glumes with 9-23 awn-like lobes. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, -in spike-like panicles. (See 142.) =Pappophorum= Schreb. - -Flowering glumes with 5-7 awns or awn-like lobes. 181 - -181. Flowering glumes with 5-7 subequal, awn-like lobes. Spikelets -2-3-flowered, in heads.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Echinaria= Desv. - -Flowering glumes with 9 lobes, 5 of which are awn-like. Spikelets -4-6-flowered, in rather loose panicles.--Species 3. Central and South -Africa and Egypt. Used as fodder and in medicine. (_Antoschmidtia_ -Steud.) =Schmidtia= Steud. - -182. Axis of the spikelets or flowering glumes covered with long hairs -enveloping the glumes. [Subtribe ARUNDINAE.] 183 Axis of the spikelets -and flowering glumes glabrous or short-haired. 185 - -183. Flowering glumes firmly membranous, 5-nerved, hairy like the -axis of the spikelets. Ovary hairy at the top. Leaves narrow, more -or less rolled up. Low grasses.--Species 1 (_A. tenax_ Link). North -Africa. Used for making paper, in plaiting-work, as fodder, and as an -ornamental plant. =Ampelodesma= Beauv. - -Flowering glumes delicately membranous, 3-nerved; if hairy, then axis -of the spikelets glabrous. Ovary glabrous. Leaves flat and rather -broad. Tall grasses. 184 - -184. Flowering glumes glabrous, entire, produced into a fine -point. Axis of the spikelets hairy. Lowest flower of each spikelet -usually male. Panicles lax.--Species 2. Used in house-building, for -plaiting-work and divers utensils, and as ornamental grasses; the -root-stock is edible and used in medicine. “Reed.” (_Trichoon_ Roth) -=Phragmites= Trin. - -Flowering glumes hairy, 2-toothed, with a mucro in the notch. -Axis of the spikelets glabrous. Flowers all hermaphrodite or the -uppermost flower or all flowers of the lower spikelets male. Panicles -dense.--Species 5. North Africa, Madagascar, South Africa. Used in -house-building, for plaiting-work, and as medicinal, fodder-, and -ornamental plants. Reed.” (_Donax_ Beauv., including _Neyraudia_ Hook. -fil.) =Arundo= L. - -185. Stigmas shortly papillose on all sides, projecting between the -tips of the flowering glumes; styles long. [Subtribe SESLERINAE.] 186 - -Stigmas feathery, rather short, projecting near the base of the -flowering glumes; styles short or almost wanting. 191 - -186. Styles united at the base. Stigmas spirally twisted. Spikelets -in one-sided spikes or spike-like racemes, 2-flowered, very rarely -3-4-flowered. Glumes many-nerved; the outer ones unarmed, the flowering -ones awned. Leaves transversely veined. (See 103.) =Streptogyne= Beauv. - -Styles free. Spikelets in sometimes spike-like panicles or in heads. 187 - -187. Spikelets in spike-like panicles, falling singly and entire, -2-flowered, very rarely 3-4-flowered, the uppermost flower male. Glumes -awned or mucronate. (See 130.) =Fingerhuthia= Nees - -Spikelets in heads or head-like panicles or in fascicles arranged in -spike-like panicles, not falling entire. 188 - -188. Spikelets in fascicles arranged in slender spike-like panicles, -rarely in heads, and then stamen 1. Glumes 1-3-nerved, mucronate -or awned. Spikelets 3-7-flowered.--Species 2. Central Africa. -=Elytrophorus= Beauv. - -Spikelets in head-like panicles. Stamens 3. 189 - -189. Glumes 4-7-nerved, long-awned. Spikelets 3-7-flowered. -Panicles enveloped by the sheath of the uppermost leaf. Leaves -awl-shaped.--Species 1. South Africa. =Urochlaena= Nees - -Glumes 1-3-nerved, not awned, but sometimes mucronate. Leaves flat. 190 - -190. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, in spikes arranged in heads enveloped -by the sheath of the uppermost leaf.--Species 1. North-west Africa -(Morocco). (Under _Ammochloa_ Boiss.) =Dictyochloa= (Murb.) Camus - -Spikelets 7-15-flowered. Inflorescence not enveloped by a sheath. -Species 2. North Africa. =Ammochloa= Boiss. - -191. (185.) Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower hermaphrodite, the -upper female. Axis of the spikelet elongated between the flowers, but -not continued beyond them. Glumes unarmed, with faint nerves. Spikelets -in loose panicles.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Coelachne= R. Br. - -Spikelets 2-flowered, both flowers hermaphrodite or the lower flower -hermaphrodite, the upper one male or rudimentary, or 3-many-flowered. -192 - -192. Flowering glumes 1-3-nerved. [Subtribes TRIODIINAE and -ERAGROSTINAE.] 193 - -Flowering glumes 5-many-nerved. 207 - -193. Flowering glumes 2-4-toothed or-cleft, rounded on the back, at -least at the base. 194 - -Flowering glumes entire or obscurely toothed, rarely (_Diplachne_) -distinctly 2-toothed and sometimes awned from the notch, but then -keeled. 196 - -194. Flowering glumes with 3 rather obtuse lobes.--Species 1. -North-west Africa. =Triodia= R. Br. - -Flowering glumes with 2 acute lobes and an awn or mucro between them. -195 - -195. Flowering glumes with a long awn, the upper ones empty. Outer -glumes unequal. Spikes approximate, almost digitate.--Species 1. South -Africa. =Lophacme= Stapf - -Flowering glumes with a short awn or a mucro. Outer glumes -subequal.--Species 2. Central and South Africa. (Under _Diplachne_ -Beauv.) =Crossotropis= Stapf - -196. Spikelets of two kinds, the fertile 2-3-flowered and surrounded -by the sterile consisting of numerous two-ranked glumes, arranged -in one-sided spike-like panicles. Flowering glumes awned or -mucronate.--Species 8. North and South Africa. Some have edible seeds -or are used as fodder or ornamental grasses. “Dogstail.” =Cynosurus= L. - -Spikelets all alike. 197 - -197. Spikelets in spike-like racemes, laterally flattened, falling as -a whole, containing 3-4 fertile flowers and two empty glumes above -them.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Harpachne= Hochst. - -Spikelets in panicles; empty glume above the fertile flowers 1 or none. -198 - -198. Main branches of the panicles two-ranked, usually branched at -their base. 199 - -Main branches of the panicles not two-ranked. 203 - -199. Panicles spreading, with long, thin branches. Spikelets -2-4-flowered, with membranous, unarmed glumes. 200 - -Panicles contracted (more or less spike-like) or with very short, -rather thick, but somewhat spreading branches. 201 - -200. Outer glumes slightly unequal. Perennial, creeping grasses, with -flat leaves.--Species 1. North Africa. =Catabrosa= Beauv. - -Outer glumes very unequal the lower very small. Stalk of the -spikelet somewhat thickened. Delicate, annual grasses with narrow -leaves.--Species 2. North Africa. =Sphenopus= Trin. - -201. Panicles with short, rather thick, more or less spreading -branches. Glumes hard. Spikelets 3-13-flowered.--Species 5. North -Africa. =Cutandia= Willk. - -Panicles strongly contracted, dense, more or less spike-like. Glumes -membranous. Spikelets 2-5-flowered. 202 - -202. Upper outer glume much broader and somewhat longer than the -flowering glumes. Lower outer glume very short, almost bristle-like. -Flowering glumes awned below the tip.--Species 1. North-west Africa -(Algeria). =Avellinia= Parl. - -Upper outer glume neither broader nor longer than the flowering glumes. -Lower outer glume almost equalling the upper one. (See 151.) =Koeleria= -Pers. - -203. Branches of the panicle spike-like. Flowering glumes 1-3-nerved, -usually toothed. 204 - -Branches of the panicle raceme-like. Flowering glumes 3-nerved, not -distinctly toothed, unarmed or mucronate. 205 - -204. Panicles contracted, spike-like. Flowering glumes entire, -acuminate. Lodicules membranous. Fruit terete.--Species 3. South Africa -and southern East Africa. (_Triphlebia_ Stapf, under _Lasiochloa_ -Kunth). =Stiburus= Stapf - -Panicles lax. Lodicules fleshy.--Species 9. Tropical and South Africa -and Egypt. Some are used as fodder-grasses. =Diplachne= Beauv. - -205. Flowering glumes rounded on the back. Spikelets conical, -loosely 2-4-flowered; axis jointed, fragile. Fruit oblong, broadly -grooved.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used in plaiting-work -and as an ornamental grass. =Molinia= Schrank - -Flowering glumes keeled. Spikelets not conical, densely -5-many-flowered. 206 - -206. Outer glumes unequal, the lower 3-nerved, the upper 5-nerved. Axis -of the spikelet fragile. Fruit broadly grooved.--Species 1. Coast of -East Africa. =Halopyrum= Stapf - -Outer glumes 1-nerved, rarely the upper one 3-nerved. Axis of the -spikelet usually tough. Fruit usually ovate and not grooved.--Species -130. Some are used as fodder-or ornamental grasses, others as -sand-binders or for plaiting-work. The tef (_E. abyssinica_ Link) is -cultivated in Abyssinia as a cereal. =Eragrostis= Host - -207. (192.) Axis of the spikelet bearing above the fertile flowers two -or more empty glumes usually forming a club-shaped body. Flowering -glumes keeled. Outer glumes 3-5-nerved. (See 152.) [Subtribe -MELICINAE.] =Melica= L. - -Axis of the spikelet bearing above the fertile flowers a single empty -glume or none, rarely several, but then flowering glumes rounded on the -back. 208 - -208. Leaves broadly-lanceolate or ovate, with fine transverse veins -between the nerves. [Subtribe CENTOTHECINAE.] 209 - -Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, without distinct transverse veins. -[Subtribes FESTUCINAE and BRACHYPODINAE.] 210 - -209. Spikelets 2-flowered, in pairs on the spike-like branches of a -panicle. Outer glumes 3, the uppermost sometimes bearing a barren -spikelet in its axil. (See 125.) =Poecilostachys= Hack. - -Spikelets many-flowered. Outer glumes 2.--Species 4. Tropics. -=Centotheca= Desv. - -210. Spikelets in glomerules arranged in panicles. 211 - -Spikelets not in glomerules. 212 - -211. Panicles one-sided. Outer glumes unequal, 1-3-nerved. Flowering -glumes larger, firmer, 5-nerved, mucronate or awned, ciliate on -the keel.--Species 1. North and South Africa. Used as a fodder-and -ornamental grass. “Cocksfoot.” =Dactylis= L. - -Panicles equal-sided. Outer glumes subequal, 5-7-nerved, -usually hispid. Flowering glumes shorter, thinner, 7-9-nerved, -unarmed.--Species 3. South Africa. =Lasiochloa= Kunth - -212. Spikelets tightly imbricate in short spikes arranged in racemes or -heads. Flowering glumes broad, 7-9-nerved, somewhat shorter than the -palea, mucronate.--Species 4. North and East Africa. =Aeluropus= Trin. - -Spikelets tightly imbricate in solitary spikes or not imbricate. 213 - -213. Spikelets very tightly imbricate, arranged in a linear false -spike. Flowering glumes sharply keeled from the base, 7-nerved, -unarmed.--Species 7. North and South Africa and St. Helena. Used as -ornamental plants. (_Brizopyrum_ Link). =Desmazeria= Dumort. - -Spikelets not very tightly imbricate; if rather tightly, then flowering -glumes not keeled. 214 - -214. Styles inserted on the front of the ovary, conspicuously below the -top. Flowering glumes usually awned. Fruit linear or oblong, adhering -to the palea. (See 173.) =Bromus= L. - -Styles inserted on the top of the ovary or close to it. 215 - -215. Flowering glumes much shorter than the outer ones, 2-lobed or -2-cleft. Outer glumes with white, membranous margins.--Species 4. South -and North Africa. =Schismus= Beauv. - -Flowering glumes slightly shorter or longer than the outer ones. 216 - -216. Flowering glumes cordate at the base, very concave, scarious, -broader than the outer glumes. Fruit strongly compressed.--Species 5. -North Africa, Senegambia, and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental -plants. “Quaking-grass.” =Briza= L. - -Flowering glumes not cordate. 217 - -217. Flowering glumes distinctly keeled. 218 - -Flowering glumes rounded on the back, sometimes slightly keeled towards -the tip. 220 - -218. Flowering glumes shortly awned, scarious. Panicles spike-like. -(See 151.) =Koeleria= Pers. - -Flowering glumes unawned, membranous herbaceous or cartilaginous. -Panicles usually spreading. 219 - -219. Flowering glumes cartilaginous at the base, herbaceous towards the -tip. Outer glumes unequal. Axis of the spikelet thickened. Panicles -one-sided.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Sclerochloa= Beauv. - -Flowering glumes membranous or herbaceous at the base or -throughout.--Species 20. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the -tropics. Some are used as ornamental grasses. =Poa= L. - -220. Spikelets 2-flowered with very approximate flowers and a -bristle-like continuation of the axis beyond them. Outer glumes -rather stiff, 1-3-nerved. Flowering glumes somewhat shorter, blunt, -awnless.--Species 10. South and East Africa. =Achneria= Munro - -Spikelets 2-flowered, with perceptibly distant flowers and usually -membranous outer glumes, or 3-many-flowered. 221 - -221. Outer glumes 7-11-nerved, membranous. Flowering glumes toothed, -usually awnless. Paleas narrow, 2-toothed. Spikelets usually -2-flowered. Fruit deeply furrowed. (See 152.) =Avena= L. - -Outer glumes 1-5-nerved, rarely 7-9-nerved, and then flowering glumes -awned and paleas broad. Spikelets usually 3-many-flowered. 222 - -222. Flowering glumes 2-cleft, awned, 7-9-nerved. (See 167.) -=Danthonia= DC. - -Flowering glumes entire, rarely toothed or 2-cleft, but then unarmed or -5-nerved. Styles very short. 223 - -223. Side-nerves of the flowering glumes nearly parallel, not joining -the middle-nerve, sometimes obscure. Flowering glumes unarmed. Fruit -oblong or ovate. 224 - -Side-nerves of the flowering glumes curved, converging towards the -middle-nerve. Fruit oblong or linear. 225 - -224. Lodicules united. Styles distinctly developed. Fruit free, -narrowly or not grooved.--Species 1 (_G. fluitans_ R. Br., -manna-grass). North-west Africa. The seeds are used as food. (Under -_Poa_ L.) =Glyceria= R. Br. - -Lodicules free. Styles wanting. Fruit usually adherent to the palea, -broadly or not grooved.--Species 4. North-west and South Africa. (Under -_Glyceria_ R. Br.) =Atropis= Rupr. - -225. Paleas with rigidly ciliate keels. Flowering glumes 7-9-nerved. -Outer glumes 3-7-nerved, rather stiff. Spikelets in spike-like -racemes.--Species 9. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the -tropics. Some species are used as ornamental grasses. =Brachypodium= -Beauv. - -Paleas with finely ciliate or rough keels. Flowering glumes usually -5-nerved. Outer glumes 1-3-nerved. 226 - -226. Seed with a linear hilum. (See 113.) =Festuca= L. - -Seed with a punctiform hilum. 227 - -227. Spikelets upon stout stalks in one-sided panicles. Flowering -glumes unarmed.--Species 2. North Africa, also introduced into South -Africa. (Under _Festuca_ L.) =Scleropoa= Griseb. - -Spikelets in spike-like racemes.--Species 3. North-west Africa. (Under -_Festuca_ L.) =Catapodium= Link - - -FAMILY 17. CYPERACEAE - -Grass-like herbs, very rarely (_Schoenodendron_) low trees. Stems -usually triangular, rarely jointed. Leaves with a closed sheath, -sometimes without a blade. Flowers in genuine or spurious spikelets -arranged in spikes, heads, or panicles. Perianth much reduced or -wanting. Stamens 1-6. Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary -superior or naked, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, inverted. Style simple or -with 2-3 branches. Fruit a nut or a drupe. Seed free. Embryo lateral, -enclosed by the albumen.--Genera 40, species 880. “Sedges.” (Plate 9.) - -1. Flowers unisexual, but sometimes (_Bisboeckelerieae_) apparently -hermaphrodite, single female flowers being surrounded by several male -ones; in this case false spikelets branched at the insertion of one of -the lowest bracts. 2 - -Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Flowers either in centripetal -spikelets without a terminal flower or in centrifugal (false) spikelets -branched at the insertion of the uppermost bract below the terminal -flower. 13 - -2. Spikelets unisexual, rarely partly unisexual, partly bisexual; the -female 1-flowered, the male 2-or more-flowered. Stamens 1-2, rarely 3. -[Tribe SCLERIEAE.] 3 - -Spikelets bisexual, rarely 1-flowered and spicate. 8 - -3. Perianth consisting of scales or bristles. Partial inflorescences -panicled. 4 - -Perianth none. 6 - -4. Perianth of numerous bristles. Spikelets in spikes.--Species 6. -Central Africa to Transvaal. =Eriospora= Hochst. - -Perianth of 2-5 scales. 5 - -5. Perianth of 2-3 laciniate scales. Spikelets in head-like clusters. -Herbs.--Species 1. West Africa. =Microdracoides= Hua - -Perianth of 3-5 ciliate scales. Spikelets in spikes. Small -trees.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Schoenodendron= Engl. - -6. Female flowers in the upper portion of the partial inflorescences. -Spikelets in panicles.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Eriospora_ -Hochst.) =Fintelmannia= Kunth - -Female flowers in the lower portion of the partial inflorescences or in -special partial inflorescences. 7 - -7. Style thickened and jointed at the base, deeply 3-cleft. Fruit -without a distinct disc. Spikelets in panicles. Leaves broad.--Species -3. Tropics. (Under _Scleria_ Berg) =Acriulus= Ridl. - -Style not thickened at the base. Fruit very hard, surrounded by a -disc at the base.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. (Including -_Diplacrum_ R. Br.) =Scleria= Berg - -8. (2.) Spikelets consisting of a terminal female flower surrounded -by 3 or more male ones. Stamen 1. Female flowers not enclosed by -an utricle-like bracteole. [Tribe BISBOECKELERIEAE, Subtribe -CHRYSITRICHINAE.] 9 Spikelets 1-flowered, spicate, rarely 2-flowered -or consisting of a basal female flower and several male ones. Stamens -usually 3. Female flowers enclosed by an utricle-like bracteole. [Tribe -CARICEAE.] 11 - -9. Male flowers 3. Style-branches 3. Spikelets numerous, in spikes -which are sometimes arranged in panicles or heads.--Species 12. -Tropics. (Including _Thoracostachyum_ Kurz) =Mapania= Aubl. - -Male flowers 6 or more. Spikelets in spikes arranged in heads. 10 - -10. Style-branches 2. Fruit not ribbed. Spikes consisting of numerous -spikelets. Leaves reduced to the sheath.--Species 1. Madagascar. Used -for plaiting-work. =Lepironia= Rich. - -Style-branches 3. Fruit many-striate. Spikes consisting of 1-4 -spikelets.--Species 3. South Africa. =Chrysithrix= L. - -11. Lateral spikelets consisting of one female flower and 1-6 male -inserted above the female flower upon the distinctly developed axis of -the spikelet; rarely male flowers reduced to empty glumes or wanting. -Utricle usually 2-cleft.--Species 6. South and East Africa. (Including -_Hemicarex_ Benth.) =Schoenoxiphium= Nees - -Lateral spikelets consisting only of 1 female flower and the usually -rudimentary axis. Utricle closed, entire or toothed. 12 - -12. Axis of the spikelet projecting beyond the utricle and hooked at -the tip.--Species 2. Subantarctic islands. =Uncinia= Pers. - -Axis of the spikelet enclosed and straight or more frequently -rudimentary and usually early disappearing.--Species 80. Extra-tropical -regions and mountains of the tropics. =Carex= L. - -13. (1.) Spikelets (false spikelets) centrifugal, with a terminal -flower, branched from the uppermost bract, 1-2-, rarely 3-6-flowered. 14 - -Spikelets centripetal, without a terminal flower, 3-many-, rarely -1-2-flowered; flowers hermaphrodite, a male one sometimes added. 24 - -14. Spikelets containing 1 terminal male flower and 1-2 lateral -hermaphrodite flowers. Style dilated at the base.--Species 30. South -Africa. (_Elynanthus_ Nees, including _Macrochaetium_ Steud.) [Tribe -GAHNIEAE.] =Tetraria= Beauv. - -Spikelets containing only hermaphrodite flowers, a male one being -sometimes added. [Tribe RHYNCHOSPOREAE.] 15 - -15. Glumes 2-ranked. Style-branches 3. 16 - -Glumes not distinctly 2-ranked. 19 - -16. Perianth-bristles 6, alternately unequal. Fruit crowned by the base -of the style. Spikelets in heads.--Species 9. South Africa, Madagascar -and Mascarene Islands. (Under _Carpha_ R. Br.) =Asterochaete= Nees - -Perianth-bristles equal or wanting. 17 - -17. Perianth-bristles stiff, not feathery, or wanting. Fruit not -beaked.--Species 6. South Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands, -Abyssinia, North Africa. (Including _Epischoenus_ C.B. Clarke). -=Schoenus= L. - -Perianth-bristles feathery. 18 - -18. Perianth-bristles 3. Glumes 4-5. Style with a thickened, persistent -base. Spikelets in spikes or solitary.--Species 3. South Africa. -(_Ecklonea_ Steud.) =Trianoptiles= Fenzl - -Perianth-bristles 6. Glumes numerous. Style slightly thickened. -Spikelets in panicles.--Species 2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. -(Under _Schoenus_ L.) =Cyclocampe= Steud. - -19. Style-branches 1-2. Perianth of 6 or more bristles or -wanting.--Species 15. (_Rynchospora_ Vahl). =Rhynchospora= Vahl - -Style-branches 3. 20 - -20. Perianth of 3-6 bristles. 21 - -Perianth none. 22 - -21. Perianth of 3 bristles. Upper leaves with red sheaths.--Species -1. South Africa. (_Decalepis_ Boeck., under _Tetraria_ Beauv.) -=Boeckeleria= Dur. - -Perianth of 5-6 bristles. Lowest flower male.--Species 6. Madagascar -and South Africa. =Costularia= C. B. Clarke - -22. Partial inflorescences arranged in a panicle.--Species 5. =Cladium= -R. Br. - -Partial inflorescences arranged in a head. 23 - -23. Involucre of the inflorescence short. Stem leafless.--Species -1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (_Arthrostylis_ Boeck.) -=Actinoschoenus= Benth. - -Involucre of the inflorescence long. Stem leafy.--Species 1. West -Africa and Madagascar. Used medicinally. =Remirea= Aubl. - -24. (13.) Bracteoles 1-2. [Tribe HYPOLYTREAE.] 25 - -Bracteoles none. [Tribe SCIRPEAE.] 28 - -25. Bracteoles 1-2, parallel with the glume (bract), i.e. placed -before or behind or before and behind it. Stamens 1-2. [Subtribe -LIPOCARPHINAE.] 26 - -Bracteoles 2, lateral to the glume, sometimes united. Stamens 2-3. -[Subtribe HYPOLYTRINAE.] 27 - -26. Bracteole 1, deciduous. Stamen 1. Spikelets solitary or in clusters -of 2-3, subtended by a single involucral bract.--Species 2. Central and -South Africa. (Under _Scirpus_ L.) =Hemicarpha= Nees - -Bracteoles 2, persistent. Stamens 1-2. Spikelets in heads surrounded -by several involucral bracts.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. -(_Hypaelyptum_ Vahl). =Lipocarpha= R. Br. - -27. Bracteoles united in front, longer than the glume. Spikelets -solitary or in heads. Stem leafy at the base only.--Species 9. Tropical -and South Africa. =Ascolepis= Nees - -Bracteoles free or united behind, as long as or shorter than the -glumes. Spikelets in heads or panicles. Stem leafy throughout its -length.--Species 10. Tropics. =Hypolytrum= Rich. - -28. (22.) Glumes distinctly 2-ranked. Partial inflorescences usually -arranged in heads or umbels. [Subtribe CYPERINAE.] 29 - -Glumes not distinctly 2-ranked. Partial inflorescences usually arranged -in spikes or panicles. [Subtribe SCIRPINAE.] 34 - -29. Perianth consisting of 6 bristles. Spikelets in panicles.--Species -1. Region of the great lakes. (Under _Carpha_ R. Br.) =Oreograstis= K. -Schum. - -Perianth none. 30 - -30. Flowers with a toothed or lobed disc at the base of the ovary. -Spikelets solitary or in heads.--Species 3. South Africa. (Under -_Ficinia_ Schrad.) =Hemichlaena= Schrad. - -Flowers without a disc. 31 - -31. Style-branches 2. Spikelets containing an hermaphrodite and -sometimes also a male flower, arranged in heads.--Species 40. Tropical -and South Africa. The root-stock of some species is used in perfumery -and medicine; others yield fodder. (Plate 9.) =Kyllinga= Rottb. - -Style-branches 3, rarely 1-2, but then spikelets many-flowered. 32 - -32. Fertile flowers in each spikelet 1-2. Glumes with a winged keel, -the lower glume enclosing the upper one. Spikelets in umbellately -arranged heads.--Species 2. Tropics to Transvaal. =Courtoisia= Nees - -Fertile flowers in each spikelet 3 or more, rarely 1-2, but then glumes -not winged or the lower glume not enclosing the upper one. 33 - -33. Glumes with the margins united into a cylinder at their base, -long acuminate at the top. Spikelets terete, 3-4-flowered, in spikes. -Stamens 2.--Species 1. South-east Africa. (Under _Mariscus_ Gaertn. or -_Cyperus_ L.) =Cylindrolepis= Boeck. - -Glumes with free margins.--Species 300. The root-stocks of some -(especially _C. esculentus_ L.) are eaten and used for the preparation -of oil, perfume, and medicaments; the culms (especially of _C. Papyrus_ -L.) are used for making paper and for plaiting-work; some species serve -as fodder-or ornamental plants, others are noxious weeds. (Including -_Galilea_ Parl., _Juncellus_ Griseb., _Mariscus_ Vahl, _Pycreus_ -Beauv., and _Torulinium_ Desv.) =Cyperus= L. - -34. (28.) Style conspicuously thickened at the base. 35 - -Style not or slightly thickened at the base. 37 - -35. Perianth none. Style deciduous.--Species 75. Some are used as -fodder. (Including _Abildgaardia_ Vahl and _Bulbostylis_ Kunth). -=Fimbristylis= Vahl - -Perianth consisting of 3-8 bristles. Base of the style usually -persistent. 36 - -36. Spikelets in heads. Glumes in 5 rows.--Species 1. Tropics. (Under -_Fuirena_ Rottb.) =Pentasticha= Turcz. - -Spikelets solitary.--Species 25. Some are used for plaiting-work or -yield starch. (_Eleocharis_ R. Br.) =Heleocharis= R. Br. - -37. Flowers with a toothed or lobed, persistent disc at the base of the -ovary. Glumes usually brown or black.--Species 65. South Africa and -mountains of East Africa and Madagascar. =Ficinia= Schrad. - -Flowers without a disc. 38 - -38. Perianth-bristles 6 or more, much elongated after flowering. -Spikelets solitary or in umbels.--Species 1. South Africa. The -cotton-like perianth-bristles are used for stuffing cushions. -“Cotton-grass.” =Eriophorum= L. - -Perianth-bristles not elongated or wanting. 39 - -39. Glumes hairy, like the whole plant. Perianth of 3-6 toothed scales -or bristles.--Species 20. =Fuirena= Rottb. - -Glumes glabrous.--Species 70. Some are used as ornamental plants or for -plaiting-work, others have edible root-stocks, also used in medicine. -(Including _Isolepis_ R. Br. and _Schoenoplectus_ Reichb.) =Scirpus= L. - - -ORDER PRINCIPES - - -FAMILY 18. PALMAE - -Stem woody, usually simple. Leaves pinnately or palmately split, -at least 2-cleft, usually collected in a crown at the top of the -stem. Flowers in simple or branched spadices enveloped by spathes, -usually unisexual and provided with rudimentary stamens or carpels. -Perianth-segments 6, similar in texture, but often unequal in size, -leathery or parchment-like, green, white or yellow. Stamens 6 or -more, rarely 3, united at the base or adnate below to the perianth. -Carpels 3, superior, distinct or united and then forming a 1-3-celled -ovary; sometimes 2 carpels empty or reduced to the style. Ovules -solitary in each cell, filling the cell and sometimes adhering to its -wall. Fruits berry-or drupe-like. Seeds with a small embryo and horny -albumen.--Genera 36, species 100. (Plates 10 and 11.) - -1. Carpels 3, distinct. Fruit consisting of 1-3 smooth berries. -Leaf-segments induplicate in bud. [Subfamily =CORYPHOIDEAE=.] 2 - -Carpels 3, united and forming a 1-3-celled ovary, or carpel 1. 3 - -2. Leaves fan-shaped. Spadices with 2 or more incomplete spathes. -Flowers polygamous or dioecious. Perianth of the female flowers as in -the male. Seed ovate, not deeply grooved; albumen ruminate. Stem short, -usually branched.--Species 1 (_Ch. humilis_ L.). North-West Africa. -Used as an ornamental plant; the leaf-buds are eaten and the fibres -used for making ropes or paper or for stuffing cushions. “Dwarf-palm.” -[Tribe SABALEAE.] =Chamaerops= L. - -Leaves pinnate. Spadices with one complete spathe. Flowers dioecious. -Perianth of the female flowers differing from the male. Seed oblong, -with a deep longitudinal groove.--Species 5. Some (especially the -date-palm, _Ph. dactylifera_ L.) have edible fruits, also used for -making brandy and sugar. They yield also palm-wine, wood, and fibres -for plaiting and stuffing, and are used as ornamental plants. [Tribe -PHOENICEAE.] =Phoenix= L. - -3. Leaves fan-shaped. Spadices with many incomplete spathes. Fruit a -drupe with 1-3 distinct stones; epicarp smooth or minutely dotted. -[Subfamily =BORASSOIDEAE=, tribe BORASSEAE.] 4 - -Leaves pinnately dissected or 2-cleft. Fruit berry-like or covered with -imbricate scales or containing a single stone; if fruit drupe-like and -one-seeded, then spadices with 1-4 complete spathes. 8 - -[Illustration: CYPERACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR_. - -_Pl. 9._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Kyllinga alba Nees - -_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Flower (the ovary cut -lengthwise).] - -[Illustration: PALMAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 10._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Raphia Laurentii De Wild. - -_A_ Young plant. _B_ Group of fruits. _C_ Fruit. _D_ Seed. (_A_ from De -Wildeman, Expedition Laurent).] - - -4. Male flowers many in each pit of the spadix. 5 - -Male flowers solitary in each pit of the spadix. 6 - -5. Male flowers 20-30 in each pit of the spadix. Stamens about 30. -Fruit nearly always with a single stone. Seeds deeply 2-lobed.--Species -1. Seychelles. The fruit (“double cocoa-nut”) is eaten and used in -medicine. =Lodoicea= Labill. - -Male flowers 10 in each pit of the spadix. Stamens 6. Fruit with 3 -stones. Seeds emarginate. Species 1 (_B. flabellifer_ L., Palmyra -palm). Tropics. It yields timber, fibre (piassave), starch (sago), -gum, vegetables, edible fruits, wine, vinegar, alcohol, sugar, and -medicaments. =Borassus= L. - -6. Stamens 15-30. Fruit with 3 stones, very rarely with 1-2. -Medium-sized trees.--Species 3. Madagascar and Mascarene Islands. They -furnish fibre for plaiting-work and are used as ornamental plants; one -species has edible fruits. =Latania= Comm. - -Stamens 6. Fruit with a single stone. Tall trees. 7 - -7. Albumen ruminate. Fruit medium-sized (the size of a walnut). Stem -simple.--Species 3. Upper Nile and Madagascar. They yield timber, -fibre, edible pith, and alcohol. (Including _Bismarckia_ Hildebr. & -Wendl.) =Medemia= G. de Wuert. & Braun - -Albumen homogeneous. Fruit large. Stem usually branched.--Species 13. -Tropics to Natal and Egypt. They yield wood, fibre, edible fruits, and -wine. “Dum palm.” =Hyphaene= Gaertn. - -8. (3.) Ovary and fruit clothed with imbricate scales. Fruit -one-seeded. Flowers with bracts and bracteoles. Leaf-segments -reduplicate in bud. [Subfamily =LEPIDOCARYOIDEAE=, tribe METROXYLEAE.] 9 - -Ovary and fruit without scales. Flowers usually without bracts. -[Subfamily =CEROXYLOIDEAE=.] 15 - -9. Ovary incompletely 3-celled. [Subtribe CALAMINAE.] 10 - -Ovary completely 3-celled. [Subtribe RAPHIINAE.] 11 - -10. Stem erect. Leaves without tendrils. Spadices terminal. Seed -depressed-globose.--Species 1 (_M. Rumphii_ Mart.) Cultivated in -Madagascar and the Mascarenes. It yields wood, fibre for plaiting and -weaving, vegetables, and starch (sago). (_Sagus_ Blume). =Metroxylon= -Rottb. - -Stem climbing. Leaves with tendrils. Spadices lateral.--Species 6. -Tropics. The stems (cane) are used for plaiting-work and for the -manufacture of walking-sticks and various utensils. “Rattan-palm.” -=Calamus= L. - -11. Stem erect. Flowers monoecious, the male and female on the same -branches of the much-branched terminal spadices. Seed oblong or -ovate.--Species 10. Tropics. The leaf-stalks (false bamboo) are used -for building houses and making furniture, the fibres (piassave) for -plaiting, weaving, and brush-making. The stems, leaf-buds, and fruits -of some species yield starch, meal, vegetables, wine, and oil. (Plates -10 and 11.) =Raphia= Beauv. - -Stem climbing. Leaves with tendrils. 12 - -12. Flowers monoecious, in cymes on the primary branches of the -lateral spadices; cymes consisting of one female and several male -flowers.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. They furnish cane for -plaiting-work and for the manufacture of various utensils. (Under -_Calamus_ L.) =Oncocalamus= Mann & Wendl. - -Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in pairs on the branches of the -spadices. 13 - -13. Spadices lateral. Spathes none.--Species 5. West Africa to the -upper Nile. They furnish cane for plaiting-work and for the manufacture -of various utensils. (Under _Calamus_ L.) =Eremospatha= Mann & Wendl. - -Spadices terminal. Spathes tubular. 14 - -14. Seed flattened, with a thick raphe. Leaves with a short stalk -and narrow segments.--Species 1. West Africa to the upper Nile. They -furnish cane for plaiting-work and for the manufacture of various -utensils. (Under _Calamus_ L.) =Ancistrophyllum= Mann & Wendl. - -Seed roundish, deeply grooved, kidney-shaped in transverse section. -Leaves with a rather long stalk and rather broad segments.--Species -2. West Africa. They furnish cane for plaiting-work and for the -manufacture of various utensils. (Under _Ancistrophyllum_ Mann & Wendl. -or _Calamus_ L.) =Laccosperma= Mann & Wendl. - -15. (8.) Fruit a drupe; endocarp very hard, with 3 pores. [Tribe -COCOEAE.] 16 - -Fruit a berry; endocarp membranous, rarely woody. [Tribe ARECEAE.] 17 - -16. Flowers sunk singly in deep pits of the spadix-branches. Spadices -unisexual, with 2 deciduous spathes. Stamens united high up. Fruit -rather small; pericarp spongy outside; pores towards the top of the -stone.--Species 1 (_E. guineensis_ L. oil-palm). Central Africa. The -stem and the leaves furnish wood, fibre, vegetables, and wine; the -fruits are edible and used for making oil. [Subtribe ELAEIDINAE.] -=Elaeis= Jacq. - -Flowers inserted singly or in groups of three in shallow pits or -notches of the spadix-branches. Spadices bisexual, with a woody, -persistent spathe. Stamens free or united at the base. Fruit large; -pericarp fibrous; pores towards the base of the stone.--Species 1 (_C. -nucifera_ L., coco-nut-palm). Cultivated and sometimes naturalised -on the shores of the tropics. The stem and the leaves furnish wood, -fibre, tanning materials, vegetables, wine, and medicaments; the fruits -are edible and yield oil, fodder, and a drink. [Subtribe ATTALEINAE.] -=Cocos= L. - -17. Leaves with long prickles. Spadices branched; spathes 2 or more, -complete. Corolla of the female flowers imbricate in bud. Ovary -1-celled, with a laterally affixed ovule. Stigmas 3. 18 - -Leaves without prickles. 23 - -18. Leaves with a long sheath. Spadices below the leaves. Seed with -homogeneous albumen. 19 - -Leaves with a rather short sheath. Spadices between the leaves. Seed -with ruminate albumen. 20 - -19. Seed obtusely triquetrous. Stamens 9.--Species 1. Seychelles. -=Deckenia= Wendl. - -Seed ellipsoid, slightly compressed laterally. Stamens usually -12.--Species 3. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Used in house-building and -as ornamental plants. =Acanthophoenix= Wendl. - -20. Leaves 2-cleft, with pinnately toothed margins. 21 - -Leaves irregularly pinnatisect. 22 - -21. Stamens 6. Seed and endocarp furrowed. Spadices with 3 spathes. -Leaf-stalk prickly.--Species 1. Seychelles. Used as an ornamental -plant. =Verschaffeltia= Wendl. - -Stamens 15-20. Seed and endocarp not furrowed. Spadices with 2 spathes. -Leaf-stalk smooth.--Species 1. Seychelles. Used as an ornamental plant. -(_Stevensonia_ Duncan). =Phoenicophorium= Wendl. - -22. Stamens 6. Seed elliptical. Spadices twice branched, with several -spathes.--Species 1. Seychelles. Used as an ornamental plant. -=Roscheria= Wendl. - -Stamens 40-50. Seed kidney-shaped. Spadices once branched, with 2 -spathes.--Species 1. Seychelles. =Nephrosperma= Balf. - -23. (17.) Spadices with many tubular incomplete spathes, twice -branched. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled. Stem tree-like.--Species 4. -Madagascar and Mascarenes. Used as ornamental plants. The fruit is said -to be poisonous. =Hyophorbe= Gaertn. - -Spadices with 1-4 spathes, all or the uppermost complete (i.e. -completely enveloping the spadix, when young.) 24 - -24. Spadices with 4 spathes, simple. Flowers sunk in pits on the -spadix. Corolla valvate in bud. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled. Stem -reed-like.--Species 1. West Africa. The fruit is edible. =Podococcus= -Mann & Wendl. - -Spadices with 1-3 spathes; if simple, then corolla of the female -flowers imbricate in bud or stamens 3 or many. 25 - -25. Stamens numerous. Stigma 1. Ovary 1-celled. Corolla valvate -in bud. Spadices simple. Flowers sunk in pits on the spadix. Stem -short.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Sclerosperma= Mann & Wendl. - -Stamens 3-6. Stigmas usually 3. 26 - -26. Stamens in the male flowers 3, staminodes in the female 6. Ovary -with 1 fertile and 2 empty cells. 27 - -Stamens 6. 28 - -27. Stamens opposite the petals, united at the base.--Species 3. -Madagascar. =Trichodypsis= Baill. - -Stamens alternating with the petals, free or almost free.--Species 7. -Madagascar. Used as ornamental plants. (Including _Adelodypsis_ Becc.) -=Dypsis= Nor. - -28. Ovary 1-celled. 29 - -Ovary 3-celled, but usually one cell only fertile. 34 - -29. Spadices simple. Leaves deeply forked. Stem short, erect.--Species -5. Madagascar. =Haplophloga= Baill. - -Spadices branched. 30 - -30. Spadices once branched. Stigma usually 1. Stem tree-like.--Species -5. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used as ornamental plants. The -fibres of the leaves (piassave) are used in the manufacture of ropes -and stuffs. =Dictyosperma= Wendl. & Drude - -Spadices 2-3 times branched. Stigmas usually 3. 31 - -31. Spadices twice branched. Male flowers with valvate or subimbricate -sepals. Anthers sagittate, basifixed, opening outwards or laterally. -Rudimentary pistil 3-cleft. Female flowers larger than the male. -Stigmas 3, subsessile. Tall trees.--Species 1 (_A. Catechu_ L., betel -palm). Cultivated in East Africa. It yields wood, bark for tanning, -fibre, vegetables, wine, and medicaments; the fruits are chewed. -=Areca= L. - -Spadices thrice branched. Male flowers with imbricate sepals. Anthers -ovoid, opening inwards. Rudimentary pistil entire. 32 - -32. Styles basal. Stem reed-like.--Species 2. Madagascar. -(_Chrysalidocarpus_ Wendl.) =Neodypsis= Baill. - -Styles or stigmas terminal. 33 - -33. Leaves irregularly pinnatisect, with lanceolate segments. Stem -low, reed-like.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Dypsidium_ Baill.) -=Neophloga= Baill. - -Leaves regularly pinnatisect, with linear segments. Stem tall.--Species -2. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. (Including _Vonitra_ Becc.) -=Phlogella= Baill. - -34. Spadices simple. Petals lanceolate. Anther-halves linear. Style -conical.--Species 3. Madagascar. =Haplodypsis= Baill. - -Spadices much branched. Petals ovate or orbicular. Anther-halves oblong -or ovate. Style 3-partite. 35 - -35. Flowers monoecious. Sepals of the male flowers orbicular. Stamens -unequal in length. Stigmas awl-shaped. Albumen ruminate.--Species 5. -Madagascar. Leaves used for plaiting-work. =Phloga= Nor. - -Flowers dioecious. Sepals of the male flowers elliptical. Stamens -subequal. Stigmas short and thick. Albumen homogeneous.--Species 2. -Madagascar and Comoro Islands. =Ravenea= Hildebr. & Bouché - - -ORDER SPATHIFLORAE - - -FAMILY 19. ARACEAE - -Leaves usually net-veined. Flowers in spadices, without bracteoles. -Perianth simple or wanting. Fruit indehiscent or bursting irregularly, -usually berry-like. Seed-coat fleshy.--Genera 33, species 150. (Plate -12.) - -[Illustration: PALMAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 11._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Raphia Laurentii De Wild. - -_A_ Inflorescence. _B_ Male flower-buds. _C_ Male flower cut -lengthwise. _D_ Stamen. _E_ Female flower.] - -[Illustration: ARACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 12._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Hydrosme grata Schott - -_A_ Leaf. _B_ Inflorescence and spathe. _C_ Stalk of the inflorescence. -_D_ Inflorescence without the spathe. _E_ Stamen. _F_ Stamen from -above. _G_ Pistil. _H_ Pistil cut lengthwise. (_B_-_H_ partly from a -drawing in the Vienna Hofmuseum.)] - -1. Flowers hermaphrodite. 2 - -Flowers unisexual. 5 - -2. Perianth none. Ovary incompletely 2-celled with several ascending -ovules. Climbing shrubs. Leaves stalked, lanceolate.--Species 2. West -Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (_Raphidophora_ Schott). [Tribe -MONSTEREAE.] =Afroraphidophora= Engl. - -Perianth of 4-6 segments. 3 - -3. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2 or more. Tall herbs. Juice milky. -Root-stock tuberous. Leaves sagittate; stalk prickly.--Species 1. West -Africa. Used for making salt. [Tribe LASIEAE.] =Cyrtosperma= Griff. - -Ovary 2-3-celled. Juice not milky. 4 - -4. Ovule one in each cell, ascending, inverted. Seeds exalbuminous. -Climbing shrubs. Leaves stalked, lanceolate to ovate. Spathe oblong or -ovate.--Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. [Tribe POTHOEAE.] -=Pothos= L. - -Ovules several in each cell, pendulous, straight. Seeds albuminous. -Herbs with a creeping root-stock. Leaves sessile, linear, sword-shaped. -Spathe linear, sword-shaped, forming a continuation of the flowering -stem.--Species 1 (_A. Calamus_ L., sweet-flag). Introduced in the -Mascarene Islands. Yields tanning-materials and is used in the -preparation of perfumes, liquors, snuff, and medicaments. [Tribe -ACOREAE.] =Acorus= L. - -5. Perianth present. 6 - -Perianth none. 8 - -6. Perianth cupular. Ovary 1-4-celled with 2 or more ovules in -each cell. Juice milky. Leaves sagittate; stalk not thickened near -the middle. Spathe-margins connate below.--Species 20. Central and -South-East Africa. [Tribe STYLOCHITONEAE.] =Stylochiton= Leprieur - -Perianth of 4 free segments. Ovary 2-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. -Juice not milky. Leaves pinnate; stalk with a thickened joint near the -middle. Spathe-margins free. [Tribe ZAMIOCULCASEAE.] 7 - -7. Stamens with free filaments; anthers opening by slits. Leaves -several, once pinnate. Spathe upon a short stalk.--Species 1. -East Africa and Mascarene Islands. Used as an ornamental plant. -=Zamioculcas= L. - -Stamens with united filaments; anthers opening by pores. Leaf 1, thrice -pinnate in the adult stage. Spathe upon a long stalk.--Species 2. East -Africa to the upper Congo. =Gonatopus= Hook. fil. - -8. Stamens united throughout their length or almost so. 9 - -Stamens free or united in pairs or at the base only. 17 - -9. Female (inferior) part of the spadix adnate to the spathe, -1-flowered. Stamens 2. Floating water-plants. Juice not milky.--Species -1. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Used medicinally. [Tribe -PISTIEAE.] =Pistia= L. - -Female part of the spadix free from the spathe, several-flowered. -Stamens 3-8, very rarely 2. Land-or marsh-plants. Juice milky. 10 - -10. Stem creeping. Leaves lanceolate, parallel-veined, with numerous -primary and secondary lateral veins. Ovary completely or incompletely -2-3-celled with numerous ovules.--Species 12. West Africa. [Tribe -ANUBIADEAE.] =Anubias= Schott - -Stem erect or tuberous. Leaves ovate, ovate-sagittate or dissected, -net-veined, rarely parallel-veined with 5 primary lateral nerves. 11 - -11. Ovules 1-3. Spadix with barren flowers below and above the male -ones. Stem short, ascending. Leaves ovate or sagittate, entire, -with about 5 primary lateral nerves and many parallel secondary -ones.--Species 2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands and Zanzibar. -They yield fibre and edible tubers and seeds and are used in medicine. -=Typhonodorum= Schott - -Ovules 4 or more. Leaves sagittate-or cordate-ovate and net-veined, or -dissected. 12 - -12. Ovules 4. Female flowers with staminodes. Spadix with a terminal -appendage. Stem tuberous. Leaves dissected.--Species 1. Seychelles. -[Tribe PROTAREAE.] =Protarum= Engl. - -Ovules more than 4. Leaves sagittate-or cordate-ovate. [Tribe -COLOCASIEAE.] 13 - -13. Ovary completely 1-celled. Ovules straight or almost so. 14 - -Ovules incompletely 2-3-celled. Ovules inverted. Spadix without a -terminal appendage. 16 - -14. Ovules few, basal. Stem erect. Spadix with a terminal -appendage.--Species 1. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in -Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Stem and leaves are edible; -also used as an ornamental plant. =Alocasia= Schott - -Ovules many, parietal. Stem tuberous. 15 - -15. Spadix with a terminal appendage. Spathe erect. Stamens -3-6.--Species 1 (_C. antiquorum_ Schott, taro or dinde). Cultivated -and sometimes naturalised in Tropical and North Africa. The tubers and -leaves are eaten and used in medicine; also an ornamental plant. (Under -_Caladium_ Vent.) =Colocasia= Schott - -Spadix without an appendage. Spathes recurved at the top. Stamens -2-3.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. Used as an ornamental plant. -=Remusatia= Schott - -16. Style disc-like, adnate to the styles of the neighbouring flowers. -Ovules with a long funicle. Leaves leathery.--Species 2. Cultivated and -sometimes naturalised in West Africa and the Mascarene Islands. Used as -ornamental plants or vegetables. =Xanthosoma= Schott - -Style none. Ovules with a short funicle. Leaves herbaceous, usually -with red spots.--Species 1. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in -West Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. =Caladium= Vent. - -17. (8.) Stem above ground and usually climbing or underground and -creeping. Spadix without an appendage. Ovary 1-2-celled with 1 ovule in -each cell. 18 - -Stem underground, short and thick, more or less tuberous. Juice milky. -23 - -18. Juice milky. Leaves cordate or sagittate. Female inflorescence not -adnate to the spathe. Ovary 1-celled. [Tribe NEPHTHYTIDEAE.] 19 - -Juice not milky. Leaves lanceolate oblong or elliptical, acute or -obtuse at the base, rarely cordate and then female inflorescence adnate -to the spathe or ovary 2-celled. Seed albuminous. 22 - -19. Stem underground, creeping.--Species 3. West Africa. Used as -ornamental plants. (Including _Oligogynium_ Engl.) =Nephthytis= Schott - -Stem above ground, climbing, woody. 20 - -20. Leaves perforated or dissected. Male inflorescence three times -as long as the female and contiguous to it. Ovary with a strongly -projecting parietal placenta.--Species 2. West Africa. =Rhektophyllum= -N. E. Brown - -Leaves entire or lobed, not perforated. Ovary with a slightly -projecting parietal or sub-basal placenta. 21 - -21. Leaves oblong, shortly cordate at the base. Male inflorescence -twice as long as the female and contiguous to it. Stamens -2-3.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under _Cercestis_ Schott). -=Alocasiophyllum= Engl. - -Leaves sagittate or hastate. Stamens usually 4.--Species 7. West -Africa. =Cercestis= Schott - -22. Stem creeping. Female inflorescence adnate to the spathe, as long -as the male. Ovary conical. Style present.--Species 1. Central Africa. -Used as an ornamental plant. [Tribe CALLOPSIDEAE.] =Callopsis= Engl. - -Stem climbing or erect. Female inflorescence free from the spathe. -Ovary subglobose. Style wanting.--Species 17. Central Africa. Some are -used as ornamental plants. [Tribe CULCASIEAE.] =Culcasia= Beauv. - -23. (17.) Spadix covered with fertile flowers to the top. Ovary -with 4 or more ovules. Leaves sagittate or hastate. Spathe -funnel-shaped.--Species 10. South Africa and southern Central Africa; -one species (_Z. aethiopica_ Spreng.) cultivated as an ornamental -plant under the name of “Calla” and naturalised in the island of -Madeira. (_Aroides_ Heist., _Richardia_ Kunth). [Tribe ZANTEDESCHIEAE.] -=Zantedeschia= Spreng. - -Spadix ending in an appendage which is glabrous or covered with -rudimentary flowers, rarely without an appendage, but then ovary -1-2-ovuled and leaves dissected. 24 - -24. Ovules inverted. Ovary usually 2-4-celled. Male and female portions -of the spadix contiguous, rarely separated by a glabrous interval -without barren flowers. Leaf 1, dissected. [Tribe AMORPHOPHALLEAE.] 25 - -Ovules straight. Ovary 1-celled. Seeds albuminous. Spadix with a -terminal appendage. [Tribe AREAE.] 27 - -25. Spadix ending in a flowerless appendage.--Species 35. Tropics. -Some have edible tubers or are used as ornamental plants. (Under -_Amorphophallus_ Blume). (Plate 12.) =Hydrosme= Schott. - -Spadix covered with flowers to the top; upper flowers sometimes reduced -to barren stamens. 26 - -26. Ovary 1-celled. Male inflorescence as long as the female. Spathe -boat-shaped.--Species 7. Central Africa. Some have edible tubers. -=Anchomanes= Schott - -Ovary 2-celled. Male inflorescence longer than the female.--Species -2. Equatorial West Africa. (Including _Zyganthera_ N.E. Brown). -=Pseudohydrosme= Engl. - -27. Spadix unisexual (containing male or female flowers only). Stamens -2-4. Ovules basal. Leaves dissected.--Species 4. East Africa. Some are -poisonous. =Arisaema= Mart. - -Spadix bisexual (containing both male and female flowers). 28 - -28. Male inflorescence contiguous to the female. 29 - -Male inflorescence separated from the female by a distinct interval -usually covered with rudimentary flowers. 30 - -29. Stamen 1. Anther opening by a slit. Ovules basal. Leaves sagittate -or hastate.--Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants. The -tubers are poisonous when raw, but edible when cooked, and furnish -starch, medicaments, and a substitute for soap. =Arisarum= Targ. Tozz. - -Stamens 3-4. Anthers opening by pores. Ovules basal or apical. Leaves -several dissected.--Species 2. North-west Africa. Used as ornamental -plants. The tubers are poisonous when raw, but edible when cooked, and -furnish starch, medicaments, and a substitute for soap. =Dracunculus= -Schott - -30. Interval between the male and the female inflorescence without -rudimentary flowers. Spathe divided into two chambers, one of which -contains a female flower, the other one several male flowers. Stamens -2. Ovules numerous. Leaves ovate.--Species 1. North-west Africa -(Algeria). =Ambrosinia= Bassi - -Interval between the male and the female inflorescence clothed with -rudimentary flowers. Spathe not 2-chambered. Female flowers several. 31 - -31. Ovules 6 or more, parietal. Stamens 3-4. Leaves sagittate or -hastate.--Species 2. North Africa. Poisonous and sometimes used as -ornamental plants. The tubers are edible when cooked and yield starch; -they are also used in medicine and as a substitute for soap. =Arum= L. - -Ovules 1-4, basal. Stamens 1-2. Leaves linear, oblong, ovate, or -dissected. 32 - -32. Ovule 1. Leaves several, entire.--Species 3. North Africa. Used as -ornamental plants. The tubers are edible when cooked, and yield starch, -medicaments, and a substitute for soap. =Biarum= Schott - -Ovules 2-4. Leaf 1, dissected.--Species 2. East Africa and Angola. Used -as ornamental plants. The tubers are edible when cooked, and yield -starch, medicaments, and a substitute for soap. =Sauromatum= Schott - - -FAMILY 20. LEMNACEAE - -Floating herbs without distinct stems or leaves, consisting of leaf-or -grain-like fronds. Inflorescence seated in a cavity of the frond and -consisting of 1-2 male flowers and a female. Flowers monoecious, -without a perianth. Stamen 1. Ovary 1-celled, with 1-6 basal ovules and -a funnel-shaped stigma. Seed-coat fleshy.--Genera 3, species 12. - -1. Fronds rootless. Inflorescence on the back of the frond, without -a spathe and consisting of 1 male and 1 female flower.--Species -6. (Including _Wolffiella_ Hegelm., under _Lemna_ L.) [Subfamily -=WOLFFIOIDEAE=.] =Wolffia= Horkel - -Fronds with roots. Inflorescence at the margin of the frond, consisting -of 2 male and a female flower enclosed by a spathe. [Subfamily -=LEMNOIDEAE=.] 2 - -2. Fronds with one root each, 3-5-nerved.--Species 5. Some are used in -medicine. “Duckweed.” =Lemna= L. - -Fronds with several roots each, many-nerved.--Species 1. (Under _Lemna_ -L.) =Spirodela= Schleid. - - -ORDER FARINOSAE - - -SUBORDER FLAGELLARIINEAE - - -FAMILY 21. FLAGELLARIACEAE - -Climbing herbs. Leaves lanceolate, ending in a tendril. Flowers -in panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 6, free, -subpetaloid, yellowish or whitish, the outer somewhat shorter than the -inner. Stamens 6. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary superior, 3-celled, -with a solitary, inverted ovule in the inner angle of each cell. Style -with 3 linear, recurved stigmas. Fruit a 1-2-seeded berry. Seeds with a -mealy albumen and a small marginal embryo. - -Genus 1. Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used in medicine -and for plaiting-work. =Flagellaria= L. - - -SUBORDER ENANTIOBLASTAE - - -FAMILY 22. RESTIONACEAE - -Grass-like herbs. Leaves linear or reduced to the sheath. Flowers in -spikelets usually arranged in spikes or panicles, regular, unisexual. -Perianth of 3-6 membranous or scarious segments, imbricate in bud, -rarely absent in the female flowers. Stamens 2-3. Anthers 1-celled. -Ovary superior, 1-3-celled, with 1-3 pendulous, straight ovules. Fruit -dry. Seeds with a mealy albumen and a marginal embryo.--Genera 12. -Species 230. South Africa to Nyasaland. (Plate 13.) - -1. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes 2-3-celled when young. Fruit 1-celled, -indehiscent. 2 - -Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit 1-3-celled, dehiscent. Flowers dioecious. 10 - -2. Spikelets, all or most of them, bisexual, containing a male and a -female flower, arranged in spikes. Styles 2.--Species 1. South Africa. -=Phyllocomos= Mast. - -Spikelets unisexual. 3 - -3. Female spikelets 1-flowered. Styles or stigmas 2. 4 - -Female spikelets 2-many-flowered, very rarely 1-flowered, but then -stigmas 3. 6 - -4. Glumes distant. Male spikelets in panicles, female in -spikes.--Species 10. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Including -_Ceratocaryum_ Nees). =Willdenowia= Thunb. - -Glumes closely imbricate. 5 - -5. Female flowers on a thick stalk. Style 1, with 2 stigmas. Fruits -more or less distinctly stalked.--Species 15. South Africa (Cape -Colony). =Hypodiscus= Nees - -Female flowers on a thin stalk or sessile. Styles 2. Fruits -sessile.--Species 20. South Africa to Nyasaland. =Hypolaena= R. Br. - -6. Outer perianth-segments of the female flowers winged on the keel. 7 - -Outer perianth-segments not winged. Styles 2-3. 8 - -7. Style 1. Female spikelets in spikes.--Species 15. South Africa (Cape -Colony). =Thamnochortus= Berg - -Styles 2-3. Female spikelets solitary or in fascicles.--Species 5. -South Africa (Cape Colony). (Under _Thamnochortus_ Berg). =Staberoha= -Kunth - -8. Female spikelets solitary or in clusters of 2-3 on the top of the -stem, 2-5-flowered. Outer perianth-segments larger than the inner. -Styles 2.--Species 8. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Cannomois= Beauv. - -Female spikelets in spikes or panicles. Outer perianth-segments as -large as or smaller than the inner, more rarely larger, but then styles -3. 9 - -9. Leaf-sheaths persistent. Styles 3.--Species 15. South Africa. -=Leptocarpus= R. Br. - -Leaf-sheaths deciduous, more rarely persistent, but then styles -2.--Species 30. South Africa. (Including _Lamprocaulos_ Mast.) =Elegia= -L. - -10. (1.) Leaf-sheaths persistent.--Species 100. South Africa. (Plate -13.) =Restio= L. - -Leaf-sheaths, at least the upper ones, deciduous. Spikelets -few-flowered. 11 - -11. Ovary and fruit 2-celled. Female spikelets in short -spikes.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Askidiosperma= Steud. - -Ovary and fruit 3-celled.--Species 15. South Africa. =Dovea= Kunth - - -FAMILY 23. MAYACACEAE - -Herbs. Leaves alternate, linear, 2-toothed at the apex. Flowers in -axillary, 2-3-flowered umbels, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth -consisting of 3 imbricate sepals and 3 imbricate petals. Stamens 3. -Anthers opening by a terminal pore. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3 -parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, straight. Style and stigma simple. -Fruit capsular. Embryo at the apex of the mealy albumen. - -Genus 1, species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Mayaca= Aubl. - -[Illustration: RESTIONACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 13._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Restio compressus Rottb. - -_A_ Upper part of a plant in flower. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Male -flower. _D_ Male flower cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: XYRIDACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 14._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Xyris angustifolia De Wild. & Dur. - -_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower (the third sepal has fallen off). _C_ -Lower part of the flower cut lengthwise.] - - -FAMILY 24. XYRIDACEAE - -Herbs. Leaves radical, linear. Flowers in spikes or heads with an -involucre of imbricate bracts, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, one much -larger than the others and deciduous. Petals 3, united below into a -tube. Fertile stamens 3, adnate to the petals; staminodes 3. Anthers -opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled or incompletely -3-celled. Ovules numerous, straight. Style 3-cleft. Fruit capsular. -Embryo at the apex of the mealy albumen. (Plate 14.) - -Genus 1, species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used in -medicine. =Xyris= L. - - -FAMILY 25. ERIOCAULACEAE - -Herbs. Leaves radical, linear. Flowers in heads surrounded by an -involucre, very small, monoecious. Perianth membranous, simple or -double, rarely in the female flowers none. Stamens 2-6. Anthers -2-celled. Ovary superior, 2-3-celled, with one pendulous ovule in each -cell. Styles or style-branches 2-3. Fruit capsular. Embryo small, at -the apex of the albumen.--Genera 4, species 80. Tropical and South -Africa. (Plate 15.) - -1. Stamens 2-3, opposite the petals. Petals of the male flowers united -below, without a gland on the inside. Style-branches 6, three of which -bear a stigma, rarely 3. [Subfamily =PAEPALANTHOIDEAE=.] 2 - -Stamens 4-6, very rarely fewer, but then petals free. Petals usually -with a gland on the inside near the apex. Style-branches 2-3, without -alternating appendages. [Subfamily =ERIOCAULOIDEAE=.] 3 - -2. Petals of the female flowers united at their middle part.--Species -6. Central and South Africa. (Under _Paepalanthus_ Mart.) -=Syngonanthus= Ruhl. - -Petals of the female flowers free.--Species 3. West Africa and -Mascarene Islands. =Paepalanthus= Mart. - -3. Petals united into a tube, but free at the base in the female -flowers. Inner involucral bracts more or less spreading. Stamens -6.--Species 8. Tropics. Some are used in medicine. (Plate 15.) -=Mesanthemum= Koern. - -Petals free or absent. Inner involucral bracts rarely -spreading.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. =Eriocaulon= L. - - -SUBORDER BROMELIINEAE - - -FAMILY 26. RAPATEACEAE - -Herbs. Leaves radical, lanceolate. Flowers in heads with 2 large -involucral bracts, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth corolla-like, -yellow or whitish, 6-lobed. Stamens 6, inserted in the tube of the -perianth. Anthers linear, opening by two terminal pores. Ovary -superior, 3-celled, with 1 ascending, inverted ovule in each cell. -Style simple. Fruit capsular. Embryo near the apex of the mealy albumen. - -Genus 1, species 1. West Africa (Liberia). =Maschalocephalus= Gilg & -Schum. - - -FAMILY 27. BROMELIACEAE - -Herbs. Leaves for the most part radical, linear, toothed. Inflorescence -terminal, cone-shaped. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth -consisting of a calyx and a corolla. Petals slightly cohering -and bearing two scales at the base. Stamens 6, slightly adhering -to the petals. Anthers linear, turned inwards. Ovary inferior or -half-inferior, 3-celled, with many axile, inverted ovules. Style 1; -stigmas 3. Fruits berry-like, united into a cone-shaped head. Embryo -near the base of the mealy albumen. - -Genus 1, species 1 (_A. sativus_ Schult., pine-apple). Cultivated and -often naturalised in the tropics. The edible fruit and the fibres of -the leaves are used. (_Ananassa_ Lindl.) =Ananas= Adans. - - -SUBORDER COMMELININEAE - - -FAMILY 28. COMMELINACEAE - -Herbs. Leaves alternate. Inflorescence cymose. Flowers hermaphrodite. -Perianth-segments 6, more or less distinctly separated into sepals -and petals. Fertile stamens 2-6. Ovary superior, 2-3-celled. Ovules -straight. Style terminal. Embryo near the apex of the more or less -mealy albumen.--Genera 12, species 160. (Plate 16.) - -1. Fruit indehiscent, ovate or globular. Ovary 3-celled. Petals free, -white, more rarely pale pink or blueish. Inflorescence a panicle -without spathe-like bracts. [Tribe POLLIEAE.] 2 - -Fruit dehiscing loculicidally. 3 - -2. Pericarp succulent. Margin of the leaves silky. Perfect stamens -3.--Species 10. West Africa and Upper Nile. Some are used as ornamental -plants. =Palisota= Reichb. - -Pericarp crusty. Margin of the leaves nearly glabrous. Perfect stamens -3 or 6.--Species 5. Tropics. =Pollia= Thunb. - -3. Fertile stamens 2-3, sterile ones 0-4, often bearing empty anthers. -[Tribe COMMELINEAE.] 4 - -Fertile stamens 5-6. [Tribe TRADESCANTIEAE.] 7 - -4. Inflorescence in the axil of spathe-like bracts. 5 - -Inflorescence without spathe-like bracts. 6 - -5. Sterile stamens with linear anther-halves cohering at the base. -Ovary 2-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. Petals white. Spathes on the -elongate branches of a panicle.--Species 1. West Africa. =Polyspatha= -Benth. - -Sterile stamens with cross-shaped anthers. Ovary usually 3-celled. -Petals usually blue.--Species 80. Some have an edible root-stock or -yield vegetables, medicaments, or dyeing-materials; others are used as -ornamental plants. =Commelina= L. - -6. Sepals large, equal, lanceolate, acute. Petals equal. Fruit -with 3 equal-sized, many-seeded cells.--Species 1. East Africa. -=Anthericopsis= Engl. - -[Illustration: ERIOCAULACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 15._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Mesanthemum radicans (Benth.) Koern. - -_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Inflorescence cut lengthwise. _C_ Bract. _D_ -Male flower. _E_ Male flower laid open. _F_ Older female flower (from -which the sepals have been removed excepting one). _G_ Older female -flower laid open (the ovary cut lengthwise).] - -[Illustration: COMMELINACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 16._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Aneilema beninense Kunth - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower (the ovary cut lengthwise).] - - -Sepals small, unequal, ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse. Petals unequal. -Fruit with 2 cells, more rarely with 3, one of which is smaller and -1-2-seeded.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants. (Plate 16.) =Aneilema= R. Br. - -7. Petals united below into a tube, but sometimes free at the base, -blueish or reddish. Ovary 3-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell. 8 - -Petals free or nearly so. 9 - -8. Stamens inserted towards the top of the corolla-tube. Petals united -from the base.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. =Coleotrype= C. -B. Clarke - -Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla. Petals free at the -base.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants. =Cyanotis= Don - -9. Ovary 2-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. Fruit ovate. Filaments -glabrous. Petals red or yellow. Inflorescence a panicle.--Species 9. -Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. -=Floscopa= Lour. - -Ovary 3-celled. 10 - -10. Ovules 4-10 in each cell. Fruit oblong. Filaments glabrous. -Petals whitish. Inflorescence a panicle.--Species 2. Central Africa. -=Buforrestia= C. B. Clarke - -Ovules 1-2 in each cell. Fruit ovoid or globular. Stamens hairy. -Inflorescence spike-, head-, or umbel-like. 11 - -11. Ovules 2 in each cell; in the dorsal cell sometimes solitary. Fruit -subglobular. Stamens with a narrow connective. Sepals herbaceous, -green. Inflorescence spike-or head-like. Stem long.--Species 3. -Equatorial West Africa. =Forrestia= A. Rich. - -Ovule 1 in each cell. Fruit ovoid. Stamens with a broad connective. -Sepals subpetaloid. Inflorescence umbel-like and surrounded by an -involucre of two bracts. Stem short.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). -=Rhoeo= Hance - - -SUBORDER PONTEDERIINEAE - - -FAMILY 29. PONTEDERIACEAE - -Aquatic herbs. Flowers in spikes, racemes or panicles, without bracts, -hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 6, petaloid, white, yellow or blue, -united below into a tube, rarely nearly free. Stamens 3 or 6, affixed -to the perianth. Anthers oblong. Ovary superior, 1-or 3-celled, -with numerous inverted ovules. Style simple. Fruit a loculicidal, -many-seeded capsule. Seeds with a ribbed testa, a copious mealy -albumen, and a long cylindrical embryo.--Genera 3, species 5. Tropics. - -1. Stamens 3. Ovary 1-celled or incompletely 3-celled. Perianth -funnel-shaped, with a distinct tube.--Species 3. Central Africa. -=Heteranthera= Ruiz & Pav. - -Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled. Perianth blue or violet. 2 - -2. Perianth funnel-shaped, with a distinct tube; Filaments thread-like. -Anthers attached by the back. Stigma entire or shortly lobed.--Species -1. Tropics. Used as an ornamental plant. =Eichhornia= Kunth - -Perianth bell-shaped, with nearly free segments. Filament of the -largest stamen toothed at the base. Anthers attached by the base. -Stigma deeply cleft.--Species 1. Central Africa (Upper Nile and Kasai). -Used as an ornamental plant, and in medicine. =Monochoria= Presl - - -FAMILY 30. CYANASTRACEAE - -Herbs. Root-stock tuberous. Leaves elliptical or cordate, with curved -main-nerves. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, provided with -bracts. Perianth-segments 6, petaloid, shortly united at the base. -Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth, more or less united -below. Anthers linear, longer than the filaments, opening by short -slits at the apex. Ovary slightly sunk in the receptacle, deeply lobed, -3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, ascending, inverted. Style simple, -with a 3-lobed stigma. Fruit a 1-seeded nut. Seed with a thin testa, -a copious albumen, and a transversely-ovate marginal embryo. (Under -_PONTEDERIACEAE_ or _HAEMODORACEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 5. Central Africa. Some have edible tubers. -(_Schoenlandia_ Cornu). =Cyanastrum= Oliv. - - -ORDER LILIIFLORAE - - -SUBORDER JUNCINEAE - - -FAMILY 31. JUNCACEAE - -Leaves linear or reduced to the sheath. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. -Perianth-segments 6, free, stiff, usually green. Stamens 3 or 6. Ovary -superior, 1-or 3-celled. Ovules 3 or more, inverted. Style 1; stigmas -3, elongated. Fruit capsular. Seeds with a straight axile embryo and -abundant albumen.--Genera 3, species 55. (Plate 17.) - -1. Stem woody. Leaves at its top, stiff, serrate. Ovary 3-celled, with -2 or few ovules in each cell. Style very short. Seeds with a large -embryo and appressed testa.--Species 1. South Africa. It yields fibres -and vegetables and is used for plaiting-work. “Palmiet.” (Plate 17.) -=Prionium= E. Mey. - -Stem herbaceous. Style thread-like. Seeds with a small embryo. 2 - -2. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 basal ovules. Leaves with a closed sheath and -ciliate margins.--Species 10. North and South Africa and high mountains -of Central Africa. “Wood-rush.” =Luzula= DC. - -Ovary 1-3-celled, with numerous parietal or axile ovules.--Species 45. -Some are used in medicine or for plaiting-work. “Rush.” =Juncus= L. - -[Illustration: JUNCACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 17._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Prionium serratum Drege - -_A_ Inflorescence. _B_ Branch of the inflorescence. _C_ Older flower. -_D_ Younger flower cut lengthwise. _E_ Leaf.] - -[Illustration: LILIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 18._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Dracaena Perrotetii Bak. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise.] - - -SUBORDER LILIINEAE - - -FAMILY 32. LILIACEAE - -Perianth more or less corolla-like. Stamens 6, rarely fewer. -Ovary superior, usually 2-5-celled, rarely 1-celled with parietal -placentas. Seeds with a small embryo and abundant, fleshy or horny -albumen.--Genera 79, species 1450. (Including _COLCHICACEAE_ and -_SMILACEAE_.) (Plate 18.) - -1. Underground part of the stem a bulb or a corm. 2 - -Underground part of the stem a rootstock or not distinctly developed. 41 - -2. Leaves all radical, rarely also some much smaller cauline leaves -present. 3 - -Leaves distributed along the stem or crowded at its top. 31 - -3. Stem arising out of a corm, very short, underground during the -time of flowering, bearing 1-3 flowers at the top. Perianth with a -very long, sometimes split tube. Capsule opening septicidally. [Tribe -COLCHICEAE.] 4 - -Stem arising out of a bulb. Flowers in racemes or umbels, very rarely -solitary. Perianth with a not very long tube or without a tube. Capsule -opening loculicidally. 5 - -4. Perianth-segments free.--Species 2. Algeria and Abyssinia. Used as -ornamental plants. =Merendera= Ram. - -Perianth-segments united below.--Species 5. North Africa. Poisonous and -used as medicinal and ornamental plants. =Colchicum= L. - -5. Flowers in cymose umbels or heads surrounded by 2-3 bracts. Scape -distinctly developed. Leaves usually linear. Perianth-segments free or -united at the base only. [Tribe ALLIEAE.] 6 - -Flowers in racemes, corymbs, or spikes, very rarely solitary, rarely in -umbels or heads surrounded by 3 or more bracts, but then scape almost -wanting, leaves oblong to ovate, spreading, and perianth-segments -united to the middle or higher up. 8 - -6. Inflorescence surrounded by narrow bracts. Radical leaves 1-3. -Perianth usually yellow.--Species 10. North Africa. =Gagea= Salisb. - -Inflorescence surrounded by broad membranous bracts usually united at -the base. 7 - -7. Perianth-segments united into a short tube at the base. Filaments -dilated. Ovules in each ovary-cell 6-12. Smell not alliaceous.--Species -2. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in North Africa, the -Mascarene Islands, and St. Helena. Ornamental plants. (_Milla_ Cav.) -=Nothoscordum= Kunth - -Perianth-segments free or nearly free. Ovules in each ovary-cell 2, -rarely 3-6. Smell alliaceous.--Species 30. North Africa, Abyssinia, -southern West Africa, and South Africa. Some of them (onion, leek, -garlic) are cultivated as vegetables or pot-herbs, and yield also -condiments, medicaments, and glue; others are used as ornamental -plants. =Allium= L. - -8. Anthers attached by the base. Stem or inflorescence branched -or twining. Leaves vanishing before the time of flowering. [Tribe -ASPHODELEAE, Subtribe ERIOSPERMINAE.] 9 - -Anthers attached by the back. Stem simple. [Tribe SCILLEAE.] 10 - -9. Inflorescence twining, bearing flowers on its upper branches only. -Seeds oblong, with a small embryo.--Species 1. South Africa. Used as an -ornamental plant. =Bowiea= Harv. - -Inflorescence bearing flowers on all its branches or not branched. -Seeds ovoid or globose, with a large embryo.--Species 7. South Africa -to Angola. =Schizobasis= Bak. - -10. Flowers in nearly sessile heads or umbels surrounded by an -involucre. Perianth-segments united into a tube below. Leaves 2, oblong -or ovate. 11 - -Flowers in racemes or spikes, rarely solitary. 12 - -11. Perianth-segments very unequal. Filaments free.--Species 3. South -Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Daubenya= Lindl. - -Perianth-segments subequal. Filaments united at the base.--Species 30. -South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Massonia= Thunb. - -12. Perianth-segments free or nearly free. 13 - -Perianth-segments united into a tube below. 18 - -13. Seeds flattened or sharply angled, more or less distinctly winged. -Perianth white, yellow, or green. 14 - -Seeds globose or obovoid. 15 - -14. Perianth persistent; inner segments somewhat shorter than the -outer, connivent at the top, hood-shaped or crested.--Species 70. South -and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Albuca= L. - -Perianth deciduous; segments subequal, spreading or connivent and -bell-shaped.--Species 55. Some of them are poisonous or used in -medicine or as ornamental plants. =Urginea= Steinh. - -15. Inflorescence racemose, crowned by a tuft of leafy bracts. Perianth -greenish.--Species 10. South Africa to Nyasaland. Some are used as -ornamental plants. =Eucomis= L’Hér. - -Inflorescence without a terminal tuft of bracts. 16 - -16. Perianth-segments convex, connivent at the top, whitish. Flowers in -spikes or spike-like racemes, sessile or short-stalked, the uppermost -abortive. Filaments broadened almost to the top.--Species 17. Central -and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Drimiopsis= -Lindl. - -Perianth-segments spreading or campanulately-connivent at the base. -Flowers in racemes, long-or short-stalked, in the latter case filaments -thread-shaped or broadened at the base only. 17 - -17. Perianth-segments 1-nerved, blue or red, rarely whitish or -greenish. Stamens affixed to the perianth; filaments thread-shaped or -broadened at the base only.--Species 100. Some have edible bulbs or -are used in medicine or as ornamental plants. “Squill.” (Including -_Endymion_ Dumort.) =Scilla= L. - -Perianth-segments obscurely many-nerved, white or yellow and usually -striped, rarely brownish or greenish. Stamens usually free from the -perianth and with flattened filaments.--Species 90. Some have edible -bulbs. =Ornithogalum= L. - -18. Perianth-tube cylindrical, linear or oblong in section. 19 - -Perianth-tube bell-, urn-, funnel-, or saucer-shaped. 23 - -19. Perianth-segments very short and broad, more or less ovate. 20 - -Perianth-segments narrow and more or less elongated. 21 - -20. Perianth falling off after flowering. Stamens inserted below the -throat; filaments very short. Ovules numerous. Seeds flattened. Leaves -awl-shaped. Flowers solitary or in pairs.--Species 1. South Africa. -=Litanthus= Harv. - -Perianth withering. Stamens inserted in the middle of the tube; -filaments thread-shaped. Ovules 2 in each cell. Seeds thick. Leaves -strap-shaped. Flowers in dense racemes.--Species 3. South Africa. Used -as ornamental plants. =Veltheimia= Gled. - -21. Seeds flattened. Anthers linear. Perianth-segments unequal, the -outer spreading, the inner erect, as long as or shorter than the outer. -Leaves linear, usually more than 2.--Species 60. =Dipcadi= Medik. - -Seeds thick. Anthers oblong. Perianth-segments equal or, if unequal, -the inner usually longer than the outer. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, -more rarely linear, usually 2. 22 - -22. Perianth-segments equal, lanceolate, shorter than the tube. Stamens -inserted at the throat of the perianth. Leaves 2, oblong.--Species 10. -South Africa. =Polyxena= Kunth - -Perianth-segments more or less unequal in length, oblong or spatulate. -Stamens inserted in the tube of the perianth.--Species 40. South -Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Lachenalia= Jacq. - -23. Perianth-segments very short, usually blue. 24 - -Perianth-segments half as long as the tube or longer. 25 - -24. Perianth urn-shaped. Ovules 2 in each cell.--Species 7. North -Africa. Several species serve as ornamental plants; the bulbs are used -in medicine and as a substitute for soap. =Muscari= Mill. - -Perianth bell-shaped. Ovules 5-6 in each cell.--Species 1. Madagascar. -=Rhodocodon= Bak. - -25. Perianth-segments unequal, the inner longer. Leaves 2, rarely 3-5. -(See 22.) =Lachenalia= Jacq. - -Perianth-segments nearly equal. 26 - -26. Perianth with a very short tube and spreading segments. Filaments -united at the base. Leaves 2, broad. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. -South Africa (Cape Colony). =Whiteheadia= Harv. - -Perianth with a more or less elongated tube, very rarely with a short -tube, but with erect segments. Leaves 2, narrow, or more. 27 - -27. Seeds globular or obovoid, turgid. Ovules 2-6 in each -cell.--Species 12. North and South Africa, southern East Africa, and -Madagascar. Some species are used in medicine, perfumery, or gardening. -(Including _Bellevalia_ Lapeyr.). =Hyacinthus= L. - -Seeds flattened or angular. Ovules 6 or more in each cell. Flowers -whitish. 28 - -28. Perianth-segments erect or converging. 29 - -Perianth-segments spreading or bent back. 30 - -29. Perianth funnel-shaped; segments half as long as the curved tube. -Stamens inserted at the throat. Ovary oblong. Style subulate. Leaves -large, lanceolate. Raceme dense, about 100-flowered.--Species 2. German -South-west Africa. =Pseudogaltonia= Kuntze - -Perianth bell-shaped; segments as long as the tube or longer. Stamens -inserted below the throat. Ovary ovate. Style short, columnar. Leaves -short, linear. Raceme lax, 6-20-flowered.--Species 2. South Africa -(Cape Colony). =Rhadamantus= Salisb. - -30. Perianth withering; segments as long as the tube, the outer -oblong, the inner obovate. Stamens inserted below the throat. Seeds -angular.--Species 3. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. -=Galtonia= Decne. - -Perianth falling off after flowering; segments somewhat longer than -the tube, linear or oblong. Stamens inserted at the throat. Seeds -discoid.--Species 30. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as -ornamental or medicinal plants. =Drimia= Jacq. - -31. (2.) Anthers turned outwards, opening outwards or laterally. Styles -3. [Tribe ANGUILLARIEAE.] 32 - -Anthers turned inwards, opening inwards or laterally. Style 1, -sometimes very short, with 1-3 stigmas. Flowers solitary or in lax, -few-flowered racemes or umbels. 37 - -32. Capsule opening loculicidally. Flowers long-stalked, solitary or in -racemes, rarely short-stalked and then solitary and axillary. Perianth -dark brown. 33 - -Capsule opening septicidally. Flowers sessile or short-stalked, in -spikes, spike-like racemes, or heads, rarely solitary and terminal. 34 - -33. Perianth deciduous; segments without a gland at the base. Stamens -with thickened filaments. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 10. -Tropics and northern South Africa. =Iphigenia= Kunth - -Perianth persistent; segments with a gland at the base. Stamens with -thread-shaped filaments. Flowers in racemes.--Species 3. South Africa, -southern Central Africa, and Madagascar. Used as ornamental plants. -=Ornithoglossum= Salisb. - -34. Perianth-segments united below, persistent. Stigmas capitate. -Flowers in spikes, without bracts.--Species 4. South Africa and -mountains of Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Wurmbea= -Thunb. - -Perianth-segments free, clawed. Flowers in heads or racemes, rarely -solitary or in spikes; in the latter case perianth deciduous and -stigmas on the inside of the styles. 35 - -35. Flowers in spikes, without bracts. Perianth deciduous, whitish. -Ovary 3-lobed, obovate.--Species 3. South Africa (Cape Colony). -(Including _Neodregea_ Wright). =Dipidax= Salisb. - -Flowers in heads or racemes, rarely solitary, provided with bracts. -Perianth persistent. 36 - -36. Flowers in racemes or solitary. Stigmas lateral. Ovary -triangular-cylindrical. Perianth yellow or red. Stem distinctly -developed.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Baeometra= Salisb. - -Flowers in heads. Stigmas minute. Ovary usually ovoid.--Species -20. South, East, and North Africa. (_Erythrostictus_ Schlecht.) -=Androcymbium= Willd. - -37. Flowers large, usually solitary. Perianth deciduous, bell-or -funnel-shaped, usually white or reddish. Anthers linear or oblong. -Stigma usually 3-lobed. [Tribe TULIPEAE.] 38 - -Flowers rather small, usually umbellate. Perianth persistent, finally -more or less wheel-shaped with spreading segments, usually yellow. -Anthers ovate or oblong. Stigma usually simple. 40 - -38. Perianth funnel-shaped, white; segments recurved at the apex. -Anthers attached by the back. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. North -Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. “Lily.” =Lilium= L. - -Perianth bell-shaped, usually reddish; segments more or less erect, not -recurved. Anthers attached by the base. Flowers usually solitary. 39 - -39. Flowers drooping. Perianth-segments with a nectar-bearing pit or -spot at the base. Style long.--Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). -Used as ornamental plants. =Fritillaria= L. - -Flowers erect, sometimes slightly drooping before flowering. -Perianth-segments without a pit, but often with a nectar-bearing spot -at the base. Style very short.--Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). -Used as ornamental plants. “Tulip.” =Tulipa= L. - -40. Perianth funnel-shaped, whitish, with oblong-ovate segments. Style -short; stigma 3-lobed.--Species 1. North Africa (Cyrenaica). =Lloydia= -Salisb. - -Perianth wheel-shaped, usually yellow and with lanceolate segments. -(See 6.) =Gagea= Salisb. - -41. (1.) Branches leaf-like, but often awl-shaped. Leaves scale-like. -Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs, more rarely in fascicles, -umbels, or racemes. Fruit a berry. [Tribe ASPARAGEAE.] 42 - -Branches not leaf-like; stem usually simple. Leaves well developed. 44 - -42. Flowers inserted at the base of the usually linear leaf-like -branches. Perianth-segments free or slightly united at the base. -Stamens 6, with free filaments.--Species 80. Some of them are used -as vegetables, medicinal-, ornamental-, or hedge-plants. (Including -_Myrsiphyllum_ Willd.) =Asparagus= L. - -Flowers inserted on the surface or margin of the lanceolate or broader -leaf-like branches. Stamens with united filaments. 43 - -43. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments united high up. Anthers -6. Ovary 3-celled. Style distinctly developed; stigmas 3.--Species 1. -Canary Islands, Madeira, and Azores. =Semele= Kunth - -Flowers dioecious. Perianth-segments free. Anthers 3. Ovary 1-celled. -Style very short; stigma lobed.--Species 2. North Africa. Used as -ornamental and medicinal plants. =Ruscus= L. - -44. Flowers solitary, axillary. Anthers turned outwards. Fruit -capsular. [Tribe UVULARIEAE.] 45 - -Flowers solitary but terminal or collected into various inflorescences. -Anthers turned inwards. 47 - -45. Perianth-segments free, spreading or reflexed. Style bent downwards -at the base.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Poisonous and -used as medicinal and ornamental plants; some of them yield starch. -=Gloriosa= L. - -Perianth-segments united below or connivent. Style not bent downwards. -46 - -46. Perianth-segments free or almost so, with a nectar-bearing cavity -at their base.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants. =Littonia= Hook. fil. - -Perianth-segments united almost to the top into a pitcher-shaped tube, -with a short spur at the base.--Species 1. South-East Africa. Used as -an ornamental plant. =Sandersonia= Hook. fil. - -47. Flowers solitary, in 2-3-flowered heads, in axillary cymes, or in -umbels, the latter sometimes arranged in racemes. 48 - -Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles, which are sometimes contracted -into many-flowered heads or consist of fascicles or cymes. 52 - -48. Stem herbaceous. Leaves radical, linear, parallel-veined. -Inflorescence terminal. Fruit a capsule. 49 - -Stem woody at least at the base, usually climbing. Leaves cauline, -oblong or broader, net-veined. Inflorescence axillary. Fruit a berry. 51 - -49. Flowers solitary or in groups of 2-3, surrounded by an involucre of -5-7 bracts, sessile. Perianth-segments free. Ovary-cells with a single -ovule.--Species 1. North Africa. [Tribe APHYLLANTHEAE.] =Aphyllanthes= -L. - -Flowers in umbels enclosed by 2 bracts. Perianth-segments united below. -Ovary-cells with many ovules. [Tribe AGAPANTHEAE.] 50 - -50. Perianth with a long tube and a corona at the throat. Style short, -columnar.--Species 20. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some -are used as ornamental plants. =Tulbaghia= L. - -Perianth with a short tube, without a corona. Style filiform. -Seeds winged.--Species 3. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. -=Agapanthus= L’ Hér. - -51. Flowers in cymes, hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments united below -into a long tube.--Species 1. South Africa. [Tribe LUZURIAGEAE.] -=Behnia= Didrichs. - -Flowers in umbels, dioecious. Perianth-segments free.--Species 9. Some -of them are used medicinally. [Tribe SMILACEAE.] =Smilax= Tourn. - -52. Perianth-segments free or almost so, more or less spreading. Stem -herbaceous. Ovary 3-celled. [Tribe ASPHODELEAE.] 53 - -Perianth-segments evidently united at their base or connivent into a -long tube, rarely almost free and not connivent into a tube, but then -stem woody, very seldom herbaceous plants growing upon trees and having -a 1-celled ovary. 66 - -53. Anthers attached by the base or between the lobes of the base. 54 - -Anthers attached by the back. 62 - -54. Anthers opening by terminal pores, sometimes prolonged into slits. -Filaments thickened. Perianth blue, rarely white. Fruit a berry. Leaves -2-ranked, linear. Flowers in lax panicles.--Species 2, one native in -Madagascar and the neighbouring islands, the other one naturalized in -the Island of St. Helena. They are used as ornamental and medicinal -plants; the berries are poisonous. [Subtribe DIANELLINAE.] =Dianella= -Lam. - -Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Fruit a capsule. Leaves in -several ranks or 1-2 only present. Flowers usually in racemes. 55 - -55. Anthers without a pit at the base. Perianth more or less -campanulate. Seeds woolly. Root-stock tuberous. Leaves 1-3, usually a -single leaf.--Species 50. South and Central Africa. Some are used as -ornamental or medicinal plants. [Subtribe ERIOSPERMINAE.] =Eriospermum= -Jacq. - -Anthers attached to the filament in a small pit at the base. Perianth -more or less rotate. [Subtribes ANTHERICINAE and ASPHODELINAE.] 56 - -56. Perianth spirally twisted after flowering, blue violet or red. -Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. 57 - -Perianth not twisted, usually white. Ovules 4 or more in each -ovary-cell. 58 - -57. Stamens free or the inner attached to the perianth; filaments -flattened. Perianth blue. Stem very short, 2-3-flowered.--Species 1. -South Africa (Cape Colony). =Nanolirion= Benth. - -Stamens attached to the perianth; filaments thread-shaped. Stem long, -many-flowered.--Species 4. South Africa and Madagascar. =Caesia= R. Br. - -58. Ovules many in each cell. Filaments short and broad. Perianth -funnel-shaped, with erect segments.--Species 3. West Africa. (_Debesia_ -Kuntze). =Acrospira= Welw. - -Ovules 4-8 in each cell. Filaments thread-shaped or slightly broadened -in the middle. 59 - -59. Stamens as long as or longer than the perianth. Flowers almost -sessile. 60 - -Stamens shorter than the perianth. Flowers distinctly stalked. 61 - -60. Perianth-segments erect. Leaves broadly elliptical.--Species 1. -Southern West Africa. =Verdickia= De Wild. - -Perianth-segments spreading. Leaves linear or lanceolate.--Species 15. -Central Africa. (Under _Chlorophytum_ Ker). =Dasystachys= Bak. - -61. Fruit deeply 3-lobed or acutely angled. Seeds discoid.--Species -80. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. -=Chlorophytum= Ker - -Fruit not distinctly lobed, obtusely angled. Filaments -thread-shaped.--Species 120. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal -plants. (_Phalangium_ Juss.) =Anthericum= L. - -62. (53.) Anthers attached to the filament in a small dorsal pit. 63 - -Anthers without a dorsal pit. 65 - -63. Perianth wheel-shaped, with spreading 5-nerved segments, white on -the inner face, violet or red on the outer. Filaments woolly. Seeds -globular or ovoid.--Species 1. North-West Africa. Used in medicine. -=Simethis= Kunth - -Perianth bell-or funnel-shaped, with more or less connivent, 1-nerved -segments. Seeds triquetrous. 64 - -64. Perianth yellow. Filaments distinctly unequal, bent downwards. Stem -bearing leaves to the middle or higher up.--Species 2. North Africa. -Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Asphodeline= Reichb. - -Perianth white or reddish. Filaments subequal. Stem bearing leaves at -the base only.--Species 10. North Africa, northern East Africa, and -Mascarene Islands. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants or -for preparing glue. =Asphodelus= L. - -65. Filaments glabrous. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Perianth white or -yellow.--Species 9. South Africa. =Bulbinella= Kunth - -Filaments bearded. Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. Perianth -yellow, rarely whitish.--Species 30. South and Central Africa. Some are -poisonous to cattle. =Bulbine= L. - -66. (52.) Stamens free from the perianth, rarely (_Lomatophyllum_) -slightly attached to it at the base. Anthers attached to the tip of -the filament in a small pit. Perianth-segments evidently united or -connivent into a narrow tube at the base. Fruit a capsule which is -rarely fleshy. Leaves leathery and all radical, or more or less fleshy. -[Tribe ALOINEAE.] 67 - -Stamens attached to the perianth, rarely almost free, but then -anthers without a pit, perianth-segments almost free, spreading or -globosely-connivent, fruit a berry, and leaves not fleshy. 75 - -67. Leaves leathery, minutely toothed or entire, radical or nearly so. -Inflorescence terminal, simple, densely racemose, upon an almost naked -stalk. Perianth usually yellow or red; limb regular or nearly so, not -2-lipped. [Subtribe KNIPHOFIINAE.] 68 - -Leaves fleshy and usually prickly, generally inserted on a woody stem, -rarely leathery, but then inflorescence subcapitate or loosely racemose -or perianth with a 2-lipped limb. Inflorescence axillary, but often -apparently terminal. [Subtribe ALOINAE.] 69 - -68. Perianth campanulate, with a short and wide tube. Flowers -spreading, rarely erect.--Species 5. South Africa to Angola. -=Notosceptrum= Benth. - -Perianth cylindrical, with a long and narrow tube. Flowers more or less -drooping, rarely erect.--Species 65. South and East Africa to Katanga -and Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Kniphofia= Moench - -69. Perianth-segments erect or converging. Flowers usually large and -red or yellow. 70 - -Perianth-segments spreading or bent back. Flowers usually small and -whitish. 72 - -70. Perianth-tube long, curved, swollen below, cylindrical above. -Perianth usually red. Stamens shorter than the perianth. Stem short. -Leaves not toothed. Racemes lax, one-sided.--Species 40. South Africa. -Most of them are used as ornamental plants. =Gasteria= Duval - -Perianth-tube straight or almost so, cylindrical or campanulate. -Perianth usually reddish-yellow. Stamens as long as the perianth or -somewhat longer. 71 - -71. Flowers small, erect, whitish, with minute bracts. -Perianth-segments free. Stamens exserted. Filaments thread-shaped. -Leaves not awned.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Under _Aloë_ -L.) =Chamaealoë= Berg. - -Flowers large, spreading or drooping, yellow or red, rarely small erect -and whitish, but then bracts large, filaments flattened, and leaves -long-awned.--Species 160. They yield fibre, vegetables, dye-stuffs, -vermin-poison, and medicaments, and are often used as ornamental -plants. =Aloë= L. - -72. Perianth with a 2-lipped limb. Stamens shorter than the perianth. -Fruit dry. 73 - -Perianth with a regular, stellate limb. Stem woody. 74 - -73. Ovary and fruit conical, acuminate. Leaves leathery, jointed, -dilated at the base and forming a bulb.--Species 4. South Africa to -Angola. (Under _Haworthia_ Duval) =Chortolirion= Berg. - -Ovary and fruit rounded at the top. Leaves fleshy, not jointed and not -forming a bulb.--Species 60. South Africa to Angola. Some are used as -ornamental plants. =Haworthia= Duval - -74. Perianth with short segments, whitish. Stamens equalling the -perianth-tube. Fruit dry.--Species 9. South Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants. =Apicra= Willd. - -Perianth with long segments, red or green. Fruit fleshy.--Species 3. -Mascarene Islands. Used as ornamental plants. =Lomatophyllum= Willd. - -75. (66.) Anthers attached to the tip of the filament in a pit at their -back. Ovary 3-celled with many ovules in each cell. Fruit a leathery -capsule. Flowers yellowish-red, large, panicled. Leaves all radical. -[Tribe HEMEROCALLEAE.] 76 - -Anthers without a pit. Ovary 3-celled with 1-8 ovules in each cell, -or incompletely 6-celled, or 1-celled. Fruit a berry, rarely a fleshy -capsule or a nut. Flowers usually whitish. 77 - -76. Leaves herbaceous. Inflorescence few-flowered. Seeds ovate, -angled.--Species 1. Naturalised in the Mascarene Islands. A -garden-plant. “Day-lily.” =Hemerocallis= L. - -Leaves leathery. Inflorescence many-flowered. Seeds oblong, -winged.--Species 1 (_Ph. tenax_ Forst., New-Zealand-flax). Cultivated -in South Africa and the Mascarene Islands. Yields fibre and is used as -an ornamental and medicinal plant. =Phormium= Forst. - -77. Perianth-segments globosely-campanulately converging, slightly -cohering at the base. Stamens with the filaments thickened at the apex -and with sagittate basifixed anthers. Ovary 3-celled, each cell with an -incomplete partition and numerous ovules. Leaves serrate, crowded at -the top of the woody stem.--Species 2. Cultivated and naturalised in -the Mascarene Islands and the island of Zanzibar. They yield fibre and -starch and are used as ornamental plants. [Tribe YUCCEAE.] =Yucca= L. - -Perianth-segments spreading towards the tip. Stamens with thread-like -filaments or with dorsifixed anthers. Ovary 3-celled with 1-8 ovules in -each cell, or 1-celled. [Tribe DRACAENEAE.] 78 - -78. Ovary 1-celled with numerous ovules. Style short or wanting. -Anthers attached at or near the base, opening laterally. Flowers -polygamous, in panicles formed of spikes. Leaves all radical.--Species -1. Mascarene Islands. It yields fibre and is used as an ornamental -plant. =Astelia= Banks & Soland. - -Ovary 3-celled with 1-8 ovules in each cell. Anthers attached by the -back. 79 - -79. Ovules 4-8 in each ovary-cell. Style short and thick. -Perianth-segments almost free. Flowers in repeatedly branched panicles. -Stem woody.--Species 2. Mascarene Islands. Used as ornamental plants. -(Under _Cordyline_ Commers.) =Cohnia= Kunth - -Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. Style long and slender. -Perianth-segments evidently united. 80 - -80. Leaves all radical, springing from a short root-stock, -cartilaginous. Flowers in racemes composed of fascicles. Ovary sessile -with a large base. Fruit an achene with a membranous pericarp. -Seed-coat fleshy.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Many of -them yield fibre and are used as ornamental plants. “Bowstring-hemp.” -(_Sanseverinia_ Petagna). =Sansevieria= Thunb. - -Leaves springing from a sometimes very short woody stem, herbaceous or -leathery. Fruit a berry.--Species 65. Tropical and South Africa and -Canary Islands. Several species yield a resin (dragon’s blood) employed -medicinally and industrially; some are used for plaiting-work or as -ornamental plants. =Dracaena= Vand. - - -FAMILY 33. HAEMODORACEAE - -Herbs. Leaves narrow, 2-ranked. Flowers in racemes or panicles, rarely -solitary, hermaphrodite. Perianth yellow; segments 6, petal-like, -free or shortly united at the base. Stamens 3, opposite the inner -perianth-segments and attached at their base. Anthers turned inwards. -Ovary 3-celled; two cells sometimes sterile. Style simple, with a -simple stigma, rarely 3-parted. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds -flat. Embryo small, enclosed by the base of the albumen.--Genera 4, -species 6. South Africa. - -1. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. 2 - -Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Flowers regular. 3 - -2. Ovary with 1 fertile cell. Flowers regular, glabrous, in -racemes.--Species 1. Natal and Kaffraria. =Barberetta= Harv. - -Ovary with 3 fertile cells. Flowers irregular, hairy, in -panicles.--Species 2. Cape Colony. Used as ornamental plants. The roots -contain a red dye-stuff. =Wachendorfia= L. - -3. Ovary with 1 ovule in each cell. Flowers hairy, in -panicles.--Species 2. Cape Colony. =Dilatris= Berg - -Ovary with numerous ovules in each cell. Flowers glabrous, -solitary.--Species 1. Cape Colony. =Pauridia= Harv. - - -FAMILY 34. AMARYLLIDACEAE - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth corolla-like. Stamens 6, rarely -(_Gethyllis_) more. Anthers introrse. Ovary inferior, rarely -half-inferior or (_Walleria_) almost superior, 3-celled, with slightly -projecting axillary placentas. Ovules inverted. Embryo small, straight, -lateral, enclosed by the fleshy albumen.--Genera 33, species 310. -(Including _HYPOXIDACEAE_.) (Plate 19.) - -1. Underground part of the stem a bulb or a corm, rarely a short -root-stock. Leaves all radical. Flowers solitary or in umbels; -inflorescence surrounded by a spathe. [Subfamily =AMARYLLIDOIDEAE=.] 2 - -Underground part of the stem a root-stock. Flowers in spikes, racemes -or panicles, rarely solitary or in umbels, but without a spathe. 27 - -2. Perianth furnished with a corona, which sometimes is reduced to a -narrow ring or a crown of hairs. [Tribe NARCISSEAE.] 3 - -Perianth without a corona. [Tribe AMARYLLIDEAE.] 8 - -3. Stamens inserted within the corona. Corona cup-or ring-shaped or -consisting of 12 scales. [Subtribe NARCISSINAE.] 4 - -Stamens inserted on the edge of the cup-or funnel-shaped corona; corona -rarely reduced to a crown of hairs. 6 - -4. Corona of 12 free scales. Perianth tubular, red. Fruit a -berry.--Species 2. Central Africa (British East Africa and Angola). -=Cryptostephanus= Welw. - -Corona cup-or ring-shaped, undivided or lobed. Perianth bell-, funnel-, -or salver-shaped, usually white or yellow. Fruit a capsule. 5 - -5. Perianth funnel-shaped, with a very short tube, yellow. Corona -little developed, 6-or 12-lobed.--Species 1. North-West Africa. -(_Carregnoa_ Boiss.) =Tapeinanthus= Herb. - -Perianth salver-or bell-shaped, with a more or less elongated -tube.--Species 10. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants, in the -preparation of perfumes, and in medicine; some species are poisonous. -(Including _Aurelia_ Gay and _Corbularia_ Haw.) =Narcissus= L. - -6. Perianth salver-shaped, with a cylindrical tube and linear segments, -white. Corona funnel-shaped. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell.--Species -1. West Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. [Subtribe EUCHARIDINAE.] -=Hymenocallis= Salisb. - -Perianth funnel-shaped. Ovary with many ovules in each cell. [Subtribe -PANCRATIINAE.] 7 - -7. Flowers white, regular. Corona large, cup-shaped. Stigma 1.--Species -8. Northern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants, -for the preparation of starch, and in medicine. =Pancratium= L. - -Flowers red, slightly irregular. Corona reduced to a crown of hairs. -Stigmas 3.--Species 2. Naturalised in the West African islands St. -Thomas and Princes Island. Ornamental plants. =Hippeastrum= Herb. - -8. (2.) Ovules 1-6 in each cell of the ovary. Perianth-segments free or -united below into a short tube. [Subtribe HAEMANTHINAE.] 9 - -Ovules many in each cell of the ovary. 14 - -9. Perianth divided nearly or quite to the ovary. Spathe consisting of -two narrow bracts. 10 - -Perianth with a distinct tube. Spathe of two broad bracts or of more -than two bracts. Anthers oblong, attached by the back. 11 - -10. Anthers globose, attached by the base. Ovules 1-4 in each -ovary-cell. Perianth red.--Species 10. South Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants. (Including _Carpolyza_ Salisb.) =Hessea= Herb. - -Anthers oblong, attached by the back. Ovules 5-6 in each -ovary-cell.--Species 5. South Africa. =Strumaria= Jacq. - -11. Ovules 5-6 in each ovary-cell. Perianth reddish-yellow, -funnel-shaped. Spathe of more than 2 bracts. Leaves linear.--Species 3. -South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Clivia= Lindl. - -Ovules 1-4 in each ovary-cell. 12 - -12. Spathe consisting of 2 bracts. Pedicels long. Perianth red, -salver-shaped. Fruit a capsule. Leaves linear.--Species 4. South Africa -and southern Central Africa. Used for the preparation of arrow-poison, -in medicine, and as ornamental plants. =Buphane= Herb. - -Spathe consisting of more than 2 bracts. Pedicels short or rather -short. Fruit a berry. 13 - -13. Filaments shorter than the anthers. Perianth-tube very -short. Umbels rather few-flowered. Leaves very long and narrow, -strap-shaped.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Demeusea= De Wild. & -Th. Dur. - -Filaments as long as or longer than the anthers. Perianth-tube long. -Umbels many-flowered. Leaves rather short.--Species 45. South and -Central Africa. Some are poisonous or are used as ornamental or -medicinal plants. (Including _Choananthus_ Rendle) =Haemanthus= L. - -14. Perianth divided nearly or quite to the ovary. 15 - -Perianth with a distinct tube. 19 - -15. Perianth divided to the ovary, white, rarely reddish. Flowers -regular, middle-sized, solitary or in few-flowered umbels. [Subtribe -GALANTHINAE.] 16 - -Perianth with a short tube, usually red. Flowers more or less -irregular, in umbels. [Subtribe AMARYLLIDINAE.] 17 - -16. Perianth-segments spreading, whitish. Anthers deeply sagittate at -the base. Flowers erect, in umbels.--Species 1. North-west Africa. -=Lapiedra= Lag. - -Perianth-segments converging. Anthers slightly sagittate at the base. -Flowers drooping.--Species 3. North-west Africa. Used as ornamental -plants and in medicine; the bulb is edible. =Leucoium= L. - -17. Filaments thickened at the base. Stigma 3-lobed. Fruit obtusely -angled, 3-valved.--Species 17. South Africa to Damaraland. Some are -used as ornamental plants. (_Imhofia_ Heist.) =Nerine= Herb. - -Filaments thread-shaped, free. Stigma entire. 18 - -18. Ovules sunk in the placentas. Ovary oblong. Fruit obtusely -angled, bursting irregularly. Perianth-segments oblong. Flowers -drooping.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony); also naturalised in -the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Azores. Used as an ornamental -plant; the bulb is poisonous. =Amaryllis= L. - -Ovules not sunk in the placentas. Ovary top-shaped. Fruit acutely -angled, 3-valved.--Species 10. South Africa and southern Central -Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Brunsvigia= Heist. - -19. Flowers solitary. [Subtribe ZEPHYRANTHINAE.] 20 - -Flowers in umbels occasionally reduced to a single flower. [Subtribe -CRININAE.] 22 - -20. Perianth with a short tube, funnel-shaped, yellow. Filaments -long. Anthers oblong, attached at the back near the base. Scape -above-ground.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as an -ornamental plant. =Sternbergia= Waldst. & Kit. - -Perianth with a long tube. Filaments very short. Anthers linear, -attached at the base. Scape underground. 21 - -21. Perianth salver-shaped, yellow or whitish. Stamens in a single -row.--Species 9. South Africa (Cape Colony). The fruit of some is eaten -or used in medicine. =Gethyllis= L. - -Perianth funnel-shaped, white or reddish. Stamens in 2 rows.--Species -5. South Africa. =Apodolirion= Bak. - -22. Perianth-tube perceptibly shorter than the limb. 23 - -Perianth about as long as or longer than the limb. 26 - -23. Flowers rather small, yellow or yellowish-white, almost regular. -Perianth-segments lanceolate, slightly longer than or twice as long as -the tube. Stigmas 3.--Species 2. South and East Africa. =Anoiganthus= -Bak. - -Flowers large, red, reddish-yellow, or reddish-white. Stigma 1, simple -or 3-lobed. 24 - -24. Flowers almost regular. Perianth-segments elliptical, about twice -as long as the tube. Umbels 6-9-flowered. Fruit oblong.--Species 1. -South Africa (Cape Colony). Used as an ornamental plant. =Vallota= Herb. - -Flowers distinctly irregular. Perianth-segments 3-4 times as long as -the tube. 25 - -25. Umbels 2-4-flowered. Scape hollow. Perianth hairy within. Fruit -globose. (See 7.) =Hippeastrum= Herb. - -Umbels many-flowered; spathe of 2 bracts. Scape solid.--Species 2. -South Africa to Damaraland. =Ammocharis= Herb. - -26. Ovules sunk in the placentas, usually few in each ovary-cell. -Stigma very small, capitate. Anthers linear. Scape solid.--Species 60. -Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal -plants. (Including _Stenolirion_ Bak.) (Plate 19.) =Crinum= L. - -Ovules not sunk in the placentas, many in each ovary-cell. Stigma -more or less distinctly 3-lobed or 3-parted. Anthers oblong. Scape -hollow.--Species 25. South and East Africa and Angola. Some are used as -ornamental plants. =Cyrtanthus= Ait. - -27. (1.) Leaves fleshy, very long (1-2 m.), in a rosette at the base or -the top of the stem. Very tall plants. [Subfamily =AGAVOIDEAE=.] 28 - -Leaves not fleshy and not very long. Smaller plants. [Subfamily -=HYPOXIDOIDEAE=.] 30 - -28. Filaments longer than the perianth. Flowers in spikes or panicles, -usually greenish or yellow. Leaves at the top of a very short -stem.--Species 2. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in North and -South Africa and some tropical islands. They yield fibre, fodder, -drinks, medicaments, and a substitute for soap, and are also used as -hedge-or garden-plants. =Agave= L. - -Filaments shorter than the perianth. 29 - -29. Filaments strongly thickened at the base. Flowers in panicles, -white. Fruit ovoid. Leaves at the top of a short stem.--Species 1. -Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in North and South Africa and -some tropical islands. It yields fibre, and is used as a hedge-or -garden-plant, also in medicine. (_Furcraea_ Vent.) =Fourcroya= Schult. - -Filaments slightly thickened at the base. Flowers in capitate -spikes, red. Fruit oblong or club-shaped. Leaves at the base of a -long stem.--Species 1. Naturalised in the island of St. Helena. An -ornamental plant. =Doryanthes= Correa - -30. Ovary inferior with many ovules in each cell. Perianth yellow, -rarely white or red. Leaves all radical, usually hairy like the -peduncle. [Tribe HYPOXIDEAE.] 31 - -Ovary inferior with 2 ovules in each cell or half-inferior or almost -superior. Perianth blue, red, or whitish. Leaves usually radical and -cauline. 32 - -[Illustration: AMARYLLIDACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 19._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Crinum abyssinicum Hochst. - -_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: VELLOZIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 20._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Barbacenia aequatorialis Rendle - -_A_ Inflorescence. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise.] - - -31. Ovary beaked. Fruit a berry. Flowers solitary or in dense spikes -or heads.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. They yield fibre and -are used medicinally and as ornamental plants; some have an edible -root-stock. =Curculigo= Gaertn. - -Ovary not beaked. Fruit a capsule. Flowers solitary or in lax racemes -or umbels.--Species 60. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants. (Including _Ianthe_ Salisb.) =Hypoxis= L. - -32. Ovary almost inferior with 2 ovules in each cell. Anthers attached -by the back, bursting lengthwise. Perianth with a distinct tube. -Fruit 1-seeded. Flowers in panicles. Stem, leaves, and inflorescence -woolly.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). [Tribe CONOSTYLIDEAE.] -=Lanaria= Ait. - -Ovary half-inferior or almost superior, with several or many ovules -in each cell. Anthers attached at the base or near it, bursting at or -towards the apex. Perianth divided nearly or quite to the ovary. Stem, -leaves, and inflorescence glabrous. [Tribe CONANTHEREAE.] 33 - -33. Ovary half-inferior. Stamens more or less unequal. Flowers usually -without bracteoles, solitary and terminal or arranged in racemes -or panicles. Leaves, all or most of them, crowded at the base of -the stem.--Species 7. South Africa to Damaraland. Some have edible -root-stocks or are used as ornamental plants. =Cyanella= L. - -Ovary almost superior. Stamens equal. Flowers blue, with bracteoles, -solitary or in pairs and axillary, or arranged in panicles. Leaves -scattered along the stem.--Species 5. Southern tropical Africa. Some -have edible root-stocks. =Walleria= Kirk - - -FAMILY 35. VELLOZIACEAE - -Leaves linear. Flowers solitary, terminal, without bracteoles, regular, -hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments free or nearly so, petaloid, usually -white. Stamens 6. Anthers attached by the base. Ovary inferior, -3-celled. Placentas projecting and peltately dilated. Ovules numerous. -Style simple; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a capsule. Seeds black, compressed. -Embryo very small, enclosed by the albumen. (Under _AMARYLLIDEAE_.) -(Plate 20.) - -Genus 1. Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. (_Xerophyta_ Juss., -under _Vellozia_ Vand.) =Barbacenia= Vand. - - -FAMILY 36. TACCACEAE - -Herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Leaves all radical, large, stalked, -twice pinnately divided. Flowers in an umbel-like inflorescence on -a leafless scape, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth greenish-brown, -bell-or urn-shaped, with a short tube. Stamens 6. Filaments hooded. -Anthers turned inwards. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with parietal -placentas. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style short, umbrella-shaped, -6-lobed. Fruit a berry. Seeds compressed. Embryo small, enclosed by the -albumen. - -Genus 1, species 2. Tropics. Used as ornamental plants and for -plaiting-work; the tubers yield starch (arrowroot) and are edible when -cooked. =Tacca= Forst. - - -FAMILY 37. DIOSCOREACEAE - -Root-stock tuberous. Stem twining. Leaves alternate, net-veined, -usually cordate. Flowers in racemes, inconspicuous, regular, unisexual. -Stamens 6. Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, superposed, -inverted. Styles or style-branches 3. Embryo enclosed in a horny or -cartilaginous albumen.--Genera 2, species 45. (Plate 21.) - -Fruit a berry. Seeds not winged.--Species 3. North Africa. The tubers -are eaten and used in medicine; the berries are poisonous. (_Tamnus_ -Juss.) =Tamus= L. - -Fruit a capsule. Seeds winged.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. -Some are cultivated for their edible tubers (yams) or used in medicine; -others are poisonous. (Including _Testudinaria_ Salisb.) (Plate 21.) -=Dioscorea= L. - - -SUBORDER IRIDINEAE - - -FAMILY 38. IRIDACEAE - -Herbs or undershrubs. Inflorescence terminal. Flowers hermaphrodite. -Perianth with 6 petaloid segments. Stamens 3, inserted opposite the -outer perianth-segments. Anthers turned outwards. Ovary inferior, -3-celled, rarely (_Hermodactylus_) 1-celled. Style-branches usually -divided or dilated. Ovules numerous, inverted. Fruit a loculicidal -capsule. Embryo enclosed by the horny albumen.--Genera 39, species 600. -(Plate 22.) - -1. Flowers solitary, terminal, sometimes surrounded by several axillary -flowers, each flower with a spathe. Perianth regular; inner and outer -segments nearly equal. Leaves not exactly 2-ranked. Stem short or -almost wanting. [Subfamily =CROCOIDEAE=.] 2 - -Flowers in various inflorescences, rarely spathes solitary, but 2-or -more-flowered or (if 1-flowered) the outer perianth-segments very -different from the inner ones. Leaves 2-ranked, folded one above -the other, rarely (_Geosiris_) reduced to scales. Stem distinctly -developed. 5 - -2. Stem underground, very short. Perianth-tube very long. 3 - -Stem partly above ground. Perianth-tube short or moderately long. 4 - -3. Style-branches undivided, stigmatose inside. Perianth red or violet, -rarely white with red streaks.--Species 6. South Africa (Cape Colony). -=Syringodea= Hook. fil. - -Style-branches many-lobed or many-parted, stigmatose at the -top.--Species 3; one of them only cultivated. North-West Africa. Used -as ornamental plants; the tubers are edible. The cultivated species -(_C. sativus_ L.) yields the saffron, which is used as a condiment and -for dyeing. =Crocus= L. - -4. Leaves crowded at the top of the very short stem. Perianth with -a rather long tube, yellow or violet. Filaments united into a tube. -Style-branches dilated above, petal-like.--Species 3. South Africa -(Cape Colony). Used as ornamental plants. =Galaxia= Thunb. - -[Illustration: DIOSCOREACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 21._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower from above. _C_ Male flower cut -lengthwise. _D_ Group of fruits.] - -[Illustration: IRIDACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 22._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Lapeyrousia Fabricii Ker - -_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower. _C_ Ovary cut lengthwise.] - - -Leaves scattered along the stem or crowded at its base. Filaments free, -rarely united, but then perianth with a very short tube. Style-branches -not petal-like.--Species 50. South and North Africa and mountains of -Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (_Trichonema_ Ker). -=Romulea= Maratti - -5. (1.) Spathes 1-flowered, in spikes. Style-branches well developed, -generally alternate with the anthers, thread-shaped or thickened at the -top, more rarely dilated and almost petal-like, but undivided. Flower -usually more or less irregular. Stem leafy. [Subfamily =IXIOIDEAE=.] 6 - -Spathes 2-or more-flowered, rarely 1-flowered, but then style-branches -either reduced to short teeth, or opposite the anthers, petal-like, and -2-lobed. Flowers regular, but the inner perianth-segments often very -different from the outer ones. [Subfamily =IRIDOIDEAE=.] 23 - -6. Style-branches 2-parted. [Tribe WATSONIEAE.] 7 - -Style-branches undivided. 10 - -7. Flowers small. Perianth with a short tube, red or blue. Ovules 2 in -each ovary-cell.--Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Micranthus= -Pers. - -Flowers large or rather large. Perianth with a long or rather long -tube. Ovules many in each ovary-cell. 8 - -8. Perianth-tube straight or nearly so. Filaments short, inserted at -the throat of the perianth.--Species 40. South and Central Africa. -Some have edible tubers or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 22.) -=Lapeyrousia= Pourr. - -Perianth-tube curved. Filaments long, inserted below the throat of the -perianth. 9 - -9. Spathes short, scarious. Perianth yellowish, with unequal -segments.--Species 2. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. -=Freesia= Klatt - -Spathes rather long, rigid. Perianth red or white, with almost equal -segments.--Species 15. South Africa, Madagascar, and Mascarenes. Some -are used as ornamental plants. =Watsonia= Mill. - -10. (6.) Flowers distinctly irregular. [Tribe GLADIOLEAE.] 11 - -Flowers regular or almost so. Filaments and style straight. [Tribe -IXIEAE.] 18 - -11. Perianth curved. 12 - -Perianth straight. 13 - -12. Perianth-tube longer than the limb, filiform below, cylindrical -above. Stamens inserted in the basal part of the tube. Spathes -small.--Species 20. South and Central Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants. (Including _Anisanthus_ Sweet). =Antholyza= L. - -Perianth-tube as long as or shorter than the limb, -funnel-shaped.--Species 120. Some of them have edible bulbs, others are -used in medicine or as ornamental plants. =Gladiolus= L. - -13. Leaves folded, usually hairy. Perianth with a long tube.--Species -30. South Africa and Island of Socotra. Several species have edible -bulbs or are used as ornamental plants. =Babiana= Ker - -Leaves flat, glabrous. 14 - -14. Perianth-segments almost free, thinly acuminate, yellowish-green. -Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Inflorescence paniculate.--Species 1. -South Africa (Cape Colony). =Melasphaerula= Ker - -Perianth-segments evidently united below, obtuse or shortly mucronate. -Ovules usually numerous. 15 - -15. Perianth-tube funnel-shaped (distinctly widened above). -Style-branches filiform. Spathe-bracts lacerated. 16 - -Perianth-tube more or less cylindrical (slightly or not widened above). -Style-branches usually dilated. Spathe-bracts entire or toothed. 17 - -16. Perianth 2-lipped, with a long or rather long tube, yellow or -violet. Style-branches short.--Species 3. South Africa (Cape Colony). -Used as ornamental plants. =Synnotia= Sweet - -Perianth regular, with a short or rather short tube, yellow, red -or variegated. Style-branches long.--Species 3. South Africa (Cape -Colony). Used as ornamental plants. The bulbs are edible. =Sparaxis= Ker - -17. Spathe-bracts long, green, entire. Inflorescence spicate. Perianth -nearly always with a long tube.--Species 20. South and Central Africa. -Used as ornamental plants. =Acidanthera= Hochst. - -Spathe-bracts short, brown, toothed at the top. Inflorescence spicate -or paniculate. Perianth with a short or rather short tube.--Species -35. South and Central Africa. Many of them are used as ornamental -plants; some yield edible bulbs or a substitute for saffron. (Including -_Crocosmia_ Planch., _Montbretia_ DC., and _Tritonixia_ Klatt). -=Tritonia= Ker - -18. (10.) Style-branches club-shaped. 19 - -Style-branches linear or subulate. 20 - -19. Stigmas notched. Flowers white or yellow. Spathe-bracts lacerated. -Leaves short.--Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Streptanthera= -Sweet - -Stigmas entire. Flowers white or red. Spathe-bracts entire. Leaves -long.--Species 2. South and East Africa. Used as ornamental plants. -=Dierama= C. Koch - -20. Style-branches linear, slightly dilated, short. Outer spathe-bract -brown.--Species 20. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. -(Including _Morphixia_ Ker). =Ixia= L. - -Style-branches subulate. Spathe-bracts green or brown at the tip. 21 - -21. Style long, with short branches.--Species 35. South Africa, -southern Central Africa, and Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental or -medicinal plants. =Geissorrhiza= Ker - -Style short, with long branches. 22 - -22. Underground part of the stem a root-stock. Perianth red. Filaments -as long as or longer than the anthers.--Species 2. South Africa. Used -as ornamental plants. =Schizostylis= Backh. & Harv. - -Underground part of the stem a corm. Filaments short.--Species 35. -South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants. =Hesperantha= Ker - -23. (5.) Style-branches undivided, very short or thread-shaped or -somewhat broadened at the top, but not petal-like, nearly always -alternate with the stamens. 24 - -Style-branches more or less divided or petal-like, opposite the -stamens. Perianth with a short tube or without a tube. Fruit not -enclosed by the spathe. 32 - -24. Perianth with a distinct tube. Filaments free. Style-branches very -short. Fruit, wholly or for the greater part, enclosed by the spathe. -[Tribe ARISTEAE, Subtribe ARISTINAE.] 25 - -Perianth divided nearly or quite to the ovary. Style-branches usually -long. Fruit not enclosed by the spathe. [Tribe SISYRINCHIEAE.] 30 - -25. Perianth-segments very unequal, the inner much larger than the -outer, blueish, the outer black; tube short. Spathes 2-3-flowered, -solitary or in corymbs.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). -=Cleanthe= Salisb. - -Perianth-segments almost equal. 26 - -26. Stem and leaves without green colour. Leaves short, scale-like. -Flowers in umbel-like cymes. Perianth white, with a short -tube.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Geosiris= Baill. - -Stem and leaves green. Leaves long, linear or sword-shaped. Perianth -blue, rarely yellowish or whitish. 27 - -27. Spathes 3-or more-flowered, solitary or in spikes, racemes or -corymbs. Herbs. Perianth with a short tube.--Species 30. Southern and -tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. -=Aristea= Ait. - -Spathes 1-2-flowered. Undershrubs. 28 - -28. Perianth with a short tube and clawed segments, blue. Filaments -long. Spathes in heads.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). -=Klattia= Bak. - -Perianth with a long tube. Filaments short. 29 - -29. Perianth blue, glabrous, with a cylindrical tube. Filaments -awl-shaped. Anthers small. Spathes solitary or in corymbs.--Species 2. -South Africa (Cape Colony). Used as ornamental plants. (Under _Aristea_ -Ait.) =Nivenia= Vent. - -Perianth greenish-yellow, hairy outside, with a funnel-shaped tube. -Filaments flat. Anthers large. Spathes surrounded by empty bracts and -arranged in heads.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used as an -ornamental plant; the stem contains sugar. =Witsenia= Thunb. - -30. Filaments united into a tube. Perianth blue.--Species 1. -Naturalised in the Mascarene Islands. An ornamental plant. [Subtribe -SISYRICHINAE.] =Sisyrinchium= L. - -Filaments free or nearly so. Perianth yellow or red. [Subtribe -LIBERTINAE]. 31 - -31. Stem leafy. Spathes in lax corymbs. Perianth orange-coloured. -Style filiform, with club-shaped, erect or spreading stigmas.--Species -1. Naturalised in the Mascarene Islands. An ornamental and medicinal -plant. =Belamcanda= Adans. - -Stem leafless. Spathes solitary or in heads. Perianth pale yellow. -Style very short, with thread-shaped, recurved stigmas.--Species 6. -South Africa. =Bobartia= Ker - -32. (23.) Stigmas at the tip of the style-branches. Inner and outer -perianth-segments almost equal. Filaments united. Underground part of -the stem a bulb. [Tribe TIGRIDIEAE, subtribe CIPURINAE.] 33 - -Stigmas on the underside of the dilated style-branches. Inner and outer -perianth-segments unequal. [Tribe MORAEEAE.] 36 - -33. Style-branches simple or one of them forked. 34 - -Style-branches divided. Perianth-segments usually crisped. 35 - -34. Perianth white, divided to the ovary.--Species 1. South-east Africa -(Natal). =Keitia= Regel - -Perianth yellow or brownish-red, with a short tube.--Species 12. South -Africa; one species also naturalised in St. Helena. Used as ornamental -plants. =Homeria= Vent. - -35. Perianth yellow, divided to the ovary, twisting up in fading. -Style-branches cylindrical, glabrous.--Species 2. South Africa (Cape -Colony). =Hexaglottis= Vent. - -Perianth greenish brownish or red, with a short tube. Style-branches -dilated, fringed on the margin.--Species 8. South Africa and southern -West Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Ferraria= L. - -36. Style-branches broadened, but not petal-like. Perianth blue; -segments free, the inner with the edges rolled inwards and the tip -recurved. Filaments free. Scape flattened.--Species 1. Angola and -islands of equatorial West Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. -[Subtribe MARICINAE.] =Marica= Ker - -Style-branches winged, petal-like. [Subtribe IRIDINAE.] 37 - -37. Perianth-segments free, not bearded. Filaments usually -united.--Species 60. Southern and tropical Africa. Several species have -edible root-stocks, others are poisonous, many are used as ornamental -plants. (Including _Dietes_ Salisb. and _Vieusseuxia_ Delaroche). -=Moraea= L. - -Perianth-segments united at the base. Filaments free. 38 - -38. Ovary 1-celled with parietal placentas. Inner perianth-segments -linear, acuminate.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). -=Hermodactylus= Adans. - -Ovary 3-celled, with axile placentas.--Species 15. North Africa. -Many of them are used as ornamental plants, some are poisonous; the -root-stock of several species (orris-root) is edible and yields tanning -materials, perfumes, and medicaments. =Iris= L. - - -ORDER SCITAMINEAE - - -FAMILY 39. MUSACEAE - -Tall herbaceous plants. Leaves with a large, oblong or ovate, -penni-nerved blade. Flowers subtended by large bracts and arranged -in usually spicate rows or cymes, irregular. Perianth corolla-like. -Fertile stamens 5, rarely 6. Filaments free. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary -inferior, 3-celled. Style free from the stamens, 3-6-lobed. Seeds with -a straight embryo and mealy albumen.--Genera 4, species 25. (Under -_SCITAMINEAE_.) (Plate 23.) - -1. Leaves spirally arranged. Partial inflorescences consisting of -1-2 rows of flowers. Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Sepals and -two of the petals united below. Fruit berry-like. Seeds without an -aril.--Species 15, growing wild in the tropics, besides 4 (especially -_M. paradisiaca_ L.) which are cultivated in various regions. They -yield fibre (Manila hemp), tanning and dyeing materials, vegetables, -and edible fruits (bananas and plantains), from which also starch, -sugar, vinegar, and alcoholic liquor are made. Some species are used as -ornamental plants. [Subfamily =MUSOIDEAE=.] =Musa= L. - -Leaves 2-ranked. Partial inflorescences cymose. Flowers hermaphrodite. -Sepals free or the lateral ones united with the petals. Fruit capsular. -[Subfamily =STRELITZIOIDEAE=.] 2 - -2. Odd sepal posterior. Petals united at the base. Ovules solitary -in each ovary-cell. Fruit opening septicidally. Seeds without an -aril.--Species 1. Naturalised on the Canary Islands. An ornamental -plant; the root-stock is edible. [Tribe HELICONIEAE.] =Heliconia= L. - -Odd sepal anterior. Petals free, at least one of them. Ovules many -in each ovary-cell. Fruit opening loculicidally. Seeds with an aril. -[Tribe STRELITZIEAE.] 3 - -3. Petals very unequal, the two lateral ones elongated, connate on one -side, provided with a wing-like appendage on the other, the third petal -very short. Stamens 5. Aril yellow. Inflorescence few-flowered. Stem -moderately tall.--Species 4. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental -plants. (Plate 23.) =Strelitzia= L. - -Petals subequal, free, without an appendage. Stamens 6. Aril -blue. Inflorescence many-flowered. Stem very tall. Species 1 (_R. -madagascariensis_ Sonn., traveller’s tree). Madagascar and Mascarene -Islands. The leaves are used in house-building; their sheaths retain -much water; the sap also furnishes a drink. The seeds are edible and -yield a fat. =Ravenala= Adans. - - -FAMILY 40. ZINGIBERACEAE - -Herbs. Stem simple, springing from a root-stock. Leaves stalked or -provided with a sheath, oblong or lanceolate. Flowers in spikes -racemes heads or panicles, more or less irregular, hermaphrodite, very -rarely dioecious. Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla. Sepals -united below. Petals subequal, united below. Fertile stamen 1. Anther -2-celled, opening by longitudinal slits. Staminodes 1-3, petal-like, at -least one of them (the lip). Ovary inferior, more or less completely -3-celled. Ovules numerous. Style enclosed in a groove of the filament. -Stigma funnel-shaped. Fruit a capsule or a berry. Seed with a straight -embryo and mealy albumen.--Genera 11, species 120. Tropical and -South-east Africa. (Under _SCITAMINEAE_.) (Plate 24.) - -1. Leaves spirally arranged; sheath at first closed, articulated -with the petiole. Filaments petal-like. Lateral staminodes wanting. -Epigynous glands none. Stem and leaves not aromatic.--Species 35. -Central Africa. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants -and in the preparation of rubber. (Including _Cadalvena_ Fenzl). -[Subfamily =COSTOIDEAE=.] =Costus= L. - -Leaves two-ranked; sheath split open, not articulated with the petiole. -Epigynous glands present, often style-like. Stem and leaves aromatic. -[Subfamily =ZINGIBEROIDEAE=.] 2 - -2. Lateral staminodes petal-like, but sometimes adnate to the lip, -which then appears 3-lobed. [Tribe HEDYCHIEAE.] 3 - -Lateral staminodes linear, tooth-like, or wanting; in the latter case -lip not distinctly 3-lobed. [Tribe ZINGIBEREAE.] 5 - -3. Connective spurred. Lateral staminodes adnate below to the filament -of the fertile stamen.--Species 1 (_C. longa_ L.). Cultivated and -sometimes naturalised in the tropics. The root-stock yields starch, -condiments, medicaments, perfumes, and dyeing-materials (turmeric); the -leaves are used for plaiting-work. =Curcuma= L. - -Connective not spurred. Lateral staminodes free from the filament of -the fertile stamen. 4 - -4. Connective with a crest-like appendage. Filament short. Lateral -staminodes broad.--Species 15. Central and South-east Africa. Some are -used as ornamental plants. =Kaempfera= L. - -Connective without an appendage. Filament long. Lateral staminodes -narrow. Inflorescence terminating the leafy stem.--Species 3, two of -them natives of Madagascar, the third naturalised in the tropics. -Ornamental plants; the tubers yield condiments, perfumes, and -medicaments. =Hedychium= Koen. - -5. Connective with a distinct appendage. Flowering stem separated from -the leafy stem. 6 - -Connective without a distinct appendage. 8 - -[Illustration: MUSACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 23._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Strelitzia Reginae Banks ex Ait. - -_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stamens and inner -petals.] - -[Illustration: ZINGIBERACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 24._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Aframomum Laurentii (De Wild. & Dur.) K. Schum. - -_A_ Leaf. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Lower part -of the flower cut lengthwise.] - - -6. Connective with a grooved beak. Lip 3-lobed.--Species 2. Cultivated -and sometimes naturalised in the tropics. The root-stock is used as a -condiment, especially for the preparation of liquors, and in medicine. -“Ginger.” =Zingiber= L. - -Connective with an oblong or 3-lobed, not grooved appendage. Lip not -distinctly 3-lobed. 7 - -7. Connective with an entire, oblong appendage. Filament adnate to the -base of the lip. Inflorescence lax.--Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons) -and Madagascar. =Aulotandra= Gagnepain - -Connective with a 3-lobed appendage. Filament free from the lip. -Inflorescence dense.--Species 50. Tropics. The fruits (grains of -paradise) of several species (especially _A. melegueta_ Roscoe) -are used as a condiment and for the preparation of perfumes and -medicaments; others serve as ornamental plants. (Under _Amomum_ L.) -(Plate 24.) =Aframomum= K. Schum. - -8. Filament long. Lip not distinctly clawed. Inflorescence terminating -the leafy stem.--Species 3. Naturalised in the tropical regions. -Ornamental plants. =Alpinia= L. - -Filament short. Lip clawed. 9 - -9. Lip entire, rhomboidical, adnate to the filament at the base. -Epigynous glands lobed. Flowering stem separated from the leafy stem. -Inflorescence very dense, almost head-like, surrounded by a coloured -involucre.--Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used as an -ornamental plant, the fruit as a condiment. (_Nicolaia_ Horan., under -_Amomum_ L.) =Phaeomeria= Lindl. - -Lip more or less distinctly 3-lobed, free from the filament. 10 - -10. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds without an aril. Corolla-tube slightly -exceeding the calyx. Stigma small. Inflorescence springing from the -base of the leafy stem, lax, paniculate.--Species 1 (_E. Cardamomum_ -White et Maton). Cultivated in the tropics and naturalised in the -Mascarene Islands. The fruits (cardamoms) are used as a condiment and -for the preparation of perfumes and medicaments. =Elettaria= Maton - -Fruit dehiscent. Seeds with an aril. Calyx closed in bud. Inflorescence -usually terminal.--Species 15. Central Africa. (_Ethanium_ Salisb.) -=Renealmia= L. f. - - -FAMILY 41. CANNACEAE - -Herbs. Leaves large, penninerved. Inflorescence spicate or formed -of cymes. Flowers irregular and asymmetrical, hermaphrodite. Sepals -free. Petals united below. Fertile stamen single, 1-celled, the barren -half leaf-like. Staminodes leaf-like. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, with -numerous inverted ovules. Style and stigma simple. Fruit capsular. -Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. (Under _SCITAMINEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 5. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in various -regions. They yield starch, vegetables, medicaments, and dyeing -materials, and are also used as ornamental plants. “Indian shot.” -=Canna= L. - - -FAMILY 42. MARANTACEAE - -Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves stalked, with a swelling in the upper -part of the stalk, penninerved. Inflorescence spicate, capitate, or -paniculate. Flowers irregular and asymmetrical, hermaphrodite. Sepals -free. Petals united below. Fertile stamen single, 1-celled. Staminodes -2-4, petal-like. Ovary inferior, 1-or 3-celled. Ovules solitary in -each cell, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire or lobed. Seeds with -a mealy albumen and a curved embryo.--Genera 12, species 60. Tropics. -(Under _SCITAMINEAE_.) (Plate 25.) - -1. Ovary 1-celled. [Tribe MARANTEAE.] 2 - -Ovary 3-celled, but the ovules of 2 cells sometimes abortive. [Tribe -PHRYNIEAE.] 3 - -2. Corolla-tube very short. Staminodes 3, one of them with two filiform -appendages. Fruit indehiscent. Bracts enclosing one pair of flowers -each.--Species 7. Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Thalia= L. - -Corolla-tube long. Staminodes 4. Fruit dehiscent. Bracts enclosing 3 -pairs of flowers each.--Species 1 (_M. arundinacea_ L.) Cultivated and -sometimes naturalised in the tropics. The root-stock contains starch -(arrow-root). =Maranta= L. - -3. Staminodes 2. Fruit winged. Inflorescence spike-like, springing from -the root-stock. Bracts enclosing one pair of flowers each.--Species 1. -West Africa. The fruits are edible and contain sugar. =Thaumatococcus= -Benth. - -Staminodes 4, rarely 3. 4 - -4. Bracts approximated in one row, enclosing two pairs of flowers each. -Ovary with 1 fertile and 2 sterile cells.--Species 1. Madagascar. -(Under _Myrosma_ Benth. or _Phrynium_ Willd.) =Ctenophrynium= K. Schum. - -Bracts in two opposite rows. 5 - -5. Flower-pairs with small, thickened, almost gland-like scales -inserted above the bracts and the 2-keeled bracteoles which usually -accompany the bracts. 6 - -Flower-pairs without gland-like scales above the bracts and bracteoles. -8 - -6. Ovary and fruit smooth, the latter fleshy. Leaves having the larger -half all on the same side. Herbs with a simple stem. Inflorescence -panicle-, very rarely spike-like.--Species 13. West Africa. Some -have edible fruits. (Under _Phrynium_ Willd. or _Phyllodes_ Lour.) -=Sarcophrynium= K. Schum. - -Ovary and fruit covered with pointed protuberances, the latter dry. -Leaves having the larger half some on the right, some on the left side. -Undershrubs or climbing herbs with a branched stem. Inflorescence -spike-like. 7 - -7. Fruit dehiscent, covered with small protuberances. Seeds with an -aril. Flower-pairs without a bracteole.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under -_Trachyphrynium_ Benth.) =Hybophrynium= K. Schum. - -[Illustration: MARANTACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 25._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Clinogyne arillata K. Schum. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower.] - -[Illustration: ORCHIDACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 26._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Listrostachys vesicata Reichb. fil. - -_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower in longitudinal section -(the spur cut off near the base).] - - -Fruit indehiscent, covered with large protuberances. Seeds without -an aril. Flower-pairs with a bracteole.--Species 6. West Africa. -=Trachyphrynium= Benth. - -8. Inflorescence springing from the root-stock and separated from -the 1-leafed stem, spike-like. Inner staminodes, at least one of -them, equalling the outer.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. (Under -_Calathea_ Mey.) =Afrocalathea= K. Schum. - -Inflorescence terminating the leafy, sometimes very short stem or its -branches. 9 - -9. Inner staminodes larger than the outer, the hooded one without a -strap-shaped appendage. Bracts enclosing 2-4 sessile pairs of flowers -each. Inflorescence head-like. Stem branched.--Species 1. Equatorial -West Africa (Gaboon). =Ataenidia= Gagnepain - -Inner staminodes smaller than the outer. 10 - -10. Sepals very unequal. Fruit dry, indehiscent, with adnate seeds. -Inflorescence consisting of 2-3 spikes. Bracts enclosing one pair -of flowers each, persistent.--Species 1. Equatorial Africa. Used in -the preparation of salt. (Under _Clinogyne_ Benth. or _Donax_ Lour.) -=Halopegia= K. Schum. - -Sepals subequal. Bracts usually enclosing 2-4 pairs of flowers each. 11 - -11. Inflorescence head-like. Bracts persistent.--Species 2. West -Africa. (Under _Calathea_ Mey.) =Phrynium= Willd. - -Inflorescence raceme-or panicle-like. Bracts deciduous.--Species 25. -West Africa, Upper Nile, and Island of Réunion. Some species yield -starch or fibre. (_Donax_ Lour., including _Marantochloa_ Griseb.) -(Plate 25.) =Clinogyne= Salisb. - - -ORDER MICROSPERMAE - - -SUBORDER BURMANNIINEAE - - -FAMILY 43. BURMANNIACEAE - -Herbs. Leaves narrow or scale-like. Flowers solitary or in cymose, -usually spike-like inflorescences, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite -or polygamous. Perianth-segments 3 or 6, petaloid, united below. -Stamens 3, opposite the inner perianth-segments, or 6. Ovary inferior, -1-or 3-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style 3-or 6-cleft. Fruit -dry, dehiscing by slits or irregularly. Seeds albuminous; testa -loose.--Genera 4, species 15. Tropical and South Africa. - -1. Anthers erect, opening transversely, 3. Style long, with 3 stigmas. -[Tribe BURMANNIEAE.] 2 - -Anthers recurved, opening lengthwise. Style short. [Tribe THISMIEAE.] 3 - -2. Ovary 1-celled.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Gymnosiphon= Blume - -Ovary 3-celled.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. =Burmannia= L. - -3. Corolla regular. Stamens 3; connective without an appendage. Stigma -3-parted.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Oxygyne= Schlecht. - -Corolla irregular. Stamens 6; connective with an appendage. Stigma -6-toothed.--Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under _Thismia_ -Griff.) =Afrothismia= (Engl.) Schlecht. - - -SUBORDER GYNANDRAE - - -FAMILY 44. ORCHIDACEAE - -Leaves with longitudinal nerves. Inflorescence of the racemose type. -Flowers irregular. Perianth more or less corolla-like or distinguished -into calyx and corolla, one of the petals or segments (the lip) -distinctly differing from the others. Receptacle usually continued -beyond the ovary and forming the column upon which the stigma and the -anther are inserted. Fertile stamen 1, belonging to the outer whorl. -Staminodes sometimes present. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with numerous -parietal ovules. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 3, one of them rudimentary -or transformed into the rostellum, to which the pollen-masses adhere. -Seeds very small, exalbuminous; embryo imperfectly developed.--Genera -96, species 1600. (Plate 26.) - -1. Pollen-masses with basal, stalk-like appendages, which adhere to the -sticky, gland-like appendages of the rostellum. Root thickened into -tubers. [Tribe OPHRYDEAE.] 2 - -Pollen-masses with apical appendages or without appendages. 37 - -2. Anther reflected, forming an angle with the column. Lip with 2 spurs -or without a spur, but sometimes saccate or bearing appendages on the -back. 3 - -Anther erect, having the same direction as the column, rarely slightly -reflected, but then lip with one spur. 14 - -3. Lip partly adnate to the column, usually bearing on its upper face a -large appendage. Petals broad, converging and usually cohering with the -middle sepal into a hood. [Subtribe CORYCIINAE.] 4 - -Lip free from the column, inserted at its base, rarely shortly adnate -to it, but then petals not distinctly converging into a hood. [Subtribe -SATYRIINAE.] 7 - -4. Lateral sepals united nearly to the apex.--Species 10. South Africa. -=Corycium= Swartz - -Lateral sepals free. 5 - -5. Lateral sepals spurred or saccate.--Species 30. Southern and -tropical Africa. =Disperis= Swartz - -Lateral sepals flat. 6 - -6. Column short. Lip broad at the base. Connective dilated.--Species -15. South Africa. (Including _Ommatodium_ Lindl.) =Pterygodium= Swartz - -Column long. Lip clawed. Connective not dilated.--Species 8. South -Africa (Cape Colony). =Ceratandra= Eckl. - -7. Lip posticous (uppermost), produced behind into a pair of descending -spurs or sacs.--Species 90. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used -in medicine. (Including _Aviceps_ Lindl. and _Satyridium_ Lindl.) -=Satyrium= Swartz - -Lip usually anticous, not spurred, but sometimes with a sac-like -cavity. 8 - -8. Odd sepal spurred or gibbous. 9 - -Odd sepal neither spurred nor gibbous. 13 - -9. Lip more or less saccate at the base. 10 - -Lip flat. 11 - -10. Lip very small, adnate to the column. Stem rather rigid. Leaves in -the middle of the stem.--Species 9. South Africa and mountains of the -tropics. =Brownleea= Harv. - -Lip rather large, free from the column. Stem very flexible. Leaves at -the base of the stem.--Species 6. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Under -_Disa_ Berg). =Schizodium= Lindl. - -11. Rostellum with 2 distinct glands, to which the pollen-masses are -attached; side-lobes exceeding the middle-lobe.--Species 110. Southern -and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including -_Penthea_ Lindl.) =Disa= Berg - -Rostellum with one gland; sides-lobes, if present, not exceeding the -middle-lobe. 12 - -12. Stigma 2-parted. Rostellum with 3 narrow, subequal lobes.--Species -10. South Africa to Nyasaland. (Under _Disa_ Berg). =Herschelia= Lindl. - -Stigma entire. Rostellum more or less hood-shaped, large.--Species 15. -South Africa. (Under _Disa_ Berg). =Monadenia= Lindl. - -13. Petals much narrower than the odd sepal, kneed. Lip kidney-shaped. -Stigma not extended in two branches.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape -Colony). (Under _Disa_ Berg). =Forficaria= Lindl. - -Petals and sepals subequal. Stigma with 2 erect, linear -branches.--Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Pachites= Lindl. - -14. (2.) Stigma extended into two, usually elongated processes. -[Subtribe HABENARIINAE.] 15 - -Stigma not extended into processes, rather flat. Column very short. 21 - -15. Stigmatic processes short, adnate to the lip. Rostellum small, -not prolonged into anther-channels. Column very short.--Species 10. -Tropics. (Under _Habenaria_ L. or _Platanthera_ Rich.) =Peristylus= -Blume - -Stigmatic processes free 16 - -16. Column long, curved. Rostellum not prolonged into anther-channels. -Perianth subglobose.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. =Acrostylia= Frapp. - -Column short 17 - -17. Rostellum or stigmatic processes 2-cleft. Base of the anther not -enclosed by a channel, but prolonged into solid processes.--Species 7. -Central Africa. (Under =Habenaria= Willd.) =Roeperocharis= Reichb. - -Rostellum and stigmatic processes entire, the former prolonged at the -base into two lateral anther-channels. 18 - -18. Anther reflected. Stigma broad. 19 - -Anther erect. Stigma more or less slender. 20 - -19. Middle-lobe of the rostellum exceeding the side-lobes. Lip linear, -entire, with a long spur. Petals broad.--Species 1. Southern West -Africa. (Under _Habenaria_ Willd.) =Barlaea= Reichb. fil. - -Middle-lobe of the rostellum equalling the side-lobes. Lip oblong or -broader, usually lobed.--Species 40. Tropical and South-east Africa. -(_Cynosorchis_ Thouars, including _Amphorchis_ Thouars, _Hemiperis_ -Frapp., and _Camilleugenia_ Frapp.) =Cynorchis= Thouars - -20. Stigmatic processes diverging at a right angle. Spur -short.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (_Tinea_ Biv.) =Neotinea= Reichb. -fil. - -Stigmatic processes nearly parallel.--Species 210. (Including _Bonatea_ -Willd., _Platycoryne_ Reichb., and _Podandria_ Rolfe). =Habenaria= -Willd. - -21. (14.) Glands of the rostellum enclosed in 1-2 pouches proceeding -from the rostellum and persisting when the glands are removed. -[Subtribe SERAPIADINAE.] 22 - -Glands of the rostellum enclosed by the processes of the anther -or naked, rarely covered by a thin pellicle proceeding from the -rostellum and carried away with the glands upon removal. [Subtribe -GYMNADENIINAE.] 27 - -22. Glands enclosed in 2 separate pouches. Lip not spurred, usually -convex, gibbous and hairy.--Species 10. North Africa. The tubers yield -medicaments (salep) and mucilage. =Ophrys= L. - -Glands enclosed in a common pouch. 23 - -23. Glands 2, free. Lip spurred.--Species 20. North Africa. The tubers -yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage. =Orchis= L. - -Glands united into one. 24 - -24. Connective distinctly elongated. Rostellum laterally compressed. -Lip not spurred; middle-lobe entire.--Species 4. North-west Africa. -They yield medicaments and mucilage. =Serapias= L. - -Connective not or scarcely elongated. Rostellum conical at the -apex. Lip spurred, rarely without a spur, but then with a 2-cleft -middle-lobe. 25 - -25. Lip with a long spur and two protuberances at the base, equally -3-lobed, flat in the bud.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). It -yields medicaments and mucilage. (Under _Orchis_ L.) =Anacamptis= Rich. - -Lip with a short spur or without a spur, with unequal lobes, bent -inwards or rolled up in the bud. 26 - -26. Middle-lobe of the lip very long, strap-shaped, spirally coiled in -the bud.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Under _Aceras_ R. -Br. or _Orchis_ L.) =Himantoglossum= Spreng. - -Middle-lobe of the lip moderately long, 2-cleft, bent over the anther -in the bud.--Species 2. North Africa. (Including _Barlia_ Parl.) -=Aceras= R. Br. - -27. (21.) Glands of the rostellum transversely connate. Rostellum -narrow. Stigmatic surface small. Basal appendages of the pollen-masses -short. Column short. Lip with a short spur.--Species 40. Tropical and -South Africa. (Including _Bucculina_ Lindl., _Deroemeria_ Reichb. -fil., _Monotris_ Lindl., _Saccidium_ Lindl., _Scopularia_ Lindl., and -_Tryphia_ Lindl.) =Holothrix= L. C. Rich. - -Glands of the rostellum free. 28 - -28. Glands large, surrounded by a thin membrane, which proceeds from -the rostellum and is removed together with the glands. Lip with a -very short spur. Flowers very small.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. -=Herminium= L. - -Glands naked, rarely enclosed by processes of the anther, but then -small. 29 - -29. Petals clawed; blade deeply concave, fringed. Lip fringed, not -spurred.--Species 4. South Africa. (Including _Hallackia_ Harv.) -=Huttonaea= Harv. - -Petals not clawed, flat or slightly concave. 30 - -30. Rostellum forming a narrow fold between the anther-cells. 31 - -Rostellum broad, triangular, placed below the anther-cells. 33 - -31. Column short. Stigmatic surfaces convex. Lip shortly or not -spurred. Flowers yellow or white.--Species 5. South Africa and southern -East Africa. (_Schizochilus_ Sond.) =Gymnadenia= R. Br. - -Column long. Stigmatic surfaces concave. 32 - -32. Petals partly adnate to the column. Lip not spurred. Sepals and -petals subequal.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under _Brachycorythis_ -Lindl.) =Neobolusia= Schlecht. - -Petals inserted below the column.--Species 25. Tropical and South -Africa. (Including _Schwartzkopffia_ Kraenzl., under _Platanthera_ -Rich.) =Brachycorythis= Lindl. - -33. Lip with a spur. 34 - -Lip without a spur. 36 - -34. Lip 3-lobed, the side-lobes inflexed, covering the mouth of the -spur.--Species 3. Madagascar. =Bicornella= Lindl. - -Lip 3-lobed, with erect or spreading side-lobes, or undivided. 35 - -35. Lip fringed. Anther-cells approximate and parallel.--Species 2. -South Africa. =Bartholina= R. Br. - -Lip entire or crenate. Anther-cells divergent.--Species 20. The tubers -yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage. (Including _Gennaria_ Parl., -under _Habenaria_ Willd.) =Platanthera= L. C. Rich. - -36. Lip 3-lobed. Column with 2 basal staminodes. Basal appendages of -the pollen-masses very short.--Species 3. South Africa and southern -East Africa. =Stenoglottis= Lindl. - -Lip undivided. Column without distinct staminodes.--Species 2. -Madagascar and Mascarenes. _Arnottia_ A. Rich. - -37. (1.) Pollen-masses soft, granular. Anthers usually persistent and -withering. Inflorescence terminal. Leaves rolled up in the bud, with -overlapping edges. Usually terrestrial herbs. [Tribe NEOTTIEAE.] 38 -Pollen-masses firm, waxy. Anthers usually deciduous. Inflorescence -lateral, more rarely terminal, but then leaves folded lengthwise in the -bud. 55 - -38. Anther erect and greatly exceeding the rostellum, or inclined -and incumbent upon the rostellum. Pollen-masses granular or -powdery. Rostellum not distinctly notched after the removal of the -pollen-masses, or not distinctly cohering with them. 39 - -Anther about equalling the rostellum, erect, rarely incumbent, but -then pollen-masses divided into a number of large angular sections. -Rostellum usually distinctly notched after the removal of the -pollen-masses. 47 - -39. Lip distinctly articulated into 2-3 portions placed one behind the -other. Anther erect. [Subtribe CEPHALANTHERINAE.] 40 - -Lip not distinctly articulated, embracing the column. Anther more or -less incumbent. 42 - -40. Lip produced into a spur. Leaves replaced by scales. Plants of a -violet colour.--Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Limodorum= L. -C. Rich. - -Lip not distinctly spurred. Leaves perfectly developed. 41 - -41. Lip saccate at the base; the terminal portion oblong and enclosed -by the connivent sepals.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). -=Cephalanthera= L. C. Rich. - -Lip concave, but not saccate at the base; the terminal portion broad -and projecting between the spreading sepals.--Species 4. North-west -Africa and northern East Africa. (_Helleborine_ Hill). =Epipactis= L. -C. Rich. - -42. Sepals and petals united below. Leafless herbs. [Subtribe -GASTRODIINAE.] 43 - -Sepals and petals free. 44 - -43. Sepals and petals united high up, very unequal. Lip ovate, with 2 -gibbosities at the base. Column short. Anther incumbent. Root-stock -branched. Flowers large, in few-flowered spikes.--Species 1. West -Africa (Cameroons). =Gastrodia= R. Br. - -Sepals and petals united at the base only, subequal. Lip spatulate, -not gibbous. Column long. Anther suberect. Rootstock tuberous, -spindle-shaped. Flowers very small, in many-flowered racemes.--Species -1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Auxopus= Schlecht. - -44. Stem climbing. Seed-coat crusty or winged. [Subtribe VANILLINAE.] 45 - -Stem erect. Seed-coat membranous, not winged. [Subtribe POGONIINAE.] 46 - -45. Lip adnate to the column. Fruit fleshy. Seeds not winged. Usually -leafy plants.--Species 15. Tropics. Two of the species (especially _V. -planifolia_ Andr.) are cultivated for their fruits, which are used as -condiments and for the preparation of perfumes. Some species are used -as ornamental plants. =Vanilla= Swartz - -Lip not adnate to the column. Fruit dry. Seeds winged. Leafless -plants.--Species 1. Comoro Islands. =Galeola= Lour. - -46. Lip spurred or saccate. Column short. Leaves wanting.--Species 1. -West Africa (Cameroons). (Under _Epipogon_ Gmel.) =Galera= Blume - -Lip neither spurred nor saccate. Column long. Leaves stalked, usually -separated from the flowering stem.--Species 10. Tropics to Transvaal. -(Including _Apostellis_ Thouars, under _Pogonia_ Juss.) =Nervilia= Gaud. - -47. (38.) Pollen-masses divided into a moderate number of rather large, -angular segments. Leaves not folded lengthwise. [Subtribe PHYSURINAE.] -48 - -Pollen-masses not divided into several large segments. 53 - -48. Pollen-masses connected with the glands of the rostellum by a -strap-shaped stalk detached from the tissue of the rostellum. 49 - -Pollen-masses or their appendages adhering directly to the glands of -the rostellum. 50 - -49. Column with 2 narrow, erect arms. Sepals usually united to the -middle. Lip with two protuberances at the base and with a two-lobed -blade.--Species 4. West Africa, Madagascar, Comoro Islands. -=Cheirostylis= Blume - -Column without erect arms, but sometimes auricled. Sepals -free.--Species 9. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including -_Monochilus_ Blume). =Zeuxine= Lindl. - -50. Lip similar to the other petals, oblong, slightly concave. Stigmas -free, erect, one on each side of the rather long rostellum.--Species 2. -Madagascar and Mascarene Islands. =Gymnochilus= Blume - -Lip distinctly differing from the other petals. 51 - -51. Column long. Sepals connivent into a tube at the base. Lip with -an oblong blade.--Species 6. Comoro Islands, Seychelles, Natal, West -Africa. =Platylepis= A. Rich. - -Column short. 52 - -52. Stigma with a papillose protuberance on each side. Lip tubercled -at the base, with a distinctly limited broad blade.--Species 3. -Mascarenes, Seychelles, Comoro Islands, and Cameroons. =Hetaeria= Blume - -Stigma simple. Lip not tubercled, but sometimes hairy at the -base; blade not distinctly separated, undivided, bent back at the -tip.--Species 3. Mascarene Islands and Madeira. Used as ornamental -plants. =Goodyera= R. Br. - -53. (47.) Leaves firm, folded lengthwise. Flowers in panicles. Lip -narrow below, broadened above. Pollen-masses affixed to a slender -stalk arising from the rostellum; gland peltate.--Species 2. Tropics. -(_Corymbis_ Lindl.) [Subtribe TROPIDIINAE.] =Corymborchis= Thouars - -Leaves soft, not folded, sometimes scale-like. Flowers in spikes. 54 - -54. Sepals and petals united into a long tube. Lip uppermost, with 2 -lateral appendages. Column elongated, two-winged.--Species 1. West -Africa. [Subtribe CRANICHIDINAE.] =Manniella= Reichb. fil. - -Sepals and petals free or almost so, suberect. Lip below. Inflorescence -one-sided.--Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). [Subtribe -SPIRANTHINAE.] =Spiranthes= L. C. Rich. - -55. (37.) Inflorescence terminal. Leaves folded lengthwise before -expansion. 56 - -Inflorescence lateral. 65 - -56. Pollen-masses 8, without an appendage. Lip saccate at the -base. Leaves jointed at the upper end of the sheath. Inflorescence -head-like.--Species 1. Madagascar and Seychelles. [Tribe GLOMEREAE.] -=Agrostophyllum= Blume - -Pollen-masses 2-4. 57 - -57. Column extended below into a foot forming with the base of the -perianth a chin or spur. Pollen-masses attached to a short, sometimes -scarcely perceptible stalk arising from the rostellum. Mostly epiphytic -plants. [Tribe POLYSTACHYEAE.] 58 - -Column not extended into a foot. Pollen-masses without appendages. -Sepals and petals usually bent backwards. [Tribe LIPARIDEAE.] 61 - -58. Lip spurred, 3-lobed. Pollen-masses 2, grooved. Leaves not jointed, -linear. Joints of the stem swollen.--Species 6. South Africa. (Under -_Eulophia_ R. Br.) =Acrolophia= Pfitz. - -Lip not spurred. Leaves usually jointed. 59 - -59. Lip undivided. Chin weakly developed. Column short and thick. Stem -slender.--Species 1. German East Africa. =Neobenthamia= Rolfe - -Lip 3-lobed. 60 - -60. Lateral sepals forming with the column a weakly developed chin. -Side-lobes of the lip embracing the column. Column slender. Stem -slightly thickened.--Species 6. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some -are used as ornamental plants. =Ansellia= Lindl. - -Lateral sepals forming with the column a strongly developed chin. -Side-lobes of the lip small. Column short and broad. Stem usually -thickened into pseudo bulbs.--Species 120. Tropical and South Africa. -Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Epiphora_ Lindl.) -=Polystachya= Lindl. - -61. Anther erect. Leaves not jointed. 62 - -Anther inclined to horizontal. 63 - -62. Anther adnate to the rostellum; cells widely diverging, opening -laterally. Column long.--Species 1. West Africa. =Orestia= Ridl. - -Anther deciduous, opening inwards. Column short. Lip -uppermost.--Species 4. West Africa and Comoro Islands. =Microstylis= -Nutt. - -63. Leaves not jointed. Lip more or less distinctly clawed. Column -slender.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. =Liparis= L. C. Rich. - -Leaves jointed between sheath and blade. Lip not distinctly clawed. 64 - -64. Stem with pseudobulbs. Leaf-blade horizontally flattened.--Species -1. Mascarene Islands. (_Cestichis_ Thouars, under _Liparis_ Rich.) -=Stichorchis= Thouars - -Stem without pseudobulbs. Leaf-blade placed vertically, fleshy. Lip -uppermost, concave at the base.--Species 1. Tropics. =Oberonia= Lindl. - -65. (55.) Leaves with convolute praefoliation (i.e. rolled lengthwise -in the bud, one edge overlapping the other). Stem not swollen, or -several joints of the stem equally thickened. Mostly terrestrial -herbs. 66 Leaves with conduplicate praefoliation (i.e. folded together -along the midrib in the bud, their edges being applied to each other -without overlapping). Mostly epiphytic herbs. 73 - -66. Pollen-masses 2-4, without appendages, attached to the glands of -the rostellum by a stalk produced from the latter. Leaves usually -jointed. [Tribe CYRTOPODIEAE.] 67 - -Pollen-masses 8, appendaged, without a stalk produced from the -rostellum. Leaves usually continuous. [Tribe PHAIEAE.] 71 - -67. Lip produced into a spur or pouch at the base. 68 - -Lip without a spur or pouch. 69 - -68. Sepals narrower and less coloured than the petals, usually -reflected. Petals erect or spreading.--Species 90. Tropical and South -Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Lissochilus= R. Br. - -Sepals and petals equal or nearly so, spreading.--Species 130. Tropical -and South Africa. Some species yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage -or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Cyrtopera_ Lindl. and -_Orthochilus_ Hochst.) =Eulophia= R. Br. - -69. Column with 2 basal lobes projecting upon the base of the -lip.--Species 4. East Africa. =Pteroglossaspis= Reichb. fil. - -Column without appendages. 70 - -70. Lip and lateral sepals inserted on the foot of the column, the -former with a narrow, the latter with a broad base.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Eulophiella= Rolfe - -Lip inserted on the foot of the column, the lateral sepals on the -margin of the ovary, both with a narrow base.--Species 1. Madagascar -and Mascarene Islands. The pseudobulbs yield mucilage. =Cyrtopodium= R. -Br. - -71. Leaves jointed at the upper end of the sheath. Inflorescence -2-3-flowered. Lip slightly saccate. Column rather long, with short, -roundish wings. Pollen-masses affixed to a single appendage.--Species -2. West Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (Under _Pachystoma_ Reichb. -fil.) =Ancistrochilus= Rolfe - -Leaves not jointed. Inflorescence usually many-flowered. Lip clasping -the column or adnate to it, usually spurred. 72 - -72. Lip adnate to the column; blade spreading, 3-4-lobed. Column -short.--Species 9. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants. =Calanthe= R. Br. - -Lip free, clasping the column or broadly concave at the base. Column -slender.--Species 7. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, West Africa. -Some are used as ornamental plants or yield dye-stuffs. =Phaius= Lour. - -73. (65.) Leafy stems with indeterminate apical growth; side-shoots -weakly developed or wanting. Inflorescences or solitary flowers -axillary. Epiphytes without pseudobulbs. Lip continuous with the base -of the column. [Tribe SARCANTHEAE, subtribe AERIDINAE.] 74 Leafy stems -with determinate apical growth; annual shoots arising laterally at -their base and forming a sympodium. Mostly epiphytes with pseudobulbs. -Lip more or less distinctly articulated with the foot of the column. 86 - -74. Lip not spurred. Sepals and petals long and narrow, spreading. -Pollen-masses without an appendage. Leaves broad.--Species 2. Island of -Réunion. =Bonniera= Cord. - -Lip spurred. 75 - -75. Lateral sepals inserted on the foot of the column, forming a chin. -Lip entire, smooth, shortly spurred.--Species 10. Madagascar and -neighbouring islands, Cameroons. Some are used as ornamental plants. -=Aeranthus= Lindl. - -Lateral sepals inserted on the apex of the ovary. Column not prolonged -into a foot. 76 - -76. Pollen-masses upon a single, sometimes 2-cleft or almost -imperceptible stalk. 77 - -Pollen-masses with 2 stalks, which are entirely distinct or united by -the gland only. 81 - -77. Stalk of the pollen-masses 2-cleft.--Species 10. Madagascar and the -neighbouring islands, West Africa. (Including _Ancistrorhynchus_ Finet, -_Dicranotaenia_ Finet, and _Monixus_ Finet, under _Angrecum_ Thouars). -=Aerangis= Reichb. fil. - -Stalk of the pollen-masses simple. 78 - -78. Stalk of the pollen-masses broadened above or throughout, sometimes -almost imperceptible. Lip with a long and thin spur.--Species 120. -Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal -plants. (Including _Lepervenchea_ Cord., _Radinocion_ Ridl., and -_Rhaphidorhynchus_ Finet). =Angrecum= Thouars - -Stalk of the pollen-masses thread-like. 79 - -79. Lip hood-shaped, entire, covering the column. Sepals and petals -connivent.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under _Angrecum_ Thou. -or _Saccolabium_ Blume). =Calyptrochilus= Kraenzl. - -Lip not covering the column. 80 - -80. Lip directed upwards. Flowers fleshy, rather small.--Species 4. -Madagascar and neighbouring islands, Equatorial East Africa. Used as -ornamental plants. (Under _Saccolabium_ Blume). =Acampe= Lindl. - -Lip directed downwards.--Species 3. Madagascar and neighbouring -islands, West Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Saccolabium= Blume - -81. Pollen-masses affixed to the surface of two oblong scales. Lip -entire, with a long spur.--Species 20. Madagascar and neighbouring -islands, West Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Under -_Angrecum_ Thou.) =Macroplectrum= Pfitz. - -Pollen-masses affixed to thin, not scale-like, but sometimes very short -stalks. 82 - -82. Gland of the rostellum covered by scales. Petals 2-4-lobed. -Lip with a long spur, a clawed 3-5-lobed middle-lobe, and incurved -sickle-shaped side-lobes.--Species 1. Madagascar and Mascarenes. -=Cryptopus= Lindl. - -Gland of the rostellum without scales. 83 - -83. Lip with a short, conical spur; side-lobes embracing the -column.--Species 9. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (_Aeonia_ -Lindl.) =Oeonia= Lindl. - -Lip with a long, thread-or club-shaped spur. 84 - -84. Sepals unequal, the lateral much longer than the middle one, united -with the petals above. Lip deeply 3-cleft. Stem climbing.--Species 1. -German East Africa. =Angrecopsis= Kraenzl. - -Sepals and petals subequal, free. 85 - -85. Sepals and petals erect. Lip entire. Pollen-masses with very short -stalks.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. (_Pectinaria_ Cord., under -_Angrecum_ Thou., _Macroplectrum_ Pfitz. or _Mystacidium_ Lindl.) -=Ctenorchis= K. Schum. - -Sepals and petals spreading. 86 - -86. Column bent backwards. Stalks of the pollen-masses attached to a -common gland.--Species 70. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants. (Plate 26.) =Listrostachys= Reichb. fil. - -Column straight. Stalks of the pollen-masses usually attached to two -separate glands.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used -as ornamental plants. (Including _Gussonia_ A. Rich.) =Mystacidium= -Lindl. - -87. (73.) Pollen-masses 2, grooved, with a large transverse appendage -at the base, attached to the gland of the rostellum by a broad stalk. -Lip usually large. Pseudobulbs formed by several internodes, rarely by -a single one or wanting. [Tribe CYMBIDIEAE.] 88 - -Pollen-masses 4, rarely 2, without an appendage and usually without a -stalk. Lip usually small. Pseudobulbs formed by a single internode, -bearing one or two leaves. 92 - -88. Lip distinctly spurred. 89 - -Lip not distinctly spurred. 90 - -89. Pollen-masses grooved. Stem with a pseudobulb.--Species 5. -Madagascar and Mascarenes. (Under _Eulophia_ R. Br.) =Eulophiopsis= -Pfitz. - -Pollen-masses not grooved. Stem without pseudobulbs.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Lemurorchis= Kraenzl. - -90. Pollen-masses attached to two processes of the stalk. Stem slender, -without pseudobulbs, many-leaved.--Species 1. Madagascar. Used as an -ornamental plant. =Grammatophyllum= Blume - -Pollen-masses attached to a common stalk without processes. Stem with -more or less distinct pseudobulbs. 91 - -91. Pseudobulbs enveloped by the sheaths of the leaves inserted below -and upon them.--Species 4. Madagascar. Used as ornamental plants. -=Cymbidium= Swartz Pseudobulbs bearing leaves at the top only, hence -not enveloped by sheaths. Lateral sepals forming with the foot of the -column a distinct chin.--Species 2. Madagascar. Used as ornamental -plants. =Grammangis= Reichb. fil. - -92. Pollen-masses attached to a scale-like stalk. Lip spurred, -3-lobed.--Species 2. West Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (Under -_Eulophia_ R. Br.) [Tribe MAXILLARIEAE.] =Eulophidium= Pfitz. - -Pollen-masses without a stalk, rarely with a linear stalk. Lip small, -not distinctly spurred, usually entire. [Tribe BOLBOPHYLLEAE.] 93 - -93. Pollen-masses with a stalk. Lateral sepals somewhat longer than the -dorsal one. Flowers in racemes. Stem creeping.--Species 3. West Africa. -(Under _Bolbophyllum_ Thou. or _Polystachya_ Lindl.) =Genyorchis= -Schlecht. - -Pollen-masses without a stalk. 94 - -94. Lateral sepals much longer than the dorsal one, free at the base, -united towards the tip. Inflorescence almost umbel-like.--Species 1. -Madagascar, Mascarenes, East Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. -(Under _Bolbophyllum_ Thou.) =Cirrhopetalum= Lindl. - -Lateral sepals shorter or somewhat longer than the dorsal one or -equalling it, free or almost so. Flowers in spikes or racemes, rarely -solitary. 95 - -95. Lateral sepals much shorter than the dorsal one. Inflorescence -with a dilated, almost leaf-like rachis.--Species 40. Tropical and -South-East Africa. Some species are used as ornamental plants. -=Megaclinium= Lindl. - -Lateral sepals about as long as or longer than the dorsal one. -Inflorescence with a cylindrical rachis.--Species 90. Tropical and -South-East Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (_Bulbophyllum_ -Thou.) =Bolbophyllum= Thouars - - -CLASS V. DICOTYLEDONEAE - - -SUBCLASS ARCHICHLAMYDEAE - -(APETALAE AND CHORIPETALAE) - - -ORDER VERTICILLATAE - - -FAMILY 45. CASUARINACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Leaves scale-like, whorled, united into a sheath. -Flowers unisexual, the male in spikes, the female in heads. Perianth of -the male flowers consisting of two scales, in the female absent. Stamen -1. Anther opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2, -ascending, straight. Style very short, with 2 thread-shaped stigmas. -Fruit dry, indehiscent, enclosed by woody bracteoles. Seed 1, without -albumen. Embryo straight; radicle superior. - -[Illustration: PIPERACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 27._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Piper guineense Schum. - -_A_ Fruiting branch. _B_ Part of the female spike with two flowers and -their bracts. _C_ Female flower cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: SALICACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 28._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Salix Safsaf Forsk. - -_A_ Fruiting branch. _B_ Part of a flowering branch. _C_ Male flower. -_D_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _E_ Fruit. _F_ Seed cut lengthwise.] - - -Genus 1, species 2. Spontaneous in Madagascar and the neighbouring -islands, cultivated in other tropical countries. The wood (beaf-wood) -and the bark are used, the latter for tanning and dyeing and in -medicine. =Casuarina= Rumph. - - -ORDER PIPERALES - - -FAMILY 46. PIPERACEAE - -Flowers in spikes. Perianth none. Stamens 2-6. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, -basal, straight. Fruit a berry. Seed with a copious albumen and a small -embryo.--Genera 3, species 80. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 27.) - -1. Stigma 1, sometimes penicillate. Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves -exstipulate. Herbs.--Species 65. Tropical and South Africa. Some yield -vegetables or condiments or are used in medicine. =Peperomia= Ruiz & -Pav. - -Stigmas 2-5. Leaves stipulate or sheathing at the base. Usually shrubs. -2 - -2. Flowers hermaphrodite. Spikes axillary, arranged in an umbel. -Stipules united into a sheath. Shrubs.--Species 1. Tropics. Yields -edible fruits containing an aromatic oil and is also used in medicine. -(Under _Piper_ L.) =Heckeria= Kunth - -Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Spikes leaf-opposed.--Species 17, two -of them only in cultivation. Tropical and South Africa. Some species -yield spices (pepper) or are used in medicine. (Including _Coccobryon_ -Klotzsch and _Cubeba_ Miq.) (Plate 27.) =Piper= L. - - -ORDER SALICALES - - -FAMILY 47. SALICACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire toothed or lobed, stipulate. -Flowers in spikes or catkins, dioecious, without a perianth. Disc -cup-shaped or reduced to scales. Stamens 2 or more. Anthers opening -by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled, with two or more parietal -placentas. Ovules inverted. Stigmas 2-4, sessile or nearly so. Fruit -capsular. Seeds with a basal tuft of hairs, without albumen; embryo -straight.--Genera 2, species 20. (Plate 28.) - -Disc cup-or urn-shaped. Stamens 4-30. Bracts jagged. Leaves, at least -those of the uppermost branches, broad (ovate or broader). Buds -terminal and lateral, covered by several scales.--Species 6. North -and East Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and medicaments. “Poplar.” -=Populus= L. - -Disc reduced to one or several scales or teeth sometimes cohering at -the base. Bracts entire. Leaves narrow or rather broad (linear to -ovate). Buds lateral, covered by a single scale.--Species 15, two of -them only naturalized. They yield timber, plaiting-, stuffing-, and -tanning-materials, and medicaments. “Willow.” (Plate 28.) =Salix= L. - - -ORDER MYRICALES - - -FAMILY 48. MYRICACEAE - -Trees, shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. -Flowers in simple or compound spikes, unisexual, without a perianth, -but usually with 2-6 bracteoles. Stamens 2-12, usually 4. Anthers -opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect, -straight. Styles 2, united at the base, thread-shaped, stigmatose on -the inside. Fruit a drupe. Seed with a thin coat and a straight embryo, -without albumen. (Plate 29.) - -Genus 1, species 25. Tropical and South Africa, Canary Islands, Azores. -They yield bark for tanning, wax, and edible fruits, and are also used -in medicine. =Myrica= L. - - -ORDER JUGLANDALES - - -FAMILY 49. JUGLANDACEAE - -Trees. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate, without stipules. Flowers -in spikes or catkins, monoecious, with bracteoles which are adnate to -the ovary in the female flowers. Perianth 3-4-parted. Stamens numerous. -Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. -Ovule 1, basal, straight. Styles 2, united at the base, stigmatose -lengthwise. Fruit a drupe with an incompletely septate stone. Seed -lobed, with a thin coat, without albumen. - -Genus 1, species 2. Cultivated in North Africa. They yield timber, -tans and dyes, edible fruits (walnuts), oil, sugar, and medicaments. -=Juglans= L. - - -ORDER FAGALES - - -FAMILY 50. BETULACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, stipulate. Flowers -monoecious, in spikes or catkins, with a perianth of bract-like -segments or without a perianth. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled at the base. -Ovules solitary in each cell, descending, inverted. Styles 2. Fruit a -nut. Seed 1, exalbuminous, with a membranous coat.--Genera 2, species -2. Extra-tropical regions. (Under _CUPULIFERAE_.) - -Male flowers without a perianth, with 2-parted filaments and hairy -anthers. Female flowers with a small perianth and a jagged involucre -free from the bract but adnate to the fruit. Fruit large. Female spikes -bud-shaped, solitary. Leaves folded at the mid-rib in the bud.--Species -1 (_C. Avellana_ L., hazel). Cultivated and naturalized in North-west -Africa. Fruits edible. [Tribe CORYLEAE.] =Corylus= Tourn. - -Male flowers with a 4-parted perianth, simple filaments, and glabrous -anthers. Female flowers without a perianth, enclosed by a 5-parted -involucre formed by the connate bracts and bracteoles. Fruit small. -Female spikes cone-shaped, at length woody, arranged in racemes. Leaves - -[Illustration: MYRICACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 29._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Myrica conifera Burm. fil. - -_A_ Fruiting branch. _B_ Male inflorescence. _C_ Male flower. _D_ Group -of fruits. _E_ Female flower. _F_ Ovary cut lengthwise. _G_ Fruit. _H_ -Fruit cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: ULMACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 30._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Trema guineensis Schum. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Female flower -cut lengthwise. _D_ Fruit cut lengthwise.] - -folded along the side-nerves in the bud.--Species 1 (_A. glutinosa_ L., -alder). North-west Africa, also naturalized in South Africa. Yields -timber and bark for tanning. [Tribe BETULEAE.] =Alnus= Tourn. - - -FAMILY 51. FAGACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided lobed or pinnately cleft, -stipulate. Flowers in spikes or catkins, monoecious. Perianth-segments -4-7, bract-like, more or less united. Stamens 4-20. Ovary inferior, -3-6-celled at the base. Ovules 2 in each cell, descending, inverted. -Styles 3-6. Fruit a nut surrounded by a cup-shaped involucre. Seeds -without albumen.--Genera 2, species 9. Extra-tropical regions. (Under -_CUPULIFERAE_.) - -Male flowers in fascicles arranged in erect spikes. Female flowers -in clusters of 3, surrounded by an involucre. Filaments long. Styles -6, thread-shaped. Fruit enclosed in a prickly involucre. Leaves -serrate.--Species 1 (_C. vulgaris_ Lam., chestnut). North-west Africa. -Yields timber, bark for tanning, and edible fruits from which starch -and oil are prepared. =Castanea= Tourn. - -Male flowers in simple, pendulous catkins. Female flowers each -surrounded by an involucre. Filaments short. Styles 3, rarely 4-5, -flattened. Fruit seated in a scaly, cup-shaped involucre.--Species -8. North-west Africa; one species also introduced into South Africa. -They yield timber, cork, tanning and dyeing materials, chemical and -medicinal drugs, starch, and fodder; some have edible fruits. “Oak.” -=Quercus= L. - - -ORDER URTICALES - - -FAMILY 52. ULMACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Juice not milky. Leaves simple, stipulate. Flowers -axillary, solitary or in cymes. Perianth simple, with 3-8 segments. -Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments, rarely more, -straight in the bud. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary -superior, 1-celled, very rarely (_Ulmus_) 2-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, -inverted. Styles or stigmas 1-2. Fruit a nut or a drupe. Seed with a -membranous coat and with scanty albumen or without albumen.--Genera 5, -species 35. (Under _URTICACEAE_.) (Plate 30.) - -1. Stamens twice or thrice as many as the perianth-segments. Stigma 1. -Flowers dioecious. Perianth much enlarged in fruit. Leaves opposite. -Species 1. Abyssinia. [Subfamily =BARBEYOIDEAE=.] =Barbeya= Schweinf. - -Stamens as many as the perianth-segments. Stigmas 2. Flowers monoecious -polygamous or hermaphrodite. Leaves alternate. 2 - -2. Fruit a compressed, winged nut. Embryo straight; cotyledons flat. -Flower-clusters in the axils of scale-like bracts.--Species 1 (_U. -campestris_ L., elm). North-west Africa. Yields timber, bast, tanning -and dyeing materials, and medicaments. [Subfamily =ULMOIDEAE=.] -=Ulmus= L. - -Fruit a more or less globular drupe. Embryo curved; cotyledons folded -or rolled inwards. Flower-clusters or solitary flowers usually in the -axils of the leaves. [Subfamily =CELTIDOIDEAE=.] 3 - -3. Stipules united. Leaves entire, penninerved. Spiny shrubs. Flowers -unisexual. Perianth-segments of the male flowers valvate in the bud. -Embryo with narrow cotyledons.--Species 4. Tropical and South Africa. -=Chaetacme= Planch. & Harv. - -Stipules free. Leaves usually 3-nerved. Spineless shrubs or trees. -Flowers usually polygamous. Perianth-segments imbricate in bud, at -least at the apex. 4 - -4. Embryo with narrow cotyledons. Perianth-segments imbricate at the -apex only. Flowers almost sessile.--Species 10. Tropical and South -Africa. Some species yield timber, fibre, tanning and dyeing materials, -and medicaments. (_Sponia_ Commers.) (Plate 30.) =Trema= Lour. - -Embryo with broad cotyledons. Perianth-segments imbricate. Stigmas -feathery. Upper flowers upon long stalks.--Species 20. Some of them -yield timber, bast, tanning and dyeing materials, oil, medicaments, and -edible fruits. “Nettle-tree.” =Celtis= L. - - -FAMILY 53. MORACEAE - -Juice usually milky. Leaves stipulate. Flowers unisexual. -Perianth simple or wanting. Stamens as many as and opposite the -perianth-segments or fewer, 1-6. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. -Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted or curved, rarely erect -and straight. Styles 1-2.--Genera 26, species 260. (Under _URTICACEAE_ -or _ULMACEAE.)_ (Plate 31.) - -1. Stamens of the male flowers bent inwards in the bud, subsequently -bent backwards. Ovule pendulous. Leaves folded in bud. Stipules not -leaving a stem-clasping scar. [Subfamily =MOROIDEAE=.] 2 - -Stamens of the male flowers straight from the beginning. 14 - -2. Flowers in lax cymes consisting of one female flower and several -male ones. Perianth with a distinct tube. Stamens 4. Style 2-cleft. -Trees. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe FATOUEAE.] -=Bleekrodia= Blume - -Flowers arranged in spike-raceme-or head-like inflorescences or -collected upon flattened receptacles. 3 - -3. Flowers on flattened and more or less expanded receptacles, rarely -in spike-like inflorescences; in the latter case, as usually, male -and female flowers in the same inflorescence. Stamens 1-4, usually 2. -[Tribe DORSTENIEAE.] 4 - -Flowers in spike-, raceme-or head-like, unisexual inflorescences -(containing only male or only female flowers), rarely female flowers -solitary. Stamens 4. Trees or shrubs. 7 - -4. Flowers in false spikes containing male and female flowers -or male ones only. Perianth 4-partite. Stamens 4. Trees. Leaves -undivided.--Species 1. East Africa. =Sloetiopsis= Engl. - -Flowers on flattened receptacles. 5 - -[Illustration: MORACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 31._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Dorstenia elliptica Bureau - -_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Inflorescence cut -lengthwise. _D_ Young male flower. _E_ Older male flower. _F_ Female -flower cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: URTICACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 32._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Fleurya aestuans Gaudich. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower. _C_ Older female flower. _D_ -Pistil cut lengthwise. _E_ Fruit cut lengthwise.] - - -5. Inflorescences unisexual, the lateral containing many male flowers, -the middle one a single female flower. Receptacle covered on the -outside by imbricate bracts. Male flowers with a 3-4-partite perianth -and 3-4 stamens. Female flowers without a perianth. Trees or shrubs. -Leaves undivided.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Mesogyne= Engl. - -Inflorescences bisexual, containing many male flowers and one or -several female ones, usually provided with bracts on the margin only. -Perianth 2-lobed or wanting. Stamens 2, rarely 1 or 3. 6 - -6. Receptacles top-shaped, subsequently cupular, bearing many male -flowers and a single central female flower. Pericarp membranous. -Shrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Trymatococcus= -Poepp. & Endl. - -Receptacles expanded, often divided into linear segments, bearing many -male flowers and several female ones. Pericarp crusty within, fleshy -outside. Herbs or low shrubs.--Species 50. Tropics. Some are poisonous -or used medicinally. (Plate 31.) =Dorstenia= L. - -7. Female flowers solitary, axillary; male flowers in spike-like -inflorescences. Perianth 4-toothed. Trees. Leaves undivided.--Species -1. Island of Réunion. Used medicinally. [Tribe STREBLEAE.] =Maillardia= -Frapp. & Duchartre - -Female flowers in spike-or head-like inflorescences. 8 - -8. Female flowers in head-like, but sometimes elongated (oblong) -inflorescences, the male in spike-, raceme-or head-like ones. -Style simple, with a thread-shaped stigma, rarely with an abortive -side-branch. Trees. [Tribe BROUSSONETIEAE.] 9 - -Female and male flowers in spike-like inflorescences. Perianth of the -female flowers divided to the base. Style 2-parted, with thread-shaped, -equal or subequal stigmas. [Tribe MOREAE.] 12 - -9. Male flowers in head-like inflorescences. Perianth of the -female flowers 4-lobed. Spinous plants.--Species 1. East Africa -and Madagascar. It yields a dye-wood and edible fruits. (Under -_Plecospermum_ Trecul) =Cardiogyne= Bur. - -Male flowers in spike-or raceme-like inflorescences. 10 - -10. Male flowers in lax, raceme-like inflorescences. Spinous plants. -Leaves entire. Perianth of the female flowers deeply 4-cleft, -persistent and enclosing the fruit.--Species 1. Cultivated in North -Africa. The wood is used for joiners’ work, the leaves as food for -silkworms. =Maclura= Nutt. - -Male flowers in dense, spike-like inflorescences. Spineless plants. 11 - -11. Perianth of the female flowers deeply 4-cleft or 4-parted. Fruit -wholly, or for the greatest part, enclosed by the perianth. Leaves -undivided.--Species 2. Central Africa. They yield timber. =Chlorophora= -Gaud. - -Perianth of the female flowers shortly toothed. Fruit overtopping the -perianth. Leaves usually lobed.--Species 1 (_B. papyrifera_ Vent., -paper-mulberry). Cultivated in North Africa. Used for making paper; -the fruit is edible. =Broussonetia= Vent. - -12. Stipules united. Leaves entire, with numerous transverse -nerves. Ovary subglobose. Seed with leaf-like, folded cotyledons. -Shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Pachytrophe= Bur. - -Stipules free. 13 - -13. Leaves entire, penninerved, leathery. Ovary compressed. Seed -without albumen; embryo with thick cotyledons. Trees.--Species 2. -Madagascar. =Ampalis= Boj. - -Leaves toothed, 3-nerved at the base. Ovary ovoid or subglobose. -Seed with copious albumen.--Species 3. Cultivated and naturalized in -various regions. They yield timber, food for silkworms, edible fruits -(mulberries), dyes, and medicaments. =Morus= L. - -14. (1.) Ovule erect, straight. Trees. Leaves folded in the bud. -Stipules leaving an annular scar. [Subfamily =CONOCEPHALOIDEAE=.] 15 - -Ovule pendulous, curved or inverted. Woody plants with the leaves -rolled inwards in the bud, or herbaceous plants. 16 - -15. Leaves divided into 11-15 segments. Male flowers in false heads -arranged in cymes; perianth with a distinct tube. Stamen 1. Female -flowers upon a flattened, ovate receptacle. Style long.--Species 1 -(_M. Smithii_ R. Br.). West Africa to the Upper Nile. Yields timber -(cork-wood) and edible fruits. The aerial roots contain much water. -=Musanga= R. Br. - -Leaves undivided, 3-lobed, or 5-7-parted. Male flowers in false spikes -or heads arranged in cymes; perianth divided quite or nearly to the -base. Stamens 2-4. Female flowers in globose or subglobose false heads. -Style short.--Species 8. Central Africa. Some species yield timber or -edible fruits. =Myrianthus= Beauv. - -16. Flowers in cymes arranged in spikes or panicles. Fruit dry. -Herbs. Leaves palmately lobed or dissected. Stipules free. [Subfamily -=CANNABOIDEAE=.] 17 - -Flowers upon a globe-, club-, disc-, or cup-shaped receptacle. Herbs -with undivided, lanceolate, penninerved leaves, or more frequently -shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided or lobed, coiled in the bud. -Stipules usually united and leaving a stem-clasping scar. [Subfamily -=ARTOCARPOIDEAE=.] 18 - -17. Stem twining. Leaves opposite, lobed or the upper ones undivided. -Female flowers in catkins. Embryo spirally twisted, with narrow -cotyledons.--Species 1 (_H. Lupulus_ L., hop). Cultivated in the -extratropical regions. It is used for making beer, as a vegetable and a -fibre-plant, and in medicine. =Humulus= L. - -Stem erect. Leaves opposite below, alternate above, dissected. Female -flowers in panicles. Embryo curved, with broad cotyledons.--Species 1 -(_C. sativa_ L., hemp). Cultivated in various regions. It yields fibre, -oil, and an intoxicating drug (hashish). =Cannabis= Tourn. - -18. Flowers enclosed within a pouch-shaped, usually bisexual receptacle -provided at the top with a small opening surrounded by bracts. Embryo -curved. Shrubs or trees.--Species 160. Some of them yield timber, -bast-fibres, bark for clothing, india-rubber, shellac, vegetables, -medicaments, and edible fruits (especially the figs, from _F. carica_ -L.) which are also used for making brandy and a substitute for coffee. -Some species are poisonous or serve as ornamental plants. [Tribe -FICEAE.] =Ficus= L. - -Flowers collected on a globe-, club-, disc-, or cup-shaped receptacle. -19 - -19. Receptacles more or less cup-shaped, containing many male flowers -and a single central female one. Stamen 1. Embryo straight. [Tribe -BROSIMEAE.] 20 - -Receptacles of two kinds, some containing only male flowers, the others -only female or many female intermixed with several male. Shrubs or -trees. 22 - -20. Perianth distinctly developed. Ovary free. Herbs or -undershrubs.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. (Including -_Cyatanthus_ Engl.) =Scyphosyce= Baill. - -Perianth not distinctly developed. Ovary immersed in and adnate to the -receptacle. Trees. 21 - -21. Receptacles covered with peltate bracts on their whole surface. -Male flowers with, female without bracts.--Species 2. West Africa -(Congo). =Bosqueiopsis= De Wild. & Dur. - -Receptacles bearing bracts on the margin only. Female flowers with, -male without bracts.--Species 6. Tropics. Some yield timber and -dye-stuffs. =Bosqueia= Thouars - -22. Male flowers on a discoid or concave receptacle bearing numerous -bracts on the edge or the whole surface; female flowers on a similar -receptacle or solitary. [Tribe OLMEDIEAE.] 23 - -Male flowers on a globular or club-shaped receptacle bearing bracts at -the base only and between the flowers, or destitute of bracts; female -flowers on a more or less globular receptacle. [Tribe ARTOCARPEAE.] 24 - -23. Male inflorescences many-flowered, discoid; female 1-flowered. Male -flowers with, female without a perianth.--Species 3. Central Africa. -Poisonous, used medicinally, and yielding timber and fibre. =Antiaris= -Leschen. - -Male and female inflorescences many-flowered, more or less concave. -Male flowers without, female with a perianth.--Species 2. Cultivated in -the tropics. Yielding india-rubber. =Castilloa= Cerv. - -24. Inflorescences without bracts at the base. Flowers monoecious. -Stamen 1.--Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield timber, -bark used for making cloth, bast-fibres, mucilage, starch, edible -fruits, and medicaments. “Breadfruit tree.” =Artocarpus= Forst. - -Inflorescences with some bracts at the base. Flowers dioecious. Stamens -1-5. 25 - -25. Female flowers surrounded each by two rows of very unequal bracts -or perianth-segments, not intermixed with male flowers.--Species 1. -Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Acanthotreculia= Engl. - -Female flowers surrounded by subequal bracts and intermixed with some -male flowers.--Species 9. Tropics. Some species have edible seeds from -which also oil and meal are prepared. =Treculia= Decne. - - -FAMILY 54. URTICACEAE - -Juice not milky. Leaves usually stipulate. Flowers unisexual, rarely -(_Parietaria)_ polygamous. Perianth simple, with 1-5 segments, -sometimes wanting in the female flowers. Stamens in the male flowers -as many as perianth-segments. Filaments broadened at the base, -bent inwards in the bud. Anthers attached by the back, opening by -longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect or ascending, -straight. Style 1 or 0. Fruit indehiscent. Seed with a thin coat and a -straight embryo, usually albuminous.--Genera 20, species 150. (Plate -32.) - -1. Stamen 1. Perianth of the male flowers entire or divided in 2-3 -segments, of the female entire 4-toothed or wanting. Stigma linear. -Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Hairs not stinging. Stipules free. -[Tribe FORSKOHLEAE.] 2 - -Stamens 2-5. 4 - -2. Flower-clusters without an involucre and not surrounded by woolly -hairs. Female flowers with a perianth.--Species 4. South and East -Africa. (_Didymodoxa_ E. Mey.) =Australina= Gaudich. - -Flower-clusters with an involucre and usually surrounded by woolly -hairs. Female flowers without a perianth. 3 - -3. Involucral bracts free or united at the base only. Stem rough. Herbs -undershrubs or shrubs.--Species 5. =Forskohlea= L. - -Involucral bracts united high up. Stem smooth. Herbs or -undershrubs.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. =Droguetia= Gaudich. - -4. Stipules absent. Leaves alternate, entire. Plants without stinging -hairs. Female flowers in glomerules surrounded by an involucre; -perianth 4-cleft. [Tribe PARIETARIEAE.] 5 - -Stipules present, very rarely rudimentary, but then leaves toothed. 6 - -5. Stem herbaceous. Flowers polygamous. Stigma spatulate and -recurved.--Species 8. Some are used in medicine. “Pellitory.” -=Parietaria= Tourn. - -Stem woody. Flowers unisexual. Stigma linear.--Species 1. Canary -Islands. =Gesnouinia= Gaudich. - -6. Plants with stinging hairs, very rarely (_Fleurya)_ almost glabrous, -and then stigma linear-oblong and shortly papillose and perianth of the -female flowers 3-4-partite. Perianth-segments of the female flowers 4, -rarely 1-3. Embryo with orbicular cotyledons. [Tribe UREREAE.] 7 - -Plants without stinging hairs. 12 - -7. Fruit straight. Stigma penicillate. Leaves opposite. Herbs.--Species -10. They yield material for spinning and paper-making and are used as -pot-herbs and in medicine. “Nettle.” =Urtica= Gaudich. - -Fruit oblique. Leaves alternate. 8 - -8. Stigma more or less capitate. Perianth surrounding the fruit -fleshy. Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs.--Species 20. Tropical and -South-East Africa. =Urera= Gaudich. - -Stigma linear or oblong. 9 - -9. Perianth of the female flowers reduced to a single, sometimes -2-parted, large segment, more rarely consisting of 2 unequal segments. -Herbs with punctiform cystoliths.--Species 3. Tropics. =Girardinia= -Gaudich. - -Perianth of the female flowers with 4 segments, of which 1-2 are -sometimes rudimentary. 10 - -10. Cystoliths linear. Annual herbs. Fruit gibbous, as long as or -longer than the perianth.--Species 7. South and Central Africa. They -yield fibre and fish-poison. (Plate 32.) =Fleurya= Gaudich. - -Cystoliths punctiform. Perennial herbs or woody plants. 11 - -11. Fruit as long as or longer than the perianth, smooth.--Species 3. -Central Africa. (_Urticastrum_ Heist.) =Laportea= Gaudich. - -Fruit much shorter than the membranous perianth. Shrubs.--Species 6. -Madagascar, Mascarenes, East Africa. =Obetia= Gaudich. - -12. (6.) Stigma penicillate. Perianth of the female flowers 3-partite, -rarely 4-5-partite or rudimentary, free from the ovary. Embryo with -orbicular or ovate cotyledons. Cystoliths linear. Herbs or undershrubs, -rarely shrubs; in this case leaves penninerved. Stipules connate. -[Tribe PROCRIDEAE.] 13 - -Stigma filiform, rarely capitate and somewhat hairy, but then shrubs -with 3-nerved leaves and perianth shortly toothed and adnate to the -ovary. Perianth of the female flowers 2-4-toothed, entire, or wanting. -Embryo with elliptical or oblong cotyledons. Cystoliths usually -punctiform. Mostly woody plants. [Tribe BOEHMERIEAE.] 16 - -13. Leaves opposite, but sometimes the pairs consisting of unequal -leaves. Herbs. 14 - -Leaves alternate or subopposite, i.e., one leaf of each pair very -small, stipule-like. 15 - -14. Flowers on a disc-or bell-shaped receptacle.--Species 1. Abyssinia. -=Lecanthus= Wedd. - -Flowers in glomerules arranged in panicles.--Species 35. Tropics. Some -are used as vegetables or textile plants. (_Adicea_ Rafin.) =Pilea= -Lindl. - -15. Flowers on an expanded receptacle. Perianth-segments of the female -flowers linear or lanceolate. Herbs. Leaves unequal-sided.--Species 15. -Tropics. =Elatostema= Forst. - -Flowers in glomerules or heads without an involucre. Perianth-segments -ovate. Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 3. Tropics. =Procris= Juss. - -16. Female flowers without a perianth. Stigma filiform. Shrubs. Leaves -alternate. Flowers in axillary glomerules.--Species 1. Naturalized on -the Island of Mauritius. =Phenax= Wedd. - -Female flowers with a perianth. 17 - -17. Perianth of the female flowers free or almost free from the -ovary, dry or membranous in fruit. Stipules free or nearly so. Stigma -filiform. 18 - -Perianth of the female flowers adnate to the ovary, more or less -succulent in fruit. Stipules evidently united. Leaves alternate. Shrubs -or trees. 19 - -18. Stigma persistent. Perianth surrounding the fruit neither winged -nor ribbed. Leaves toothed.--Species 7. Tropical and South Africa. -Two of them (especially _B. nivea_ Hook. & Arn., ramie or Chinese -grasscloth plant) are cultivated as textile plants. =Boehmeria= Jaqu. - -Stigma deciduous. Perianth surrounding the fruit usually winged or -ribbed. Leaves usually entire.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. -=Pouzolzia= Gaudich. - -19. Stigma filiform, deciduous.--Species 3. Madagascar and Mascarenes. -=Pipturus= Wedd. - -Stigma capitate, more or less penicillate.--Species 1. Abyssinia. -=Debregeasia= Gaudich. - - -ORDER PROTEALES - - -FAMILY 55. PROTEACEAE - -Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, rarely (_Brabeium_) whorled. -Stipules none. Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes. Perianth with 4 -petaloid, valvate segments, usually surrounded by excrescences of the -receptacle. Stamens 4, opposite the perianth-segments. Anthers opening -inwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, ascending and inverted, -more rarely pendulous and straight, very rarely ovules 2. Style -simple, with a small stigma. Fruit a one-seeded nut or drupe. Seed -exalbuminous.--Genera 13, species 400. Southern and tropical Africa. -(Plate 33.) - -1. Stamens inserted at the base of the perianth-segments; anthers -stalked. Perianth regular, divided to the base. Flowers unisexual or -polygamous. [Tribe PERSOONIEAE.] 2 - -Stamens inserted on the middle or the upper part of the -perianth-segments; anthers usually sessile. Perianth more or less -deeply divided, but rarely to the base. [Tribe PROTEEAE.] 3 - -2. Receptacle with a short cupular excrescence at the base. Ovule -pendulous. Fruit a drupe. Flowers in fascicles arranged in racemes. -Leaves whorled, undivided.--Species 1. South Africa. The fruits are -edible and used as a substitute for coffee. =Brabeium= L. - -Receptacle with 4 scale-like excrescences at the base. Flowers in -spikes arranged in racemes. Leaves alternate, 2-lobed.--Species -1. Madagascar. The wood is used for torches, the seeds yield oil. -=Dilobeia= Thouars - -3. Flowers unisexual, regular. 4 - -Flowers hermaphrodite. 5 - -4. Male flowers in spikes or racemes, female in heads. Bracts -narrow.--Species 3. South Africa. =Aulax= Berg - -[Illustration: PROTEACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 33._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Leucospermum conocarpum R. Br. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower laid open. _C_ Perianth-segment and -stamen.] - -[Illustration: LORANTHACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 34._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Loranthus capitatus (Spreng.) Engl. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Lower part of the flower cut -lengthwise. _D_ Anther.] - - -Male and female flowers in heads. Bracts broad.--Species 75. South -Africa. Some species yield timber or medicaments; the silvery-haired -leaves of the silver-tree (_L. argenteum_ R. Br.) also form an article -of commerce. =Leucadendron= Herm. - -5. Flowers regular or almost so, disposed in heads which are sometimes -reduced to a single flower. Perianth-segments united below, free and -recurved above. 6 - -Flowers distinctly irregular. Perianth-segments more or less united, -except the hindmost, which is separated from the others. 11 - -6. Leaves, at least the inferior, more or less divided. 7 - -Leaves all undivided. 8 - -7. Heads arranged in sometimes very short spikes, 4-flowered. Ovary -glabrous or almost so. Fruit sessile.--Species 15. South Africa. -(_Nivenia_ R. Br.) =Paranomus= Salisb. & Knight - -Heads solitary or arranged in corymbs or heads, usually many-flowered. -Ovary hairy, usually woolly or hispid. Fruit short-stalked.--Species -70. South Africa. =Serruria= Salisb. - -8. Heads solitary, 4-or more-flowered. Fruit sessile.--Species 20. -South Africa. (Including _Orothamnus_ Eckl.) =Mimetes= Salisb. - -Heads arranged in spikes, racemes, or umbels, 1-6-flowered. Fruit with -a short stalk. 9 - -9. Flowers somewhat irregular. Stigma lateral, or very oblique, or -seated in the centre of a disc-like expansion of the style-apex. Heads -in lax spikes or racemes.--Species 25. South Africa. =Spatalla= Salisb. - -Flowers regular. Stigma terminal or nearly so, conical or club-shaped. -10 - -10. Style more or less lateral, not constricted at the base. -Perianth-tube 4-angled. Inflorescence cylindrical.--Species 5. South -Africa. =Spatallopsis= Phillips - -Style terminal, constricted at the base. Perianth-tube short, -not 4-angled. Inflorescence globose.--Species 12. South Africa. -=Sorocephalus= R. Br. - -11. (5.) Anterior perianth-segments separating above. Anthers oblong -or ovate. Style deciduous. Fruit glabrous. Flowers in sometimes oblong -heads, usually yellow.--Species 40. South and East Africa. Some species -yield timber and bark for tanning. (Plate 33.) =Leucospermum= R. Br. - -Anterior perianth-segments united almost to the top into a lip. Anthers -linear. Style persistent. Fruit covered with dense hairs. 12 - -12. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Anthers obtuse.--Species 15. Tropical -and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber. =Faurea= Harv. - -Flowers in heads. Anthers usually with a prolonged connective.--Species -130. South and Central Africa. Some species yield timber, bark for -tanning, or medicaments. (_Leucadendron_ L.) =Protea= L. - - -ORDER SANTALALES - - -SUBORDER SANTALINEAE - - -FAMILY 56. SANTALACEAE - -Terrestrial plants, sometimes parasitic on roots. Leaves undivided, -exstipulate, sometimes scale-like. Flowers regular. Perianth simple. -Stamens 3-6, as many as and inserted on the perianth-segments, -equalling them or shorter. Anthers stalked, 2-celled. Ovary inferior, -rarely almost superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, or ovules 2-5, -pendulous from the apex of a central or subparietal placenta. Style -simple or wanting. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds without a testa, with -copious fleshy albumen; radicle of the embryo superior.--Genera 6, -Species 140. (Plate 34.) - -1. Ovary superior. Ovule 1. Style absent; stigma 2-lobed. Stalk of -the fruit fleshy. Shrubs or trees.--Species 1. Madagascar. Used -medicinally. [Tribe ANTHOBOLEAE.] =Exocarpus= Labill. - -Ovary inferior. Ovules 2-5. Style present. 2 - -2. Perianth-tube above the ovary coated by a disc on the inside, or -wanting. Placenta thick, straight. Ovules recurved. Stigma 3-4-parted -or 4-5-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs. [Tribe OSYRIDEAE.] 3 - -Perianth-tube above the ovary not coated by a disc on the inside. -Placenta thin, usually flexuous. Ovules straight. Stigma entire or -obscurely 2-3-lobed. [Tribe THESIEAE.] 4 - -3. Leaves, at least most of them, opposite. Flowers in panicles -which are sometimes composed of false umbels, 4-6-merous, -hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stigma 4-5-lobed. Embryo with very short -cotyledons.--Species 2. South Africa. They yield timber and tanning -material. (_Rhoiocarpus_ A. DC.) =Colpoon= Berg - -Leaves alternate. Flowers in false umbels, which are often arranged -in racemes, or the female and hermaphrodite solitary, 3-4-merous, -dioecious or polygamous. Stigma 3-4-partite. Embryo with long -cotyledons.--Species 8. North and East Africa to Natal. Some species -yield fragrant wood (African sandalwood), tanning and dyeing materials, -and medicaments. (Plate 34.) =Osyris= L. - -4. Flowers dioecious. Perianth-tube above the ovary very shortly -campanulate; segments usually with a tuft of hairs in the male flowers. -Anther-halves elliptical. Style short.--Species 6. South Africa. -=Thesidium= Sond. - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-tube above the ovary campanulate or -cylindrical; segments with tufts or rows of hairs. Anther-halves -usually oblong. Style long or rather short. 5 - -5. Fruit a drupe. Flowers axillary, solitary or in glomerules. -Undershrubs.--Species 7. East and South Africa. =Osyridicarpus= A. DC. - -Fruit a nut.--Species 120. =Thesium= L. - -[Illustration: SANTALACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 35._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Osyris tenuifolia Engl. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower. _C_ Male flower from above. _D_ -Male flower cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: OPILIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 36._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Opilia amentacea Roxb. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise.] - - -FAMILY 57. OPILIACEAE - -Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers in spikes, racemes -or umbels, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx (or calyx-like excrescence -of the receptacle) entire or obscurely 4-5-toothed. Petals (or -perianth-segments) 4-5, free. Stamens equal in number and opposite -to them, free or adnate at the base. Disc present. Ovary superior or -nearly so, 1-celled, with a thick central placenta. Ovule 1, pendulous -from the apex of the placenta, with no coat. Style simple. Fruit -succulent. Seed without a testa; albumen abundant; embryo large, with -superior radicle.--Genera 2, species 15. (Under _OLACINEAE.)_ (Plate -35.) - -Axis of the inflorescence with cushion-shaped swellings at the base of -the pedicels. Flowers in short racemes or umbels. Receptacle broad, -cupular. Disc lobed. Petals with inflected tips. Filaments short. -Anthers broad.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Rhopalopilia= Pierre - -Axis of the inflorescence without swellings. Flowers in racemes. -Receptacle small.--Species 10. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. -(_Groutia_ Guill. & Perr., including _Urobotrya_ Stapf). (Plate 35.) -=Opilia= Roxb. - - -FAMILY 58. GRUBBIACEAE - -Shrubs. Leaves opposite, narrow, entire, leathery. Inflorescences -axillary, cymose. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth 4-partite, -with sepaloid, valvate segments. Stamens 8, almost free from the -perianth. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 1-celled or at first -incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 2, pendulous from a central or -subparietal placenta, straight, with no coat. Style simple; stigma -2-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seed 1, with a thin testa and fleshy albumen; -embryo straight, with inferior radicle. (Under _SANTALACEAE_ or -_HAMAMELIDACEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 4. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Grubbia= Berg - - -FAMILY 59. OLACACEAE - -Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers regular. -Calyx usually small. Petals or corolla-lobes 3-6, nearly always valvate -in bud. Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior or -nearly so, rarely half-inferior or almost inferior, 1-celled, usually -septate at the base, rarely 2-5-celled to the top. Ovules 1-5, -pendulous from the apex of a usually free placenta, inverted. Style -simple. Fruit indehiscent. Seed 1, with a small embryo and abundant -albumen.--Genera 11, species 70. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 36.) - -1. Ovary superior, 1-celled, sometimes septate at the base. Ovules 2-3, -with no coat. 2 - -Ovary superior, 1-celled with 4-5 ovules, or completely or nearly -completely 3-4-celled, or more or less inferior. Ovules with 1-2 -coats. 5 - -2. Filaments united into a long tube. Stamens 4-5, as many as and -opposite the divisions of the corolla. Disc 4-5-lobed. Calyx enlarged -in fruit. Flowers in racemes or panicles. [Tribe APTANDREAE.] 3 - -Filaments free or nearly so. [Tribe OLACEAE.] 4 - -3. Flowers 4-merous, unisexual. Ovules 2. Calyx cupular, not splitting -at the time of maturity.--Species 1. West Africa. =Aptandra= Miers - -Flowers 5-merous. Ovules 3. Calyx splitting into 3 segments at the time -of maturity.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. They yield timber and -oily seeds which are also used in medicine. =Ongokea= Pierre - -4. Ovules 2. Stamens 5-10. Calyx not enlarged in fruit.--Species 6. -West Africa. =Ptychopetalum= Benth. - -Ovules 3. Stamens 6-12, of which 3-6 are fertile. Calyx enlarged in -fruit.--Species 40. Tropics. Some species yield timber. (Plate 36.) -=Olax= L. - -5. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, 4-6, free or nearly so. -[Tribe ANACOLOSEAE.] 6 - -Stamens 2-4 times as many as the petals. Ovary superior, completely or -almost completely 3-4-celled. 9 - -6. Ovary superior, septate at the base, with 4-5 ovules. Flowers -5-merous, in panicles.--Species 1. Island of Mauritius. =Stolidia= -Baill. - -Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Flowers in axillary spikes, racemes or -fascicles. 7 - -7. Flowers 6-merous. Calyx entire or toothed. Ovary very incompletely -2-celled. Ovules 2.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Anacolosa= Blume - -Flowers 4-5-merous. Ovary completely or almost completely 3-4-celled. -Ovules 3-4. 8 - -8. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx shortly toothed. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit a -drupe.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Strombosiopsis= Engl. - -Flowers 5-merous. Calyx deeply divided. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a -berry.--Species 7. Central Africa. (Including _Lavalleopsis_ Van -Tiegh.) =Strombosia= Blume - -9. Stamens 3-4 times as many as the petals, 12-20. Calyx entire, not -enlarged in fruit. Juice resinous.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. -Yields timber and edible oily seeds. [Tribe COULEAE.] =Coula= Baill. - -Stamens twice as many as the petals, 8-12. Calyx 4-6-toothed. Juice not -resinous. 10 - -10. Anthers globose. Ovary incompletely 3-celled. Style short. Petals -5-6. Calyx much enlarged in fruit. Leaves with milky juice.--Species 3. -West Africa. [Tribe HEISTERIEAE.] =Heisteria= Jaqu. - -Anthers linear. Ovary almost completely 3-4-celled. Style as long as -the ovary. Petals 4-5. Calyx not enlarged in fruit. Leaves with watery -juice.--Species 3. Tropical and South-East Africa. They yield fragrant -wood, bark for tanning, edible fruits, and oily seeds, and are also -used in medicine. [Tribe XIMENIEAE.] =Ximenia= Plum. - -[Illustration: OLACACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 37._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Olax Durandii Engl. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Branch of another specimen. _C_ Flower cut -lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 38._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Aristolochia bracteata Retz. - -_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower. _C_ Lower part of the flower (the -ovary cut lengthwise).] - - -FAMILY 60. OCTOKNEMATACEAE - -Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers -in axillary racemes. Petals 5, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, opposite the -petals; filaments short. Disc obscure. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with -a free filiform placenta and 3 pendulous ovules. Style divided into -3-5 two-or three-cleft lobes. Fruit woody, surrounded by the fleshy -receptacle. Seeds with a thin coat; embryo minute, situated at the apex -of the 8-furrowed albumen. (Under _OLACACEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 3. Equatorial West Africa. =Octoknema= Pierre - - -SUBORDER LORANTHINEAE - - -FAMILY 61. LORANTHACEAE - -Shrubs, parasitic upon trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate, sometimes -scale-like. Perianth simple, with 2-6 valvate segments, often -surrounded at the base by a calyx-like outgrowth of the receptacle. -Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments and inserted on -them. Ovary inferior, with 1-4 indistinctly developed ovules. Style and -stigma simple. Fruit succulent. Seeds albuminous.--Genera, 4, species -300. (Plate 37.) - -1. Receptacle with a calyx-like outgrowth surrounding the base of the -perianth. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Anthers usually stalked and -opening by two longitudinal slits. Style more or less filiform. Leaves -well-developed.--Species 250. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used -medicinally. (Plate 37). [Subfamily =LORANTHOIDEAE=.] =LORANTHUS= L. - -Receptacle without a calyx-like outgrowth. Flowers unisexual. Anthers -sessile. [Subfamily =VISCOIDEAE=.] 2 - -2. Anthers adnate to the perianth; cells several or many, opening by -pores. Placenta basal. Flowers in clusters of 3 or more.--Species 50. -Some of them yield bird-lime or are used medicinally. “Mistletoe.” -[Tribe VISCEAE.] =Viscum= L. - -Anthers seated on the perianth, but not adnate to it; cells 1-2, -opening by longitudinal or transverse slits. Placenta central. Leaves -scale-like. 3 - -3. Anthers 1-celled, opening by a transverse slit. Perianth of the -male flowers 2-5-parted, of the female 2-parted. Flowers dioecious, -solitary.--Species 1. North-West Africa. [Tribe ARCEUTHOBIEAE.] -=Arceuthobium= Marsch. Bieb. - -Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Perianth 3-parted. -Flowers monoecious, disposed in rows.--Species 5. Madagascar and -neighbouring islands. (_Bifaria_ Van Tiegh.) [Tribe PHORADENDREAE.] -=Korthalsella= Van Tiegh. - - -SUBORDER BALANOPHORINEAE - - -FAMILY 62. BALANOPHORACEAE - -Succulent herbs without green colour, parasitic on roots, upon which -their root-stock is seated. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in -spadix-like spikes or heads, red, unisexual. Perianth in the male -flowers of 3-6 segments, in the female 3-lobed or wanting. Stamens -as many as and opposite the perianth-segments, sometimes one of them -abortive. Ovary inferior or naked, 1-celled. Ovules 1-3, pendulous from -a central placenta or from the apex of the cell or adnate to the wall -of the ovary, without coats. Style simple, sometimes very short; stigma -entire or lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seed without a testa; albumen copious; -embryo small, apical, undivided.--Genera 4, species 6. Tropical and -South Africa. - -1. Fertile stamens 2. Female flowers with a 3-lobed perianth. Ovules -3. Stigma 3-lobed, borne on a long filiform style. Spadices oblong, -solitary.--Species 2. South Africa. [Subfamily =MYSTROPETALOIDEAE=.] -=Mystropetalon= Harv. - -Fertile stamens 3 or more. Female flowers without a perianth, but the -base of the style sometimes surrounded by a tubular outgrowth of the -receptacle. Stigma entire or sessile. 2 - -2. Stamens free. Anthers globose, many-celled. Ovules 3. Stigma -sessile. Spadices panicled. Root-stock not resinous.--Species 1. South -and East Africa. [Subfamily =SARCOPHYTOIDEAE=.] =Sarcophyte= Sparrm. - -Stamens united. Anthers 2-4-celled. Ovule 1. Style and stigma simple. -Spadices solitary. Root-stock resinous. [Subfamily =BALANOPHOROIDEAE=.] -3 - -3. Anthers 3-6, linear, 4-celled. Ovary linear. Ovule adnate to the -wall of the ovary. Perianth-segments of the male flowers linear. -Spadices hemispherical.--Species 2. Tropics. [Tribe LANGSDORFFIEAE.] -=Thonningia= Vahl - -Anthers numerous, 2-celled. Ovule free, pendulous.--Species 1. Comoro -Islands. [Tribe BALANOPHOREAE.] =Balanophora= Forst. - - -ORDER ARISTOLOCHIALES - - -FAMILY 63. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE - -Leaves alternate, entire or lobed. Flowers axillary, solitary or in -clusters, irregular, hermaphrodite. Perianth simple, corolla-like, -with a distinct tube. Stamens 5-24, adnate to the style. Anthers -opening outwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, -4-6-celled. Ovules several or many in each cell, pendulous descending -or horizontal, inverted. Style or stigma 6-lobed. Fruit capsular. Seeds -with a small embryo and copious albumen. (Plate 38.) - -Genus 1, species 30. Some are used medicinally. =Aristolochia= L. - - -FAMILY 64. RAFFLESIACEAE - -Parasitic herbs, partly immersed in the tissue of the plants upon which -they grow. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers terminal, solitary or in -racemes, regular, unisexual. Perianth-segments 4 or more. Stamens 8 or -more; filaments united into a column. Ovary inferior, 1-celled with 4 -or more parietal placentas, or several-celled with axile placentas. -Ovules numerous. Style simple; stigmas situated beneath its thickened -apex. Fruit a berry. Seeds minute, with a hard testa, oily albumen, and -undivided embryo.--Genera 2, Species 4. (_CYTINACEAE_.) - -Ovary 1-celled, with usually 4 slightly projecting parietal placentas. -Ovules inverted. Anthers affixed beneath the thickened apex of the -staminal column, opening by transverse slits. Perianth-segments free. -Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). (Under -_Apodanthes_ Poiteau). [Tribe APODANTHEAE.] =Pilostyles= Guill. - -Ovary more or less completely 6-or more-celled; placentas parietal, -but much projecting, sometimes uniting in the middle. Ovules straight. -Anthers laterally affixed to the thickened apex of the staminal column, -opening by longitudinal slits. Perianth-segments united below. Flowers -in spikes, racemes, or panicles.--Species 3. North and South Africa and -Madagascar. They have edible fruits and are used medicinally. [Tribe -CYTINEAE.] =Cytinus= L. - - -FAMILY 65. HYDNORACEAE - -Fleshy, herbaceous, leafless root-parasites with a creeping root-stock. -Flowers solitary, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth simple, fleshy, -tubular, with 3-4 (very rarely 5) valvate segments. Stamens as -many as and alternate with the perianth-segments, inserted in the -tube; filaments united; anther-cells numerous, linear, opening by -longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with many placentas -hanging down from the top of the cell. Stigma sessile. Fruit succulent. -Seeds with a hard testa, copious albumen, and undivided embryo. (Under -_CYTINACEAE_). - -Genus 1, species 8. Tropical and South Africa. Some are edible or used -for tanning. =Hydnora= Thunb. - - -ORDER POLYGONALES - - -FAMILY 66. POLYGONACEAE - -Leaves alternate, undivided or pinnately cleft, provided at the base -with a stem-clasping sheath. Flowers regular. Perianth-segments 3-6. -Stamens 4-50. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1. Styles 2-4, free or -united at the base. Fruit a nut. Seed with an abundant, mealy albumen -and a usually lateral embryo.--Genera 9, species 120. (Plate 39.) - - -1. Stamens as many as perianth-segments, 6, rarely 4; occasionally -fewer than perianth-segments, and then stamens 4-5 and -perianth-segments 5-6 in the male, 6 in the female flowers; in this -case stem herbaceous and flowers monoecious. [Subfamily =RUMICOIDEAE=, -Tribe RUMICEAE.] 2 - -Stamens more than perianth-segments, rarely equal in number, but then -5. Herbs or undershrubs with hermaphrodite or polygamous flowers, or -shrubs. 3 - -2. Perianth at the time of maturity firm, tubular, tightly clasping the -fruit. Flowers unisexual. Annual herbs.--Species 2. North and South -Africa, also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. =Emex= Neck. - -Perianth at the time of maturity more or less membranous, not tubular -and not clasping the fruit very tightly.--Species 45. Some are used as -vegetables, for tanning and dyeing, or in medicine. “Dock.” =Rumex= L. - -3. Seed with ruminate albumen. Shrubs with 5, 7-10, or 20-50 stamens. -[Subfamily =COCCOLOBOIDEAE=.] 4 - -Seed with homogeneous albumen. Herbs or undershrubs, more rarely shrubs -with 6 or 12-18 stamens. [Subfamily =POLYGONOIDEAE=.] 5 - -4. Flowers unisexual. Perianth-segments 4 or 6, the outer deciduous. -Stamens 20-50. Erect shrubs or trees.--Species 1. West Africa. [Tribe -TRIPLARIDEAE.] =Symmeria= Benth. - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 5, united at the base into -a tube becoming two-winged in fruit. Stamens 5-10. Mostly climbing, -tendril-bearing plants.--Species 3. West Africa. [Tribe COCCOLOBEAE.] -=Brunnichia= Banks - -5. Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves small. Stamens 6 or 12-18. Filaments -united at the base. [Tribe ATRAPHAXIDEAE.] 6 - -Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Stamens 8, more rarely 5-7. -Filaments free, but sometimes inserted on a ring-shaped disc. [Tribe -POLYGONEAE.] 7 - -6. Perianth-segments 4, the inner much enlarged in fruit. Stamens 6, -the outer with a callosity at the base. Stigmas 2. Fruit glabrous. -Embryo lateral. Leaves ovate or orbicular.--Species 1. Egypt. -=Atraphaxis= L. - -Perianth-segments 5-6, not enlarged in fruit. Stamens 12-18, with a -hairy appendage at the base. Stigmas 4. Fruit bristly. Embryo axile. -Leaves linear or subulate.--Species 1. North Africa. =Calligonum= L. - -7. Perianth-segments of the hermaphrodite and female flowers united -below into a narrow tube. Flowers polygamous.--Species 17. Central -and South Africa. Some are used as vegetables and for making bread. -(Including _Raphanopsis_ Welw.) (Plate 39.) Oxygonum Burch. - -Perianth-segments not united below into a narrow tube. 8 - -8. Seed with broad, folded cotyledons. Perianth shorter than the -fruit. Leaves cordate.--Species 1 (_F. esculentum_ Moench, buckwheat). -Cultivated as a cereal or fodder-plant. (Under _Polygonum_ L.) -=Fagopyrum= Gaertn. - -[Illustration: POLYGONACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 39._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Oxygonum sinuatum (Hochst. and Steud.) Benth. and Hook. - -_A_ Fruiting plant. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruit cut -lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: CHENOPODIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 40._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Traganum nudatum Del. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Part of a fruiting branch,. _C_ End of -a branch. _D_ Flower with bracts and bracteoles. _E_ Flower cut -lengthwise.] - - -Seed with narrow, not folded cotyledons.--Species 50. Some are -poisonous, others serve as ornamental, medicinal, or fodder-plants, or -yield tanning and dyeing materials. =Polygonum= L. - - -ORDER CENTROSPERMAE - - -SUBORDER CHENOPODIINEAE - - -FAMILY 67. CHENOPODIACEAE - -Stem erect, ascending, or prostrate. Leaves exstipulate, sometimes -wanting. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish. Perianth simple, of 1-5 -imbricate segments, herbaceous or membranous, persistent, rarely -wanting. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments or -fewer, inserted on the receptacle or the base of the perianth. Anthers -attached by the back, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal -slits, curved inwards in the bud. Ovary superior, rarely (_Beta_) -half-inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, on a basal funicle, curved. Stigmas -2-5. Fruit dehiscing by a lid or indehiscent. Seed with a curved, -peripheral embryo.--Genera 26, species 120. (_SALSOLACEAE._) (Plate 40.) - -1. Embryo spiral. Albumen wanting or separated in two parts by the -embryo. 2 - -Embryo more or less ring-or horseshoe-shaped or folded together. -Albumen wholly or partly enclosed by the embryo, rarely wanting. 11 - -2. Bracteoles small, scale-like. Perianth herbaceous or fleshy. Stigmas -thread-shaped, papillose all round. Leaves glabrous, fleshy.--Species -10. Some are used as vegetables or for making soda. (Including -_Chenopodina_ Moq., _Lerchia_ Hall., _Schanginia_ C. A. Mey., -_Schoberia_ C. A. Mey., and _Sevada_ Moq.) [Tribe SUAEDEAE.] =Suaeda= -Forsk. - -Bracteoles equalling or exceeding the perianth. Perianth usually -membranous. Stigmas papillose on the inside. Leaves usually hairy. -[Tribe SALSOLEAE.] 3 - -3. Seed horizontal. Disc usually inconspicuous. [Subtribe SODINAE.] 4 - -Seed vertical. Disc usually lobed. [Subtribe ANABASINAE.] 6 - -4. Perianth 5-lobed, hardening to the top and wingless in the fruit. -Filaments flattened. Disc inconspicuous. Embryo in a conical spiral. -Shrubs with continuous branches and alternate leaves.--Species 2. North -Africa to the Sahara. (Plate 40.) =Traganum= Del. - -Perianth 4-5-parted or of 4-5 free segments, not hardening or at the -base only and furnished with a horizontal wing in the fruit. 5 - -5. Branches jointed. Leaves scale-like, opposite, connate in pairs. -Shrubs. Perianth-segments free. Anthers blunt. Disc lobed, enlarged -in the fruit. Embryo in a flat spiral.--Species 2. North Africa. -=Haloxylon= Bunge - -Branches continuous. Disc usually inconspicuous.--Species 20. Some of -them are used as vegetables or in medicine or furnish soda. “Saltwort.” -(Including _Caroxylon_ Thunb.) =Salsola= L. - -6. Perianth of 2 inner and 3 outer segments of which two are in front -and one behind. Fruiting perianth winged, not hardened. Seed compressed -dorsally. Flowers solitary, more rarely in clusters, and then branches -jointed and leaves opposite. 7 - -Perianth of 3 inner and 2 outer segments of which one is in front and -one behind. Fruiting perianth more or less hardened. Seed compressed -laterally. Branches continuous. 8 - -7. Branches jointed. Leaves opposite, sometimes reduced to scales. -Filaments awl-shaped. Style short.--Species 5. North Africa and Nubia. -Some yield soda or are used medicinally. =Anabasis= L. - -Branches continuous. Leaves alternate. Spinous shrubs. Flowers -solitary. Filaments flattened; connective pointed. Style long. Pericarp -membranous.--Species 1. North Africa. =Noaea= Moq. - -8. Perianth-segments united at the base, wingless in the fruit, but one -of them sometimes produced into a prickle. Style long. Shrubs. 9 - -Perianth-segments free, winged in the fruit, at least some of them. -Style short. Disc lobed. Leaves alternate. Flowers in clusters. 10 - -9. Leaves opposite. Flowers in pairs, hermaphrodite. Disc -indistinct.--Species 1. Sahara. =Nucularia= Battand. - -Leaves alternate. Flowers in clusters, polygamous. Disc lobed.--Species -2. North Africa and Northern Central Africa. =Cornulaca= Del. - -10. Inner perianth-segments not winged in the fruit. Stamens with -a 2-lobed connective. Shrubs.--Species 1. North Africa. (Under -_Halogeton_ C. A. Mey.) =Agathophora= Fenzl - -Inner and outer perianth-segments winged in the fruit. Stamens with a -blunt connective. Herbs.--Species 1. North-West Africa (Algeria). Used -as a vegetable or for making soda. =Halogeton= C. A. Mey. - -11. (1.) Branches more or less distinctly jointed. Leaves little -developed, glabrous. Flowers in clusters, usually of 3, arising in -the axils of scale-like bracts or apparently sunk in hollows of the -rachis and collected in cone-shaped inflorescences. Stamens 1-2. [Tribe -SALICORNIEAE.] 12 - -Branches continuous. Leaves well developed, usually hairy. Flowers -solitary or in clusters, more rarely in spike-like inflorescences. -Stamens 3-5, more rarely 1-2. 16 - -12. Bracts and upper leaves alternate. 13 - -Bracts and upper leaves opposite. 14 - -13. Perianth slightly flattened from the side, 4-5-toothed, surrounded -by a wing-like border. Stamens 2. Ovule with a short funicle. Micropyle -of the ovule and radicle of the embryo inferior. Low shrubs.--Species -1. North-West Africa (Algeria). =Kalidium= Moq. - -Perianth flattened from the back, 3-toothed, without a wing-like -border. Ovule with a long funicle. Micropyle and radicle superior or -ascending.--Species 2. North Africa to Nubia. Yield soda. =Halopeplis= -Bunge - -14. Bracts free, peltate, deciduous. Perianth 3-parted. Stamen 1, -inserted in front. Ovule on a long, curved, almost ring-shaped funicle. -Micropyle and radicle superior. Shrubs.--Species 1. North Africa to -Eritrea. Yields soda. =Halocnemum= Marsch. Bieb. - -Bracts united, persistent; flower-clusters apparently sunk in hollows -of the branch-joints. Perianth 3-4-toothed or-cleft. Stamen 1, inserted -behind, or stamens 2. Ovule on a short funicle. Micropyle and radicle -inferior. 15 - -15. Seed smooth or tubercled; embryo curved; albumen abundant, lateral. -Stamens 2. Stigmas 2. Shrubs.--Species 3. North and Central Africa. -They yield soda and are used in medicine. =Arthrocnemum= Moq. - -Seed hairy; embryo folded together; albumen scanty and central or -wanting.--Species 4. Sea-coasts. They yield soda and are used in -medicine. =Salicornia= L. - -16. Flowers unisexual, sometimes intermixed with a few hermaphrodite, -of two kinds, the male and hermaphrodite with a 3-5-parted perianth and -without bracteoles, the female without a perianth, but with 2 sometimes -united or 2-parted bracteoles. Stamens 3-5. Leaves glabrous, mealy or -cottony, usually hastate. [Tribe ATRIPLICEAE.] 17 - -Flowers hermaphrodite, sometimes intermixed with similar unisexual -ones, all with 4-5 perianth-segments. 19 - -17. Bracteoles small, narrow, free, unchanged in the fruiting -stage, not enclosing the fruit. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 5. -Shrubs.--Species 2. South Africa and St. Helena. =Exomis= Fenzl - -Bracteoles large, broad, usually united and hardening, completely -enclosing the fruit. 18 - -18. Bracteoles united nearly to the top, hardened in the fruit and -sometimes prolonged into 2-4 prickles. Flowers dioecious. Stigmas -4-5. Stem and leaves glabrous. Herbs.--Species 1 (_S. oleracea_ L., -spinach). Cultivated in the extra-tropical regions. It serves as a -vegetable; the seeds are sometimes used for making bread. =Spinacia= L. - -Bracteoles free and herbaceous, or more or less united, but not -nearly to the top, and at length hardened. Stigmas 2-3. Stem and -leaves clothed, when young, with bladdery hairs, afterwards mostly -with a close minute whitish pubescence.--Species 20. Some are used as -vegetables, for making soda, in medicine, or as ornamental plants. -“Orache.” (Including _Obione_ Gaertn.) =Atripex= L. - -19. Ovary half-inferior. Perianth-segments connivent in the fruit. -Fruit dehiscing by a lid. Herbs with a fleshy taproot. Bracteoles -usually present.--Species 3. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands; one -of them (_B. vulgaris_ L., beet) also cultivated in South Africa and -Madagascar. The latter species yields sugar, vegetables, fodder, and a -substitute for coffee and tobacco. [Tribe BETEAE.] =Beta= L. - -Ovary superior. Fruit indehiscent, rarely dehiscing by a lid, but then -perianth-segments spreading in the fruit. 20 - -20. Flowers with bracteoles, solitary. Perianth membranous, unchanged -in the fruit; segments erect. Stigmas 2. Ovule on a long funicle. -Pericarp membranous. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves subulate, rigid, -pungent.--Species 1. North-West Africa (Algeria). [Tribe POLYCNEMEAE.] -=Polycnemum= L. - -Flowers without bracteoles. 21 - -21. Perianth 4-5-lobed, membranous. Leaves narrow, clothed with thin -hairs. [Tribe CAMPHOROSMEAE.] 22 - -Perianth 5-parted, rarely 4-parted or 5-lobed, more or less herbaceous. -Leaves usually broad and clothed with bladdery hairs. 25 - -22. Perianth unequally 4-toothed, scarcely changed in the fruit. -Stamens 4. Seed erect. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. Flowers in spikes. -Undershrubs.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Camphorosma= -L. - -Perianth 5-toothed, 5-lobed, or 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Seed nearly always -horizontal. Embryo ring-shaped. Flowers solitary or in clusters, in the -axils of the leaves. 23 - -23. Fruiting perianth unchanged and unappendaged. Undershrubs.--Species -3. North and South Africa. =Chenolea= Thunb. - -Fruiting perianth winged, gibbous, or prickly. 24 - -24. Fruiting perianth gibbous or prickly.--Species 2. North Africa. -(_Echinopsilon_ Moq., under _Chenolea_ Thunb. or _Kochia_ Roth). -=Bassia= All. - -Fruiting perianth with one or several wings.--Species 3. South Africa -to Hereroland and North Africa to Nubia. =Kochia= Roth - -25. Fruit not enclosed in the perianth, dehiscing with a lid. -Perianth-segments spreading, linear-oblong. Stamens 5, much shorter -than the perianth. Stigmas 2, short. Leaves elliptical or lanceolate, -entire, glabrous. Undershrubs.--Species 1. North-West Africa (Algeria). -=Oreobliton= Durieu & Moq. - -Fruit wholly or partly enclosed in the perianth, indehiscent. Leaves -usually broad, toothed, and mealy or glandular-hairy.--Species 25. -Some of them yield edible seeds, dyes, and medicaments, or are used as -vegetables or ornamental plants; several are poisonous. “Goosefoot.” -(Including _Blitum_ L. and _Roubieva_ Moq.) [Tribe CHENOPODIEAE.] -=Chenopodium= L. - - -FAMILY 68. AMARANTACEAE - -Leaves without stipules. Perianth more or less dry, simple, of -1-5 imbricate segments. Stamens as many as and opposite the -perianth-segments or fewer. Anthers attached by the back, opening -inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules -erect or suspended from a basal funicle, curved. Fruit dehiscing by a -lid or indehiscent. Embryo surrounding the mealy albumen.--Genera 32, -species 200. (Plate 41.) - -1. Anthers 1-celled. Ovule 1. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves -opposite. Inflorescences head-or shortly spike-shaped. [Subfamily -=GOMPHRENCIDEAE=, tribe GOMPHRENEAE.] 2 - -Anthers 2-celled. [Subfamily =AMARANTOIDEAE=.] 4 - -2. Stigma 1, capitate. Fertile stamens alternating with -staminodes.--Species 7. Some are used as ornamental plants, others -are noxious weeds. (Including _Telanthera_ R. Br.) [Subtribe -FROEHLICHINAE.] =Alternanthera= Forsk. - -Stigmas 2-4, subulate. [Subtribe GOMPHRENINAE.] 3 - -3. Filaments entire.--Species 1. Central Africa. (_Philoxerus_ R. Br.) -=Iresine= L. - -Filaments fringed, toothed, or 3-parted.--Species 1. Tropical and South -East Africa. A weed, sometimes used as an ornamental plant. =Gomphrena= -L. - -4. Ovule 1. [Tribe AMARANTEAE.] 5 - -Ovules 2 or more, very rarely ovule 1, erect; in this case filaments -united below into a membranous tube and flowers hermaphrodite. [Tribe -CELOSIEAE.] 32 - -5. Ovule erect. Radicle of the embryo descending. Filaments free -or united in a ring at the base. Flowers unisexual, polygamous, or -hermaphrodite but intermixed with sterile ones. Leaves alternate. -[Subtribe AMARANTINAE.] 6 - -Ovule pendulous. Radicle of the embryo ascending. [Subtribe -ACHYRANTHINAE.] 9 - -6. Perianth spreading. Filaments united at the base. Stigmas 3. Fruit -a berry. Shrubs. Flowers polygamous, in spikes or racemes.--Species 1. -Canary Islands. =Bosia= L. - -Perianth erect. Herbs or undershrubs. 7 - -7. Flowers unisexual or polygamous; no sterile ones. Filaments -free.--Species 20. Some of them have edible seeds or are used as -vegetables, in medicine or as ornamental plants. (Including _Albersia_ -Kunth, _Amblogyna_ Rafin., and _Euxolus_ Rafin.) =Amarantus= L. - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Partial inflorescences consisting of one fertile -and two sterile flowers. 8 - -8. Sterile flowers comb-shaped. Filaments free. Style short; stigma -2-lobed.--Species 1. Tropical and North Africa. Used as a vegetable. -=Digera= Forsk. - -Sterile flowers wing-shaped. Filaments united at the base. Style -long; stigmas 2.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). -=Pleuropterantha= Franch. - -9. Flowers solitary in the axil of each bract. 10 - -Flowers in clusters of two or more; usually some of them sterile. 20 - -10. Spurious staminodes (sterile processes) interposed between the -fertile stamens. 11 - -Spurious staminodes wanting. 18 - -11. Perianth densely covered with silky or woolly hairs. 12 - -Perianth glabrous or scantily hairy. 15 - -12. Perianth-segments firmly leathery, silky-hairy, 3-nerved. Shrubs. -Leaves alternate, fleshy.--Species 1. South Africa to Damaraland. -(Under _Sericocoma_ Fenzl). =Calicorema= Hook. fil. - -Perianth-segments more or less membranous. 13 - -13. Branches jointed. Leaves very small, opposite, ovate, acuminate. -Undershrubs.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Hereroland). -=Arthraerua= Schinz - -Branches continuous. 14 - -14. Perianth-segments silky, more or less thickened and hardened at the -base, 1-nerved. Flowers small. Ovary hairy. Stigma capitate.--Species -8. Southern and Central Africa. =Sericocoma= Fenzl - -Perianth-segments woolly, not thickened. Flowers very small, in dense -spikes.--Species 10. Some are used as vegetables or as ornamental -plants. (_Ouret_ Adans.) =Aerva= Forsk. - -15. Spurious staminodes minute, narrow, acute, unappendaged. -Perianth-segments brownish-red, stiff-leathery, large, oblong, -3-nerved. Inflorescence head-like, ovoid. Leaves usually alternate. -Undershrubs.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola and Congo). -=Mechowia= Schinz - -Spurious staminodes more or less quadrate, fringed or appendaged. -Leaves opposite. 16 - -16. Spurious staminodes fringed below the top. Perianth-segments erect, -oblong, blunt, thickened below. Flowers erect, spicate. Leaves small, -sessile, linear-oblong. Herbs.--Species 1. Southern East Africa. (Under -_Pandiaka_ Hook. fil.) =Argyrostachys= Lopr. - -Spurious staminodes fringed at the top or prolonged into appendages. -Perianth-segments pointed. Flowers usually bent downwards. 17 - -17. Perianth-segments red or yellow, elliptical, hardened at the base, -faintly 1-5-nerved. Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 7. Central Africa -to Transvaal. =Centema= Hook. fil. - -Perianth-segments white, green or brown, lanceolate, stiff-leathery, -usually 3-ribbed.--Species 30. Some of them yield a substitute for soap -or are used in medicine. (Including _Achyropsis_ Moq. and _Pandiaka_ -Moq.) (Plate 41.) =Achyranthes= L. - -18. (10.) Stamens 1-2. Perianth-segments 3-5, membranous, woolly, -1-nerved. Herbs.--Species 1. Tropics. =Nothosaerua= Wight - -Stamens 4-5. 19 - -19. Outer perianth-segments densely clothed with silky hairs, faintly -3-nerved. Style slender. Shrubs.--Species 2. Northern East Africa -(Somaliland). =Chionothrix= Hook. fil. - -Outer perianth-segments glabrous or scantily hairy, with 3 strong -ribs. Flowers greenish.--Species 15. Central and South East Africa. -(Including _Psilostachys_ Hochst.) =Psilotrichum= Blume - -[Illustration: AMARANTACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 41._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Achyranthes angustifolia Benth. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Branch of the inflorescence. _C_ Flower cut -lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: NYCTAGINACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 42._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Pisonia aculeata L. - -_A_ Branch with inflorescences. _B_ Male flower. _C_ Female flower. _D_ -Female flower cut lengthwise. _E_ Fruit. _F_ Fruit cut lengthwise. _G_ -Group of fruits.] - - -20. (9.) Spurious staminodes interposed between the stamens. 21 - -Spurious staminodes none. 26 - -21. Spurious staminodes small, entire. Ovary hairy. Either perianth -clothed with long silky hairs or leaves alternate. 22 - -Spurious staminodes usually quadrate and fringed, more rarely narrow, -but then perianth not clothed with long silky hairs and leaves (as -nearly always) opposite. 23 - -22. Ovary with a horn-like appendage.--Species 6. South and Central -Africa. (Under _Sericocoma_ Fenzl). =Cyphocarpa= Lopr. - -Ovary without a horn. (See 14.) =Sericocoma= Fenzl - -23. Partial inflorescences consisting of 3 fertile flowers without -sterile ones. Perianth hairy. Erect shrubs.--Species 4. South and -Central Africa. (Under _Sericocoma_ Fenzl or _Cyphocarpa_ Lopr.) -=Sericocomopsis= Schinz - -Partial inflorescences consisting of fertile and sterile flowers, or of -2 fertile ones only. 24 - -24. Stem woody, climbing. Leaves ovate. Sterile flowers reduced to long -tufts of hairs. Perianth glabrous. Spurious staminodes narrow, entire -or toothed.--Species 2. Equatorial regions (Uganda and Cameroons). -=Sericostachys= Gilg & Lopr. - -Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, erect or ascending. Sterile -flowers usually reduced to spines. Spurious staminodes usually broad -and fringed. 25 - -25. Perianth-segments thickened and hardening at the base, yellow or -red. (See 17.) =Centema= Hook. fil. - -Perianth-segments not hardening.--Species 15. Tropical and South -Africa. Some are used in medicine. (_Desmochaeta_ DC.) =Cyathula= Lour. - -26. (20.) Partial inflorescences consisting of 2 fertile flowers -without sterile ones, and arranged in globose heads. Perianth white, -with silky hairs. Ovary hairy. Shrubs.--Species 1. German South-West -Africa. (Under _Marcellia_ Baill., _Sericocomopsis_ Schinz, or -_Sericocoma_ Fenzl). =Leucosphaera= Gilg - -Partial inflorescences consisting of fertile and sterile flowers, the -latter sometimes reduced to bristles or spines. 27 - -27. Perianth-segments thickened and hardened at the base, yellow or -red. Ovary glabrous. (See 17.) =Centema= Hook. fil. - -Perianth-segments not hardening. 28 - -28. Sterile flowers consisting of hooked spines.--Species 6. Tropical -and South Africa. =Pupalia= Juss. - -Sterile flowers consisting of not hooked spines, bristles, or hairs. 29 - -29. Partial inflorescences consisting of 2 fertile and 2 sterile -flowers, the latter reduced to bristles or spines. Ovary hairy. Herbs -or undershrubs.--Species 10. Southern West Africa to Namaland. (Under -_Sericocoma_ Fenzl). =Marcellia= Baill. - -Partial inflorescences consisting of 1-3 fertile and 4-6 sterile -flowers. Ovary glabrous. 30 - -30. Partial inflorescences consisting of 1-3 fertile and 4-6 -sterile flowers, the latter reduced to branched spines. Collective -inflorescence interrupted below. Style very short. Herbs.--Species 2. -South Africa and German South-West Africa. (Under _Marcellia_ Baill. or -_Sericocoma_ Fenzl). =Sericorema= Lopr. - -Partial inflorescences consisting of 3 fertile and 6 sterile -flowers, the latter reduced to long simple spines or bristles. Style -thread-shaped. 31 - -31. Sterile flowers elongating in the fruit into yellow spines. -Herbs.--Species 1. German East Africa. (Under _Marcellia_ Baill.) -=Kentrosphaera= Volk. - -Sterile flowers elongating in the fruit into yellow or brown, rather -soft bristles. Shrubs.--Species 3. East Africa. (Under _Marcellia_ -Baill.) =Dasysphaera= Volk. - -32. (4.) Perianth-segments spreading. Style short, with 2-4 stigmas. -Fruit succulent, baccate. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves ovate.--Species -1. Tropics. =Deeringia= R. Br. - -Perianth-segments erect. Fruit dry. 33 - -33. Fruit opening lengthwise. Style very short, with 2-3 stigmas. -Filaments united at the base only. Leaves narrow. Shrubs.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Henonia= Moq. - -Fruit opening by a lid. Herbs or undershrubs. 34 - -34. Spurious staminodes longer than the stamens, 2-lobed. Style short. -Leaves narrow.--Species 10. South Africa and southern Central Africa. -=Hermbstaedtia= Reichb. - -Spurious staminodes shorter than the stamens or wanting.--Species 30. -Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as vegetables or as textile, -ornamental, medicinal, or fodder-plants. (Including Lestiboudesia -Thou.) =Celosia= L. - - -SUBORDER PHYTOLACCINEAE - - -FAMILY 69. NYCTAGINACEAE - -Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers regular. Perianth simple, -but often surrounded by a calyx-like involucre, 3-6-lobed, valvate or -folded in the bud, persistent. Stamens with the filaments united below; -connective narrow; anthers opening laterally. Ovary superior, 1-celled. -Ovule 1, erect, inverted. Style 1, lateral. Fruit a nut, enclosed by -the enlarged and hardened perianth. Seed albuminous.--Genera 5, species -30. (Plate 42.) - -1. Seed with a straight embryo. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. -Flowers in corymbs, inconspicuous. Involucre consisting of 2-3 -small bracts. Perianth tubular or campanulate, 4-5-toothed. Stamens -5-15.--Species 6. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Plate 42.) [Tribe -PISONIEAE.] =Pisonia= Plum. - -Seed with a curved embryo. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or -trees, but then leaves alternate or fascicled and flowers in fascicles. -Stamens 1-10. [Tribe MIRABILEAE.] 2 - -2. Stem woody, spinous. Leaves alternate or fascicled. Flowers -in fascicles. Stamens 5-10, unequal. Ovary oblong. [Subtribe -BOUGAINVILLEINAE.] 3 - -Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, not spinous. Leaves -opposite. Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary ovoid or globose. [Subtribe -BOERHAVIINAE.] 4 - -3. Clusters of flowers surrounded by an involucre of 3 large, coloured -bracts. Fruit not winged. Leaves scattered.--Species 1. Naturalized in -the tropics. Ornamental plant. =Bougainvillea= Commers. - -Clusters of flowers without an involucre. Fruit winged. Leaves -fascicled.--Species 2. South Africa, southern West Africa, and -Madagascar. (Including _Amphoranthus_ S. Moore). =Phaeoptilon= Radlk. - -4. Flowers large, surrounded by a calyx-like, 4-5-cleft -involucre.--Species 1 (_M. Jalapa_ L., marvel of Peru). Naturalized in -various regions. An ornamental and medicinal plant. =Mirabilis= L. - -Flowers surrounded singly or in clusters by some early deciduous -bracts.--Species 20. Some of them are used as vegetables or in -medicine. =Boerhavia= L. - - -FAMILY 70. CYNOCRAMBACEAE - - -Herbs. Leaves undivided, stipulate, the lower opposite, the upper -alternate. Flowers monoecious, the male in groups of 2-4 opposite the -leaves, the female in axillary clusters of 3. Perianth of the male -flowers 2-3-parted, valvate in bud, of the female tubular, 2-4-toothed. -Stamens 10-30, free; anthers linear. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule -1, basal, curved, with the micropyle turned downwards. Style simple, -basal. Fruit a drupe. Seed with a curved embryo and cartilaginous -albumen. (_THELIGONACEAE_, under _CHENOPODIACEAE_ or _URTICACEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 1. North Africa. (_Theligonum_ L.) =Cynocrambe= Gaertn. - - -FAMILY 71. PHYTOLACCACEAE - - -Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules. Flowers in racemes or -spikes, bracteolate. Perianth 4-5-parted, herbaceous or membranous, -coloured, imbricate in bud, persistent in fruit. Stamens 3-33, -hypogynous. Filaments free or united at the base. Anthers affixed at -the back, opening by two longitudinal slits. Carpels superior. Ovules -solitary in each ovary-cell or in each distinct carpel, basal, curved; -micropyle turned downwards and outwards. Seed with an annular embryo -surrounding the albumen.--Genera 5, species 15. - -1. Style 1, undivided. Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 4. Anthers linear. -Perianth 4-parted. Flowers in racemes. Leaves elliptical. Undershrubs. -[Tribe RIVINEAE.] 2 - -Styles 2 or more, free or nearly so. Perianth neatly always 5-parted. 3 - -2. Flowers irregular. Fruit nearly dry. Species 1. Tropics. Used -medicinally. (_Mohlana_ Mart.) =Hilleria= Vell. - -Flowers regular. Fruit succulent. Species 1. Naturalized in the -tropics. Used as an ornamental and a dye-plant. =Rivina= Plum. - -3. Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Stamens 3-5. Anthers ovate or globose. -Flowers in spikes. Leaves linear.--Species 4. South Africa and southern -West Africa. (Including _Lophiocarpus_ Turcz. and _Wallinia_ Moq.) -=Microtea= Swartz - -Ovary solitary, 2-16-celled, or several separate ovaries. Stamens 6-33. -Leaves lanceolate, elliptical, or ovate. [Tribe PHYTOLACCEAE.] 4 - -4. Carpels 2. Stamens numerous. Fruit dry, capsular. Climbing -shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Barbeuia= Thouars - -Carpels 5-16. Fruit succulent, baccate.--Species 8, five of them -spontaneous in tropical and South Africa, the others cultivated and -sometimes naturalized in various regions. They yield vegetables, -dyes (chiefly from _Ph. decandra_ L.), a substitute for soap, and -medicaments; some are poisonous. “Poke.” (Including _Pircunia_ Moq.) -=Phytolacca= L. - - -FAMILY 72. AIZOACEAE - -Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. -Flowers regular. Perianth usually simple. Stamens 3 or more. Ovary -usually several-celled. Ovules curved or inverted. Fruit dry. Seeds -with a curved embryo and a usually mealy albumen.--Genera 20, species -480. (_FICOIDEAE_ or _MESEMBRIACEAE_). (Plate 43.) - -1. Perianth divided to the base or nearly so, free from the ovary. -[Subfamily =MOLLUGINOIDEAE=.] 2 - -Perianth with a distinct tube sometimes adnate to the ovary, simple. -[Subfamily =FICOIDEAE=.] 11 - -2. Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Ovule 1, suspended from a basal funicle. -Style 1. Stamens 5. Perianth simple. Flowers in panicles. Leaves -whorled.--Species 7. South Africa. =Adenogramma= Reichb. - -Ovary solitary but 2-or more-celled, or several separate ovaries. 3 - -3. Ovary 2-celled. Style 2-cleft. Inflorescence cymose. [Tribe LIMEAE.] -4 - -Ovary 3-7-celled, or 3-5 separate ovaries. 5 - -4. Perianth of 4 thin-membranous, fringed segments, surrounded by -bracts. Stamens 4, much exceeding the perianth. Fruit capsular. Flowers -in false spikes. Leaves stipulate.--Species 1. South Africa. =Polpoda= -Presl - -Perianth of 5 herbaceous entire segments, to which 3-5 petals are -sometimes added. Stamens 5-10, not or scarcely exceeding the perianth. -Fruit separating in two nutlets. Leaves exstipulate.--Species 15. South -and Central Africa. (Including _Semonvillea_ Gay). =Limeum= L. - -5. Carpels separate. Ovules solitary. Perianth simple. Flowers in -cymes. Leaves opposite.--Species 5. Some of them are used as vegetables -or in medicine. =Giesekia= L. - -Carpels united in the ovarial portion. 6 - -6. Ovary-cells one-ovuled. Stamens 5. Perianth simple. Flowers -in panicles.--Species 5. South Africa and southern West Africa. -=Psammatropha= Eckl. & Zeyh. - -Ovary-cells several-or many-ovuled. 7 - -7. Petals or petaloid staminodes numerous, united at the base. Stamens -numerous. Flowers conspicuous. Leaves exstipulate, fleshy.--Species 1 -=Orygia= Forsk. - -Petals none, but the stamens sometimes intermixed with staminodes. -Leaves stipulate. 8 - -8. Styles linear or slightly club-shaped. Stipules membranous, entire. 9 - -Styles obovate or wedge-shaped. Stipules fringed or sheath-like. 10 - -9. Ovules with a long funicle. Seeds crowned by an appendage of the -funicle. Pericarp firm.--Species 3. Used in medicine. =Glinus= L. - -Ovules with a short funicle. Seeds without an appendage of the -funicle. Pericarp thin. Stamens 3-10. Glabrous herbs with narrow -leaves.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Some species are used -in medicine. =Mollugo= L. - -10. Disc cup-shaped, lobed or divided. Stamens 3-5. Stipules -fringed.--Species 17. South Africa, Madagascar, St. Helena. -=Pharnaceum= L. - -Disc none. Stipules sheath-like. Leaves thread-shaped.--Species 4. -South Africa. =Hyperstelis= E. Mey. - -11. (1.) Ovary superior. Petals none. 12 - -Ovary inferior. [Tribe MESEMBRIANTHEMEAE.] 18 - -12. Fruit transversely dehiscent, circumscissile. Leaves opposite. -[Tribe SESUVIEAE.] 13 - -Fruit longitudinally dehiscent, loculicidal or septicidal. [Tribe -AIZOEAE.] 14 - -13. Ovary 1-2-celled. Ovules solitary or few, basal or subbasal. -Pericarp thick in the upper part. Seed-coat wrinkled.--Species 10. Some -of them are used as vegetables or in medicine. (Plate 43.) =Trianthema= -L. - -Ovary 3-5-rarely 2-celled. Ovules numerous, axile. Pericarp thin. -Seed-coat smooth. Flowers red.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. -Some of them have edible seeds, or serve as vegetables. (Including -_Diplochonium_ Fenzl and _Halimus_ Rumph.) =Sesuvium= L. - -14. Stamens 4-5. Ovary-cells and styles 3. 15 - -Stamens 8 or more. 16 - -15. Ovary-cells 1-ovuled. Filaments long. Fruit roundish. Shrubs -with silky hairs. Leaves all cauline, opposite or alternate, -imbricate, triangular-ovate, without stipules. Flowers axillary, -yellowish.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Plinthus= Fenzl - -Ovary-cells several-ovuled. Filaments short. Fruit linear-oblong. -Glabrous herbs. Radical leaves lanceolate to ovate, with fringed -stipules; cauline leaves whorled, filiform. Flowers in cymes, -whitish-green.--Species 2. South Africa. =Coelanthum= E. Mey. - -16. Stamens numerous. Ovary 4-5-celled. Styles 4-5. Ovules 2 or more in -each cell. Flowers yellow.--Species 12. Some of them have edible seeds. -=Aizoon= L. - -Stamens 8-10, rarely more, but then ovary 2-celled and styles 2. Ovules -1 or 2 in each cell. 17 - -17. Stamens 10 or more. Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2. Ovules basal. Stem -glabrous.--Species 4. South Africa. =Acrosanthes= Eckl. & Zeyh. - -Stamens 8, rarely 10, but then ovary 3-5-celled, styles 3-5, and stem -hairy or warty. Ovules pendulous, 1 in each cell.--Species 20. South -Africa to Angola. =Galenia= L. - -18. (11.) Petals (or petaloid staminodes) numerous. Stamens numerous. -Ovary 4-20-celled, with many basal or parietal ovules. Fruit a -capsule.--Species 330. Some of them have edible fruits or seeds or -serve as vegetables, as ornamental or medicinal plants, or for making -soda. =Mesembrianthemum= L. - -Petals (or petaloid staminodes) none. Ovary 2-8-celled with one -pendulous ovule in each cell, or ovary 1-celled. Fruit a nut or drupe. -Leaves alternate. 19 - -19. Ovary 1-celled. Styles 4, two of them shorter than the others -and without a stigma.--Species 1. South-west Africa (Namaland). -=Anisostigma= Schinz - -Ovary 2-8-, very rarely 1-celled. Styles as many as -ovary-cells.--Species 35. Southern and Central Africa. One species (_T. -expansa_ Murr., New Zealand spinach) is cultivated as a vegetable in -various regions. =Tetragonia= L. - - -SUBORDER PORTULACINEAE - - -FAMILY 73. PORTULACACEAE - -Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Flowers regular or nearly so, -hermaphrodite. Sepals 2, free or united at the base, imbricate in the -bud. Petals 4-6, free or united at the base, falling off very early. -Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, or fewer, or more numerous. -Ovary usually superior and 1-celled. Ovules basal or affixed to a free -central placenta, curved, the micropyle lateral or inferior. Style -2-8-cleft or parted, rarely (_Portulaca_) undivided. Fruit a capsule or -a nut. Seeds albuminous; embryo more or less curved.--Genera 6, species -35. (Plate 44.) - -1. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Ovules numerous. Fruit dehiscing by -a lid.--Species 12. Some are used as vegetables, fodder-, medicinal, or -ornamental plants. “Purslane.” [Tribe PORTULACEAE.] =Portulaca= L. - -Ovary superior. Fruit dehiscing by valves or indehiscent. [Tribe -CALANDRINIEAE.] 2 - -2. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Style-branches 2. Stamens -numerous. Shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Talinella= Baill. - -Ovary 1-celled with 1, 3, or many ovules. Style-branches 3. 3 - -[Illustration: AIZOACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 43._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Trianthema pentandrum L. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ -Mericarp cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: PORTULACACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 44._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Talinum cuneifolium Willd. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruit. _D_ Seed.] - -3. Ovule 1. Stamens 4-7. Petals reddish. Fruit indehiscent. -Shrubs.--Species 3. South Africa. Used as ornamental or fodder-plants. -=Portulacaria= Jacq. - -Ovules 3 or more. Stamens 3 or 8-30. Fruit 3-valved. Herbs or -undershrubs. 4 - -4. Ovules 3. Stamens 3. Corolla 5-cleft, slightly irregular, white. -Calyx persistent.--Species 1. North Africa and subantarctic islands. -Used as a vegetable. =Montia= L. - -Ovules numerous. Stamens 8-30. Corolla of 5 free or almost free petals, -regular. Calyx deciduous. 5 - -5. Stipules present, but sometimes reduced to a tuft of hairs. Embryo -slightly curved.--Species 15. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental -plants. =Anacampseros= L. - -Stipules absent. Embryo ring-shaped. Funicle of the seed with an -appendage.--Species 4. Central and South Africa. Used as vegetables. -(Plate 44.) =Talinum= Adans. - - -FAMILY 74. BASELLACEAE - -Glabrous, twining herbs. Leaves alternate, broad, entire. Flowers in -spikes, racemes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 2, adnate -to the corolla at the base. Corolla 5-cleft or 5-parted, imbricate in -the bud, persistent. Stamens 5, opposite the corolla-lobes and affixed -to them at the base. Filaments straight or bent outwards in the bud. -Anthers 2-celled, turned outwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, -basal, curved; micropyle inferior. Style 3-partite. Fruit indehiscent. -Seed albuminous; embryo curved or spirally twisted.--Genera 2, species -4, Tropics. (Under _CHENOPODIACEAE_ or _PORTULACACEAE._) - -Flowers sessile, in spikes or panicles. Filaments broadened below. -Stigmas entire. Pericarp membranous. Seed subglobose. Embryo -spiral.--Species 3, two spontaneous in East Africa and Madagascar, -the third cultivated in various tropical countries. They are used as -vegetables, in medicine, and as dye-plants. =Basella= L. - -Flowers short-stalked, in racemes. Filaments thread-shaped. Stigmas -forked. Pericarp somewhat fleshy. Seed sublenticular. Embryo -semicircular.--Species 1. Cultivated in various regions and naturalized -in the Mascarene Islands. Used as a vegetable or an ornamental plant. -=Boussaingaultia= H. B. & K. - - -SUBORDER CARYOPHYLLINEAE - - -FAMILY 75. CARYOPHYLLACEAE - -Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves undivided. Perianth -usually separated into calyx and corolla. Stamens 1-10. Ovary 1-celled -or incompletely 2-5-celled, superior, rarely (_Sclerocephalus_) -half-inferior. Ovules on basal or central placentas, with a distinct -funicle, curved or inverted. Seeds albuminous; embryo usually -curved.--Genera 45, species 280. (Including _PARONYCHIEAE_ or -_ILLECEBRACEAE_, _ALSINACEAE_, and _SILENACEAE_.) (Plate 45.) - -1. Sepals free or united up to the insertion of the stamens. Petals not -distinctly clawed, sometimes wanting. Receptacle concave or small and -rather flat. [Subfamily =ALSINOIDEAE=.] 2 - -Sepals united beyond the insertion of the stamens. Petals present, -usually clawed. Receptacle stalk-like or small and flat. Styles free. -[Subfamily =SILENOIDEAE=.] 35 - -2. Fruit indehiscent or irregularly bursting at the base, rarely at -the top. Ovule 1, rarely ovules 2, and then sepals 5. Petals usually -scale-like or wanting. Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate; in the -latter case styles 2. 3 - -Fruit opening from the top by teeth or valves. Ovules numerous, -rarely 2, and then sepals 4, very rarely ovule 1; in this case leaves -exstipulate and styles 3. Petals usually perfectly developed. 16 - -3. Flowers in clusters of 3, the middle one hermaphrodite, the side -flowers male or rudimentary. Stamens nearly hypogynous. Style 1. -Ovule one. Embryo almost straight. Leaves opposite, stipulate. [Tribe -PTERANTHEAE.] 4 - -Flowers all alike. Stamens perigynous. 6 - -4. Stamens 2-3. Staminodes and petals absent. Sepals 5. Stigmas 3. -Clusters of flowers on a rather thin stalk, with entire involucral -bracts. Shrubs.--Species 1. Canary Islands. =Dicheranthus= Webb - -Stamens 4-5. Clusters of flowers with pinnately divided involucral -bracts. Herbs. 5 - -5. Sepals 4. Petals and staminodes none. Stamens 4. Stigmas 2. Clusters -of flowers on a much broadened and hollow stalk.--Species 1. North -Africa. =Pteranthus= Forsk. - -Sepals 5. Petals or staminodes 5. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Clusters of -flowers on a rather thin stalk.--Species 1. Northern East Africa to -Egypt. =Cometes= L. - -6. Leaves exstipulate. Petals none. Styles 2. Ovule 1. Herbs. Leaves -opposite.--Species 3. North Africa, Abyssinia, and South Africa. [Tribe -SCLERANTHEAE.] =Scleranthus= L. - -Leaves stipulate. [Tribe PARONYCHIEAE.] 7 - -7. Ovule 1. 8 - -Ovules 2. Undershrubs. 15 - -8. Style-branches, stigmas, or stigma-lobes 2, very rarely 1, and then -style very short. 9 - -Style-branches, stigmas, or stigma-lobes 3, very rarely 1, but then -style elongated. 13 - -9. Stem woody, shrubby, nodose. Bracts brown. Sepals mucronate. Petals -5, thread-shaped. Style elongated. Stigmas 2.--Species 1. Island of -Socotra. =Lochia= Balf. fil. - -Stem herbaceous, rarely woody at the base; in the latter case sepals -obtuse. 10 - -10. Flowers in globose heads; involucre becoming prickly. Sepals -prickly beneath the tip. Petals wanting. Ovary adnate below to the -calyx-tube. Fruit bursting at the top.--Species 1. North Africa and -Cape Verde Islands. =Sclerocephalus= Boiss. - -Flowers in fascicles; involucre not prickly. Petals thread-shaped or -wanting. Ovary free. 11 - -11. Sepals blunt, green. Style very short; stigmas 2. Embryo curved. -Stipules small.--Species 10. North and South Africa, Abyssinia, Cape -Verde Islands. Some are used in medicine. =Herniaria= L. - -Sepals more or less hooded, with a dorsal point beneath the tip. 12 - -12. Seed with a straight embryo. Stigma 1, entire or 2-lobed, nearly -sessile. Stamens 5. Petals thread-shaped. Sepals white. Leaves in false -whorls; stipules very small.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Used in -medicine. =Illecebrum= L. - -Seed with a curved embryo. Stigma 1, two-lobed, or more frequently -stigmas 2. Stipules large or rather large.--Species 15. North Africa -and northern Central Africa. Some are used in medicine or yield a -substitute for tea. =Paronychia= Juss. - -13. Sepals awned. Petals awl-shaped. Style long, with 3 stigmas. Low -shrubs with knotty branches. Leaves narrow.--Species 1. North Africa. -=Gymnocarpos= Forsk. - -Sepals blunt. Petals scale-like. Style long with 1 stigma, or short -with 3 stigmas. Herbs. 14 - -14. Style long, with 1 stigma. Leaves whorled, obovate.--Species 1. -Island of Socotra. =Haya= Balf. fil. - -Style short, with 3 stigmas. Leaves opposite or alternate, -narrow.--Species 3. North and South Africa and mountains of East Africa -and Madagascar. =Corrigiola= L. - -15. (7.) Petals 5. Stamens 5. Embryo curved. Leaves linear, -fleshy.--Species 1. Nubia. =Sphaerocoma= Anders. - -Petals none. Stamens 1-2. Embryo straight or almost so. Leaves -lanceolate, flat.--Species 2. South and Central Africa. =Pollichia= -Soland. - -16. (2.) Styles united below. [Tribe POLYCARPEAE.] 17 - -Styles free from the base. 22 - -17. Sepals 4, concave, minutely toothed. Petals none. Stamens 3. Ovules -few. Style short; stigmas 2. Flowers solitary, axillary, with two -bracteoles. Leaves very small, densely crowded.--Species 1. Island of -Kerguelen. =Lyallia= Hook. - -Sepals 5. Stamens 3-5. Ovules numerous. Stigmas 3 or 1. 18 - -18. Petals none. Sepals keeled, entire. Stamens 3. Leaves linear. -Stipules dark red at the base.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). -=Ortegia= Loefl. - -Petals 5. 19 - -19. Petals 2-parted.--Species 1. Tropical and South Africa. =Drymaria= -Willd. - -Petals entire, notched, or 2-toothed. 20 - -20. Sepals with a tooth on each side. Leaves awl-shaped. Stipules cut -up into bristles.--Species 1. North Africa. =Loeflingia= L. - -Sepals entire. 21 - -21. Sepals keeled. Style short, 3-cleft.--Species 6. Some are used -medicinally. =Polycarpon= Loefl. - -Sepals rounded on the back. Style long or rather long.--Species 25. -Some are used medicinally. (_Polycarpia_ Webb, _Polia_ Lour., including -_Robbairea_ Boiss.) (Plate 45.) =Polycarpaea= Lam. - -22. (16.) Leaves with scarious stipules. Ovules numerous. [Tribe -SPERGULEAE.] 23 - -Leaves without stipules. [Tribe ALSINEAE.] 25 - -23. Ovary incompletely 3-celled. Ovules basal. Styles 3. Stamens 5. -Flowers white. Leaves oblong or ovate.--Species 5. North Africa and -Madagascar. =Telephium= L. - -Ovary completely 1-celled. Ovules central. Flowers in raceme-like -cymes. Leaves linear or subulate. 24 - -24. Styles and fruit-valves 3.--Species 10. North and South Africa, -Abyssinia. Some are used medicinally. (_Lepigonum_ Fries, _Tissa_ -Adans.) =Spergularia= Pers. - -Styles and fruit-valves 5.--Species 4. North Africa; also naturalized -in Central and South Africa. Used as fodder. “Spurry.” =Spergula= L. - -25. Ovule 1. Styles 3. Stamens 10. Petals none, but usually 5 -thread-like scales opposite the sepals. Fruit 3-valved to the middle. -Leaves subulate. Flowers in clusters consisting of fertile and sterile -flowers.--Species 1. North Africa. =Queria= L. - -Ovules 3 or more, rarely (_Buffonia_) 2. 26 - -26. Petals 2-parted, 2-cleft, or distinctly notched. Flowers solitary -or in panicle-like cymes. 27 - -Petals entire, minutely toothed, obscurely notched, or wanting. 28 - -27. Fruit globose. Styles 2-3, rarely 4-5, alternating with the -sepals.--Species 6. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the -tropics. Some are used medicinally. “Stitchwort.” =Stellaria= L. - -Fruit cylindrical. Styles 5, rarely 3-4, opposite the sepals.--Species -20. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some are used -medicinally. =Cerastium= L. - -28. Petals minutely toothed. Styles 3. Ovules numerous. Fruit -cylindrical. Seeds peltate, compressed dorsally. Flowers in umbel-like -cymes.--Species 1. North Africa. =Holosteum= L. - -Petals entire, slightly notched, or wanting. 29 - -29. Styles as many as the sepals, 4-5. 30 - -Styles fewer than the sepals, 2-4, very rarely 5. 32 - -30. Styles opposite the sepals. Stamens 8. Fruit opening at the top by -8 recurved teeth. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1. North Africa. (Under -_Cerastium_ L.) =Moenchia= Ehrh. - -Styles alternating with the sepals. Stamens 4, 5, or 10. Fruit opening -to the base in 4-5 valves. 31 - -31. Stamens as many as and alternating with the sepals. Petals -none.--Species 2. Subantarctic islands. =Colobanthus= Bartl. - -Stamens as many as and opposite the sepals, or twice as many. Leaves -subulate.--Species 7. North Africa, high mountains of Central Africa -and subantarctic islands. Some are used as ornamental plants. -“Pearlwort.” =Sagina= L. - -32. Styles 2. Ovules 2-4. Stamens 2-4. Sepals 4. Fruit opening to the -base in 2 valves. Seeds 1-2. Leaves subulate.--Species 5. North-west -Africa. =Buffonia= L. - -Styles 3-5, rarely 2, but then (as usually) ovules more than 4. Sepals -nearly always 5. 33 - -33. Valves of the fruit entire, as many as styles.--Species 8. North -Africa and northern East Africa. (Including _Minuartia_ L., under -_Arenaria_ L.) Alsine Wahlenb. - -Valves of the fruit 2-toothed or 2-parted; in the latter case -apparently twice as many as styles. 34 - -34. Seeds with an appendage at the hilum. Flowers white.--Species 2. -North-west Africa. (Under _Arenaria_ L.) =Moehringia= L. - -Seeds without an appendage. Stamens 10.--Species 10. North Africa and -northern Central Africa. “Sandwort.” =Arenaria= L. - -35. (1.) Calyx with an odd number of ribs. Petals usually with -contorted aestivation. Styles or stigmas 2. [Tribe DIANTHEAE.] 36 - -Calyx with an even number of ribs. Petals usually with -quincuncially-imbricate aestivation. Styles or stigmas 3-5. [Tribe -LYCHNIDEAE.] 41 - -36. Calyx with scarious stripes between the lobes and with 5-35 ribs. 37 - -Calyx without scarious stripes, with 15-55 ribs. 38 - -37. Seeds peltate; embryo nearly straight. Leaves linear.--Species 2. -North Africa. (Including _Dianthella_ Clauson). =Tunica= Scop. - -Seeds reniform; embryo curved. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, elliptical, -or ovate.--Species 2. North-east Africa to the Island of Socotra. The -roots are used in medicine and as a substitute for soap. =Gypsophila= L. - -38. Petals with scales at the base of the blade, which are sometimes -reduced to hairs. Calyx not surrounded by bracts. 39 - -Petals without scales at the base of the blade, but usually with a -winged claw. 40 - -39. Flowers small. Calyx tubular, 15-ribbed. Petals notched; scales -small or reduced to hairs. Stamens 5-10. Fruit linear. Seeds with an -anterior hilum and a straight embryo. Leaves linear.--Species 1. North -Africa. =Velezia= L. - -Flowers rather large. Calyx 15-25-ribbed. Petals with wing-like -outgrowths on the claw and with scales at the base of the blade. -Stamens 10. Seeds with a lateral hilum and a curved embryo. Leaves -lanceolate.--Species 4. North Africa. They are used as ornamental or -medicinal plants and yield also a substitute for soap. “Soapwort.” -=Saponaria= L. - -40. Calyx ventricose, acutely angled, with 15-25 ribs, not surrounded -by bracts. Petals minutely toothed. Fruit ovoid. Seeds with a lateral -hilum and a curved embryo.--Species 1. North Africa. The roots are used -as a substitute for soap. (Under _Saponaria_ L.) =Vaccaria= Medik. - -Calyx tubular, with 35-55 ribs, surrounded by two or more bracts at -the base. Seeds with an anterior hilum and a straight embryo.--Species -25. North and South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Many of -them are used as ornamental plants or for the preparation of perfumes. -“Pink.” =Dianthus= L. - -41. (35.) Styles 5, alternating with the sepals. Ovary and fruit -completely 1-celled. Petals without scales at the base of the blade. 42 - -Styles 5, opposite the sepals, or 3-4. Stamens 10. 43 - -42. Petals with a two-winged claw. Stamens 10. Styles hairy. Ovules -numerous.--Species 1. North Africa, also introduced into South Africa. -The seeds are poisonous and used in medicine. “Corncockle.” (_Githago_ -Desfont., under _Lychnis_ L.) =Agrostemma= L. - -Petals with a wingless claw. Stamens 5. Styles glabrous. Ovules -few.--Species 3. Northern East Africa and Cameroons. =Uebelinia= Hochst. - -43. Ovary and fruit completely 1-celled. Calyx more or less inflated, -10-20-ribbed. Petals with scales at the base of the blade. Fruit -opening by 6-10 teeth. Seeds tubercled.--Species 6. North-west and -South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants, or as a substitute -for soap. (Under _Lychnis_ L.) =Melandryum= Roehl. - -Ovary and fruit divided into cells at the base. 44 - -44. Fruit a berry. Calyx shortly and widely bell-shaped. Petals -greenish-white, with a recurved 2-cleft blade provided with two scales -at its base. Styles 3. Stem climbing. Leaves ovate or oblong.--Species -1. North-west Africa. =Cucubalus= L. - -Fruit a capsule, opening by 6 or more teeth.--Species 75. North and -South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as a -substitute for soap, as vegetables, in medicine or as ornamental -plants. (Including _Eudianthe_ Rohrb.) =Silene= L. - -[Illustration: CARYOPHYLLACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 45._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Polycarpaea linearifolia DC. - -_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruit. _D_ Seed.] - -[Illustration: RANUNCULACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 46._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Anemone vesicatoria (L. f.) Prantl - -_A_ Leaf. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise.] - - - - -ORDER RANALES - - -SUBORDER NYMPHAEINEAE - - -FAMILY 76. NYMPHAEACEAE - -Aquatic herbs. Leaves floating, undivided, usually peltate. Flowers -solitary. Sepals 3 or more. Petals 3 or more. Stamens numerous. Anthers -opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Carpels 6 or more, distinct or -united below into a many-celled ovary. Stigmas free or partly united. -Fruit indehiscent or bursting irregularly. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 3, -species 20. - -1. Carpels separate, few-ovuled. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Flowers red, -axillary. Leaves ovate, without stipules.--Species 1. Southern West -Africa (Angola). Used medicinally. (_Hydropeltis_ Michx.) [Subfamily -=CABOMBOIDEAE.=] =Brasenia= Schreb. - -Carpels united, at least on the outside, many-ovuled. Sepals 4-5. -Petals numerous. [Subfamily =NYMPHAEOIDEAE.=] 2 - -2. Sepals 4. Ovary more or less free from the calyx, but adnate to the -corolla and the stamens. Seeds with an aril. Leaves with a stipule. -Leaf-and flower-stalks with 4-7 large air-canals.--Species 20. Used as -ornamental and fodder-plants; the root-stock and the seeds are edible -and yield a drink, medicaments, and a dye. “Water-lily.” (_Castalia_ -Salisb.) [Tribe TETRASEPALEAE.] =Nymphaea= Smith - -Sepals 5. Petals smaller. Flowers yellow. Ovary free. Seeds without an -aril. Leaves without stipules. Leaf-and flower-stalks with many small -air-canals.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as ornamental -plants, as fodder, and for the preparation of a drink. (_Nymphaea_ -Salisb.) [Tribe NUPHAREAE.] =Nuphar= Smith - - -FAMILY 77. CERATOPHYLLACEAE - -Branched submerged aquatic herbs. Leaves whorled, deeply divided into -forked, linear segments. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of -the leaves, without bracteoles, unisexual. Perianth simple; segments -9-12, subequal, united at the base, greenish or whitish. Stamens 12-16, -inserted upon a convex receptacle; anthers opening outwards. Ovary -superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, straight. Style simple; stigma -entire, grooved. Fruit a nut. Seed with a thin albumen; embryo with a -large, many-leaved plumule. - -Genus 1, species 3. =Ceratophyllum= L. - - -SUBORDER RANUNCULINEAE - - -FAMILY 78. RANUNCULACEAE - -Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves usually divided. Perianth simple -or consisting of a calyx and a corolla of free petals, hypogynous or -nearly so. Stamens usually numerous. Anthers opening by longitudinal -slits. Carpels superior, solitary or separate, rarely (_Nigella_) -united. Ovules inverted. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious -albumen.--Genera 11, species 140. (Plate 46.) - -1. Carpels containing each a single perfect ovule and sometimes some -rudimentary ones, separate, indehiscent. [Tribe ANEMONEAE.] 2 - -Carpels containing several perfect ovules each, dehiscing at the -suture. 7 - -2. Petals with a pit or scale at the base or the middle. 3 - -Petals without a pit or scale, or wanting. Ovule pendulous. 4 - -3. Ovule pendulous. Carpels arranged in a spike. Sepals with -a short spur, yellowish. Petals narrow. Stamens few. Pericarp -without a hardened layer. Small herbs. Leaves radical, undivided, -linear.--Species 2. North-west Africa. Poisonous plants. “Mousetail.” -=Myosurus= L. - -Ovule ascending. Pericarp with a hardened layer.--Species 50. Many of -them are poisonous, some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. -(Including _Ceratocephalus_ Pers. and _Ficaria_ Dill.) =Ranunculus= L. - -4. Ovary and fruit with 1-3 longitudinal veins or without veins. Ovule -with a single coat. 5 - -Ovary and fruit with 4 or more longitudinal or transverse veins. Ovule -with 2 coats. Leaves alternate or all radical. 6 - -5. Leaves opposite. Herbs or more frequently climbing shrubs. -Perianth-segments 4-8, petal-like, usually valvate in the bud.--Species -40. Many of them are poisonous; some are used as ornamental or -medicinal plants. =Clematis= L. - -Leaves radical and alternate, or the uppermost whorled. Herbs, rarely -low shrubs. Perianth-segments 4-20, imbricate in the bud.--Species 15. -North, South, and East Africa. Several are poisonous; some are used as -ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Knowltonia_ Salisb.) (Plate -46.) =Anemone= L. - -6. Perianth simple, of 3-5 segments. Carpels inserted upon a flat -receptacle, marked with longitudinal veins. Flowers in racemes or -cymes.--Species 4. Poisonous plants, used for dyeing and in medicine. -=Thalictrum= L. - -Perianth of 5 sepals and 5-16 petals. Carpels inserted upon a -cylindrical receptacle, marked with transverse veins. Flowers solitary, -terminal.--Species 4. North Africa. Poisonous, also used in medicine -and as ornamental plants. =Adonis= L. - -7. (1.) Perianth consisting of 5 or more sepals and 5-8 red, not -glandular petals. Stamens united at the base, slightly perigynous. -Carpels several, separate, fleshy. Outer coat of the ovules longer than -the inner.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used as an -ornamental and medicinal plant. [Tribe PAEONIEAE.] =Paeonia= L. - -Perianth consisting of 5 petal-like, usually blue sepals and 1-8 -glandular petals (nectaries). Stamens free, hypogynous. Carpels not -fleshy. Outer coat of the ovules as long as or shorter than the inner. -[Tribe HELLEBOREAE.] 8 - -8. Perianth regular. Petals 5-8. 9 - -Perianth irregular. Petals 1-4, usually 2. 10 - -9. Petals 5, large, with a long spur. Carpels separate. Leaves -ternately dissected; segments broad. Tall, perennial herbs.--Species -1. North-west Africa. Used as an ornamental plant and in medicine. -“Columbine.” =Aquilegia= L. - -Petals 8, small, not distinctly spurred. Carpels more or less united. -Leaves pinnately dissected; segments narrow. Low annual herbs.--Species -6. North Africa. Some (especially _N. sativa_ L.) yield condiments and -medicaments, others serve as ornamental plants. =Nigella= L. - -10. Petals with a long claw, enclosed by the sepals. Upper sepal erect, -helmet-shaped. Flowers yellow.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco). -Poisonous and used in medicine. =Aconitum= L. - -Petals sessile, projecting beyond the sepals. Upper sepal spreading, -spur-shaped.--Species 18. North and East Africa. Some are poisonous or -used in medicine or as ornamental plants. “Larkspur.” =Delphinium= L. - - -FAMILY 79. BERBERIDACEAE - -Leaves alternate or all radical. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite. -Sepals 4-9, more or less petal-like and yellow, at least the inner -ones. Petals (nectaries) 4-8. Stamens 4-6, free. Anthers turned -inwards, opening by valves. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules 2 or more, -basal or inserted along the ventral suture. Stigma 1. Fruit a capsule -or a berry. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen.--Genera -3, species 6. North and East Africa. - -1. Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves undivided. Inflorescence terminal. -Flowers 6-merous. Fruit a berry.--Species 4. North and East Africa. -They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, fish-poison, -medicaments, and edible fruits which are also used for the preparation -of drinks and confectionery. “Barberry.” [Tribe BERBERIDEAE.] -=Berberis= L. - -Stem herbaceous, low. Leaves dissected. Inflorescence lateral. Fruit a -capsule. [Tribe EPIMEDIEAE.] 2 - -2. Flowers 4-merous. Ovules many, inserted along the ventral suture. -Fruit opening by two valves. Seeds with an aril.--Species 1. North-west -Africa. =Epimedium= L. - -Flowers 6-merous. Ovules few, basal. Fruit bursting irregularly. Seeds -without an aril.--Species 1. North-west Africa. The tubers are used in -medicine and as a substitute for soap. =Leontice= L. - - -FAMILY 80. MENISPERMACEAE - -Stem usually woody and twining. Leaves alternate, undivided, palmately -lobed or digitate, nearly always exstipulate. Flowers small, unisexual, -nearly always dioecious, mostly in racemes or panicles. Sepals usually -6. Petals usually 6, smaller than the sepals, sometimes absent. -Stamens generally as many as and opposite the petals. Anthers opening -by slits. Carpels 3-30, separate, more rarely solitary. Ovule 1, -pendulous or laterally affixed, half-inverted with superior micropyle, -sometimes accompanied at first by a second which is soon suppressed. -Fruits drupaceous.--Genera 27, species 100. (Plate 47.) - -1. Sepals 4 in the male flowers, 1-2 in the female. Petals of the male -flowers 2-4, united below, of the female 1-3. Stamens united. Carpels -solitary. 2 - -Sepals 6-24, rarely (_Stephania_) in the female flowers only 3-4. -Petals free or wanting. Carpels 3-30, free, rarely (_Stephania_) -solitary. 3 - -2. Female flowers with 1 sepal and 1 petal, rarely with 2-3 petals, -in cymes. Leaves broad. Usually high-climbing plants.--Species 12. -Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Cissampelos= L. - -Female flowers with 2 sepals and 2 petals, solitary or in pairs. Leaves -usually narrow. Low-growing plants.--Species 4. South Africa. (Under -_Cissampelos_ L.) =Antizoma= Miers - -3. Sepals 6-8, usually 6, rarely in the female flowers 3-4. 4 - -Sepals 9-24. 22 - -4. Sepals 6-8 in the male flowers, 3-4 in the female, usually equal -in length. Petals 2-4. Carpels solitary.--Species 5. Central and -South Africa. (Including _Homocnemia_ Miers and _Perichasma_ Miers). -=Stephania= Lour. - -Sepals 6-8 in both sexes. Petals usually 6. Carpels 3-6. 5 - -5. Sepals nearly equal in length. 6 - -Sepals very unequal in length, the outer usually much shorter than the -inner. 7 - -6. Petals none. Filaments entirely united. Anthers opening lengthwise. -Stigmas thick, entire.--Species 5. Central Africa. (Including -_Ropalandria_ Stapf). =Dioscoreophyllum= Engl. - -Petals 6. Anthers opening transversely. Stigmas lobed. Leaves -lobed.--Species 2. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used medicinally. -“Calumba-root.” =Iatrorrhiza= Miers - -7. Petals 3. Stamens 3. Filaments united beyond the middle. Anthers -opening by a transverse slit. Flowers in spreading panicles. -Leaves sinuated or dissected.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. -=Syntriandrium= Engl. - -Petals 5-8, usually 6, rarely (_Tiliacora_) 3, but then stamens 6-9 and -leaves undivided, very rarely (_Penianthus_) petals wanting. 8 - -8. Stamens 15-30. Filaments united. Anthers opening outwards by a -transverse slit. Carpels 4-6. Inner sepals united nearly to the top. -Male flowers fascicled, female solitary.--Species 2. Central Africa to -Delagoa Bay. =Epinetrum= Hiern - -Stamens 3-9, usually 6. 9 - -9. Filaments free or united at the base only. 10 - -Filaments, at least the inner ones, united to the middle or beyond. 17 - -10. Anthers opening by 1-2 transverse slits. 11 - -Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. 13 - -11. Anthers opening by two slits. Staminodes in the female flowers 6 -or 0. Stigmas entire. Fruits ovoid, reniform, or globular; scar of -the style nearly basal. Endocarp ribbed. Seeds with a scanty uniform -albumen and thick-fleshy cotyledons. Flowers in fascicles sometimes -arranged in racemes.--Species 5. Tropics to Delagoa Bay, Sahara and -Egypt. They yield dyes, drinks, and medicaments. (_Cebatha_ Forsk.) -(Plate 47.) =Cocculus= L. - -Anthers opening by one slit. Fruits oblong or elliptical; scar of the -style nearly terminal. 12 - -12. Anthers opening by a slit across the apex. Staminodes in the female -flowers 6 or 0. Stigmas entire. Endocarp smooth. Seeds exalbuminous, -with fleshy cotyledons. Stem erect. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, -penninerved. Flowers in glomerules or false umbels.--Species 2. West -Africa. (Including _Heptacyclum_ Engl.) =Penianthus= Miers - -Anthers opening by a semicircular slit on the inside. Staminodes 3. -Stigmas 3-cleft. Endocarp spiny. Seeds with a ruminate albumen and thin -leaf-like cotyledons. Stem climbing. Leaves cordate-ovate, 5-nerved. -Male flowers in spreading panicles, female in racemes.--Species 4. West -Africa. =Kolobopetalum= Engl. - -13. Anthers opening laterally, almost outwards. Carpels 3. Leaves -cordate-ovate, palmately 5-7-nerved. 14 - -Anthers opening inwards. Leaves palmately 3-nerved, peltate, or -penninerved. 15 - -14. Leaves deeply cordate at the base. Styles short. Staminodes in the -female flowers 6.--Species 1. Northern Central Africa. =Tinospora= Miers - -Leaves slightly cordate. Styles none. Filaments united at the -base.--Species 7. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Desmonema= Miers - -15. Leaves palmately 3-nerved, oblong. Carpels 3. Seeds -straight.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Cocculus_ DC.) =Orthogynium= -Baill. - -Leaves peltate or penninerved. Seeds curved. 16 - -16. Leaves peltate. Flowers in racemes. Filaments free, flattened. -Endocarp tubercled, hairy. Cotyledons thin, leaf-like.--Species 1. West -Africa (Cameroons). (Under _Tinospora_ Miers). =Platytinospora= Diels - -Leaves lanceolate to ovate, not peltate. Carpels 6 or more. Staminodes -in the female flowers none. Fruits with a basal style-scar; endocarp -smooth or wrinkled. Cotyledons thick, fleshy.--Species 12, Central -Africa. (Including _Glossopholis_ Pierre, under _Limacia_ Lour.) -=Tiliacora= Colebr. - -17. (9.) Outer stamens free, inner united to the middle. Carpels 9; -scar of the style basal. Seeds spirally twisted, without albumen. -Leaves oblong or lanceolate. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Spirospermum= Thouars - -Outer and inner stamens more or less united. 18 - -18. Outer stamens united at the base, inner up to the anthers. -Anthers opening lengthwise, the inner laterally, the outer inwards. -Carpels 3; endocarp spiny. Leaves cordate-ovate. Flowers fascicled -in racemes.--Species 1. West Africa. (_Miersiophyton_ Engl., under -_Chasmanthera_ Miers). =Rhigiocarya= Miers - -Outer and inner stamens united to the middle or beyond. 19 - -19. Anthers opening by a semicircular slit. Carpels 3; stigmas 3-cleft. -Endocarp spiny. Flowers in panicles. (See 12.) =Kolobopetalum= Engl. - -Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Endocarp smooth, wrinkled, -or tubercled. 20 - -20. Carpels 6-30. Scar of the style basal. Cotyledons fleshy. Anthers -opening inwards. (See 16.) =Tiliacora= Colebr. - -Carpels 3. Scar of the style terminal. Flowers fascicled in racemes. 21 - -21. Petals unequal. Style none. Leaves undivided. (See 14.) =Desmonema= -Miers - -Petals subequal. Stamens 6. Styles short. Stigmas cleft. Leaves broadly -cordate.--Species 2. Central Africa. One species has edible tubers. -=Chasmanthera= Hochst. - -22. (3.) Inner sepals united nearly to the tip. 23 - -Inner sepals free or nearly so. 24 - -23. Stamens 6-9. Filaments united at the base. Anthers opening -lengthwise. Flowers solitary or in pairs.--Species 1. West Africa. -=Synclisia= Benth. - -Stamens 15-30. Filaments united throughout their whole length. Anthers -opening transversely. Male flowers fascicled, female solitary. (See 8.) -=Epinetrum= Hiern - -24. Petals none. 25 - -Petals 3-9, usually 6. 27 - -25. Stamens 3. Filaments united. Anthers opening by two transverse -slits. Carpels 3-4. Scar of the style near the base of the fruit. -Leaves broad-cordate. Flowers in fascicled glomerules.--Species 2. West -Africa. =Syrrheonema= Miers - -Stamens 3, with free filaments, or 5-6. Anthers opening by sometimes -confluent longitudinal slits. Scar of the style terminal or lateral. 26 - -26. Carpels 3. Styles absent. Stigmas peltate. Anthers opening -by confluent slits. Stem erect. Flowers in glomerules. (See 12.) -=Penianthus= Miers - -Carpels 6 or more. Styles present. Stem climbing. Flowers in lax cymes -or in panicles.--Species 12. Tropics. (Including _Pycnostylis_ Pierre, -_Rameya_ Baill., and _Welwitschiina_ Engl.) =Triclisia= Benth. - -27. Petals 9. Stamens 21. Carpels 12.--Species 1. West Africa. -=Sphenocentrum= Pierre - -Petals 3-6. 28 - -28. Stamens 3. 29 - -Stamens 6-18. 31 - -[Illustration: MENISPERMACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 47._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Cocculus Leaeba DC. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Female flower -cut lengthwise. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: ANONACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 48._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Anona senegalensis Pers. - -_A_ Branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stigma. _D_ Anther. _E_ -Young fruit cut lengthwise.] - - -29. Filaments free. Sepals hairy. Stem climbing. (See 26.) =Triclisia= -Benth. Filaments united high up. 30 - -30. Sepals glabrous. Leaves distinctly 3-nerved. Stem -climbing.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Strychnopsis= Baill. - -Sepals hairy. Leaves not distinctly 3-nerved. Stem erect.--Species -5. Madagascar. (Including _Gamopoda_ Bak. and _Tripodandra_ Baill.) -=Rhaptonema= Miers - -31. Stamens 9-18. Filaments united throughout their whole length. -Anthers opening transversely. Male flowers with 6 petals, female -with 3 petals and 3 staminodes. Carpels 6. Flowers in false racemes -or corymbs. Leaves undivided.--Species 7. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. -=Anisocycla= Baill. - -Stamens 9 with the filaments free or united at the base, or 6. Anthers -opening lengthwise, but sometimes obliquely. 32 - -32. Carpels 3-4. Flowers in racemes. 33 - -Carpels 6-30. Flowers in cymes or panicles, or the female in racemes. -Leaves undivided. 34 - -33. Petals ovate. Fruits ovoid; embryo nearly straight. Stem erect. -Leaves compound, with 3 leaflets.--Species 4. Madagascar. =Burasaia= -Thouars - -Petals oblong, lobed. Fruits reniform; embryo much curved. Stem -climbing. Leaves simple, undivided.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). -_Limaciopsis_ Engl. - -34. Sepals densely hairy. Petals minute. Staminodes in the female -flowers present. Carpels hairy. (See 26.) _Triclisia_ Benth. - -Sepals glabrous or scantily hairy. Staminodes in the female flowers -absent. (See 16.) =Tiliacora= Colebr. - - -SUBORDER MAGNOLIINEAE. - - -FAMILY 81. ANONACEAE. - -Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers usually -hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, rarely 2, usually valvate in the bud. Petals -3-6, free or united at the base. Stamens hypogynous, 6 or more, usually -numerous, rarely (_Bocagea_) 3. Anthers nearly always turned outwards. -Carpels 3 or more, separate, more rarely united and forming a one-or -many-celled ovary. Ovules inverted. Fruit usually a berry. Seeds with a -copious, ruminate albumen and a small embryo.--Genera 27, species 240. -(Plate 48.) - -1. Carpels whorled and united, forming a 1-celled ovary with parietal -placentas. [Tribe MONODOREAE.] 2 - -Carpels spirally arranged, free, more rarely united, and then forming a -many-celled ovary. 3 - -2. Petals unequal, free or the outer united below, frequently with a -wavy margin.--Species 15. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. The seeds of some -species are used as condiments and in medicine. =Monodora= Dun. - -Petals equal, more or less united below, not wavy at the -margin.--Species 15. Tropics. (Under _Monodora_ Dun.) =Isolona= -(Pierre) Engl. - -3. Petals 6, the inner greatly exceeding the outer. Carpels 4-6, with -united stigmas; ovules 6-10 to each. Trees with long-haired branches. -Flowers in panicles.--Species 5. West Africa (Cameroons). [Tribe -MILIUSEAE.] =Piptostigma= Oliv. - -Petals 6, about equal in length, or the inner shorter, or petals 3-4. 4 - -4. Petals thick, more or less distinctly jointed into an inferior -hollow portion and a superior flat or thickened one, erect or -connivent, rarely spreading, valvate in the bud, very rarely (_Anona_) -the inner imbricate at the apex. [Tribe XYLOPIEAE.] 5 - -Petals thin or rather thin, rarely thick, not jointed and usually -spreading, but sometimes hollow or with a short claw appressed to the -stamens. 10 - -5. Carpels united in fruit. Ovule 1. Styles oblong. Petals 3, alternate -with the sepals, or 6.--Species 10, six of them spontaneous in tropical -and South-east Africa, 4 cultivated in various regions. They yield -cork-wood, fibre, gum-lac, tans and dyes, poisons, medicaments, a -substitute for tea, and edible fruits (custard-apple, sour-sop, and -others) from which also drinks are prepared. (Plate 48.) [Subtribe -ANONINAE.] =Anona= L. - -Carpels free till maturity. [Subtribe XYLOPIINAE.] 6 - -6. Ovules solitary. 7 - -Ovules 2 or more to each carpel. Petals 6. 8 - -7. Petals 3, opposite the sepals. Stigmas sessile. Trees with a yellow -bark and yellow hairs.--Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, -dyes, and medicaments. (Under _Xylopia_ L.) =Enantia= Oliv. - -Petals 6, the outer greatly exceeding the inner. Stigmas borne upon -linear styles.--Species 6. Equatorial West Africa. (Under _Oxymitra_ -Blume) =Stenanthera= (Oliv.) Engl. & Diels - -8. Carpels containing numerous ovules or seeds, coiled spirally when -ripe and contracted between the seeds. Trees.--Species 1. German East -Africa. =Polyceratocarpus= Engl. & Diels - -Carpels containing 2-8 ovules or 1-8 seeds, straight or slightly curved -when ripe. 9 - -9. Petals spreading, subequal. Ovules 2. Stalks of the inflorescence -and the flowers usually thickened and hooked. Mostly climbing or -scrambling shrubs.--Species 18. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some have -edible fruits or are used in medicine. =Artabotrys= R. Br. - -Petals suberect or connivent, the inner shorter and triangular above. -Sepals more or less united. Receptacle usually concave. Ovules -2-8, inserted along the ventral suture. Styles long.--Species 30. -Tropics. Some yield timber, spices (guinea-pepper), and medicaments. -(_Xylopicrum_ P. Br.) =Xylopia= L. - -10. (4.) Petals transversely folded, at least in the bud, united at -the base, subequal. Carpels 3-12, hairy; ovules numerous; styles -2-cleft.--Species 6. Tropics. [Tribe HEXALOBEAE.] =Hexalobus= A. DC. - -Petals not folded, usually free. [Tribe UVARIEAE.] 11 - -11. Petals valvate in the bud. Carpels free. [Subtribe UNONINAE.] 12 - -Petals, at least the inner ones, imbricate in the bud. [Subtribe -UVARIINAE.] 23 - -12. Petals 3-4. Sepals or calyx-lobes 2. Connective of the stamens not -or scarcely prolonged. Carpels and ovules numerous. Flowers unisexual. -13 - -Petals 6. Sepals 3. Connective usually prolonged beyond the -anther-cells. 15 - -13. Petals 3, thick. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood, -the female somewhat larger than the male. Trees.--Species 1. Equatorial -West Africa (Congo). =Thonnera= De Wild. - -Petals 4. 14 - -14. Petals free. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood, the -female much larger than the male. Trees.--Species 2. Equatorial West -Africa. =Tetrastemma= Diels - -Petals united below. Flowers solitary, axillary, the female about -as large as the male. Shrubs.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa -(Cameroons). =Uvariopsis= Engl. - -15. Petals in 1 row, rather thick. Stamens 12, six of them sometimes -sterile. Anther-cells ovate. Carpels numerous, 1-seeded.--Species 2. -West Africa (Congo). =Monanthotaxis= Baill. - -Petals in 2 rows. 16 - -16. Outer petals spreading, inner smaller and converging.--Species 30. -Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including _Clathrospermum_ Planch.) -=Popowia= Endl. - -Outer and inner petals spreading or erect. 17 - -17. Stamens 3-6; connective ovate, prolonged above, but not dilated. -Carpels 3, one-seeded.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Bocagea= St. Hil. - -Stamens numerous. 18 - -18. Stamens with an acuminate connective. Ovules several. Style -short. Fruit slightly constricted between the seeds. Trees. Flowers -in axillary clusters.--Species 1 (_C. odorata_ Hook. f. & Thoms., -Ylang-Ylang). Cultivated in the tropics for its fragrant flowers, which -yield a perfume. =Cananga= Rumph. - -Stamens with a truncate or rounded connective. 19 - -19. Style long. Ovules 2. Peduncles thick and hooked. Climbing shrubs. -(See 9.) =Artabotrys= R. Br. - -Style short or wanting. 20 - -20. Ovules 1-2 to each carpel, rarely 3-8, and then fruits constricted -between the seeds, and young branches, leaves and flowers glabrous or -clothed with simple hairs. Carpels usually numerous. 21 - -Ovules 10-30 to each carpel, rarely 8, but then fruits not constricted -between the seeds, and young branches, leaves and flowers clothed with -stellate hairs. Carpels usually few. 22 - -21. Fruit-carpels with a single seed appressed to the pericarp, or with -2-8 seeds, and then constricted between them. Style present. Flowers -hermaphrodite.--Species 9. Tropics. =Unona= L. f. - -Fruit-carpels with a single seed not appressed to the pericarp, or -with 2 seeds without a distinct constriction between them. Ovules -1-2.--Species 8. Tropics. Several species yield timber. =Polyalthia= -Blume - -22. Sepals small. Plants covered with stellate hairs.--Species 2. -Central Africa. (Under _Unona_ L. f.) =Meiocarpidium= Engl. & Diels - -Sepals large. Plants covered with simple hairs or glabrous.--Species 3. -Central Africa. =Uvariastrum= Engl. - -23. (11.) Ovules 1-2 in each carpel. 24 - -Ovules numerous in each carpel. 26 - -24. Carpels united as to the ovary and sunk in the receptacle, -numerous, one-seeded. Flowers unisexual, with two large bracteoles -enclosing the bud. Sepals 3, small.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. -(Under _Anona_ L.) =Anonidium= Engl. & Diels - -Carpels free. Flowers hermaphrodite. 25 - -25. Sepals large, leathery, cohering in the bud. Outer petals ovate, -scarcely larger than the inner. Receptacle rather flat. Carpels 6-9, -one-ovuled; styles linear. Shrubs.--Species 1. Southern East Africa. -(Under _Unona_ L. f.) =Cleistochlamys= Oliv. - -Sepals small, membranous. Outer petals oblong, larger than the -inner. Receptacle convex. Carpels usually 2-ovuled; stigmas usually -sessile.--Species 9. West Africa. (Under _Oxymitra_ Benth.) -=Cleistopholis= Pierre - -26. Carpels united, at least in fruit, numerous. Petals much -overlapping in the bud. Flowers on dwarf shoots, with a thick stalk and -two large bracteoles enclosing the bud. Plants covered with stellate -hairs.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Pachypodanthium= Engl. & -Diels - -Carpels free. 27 - -27. Stigmas lanceolate; margin not rolled inwards, or at the base -only. Carpels about 10. Sepals triangular. Petals lanceolate, united -at the base, greatly exceeding the calyx.--Species 1. East Africa. -(_Asteranthopsis_ O. Ktze., under _Uvaria_ L.) =Asteranthe= Engl. & -Diels - -Stigmas truncate; margin rolled inwards all round. Petals usually -free.--Species 55. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield -edible fruits, dyes, or medicaments. =Uvaria= L. - - -FAMILY 82. MYRISTICACEAE. - -Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire, penninerved, without stipules. Flowers -dioecious. Perianth simple, 2-5-, usually 3-lobed. Stamens 2-40; -filaments more or less, usually wholly, united; anthers 2-celled, -turned outwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule 1, ascending, -inverted; stigma 1. Fruit fleshy, usually dehiscent. Seed with an aril; -albumen copious; embryo small.--Genera 9, species 25. Tropics. (Plate -49.) - -1. Stamens 30-40; filaments united at the base. Style distinctly -developed. Aril very small. Inflorescence head-like.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Mauloutchia= Warb. - -Stamens 2-24; filaments wholly united. Style very short or absent. Aril -distinctly developed. 2 - -2. Flowers with a bracteole at the base of the perianth, rather large, -in racemes or panicles, or the female solitary. Anthers 8-24. Fruit -ovoid, dehiscent. Aril slit. Albumen ruminate. Embryo with spreading -cotyledons.--Species 2. Cultivated in several tropical islands. The -seeds (nutmeg) and the arils (mace) are used as spices and medicaments -and for the preparation of perfumes; the pericarp is edible. -=Myristica= L. - -Flowers, at least the male, without bracteoles. Anthers 2-10. 3 - -3. Flowers rather large, stalked, in cymosely arranged fascicles. -Perianth funnel-shaped. Anthers 4-10, somewhat shorter than the united -filaments. Fruit very large, subglobose, indehiscent. Aril entire. -Albumen ruminate. Embryo with spreading cotyledons. Lateral nerves of -the leaves not forked, joined by distinct arches close to the margin; -transverse veins faint.--Species 3. West Africa. They yield timber and -oil. (Including _Ochocoa_ Pierre). =Scyphocephalium= Warb. - -Flowers very small, in fascicles or heads, which are sometimes arranged -in racemes or panicles. Fruit ovoid or elliptical, dehiscent. Embryo -with suberect cotyledons. 4 - -4. Flowers in simple, fascicle-or head-like inflorescences, subsessile. -Anthers 3-4. Aril almost entire. Albumen not ruminate. Leaves with -forked lateral nerves and distinct transverse veins.--Species 4. West -Africa. They yield timber. =Staudtia= Warb. - -Flowers in heads or fascicles, which are arranged in racemes or -panicles. Aril slit. 5 - -5. Flowers stalked, in fascicles. Anthers 2-7. Albumen ruminate. -Lateral nerves of the leaves not distinctly confluent at the margin. 6 - -Flowers sessile, in heads. 7 - -6. Partial inflorescences supported by an involucral disc. Perianth -cup-shaped. Anthers 3-5. Albumen with a cavity in the centre.--Species -4. West Africa. They yield timber and oil. =Coelocaryon= Warb. - -Partial inflorescences without an involucral disc. Perianth funnel-or -pitcher-shaped. Albumen solid in the centre.--Species 1. Cultivated in -the tropics. The seeds yield a fat. =Virola= Aubl. - -7. Heads distinctly stalked. Perianth obovoid or club-shaped. Anthers -2-4, shorter than the filaments. Albumen ruminate. Lateral nerves of -the leaves joined by arches near the margin.--Species 5. West Africa -and Upper Nile. They yield timber and oil. (Under _Myristica_ L.) -(Plate 49.) =Pycnanthus= Warb. - -Heads sessile or nearly so. Perianth cupular. Anthers 3-10. Albumen -uniform. 8 - -8. Heads large, distant on the branches of a panicle. Anthers 3-4, as -long as or somewhat shorter than the filaments. Leaves whitish below; -lateral nerves joined by arches distant from the margin; transverse -veins faint.--Species 1. German East Africa. (Under _Brochoneura_ -Warb.) =Cephalosphaera= Warb. - -Heads arranged in dense racemes or panicles. Anthers 4-10, usually -longer than the filaments. Leaves with forked lateral nerves and nearly -as strong transverse veins.--Species 4. Madagascar. The seeds are used -as a condiment and yield a fat. (Under _Myristica_ L.) =Brochoneura= -Warb. - - -FAMILY 83. MONIMIACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers unisexual. -Perianth simple, 3-6-lobed. Stamens 10 or more. Carpels solitary -or several and then separate at the time of flowering, often sunk -in the receptacle. Ovule 1. Seeds with a small embryo and fleshy -albumen.--Genera 6, species 30. (Plate 50.) - -1. Anthers opening by valves. Stamens numerous. Carpels 4 or more, sunk -in the receptacle. Ovules erect. Perianth irregular, strap-shaped. -Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or in clusters.--Species 3. West -Africa. (Plate 50.) [Subfamily =ATHEROSPERMOIDEAE=, tribe SIPARUNEAE.] -=Glossocalyx= Benth. - -Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovule pendulous. Perianth -regular or nearly so. [Subfamily =MONIMIOIDEAE=.] 2 - -2. Receptacle (floral axis) small. Perianth-segments of the female -flowers falling off singly. Stamens numerous. Carpel 1. [Tribe -TRIMENIEAE.] 3 - -Receptacle large, cup-or urn-shaped, at length bursting. Perianth -falling off entire and lid-like, or little developed and persistent. -Carpels several or many. 4 - -3. Perianth of the male flowers protruding beyond the stamens. -Flowers on long stalks, in lax racemes. Leaves alternate.--Species 2. -Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Chloropatane= Engl. - -Perianth of the male flowers concealed by the stamens. Flowers on -short stalks, in dense racemes. Leaves opposite.--Species 3. Tropical -and South Africa. They yield timber. (Including _Paxiodendron_ Engl.) -=Xymalos= Baill. - -4. Receptacle cup-shaped, subsequently spreading, not enclosing the -carpels. Perianth falling off as a whole, lid-like. Stamens 10-12. -Anther-halves confluent above. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary or in - -[Illustration: MYRISTICACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 49._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Pycnanthus Kombo (Baill.) Warb. - -_A_ Part of a flowering branch. _B_ Male partial inflorescence. _C_ -Male flower. _D_ Fruit, the pericarp cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: MONIMIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 50._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Glossocalyx longicuspis Benth. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Female flower. _C_ Female flower cut -lengthwise. _D_ Carpel (the ovary cut lengthwise).] - -clusters, monoecious.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Mollinedia_ Ruiz -& Pav.) [Tribe MOLLINEDIEAE.] =Ephippiandra= Decne. - -Receptacle narrowly pitcher-shaped, subsequently increasing in size and -enclosing the carpels. Perianth little developed. Stamens numerous. -Anther-halves separate. [Tribe MONIMIEAE.] 5 - -5. Stamens with a gland on each side. Carpels few, not sunk -in the receptacle. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in cymes, -dioecious.--Species 4. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. They -yield timber and medicaments. =Monimia= Thouars - -Stamens without glands. Carpels numerous, sunk in the -receptacle.--Species 20. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. -Some species yield timber, dyes, or medicaments. (_Ambora Juss._) -=Tambourissa= Sonn. - - -FAMILY 84. LAURACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules, sometimes -scale-like. Flowers regular. Perianth of 4 or 6 segments. Fertile -stamens 4-14, perigynous. Anthers opening by 2-4 valves. Ovary -superior, very rarely (_Hypodaphnis_) inferior, 1-celled. Ovule -1, pendulous, inverted. Style simple. Seed exalbuminous; embryo -straight.--Genera 15, species 75. (Plate 51.) - -1. Anthers 2-celled. [Subfamily =LAUROIDEAE=.] 2 - -Anthers 4-celled. [Subfamily =PERSEOIDEAE=.] 11 - -2. Anthers all turned inwards, 8-14, usually 12. Perianth 4-cleft. -Flowers in umbels, dioecious or polygamous. Leafy shrubs or -trees.--Species 2. North Africa. They yield timber, oil, perfumes, -spices, and medicaments, and are also used as ornamental plants. -“Laurel.” [Tribe LAUREAE.] =Laurus= L. - -Anthers partly (the outer) turned inwards, partly outwards, 4-12, -usually 9. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, usually panicled. 3 - -3. Stem thread-shaped, twining, parasitic. Leaves reduced to minute -scales. Perianth 6-cleft, the outer segments much smaller than the -inner. Fertile stamens 9.--Species 4. Southern and tropical Africa. -Some are used medicinally. [Tribe CASSYTHEAE.] =Cassytha= L. - -Stem shrub-or tree-like. Leaves perfectly developed. Perianth with 6, -rarely 4, subequal segments. 4 - -4. Receptacle accrescent, cupuliform, enclosing the fruit. -Perianth-segments 6. Fertile stamens 9, rarely 12. [Tribe -CRYPTOCARYEAE.] 5 - -Receptacle scarcely or not accrescent, not enclosing the fruit. [Tribe -APOLLONIADEAE.] 6 - -5. Fruit incompletely 6-celled. Pericarp adnate to the receptacle, but -free from the seed. Cotyledons 6-lobed. Leaves penninerved.--Species -8. Madagascar. They yield timber, oil, condiments, and medicaments. -(_Agathophyllum_ Juss.) =Ravensara= Sonn. - -Fruit completely 1-celled. Pericarp easily separable from the -receptacle, but adnate to the seed.--Species 10. Madagascar, South and -East Africa. =Cryptocarya= R. Br. - -6. Perianth 4-parted. Fertile stamens 4. Shrubs. Leaves -linear-lanceolate.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Potameia= Thouars - -Perianth 6-parted or 6-cleft. Fertile stamens 6-9. 7 - -7. Fertile stamens 6, each with 2 glands. Flowers in racemes.--Species -1. Madagascar. =Berniera= Baill. - -Fertile stamens 9, rarely 6, all or the outer ones without glands. -Flowers in panicles. 8 - -8. Staminodes within the fertile stamens none. Filaments oblong -or obovate, the inner ones each with 2 oblong, wholly adnate -glands.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). They yield -timber. =Tylostemon= Engl. - -Staminodes within the fertile stamens present. Inner fertile stamens -with 2 roundish glands at their base. 9 - -9. Perianth persistent. Leaves herbaceous.--Species 1. Canary Islands -and Madeira. Yields timber. =Apollonias= Nees - -Perianth deciduous. Leaves leathery.--Species 20. Tropics. Some species -yield timber or edible seeds. (_Afrodaphne_ Stapf, _Hufelandia_ Nees, -_Nesodaphne_ Hook., under _Tylostemon_ Engl.) =Beilschmiedia= Nees - -10. (1.) Anthers 9-14 (usually 12), all turned inwards. Flowers -dioecious, in umbels.--Species 2. Naturalized in the Mascarenes and -Seychelles. They yield timber, a fat, and medicaments. (_Tetranthera_ -Jaqu.) [Tribe LITSEEAE.] =Litsea= Lam. - -Anthers 9, the outer turned inwards, the inner outwards. Flowers -hermaphrodite or polygamous, usually in panicles. [Tribe CINNAMOMEAE.] -11 - -11. Staminodes very small and awl-shaped or wanting. Receptacle -accrescent. Flowers usually polygamous. 12 - -Staminodes well developed, thickened at the apex. Receptacle scarcely -or not accrescent. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. 13 - -12. Anther-valves side by side. Ovary inferior.--Species 1. West Africa -(Cameroons). (Under _Ocotea_ Aubl.) =Hypodaphnis= Stapf - -Anther-valves in superposed pairs. Ovary superior.--Species 15. -Tropical and South Africa, Canary Islands, Azores. They yield timber, -fat, condiments, and medicaments. (Including _Mespilodaphne_ and -_Oreodaphne_ Nees). (Plate 51.) =Ocotea= Aubl. - -13. Leaves trinerved. Perianth-segments falling singly after the time -of flowering.--Species 2 (_C. zeylanicum_ Breyn, cinnamon, and _C. -camphora_ Nees & Eberm., camphor). Cultivated in the tropics. They -yield timber, spices, and drugs for industrial and medicinal uses. -=Cinnamomum= Blume - -Leaves penninerved. Perianth persisting or falling off as a whole. 14 - -[Illustration: LAURACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 51._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Benth. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stamens. _D_ -Staminode. _E_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _F_ Group of fruits. _G_ -Young fruit cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: PAPAVERACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 52._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Trigonocapnos curvipes Schlecht. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Petals (_a_ the upper, _b_ one of -the lateral, _c_ the lower). _D_ Bundle of stamens (the third anther -not visible). _E_ Pistil (the ovary cut lengthwise).] - -14. Perianth yellow, with oblong segments, deciduous. Fruit large, -greenish.--Species 1 (_P. gratissima_ Gaertn., avocado-pear). -Cultivated in the tropics. It yields edible fruit, from which also a -fat and a dye are prepared, and is used in medicine. =Persea= Gaertn. - -Perianth white, with ovate segments, persistent. Fruit small, -blackish.--Species 1. Canary Islands and Azores. Yields timber. (Under -_Persea_ Gaertn.) =Phoebe= Nees - - -FAMILY 85. HERNANDIACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, palminerved, without stipules. -Flowers in panicles, regular, hermaphrodite polygamous or monoecious. -Perianth 4-10-parted. Fertile stamens 3-5, alternating with the inner -perianth-segments. Anthers 2-celled, turned inwards, opening by -valves. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style -and stigma simple. Seed exalbuminous. Embryo with folded or coiled -cotyledons.--Genera 3, species 7. Tropics. (Under _LAURACEAE_ or -_COMBRETACEAE_.) - -1. Flowers without bracteoles, polygamous. Perianth very small. Stigma -capitate. Fruit with 2 terminal wings. Cotyledons spirally twisted. -Trees. Leaves undivided or lobed.--Species 1. East Africa, Angola, -Madagascar. Yields timber. [Subfamily =GYROCARPOIDEAE=.] =Gyrocarpus= -Jaqu. - -Flowers with bracteoles, which sometimes form an involucre, -hermaphrodite or monoecious. Perianth rather small. Stigma discoid -and more or less lobed. Cotyledons more or less folded or crumpled. -[Subfamily =HERNANDIOIDEAE=.] 2 - -2. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth 10-parted. Fertile stamens 5, with -2 scales at the base. Fruit with 2-4 lateral wings. Climbing shrubs. -Leaves digitate.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Illigera= -Blume - -Flowers monoecious, the female surrounded by a cupular, truncate or -lobed, ultimately inflated involucel. Perianth of the male flowers -6-8-parted, of the female 8-10-parted. Fertile stamens 3-4. Trees. -Leaves undivided. Partial inflorescences surrounded by an involucre -of several bracts, and consisting of a female flower and two or more -male.--Species 5. Tropics. They yield timber and are used in medicine. -=Hernandia= L. - - -ORDER RHOEADALES - - -SUBORDER RHOEADINEAE - - -FAMILY 86. PAPAVERACEAE - -Herbs. Leaves more or less lobed or divided. Flowers hermaphrodite. -Sepals 2, very rarely 3. Petals 4, very rarely 6, free, hypogynous. -Anthers opening by slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled or incompletely -2-or more-celled. Ovules parietal, curved or inverted. Fruit a -capsule or a nut. Seeds with a small embryo and a copious, oily -albumen.--Genera 11, species 50. (Including _FUMARIACEAE_.) (Plate 52.) - -1. Petals, at least one of them, prolonged into a spur. Stamens 2, -tripartite (or 6 in two bundles); the middle segment of each stamen -bearing a two-celled anther, the lateral ones a one-celled. Juice not -milky. [Subfamily =FUMARIOIDEAE=.] 2 - -Petals not spurred. Stamens 4 or many, all with 2-celled anthers. 5 - -2. Ovary with 3 or more ovules. Fruits, at least some of them, -dehiscent, 3-or more-seeded.--Species 9. South and North Africa and -high mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. -(Including _Cysticapnos_ Adans.) =Corydalis= DC. - -Ovary with 1-2 ovules. Fruit indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Seeds not -appendaged. 3 - -3. Ovary with 2 ovules. Fruit 2-seeded, compressed, with 3 nerves on -each side. Leaves fleshy.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). -=Sarcocapnos= DC. - -Ovary with 1 ovule. Fruit 1-seeded, compressed but 1-nerved on each -side, or triquetrous, or globular. 4 - -4. Fruit triquetrous, pendulous. Superior petal helmet-shaped, inferior -spoon-shaped, lateral ones clawed. Stem climbing.--Species 1. South -Africa (Cape Colony). (Plate 52.) =Trigonocapnos= Schlecht. - -Fruit globular or compressed, erect.--Species 15. North, South, -and East Africa; also naturalized in West Africa and the Mascarene -Islands. “Fumitory.” (Including _Discocapnos_ Cham. & Schlechtend. and -_Platycapnos_ Bernh.) =Fumaria= L. - -5. Stamens 4. Petals 3-cleft. Placentas and styles 2. Juice not -milky.--Species 7. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. -[Subfamily =HYPECOIDEAE=.] =Hypecoum= L. - -Stamens numerous. [Subfamily =PAPAVEROIDEAE=.] 6 - -6. Juice not milky. Flowers solitary. Petals yellow. Placentas 2. -Stigma subsessile, with 4 spreading lobes. Fruit linear, 10-ribbed, -1-celled, 2-valved to the base. Seeds unappendaged.--Species -1. Naturalized in the Canary Islands. Fodder-plant. [Tribe -ESCHSCHOLTZIEAE.] =Hunnemannia= Sweet - -Juice milky. Placentas 4 or more, more rarely 2, but then stigmas or -stigma-lobes only 2, or at least partly erect. 7 - -7. Stigmas (or style-branches) 2, alternating with the 2 placentas and -borne upon a short, but distinct style. Ovary and fruit linear. Seeds -appendaged. Flowers in umbels, yellow. Juice reddish-yellow.--Species -1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally. “Celandine.” -[Tribe CHELIDONIEAE.] =Chelidonium= L. - -Stigmas (or style-branches) 3 or more, rarely 2, as many as and -opposite to the placentas or more numerous, sessile or nearly so. -[Tribe PAPAVEREAE.] 8 - -8. Fruit linear, dehiscing to the base. Placentas, stigmas, and -fruit-valves 2-4. Juice yellow. 9 - -Fruit oblong, ovoid, or globular, dehiscing near the top only or -indehiscent. Placentas, stigmas, and fruit-valves 4-16. 10 - -9. Petals yellow or reddish-yellow, twisted in the bud. Style ending in -2 erect and 2 spreading lobes. Fruit with a false partition.--Species -2. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Used as ornamental or medicinal -plants; the seeds yield oil. =Glaucium= Juss. - -Petals violet or red, crumpled in the bud. Style ending in 2-4 -connivent lobes. Fruit 1-celled.--Species 4. North Africa. Used as -ornamental plants. =Roemeria= Medik. - -10. Stigmas in the sinuses between the connivent style-lobes. -Petals yellow or whitish. Fruit oblong, usually bristly. Juice -yellow.--Species 1. Naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. Used as -an ornamental and medicinal plant; the seeds yield oil. =Argemone= L. - -Stigmas radiating upon a disc-like expansion of the style-apex. Ovary -incompletely septate. Juice white. Buds nodding.--Species 12. North and -South Africa, Abyssinia, and Cape Verde Islands; also cultivated in -various regions. Some species are poisonous or are used as ornamental, -medicinal, or dye-plants. _P. somniferum_ L. yields opium, oil, and -edible seeds. “Poppy.” =Papaver= L. - - -SUBORDER CAPPARIDINEAE. - - -FAMILY 87. CAPPARIDACEAE - -Leaves alternate, simple or digitate. Flowers solitary or in racemes -or umbels, usually irregular. Petals wanting or free, usually 4, -rarely (_Cercopetalum_) united at the base. Disc ring-or scale-like, -rarely tubular. Ovary superior, usually stalked. Ovules 4 or more, -rarely (_Dipterygium_) 1-2, curved, usually parietal. Seeds reniform, -exalbuminous. Embryo curved, with folded or coiled cotyledons.--Genera -20, species 260. (Plate 53.) - -1. Fruit succulent, baccate, indehiscent, rarely at length dehiscing -in two valves to which the placentas remain attached. Embryo coiled. -Shrubs or trees. [Subfamily =CAPPARIDOIDEAE=.] 2 - -Fruit dry, capsular and usually siliquiform, rarely nut-like. Embryo -curved. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees. 14 - -2. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Stamens very numerous. Ovary with a -long stalk. [Tribe MAERUEAE.] 3 - -Calyx-tube indistinct or wanting, rarely distinctly developed, but then -stamens 10 and ovary with a very short stalk. [Tribe CAPPARIDEAE.] 4 - -3. Calyx bursting transversely. Petals none. Stamens inserted upon a -convex receptacle. Placentas 6-10.--Species 10. East Africa, Madagascar -and Mauritius. =Thylachium= Lour. - -Calyx bursting lengthwise. Stamens usually inserted upon an elongated, -stalk-like receptacle. Placentas 2-4.--Species 50. Some of them yield -timber, vegetables, or medicaments. (Including _Niebuhria_ DC. and -_Streblocarpus_ Arn.) =Maerua= Forsk. - -4. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Petals none. Stamens about 10. Disc -and androphore wanting. Ovary with a very short stalk. Placentas 2. -Leaves digitate.--Species 2. South Africa. =Bachmannia= Pax - -Calyx-tube indistinct or wanting. Petals present, more rarely wanting, -but then leaves undivided. 5 - -5. Receptacle produced behind into a tube-or strap-shaped appendage. -Stamens 4-8, inserted upon a stalk-like androphore. Leaves -undivided.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used in -medicine. (Including _Schepperia_ Neck.) =Cadaba= Forsk. - -Receptacle produced into scale-like appendages or unappendaged. Stamens -rarely upon a distinct stalk-like androphore, and then fertile and -sterile stamens together 10 or more. 6 - -6. Petals none. Stamens without a distinct androphore. Leaves -undivided. 7 - -Petals 4 or more. Ovules numerous. 9 - -7. Ovary 2-, rarely 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, supported -upon a long stalk. Stamens numerous. Disc cup-shaped, crenate. Sepals -3, rarely 2 or 4, united at the base.--Species 6. Central Africa. -=Courbonia= Brongn. - -Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 6 or more. -Sepals 4, rarely 5. 8 - -8. Disc cup-shaped, crenate, accrescent. Stamens numerous. Ovules -numerous. Stigma 4-lobed.--Species 3. West Africa. =Buchholzia= Engl. - -Disc ring-shaped. Stamens 6-20. Ovules 6-12. Stigma entire.--Species -30. Central Africa, northern South Africa, and Sahara. The fruits and -roots of some are eaten or used medicinally. =Boscia= Lam. - -9. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 5. Petals 5, united at the base. Stamens -10-13, borne upon a short androphore. Ovary 5-celled, with axile -ovules. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. West Africa. =Cercopetalum= Gilg - -Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, very rarely dioecious, but then -stamens numerous. Flowers nearly always 4-merous. 10 - -10. Stamens inserted on an elongated stalk-like androphore, united -in two bundles, one of which contains 5-9 fertile, the other as -many sterile stamens. Petals 4. Placentas 2. Leaves ternately -compound.--Species 3. East Africa. =Cladostemon= A. Br. & Vatke - -Stamens inserted on a very short androphore or without an androphore. 11 - -11. Petals very unequal, two much larger than the others, wing-like. -Stamens 5-7. Placentas 2. Leaves ternately compound.--Species 1. West -Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. (_Pteropetalum_ Pax). =Euadenia= -Oliv. - -Petals not very unequal. Stamens 8 or more. 12 - -12. Petals open in aestivation, with a long claw; sepals imbricate or -open. Stamens upon a short androphore bearing scales within. Ovary upon -a - -[Illustration: CRUCIFERAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 53._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Heliophila amplexicaulis L. fil. - -_A_ Plant with inflorescences. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Ovary cut -lengthwise. _D_ Fruiting branch. _E_ Seed cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: CAPPARIDACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 54._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Polanisia hirta (Klotzsch) Sond. - -_A_ Branch with flowers and fruits. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ -Anther. _D_ Ovary cut lengthwise. _E_ Seed.] - -long gynophore, 1-or incompletely 2-celled, with 2 placentas. Leaves -ternately compound.--Species 6. Tropics. Some species yield timber, -edible fruit, or medicaments. =Crataeva= L. - -Petals imbricate in aestivation; sepals usually valvate. Disc and -androphore little developed or wanting. 13 - -13. Leaves ternately compound, rarely simple and undivided, and -then petals numerous. Petals clawed. Ovary with a long stalk, -1-celled.--Species 25. Central Africa. =Ritchiea= R. Br. - -Leaves simple, undivided. Petals 4, very rarely 5.--Species 50. Some -of them yield timber, salad, condiments (capers from _C. spinosa_ L.), -edible fruits, and medicaments; some are poisonous. =Capparis= L. - -14. (1.) Fruit indehiscent, winged, 1-seeded. Petals 4. Stamens 6. -Ovary with a very short stalk, 1-celled. Ovules 1-2. Style short. -Undershrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Egypt and Nubia. [Subfamily -=DIPTERYGIOIDEAE=.] =Dipterygium= Decne. - -Fruit dehiscing by 2 or more valves. Ovules 4 or more. 15 - -15. Fruit 1-seeded, dehiscing by many valves. Sepals 2. Petals 5. -Stamens 40-60. Ovary sessile, 1-celled. Ovules 4-6. Style long. -Shrubs. Flowers fascicled.--Species 2. East Africa. [Subfamily -=CALYPTROTHECOIDEAE=.] =Calyptrotheca= Gilg - -Fruit several-or many-seeded, dehiscing by 2 valves which separate -from the persistent placentas. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Ovules numerous. -[Subfamily =CLEOMOIDEAE=.] 16 - -16. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Petals violet. Stamens 10-12, -borne upon a short androphore. Ovary with a long stalk. Herbs. Leaves -ternately compound.--Species 2. East Africa. (Under _Cleome_ L.) -=Chilocalyx= Klotzsch - -Calyx-tube none. 17 - -17. Stamens inserted upon a stalk-like androphore, 6, all fertile. -Ovary stalked. Herbs. Leaves digitate.--Species 1. Tropical and South -Africa and Egypt. Yields vegetables, condiments, and medicaments, -and is also used as an ornamental plant. (_Pedicellaria_ Schrank). -=Gynandropsis= DC. - -Stamens inserted upon the receptacle, which is not prolonged into a -distinct androphore. 18 - -18. Stamens numerous or intermixed with staminodes. Herbs. Leaves -digitate.--Species 20. Some of them are used as vegetables. (Including -_Dianthera_ Klotzsch and _Tetratelia_ Sond., under _Cleome_ L.) (Plate -53.) =Polanisia= Raf. - -Stamens 4-6, all fertile. 19 - -19. Disc reduced to 4 small glands. Ovary sessile. Style long. Trees. -Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). -=Cleomodendron= Pax - -Disc ring-or saucer-shaped, sometimes produced into scales. Herbs -or undershrubs.--Species 30. Some of them are used as ornamental or -medicinal plants. =Cleome= L. - - -FAMILY 88. CRUCIFERAE - -Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely the lower -opposite, simple, but often divided, without stipules, but frequently -with auricles at the base. Flowers without bracteoles, usually in -racemes, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4. Petals 4, -rarely 0. Stamens 6, of which 4 are longer, rarely 2-4, hypogynous, -rarely subperigynous. Glands at the base of the stamens more or less -developed. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled or transversely septate, very -rarely 3-celled. Ovules parietal, curved. Style simple, with 1-2 -stigmas. Fruit dry, usually 2-valved. Albumen scanty or wanting. Embryo -curved.--Genera 88, species 420. (Plate 54.) - -1. Hairs, all or some of them, branched, at least at the base. -Stigma more developed above the placentas than between them. [Tribe -HESPERIDEAE.] 2 - -Hairs simple or wanting. 37 - -2. Fruit at least 4 times as long as broad. 3 - -Fruit less than 4 times as long as broad, or broader than long. 19 - -3. Fruit-valves with a horn-like appendage. Radicle of the embryo -accumbent. 4 - -Fruit-valves without an appendage, but the style sometimes appendaged. 7 - -4. Fruit-valves with a basal appendage. Seeds margined. Style -appendaged at the base. Petals violet. Lateral sepals gibbous at the -base. Herbs covered with glandular tubercles.--Species 1. North Africa. -=Lonchophora= Dur. - -Fruit-valves with an apical appendage. Seeds not margined. Petals -white, yellow, or red. Plants without glandular tubercles. 5 - -5. Fruit-valves with a forked appendage. Petals pink. Leaves linear, -entire. Undershrubs.--Species 1. Canary Islands. =Parolinia= Webb - -Fruit-valves with an entire appendage. 6 - -6. Fruit-valves with a blunt appendage below the apex. Petals -red. Leaves oblong or ovate, sinuate or toothed. Undershrubs with -star-shaped hairs.--Species 5. East Africa. =Diceratella= Boiss. - -Fruit-valves with a pointed appendage at the apex. Petals white or -yellow. Leaves linear. Herbs with 2-cleft hairs.--Species 1. North -Africa. =Notoceras= R. Br. - -7. Lateral glands alone present, one on each side of the lateral -stamens. Stigmatic lobes usually long and erect, but sometimes united. 8 - -Lateral and median (anterior and posterior) glands present, sometimes -blended into a ring. Stigmatic lobes usually short and spreading or -indistinctly developed. 14 - -8. Plants covered with glandular tubercles. Style with a dorsal -gibbosity; stigma not sharply limited. Seeds flat; radicle -accumbent.--Species 15. North, East, and South Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants or in medicine. “Stock.” =Matthiola= R. Br. - -Plants without glandular tubercles. Stigma more or less sharply limited -at the base. - -9. Longer filaments united to the top. Sepals connivent. Petals linear, -white or pink. Seeds minute, in two rows. Bracts leaf-like. Leaves -divided into narrow segments.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). -=Leptaleum= DC. - -Longer filaments free or slightly cohering. 10 - -10. Seeds thick; radicle incumbent. Fruit-valves more or less convex. -Petals white or pink.--Species 10. North Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants. (Including _Maresia_ Pomel). =Malcolmia= R. Br. - -Seeds flat; radicle accumbent. 11 - -11. Fruit-valves convex, with a faint middle-nerve, constricted -between the seeds. Sepals saccate at the base. Petals pink. Hairs -stellate.--Species 3. North Africa. (Under _Farsetia_ Desv. or -_Malcolmia_ R. Br.). =Eremobium= Boiss. - -Fruit-valves flat, sometimes keeled. 12 - -12. Fruit-valves projecting inwards between the seeds, thick, obtusely -angled. Stigma acutely 2-lobed. Sepals erect. Petals pink.--Species 3. -North and East Africa. =Morettia= DC. - -Fruit-valves not projecting between the seeds. 13 - -13. Petals purple, narrow. Sepals erect, not saccate. Stigma acutely -2-lobed. Seeds winged. Leaves narrow. Hairs 2-cleft.--Species 13. East -and North Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Farsetia= Desv. - -Petals white, rarely yellowish, reddish, or bluish. Fruit-valves with -a faint middle-nerve. Seeds in one row.--Species 15. North, East, -and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Rock-cress.” -=Arabis= L. - -14. (7.) Median glands 4. Style 2-lobed; stigma dilated, not sharply -limited. Fruit-valves convex or keeled. 15 - -Median glands 2, usually confluent with the lateral ones into a ring. -Style short, truncate or somewhat depressed at the apex; stigma usually -sharply limited. 16 - -15. Seeds flat; radicle accumbent.--Species 4. North Africa. Used -as ornamental plants or in medicine. “Wallflower.” (Including -_Dichroanthus_ Webb). =Cheiranthus= L. - -Seeds thick; radicle incumbent.--Species 5. North Africa to Abyssinia. -Some are used as ornamental plants or in medicine. =Erysimum= L. - -16. Partition of the fruit with two bundles of fibres; valves -with a strong midrib. Radicle incumbent. Petals yellow. Leaves -pinnatipartite.--Species 4. North Africa to Abyssinia. (Under -_Sisymbrium_ L.). =Descurainia= Webb & Berth. - -Partition of the fruit without bundles of fibres. Petals white, rarely -yellowish, reddish, or bluish. 17 - -17. Fruit-valves flat, with a faint middle-nerve. Seeds in one row; -radicle accumbent. (See 13.). =Arabis= L. - -Fruit-valves more or less convex, with a strong middle-nerve. 18 - -18. Seeds with an accumbent radicle, in 2 rows.--Species 1. South -Africa. (Under _Arabis_ L.). =Turritis= L. - -Seeds with an incumbent radicle, usually in 1 row.--Species 2. East, -South, and North Africa, and Cape Verde Islands. (Under _Arabis_ L. or -_Sisymbrium_ L.). =Stenophragma= Celak. - -19. (2.) Fruit 1-seeded. 20 - -Fruit 2-or more-seeded. 22 - -20. Sepals petal-like. Petals reddish. Glands none. Ovary 3-celled. -Style very short. Fruit elliptical, much compressed. Shrubs.--Species -1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Schlechteria= Bolus - -Sepals not petal-like. Petals yellow or whitish. Glands present. Ovary -2-celled. Fruit orbicular. Herbs. 21 - -21. Filaments with a tooth-like appendage. Style none. Fruit flat, -without a partition. Radicle accumbent. Fruit-stalk bent back. Leaves -linear. Hairs star-shaped.--Species 2. North Africa. =Clypeola= L. - -Filaments not appendaged. Style thread-shaped. Fruit thick, with -a rudimentary partition. Radicle incumbent. Fruit-stalk erect or -spreading. Cauline leaves sagittate. Hairs 2-3-cleft.--Species 1. North -Africa. Used medicinally. (_Vogelia_ Medik.) =Neslia= Desv. - -22. Fruit 2-4-seeded. 23 - -Fruit many-seeded. 30 - -23. Petals yellow. 24 - -Petals white or reddish. 26 - -24. Sepals, at least the lateral, saccate at the base. Filaments -without an appendage. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit with laterally compressed, -boat-shaped valves and a linear partition. Seeds 2-3; radicle -incumbent. Shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species -1. Island of Socotra. =Lachnocapsa= Balf. - -Sepals not saccate. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in spikes or racemes. -25 - -25. Median and lateral glands present. Filaments without an appendage. -Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit winged, 4-celled, indehiscent. Seeds 4; funicle -very short. Embryo spirally twisted; radicle incumbent. Plants covered -with glandular tubercles. Leaves toothed.--Species 1. North Africa. -Used medicinally. =Bunias= L. - -Median glands absent. Filaments usually appendaged. Stigma obscurely -lobed. Fruit dehiscing in two valves. Embryo not spiral; radicle -accumbent. Plants without glandular tubercles.--Species 13. North -and South Africa. Some are used in medicine or as ornamental plants. -(Including _Meniocus_ Desv.) =Alyssum= L. - -26. Fruit-valves with a large, wing-like appendage near the top, -projecting inwards between the seeds. Style long. Seeds 4. Leaves -toothed.--Species 1. North Africa. “Rose of Jericho.” =Anastatica= L. - -Fruit-valves without an appendage. 27 - -27. Fruit-valves boat-shaped, laterally compressed; partition narrow. -Stigma sessile. Seeds 4.--Species 2. North Africa. (Including -_Hinterhubera_ Reichb. and _Hornungia_ Reichb.) =Hutchinsia= R. Br. - -Fruit-valves flat or convex, dorsally or not compressed; partition -broad. 28 - -28. Fruit-valves strongly convex; partition thick, woody. Fruit -elliptical, tapering into the style. Seeds 2. Median glands wanting. -Flowers short-stalked.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). -=Euclidium= R. Br. - -Fruit-valves flat or slightly convex; partition thin, membranous. 29 - -29. Median glands wanting. Partition of the fruit without fibres. Fruit -orbicular. Spinous undershrubs.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Under -_Alyssum_ L.). =Ptilotrichum= C. A. Mey. - -Median and lateral glands present. Partition of the fruit with -scattered fibres.--Species 6. North and South Africa, Cape Verde -Islands, and St. Helena. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal -plants. (_Koniga_ Adans., under _Alyssum_ L.) =Lobularia= Desv. - -30. Petals yellow. 31 - -Petals white or red. 34 - -31. Sepals, at least the lateral, saccate at the base. Shorter -filaments with a tooth-like appendage. Fruit elliptical, flat. Seeds -numerous, winged.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). (Under -_Farsetia_ Desv.) =Fibigia= Medik. - -Sepals not saccate. 32 - -32. Filaments, at least some of them, with an appendage, more rarely -without, but then, as usually, seeds 2-8. Fruit-valves marked with a -mid-rib at the base. (See 25.) =Alyssum= L. - -Filaments without an appendage. Seeds 10 or more. Fruit-valves with the -mid-rib extending to the top. 33 - -33. Fruit ovate or elliptical, with rather flat valves and a faint -middle-nerve. Radicle accumbent.--Species 5. North-west Africa. Some -are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Erophila_ DC.) -=Draba= L. - -Fruit obovate or pear-shaped, with very convex valves and a strong -middle-nerve. Radicle incumbent. Leaves sagittate.--Species 3. North -Africa. They yield oil and medicaments. =Camelina= Crantz - -34. Petals red. Stigma 2-cleft. Seeds winged. Hairs 2-cleft. (See 13.). -=Farsetia= Turr. - -Petals white. Stigma entire or notched. Seeds not winged. 35 - -35. Valves of the fruit flat or slightly convex, with a faint -middle-nerve; partition broad. Radicle accumbent. Leaves undivided. -(See 33.) =Draba= L. - -Valves of the fruit boat-shaped; partition narrow. Radicle incumbent. -36 - -36. Fruit broadened or notched at the apex.--Species 1. North Africa -and northern East Africa, also naturalized in South Africa and the -islands of St. Helena and St. Thomas. Used medicinally. “Shepherds -purse.” =Capsella= DC. - -Fruit rounded or pointed at the apex. (See 27.). =Hutchinsia= R. Br. - -37. (1.) Stigma equally developed all round. Style-apex entire, rarely -notched at right angles to the placentas. Cotyledons usually folded or -twisted. [Tribe THELYPODIEAE.] 38 - -Stigma more developed above the placentas than between them. Style-apex -entire or 2-lobed. [Tribe SINAPEAE.]. 45 - -38. Fruit at least 4 times as long as broad. 39 - -Fruit less than 4 times as long as broad. Cotyledons transversely -folded or spirally twisted. 42 - -39. Fruit without a partition, oblong, with convex, angled valves. -Seed-coat spongy. Cotyledons neither folded nor twisted; radicle -accumbent. Leaves roundish.--Species 1. Island of Kerguelen. Used as a -vegetable and in medicine. =Pringlea= Hook. fil. - -Fruit with a partition. Cotyledons folded or twisted; radicle -incumbent. 40 - -40. Sepals connivent, the lateral saccate at the base. Petals white. -Fruit oblong. Seeds flat. Cotyledons twice inflected lengthwise. Leaves -reniform-cordate.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Chamira= -Thunb. - -Sepals erect, not saccate. Cotyledons rolled inwards or folded -transversely. 41 - -41. Seeds turgid, separated by transverse partitions. Fruit linear. -Petals blue or red. Leaves linear.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape -Colony). =Carponema= Sond. - -Seeds flat, not separated by transverse partitions, but the fruit often -constricted between the seeds.--Species 60. South Africa. Some are used -as ornamental plants. (Plate 54.) =Heliophila= L. - -42. Fruit 1-seeded. Seed winged. Leaves thread-shaped.--Species 1. -South Africa (Cape Colony). =Palmstruckia= Sond. - -Fruit 2-or more-seeded. 43 - -43. Fruit dehiscent, rather flat, with usually more than 2 seeds. (See -41.) =Heliophila= L. - -Fruit indehiscent, 2-seeded. Leaves linear or lanceolate. 44 - -44. Fruit compressed dorsally; valves with elevated ridges radiating -from the centre. Style long. Seeds flat; cotyledons folded. Petals -red.--Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Cycloptychis= E. Mey. - -Fruit compressed laterally; valves ventricose; dissepiment very narrow. -Style short. Seeds subglobose; cotyledons involute. Petals yellow or -red.--Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Brachycarpaea= DC. - -45. (37.) Fruit at least 4 times as long as broad. 46 - -Fruit less than 4 times as long as broad, or broader than long. 77 - -46. Fruit transversely divided into two or more fertile cells. -Cotyledons folded; radicle incumbent. [Subtribe BRASSICINAE.] 47 - -Fruit not transversely septate, but sometimes produced into a seedless -beak. 59 - -47. Fruit with 2 transverse cells (joints). 48 - -Fruit with 3 or more transverse cells. 56 - -48. Upper joint of the fruit 3-4-seeded, flat. Seeds oblong. Petals -yellow. Undershrubs.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco). -=Hemicrambe= Webb - -Upper joint of the fruit 1-seeded. 49 - -49. Fruit-valves flat, usually 1-nerved. 50 - -Fruit-valves convex. 51 - -50. Sepals connivent, the lateral saccate. Petals violet. Stigmatic -lobes long, erect, connate.--Species 7. North Africa. =Moricandia= DC. - -Sepals spreading, not saccate. Stigmatic lobes short. Leaves -pinnatipartite.--Species 10. North Africa, northern Central Africa, and -Island of St. Thomas; one species also naturalized in South Africa. The -seeds of some species are used as a condiment. =Diplotaxis= DC. - -51. Beak of the fruit flat, sharp-edged. Valves usually 3-nerved. 52 - -Beak of the fruit cylindrical or conical, terete or but slightly -flattened. 53 - -52. Petals red. Lateral sepals saccate. Seeds ovoid. Fruits erect. -Leaves dissected.--Species 2. North Africa. (Under _Erucaria_ Gaertn.) -=Reboudia= Coss. & Durieu - -Petals yellow or whitish with violet veins. Seeds globose. Leaves -lyrate.--Species 5. North Africa, one species also cultivated in the -Mascarene Islands. The white mustard (_S. alba_ L.) yields salad, oil, -condiments, and medicaments. (Under _Brassica_ L.) =Sinapis= L. - -53. Lower joint of the fruit indehiscent, narrower than the upper -one, 3-4-seeded. Petals yellow. Lateral sepals saccate.--Species 1. -North-west Africa. (Under _Rapistrum_ Desv.) =Cordylocarpus= Desf. - -Lower joint of the fruit dehiscing in two valves, as broad as the upper -one, rarely narrower, but then petals violet. 54 - -54. Seeds globular, sometimes slightly flattened. Cotyledons 2-lobed. -Petals yellow or white, sometimes with violet veins.--Species 25, five -of them only cultivated or naturalized. Some species yield vegetables, -salad, oil, condiments, or medicaments, especially _B. oleracea_ L., -cabbage, _B. campestris_ L., rapeseed, _B. Napus_ L., turnip, and -_B. nigra_ Koch, black mustard. (Including _Melanosinapis_ Schimp. & -Spenn.) =Brassica= L. - -Seeds ovoid or oblong. Leaves pinnatipartite. 55 - -55. Fruit-valves net-veined with a strong midrib. Cotyledons truncate. -Sepals spreading. Petals white or yellow.--Species 6. North and -East Africa. (Including _Hirschfeldia_ Moench, under _Brassica_ L.) -=Erucastrum= Presl Fruit-valves with several longitudinal nerves. -Sepals connivent. Petals violet.--Species 4. North Africa. (Including -_Hussonia_ Coss.) =Erucaria= Gaertn. - -56. Seeds pendulous. 57 - -Seeds partly (the upper ones) erect. 58 - -57. Fruit flat or 4-angled. Stem very short. Leaves radical. Flowers -solitary, axillary.--Species 3. North-west Africa. (_Raffenaldia_ -Godr.) =Cossonia= Durieu - -Fruit turgid. Stem branched. Leaves radical and cauline. Flowers -racemose.--Species 2, one spontaneous in North Africa and naturalized -in South Africa, the second (_R. sativus_ L.) cultivated and -naturalized in various regions. The latter yields salad, oil, and -medicaments. “Radish.” (_Raphanus_ L.) =Rhaphanus= L. - -58. Lower joint of the fruit 1-celled, indehiscent, 1-4-seeded. -Hispid herbs. Leaves lyrate, the upper toothed. Flowers, at least -the lower, subtended by bracts.--Species 4. North Africa to Nubia. -=Enarthrocarpus= Labill. - -Lower joint of the fruit 2-celled lengthwise, usually dehiscing in two -valves, 4-12-seeded. Almost glabrous herbs. Leaves dissected. Flowers -without bracts. (See 55). =Erucaria= Gaertn. - -59. (46.) Fruit 1-seeded, flat, winged, 6-nerved, indehiscent. Stigma -sessile. Radicle incumbent. Petals yellow. Leaves undivided.--Species -5. North Africa. Woad (_I. tinctoria_ L.) yields a dye, other species -are used medicinally. =Isatis= L. - -Fruit 2-or more-seeded. 60 - -60. Fruit-valves flat, but sometimes with a prominent midrib. 61 - -Fruit-valves convex or keeled. 67 - -61. Stigmatic lobes long, erect, sometimes connate. Median glands none. -Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals -violet or purple. Glabrous plants. 62 - -Stigmatic lobes short or not developed. Median, sometimes confluent, -glands besides the lateral ones present, rarely only the latter, but -then radicle accumbent. Radicle accumbent or incumbent; in the latter -case cotyledons flat, rarely folded, but then sepals not saccate. 63 - -62. Seeds broadly winged, in a single row. Fruit broadly linear. -Petals with a broad claw. Shrubs. Leaves linear-oblong, sessile, -entire.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Including _Oudneya_ -R. Br.) =Henophyton= Coss. & Durieu - -Seeds narrowly or not winged. Fruit narrowly linear. Herbs or -undershrubs. Leaves undivided, the upper stem-clasping, or pinnately -divided. (See 50.). =Moricandia= DC. - -63. Radicle of the embryo incumbent. Seeds usually in 2 rows. Leaves, -at least the lower, pinnately divided. 64 - -Radicle of the embryo accumbent. Seeds usually in a single row. 65 - -64. Seeds oblong. Cotyledons not folded. Sepals converging or erect, -the lateral saccate at the base. Petals purple or violet.--Species 2. -North Africa. =Ammosperma= Hook. fil. - -Seeds ovoid or globose. Cotyledons folded. Fruit-valves 1-nerved. -Sepals erect or spreading, not saccate. (See 50.). =Diplotaxis= DC. - -65. Fruit-valves without distinct veins, opening elastically. Fruit -linear or linear-lanceolate. Seeds in a single row, oblong or -elliptical, not winged. Sepals not saccate. Leaves usually pinnately -divided.--Species 8. Some of them are used as salad or in medicine. -“Bittercress.” =Cardamine= L. - -Fruit-valves with distinct veins, not elastic. Fruit linear. Leaves -usually undivided. 66 - -66. Fruit-valves with a faint midnerve. Seeds in a single row. (See -13.) =Arabis= L. - -Fruit-valves with a prominent midnerve. Seeds in two rows, ovoid. -Sepals spreading. Petals white. Leaves undivided. (See 18.) =Turritis= -L. - -67. (60.) Median glands absent. Fruit-valves with a prominent midnerve. -Cotyledons convex or folded; radicle incumbent. Sepals erect or -converging. Petals yellow or violet. Glabrous plants. 68 - -Median and lateral glands present, sometimes blended into a ring, -rarely (_Nasturtium_) median glands absent, but then fruit-valves with -a faint or scarcely visible midnerve. Sepals erect or spreading. Petals -white or yellow, sometimes with red or violet veins. 69 - -68. Petals violet. Stigmatic lobes long, erect, sometimes cohering. -Cotyledons folded. (See 50.) =Moricandia= DC. - -Petals yellowish. Stigmatic lobes short or imperceptible. Seeds in a -single row, oblong. Cotyledons convex. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. -North Africa to Nubia. Used as a vegetable. =Conringia= Heist. - -69. Radicle of the embryo accumbent. Sepals not saccate. 70 - -Radicle of the embryo incumbent; cotyledons usually folded. 71 - -70. Fruit-valves with a strong midnerve. Seeds in a single row. Petals -yellow.--Species 3. North, East, and South Africa, also naturalized -in the Mascarene Islands. Used as vegetables, salad, or fodder. -“Wintercress.” =Barbarea= R. Br. - -Fruit-valves with a faint midnerve not reaching to the top. Seeds -usually in two rows.--Species 15. Some of them (especially _N. -officinale_ R. Br., watercress) yield salad, condiments, and -medicaments. (Including _Roripa_ Scop.) =Nasturtium= R. Br. - -71. Cotyledons not folded. Fruit not beaked; valves with 1-3 strong -ribs. Glands confluent into a ring. 72 - -Cotyledons folded. Fruit usually beaked. 73 - -72. Style-apex truncate beneath the stigma. Seeds striate. Petals -white. Leaves broad-cordate, toothed.--Species 1. North-west Africa. -Used medicinally. (Under _Sisymbrium_ L.) =Alliaria= Adans. - -Style-apex notched beneath the stigma. Petals usually yellow.--Species -25. Some are used as vegetables or in medicine. (Including _Kibera_ DC. -and _Nasturtiopsis_ Boiss.) =Sisymbrium= L. - -73. Fruit with a flat, sharp-edged beak, dehiscing in two valves. Seeds -globular. Herbs with lyrate leaves. 74 - -Fruit with a cylindrical or conical, terete or slightly flattened beak, -or without a beak. 75 - -74. Fruit-valves with a single strong longitudinal nerve. Seeds -in 2 rows. Sepals converging. Fruits erect, pressed against the -stem.--Species 4. North Africa and northern East Africa. The seeds are -used as a condiment or in medicine. (Including _Rytidocarpus_ Coss.) -=Eruca= Lam. - -Fruit valves with 3 longitudinal nerves. Seeds in 1 row. Sepals -spreading. (See 52.). =Sinapis= L. - -75. Seeds oblong. Fruit-valves with a strong midrib. Lateral sepals -saccate. Petals yellow. Undershrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 6. -Madeira and Cape Verde Islands. (Under _Brassica_ L.) =Sinapidendron= -Lowe - -Seeds globular, sometimes slightly flattened. Herbs. 76 - -76. Fruit indehiscent, spongy. Leaves lyrate. (See 57.) =Rhaphanus= L. - -Fruit dehiscing in two valves. (See 54.) =Brassica= L. - -77. (45.) Fruit indehiscent, transversely divided into 2-7 cells -(joints), the lowest cell sometimes seedless. 78 - -Fruit not transversely septate, but sometimes prolonged into a seedless -beak. 82 - -78. Fruit 3-7-jointed, oblong, flat. Style rather long. Seeds solitary -in each cell, pendulous. Sepals erect or connivent, the lateral -saccate. Stem very short. Leaves radical, lyrate. Flowers solitary, -axillary. (See 57.) =Cossonia= Durieu - -Fruit 2-jointed. Flowers racemose. 79 - -79. Fruit compressed, the lower joint with a pendulous, the upper -with an erect seed. Stigma sessile. Radicle accumbent. Lateral sepals -saccate. Petals pale-violet or rose-coloured.--Species 1. North Africa. -Used medicinally. =Cakile= Gaertn. - -Fruit not essentially compressed. Radicle incumbent. Cotyledons folded. -Petals white or yellow. 80 - -80. Upper joint of the fruit with a partition and an erect seed; -lower joint 1-2-seeded or seedless. Sepals spreading. Leaves -pinnatipartite.--Species 7. North Africa; one species also naturalized -in South Africa. (Including _Ceratocnemon_ Coss. et Balansa, _Didesmus_ -Desv., _Otocarpus_ Durieu, and _Rapistrella_ Pomel). =Rapistrum= Desv. - -Upper joint of the fruit without a partition, one-seeded; lower joint -seedless. Sepals not saccate. Petals white. 81 - -81. Upper joint of the fruit tubercled, beaked. Seed erect or pendulous -from the top of the cell. Cotyledons not lobed. Sepals suberect. -Filaments not toothed. Leaves lobed.--Species 2. North-west Africa. -(Including _Kremeria_ Coss.). =Muricaria= Desv. - -Upper joint of the fruit ribbed or smooth, not beaked. Seed pendulous -from the long, ascending funicle. Cotyledons 2-lobed. Sepals -spreading.--Species 7. North and East Africa. Some are used as -vegetables (sea-kale). =Crambe= L. - -82. (77.) Fruit prolonged into a broad beak. Radicle incumbent. Petals -yellow, often marked with violet veins. 83 - -Fruit not distinctly beaked. 87 - -83. Fruit indehiscent, 1-or 3-celled, with a single perfect seed and -usually a rudimentary one below it. Seed oblong. Herbs. Leaves toothed, -lobed, or cleft. 84 - -Fruit dehiscing in 2 valves, completely or incompletely 2-celled, with -2 or more seeds, but the seed of one cell sometimes rudimentary (in -this case shrubs). Seeds globose or nearly so. Cotyledons folded. 85 - -84. Fruit 1-celled, with an oblique, sword-shaped beak.--Species 1. -North-east Africa (Egypt). =Schimpera= Hochst. & Steud. - -Fruit 3-celled, with a broad, hollow, chambered beak.--Species 1. -North-west Africa (Algeria). =Myagrum= L. - -85. Fruit with 2 seeds. Longer filaments united in pairs. Small shrubs. -Leaves entire.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Vella= L. - -Fruit with 6 or more seeds. Filaments free. Herbs. Leaves divided, at -least some of them. 86 - -86. Fruit with 6-8 seeds and a leaf-like beak. Leaves twice pinnately -dissected.--Species 1. North Africa. =Carrichtera= Adans. - -Fruit with many seeds and a sword-shaped beak. Leaves lyrate or -undivided. (See 74.) =Eruca= Lam. - -87. (82.) Fruit 1-seeded. 88 - -Fruit 2-or more-seeded. 91 - -88. Fruit slightly or not compressed, ovoid, with a crusty rind. Seed -globular. Cotyledons folded; radicle incumbent. Petals white. Filaments -without an appendage. Glands confluent. Radical leaves pinnately -divided. Fruit-stalks spreading-erect.--Species 1. North-west Africa -(Algeria). =Calepina= Adans. - -Fruit much compressed. Leaves undivided. 89 - -89. Sepals petal-like. Petals rose-coloured. Filaments without an -appendage. Glands wanting. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit elliptical. Radicle -accumbent. Shrubs. Leaves entire. (See 20.) =Schlechteria= Bolus - -Sepals not petal-like. Glands present. Ovary 2-celled. Herbs or -undershrubs. 90 - -90. Petals rose-coloured. Longer filaments with a tooth-like appendage. -Median glands wanting. Apex of the style truncate beneath the stigma. -Fruit discoid, winged.--Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as -ornamental plants. =Aethionema= R. Br. - -Petals yellow. Filaments without an appendage. Median and lateral -glands confluent into a ring. Apex of the style more or less 2-lobed -beneath the stigma. Fruit with 6 longitudinal nerves. Fruit-stalks bent -downwards. (See 59.) =Isatis= L. - -91. (87.) Fruit 2-seeded. 92 - -Fruit 4-or more-seeded. 99 - -92. Fruit much compressed from the back, oblong, with a soon vanishing -partition and flat, net-veined valves. Seeds horizontal, winged; -radicle accumbent. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals pale-violet. Leaves -pinnatisect.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). =Ricotia= L. - -Fruit compressed from the side, and then with a narrow partition, or -not compressed; partition well developed. 93 - -93. Fruit distinctly compressed laterally. 94 - -Fruit not distinctly compressed. 97 - -94. Fruit moderately compressed, with a lanceolate or elliptical -partition, opening by 2 valves. Seeds pendulous; radicle incumbent, -rarely obliquely accumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the -embryo. Petals white, more rarely yellowish or wanting.--Species 20. -Some of them (especially _L. sativum_ L., garden-cress) yield salad, -oil, and medicaments. =Lepidium= L. - -Fruit strongly compressed, with a linear partition. 95 - -95. Seeds horizontal, inserted in the middle of the cell. Radicle -short, accumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo. -Petals yellow. Median and lateral glands present.--Species 6. North -Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Biscutella= L. - -Seeds pendulous from the top of the cell. Petals, when present, white, -red or violet. 96 - -96. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend -of the embryo. Style very short. Fruit reniform, wrinkled, -indehiscent.--Species 7. Some of them are used medicinally. -(_Senebiera_ Poir.) =Coronopus= Gaertn. - -Radicle accumbent; cotyledons inserted at the bend of the embryo. Style -distinctly developed. Fruit ovate. Outer petals larger than the inner. -Median glands wanting.--Species 4. North-west Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants or in medicine. “Candytuft.” =Iberis L.= - -97. Fruit dehiscing by two valves, globular, prickly, with a pierced -partition. Style subulate, with short, blunt lobes. Seeds globose, with -a thread-shaped funicle. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded, inserted -at the bend of the embryo. Sepals erect. Petals yellow. Herbs. Leaves -pinnatisect.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Succowia= Medik. - -Fruit indehiscent, with a thick partition. Style conical. Seeds with a -very short funicle. 98 - -98. Fruit angular-subglobose, tubercled. Style very short, with short -lobes. Seeds oblong. Radicle obliquely accumbent; cotyledons inserted -behind the bend of the embryo. Sepals spreading. Petals yellow. Herbs. -Leaves pinnately divided.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). -=Ochthodium= DC. - -Fruit ovoid. Style rather long, with long lobes. Radicle incumbent; -cotyledons folded, inserted at the bend of the embryo. Sepals erect. -Petals rose-coloured. Spinous shrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 2. -North Africa to Nubia. =Zilla= Forsk. - -99. (91.) Fruit compressed from the back or not compressed; hence -partition as broad as the fruit. 100 - -Fruit laterally compressed; partition narrower than the fruit. 104 - -100. Seeds 4, in a single row, flat, with a long free funicle; radicle -accumbent. Fruit with a soon vanishing partition; valves flat, without -a distinct median nerve; style very short. Lateral sepals saccate. -Petals violet. Only two lateral glands present. Leaves pinnately -dissected. Fruit-stalks bent downwards. (See 92.). =Ricotia= L. - -Seeds more than 4, nearly always in two rows. Fruit with a persistent -partition. Sepals not saccate. 101 - -101. Seeds flat, winged. Funicle adnate to the partition at the -base. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded. Fruit with a stalk-like -appendage at the base; valves slightly convex. Petals rose or violet. -Leaves undivided or lobed.--Species 2. North Africa. Used medicinally. -=Savignya= DC. - -Seeds turgid or flat but not winged. Funicle free. Radicle accumbent. -Petals white or yellow. 102 - -102. Fruit-valves with a very faint median nerve not reaching the top, -or without a distinct median nerve, convex. Seeds turgid. Style-apex -lobed. Median and lateral glands developed. (See 70.) =Nasturtium= R. -Br. - -Fruit-valves with a distinct median nerve reaching the top. Median -glands wanting. 103 - -103. Fruit-valves distinctly convex. Seeds turgid. Style-apex truncate -beneath the stigma. Petals white. Filaments curved.--Species 1. -Naturalized in the Island of St. Helena. (Under _Cochlearia_ L.) -=Kernera= Medik. - -Fruit-valves rather flat. Style-apex lobed or depressed beneath the -stigma. Glands 4. Leaves undivided. (See 33.) =Draba= L. - -104. (99.) Median and lateral glands present. Sepals erect. Fruit -winged. Style long. Seeds numerous. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons -folded. Leaves undivided. 105 - -Median glands absent. Style short, rarely long, but then radicle -accumbent. Cotyledons not folded. 106 - -105. Petals white, with dark veins. Fruit obcordate. Style-apex shortly -and obtusely lobed. Hispid herbs.--Species 1. North-west Africa. -=Psychine= Desf. - -Petals violet or red. Fruit ovoid. Style-apex distinctly and acutely -lobed. Glabrous herbs.--Species 1. North Africa and Abyssinia. -=Schouwia= DC. - -106. Stamens more or less perigynous. Petals white. Seeds 4-6. -Cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo. 107 - -Stamens hypogynous. Cotyledons inserted at the bend of the embryo. 108 - -107. Filaments with an appendage at their base. Fruit winged above. -Style short. Seeds 4. Radicle accumbent. Leaves lanceolate, ovate, or -pinnatipartite.--Species 2. North-west Africa. Used as vegetables. -=Teesdalia= R. Br. - -Filaments without an appendage. Fruit not winged. Style absent. Seeds -6. Radicle incumbent. Leaves linear.--Species 1. High mountains of East -Africa. =Subularia= L. - -108. Filaments, at least the longer ones, with a tooth-like appendage. -Lateral sepals saccate at the base. Petals rose-coloured. Style short. -Radicle incumbent. Flowers in racemes. (See 90.). =Aethionema= R. Br. - -Filaments without an appendage. Sepals not saccate. 109 - -109. Flowers solitary in the axils of the radical, undivided leaves. -Petals rose-coloured. Fruit-valves wingless, separating from the -laterally dilated placentas. Seeds 6. Radicle incumbent.--Species 2. -North-west Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Ionopsidium= Reichb. - -Flowers in racemes. Fruit-valves separating from the narrow or -thickened but not dilated placentas, or fruit indehiscent. 110 - -110. Fruit-valves not winged. Fruit oblong or ovate. Petals white. -Leaves pinnately divided. (See 27.) =Hutchinsia= R. Br. - -Fruit-valves winged. 111 - -111. Radicle accumbent. Petals white or rose. Leaves -undivided.--Species 6. North Africa and Abyssinia. Used medicinally. -“Penny-cress.” =Thlaspi= L. - -Radicle incumbent. 112 - -112. Fruit oblong or elliptical. Stigma sessile. Petals white or -yellow. Leaves undivided.--Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). -(Including _Pastorea_ Tod.) =Bivonaea= DC. - -Fruit obcordate. Stigma borne upon a short style. Funicle free. Petals -white. (See 36.). =Capsella= DC. - - -SUBORDER RESEDINEAE - - -FAMILY 89. RESEDACEAE - -Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, -irregular. Sepals 4-8. Petals 2-8, free, rarely 0. Disc hypogynous, -one-sided, rarely wanting. Stamens 3-40, free or united at the base. -Carpels 2-6, superior and usually stalked, open at the top, distinct -or united and then forming a 1-celled ovary. Ovules inverted. Stigmas -sessile. Seeds reniform, exalbuminous, with a curved embryo.--Genera 6, -species 45. (Plate 55.) - -1. Carpels 5-6, distinct or cohering at the base only. Petals 5. Leaves -lanceolate, entire. 2 - -[Illustration: RESEDACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. APR._ - -_Pl. 55._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Oligomeris glaucescens Cambess. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Petal. _D_ Stamens. _E_ Ovary cut -lengthwise and across. _F_ Fruit. _G_ Seed cut lengthwise. _H_ Part of -a branch with clusters of leaves.] - -[Illustration: DROSERACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 56._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Drosera Burkeana Planch. - -_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower. _C_ Petal. _D_ Flower without the -corolla (the calyx cut lengthwise). _E_ Style. _F_ Older flower. _G_ -Older flower cut lengthwise. _H_ Seed.] - - -Carpels 2-4, united at least to the middle, forming a 1-celled ovary -open at the top with parietal placentation; if carpels united to the -middle only, then petals 4. 3 - -2. Carpels with a single descending ovule attached in the middle of the -cell, stellately spreading when ripe. Shrubs.--Species 1. North-west -Africa (Algeria). =Astrocarpus= Neck. - -Carpels with 2-3 basal ovules. Herbs.--Species 3. North and Central -Africa. =Caylusea= St. Hil. - -3. Petals none. Sepals 6. Stamens 10-30, hypogynous. Stigmas 3. Fruit -berry-like, closed at the top. Shrubs. Leaves linear.--Species 5. North -Africa and northern East Africa. =Ochradenus= Del. - -Petals 2-8. Fruit capsular, open at the top. 4 - -4. Petals 2. Disc wanting. Stamens 3-10, hypogynous. Ovary sessile. -Stigmas 4. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 6. South Africa and North -Africa to Nubia. (Plate 55.) =Oligomeris= Cambess. - -Petals 4-8. Disc present. 5 - -5. Petals perigynous, 6-8. Stamens perigynous, numerous. Disc double. -Stigmas 2-3. Shrubs.--Species 2. North Africa and northern East Africa. -=Randonia= Coss. - -Petals hypogynous, 4-7. Stamens hypogynous. Ovary stalked. Herbs or -undershrubs.--Species 30. North Africa and northern East Africa; one -species also introduced in South Africa. Some species (especially _R. -luteola_ L.) yield a dye, oil, and medicaments, others (especially -_R. odorata_ L.) are used as ornamental plants and in perfumery. -“Mignonette.” (Including _Luteola_ Tourn.). =Reseda= L. - - -SUBORDER MORINGINEAE - - -FAMILY 90. MORINGACEAE - -Trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate. Stipules gland-like or wanting. -Flowers in panicles, irregular, hermaphrodite. Petals 5, perigynous, -imbricate in bud. Fertile stamens 5, perigynous, alternating with 5 -staminodes. Anthers 1-celled, turned inwards. Ovary short-stalked, -1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, pendulous, -inverted. Style simple. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo -straight. (Under _CAPPARIDACEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 6. Five species spontaneous in northern East -Africa, Madagascar, and Egypt; the sixth (_M. oleifera_ Lam., -horse-radish-tree) cultivated and sometimes naturalized on the coasts -of the tropics. This species yields gum, fibre, tanners’ bark, fodder, -vegetables, oil, condiments, and medicaments. =Moringa= Juss. - - -ORDER SARRACENIALES - - -FAMILY 91. NEPENTHACEAE - -Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, terminating in a -pitcher. Flowers regular, dioecious. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 4 -or more, with united filaments; anthers 2-celled, opening outwards. -Ovary superior, 4-celled. Ovules numerous, axile, inverted. Stigmas 4, -sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a straight, -axile embryo and fleshy albumen. - -Genus 1, species 2. Madagascar and Seychelles. Used as ornamental -plants. “Pitcher plant.” =Nepenthes= L. - - -FAMILY 92. DROSERACEAE - -Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves usually covered with glandular hairs and -rolled up in the bud. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-8-lobed -or parted, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-8, usually 5, free, clawed, -imbricate or contorted in aestivation. Stamens 4-20, as many as or more -than the petals, hypogynous or nearly so, free. Anthers usually turned -outwards, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled. -Ovules numerous (10 or more), inverted. Styles or style-branches -2-5. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds albuminous, with a small -embryo.--Genera 3, species 15. (Plate 56.) - -1. Stamens 10-20. Styles 5, free, with capitate stigmas. Ovules basal -or nearly so. Undershrubs. Leaves linear, glandular-hairy, rolled up in -the bud. Flowers in corymbs.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco). -=Drosophyllum= Link - -Stamens 4-8. Styles or style-branches 2-5, with not much thickened -stigmas. Ovules parietal. Herbs. 2 - -2. Blade of the leaves jointed to the stalk, folded lengthwise, -surrounded by bristles, without glands at the edges. Leaves whorled. -Flowers solitary, axillary. Stamens 5. Styles 5, free, with branched -stigmas. Ovules few, affixed at the middle of the placentas. Floating -water-plants.--Species 1. Upper Nile. =Aldrovanda= L. - -Blade of the leaves not jointed, flat, rolled up in the bud, bearing -long-stalked glands at the edges. Ovules numerous.--Species 13. -Southern and tropical Africa. Some species are used in the preparation -of liquors and in medicine. “Sundew.” (Plate 56.) =Drosera= L. - - -ORDER ROSALES - - -SUBORDER PODOSTEMONINEAE - - -FAMILY 93. PODOSTEMONACEAE - -Aquatic herbs resembling mosses or algae. Flowers solitary or in cymes, -usually enclosed when young in a spathe, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 2-3 -minute scales, rarely larger and 3-parted. Stamens 1-4, hypogynous. -Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled, -with a central placenta. Ovules numerous, sub-sessile, inverted. Fruit -capsular. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 9, species 25. Tropical and South -Africa. (Plate 57.) - -[Illustration: PODOSTEMONACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 57._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Tristicha alternifolia Tul. - -_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: HYDROSTACHYACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 58._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Hydrostachys multifida A. Juss. - -_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Male flower with its bract. _C_ Female flower, -and ovary cut lengthwise. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed.] - -1. Flowers without a spathe, regular. Perianth 3-parted. Stamen 1. -Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. Tropical and -South Africa. (Plate 57.) [Tribe TRISTICHEAE.] =Tristicha= Thouars - -Flowers at first enclosed in a spathe, irregular. Perianth of 2, rarely -of 3 small scales. Stamens 2-4. Ovary 1-2-celled. Styles 1-2. Leaves -usually dissected. 2 - -2. Style 1, very short; stigma entire. Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 3-4; -filaments free or nearly so. Stem elongate. Spathe close to the -flower.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). [Tribe MARATHREAE.] -=Angolaea= Wedd. - -Styles 2, free or united at the base. Stamens 2, rarely (_Winklerella_) -3, but then filaments united about halfway up. [Tribe PODOSTEMONEAE.] 3 - -3. Filaments free or nearly so. Ovary stalked. 4 - -Filaments obviously united. 5 - -4. Fruit with unequal valves, the persistent valve 5-nerved, the -deciduous one 3-nerved. Stem little branched. Leaves linear or the -lower with two teeth at the base.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). -=Ledermanniella= Engl. - -Fruit with two equal, persistent, linear, 5-nerved valves. Stem much -branched. Leaves divided in 2-5 narrow segments.--Species 2. West -Africa. Used as salad. =Dicraeanthus= Engl. - -5. Ovary and fruit 1-celled, the latter with somewhat unequal valves. -Flowers drooping.--Species 4. Central and South Africa. Used as salad. -(Including _Isothylax_ Baill.) =Sphaerothylax= Bisch. - -Ovary and fruit 2-celled. 6 - -6. Fruit with unequal valves, one of which falls off, and with -prominent ribs. Pollen-grains united in pairs.--Species 1. Madagascar. -=Podostemon= Mich. - -Fruit with equal valves. 7 - -7. Fruit smooth, without distinct ribs. Pollen-grains separate. Flowers -drooping.--Species 3. Southern Central Africa. (_Leiocarpodicraea_ -Engl., under _Dicraea_ Thouars). =Leiothylax= Warm. - -Fruit with prominent ribs. 8 - -8. Fruit 2-toothed at the top, with boat-shaped valves, one of them -or both falling off. Pollen-grains separate.--Species 1. West Africa -(Cameroons). =Winklerella= Engl. - -Fruit with persistent valves. Pollen-grains united in pairs.--Species -9. Tropics. (Under _Podostemon_ Mich.) =Dicraea= Thouars - - -FAMILY 94. HYDROSTACHYACEAE - -Aquatic herbs. Stem tuberous. Leaves with a sheath and a ligule. -Flowers in spikes, bracteate, without a perianth, dioecious. Stamen 1, -with separated anther-halves (or 2 with united filaments), hypogynous. -Anthers turned outwards. Pollen-grains united in groups of 4. Ovary -1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, inverted. Styles -2. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. (Under _PODOSTEMONACEAE_.) -(Plate 58.) - -Genus 1, species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Hydrostachys= -Thouars - - -SUBORDER SAXIFRAGINEAE - - -FAMILY 95. CRASSULACEAE - -Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Stem and leaves usually succulent. -Leaves without stipules. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Petals 3-20, -free or united below, hypogynous or nearly so. Stamens as many or twice -as many as the petals. Filaments free. Anthers turned inwards. Carpels -as many as the petals, free or united at the base, usually with a -scale-like appendage. Ovules numerous, rarely (_Crassula_) 1-2 in each -carpel. Fruit-carpels follicular. Seeds with a very scanty albumen or -without albumen.--Genera 10, species 400. (Plate 59.) - -1. Petals free or nearly so. 2 - -Petals united below into a distinct, usually long tube. 5 - -2. Stamens as many as the sepals or petals, 3-9, usually 5. Sepals free -or nearly so. Petals white or reddish. Leaves opposite.--Species 180. -Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including -_Bulliarda_ DC., _Dinacria_ Harv., _Helophytum_ Eckl. & Zeyh., and -_Tillaea_ L.) =Crassula= L. - -Stamens twice as many as the sepals, rarely (_Sedum_) equalling the -sepals in number, but then leaves alternate. 3 - -3. Flowers 4-5-merous, very rarely 6-7-merous. Sepals free or nearly -so. Leaves usually scattered.--Species 25. North Africa and high -mountains of East Africa. Some species are used as vegetables or as -medicinal or ornamental plants. =Sedum= L. - -Flowers 6-20-merous, very rarely 5-merous. Sepals more or less united. -Leaves usually rosulate. 4 - -4. Scale-like appendages of the carpels broad, petaloid. Petals -linear-lanceolate, inconspicuous, reddish or yellowish.--Species 10. -North-west Africa. (_Petrophyes_ Webb). =Monanthes= Haw. - -Scale-like appendages of the carpels small or wanting. Petals -lanceolate, brightly coloured.--Species 70. North Africa and northern -Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. -“House-leek.” (Including _Aeonium_ Webb, _Aichryson_ Webb, and -_Greenovia_ Webb & Berth.) =Sempervivum= L. - -5. Flowers 4-merous. Leaves opposite. 6 - -Flowers 5-6-merous. 8 - -[Illustration: CRASSULACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 59._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Kalanchoë laciniata DC. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of -carpels. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed.] - -[Illustration: SAXIFRAGACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 60._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Brexia madagascariensis Thouars - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of -ovary.] - -6. Calyx cleft nearly to the middle, large, inflated. Corolla urn-or -almost bell-shaped. Stamens 8. Carpels not diverging. Stigmas capitate. -Undershrubs.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as -ornamental or medicinal plants. (_Crassuvia_ Comm.) =Bryophyllum= -Salisb. - -Calyx divided to the middle or beyond, usually small. 7 - -7. Calyx divided to the middle, small, bell-shaped. Corolla tube-or -bell-shaped; segments short and broad, triangular to orbicular. Stamens -8. Carpels diverging. Stigmas capitate.--Species 15. Madagascar. (Under -_Kalanchoe_ Adans.) =Kitchingia= Bak. - -Calyx divided nearly to the base, rarely only to the middle, but -then corolla with oblong, elliptical, or ovate segments. Corolla -usually salver-shaped, with spreading segments. Stigmas obliquely -truncate.--Species 45. Tropical and South Africa. Some yield an -aromatic resin or are used in medicine. (Plate 59.) =Kalanchoë= Adans. - -8. Stamens twice as many as the sepals or petals, 10, rarely -12.--Species 40. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal -plants. (Including _Echeveria_ DC., _Mucizonia_ DC., _Pistorinia_ DC., -and _Umbilicus_ DC.) =Cotyledon= L. - -Stamens as many as the sepals or petals, 5, rarely 6. Leaves opposite. 9 - -9. Calyx as long as the corolla-tube, bell-shaped, divided to about -the middle. Corolla bell-shaped, yellow. Small, stiff, glaucous -herbs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Grammanthes= DC. - -Calyx shorter than the corolla-tube, divided nearly or quite -to the base. Corolla funnel-shaped. Thick, succulent herbs or -undershrubs.--Species 4. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. -=Rochea= DC. - - -FAMILY 96. SAXIFRAGACEAE - -Petals 4-5, free or united below. Stamens as many or twice as many -as the petals, perigynous or epigynous. Anthers opening by two -longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-7-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Seeds -with copious albumen, rarely (Montinia) without albumen. Genera 11, -species 25. (Including _GROSSULARIACEAE_.) (Plate 60.) - -1. Stem herbaceous. Styles 2-5, free. [Subfamily =SAXIFRAGOIDEAE=.] -2 Stem woody, rarely (_Berenice_) herbaceous above, but then style -simple. Leaves without stipules. Placentas parietal or septal. 3 - -2. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Stamens 5. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, -with 2-3 placentas suspended from the apex of the cell. Leaves -opposite, entire.--Species 4. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. -=Vahlia= Thunb. - -Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 8-10. Ovary 2-5-celled, -with the placentas attached to the dissepiments.--Species 9. North -Africa and Abyssinia. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal -plants. =Saxifraga= L. - -3. Stamens 8-10. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, completely or -incompletely 2-5-celled. Styles 2-5, free or united at the base. -Corolla with valvate aestivation. Outer flowers of the inflorescence -often barren with enlarged sepals. Leaves opposite.--Species 1 -(_H. Hortensia_ DC.) Naturalized in several islands (Madeira, St. -Helena, Réunion). An ornamental plant. [Subfamily =HYDRANGEOIDEAE=.] -=Hydrangea= L. - -Stamens 4-5. Styles 1-2. 4 - -4. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Style simple with 2 stigmas, or styles -2. Fruit a berry. Leaves alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite.--Species -2. North-west Africa (Algeria). One of them (_R. Grossularia_ L., -gooseberry) yields edible fruit, from which also a drink is prepared. -(Including _Grossularia_ A. Rich.) [Subfamily =RIBESOIDEAE=.] =Ribes= L. - -Ovary 2-7-celled, rarely 1-celled, but then leaves opposite and flowers -unisexual. [Subfamily =ESCALLONIOIDEAE=.] 5 - -5. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Ovules 8-10. Style simple; stigma 2-lobed. -Flowers unisexual. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Grevea= -Baill. - -Ovary 2-7-celled. Style simple with an entire or 5-7-lobed stigma, or -2-parted. 6 - -6. Ovary superior, 5-7-celled. Style simple with a 5-7-lobed stigma. -Fruit a berry or drupe. 7 - -Ovary inferior or half-inferior, 2-4-celled. Style simple with an -entire stigma or 2-parted. Fruit a capsule. Leaves alternate. 8 - -7. Sepals persistent. Petals united at the base, campanulately -connivent, rolled back at the tip. Stamens inserted between the lobes -of the disc. Anthers opening outwards. Ovary pyramidal. Fruit a berry. -Embryo shorter than the seed. Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers -solitary or in few-flowered clusters.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. -=Roussea= Smith - -Sepals deciduous. Petals free, blunt. Stamens inserted on the margin -of the disc. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary ovoid. Fruit -a drupe with a woody, 1-celled stone. Embryo as long as the seed. -Low trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in umbel-shaped cymes.--Species -2. East Africa, Madagascar and Seychelles. The fruits are edible. -(_Venana_ Lam.) (Plate 60.) =Brexia= Thouars - -8. Ovary 3-4-celled. Style 1, simple. Petals 5, united at the -base. Seeds linear-oblong. Undershrubs. Leaves serrate. Flowers in -panicles.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. =Berenice= Tul. - -Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2, free or united at the base (sometimes also at -the top, when young). Shrubs or trees. 9 - -9. Ovary inferior. Flowers 4-merous, unisexual. Petals imbricate in -bud. Seeds winged, exalbuminous. Leaves entire. Male flowers panicled, -female solitary.--Species 1. South Africa. =Montinia= L.f. - -[Illustration: PITTOSPORACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 61._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of -ovary. _D_ Fruiting branch. _E_ Fruit. _F_ Seed cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: CUNONIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 62._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Weinmannia Hildebrandtii Baill. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of -ovary. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed.] - -Ovary half-inferior. Flowers 5-merous. Petals valvate in bud. Seeds -albuminous. Leaves glandular-serrate. Flowers in panicles or in -umbel-shaped cymes. 10 - -10. Sepals subulate. Petals ovate. Filaments thin. Seeds oblong. Shrubs -with thin branches. Flowers small, polygamous.--Species 2. South Africa -and southern East Africa. =Choristylis= Harv. - -Sepals lanceolate to ovate. Petals linear or oblong. Filaments thick. -Trees with thick branches. Flowers rather large.--Species 1. Island of -Réunion. =Forgesia= Comm. - - -FAMILY 97. PITTOSPORACEAE - -Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers -regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, free or nearly so. Petals 5, free or -united below. Stamens 5, hypogynous. Disc none. Ovary superior, sessile -or short-stalked, 1-celled or incompletely 2-5-celled. Style simple; -stigma entire or lobed. Ovules numerous, ascending or horizontal, -inverted, with a single coat. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with -a hard albumen and a small embryo situated near the hilum. (Under -_SAXIFRAGACEAE_.) (Plate 61.) - -Genus 1, species 35. Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Some -are used as ornamental plants. =Pittosporum= Banks - - -FAMILY 98. CUNONIACEAE - -Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. Flowers in -spike-, raceme-, or panicle-like inflorescences, hermaphrodite. Sepals -4-5, free or united at the base. Petals 4-5. Stamens 8-10, inserted -beneath the disc. Ovary superior, 2-3-celled; ovules 2 or more to each -cell. Styles 2-3, free. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 3, -species 17. South Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Under -=SAXIFRAGACEAE=.) (Plate 62.) - -1. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals 3-cleft or 3-toothed, shorter than the -calyx. Disc perigynous, deeply 4-5-lobed. Connective acuminate. Ovary -2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell. Trees. Leaves of 3 -leaflets. Stipules free. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. South Africa -(Cape Colony). =Platylophus= Don - -Calyx imbricate in bud. Disc 8-10-lobed. Stipules united in pairs. -Flowers in clusters arranged in spikes or racemes. 2 - -2. Disc perigynous, adnate to the base of the ovary. Stamens 10. Ovary -2-celled, with numerous ovules. Seeds compressed, with a narrow wing. -Leaves compound, with 3 or more leaflets.--Species 1. South Africa. -Yields timber. =Cunonia= L. - -Disc hypogynous, free from the ovary. Seeds hairy.--Species 15. -Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Some species yield timber, -tans, dyes, and medicaments. (Plate 62.) =Weinmannia= L. - - -FAMILY 99. MYROTHAMNACEAE - -Balsamiferous shrubs. Leaves opposite, folded fan-like, undivided, -stipulate. Flowers in spikes, dioecious, without a perianth. Stamens -3-8; connective produced into a point; anthers attached at the base, -opening by lateral slits; pollen-grains cohering in groups of four. -Ovary lobed, 3-4-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Styles 3-4, free, -short and thick, with broadened stigmas. Fruit capsular or separating -into 2-4 nutlets. Seeds with copious albumen. (Under _HAMAMELIDEAE_ or -_SAXIFRAGACEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 2. Tropical and South Africa. The resin is used -as a fumigant and in medicine. (Including _Myosurandra_ Baill.) -=Myrothamnus= Welw. - - -FAMILY 100. BRUNIACEAE - -Undershrubs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, small, undivided, without -stipules, rarely (_Staavia_) with gland-like stipules. Flowers in -heads, more rarely in spikes or racemes or solitary, hermaphrodite, -5-merous, very rarely 4-merous. Calyx with imbricate or open -aestivation. Petals free or united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens -as many as and alternate with the petals. Anthers opening inwards -by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, rarely -(_Lonchostoma_) almost superior, 1-3-celled. Ovules 1-4 in each cell, -pendulous, inverted. Style 1-3. Fruit a capsule or nut. Seeds with a -copious albumen and a minute embryo next the hilum.--Genera 12, species -55. South Africa. (Plate 63.) - -1. Anthers linear or oblong, with parallel, wholly adnate cells. -Petals clawed, the claw without distinct glands. Ovary and receptacle -(calyx-tube) glabrous. Style 1, with 2-3 punctiform stigmas. [Tribe -AUDOUINIEAE.] 2 - -Anthers sagittate or cordate, with partly free and divergent cells. -[Tribe BRUNIEAE.] 4 - -2. Ovary 3-celled. Ovules 6. Stigmas 3. Connective prolonged beyond -the anther-cells, strap-shaped. Receptacle obconical. Petals red. -Flowers in head-like spikes. Bracteoles 7-10.--Species 1. Cape Colony. -=Audouinia= Brongn. - -Ovary 2-celled or later on 1-celled. Ovules 4 or 8. Stigmas 2. -Connective not prolonged. Fruit a 1-seeded nut. Flowers solitary or in -racemes. 3 - -3. Ovary inferior. Receptacle obconical or cupular. Sepals hairy, -deciduous. Petals lanceolate. Flowers solitary.--Species 5. South -Africa. =Thamnea= Soland. - -Ovary half-inferior. Ovules 4. Receptacle globular-urceolate. Sepals -glabrous, persisting in fruit. Petals obovate, white. Flowers in -racemes. Bracteoles 6.--Species 1. Cape Colony. =Tittmannia= Brongn. - -[Illustration: BRUNIACECAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 63._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Raspalia microphylla (Thunb.) Brongn. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of -ovary.] - -[Illustration: HAMAMELIDACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 64._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Trichocladus ellipticus Eckl. and Zeyh. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (the petals cut off -excepting one). _C_ Cross-section of ovary.] - - -4. Anthers sagittate. Petals sessile or with a glandless claw. Ovary -2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit consisting of 2 dehiscing -parts. Flowers in spikes. 5 - -Anthers cordate. Petals clawed, the claw with 2 glands. 6 - -5. Petals with the claws united into a tube. Sepals, anthers, and ovary -hairy. Ovary almost superior. Bracteoles 2.--Species 3. Cape Colony. -=Lonchostoma= Wickstr. - -Petals sessile, free. Flowers glabrous. Sepals very short. Ovary -almost inferior. Styles free. Bracteoles 4-8.--Species 3. Cape Colony. -=Linconia= L. - -6. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1. Style and stigma simple. Glands at the base -of the petals crest-like. Flowers hairy. Fruit indehiscent. 7 - -Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2, or a single style with 2 stigmas. Glands at -the base of the petals tubercle-or pouch-like. 8 - -7. Sepals short and broad, triangular. Stamens curved inwards, shorter -than the petals; anthers shortly cleft. Flowers solitary, axillary, -spicately arranged. Bracteoles thread-shaped.--Species 1. Cape Colony. -(Under _Berzelia_ Brongn.) =Mniothamnea= Oliv. - -Sepals awl-shaped. Stamens curved outwards, longer than the -petals; anthers deeply cleft. Flowers in heads. Bracteoles club-or -spoon-shaped.--Species 9. South Africa. =Berzelia= Brongn. - -8. Fruit one-seeded, usually indehiscent. 9 - -Fruit consisting of two dehiscent, usually one-seeded parts. Flowers in -heads. 10 - -9. Receptacle obconical. Sepals united beyond the ovary. Petals -short, with a very short, 2-tubercled claw. Stamens shorter than the -petals, equal. Anthers adnate, shortly cleft. Style short and thick, -kneed.--Species 8. South Africa. (Under _Brunia_ L.) =Pseudobaeckea= -Nied. - -Receptacle cylindrical. Sepals free above the ovary. Petals long, with -a long claw bearing a 2-lobed pouch. Stamens longer than the petals, -unequal, the anterior longer. Anthers versatile, deeply cleft. Style -long or rather long, almost straight. Ovules 2 in each cell. Flowers in -heads.--Species 4. South Africa. =Brunia= L. - -10. Style 1, short and thick; stigmas 2, obliquely terminal, slightly -thickened. Anthers pointed at the apex. Receptacle rather long. Sepals -united beyond the ovary. Petals oblong, shortly clawed, 2-tubercled at -the base. Bracteoles thread-shaped.--Species 9. South Africa. =Staavia= -Thunb. - -Styles 2, free or more or less cohering, but then long and -thread-shaped; stigmas simple, terminal. Anthers rounded at the apex. 11 - -11. Sepals united beyond the ovary, triangular. Petals oblong, with a -short claw bearing two tubercles at the base. Styles free, kneed above. -Bracts broad, shorter than the flowers. Bracteoles linear.--Species 8. -South Africa. (Under _Berardia_ Sond.) (Plate 63.) =Raspalia= Brongn. - -Sepals free above the ovary, linear. Petals strap-shaped, with a -long claw bearing two tubercles in the upper part. Styles more or -less cohering, long, almost straight. Bracts narrow, longer than the -flowers. Bracteoles spatulate or sickle-shaped.--Species 5. South -Africa. (_Berardia_ Brongn.) =Diberara= Baill. - - -FAMILY 101. HAMAMELIDACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Flowers in heads or -head-like spikes, 4-5-merous. Petals narrow, sometimes wanting in the -female flowers. Fertile stamens as many as and alternating with the -petals, sometimes accompanied by staminodes. Filaments free. Anthers -opening by lateral slits or by valves. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 1 in each -cell, pendulous, inverted. Styles 2, free. Fruit capsular. Seeds with a -straight embryo and thin albumen.--Genera 3, species 20. Tropical and -South Africa. (Plate 64.) - -1. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous, 5-merous. Staminodes none. -Anthers ovoid., opening by valves. Shrubs. Stipules short and narrow. -Flowers in many-flowered heads.--Species 3. South and East Africa. -(Plate 64.) =Trichocladus= Pers. - -Flowers hermaphrodite, usually 4-merous. Sepals short. Ovary inferior -or almost so. 2 - -2. Staminodes none. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Trees. -Flowers in many-flowered heads, 4-merous.--Species 1. Madagascar. -=Franchetia= Baill. - -Staminodes as many as and alternate with the stamens. Anthers oblong. -Shrubs. Stipules long and broad. Flowers in 3-8-flowered head-like -spikes.--Species 15. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. Some species yield -timber and medicaments. =Dicoryphe= Thouars - - -SUBORDER ROSINEAE - - -FAMILY 102. PLATANACEAE - -Trees. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed; stipules connate. Flowers on -a thickened receptacle in spicately arranged globose heads, monoecious. -Sepals 3-8, free, hairy. Petals the same number, nearly hypogynous. -Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals; connective peltate; -anthers opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Carpels -the same number, free. Ovules solitary, pendulous, straight. Fruit -consisting of achenes densely crowded in a head. Seed with scanty -albumen; cotyledons linear. - -Genus 1, species 2. Cultivated in North Africa as avenue-trees. They -also yield timber. “Plane.” =Platanus= L. - - -FAMILY 103. ROSACEAE - -Leaves alternate, stipulate. Receptacle (floral axis) more or less -concave, saucer-, cup-, urn-, or tube-shaped, in the male flowers -sometimes very small. Stamens curved inwards in the bud, usually -numerous. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Carpels -superior, solitary or free, or inferior and then more or less united. -Ovules inverted.--Genera 32, species 230. (Including _AMYGDALACEAE_ and -_POMACEAE_.) (Plate 65.) - -1. Ovaries 1-10, inferior (adnate to the concave receptacle) and -usually connate. Petals 5. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 2 - -Ovaries (or ovary) superior, free from the receptacle, but sometimes -tightly enclosed by it. 10 - -2. Stem herbaceous. Leaves lobed or dissected. Petals yellow. Stamens -10. Carpels 1-10, one-ovuled. Fruiting receptacle dry. [Subfamily -=NEURADOIDEAE=.] 3 - -Stem woody. Petals white or red. Carpels 1-5. Fruiting receptacle -succulent. [Subfamily =POMOIDEAE=.] 4 - -3. Flowers small, with a persisting epicalyx. Carpels 10. Leaves -lobed.--Species 2. North Africa to Nubia, German South West Africa. -=Neurada= L. - -Flowers large. Epicalyx none.--Species 6. South Africa. =Grielum= L. - -4. Carpels 2-5, distinct from each other on their inside, 2-ovuled. -Fruit small. Endocarp bony. Leaves undivided.--Species 3. North-west -Africa (Algeria). Used medicinally. =Cotoneaster= Medik. - -Carpels 2-5, united as to the ovaries, or carpel 1. 5 - -5. Carpels 3-5, incompletely divided in two cells each; hence cells -twice as many as the style-branches and containing a single ovule each. -Fruit small. Endocarp membranous. Petals narrow. Leaves undivided. -Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as an -ornamental plant. =Amelanchier= Medik. - -Carpels not divided, containing 2 or more ovules each. 6 - -6. Ovules and seeds more than 2 to each carpel (or ovary-cell). Carpels -5. Fruit large. Endocarp cartilagineous. Seed-coat mucilagineous. -Leaves undivided.--Species 1 (_C. vulgaris_ Pers., quince). Cultivated -in North and South Africa and in some tropical islands. The fruit is -edible and used for the preparation of confectionery and in medicine. -(Under _Pyrus_ L.) =Cydonia= Tourn. - -Ovules and seeds 1-2 to each carpel (or ovary-cell). 7 - -7. Fruit with a bony endocarp and a mealy mesocarp. Ovules 2, one of -them sterile and covering the fertile one. 8 - -Fruit with a membranous, parchment-like, or cartilagineous endocarp. -Carpels 2-5. 9 - -8. Style furrowed. Carpel 1. Embryo with coiled cotyledons. Stamens -10-15. Flowers in racemes. Leaves undivided, persistent.--Species 1. -Madeira. =Chamaemeles= Lindl. - -Style not furrowed. Embryo with flat cotyledons. Leaves usually lobed -or divided and deciduous.--Species 5. North-west Africa. They yield -timber, tanners’ bark, edible fruits (medlars) and medicaments and are -also used as ornamental plants (hawthorn). (Including _Crataegus_ L.) -=Mespilus= L. - -9. Carpels projecting above the receptacle; hence cells of the fruit -reaching to the cavity at its top. Styles 5, free. Fruit with a -membranous endocarp. Seeds very large, with thick cotyledons. Leaves -undivided, persistent.--Species 1 (_E. japonica_ Lindl., loquat). -Cultivated in North Africa and some tropical islands for its edible -fruits. (Under _Photinia_ Lindl.) =Eriobotrya= Lindl. - -Carpels completely enclosed in the receptacle; hence cells of the fruit -not reaching to its top. Leaves usually deciduous.--Species 8, of which -6 are growing wild in North Africa, the other two (_P. communis_ L., -pear, and _P. Malus_ L., apple) cultivated in North and South Africa -and Madagascar. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, and edible fruits, -from which also drinks and medicaments are prepared. Several species -are used as ornamental plants. (_Pyrus_ L., including _Malus_ Tourn. -and _Sorbus_ L.). =Pirus= Tourn. - -10. (1.) Carpels 2 or more, with 1-2 ovules each, rarely carpel 1, with -a single ovule. Flowers regular. [Subfamily =ROSOIDEAE=.] 11 - -Carpel 1, with 2 ovules, sometimes more or less completely 2-celled or -one ovule abortive; in this cases flowers distinctly irregular. Fruit a -drupe. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. 25 - -11. Receptacle of the female flowers deeply concave, tube-or -urn-shaped, tightly enclosing the carpels, especially in fruit. 12 - -Receptacle flat, convex, or moderately concave (cup-or saucer-shaped), -not tightly enclosing the carpels. Carpels 5 or more. Stamens numerous. -21 - -12. Carpels numerous. Ovules pendulous. Stamens numerous. Petals 4-6, -large, red, white or yellow, imbricate in bud. Sepals imbricate. -Flowers hermaphrodite. Receptacle becoming succulent in fruit. -Shrubs. Leaves pinnate.--Species 10. North Africa and Abyssinia; also -naturalized in several tropical islands. Used as ornamental plants, -and in the preparation of perfumes and medicaments; some have edible -fruits. [Tribe ROSEAE.] =Rosa= Tourn. - -Carpels 1-4. Petals small, yellow or white, or wanting. [Tribe -SANGUISORBEAE.] 13 - -13. Perianth consisting of an epicalyx, a calyx, and a corolla. Carpels -2-4. 14 - -Perianth consisting of calyx and corolla, or of epicalyx and calyx, or -of the calyx only. 15 - -14. Flowers hermaphrodite. Epicalyx of 5-6 small segments. Petals -broad. Stamens 10-12. Shrubs. Leaves pinnatipartite. Flowers in -racemes.--Species 1. South Africa. =Leucosidea= Eckl. & Zeyh. - -Flowers polygamous-dioecious. Epicalyx of 4-5 large segments. -Petals narrow. Stamens 20. Trees. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in -panicles.--Species 1. East Africa. Used medicinally. (_Brayera_ Kunth) -=Hagenia= Gmel. - -15. Perianth consisting of a corolla and a calyx surrounded by several -rows of hooked bristles. Stamens 10 or more. Styles 2, subterminal. -Herbs. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. North and South -Africa. Yields tanning and dyeing materials, and is also used in -medicine. =Agrimonia= L. - -Perianth consisting of a calyx with an epicalyx, or only of a calyx. 16 - -16. Epicalyx of 4-5 segments alternating with the sepals. Stamens 1-5. -Ovules ascending. Styles basal. Stigmas capitate. Leaves lobed or -digitate.--Species 25. Some of them yield tanning and dyeing materials -and medicaments. “Lady’s mantle.” (Including _Aphanes_ L.) =Alchimilla= -L. - -Epicalyx none. Stigmas more or less penicillate. 17 - -17. Flowers hermaphrodite or monoecious; in the latter case receptacle -of the male flowers resembling that of the female. Leaves pinnate. -Flowers in spikes or heads. 18 - -Flower dioecious. Stamens numerous. Receptacle of the male flowers very -small. Shrubs or trees. 20 - -18. Receptacle armed with hooked bristles, at least in fruit. Flowers -hermaphrodite. Stamens 2-5. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 3. South -Africa. Used medicinally. =Acaena= Vahl - -Receptacle without bristles. 19 - -19. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Fruiting receptacle dry, not -coloured, wrinkled and pitted or winged. Herbs.--Species 10. North -Africa, one species also introduced in South Africa. Some species yield -tans, dyes, and medicaments, or are used as potherbs. (Under _Poterium_ -L.) =Sanguisorba= L. - -Flowers monoecious. Fruiting receptacle somewhat fleshy, coloured, -smooth. Stamens numerous. Spinous shrubs.--Species 1. North Africa. -Used medicinally. (_Sarcopoterium_ Spach). =Poterium= L. - -20. Leaves pinnate, with several pairs of leaflets. Flowers in spikes. -Fruiting receptacle somewhat fleshy.--Species 2. Canary Islands and -Madeira. =Bencomia= Webb - -Leaves 1-3-foliolate. Flowers solitary, axillary. Fruiting receptacle -cartilaginous, rarely somewhat fleshy.--Species 40. South Africa and -southern Central Africa. =Cliffortia= L. - -21 (11.) Filaments narrowed towards the base. Petals 5, white. Ovules -2. Styles terminal. Ripe carpels dry and indehiscent. Herbs. Leaves -pinnatisect. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. North-west Africa -(Algeria). Used as an ornamental plant. (_Ulmaria_ Tourn., under -_Spiraea_ L.) [Tribe FILIPENDULEAE]. =Filipendula= L. - -Filaments broadened at the base. Sepals valvate in bud. Carpels usually -inserted on an elevated receptacle. [Tribe POTENTILLEAE]. 22 - -22. Carpels with 2 ovules each, drupe-like when ripe. Style -subterminal. Epicalyx none.--Species 30. Many of them yield edible -fruits, from which also drinks are prepared; some are used as -ornamental plants, for tanning, and in medicine. “Bramble.” [Subtribe -RUBINAE.] =Rubus= L. - -Carpels with 1 ovule each, nut-like when ripe. Epicalyx nearly always -present. 23 - -23. Ovule ascending. Style persistent, terminal. Herbs. Radical leaves -pinnatisect.--Species 4. North and South Africa; one species also -naturalized in St. Helena. They yield tanning and dyeing materials and -medicaments. “Avens.” [Subtribe DRYADINAE.] =Geum= L. - -Ovule pendulous. Style deciduous. [Subtribe POTENTILLINAE.] 24 - -24. Ripe carpels on a greatly enlarged, coloured, and succulent -receptacle. Petals white. Herbs. Leaves usually trifoliolate.--Species -5. Cultivated in various regions; one species also growing wild -in the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. They yield edible -fruits (strawberries), dyeing and tanning materials, and medicaments. -=Fragaria= L. - -Ripe carpels on a slightly or not enlarged, not coloured, dry -(sometimes spongy, but not succulent) receptacle. Flowers -hermaphrodite.--Species 10. Some of them yield tanning and dyeing -materials, or serve for the preparation of ink and medicaments, or as -ornamental plants. =Potentilla= L. - -25. (10.) Style terminal or nearly so. Ovules pendulous. Flowers -regular. [Subfamily =PRUNOIDEAE=.] 26 - -Style basal. Ovules erect. [Subfamily =CHRYSOBALANOIDEAE=.] 27 - -26. Petals sepaloid. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. Central and -South-east Africa. =Pygeum= Gaertn. - -Petals petaloid.--Species 9; six of them spontaneous in North Africa, -the others, as well as the former, cultivated in various regions. They -yield timber, tanners’ bark, gum, oil, medicaments, and edible fruits -(plums, cherries, apricots, peaches, almonds), from which also drinks -and confectionery are prepared. Several species are used as ornamental -plants. (Including _Amygdalus_ L., _Armeniaca_ Juss., _Cerasus_ Juss., -and _Persica_ Tourn.) =Prunus= L. - -27. Flowers almost regular. Stamens 10 or more. Carpel inserted at -or near the base of the bell-or funnel-shaped receptacle. [Subtribe -CHRYSOBALANINAE.] 28 - -Flowers distinctly irregular. Fertile stamens 3-20, all on one side of -the flower. Carpel inserted at or near the upper margin of the more or -less tubular receptacle. [Subtribe HIRTELLINAE.] 29 - -28. Receptacle swelling on one side; carpel slightly excentrical. -Stamens 10-15. Fruit with a 3-angled stone. Flowers in -racemes.--Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Used medicinally. -=Grangeria= Comm. - -[Illustration: ROSACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 65._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Parinarium congoënse Engl. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Flower from above. -_D_ Unripe fruit.] - -[Illustration: CONNARACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 66._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Connarus Smeathmannii DC. - -_A_ End of branch with young fruits. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut -lengthwise. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed with aril.] - -Receptacle not swelling on one side; carpel central. Stamens numerous. -Fruit with an irregularly 5-angled stone. Flowers in panicles.--Species -3. Central Africa. They yield tanning and dyeing materials, oil, -medicaments, and edible fruits (cocoa-plums). =Chrysobalanus= L. - -29. Filaments united in a long strap. Anthers 10-20. Ovary completely -1-celled.--Species 17. Central Africa. Some species yield timber -(_Griffonia_ Hook. fil.) =Acioa= Aubl. - -Filaments free or united at the base only. 30 - -30. Receptacle prolonged above into a scale-like appendage. Stamens -6-7. Ovary completely 1-celled. Stipules large.--Species 3. West -Africa. =Magnistipula= Engl. - -Receptacle without a scale-like appendage. Stipules small. 31 - -31. Ovary completely 1-celled. Fertile stamens 3-10. Fruit -1-seeded.--Species 3. East Africa and Madagascar. =Hirtella= L. - -Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Fertile stamens 10-20. Fruit -usually 2-seeded.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them -yield timber, tanners’ bark, medicaments, and edible fruits, from which -also oil, glue, and an inebriating drink are prepared. (_Parinari_ -Aubl.) (Plate 65). =Parinarium= Juss. - - -FAMILY 104. CONNARACEAE. - -Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate, but sometimes with 3 -leaflets only, exstipulate. Flowers in fascicles, racemes or panicles, -regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. Petals -5, free, rarely slightly united, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5-10, -free or united at the base. Carpels 1-5, free, superior. Ovules 2 to -each carpel, erect or ascending, straight. Ripe carpels dry, dehiscing -by a longitudinal slit, rarely indehiscent, usually solitary. Seeds -with an aril often adnate to the testa.--Genera 12, species 140. -Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 66.) - -1. Sepals imbricate in the bud. Seeds exalbuminous. [Tribe CONNAREAE.]. -2 - -Sepals valvate in the bud. Seeds albuminous. Stamens 10. Carpels 5. -[Tribe CNESTIDEAE.] 8 - -2. Ripe carpel indehiscent, nearly always 2-seeded. Seeds with a -large, adnate aril. Calyx hardened in fruit. Petals greatly exceeding -the sepals. Stamens 10, very unequal, surrounded by a disc. Carpel -1. Flowers in clusters, springing from the old wood.--Species 3. -Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). (_Anthagathis_ Harms). =Jollydora= -Pierre - -Ripe carpel (or carpels) dehiscing lengthwise, usually 1-seeded. 3 - -3. Fruit-carpels narrowed at the base into a distinct stalk. Seeds -attached to the ventral suture, with a free aril. Calyx not enlarged in -fruit.--Species 18. Central Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Plate -66.) =Connarus= L. - -Fruit-carpels not stalked. Seeds attached at their base. Carpels (at -the time of flowering) 3-5. 4 - -4. Calyx scarcely or not enlarged in fruit, small, usually flaccid. 5 - -Calyx conspicuously enlarged and hardened in fruit, leathery to woody. -Stamens 10. Carpels 5. 6 - -5. Leaves trifoliolate.--Species 25. Tropics. Some are used -medicinally. =Agelaea= Sol. - -Leaves pinnate, with several pairs of leaflets. Stamens 10. Carpels 5. -Styles 2-cleft at the apex. Calyx persistent.--Species 7. Tropics. Some -are poisonous. (Under _Rourea_ Aubl.) =Byrsocarpus= Schum. & Thonn. - -6. Calyx tightly clasping the fruit, herbaceous at the time of -flowering. Styles short; stigmas capitate. Seeds with very convex -cotyledons.--Species 40. Tropics. Some are poisonous or used in -medicine. =Rourea= Aubl. - -Calyx not clasping the fruit. Stamens very unequal. Styles long. 7 - -7. Stem twining. Inflorescence paniculate. Calyx leathery at the time -of flowering. Seeds with flat cotyledons.--Species 2. Equatorial West -Africa. =Paxia= Gilg - -Stem erect. Inflorescence racemose-fasciculate. Anther-halves distant -from one another, the pollen-sacs placed crosswise.--Species 1. -Equatorial West Africa. (_Jaundea_ Gilg). =Yaundea= Gilg - -8. (1.) Ripe carpel indehiscent, not stalked, with a crusty pericarp. -Seeds enveloped by a thin aril. Carpel 1. Stamens 5-7, alternating with -as many glands. Calyx deeply divided, persistent, but not enlarged in -fruit. Low trees. Leaves unifoliolate. Flowers in clusters.--Species 2. -West Africa. =Hemandradenia= Stapf - -Ripe carpel (or carpels) dehiscing lengthwise. 9 - -9. Receptacle prolonged into a stalk-like androphore. Sepals red, free. -Petals yellow, clawed, with 2 glands above the claw. Styles long. Erect -shrubs.--Species 1. Northern West Africa (Liberia). =Dinklagea= Gilg - -Receptacle not prolonged. Petals without glands. Mostly climbing -shrubs. 10 - -10. Sepals united to the middle, ovate-triangular. Petals linear, -four times as long as the calyx, rolled inwards at the tip. Stamens -very unequal. Styles long; stigmas lobed.--Species 6. West Africa. -=Spiropetalum= Gilg - -Sepals free or nearly so. Petals not more than twice as long as the -calyx. Styles short; stigmas capitate. 11 - -11. Fruit-carpels glabrous on the inside, short-haired on the outside, -prolonged into a stalk at the base. Seeds without a distinct aril, but -with a fleshy testa. Embryo long and narrow. Petals longer than the -calyx.--Species 10. West Africa. =Manotes= Sol. - -Fruit-carpels covered with long stiff hairs on the inside and usually -also on the outside. Seeds with a very small adnate aril at the base. -Petals as long as or shorter or somewhat longer than the calyx. Stamens -subequal.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used -medicinally. =Cnestis= Juss. - - -FAMILY 105. LEGUMINOSAE - -Leaves usually compound and stipulate. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary -superior, 1-celled. Ovules inserted at the ventral suture. Style -simple, but sometimes with a tooth near the apex. Stigma entire. Fruit -1-, 2-, or transversely several-celled, opening in two valves or along -the ventral suture, or separating transversely in two or more joints, -or indehiscent.--Genera 261, species 3300 (_FABACEAE_, including -_PAPILIONACEAE_, _CAESALPINIACEAE_ and _MIMOSACEAE_.) (Plate 67.) - -1. Petals valvate in bud. Flowers regular. Leaves twice pinnate, rarely -(_Acacia_) reduced to the broadened stalk. [Subfamily =MIMOSOIDEAE=.] 2 - -Petals imbricate in bud or wanting. Flowers more or less irregular -(sometimes nearly regular.) 28 - -2. Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Unarmed trees. [Tribe PARKIEAE]. 3 - -Calyx with valvate aestivation. 4 - -3. Flowers in long spikes, yellowish. Fertile stamens 5, sterile ones -10-15.--Species 3. West Africa. They yield timber, oil, and edible -seeds. (ovala-seeds) =Pentaclethra= Benth. - -Flowers in globular or club-shaped heads. Fertile stamens 10.--Species -7. Tropics. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, vegetables, medicaments, -edible fruits, from which a drink is prepared, and oily seeds, which -are also used as a condiment, a substitute for coffee, a fish-poison, -and for improving bad water. =Parkia= R. Br. - -4. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. 5 - -Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. Trees or shrubs. 25 - -5. Anthers without glands. [Tribe MIMOSEAE.] 6 - -Anthers crowned, at least in the bud, by a sometimes caducous gland. -Stamens 10. 9 - -6. Fruit dehiscing by two valves which separate from the persistent -sutures. Petals united below. 7 - -Fruit dehiscing by two valves which do not separate from the sutures, -or indehiscent. 8 - -7. Fruit and seeds slightly 4-angled, the former prickly. Petals red. -Stamens 8-10. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in heads.--Species 1. West -Africa. =Schranckia= Willd. - -Fruit and seeds flat.--Species 20. Tropics to Egypt, one species -naturalized. Some yield timber or medicaments or serve as ornamental -plants. =Mimosa= L. - -8. Fruit broadly linear. Seeds placed transversely. Petals free, -white. Stamens 10. Ovary stalked. Unarmed shrubs or trees. Flowers in -heads.--Species 1 (_L. glauca_ Benth.). Naturalized in the Tropics. -It yields timber, fodder, edible fruits, ornamental seeds, and -medicaments. =Leucaena= Benth. - -Fruit narrowly linear. Seeds placed obliquely or -longitudinally.--Species 7. One of them naturalized in the Tropics, the -others natives of Madagascar. Seeds used as ornament. (_Acuan_ Medik.) -=Desmanthus= Willd. - -9. Seeds albuminous. [Tribe ADENANTHEREAE.] 10 - -Seeds exalbuminous. [Tribe PIPTADENIEAE.] 19 - -10. Flowers in heads. 11 - -Flowers in spikes or racemes. 12 - -11. Flowers partly (the upper) hermaphrodite, partly (the lower) male -or neuter. Ovary stalked. Ovules numerous. Fruit obliquely-oblong, -opening by two valves. Herbs or undershrubs. Stipules membranous, -cordate.--Species 1. Tropics. Used as a vegetable. =Neptunia= Lour. - -Flowers all hermaphrodite. Ovary sessile. Ovules 1-2. Fruit -sickle-shaped, indehiscent. Shrubs. Stipules spinous, -recurved.--Species 1. South Africa. =Xerocladia= Harv. - -12. Flowers partly (the upper) hermaphrodite and yellow, partly -(the lower) neuter and white or red. Fruit not winged. Shrubs or -trees.--Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield -ebony-like wood and medicaments. (_Cailliea_ Guill. & Perr.) -=Dichrostachys= DC. - -Flowers partly hermaphrodite, partly male or female, or all -hermaphrodite; no neuter flowers. Trees. 13 - -13. Fruit winged or distinctly 4-angled, transversely septate, -indehiscent. 14 - -Fruit neither winged nor distinctly 4-angled. 16 - -14. Fruit 2-winged. Ovary stalked. Flowers sessile.--Species 1. -Madagascar and Mauritius. =Gagnebina= DC. - -Fruit 4-winged or 4-angled. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Flowers -stalked. 15 - -15. Fruit 4-winged.--Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, a -substitute for soap, poison, and medicaments. =Tetrapleura= Benth. - -Fruit 4-angled. Leaves with 4-5 pairs of pinnae.--Species 1. Central -Africa. =Amblygonocarpus= Harms - -16. Fruit distinctly dehiscing in two valves. 17 - -Fruit indehiscent. 18 - -17. Seeds few, very flat, winged, with a long funicle.--Species 3. -Equatorial West Africa. =Newtonia= Baill. - -Seeds numerous, thick, red. Leaflets numerous.--Species 1 (_A. -pavonina_ L.). Naturalized in the tropics. It yields timber, gum, dyes, -medicaments, and edible oily seeds, which are also used as ornaments. -=Adenanthera= L. - -18. Calyx large, tube-or urn-shaped, with ovate, acute teeth. Stamens -inserted at the base of the petals. Leaves with one pair of pinnae -and several pairs of very large oblong leaflets. Spikes arranged in -panicles.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). Yields timber -and medicaments. =Calpocalyx= Harms - -Calyx small, bell-shaped, with short segments. Stamens free. Leaves -with 2-5 pairs of pinnae and small or rather small leaflets.--Species -3. North and Central Africa. They yield timber and edible fruits. -(Including _Anonychium_ Benth.) =Prosopis= L. - -19. (9.) Flowers in heads. Ovary sessile, with many ovules. Fruit -transversely septate. Trees.--Species 5. Tropics. They yield timber and -a substitute for soap. (Under _Parkia_ R.Br.) =Xylia= Benth. - -Flowers in spikes or racemes. Shrubs or trees. 20 - -20. Flowers sessile. 21 - -Flowers short-stalked. 23 - -21. Calyx saucer-shaped, cleft to the middle. Petals free. Disc -cupular, thick. Fruit large, elliptical, 1-celled. Seeds winged, -with a long funicle. Trees. Leaves with 1-2 pairs of pinnae. Spikes -panicled.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Yields timber. -=Fillaeopsis= Harms - -Calyx bell-shaped, shortly toothed. Disc inconspicuous or wanting. 22 - -22. Petals obviously united below. Fruit 1-celled, opening in two -valves.--Species 13. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some species yield -ebony-like wood. =Piptadenia= Benth. - -Petals free or nearly so. Fruit with thick, persistent sutures, -the valves splitting transversely into one-seeded joints. Endocarp -separating from the exocarp and persisting round the seeds. -Shrubs.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Some species -(especially _E. scandens_ L. with fruits attaining a yard in length) -yield soap-bark, fibre, vegetables, fish-poison, and edible oily seeds -which are also used in medicine and as ornaments. (_Gigalobium_ P.Br., -_Pusaetha_ L.) =Entada= Adans. - -23. Disc cupular, thin. Ovary stalked. Seeds winged. Trees. Leaves -with one pair of pinnae. Flowers with a very short stalk.--Species 1. -Equatorial West Africa. Yields timber. (Including _Cyrtoxiphus_ Harms) -=Cylicodiscus= Harms - -Disc inconspicuous or wanting. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Shrubs. -Leaves with 3-12 pairs of pinnae. 24 - -24. Calyx-teeth more or less unequal. Buds oblique. Fruit woody, -transversely septate, opening in two valves. Leaves with 3-6 pairs of -pinnae.--Species 1. German East Africa. =Pseudoprosopis= Harms - -Calyx-teeth equal. Fruit leathery, with persistent sutures, the -endocarp separating from the exocarp. Leaves with 6-12 pairs of -pinnae.--Species 5. South Africa and southern Central Africa. They -yield fish-poison and are used in medicine. =Elephantorrhiza= Benth. - -25. (4.) Filaments free or the inner united into a ring. Petals -white or yellow.--Species 80. They yield timber, fibre, soap-bark, -gum (especially from _A. Senegal_ Willd., Verek), tanning and dyeing -materials, perfumes, oil, and medicaments; some are used as ornamental -plants. (Including _Vachellia_ Arn.) [Tribe ACACIEAE.] =Acacia= Willd. - -Filaments united into a tube, at least at the base. Petals white or -red. Flowers in heads. Unarmed plants. [Tribe INGEAE.] 26 - -26. Fruit strongly curved or coiled, thick, leathery, separating -into one-seeded joints or indehiscent. Petals united beyond the -middle. Trees.--Species 3. Tropics; one species naturalized. They -yield timber, gum, tanning and dyeing materials, edible fruits, and -medicaments. =Pithecolobium= Mart. - -Fruit straight or nearly so. 27 - -27. Fruit dehiscing elastically. Petals united to the middle. -Shrubs.--Species 5. Tropics. They yield timber, gum, and medicaments, -and are used also as ornamental plants. =Calliandra= Benth. - -Fruit dehiscing in two straight and thin, not elastic valves, or -indehiscent. Petals united to the middle or beyond.--Species 45. -Tropical and South-east Africa; several species also cultivated in -Egypt. Some species (especially _A. Lebbek_ Benth.) yield timber, -tanners’ bark, gum, condiments, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental -plants. (Including _Zygia_ Benth.) =Albizzia= Durazz. - -28. (1.) Petals 1-6, the posterior one (the one next the placenta) -inside of all in the bud, not forming a papilionaceous corolla, or -wanting altogether. Embryo usually with a straight radicle. [Subfamily -=CAESALPINIOIDEAE=.] 29 - -Petals 5, the posterior outside in bud, usually constituting a -papilionaceous corolla. Sepals united below. Stamens 10, more -rarely 5-9. Embryo usually with an inflexed radicle. Leaves simple, -unifoliolate, digitate, or once pinnate. [Subfamily =PAPILIONATAE=.] 104 - -29. Calyx undivided or shortly lobed in the bud, usually more deeply -divided at the time of flowering. 30 - -Calyx, already in the bud, divided down to the receptacle or nearly so. -39 - -30. Stamens 1-10. Corolla of 5 petals, nearly regular. Trees or shrubs. -31 - -Stamens 16 or more. Corolla of 6 petals, or of a single petal, or -wanting. Calyx undivided in bud. Leaves imparipinnate or unifoliolate. -Trees. [Tribe SWARTZIEAE.] 37 - -31. Leaves undivided, 2-lobed, 2-parted, or of 2 leaflets. [Tribe -BAUHINIEAE.] 32 - -Leaves pinnate, with many leaflets. Stamens 10. 34 - -32. Ovary and fruit with a very long stalk, the fruit turgid. Ovules -few. Style short. Stamens 10. Petals red. Calyx 5-lobed, imbricate -in bud. Climbing shrubs. Leaves undivided, penninerved or faintly -trinerved.--Species 3. West Africa. (_Bandeiraea_ Welw.) =Griffonia= -Baill. - -Ovary and fruit with a short or rather short stalk, the fruit not -turgid. 33 - -33. Receptacle (calyx-tube) very long. Petals yellowish. Stamens -10, partly sterile. Leaves undivided, ovate or elliptical. Racemes -many-flowered.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Bauhinia_ L.) -=Gigasiphon= Drake - -Receptacle (calyx-tube) not very long.--Species 40. Tropical and South -Africa, and Egypt. Some species yield timber, fibre, tanning and dyeing -materials, edible roots, oily seeds, and medicaments, or serve as -ornamental plants. (Plate 67.) =Bauhinia= L. - -34. Leaves once pinnate, with a terminal leaflet. Calyx campanulate, -subequally 5-lobed. Petals subequal, white or red. Ovules numerous. -Fruit opening by two valves. Shrubs. Flowers solitary or in -racemes.--Species 8. Madagascar and East Africa. =Cadia= Forsk. - -Leaves twice pinnate. [Tribe DIMORPHANDREAE.] 35 - -35. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Ovules 2. Style very short. Fruit -with a thin, leathery rind, indehiscent. Seeds suborbicular. Flowers -in spikes.--Species 2. Central Africa to Transvaal. They yield gum. -=Burkea= Hook. - -Ovary stalked. Ovules more than 2. Fruit with a thick, leathery rind. -Flowers in racemes. Trees. 36 - -36. Calyx-lobes unequal. Petals with a long claw. Stamens with a -glandular connective. Style long. Fruit long, wavy, indehiscent. -Leaflets small.--Species 1. Madagascar and Seychelles. =Brandzeia= -Baill. - -Calyx-lobes subequal. Stamens with a glandless connective. Style -short. Fruit oblong, dehiscing by two valves. Seeds oblong. Leaflets -large.--Species 5. Tropics. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing -materials, medicaments, and poisons especially used in ordeals. “Sassy -tree.” (_Fillaea_ Guill. & Perr.). =Erythrophloeum= Afz. - -37. (30.) Corolla of 6 petals, almost regular. Stamens 16-18. Ovary -sessile. Ovules 2. Leaves unifoliolate.--Species 2. West Africa to the -Great Lakes. They yield timber. =Baphiopsis= Benth. - -Corolla reduced to a single petal or wanting. Ovary stalked. Ovules -more than 2. Leaves pinnate. 38 - -38. Receptacle (calyx-tube) very short, almost wanting. Petal 1. Fruit -linear.--Species 2. Tropics. Yielding timber. (_Tounatea_ Aubl.). -=Swartzia= Schreb. - -Receptacle bell-shaped. Petals none. Fruit ovate.--Species 1 (_C. -africana_ Lour.). Central Africa. Yields timber, gum, edible fruits, -and medicaments. =Cordyla= Lour. - -39. (29.) Leaves, at least some of them, twice pinnate. [Tribe -CAESALPINIEAE.] 40 - -Leaves all once pinnate, rarely simple. 52 - -40. Common petiole very short, ending in a spine; rachis of the -pinnae very long, flattened, leaf-like; leaflets very small. Stipules -spinous. Trees or shrubs. Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals 5, subequal, -yellow. Stamens 10. Ovules numerous. Fruit linear, tardily dehiscing -or indehiscent. Seeds oblong, placed lengthwise, albuminous.--Species -2, one of them a native of South Africa, the other naturalized in the -tropics. They yield timber, bast for paper-making, a substitute for -coffee, and medicaments, and serve also as garden-or hedge-plants. -=Parkinsonia= L. - -Common petiole distinctly developed; rachis of the pinnae not -leaf-like. 41 - -41. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Petals 5, subequal, -yellow. Stamens 10. Ovules numerous. Fruit dehiscing by two -valves, membranous or thin-leathery. Seeds transverse, ovoid, -exalbuminous.--Species 3. South Africa and southern Central Africa. -(_Melanosticta_ DC.) =Hoffmannseggia= Cav. - -Stem woody throughout, shrub-or tree-like. 42 - -42. Flowers sessile, in elongate panicled spikes. Calyx 5-cleft, with -semiorbicular lobes. Petals 5, equal, oblong, much exceeding the calyx. -Stamens 10, unequal. Anthers basifixed. Ovules 2-3. Trees.--Species 1. -West Africa (Cameroons). =Stachyothyrsus= Harms - -Flowers more or less stalked, in racemes or panicles. 43 - -43. Flowers polygamous. Calyx slightly imbricate in bud. Petals -3-5, subequal, white or greenish. Stamens 6-10. Seeds transverse, -albuminous. Trees. Leaves without stipules.--Species 2, one a native -of Central Africa, the other naturalized in North Africa. Used as -hedge-plants and yielding timber. =Gleditschia= L. - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 10. 44 - -44. Petal 1, greenish-yellow. Calyx valvate in bud. Ovules very -numerous. Styles long. Trees.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Aprevalia= Baill. - -Petals 5. 45 - -45. Sepals united high up, excepting one, valvate in bud. Petals -unequal, red. Ovules numerous. Fruit straight, turgid, dehiscing by -two valves. Seeds transverse. Trees. Bracts coloured.--Species 1. -Madagascar. Used as an ornamental plant. =Colvillea= Boj. - -Sepals free above the receptacle. 46 - -46. Sepals valvate in bud. Petals yellow or red. Ovules numerous. -Style thread-shaped. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. Seeds transverse, -oblong, albuminous. Trees. Stipules indistinct. Flowers large.--Species -3. Tropics; also cultivated in various regions. Ornamental plants. -“Flame-tree.” =Poinciana= L. - -Sepals imbricate in bud. Seeds exalbuminous. 47 - -47. Ovule 1, very rarely ovules 2. Seed 1, placed lengthwise. Fruit -winged at the top, indehiscent. Petals subequal, white or yellow. -Spinous climbing shrubs. Flowers small.--Species 1. Abyssinia. -(_Cantuffa_ Gmel.). =Pterolobium= R.Br. - -Ovules 2 or more. Seeds placed transversely. 48 - -48. Fruit woody, not winged, 2-seeded, opening by two valves. Ovary -short-stalked, 2-ovuled. Stigma peltate. Stamens hairy at the base. -Petals unequal. Receptacle oblique.--Species 2. German East Africa. -(Under _Peltophorum_ Vog.). =Bussea= Harms - -Fruit membranous or leathery. 49 - -49. Fruit winged at both sutures, indehiscent. Stigma broad-peltate. -Filaments hairy at the base. Petals subequal, yellow. Trees--Species 1. -Central Africa and northern South Africa. =Peltophorum= Vog. - -Fruit winged at one suture only or not winged. Stigma small, sometimes -concave. 50 - -50. Fruit winged, indehiscent. Receptacle (calyx-tube) very oblique. -Petals subequal, yellow. Stamens bent downwards.--Species 5. West -Africa and Madagascar. =Mezoneurum= Desf. - -Fruit not winged. Receptacle not very oblique. 51 - -51. Fruit membranous, lanceolate, dehiscing in the middle of the -valves. Seeds oblong. Sepals subequal. Petals oblong, subequal, yellow. -Stamens erect, hairy at the base. Ovary short-stalked. Ovules 2-3. -Trees.--Species 1 (_H. campecheanum_ L.). Cultivated in the tropics. -Yields timber (log-wood), dyes, gum, and medicaments, and serves also -as a garden-and hedge-plant. =Haematoxylon= L. - -Fruit leathery, dehiscing at the sutures or indehiscent. Seeds ovoid -or globose. Petals yellow or red. Stamens bent downwards. Ovules -few.--Species 10, of which 7 are natives of tropical and South Africa, -3 naturalized there as well as in Egypt and Madeira. They yield timber, -tanning and dyeing materials, oily seeds, and medicaments, and are -also used as garden-and hedge-plants. (Including _Guilandina_ L.). -=Caesalpinia= L. - -52. (39.) Anthers attached by the base or nearly so, rarely by the -back, and then opening by apical pores. Seeds usually albuminous. -[Tribe CASSIEAE.] 53 - -Anthers distinctly attached by the back, opening by longitudinal slits. -Seeds usually exalbuminous. Trees or shrubs. 58 - -53. Petals 1-2 or 0. Ovules 2-3. Fruit indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Trees. -Leaves unequally pinnate. 54 - -Petals 3-5. 55 - -54. Stamens 2-3.--Species 10. Tropics. They yield timber and edible -fruits from which an intoxicating drink is prepared. =Dialium= L. - -Stamens 8-10. Petals none.--Species 1. East Africa. Yields timber. -=Andradia= Sim - -55. Petals 3, narrow, yellow. Fertile stamens 2; anthers opening by -a terminal pore. Staminodes 3, petaloid. Ovules 4-5. Trees. Leaves -unequally pinnate.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Yields timber. -=Distemonanthus= Benth. - -Petals 5. Stamens 4-10. 56 - -56. Sepals 4. Petals unequal, red. Stamens 4-5, some of them with -cohering anthers. Ovules 2. Fruit 4-winged. Leaves unequally -pinnate.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. (_Oligostemon_ Benth.) -=Duparquetia= Baill. - -Sepals 5. Leaves equally pinnate or simple. 57 - -57. Leaves simple, undivided. Stamens 10. Filaments thickened above. -Anthers opening below the top. Ovules few. Fruit fleshy, with -transverse partitions. Trees.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Baudouinia= -Baill. - -Leaves pinnate.--Species 40. They yield timber, gum, tanning and dyeing -materials, fish-poison, medicaments (especially senna-leaves), - -fodder, vegetables, edible fruits, and a substitute for coffee; several -species are used as ornamental plants. =Cassia= L. - -58. (52.) Ovules 2, rarely 3 or 1, occasionally in some flowers 4. -Ovary or its stalk usually free at the base of the receptacle, more -rarely adnate to it. [Tribe CYNOMETREAE.]. 59 - -Ovules 4 or more, occasionally in some flowers only 3. Ovary or its -stalk usually adnate to the receptacle by the back. Leaves pinnate. -[Tribe AMHERSTIEAE.] 80 - -59. Petals none. 60 - -Petals 1-5. 64 - -60. Sepals 6, very small and unequal. Stamens 6. Ovary sessile. Shrubs. -Leaves pinnate. Bracteoles large.--Species 1. Southern West Africa -(Congo). =Dewindtia= De Wild. - -Sepals 4-5. Stamens 8-10 or 4. Trees. Leaves abruptly pinnate. -Bracteoles small or wanting. 61 - -61. Sepals 5, distinctly imbricate in bud. Stamens 10. Ovary sessile. -Stigma acute. Bracteoles present.--Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons). -They yield timber. (Under _Copaiba_ Mill. or _Hardwickia_ Roxb.) -=Oxystigma= Harms - -Sepals 4. 62 - -62. Stamens 4, inserted on the outside of a spathe-like disc cleft on -one side. Sepals imbricate in bud. Ovary nearly sessile. Bracteoles -present.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Stemonocoleus= Harms - -Stamens 8-10. 63 - -63. Ovary sessile. Fruit sessile, drupe-like, indehiscent. Bracteoles -present.--Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, fragrant resin, -arrow-poison, and medicaments. The fruits of one species are edible, of -another poisonous. “Dattock.” =Detarium= Juss. - -Ovary stalked. Fruit stalked, oblique, with a leathery rind, dehiscing -by two valves. Bracteoles none.--Species 9. Central Africa. They -yield timber, a resin (copal) used for making ornaments, lacs and -varnishes, dye stuffs, medicaments, and edible seeds. (_Copaiba_ Mill.) -=Copaifera= L. - -64. Petals 1-2. Bracteoles large. Trees. Leaves pinnate. 65 - -Petals 5. 67 - -65. Stamens 3. Sepals 4, small, scale-like. Petals 1, -orbicular.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Cryptosepalum= Benth. - -Stamens 10. 66 - -66. Sepals reduced to minute teeth or wanting. Leaves with a single -pair of leaflets.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Aphanocalyx= -Oliv. - -Sepals 5, three of them very small, the other two larger and connate. -Petal 1, spatulate. Filaments united at the base, excepting one. Leaves -with many pairs of leaflets.--Species 2. West Africa. =Monopetalanthus= -Harms - - -67. Fertile stamens 3. Ovules 3. Bracteoles large. Tree--Species -20. Central Africa. Some species yield timber. (_Vouapa_ Aubl.) -=Macrolobium= Schreb. - -Fertile stamens 10, rarely (_Cynometra_) more. 68 - -68. Petals very unequal. Leaves pinnate. 69 - -Petals equal or nearly equal. 71 - -69. Corolla of 1 large and 4 very small petals. Receptacle -shortly cup-shaped. Bracteoles minute. Leaves with 1-2 pairs of -leaflets.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Eurypetalum= Harms - -Corolla of 3 large and 2 small petals. 70 - -70. Bracteoles petal-like. Receptacle cup-or top-shaped.--Species 4. -West Africa. (Under _Cynometra_ L.) =Hymenostegia= Harms - -Bracteoles sepal-like, hairy outside, equalling the bracts. -Receptacle funnel-shaped. Sepals 4. Shrubs. Leaves with 3-4 pairs of -leaflets.--Species 1. West Africa. =Loesenera= Harms - -71. Sepals 5, very unequal, the lowest very large. Receptacle very -short. Trees. Leaves pinnate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cymbosepalum= -Bak. - -Sepals 4-5, equal or nearly equal. 72 - -72. Receptacle (calyx-tube) long and narrow. Sepals 4. Stalk of the -ovary obliquely adnate to the receptacle. 73 - -Receptacle short and usually broad. 75 - -73. Bracteoles large, petaloid, enclosing the bud. Receptacle -with a thick disc on one side. Shrubs. Leaves pinnate, with 2-4 -leaflets.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons.) =Plagiosiphon= Harms - -Bracteoles small, not enclosing the bud, or wanting. Leaves simple or -pinnate with many leaflets. 74 - -74. Leaves simple. Shrubs.--Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons). -=Zenkerella= Taub. - -Leaves abruptly pinnate. Trees.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). -The bark is used as a condiment. =Scorodophloeus= Harms - -75. Ovule 1. Stalk of the ovary obliquely adnate to the receptacle. -Sepals 4. Trees. Leaves simple.--Species 1. East Africa. =Podogynium= -Taub. - -Ovules 2, rarely 3. Leaves abruptly pinnate. 76 - -76. Filaments united into a ring at the base, unequal, hairy. Sepals 5. -Ovary glandular. Trees. Leaves with 3-6 pairs of leaflets. Flowers in -terminal, many-flowered racemes.--Species 1. East Africa. =Stuhlmannia= -Taub. - -Filaments free. Bracteoles none. 77 - -77. Flowers in panicles. Sepals short. Petals white. Filaments -hairy at the base. Fruit flat, lanceolate, opening by two valves. -Trees.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Yields timber. =Umtiza= -Sim - -Flowers in racemes or corymbs. Sepals usually long. 78 - -78. Flowers in terminal, few-flowered corymbs. Filaments hairy at the -base. Fruit flat, ovate, beaked, opening by two valves. Low, glandular -shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). The seeds are edible. -=Cordeauxia= Hemsl. - -Flowers in racemes springing from the axils of the leaves or from the -old wood. 79 - -79. Fruit lanceolate, flat, bursting in the middle of the valves, but -remaining closed at the sutures. Sepals 5. Corolla yellow. Filaments -erect, hairy at the base. Stalk of the ovary free. Trees. (See 51.) -=Haematoxylon= L. - -Fruit more or less ovate and turgid, opening in two valves. Filaments -usually glabrous.--Species 20. West Africa and Madagascar. Some species -yield timber and resin (copal). =Cynometra= L. - -80. (58.) Petals reduced to minute scales or wanting. Trees. 81 - -Petals well developed. 87 - -81. Bracteoles large, enclosing the bud, persisting during the time of -flowering. Calyx consisting of 1-5 scale-like sepals, or replaced by a -10-lobed disc, or wanting altogether. 82 - -Bracteoles small, not enclosing the bud, falling off early. Calyx of -4-5 well-developed sepals. 83 - -82. Disc fleshy. Petals 5, awl-shaped. Stamens 5-6. Stipules small, -connate.--Species 4. West Africa. =Didelotia= Baill. - -Disc none. Stamens 10-20, more or less united at the base. -Ovules few. Fruit oblong or linear, opening in two valves. Seeds -exalbuminous.--Species 20. Central Africa. The seeds of some species -are eaten and the bark is used as a substitute for cloth. (Under -_Didelotia_ Baill.) =Brachystegia= Benth. - -83. Sepals 5. Petals 0. Stamens 5. Disc expanded. Ovary in its centre, -subsessile. Ovules numerous. Style very short; stigma peltate. Fruit -linear, indehiscent. Seeds albuminous. Leaves equally pinnate. Flowers -polygamous-dioecious. Bracteoles very small, deciduous.--Species 1 (_C. -Siliqua_ L., carob-tree). North Africa. The fruits are edible, and used -as fodder and for preparing brandy and medicaments; the seeds serve as -a substitute for coffee. =Ceratonia= L. - -Sepals 4. Stamens 8-10. Disc not expanded. 84 - -84. Petals 5, scale-like. Stamens 10. Leaves equally pinnate. Flowers -in panicles.--Species 12. Central and South Africa. They yield timber, -gum, and edible seeds from which meal is prepared. (_Theodora_ Medik.) -=Schotia= Jaqu. - -Petals none. 85 - -85. Stamens 8, alternatingly unequal. Ovary sessile. Ovules numerous. -Leaves unequally pinnate. Flowers in compound racemes. Bracteoles -linear.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). =Hylodendron= -Taub. - -Stamens 10, rarely 8, but then equal in length. Ovary short-stalked. -Ovules few. 86 - -86. Stamens unequal, 10. Fruit oblong, winged, indehiscent. Seeds -pendulous. Leaves equally pinnate. Flowers in simple racemes.--Species -1. Madagascar. =Apaloxylon= Drake - -Stamens equal in length. Fruit broad-oblong to orbicular, dehiscing in -two valves. Leaves unequally pinnate.--Species 5. Central Africa to -Delagoa Bay. (_Apalatoa_ Aubl.) =Crudia= Schreb. - -87. (80.) Well developed petal 1; sometimes 2-4 rudimentary petals in -addition. Trees. 88 - -Well developed petals 3-6. Leaves abruptly pinnate. 93 - -88. Petal sessile. Sepals 4. Leaves abruptly pinnate. 89 - -Petal with a long claw. 90 - -89. Receptacle minute. Sepals scale-like. Petal orbicular. Stamens -3, short. Ovary with a short stalk. Ovules 4. Stigma truncate. -Bracteoles large, enclosing the bud, persistent at flowering. (See 65.) -=Cryptosepalum= Benth. - -Receptacle rather large, narrowly top-shaped. Sepals large, coloured. -Petal oblong. Stamens 10, long. Ovary with a long stalk. Ovules -numerous. Stigma capitate. Bracteoles falling off early.--Species 3. -West Africa. They yield timber and an aromatic resin. =Daniella= Benn. - -90. Fertile stamens 3. 91 - -Fertile stamens 5-10. 92 - -91. Bracteoles enclosing the bud, persisting at flowering. Petal -folded together in the bud. Flowers small or middle-sized. (See 67.) -=Macrolobium= Schreb. - -Bracteoles shorter than the bud, falling off during the time of -flowering. Receptacle elongated. Sepals 4. Fruit oblong. Flowers -rather large.--Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. It -yields timber, edible seeds, and medicaments. (Under _Afzelia_ Smith). -=Intsia= Thouars - -92. Fertile stamens 6-8. Sepals 4. Bracteoles shorter than the bud. -Seed with an aril.--Species 4. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. They -yield timber; the aril is edible, the seeds are poisonous and used -medicinally. (Under _Intsia_ Thouars) =Afzelia= Smith - -Fertile stamens 5 or 10. Sepals usually 5. Petal folded in bud, -whitish. Bracteoles enclosing the bud.--Species 15. Central Africa. The -wood and the bark are used, the latter for making cloth. =Berlinia= -Soland. - -93. (87.) Sepals 6-7. Petals 6, subequal. Fertile stamens 6-8, barren -ones 4-7. Trees.--Species 1. East Africa. =Englerodendron= Harms - -Sepals 4-5. 94 - -94. Sepals 5. Trees. 95 - -Sepals 4. 96 - -95. Petals more or less unequal, white or yellowish. Stamens 5 or 10. -Fruit dehiscent. Bracteoles enclosing the bud. (See 92.) =Berlinia= -Soland. - -Petals subequal, red. Stamens 10. Fruit winged, indehiscent. Seeds -pendulous.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Bathiaea= Drake - -96. Fertile stamens 3. Petals unequal, 3 of them larger than the other -two. Trees. 97 - -Fertile stamens 10 or more. 98 - -97. Filaments united nearly half their length. Petals yellowish or -red-striped. Fruit indehiscent. Leaves with many pairs of leaflets. -Bracteoles narrow, falling off early.--Species 3. Tropics. They yield -timber, tanning and dyeing materials, edible fruits from which drinks -and medicaments are prepared, and oily seeds. =Tamarindus= L. - -Filaments free. Fruit dehiscent. Bracteoles large, enclosing the bud. -(See 67.) =Macrolobium= Schreb. - -98. Stamens numerous, united at the base. Anthers linear. Petals -subequal. Bracteoles enclosing the bud. Trees.--Species 1. West Africa. -=Polystemonanthus= Harms - -Stamens 10. 99 - -99. Bracteoles large, enclosing the bud. 100 - -Bracteoles small, not enclosing the bud, falling off early. 101 - -100. Petals very unequal, 3 large, 2 very small. Filaments united at -the base. Ovules numerous. Leaves with several pairs of leaflets. -Flowers in panicles.--Species 3. West Africa. They yield timber and -resin. (Under _Daniella_ Benn.) =Cyanothyrsus= Harms - -Petals subequal. Ovules few. Shrubs. Leaves with 1-2 pairs of leaflets. -Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles petaloid. (See 73.) =Plagiosiphon= Harms - -101. Filaments, excepting one, united high up. Petals pink, narrow; -blade passing gradually into the claw. Sepals unequal, subvalvate in -bud. Receptacle very short. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Leaflets -7-9, alternate.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Tessmannia= Harms - -Filaments free or united at the base. 102 - -102. Petals sessile or nearly so, subequal, red. Leaves with 2-16 pairs -of leaflets. Flower in panicles. (See 84.) =Schotia= Jacq. - -Petals with a long or rather long claw. Trees. 103 - -103. Sepals slightly imbricate. Petals subequal. Filaments, excepting -one, united at the base. Leaves with 1-4 pairs of leaflets. Flowers -large, in racemes.--Species 7. West Africa to the Great Lakes. -=Baikiaea= Benth. - -Sepals much imbricate. Petals white. Filaments free. Ovules few. -Leaves with one pair of leaflets. Flowers in panicles.--Species 2. -Tropics. They yield timber and resin (copal) which is used for turnery -and carving and for making lacs and varnishes. (Under _Hymenaea_ L.) -=Trachylobium= Hayne - -104. (28.) Filaments free or nearly so. Shrubs or trees. 105 - -Filaments, all or all excepting one, united into a tube or sheath. 126 - -105. Stamens 4-5. Filaments very short. Anthers attached by the base, -opening at the top; 2-3 of them united. Ovary 4-winged. Ovules 2. -Stigma terminal. Calyx-lobes 4, unequal. Petals 5, shorter than the -calyx, unequal, red. Leaves pinnate. (See 56.) =Duparquetia= Baill. - -Stamens 8-10. [Tribes SOPHOREAE and PODALYRIEAE.] 106 - -106. Leaves simple and undivided or unifoliolate. Corolla -papilionaceous. 107 - -Leaves pinnate or palmately trifoliolate. 112 - -107. Calyx shortly toothed, not slit. Corolla whitish; petals of the -keel slightly cohering. Ovules few. Shrubs with arched or climbing -branches. Stipules ovate or lanceolate. Flowers in racemes or panicles. -Bracteoles large, enclosing the flower, persistent.--Species 1. West -Africa. =Dalhousiea= Grah. - -Calyx shortly toothed but slitting as the flower expands, on one or -both sides, or deeply cleft. Bracteoles not enclosing the flower, -rather large but deciduous, or small. 108 - -108. Calyx shortly toothed, but deeply slit in one or two places. -Corolla white or yellow; petals of the keel free or nearly so. Ovules -few. 109 - -Calyx subequally 4-5-cleft. Stipules awl-shaped or wanting. 110 - -109. Anthers longer than the filaments. Ovary long-stalked. Calyx -slit on one side. Corolla white; petals of the keel free. Fruit -long-stalked, falcate-ovate, turgid. Seeds oblong, with a thick aril. -Flowers in panicles. Bracteoles small.--Species 1. West Africa. -=Leucomphalus= Benth. - -Anthers shorter than the filaments. Ovary nearly sessile. Fruit -compressed. Seeds ovate or orbicular.--Species 50. Tropical and -South-east Africa. Some of them yield timber (camwood), dye-stuffs, or -edible fruits. (Including _Bracteolaria_ Hochst.) =Baphia= Afz. - -110. Petals of the keel free. Flowers in 5-10-flowered -racemes.--Species 1. West Africa. =Ormosia= Jacks. - -Petals of the keel united. Flowers solitary or in 2-4-flowered -fascicles. 111 - -111. Corolla yellow; keel shortly beaked. Fruit compressed. Leaves -sessile, without stipules. Flowers solitary.--Species 10. South Africa. -The leaves are used as a substitute for tea or as a medicament. -=Cyclopia= Vent. - -Corolla red or reddish-white; keel blunt. Ovary sessile. Fruit turgid. -Leaves short-stalked, with deciduous stipules. Hairy plants.--Species -20. South Africa. =Podalyria= Lam. - -112. (106.) Leaves palmately trifoliolate. Corolla papilionaceous. 113 - -Leaves pinnate. 115 - -113. Petals subequal, yellow, those of the keel united. Ovary sessile -or nearly so. Fruit oblong, not septate. Erect shrubs. Leaves sessile, -leathery, exstipulate. Flowers solitary, axillary, with bracteoles. -(See 111.) =Cyclopia= Vent. - -Petals of the keel free. Ovary stalked. Fruit linear. Leaves stalked, -stipulate. Flowers in racemes. 114 - -114. Standard shorter than the wings. Petals yellow. Fruit septate -between the seeds. Erect shrubs. Leaves herbaceous; stipules connate. -Flowers without bracteoles.--Species 2. North Africa. Poisonous and -medicinal. =Anagyris= L. - -Standard as long as or longer than the wings. Petals clawed, -yellowish-white. Climbing shrubs. Leaves leathery. Flowers with small, -deciduous bracteoles.--Species 3. West Africa. (_Giganthemum_ Welw.) -=Camoënsia= Welw. - -115. Corolla nearly regular; petals subequal. 116 - -Corolla papilionaceous; petals conspicuously unequal, at least one of -them (the standard) very different from the others. 118 - -116. Petals entire. Anthers linear, Ovules more than 2. (See 34.) -=Cadia= Forsk. - -Petals 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Anthers ovate. Ovules 1-2. 117 - -117. Petals shortly lobed. Ovary short-stalked. Leaflets 9-11. -Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). -=Dicraeopetalum= Harms - -Petals deeply left. Ovary long-stalked. Leaflets 13-19. Flowers in -panicles.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). =Amphimas= Pierre - -118. Petals of the keel united. 119 - -Petals of the keel free. 121 - -119. Petals long-clawed, red. Ovary sessile. Ovules few. Fruit -compressed, not winged, leathery, dehiscing in two valves. Trees. -Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles none.--Species 1. South Africa and St. -Helena. Yields timber and is used as an ornamental plant. =Virgilia= -Lam. - -Petals short-or not clawed, white, yellow or violet. Ovary more or less -distinctly stalked. Fruit tardily or not dehiscing. 120 - -120. Fruit compressed, winged at the upper suture, membranous. -Calyx-lobes unequal. Petals yellow; those of the keel curved. Flowers -in racemes. Bracteoles none.--Species 9. South and Central Africa. -=Calpurnia= E. Mey. - -Fruit terete or nearly so, constricted between the seeds, 4-winged -or wingless, leathery, woody or fleshy.--Species 6. Tropical and -South-east Africa. They yield timber, dye-stuffs, and medicaments, and -are also used as ornamental plants. =Sophora= L. - -121. Standard broad-oblong or narrow-ovate, clawed and auricled. Calyx -very shortly toothed. Filaments slightly united at the base, excepting -one. Ovary long-stalked, hairy. Style very short, almost straight. -Ovules numerous. Trees. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Madagascar. -(Under _Cadia_ Forsk.) =Pseudocadia= Harms - -Standard broad-ovate or orbicular. Ovary short-stalked or almost -sessile. 122 - -122. Calyx shortly toothed or entire. Stigma terminal. Fruit almost -terete, constricted between the seeds. 123 - -Calyx deeply cleft. Fruit flat. 124 - -123. Stalk of the ovary obliquely adnate to the curved receptacle -(calyx-tube). Standard suborbicular, slightly exceeding the other -petals. Filaments free. Flowers in racemes arising from the old -wood.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Angylocalyx= Taub. - -Stalk of the ovary not adnate to the receptacle. Style curved at the -apex. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. (See 120.) =Sophora= L. - -124. Ovule 1. Stigma terminal. Flowers in racemes. Leaflets -5-7.--Species 1. East Africa. =Platycelephium= Harms - -Ovules 2 or more. Leaflets 7-13. 125 - -125. Stigma terminal. Corolla blue. Flowers in racemes. Leaflets curved -and pointed.--Species 1. South Africa. =Bolusanthus= Harms - -Stigma lateral. Corolla red or green. Flowers in panicles.--Species 2. -West Africa. They yield timber. =Afrormosia= Harms - -126. (104.) Filaments all, or the alternate ones, broadened at the -apex. [Especially tribe LOTEAE.] 127 - -Filaments not broadened at the apex. 147 - -127. Filaments monadelphous, i.e., all united into a tube or sheath, at -least when young. 128 - -Filaments diadelphous, i.e., united into a sheath, excepting one, which -is free from the others, at least at the base, but sometimes connate -with them in the middle or slightly cohering with them at the very -base. 131 - -128. Leaves equally pinnate or reduced to the broadened stalk, usually -ending in a tendril or bristle. Stipules large, leaf-like. Flowers -solitary or in racemes, without bracteoles. Petals short-clawed. -Anthers all alike. Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Style-apex -bearded on the inner face. Fruit opening by two valves. Herbs.--Species -35. North Africa and the mountains of the tropics. Several species -yield edible tubers or seeds, vegetables, fodder, medicaments, or -perfumes; some are poisonous or used as ornamental plants. (Including -_Orobus_ L.) =Lathyrus= L. - -Leaves unequally pinnate, digitate, or unifoliolate. Style glabrous. 129 - -129. Leaflets minutely toothed, 1 or 3, very rarely more. Stipules -adnate to the leaf-stalk. Flowers solitary or in racemes. Calyx-lobes -long, subequal. Petals short-clawed. Anthers usually of two kinds. -Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Fruit dehiscing by two -valves.--Species 60. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some are used as -vegetables or in medicine. =Ononis= L. - -Leaflets entire. Stipules small or wanting. Flowers in heads or umbels, -sometimes almost solitary. Petals long-clawed. Anthers all alike. Fruit -not or tardily dehiscing. 130 - -130. Ovary sessile. Ovules 2. Fruit protruding beyond the calyx, -linear, shortly or not beaked, slightly 4-angled, spirally coiled. -Silky herbs. Flowers in umbels, very small, reddish-yellow, without -bracteoles.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Helminthocarpum= A. Rich. - -Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Fruit enclosed by the calyx -or slightly protruding; in the latter case beaked. Flowers in heads -or nearly solitary.--Species 12. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some -species (especially _A. Vulneraria_ L.) are used as fodder-, dyeing-, -medicinal-, or ornamental plants. (Including _Cornicina_ Boiss., -_Dorycnopsis_ Boiss., and _Physanthyllis_ Boiss.) =Anthyllis= L. - -131. (127.) Keel beaked. 132 - -Keel blunt or somewhat pointed. 138 - -132. Ovary short-stalked. Ovules 2. Calyx deeply and equally divided. -Corolla yellow. Fruit spirally coiled, flat, margined, indehiscent. -Herbs. Lowermost leaves simple, with adnate stipules, upper pinnate, -without stipules. Flowers in few-flowered heads.--Species 1. North -Africa. (_Circinus_ Medik.) =Hymenocarpos= Savi - -Ovary sessile. Ovules more than two. Calyx more or less unequally -divided. Flowers solitary or in umbels. 133 - -133. Leaves simple, undivided. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. Upper -calyx-teeth united high up. Petals long-clawed, yellow. Fruit spirally -coiled, almost terete, ribbed. Herbs.--Species 5. North Africa and -Abyssinia. =Scorpiurus= L. - -Leaves pinnate, sometimes apparently digitate. 134 - -134. Fruit jointed. 135 - -Fruit not jointed. Herbs or undershrubs. 136 - -135. Joints of the fruit and seeds curved. Fruit more or less -flattened, with the upper edge notched at each seed. Corolla yellow. -Leaves with 5 or more leaflets.--Species 9. North Africa. =Hippocrepis= -L. - -Joints of the fruit and seeds straight, oblong. Fruit not or slightly -flattened. Leaves with 3 or more leaflets, stipulate.--Species 12. -North Africa. Some species are poisonous or used as ornamental or -medicinal plants. =Coronilla= L. - -136. Leaves with many leaflets. Stipules small, membranous. Corolla -yellow. Fruit flat, slightly curved. Seeds quadrate. Glabrous -herbs.--Species 1. North Africa. (_Bonaveria_ Scop., _Securidaca_ -Gaertn.). =Securigera= DC. - -Leaves with 4-5 leaflets, of which the 1-2 lowest have usually the -appearance of stipules. Stipules very small or wanting. Keel gibbous on -each side. Seeds globular or lenticular. 137 - -137. Fruit longitudinally 4-winged or 4-angled.--Species 5. North -Africa. Used as fodder or as vegetables. (Under _Lotus_ L.) -=Tetragonolobus= Scop. - -Fruit neither 4-winged nor 4-angled.--Species 50. Some of them are used -as vegetables, fodder, or ornamental plants. (Including _Heinekenia_ -Webb, _Lotea_ Medik., and _Pedrosia_ Lowe). =Lotus= L. - -138. (131.) Petals, at least the lower, adnate below to the -staminal tube. Standard oblong or ovate. Erect or prostrate herbs. -Leaves pinnate or palmate; leaflets 3-5, usually toothed. Stipules -adnate to the leafstalk. Flowers solitary or in umbels, heads, or -spikes.--Species 70. North and South Africa and mountains of Central -Africa. Many of them are used as fodder or in medicine. “Clover.” -=Trifolium= L. - -Petals free from the staminal tube. Leaflets entire, rarely toothed, -but then more than 5. Stipules usually free or wanting. 139 - -139. Leaves unifoliolate, stipellate; stalk winged. Flowers in spikes. -Calyx-lobes unequal. Uppermost stamen free at the base, but united -with the others in the middle. Ovary sessile. Ovules 3-4.--Species 4. -Central Africa. (Under _Desmodium_ Desv.) =Droogmansia= De Wild. - -Leaves pinnate, digitate, or reduced to the usually broadened stalk. 140 - -140. Leaves equally pinnate or reduced to the stalk. Leaflets entire. -Stipules leaf-like. Flowers solitary or in racemes. Ovary more or less -distinctly stalked. Style-apex broadened and bearded. Fruit 2-valved. -Seeds with an outgrowth near the hilum. Herbs or undershrubs. 141 - -Leaves unequally pinnate or digitate. Ovary sessile or nearly so. 142 - -141. Style-apex laterally compressed with reflexed edges, hence grooved -above. Corolla white or red; wings adhering to the keel. Herbs with -tendrils. Leaflets 2-6.--Species 3. North Africa, also cultivated in -the tropics. They yield fodder and edible seeds (peas), from which also -starch is prepared. =Pisum= L. - -Style-apex compressed dorsally, with the edges bent downwards or -straight. (See 128.). =Lathyrus= L. - -142. Stem woody throughout. Leaves unequally pinnate. Flowers in -racemes or fascicles. Upper calyx-teeth united for the greatest part. -Corolla red or violet; wings slightly adhering to the keel; standard -with a callus at the base. Fruit linear, flat.--Species 15. Tropical -and South-east Africa. The seeds of some species are used as a -fish-poison. =Mundulea= DC. - -Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. 143 - -143. Flowers in racemes. Calyx-teeth unequal. Corolla blue; standard -suborbicular, with a callus and two auricles; keel somewhat longer -than the wings and the standard. Uppermost stamen cohering with -the others at the base. Style-apex bearded. Ovules 2. Twining -undershrubs.--Species 1. Equatorial East Africa (Kilimandjaro). -=Spathionema= Taub. - -Flowers solitary or in umbels or heads. 144 - -144. Leaflets toothed. Stipules leaf-like. Flowers solitary. Corolla -white or blue. Fruit ovate to oblong, turgid, 2-valved.--Species 2. -North Africa and Abyssinia; one species also cultivated in Angola. They -yield edible seeds (chick-peas) and are used medicinally. =Cicer= L. - -Leaflets entire. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely solitary, but then -corolla yellow. 145 - -145. Leaflets numerous. Leaf-stalk long. Flowers very small, in heads -or umbels. Keel nearly straight. Fruit jointed.--Species 6. North -Africa and high mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as fodder. -“Birds-foot.” (Including _Arthrolobium_ Desv.) =Ornithopus= L. - -Leaflets 3-5, the lower usually stipule-like. Leaf-stalk short or -wanting. 146 - -146. Corolla yellow; standard suborbicular, with a long claw. Fruit -jointed. Undershrubs with long silky hairs. Stipules small. Flowers -solitary or 2-3 together in the axils of the leaves.--Species 1. -North-west Africa (Algeria). (_Ludovicia_ Coss.) =Hammatolobium= Fenzl - -Corolla white or red; standard oblong or ovate, short-clawed; wings -coherent towards the apex, longitudinally folded or transversely -gibbous; keel gibbous on each side. Fruit continuous, terete, 2-valved. -Stipules very small or wanting.--Species 6. North Africa. (Including -_Bonjeania_ Reichb.) =Dorycnium= Vill. - -147. (126.) Anthers of two kinds, five shorter and attached by the -back, the others longer and attached by the base, or the alternate ones -rudimentary. 148 - -Anthers all alike. 205 - -148. Leaves digitate, unifoliolate, simple, or wanting. [Tribe -GENISTEAE.] 149 - -Leaves pinnate, but sometimes with three leaflets. 195 - -149. Uppermost stamen free or nearly so. 150 - -Uppermost stamen united with the others into a tube or sheath. 158 - -150. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves stipulate. 151 - -Stem woody throughout. Leaves usually exstipulate. 154 - -151. Keel with a straight beak. Anthers bearded. Stigma lateral. Fruit -linear. Leaves simple, sessile. Flowers in axillary racemes.--Species -2. Southern West Africa. (Under _Indigofera_ L.) =Rhynchotropis= Harms - -Keel with a spirally twisted beak or without a beak. Anthers not -bearded. Stigma terminal. Leaves unifoliolate or digitate. 152 - -152. Keel spirally beaked. Fruit oblong. Flowers opposite the leaves, -solitary or 2-3 together. Bracteoles 2.--Species 2. South Africa to -Amboland. =Bolusia= Benth. - -Keel curved inwards, not beaked. Flowers in axillary or terminal -inflorescences. Bracteoles none. 153 - -153. Keel somewhat pointed. Ovules several. Fruit linear. Leaves -digitate. Corolla reddish.--Species 1. East Africa. =Parochetus= Hamilt. - -Keel blunt. Ovule 1. Fruit ovate. Gland-dotted plants.--Species 60. -Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Psoralea= L. - -154. Keel with a lateral gibbosity or spur. Anthers distinctly unequal. -Leaves simple. 155 - -Keel without a lateral appendage. Anthers nearly equal. 156 - -155. Keel beaked. Corolla yellowish-green, shorter than the calyx. -Ovule 1. Flowers in small terminal heads.--Species 1. South Africa -(Cape Colony). =Lathriogyne= Eckl. & Zeyh. - -Keel blunt. Corolla red or white, longer than the calyx.--Species 10. -South Africa. =Amphithalea= Eckl. & Zeyh. - -156. Corolla blue, red, or white. Ovule 1. Leaves unifoliolate or -digitate, stipulate. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L. - -Corolla yellow. Ovules 2 or more. Leaves simple, exstipulate. 157 - -157. Calyx-lobes very unequal, the lowest very large and petaloid. -Standard ovate or oblong; wings oblong. Inflorescence surrounded by -large bracts.--Species 4. South Africa. =Liparia= L. - -Calyx-lobes about equal. Standard suborbicular; wings obovate. Bracts -not very large.--Species 15. South Africa. =Priestleya= DC. - -158. (149.) Filaments united into a sheath which is slit above. 159 - -Filaments united into a tube which is closed all round. 180 - -159. Style bearded or ciliate on the inside towards the apex. 160 - -Style glabrous inside. 161 - -160. Fruit flat, oblong or ovate, stalked, downy, 2-seeded. Shrubs. -Leaves trifoliolate.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Priotropis= Wight -& Arn. - -Fruit turgid.--Species 220. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some -yield fibres, dyes, vegetables, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental -plants. =Crotalaria= L. - -161. Ovule 1. 162 - -Ovules 2 or more. 163 - -162. Leaves stipulate. Flowers ebracteolate, blue, pink or white. Keel -incurved. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum, -adhering to the pericarp. Gland-dotted plants. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L. - -Leaves exstipulate. Flowers bracteolate, red, yellow or white. -Keel almost straight, gibbous at each side. Fruit dehiscing by two -valves. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Silky-hairy shrubs. -Leaves simple, sessile. Flowers usually in pairs in the axils of the -leaves.--Species 8. South Africa. =Coelidium= Vog. - -163. Leaves simple and undivided or unifoliolate, usually exstipulate. -164 - -Leaves digitate, with 3, rarely 5-7 leaflets, usually stipulate. 171 - -164. Calyx-lobes distinctly unequal, the 1-3 lowest usually narrower -than the rest. 165 - -Calyx-lobes about equal. 169 - -165. Petals adnate at the base to the staminal tube, yellow; wings -auricled at the base; keel with a blunt spur at each side. Ovules -2. Shrubs clothed with long hairs. Leaves stalked, linear. Flowers -axillary. Bracteoles leaf-like.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). -=Walpersia= Harv. - -Petals free from the staminal tube. 166 - -166. Petals red, long-clawed, glabrous. Fruit ovate, turgid. Prostrate -undershrubs clothed with long reddish-brown hairs. Leaves imbricate -sessile, lanceolate. Flowers in short racemes.--Species 1. South Africa -(Cape Colony). =Euchlora= Eckl. & Zeyh. - -Petals yellow, rarely white or red, but then short-clawed and leaves -fascicled. 167 - -167. Leaves in tufts of 3 or more, usually thread-shaped.--Species 150. -South Africa. =Aspalathus= L. - -Leaves scattered, flat. Petals yellow. Fruit linear or lanceolate, more -or less flattened. 168 - -168. Plant hairy. Leaves stalked.--Species 90. =Lotononis= DC. - -Plant glabrous.--Species 30. South Africa. Some are used medicinally. -=Rafnia= Thunb. - -169. Leaves more or less distinctly stalked, narrow, usually -thread-shaped. Flowers in racemes, yellow. Fruit linear. Funicle very -short.--Species 25. South Africa. =Lebeckia= Thunb. - -Leaves sessile. 170 - -170. Leaves many-nerved, flat, stiff. Calyx 5-cleft, with pungent -segments. Corolla yellow; standard villous. Fruit linear or lanceolate, -slightly flattened.--Species 15. South Africa. =Borbonia= L. - -Leaves one-or few-nerved, usually thread-shaped and in tufts. -Fruit obliquely-ovate or-lanceolate. Funicle filiform. (See 167.) -=Aspalathus= L. - -171. (163.) Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-toothed or 2-parted, the -lower 3-toothed or 3-parted. Corolla yellow. Fruit linear. 172 - -Calyx not 2-lipped, all segments subequal or the 4 upper ones united in -pairs. 174 - -172. Keel longer than the standard and the wings. Calyx deeply -two-lipped. Fruit flat, somewhat constricted and with thin partitions -between the seeds, not glandular. Undershrubs. Leaves exstipulate. -Flowers solitary. Bracteoles small.--Species 4. South Africa. -=Dichilus= DC. - -Keel shorter than the standard. Leaves stipulate. 173 - -173. Fruit glandular-hairy or viscid, flat, usually constricted -between the seeds. Calyx tubular, usually shortly two-lipped. Shrubs -or undershrubs. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Bracteoles mostly -leaf-like.--Species 12. South Africa. =Melolobium= Eckl. & Zeyh. - -Fruit hairy, but not glandular. Calyx deeply two-lipped. Standard -suborbicular. Bracteoles usually small.--Species 60. (_Tephrothamnus_ -Sweet, including _Macrolotus_ Harms) =Argyrolobium= Eckl. & Zeyh. - -174. Calyx-lobes distinctly unequal, the upper 4 united in pairs, the -lowest separate and narrow. 175 - -Calyx-lobes about equal. 177 - -175. Keel and style straight. Standard spatulate. Bracteoles -bristle-like.--Species 3. South Africa. (_Pleiospora_ Harv.) -=Phaenohoffmannia= O. Ktze. - -Keel and style curved inwards. Bracteoles none. 176 - -176. Fruit flattened, repeatedly folded and twisted from side to side. -Corolla yellow; keel exceeding the standard. Stigma oblique. Herbs. -Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Listia= E. -Mey. - -Fruit slightly flattened or turgid, straight or curved. (See 168.) -=Lotononis= L. - -177. Fruit winged, flat, ovate or oblong, stalked, indehiscent. Petals -long-clawed, yellow; keel exceeding the standard. Ovary stalked. Ovules -few. Shrubs. Flowers in racemes.--Species 7. South Africa. (_Viborgia_ -Thunb.) =Wiborgia= Thunb. - -Fruit not winged. Ovules usually numerous. 178 - -178. Fruit ovate, 1-3-seeded. Corolla white, yellowish, or red; -standard with a long claw, clothed with long hairs. Shrubs. Flowers -in spikes or heads, without bracteoles.--Species 10. South Africa. -=Buchenroedera= Eckl. & Zeyh. - -Fruit linear, lanceolate, or oblong. 179 - -179. Seeds with a very short funicle. Fruit linear. Corolla yellow. -Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers in terminal racemes. -(See 169.) =Lebeckia= Thunb. - -Seeds with a long funicle. Fruit flattened or slightly inflated. Leaves -usually stipulate. (See 168.) =Lotononis= L. - -180. (158.) Ovule 1. Fruit ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering to the -seed. Gland-dotted plants. Stipules stem-clasping. Corolla blue, rose, -or white. Bracteoles none. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L. - -Ovules 2 or more. 181 - -181. Calyx 2-lipped. 182 - -Calyx subequally 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Leaves 1-or 3-foliolate. 191 - -182. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. 183 - -Calyx slightly 2-lipped. Leaves 1-3-foliolate or wanting. 188 - -183. Leaves reduced to scales or spines. Spinous shrubs. Calyx and -corolla yellow. Fruit oblong or ovate, 1-4-seeded.--Species 6. North -Africa; one species (_U. europaeus_ L.) also naturalized in South -Africa, the Mascarenes, and St. Helena. This species is used as -a garden-or hedge-plant and furnishes a dye-stuff, fodder, and a -substitute for tea. “Furze.” =Ulex= L. - -Leaves digitate, with 2-9 leaflets. 184 - -184. Leaflets 5-9. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. Keel beaked; wings -cohering at the apex.--Species 10. North and Central Africa. They yield -manure, fodder, vegetables, medicaments, and edible seeds which serve -also as a substitute for coffee; several species are used as ornamental -plants. =Lupinus= L. - -Leaflets 2-4. Stipules usually free. Wings free. 185 - -185. Leaflets 2 or 4, very rarely 3. Lateral calyx-lobes much shorter -than the others. Fruit jointed, bristly or spiny, indehiscent. Herbs -or undershrubs.--Species 3. Tropical and South Africa. Used as fodder. -=Zornia= Gmel. - -Leaflets 3. Fruit not jointed, dehiscing by two valves. 186 - -186. Fruit covered with glandular tubercles or hairs. Seeds without -an outgrowth at the hilum. Corolla yellow; keel curved inwards. -Shrubs.--Species 7. North and Central Africa. =Adenocarpus= DC. - -Fruit not glandular, but usually hairy. 187 - -187. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs.--Species 15. North -Africa. Some are poisonous or are used as ornamental or medicinal -plants. (Including _Sarothamnus_ Wimm., _Spartocytisus_ Webb, and -_Teline_ Medik.) =Cytisus= L. - -Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely -shrubs. Corolla yellow. (See 173.) =Argyrolobium= Eckl. & Zeyh. - -188. (182.) Calyx sheath-like, split on one side after flowering. -Corolla yellow; keel and wings adnate below to the staminal tube; keel -acuminate, curved inwards; wings obovate. Stigma oblique. Fruit linear. -Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs or trees. Leaves -unifoliolate, without stipules.--Species 1 (_S. junceum_ L., Spanish -broom). North Africa. Yields fibres and medicaments and is used as an -ornamental plant. =Spartium= L. - -Calyx not sheath-like. Keel obtuse or free from the staminal tube. 189 - -189. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Fruit linear or oblong, -flat. Petals free from the staminal tube. Shrubs. (See 187.) =Cytisus= -L. - -Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. 190 - -190. Keel distinctly curved inwards; wings and keel free from the -staminal tube; standard suborbicular. Fruit linear or oblong, flat, -covered with glandular tubercles or hairs. Shrubs. Leaves trifoliolate, -with small stipules. Flowers in racemes, yellow. (See 186.) -=Adenocarpus= DC. - -Keel straight or nearly so, blunt, gibbous at each side; wings and keel -usually adnate to the staminal tube; the former oblong; standard ovate. -Fruit usually inflated. Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 40. North -Africa. Some species yield fibres, dyes, and medicaments, or serve as -ornamental plants. (Including _Retama_ Boiss.) =Genista= L. - -191. (181.) Calyx deeply divided. Ovary more or less distinctly -stalked. Leaflets minutely toothed. Stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk. -(See 129.) =Ononis= L. - -Calyx shortly toothed. Filaments not broadened above. Ovary sessile or -nearly so. Leaflets entire. 192 - -192. Calyx obscurely toothed, coloured. Corolla yellow, free from the -staminal tube. Fruit thickened or winged at the upper suture. Seeds -without an outgrowth at the hilum. Spinous shrubs. Leaves digitate, -without stipules. Flowers solitary or in fascicles.--Species 3. North -Africa. Used medicinally. =Calycotome= Link - -Calyx distinctly toothed. Corolla red, blue, or white. 193 - -193. Petals with a long claw, blue or violet; wings and keel adnate at -the base to the staminal tube. Fruit oblong, glandular-hairy. Seeds -without an outgrowth at the hilum. Spinous shrubs. Leaves trifoliolate -on the young branches, unifoliolate on the older. Flowers solitary or -in fascicles. Bracteoles small, leaf-like.--Species 1. North Africa -(Algeria). Used medicinally. =Erinacea= Boiss. - -Petals with a short claw or sessile, free from the staminal tube. Seeds -with an outgrowth at the hilum. Unarmed plants. Leaves trifoliolate. -Flowers in racemes or panicles. 194 - -194. Keel shorter than the standard. Corolla red or violet. Fruit -linear, many-seeded. Shrubs. Bracteoles bristle-like.--Species 1. South -Africa (Cape Colony). =Hypocalyptus= Thunb. - -Keel longer than the standard. Corolla red or white. Fruit -ovate-lanceolate, few-seeded. Undershrubs.--Species 1. South Africa -(Cape Colony). =Loddigesia= Sims - -195. (148.) Leaves equally pinnate. 196 - -Leaves unequally pinnate. 197 - -196. Leaflets 4. Flowers solitary or in spikes. Calyx with a long, -narrow tube and unequal lobes. Corolla yellow or whitish; keel -beaked. Filaments all united. Ovules 2-3. Fruit oblong, inflated, -continuous within, indehiscent, ripening beneath the soil. Stem -herbaceous.--Species 1 (_A. hypogaea_ L., ground-nut). Cultivated. The -seeds are edible and yield oil; the leaves are used as a vegetable or -as fodder. =Arachis= L. - -Leaflets numerous. Flowers in racemes. Calyx with a wide tube, truncate -or with subequal lobes. Keel blunt or somewhat pointed. Filaments -united, excepting one. Ovules numerous. Fruit linear, with transverse -partitions.--Species 15. Tropics to Natal and Egypt. Some species -yield timber, fibre, fodder, or medicaments, or serve as garden-or -hedge-plants. =Sesbania= Pers. - -197. Leaflets 3. 198 - -Leaflets numerous. 203 - -198. Leaflets with stipels. 199 - -Leaflets without stipels. 201 - -199. Filaments all united. Corolla red; standard unappendaged; keel -almost straight, blunt, shorter than the wings. Style short and thick. -Flowers very small. Twining herbs.--Species 3. Tropical and South-east -Africa. Used medicinally. =Teramnus= Swartz - -Filaments united, excepting the uppermost, which is free at least at -the base. Standard auricled at the base; keel curved. Flowers large or -rather large. 200 - -200. Uppermost stamens free at the base, but united with the others at -the middle. Corolla red; keel somewhat shorter than the wings. Twining -shrubs.--Species 1. Tropics. =Dioclea= H. B. & K. - -Uppermost stamens free throughout. Corolla red or yellowish-green; keel -as long as or longer than the wings.--Species 20. Tropics. Some of them -yield poisons, medicaments, vegetables, fodder, and dyes, or serve as -ornamental plants. (_Stizolobium_ P. Br.). =Mucuna= Adans. - -201. Stipules free, stem-clasping. Corolla red, blue, or white; keel -blunt. Ovule 1. Fruit ovate, indehiscent. Gland-dotted plants. (See -153.) =Psoralea= L. - -Stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk. Corolla red or yellow; keel usually -beaked. Ovules 2 or more. 202 - -202. Leaflets toothed. Calyx with a short tube and subequal segments. -Fruit dehiscing by two valves, usually terete. (See 129.) =Ononis= L. - -Leaflets entire. Calyx with a thread-shaped tube and unequal segments, -four of which are connate. Corolla yellow. Ovules 2-3. Base of the -style persistent. Fruit flat, separating in two joints or indehiscent. -Herbs. Flowers usually intermixed with feathery bristles.--Species 5. -Tropical and South Africa. =Stylosanthes= Swartz - -203. (197.) Stem woody. Corolla white or red; wings free. Stamens -diadelphous at the base, at first monadelphous at the middle. Ovary -stalked. Style hairy at the apex. Fruit flat.--Species 1 (_R. -Pseudacacia_ L.). Naturalized in North Africa. Yields timber and -medicaments and is used as an ornamental plant. The bark and the leaves -are poisonous. =Robinia= L. - -Stem herbaceous. Corolla blue, yellow, or whitish. Ovary sessile. 204 - -204. Filaments united, excepting one, or all united into a sheath -split above. Wings free. Fruit oblong or ovate, flat or constricted -between the seeds.--Species 2. North Africa. They yield medicaments -(liquorice), dyes, and material for papermaking. =Glycyrrhiza= L. - -Filaments all united into a closed tube. Wings slightly adhering to the -keel. Style glabrous. Fruit linear, subterete.--Species 1. North Africa -(Algeria). Used as an ornamental, medicinal, or fodder-plant. “Goats -rue.” =Galega= L. - -205. (147.) Leaves abruptly pinnate. [Especially tribe VICIEAE.] 206 - -Leaves imparipinnate, digitate, unifoliolate, simple, or wanting. 220 - -206. Calyx distinctly two-lipped, the upper lip entire or shortly -2-toothed, the lower one entire, 3-toothed, or 3-parted. Corolla -yellow; standard suborbicular. Fruit jointed. Flowers in racemes. 207 - -Calyx equally or subequally toothed or divided, or entire. 210 - -207. Bracts very large, imbricate, hiding the flowers and fruits. -Bracteoles none. Flowers very small. Filaments all united. -Ovules 2. Herbs. Stipules produced at the base into a spur-like -appendage.--Species 9. Central Africa. =Geissaspis= Wight & Arn. - -Bracts not hiding the flowers, usually small and deciduous. Bracteoles -present. 208 - -208. Fruit enclosed by the enlarged calyx. Filaments all united. Ovules -more than two.--Species 30. Tropical and South-east Africa. (_Damapana_ -Adans., including _Kotschya_ Endl.) =Smithia= Ait. - -Fruit much exceeding the calyx. 209 - -209. Ovary sessile. Uppermost stamen free. Keel obtuse. Fruit -ring-shaped or spirally twisted, flat, glabrous except at the shortly -spinous sutures, 2-valved. Herbs. Leaves with 2-4 pairs of leaflets. -Stipules spurred at the base. Bracts not spurred.--Species 1. West -Africa. =Cyclocarpa= Afz. - -Ovary stalked. Fruit straight, curved, or spirally twisted; in the -latter case covered with glandular hairs.--Species 60. Tropical and -South Africa. Some species (especially the ambatch, _A. Elaphroxylon_ -Taub.) yield cork-wood, fibre, and medicaments. (Including _Herminiera_ -Guill. & Perr.) =Aeschynomene= L. - -210. Style hairy, usually bearded lengthwise. Fruit more or less -flattened, 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds with an outgrowth near the hilum. -Herbs. Bracteoles rudimentary or wanting. 211 - -Style glabrous. 214 - -211. Staminal tube obliquely truncate at its mouth. 212 - -Staminal tube evenly truncate. 213 - -212. Style bearded on the inner face. Flowers small. Corolla -bluish-white; keel somewhat pointed. Uppermost stamen free. Ovary -almost sessile. Ovules 2. Seeds flat.--Species 3. North Africa; also -cultivated in northern Central Africa. The seeds of _L. esculenta_ -Moench (lentils) are used as food, for the preparation of starch, and -in medicine. (Under _Ervum_ L.) =Lens= Gren. & Godr. - -Style hairy all round or on the back only; in the latter case flowers -large or middle-sized. Seeds globose or slightly flattened.--Species -40. North and East Africa; some species also naturalized in South -Africa and the Mascarene Islands. They yield fodder, edible fruits and -seeds (especially beans from _V. Faba_ L.), and medicaments; some are -used as ornamental plants. “Vetch.” (Including _Ervum_ L. and _Faba_ -Tourn.) =Vicia= L. - -213. Style-apex compressed laterally, with the margins bent upwards, -hence grooved above. Ovary subsessile. Ovules more than 2. Corolla -white or red; keel blunt. Uppermost stamens free at the base. Leaves -with 1-3 pairs of leaflets. (See 141.) =Pisum= L. - -Style-apex compressed dorsally, with the margins straight or bent -downwards. (See 128.) =Lathyrus= L. - -214. Stamens 9. Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla white or pink; standard -adhering to the staminal tube at its base; wings oblong, shorter than -the keel. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves ending in a bristle. Bracteoles -present.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Several species -(especially _A. praecatorius_ L.) yield fibres, poisonous ornamental -seeds (crab-eyes), and medicaments. =Abrus= L. - -Stamens 10. 215 - -215. Connective of the stamens ending in a small point, a gland, or a -tuft of hairs. Keel gibbous or spurred on each side. Fruit transversely -chambered, opening by two valves. Herbs undershrubs or shrubs, clothed -with appressed hairs fixed at the middle. Bracteoles none.--Species -320. Tropical, South, and North-east Africa. Several species yield -a dye (indigo), or are used in medicine or as ornamental plants. -=Indigofera= L. - -Connective without an appendage. 216 - -216. Fruit indehiscent, not jointed. Calyx-teeth obscure or wanting. -Standard auricled at the base; petals of the keel free. Alternate -filaments with a scale at the base. Trees. Leaflets alternate.--Species -1. Madagascar. =Xanthocercis= Baill. - -Fruit dehiscent or jointed. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 217 - -217. Fruit jointed, dehiscing on one side or indehiscent. Corolla -yellow; standard orbicular. Stamens usually all united. (See 209.) -=Aeschynomene= L. - -Fruit not jointed, dehiscing by two valves. 218 - -218. Fruit transversely septate. Bracteoles bristle-like, deciduous. -Uppermost stamen free. (See 196.). =Sesbania= Pers. - -Fruit longitudinally septate or 1-celled. Wings adhering to the keel. -219 - -219. Fruit 1-celled, compressed. Petals with a short claw. Herbs. -Leaves ending in a bristle or a tendril. Bracteoles none. (See 212.). -=Vicia= L. - -Fruit 2-celled, rarely 1-celled but then turgid.--Species 70. North -and East Africa to Transvaal and the Cape Verde Islands. Several -species yield fodder, tragacanth-gum, manna-like exudations, or edible -seeds which are also used as a substitute for coffee. (Including -_Acanthyllis_ Pomel, _Erophaca_ Boiss., and _Phaca_ L.) =Astragalus= L. - -220. (205.) Leaves unifoliolate, simple, or wanting. 221 - -Leaves digitate or pinnate, with 3 or more leaflets 251 - -221. Leaves exstipulate or wanting 222 - -Leaves stipulate. 224 - -222. Branches leaf-like. Leaves usually wanting. Trees. Corolla red. -Fruit turgid, indehiscent.--Species 5. Madagascar. They yield timber. -(Including _Neobaronia_ Bak.) =Phylloxylon= Baill. - -Branches not leaf-like. Leaves present. Shrubs. Corolla yellow. Fruit -flat, dehiscing by two valves. Seeds with an outgrowth near the hilum. -223 - -223. Flowers in heads surrounded by large imbricate bracts. Lowest -calyx-lobe very large, petaloid. Standard ovate or oblong; wings -oblong. (See 157.) =Liparia= L. - -Flowers solitary or in racemes, umbels, or heads with small or -medium-sized bracts. Lowest calyx-lobe equalling or slightly exceeding -the others. Standard suborbicular; wings obovate. Bracteoles -bristle-like. (See 157.) =Priestleya= DC. - -224. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. 225 - -Stem woody throughout. 241 - -225. Uppermost stamen united with the others at least in its lower -half. 226 - -Uppermost stamen free from the others throughout or at the base. 229 - -226. Ovule 1. Ovary sessile. Style slender. Calyx-teeth long and -pointed. Petals shortly clawed. Fruit enclosed by the calyx, ovate, -indehiscent. Flowers 1-3 in the axils of the leaves.--Species 6. South -Africa (Cape Colony). =Hallia= Thunb. - -Ovules 2 or more. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. 227 - -227. Style bearded. Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Seeds with -an aril. Leaves reduced to the broadened or tendril-bearing petiole. -(See 128.) =Lathyrus= L. - -Style glabrous. Leaves unifoliolate. 228 - -228. Style short and broad. Ovary sessile. Petals red, long-clawed. -Fruit compressed. Leaflets entire. Stipules awl-shaped. Flowers very -small, in axillary racemes.--Species 5. Central Africa to Transvaal. -=Microcharis= Benth. - -Style awl-shaped. Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Calyx deeply -divided. Petals short-clawed. Leaflets toothed. Stipules adnate to the -leaf-stalk. Flowers 1-3 in the axils of the leaves. (See 129.) =Ononis= -L. - -229. Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least -when young, free at the base, later sometimes free throughout. 230 - -Uppermost stamen free from the base or nearly from the base. 234 - -230. Fruit jointed. 231 - -Fruit not jointed. 232 - -231. Upper calyx-lobes separate. Wings small; standard subsessile. -Ovary stalked. Ovules 1-3. Leaflets without stipels. Flowers in -axillary, few-flowered racemes, with small bracteoles.--Species 5. -Nileland and Island of Socotra. =Taverniera= DC. - -Upper calyx-lobes more or less united. Wings oblong, adhering to the -keel. Ovules 2 or more. Leaflets usually with stipels.--Species 40. -Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental, medicinal, or -textile plants. (_Meibomia_ Moehr.) =Desmodium= Desv. - -232. Flowers very small, in pairs in the axils of the leaves, -with minute bracteoles. Fruit oblong, with a membranous pericarp, -indehiscent. Leaflets without stipels.--Species 2. South Africa to -Angola. =Sylitra= E. Mey. - -Flowers not very small, in usually terminal or leaf-opposed racemes. -Fruit with a more or less herbaceous pericarp, dehiscing by two valves. -233 - -233. Flowers with rather large bracteoles, violet. Ovary shortly -stalked. Stigma penicillate. Fruit 4-winged, septate. Stem twining. -Leaflets with stipels. Stipules spurred.--Species 4. Tropics. The roots -and the fruits are used as vegetables. (_Botor_ Adans.) =Psophocarpus= -Neck. - -Flowers without bracteoles. Ovary sessile. Fruit flat. Leaflets without -stipels, usually with numerous parallel side-nerves.--Species 130. Some -of them yield dyes, poisons, and medicaments. (_Cracca_ L., including -_Pogonostigma_ Boiss. and _Requienia_ DC.) =Tephrosia= Pers. - -234. Connective of the stamens ending in a small point, a gland, or a -tuft of hairs. Keel straight or slightly curved. Fruit with transverse -partitions. Plants clothed with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. 235 - -Connective without an appendage. Hairs rarely affixed by the middle. 236 - -235. Keel beaked. Anthers bearded at base and apex. Style boat-shaped -below. Ovules 4-6. Fruit short-stalked, turgid. (See 151.) -=Rhynchotropis= Harms - -Keel blunt or somewhat pointed, gibbous or spurred on each side. Style -thread-shaped. Fruit sessile or nearly so. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L. - -236. Ovule 1. 237 - -Ovules 2 or more. 238 - -237. Leaflets with stipels. Flowers in racemes, with broad bracteoles. -Calyx-lobes narrow, subequal. Fruit dehiscing by two valves.--Species -2. Madagascar. =Leptodesmia= Benth. - -Leaflets without stipels. Leaves gland-dotted. Fruit indehiscent; -pericarp adnate to the seed. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L. - -238. Ovules 2. Corolla usually yellow. 239 - -Ovules 3 or more. Corolla usually red. 240 - -239. Seeds oblong, without an outgrowth at the hilum; hilum linear, -the funicle affixed at its apex. Upper calyx-lobes separate or shortly -united. Standard oblong or obovate. Erect or decumbent, rarely twining -plants.--Species 55. Tropical and South Africa. The roots of one -species are used in making beer. =Eriosema= DC. - -Seeds orbicular or reniform, with a more or less distinct outgrowth -at the hilum; hilum orbicular or oblong, the funicle affixed at -or nearly in the middle. Upper calyx-lobes more or less united. -Standard orbicular or obovate. Twining or decumbent, more rarely -erect plants.--Species 100. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. -(_Dolicholus_ Medik.) =Rhynchosia= Lour. - -240. Calyx-lobes long, stiff, very unequal, the two upper ones united -high up. Style thread-shaped, glabrous. Fruit jointed, indehiscent. -Leaves unifoliolate, usually stipellate. Stipules membranous. Flowers -small, in racemes, with bracteoles.--Species 9. Tropical and South -Africa. (_Fabricia_ Scop.). =Alysicarpus= Neck. - -Calyx-lobes subequal. Style flattened, bearded towards the apex. -Fruit not jointed, dehiscing by two valves. Seeds with a small aril. -Leaves reduced to the broadened or tendril-bearing petiole. Stipules -leaf-like. Flowers without bracteoles. (See 128.) =Lathyrus= L. - -241. (224.) Filaments all united into a tube split on one or on both -sides. Bracteoles present. 242 - -Filaments united into a tube, excepting one which is free, at least at -the base. 240 - -242. Ovary sessile. Ovules numerous. Standard suborbicular. Fruit -jointed. Seeds oblong. Shrubs, usually erect. Flowers in few-flowered -racemes.--Species 10. Tropics. (_Diphaca_ Lour., including -_Arthrocarpum_ Balf. f.) =Ormocarpum= Beauv. - -Ovary stalked. Ovules 2-3. Anthers basifixed. Fruit not jointed, -indehiscent. Seeds reniform. Trees or climbing shrubs. Flowers -in cymes arranged in many-flowered raceme-or panicle-like -inflorescences.--Species 65. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some -species yield timber (Senegal-ebony) and gum-resin. (_Amerimnon_ P.Br., -including _Ecastaphyllum_ Rich.) =Dalbergia= L. f. - -243. Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least -when young. 244 - -Uppermost stamen free throughout. 245 - -244. Fruit jointed, indented at one or at both sutures. Leaflets -usually with stipels. (See 231.). =Desmodium= Desv. - -Fruit not jointed, very thinly or not septate, opening by two valves. -Standard clawed, suborbicular. Ovary sessile. Stigma usually hairy. -Leaflets usually with numerous parallel side-nerves and without -stipels. Bracteoles none. (See 233.) =Tephrosia= Pers. - -245. Connective of the stamens ending in a gland, a point, or a tuft of -hairs. Keel straight or slightly curved. Fruit transversely septate. -Shrubs with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. =Bracteoles= none. 246 - -Connective without an appendage. Hairs rarely fixed by the middle. 247 - -246. Fruit separating into joints. Petals red, clawed. Ovules numerous. -Leafstalk not jointed at the apex.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. -=Bremontiera= DC. - -Fruit not jointed, dehiscing by two valves. Standard sessile or -short-clawed; keel gibbous or spurred on each side. (See 215.) -=Indigofera= L. - -247. Bracteoles present. Trees. Petals yellow, more rarely white marked -with violet; those of the keel free or slightly cohering. Ovules 2-4. -Fruit compressed, more or less winged, indehiscent.--Species 15. -Tropical and South Africa. Several species yield timber (rose-wood) and -a resin (kino) used for tanning and dyeing and for medicinal purposes, -also edible fruits and seeds. =Pterocarpus= L. - -Bracteoles wanting. Shrubs. 248 - -248. Ovule 1. Petals blue, red, or white; standard short-clawed; keel -curved. Fruit ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering to the seed. -Gland-dotted plants. Stipules stem-clasping. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L. - -Ovules 2 or more. 249 - -249. Ovules 3 or more. Petals red. Fruit subterete, constricted between -the seeds, indehiscent. Spinous shrubs. Racemes with the rachis ending -in a spine.--Species 1. Egypt and Nubia. The resinous exudations -(Persian manna) are used for food and in medicine. =Alhagi= Desv. - -Ovules 2. Petals red or yellow; standard auricled at base. Fruit -dehiscing by two valves. 250 - -250. Fruit compressed. Seeds with a linear hilum. (See 239.) =Eriosema= -DC. - -Fruit turgid. Seeds with a short hilum.--Species 5. Tropical and -South-east Africa. Used for dyeing and in medicine. (_Moghania_ St. -Hil.) =Flemingia= Roxb. - -251. (220.) Leaflets 3. 252 - -Leaflets 4 or more. 330 - -252. Leaves digitate. 253 - -Leaves pinnate. 264 - -253. Uppermost stamen united with the others into a tube or sheath. -Ovules numerous. Bracteoles bristle-like. 254 - -Uppermost stamen free from the others, at least at the base. 257 - -254. Filaments united into a closed tube. Seeds with an outgrowth at -the hilum. Herbs or hairy shrubs. 255 - -Filaments united into a sheath split above. Seeds without an outgrowth -at the hilum. Glabrous undershrubs, shrubs, or trees. 256 - -255. Calyx-lobes unequal, the upper approaching in pairs. Standard -spatulate; wings obliquely ovate. Anthers slightly unequal. Fruit -ovate-lanceolate, dehiscing by two valves. Tall shrubs with brownish -hairs. Flowers in head-like spikes. (See 175.) =Phaenohoffmannia= O. -Ktze. - -Calyx-lobes subequal. Standard ovate or oblong; wings narrow; petals of -the keel scarcely cohering. Fruit linear or lanceolate, dehiscing at -the upper suture. Decumbent herbs. Flowers very small, solitary or in -short racemes.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Rothia= Pers. - -256. Keel longer than the standard. Fruit ovate-lanceolate, few-seeded. -Undershrubs. (See 194.) =Loddigesia= Sims - -Keel shorter than the standard. Fruit linear, many-seeded. Shrubs or -trees. (See 194.) =Hypocalyptus= Thunb. - -257. Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least -when young. 258 - -Uppermost stamen free. Bracteoles absent. 260 - -258. Petals, at least the four lower ones, adnate below to the staminal -tube. Fruit not jointed, scarcely dehiscent. Herbs. Leaflets usually -toothed. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. Flowers solitary or in -spikes, heads, or umbels. Bracteoles absent. (See 138.) =Trifolium= L. - -Petals free from the staminal tube. Ovary sessile. Fruit flat. Leaflets -entire. 259 - -259. Flowers very small, solitary or in pairs in the axils of the -leaves, with small bracteoles. Petals yellowish. Fruit oblong; pericarp -membranous. Undershrubs. (See 232.) =Sylitra= E. Mey. - -Flowers not very small, in racemes, without bracteoles. Petals usually -red. Fruit dehiscing by two valves; pericarp more or less herbaceous. -(See 233.) =Tephrosia= Pers. - -260. Connective of the stamens ending in a gland, a tuft of hairs, or a -small point. Keel gibbous or spurred on each side. Fruit transversely -septate, dehiscing by two valves. Plants with appressed hairs fixed by -the middle. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L. - -Connective without an appendage. 261 - -261. Ovule 1. Keel curved. Fruit ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering -to the seed. Gland-dotted plants. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L. - -Ovules 2 or more. 262 - -262. Ovules 2. Petals free from the staminal tube; standard auricled at -base. Fruit turgid, 1-celled, 2-valved. Shrubs. (See 250.) =Flemingia= -Roxb. - -Ovules 3 or more, rarely 2, but then lower petals adnate to the -staminal tube. Wings exceeding the keel. Herbs. Stipules adnate to the -leafstalk. 263 - -263. Petals, at least the four lower ones, adnate to the staminal -tube. Keel blunt. Ovules 2-8. Fruit scarcely dehiscent. (See 138.) -=Trifolium= L. - -Petals free from the staminal tube, red. Keel somewhat pointed, curved. -Ovary sessile. Ovules numerous. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. Flowers -solitary. (See 153.) =Parochetus= Hamilt. - -264. (252.) Leaflets with stipels. [Especially tribe PHASEOLEAE.] 265 - -Leaflets without stipels. 310 - -265. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. 266 - -Stem woody throughout. 303 - -266. Uppermost stamen united with the others from the base. Flowers -small, red, in racemes, with the rachis not thickened.--Species 20. -Tropical and South-east Africa; one species (_G. hispida_ Maxim., -soy-bean) only cultivated. The latter yields edible oily seeds. -=Glycine= L. - -Uppermost stamen free or almost so, or united with the others in the -middle only. 267 - -267. Uppermost stamen, at least when young, free at the base, but -united with the others in the middle. 268 - -Uppermost stamen free from the base or nearly so. 272 - -268. Flowers in racemes, the rachis of which is thickened at the -insertion of the pedicels. Bracteoles present. Wings usually free from -the keel. Fruit not jointed, opening in two valves. 269 - -Flowers in racemes with the rachis not thickened, or in fascicles, or -solitary. Wings adhering to the keel. Fruit compressed. 271 - -269. Fruit 4-angled or 4-winged. Seeds oblong. Stigma villous. Corolla -violet. Bracteoles rather large, falling off tardily. Stipules spurred. -(See 233.) =Psophocarpus= Neck. - -Fruit 2-3-angled or 2-winged. Stigma small. Bracteoles small, falling -off early. Stipules small. 270 - -270. Calyx-lobes very unequal, the upper much larger than the lower. -Seeds ovate or orbicular.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. The -seeds of several species are eaten and used for dyeing and in medicine. -=Canavalia= Adans. - -Calyx-lobes not very unequal, the upper united higher up, but not -considerably larger than the lower. Seeds oblong.--Species 1. East -Africa. =Pueraria= DC. - -271. Fruit more or less distinctly jointed. Bracteoles usually present. -(See 231.) =Desmodium= Desv. - -Fruit not jointed, opening by two valves. Stigma usually penicillate. -Flowers in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes. Bracteoles wanting. (See -233.) =Tephrosia= Pers. - -272. Style hairy above. 273 - -Style glabrous or hairy at the base only, sometimes with a hairy -stigma. 287 - -273. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or racemes with the rachis -not thickened at the insertion of the pedicels. Keel curved. Ovules -numerous. Fruit linear. 274 - -Flowers in racemes, the rachis of which is thickened at the insertion -of the pedicels. 277 - -274. Calyx tubular; upper lobes united high up. Corolla white, blue, or -violet; wings oblong, adhering to the much shorter and pointed keel. -Ovary stalked. Style broadened above, bearded lengthwise.--Species 5. -Tropics. Used as medicinal, dyeing, and ornamental plants. =Clitoria= L. - -Calyx campanulate. Wings obovate. Ovary almost sessile. 275 - -275. Upper calyx-teeth united to the middle. Corolla red or violet; -standard equalling the wings, spurred or gibbous on the back; keel -not beaked. Style-apex broadened, hairy round the stigma. Fruit flat. -Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Climbing herbs.--Species 1. -Naturalized in West Africa. Used as a medicinal and ornamental plant. -(_Bradburya_ Rafin., under _Clitoria_ L.) =Centrosema= DC. - -Upper calyx-teeth united wholly or for the greatest part. Standard not -spurred at the back, but auricled at the base. Style-apex slightly or -not thickened. Fruit more or less inflated. Seeds with an outgrowth -near the hilum. 276 - -276. Style with a crown of hairs beneath the large ovoid stigma. -Wings longer than the keel, but shorter than the standard. Stipules -long-spurred.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Congo). =Vignopsis= De -Wild. - -Style bearded on the inner face towards the top, or penicillate round -the small terminal stigma. Wings adhering to the keel.--Species 60. -Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield fodder and edible fruits -or seeds, or serve as ornamental plants. =Dolichos= L. - -277. Keel spirally twisted. Ovary surrounded by a cupular disc. Stigma -lateral or oblique. 278 - -Keel more or less curved inwards, but not spiral. 279 - -278. Keel with a long spur; wings free. Ovary stalked. Ovules 2-3. -Style with a pointed dorsal appendage at the apex. Flowers violet or -whitish, without bracteoles.--Species 3. Central Africa. One species -(_Ph. venenosum_ Balf., Calabar bean) has poisonous seeds used in -ordeals and medicinally. =Physostigma= Balf. - -Keel without a spur, but sometimes with two gibbosities; wings -adhering to the keel. Ovary almost sessile. Ovules numerous. Style -without a dorsal appendage at the apex.--Species 20. Tropical and -South-east Africa; one species (_Ph. vulgaris_ L.) cultivated also in -extra-tropical regions. The fruits and seeds of some species (beans) -are eaten and used for preparing starch and medicaments, those of -others are poisonous. Several species are used as ornamental or -fodder-plants. =Phaseolus= L. - -279. Stigma lateral, situated beneath the apex of the style. 280 - -Stigma terminal, but sometimes oblique. 283 - -280. Style-apex bent down towards the stigma. Stigma globose, blunt or -notched. Wings oblong, equalling the blunt keel. Fruit flat. Leaflets -usually toothed.--Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield -fibre used for rope-making, and edible roots and seeds, from which also -starch and medicaments are prepared. (_Cacara_ Thouars). =Pachyrrhizus= -Rich. - -Style-apex bent back. Fruit turgid. 281 - -281. Fruit subglobular, 1-2-seeded, ripening under ground. Ovules 2-3. -Stigma 2-lobed. Corolla yellow; keel blunt. Creeping herbs. Racemes -1-3-flowered.--Species 1 (_V. subterranea_ Thouars). Cultivated in -Tropical and South Africa. Yields edible fruits and oily seeds. -=Voandzeia= Thouars - -Fruit linear, several-or many-seeded, ripening above ground. Ovules -several or many. 282 - -282. Calyx deeply 4-cleft, with acuminate segments. Keel pointed; wings -auricled. Undershrubs with erect or ascending branches.--Species 1. -South Africa. (Under _Vigna_ Savi). =Otoptera= DC. - -Calyx 4-5-toothed or 5-cleft. Keel blunt or beaked.--Species 65. -Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some species yield fibre used for -rope-making, and edible fruits or seeds. (Including _Liebrechtsia_ De -Wild.) =Vigna= Savi - -283. Stigma very oblique. Style-apex wedge-shaped, hairy. Calyx-teeth -very short and broad. Keel blunt. Fruit linear.--Species 5. Central and -South-east Africa. (Under _Vigna_ Savi). =Sphenostylis= E. Mey. - -Stigma slightly oblique or straight. 284 - -284. Upper lip of the calyx entire. Style bearded lengthwise. Fruit -oblong, 2-4-seeded. 285 - -Upper lip of the calyx notched. 286 - -285. Keel almost straight, blunt. Standard oblong, straight, folded -over the other petals. Corolla yellow-green. Style flat at base, hairy -above.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under _Dolichos_ L.) =Chloryllis= E. -Mey. - -Keel sharply bent upwards, pointed. Standard orbicular, bent back, -expanded. Corolla white or red. Style flat and bearded above.--Species -1 (_L. vulgaris_ Savi). Tropical and South-east Africa; also cultivated -in Egypt. It yields edible fruits and seeds, fodder, and medicaments, -and serves also as an ornamental plant. (Under _Dolichos_ L.) =Lablab= -Savi - -286. Ovules 2. Style flattened and hairy above. Keel pointed. Upper -calyx-teeth united to about the middle. Glandular plants.--Species 10. -Central Africa. (Under _Dolichos_ L.) =Adenodolichos= Harms - -Ovules 3 or more. Style thread-shaped. Keel shortly beaked. Glandless -plants. (See 276.) =Dolichos= L. - -287. (272.) Ovules 1-2. 288 - -Ovules 3 or more. 295 - -288. Connective of the stamens produced into a gland, a tuft of -hairs, or a short point. Calyx-teeth subequal. Corolla usually red; -keel gibbous or spurred on each side. Fruit more or less turgid, with -transverse partitions. Plants clothed with appressed hairs fixed by the -middle. Bracteoles none. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L. - -Connective without an appendage. Fruit more or less compressed. 289 - -289. Ovule 1. Calyx-teeth about equal, bristle-like. Keel obtuse. Fruit -enclosed by the calyx. Bracts broad. (See 237.) =Leptodesmia= Benth. - -Ovules 2, rarely ovule 1, but then calyx-teeth unequal (the upper ones -more or less united). 290 - -290. Bracteoles present. 291 - -Bracteoles absent. Corolla usually yellow; standard auricled at the -base. 293 - -291. Style hairy at the base, bent almost at a right angle above the -middle. Ovary surrounded at the base by a cupular disc. Calyx-teeth and -bracteoles ending in a club-shaped gland. Corolla spotted with violet. -Fruit 1-celled. Leaflets toothed.--Species 5. Central Africa. (Under -_Rhynchosia_ Lour.) =Eminia= Taub. - -Style glabrous, slightly curved. Fruit transversely chambered. 292 - -292. Corolla yellowish; keel as long as the wings; standard not -auricled. Flowers two or several together in the axils of the leaves, -subsessile. Fruit ripening under ground.--Species 1. West Africa. -Cultivated for its edible seeds. =Kerstingiella= Harms - -Corolla red; keel shorter than the wings; standard slightly auricled. -Flowers in axillary racemes or false-racemes. Fruit ripening above -ground. (See 266.) =Glycine= L. - -293. Calyx-lobes very unequal. Standard oblong or ovate; wings shorter -than the keel, auricled at the base. Style downy below.--Species 4. -Tropics. =Cylista= Ait. - -Calyx-lobes about equal, but the two upper ones sometimes more or less -united. 294 - -294. Seeds oblong, without an outgrowth at the hilum; hilum linear, the -funicle affixed at its apex. Upper calyx-teeth free or shortly united. -Standard oblong or obovate. Erect or decumbent, rarely twining plants. -(See 239.) =Eriosema= DC. - -Seeds orbicular or reniform, with a more or less distinct outgrowth -at the hilum; hilum orbicular or oblong, the funicle affixed in the -middle. Upper calyx-teeth more or less united. Standard orbicular or -obovate. Twining or decumbent, more rarely erect plants. (See 239.) -=Rhynchosia= Lour. - -295. (287.) Calyx entire or obscurely toothed, gibbous at the base. -Corolla yellow or red. Ovary surrounded at the base by a tubular disc. -Style broadened in the middle. Fruit flattened, 2-valved. Twining -herbs. Bracteoles present.--Species 1. South and East Africa and -Madagascar. =Dumasia= DC. - -Calyx distinctly toothed. 296 - -296. Upper sepals wholly united; hence calyx 4-toothed or 4-cleft. -Twining herbs. 297 - -Upper sepals more or less separate; calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. 298 - -297. Calyx-lobes short. Corolla red; keel shorter than the wings. -Rachis of the inflorescence not thickened at the insertion of the -pedicels. Bracts striate.--Species 1. Mountains of Central Africa. -=Shuteria= Wight & Arn. - -Calyx-lobes long. Corolla yellow; keel as long as or longer than the -wings. Rachis of the inflorescence thickened at the insertion of the -pedicels. Bracts bristle-like.--Species 2. East Africa to Natal and -Mascarene Islands. =Galactia= P. Browne - -298. Wings free from the keel. Flowers small, red. Leaflets large. 299 - -Wings adhering to the keel. 300 - -299. Fruit septate between the seeds, oblong. Seeds globose. Ovules -3-5. Style thickened below. Standard auricled at the base.--Species 1. -German South-west Africa. =Neorautanenia= Schinz - -Fruit not septate between the seeds, flat, with transversely veined -valves. Seeds reniform. Style awl-shaped. Upper calyx-lobes united -high up. Hairy plants.--Species 5. Central and South-east Africa -(_Anarthrosyne_ E. Mey.) =Pseudarthria= Wight & Arn. - -300. Bracteoles wanting. Keel gibbous or spurred on each side. -Connective ending in a gland, a point, or a tuft of hairs. Plants with -appressed hairs fixed by the middle. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L. - -Bracteoles present. 301 - -301. Standard spurred or gibbous at the apex of the claw. Style -broadened above. Fruit flat. Seeds oblong. Stem twining. Flowers large. -Bracteoles larger than the bracts. (See 275.) =Centrosema= DC. - -Standard neither spurred nor gibbous. Flowers small or medium-sized. 302 - -302. Fruit jointed, flat, usually indehiscent. (See 231.) =Desmodium= -Desv. - -Fruit not jointed, but septate between the seeds, dehiscing by two -valves. Corolla red; standard auricled at the base; wings exceeding the -keel. Bracts bristle-like. (See 266.) =Glycine= L. - -303. (265.) Uppermost stamen united with the others in the -middle. Calyx-lobes blunt and very short. Fruit not jointed, -indehiscent.--Species 30. Tropics. Some species yield timber, dyes, -fish-poison, and medicaments. =Lonchocarpus= H. B. & K. - -Uppermost stamen free from the base or nearly so, rarely (_Desmodium_) -united with the others in the middle, but then calyx-lobes pointed. -Fruit jointed or dehiscent. 304 - -304. Connective of the stamens produced in a gland, a point, or a -tuft of hairs. Calyx-teeth subequal. Keel gibbous or spurred on each -side. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Fruit transversely septate. Shrubs -with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. Bracteoles none. (See 215.) -=Indigofera= L. - -Connective without an appendage. 305 - -305. Standard with two auricles at the base. 306 - -Standard without an appendage at the base. 308 - -306. Calyx-teeth blunt, nearly equal. Corolla usually red; keel -beaked. Bracteoles deciduous.--Species 6. Madagascar and Mascarenes. -=Strongylodon= Vog. - -Calyx-teeth pointed, unequal, the upper united high up. Corolla yellow; -keel blunt. Bracteoles none. 307 - -307. Standard oblong or ovate; keel longer than the wings. Ovary and -base of the style hairy. Style thread-shaped. Ovules 2.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Baukea= Vatke - -Standard orbicular; keel somewhat shorter than the wings. Ovary and -base of style glabrous or downy. Style thickened in the middle and -at the apex. Ovules numerous.--Species 1 (_C. indicus_ Spreng., -pigeon-pea). Tropics, also cultivated. Yields edible, pea-like fruits -and seeds, medicaments, fodder, food for silkworms, and manure. -=Cajanus= DC. - -308. Style bearded above. Upper calyx-teeth almost entirely united. -Wings adhering to the shorter and pointed keel. Fruit not jointed. -Bracteoles persistent. (See 274.) =Clitoria= L. - -Style glabrous. 309 - -309. Fruit separating into joints, when ripe. Flowers usually small. -Wings adhering to the keel. (See 231.) =Desmodium= Desv. - -Fruit not jointed. Flowers large. Wings much shorter than the standard, -sometimes wanting. Ovary stalked.--Species 20. Tropical and South -Africa. Several species yield wood, vegetables, and medicaments, or -serve as ornamental plants. =Erythrina= L. - -310. (264.) Uppermost stamen united with the others from the base. 311 - -Uppermost stamen free from the others, at least at the base. 314 - -311. Ovule 1. Fruit ovate, not jointed, indehiscent. Gland-dotted -plants. Bracteoles absent. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L. - -Ovules 2 or more. Fruit linear or oblong, dehiscent or separating into -joints. 312 - -312. Staminal tube split. Ovary sessile. Fruit breaking up into several -joints. Shrubs. Bracteoles persistent. (See 242.) =Ormocarpum= Beauv. - -Staminal tube closed. Fruit not jointed, opening by two valves. Herbs -or undershrubs. Bracteoles absent. 313 - -313. Connective of the stamens ending in a small point. Ovary sessile. -Corolla red; keel blunt. Fruit slightly 4-angled, transversely -septate. Stipules bristle-like. Flowers small, in racemes, without -bracteoles.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Cyamopsis= DC. - -Connective without an appendage. Ovary stalked. Calyx deeply divided. -Standard suborbicular. Leaflets minutely toothed. Stipules adnate to -the leaf-stalk. (See 129.) =Ononis= L. - -314. Bracteoles present. Calyx-teeth subequal. Wings short. Ovary -stalked. Ovules few. 315 - -Bracteoles absent. 316 - -315. Keel beaked. Standard clawed, auricled. Uppermost stamen free. -Fruit opening by two valves. Seeds subglobular. Twining shrubs. Rachis -of the raceme thickened at the insertion of the pedicels. (See 306.) -=Strongylodon= Vog. - -Keel not beaked. Standard scarcely clawed. Uppermost stamen at first -united with the others in the middle. Fruit breaking up into several -joints. Seeds reniform. Erect undershrubs. (See 231.) =Taverniera= DC. - -316. Petals, at least the lower ones, adnate to the staminal tube. -Herbs. Leaflets usually toothed. Flowers solitary or in spikes, heads, -or umbels. (See 138.) =Trifolium= L. - -Petals free from the staminal tube. 317 - -317. Connective of the stamens produced into a gland, a point, or -a tuft of hairs. Keel straight or slightly curved inwards, gibbous -or spurred on each side. Fruit transversely septate. Plants with -appressed hairs fixed by the middle. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L. - -Connective without an appendage. 318 - -318. Ovule 1. Corolla red, blue, or white; standard clawed. Fruit -ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering to the seed. Gland-dotted plants. -Stipules stem-clasping, not adnate. Bracts membranous. (See 153.) -=Psoralea= L. - -Ovules 2 or more, rarely ovule 1, but then fruit more or less curved or -coiled, corolla usually yellow, standard almost sessile, and stipules -adnate to the leafstalk. 319 - -319. Uppermost stamen, at least when young, united with the others in -the middle. Corolla red or white; standard suborbicular, clawed; wings -adhering to the keel. Stigma usually hairy. Fruit dehiscing by two -valves. Leaflets entire, usually with numerous parallel side-nerves. -Flowers in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes, more rarely in axillary -racemes or clusters. Bracts distinctly developed. (See 233.) -=Tephrosia= Pers. - -Uppermost stamen free from the base, rarely united with the others -in the middle, but then standard oblong or ovate, sessile or nearly -so, corolla usually yellow, fruit not or tardily dehiscent, leaflets -usually toothed, stipules adnate to the leafstalk, inflorescence -axillary, and bracts minute or wanting. 320 - -320. Ovules 1-2. 321 - -Ovules more than 2. 325 - -321. Calyx-lobes very unequal, the upper two almost wholly united, the -side ones small, the lowest the longest, enlarged after flowering, -scarious. Corolla reddish-yellow; standard auricled at base. Fruit -falcate-ovate, enclosed by the calyx, 1-seeded, 2-valved. Twining -undershrubs. (See 293.) =Cylista= Ait. - -Calyx-lobes about equal, but the upper ones sometimes more or less -united, not or scarcely enlarged after flowering. 322 - -322. Fruit dehiscing by two valves, more or less flattened, straight -or nearly so. Upper calyx-teeth usually more or less united. Standard -auricled at base. Leaflets usually entire. 323 - -Fruit not or very tardily dehiscing, turgid or curved to spiral, -exceeding the calyx. Upper calyx-teeth scarcely or not united. Leaflets -usually toothed. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. 324 - -323. Seeds orbicular or reniform, with a more or less distinct -outgrowth at the hilum; hilum orbicular or oblong, the funicle attached -in the middle or nearly so. Standard orbicular or obovate. Twining or -decumbent, rarely erect plants. (See 239.) =Rhynchosia= Lour. - -Seeds oblong, without an outgrowth at the hilum; hilum linear, the -funicle attached at its apex. Upper calyx-teeth not or shortly united. -Standard oblong or obovate. Erect or decumbent, rarely twining plants. -(See 239.) =Eriosema= DC. - -324. Fruit straight, globular or ovoid, thick, wrinkled. Flowers -in slender, more or less spike-like racemes, yellow, rarely white. -Herbs.--Species 10. North Africa and Abyssinia; several species also -naturalized in South Africa. Used as fodder or in medicine. =Melilotus= -Juss. - -Fruit more or less curved (sickle-or kidney-shaped) or spirally coiled, -usually flattened. Flowers in short racemes or in heads.--Species -35. North Africa to Abyssinia and South Africa; several species also -naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Some of them (especially _M. -sativa_ L., lucern) are used as fodder, or medicinal plants, and for -making paper and brush-wares, others are noxious as burs. =Medicago= L. - -325. Upper calyx-lobes more or less, sometimes entirely united. -Corolla yellow. Standard suborbicular, auricled at base. Fruit linear -or oblong, constricted between the seeds, dehiscing by two valves. -Leaflets entire, gland-dotted. 326 - -Upper calyx-lobes not or scarcely united. Standard oblong or obovate. -Fruit dehiscing at the upper suture or indehiscent, rarely tardily -dehiscing by two valves. Leaflets usually toothed. Stipules adnate to -the leafstalk. 328 - -326. Upper calyx-lobes shortly united. Keel exceeding the wings. Fruit -oblong, curved, turgid, 1-celled. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. -Viscid, twining herbs or undershrubs.--Species 1. South Africa and -Madagascar. =Fagelia= Neck. - -Upper calyx-lobes united for the greater part or entirely. Fruit -compressed and transversely septate. 327 - -327. Fruit oblong, blunt or shortly pointed. Seeds with an outgrowth -at the hilum. Herbs or undershrubs. Stipules persistent. Flowers in -fascicles or short racemes.--Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarenes. -(Under _Atylosia_ Wight & Arn.) =Cantharospermum= Wight & Arn. - -Fruit linear, ending in a long point. Seeds without an outgrowth at the -hilum. Style broadened in the middle and towards the apex. Erect shrubs -or undershrubs. Stipules deciduous, awl-shaped. Flowers in racemes. -(See 307.) =Cajanus= DC. - -328. Flowers in long, more or less spike-like racemes. Ovules few. -Fruit oblong to globose, thick, straight, indehiscent, 1-3-seeded. -Herbs. (See 324.) =Melilotus= Juss. - -Flowers solitary or in short racemes, heads, or umbels. 329 - -329. Fruit linear or oblong, straight or slightly curved. -Herbs.--Species 25. North Africa, Nile-land, and South Africa. _T. -foenumgraecum_ L. is cultivated for its seeds, which are used as food, -fodder, vermin-poison, in medicine, and in the manufacture of cloth; it -is also used as a vegetable. =Trigonella= L. - -Fruit spirally twisted, more rarely sickle-or kidney-shaped. (See -324.) =Medicago= L. - -330. (251.) Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. 331 - -Stem woody throughout. 347 - -331. Uppermost stamen united with the others from the base, at least -when young. 332 - -Uppermost stamen free from the others, at least at the base. 336 - -332. Filaments united into a closed tube, at least when young. Corolla -red, blue, or white. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. 333 - -Filaments united into a sheath split on one or both sides. Corolla -yellow, sometimes veined with red. Fruit breaking up into joints, more -rarely indehiscent. 335 - -333. Stem twining. Leaflets 5-7, stipellate. Bracteoles present. -Uppermost stamen finally separating from the others. (See 266.) -=Glycine= L. - -Stem erect or decumbent. Leaflets not stipellate. Bracteoles absent. -Uppermost stamen remaining united with the others. 334 - -334. Leaflets 5-7. Stipules bristle-like. Corolla red; standard -sessile; wings free. Connective ending in a short point. Fruit septate. -(See 313.) =Cyamopsis= DC. - -Leaflets numerous. Stipules semi-sagittate. Corolla blue or white; -standard short-clawed; wings adhering to the keel. Connective without -an appendage. Fruit 1-celled. (See 204.) =Galega= L. - -335. Fruit enclosed by the enlarged calyx, folded, with 2 or more flat -joints. Calyx 2-lipped. (See 208.) =Smithia= Ait. - -Fruit much exceeding the calyx. Ovary stalked. (See 209.) -=Aeschynomene= L. - -336. Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least -when young. 337 - -Uppermost stamen free throughout. 339 - -337. Standard clawed. Wings adhering to the keel. Ovules several or -many, very rarely only 2. Stigma usually penicillate. Fruit linear, -rarely oblong or ovate, dehiscing by two valves. Leaflets usually -with many parallel side-nerves. Flowers white or red, in terminal or -leaf-opposed racemes, rarely in axillary fascicles or racemes; in this -case ovules numerous. Bracteoles absent. (See 233.) =Tephrosia= Pers. - -Standard nearly sessile. Wings short. Ovules 1-3. Fruit oblong to -orbicular, indehiscent, very rarely dehiscing by two valves. Flowers in -axillary spikes or racemes. 338 - -338. Calyx-lobes much longer than the tube, feathery. Corolla red; keel -adhering to the staminal tube. Fruit enclosed by the calyx, oblong -or ovate. Unarmed, hairy plants. Stipules connate.--Species 2. North -Africa. =Ebenus= L. - -Calyx-lobes as long as or shorter than the tube. Fruit projecting -beyond the calyx, hemispherical or spirally twisted.--Species 10. -North Africa and Abyssinia. Sainfoin (_O. sativa_ Lam.) is cultivated -in various regions for fodder, sometimes also as a medicinal or -ornamental plant. =Onobrychis= Gaertn. - -339. Style bearded lengthwise towards the top. Fruit 2-valved. 340 - -Style glabrous above or penicillate round the stigma. 343 - -340. Style thread-shaped, bearded on the outside or all round. -Calyx-teeth subequal. Petals red or white, clawed; standard exceeding -the wings and the keel. Seeds kidney-shaped, with a filiform funicle. -Flowers in racemes.--Species 40. South Africa to Angola. Some are used -medicinally. (_Coluteastrum_ Heist.) =Lessertia= DC. - -Style flattened, bearded on the inner side. 341 - -341. Calyx-teeth unequal, the two upper ones united high up. Corolla -blue or white. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Leaflets -usually stipellate. Bracteoles persistent. (See 274.) =Clitoria= L. - -Calyx-teeth about equal. Seeds with a small aril covering the hilum. -Leaflets not stipellate. Bracteoles rudimentary or wanting. 342 - -342. Staminal tube obliquely truncate. Keel somewhat pointed. Ovary -almost sessile. Ovules 2. Aril ovate or oblong. Flowers small, -bluish-white. (See 212.) =Lens= Gren. & Godr. - -Staminal tube evenly truncate. Keel shorter than the wings, usually -blunt. Ovules 3 or more. Aril usually linear. (See 128.) =Lathyrus= L. - -343. Connective of the stamens bearing a gland, a point, or a tuft of -hairs. Fruit transversely septate, 2-valved. Plants with appressed -hairs fixed by the middle. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L. - -Connective without an appendage. Hairs rarely fixed by the middle. 344 - -344. Leaflets stipellate, 5-7. Flowers in terminal racemes, without -bracteoles. Fruit jointed, enclosed by the calyx; joints ovate, -slightly flattened.--Species 1. Central Africa. Used as an ornamental -and medicinal plant. =Uraria= Desv. - -Leaflets not stipellate. Fruit jointed, with orbicular or quadrate -flattened joints, or not jointed. 345 - -345. Fruit breaking up into joints, flat. Wings clawed, auricled, -shorter than the scarcely clawed standard. Flowers in axillary racemes, -with bristle-like bracteoles.--Species 12. North Africa. Some are used -as fodder-or ornamental plants. =Hedysarum= L. - -Fruit not jointed, usually septate lengthwise. 316 - -346. Fruit sessile, linear, flat, longitudinally 2-celled, indehiscent, -the valves boat-shaped with a wavy and toothed keel. Hairy herbs. -Leaflets emarginate. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. Flowers in -axillary spikes or fascicles, bluish or whitish.--Species 1. North -Africa and Abyssinia. =Biserrula= L. - -Fruit not flat and with wavy and toothed valves, tardily dehiscent. -(See 219.) =Astragalus= L. - -347. (330.) Uppermost stamen united with the others from the base -into a tube usually split in one or two places, rarely (_Dalbergia_) -wanting. 348 - -Uppermost stamen free from the others, at least at the base. 354 - -348. Fruit breaking up into two or more joints, very rarely reduced to -a single ovate, not winged joint. Calyx usually two-lipped. Corolla -yellow or white, sometimes with red stripes or veins. Standard -suborbicular. Erect shrubs. 349 - -Fruit not jointed, indehiscent, more or less distinctly winged, rarely -not winged but curved. Ovules few. Trees or climbing, very rarely erect -shrubs. 351 - -349. Fruit enclosed by the enlarged calyx, folded, jointed. Seeds 2 or -more, reniform or orbicular, flat. Calyx two-lipped. Racemes short. -Bracteoles persistent. (See 208.) =Smithia= Ait. - -Fruit much exceeding the calyx. 350 - -350. Joints of the fruit 2 or more, oblong, usually striate. Ovary -sessile, with several or many ovules. Racemes few-flowered. Bracteoles -persistent. (See 242.) =Ormocarpum= Beauv. - -Joints of the fruit quadrate to semiorbicular, not striate. Ovary -usually stalked. (See 209.) =Aeschynomene= L. - -351. Staminal tube closed all round. Calyx subtruncate, very -shortly or obscurely toothed. Wings adhering to the keel. Leaflets -opposite--Species 15. Tropics. Some are poisonous. (_Deguelia_ Aubl., -including _Leptoderris_ Dunn) =Derris= Lour. - -Staminal tube split in one or two places. Leaflets usually alternate. -352 - -352. Anthers attached by the base, with erect cells opening by a short -apical slit, or with divergent cells opening lengthwise. Calyx-lobes -unequal. Ovary stalked. Seeds kidney-shaped. Flowers in copious -panicles composed of cymes. (See 242.) =Dalbergia= L. f. - -Anthers attached by the back, opening by parallel longitudinal slits. -Fruit more or less oblique or curved. 353 - -353. Bracteoles persistent. Calyx bell-shaped, obtuse at base. Corolla -violet; standard silky outside. Ovary stalked. Ovules 1-2. Fruit -thick-leathery, crescent-shaped, not winged. Seed 1, kidney-shaped. -Small spiny trees.--Species 1. West Africa. =Drepanocarpus= G. F. Mey. - -Bracteoles deciduous. Calyx more or less top-shaped at the base. -Corolla yellow, more rarely white marked with violet; standard -glabrous. Ovules 2-6. Fruit membranous or leathery, hardened in the -middle, more or less distinctly winged. (See 247.) =Pterocarpus= L. - -354. (347.) Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at -least when young. 355 - -Uppermost stamen free throughout. 361 - -355. Wings free from the keel. Ovules more than two. Fruit 2-valved. -Leaflets usually with stipels. 356 - -Wings adhering to the keel. Leaflets usually without stipels. 357 - -356. Flowers in axillary racemes, without bracteoles. Corolla white. -Ovary stalked, not surrounded by a disc. Style hairy at the apex. -Stipules spine-like. (See 203.) =Robinia= L. - -Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, with bracteoles. Corolla red, -bluish, or white. Ovary usually surrounded at the base by a disc. Style -glabrous.--Species 60. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species -yield timber, dyes, and poison. =Millettia= Wight & Arn. - -357. Calyx-teeth distinctly developed. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. -Shrubs. Bracteoles absent. 358 - -Calyx-teeth very short or wanting. Fruit indehiscent. Trees or climbing -shrubs. Bracteoles present. 359 - -358. Petals acuminate, red; standard lanceolate; keel beaked. Style -glabrous.--Species 10. Madagascar. =Chadsia= Boj. - -Petals obtuse or subacute, white or red; standard suborbicular; keel -not beaked. (See 233.) =Tephrosia= Pers. - -359. Fruit winged. Seeds flat. Ovary sessile or short-stalked. (See -351.) =Derris= Lour. - -Fruit not winged. 360 - -360. Fruit with a thick-leathery, almost woody pericarp, -oblique-oblong, not thickened at the sutures. Seed 1, kidney-shaped, -rather thick. Ovary subsessile, with 2 ovules. Climbing shrubs. Flowers -in racemes, reddish.--Species 1. Seychelles. The wood and the oily -seeds are used. (_Galedupa_ Lam.) =Pongamia= Vent. - -Fruit with a membranous or leathery pericarp. Seeds flat. (See 303.) -=Lonchocarpus= H. B. & K. - -361. (354.) Stem shrubby, erect or climbing. 362 - -Stem tree-like. 371 - -362. Style bearded lengthwise towards the apex. Ovules numerous. Fruit -indehiscent or dehiscing at the top only. Flowers in axillary racemes. -363 - -Style glabrous, or hairy at the base only, or bearing a penicillate -stigma. 365 - -363. Style bearded on the back or all round. Stigma terminal. Corolla -red or white; keel blunt, shorter than the standard. Fruit finally -dehiscing at the top. (See 340.) =Lessertia= DC. - -Style bearded on the inner side only. Ovary stalked. Fruit inflated, -indehiscent. 364 - -364. Stigma terminal. Corolla red; keel pointed, exceeding the -standard. Bracteoles present.--Species 1. South Africa. Used as an -ornamental plant. =Sutherlandia= R. Br. - -Stigma placed beneath the hooked apex of the style. Corolla yellow; -keel blunt; standard with two callosities on the inner side.--Species -2. North Africa and Abyssinia. They (especially _C. arborescens_ L. -bladder senna) are used as ornamental plants and yield a dye and -medicaments. =Colutea= L. - -365. Connective of the stamens bearing a gland, a short point, or a -tuft of hairs. Wings adhering to the keel. Fruit 2-valved. Hairs fixed -by the middle. Bracteoles absent. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L. - -Connective without an appendage. Bracteoles usually present. 366 - -366. Ovule 1. Fruit ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering to the seed. -Gland-dotted plants. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L. - -Ovules 2 or more. 367 - -367. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip hooded, notched, equalling the -standard, the lower lip divided into 3 narrow teeth. Corolla yellowish. -Ovary sessile. Ovules 5-7. Flowers in panicles, with large persistent -bracteoles.--Species 8. West Africa. =Platysepalum= Welw. - -Calyx obscurely 2-lipped, with a not very large upper lip, or equally -4-5-toothed, or almost entire. 368 - -368. Wings adhering to the keel. 369 - -Wings free from the keel. 370 - -369. Calyx-teeth very short or wanting. Fruit flat, narrowly winged, -transversely chambered or 1-celled, indehiscent. Usually climbing -plants. (See 351.) =Derris= Lour. - -Calyx-teeth distinctly developed. Fruit longitudinally 2-celled, more -rarely 1-celled, but turgid, finally dehiscing by two valves. (See -219.) =Astragalus= L. - -370. Inflorescence axillary. Corolla yellowish. Ovary sessile. Ovules -free. Fruit leathery, suborbicular, not winged, indehiscent. Seed 1, -oblong or ovate. Climbing plants. Leaflets without stipels.--Species 3. -West Africa. =Ostryocarpus= Hook. fil. - -Inflorescence terminal. Ovary usually surrounded by a disc. Fruit -linear or oblong, tardily dehiscing by two valves. Seeds orbicular or -reniform. (See 356.) =Millettia= Wight & Arn. - -371. (361.) Calyx 2-lipped, with large entire lips. Corolla yellow; -wings free; petals of the keel free. Ovary subsessile, surrounded by a -lobed disc. Ovules 3-4. Bracteoles small, deciduous.--Species 1. West -Africa (Congo). =Dewevrea= Mich. - -Calyx 2-lipped with divided lips, or more or less equally 4-5-toothed. -372 - -372. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip hooded, notched, equalling the -standard, the lower lip divided into 3 narrow teeth. Corolla yellow. -Ovary sessile. Ovules 5-7. Flowers in panicles. Bracteoles large, -persistent. (See 367.) =Platysepalum= Welw. - -Calyx obscurely 2-lipped, with a not very large upper lip, or equally -4-5-toothed, or almost entire. 373 - -373. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. 374 - -Fruit indehiscent. Ovules 2-6. 375 - -374. Leaflets alternate, gland-dotted on the lower face. Petals -gland-dotted. Ovary long-stalked. Ovules 3-4. Fruit woody, -turgid.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Schefflerodendron= Harms - -[Illustration: LEGUMINOSAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 67._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Bauhinia macrantha Oliv. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Anther from -the side and the front. _D_ Staminodes. _E_ Stigma. _F_ Ovary. cut -lengthwise. _G_ Fruit.] - -[Illustration: GERANIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 68._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Monsonia biflora DC. - -_A_ Whole plant. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Sepal. _D_ -Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Unripe fruit. _F_ Ripe fruit. _G_ -Mericarp.] - - -Leaflets opposite. Petals not gland-dotted. Fruit more or less leathery -and flattened. Inflorescence terminal. (See 356.) =Millettia= Wight & -Arn. - -375. Calyx-teeth very short or wanting. Corolla red or white; standard -distinctly clawed; petals of the keel free. Ovary stalked. Fruit -drupe-like with a woody endocarp and a more or less fleshy exocarp. -Seed 1. Inflorescence terminal.--Species 2. West Africa. They yield -timber and are used in medicine. (_Vouacapoua_ Aubl.) =Andira= Lam. - -Calyx-teeth distinctly developed. Corolla yellow or white, sometimes -marked with red or violet. Fruit more or less distinctly winged, with -a membranous or leathery pericarp. Leaflets alternate or subopposite. -(See 247.) =Pterocarpus= L. - - -ORDER PANDALES - - -FAMILY 106. PANDACEAE - -Trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in fascicled racemes, or in false -racemes formed of fascicles, or in panicles, unisexual. Calyx small, -slightly toothed. Petals 5, large, oblong, red. Stamens 10. Ovary -superior, slightly lobed, 3-4-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, -straight. Stigmas 3-4, sessile or nearly so, oblong. Fruit a drupe; -stone with many pits and cavities, 3-4-seeded. Seeds with a large axile -embryo and an oily albumen. - -Genus 1, species 1. Equatorial West Africa. The seeds yield oil. -(_Porphyranthus_ Engl.) =Panda= Pierre - - -ORDER GERANIALES - - -SUBORDER GERANIINEAE - - -FAMILY 107. GERANIACEAE - -Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves stipulate. Flowers hermaphrodite. -Sepals 5, imbricate, rarely 4, valvate in bud. Petals 2-8, more or -less distinctly perigynous, imbricate in bud. Stamens twice or thrice -as many as the petals, some frequently sterile, the outer opposite the -petals. Anthers opening inwards. Ovary lobed, 5-celled, with 2 ovules -in each cell, rarely 8-celled with 1-ovuled cells. Fruit beaked, the -carpels separating at maturity. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 6, species -350. (Plate 68.) - -1. Sepals 4, valvate in bud. Petals 8, white. Stamens 8, opposite the -petals, free. Ovary 8-celled, with 1 ascending ovule in each cell. -Tails (awns) of the carpels not recurved at maturity. Shrubs. Flowers -solitary, with 4 bracteoles.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. [Tribe -DIRACHMEAE.] =Dirachma= Schweinf. - -Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 2-5. Stamens 10 or 15, some -frequently sterile. Ovary 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Tails -(awns) of the carpels curved or twisted backwards at maturity. [Tribe -GERANIEAE.] 2 - -2. Flowers irregular, with a spur-like appendage along the pedicel -and without glands at the base of the stamens. Fertile stamens 5-7, -rarely 2-4.--Species 250. Southern and tropical Africa; two species -also naturalized in North Africa. Many of them are used as ornamental -plants, some have edible roots or yield perfumes or medicaments. -=Pelargonium= L’Hér. - -Flowers regular or almost so, without a spur-like appendage, with -glands at the base of the stamens. Fertile stamens 5, 10, or 15. 3 - -3. Stamens 10, all or 5 of them fertile. 4 - -Stamens 15, all fertile. 5 - -4. Tails of the carpels spirally twisted, hairy. Fertile stamens 5. -Petals entire. Flowers usually in umbels.--Species 40. North Africa to -Abyssinia and South Africa. Some are used medicinally; hygrometres are -made from the carpel-tails. “Storks-bill.” =Erodium= L’Hér. - -Tails of the carpels arched, generally glabrous. Fertile stamens -usually 10. Petals mostly notched. Flowers usually solitary or in -pairs.--Species 30. North and South Africa and mountains of the -tropics. Some species are used as ornamental plants or yield tanning -and dyeing materials or medicaments. “Cranes-bill.” =Geranium= L. - -5. Filaments united in 5 bundles. Stem herbaceous.--Species 25. Some -are used medicinally. (Plate 68.) =Monsonia= L. - -Filaments free almost to the base. Stem fleshy, armed with spines -formed from the persistent leafstalks.--Species 7. South Africa, -southern Central Africa, and Madagascar. Some species yield an aromatic -resin. (Under _Monsonia_ L.) =Sarcocaulon= DC. - - -FAMILY 108. OXALIDACEAE - -Leaves alternate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5. Petals 5, -free or united at the base, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10, -rarely 5 of them sterile. Filaments united at the base. Anthers opening -inwards. Glands at the base of the stamens present. Ovary superior, -5-celled. Ovules axile. Styles 5, free. Fruit a capsule or a berry. -Seeds with a fleshy albumen and a straight embryo.--Genera 3, species -160. (Under _GERANIACEAE_.) (Plate 69.) - -1. Fruit a berry. Trees. Leaves unequally pinnate, sensitive. Flowers -in cymes.--Species 2. Cultivated in the Mascarene Islands. They yield -timber, medicaments, and edible fruits, which are also used for -preparing a scouring water. =Averrhoa= L. - -Fruit a capsule. All stamens fertile. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely -shrubs. 2 - -[Illustration: OXALIDACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 69._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. - -_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruit. _D_ -Fruit-valve. _E_ Seed. _F_ Seed cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: LINACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 70._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Hugonia acuminata Engl. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of -ovary. _D_ Tendrils.] - - -2. Valves of the fruit finally spreading. Leaves pinnate, -sensitive.--Species 15. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Under -Oxalis L.) (Plate 69.) =Biophytum= DC. - -Valves of the fruit persisting around the central column. Leaves -usually digitate.--Species 140. Some are used as salad or fodder or -for preparing chemical drugs and medicaments. (Including _Bolboxalis_ -Small). =Oxalis= L. - - -FAMILY 109. TROPAEOLACEAE - -Twining, succulent herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided, peltate. Flowers -solitary, axillary, irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, the hindmost -spurred. Petals 5, yellow or red, imbricate in bud. Stamens 8, free; -anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovule -1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style 1, with 3 stigmas. Fruit -separating in 2-3 nutlets. Seeds without albumen. (Under _GERANIACEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 1 (_T. majus_ L., Indian cress). Naturalized in -the Island of St. Helena. Ornamental plant, also yielding salad, -condiments, and medicaments. =Tropaeolum= L. - - -FAMILY 110. LINACEAE - -Leaves undivided. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx imbricate in -bud. Petals free, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens -as many or twice as many as the petals. Filaments united at the -base. Ovary 2-10-celled. Ovules 1-2 in the inner angle of each cell, -pendulous, inverted. Fruit a capsule or a drupe. Seeds with fleshy -albumen.--Genera 7, species 60. (Plate 70.) - -1. Fertile stamens as many as the petals, 4-5, furnished with glands -at their base. Styles or style-branches 2-5. Petals deciduous. Fruit -capsular. Herbs or undershrubs, very rarely shrubs. [Tribe LINEAE.] 2 - -Fertile stamens twice as many as the petals, 10, rarely the same -number, 5, but then without glands at their base and style simple. -Shrubs or trees. [Tribe HUGONIEAE.] 4 - -2. Sepals 3-toothed at the tip. Petals very small, white. Flowers -4-merous. Stem repeatedly forked. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. North -Africa and high mountains of Central Africa. “Alseed.” =Radiola= Gmel. - -Sepals entire. Flowers nearly always 5-merous. 3 - -3. Stipules bristle-like. Corolla yellow. Stamens partly (2-4 of them) -with, partly without glands. Styles 3. Stigmas kidney-shaped. Shrubs -or undershrubs.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. -Ornamental plant. (Under _Linum_ L.) =Reinwardtia= Dumort. - -Stipules gland-like or wanting. Stamens all furnished with -glands.--Species 25. North, East, and South Africa and Madagascar. -_L. usitatissimum_ L. is cultivated for fibre and oil and yields also -fodder and medicaments; other species are used as ornamental plants. -“Flax.” =Linum= L. - -4. Styles 5, free or united at the base. Stamens 10. Petals deciduous. -Fruit a drupe.--Species 25. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Plate -70.) =Hugonia= L. - -Style 1, undivided or 2-3-cleft at the top. 5 - -5. Style shortly 2-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. -Stamens 10. Anthers linear or oblong. Petals elongated, with a -glandular pit at the claw.--Species 2. East Africa. =Nectaropetalum= -Engl. - -Style 3-cleft or undivided. Ovary 3-5-celled. 6 - -6. Style shortly 3-cleft. Ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules in each -cell. Stamens 10. Anthers ovoid or globose. Petals short. -Inflorescence racemose, cone-shaped when young, with roundish vaulted -bracts.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Lepidobotrys= Engl. - -Style undivided. Stamens usually 5. Corolla persistent. Fruit capsular. -Inflorescence racemose with small bracts, or paniculate.--Species 5. -Central Africa. (Under _Ochthocosmus_ Benth.) =Phyllocosmus= Klotzsch - - -FAMILY 111. HUMIRIACEAE - -Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers in cymes or panicles, -regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, yellow -or greenish, imbricate in bud, deciduous. Stamens 10, at first united -below, with a prolonged connective and 1-celled anther-halves. Ovary -surrounded by a cupular disc, superior, 5-celled. Ovules solitary in -each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a nut or drupe. -Seeds with fleshy albumen. - -Genus 1, species 1. West Africa. Yields timber and edible fruits from -which a spirituous drink is prepared. (_Aubrya_ Baill., under _Humiria_ -Aubl.) =Saccoglottis= Mart. - - -FAMILY 112. ERYTHROXYLACEAE - -Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers -solitary or in clusters, regular, hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous. -Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free, with a callosity or an -appendage on the inner face, imbricate or contorted in aestivation. -Stamens 10. Filaments united at the base. Anthers opening by two -longitudinal slits. Ovary 3-, rarely 4-celled, usually a single cell -fertile. Ovules 1-2, pendulous, inverted. Styles or style-branches 3, -rarely 4. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with fleshy albumen, rarely without -albumen; embryo straight.--Genera 2, species 40. Tropical and South -Africa. (Under _LINACEAE_.) (Plate 71.) - -Petals scarcely clawed, provided with a longitudinal callosity. -Filaments united into a ring. Ovary with 3-4 two-ovuled cells. Fruit -3-4-celled. Leaves opposite. Stipules 2.--Species 1. Equatorial West -Africa. =Aneulophus= Benth. - -Petals distinctly clawed, with a usually 2-cleft scale. Filaments -united into a cup. Ovary with 1 fertile one-ovuled cell and 2 empty -ones. - -[Illustration: ERYTHROXYLACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 71._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Erythroxylon pictum E. Mey. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Petal from within. -_D_ Stamen from front and back. _E_ Cross-section of ovary. _F_ Fruit. -_G_ Fruit cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 72._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Balanites aegyptiaca Del. - -_A_ Branch with flowers and young fruits. _B_ Part of branch with -spines. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Ovary and disc cut lengthwise. -_E_ Cross-section of ovary. _F_ Fruit. _G_ Fruit cut lengthwise.] - -Fruit 1-celled. Leaves alternate. Stipule 1.--Species 40. Tropical and -South Africa. Some species yield timber or medicaments. (Plate 71.) -=Erythroxylon= P. Browne - - -FAMILY 113. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE - -Leaves stipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, rarely -(_Neoluederitzia_) dioecious. Petals 4-5, free, rarely wanting. Stamens -1-3 times as many as the petals. Filaments usually with an appendage at -the base. Anthers attached by the back. Ovary superior, 3-10-celled, -lobed, angled or winged. Style simple, rarely (_Seetzenia_) styles -5.--Genera 12, species 90. (Plate 72.) - -1. Fruit drupaceous, one-seeded. Seeds without albumen. Ovary -3-5-celled with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Filaments without -an appendage. Corolla yellowish-green. Leaves alternate, simple -and undivided or of 2 leaflets. Shrubs or trees. [Subfamilies -=BALANITOIDEAE= and =NITRARIOIDEAE=.] 2 - -Fruit capsular or separating into several nutlets, several-or -many-seeded. Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones, more rarely all -alternate, but then dissected or pinnate with many leaflets. 3 - -2. Fruit with a very thick endocarp. Ovary 5-celled, surrounded by a -cupular disc; ovules attached at the top of the cells. Style rather -long; stigma 1. Stamens 10. Petals oblong. Sepals hairy. Leaves with -two leaflets. Spiny plants.--Species 3. Central Africa, Sahara, Egypt. -They yield timber, fish-poison, vegetables, medicaments, oily seeds, -and edible fruits which are also used as a substitute for soap and for -preparing a spirituous drink. “Zachun-oil-tree.” (_Agialid_ Adans.) -(Plate 72.) =Balanites= Del. - -Fruit with a thin endocarp, opening finally by 6 teeth at the top. -Ovary 3-celled; ovules attached near the middle of the cells. Style -very short; stigmas 3, converging. Stamens usually 15. Petals concave, -induplicate-valvate in bud. Sepals fleshy, imbricate in bud. Leaves -simple, undivided, fleshy.--Species 2. North Africa and northern -Central Africa. They yield soda and edible fruits which are said to be -inebriating. “Nitre bush.” =Nitraria= L. - -3. Leaves pinnately dissected or irregularly many-cleft, alternate. -Filaments without an appendage. Ovary 3-4-celled with several or -many ovules in each cell. Seeds albuminous. Herbs. [Subfamilies -=TETRADICLIDOIDEAE= and =PEGANOIDEAE=.] 4 - -Leaves undivided, unifoliolate, digitate, or pinnate, usually opposite. -Ovary 4-10-, usually 5-celled. [Subfamily =ZYGOPHYLLOIDEAE=.] 5 - -4. Leaves pinnately dissected. Flowers small. Calyx 3-4-toothed. Petals -3-4, obovate. Stamens 3-4. Ovary deeply lobed, the lobes incompletely -3-celled, 6-ovuled.--Species 1. North-east Africa. =Tetradiclis= Stev. - -Leaves irregularly many-cleft. Flowers rather large. Sepals 4-5, -linear. Petals 4-5, oblong. Stamens 8-15. Ovary slightly lobed, with -undivided, many-ovuled cells.--Species 1. North Africa. The seeds are -used medicinally, as a condiment, and for dyeing. =Peganum= L. - -5. Leaves unequally pinnate or digitate, rarely unifoliolate; in the -latter case disc indistinct and ovules ascending. Filaments without an -appendage. Ovary 5-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell. 6 - -Leaves equally pinnate or undivided, rarely reduced to the stalk. Disc -distinctly developed. Ovules pendulous. 8 - -6. Leaves alternate, with 4-6 pairs of leaflets. Flowers dioecious. -Ovary surrounded by strap-shaped scales. Spiny shrubs.--Species 1. -South-west Africa (Namaland). =Neoluederitzia= Schinz - -Leaves opposite, with 1 or 3 leaflets. Flowers hermaphrodite. Herbs or -undershrubs. 7 - -7. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals none. Disc 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovule -1 in each ovary-cell, pendulous. Styles 5, with capitate stigmas. -Prostrate undershrubs. Leaflets 3.--Species 2. South and North-east -Africa. =Seetzenia= R. Br. - -Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals 5, rose, violet or yellowish. Disc -obscure. Stamens 10. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell, suspended from -ascending funicles. Style 1; stigma simple.--Species 15. North -Africa, northern Central Africa, and South-west Africa. Some are used -medicinally. =Fagonia= Tourn. - -8. Leaves alternate, abruptly pinnate, with 6-8 pairs of leaflets. -Flowers large. Sepals saccate at base. Corolla yellow. Disc lobed, -with 5 glands projecting into the sacks of the sepals. Stamens -10, unappendaged. Ovary 5-lobed, with 2 ovules in each cell. -Shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). =Kelleronia= Schinz - -Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones. 9 - -9. Ovary 10-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Calyx valvate in bud. -Petals narrow, 3-cleft. Disc cupular, 10-toothed. Stamens 10, with -awl-shaped appendages at the base. Fruit winged. Seeds exalbuminous. -Erect, succulent herbs. Leaves undivided, club-shaped.--Species 1. -South Africa. =Augea= Thunb. - -Ovary 4-5-celled. Calyx imbricate in bud. 10 - -10. Ovary-cells with one ovule in each. Style long; stigma club-shaped. -Disc 5-lobed, with five 3-cleft scales opposite the sepals. Stamens 10, -appendaged. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs.--Species 1. -South Africa. =Sisyndite= E. Mey. - -Ovary-cells with 2 or more ovules in each. 11 - -11. Ovary-cells later on transversely chambered, 3-5-ovuled. Style very -short, with a large stigma. Disc thin, lobed. Fruit separating into -nutlets, bristly or warty, usually with outgrowths. Seeds exalbuminous. -Herbs. Flowers cymose, 5-merous.--Species 12. Some of them have edible -seeds or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Tribulus= Tourn. - -Ovary-cells undivided. Style awl-shaped, with a small stigma. Disc -fleshy. Filaments usually appendaged. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous. -Flowers solitary or in pairs, whitish or yellowish.--Species 55. Some -of them yield soda, edible seeds, medicaments, or poison. =Zygophyllum= -L. - - -FAMILY 114. CNEORACEAE - -Shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, gland-dotted, without -stipules. Flowers in cymes, 3-4-merous, hermaphrodite, with an -elongated receptacle. Petals free, imbricate in bud. Stamens 3-4, -alternating with the petals; filaments without an appendage. Ovary -3-4-lobed, 3-4-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, one above the other, -pendulous, curved. Style simple; stigmas 3. Fruit separating in two -2-celled drupes. Seeds with a curved embryo and fleshy albumen. (Under -_SIMARUBACEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 1. Canary Islands. Used medicinally. (Under _Cneorum_ -L.) =Chamaelea= Tourn. - - -FAMILY 115. RUTACEAE - -Leaves gland-dotted, at least at the margin, rarely (_Empleuridium_) -without dots. Petals free, rarely (_Empleurum_) wanting. Disc -usually present. Anthers versatile, opening inwards or laterally -by longitudinal slits. Embryo rather large, the radicle turned -upwards.--Genera 33, species 320. (Including _AURANTIACEAE_ and -_XANTHOXYLEAE_.) (Plate 73.) - -1. Fruit dehiscent and more or less dry. Carpels, at least when -ripe, more or less separate, rarely only one present. [Subfamily -=RUTOIDEAE=.] 2 - -Fruit indehiscent and more or less fleshy. Carpels usually united, even -when ripe, rarely only one present. Shrubs or trees. Leaves compound, -but sometimes with a single leaflet. 19 - -2. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Flowers hermaphrodite. -Corolla yellow. Stamens 8-10. Ovules 2, or more frequently more than 2 -in each carpel. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. [Tribe RUTEAE.] 3 - -Stem woody. Corolla green, white, red, or violet, rarely (Empleurum) -wanting. Fertile stamens 3-5, rarely (_Pelea_) 8-10. Ovules 2 in each -carpel. 4 - -3. Carpels 2, with 5-6 ovules in each. Flowers 4-merous. Petals entire. -Seeds spiny. Undershrubs. Leaves undivided or 3-parted.--Species -2. German South-west Africa (Hereroland) and Island of Socotra. -=Thamnosma= Torr. - -Carpels 4-5. Seeds tubercled.--Species 8. North Africa and northern -Central Africa. Some species yield condiments and medicaments. “Rue.” -(Including _Desmophyllum_ Webb and _Haplophyllum_ Juss.) =Ruta= L. - -4. Seeds albuminous. Corolla greenish or whitish. Leaves usually -compound. [Tribe XANTHOXYLEAE.] 5 - -Seeds exalbuminous. Corolla white, red, violet, or wanting. Leaves -simple, undivided. [Tribe DIOSMEAE.] 7 - -5. Stamens 8-10. Carpels 4-5. Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. -Flowers polygamous.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Melicope_ Forst.) -=Pelea= A. Gray - -Stamens 3-5. 6 - -6. Leaves opposite. Flowers unisexual. Carpels 4-5. Styles united. -Seeds oblong. Unarmed plants.--Species 15. Madagascar and neighbouring -islands. Some are used medicinally. =Evodia= Forst. - -Leaves alternate. Carpels 1-5. Styles free or united above.--Species -30. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, vegetables, -condiments, and medicaments. (Including _Pterota_ P. Br., under -_Zanthoxylum_ L.) =Fagara= L. - -7. Carpels 1-2. Fertile stamens 4. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. -Shrubs. [Subtribe EMPLEURINAE.] 8 - -Carpels 4-5. Fertile stamens 5. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 9 - -8. Flowers dioecious. Sepals united at the base. Petals 4. Disc -4-lobed. Anthers roundish, without terminal glands. Leaves needle-like, -three-edged, without glandular dots.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape -Colony). =Empleuridium= Sond. - -Flowers polygamous-monoecious. Sepals united beyond the middle. -Petals wanting. Disc none. Anthers oblong, with a gland at the -top. Ovary beaked. Stigma entire. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, -glandular-serrate.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used -medicinally. =Empleurum= Soland. - -9. Endocarp cartilaginous, adnate at the back and separating from the -tubercled exocarp at the margins only. Seeds with thick cotyledons. -Ovules one above the other. Ovary with a long and thin stalk. -Staminodes linear, glandulose. Trees.--Species 2. East and South -Africa. [Subtribe CALODENDRINAE.] =Calodendron= Thunb. - -Endocarp separating from the exocarp. Seeds with flat cotyledons. -Ovules usually side by side. Shrubs. [Subtribe DIOSMINAE.] 10 - -10. Staminodes 5. 11 - -Staminodes none. 15 - -11. Style long. Stigma small. 12 - -Style short or rather short. Stigma capitate or discoid. Inflorescences -terminal. 13 - -12. Petals clawed. Stamens with glabrous filaments and gland-tipped -anthers. Staminodes petaloid, with hairy claws. Disc crenate or lobed. -Carpels 2-4. Flowers in terminal umbels or heads, rarely solitary and -axillary.--Species 100. South Africa (Cape Colony). Some are used as -ornamental or medicinal plants. (Plate 73.) =Agathosma= Willd. - -Petals subsessile, glabrous. Carpels 5. Flowers solitary or in cymes in -the axils of the leaves.--Species 20. South Africa (Cape Colony). Some -are used medicinally. =Barosma= Willd. - -13. Petals with a very short, glabrous claw. Anthers ending in a -stalked gland. Staminodes exceeding the fertile stamens. Disc lobed. -Ovary covered with stalked glands. Flowers rather large.--Species 25. -South Africa (Cape Colony). Several species are used as ornamental or -medicinal plants, or as a substitute for tea. =Adenandra= Willd. - -Petals with a long or rather long, usually channelled or bearded claw. -Anthers with a sessile gland or without a gland. 14 - -14. Petals channelled inside, glabrous. Anthers bearing a sessile -gland. Staminodes adnate below to the petals or enclosed by their -channelled claw. Ovary glabrous. Leaves alternate.--Species 6. South -Africa (Cape Colony). Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. -=Coleonema= Bartl. & Wendl. - -Petals not channelled, usually with a hairy claw. Stamens short. -Staminodes very small.--Species 15. South Africa (Cape Colony). -=Acmadenia= Bartl. & Wendl. - -15. Style long. Stigma small. Petals with a hairy claw. 16 - -Style short or rather short. Stigma capitate. Filaments glabrous. 17 - -16. Disc 5-parted. Filaments and style hairy. Carpels 5. Flowers -solitary or in clusters, white.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). -=Phyllosma= Bolus - -Disc entire, urn-shaped. Filaments glabrous. Carpels 3-5.--Species 10. -South Africa (Cape Colony). =Macrostylis= Bartl. & Wendl. - -17. Petals sessile, obovate, glabrous.--Species 15. South Africa (Cape -Colony). Some are used medicinally. =Diosma= L. - -Petals clawed, hairy within. 18 - -18. Petals oblong or lanceolate, slightly exceeding the calyx. Anthers -with a terminal gland. Flowers very small.--Species 6. South Africa -(Cape Colony). =Euchaetis= Bartl. & Wendl. - -Petals obovate. (See 14.) =Acmadenia= Bartl. & Wendl. - -19. (1.) Fruit a drupe. Flowers usually unisexual. Stigma sessile or -nearly so. [Subfamily =TODDALIOIDEAE=, tribe TODDALIEAE.] 20 - -Fruit a berry. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. [Subfamily -=AURANTIOIDEAE=, tribe AURANTIEAE.] 27 - -20. Fruit 1-celled. Seed 1, exalbuminous. Ovary 1-celled. Petals -imbricate in bud. Leaflets 1-3. [Subtribe AMYRIDINAE.] 21 - -Fruit 2-7-celled or consisting of 2-4 carpels cohering at the base -only, 1-3 of them sometimes abortive. Ovary 2-7-celled. 22 - -21. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fertile stamens 10. Disc cup-shaped. Style -long, with a minute stigma. Ovule 1.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa -(Cameroons). =Eriander= H. Winkl. - -Flowers dioecious. Fertile stamens 4-5. Disc ring-shaped. Style short, -with a broad stigma. Ovules 2.--Species 18. Tropical and South Africa. -(Under _Toddalia_ Juss.) =Teclea= Del. - -22. Carpels almost free when ripe, some of them rudimentary. Seeds -exalbuminous. Ovary distinctly 2-4-lobed. Stamens 4. Petals valvate in -bud. Leaves digitate. [Subtribe ORICIINAE.] 23 - -Carpels united up to maturity, forming a 2-7-celled fruit. Ovary not or -obscurely lobed. Petals imbricate in bud. [Subtribe TODDALIINAE.] 24 - -23. Carpels 2, one of them rudimentary at maturity. Seeds with -equal cotyledons. Ovary almost glabrous. Petals oblong. Flowers in -racemes.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). =Diphasia= Pierre - -Carpels 4, of which 1-3 are rudimentary at maturity. Seeds with unequal -cotyledons. Ovary very hairy. Petals oval. Flowers in panicles, -unisexual.--Species 4. West Africa. =Oricia= Pierre - -24. Fruit with 2-seeded cells. Seeds albuminous. Flowers 4-merous. -Trees. Leaves digitate, with 5 leaflets.--Species 1. Equatorial West -Africa (Gaboon). =Araliopsis= Engl. - -Fruit with 1-seeded cells. Flowers unisexual. Leaves digitate with 3 -leaflets, rarely pinnate with 7-9 leaflets. 25 - -25. Fertile stamens as many as the petals. Flowers 5-merous. Seeds -albuminous; embryo curved. Climbing shrubs. Leaves digitate.--Species -1. Tropics. Yields condiments and is used in medicine. (_Cranzia_ -Schreb.) =Toddalia= Juss. - -Fertile stamens twice as many as the petals. Flowers 2-4-merous. Embryo -straight or almost so. 26 - -26. Filaments awl-shaped. Flowers 4-merous. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs. -Leaves digitate.--Species 1. East Africa. =Toddaliopsis= Engl. - -Filaments flattened. Seeds albuminous.--Species 30. Tropical and South -Africa. Some species yield timber and medicaments. (Under _Toddalia_ -Juss.) =Vepris= Comm. - -27. (19.) Ovary 2-5-celled, with 1-2 ovules in each cell. Stamens twice -as many as the petals. [Subtribe LIMONIINAE.] 28 - -Ovary 5-or more-celled, with 4 or more ovules in each cell. Leaves with -1-3 leaflets. [Subtribe CITRINAE.] 32 - -28. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 29 - -Ovules two or more in each ovary-cell. Unarmed plants. 30 - -29. Flowers solitary or in groups of three in the axils of the leaves, -3-, rarely 4-merous. Calyx toothed. Seeds usually with unequal and -lobed cotyledons. Spiny shrubs. Leaflets 3, unequal.--Species 1. -Cultivated in the tropics. Yields timber, fragrant flowers, and edible -fruits. =Triphasia= Lour. - -Flowers in racemes or panicles, 4-5-merous. Calyx lobed or more deeply -divided. Leafstalk winged.--Species 10. Tropics. They yield timber, -edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments. =Limonia= L. - -30. Style very short, not jointed with the ovary. Leaves -unifoliolate.--Species 1. West Africa. =Glycosmis= Correa - -Style long or rather short, jointed with the ovary. Leaves unequally -pinnate. 31 - -[Illustration: RUTACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 73._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Agathosma ciliata Link - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Petal. _D_ Stamen. _E_ Staminode. -_F_ Flower cut lengthwise. _G_ Cross-section of ovary. _H_ Fruit.] - -[Illustration: SIMARUBACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 74._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Irvingia Barteri Hook. fil. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of -ovary.] - - -31. Filaments awl-shaped. Petals 5, linear lanceolate or oblong. -Flowers rather large.--Species 1. Cultivated and naturalized in the -tropics. Yields timber, fragrant flowers, and medicaments. =Murraya= L. - -Filaments broadened below. Petals 4-5, elliptical or roundish. Flowers -rather small.--Species 6. Central and South Africa. Some are used -medicinally. (Including _Myaris_ Presl). =Clausena= Burm. - -32. Ovary with 4-8 ovules in each cell. Anthers oblong. Pericarp -leathery. Seed-coat white, leathery. Leaves leathery.--Species 4. -Cultivated; also naturalized in the tropics. They serve as ornamental -plants and afford wood, fragrant flowers, and edible fruits (especially -oranges and citrons) from which drinks, medicaments, and perfumes are -prepared. =Citrus= L. - -Ovary with numerous ovules in each cell. Anthers linear. Pericarp hard. -Leaves with 3 leaflets. 33 - -33. Stamens 10. Seed-coat smooth. Leaves leathery.--Species 1. Region -of the great lakes. =Balsamocitrus= Stapf - -Stamens numerous. Seed-coat woolly and sticky. Leaves -herbaceous.--Species 1. West Africa. Yields timber and is used in -medicine. =Aegle= Correa - - -FAMILY 116. SIMARUBACEAE - -Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple or pinnate, not gland-dotted. Flowers in -spikes racemes or panicles, regular. Sepals 2-5. Petals 3-9, free. Disc -usually present. Anthers versatile, opening inwards by longitudinal -slits. Carpels free or united and then forming a several-celled ovary. -Ovules 1-2, pendulous or laterally attached. Seeds with a very thin -albumen or without albumen.--Genera 16, species 40. Tropical and South -Africa. (Under _RUTACEAE_.) (Plate 74.) - -1. Carpels 5, free, 2-ovuled. Disc indistinct. Stamens 5-10, without -an appendage. Corolla yellow. Fruit drupe-like. Embryo curved, with -a large radicle. Shrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Tropics. -[Subfamily =SURIANOIDEAE=.] =Suriana= L. - -Carpels united at least by the base or the apex of the style, 1-ovuled. -Disc distinctly developed. Embryo with a very short radicle. [Subfamily -=SIMARUBOIDEAE=.] 2 - -2. Filaments with a scale-like appendage at the base. [Tribe -SIMARUBEAE.] 3 Filaments without a scale at the base. 9 - -3. Stamens 6-14, twice as many as the petals. Anthers oblong or oval. 4 - -Stamens 15-18, thrice as many as the petals or more. Anthers linear. -Ovaries 5. Style 1. Corolla red. Trees. Leaves pinnate. [Subtribe -MANNIINAE.] 8 - -4. Ovaries and style-tips united. Fruit a drupe with 4-5 stones. Embryo -curved. Shrubs. Leaves compound.--Species 2. Central Africa. [Subtribe -HARRISONIINAE.] =Harrisonia= (R.Br.) Juss. - -Ovaries free. Styles united. Fruit consisting of 1-5 nuts or drupes. -[Subtribe SIMARUBINAE.] 5 - -5. Leaves undivided. Flowers in umbels. Calyx 3-5-lobed, imbricate -in bud. Petals with contorted aestivation. Filaments with a minute -scale at the base. Style long; stigma small, entire. Fruits woody. -Trees.--Species 2. Madagascar. Used medicinally. =Samadera= Gaertn. - -Leaves pinnate. Flowers in racemes or panicles. 6 - -6. Calyx 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, with contorted -aestivation. Filaments with a short scale. Style long; stigma slightly -5-lobed. Leaflets lanceolate, acuminate.--Species 1. West Africa. -Yields arrow-poison and is used in medicine. =Quassia= L. - -Calyx 2-4-lobed or-cleft. Petals with imbricate aestivation. Filaments -with a long scale. Style short. Flowers in panicles. 7 - -7. Calyx 4-, rarely 5-lobed. Petals 4, rarely 5. Fruits woody. Leaflets -oblong or obovate.--Species 3. Equatorial regions. The seeds yield a -fat. (Under _Quassia_ L.) =Odyendea= (Pierre) Engl. - -Calyx at first closed, later on unequally 2-4-cleft. Petals 5, rarely -6-9. Stigma 5-parted. Fruits drupe-like.--Species 4. Central Africa. -They yield timber, oily seeds, and medicaments. =Hannoa= Planch. - -8. Calyx shortly lobed. Anthers shorter than the filaments. Ovaries -united below. Leaflets with a spoon-shaped appendage at the -tip.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Pierreodendron= Engl. - -Calyx deeply divided. Anthers longer than the filaments. Ovaries free. -Leaflets with an awl-shaped appendage at the tip.--Species 1. West -Africa. =Mannia= Hook. fil. - -9. (2.) Stamens 4-6. Carpels free, either as to the ovaries or as to -the styles. Flowers usually polygamous. 10 - -Stamens 8-10. Fruit drupe-like. Trees. 12 - -10. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Stamens 6. Carpels 2, united at the -base. Stigma subsessile, discoid. Fruit 2-celled, winged. Leaves -undivided.--Species 1. Seychelles. [Tribe SOULAMEEAE.] =Soulamea= Lam. - -Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels 4. Stigma small. Leaves pinnate. 11 - -11. Ovaries and styles free or united at the base only. Petals short. -Fruit consisting of 4 drupes. Rusty-hairy plants.--Species 5. Central -Africa. Used medicinally. [Tribe PICRASMEAE.] =Brucea= J. S. Muell. - -Ovaries united; styles free. Petals long. Fruit separating into 4 -leathery mericarps suspended from a central column.--Species 5. Central -Africa. [Tribe KIRKIEAE.] =Kirkia= Oliv. - -12. Carpels free for the greater part. Leaves pinnate.--Species 1. -Madagascar. Poisonous. =Perriera= Courchet - -Carpels wholly united. Leaves undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite. 13 - -13. Stigma 2-parted. Ovary 2-celled. Disc ring-shaped, lobed. -Anthers oblong. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the axils of the -leaves.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under _Nectaropetalum_ Engl.) -=Peglera= Bolus - -Stigma entire. Disc cushion-shaped. Anthers ovate. Flowers in panicles. -[Tribe IRVINGIEAE.] 14 - -14. Ovary 4-5-celled. Fruit broader than long, angled, 4-5-celled, with -a thin fleshy layer.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. =Klainedoxa= -Pierre - -Ovary 2-celled. Fruit oblong, 1-2-celled. 15 - -15. Fruit much compressed, broadly winged all round, 2-celled, -2-seeded, with a thin fleshy layer.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. -(Under _Irvingia_ Hook. fil.) =Desbordesia= Pierre - -Fruit slightly compressed, not winged, 1-celled, 1-seeded, with a thick -fleshy layer.--Species 5. Central Africa. They yield timber, edible -fruits, and oily seeds (dika). (Including _Irvingella_ van Tiegh.) -(Plate 74.) =Irvingia= Hook. fil. - - -FAMILY 117. BURSERACEAE - -Trees, rarely shrubs. Bark resinous. Leaves usually pinnate. Flowers -panicled, regular, mostly polygamous. Perianth consisting of a calyx -and a corolla of 3-5 free petals. Stamens twice as many as the petals, -inserted on the margin or the outside of the disc, rarely within. -Anthers versatile, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary -2-5-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous or attached laterally. -Style simple or wanting; stigma lobed. Fruit drupe-like, but sometimes -dehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous. Embryo with a superior radicle and -usually folded or twisted cotyledons.--Genera 7, species 160. Tropical -and South Africa. (Under _TEREBINTHACEAE_). (Plate 75.) - -1. Receptacle concave; tube-, cup-, or urn-shaped; sepals, petals, -and stamens inserted at its upper rim. Sepals 4 and petals 4, valvate -in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit drupaceous, but dehiscent, with a -2-3-celled stone; one cell only fertile.--Species 110. Tropical -and South Africa. Several species yield timber and odorous resins -(especially myrrh) which are used for preparing varnish, incense, and -medicines. Some are also used as hedge plants. (_Balsamea_ Gled., -_Balsamodendron_ Kunth. including _Hemprichia_ Ehrenb. and _Hitzeria_ -Klotzsch). =Commiphora= Jacq. - -Receptacle flat or convex, usually bearing a free disc, outside of -which the sepals and petals are inserted. Leaves pinnate. Trees. 2 - -2. Flowers 3-merous. Petals valvate in bud. Fruit with a 2-3-celled -stone, indehiscent, sometimes only one cell fertile. 3 - -Flowers 4-5-merous. Fruit with 2-5 stones. 5 - -3. Fruit depressed, obliquely hemispherical, broader than long, with -a lateral style and 1-2 fertile cells; endocarp thin, mesocarp rather -thick. Embryo with a short radicle and thick, pinnately divided -cotyledons. Stamens inserted outside the thick disc. Ovary 3-celled; -one cell sterile.--Species 6. Equatorial West Africa. They yield -timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under _Pachylobus_ Don or -_Santiria_ Blume) =Santiriopsis= Engl. - -Fruit oblong, ovate, or subglobose. 4 - -4. Fruit with 2 cells, one of which is sterile, and with a terminal -style or style-scar; endocarp thin crusty, mesocarp thick fleshy. -Embryo with a long radicle and thick, much divided cotyledons. Ovary -2-celled. Sepals united at the base.--Species 13. West Africa. They -yield timber, resin, and edible oily fruits (safu). (Under _Canarium_ -L.) (Plate 75.) =Pachylobus= Don - -Fruit with 3 cells, two of them sometimes sterile; endocarp usually -thick, woody or bony; mesocarp usually thin. Embryo with a short -radicle and slightly divided cotyledons. Ovary 3-celled. Sepals united -high up.--Species 13. Tropics. Some species yield timber, resin (elemi) -used in medicine and manufacture, and edible oily fruits and seeds. -=Canarium= L. - -5. Disc situated outside the stamens. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary -5-celled. Fruit top-shaped, with 5 stones, dehiscent.--Species 1. -Equatorial West Africa. Yields timber and an aromatic resin. =Aucoumea= -Pierre - -Disc situated inside the stamens. 6 - -6. Petals 4-5, valvate in bud. Ovary 4-5-celled. Fruit globular or -ovoid. Species 4. Madagascar and Mascarenes. They yield timber and -resin. (_Marignia_ Comm.) =Protium= Burm. - -Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit with 2-3 stones, -dehiscent. Flowers hermaphrodite.--Species 15. Central Africa. The -resin of several species (frankincense) is used as an incense and in -medicine. =Boswellia= Roxb. - - -FAMILY 118. MELIACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Leaves without stipules, usually pinnate. Flowers -regular, mostly panicled. Petals 3-6, usually free. Stamens as many or -more frequently twice as many as the petals. Filaments usually united. -Anthers 2-celled, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. -Ovary superior, usually 2-or more-celled. Ovules inverted. Style simple -or wanting; stigma entire or lobed.--Genera 23, species 150. (Including -_AITONIEAE_, _CEDRELEAE_, and _PTAEROXYLEAE_.) (Plate 76.) - -1. Filaments free. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. Seeds winged. Leaves -pinnate. [Subfamily =CEDRELOIDEAE=] 2 - -Filaments more or less united into a tube. 3 - -2. Ovary and fruit 2-celled. Petals 4. Stamens 4.--Species 2. South and -East Africa. They yield timber (sneezewood). =Ptaeroxylon= Eckl. & Zeyh. - -Ovary and fruit 5-celled.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cedrelopsis= Baill. - -[Illustration: BURSERACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 75._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Pachylobus edulis G. Don - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stamen. _D_ -Female flower cut lengthwise. _E_ Staminode. _F_ Cross-section of -ovary.] - -[Illustration: MELIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 76._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Trichilia retusa Oliv. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ -Anther.] - - -3. Seeds winged. Ovules 4 or more, rarely 2 in each ovary-cell. Stamens -8-10. [Subfamily =SWIETENIOIDEAE=.] 4 - -Seeds not winged. Ovules 1-2, rarely 3-8 in each ovary-cell or on each -placenta. [Subfamily =MELIOIDEAE=.] 9 - -4. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Ovary 5-celled. Stigma small. Disc -wanting. Anthers 10, seated between the teeth of the staminal tube. -Leaves whorled, undivided. Flowers in panicles.--Species 2. West -Africa. =Pynaertia= De Wild. - -Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. Leaves pinnate. 5 - -5. Ovules 4 in each ovary-cell. Disc shortly stalk-shaped. Staminal -tube campanulate, the mouth crenate and with short teeth bearing the -anthers. Petals imbricate in bud.--Species 7. Central Africa. =Lovoa= -Harms - -Ovules 6 or more in each ovary-cell. 6 - -6. Ovules 6 in each ovary-cell. Ovary sessile. Disc none. Staminal tube -entire at the mouth, or with short teeth bearing the anthers. Petals -with imbricate aestivation. Flowers 5-merous.--Species 2. Southern West -Africa. =Wulfhorstia= C. DC. - -Ovules 12 or more in each ovary-cell. Petals with contorted -aestivation. 7 - -7. Disc shortly stalk-shaped, connected with the staminal tube by -longitudinal ridges. Seeds winged below. Leaflets entire.--Species 15. -Central Africa. They yield timber, gum, and a dye-stuff. (Including -_Leioptyx_ Pierre, under _Swietenia_ L.) =Entandophragma= C. DC. - -Disc cup-or cushion-shaped, not connected with the staminal tube by -longitudinal ridges. 8 - -8. Disc cup-shaped. Fruit oblong. Seeds about 5 in each cell of the -fruit, winged below.--Species 1. Central Africa. Yields timber and gum. -(Under _Cedrela_ L.) =Pseudocedrela= Harms - -Disc cushion-shaped. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit globose. Seeds numerous -in each cell, winged all round.--Species 7. Tropics. They yield timber -(African mahogany), tanning bark, gum, and medicaments. =Khaya= Juss. - -9. (3.) Ovules more than 2 in each ovary-cell. Ovary 4-5-celled. -Anthers 8-10, inserted between the lobes of the staminal tube. Seeds -large, pyramidal; seed-coat woody or corky. 10 - -Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell or on each placenta. Seeds small -or medium-sized; testa crustaceous, leathery, parchment-like, or -membranous. 11 - -10. Flowers 4-merous. Staminal tube with 2-toothed lobes. Seed-coat -corky or spongy. Radicle of the embryo lateral. Leaves pinnate, -with 1-3 pairs of leaflets, or simple. Panicles rather small, lax, -few-flowered.--Species 3. Tropics. They yield timber, tanning bark, and -oily seeds. (Under _Carapa_ Aubl.) =Xylocarpus= Koen. - -Flowers 5-merous. Staminal tube with entire lobes. Ovules 6-8 to each -ovary-cell. Seed-coat woody. Radicle superior. Leaves pinnate, with -many pairs of leaflets. Panicles very large, many-flowered.--Species 4. -Tropics. They yield timber, oily seeds, and medicaments. CARAPA Aubl. - -11. Ovary 2-3-celled, rarely 1-celled with 2-3 placentas. Stamens 6-12. -12 - -Ovary 4-20-celled, rarely later on 1-celled with 4-5 placentas. 19 - -12. Anthers inserted below the mouth of the staminal tube, entirely -or almost included. Disc stalk-like or wanting. Seeds exalbuminous. -Leaflets 6-25. 13 - -Anthers inserted at the upper edge of the staminal tube, or at the top -of its lobes, or in the notches between them. 14 - -13. Leaflets serrate. Flowers 5-merous. Anthers inserted at the -base of the lobes of the staminal tube. Disc none. Ovary septate. -Stigma 2-3-parted. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe. Radicle of the embryo -exserted.--Species 1. East Africa. Yields timber, oily seeds, and -medicaments. (Under _Melia_ L.) =Azadirachta= Juss. - -Leaflets entire. Stigma discoid. Fruit a 2-or more-seeded capsule -or berry. Radicle included.--Species 7. West Africa. Yield timber. -(Including _Bingeria_ A. Chev. and _Heckeldora_ Pierre). =Guarea= L. - -14. Filaments united at the base only, 2-toothed at the top; anthers -inserted between the teeth. Petals 5, valvate in bud. Fruit a berry or -drupe. Seeds albuminous. Leaves 3-foliolate.--Species 2. Madagascar and -Comoro Islands. =Cipadessa= Blume - -Filaments united high up, rarely (_Trichilia_) at the base only, but -then fruit a capsule and seeds exalbuminous. 15 - -15. Ovary 1-celled, adnate to the staminal tube. Stigma sessile. -Anthers inserted at the rim of the almost entire staminal tube. -Disc stalk-like. Flowers 4-merous. Leaflets usually 5.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Symphytosiphon= Harms - -Ovary 2-3-celled. 16 - -16. Flowers solitary, axillary, rarely in spikes. Anthers 10, inserted -at the tips of the teeth of the staminal tube. Disc ring-shaped. Style -long. Fruit capsular, subglobose. Seeds with 3 narrow wings and with -fleshy albumen. Small shrubs. Leaves with a narrowly winged stalk and -3 woolly leaflets.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). Used -medicinally. (_Nelanaregam_ Adans.) =Naregamia= Wight & Arn. - -Flowers in panicles, rarely in racemes. Leaves with 5 or more leaflets, -rarely with 3, but then seeds exalbuminous. 17 - -17. Leaflets 5-7, toothed, clothed with stellate hairs; leafstalk -winged. Anthers 10, inserted between the lobes of the staminal tube, -which are divided in filiform segments. Disc ring-shaped. Style -short.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). The bark is eaten and used -medicinally. =Pterorhachis= Harms - -Leaflets entire, very rarely toothed, but then anthers 8, inserted at -the entire mouth of the staminal tube. Seeds exalbuminous. 18 - -18. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Seed-coat crustaceous. Staminal tube -entire or shortly toothed.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. -Some of them yield timber, tanners’ bark, and medicaments. (Including -_Charia_ C. DC.) =Ekebergia= Sparm. - -Fruit a capsule with a leathery rind. Seed-coat thin-leathery. Staminal -tube usually more or less deeply divided.--Species 35. Tropical -and South Africa. Some of them yield timber, dyes, oily seeds, and -medicaments. (Plate 76.) =Trichilia= L. - -19. (11.) Leaves simple, undivided. Flowers solitary or in cymes or -racemes. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous. 20 - -Leaves pinnate. Flowers in panicles, racemes, or cymes. Stamens united -high up. 21 - -20. Stamens united at the base only, 8. Disc cup-shaped. Stigma -small. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. South Africa. (_Aitonia_ Thunb., -_Carruthia_ O. Ktze.) =Nymania= Lindb. - -Stamens united high up, 8-10. Disc ring-shaped or absent. Stigma -usually thick.--Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used -medicinally. (Including _Calodryum_ Desv., _Grevellina_ Baill., and -_Quivisia_ Comm.) =Tourraea= L. - -21. Leaves twice pinnate, with usually serrate leaflets. Anthers -10-12, inserted between the teeth of the staminal tube. Fruit a drupe. -Seeds with scanty albumen.--Species 4, two natives of Central Africa, -the others (especially _M. Azederach_ L., beadtree or Persian lilac) -cultivated as ornamental plants and sometimes naturalized. They -yield timber, gum, oil, and medicaments, and are also used for the -preparation of liquors. The fruits are poisonous. =Melia= L. - -Leaves once pinnate, with entire leaflets. Seeds exalbuminous. 22 - -22. Leaves equally pinnate. Anthers 5 or 8. 23 - -Leaves unequally pinnate. Anthers 8 or 10. 24 - -23. Leaflets 2-6. Flowers 4-merous. Petals with contorted aestivation. -Anthers 8, inserted below the notches between the lobes of the staminal -tube. (See 10.) =Xylocarpus= Koen. - -Leaflets 10-16. Flowers 5-merous. Petals with valvate aestivation. -Anthers 5, inserted at the rim of the nearly entire staminal -tube.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Quivisianthe= Baill. - -24. Anthers inserted at the upper margin of the staminal tube or at the -top of its teeth. Disc ring-or cup-shaped. Style short, with a lobed -stigma. Leaflets opposite. (See 18.) =Ekebergia= Sparm. - -Anthers inserted below the mouth of the staminal tube, included. -Leaflets usually alternate. 25 - -25. Petals united high up and adnate to the staminal tube, valvate -in bud. Ovary at first 4-5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, later -1-celled.--Species 4. West Africa. =Turraeanthus= Baill. - -Petals free, or united at the base only. 2 - -26. Ovary 4-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. (See 13.) =Guarea= L. - -Ovary 4-5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. (See 10.) =Carapa= Aubl. - - -SUBORDER MALPIGHIINEAE - - -FAMILY 119. MALPIGHIACEAE - -Shrubs or undershrubs, with branched hairs, usually climbing. Leaves -undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers in racemose inflorescences, -bracteolate. Sepals 3-5, free or united at the base, mostly furnished -with glands on the outside. Petals 5, free, imbricate in bud, usually -clawed and toothed. Stamens usually 10, hypogynous. Filaments free -or united at the base. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal -slits. Ovary 2-3-celled, with 1 pendulous and inverted ovule in each -cell. Styles 1-3. Fruit usually separating into 3 mericarps. Seeds -exalbuminous.--Genera 16, species 80. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate -77.) - -1. Fruiting receptacle flat. Mericarps not winged. Calyx without -glands. Petals clawed, almost entire. Stamens 10. Leaves stipulate. -Flowers in terminal racemes. 2 - -Fruiting receptacle pyramidal. Mericarps winged. 3 - -2. Fruit covered with short hairs, dehiscent. Petals equal. Anthers -glabrous. Ovary covered with short hairs. Styles free, long and thin, -with small stigmas. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe -GALPHIMIEAE.] =Galphimia= Cav. - -Fruit covered with long, soft, hairy, spine-shaped processes. Petals -unequal. Anthers hairy. Ovary clothed with long hairs. Styles -converging, rather short and thick, with oval reflexed stigmas. Leaves -alternate or subopposite.--Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe TRICOMARIEAE.] -=Echinopteris= Juss. - -3. Mericarps with a large dorsal wing, without a lateral wing. Petals -more or less distinctly clawed. [Tribe BANISTERIEAE.] 4 - -Mericarps with a large, sometimes divided, lateral wing and a small -dorsal wing, or without a dorsal wing. Stamens 10. [Tribe HIRAEEAE.] 10 - -4. Style 1. Ovary 3-celled, 3-lobed. Stamens 5, two only fertile. -Sepals with two large glands each. Flowers solitary, terminal. Leaves -mucronate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cottsia= Dubard & Dop - -Styles 2-3. Stamens 10-15. 5 - -5. Styles 2, long. Ovary with 2 perfect and 1 rudimentary cell. Stamens -10. Petals with a long claw. Leaves usually alternate. 6 - -Styles 3. Ovary with 3 perfect cells. Corolla regular. Leaves usually -opposite. 7 - -6. Corolla distinctly irregular. Mericarps with an almost -semi-circular, cockscomb-shaped, palmately nerved dorsal wing. -Bracteoles awl-shaped.--Species 1. West Africa. =Rhinopteryx= Nied. - -[Illustration: MALPIGHIACEAE. - -_FLOW PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 77._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Acridocarpus macrocalyx Engl. - -_A_ Part of branch with fruits. _B_ Leaf. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. -_D_ Mericarp. _E_ Mericarp cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: POLYGALACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 78._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen. - -_A_ Branch with flower-buds. _B_ Flower (from which one of the lateral -sepals has been removed). _C_ Flower without the perianth, cut -lengthwise. _D_ Group of fruits. _E_ Fruit cut lengthwise.] - - -Corolla regular. Mericarps with a more or less parallel-nerved dorsal -wing.--Species 20. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species are -used as ornamental plants or in medicine. (Plate 77.) =Acridocarpus= -Guill. & Perr. - -7. Styles very long, divaricate; stigmas small, capitate. Stamens 10. -Petals with a very short claw. Sepals with very scantily developed -glands.--Species 4. Central and South-east Africa. =Sphedamnocarpus= -Planch. - -Styles short or rather short, erect or slightly divergent; stigmas -obliquely truncate, hooked, or broadened. 8 - -8. Stigmas broadened, semi-orbicular. Ovary with 3 tufts of hairs. -Stamens 11-15. Petals with a very short claw. Sepals without -glands.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Tricomariopsis= Dubard & Dop - -Stigmas not broadened. Stamens 10. 9 - -9. Styles hooked at the apex, bearing the stigma at the bent. Petals -with a distinct claw. Sepals with glands.--Species 1. West Africa. -=Heteropteris= Juss. - -Styles not hooked above, bearing the stigma at the obliquely truncate -tip. Petals with a very short claw. Sepals without glands.--Species 1. -Madagascar. (Under _Sphedamnocarpus_ Planch.) =Banisterioides= Dubard & -Dop - -10. (3.) Styles shorter than the ovary. Stigma terminal. Petals with -a short claw. Calyx without glands. Mericarps with an undivided -side-wing. 11 - -Styles longer than the ovary. 12 - -11. Ovary 2-celled. Petals slightly toothed. Leaves alternate.--Species -1. East Africa. =Diaspis= Nied. - -Ovary 3-celled. Mericarps with an air-cavity extending all round. -Leaves usually opposite and crowded upon dwarf-shoots.--Species 4. East -Africa. =Caucanthus= Forsk. - -12. Petals sessile, entire. Calyx without glands. Styles 3, very long, -with the stigma on the inside of the thickened apex. Mericarps with -an undivided side-wing.--Species 1. West Africa to the upper Nile. -=Flabellaria= Cav. - -Petals clawed. 13 - -13. Petals with a very short claw, entire. Calyx without glands. Styles -3, rather short, with a 2-lobed stigma. Flowers polygamous-dioecious, -in umbels. Mericarps with a 3-parted side-wing.--Species 5. Madagascar. -=Microsteira= Bak. - -Petals with a long or rather long claw. Style long. Flowers usually -hermaphrodite. 14 - -14. Stigma at the inside of the thickened style-apex. Styles 3, -all perfectly developed. Calyx without glands. Petals more or less -toothed or fringed. Mericarps with a shield-shaped, usually notched -side-wing.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. =Triaspis= Burch. - -Stigma small, at the slightly or not thickened style-apex. Usually a -single style perfectly developed. 15 - -15. Flowers distinctly irregular. Calyx with a large gland. Petals -fringed. Mericarps with a 3-parted side-wing.--Species 2, one a native -of West Africa, the other one naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. -Ornamental plants. (_Gaertnera_ Roxb.) =Hiptage= Gaertn. - -Flowers more or less regular. Calyx with several small glands or -without glands. Petals entire. Mericarp with a stellate, many-parted -side-wing.--Species 17. Madagascar, East and South-east Africa. -=Tristellateia= Thouars - - -SUBORDER POLYGALINEAE - - -FAMILY 120. POLYGALACEAE - -Leaves simple, entire. Inflorescence racemose, bracteolate. Flowers -irregular. Sepals 5, the two inner usually petal-like. Petals 3-5, more -or less adnate to the staminal tube, the lowest more or less concave -and boat-shaped. Stamens 5-8. Filaments more or less united. Anthers -attached by the base, at length one-celled, opening towards the apex. -Ovary superior, 1-3-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. -Style simple or 2-cleft, usually curved and flattened.--Genera 6, -species 240. (Plate 78.) - -1. Petals 5, all well-developed, unappendaged. Stamens 5. Ovary -2-3-celled. 2 - -Petals 3, 4, or 5, two of which are rudimentary. Stamens 6-8. Ovary -1-2-celled. 3 - -2. Petals unequal, clawed, the lowest boat-shaped. Stigma capitate. -Fruit a drupe. Seeds ellipsoid.--Species 3. West Africa. They yield -timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. =Carpolobia= Don - -Petals subequal, sessile, the lowest not boat-shaped. Stigma -punctiform. Fruit a nut. Seeds globose.--Species 4. West Africa. (Under -_Carpolobia_ Don) =Atroxima= Stapf - -3. Ovary 1-celled; a second rudimentary cell sometimes present. Stigma -entire or lobed. Sepals unequal. Concave petal with an appendage. -Stamens 8. Fruit a winged nut. Seeds without an aril, exalbuminous. -Shrubs or trees.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. They yield -bast-fibres, soap-bark, oily seeds, and medicinal drugs; the roots are -said to be poisonous. (_Lophostylis_ Hochst.) (Plate 78.) =Securidaca= -L. - -Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule or a drupe. 4 - -4. Sepals subequal. Concave petal with an appendage. Stamens 7, -rarely 8. Style almost straight. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with an aril, -albuminous.--Species 60. South Africa to Nyasaland. =Muraltia= Neck. - -Sepals unequal, the two inner usually wing-like. 5 - -5. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous. Style almost straight. Stamens 7, -rarely 8. Filaments united quite or nearly to the top. Concave - -[Illustration: DICHAPETALACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 79._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Dichapetalum leucosepalum Ruhl. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ -Cross-section of ovary.] - -[Illustration: EUPHORBIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 80._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Phyllanthus floribundus Müll. Arg. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower. _C_ Stamens and disc. _D_ Fruit. -_E_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _F_ Cross section of ovary.] - -petal with an appendage. Shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape -Colony). The fruits are edible. (_Mundtia_ Kunth). =Mundia= Kunth - -Fruit a capsule. Stamens 8, rarely 6 or 7.--Species 170. Some of them -yield fibres or fat from the seeds, others serve as ornamental or -medicinal plants. “Milkwort.” =Polygala= L. - - -SUBORDER DICHAPETALINEAE - - -FAMILY 121. DICHAPETALACEAE - -Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, stipulate. Inflorescence -cymose. Sepals 4-5, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5, usually 2-cleft. Disc -present, but sometimes reduced to separate glands. Stamens 5, sometimes -only 2-3 fertile. Anthers opening inwards. Ovary 2-3-celled, usually -superior. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous, inverted; raphe ventral. -Style 2-3-cleft or undivided with 2-3 stigmas. Fruit a nut or drupe. -Seeds 1-2, exalbuminous.--Genera 2, species 75. Tropical and South -Africa. (_CHAILLETIACEAE_.) (Plate 79.) - -Petals unequal, united below into a long tube, 2-cleft, imbricate -in bud. Sepals united below, unequal. Fertile stamens 2-3. Disc -semi-annular.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Tapura= Aubl. - -Petals equal, free or united at the base, rarely higher. Fertile -stamens 5.--Species 75. Tropical and South Africa. Some are poisonous. -(_Chailletia_ DC.) (Plate 79.). =Dichapetalum= Thouars - - -SUBORDER TRICOCCAE - - -FAMILY 122. EUPHORBIACEAE - -Flowers unisexual. Stamens hypogynous, rarely (_Bridelia_) perigynous. -Anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior or naked, usually 3-celled. Ovules -solitary in each cell, or 2 side by side, pendulous, inverted; raphe -ventral; micropyle usually covered by an outgrowth of the placenta. -Fruit generally separating into 3 dehiscing mericarps. Seeds usually -albuminous; embryo axile, radicle superior.--Genera 122, species 1200. -(Including _DAPHNIPHYLLACEAE_.) (Plate 80.) - -1. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. [Subfamily =CROTONOIDEAE=.]. 2 - -Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Juice not milky. [Subfamily -=PHYLLANTHOIDEAE=.]. 76 - -2. Inflorescence consisting of partial inflorescences having the -appearance of a single flower and containing one female flower and -several or many male ones surrounded by a lobed involucre with -glandular appendages. Petals none. Stamen 1. Ovary 3-4-celled. Juice -milky. [Tribe EUPHORBIEAE.]. 3 - -Inflorescence not consisting of partial inflorescences looking like a -single flower. 11 - -3. Male flowers with a cupular, entire or 3-6-lobed perianth. Female -flowers with a 3-4-toothed or-cleft perianth. Trees or shrubs. 4 - -Male flowers without a perianth. 5 - -4. Involucre of the partial inflorescences split at one side and -consisting of 4 or more bracts. Ovary 3-celled. Style 3-or 6-cleft. -Trees.--Species 3. Tropics. Poisonous and used medicinally. -=Anthostema= Juss. - -Involucre closed all round and consisting of 4 bracts. Ovary 4-celled. -Style 4-parted.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. =Dichostemma= Pierre - -5. Involucre of the partial inflorescences with unequal lobes and -with an appendage, in the axil of which the glands are inserted. -Shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Pedilanthus= Neck. - -Involucre with equal lobes, but sometimes surrounded by a one-sided -gland. 6 - -6. Involucre irregular, with a single gland sometimes embracing the -partial inflorescence and split at one side only. 7 - -Involucre regular, with several glands sometimes united into a ring or -cup. 9 - -7. Involucre with a narrow gland not enveloping the partial -inflorescence. Female flowers with a perianth. Bracts subtending the -involucres united high up. Spiny shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa. -=Stenadenium= Pax - -Involucre with a broad gland enveloping the partial inflorescence. -Herbs. 8 - -8. Female flowers with a perianth. Bracts subtending the involucres -united at the base.--Species 2. East Africa. (Under _Monadenium_ Pax). -=Lortia= Rendle - -Female flowers without a perianth. Bracts subtending the involucres -united high up.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Monadenium= Pax - -9. Glands of the involucre united into a ring or cup.--Species 10. -Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are poisonous. =Synadenium= Boiss. - -Glands of the involucre separate. 10 - -10. Fruit a drupe.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under _Euphorbia_ L.) -=Elaeophorbia= Stapf - -Fruit a capsule.--Species 320. Many of them are poisonous, some yield -timber, gum, rubber, oil, and medicaments, or serve as garden-or -hedge-plants. “Spurge.” =Euphorbia= L. - -11. (2.) Filaments bent inwards in the bud. Calyx 4-6-partite, -imbricate or subvalvate in bud. Corolla present, at least in the -male flowers. Inflorescence spike-or raceme-like. Leaves and young -shoots clothed with scales or stellate hairs.--Species 100. Tropical -and South Africa. Several species are poisonous, some yield gum-lac, -incense-wood, oil, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. -[Tribe CROTONEAE.] =Croton= L. - -Filaments straight in the bud. 12 - -12. Calyx of the male flowers with valvate or closed aestivation. -[Especially tribe ACALYPHEAE.] 13 - -Calyx of the male flowers with imbricate or open aestivation. 59 - -13. Corolla present in the male flowers. 14 - -Corolla absent in the male flowers. 24 - -14. Petals of the male flowers more or less united. Rudimentary pistil -cup-shaped or wanting. Style-branches 2. Flowers dioecious. Hairy -undershrubs, shrubs, or trees. 15 - -Petals of the male flowers free from each other, but sometimes -(_Caperonia_) adnate to the staminal tube; in this case rudimentary -pistil club-shaped and style with many branches. 17 - -15. Petals united high up. Calyx bursting irregularly. Disc of 5 -glands alternating with the petals. Stamens 12-20. Rudimentary pistil -absent. Climbing shrubs with reddish-brown hairs. Leaves 3-7-nerved. -Flowers in panicles.--Species 5. West Africa. Fibre-yielding plants. -=Manniophyton= Muell. Arg. - -Petals united at the base only. Calyx 4-5-parted. Stamens 4-5. -Undershrubs or trees. 16 - -16. Flowers 4-merous. Anthers turned inwards. Disc within the stamens. -Trees. Leaves 3-nerved. Young shoots with rusty-brown hairs. Flowers in -panicles.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Schubea= Pax - -Flowers 5-merous. Anthers turned outwards. Glands alternating with the -stamens; a cupular disc also present within them. Undershrubs. Young -shoots with white hairs. Flowers in axillary clusters.--Species 1. East -Africa (Somaliland). =Gilgia= Pax - -17. Style many-cleft. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers -club-shaped. Stamens 5-10, united below. Petals adnate to the staminal -tube. Disc indistinct. Flowers in racemes. Herbs or undershrubs, -usually hispid.--Species 9. Tropics. Several species yield fibre. -=Caperonia= St. Hil. - -Style 2-4-cleft. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers 2-3-cleft or -wanting. 18 - -18. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, hairy or cottony. -Flowers in racemes, monoecious. Male flowers without a disc.--Species -7. Northern and tropical Africa. Some are poisonous or yield dyes and -medicaments. “Turnsole.” (_Tournesolia_ Scop.) =Chrozophora= Neck. - -Stem woody. Male flowers usually with a disc reduced to separate -glands. 19 - -19. Young branches and leaves clothed with scales. Inflorescence -spicate or racemose. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 15-20.--Species 12. -West Africa. =Crotonogyne= Muell. Arg. - -Young branches and leaves glabrous, downy, or clothed with star-like -hairs. Inflorescence spicate, racemose, or paniculate; in the two -former cases stamens 6-14. 20 - -20. Young branches and leaves clothed with 2-cleft or star-like hairs. -Trees. Leaves palmately nerved. Flowers in panicles, monoecious. -Stamens 8-20. Fruit a drupe.--Species 2. Cultivated and naturalized in -the tropics. They yield timber, gum-lac, tanning bark, dye-stuffs, and -edible oily seeds (“candle-nuts”). =Aleurites= Forst. - -Young branches and leaves clothed with simple hairs, or glabrous. -Shrubs. Inflorescence spicate or racemose, more rarely paniculate, but -then leaves pinnately nerved. Fruit a capsule. 21 - -21. Flowers in panicles, dioecious. Calyx 2-3-partite in the male -flowers, 4-partite in the female. Corolla in the female flowers -falling off very early, or wanting. Stamens numerous, free. Male -flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Branches downy, at least when -young.--Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons). =Grossera= Pax - -Flowers in spicate or racemose inflorescences. Stamens 6-13. 22 - -22. Flowers monoecious. Calyx 5-partite. Stamens 10, united at the -base. Anthers attached by the back. Male flowers without a rudimentary -pistil. Branches glabrous.--Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. -=Tannodia= Baill. - -Flowers dioecious. 23 - -23. Branches glabrous. Anther-halves suspended from the -connective.--Species 2. West Africa and Comoro Islands. -=Agrostistachys= Dalz. - -Branches hairy. Styles 2-cleft. Leaves stalked.--Species 2. East -Africa. =Holstia= Pax - -24. (13.) Styles united to about the middle or beyond. 25 - -Styles free or united at the base only. 32 - -25. Styles united nearly to the top into a usually hollow column. 26 - -Styles united about to the middle, undivided. Ovary 3-celled. 31 - -26. Calyx of the female flowers entire or shortly toothed. Anthers -3-4-celled. Ovary 1-2-, rarely 3-celled. Trees or shrubs.--Species 50. -Tropical and South Africa. (Including _Mappa_ Juss.) =Macaranga= Thouars - -Calyx of the female flowers 4-12-partite. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 3-4-, -rarely 5-celled. 27 - -27. Flowers dioecious. Calyx of the female flowers 4-partite. Ovary -4-celled, winged. Style rather long, columnar, with a 4-lobed stigma. -Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Trees.--Species 1. West Africa -(Cameroons). =Tetracarpidium= Pax - -Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the female flowers 5-12-, rarely -4-partite. Seeds usually without an outgrowth. 28 - -28. Calyx of the male flowers 3-partite, of the female 5-6-partite. -Stamens 3, with united filaments. Ovary 3-celled. Style united into -a globose body. Climbing shrubs. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Sphaerostylis= Baill. - -Calyx of the male flowers 4-6-partite. Stamens 4-30. 29 - -29. Stamens 4-6. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers columnar. Ovary -3-celled. Trees or shrubs, with stellate hairs. Leaves undivided, -palmately nerved. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro -Islands. (Including _Niedenzua_ Pax). =Adenochlaena= Baill. - -Stamens 8-30, inserted upon an elevated receptacle. Rudimentary pistil -none. Shrubs or undershrubs, usually climbing. 30 - -30. Flowers in cymes surrounded by two large, brightly coloured bracts. -Anther-halves parallel. Style columnar.--Species 15. Tropical and South -Africa. Some are used for dyeing, in medicine, or as ornamental plants. -=Dalechampia= L. - -Flowers in racemes, without conspicuous bracts. Anther-halves -spreading. Climbing plants. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. Central and -South Africa. =Plukenetia= L. - -31. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, usually climbing, often -with stinging hairs. Stamens 3, rarely more.--Species 45. Tropical and -South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including _Ctenomeria_ Harv.) -=Tragia= L. - -Stem woody throughout. Stamens numerous, free.--Species 20. Tropics. -The fruits of some species are used for tanning. =Pycnocoma= Benth. - -32. (24.) Filaments repeatedly branched. Anther-halves numerous, -separate, globose. Tall herbs or shrubs. Leaves palmately lobed. -Flowers monoecious.--Species 1 (_R. communis_ L., castor-oil-plant). -Spontaneous in the tropics, naturalized in other parts of Africa. An -ornamental plant yielding fibre, fodder, and poisonous oily seeds used -in medicine. =Ricinus= L. - -Filaments not branched. 33 - -33. Anther-halves plainly separate, oblong or linear, often twisted. -Filaments 6-20, free. Styles free, usually divided. Trees or shrubs. 34 - -Anther-halves contiguous or nearly so, oblong to globular. 35 - -34. Bracts of the female flowers leaf-like. Sepals of the female -flowers 3-5, small. Stamens usually 8. Disc none. Male flowers spicate, -female spicate, paniculate, or solitary.--Species 80. Tropical and -South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. -=Acalypha= L. - -Bracts of the female flowers small. Sepals of the female flowers 4-6, -broad. Disc absent in the male flowers, flat and lobed in the female. -Flowers spicate.--Species 4. West Africa. =Mareya= Baill. - -35. Anthers 2-celled, at least after opening. 36 - -Anthers 3-4-celled, even after opening. Trees or shrubs. 57 - -36. Anther-halves oblong, attached lengthwise or above the middle. 37 - -Anther-halves ovoid or globose, attached by the base or the tip, rarely -in the middle. 50 - -37. Stamens 3-10. Trees or shrubs. 38 - -Stamens numerous. 43 - -38. Calyx valvate in bud. Stamens 5-10; filaments united throughout. -Rudimentary pistil exceeding the staminal tube. Styles very -short, 2-lobed. Trees. Leaves 3-foliolate. Flowers in panicles, -monoecious.--Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield rubber -(para-rubber): (_Siphonia_ Schreb.) =Hevea= Aubl. - -Calyx closed in bud. Stamens 3-10; filaments free or united at the base -only. Styles distinctly developed. Leaves simple, undivided. 39 - -39. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Stamens 6-10. Filaments -free, bent twice. Styles divided into many branches. Flowers -monoecious. Shrubs with stellate hairs. 40 - -Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Filaments united at the -base. Styles undivided or with 2 branches. Flowers usually dioecious. 41 - -40. Sepals of the female flowers 6, entire, united halfway up. Styles -free.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. (Under _Cephalocroton_ Hochst.) -=Cephalocrotonopsis= Pax - -Sepals of the female flowers pinnately dissected. Styles united at the -base.--Species 8. East Africa to Transvaal, Madagascar, and German -South-west Africa. =Cephalocroton= Hochst. - -41. Styles at first united, finally free. Seeds with an outgrowth -at the hilum. Glabrous shrubs. Leaves 3-5-nerved at the base. Male -inflorescences catkin-like, springing from the old wood.--Species 5. -Tropics. Some yield dye-stuffs. =Lepidoturus= Baill. - -Styles free or nearly so. Seeds without an outgrowth. Male -inflorescences spike-or panicle-like, axillary. 42 - -42. Styles united at the base, two-cleft. Trees. Leaves -penninerved.--Species 2. Madagascar. (Including _Orfilea_ Baill., under -_Alchornea_ Swartz) =Lautembergia= Baill. - -Styles free, undivided.--Species 10. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some of -them yield dye-stuffs. =Alchornea= Swartz - -43. (37.) Styles laciniate. Ovary nearly glabrous. Disc in the male -flowers consisting of glands situated outside the stamens, in the -female indistinct. Sepals 5. Trees. Leaves penninerved, without -stipules. Flowers dioecious, the male in clusters arising from the -old wood, the female in axillary racemes.--Species 1. East Africa. -=Crotonogynopsis= Pax - -Styles two-cleft or undivided, but usually ciliate within. Ovary -usually hairy. Disc indistinct in the male flowers. Sepals 2-4, very -rarely 5. Flowers in spikes or panicles. 44 - -44. Styles two-cleft. 45 - -Styles undivided. 47 - -45. Flowers dioecious, in panicles. Calyx of the male flowers -2-partite. Disc indistinct. Plants clothed with stellate hairs. Leaves -palminerved.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Neoboutonia= Muell. Arg. - -Flowers monoecious, all or the female in spikes. Calyx of the male -flowers 4-5-partite. Disc distinctly developed in the female flowers. -Trees. Leaves penninerved. 46 - -46. Disc of the female flowers expanded. Styles thick. Leafstalk -rather short. Stipules lanceolate, persistent.--Species 1. West -Africa. =Necepsia= Prain Disc of the female flowers cupular. Styles -awl-shaped. Leafstalk very short. Stipules awl-shaped, deciduous. -Spikes unisexual.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Alchornea_ Swartz) -=Palissya= Baill. - -47. Calyx of the male flowers 2-partite. Stamens numerous. Styles -thickish, united at the base. Shrubs. Leaves narrow, penninerved. -Flowers in axillary spikes, monoecious.--Species 1. Equatorial West -Africa. =Neopycnocoma= Pax - -Calyx of the male flowers 3-5-partite. 48 - -48. Flowers in leaf-opposed spikes, monoecious. Calyx 4-partite. Styles -4. Stem herbaceous. Leaves broad.--Species 2. Southern West Africa -(Amboland). =Pseudotragia= Pax - -Flowers in axillary or terminal spikes or panicles. Stem woody. 49 - -49. Leaves narrow, penninerved. Flowers monoecious, in spikes. Calyx of -the male flowers 3-partite. Styles thin.--Species 1. Central Africa. -=Argomuellera= Pax - -Leaves broad, palminerved. Flowers usually dioecious.--Species 10. -Tropical and South Africa. (Including _Echinus_ Lour.) =Mallotus= Lour. - -50. (36.) Anther-halves attached at the middle. Stamens 6-12. Calyx -5-partite. Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3, united at the base, 2-cleft. -Herbs. Flowers in cymes.--Species 8. South Africa. (Including -_Paradenocline_ Muell. Arg.) =Adenocline= Turcz. - -Anther-halves attached at the base or the top. Styles undivided or -many-cleft. 51 - -51. Anther-halves attached at the top, pendulous, spreading downwards. -Styles 2, rarely 3, undivided. Herbs or undershrubs. 52 - -Anther-halves attached at the base, erect, spreading upwards. 54 - -52. Stamens 8-20. Disc of the female flowers reduced to two scales. -Calyx 3-partite. Leaves opposite.--Species 3. North Africa; also -introduced in South Africa. Used as dye-plants, pot-herbs, and in -medicine. “Mercury.” =Mercurialis= L. - -Stamens 2-7. Disc none. Flowers monoecious. Leaves alternate. 53 - -53. Calyx of the female flowers 3-partite. Stamens 2-3. Leaves narrow, -entire. Flowers in clusters.--Species 1. South Africa. =Seidelia= Baill. - -Calyx of the female flowers reduced to a single scale or absent. -Stamens 4-7. Leaves broad, more or less toothed. Flowers in -racemes.--Species 2. South Africa. =Leidesia= Muell. Arg. - -54. Stem herbaceous. Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the female flowers -imbricate in bud. Stamens 3-10. Disc of the female flowers reduced to -3-4 linear scales. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles undivided.--Species 1. -Central Africa. =Micrococca= Benth. - -Stem woody. Flowers dioecious, rarely monoecious, but then calyx of the -female flowers valvate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled. 55 - -55. Styles undivided. Disc of the female flowers entire or lobed. -Stamens 5 or more, usually numerous.--Species 25. Tropical and South -Africa. Several species yield timber or are used in medicine. -=Claoxylon= Juss. - -Styles many-cleft. Stamens 3-12. Flowers dioecious. Shrubs. Stipules -spiny. 56 - -56. Disc of the female flowers consisting of numerous, more or less -ciliate scales; also 3 staminodes present. Sepals of the female flowers -broad. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a 3-celled capsule. Female flowers in -pendulous spikes.--Species 1. Southern West Africa. =Poggeophyton= Pax - -Disc of the female flowers consisting of 2 narrow scales; no -staminodes. Fruit a drupe. Female flowers in clusters.--Species 8. -Central Africa. =Erythrococca= Benth. - -57. (35.) Disc of the female flowers formed of 3 petal-like scales. -Styles recurved, appressed to the ovary, united at the base, 2-cleft. -Ovary 3-celled. Stamens 3. Anthers 4-celled. Flowers dioecious, -the male ones in spikes, the female solitary or 2-3 together. -Leaves pinnately nerved.--Species 3. West Africa. Yielding timber. -=Hasskarlia= Baill. - -Disc absent. Styles erect or spreading. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or -panicles. 58 - -58. Calyx of the female flowers 3-5-partite. Stamens numerous. Anthers -4-celled. Ovary 2-3-celled. Styles long and thin, 2-parted. Seed-coat -leathery. Trees or shrubs. Inflorescence spicate or racemose.--Species -3. Central Africa. =Cleidion= Blume - -Calyx of the female flowers entire or shortly toothed. Connective not -prolonged. Ovary 1-2-, rarely 3-celled. Styles undivided, usually short -and thick. Seed-coat crustaceous. Leaves usually palmately nerved. (See -26.). =Macaranga= Thouars - -59. (12.) Corolla present in the male flowers. 60 - -Corolla absent in the male flowers. 66 - -60. Flowers in corymb-or panicle-like inflorescences composed of cymes, -nearly always monoecious. Stamens 5 or more, all or the outer opposite -the petals, all or the inner united below. [Tribe JATROPHEAE.] 61 - -Flowers solitary or in clusters or panicles, dioecious. Stamens free, -but often inserted on a stalk-like process of the receptacle. Shrubs or -trees. [Tribe CLUYTIEAE.] 62 - -61. Flowers dioecious. Petals free. Stamens 16-17, the five outer -nearly free, the inner irregularly united. Seeds without an outgrowth. -Leaves undivided.--Species 2. East Africa. =Neojatropha= Pax - -Flowers monoecious. Stamens in 2-6 whorls, usually 8-10. Seeds with -an outgrowth at the hilum.--Species 50. Central and South Africa; two -species cultivated and naturalized in the tropics. Several species -yield gum, oil, and medicaments; some are poisonous or used as -garden-or hedge-plants. =Jatropha= L. - -62. Stamens 5. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Petals free. -Flowers solitary or in clusters in the axils of the leaves. Leaves -undivided. 63 Stamens 12 or more. Male flowers without a rudimentary -pistil. Flowers in panicles. 64 - -63. Stamens opposite the sepals, inserted upon a flat receptacle, free. -Fruit a drupe.--Species 1. West Africa. =Microdesmis= Planch. - -Stamens opposite the petals, inserted upon a stalk-like receptacle. -Fruit a capsule.--Species 40. South and Central Africa. Some are used -as ornamental plants. =Cluytia= L. - -64. Petals free. Stamens free. Fruit a capsule. Leaves undivided, -pinnately nerved. Shrubs.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Congo). -=Mildbraedia= Pax - -Petals united below. Fruit a drupe. Leaves lobed or dissected, -palmately nerved at the base. Trees. 65 - -65. Leaves lobed.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Givotia= Griff. - -Leaves dissected.--Species 3. West Africa. Yield timber and fat from -the seeds. =Ricinodendron= Muell. Arg. - -66. (59.) Stamens 1-4, rarely more, and then ovary many-celled. Disc -little developed or wanting. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. -Style-branches undivided. [Tribe HIPPOMANEAE.] 67 - -Stamens 5 or more. Ovary 2-4-celled. Style-branches two-cleft or lobed. -Sepals 4-8. Shrubs or trees. 74 - -67. Stamens 8 or more. Calyx cup-shaped, almost entire. Ovary -many-celled. Style columnar, many-branched at the top. Fruit a capsule. -Trees. Inflorescence spicate; bracts adnate to the rachis throughout -their whole length, at first enclosing the flower-buds. Flowers -monoecious.--Species 1 (_H. crepitans_ L., sandbox-tree). Naturalized -in the tropics. Ornamental tree, yielding oil and medicaments; the -fruits are used as sand-boxes; the juice is poisonous. =Hura= L. - -Stamens 1-4. Ovary 2-4-celled. Bracts adnate to the rachis of the -inflorescence by their base only. 68 - -68. Stamens 1-3, the filaments entirely or almost entirely united. -Shrubs or trees. Flowers monoecious. 69 - -Stamens 2-4, the filaments free or united at the base only. Styles free -or united at the base. Ovary 2-3-celled. 71 - -69. Calyx 3-lobed. Stamens 1-3; filaments free at the top, connective -not broadened. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles united high up. Fruit a -capsule. Seeds with a large outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers in -panicles.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Maprounea= Aubl. - -Calyx 4-5-parted. Stamens 2-3; filaments united into a short column. -Anthers turned outwards. Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit a capsule or a drupe. -Seeds without an outgrowth. 70 - -70. Calyx-segments broad. Connective broadened, peltate. Styles united -high up. Flowers in panicles.--Species 2. Tropics. =Omphalea= L. - -Calyx-segments narrow. Connective not broadened. Styles free or -united at the base. Flowers in spikes.--Species 2. Central Africa. -=Excoecariopsis= Pax - -71. Calyx of the male flowers 2-3-toothed or-lobed. Inflorescence -terminal. Bracts with two glands. Flowers monoecious. 72 - -Calyx of the male flowers 2-5-parted. Fruit a capsule with a persistent -central column. 73 - -72. Ripe carpels separating from a 3-parted central column. Seeds -without an outgrowth.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. They -yield timber; one species (_S. sebiferum_ Roxb.) is cultivated for its -oily seeds. (Including _Conosapium_ Muell. Arg.). =Sapium= P. Browne - -Ripe carpels separating from the base of the pericarp, leaving no -central column. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum.--Species 5. -Tropical and South Africa. Some are poisonous. =Stillingia= L. - -73. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers monoecious. -Inflorescences terminal or terminal and lateral. Leaves -alternate.--Species 3. Central Africa. (_Cnemidostachys_ Mart.) -=Sebastiania= Spreng. - -Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers usually dioecious. -Inflorescences usually lateral.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. -Some are poisonous or are used as ornamental plants. (Including -_Taenosapium_ Muell. Arg.) =Excoecaria= L. - -74. (66.) Flowers in racemes, monoecious, with a disc. Sepals of the -male flowers evidently united below. Stamens 10, free. Leaves palmately -divided, sometimes alternating with undivided ones.--Species 3. -Cultivated in the tropics. _M. Glaziovii_ Muell. Arg. yields rubber, -_M. utilissima_ Pohl and _M. dulcis_ Pax (cassava or mandioc-plants) -furnish vegetables, medicaments, and edible roots, from which meal, -starch (tapioca), and a spirituous drink are prepared. =Manihot= Adans. - -Flowers in glomerules, dioecious, rarely monoecious, but then without a -disc. Sepals of the male flowers free or nearly so. Leaves undivided. -[Tribe GELONIEAE.] 75 - -75. Sepals 5. Filaments free. Male flowers without a disc and -without a rudimentary pistil.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. -(_Ceratophorus_ Sond., including _Suregada_ Roxb.) =Gelonium= Roxb. - -Sepals of the female flowers 7-8, the inner petaloid. Filaments -united.--Species 1. West Africa. =Chaetocarpus= Thwait. - -76. (1.) Calyx of the male flowers with valvate aestivation. Stamens -5-7. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Shrubs or trees. 77 - -Calyx of the male flowers with imbricate or open aestivation. 81 - -77. Petals absent. Disc none. Styles 2, undivided. Ovary-cells 2, each -with an incomplete partition.--Species 1. West Africa. =Martretia= -Beille - -Petals small. Disc outside the stamens. Styles 2-parted. Ovary-cells -undivided. [Tribe BRIDELIEAE.] 78 - -78. Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2. Stamens borne upon a short androphore. -Leaf-veins of the third order almost parallel. 79 - -Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3. Disc of the female flowers cup-shaped. Fruit -a capsule. Leaf-veins of the third order netted. 80 - -79. Disc of the female flowers bottle-shaped, enclosing the ovary to -the top. Inflorescence paniculate.--Species 1. East Africa. (Under -_Bridelia_ Willd.) =Neogoetzea= Pax - -Disc of the female flowers double, the outer cup-shaped, adhering -to the calyx, the inner consisting of 5 scales. Fruit usually a -drupe.--Species 25. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield -dye-stuffs. (Including _Gentilia_ Beille) =Bridelia= Willd. - -80. Receptacle of the male flowers elevated, forming a short -androphore.--Species 10. Tropics. =Cleistanthus= Hook. - -Receptacle not prolonged into an androphore. Flowers clustered, -dioecious.--Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. =Stenonia= Baill. - -81. (76.) Anthers 4-celled, even after opening, numerous. Filaments -united. Male flowers with 5 sepals and 3 valvate petals. Ovary -3-4-celled. Styles 3, undivided. Carpels enlarging and separating -after the time of flowering. Downy shrubs. Leaves without stipules. -Flowers in axillary glomerules.--Species 1. South-east Africa. [Tribe -JUNODIEAE.] =Junodia= Pax - -Anthers 2-celled, at least after opening. 82 - -82. Seeds with a very small embryo. Fruit an oblong drupe. Ovary -2-celled. Styles 2, undivided. Male flowers with 9-18 free, central -stamens, without a disc and without a rudimentary pistil. Corolla none. -Flowers dioecious, in racemes. Trees.--Species 1. West Africa. [Tribe -DAPHNIPHYLLEAE] =Daphniphyllum= Blume - -Seeds with a large embryo. Ovary-cells and styles usually 3; if 2, then -stamens 2-6 or surrounding a central disc. [Tribe PHYLLANTHEAE.] 83 - -83. Corolla present, at least in the flowers of one sex. 84 - -Corolla absent. 95 - -84. Stamens 8-10. Anthers opening outwards. Sepals, petals, and carpels -4-5. Flowers dioecious, in glomerules. Trees.--Species 1. South Africa. -Yields timber. =Heywoodia= Sim - -Stamens 4-5. [Subtribe ANDRACHNINAE.] 85 - -85. Flowers 3-merous, dioecious. Petals exceeding the sepals in -the male flowers, absent in the female. Male flowers without a -rudimentary pistil. Stamens 6, each surrounded at the base by a gland; -anthers opening transversely. Ovary 4-5-celled. Shrubs. Flowers in -glomerules.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). =Bricchettia= Pax - -Flowers 4-6-merous. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. 86 - -86. Ovary 5-celled. Styles 5, two-cleft. Disc cup-shaped, lobed in -the male flowers, entire in the female. Stamens inserted upon a short -androphore. Petals exceeding the sepals. Flowers fascicled, monoecious. -Shrubs.--Species 1. Seychelles. (Under _Savia_ Willd.) =Wielandia= -Baill. - -Ovary 3-celled. Styles or sessile stigmas 3. 87 - -87. Styles very short, undivided. 88 - -Styles well developed, two-cleft. 90 - -88. Flowers monoecious, in spikes or fascicles. Petals short. -Rudimentary pistil 3-lobed. Stigmas thick. Seeds solitary in each cell, -exalbuminous, with thick-fleshy cotyledons. Trees or shrubs.--Species -6. Tropics. =Amanoa= Aubl. - -Flowers dioecious, in panicles. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Trees. 89 - -89. Panicles terminal. Petals small. Disc of the male flowers of -separate glands. Rudimentary pistil obconical, flattened at the top. -Seeds with a spongy coat, scanty albumen, and flat cotyledons.--Species -2. Equatorial regions. =Megabaria= Pierre - -Panicles axillary. Petals large. Disc of the male flowers cupular. -Rudimentary pistil narrowed above. Seeds with copious albumen.--Species -1. Equatorial West Africa. =Centroplacus= Pierre - -90. Stamens inserted upon a prolonged, stalk-like receptacle. Petals -shorter than the sepals. Disc and ovary densely woolly. Seeds with -scanty albumen and folded cotyledons. Shrubs. Flowers dioecious, the -male ones fascicled, the female solitary.--Species 1. South Africa. -=Lachnostylis= Turcz. - -Stamens inserted upon a receptacle which is not stalk-like. 91 - -91. Stamens inserted upon the disc. Seeds exalbuminous, with folded -cotyledons. Trees or shrubs. Flowers in fascicles.--Species 1. -Equatorial West Africa. (_Pentabrachium_ Muell. Arg.) =Actephila= Blume - -Stamens inserted inside the disc round the rudimentary pistil. Seeds -with copious albumen. 92 - -92. Male flowers without a corolla, with 4 sepals and 6 stamens. Female -flowers with 2 sepals and 5 petals. Flowers dioecious, the male in -glomerules, the female solitary. Shrubs or trees.--Species 1. West -Africa (Congo). =Neochevaliera= Beille - -Male flowers with a corolla, rarely without, but then with 5 sepals and -5 stamens. Flowers dioecious, the male in spikes, racemes, or panicles, -or monoecious. 93 - -93. Lobes of the disc alternating with the petals. Flowers monoecious, -in glomerules or the female solitary. Shrubs.--Species 8. Madagascar -and neighbouring islands. (Under _Savia_ Willd.) =Petalodiscus= Baill. - -Lobes of the disc opposite the petals. Male flowers in spikes, racemes, -or fascicles. 94 - -94. Flowers monoecious. Anther-halves adnate lengthwise. Rudimentary -pistil of the male flowers columnar or 3-partite. Styles short. Herbs, -undershrubs, or shrubs.--Species 6. =Andrachne= L. - -Flowers dioecious. Anther-halves at first suspended from the thick -connective. Rudimentary pistil thick, usually obovate. Styles long. -Shrubs or trees.--Species 9. West Africa and Madagascar. =Thecacoris= -Juss. - -95. (83.) Leaves digitate. Male flowers in glomerules, with a -5-8-partite calyx. Trees. [Subtribe BISCHOFIINAE.] 96 - -Leaves simple, undivided. 98 - -96. Leaflets 1-3. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 14-15.--Species 1. -Southern West Africa (Angola). =Aristogeitonia= Prain - -Leaflets 5-7. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 4-10. 97 - -97. Leaves opposite. Leaflets stalked. Fruit a capsule.--Species 1. -West Africa. Yields timber (African teak). =Oldfieldia= Hook. - -Leaves alternate. Leaflets sessile. Male flowers with a 6-8-cleft -calyx and 6-8 stamens. Female flowers solitary, with 3 bracteoles, a -disc consisting of 6-7 scales, a 2-celled ovary, and 2 short, thick, -undivided styles. Fruit a drupe.--Species 1. Southern West Africa -(Angola). =Paivaeusa= Welw. - -98. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers dioecious, the male in -fascicles or panicles, the female solitary. Stamens numerous. Disc -none. Fruit a capsule. Trees. [Subtribe TOXICODENDRINAE.] 99 - -Leaves alternate. 100 - -99. Sepals 2-5. Stamens inserted upon a stalk-like receptacle. Styles -united high up.--Species 1. Southern East Africa (Mosambic). Yields -timber. =Androstachys= Prain - -Sepals 5-12. Stamens inserted upon a flat receptacle. Styles united at -the base only.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Fruit poisonous. -(_Hyaenanche_ Lamb.) =Toxicodendron= Thunb. - -100. Male flowers in catkins, spikes, racemes, or panicles, more rarely -in heads or umbels with a calyx-like involucre. Flowers dioecious. -[Subtribe ANTIDESMINAE.] 101 - -Male flowers in axillary glomerules, fascicles, or short cymes, rarely -in umbels without an involucre. 112 - -101. Male flowers in umbels or heads with a calyx-like involucre, -female solitary. Male flowers without a disc, but with a rudimentary -pistil. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 2-4 celled. Styles branched. Fruit fleshy, -indehiscent. Trees.--Species 30. Tropics. Some yield timber or edible -fruits. =Uapaca= Baill. - -Male flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles without an involucre. 102 - -102. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a drupe. Trees or shrubs. 103 - -Ovary 2-5-celled. 105 - -103. Styles 3, 2-lobed. Male flowers with a disc. Stamens 2-5.--Species -25. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some yield timber and dye-stuffs. -=Antidesma= L. - -Style 1, undivided. Male flowers without a disc. 104 - -104. Sepals in the male flowers 3-5. Stamens 3-5. Disc of the female -flowers ring-shaped.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Cometia= Thouars - -Sepals in the male flowers 6-8. Stamens numerous. Disc none.--Species -1. Equatorial West Africa. The seeds yield oil. =Plagiostyles= Pierre - -105. Ovary 2-celled. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Trees or -shrubs. 106 - -Ovary 3-, rarely 4-5-celled. 108 - -106. Ovary and fruit winged. Styles long, undivided. Disc none. Stamens -4-6.--Species 12. Central and South Africa. =Hymenocardia= Wall. - -Ovary and fruit not winged. Styles short. 107 - -107. Disc in the male flowers consisting of 5 scales, in the female -cup-shaped, entire. Stamens 5. Fruit one-seeded.--Species 4. West -Africa and Upper Nile. =Maesobotrya= Benth. - -Disc, especially in the female flowers, little developed or absent. -Styles shortly lobed. Fruit several-seeded.--Species 10. West Africa. -=Baccaurea= Lour. - -108. Disc indistinct or wanting. Styles short, very shortly lobed. (See -107.) =Baccaurea= Lour. - -Disc distinctly developed. Stamens 4-5. 109 - -109. Disc entire or nearly so. Styles undivided, united high up. -Rudimentary pistil salver-shaped. Shrubs.--Species 1. Equatorial -regions. =Baccaureopsis= Pax - -Disc lobed or divided. Styles more or less deeply two-cleft. 110 - -110. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Stipules hair-like. -Flowers very small. Rudimentary pistil salver-shaped. Styles free, -thick, 2-cleft.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Cyathogyne= Muell. Arg. - -Stem woody. Rudimentary pistil not salver-shaped. 111 - -111. Stipules large, kidney-shaped. Inflorescence springing from -the old wood. Seeds with an aril.--Species 5. West Africa. (Under -_Maesobotrya_ Benth.) =Staphysora= Pierre - -Stipules not kidney-shaped. Flowers 5-merous. Anther-halves at first -suspended from the thickened connective. Styles long. (See 94.) -=Thecacoris= Juss. - -112. (100.) Styles or sessile stigmas much broadened, sometimes wholly -united. Flowers dioecious. Disc present. Fruit indehiscent. Trees or -shrubs. [Subtribe DRYPETINAE.] 113 - -Styles or style-branches rather thin or broadened at the apex only. -[Subtribe PHYLLANTHINAE.] 115 - -113. Stamens 3. Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas peltate, nearly sessile. Disc -cup-shaped in the male flowers, ring-shaped in the female. Sepals -unequal.--Species 1. West Africa. =Sibangea= Oliv. - -Stamens 4 or more. 114 - -114. Fruit 1-seeded. Ovary 1-2-celled. Stamens usually 4.--Species 4. -Central Africa. =Drypetes= Vahl - -Fruit 2-4-seeded. Ovary 2-4-celled. Stamens usually numerous.--Species -20. Tropical and South Africa. =Cyclostemon= Blume - -115. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil and a disc usually divided -into glands. 116 - -Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. 120 - -116. Receptacle of the male flowers prolonged into an androphore. -Stamens 5-6. Shrubs, undershrubs, or herbs. 117 Receptacle not -prolonged into an androphore. Disc of the male flowers divided into -glands alternating with the sepals, rarely entire. Seeds without an -outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs and trees. 118 - -117. Disc of the male flowers nearly entire, of the female -divided into 5 glands alternating with the sepals. Fruit a drupe. -Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs. Male inflorescence -many-flowered.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Pseudolachnostylis= Pax - -Disc of the male flowers 5-lobed or divided into 5 glands opposite -the sepals. Fruit a capsule. Seeds without an outgrowth at the -hilum. Flowers monoecious, fascicled.--Species 4. Central Africa. -=Cluytiandra= Muell. Arg. - -118. Disc of the male flowers slightly lobed. Styles undivided. Flowers -monoecious, large. Stipules large.--Species 1. German East Africa. -=Zimmermannia= Pax - -Disc of the male flowers deeply lobed or divided. Styles two-cleft. -Flowers usually dioecious. 119 - -119. Anthers opening outwards. Disc of the female flowers lobed. Seeds -grooved on the ventral face; testa thick; embryo curved.--Species 8. -Tropical and South Africa. Some yield timber. (Under _Securinega_ -Juss.) =Flueggea= Willd. - -Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Disc of the female flowers -undivided. Seeds not grooved; testa thin; embryo straight.--Species 6. -Some of them yield timber. =Securinega= Juss. - -120. Disc present. 121 - -Disc absent. Shrubs or trees. 124 - -121. Disc of the male flowers consisting of 5-6 scales adnate below -to the sepals which consequently appear much thickened. Stamens 3. -Filaments very short, united. Anthers opening outwards. Style-branches -2-cleft. Flowers monoecious. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 1. -Madagascar and neighbouring islands. =Agyneia= Vent. - -Disc of the male flowers not adnate to the sepals; hence sepals not -much thickened. 122 - -122. Stamens 2-10. Styles usually two-cleft.--Species 80. Tropical and -South Africa; one species naturalized in Egypt. Some of them serve as -garden-or hedge-plants or yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, -edible fruits, and medicaments. (Including _Cicca_ L. and _Pleiostemon_ -Sond.) (Plate 80.) =Phyllanthus= L. - -Stamens 12-18. Disc many-lobed or many-parted. Styles 3. Shrubs or -trees. 123 - -123. Flowers monoecious. Sepals 5. Disc lobed. Styles entire or -notched, flattened.--Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. -=Humblotia= Baill. - -Flowers monoecious with 6 sepals, or dioecious with 5. Disc deeply -divided. Styles two-cleft. Stipules gland-like.--Species 2. Equatorial -West Africa. =Lingelsheimia= Pax - -124. Flowers monoecious. Calyx 6-lobed. Stamens 3; filaments united; -anthers opening outwards. Male flowers in glomerules.--Species 1. -Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. (_Melanthesopsis_ Muell. Arg.) -=Breynia= Forst. - -Flowers dioecious. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 5; filaments free; anthers -opening inwards. Male flowers in umbels.--Species 1. Madagascar. -=Leptonemea= Juss. - - -FAMILY 123. CALLITRICHACEAE - -Herbs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Flowers solitary or in clusters -in the leaf-axils, minute, without a perianth, but sometimes with two -bracteoles, monoecious. Stamens 1. Anther 2-celled. Ovary 4-celled. -Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with a single coat -and a ventral raphe. Styles 2, free, awl-shaped. Fruit separating -into 4 drupe-like mericarps. Seeds albuminous; embryo axile. (Under -_HALORRHAGIDACEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 6. North and South Africa and high mountains of -Central Africa; one species also naturalized in Madagascar and the -Mascarene Islands. =Callitriche= L. - - -ORDER SAPINDALES - - -SUBORDER BUXINEAE - - -FAMILY 124. BUXACEAE - -Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. -Flowers in lateral fascicles, heads or spikes, regular, monoecious. -Perianth simple, of 4 segments in the male flowers, of 4-6 in the -female. Disc absent. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, or 6. Filaments -free. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each -cell, pendulous or nearly so, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Styles -3, free, short and thick, undivided, persisting in fruit. Fruit a -loculicidal capsule. Seeds albuminous; embryo axile, straight.--Genera -3; species 8. (Under _EUPHORBIACEAE_.) - -1. Stamens 4; filaments long. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. -Perianth of the female flowers of 4-6 segments.--Species 6. The box -(_B. sempervirens_ L.) is used as a garden-plant and yields wood and -medicaments; another species affords arrow-poison. [Tribe BUXEAE.] -=Buxus= L. - -Stamens 6; filaments very short or absent. Male flowers without a -rudimentary pistil. Perianth of the female flowers of 4 segments. -[Tribe STYLOCEREAE.] 2 - -2. Flowers in fascicles, the male on long pedicels, very small. Leaves -narrowed into a long point.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Macropodandra= -Gilg - -Flowers in groups of 3, nearly sessile, not very small. Leaves blunt or -slightly pointed.--Species 1. South-east Africa. =Notobuxus= Oliv. - - -SUBORD ER EMPETRINEAE - -FAMILY 125. EMPETRACEAE - -Low shrubs. Leaves alternate, sometimes almost whorled, undivided, -grooved on the under surface, without stipules. Flowers solitary or -in heads, bracteolate, unisexual or polygamous. Sepals 3. Petals 3 or -none. Stamens 3, hypogynous, opposite to the sepals, free. Disc absent. -Ovary superior, 2-9-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, erect, -inverted, with ventral raphe. Style branched. Fruit a drupe. Seeds -without an outgrowth at the hilum, albuminous. Embryo axile; radicle -turned downwards.--Genera 2, species 2. North and South Africa. - -Flowers, at least the male, crowded in terminal heads. Ovary -cells, style-branches, and fruit-stones 2-5. Style with linear -branches.--Species 1. Canary Islands and Azores. The fruits are used as -a condiment and in medicine. =Corema= Don - -Flowers solitary, on lateral dwarf-shoots. Ovary-cells, style-branches, -and fruit-stones 6-9. Style with broadened branches.--Species 1. Island -of Tristan da Cunha. The fruits (crawberries) are eaten and used for -preparing drinks and medicaments. =Empetrum= L. - - -SUBORDER CORIARIINEAE - - -FAMILY 126. CORIARIACEAE - -Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire, 3-nerved, without stipules. -Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals 5, imbricate -in bud. Petals shorter, fleshy, enlarged after flowering. Stamens 10. -Anthers opening inwards. Carpels 5, distinct. Ovule 1 in each carpel, -pendulous, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Fruit with a crustaceous rind, -indehiscent. Seeds with scanty albumen. - -Genus 1, species 1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used for tanning -and dyeing. =Coriaria= L. - - -SUBORDER ANACARDIINEAE - - -FAMILY 127. ANACARDIACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Juice resinous. Leaves usually alternate, without -stipules. Flowers in panicles, usually polygamous. Corolla present, -rarely (_Pistacia_) absent. Ovary superior, 1-5-celled. Ovules solitary -in each cell, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Fruit usually a drupe. -Albumen of the seeds scanty or wanting.--Genera 29, species 250. -(_TEREBINTHACEAE_.) (Plate 81.) - -1. Carpel 1. Style simple, lateral; stigma entire. Funicle basal. -Fertile stamen 1, rarely 5. Leaves simple, entire. Trees. [Tribe -MANGIFEREAE.] 2 - -Carpels 2-5, sometimes 1-4 of them rudimentary. Style simple with a -lobed stigma, or more or less deeply divided, or several free styles. -Fertile stamens 3 or more. Leaves usually compound. 5 - -2. Stamen 1. Filament broad. Calyx 4-lobed. Petals 4. Disc one-sided. -Leaves lanceolate.--Species 2. West Africa. The fruits are edible. -(Under _Mangifera_ L.) =Fegimanra= Pierre - -Stamens 5-10, but usually 1 only fertile. Petals 5. 3 - -3. Fertile stamens 5. Calyx bursting irregularly.--Species 1. -Madagascar. The juice is used for preparing varnishes and medicaments. -=Gluta= L. - -Fertile stamen 1, usually accompanied by 4 or 9 sterile ones, which -bear small anthers. Calyx 5-partite. 4 - -4. Stamens and staminodes together 5. Disc cushion-shaped. Fruit -egg-shaped, with a fleshy pericarp and a slightly thickened stalk. -Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1 (_M. indica_ L., mango-tree). Cultivated -in the tropics. Yields timber, gum, tanning and dyeing materials, -edible fruits from which a spirituous drink is prepared, starch from -the seeds, and medicaments. =Mangifera= Burm. - -Stamens and staminodes together 10. Disc indistinct. Fruit -kidney-shaped, with a resinous pericarp and a much thickened, fleshy -stalk. Leaves obovate.--Species 1 (_A. occidentale_ L., cashew-tree). -Cultivated in the tropics. Yields timber, gum, tanning and dyeing -materials, oil, vermin-poison, edible seeds and fruit-stalks from which -vinegar and brandy are prepared, and medicaments. =Anacardium= L. - -5. (1.) Ovary with 1 fertile cell and sometimes 1-2 empty and usually -rudimentary ones, rarely (_Protorhus_) with 3 fertile cells; in this -case stamens 5 and leaves simple. [Tribe RHOIDEAE.] 6 - -Ovary with 3-5 fertile cells. Stamens 6-15 and leaves compound, rarely -stamens 5 and leaves simple, but then ovary-cells and styles 5. [Tribe -SPONDIEAE.] 20 - -6. Perianth simple, consisting of 1-2 segments in the male, of -2-5 in the female flowers. Stamens 3-5. Style 3-cleft. Leaves -compound.--Species 5, one of them only cultivated. North Africa -and northern East Africa. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing -materials, resins (mastic and turpentine) which are used industrially, -in medicine, as fumigatories, masticatories, or condiments, and -for preparing spirituous drinks, also edible oily fruits and seeds -(pistachio-nuts) and various medicaments. =Pistacia= L. - -Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla. 7 - -7. Style 1, undivided, rarely (Micronychia) shortly cleft at the top, -or a slightly lobed sessile stigma. 8 - -Styles 3, free or united at the base, sometimes recurved and adnate to -the ovary, or 3 free sessile stigmas. 13 - -8. Leaves simple, undivided. 9 - -Leaves compound, pinnate. 11 - -9. Stamens 6-10, twice as many as the petals. Ovary with 1 fertile and -1 sterile cell. Style absent. Trees with small flowers.--Species 2. -Madagascar and Seychelles. =Campnosperma= Thwait. - -Stamens 4-5, as many as the petals. Ovary 1-celled. Style present. 10 - -10. Corolla of the male flowers equalling the calyx. Disc broad, -fleshy. Filaments thread-shaped. Ovary and fruit much compressed. -Style short, undivided, with a 3-lobed stigma. Shrubs. Leaves serrate. -Flowers small. Female inflorescence finally with broadened branches and -hardened bracts.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (_Botryceras_ -Willd.) =Laurophyllus= Thunb. - -Corolla much exceeding the calyx. Disc cup-shaped. Filaments broad. -Ovary and fruit slightly compressed. Style long, shortly 3-cleft at -the top. Trees. Leaves entire. Flowers rather large.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Micronychia= Oliv. - -11. Receptacle deeply cupular; hence petals and stamens distinctly -perigynous. Calyx valvate, corolla imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5-10. -Ovary sessile. Style thin. Fruit dry, indehiscent.--Species 1. West -Africa. =Thyrsodium= Benth. - -Receptacle flattish or convex; hence petals and stamens hypogynous or -nearly so. Style thick or wanting. 12 - -12. Petals imbricate in the bud; sepals imbricate. Stamens 4-5, as -many as the petals. Ovary and fruit with a compressed stalk. Stigma -sessile. Fruit sickle-shaped, dry, indehiscent.--Species 1. Madagascar. -=Faguetia= March. - -Petals valvate in the bud. Stamens 5-20, usually more than petals. -Ovary and fruit sessile, the latter drupaceous.--Species 20. Tropics. -Some species yield timber, gum, and edible fruits. =Sorindeia= Thouars - -13. (7.) Ovule basal or suspended from a basal funicle. 14 - -Ovule suspended from the top or the flank of the cavity. 16 - -14. Ovule subbasal, ascending. Styles lateral, thread-shaped. Ovary -compressed. Stamens 5, alternating with 2-cleft scales. Petals of the -male flowers longer, of the female shorter than the sepals. Sepals -lanceolate, enlarged in the fruit. Flowers dioecious. Leaves pinnate; -stalk winged.--Species 1. South Africa. =Loxostylis= Spreng. fil. - -Ovule suspended from the basal funicle. Styles terminal. Flowers -polygamous. 15 - -15. Endocarp crusty or bony, finally separating from the mesocarp. -Seedcoat thin. Leaves alternate, usually compound.--Species 100. Some -of them yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials (sumac), condiments, -medicaments, and edible fruits; others are used as ornamental plants. -=Rhus= L. - -Endocarp leathery, not separating from the mesocarp. Seed-coat thick. -Leaves undivided, narrow, with numerous parallel side-nerves.--Species -18. Tropical and South Africa. Some yield timber. (_Anaphrenium_ E. -Mey.) =Heeria= Meissn. - -16. Leaves simple, undivided. Stamens 5. 17 - -Leaves compound, trifoliolate or pinnate. 18 - -17. Filaments broadened. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule attached laterally. -Styles sickle-shaped, united at the base, with capitate stigmas. -Fruit transversely oblong; endocarp very thin. Embryo with thick -cotyledons.--Species 1. Madagascar. Used medicinally. =Baronia= Bak. - -Filaments awl-shaped. Ovary usually 3-celled. Ovule attached at the -top of the cell. Stigmas sessile. Fruit oblong; endocarp woody. Leaves -opposite or nearly so, with numerous parallel side-nerves.--Species 10. -Madagascar and South-east Africa. Some species are poisonous or used -medicinally. =Protorhus= Engl. - -18. Leaflets 3, toothed. Stamens 5. Ovary compressed. Styles lateral, -thread shaped. Fruit winged; endocarp very thin, mesocarp resinous. -Shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Smodingium= E. Mey. - -Leaflets 5 or more. Styles more or less terminal. 19 - -19. Stamens 4-5. Fruit with a crusty endocarp, a fibrous mesocarp, and -a fleshy exocarp. Embryo with a short radicle.--Species 30. Central -Africa. Some have edible fruits. (_Emiliomarcelia_ Hel. et Th. Dur.) -=Trichoscypha= Hook. fil. - -Stamens 10. Fruit with a hard endocarp, an oily mesocarp, and a -parchment-like exocarp. Embryo with a long radicle. Shrubs.--Species 2. -Cultivated in North Africa, the Cape Verde Islands, and the Mascarenes. -They yield timber, resin used industrially and medicinally, tanning and -dyeing materials, vinegar, syrup, and medicaments. =Schinus= L. - -20. (5.) Stamens 5, as many as the petals. Disc consisting of 5 -scales. Styles 5. Leaves simple, undivided.--Species 2. West Africa. -=Spondianthus= Engl. - -Stamens 6-15, twice as many as the petals or more. Leaves compound. 21 - -21. Petals valvate in bud. 22 - -Petals imbricate in bud. 23 - -22. Flowers dioecious, 4-merous. Petals lanceolate, with inflexed tips. -Male flowers with a sterile ovary and a simple style. Leaflets 3, -serrate.--Species 1. Equatorial East Africa. =Spondiopsis= Engl. - -Flowers polygamous, usually 5-merous. Petals oblong ovate or -elliptical, finally recurved. Styles in the female and hermaphrodite -flowers 4-5, free. Leaflets 5 or more, usually with a marginal -nerve.--Species 4, two of them growing wild in equatorial West Africa, -the others cultivated in the tropics. They yield timber, gum, tanning -material, medicaments, and edible fruits from which a spirituous drink -is prepared. (Including _Antrocaryon_ Pierre). =Spondias= L. - -23. Sepals free. Stone of the fruit with 3-4 lids at the top. 24 - -Sepals more or less united. 25 - -24. Flowers dioecious, 3-4-merous. Anthers subglobose, versatile. Seeds -oblong, terete.--Species 2. Central Africa. The fruits are edible. -(Under _Spondias_ L.). =Pseudospondias= Engl. - -Flowers polygamous, 4-5-merous. Anthers oblong, continuous with the -filament. Ovary-cells and styles usually 3. Seeds club-shaped, somewhat - -[Illustration: ANACARDIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 81._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Lannea Schimperi (Hochst.) Engl. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower. _C_ Male flower cut lengthwise. -_D_ Older female flower cut lengthwise. _E_ Fruit.] - -[Illustration: CELASTRACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 82._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Elaeodendron croceum (Thunb.) DC. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of -ovary. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed cut lengthwise.] - -compressed.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. They yield timber, -gum, dyes, oil, medicaments, and edible fruits and seeds from which a -spirituous drink is prepared. =Sclerocarya= Hochst. - -25. Flowers 3-merous, dioecious. Fruit 1-2-seeded. Leaflets -numerous.--Species 2. West Africa. They yield timber and edible fruits -(blood-plums). =Haematostaphis= Hook. fil. - -Flowers 4-5-merous. 26 - -26. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit usually 1-seeded. 27 - -Flowers 5-merous. Fruit 2-5-seeded. Leaflets 5 or more. Sepals united -at the base only. 28 - -27. Sepals united high up. Petals oblong. Disc 4-partite. Style -simple, club-shaped. Flowers in panicled fascicles. Leaflets numerous, -alternate.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Nothospondias= Engl. - -Sepals united at the base only. Petals obovate. Disc 8-crenate. Styles -3-4. Stone of the fruit with 1-2 fertile cells bearing a lid at the -top and with 2-3 sterile cells. Seeds 1 or 2; in the latter case -leaflets 3.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Several species -yield timber, bark used for making cloth, gum, edible fruits, and -medicaments. (_Calesiam_ Adans., _Odina_ Roxb., including _Lanneoma_ -Del.) (Plate 81.) =Lannea= Rich. - -28. Male flowers with a narrow disc and 3 styles. Stone of the -fruit with 2 fertile and 2 sterile cells.--Species 1. South Africa. -=Harpephyllum= Bernh. - -Male flowers with a broad disc and 5 styles. Ovary 5-celled. Stone of -the fruit with 3-5 fertile cells. Panicles spike-like.--Species 5. -Madagascar and Mascarenes. They yield timber, resin, and edible fruits. -(Under _Spondias_ L.) =Poupartia= Comm. - - -SUBORDER CELASTRINEAE - - -FAMILY 128. AQUIFOLIACEAE - -Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire toothed or lobed. Flowers -regular, dioecious. Calyx 4-7-cleft. Petals 4-7, united at the base, -imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as the petals, hypogynous. Anthers -2-celled, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Disc none. Ovary -superior, 4-8-celled. Style short or absent; stigma lobed. Ovules -solitary in each cell or two side by side, pendulous, inverted, -covered by a cupular expansion of the funicle. Fruit a drupe with -4-8 one-seeded stones. Embryo minute, at the apex of the albumen -(_ILICINEAE._) - -Genus 1, species 5. They yield timber, bird-lime, tea, and medicaments. -The holly (_I. Aquifolium_ L.), with poisonous fruits, is also planted -as a garden-or hedge-plant. =Ilex= L. - - -FAMILY 129. CELASTRACEAE - -Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, stipulate. Flowers regular. Sepals 4-5, -imbricate or open in bud. Petals 4-5, free, imbricate in bud. Disc -present. Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals. Filaments -free. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits sometimes confluent at -the top. Ovary superior, but sometimes sunk in the disc and adnate to -it, 2-5-celled, rarely (_Pleurostylia_) 1-celled. Ovules 1-8 in each -cell, inverted. Style 1 or 0. Seeds usually albuminous. Embryo axile, -with leaf-like cotyledons.--Genera 15, species 160. (Plate 82.) - -1. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with an aril. [Subfamily -=CELASTROIDEAE=.] 2 - -Fruit a drupe or a nut. Seeds without an aril. 7 - -2. Leaves opposite, at least those of the flowering and fruiting -branches. Unarmed shrubs. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. 3 - -Leaves alternate. 4 - -3. Petals spreading. Disc thick. Anthers opening by 1 slit. -Ovary-cells and stigmas 4-5. Seeds enveloped by a red aril. Leaves -elliptical.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Yields timber -and medicaments and serves as an ornamental plant; the fruits are -poisonous. “Spindle-tree.” =Evonymus= L. - -Petals erect. Disc thin. Anthers opening by 2 slits. Ovary-cells -and stigmas 3. Seeds with a white, wing-like aril. Leaves -lanceolate.--Species 1 (_C. edulis_ Forsk.). Central and South Africa. -The wood and the leaves are used, the latter for chewing and for -preparing a tea and medicaments. (_Methyscophyllum_ Eckl. & Zeyh.) -=Catha= Forsk. - -4. Flowers in axillary racemes or umbels, or more frequently solitary -or in clusters and inserted upon the leaves, 5-merous. Ovary-cells and -stigmas 5, very rarely 3-4. Seeds with a laciniate aril. Unarmed shrubs -or trees.--Species 7. Madagascar. (Under _Celastrus_ L.). =Polycardia= -Juss. - -Flowers in axillary fascicles or cymes. Ovary 2-3-celled, very rarely -4-5-celled. 5 - -5. Ovules 3-6 in each cell of the ovary. Disc thick, almost -hemispherical, ribbed, red. Seeds enveloped by the aril. Spiny -shrubs.--Species 2. South Africa. (Under _Celastrus_ L.) =Putterlickia= -Endl. - -Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. Ovary 2-3-celled. Disc not -hemispherical. 6 - -6. Fruit with usually wing-like appendages. Seeds with a gaping aril. -Ovary usually ribbed. Stigmas 2-3. Disc 5-lobed or 5-parted. Flowers -5-merous. Unarmed shrubs or trees. Leaves entire.--Species 9. South -Africa. =Pterocelastrus= Meissn. - -Fruit without appendages. Ovary not ribbed. Disc faintly lobed, not -ribbed.--Species 80. Some of them yield timber, rubber, or medicaments. -(Including Scytophyllum Eckl. & Zeyh., under _Celastrus_ L.) -=Gymnosporia= Wight & Arn. - -7. (1.) Fruit broadly winged, with a leathery rind. Flowers 4-merous. -Stamens inserted within the disc. Anthers opening outwards. Ovary -2-celled, with 1 erect ovule in each cell. Stigma 1, small. Shrubs. -Leaves opposite, entire. Inflorescences terminal and axillary.--Species -1. Madagascar. [Subfamily =TRIPTERYGIOIDEAE=.] =Ptelidium= Thouars - -Fruit not winged. Stamens inserted on the edge or outer face of the -disc. Anthers usually opening inwards. [Subfamily =CASSINIOIDEAE=.] 8 - -8. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2-8, erect. Style lateral. Stigma peltate. -Flowers 5-merous. Fruit with a thin endocarp and a thin-fleshy -mesocarp. Seeds with copious albumen. Leaves opposite.--Species 5. East -and South Africa and Malagasy Islands. (Including _Cathastrum_ Turcz.) -=Pleurostylia= Wight & Arn. - -Ovary 2-4-celled, with 1-2 ovules in each cell. Style terminal, rarely -lateral in the fruit. 9 - -9. Ovules pendulous. Flowers 5-merous. Fruit a drupe. Glabrous shrubs. -Upper leaves opposite, broad.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). -Yields timber. (Under _Cassine_ L.) =Maurocenia= L. - -Ovules erect. 10 - -10. Stigma entire. Anthers turned inwards. Petal-like staminodes -usually present. Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves opposite, unequal, the -lower lanceolate, the upper oval. Trees.--Species 1. Isle of Réunion. -=Herya= Cordem. - -Stigma 2-4-lobed, very rarely entire, but then anthers turned outwards. -Petal-like staminodes none. 11 - -11. Flowers in short racemes, unisexual, 4-merous. Stamens inserted -at the margin of the thin disc; filaments strap-shaped. Fruit almost -dry. Glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape -Colony). (Under _Elaeodendron_ Jacq.) =Lauridia= Eckl. & Zeyh. - -Flowers solitary or in fascicles or cymes; usually hermaphrodite. 12 - -12. Leaves alternate. Flowers 5-merous. Fruit almost dry.--Species 20. -Tropical and South Africa. (Under _Cassine_ L. or _Elaeodendron_ Jacq.) -=Mystroxylon= Eckl. & Zeyh. - -Leaves opposite or the upper alternate. 13 - -13. Pericarp neither fleshy nor hardened. Seeds exalbuminous. Anthers -opening outwards. Glabrous shrubs. Leaves more or less distinctly -toothed.--Species 3. South Africa and Madagascar. (Under _Schrebera_ -Thunb.) =Hartogia= Thunb. - -Pericarp more or less fleshy or hardened. Seeds albuminous. Anthers -usually opening inwards. 14 - -14. Pericarp fleshy. Leaves opposite.--Species 10. South Africa. -=Cassine= L. - -Pericarp dry.--Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some species -yield timber, dyes, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under _Cassine_ -L.) (Plate 82.) =Elaeodendron= Jacq. - - -FAMILY 130. HIPPOCRATEACEAE - -Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple. Flowers regular. Calyx 5-partite, -imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free, inserted below the disc. Stamens 3-5, -inserted upon or within the disc. Filaments free, strap-shaped. Ovary -3-celled, with 2-10 inverted ovules in each cell. Style 1 or 0. Fruit -drupaceous or capsular or separating into several mericarps. Seeds -exalbuminous.--Genera 3, species 110. Tropical and South Africa. (Under -_CELASTRINEAE_.) (Plate 83.) - -1. Stamens 5. Anthers opening inwards by a transverse slit. Disc -indistinct. Ovules 6-8 to each ovary-cell. Leaves opposite, -serrate.--Species 4. West Africa. =Campylostemon= Welw. - -Stamens 3. Anthers opening outwards. Disc distinct. 2 - -2. Fruit drupaceous. Petals imbricate in bud. Flowers usually in -fascicles or in fascicled cymes.--Species 60. Tropical and South -Africa. Several species yield rubber or edible fruits. (Plate 83.) -=Salacia= L. - -Fruit capsular or separating into several mericarps. Anthers roundish. -Leaves opposite. Flowers usually in simple cymes.--Species 50. Tropics -to Delagoa Bay. Some are used medicinally. (Including _Helictonema_ -Pierre). =Hippocratea= L. - - -FAMILY 131. SALVADORACEAE. - -Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, simple, entire, with minute stipules. -Flowers solitary or in spikes, racemes or panicles, regular. Calyx -2-4-cleft. Petals 4, very rarely 5, free or united at the base, with -imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as and alternate -with the petals; sometimes 4-5 staminodes also present. Ovary superior, -1-2-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each cell, erect, inverted. Style simple, -short. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo with the -radicle turned downwards.--Genera 3, species 6. - -1. Flowers dioecious. Petals 4, free, narrow. Filaments free from one -another and from the corolla. Glands between the stamens absent. Ovary -2-celled. Shrubs with 2-6 spines in the axils of the leaves.--Species -2. Tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally. (_Monetia_ L’Hér.) -=Azima= Lam. - -Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Filaments united together or to -the corolla. Glands between the stamens nearly always present. Ovary -1-celled. Unarmed shrubs or trees. 2 - -2. Petals free, narrow. Filaments united at the base. Anthers -oblong.--Species 3. East Africa. Yielding timber. (Including -_Platymitium_ Warb.) =Dobera= Juss. - -Petals united at the base, broad, 4. Filaments free. Anthers ovoid -or globose.--Species 1 (_S. persica_ Garcin). North-east and Central -Africa to Delagoa Bay. Yields edible fruits and medicaments; the twigs -are used as tooth-brushes. =Salvadora= Garcin - -[Illustration: HIPPOCRATEACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 83._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Salacia Dusenii Loesen. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower from above. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. -_D_ Cross-section of ovary.] - -[Illustration: ICACINACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 84._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruit. _D_ Fruit -cut lengthwise.] - - -SUBORDER ICACININEAE - - -FAMILY 132. ICACINACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire toothed or lobed, without stipules. -Flowers regular, 4-5-merous. Stamens as many as the petals or -perianth-segments and alternate with them. Anthers opening by 2 -longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules 2, pendulous, -inverted, with dorsal raphe. Style 1 or 0. Fruit a drupe. Seed 1, with -a thin testa, without an aril.--Genera 19, species 90. Tropical and -South Africa. (Under _OLACINEAE_.) (Plate 84.) - -1. Pericarp warty or spiny on the inner face. Embryo equalling -the albumen. Climbing or twining shrubs. Leafstalk terete. [Tribe -PHYTOCRENEAE.] 2 - -Pericarp smooth or wrinkled on the inside. Leaves entire. 7 - -2. Perianth simple, 3-5-parted. Stigma sessile. Leaves palminerved. 3 - -Perianth, at least in the female flowers, consisting of a sometimes -very small calyx and a corolla of united petals. Leaves penninerved. 5 - -3. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves, -hermaphrodite. Stem tuberous, with slightly twining branches. Leaves -undivided, wavy at the margin.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). -=Trematosperma= Urban - -Flowers in heads or spikes, dioecious. 4 - -4. Flowers in heads arranged in spikes or panicles. Perianth of the -male flowers 3-lobed.--Species 3. West Africa. =Polycephalium= Engl. - -Flowers in spikes. Perianth usually 4-parted.--Species 15. Tropical and -South Africa. =Pyrenacantha= Hook. - -5. Calyx minute. Corolla not enlarged in the fruit. Flowers in spikes -arising from the lower part of the stem. Leaves oval.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Endacanthus= Baill. - -Calyx distinctly developed, at least in the female flowers. Corolla -enlarged in the fruit. 6 - -6. Calyx of the male flowers 5-toothed. Petals 5. Filaments rather -long. Anthers linear. Flowers in spikes at the nodes of the older -branches. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). -=Stachyanthus= Engl. - -Calyx of the male flowers indistinct or wanting. Petals 4. Filaments -short. Anthers ovate. Flowers in spikes or heads. Species 7. West -Africa. =Chlamydocarya= Baill. - -7. (1.) Flowers dioecious, with a corolla of united petals, with or -without a calyx. Stamens with flat filaments; anthers opening inwards. -Embryo nearly equalling the albumen. Climbing shrubs, usually with -tendrils. Leaves opposite. Flowers in panicles.--Species 6. Tropics. -[Tribe IODEAE.] =Iodes= Blume - -Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely unisexual, but then with -a calyx and a corolla of free petals, or without a corolla, and -the anthers opening outwards. Embryo usually much shorter than the -albumen. Trees or erect, rarely climbing shrubs; in the latter case -leaves alternate or flowers in spikes. [Tribe ICACINEAE.] 8 - -8. Flowers unisexual, dioecious. Calyx 5-partite. Petals minute -and free, or wanting. Anthers turned outwards. Ovary with a -ring-shaped appendage at the top. Trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in -panicles.--Species 2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. =Grisollea= -Baill. - -Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Perianth consisting of a calyx and -a corolla. 9 - -9. Petals free. Sepals usually united high up. 10 - -Petals more or less united. Sepals usually united at the base only. 14 - -10. Embryo nearly as long as the albumen. 11 - -Embryo much shorter than the albumen. 12 - -11. Petals bearded within. Disc present. Style long; stigma -small or shield-shaped. Fruit with a crusty endocarp. Embryo -with flat cotyledons. Shrubs with ascending or somewhat twining -branches.--Species 7. Tropics. Some have edible fruits or seeds. -=Icacina= Juss. - -Petals not bearded within. Disc absent. Fruit with a woody endocarp -and a fleshy mesocarp. Embryo with folded cotyledons. Climbing -shrubs.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. The fruits and seeds are -eaten and used medicinally. =Lavigeria= Pierre - -12. Stem climbing. Flowers in spikes. Petals hairy outside. Disc -present. Ovary without swellings. Style terminal; stigma slightly -lobed.--Species 6. Tropics. =Desmostachys= Planch. & Miers - -Stem erect, tree-like. Flowers in fascicles or panicles. Ovary with 2 -swellings. Style lateral. 13 - -13. Flowers in axillary fascicles. Filaments broadened below. Ovary -usually with two narrow swellings at the top.--Species 12. Central -Africa. (Under _Apodytes_ Mey.) =Rhaphiostyles= Planch. - -Flowers in terminal panicles. Filaments awl-shaped. Ovary with two -broad swellings on the ventral face.--Species 10. Tropical and South -Africa. Several species yield timber or edible fruits. (Plate 84.) -=Apodytes= E. Mey. - -14. Petals united at the base or nearly to the middle. 15 - -Petals united beyond the middle. 16 - -15. Petals imbricate in the bud. Style short. Leaves opposite. Flowers -in repeatedly forked cymes.--Species 4. South Africa and Madagascar. -=Cassinopsis= Sond. - -Petals valvate in the bud. Style long. Leaves alternate. Flowers -in few-flowered fascicles or panicles.--Species 9. Central Africa. -(Including _Alsodeiidium_ Engl.) =Alsodeiopsis= Oliv. - -16. Petals imbricate in the bud. Sepals and stamens unequal. Disc -indistinct. Stigma sessile. Leaves opposite, elliptical. Flowers in -panicles.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Tridianisia= Baill. - -Petals valvate in the bud. 17 - -17. Petals bent backwards at the tip. Disc thick. Style short. Leaves -opposite, lanceolate. Flowers in few-flowered axillary cymes.--Species -1. West Africa (Congo). =Acrocoelium= Baill. - -Petals bent inwards at the tip. Disc absent. Leaves alternate. 18 - -18. Sepals united at the base only. Filaments adnate to the -corolla-tube throughout their whole length, without appendages. Style -long, filiform. Ovary and fruit without a swelling.--Species 5. -Tropics. =Leptaulus= Benth. - -Sepals united high up. Filaments free from the corolla, with two tufts -of hairs at the apex. Style short, conical. Ovary and fruit with a -lateral swelling. Flowers in head-like cymes.--Species 1. West Africa. -=Lasianthera= Beauv. - - -SUBORDER SAPINDINEAE - - -FAMILY 133. ACERACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, palmately lobed, without stipules. -Flowers in terminal corymbs, regular, polygamous. Sepals 5, free. -Petals 5, free. Stamens 8, very rarely 4 or 12, perigynous, inserted -on the inner edge of the thick disc. Filaments free. Ovary superior, -2-lobed and 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Styles 2 or a single -style with 2 branches or stigmas. Fruit winged, splitting into 2 -mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous. (Under _SAPINDACEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 4. North-west Africa. They yield timber, tanning bark, -and sugar, and serve as ornamental plants. “Maple.” =Acer= L. - - -FAMILY 134. SAPINDACEAE - -Trees or shrubs, rarely (_Cardiospermum_) herbs or undershrubs. Leaves -alternate, usually compound. Flowers in racemes or panicles, rarely -solitary or in clusters, polygamous, rarely unisexual. Petals 4-5, -mostly with a scale on the inner face, or absent. Stamens 4-24, usually -8, inserted within the disc, rarely upon it; sometimes disc indistinct. -Anthers opening inwards by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2-8-, -usually 3-celled, sometimes not quite completely septate or with a -single fertile cell, frequently lobed. Ovules 1-2, rarely (_Cossignia_) -3 in each ovary-cell, curved. Style 1, undivided, rarely cleft. -Seeds exalbuminous; embryo usually curved.--Genera 51, species 200. -(Including _DIDIEREACEAE_.) (Plate 85.) - -1. Ovary with 1 fertile cell and sometimes 2 sterile ones. Ovule 1. -Style 3-4-cleft. Stamens 8-10, inserted on the edge of the ring-shaped -disc. Petals 4. Sepals 2. Flowers dioecious. Leaves undivided, -deciduous. Spiny trees.--Species 6. Madagascar. Some species yield -timber. (Including _Alluaudia_ Drake). [Tribe DIDIEREAE.] =Didierea= -Baill. - -Ovary with 2-8 fertile cells. Stamens inserted within the disc, rarely -upon it (_Pistaciopsis_) or no distinct disc present (_Dodonaea_); in -both these cases petals wanting. 2 - -2. Ovule 1 in each cell of the ovary. 3 - -Ovules 2, very rarely 3, in each cell of the ovary. 45 - -3. Ovule pendulous. Ovary 2-celled. Style undivided, with 2 decurrent -stigmatic lines at the apex. Stamens 5. Disc regular. Petals 5, small. -Sepals 5, slightly imbricate in bud. Fruit succulent, indehiscent. -Seeds without an aril. Embryo with pinnately cut cotyledons. Branches -and leaves with a resinous coating. Leaves equally pinnate, with a -winged rachis.--Species 2. Equatorial East Africa and Madagascar. -=Filicium= Thwait. - -Ovule erect or ascending. Stamens usually 8. 4 - -4. Flowers irregular, with a one-sided disc. Petals 4. 5 - -Flowers regular or nearly so, with a complete disc. Petals 5 or -0. Leaves exstipulate, equally pinnate, rarely unequally pinnate -(_Pistaciopsis_) or simple (_Pappea_). 14 - -5. Leaves stipulate, unequally pinnate with 5 leaflets or twice -ternate. Herbs or undershrubs or climbing tendril-bearing shrubs. -Petals with a crested, and hooded scale. Stamens 8. Ovary 3-celled. 6 - -Leaves exstipulate, simple trifoliolate or equally pinnate. Trees or -shrubs without tendrils. Seeds without an aril. 8 - -6. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Fruit capsular, inflated, -with a membranous rind. Seeds without an aril.--Species 5. Tropical and -South Africa, one species (_C. Helicacabum_ L.) also naturalized in -North Africa. They yield fodder, vegetables, oil, and medicaments, and -serve also as decorative plants. “Heartseed.” =Cardiospermum= L. - -Stem woody, climbing, bearing tendrils. Fruit capsular, not inflated, -with a leathery or woody rind, or separating into mericarps. Seeds with -a more or less distinct aril. 7 - -7. Leaves twice ternate. Fruit 3-winged below, separating into 3 -nutlets.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Serjania= Schum. - -Leaves pinnate. Fruit wingless, capsular.--Species 1. Tropics. -Poisonous and yielding fibres and medicaments. =Paullinia= L. - -8. Leaves simple or trifoliolate. Sepals 4, broadly imbricate in bud. -Petals with a crestless, notched or 2-parted scale. Stamens 8. Ovary -deeply lobed. Fruit of 1-3 drupes.--Species 50. Tropical and South -Africa. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. -(Under _Schmidelia_ L.) =Allophyllus= L. - -Leaves abruptly pinnate. Sepals 5. 9 - -9. Sepals free, broadly imbricate in bud. Petals with a notched scale. -Stamens 8. Fruit separating into 3 mericarps. Seed-coat hard.--Species -3. Naturalized in the Mascarenes and Seychelles. The wood and the -fruits (soap-berries) are used; the latter afford a substitute for -soap, mucilage, oil, poison, and medicaments; the seeds serve as -ornaments and for making buttons and rosaries. (Including _Dittelasma_ -Hook.) =Sapindus= L. - -Sepals more or less united, narrowly imbricate or valvate in bud. Fruit -furrowed or lobed, indehiscent. 10 - -10. Calyx shortly bell-or top-shaped; sepals united at the base only. -Petals with a 2-crested scale. Stamens 6-8. Pericarp crustaceous or -leathery. 11 - -Calyx deeply urn-shaped or almost globular; sepals united high up. -Pericarp more or less fleshy. 12 - -11. Disc obliquely cupular. Ovary 2-celled. Sepals imbricate in bud. -Petals with a very broad scale. Shrubs. Leaflets 10.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Plagioscyphus= Radlk. - -Disc not cupular. Ovary 3-celled. Leaflets 4-8.--Species 7. West -Africa. (Under _Erioglossum_ Blume) =Pancovia= Willd. - -12. Stamens 12-15. Petals sessile; scale adnate below by the -margin, bearing a short crest. Ovary 6-8-celled. Trees. Leaflets -10-12.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Glossolepis= Gilg - -Stamens 6-8. Petals clawed. 13 - -13. Scales of the petals adnate below by the margins, bearing an -incurved crest; claws elongate. Calyx subglobose, shortly toothed. -Ovary 7-celled. Trees. Leaflets numerous.--Species 1. West Africa -(Cameroons). =Radlkofera= Gilg - -Scales of the petals adnate by a ridge, more rarely free. Ovary -3-4-celled, rarely 7-8-celled, but then petals with a free and -crestless scale. Species 10. West Africa. Some have edible fruits. -=Chytranthus= Hook. fil. - -14. (4.) Petals absent. 15 - -Petals present. 23 - -15. Sepals 4-6, united at the base only, valvate or almost valvate in -bud. 16 - -Sepals 5, united high up. 19 - -16. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. Sepals 4. Leaves with 4-6 -leaflets.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Crossonephelis= Baill. - -Stamens 5-8. Ovary 3-celled. 17 - -17. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Sepals 4-5, hairy outside. Stamens -7-8. Seeds without an aril. Leaves with 4-6 leaflets.--Species 2. -Central Africa. =Melanodiscus= Radlk. - -Flowers in clusters. Stamens 5, rarely 6-7, but then seeds with an -aril. 18 - -18. Stamens inserted inside the disc; filaments short, not exceeding -the calyx; anthers linear. Sepals 5-6, hairy above. Seed 1, with an -aril. Leaves abruptly pinnate, with 4-10 leaflets.--Species 2. East -Africa. =Haplocoelum= Radlk. - -Stamens inserted at the edge of the disc, 5; filaments long, much -exceeding the calyx; anthers oblong or oval. Sepals 5. Leaves with a -narrowly winged rachis.--Species 4. Central Africa. =Pistaciopsis= -Engl. - -19. Sepals imbricate in bud, finally slashed. Stamens 8-10, bent -twice in the bud. Ovary 3-celled. Seeds with an aril; embryo almost -straight. Trees. Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles.--Species 2. -Central Africa. Flowers fragrant, used for preparing an aromatic water. -=Lecaniodiscus= Planch. - -Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens 8. 20 - -20. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds with an aril. 21 - -Ovary 3-celled. 22 - -21. Fruit covered with wart-like protuberances. Aril free from the -seedcoat.--Species 1 (_L. chinensis_ Sonn.) Cultivated in the tropics -and naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. It yields timber, edible -fruits, and medicaments. (Under _Nephelium_ L. or _Euphoria_ Commers.) -=Litchi= Sonn. - -Fruit covered with soft spine-like processes or glabrous. Aril adnate -to the seed-coat.--Species 1 (_N. lappaceum_ L., Rambutan). Cultivated -in the tropics. It yields edible fruits and fat-containing seeds. -(Under _Euphoria_ Comm.) =Nephelium= L. - -22. Fruit dehiscent. Seeds with an aril. Calyx cup-shaped. Flowers -in axillary panicles.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. Yields timber -(iron-wood), edible fruits, and oily seeds. (Under _Nephelium_ L.) -=Stadmannia= Lam. - -Fruit indehiscent. Seeds without an aril. Calyx top-shaped. Flowers -in racemes or panicles springing from the older parts of the -stem.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Placodiscus= Radlk. - -23. (14.) Calyx 5-lobed; lobes open or slightly imbricate in bud. -Stamens 6-10. 24 - -Calyx 5-parted. 27 - -24. Calyx urn-shaped. Petals with a scale adnate by a ridge. Fruit -indehiscent, 3-lobed, with a leathery pericarp. Seeds without an aril. -Inflorescences arising from the older branches. Leaves pinnate. (See -13.) =Chytranthus= Hook. fil. - -Calyx cup-or saucer-shaped, small. Petals with a scale adnate by the -margins, or with a free scale, or without a scale. Fruit dehiscent. -Seeds with an aril. 25 - -25. Petals hairy, without a scale or with the inflexed margins -prolonged into small scales. Ovary lobed. Pericarp leathery. Leaves -simple, undivided, oblong.--Species 4. East and South Africa. They -yield timber, edible fruits, and oily seeds. (Under _Sapindus_ L.) -=Pappea= Eckl. & Zeyh. - -Petals with a free scale or with a scale adnate by the margins. Leaves -pinnate. 26 - -26. Petals with a scale adnate by the margins, hence funnel-shaped. -Disc clothing the base of the calyx. Filaments hairy. Fruit 3-angled, -almost glabrous. Inflorescences axillary.--Species 5. Central Africa. -Some yield timber. (Under _Blighia_ Koen.) =Phialodiscus= Radlk. - -Petals with an almost free, notched scale. Disc free. Filaments -glabrous. Fruit almost globose; pericarp crustaceous or woody, hispid -on the outside, woolly within.--Species 3. West Africa. Yielding -timber. =Eriocoelum= Hook. fil. - -27. (23.) Sepals narrowly imbricate in bud. 28 - -Sepals broadly imbricate in bud. 33 - -28. Stamens 5. Petals hooded, without scales. Disc 5-lobed. Ovary -2-celled. Fruit indehiscent, with a crustaceous pericarp. Seeds with an -aril. Leaves with numerous leaflets. Inflorescences arising from the -older parts of the stem.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Pseudopteris= Baill. - -Stamens 6-10. 29 - -29. Stamens 6-7. Petals hairy, with 1-2 scales adnate by their edges. -Ovary 2-celled. Fruit compressed, dehiscent, with a cartilagineous -endocarp. Seeds with an adnate aril. Leaves with 4-11 pairs of -leaflets. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species 3. Central Africa. -=Aporrhiza= Radlk. - -Stamens 8-10. 30 - -30. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit indehiscent. Stamens 8. 31 - -Ovary 3-celled. Fruit tardily dehiscent. Stamens 8-10. Petals furnished -at the base with a scale adnate at each side. 32 - -31. Leaflets in 3-4 pairs, toothed, pellucidly dotted, beset with scaly -glands when young. Fruit 2-lobed, with a fleshy pericarp. Seeds without -an aril.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Under _Sapindus_ L.) -=Smelophyllum= Radlk. - -Leaflets in 5 pairs, entire, beset with stellate hairs. Fruit with a -crustaceous pericarp. Seeds with a free aril.--Species 1 (_E. Longana_ -Lam.). Cultivated in the tropics and in Egypt and naturalized in the -Mascarene Islands. Yields timber and edible fruits. (Under _Nephelium_ -L.) =Euphoria= Commers. - -32. Petals saccate at the base. Stamens 8, rarely 10. Fruit -large, bluntly 3-angled. Seeds enveloped at the base by an adnate -aril.--Species 3. West Africa. The aril is poisonous when unripe -or over-ripe, but edible when ripe, and used for preparing oil and -medicaments; from the fragrant flowers an aromatic liquid is prepared. -“Akee-tree.” (Under _Cupania_ L.) =Blighia= Koen. - -Petals funnel-shaped. Stamens 10. Seeds enclosed in the fleshy testa. -Leaflets in 4-6 pairs, toothed.--Species 3. West Africa. =Lychnodiseus= -Radlk. - -33. (27.) Stamens 5. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit compressed, dehiscent, with -a spongey pericarp. Seeds with a free aril.--Species 1. Madagascar. -=Tinopsis= Radlk. - -Stamens 8-24. 34 - -34. Stamens 8. 35 - -Stamens 10-24. Seeds without an aril. 42 - -35. Leaves twice pinnate. Petals small. Fruit 1-celled, indehiscent, -with a crustaceous pericarp. Seeds with a membranous aril and -a crustaceous testa.--Species 10. Madagascar and East Africa. -=Macphersonia= Blume - -Leaves once pinnate. 36 - -36. Petals with 1 scale. Seeds without an aril; testa membranous, -leathery, or crustaceous. 37 - -Petals with 2 scales, usually formed by the inflexion of their edges, -rarely (_Molinaea_) without scales. Seeds with an aril, rarely -(_Sapindus_) without, but then with a bony testa. 38 - -37. Leaflets prickly toothed, in several pairs. Stem shrubby. -Inflorescences springing from the older parts of the stem. Petals with -a hooded scale. Disc cup-shaped, crenate.--Species 1. Madagascar. -=Cotylodiscus= Radlk. - -Leaflets entire. Stem tree-like. Fruit lobed. 38 - -38. Leaflets in 2 pairs. Fruit drupaceous, not separating into -mericarps. Seeds with a thin testa; embryo nearly straight.--Species 1 -(_A. senegalensis_ Radlk.). Central Africa. It yields timber and edible -fruits which are also used as a substitute for soap; the seeds are -poisonous. (Under _Sapindus_ L.) =Aphania= Blume - -Leaflets in 3 or more pairs. Fruit separating into 2-3 berry-like -mericarps. Seeds with a leathery testa.--Species 20. Tropical and South -Africa. Some have edible fruits. (Plate 85.) =Deinbollia= Schum. & -Thonn. - -39. Petals with large scales. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit capsular.--Species -10. Madagascar. (Under _Cupania_ L., _Jagera_ Blume, or _Ratonia_ DC.). -=Tina= Roem. & Schult. - -Petals with small scales or without scales. Ovary 3-celled. 40 - -40. Petals very small, with 2 linear scales at the base. Filaments -bent twice in the bud. Shrubs. Leaflets in 6-10 pairs.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Eriandrostachys= Baill. - -Petals small or rather large, with the margins bent inwards at the base -or without any appendage. Usually trees. 41 - -41. Seeds with an aril and a crustaceous testa. Fruit winged, -capsular.--Species 8. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Some species yield -timber and medicaments. (Under _Cupania_ L.). =Molinaea= Comm. - -Seeds without an aril; testa bony. Fruit not winged, drupaceous or -separating into mericarps. (See 9.) =Sapindus= L. - -42. (34.) Petals without a scale. Stamens 10. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit -capsular, bristly. Climbing shrubs clothed with rust-coloured hairs. -Leaflets in 3-4 pairs, toothed.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under -_Cupania_ L.) =Laccodiscus= Radlk. - -Petals with a scale. Trees or erect shrubs. 43 - -43. Ovary entire. Stamens 10-12. Leaves without glands.--Species 1. -East Africa. (Under _Deinbollia_ Schum. & Thonn.) =Camptolepis= Radlk. - -[Illustration: SAPINDACEAE - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 85._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Deinbollia pycnophylla Gilg - -_A_ Inflorescence. _B_ Male flower. _C_ Male flower cut lengthwise (two -anthers have fallen off). _D_ Older female flower cut lengthwise. _E_ -Leaf.] - -[Illustration: MELIANTHACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 86._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Bersama abyssinica Fresen. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Flower without the -perianth. _D_ Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Group of fruits. _F_ Fruit. -_G_ Seed with aril. _H_ Seed cut lengthwise.] - - -Ovary lobed or divided. Stamens 12-24. Leaves with sunken glands. Fruit -separating into mericarps. 44 - -44. Fruit winged; pericarp leathery. Ovary 2-celled. Stamens 20-24. -Sepals densely clothed with silky hairs. Leaflets 4, with conspicuous -veins.--Species 1. Island of Mauritius. The seeds contain oil. =Hornea= -Bak. - -Fruit not winged; pericarp fleshy. (See 38.) =Deinbollia= Schum. & -Thonn. - -45. (2.) Flowers irregular. Petals 4. Disc one-sided. Ovary 3-celled. -Fruit capsular. 46 - -Flowers regular or nearly so. Petals 5 or 0. Disc complete or -indistinct. 48 - -46. Petals with a long claw and a crisped scale, red. Disc cup-shaped. -Stamens 8. Ovary stalked. Fruit inflated, bursting irregularly. Seeds -with a red, bony testa and a spiral embryo. Shrubs. Leaves unequally -pinnate with a winged rachis and 11-13 leaflets.--Species 2. South -Africa and Madagascar. =Erythrophysa= E. Mey. - -Petals with a short claw and without a scale. Disc flat. Ovary sessile. -Fruit opening regularly. Seeds with a leathery or crusty testa. Leaves -with 3-10 leaflets clothed with stellate hairs. 47 - -47. Stamens 5-6. Fruit with septifragal dehiscence. Embryo spirally -twisted. Leaves unequally pinnate, with 3-7 leaflets.--Species 2. -Madagascar and Mascarenes. Yielding timber. =Cossignia= Comm. - -Stamens 8. Fruit with loculicidal dehiscence. Embryo curved. Leaves -equally pinnate, with 6-10 leaflets.--Species 3. Tropics. (_Majidea_ -Kirk) =Harpullia= Roxb. - -48. Petals present. Stamens 8. Ovary 3-celled. Leaves equally pinnate. -49 - -Petals absent. 51 - -49. Disc somewhat one-sided. Petals green or yellowish. Fruit capsular. -Leaves with 8-10 leaflets. (See 47.) =Harpullia= Roxb. - -Disc equal-sided. Petals red or reddish. 50 - -50. Leaves with 4-6 leaflets. Petals with the margins bent back at the -base. Fruit capsular, 3-celled.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Conchopetalum= -Radlk. - -Leaves with 8-14 usually serrate leaflets along a winged rachis. -Petals minutely toothed. Fruit indehiscent, leathery, usually -1-celled.--Species 1. South Africa. =Hippobromus= Eckl. & Zeyh. - -51. Disc indistinct. Stamens 5-15, usually 8. Ovary 2-6-, usually -3-celled. Stigma lobed. Fruit capsular, 2-6-celled. Embryo spirally -twisted. Leaves usually simple.--Species 4. Tropical and South Africa. -They yield timber, medicaments, and edible fruits; the beaten branches -are used as torches. =Dodonaea= L. - -Disc distinctly developed. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit -indehiscent, usually drupaceous and 1-celled. Embryo not spiral. Leaves -pinnate. 52 - -52. Flowers 4-merous. Leaves unequally pinnate. Tall trees.--Species 1. -Southern West Africa (Angola). =Zanha= Hiern - -Flowers 5-merous. Leaves equally pinnate. 53 - -53. Calyx slightly lobed. Seeds with a thin testa and short radicle. -Leaflets elliptical, entire. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. West -Africa. =Talisiopsis= Radlk. - -Calyx deeply divided. 54 - -54. Stamens alternating with the sepals. Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds with -a thin testa and short radicle. Leaflets oval, crenate. Flowers in -few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. East Africa. The seeds are edible. -=Dialiopsis= Radlk. - -Stamens opposite to the sepals. Stigma entire. Seeds with a leathery -testa and long radicle. Leaflets lanceolate oblong or elliptical, -entire. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. It yields -timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under _Hippobromus_ Eckl. & -Zeyh. or _Melicocca_ L.) =Doratoxylon= Thouars - - -SUBORDER MELIANTHINEAE - - -FAMILY 135. MELIANTHACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate or simple and -undivided. Flowers in racemes, more or less irregular, hermaphrodite. -Sepals 4-5, free or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5, -imbricate in bud, sometimes cohering in the middle. Stamens 4-10, -inserted within the disc. Anthers opening lengthwise by lateral slits. -Ovary superior, 4-5-celled. Style simple; stigma entire or lobed. Fruit -a capsule. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen.--Genera 3, -species 30. (Under _SAPINDACEAE_) (Plate 86.). - -1. Leaves simple, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers almost regular. -Disc equal-sided, with 10 processes. Petals sessile. Stamens -10. Ovary 5-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell. Capsule -septicidal.--Species 3. South Africa. [Tribe GREYIEAE.] =Greyia= Hook. -& Harv. - -Leaves pinnate, stipulate. Flowers more or less irregular. Disc -one-sided. Petals clawed. Stamens 4-5. Ovary usually 4-celled. Ovules -1-12 in each cell. Capsule loculicidal. [Tribe MELIANTHEAE.] 2 - -2. Sepals very unequal. Petals 4, rarely 5, cohering in the middle, -shorter than the sepals. Disc pouch-shaped. Stamens 4. Ovules 4-12 in -each ovary-cell. Seeds without an aril.--Species 5. South Africa; one -species also naturalized in the Canary Islands. The latter serves as an -ornamental plant and is said to render honey poisonous. =Melianthus= L. - -Sepals nearly equal. Petals 5, free, longer than the sepals. Disc -semi-orbicular. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. Seeds with an -aril.--Species 20. Central and South-east Africa. (Including _Natalia_ -Hochst.) (Plate 86.) =Bersama= Fres. - -[Illustration: BALSAMINACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 87._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Impatiens capensis Thunb. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Ovary cut -lengthwise. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: RHAMNACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 88._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Ventilago leiocarpa Benth. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Sepal. _D_ Petal -expanded. _E_ Younger and older stamen. _F_ Fruit. _G_ Lower part of -the fruit cut open.] - - -SUBORDER BALSAMININEAE - - -FAMILY 136. BALSAMINACEAE - -Succulent herbs. Leaves herbaceous, undivided, penninerved, without -stipules. Flowers solitary or in clusters or racemes, without -bracteoles, irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, rarely 5, imbricate -in bud, the hindmost more or less distinctly spurred. Petals 3 or 5. -Stamens 5; filaments short and broad; anthers united, turned inwards, -opening towards the apex. Disc none. Ovary superior, 5-celled. Ovules -3 or more, in the inner angle of each cell, pendulous, inverted, with -dorsal raphe. Style 1; stigmas 1 or 5. Fruit succulent, dehiscing -elastically. Seeds exalbuminous. (Under _GERANIACEAE_.) (Plate 87.) - -Genus 1, species 100. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants (balsams), others yield dyes, medicaments, or edible -oily seeds. (Including _Trimorphopetalum_ Bak.) =Impatiens= L. - - -ORDER RHAMNALES - - -FAMILY 137. RHAMNACEAE - -Shrubs or trees, rarely (_Helinus_) undershrubs. Leaves undivided, -stipulate, more rarely (_Phylica_) exstipulate. Flowers regular, -hermaphrodite or polygamous. Receptacle more or less cup-shaped. Sepals -4-5, valvate in bud. Petals 4-5 or 0. Stamens as many as and alternate -with the sepals. Anthers opening by 1-2 slits. Disc within the stamens, -sometimes indistinct. Ovary 2-4-celled, sometimes not quite completely -septate, rarely (_Maesopsis_) 1-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, -basal, inverted. Style undivided or cleft. Seeds with a large, straight -embryo.--Genera 18, species 140. (Plate 88.) - -1. Ovary superior or almost so. 2 - - -Ovary inferior or half-inferior. 9 - -2. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma 5-lobed. Fruit one-seeded, indehiscent. -Leaves opposite or nearly so, penninerved.--Species 2. Equatorial -regions. The fruits are edible. (Including _Karlea_ Pierre) =Maesopsis= -Engl. - -Ovary completely or almost completely 2-4-celled. Stigma 2-4-lobed, or -2-4 stigmas. 3 - -3. Anthers opening outwards. Sepals with a far projecting ledge on -the inside. Disc ring-shaped. Style undivided, with a 2-lobed stigma. -Leaves opposite or nearly so, crenate, with 2-4 lateral nerves on each -side. Flowers in axillary spikes or in terminal panicles.--Species 1. -Abyssinia. =Lamellisepalum= Engl. - -Anthers dehiscing inwards or laterally. Flowers solitary or in cymes, -rarely in racemes or panicles, but then style 2-4-cleft or with 3 -stigmas. 4 - -4. Leaves 3-, more rarely 5-nerved from the base. Style 2-4-cleft. -Fruit wingless, fleshy, indehiscent, with a 1-4-celled stone.--Species -10. Some of them yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, gum-lac, -food for silk-worms, medicaments, and edible fruits (jujubes) from -which a sort of bread and a beverage are prepared; others have -poisonous fruits; some are used as hedge plants. =Zizyphus= Juss. - -Leaves penninerved. 5 - -5. Flowers in terminal panicles, 5-merous. Stigmas 3. Fruit with 3 -stones. Shrubs with spiny branches. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. -Northern East Africa. The fruits are edible. =Sageretia= Brongn. - -Flowers in axillary inflorescences. 6 - -6. Receptacle united with the fruit for the greatest part. Fruit with -2-4 indehiscent stones. Seeds not grooved. Disc thick. Spines in the -axils of the leaves.--Species 3. Tropical and South Africa. (_Adolia_ -Lam.) =Scutia= Brongn. - -Receptacle free from the fruit for the greatest part. Disc thin, rarely -thick, but then spines, as usually, wanting. 7 - -7 Fruit with 1 two-celled stone. Disc thick. Style 2-cleft. Flowers -5-merous. Leaves alternate.--Species 1. East Africa. The fruits are -edible. =Berchemia= Neck. - -Fruit with 2-4 stones. Disc thin. 8 - -8. Fruit with a red skin and a woody stone separating into 3 -elastically dehiscing portions. Seed-coat crustaceous, shining. Flowers -5-merous. Leaves alternate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Macrorhamnus= -Baill. - -Fruit with 2-4 leathery or thin-woody, scarcely or not dehiscing -stones. Seed-coat thin.--Species 17. North, East, and South Africa. -They yield timber, dyes, a substitute for hop, fish-poison, and -medicaments. “Buckthorn.” =Rhamnus= L. - -9. (1.) Ovary half-inferior. 10 - -Ovary inferior. 15 - -10. Style simple; stigma 3-lobed. Leaves penninerved, serrate or -crenate. 11 - -Style 2-4-cleft. 12 - -11. Ovary incompletely 2-3-celled, 1-2-ovuled. Fruit drupaceous, -1-celled, 1-2-seeded. Trees. Leaves opposite or nearly so. Flowers in -axillary, raceme-like cymes. (See 2.) =Maesopsis= Engl. - -Ovary completely 3-celled, 3-ovuled. Fruit separating into 3 dehiscing -mericarps, 3-seeded. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in axillary and -terminal cymes or panicles.--Species 1. South Africa and St. Helena. -=Noltia= Reichb. - -12. Leaves 3-5-nerved from the base, alternate. Fruit a drupe. Stem -erect or decumbent. 13 - -Leaves penninerved. Fruit a nut, a schizocarp, or a capsule. 14 - -13. Fruit with a horizontal wing; epicarp leathery, endocarp woody. -Leaves 3-nerved, serrate; stipules transformed into spines. Flowers -in axillary and terminal, raceme-like cymes.--Species 1. Cultivated -and naturalized in Algeria. Used medicinally and as a hedge-plant. -=Paliurus= Juss. - -Fruit not winged; epicarp fleshy, endocarp horny, woody or leathery. -(See 4.) =Zizyphus= Juss. - -14. Ovary 2-celled. Style 2-cleft. Fruit with a long wing-like -appendage, dry, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Climbing shrubs. Leaves -alternate.--Species 3. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, West -Africa. They yield fibres, tanning and dyeing materials, and -medicaments. (Plate 88.) =Ventilago= Gaertn. - -Ovary 3-celled. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted. Fruit not winged, 3-seeded. -Erect or almost erect, hairy shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers -in lateral inflorescences.--Species 6. Tropics. =Lasiodiscus= Hook. fil. - -15. (9.) Style simple, sometimes very short, with 1-3 stigmas. Fruit -separating into 3 dehiscing mericarps. Seed-coat hard. Hairy plants. -Leaves alternate, entire, nearly always exstipulate. Flowers solitary -or in spikes, racemes, or heads.--Species 80. South Africa, southern -Central Africa, Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Some are used -as ornamental plants. =Phylica= L. - -Style 2-4-cleft. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in cymes sometimes arranged -in false spikes or racemes, very rarely flowers solitary. 16 - -16. Receptacle top-shaped, not prolonged beyond the ovary. Fruit -separating into 3 elastically dehiscent mericarps. Erect shrubs or low -trees. Leaves alternate, 3-nerved at the base, serrate. Flowers in -axillary cymes.--Species 1. East and South-east Africa, including the -islands. =Colubrina= Brongn. - -Receptacle prolonged beyond the ovary. 17 - -17. Stem tree-like. Leaves opposite, entire, penninerved, hairy -beneath. Flowers in axillary cymes. Anthers dehiscing by longitudinal -slits which are confluent at the apex. Fruit separating into dehiscent -mericarps; epicarp somewhat fleshy.--Species 1. Island of St. Helena. -=Nesiota= Hook. fil. - -Stem shrubby, half-shrubby, or climbing. Leaves alternate. Flowers in -axillary and terminal inflorescences. 18 - -18. Stem not climbing, without tendrils. Leaves few, lanceolate, -entire. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. South -Africa (Betchuanaland). =Marlothia= Engl. - -Stem climbing, bearing tendrils. Leaves oval. Flowers in usually -many-flowered cymes, false spikes, or panicles. Mericarps 3, separating -from a central column. 19 - -19. Flowers in cymes. Disc entire. Fruit wingless; mericarps dehiscing -elastically. Leaves entire, penninerved.--Species 3. Tropical and South -Africa. =Helinus= E. Mey. - -Flowers in false spikes or racemes. Disc usually lobed. Fruit 3-winged; -mericarps dehiscing by a narrow slit or indehiscent--Species 12. -Tropics. Some are used medicinally. =Gouania= L. - - -FAMILY 138. VITACEAE. - -Shrubs or trees, usually climbing, rarely (_Cissus_) herbs or -undershrubs. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flowers regular, in cymose -inflorescences. Calyx small, entire or lobed. Petals 3-7, sometimes -cohering at the base or at the apex, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as -and opposite to the petals, inserted outside the hypogynous, sometimes -indistinct disc. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. -Ovary 2-8-celled, seated upon the disc or more or less sunk in it. -Ovules solitary in each cell or two side by side, ascending, inverted, -with ventral raphe. Style simple, sometimes indistinct. Stigma entire -or 2-4-lobed. Fruit a berry, usually septate. Seeds with a bony or -crustaceous testa and a fleshy or cartilaginous, more or less ruminate -albumen enclosing a small straight embryo.--Genera 5, species 200. -(_AMPELIDEAE_.) (Plate 89.) - -1. Filaments united with one another and with the petals. Ovary -3-8-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Erect shrubs or trees, without -tendrils. Leaves 1-3 times pinnate.--Species 3. Tropics. They yield -vegetables, edible fruits, dyes, and medicaments, and serve as -ornamental plants. [Subfamily =LEEOIDEAE=.] =Leea= L. - -Filaments free from each other and from the petals. Ovary 2-celled, -with 2 ovules in each cell. [Subfamily =VITOIDEAE=.] 2 - -2. Flowers polygamous-dioecious. Petals 5, cohering at the top and -falling off together. Disc 5-lobed. Style very short, conical. Seeds -pear-shaped, with two pits on the ventral face. Climbing shrubs. Leaves -more or less distinctly 3-5-lobed. Inflorescences paniculate, often -with tendrils.--Species 1 (_V. vinifera_ L., grape-vine). North Africa, -also cultivated in other regions. It yields edible fruits, also used -for preparing wine vinegar and brandy, oily seeds, and medicaments. -=Vitis= Tourn. - -Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous-monoecious. Petals usually -spreading at the time of flowering, very rarely cohering at the top, -but then only 4. Seeds more or less egg-shaped. 3 - -3. Style short-conical or wanting. Petals usually 5. Disc ring-shaped. -Seeds egg-or boat-shaped. Climbing shrubs. Inflorescences with -tendrils.--Species 30. Tropics. Some have edible fruits. (Under -_Cissus_ L. or _Vitis_ Tourn.) =Ampelocissus= Planch. - -Style filiform or columnar, usually rather long. Inflorescences mostly -without tendrils. 4 - -4. Petals 5 or 6, very rarely 4 or 7, thickened, fleshy, persistent. -Disc adnate to the ovary. Style usually short. Climbing shrubs. -Inflorescences compact.--Species 15. Central and South Africa. (Under -_Cissus_ L. or _Vitis_ Tourn.) =Rhoicissus= Planch. - -5. Petals 4, not thickened. Disc usually saucer-shaped, 4-lobed and -adnate to the ovary at the base only. Style usually long.--Species 150. -Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some of them yield edible fruits -or tubers, mucilage, or medicaments. (Under _Vitis_ Tourn.) (Plate -89.) =Cissus= L. - -[Illustration: VITACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 89._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Cissus cirrhosa (Thunb.) Planch. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Fruiting branch. _C_ Male Flower, the corolla -cut lengthwise. _D_ Stamens. _E_ Ovary cut lengthwise. _F_ Ovary cut -across. _G_ Fruit. _H_ Fruit cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: CHLAENACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 90._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Leptochlaena multiflora Thouars - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of -ovary.] - - -ORDER MALVALES - - -SUBORDER ELAEOCARPINEAE - - -FAMILY 139. ELAEOCARPACEAE - -Trees. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Flowers in axillary racemes, -regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals 4-6, valvate in bud. -Petals 4-6, hypogynous, free, flat at the base, toothed or fringed -at the apex, valvate in bud. Stamens numerous, inserted upon a -cushion-shaped receptacle. Filaments free. Anthers linear, 2-celled, -opening by a terminal pore. Ovary superior, 2-5-celled. Ovules 2 or -more in the inner angle of each cell, inverted, pendulous, with ventral -raphe, or one of them ascending. Style simple. Fruit a drupe with a -septate stone. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. (Under _TILIACEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 15. Madagascar, Mauritius, and Socotra. =Elaeocarpus= -L. - - -SUBORDER CHLAENINEAE - - -FAMILY 140. CHLAENACEAE - -Trees or shrubs, rarely climbing. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, -stipulate. Flowers solitary or in panicles, regular, hermaphrodite, -each flower or pair of flowers usually surrounded by an involucre. -Sepals 3-5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5-6, free, hypogynous, with -contorted aestivation. Disc ring-or cup-shaped, rarely 5-parted or -indistinct. Stamens 10 or more, inserted within the disc or at its -edge. Filaments free or united below with the disc, very rarely -in 5 bundles. Anthers roundish, opening by 2 sometimes confluent -longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 3-celled, with 2 or more ovules -in each cell. Style simple; stigmas 1 or 3. Fruit a capsule or a nut. -Seeds with a leathery testa and copious albumen.--Genera 7, species 25. -Madagascar. (Under _TERNSTROEMIACEAE_.) (Plate 90.) - -1. Involucre large, calyx-like, 3-10-lobed or many-parted. Sepals 3. -Disc cupular. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell, pendulous. 2 - -Involucre not calyx-like, either 2-parted or shortly cup-shaped or -indistinct or wanting; in the two former cases ovules numerous in each -ovary-cell. Stamens 12 or more. 4 - -2. Involucre consisting of numerous densely crowded bracts, -fleshy. Stamens numerous. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit a -capsule.--Species 5. Madagascar. Used medicinally. (_Sarcolaena_ -Thouars). =Sarcochlaena= Thouars - -Involucre cup-shaped, lobed, dry. 3 - -3. Stamens 10. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Involucre 6-toothed. Fruit -a one-seeded nut.--Species 7. Madagascar. (_Leptolaena_ Thouars). -(Plate 90.) =Leptochlaena= Thouars - -Stamens numerous. Fruit a capsule.--Species 4. Madagascar. -=Xerochlamys= Bak. - -4. Involucre cup-shaped, enlarged in fruit. Sepals 5, the two outer -somewhat smaller than the others. Disc consisting of 5 scales. -Filaments united in 5 bundles. Ovules many in each ovary-cell, -descending. Fruit a nut.--Species 1. Madagascar. (_Sclerolaena_ Bak., -_Xylolaena_ Baill.) =Xylochlaena= Baill. - -Involucre of two bracts or rudimentary or wanting. Sepals 5, the two -outer much smaller than the others, or 3. Disc ring-or cup-shaped. -Filaments not united in bundles. 5 - -5. Ovules many in each ovary-cell, descending. Involucre enclosing -two flowers, usually consisting of two laciniate bracts enlarged in -fruit. Sepals 3. Disc cup-shaped. Fruit a capsule splitting to the -base.--Species 5. Madagascar. (_Schizolaena_ Thouars). =Schizochlaena= -Thouars - -Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Involucre rudimentary or wanting. 6 - -6. Ovules axile, descending. Outer stamens inserted on the inside -of the disc. Fruit a capsule dehiscing at the top only.--Species 4. -Madagascar. (_Rhodolaena_ Thouars). =Rhodochlaena= Thouars - -Ovules basal, ascending. Sepals 5. Outer stamens inserted at the edge -of the ring-shaped disc. Stigma 3-lobed.--Species 1. Madagascar. -(_Eremolaena_ Baill.) =Eremochlaena= Baill. - - -SUBORDER MALVINEAE - - -FAMILY 141. TILIACEAE - -Leaves toothed or lobed, more rarely entire or deeply divided. Stipules -present. Flowers regular. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals entire or -notched at the apex, rarely (_Grewia_) wanting. Stamens hypogynous, 10 -or more, rarely 5-9, free or united in 4-10 bundles. Anthers 2-celled, -the cells sometimes confluent at the top. Ovary superior, completely -or almost completely 2-or more-celled, rarely (_Christiania_) deeply -divided.--Genera 18, species 260. (Plate 91.) - -1. Sepals combined into an entire, crenate, or 2-6-lobed calyx. Petals -with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous. Anthers roundish, opening -by usually confluent, longitudinal slits. Style 4-5-parted or wanting. -Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Trees or shrubs. Leaves cordate. Flowers -panicled. [Tribe BROWNLOWIEAE.] 2 - -Sepals free or nearly so. Anthers opening by separate slits or by -pores. Style simple. 4 - -2. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Stigma sessile, -petal-like, lobed. Calyx 2-3-lobed. Flowers dioecious. Fruit -4-winged.--Species 2. East Africa and Madagascar. =Carpodiptera= Gris. - -Ovary 4-6-celled. Styles 4-6, free or united at the base. 3 - -3. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 3-4-lobed. Filaments united -at the base. Ovary 5-6-parted. Stigmas horizontal, laciniate. Fruit -with one-seeded cells.--Species 2. Tropics. =Christiania= DC. - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-6-cleft. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. -Stigmas twisted, almost entire.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Speirostyla= -Bak. - -4. Petals with a gland at the base, rarely (_Grewia_) petals wanting. -Receptacle nearly always prolonged into a more or less stalk-like -androphore. Anthers roundish. [Tribe GREWIEAE.] 5 - -Petals without a gland at the base. Receptacle not stalk-like, rarely -(_Corchorus_) somewhat prolonged. Anthers linear or oblong, rarely -(_Sparmannia_) oval. 11 - -5. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Stamens 10. Ovary 3-5-celled, -with numerous ovules in each cell. Leaves elliptical. Inflorescence -raceme-like.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Pentadiplandra= Baill. - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens numerous, rarely (_Triumfetta_) 5-10, -but then ovary-cells with 2 ovules in each. 6 - -6. Fruit a spiny nut or schizocarp. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely -shrubs. Flowers in cymes, yellow. Stigma lobed. Ovules 2 in each -ovary-cell.--Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield -fibres, vegetables, or medicaments. =Triumfetta= L. - -Fruit an unarmed nut or drupe. Shrubs or trees. 7 - -7. Fruit few-seeded, usually fleshy. Ovary 2-5-celled, with usually 2 -ovules in each cell. Filaments free.--Species 140. Tropical and South -Africa and the Sahara. They yield timber, fibre, edible fruits from -which drinks are prepared, and medicaments. (Plate 91.) =Grewia= L. - -Fruit many-seeded, fibrous. Ovary 4-10-celled, with numerous ovules in -each cell. Petals 4-5, small. Trees. 8 - -8. Flowers 2-3 together surrounded by an involucre of 3-4 bracts. -Filaments free. Ovary 6-8-celled. 9 - -Flowers without a distinct involucre. Filaments united at the base. -Stipules cleft. 10 - -9. Involucral bracts 3, enclosing 3 flowers. Ovary 8-celled. Fruit with -8 furrows. Stipules awl-shaped.--Species 1. West Africa. The seeds are -used as a substitute for coffee. =Duboscia= Bocq. - -Involucral bracts 4, enclosing 2 flowers. Petals 4. Ovary 6-7-celled. -Fruit with 6-7 ribs. Stipules large, oblique.--Species 1. West Africa -(Cameroons). =Diplanthemum= K. Schum. - -10. Ovary and fruit 4-5-celled. Fruit oblong. Seeds winged.--Species 1. -West Africa. =Desplatzia= Bocq. - -Ovary and fruit 8-10-celled. Fruit ovoid or globose.--Species 3. -Equatorial West Africa. Used medicinally. (_Grewiopsis_ De Wild. & -Dur.) =Grewiella= O. Ktze. - -11. (4.) Anthers linear, surmounted by a two-tipped or scale-like -appendage. Stamens numerous. Ovary 6-10-celled, with 3 or more ovules -in each cell. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe APEIBEAE.] 12 - -Anthers without an appendage at the top, rarely surmounted by a short -point. Ovary 2-5-celled, rarely 6-celled. [Tribe TILIEAE.] 13 - -12. Petals 4, white, shorter than the calyx. Filaments united in 4 -bundles. Anthers with a two-tipped appendage. Ovary 6-celled. Fruit -globular, spiny.--Species 2. West Africa. (Including _Acrosepalum_ -Pierre). =Ancistrocarpus= Oliv. - -Petals 4-5, yellow, equalling the calyx. Filaments almost free. Anthers -with a scale-like appendage. Ovary 8-10-celled. Fruit spindle-shaped, -many-celled.--Species 5. Tropics. Some are used for dyeing and in -medicine. =Glyphaea= Hook. fil. - -13. Staminodes 5 or more. Shrubs or trees. 14 - -Staminodes none. 17 - -14. Staminodes 5, within the stamens. Anthers ending in a short point. -Petals 5, white. Ovary 5-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Stigma -5-parted. Leaves undivided, oblong or oval.--Species 3. Central Africa. -=Cistanthera= K. Schum. - -Staminodes numerous, outside the stamens. Ovary 4-6-celled, with 3 or -more ovules in each cell. 15 - -15. Fertile stamens 7-10. Anthers linear. Petals 4-5, violet. Fruit -oblong, prickly, not winged.--Species 3. West Africa to the Great -Lakes. They yield fibre. =Honckenya= Willd. - -Fertile stamens numerous. Petals 4, white or yellow. 16 - -16. Petals white. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit globose, prickly.--Species 6. -South and East Africa and Madagascar. _S. africana_ L. is used as an -ornamental, medicinal, and textile plant. =Sparmannia= L. f. - -Petals yellow. Ovary 5-6-celled. Fruit oblong, with bristly ciliate -wings.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Yields fibre. =Cephalonema= -K. Schum. - -17. Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves 6-7-parted. Sepals united at the -base, bearing a small horn at the top. Petals 5, notched at the top -or minutely toothed, shorter than the sepals. Stamens very numerous. -Ovary 5-6-celled with 2 ovules in each cell.--Species 1. East Africa. -=Ceratosepalum= Oliv. - -Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves undivided. Sepals -free. Petals yellow. Ovary 2-5-celled, with more than 2 ovules in each -cell. Fruit more or less elongate, not prickly.--Species 30. Tropical -and South Africa and Egypt; one species also cultivated in other parts -of North Africa. Some of them yield fibre (jute), vegetables, and -medicaments. =Corchorus= L. - - -FAMILY 142. MALVACEAE - -Leaves simple, stipulate. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals 5, adhering -to the staminal tube, with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous; -filaments united into a tube; anthers 1-celled; pollen-grains large, -prickly. Ovary superior, sessile, 3-or more-celled, or many distinct -ovaries. Ovules inverted. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.--Genera 21, -species 300. (Plate 92.) - -[Illustration: TILIACEAE - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 91._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Grewia occidentalis L. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Ovary cut -lengthwise. _D_ Fruiting branch. _E_ Fruit. _F_ Cross section of -fruit.] - -[Illustration: MALVACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 92._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Pavonia praemorsa Willd. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Anther. _D_ Fruit. -_E_ Mericarp cut lengthwise.] - - -1. Carpels in several rows placed one above the other, one-seeded, -indehiscent, falling singly. Staminal tube beset with anthers to the -top. Flowers with an epicalyx of 3 bracteoles. Herbs.--Species 3. North -Africa. Used as ornamental and medicinal plants. [Tribe MALOPEAE.] -=Malope= L. - -Carpels placed side by side in one plane. 2 - -2. Style-branches 10, twice as many as the ovary-cells. Ovules solitary -in each cell. Staminal tube truncate or minutely toothed at the top. -Fruit splitting into mericarps. [Tribe URENEAE.] 3 - -Style-branches as many as the ovary-cells, or a simple style. 5 - -3. Flowers without an epicalyx, but inflorescence with an involucre. -Carpels opposite to the petals. Hispid herbs.--Species 2. Tropics. -Yielding fibre. =Malachra= L. - -Flowers with an epicalyx of 5 or more bracteoles. 4 - -4. Mericarps covered with hooked bristles, indehiscent. Carpels -alternating with the petals. Epicalyx of 5 bracteoles. Leaves glandular -beneath.--Species 2. Tropical and South Africa; one species only -cultivated. Used as medicinal and textile plants. =Urena= L. - -Mericarps winged, tubercled, or with 1-3 awns, rarely smooth. Leaves -without glands on the under surface.--Species 25. Tropical and South -Africa. Some of them are used as ornamental, medicinal, or textile -plants. (_Malache_ Vogel). (Plate 92.) =Pavonia= L. - -5. Fruit splitting into mericarps. Carpels 5 or more. Style cleft. -Staminal tube loaded with anthers to the top. [Tribe MALVEAE.] 6 - -Fruit capsular, loculicidal. Staminal tube beset with anthers on the -outer face, truncate or minutely toothed at the top. [Tribe HIBISCEAE.] -14 - -6. Carpels with 1 ovule. 7 - -Carpels with 2 or more ovules, sometimes transversely septate. -[Subtribe ABUTILINAE.] 11 - -7. Ovule pendulous. Stigmas terminal. Epicalyx absent.--Species 20. -Some of them yield fibre, fodder, tea, and medicaments. [Subtribe -SIDINAE.] =Sida= L. - -Ovule ascending. Epicalyx usually present. [Subtribe MALVINAE.] 8 - -8. Style-branches bearing the stigma at the thickened, capitate apex. -Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some of -them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Malvastrum= A. Gray - -Style-branches pointed, bearing the stigma on the inner face. 9 - -9. Epicalyx consisting of 3 free bracteoles or wanting. Central column -of the fruit overtopping the mericarps.--Species 15. Some of them are -used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Mallow.” =Malva= L. - -Epicalyx consisting of 3-9 bracteoles united below. 10 - -10. Central column of the fruit overtopping the mericarps. Epicalyx -3-6-cleft.--Species 12. North Africa; one species also introduced -into South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. -(Including _Navaea_ Webb & Berth. and _Saviniona_ Webb & Berth.) -=Lavatera= L. - -Central column of the fruit not overtopping the mericarps. Epicalyx -6-9-cleft. Herbs.--Species 7. North and South Africa, Mascarene -Islands, and St. Helena. Several species yield fibres, dyes, mucilage, -and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Alcea_ L.) -=Althaea= L. - -11. Carpels completely or nearly completely divided into two -compartments by a transverse partition. Style-branches capitate at the -top. Ovules 2-3 in each carpel. 12 - -Carpels without a partition. Style-branches filiform throughout or -club-shaped. 13 - -12. Flowers with an epicalyx of 3 bracteoles. Petals red. Carpels -numerous. Mericarps with 2 prickles at the back. Prostrate herbs. -Leaves lobed.--Species 1. South Africa; naturalized in the Island of -Madeira. =Modiola= Moench - -Flowers without an epicalyx. Petals yellow. Carpels 5. Mericarps -beaked. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 3. Tropics. -They yield fibres. =Wissadula= Med. - -13. Flowers with an epicalyx of 3 bracteoles. Carpels numerous; ovules -2-3 in each.--Species 5. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. -(Including _Sphaeroma_ Harv.) =Sphaeralcea= St. Hil. - -Flowers without an epicalyx. Ovules 3-9 in each carpel.--Species 30. -Some of them yield fibres, medicaments, and a substitute for coffee, or -serve as ornamental plants. =Abutilon= Gaertn. - -14. (5.) Style split into long or rather long branches. Ovary 5-celled. -Seeds kidney-shaped. 15 - -Style split into very short, erect branches, or simple. 17 - -15. Ovules solitary in each carpel. Stigma capitate. Epicalyx of 7-10 -bracteoles.--Species 9. Tropical and South Africa. =Kosteletzkya= Presl - -Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. 16 - -16. Ovules 2 in each carpel. Epicalyx consisting of 3 large, cordate -bracteoles. Shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa. =Senra= Cav. - -Ovules 3 or more in each carpel. Epicalyx consisting of 3 or more -narrower bracteoles or wanting.--Species 130. Some of them yield -timber, fibres, dyes, perfumes, oil, vegetables, condiments, and -medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Abelmoschus_ -Medik., _Lagunaea_ Cav., and _Paritium_ St. Hil.) =Hibiscus= L. - -17. Epicalyx of partly united bracteoles. Calyx deeply divided. Ovary -5-celled. Leaves small, undivided. 18 - -Epicalyx of free bracteoles. Calyx not deeply divided. 19 - -18. Epicalyx 5-parted, large. Calyx 5-parted. Trees. Leaves -ovate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Macrocalyx= Cost. & Poisson Epicalyx -11-toothed. Calyx 2-parted. Corolla yellow. Shrubs. Leaves reniform or -orbicular.--Species 1. East Africa. =Symphyochlamys= Guerke - -19. Epicalyx of 3 large, cordate bracteoles. Ovary 5-celled. Seeds -woolly. Species 5, three of them growing wild in Central and South -Africa, the others (cotton-plants) cultivated in various regions. They -yield cotton, oil, dyes, vegetables, and medicaments. =Gossypium= L. - -Epicalyx of small or narrow bracteoles. 20 - -20. Calyx sprinkled with black dots. Ovary 3-4-celled. Fruit readily -dehiscing. Cotyledons not dotted. Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 7. -Central and South Africa. (_Fugosia_ Juss.) =Cienfuegosia= Cav. - -Calyx not dotted. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit not or hardly dehiscing. Seeds -woolly. Cotyledons usually marked with black dots. Trees or shrubs. -Leaves undivided.--Species 5. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. They yield -timber, fibres, dyes, and medicaments. =Thespesia= Corr. - - -FAMILY 143. BOMBACACEAE - -Trees. Leaves digitate, stipulate. Flowers solitary or fascicled, -hermaphrodite, without an epicalyx. Calyx with valvate, closed, or -open aestivation. Petals 5, adhering at the base to the staminal tube, -with contorted aestivation. Stamens 5 or more, united below. Anthers -1-celled. Pollen-grains smooth or almost so. Ovary superior or nearly -so, 5-10-celled, the cells opposite to the petals. Ovules numerous in -each cell, ascending or horizontal, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a -capsule or a nut. Seeds with a scanty albumen and a curved embryo with -folded or coiled cotyledons.--Genera 3, species 13. Tropics. (Under -_MALVACEAE_ or _STERCULIACEAE_.) (Plate 93.) - -1. Stamens 5. Anthers twisted. Calyx lobed. Stigma capitate. Fruit -leathery, woolly within, dehiscent.--Species 1 (_C. pentandra_ Gaertn., -silk-cotton-tree). Central Africa; naturalized in Madagascar and the -Mascarenes. Yields timber, bast, tanning materials, wool for stuffing, -oil, condiments, vegetables, and medicaments. (_Eriodendron_ DC.) -=Ceiba= Gaertn. - -Stamens numerous. 2 - -2. Calyx truncate or irregularly 3-5-cleft, with open or closed -aestivation. Stigma 5-partite or capitate. Fruit hairy within, -dehiscent.--Species 6. Central Africa. They yield timber, wool for -stuffing, and medicaments (Including _Pachira_ Aubl.) (Plate 93.) -=Bombax= L. - -Calyx 5-cleft, with valvate aestivation. Stigma 5-10-partite. -Fruit woody, filled with pulp, indehiscent. Flowers solitary, -pendulous.--Species 6. Tropics. They yield wood, fibres, tanning -materials, vegetables, oil, condiments, and medicaments. The pulp -of the fruits and the seeds are edible; from the former a drink is -prepared. “Baobab.” =Adansonia= L. - - -FAMILY 144. STERCULIACEAE - -Leaves alternate, stipulate, rarely (_Hua_) exstipulate. Sepals -more or less united, valvate in bud, rarely (_Cotylonychia_) at -first imbricate. Petals 5, with contorted, rarely (_Hua_) valvate -aestivation, sometimes adnate to the staminal tube, or rudimentary, or -wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals or more. Filaments usually more -or less united. Anthers 2-celled, rarely (_Triplochiton_) 1-celled. -Ovary superior, 3-or more-celled, or several free ovaries, rarely ovary -1-2-celled. Ovules inverted, usually 2 or more to each carpel.--Genera -28, species 470. (Including _BUETTNERIACEAE_ and _TRIPLOCHITONACEAE_.) -(Plate 94.) - -1. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, without a corolla. Filaments -united. Male flowers without staminodes. Styles free at the base or -throughout. Trees. [Tribe STERCULIEAE.] 2 - -Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous, but then, as nearly always, -provided with a corolla. 7 - -2. Carpels numerous, in several rows. Calyx-lobes 6-8, yellow or -brown. Anthers numerous, arranged in a ring.--Species 2. West Africa. -=Octolobus= Welw. - -Carpels 3-12, in a single row. Calyx-lobes 4-5. 3 - -3. Anthers arranged irregularly, crowded in a head, numerous. Seeds -albuminous. 4 - -Anthers arranged in a ring. 5 - -4. Calyx tubular, red. Ovules 2 in each carpel. Fruit with a membranous -rind, one-seeded, dehiscing before the time of maturity. Leaves -undivided.--Species 1. West Africa. Yields fibre. (Under _Sterculia_ -L.) =Firmiana= Marsigli - -Calyx campanulate. Ovules more than 2 in each carpel. Fruit with a -woody or leathery rind, dehiscing at maturity.--Species 25. Tropical -and South Africa. Some species yield timber, fibre, gum (African -tragacanth), vegetables, edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments. -(Including _Eribroma_ Pierre). =Sterculia= L. - -5. Anthers 4-5, inserted below the apex of the staminal column. Ovules -2 in each carpel. Calyx shortly lobed. Ripe carpels woody, winged, -indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous.--Species 3. Tropics. They yield -timber, bark for tanning, and medicaments. =Heritiera= Ait. - -Anthers 8 or more, rarely 5, but then inserted at the apex of the -staminal column. Ovules 3 or more in each carpel. Ripe carpels -dehiscent. 6 - -6. Seeds winged, albuminous. Leaves undivided.--Species 4. Central -Africa. (Under _Sterculia_ L.) =Pterygota= Endl. - -Seeds wingless, exalbuminous.--Species 45. Central and South-east -Africa. Some species yield timber, vegetables, and edible seeds -(cola-nuts) which are also used medicinally. (_Edwardia_ Rafin.) -=Cola= Schott - -[Illustration: BOMBACACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 93._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Bombax lukayensis De Wild. and Dur. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower-bud cut lengthwise (the anthers cut -off excepting one). _C_ Anther.] - -[Illustration: STERCULIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 94._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Dombeya Bruceana A. Rich. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of -ovary.] - - -7. (1.) Petals minute or wanting. Stamens 5, free or almost free. Ovary -3-5-celled, with 3 or more ovules in each cell. Shrubs.--Species 1. -Madagascar. [Tribe LASIOPETALEAE.] =Keraudrenia= Gay - -Petals distinctly developed. 8 - -8. Carpels distinct, surrounded by 5-10 petal-like staminodes twisted -in the bud. Stamens 10-30, inserted upon a raised receptacle, free. -Fruit winged. Trees. Flowers panicled. [Tribe MANSONIEAE.] 9 - -Carpels not surrounded by petal-like staminodes. Anthers 2-celled. 10 - -9. Calyx spathe-like. Petals oblong, with a gland at the base. Stamens -10, inserted upon a long androphore. Staminodes 10, oblong-linear, -glabrous. Leaves toothed. Panicles terminal, many-flowered.--Species 1. -West Africa. Yields timber. =Achantia= A. Chev. - -Calyx 5-parted. Petals obovate, without glands. Stamens 30, upon a -short androphore. Staminodes 5, ovate, downy. Leaves lobed. Panicles -lateral, few-flowered.--Species 1. West Africa. Yields timber. -=Triplochiton= K. Schum. - -10. Petals or their lower part hooded. 11 - -Petals or their lower part flat or slightly boat-shaped, sometimes one -of them hooded, the others flat. 18 - -11. Ovary 1-celled, with a single ovule. Stamens united in pairs. -Staminodes none. Petals clawed, with a spur-like appendage. -Trees.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. The bark and the seeds are -used as condiments. =Hua= Pierre - -Ovary 2-or more-celled, with two or more ovules in each cell. [Tribe -BUETTNERIEAE.] 12 - -12. Staminodes absent. Fertile stamens 10, united at the base. Sepals -at first imbricate. Petals with a saucer-shaped claw and a lanceolate -blade. Ovary 5-celled, with numerous ovules. Shrubs. Leaves undivided. -Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Cotylonychia= -Stapf - -Staminodes present. 13 - -13. Stamens united in pairs or bundles. Shrubs or trees. [Subtribe -THEOBROMINAE.] 14 - -Stamens united below in a ring or tube; anthers solitary between the -barren lobes. Petals with a blade. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. -[Subtribe BUETTNERINAE.] 17 - -14. Petals with a blade above the hood. Ovules numerous in each -ovary-cell. 15 - -Petals without a blade. 16 - -15. Petals with a 2-parted blade. Staminodes short. Fruit with a woody, -prickly rind, dehiscent. Cotyledons coiled. Trees. Leaves serrate. -Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Cultivated in the tropics, naturalized -in the Mascarene Islands. Yields timber, fibre, a mucilage used for -clarifying sugar, fodder, edible fruits, and medicaments. =Guazuma= -Plum. - -Petals with an entire blade. Staminodes long. Fruit with a leathery -rind, indehiscent. Cotyledons wrinkled. Leaves entire or sinuate. -Flowers in cymes.--Species 3 (chiefly _Th. Cacao_ L.). Cultivated -in the tropics. The seeds are used for the preparation of cocoa, -chocolate, and cocoa-butter, the pericarp for making a beverage. They -yield also fibres and are used in medicine. =Theobroma= L. - -16. Staminal tube bell-shaped. Anthers in short-stalked clusters of 3. -Staminodes solitary, leaf-like, bent outwards. Shrubs.--Species 10. -West Africa. =Scaphopetalum= Mast. - -Staminal tube ring-shaped. Anthers singly upon long filaments. -Staminodes in bundles, thread-like.--Species 10. Central Africa. -=Leptonychia= Turcz. - -17. Petals clawed, adhering to the cupular staminal tube. Anthers -sessile or nearly so. Seeds exalbuminous.--Species 13. Tropics. -=Buettnera= L. - -Petals sessile, free from the annular staminal tube. Anthers stalked. -Seeds albuminous.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Ruelingia= R. Br. - -18. (10.) Stamens and carpels inserted on a long gynophore. Petals -unequal, one of them hooded, red, deciduous. Stamens in bundles of -3 alternating with staminodes. Ovary 5-celled with 3-5 ovules in -each cell. Trees.--Species 1. Comoro Island. Yields timber. [Tribe -HELICTEREAE.] =Kleinhofia= L. - -Stamens and carpels inserted on a very short gynophore or without a -gynophore. Petals equal or subequal, flat or slightly convex, not -hooded. 19 - -19. Fertile stamens 5; staminodes minute or wanting. Petals deciduous, -usually slightly oblique. [Tribe HERMANNIEAE.] 20 - -Fertile stamens 10 or more, rarely (_Melhania_) 5, but then alternating -with long staminodes. Filaments united at the base. Petals usually very -oblique and persistent. [Tribe DOMBEYEAE.] 22 - -20. Filaments free, broadened at the base or above the middle. Ovary -5-celled, the cells alternating with the petals. Ovules 3 or more -in each cell. Seeds reniform; embryo curved. Herbs, undershrubs, or -small shrubs.--Species 190. South and Central Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants. (Including _Mahernia_ L.) [Subtribe HERMANNINAE.] -=Hermannia= L. - -Filaments united below, not broadened above. Ovary 5-celled, the cells -opposite to the petals, or 1-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell. Seeds -elliptical; embryo straight. [Subtribe MELOCHINAE.] 21 - -21. Ovary 1-celled. Style 1, simple; stigma penicillate.--Species -2. Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Used medicinally. -=Waltheria= L. - -Ovary 5-celled. Styles or style-branches 5.--Species 5. Tropics; -one species only naturalized. They yield fibres, vegetables, and -medicaments. (Including _Altheria_ Thouars) =Melochia= L. - -22. Staminodes wanting. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Shrubs or trees. 23 - -Staminodes 2-8, usually 5. 24 - -23. Ovary-cells and styles 5. Anthers 20. Fruit with loculicidal -dehiscence.--Species 1. Island of Mauritius. =Astiria= Lindl. - -Ovary-cells and styles 10. Anthers 20-30, associated in 5 bundles. -Fruit with loculicidal and septicidal dehiscence.--Species 1. Island of -Réunion. =Ruizia= Cav. - -24. Fertile stamens 5. Ovary 5-celled. Bracteoles 3, persistent. Herbs, -undershrubs, or low shrubs.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. -=Melhania= Forsk. - -Fertile stamens 10 or more. Bracteoles deciduous or wanting. 25 - -25. Ovary almost completely 2-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. Petals -slightly oblique, deciduous. Bracteoles remote from the flower. -Undershrubs.--Species 3. East Africa. =Harmsia= K. Schum. - -Ovary 3-10-, usually 5-celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell. -Trees or shrubs. 26 - -26. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.--Species 120. Tropical and South -Africa. Some species yield timber, fibres, and medicaments, or serve as -ornamental plants. (Including _Assonia_ Cav. and _Xeropetalum_ Del.) -(Plate 94.) =Dombeya= Cav. - -Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. Style simple. 27 - -27. Bracteoles palmately cut. Petals falling off together with the -staminal tube. Leaves linear.--Species 1. Madagascar and Mascarenes. -=Cheirolaena= Benth. - -Bracteoles entire or wanting. Petals persistent.--Species 8. Madagascar -and Mascarenes. =Trochetia= DC. - - -SUBORDER SCYTOPETALINEAE - - -FAMILY 145. SCYTOPETALACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers in fascicles, -racemes, or panicles. Calyx entire or lobed. Petals 3-16, free or -almost free, valvate in bud, more rarely wholly united. Stamens -numerous, slightly perigynous. Anthers attached by the base. Ovary -superior, rarely half-inferior, completely or almost completely -3-8-celled. Ovules 2 or more in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with -dorsal raphe. Style simple. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 5, species 40. -West Africa. (_RHAPTOPETALACEAE_, under _OLACINEAE_.) (Plate 95.) - -1. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Anthers usually opening by longitudinal -slits. Corolla furrowed in the bud, subsequently separating into 5 -or more petals. Fruit one-seeded. Seeds usually without a crown of -hairs. Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles. [Tribe -OUBANGUIEAE.] 2 - -Ovules 6 or more in each ovary-cell. Anthers usually opening by apical -pores. Corolla not furrowed in the bud, sometimes subsequently -separating into 2-5 petals. Seeds usually with a crown of hairs. -Flowers in fascicles or cymes, usually on the old wood. [Tribe -RHAPTOPETALEAE.] 3 - -2. Flowers in racemes. Stigma usually lobed. Fruit a drupe. Albumen -ruminate.--Species 9. West Africa. =Scytopetalum= Pierre - -Flowers in panicles. Stigma entire. Fruit a capsule. Albumen -uniform.--Species 10. West Africa. (Including _Egassea_ Pierre) -=Oubanguia= Baill. - -3. Ovary almost superior to half-superior. Fruit a one-seeded drupe. -Albumen ruminate.--Species 5. West Africa. (Plate 95.) =Rhaptopetalum= -Oliv. - -Ovary superior. Fruit a several-seeded capsule. Albumen uniform. 4 - -4. Fruit long, with 2 fertile and 2 sterile cells.--Species 2. -Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Pierrina= Engl. - -Fruit short, with 4-6 fertile cells.--Species 15. West Africa. -(Including _Erythropyxis_ Pierre) =Brazzeia= Baill. - - -ORDER PARIETALES - - -SUBORDER THEINEAE - - -FAMILY 146. DILLENIACEAE - -Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. Sepals imbricate in bud, persistent -in fruit. Petals imbricate in bud. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. -Anthers adnate. Carpels 2 or more, free or united at the base of the -ovarial portion. Ovules erect, ascending or horizontal, inverted, with -a ventral raphe. Fruit dry. Seeds with an aril; albumen abundant; -embryo minute, straight.--Genera 3, species 25. Tropics. (Plate 96.) - -1. Filaments much broadened at the top. Anther-halves short, diverging -below, opening lengthwise. Aril laciniate. Leaves hispid, penninerved -with parallel side-nerves, exstipulate. Flowers in panicles.--Species -20. Tropics. The stem of several species (especially _T. alnifolia_ L., -water-tree) secretes much watery juice when cut across. (Plate 96.) -[Tribe TETRACERAE.] =Tetracera= L. - -Filaments not conspicuously broadened. Anther-halves long, parallel. 2 - -2. Stamens crowded at one side of the flower. Anthers opening by -longitudinal slits. Carpels 2, free. Ovules 1-3. Leaves opposite, -oblong, one-nerved or faintly net-veined. Flowers in racemes.--Species -2. Madagascar. =Hibbertia= Andrz. - -Stamens equally distributed all round. Anthers opening by apical -pores sometimes prolonged downwards into slits. Carpels 5 or more, -united at the base. Ovules numerous. Leaves penninerved, with parallel -side-nerves, usually stipulate.--Species 3. Madagascar and neighbouring -islands. They yield timber. (_Wormia_ Blume) =Dillenia= L. - -[Illustration: SCYTOPETALACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 95._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Rhaptopetalum sessilifolium Engl. - -_A_ Part of flowering branch. _B_ End of branch. _C_ Flower cut -lengthwise. _D_ Stamen. _E_ Cross-section of ovary.] - -[Illustration: DILLENIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 96._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Tetracera alnifolia Willd. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (most of the stamens -cut off). _C_ Anther.] - - -FAMILY 147. OCHNACEAE - -Leaves alternate, undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers in racemes or -panicles, rarely solitary, hermaphrodite. Sepals free or nearly so, -imbricate in bud. Petals free, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. -Stamens hypogynous or nearly so. Anthers adnate, 2-celled, usually -opening by apical pores. Receptacle usually prolonged into a gynophore. -Carpels almost free, but with a common style, or united. Style -undivided or cleft. Ovules with a ventral raphe. Embryo of the seeds -rather large.--Genera 7, species 150. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate -97.) - -1. Fertile stamens 5. Petals usually white or red. Seeds albuminous. -Herbs or undershrubs. 2 - -Fertile stamens 10 or more; no staminodes. Petals usually yellow. Seeds -exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. 4 - -2. Anthers opening by apical pores. Staminodes absent. Ovary 3-celled -with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Leaves glandular. Flowers in -racemes.--Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Roridula= L. - -Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Staminodes present. Ovary -1-celled or 3-celled at the base, with numerous parietal ovules. [Tribe -LUXEMBOURGIEAE.] 3 - -3. Staminodes in one row, 5, petal-like, adnate below to the fertile -stamens. Flowers in cymes.--Species 2. West Africa. =Vausagesia= Baill. - -Staminodes in two rows, the 5 inner petal-like, free, but twisted -into a tube, the outer numerous, thread-shaped. Flowers usually -solitary.--Species 2. Tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally. -=Sauvagesia= L. - -4. Ovary 1, one-celled or two-celled at the base, with numerous basal -ovules. Style 2-cleft. Stamens numerous, in 3-5 indistinct rows. Sepals -enlarged and wing-like in fruit. Fruit a woody capsule.--Species 1 -(_L. alata_ Banks). Central Africa. Yields timber, oily seeds, and -medicaments. (Tribe LOPHIREAE.) =Lophira= Banks - -Ovaries 3-15, free, with one ovule in each and with a common style. -Stamens in 2-3 rows. Sepals not wing-like. Fruit a drupe or consisting -of several drupes. [Tribe OURATEEAE.] 5 - -5. Stamens numerous, in 3 rows. Filaments as long as or longer than the -anthers.--Species 80. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield -timber or dye-stuffs. (Plate 97.) =Ochna= L. - -Stamens 10, in 2 rows. Filaments shorter than the anthers or wanting. 6 - -6. Anthers borne upon distinct filaments, oblong, smooth, opening by -longitudinal slits or by apical pores which later on are prolonged -into slits. Ovules, seeds, and embryo curved. Flowers in few-flowered -clusters.--Species 3. East Africa. =Brackenridgea= A. Gray - -Anthers subsessile, linear, wrinkled or warty, opening by apical pores. -Flowers in many-flowered panicles or racemes.--Species 60. Tropics. -(_Gomphia_ Schreb.) =Ouratea= Aubl. - - -FAMILY 148. THEACEAE - -Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Sepals -5, free or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free or -united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens 10 -or more, rarely (_Thomassetia_) 5. Ovary superior or almost so, -2-5-celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Fruit a capsule or a -nut. Albumen scanty or wanting.--Genera 6, species 12. Tropics and -Canary Islands. (_TERNSTROEMIACEAE._) (Plate 98.) - -1. Flowers in cymes or panicles. Fruit a capsule. [Tribe ASTEROPEIEAE.] -2 - -Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves. 4 - -2. Fertile stamens 5, alternating with staminodes which are united -in 5 bundles. Ovary 5-celled. Flowers in long-stalked, axillary -clusters.--Species 1. Seychelles. =Thomassetia= L. - -Fertile stamens 10 or more. Flowers in panicles. 3 - -3. Stamens 10-15, united at the base. Anthers versatile, turned -inwards. Ovary 3-celled. Sepals enlarged and wing-like in fruit. -Low trees or climbing shrubs.--Species 6. Madagascar. (Including -_Rhodoclada_ Bak.) =Asteropeia= Thouars - -Stamens numerous. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit with 5 wing-like ribs. -Tall trees. Inflorescence terminal, scantily branched.--Species 1. -Madagascar. Yields timber. =Nesogordonia= Baill. - -4. Anthers versatile, turned outwards. Stamens numerous, the outer ones -united at the base. Ovules 4-6 in each ovary-cell. Fruit a capsule. -Seeds wingless, exalbuminous; embryo straight.--Species 2. Cultivated -and occasionally naturalized in the tropics. One of them (_Th. -sinensis_ L.) is the tea-plant, the other (_Th. japonica_ L., camellia) -is an ornamental plant and yields wood and oily seeds. (Including -_Camellia_ L.) [Tribe THEEAE.] =Thea= L. - -Anthers adnate. Fruit a nut. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. [Tribe -TERNSTROEMIEAE.] 5 - -5. Ovules 2-3 in each cell, axile, descending. Styles 3. Fruit, -half-inferior.--Species 1. Canary Islands. It has edible fruits and is -used in medicine and as an ornamental plant. (Plate 98.) =Visnea= L. f. - -Ovules many in each cell, attached to a pendulous placenta. Style 1, -simple.--Species 1. West Africa. =Adinandra= Jacks. - - -FAMILY 149. GUTTIFERAE - -Leaves opposite, rarely whorled, undivided. Flowers regular. Petals -with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. -Ovary superior. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 16, species 180. (Including -_CLUSIACEAE_ and _HYPERICINEAE_.) (Plate 99.) - -1. Ovary-cells and styles numerous (17-24). Ovules 2 in each cell, one -ascending, the other pendulous. Filaments free. Shrubs.--Species 1. -Seychelles. =Medusagyne= Bak. - -Ovary-cells 1-12. Styles 1-5. 2 - -[Illustration: OCHNACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 97._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Ochna Hoepfneri Engl. & Gilg - -_A_ Inflorescence. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (most of the stamens cut -off). _C_ Fruiting branch. _D_ Mericarp.] - -[Illustration: THEACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 98._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Visnea Mocanera L. f. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ End of -a fruiting branch. _E_ Young fruit. _F_ Young fruit cut lengthwise.] - - -2. Styles 3-5, free or united below. Sepals 5. Embryo with distinct, -not very thick cotyledons. [Subfamily =HYPERICOIDEAE=.] 3 - -Style 1, undivided or cleft at the top, or 1 sessile stigma. Shrubs or -trees. 7 - -3. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Carpels 5. Seeds not winged; cotyledons -longer than the radicle. Petals usually woolly within. Stamens in 5 -bundles. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe VISMIEAE.] 4 - -Fruit a capsule, rarely a berry, but then carpels 3. Petals glabrous -within. 6 - -4. Fruit a drupe. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Stamens in bundles -of 3-5.--Species 1 (_H. paniculata_ Lodd.). Tropics. Yields timber, -dyes, edible fruit from which a drink is prepared, and medicaments. -(_Harungana_ Lam.) =Haronga= Thouars - -Fruit a berry. Stamens in bundles of 4-20. 5 - -5. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Embryo with usually twisted -cotyledons. Flowers in terminal, umbel-like cymes.--Species 35. -Tropics. Some are used medicinally. =Psorospermum= Spach - -Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. Embryo with semiterete cotyledons. -Flowers in panicles.--Species 6. Central Africa. (_Caopia_ Adans.) -=Vismia= Vell. - -6. Fruit dehiscing septicidally and loculicidally. Seeds with a long -wing. Embryo with a very short radicle and longer cotyledons. Ovary -3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Stamens in 3 bundles. Petals with -a basal appendage. Shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. [Tribe CRATOXYLEAE.] -=Eliaea= Camb. - -Fruit dehiscing septicidally, rarely indehiscent. Seeds without a -distinct wing, but sometimes keeled. Embryo with the cotyledons usually -shorter than the radicle.--Species 35. Some of them yield wood and -medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Androsaemum_ -All. and _Triadenia_ Spach). [Tribe HYPERICEAE.] =Hypericum= L. - -7. (2.) Style very short or wanting. Fruit a berry. Seeds usually with -an aril. Embryo undivided. [Subfamily =CLUSIOIDEAE=, tribe GARCINIEAE.] -8 - -Style distinctly developed. Seeds usually without an aril. 11 - -8. Ovary incompletely 5-celled with numerous parietal ovules in each -cell. Flowers unisexual. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens in 5 bundles. -Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Seeds with an aril.--Species -4. Central Africa. The seeds yield a fat. (Including _Stearodendron_ -Engl.) (Plate 99.) =Allanblackia= Oliv. - -Ovary completely 2-12-celled with 1-2 axile ovules in each cell. -Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 9 - -9. Ovary with 2-3 two-ovuled cells, sometimes each cell subsequently -divided into two incomplete, one-ovuled compartments. Sepals 2. Petals -4. Filaments united at the base. Seeds without an aril. Flowers in -clusters, rarely solitary.--Species 12. Madagascar and West Africa. -They yield timber, dyes, and edible fruits. (_Calysaccion_ Wight) -=Ochrocarpus= Thouars - -Ovary with one-ovuled cells. Seeds with an aril. 10 - -10. Sepals 2. Petals 4-7. Filaments free.--Species 4. Madagascar. -(Including _Tsimatimia_ Jum. et Perrier) =Rheedia= L. - -Sepals 4-5, rarely 2, but then filaments united in several bundles. -Petals 4-5.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield -timber, gum-resin (gambodge), dyes, edible fruits, fat-containing -seeds, and various medicaments, among which are the false cola-nuts. -(Including _Xanthochymus_ Roxb.) =Garcinia= L. - -11. Ovary 5-celled, with several or many ovules in each cell. Style -5-cleft. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens united in 5 bundles or in a tube. -Fruit a berry. Embryo undivided. [Subfamily =MORONOBOIDEAE=.] 12 - -Ovary 1-4-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell, surmounted by a simple -style with an entire or 2-4-parted stigma, rarely (_Hypericum_) ovary -5-celled and style or stigma 5-cleft, but then fruit a capsule and -embryo with distinct cotyledons. 13 - -12. Stamens in 5 bundles consisting of numerous stamens each. Sepals -nearly equalling the petals.--Species 3. West Africa. The fruits of the -tallow-tree (P. _butyracea_ Sabine) yield a fat. =Pentadesma= Sabine - -Stamens united in a tube, the lobes of which bear 3-4 anthers each. -Sepals much smaller than the petals. Disc cupular.--Species 15. -Madagascar and West Africa. _S. globulifera_ L. f. yields timber and a -resin used industrially and medicinally; other species afford edible -fruits, oily seeds, food for silkworms, and medicaments. (Including -_Chrysopia_ Thouars) =Symphonia= L. f. - -13. Sepals 2-4. Stamens free or shortly united at the base. Ovary -1-4-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a drupe. Embryo -with a very short radicle and thick-fleshy cotyledons. [Subfamily -=CALOPHYLLOIDEAE=.] 14 - -Sepals 5. 15 - -14. Ovary 1-celled, with a single erect ovule. Fleshy mesocarp thin. -Flowers in racemes or panicles.--Species 6. Madagascar and East -Africa. They yield timber, resin, oil, fish-poison, and medicaments. -=Calophyllum= L. - -Ovary 2-4-celled, with altogether 4 ovules. Flowers solitary or in -clusters.--Species 2, one growing wild in West Africa, the other (_M. -americana_ L.) cultivated in the tropics and naturalized on the Cape -Verde Islands. The latter species yields timber, resin, medicaments, -and edible fruits (mammee-apples), which are also used for preparing -drinks. =Mammea= L. - -15. Ovary 1-celled, with a single pendulous ovule. Filaments united -at the base in 5 bundles, further upwards in a tube. Fruit a drupe. -Embryo with a very short radicle and thick cotyledons.--Species 1. West -Africa. [Subfamily =ENDODESMIOIDEAE=.] =Endodesmia= Benth. - -Ovary 2-5-celled. 16 - -[Illustration: GUTTIFERAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 99._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Female flower -cut lengthwise. _D_ Cross-section of fruit.] - -[Illustration: ELATINACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 100._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Bergia suffruticosa (Del.) Fenzl - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Anther from -behind. _D_ Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Fruit. _F_ Seed.] - - -16. Flowers unisexual. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit -a berry.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Leioclusia= Baill. - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary 3-5-celled. Fruit a capsule. (See 6.) -=Hypericum= L. - - -FAMILY 150. DIPTEROCARPACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, stipulate. Flowers -in cymes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, imbricate in -bud, enlarged in fruit. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Stamens -numerous, hypogynous or nearly so, with a prolonged connective. Ovary -superior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, descending, inverted. Style -simple. Fruit a one-seeded nut. Seeds without albumen or with a very -thin albumen.--Genera 2, species 15. Tropics. - -Receptacle flat. Filaments short. Anthers linear, adnate. Ovary -glabrous. Embryo with thick, fleshy cotyledons. Tall trees.--Species -1. Seychelles. Yields timber, resin, and fatty seeds. [Subfamily -=DIPTEROCARPOIDEAE=.] =Vateria= L. - -Receptacle raised. Filaments long. Anthers oval, versatile. Embryo -with thin, leaf-like, twisted cotyledons.--Species 15. Central Africa. -(Under _Vatica_ L.) [Subfamily =MONOTOIDEAE=.]. =Monotes= A. DC. - - -SUBORDER TAMARICINEAE - - -FAMILY 151. ELATINACEAE - -Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. -Flowers solitary or in cymes, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3-5, free -or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 3-5, free, hypogynous, -imbricate in bud, persistent in fruit. Stamens hypogynous, as many or -twice as many as the petals. Anthers attached by the back, opening -inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary 3-5-celled. Ovules numerous, -axile, inverted, with a short funicle. Styles 3-5, free. Fruit a -septicidal capsule. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 2, species 15. (Plate -100.) - -Flowers 3-4-merous. Sepals united below, with a faint midrib and -without membranous margins. Ovary depressed at the top. Flowers -solitary.--Species 3. North Africa. =Elatine= L. - -Flowers 5-merous. Sepals free or almost free, with a very projecting -midrib and with membranous margins. Ovary narrowed at the top. Leaves -serrate.--Species 12. Central and South Africa and Egypt. (Plate 100.) -=Bergia= L. - - -FAMILY 152. FRANKENIACEAE - -Herbs or undershrubs, rarely low shrubs. Stem jointed. Leaves opposite, -undivided, stipulate. Flowers in cymes, bracteolate, regular, -hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-5-lobed or-cleft, valvate in bud. Petals 4-5, -hypogynous, free or united in the middle, clawed, usually with a -scale-like appendage, persistent. Stamens 4-6, hypogynous. Filaments -united at the base, broadened in the middle. Anthers versatile, opening -outwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-3 parietal -placentas bearing the ovules at their base. Style simple with 2-3 -stigmas, or 2-3-cleft at the top. Ovules with a long ascending funicle, -inverted. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a copious, mealy -albumen and a straight, axile embryo.--Genera 2, species 10. - -Stamens 5, equal. Carpels 2. Petals without a ligule. Small -shrubs.--Species 1. Island of St. Helena. Used as a substitute for tea. -(Under _Frankenia_ L.) =Beatsonia= Roxb. - -Stamens 4 or 6, the outer ones shorter. Carpels usually 3. Petals -usually with a ligule.--Species 10. North Africa, northern Central -Africa, and South Africa. =Frankenia= L. - - -FAMILY 153. TAMARICACEAE - -Shrubs, undershrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, -exstipulate. Flowers terminal, solitary or in racemes, regular, 4-5-, -rarely 6-7-merous. Petals hypogynous, free. Disc present. Anthers -versatile, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, -with basal or parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, ascending, inverted, -with a very short funicle. Styles or sessile stigmas several, -free or united at the base. Fruit a capsule. Seeds hairy; embryo -straight.--Genera 3, species 25. (Plate 101.) - -1. Flowers solitary. Petals 5, with an appendage on the inner face. -Stamens numerous. Styles distinctly separated from the ovary, -thread-shaped; stigmas small, simple. Placentas extending throughout -the ovary, but bearing ovules at the base only, later on separating -from the wall of the ovary. Seeds with a boss at the top, hairy all -round, albuminous.--Species 3. North Africa. Used for making salt. -[Tribe REAUMURIEAE.]. =Reaumuria= L. - -Flowers in racemes. Petals unappendaged. Stamens as many or twice as -many as the petals. Ovary beaked. Styles short and thick or wanting; -stigmas broadened. Placentas basal-subparietal, cushion-shaped. Seeds -without a boss, but with a tuft of hairs at the top, exalbuminous. -[Tribe TAMARICEAE.] 2 - -2. Anthers turned inwards. Stigmas sessile, cushion-shaped. Seeds with -a stalked tuft of hairs.--Species 1. North West Africa (Algeria). -=Myricaria= Desv. - -Anthers turned outwards. Filaments free or almost free. Stigmas borne -upon a short style, more or less spatulate. Seeds with a sessile tuft -of hairs.--Species 20. Some of them yield timber, tanning and dyeing -materials, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate -101.) “Tamarisk.” =Tamarix= L. - -[Illustration: TAMARICACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 101._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Tamarix senegalensis DC. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stamen. _D_ Fruit. -_E_ Seed.] - -[Illustration: CISTACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 102._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Cistus heterophyllus Desf. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (most of the stamens -cut off). _C_ Transverse section of ovary. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed in -longitudinal section.] - - -SUBORDER CISTINEAE - - -FAMILY 154. CISTACEAE - -Leaves simple, entire. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3 or -5, with contorted aestivation. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation, -deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, 7 or more, usually numerous, unequal. -Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary 1-celled with 3-10 parietal -placentas, or more or less completely 3-10-celled. Style simple or -wanting, stigma large. Ovules numerous, usually straight. Fruit a -loculicidal capsule. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.--Genera 5, -species 75. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. (Plate 102.) - -1. Stamens partly (the outer ones) sterile. Carpels 3. Ovules 6-12, -inverted. Style long. Undershrubs.--Species 5. North Africa. (Under -_Helianthemum_ L.) =Fumana= Spach - -Stamens all fertile. Ovules straight. 2 - -2. Carpels 5 or 10. Funicle thread-shaped. Petals white or red. Shrubs -or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, without stipules.--Species 15. North -Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants; the resin of others -(ladanum) is employed in medicine and perfumery and as a fumigant. -(Plate 102.) =Cistus= L. - -Carpels 3. 3 3 - -3. Style long, usually kneed or sigmoid at the base. Funicle obconical. -Embryo folded. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 40. North Africa and -Cape Verde Islands. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Rock-rose.” -=Helianthemum= Adans. - -Style short and straight or wanting. Funicle thread-shaped or thickened -in the middle. Embryo coiled or hooked. 4 - -4. Funicle thread-shaped. Embryo coiled. Leaves, at least the upper -ones, alternate, without stipules.--Species 3. North Africa. (Under -_Helianthemum_ Tourn.) =Halimium= Willk. - -Funicle thickened in the middle. Embryo hooked. Herbs.--Species 10. -North Africa. (Under _Helianthemum_ Tourn.) =Tuberaria= Spach - - -FAMILY 155. BIXACEAE - -Shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or lobed, palminerved, stipulate. -Flowers in terminal racemes, clothed with scales, regular, -hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, free, glandular at the base, imbricate in bud. -Petals 5, free, rose-coloured, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. -Stamens numerous, hypogynous, free or slightly united at the base. -Anthers curved, opening at the top by two short, transverse slits. -Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placetas. Ovules numerous, -inverted. Style simple; stigma small, 2-lobed. Fruit 2-valved, usually -prickly. Seed-coat red and fleshy outside, hard within. Albumen copious. - -Genus 1, species 1 (_B. orellana_ L.). Cultivated and naturalized in -the tropics. Yields fibres, dyes (arnatto), and medicaments. =Bixa= L. - - -SUBORDER COCHLOSPERMINEAE - - -FAMILY 156. COCHLOSPERMACEAE - -Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves undivided or palmately lobed or -divided, stipulate. Flowers in racemes or panicles, glabrous or clothed -with simple hairs, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-5, free, imbricate -in bud. Petals 4-5, free, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. -Stamens numerous, hypogynous, free or united at the base. Anthers -straight, opening by two sometimes confluent slits or pores. Ovary -superior, 1-celled with 3-5 more or less projecting parietal placentas, -or 2-3-celled. Ovules several or many, inverted. Style simple. Fruit -a capsule. Seeds with a curved embryo and copious albumen.--Genera 2, -species 7. Tropics. (Under _BIXINEAE_.) - -Petals large, yellow. Anthers long, attached by the base, opening at -the top. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 3-5-celled. Ovules -numerous, parietal. Seeds covered with long hairs. Leaves palmately -lobed or divided. Flowers in few-flowered racemes or panicles.--Species -5. Central Africa. They yield fibre, gum, dyes, and medicaments. -(_Maximilianea_ Mart. & Schrank.) =Cochlospermum= Kunth - -Petals small. Anthers short, attached by the back, opening lengthwise. -Ovary 2-3-celled. Ovules few, subbasal. Leaves undivided, penninerved. -Flowers in compound cymes.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Sphaerosepalum= Bak. - - -SUBORDER FLACOURTIINEAE - - -FAMILY 157. WINTERANACEAE - -Trees. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, penninerved, gland-dotted, -without stipules. Flowers solitary or in cymes, axillary, -hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-10, free or -united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens 7-18, hypogynous. Filaments -wholly united. Anthers opening outwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary -superior, 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Style -simple, short. Fruit a berry. Seeds with a minute embryo and copious -albumen.--Genera 2, species 4. Tropics. (_CANELLACEAE_.) - -Petals 4-6, united beyond the middle. Anthers 7-9, two-celled, or -14-18, 1-celled. Placentas 3-4. Stigma 1. Flowers solitary.--Species 2. -Madagascar. Used medicinally. [Tribe CINNAMOSMEAE.] =Cinnamosma= Baill. - -Petals 10, free. Anthers 10. Placentas 5. Stigmas 5. Flowers -cymose.--Species 2. East Africa. Yielding an aromatic oil. [Tribe -CINNAMODENDREAE.] =Warburgia= Engl. - - -FAMILY 158. VIOLACEAE - -Leaves simple. Flowers bracteolate, more or less irregular. Sepals -5, free or united at the base, with open or imbricate aestivation. -Petals 5, free, hypogynous or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, -alternating with - -[Illustration: VIOLACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 103._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Rinorea gracilipes Engl. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stamen from front -and back. _D_ Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Group of fruits. _F_ Fruit.] - -[Illustration: FLACOURTIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 104._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Flacourtia Ramontchi L’Hér. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Female -flower. _D_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _E_ Cross-section of ovary.] -the petals, hypogynous or nearly so. Filaments short. Anthers turned -inwards; connective usually prolonged. Ovary superior, sessile, -1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Style simple. -Fruit a loculicidal capsule with an elastically seceding exocarp. Seeds -albuminous.--Genera 4, species 100. (Plate 103.) - -1. Flowers distinctly irregular. Lowest petal larger than the rest and -furnished with a spur or boss at the base. Anterior filaments bearing -a spur, a boss, or a gland. Style thickened and usually curved above. -Ovules numerous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. [Tribe VIOLEAE.] 2 - -Flowers nearly regular. Petals subequal, without spur or boss. Style -straight, with a terminal stigma. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe RINOREEAE.] 3 - -2. Sepals produced at the base into two auricles. Filaments very -short. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or in -pairs.--Species 20. Some of them yield perfumes and medicaments and -serve as ornamental plants (violets and pansies). =Viola= L. - -Sepals not auricled. Lowest petal saccate or gibbous.--Species 10. -Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (_Calceolaria_ -Loefl., _Ionidium_ Vent.) =Hybanthus= Jacq. - -3. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood. Petals connivent. -Ovules 3. Seeds with an aril and with scanty albumen.--Species 1. West -Africa (Cameroons). =Allexis= Pierre - -Flowers solitary or in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. Seeds -without an aril, with copious albumen.--Species 70. Tropical and -South-east Africa. Some yield timber. (_Alsodeia_ Thouars). (Plate -103.) =Rinorea= Aubl. - - -FAMILY 159. FLACOURTIACEAE - -Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers regular. -Petals free, with imbricate or valvate, rarely (_Dioncophyllum_) with -contorted aestivation, or wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals or -more. Anthers 2-celled, very rarely 4-celled, opening by longitudinal -slits, rarely (_Kiggelaria_) by apical pores. Ovary superior and -sessile or nearly so, or half-inferior, rarely (_Bembicia_) inferior, -one-celled or incompletely, rarely completely 2-or more-celled, with -2-8 parietal, rarely axile placentas bearing the ovules sometimes -at the top only, rarely with a single placenta. Ovules 3 or more, -rarely 2, inverted. Seeds nearly always albuminous and with a straight -embryo.--Genera 46, species 250. Tropical and South Africa. (Including -_SAMYDACEAE_, under _BIXINEAE_.) (Plate 104.) - -1. Perianth-leaves spirally arranged; sepals gradually passing into the -petals. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Flowers in spikes or racemes. [Tribe -ERYTHROSPERMEAE.] 2 - -Perianth-leaves whorled; sepals separated from the petals, or petals -absent. 7 - -2. Inner perianth-leaves with small, scale-like appendages at the base. -3 - -Inner perianth-leaves without appendages. 5 - -3. Outer perianth-leaves much smaller than the inner, free, leathery. -Style very short.--Species 4. East and South-east Africa. =Rawsonia= -Harv. & Send. - -Outer perianth-leaves about as large as the inner. 4 - -4. Stamens 5.--Species 5. West Africa. (Under _Dasylepis_ Oliv.) -=Scottelia= Oliv. - -Stamens numerous.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Dasylepis= Oliv. - -5. Stamens 5-15, hypogynous. Anthers broad-sagittate. Style simple, -with a 2-4-lobed stigma. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers in racemes, -hermaphrodite.--Species 15. Madagascar and neighbouring islands and -East Africa. =Erythrospermum= Lam. - -Stamens 20 or more, perigynous. Anthers oblong or linear. Style -3-4-cleft or-parted. 6 - -6. Flowers hermaphrodite. Style 3, free. Fruit a few-seeded, -loculicidal capsule. Low trees. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in -spikes.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Pyramidocarpus= Oliv. - -Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Style 1, with 4 branches. -Fruit a many-seeded, septicidal capsule. Tall trees. Flowers in -racemes.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. (_Cerolepis_ Pierre). -=Camptostylus= Gilg - -7. (1.) Petals present. Ovary 1-celled. 8 - -Petals absent. Sepals 3-6, very rarely 7-8. 35 - -8. Petals more than sepals, unappendaged. Stamens numerous. Ovary -superior. 9 - -Petals as many as sepals. 17 - -9. Stamens collected in bundles opposite to the petals and alternating -with 8 glands inserted at the margin of the receptacle. Calyx -4-partite. Petals 8. Ovules few, suspended from the upper part of the -placentas. Styles 3-4. Flowers in axillary spikes.--Species 1. West -Africa. =Dissomeria= Benth. - -Stamens not in bundles. Receptacle without glands. Ovules numerous, -parietal. Style 1, simple cleft or 2-parted. [Tribe ONCOBEAE.] 10 - -10. Sepals wholly or partly united, when young, with valvate -aestivation. Style simple. 11 - -Sepals free or nearly so, with imbricate aestivation. 12 - -11. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in few-flowered racemes. Calyx -hood-shaped. Petals 5. Filaments free, thread-shaped. Placentas 2-3. -Fruit a capsule.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Prockiopsis= Baill. - -Flowers dioecious, in fascicles or abbreviated spikes or racemes. Calyx -of 3 sepals. Petals 6-7. Stamens in 2 rows, the outer longer and with -broadened, incompletely united filaments. Placentas 3-5.--Species 5. -Central Africa. =Buchnerodendron= Guerke - -12. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 3. Petals 9-12. Anthers attached by -the back. Ovary and fruit winged. Style long, 2-cleft at the top, with -small stigmas. Shrubs. Leaves serrate, stipulate. Flowers in the axils -of undeveloped leaves, towards the ends of the branches.--Species 3. -West Africa. =Poggea= Guerke - -Flowers polygamous or unisexual. Petals 4-12. 13 - -13. Style very short, with 2-4 recurved stigmas. Anthers attached by -the back near the base. Sepals 3. Petals 5-7. Fruit winged. Shrubs. -Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. East Africa. -=Grandidiera= Jaub. - -Style thread-shaped, simple or 3-7-cleft. Anthers attached by the base. -Fruit not winged. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or racemes. 14 - -14. Flowers rather small, in racemes. Stigma inconspicuous or slightly -branched. Placentas 3. Seeds few. Leafstalk jointed. Branches -without spines.--Species 6. Central Africa. (Under _Oncoba_ Forsk.) -=Lindackeria= Presl - -Flowers large. Placentas 4 or more. 15 - -15. Stigma (or style-apex) not thickened, slightly notched or divided -into several branches. Fruit dehiscing incompletely; seeds numerous, -minute. Leafstalk jointed. Branches without spines.--Species 15. -Central Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or -medicinal plants. (Under _Oncoba_ Forsk.) =Caloncoba= Gilg - -Stigma thickened or divided into many branches. Leafstalk not jointed. -Flowers solitary or 2-3 together. 16 - -16. Branches without spines. Fruit ovoid, beaked, dehiscing by 4-6 -valves; seeds few, large.--Species 10. Tropical and South-east Africa. -Some species have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal -plants. (Under _Oncoba_ Forsk.) =Xylotheca= Hochst. - -Branches spinous. Fruit globose, indehiscent, with many placentas and -numerous seeds.--Species 2. Central Africa. Used medicinally; the -fruits are edible and used for making ornaments. =Oncoba= Forsk. - -17. (8.) Petals 5, each with a scale-like appendage at the base. -Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens 10-12. Anthers opening at the top. -Ovary superior. Styles 2-5. Flowers dioecious, in axillary cymes. -Shrubs.--Species 6. South and East Africa. [Tribe PANGIEAE.] -=Kiggelaria= L. - -Petals without scales at the base. Anthers opening lengthwise. 18 - -18. Receptacle (flower-tube) bearing a cupular or filamentous corona -at its margin. Petals 5. Ovary superior. Seeds with an aril. [Tribe -PAROPSIEAE.] 19 - -Receptacle without a corona, but sometimes with glands. 25 - -19. Anthers peltate, 4-celled. Stamens numerous, perigynous. Corona -short-tubular, entire. Ovules 6, apical. Styles 3, long. Stigmas not -thickened. Low trees. Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers in elongated -axillary spikes or racemes.--Species 3. West Africa. =Soyauxia= Oliv. - -Anthers cordate, 2-celled. Ovules parietal. Stigmas thickened. Flowers -solitary or in fascicles or terminal panicles. 20 - -20. Ovules 2 on each placenta. Styles 3. Stamens 5. Filaments broadened -and united below. Corona many-parted. Flowers in terminal panicles. -Bracts with two large glands at the base.--Species 1. West Africa -(Liberia). (Under _Paropsia_ Nor.) =Androsiphonia= Stapf - -Ovules 3 or more on each placenta. 21 - -21. Style 1, simple. Stamens numerous. Corona double. Flowers sessile, -in the axils of the leaves or by the side of them, enveloped by -imbricate bracts. Fruit indehiscent. Branches with swellings inhabited -by ants. Leaves stipulate.--Species 4. West Africa and region of the -Great Lakes. =Barteria= Hook. - -Styles 3-5, free or united at the base. Flowers stalked. 22 - -22. Corona double, the outer slit into narrow segments, the inner -ring-shaped. Stamens 8-10. Leaves toothed. Flowers solitary, -axillary.--Species 6. Equatorial West Africa. =Paropsiopsis= Engl. - -Corona simple. Stamens 5 or many. 23 - -23. Flowers in panicles. Corona divided into thread-like segments. -Stamens 5. Filaments flat. Styles 5.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Hounea= -Baill. - -Flowers solitary or few together in the axils of the leaves. Filaments -thin, thread-like. Fruit dehiscent. Leaves toothed. 24 - -24. Stamens 5. Flowers rather small. Leaves with glandular patches at -the base of the blade.--Species 10. Tropics. Some have edible fruits. -=Paropsia= Nor. - -Stamens numerous. Flowers large. Leaves with glands at the base of the -stalk.--Species 4. West Africa. (Under _Paropsia_ Nor.) =Smeathmannia= -Soland. - -25. (18.) Inflorescences springing from the midrib of the leaves, -cymose. Ovary superior, many-ovuled. [Tribe PHYLLOBOTRYEAE.] 26 - -Inflorescences axillary or terminal. 28 - -26. Stamens 5. Anthers linear. Petals 5. Leaves toothed.--Species 1. -Equatorial West Africa. =Moquerysia= Hua - -Stamens numerous. Anthers oval or triangular. Petals 3-5. 27 - -27. Style 1, shortly 2-cleft. Anthers oval or elliptical. Flowers -solitary or in pairs. Leaves large, serrate.--Species 1. Equatorial -West Africa. =Phylloclinium= Baill. - -Styles 3, free or united below. Petals 3-4. Flowers in glomerules. -Leaves very large.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Phyllobotryum= -Muell. Arg. - -28. Stamens singly or in bundles opposite to the petals. Ovary -half-inferior, more rarely superior. Fruit a capsule. [Tribe -HOMALIEAE.] 29 - -Stamens numerous, not collected in bundles. Ovary superior. Fruit a -berry. [Tribe SCOLOPIEAE.] 33 - -29. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 9-15. Ovary superior. Placentas 3, with -1-2 ovules each. Styles 3. Leaves palminerved. Flowers in spikes or -spike-like panicles.--Species 4. East and South Africa. =Trimeria= Harv. - -Flowers hermaphrodite. 30 - -30. Style 1, simple, with a capitate stigma. Ovules 4. Stamens 5. -Flowers in axillary cymes.--Species 1. South-east Africa. =Gerrardina= -Oliv. - -Styles 2-6, or style single and 2-6-cleft. 31 - -31. Ovary superior. Ovules numerous. Styles 3-6, free. Stamens -5-8, nearly hypogynous. Seeds woolly. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in -panicles.--Species 5. Madagascar and East Africa. (Including _Bivinia_ -Tul.) =Calantica= Tul. - -Ovary half-inferior. Seeds not woolly. 32 - -32. Style 1, thick, 4-6-cleft at the apex. Ovules numerous. Stamens -12-18. Petals scarcely larger than the sepals. Flowers in spike-like -panicles. Leaves exstipulate.--Species 2. West Africa. =Byrsanthus= -Guill. - -Styles 2-6, thread-shaped, free or united at the base, rarely beyond; -in the latter case stamens 4-8 or petals considerably larger than the -sepals. Petals persistent.--Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some -species yield timber. (Including _Blackwellia_ Comm.) =Homalium= Jacq. - -33. Sepals united below. Petals with contorted aestivation. Anthers -attached by the base. Placentas 5-7. Ovules numerous. Styles 5-7, -united at the base. Leaves ending in two tendrils. Flowers in cymose -panicles.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Dioncophyllum= Baill. - -Sepals free. Anthers attached by the back. Placentas 2-4. Style 1, -simple. Leaves stipulate, without tendrils. 34 - -34. Ovary stalked, incompletely 3-celled at the base, 6-ovuled. -Connective not prolonged. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals larger -than the sepals. Flowers in compound racemes or panicles. Leaves -penninerved.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Marquesia= Gilg - -Ovary sessile or nearly so, completely 1-celled. Connective usually -prolonged. Sepals valvate or slightly imbricate in bud. Petals similar -to the sepals. Flowers solitary or in racemes, rarely in panicles. -Leaves 3-5-nerved at the base.--Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. -Some species yield timber or serve as ornamental plants. (_Phoberos_ -Lour.) =Scolopia= Schreb. - -35. (7.) Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 2-3 parietal placentas. -Styles 2-3. Stamens numerous. Sepals 7-8, petaloid. Inflorescences -head-like.--Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe BEMBICIEAE.] =Bembicia= Oliv. - -Ovary superior. 36 - -36. Receptacle with thread-or strap-shaped, sometimes partly united -appendages. Stamens 5 or more. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-4 parietal -placentas. 37 - -Receptacle with separate glands or with a ring-shaped disc, but without -thread-or strap-shaped appendages, or without any appendages. 39 - -37. Stamens 15-20. Styles 4. Sepals 4, unequal. Flowers unisexual, -solitary, axillary.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). -=Trichostephanus= Gilg - -Stamens 5-12. Style 1, simple or cleft at the top. Fruit a capsule. -Seeds hairy or arillate. Leaves stipulate, usually gland-dotted. [Tribe -CASEARIEAE.] 38 - -38. Flowers in terminal panicles, polygamous. Stamens 5-6. Seeds -with a minute aril.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). -=Ophiobotrys= Gilg - -Flowers solitary and axillary or in axillary fascicles or heads, -hermaphrodite. Stamens 6-12.--Species 20. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. -Some species yield timber or are used in medicine. (_Guidonia_ Plum.) -=Casearia= Jacq. - -39. Stamens collected in 5-8 bundles alternating with the sepals. -Sepals glandular, valvate in bud. Placentas 3-6, parietal, with -numerous ovules. Styles 3-6. Fruit a capsule. Seeds woolly. Leaves -entire or crenate, stipulate. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite. (See -31.) =Calantica= Tul. - -Stamens not in bundles. 40 - -40. Anthers 10-15, linear, large, subsessile. Calyx very small, -imbricate in bud. Placentas 2, parietal, bearing 2 ovules each. Styles -2. Fruit a nut. Seeds very large, arillate, exalbuminous. Embryo with -a minute radicle and very unequal cotyledons. Shrubs. Leaves without -stipules. Flowers in racemes or panicles, dioecious.--Species 2. -Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used medicinally. =Physena= Thouars - -Anthers short and broad, more or less oval. Seeds albuminous. 41 - -41. Ovary 2-or more-celled, with 2-4 subbasal ovules in each cell. -Style 1, simple. Stamens numerous, surrounding a thick disc. Fruit -a prickly nut. Seeds ruminate within. Stipules connate. Flowers in -cymes, hermaphrodite.--Species 5. Madagascar. (_Ropalocarpus_ Boj.) -=Rhopalocarpus= Boj. - -Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely, very rarely completely 2-or -more-celled, with parietal or axile ovules; if ovary 2-or more-celled, -then styles 2-8, free or united at the base, and fruit a berry or a -drupe. Seeds not ruminate. [Tribe FLACOURTIEAE.] 42 - -42. Ovary incompletely, very rarely completely 2-or more-celled. Styles -2-8, free or united at the base. Receptacle bearing a disc or free -glands. 43 - -Ovary completely 1-celled. Style usually 1. Stamens numerous. 44 - -43. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 10-25, alternating with glands. -Placentas with 1-6 ovules each. Fruit a berry. Stipules minute, -deciduous.--Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible -fruits. (_Dovyalis_ Arn. & Mey., including _Aberia_ Hochst.) =Doryalis= -Arn. & Mey. - -Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stamens numerous, surrounded by a -ring-shaped disc. Placentas with several or many ovules each. Fruit -a drupe with several stones. Stipules wanting.--Species 7. Tropics -to Delagoa Bay. They yield timber, edible fruits (Indian plums), and -medicaments, and serve also as hedge-plants. (Plate 104.) =Flacourtia= -Juss. - -44. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, in cymes. Receptacle expanded into -a disc. Stamens with short filaments and introrse anthers. Style very -short, simple or 2-6-cleft. Ovary with a single placenta and 2 ovules. -Fruit a drupe. Stipules minute.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. Yields -timber and condiments. =Guya= Frapp. - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Receptacle unappendaged, rarely with a disc but -then style distinctly developed. 45 - -45. Receptacle expanded into a glandular-toothed disc. Sepals 5-6, -oblong, imbricate in bud. Placentas 2-4. Style filiform, 2-4-cleft at -the apex. Stipules none.--Species 2. East Africa (Sansibar), Madagascar -and neighbouring islands. They yield timber and are used in medicine. -=Ludia= Lam. - -Receptacle without a disc and without glands. Sepals 4-5, roundish, or -3. Styles 3 or 0. 46 - -46. Sepals 3, valvate in bud. Anthers attached by the base. Placentas -3. Styles 3, free, filiform; stigmas not thickened. Stipules linear. -Flowers in racemose inflorescences.--Species 6. Madagascar. =Tisonia= -Baill. - -Sepals 4-5, imbricate in bud. Anthers attached by the back near the -base. Placenta 1. Style none; stigma peltate. Fruit a berry. Flowers -solitary or in clusters.--Species 5. Madagascar and neighbouring -islands, East and South-east Africa. Some species yield edible fruits, -a substitute for tea, and medicaments. (_Aphloia_ Benn.) =Neumannia= -Rich. - - -FAMILY 160. TURNERACEAE - -Leaves alternate, simple. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, -furnished with a gland or a callosity, imbricate in bud, deciduous. -Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 5, alternating with the -petals. Filaments free. Anthers versatile, opening by longitudinal -slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules -inverted. Styles 3, often divided. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds -arillate, pitted, with a large embryo and copious albumen.--Genera 7, -species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 105.) - -1. Sepals free or nearly so. 2 - -Sepals united below into a distinct tube. 3 - -2. Stigmas nearly entire. Sepals with ovate glands. Petals white. Fruit -dehiscing throughout its whole length. Aril formed of long hairs. Trees -with simple hairs. Leaves stipulate, with two glands on the stalk. -Flowers pendulous, solitary or in clusters of 3, bracteolate.--Species -1. Mascarene Islands. =Mathurina= Balf. fil. - -Stigmas many-cleft. Fruit dehiscing from the top to the middle. Aril -one-sided, crenate. Leaves without glands at the base, but sometimes -with small glands at the margin. Flowers erect, solitary or in cymes. -Species 3. Madagascar and South Africa. (Including _Erblichia_ Seem., -under _Turnera_ L.) =Piriqueta= Aubl. - -3. Calyx-tube with very numerous and very thin nerves. Stamens inserted -at the base of the tube. Stigmas entire or obscurely notched. Areas of -the seed-coat without holes. Glandular shrubs. Stipules minute. Flowers -solitary, erect, bracteolate.--Species 2. East Africa. =Loewia= Urban - -Calyx-tube with 10-15 nerves. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or -trees, but then stigmas divided. 4 - -4. Calyx-tube 10-nerved, with hemispherical callosities or without any -appendage on the inside. Areas of the seed-coat with one hole in each -or without a hole. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or heads. 5 - -Calyx-tube 15-nerved, furnished with linear ledges within. Areas of the -seed-coat with two holes in each. Flowers in one-sided racemes. Hairy -herbs. Leaves without stipules. 6 - -5. Sepals thin-membranous, colourless. Petals inserted at the base of -the calyx-tube. Stigmas many-cleft. Ovules 9. Fruit pendulous. Aril -entire. Herbs. Leaves without glands. Flowers solitary.--Species 2. -Madagascar. (Under _Turnera_ L.) =Hyalocalyx= Rolfe - -Sepals herbaceous, green. Petals inserted at the mouth of the -calyx-tube. Fruit erect. Aril crenate or lobed.--Species 2, one a -native of Madagascar, the other naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. -=Turnera= L. - -6. Petals inserted below the mouth of the calyx-tube, provided with a -scale at their base. Stamens arising from the base of the tube. Fruit -linear. Seeds in one row.--Species 8. Tropical and South-east Africa. -(Plate 105.) =Wormskioldia= Schum. & Thonn. - -Petals inserted at the mouth of the calyx-tube, unappendaged. Stamens -adnate to the tube at their base. Fruit oblong or oval. Seeds in -several rows.--Species 3. East Africa. (Under _Wormskioldia_ Schum. & -Thonn.) =Streptopetalum= Hochst. - - -FAMILY 161. PASSIFLORACEAE - -Usually tendril-bearing plants. Leaves alternate. Flowers regular. -Sepals 4-6, imbricate in bud. Petals as many, free, imbricate in -bud, more rarely wanting. Receptacle produced into a corona which is -sometimes divided into separate scales, rarely without any appendage. -Stamens 4-10, as many as and alternate with the petals or twice as -many. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, -1-celled, with 3, rarely 4-5 parietal placentas and numerous inverted -ovules. Seeds arillate, with a pitted or furrowed testa and a fleshy -albumen.--Genera 8, species 75. (Plate 106.) - -[Illustration: TURNERACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 105._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Wormskioldia lobata Urb. - -_A_ Whole plant. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of ovary. -_D_ Seed with aril. _E_ Seed cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: PASSIFLORACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 106._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Tendril. _C_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _D_ -Cluster of fruits.] - - -1. Leaves compound: 2-3-foliolate or pinnate. Shrubs. Flowers -hermaphrodite. Stamens 5-10, free from the short gynophore. Anthers -attached by the back. 2 - -Leaves simple: entire, toothed, lobed, or cleft. 3 - -2. Corona formed of numerous threads springing from the base of the -calyx. Petals 4-5, resembling the sepals. Stamens united at base. Style -3-5-cleft. Ovules numerous. Fruit a capsule. Stem climbing. Leaflets in -1-2 pairs. Flowers in cymes.--Species 6. West Africa and Madagascar. -=Deidamia= Thouars - -Corona none, but a disc within the stamens present. Petals 5, much -exceeding the sepals. Fertile stamens 5, free, alternating with 5 -staminodes. Style simple. Ovules 10-12. Leaflets in 4-5 pairs. Flowers -in panicles.--Species 1. East Africa. =Donaldsonia= Bak. - -3. Fertile stamens twice as many as the sepals or petals, 6-8. Corona -formed of one row of threads. Ovary almost sessile, with 4 placentas -and 4 subsessile stigmas. Shrubs.--Species 1. South-east Africa. -=Schlechterina= Harms - -Fertile stamens as many as the sepals or petals. 4 - -4. Fertile stamens alternating with as many staminodes. Flowers -hermaphrodite. Petals 5. Style simple. 5 - -Fertile stamens not alternating with staminodes. 6 - -5. Calyx-tube saucer-shaped. Sepals ovate. Petals ovate, larger -than the sepals. Corona formed of one row of threads. Staminodes -tooth-shaped. Ovary seated in the centre of the disc. Stigma entire. -Climbing, tendril-bearing shrubs. Leaves oblong.--Species 1. Northern -West Africa. =Crossostemma= Planch. - -Calyx-tube bell-or funnel-shaped. Sepals oblong. Petals linear-oblong, -much smaller than the sepals. Corona none. Staminodes awl-shaped. -Anthers affixed by the back, near the base, and surmounted by a -prolonged, awl-shaped connective. Stamens free from the short -gynophore. Stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a berry. Erect herbs without tendrils. -Leaves linear-lanceolate.--Species 1. Southern West Africa. =Machadoa= -Welw. - -6. Stamens adnate to the gynophore. Anthers affixed by the back, at -first turned inwards, later on outwards. Styles 3 or style single and -3-cleft. Corona present. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruit a berry.--Species -8. One of them a native of Madagascar, the others cultivated and -sometimes naturalized in the tropics and the Canary Islands. They yield -edible fruits, drinks, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. -“Passion-flower.” =Passiflora= L. - -Stamens free from the gynophore, or no gynophore present. Anthers -affixed by the base or between its lobes, opening inwards or laterally. -Fruit a capsule, rarely a berry. 7 - -7. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-tube saucer-shaped. Corona triple. -Style 3-cleft. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in 2-3-flowered -cymes.--Species 15. Central and South Africa. (Including _Basananthe_ -Peyr.) =Tryphostemma= Harv. - -Flowers unisexual, rarely hermaphrodite or polygamous, but then without -a corona. Petals 4-6. Corona simple, double, or wanting. Leaves with -1-3 glands at the base.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some -are poisonous, others have edible fruits or are used in medicine. -(_Modecca_ Lam., including _Echinothamnus_ Engl., _Jaeggia_ Schinz, -_Keramanthus_ Hook. fil., _Ophiocaulon_ Hook. fil., and _Paschanthus_ -Burch.) (Plate 106.) =Adenia= Forsk. - - -FAMILY 162. ACHARIACEAE - -Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided or lobed, without -stipules. Flowers regular, 3-5-merous, monoecious, solitary or -fascicled, axillary, the male sometimes in racemes. Sepals free, at -least in the female flowers, imbricate or open in bud. Petals united -below, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as and alternating with the -corolla-lobes, affixed to the corolla. Anthers adnate, opening inwards. -Receptacle produced into a corona formed of 3-5 scales which are -inserted at the base of the corolla and alternate with the stamens. -Ovary superior, sessile or short-stalked, 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal -placentas bearing 2 or more inverted ovules each. Style 3-10-cleft. -Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a sometimes adnate aril, a pitted or -wrinkled testa, a copious albumen, and a straight embryo.--Genera 3, -species 3. South Africa. (Under _PASSIFLORACEAE_.) - -1. Stem twining. Leaves 5-7-lobed. Flowers 4-5-merous, the male in -racemes, the female solitary. Sepals of the male flowers linear. -Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla. Anthers cohering. Corona -formed of linear or oblong scales. Ovary short-stalked, oblong. -Style-branches twice as many as placentas. Fruit linear. Aril adnate to -the wrinkled testa.--Species 1. South Africa. =Ceratiosicyos= Nees - -Stem erect or underground. Leaves 3-lobed or undivided. Flowers -solitary or fascicled. Stamens inserted in the tube or at the throat of -the corolla. Aril free from the pitted testa. 2 - -2. Aboveground stem erect or ascending, woody at the base. Leaves -3-lobed. Flowers 3-4-merous. Sepals oblong or ovate, free. Anthers with -a broad connective. Ovary sessile, subglobose. Ovules few, usually 6-8. -Style-branches twice as many as placentas.--Species 1. Cape Colony. -=Acharia= Thunb. - -Aboveground stem wanting. Leaves undivided. Flowers solitary, 5-merous. -Sepals linear, adnate to the corolla. Stamens inserted at the throat -of the corolla. Anthers with a narrow connective. Ovary short-stalked, -oblong. Ovules numerous. Style-branches as many as placentas. Fruit -elliptical.--Species 1. Cape Colony. =Guthriea= Bolus - - -SUBORDER PAPAYINEAE - - -FAMILY 163. CARICACEAE - -Trees with a milky juice. Leaves alternate, usually crowded at the top -of the stem, palmately lobed or divided, without stipules. Flowers, -at least the male ones, panicled, 5-merous, unisexual or polygamous. -Petals united below, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10, inserted -in the tube of the corolla. Anthers turned inwards, with a prolonged -connective. Ovary superior, 1-or 5-celled. Ovules numerous, parietal, -inverted. Style simple with 5 stigmas, or 5-to many-cleft. Fruit -a berry. Seeds albuminous, with a double coat, succulent outside, -woody within.--Genera 2, species 3. Tropics. (_PAPAYACEAE_, under -_PASSIFLORACEAE_.) - -Filaments free. Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas branched. Stem unarmed, -simple or scantily branched.--Species 1 (_C. Papaya_ L., papaw-tree). -Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in the tropics. It yields edible -fruits, medicaments, and substitutes for soap and tobacco. The juice of -the stem is poisonous, that of the leaves is used for rendering meat -tender. (_Papaya_ Tourn.) =Carica= L. - -Filaments united below. Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas undivided. Stem -branched, prickly. Species 2. Central Africa. (Under _Jacaratia_ -Marcgr.) =Cylicomorpha= Urban - - -SUBORDER LOASINEAE - - -FAMILY 164. LOASACEAE - -Shrubs. Leaves alternate, toothed or lobed, without stipules. Flowers -in cymes, regular, 5-merous, hermaphrodite. Sepals open in bud, -becoming wing-like after flowering. Petals shorter, free, concave, -with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, collected -in 5 bundles opposite to the petals, alternating with glandular scales -bearing each two staminodes on their inner surface. Ovary inferior, -unequally 2-celled, the larger cell with two ovules, the smaller with -one. Ovules descending, inverted. Style simple or 3-cleft. Fruit dry, -indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight. - -Genus 1, species 1. South Africa. =Kissenia= R. Br. - - -SUBORDER BEGONIINEAE - - -FAMILY 165. BEGONIACEAE - -Leaves alternate, simple or palmately compound, usually oblique, -stipulate. Flowers in cymes, monoecious. Perianth simple, of 2-5, -very rarely 6-9 free segments. Stamens numerous. Anthers basifixed. -Ovary inferior, completely or almost completely 2-6-celled, usually -winged. Placentas attached to the inner angle of the cells or to the -partitions. Ovules numerous, inverted. Styles 2-6, free or united at -the base, usually cleft. Fruit a capsule, rarely a berry. Seeds very -numerous, minute, with a striate or netted testa, exalbuminous. (Plate -107.) - -Genus 1, species 110. Tropical and South Africa. Some species are -used as ornamental or medicinal plants or as vegetables. (Including -_Mezierea_ Gaud.) =Begonia= L. - - -SUBORDER ANCISTROCLADINEAE - - -FAMILY 166. ANCISTROCLADACEAE - -Climbing, tendril-bearing shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, -with small, deciduous stipules. Flowers in racemes or panicles, -regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals unequal, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, -united at the base, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10, rarely -9. Filaments united at the base, short. Anthers basifixed, opening -inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, -basal, half-inverted. Style simple with 3 stigmas or 3-cleft. Fruit a -nut surmounted by the enlarged, wing-like sepals. Seeds with a thin -testa, a repeatedly folded albumen, and a straight embryo. (Under -_DIPTEROCARPACEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 2. West Africa. =Ancistrocladus= Wall. - - -ORDER OPUNTIALES - - -FAMILY 167. CACTACEAE - -Succulent plants with a thickened, usually jointed and spiny stem. -Leaves mostly scale-like, often deciduous. Flowers solitary or in -clusters, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 8 or more segments not distinctly -differentiated into sepals and petals. Stamens numerous. Anthers -opening inwards or laterally. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with several -parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Style simple, with several -stigmas. Fruit a berry. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.--Genera 5, -species 13. - -1. Leaves well-developed. Stem not jointed. Spines not barbed. -Perianth wheel-shaped. Ovules few, not enveloped by the short funicle. -Cotyledons intertwisted.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene -Islands. A decorative and medicinal plant. [Subfamily =PEIRESKIOIDEAE=, -tribe PEIRESKIEAE.] =Peireskia= Plum. - -Leaves scale-like or absent. Stem more or less copiously jointed. -Cotyledons not intertwisted. 2 - -2. Plants destitute of barbed spines. Joints of the stem elongated. -Ovules not enveloped by the funicle. [Subfamily =CEREOIDEAE=.] 3 - -Plants bearing barbed spines, at least upon the fruit. Joints of -the stem short, more or less ovoid. Perianth regular, more or -less wheel-shaped. Ovules enveloped by the funicle. [Subfamily -=OPUNTIOIDEAE=, tribe OPUNTIEAE.] 4 - -3. Perianth funnel-or salver-shaped, with obviously united segments. -Ovules numerous, on long funicles. Terrestrial plants.--Species 1. -Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions. A decorative -plant with edible fruits. [Tribe ECHINOCACTEAE.] =Cereus= Haw. - -[Illustration: BEGONIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 107._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Begonia Favargeri Rechinger - -_A_ Aboveground part of the plant. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. -_C_ Anther from front and back. _D_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _E_ -Cross-section of ovary. _F_ Seed.] - -[Illustration: =PENAEACEAE.= - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 108._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Sarcocolla squamosa (L.) Kunth - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower in longitudinal section and bracteole. -_C_ Anther. _D_ Transverse section of ovary.] - -Perianth wheel-shaped, of free or nearly free segments. Ovules few, -on short funicles. Epiphytes.--Species 7. Tropical and South Africa. -(Under _Hariota_ Adans.) [Tribe RHIPSALIDEAE.] =Rhipsalis= Gaertn. - -4. Stamens much exceeding the perianth. Seed-coat leathery. Stem -without spines. Flowers red.--Species 1 (_N. coccinellifera_ S. Dyck). -Cultivated and sometimes naturalized, especially in the Canary Islands. -It is used for rearing the cochineal insect and as a vegetable. (Under -_Opuntia_ Haw.) =Nopalea= S. Dyck - -Stamens shorter than the perianth. Seed-coat hard.--Species 3. -Cultivated, especially in North Africa. They yield edible fruits -(prickly pear) from which also dyes, drinks, medicaments, and sugar -are prepared; one species is used for rearing the cochineal insect. -=Opuntia= Haw. - - -ORDER MYRTIFLORAE - - -SUBORDER THYMELAEINEAE - - -FAMILY 168. GEISSOLOMATACEAE - -Shrubs of heath-like appearance. Leaves opposite, undivided, stipulate. -Flowers solitary, axillary, regular, 4-merous, hermaphrodite, -surrounded by 6-8 unequal bracteoles. Calyx-tube short. Sepals -petal-like, imbricate in bud. Petals none. Stamens 8, perigynous, -unequal. Anthers versatile, short, with a narrow connective, opening -inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 4-celled. Ovules 2 -in each cell, pendulous, inverted, the raphe turned outwards. Style 1. -Stigmas 4. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a small outgrowth -at the hilum, a smooth testa, a fleshy albumen, and a large straight -embryo. (Under _PENAEACEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 2. South Africa. =Geissoloma= Lindl. & Kunth - - -FAMILY 169. PENAEACEAE - -Shrubs or undershrubs of heath-like appearance. Leaves opposite, -entire, with sometimes gland-like stipules. Flowers solitary or in -pairs in the axils of the leaves or in terminal spikes or heads, with -2 or 4 bracteoles, regular, 4-merous, hermaphrodite. Calyx-tube long. -Sepals petal-like, red or yellow, valvate in bud. Petals none. Stamens -4, perigynous, alternating with the sepals. Anthers adnate, with a -thickened connective, opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary -superior, sessile, 4-celled. Ovules 2 or 4 in each cell, all or the -lower ones ascending, inverted, the raphe turned outwards. Style simple -with a 4-lobed or 4-parted stigma, or 4-cleft. Fruit a loculicidal -capsule. Seeds exalbuminous. Embryo with very small cotyledons.--Genera -5, species 35. South Africa. (Plate 108.) - -1. Ovules 4 in each ovary-cell, two of them ascending, two descending. -Ovary and style cylindrical. Style simple. [Tribe ENDONEMEAE.] 2 - -Ovules 2, very rarely 4 in each ovary-cell, all ascending. Flowers in -the axils of crowded leaves or bracts. Bracteoles 2. [Tribe PENAEEAE.] -3 - -2. Flowers in the axils of coloured bracts, crowded in terminal -spikes or heads. Bracteoles 2. Filaments much shorter than the -anthers. Anthers turned inwards in the bud; cells equalling the -connective.--Species 1. Cape Colony. (Under _Endonema_ Juss.) -=Glischrocolla= A. DC. - -Flowers in the axils of foliage-leaves, not crowded. Bracteoles 4. -Filaments nearly as long as or longer than the anthers. Anthers turned -outwards in the bud; cells much shorter than the connective. Seeds with -an outgrowth at the top.--Species 2. Cape Colony. =Endonema= A. Juss. - -3. Ovary and style 4-angled or 4-winged. Ovules 2 in each cell. Stamens -very short.--Species 20. Cape Colony. (Including _Stylapterus_ Juss.) -=Penaea= L. - -Ovary and style cylindrical. Style simple. 4 - -4. Calyx-tube short, oblong-oval, somewhat longer than the sepals. -Stamens slightly exceeding the calyx-tube; filaments short. Ovules 2 -in each cell.--Species 6. Cape Colony. (Under _Sarcocolla_ Kunth). -=Brachysiphon= A. Juss. - -Calyx-tube long, cylindrical, much longer than the sepals. Stamens -much exceeding the calyx-tube; filaments long. Anthers-cells almost -equalling the connective.--Species 5. Cape Colony. Used as ornamental -plants. (Plate 108.) =Sarcocolla= Kunth - - -FAMILY 170. OLINIACEAE - -Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, entire, without stipules. Flowers in -terminal cymose inflorescences, regular, 4-5-merous. Calyx petaloid, -white or red. Petals much smaller than the sepals, white, valvate in -bud. Fertile stamens 4-5, opposite to the petals, usually alternating -with scale-like staminodes. Anthers nearly sessile, with a large -connective. Ovary inferior, 3-5-celled. Ovules 2-3 in the inner angle -of each ovary-cell, inverted, the raphe turned outwards. Style simple; -stigma entire. Fruit a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo with folded -cotyledons. (Under _LYTRHACEAE_, _MELASTOMATACEAE_, or _RHAMNACEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 7. South and Central Africa. Some species yield -timber. =Olinia= Thunb. - - -FAMILY 171. THYMELAEACEAE - -Leaves entire, without stipules. Flowers 4-5-merous. Sepals petaloid. -Petals usually present. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals, -4, or twice as many, 8 or 10. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. -Ovary superior, 1-5-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted, -with a ventral raphe. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit a drupe or a -nut. Embryo large, straight.--Genera 17, species 250. (Plate 109.) - -1. Receptacle flat. Sepals free. Petals none, but 4-10 scales placed -singly or in pairs opposite to the sepals. Stamens 8-10, hypogynous. -Ovary 4-5-celled. Low trees. Leaves alternate, dotted beneath. Flowers -solitary or fascicled, axillary, white.--Species 7. West Africa. -(Including _Makokoa_ Baill.) [Subfamily =OCTOLEPIDIOIDEAE=, tribe -OCTOLEPIDEAE.] =Octolepis= Oliv. - -Receptacle concave. Sepals united. Stamens perigynous. Ovary -1-2-celled. 2 - -2. Ovary 2-celled, surrounded by a disc. Petals none. Stamens -8-10. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in umbels, -yellowish-green.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. [Subfamily -=PHALERIOIDEAE=, tribe PEDDIEAE.] =Peddiea= Harv. - -Ovary 1-celled. [Subfamily =THYMELAEOIDEAE=.] 3 - -3. Petals present, usually smaller than the sepals and 2-parted, -sometimes united into a ring. 4 - -Petals none, but sometimes 8 or more scales present, inserted below the -stamens, and usually alternating with them. Stamens 8-10. 9 - -4. Calyx-tube constricted and jointed above the ovary, the upper part -falling off after flowering. Fruit with a membranous exocarp. [Tribe -GNIDIEAE.] 5 - -Calyx-tube not jointed, persisting in fruit or falling off as a -whole. Fruit with a hard or fleshy exocarp. Stamens 8-10. [Tribe -DICRANOLEPIDEAE.] 6 - -5. Stamens 4, inserted in the upper part of the calyx-tube, nearly -sessile, with a broadened connective. Petals thick-fleshy, surrounded -by hairs. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves small, leathery. Flowers -solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves.--Species 25. South and -Central Africa. =Struthiola= L. - -Stamens 8 or 10, in two whorls very distant from each other and -inserted in the upper part of the calyx-tube and at the throat. -Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Flowers in heads, more rarely arranged -spike-like in the axils of the upper leaves.--Species 125. Southern and -tropical Africa. Some species are used as ornamental, medicinal, or -textile plants. (Including _Arthrosolen_ Mey. and _Lasiosiphon_ Frees) -=Gnidia= L. - -6. Petals united into a ring. Stamens 10. Shrubs. 7 - -Petals free, 2-partite. Leaves herbaceous. 8 - -7. Petals united into a nearly entire ring. Ovary short-stalked, -surrounded at the base by a cup-shaped or slashed disc. Flowers in -few-flowered axillary clusters or in short terminal racemes.--Species -6. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. =Synaptolepis= Oliv. - -Petals united into a slashed ring. Ovary sessile. Disc none. Flowers -in long-stalked spikes or heads.--Species 2. Madagascar and Comoro -Islands. =Stephanodaphne= Baill. - -8. Flowers 4-merous. Petals thickish, almost erect. Staminal whorls -remote from each other. Anthers nearly sessile, slightly exserted. Disc -none. Ovary sessile, hairy. Style included. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. -Flowers in terminal umbels.--Species 1. East and South-east Africa. -=Englerodaphne= Gilg - -Flowers 5-merous. Petals thin, spreading. Staminal whorls approximate. -Anthers more or less exserted. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary short-stalked. -Style long. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or in -pairs, axillary.--Species 25. Central Africa. =Dicranolepis= Planch. - -9. (3.) Stamens 10, inserted at or below the middle of the long, -narrowly funnel-shaped, not jointed calyx-tube at the same level. -Filaments short, unequal in length. Anthers included. Corona none. Disc -ring-or saucer-shaped. Ovary sessile. Style short. Twining shrubs. -Leaves opposite or nearly so, leathery. Flowers in axillary clusters, -greenish-yellow.--Species 2. West Africa. [Tribe CRATEROSIPHONEAE.] -=Craterosiphon= Engl. & Gilg - -Stamens inserted at the throat or the upper part of the calyx-tube; in -the latter case calyx-tube wide or jointed. [Tribe DAPHNEAE.] 10 - -10. Calyx-tube bearing in its upper part a corona of 8 or more scales, -jointed above the ovary, the lower part persistent in fruit. Flowers -4-merous. Filaments thread-like. Anthers exserted. Ovary sessile. Fruit -dry. Shrubs. Leaves small, leathery, sometimes needle-shaped. 11 - -Calyx-tube without a corona, but sometimes the ovary surrounded at the -base by a disc or by several glands. 12 - -11. Flowers solitary, white or reddish. Sepals equal in length. Corona -inserted in the middle of the calyx-tube.--Species 5. South Africa. -Some are used as ornamental plants. =Cryptadenia= Meissn. - -Flowers in fascicles or heads. Corona inserted next to the throat -of the calyx, and formed of 8 scales which alternate with the -stamens.--Species 20. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. -(Plate 109.) =Lachnaea= L. - -12. Calyx-tube constricted and jointed above the ovary, the upper part, -rarely the whole calyx, falling off after flowering. 13 - -Calyx-tube not jointed, persistent in fruit or falling off as a whole, -the segments sometimes falling off singly. Filaments and style short. -Flowers 4-merous. 16 - -13. Filaments very short. Staminal whorls widely separated. Disc minute -or wanting. (See 5.) =Gnidia= L. - -Filaments long. Staminal whorls approximate, rarely somewhat distant, -but then disc distinctly developed. Shrubs. 14 - -14. Flowers 5-merous. Segments of the calyx much shorter than the -tube. Disc saucer-shaped, lobed. Ovary hairy. Fruit dry. Seeds without -albumen. Flowers in terminal heads.--Species 6. South Africa and -Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Dais= L. - -Flowers 4-merous. Segments of the calyx nearly as long as the tube. -Disc none. Ovary glabrous. Seeds with a copious albumen. Leaves -opposite. Flowers solitary and axillary, or in terminal spikes. 15 - -15. Fruit fleshy. Calyx-tube short, urn-shaped.--Species 1. South -Africa. =Chymococca= Meissn. - -[Illustration: THYMELAEACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 109._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Lachnaea filamentosa (L. fil.) Gilg - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (the hairs are -omitted).] - -[Illustration: LYTHRACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 110._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Nesaea floribunda Sond. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower without the petals, cut lengthwise. -_C_ Petal. _D_ Cross-section of ovary.] - - -Fruit dry.--Species 7. South Africa. Some species yield dyes or serve -as ornamental plants. =Passerina= L. - -16. Disc hypogynous, consisting of 1-4, usually 4, free or partly -united, narrow, almost thread-shaped scales. Calyx-tube long; segments -deciduous. Ovary hairy. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in terminal racemes -or spikes, hermaphrodite.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene -Islands. Ornamental plant. =Wikstroemia= Endl. - -Disc minute and ring-shaped, or wanting. 17 - -17. Fruit a drupe. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-tube long. -Stigma large. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in heads, racemes, or -panicles.--Species 4. North Africa. Poisonous plants yielding -bast-fibres, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments; they also -serve as ornamental plants. =Daphne= L. - -Fruit a nut. Disc none. Ovary short-stalked. Herbs, undershrubs, -or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or fascicled, -axillary.--Species 10. North Africa. Some species are used as medicinal -or fibre-plants. =Thymelaea= Endl. - - -FAMILY 172. ELAEAGNACEAE - -Shrubs or trees, covered with scaly hairs. Leaves alternate, entire, -without stipules. Flowers in axillary fascicles or racemes, 4-merous, -very rarely 5-8-merous, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Calyx white or -yellow within, valvate in bud. Petals none. Stamens perigynous, as -many as and alternate with the sepals. Filaments very short. Anthers -attached at the back, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, -but tightly enclosed by the concave receptacle, 1-celled, with a single -erect and inverted ovule. Style simple, long; stigma entire, capitate. -Fruit a nut enclosed by the succulent calyx-tube. Seed with a hard coat -and scanty albumen or without albumen; embryo straight, with a minute -radicle and thick, fleshy cotyledons. - -Genus 1, species 2. Naturalized in North Africa and the Island -of Mauritius. Ornamental plants yielding timber and medicaments. -“Oleaster.” =Elaeagnus= L. - - -SUBORDER MYRTINEAE - - -FAMILY 173. LYTHRACEAE - -Leaves entire, usually stipulate. Flowers 3-8-merous, hermaphrodite. -Sepals valvate in the bud. Petals inserted at the throat of the calyx, -usually crumpled in the bud, sometimes absent. Stamens nearly always -inserted below the petals. Anthers fixed by the back. Ovary superior, -completely or incompletely 2-6-celled. Ovules numerous in each cell, -attached at the inner angle, ascending, inverted, with ventral raphe. -Style simple or wanting; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Fruit dry. Seeds -exalbuminous; embryo straight.--Genera 12, species 90. (Plate 110.) - -1. Partitions of the ovary incomplete above; placentas not continuing -into the style. [Tribe LYTHREAE.] 2 - -Partitions of the ovary complete; placentas continuing into the style. -Flowers regular. [Tribe NESAEEAE.] 9 - -2. Flowers distinctly irregular. Sepals 6. Petals 6-7, unequal. Stamens -10-14, usually 11. Disc present. Placenta finally protruding from the -bursting ovary and calyx-tube. Leaves opposite or whorled.--Species 1. -Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plant. =Cuphea= P. -Browne - -Flowers regular or almost so. 3 - -3. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves not dotted. Seeds -not winged. 4 - -Stem woody. Leaves opposite, marked with black dots, rarely without -dots, but then seeds with a thick wing. Style long. 7 - -4. Fruit indehiscent, membranous, not striate. Seeds very numerous. -Flowers 6-merous. Calyx-tube hemispherical or broad-campanulate, with -appendages at the apex. Sepals herbaceous. Stamens as many as the -sepals. Ovary 2-celled. Style very short. Flowers solitary, axillary, -with whitish bracteoles.--Species 1. North Africa. Used as a vegetable. -=Peplis= L. - -Fruit dehiscing by 2-4 valves or bursting transversely or irregularly; -in the latter cases flowers 4-merous and cymose. 5 - -5. Fruit bursting transversely or irregularly, membranous, not striate. -Seeds very numerous. Flowers 4-merous. Sepals herbaceous. Stamens as -many or twice as many as the sepals. Flowers in axillary cymes, with -whitish bracteoles.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. -Some are used medicinally. =Ammania= L. - -Fruit dehiscing longitudinally in 2-4 valves. 6 - -6. Fruit marked with dense, sometimes very faint, transverse veins. -Sepals usually membranous. Stamens as many as the sepals or fewer. -Glabrous plants. Flowers solitary or umbellate and axillary, or in -terminal spikes or racemes, bracteolate.--Species 20. Tropical and -South Africa. (Including _Quartinia_ Endl., _Rhyacophila_ Hochst., and -_Suffrenia_ Bellardi). =Rotala= L. - -Fruit without transverse veins. Calyx-tube tubular, rarely -campanulate, with appendages at the top. Flowers solitary or paired -in the leaf-axils, rarely in spikes or racemes of cymes (false -whorls).--Species 8. North, East, and South Africa. Some are used as -ornamental or medicinal plants. =Lythrum= L. - -7. Stamens 6. Calyx-tube top-shaped. Sepals membranous. Ovary nearly -completely 2-celled. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. South-east -Africa. =Galpinia= N. E. Brown - -Stamens 12-18. Flowers solitary or in racemes. 8 - -8. Calyx-tube tubular. Petals small. Stamens 12. Ovary nearly -completely 2-celled. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed. -Seeds not winged. Flowers in racemes.--Species 2. East Africa and -Madagascar. They yield tanning and dyeing material and serve as -ornamental plants. =Woodfordia= Salisb. - -Calyx-tube campanulate or cupular. Ovary very incompletely 3-4-celled. -Fruit opening transversely. Seeds with a thick wing. Flowers solitary -or in pairs in the leaf-axils.--Species 2. Madagascar and East Africa. -They serve as vegetables. =Pemphis= Forst. - -9. (1.) Stamens 5-6, opposite to the petals and adnate to their base. -Calyx-tube expanded. Sepals lanceolate. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules in a -single row. Low trees. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. South-east -Africa (Natal). =Rhynchocalyx= Oliv. - -Stamens 4-23, inserted below the petals, or petals wanting. Ovules in -two or more rows. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 10 - -10. Calyx-tube top-or saucer-shaped, without appendages. Sepals 4. -Stamens inserted near the petals, singly or in clusters of 2-3 opposite -the sepals. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed. Seed-coat -with a spongy thickening at the top. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers -in panicles.--Species 1 (_L. inermis_ L.). Tropical and North Africa. -Yields a dye (henna) and is used in perfumery and medicine. (Including -_Rotantha_ Bak.) =Lawsonia= L. - -Calyx-tube bell-, urn-, or cup-shaped. Sepals 4-8. Stamens remote from -the petals, or petals wanting. Fruit opening by 4 valves or by a lid. -Seed-coat not specially thickened. Flowers in cymes or umbels. 11 - -11. Calyx-tube winged. Sepals 4. Petals none. Stamens 4, alternating -with the sepals. Anthers finally kidney-shaped. Fruit opening by 4 -valves. Style persisting upon the placentas. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. -Flowers in axillary, 2-4-flowered umbels.--Species 1. Island of -Mauritius. =Tetrataxis= Hook. fil. - -Calyx-tube not winged. Fruit at first opening by a small lid, later on -splitting towards the base. Style persisting upon a valve or falling -off. Herbs, undershrubs, or low shrubs. Flowers in sometimes head-like -cymes.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 110.) =Nesaea= -Comm. - - -FAMILY 174. SONNERATIACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire, not dotted, without stipules. -Flowers solitary, without bracteoles, regular. Sepals 6-7, fleshy, -valvate in bud. Petals 6-7, linear, occasionally wanting. Stamens -numerous, perigynous. Filaments bent inwards in the bud. Anthers -fixed by the back, kidney-shaped, opening inwards by longitudinal -slits. Ovary almost superior, with 10-20 somewhat incomplete cells not -reaching the top. Ovules very numerous, attached to the partitions, -inverted. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit succulent, indehiscent or -bursting irregularly. Seeds curved, exalbuminous, with a hard coat and -a straight embryo. (_BLATTIACEAE_, under _LYTHRACEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 1. East Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. -Yields edible fruits, condiments, and medicaments. (_Blatti_ Adans.) -=Sonneratia= L. f. - - -FAMILY 175. PUNICACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers -solitary or in clusters of 2-5 at the ends of the branches, regular, -hermaphrodite. Sepals 5-8, red, fleshy, valvate in bud. Petals as many, -red or yellow, imbricate and crumpled in the bud. Stamens numerous, -curved inwards in the bud. Anthers fixed by the back, opening inwards -by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, with several -cells, which are usually arranged in 2-3 whorls placed one above the -other. Ovules numerous, at first basal, afterwards parietal, inverted. -Style simple; stigma 1. Fruit a berry. Seeds exalbuminous, with an -outer fleshy and an inner horny coat; embryo straight, with twisted -cotyledons. (_GRANATEAE_, under _LYTHRACEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 2. One of them growing wild in the Island of -Socotra, the other one (_P. Granatum_ L., pomegranate) cultivated and -naturalized in northern and tropical Africa. The latter serves as -an ornamental plant and yields wood, tanning and dyeing materials, -medicaments, and edible fruits, from which also a drink is prepared. -=Punica= L. - - -FAMILY 176. LECYTHIDACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. -Flowers solitary or racemose, hermaphrodite. Sepals 2-5. Petals 4-6, -adnate to the staminal tube, imbricate in bud, or wanting. Stamens -numerous, united at the base, curved in the bud. Anthers versatile, -usually basifixed, opening by longitudinal slits. Disc within the -stamens, ring-shaped. Ovary inferior, 2-20-celled, with 2 or more -inverted ovules in each cell. Style simple. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds -exalbuminous.--Genera 4, species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa. -(Under _MYRTACEAE_.) (Plate 111.) - -1. Petals and staminodes absent. Sepals 3-5, usually 4. Stamens almost -free. Disc obscure. Ovules numerous in each cell, inserted in a -vertical ring round a shield-shaped placenta, horizontal, the micropyle -turned outwards. Stigmas 4. Fruit a drupe. Leaves clustered. Flowers -solitary, axillary.--Species 4. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Yielding -timber. [Subfamily =FOETIDIOIDEAE=.] =Foetidia= Comm. - -Petals or staminodes present. Stamens obviously united at the -base. Disc distinct. Ovules inserted in rows on slightly thickened -placentas, horizontal with the micropyle turned inwards, or ascending, -or pendulous. Flowers racemose, rarely solitary, but then leaves -scattered. 2 - -2. Sepals 5. Petals 0. Stamens and staminodes united to different -heights, in 4 concentric rows, the inner row partly fertile, the rest -barren. Anthers 1-celled. Disc thick. Ovary 5-20-celled. Style short; -stigmas 5. Seeds 5 or more. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together, axillary. -Leaves scattered.--Species 5. Central Africa. They yield timber and -edible fruits. [Subfamily =NAPOLEONOIDEAE=.] =Napoleona= Beauv. - -Sepals 2-4. Petals 4-6. Stamens all fertile or the innermost barren, -all united to the same height. Anthers 2-celled. Disc ring-shaped. - -[Illustration: LECYTHIDACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 111._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Blume - -_A_ Leaf. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise (the stamens cut -off near the middle). _D_ Anther. _E_ Cross-section of ovary. (_A_ from -Curtis Botanical Magazine, pl. 3831.)] - -[Illustration: RHIZOPHORACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 112._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Weihea africana Benth. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (some anthers cut off). -_C_ Cross-section of ovary.] - -Ovary 2-4-celled. Style long; stigma 1, entire or 2-4-lobed. Seeds 1-4. -Flowers in racemes. Leaves clustered. [Subfamily =PLANCHONIOIDEAE=.] 3 - -3. Ovary long, winged. Ovules inserted along the inner angle of -the cells or in the middle of the partitions. Fruit a nut. Embryo -with distinct cotyledons. Bracteoles in the middle of the long -pedicels.--Species 2. West Africa. =Petersia= Welw. - -Ovary short, ovate. Ovules suspended from the apex of the inner angle -of the cells. Fruit a one-seeded drupe. Embryo undivided. Bracteoles -at the base of the pedicels.--Species 5. Madagascar and neighbouring -islands. East and South-east Africa. They yield timber, tanning bark, -vegetables, oil, fish-poison, and medicaments, and serve also as -ornamental plants. (Plate 111.) =Barringtonia= Forst. - - -FAMILY 177. RHIZOPHORACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or -polygamous. Sepals valvate in bud. Petals free, induplicate-valvate in -bud, usually lobed or fringed. Stamens perigynous or epigynous, twice -as many as the petals or more, rarely (_Anisophyllea_) some of them -barren. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary completely -or incompletely 2-6-celled. Ovules 1-2 in the inner angle of each cell, -pendulous, inverted. Seeds usually germinating in the still attached -fruit.--Genera 10, species 45. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 112.) - -1. Styles 3-4. Ovary inferior, with 1 ovule in each cell. Stamens 6-8, -several of them sometimes barren. Flowers 3-4-merous, polygamous. Fruit -a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. [Subfamily -=ANISOPHYLLOIDEAE=.] 2 - -Style 1. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a berry or a capsule. -Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. [Subfamily -=RHIZOPHOROIDEAE=.] 3 - -2. Flowers in few-flowered spikes or racemes. Fruit 1-seeded.--Species -7. Tropics. They yield timber and edible fruits. =Anisophyllea= R. Br. - -Flowers in spikes arranged in racemes. Style ovate. Fruit -2-4-seeded.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). Yields edible, -oily seeds. =Poga= Pierre - -3. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Placentas usually passing into -the style. Ovules without appendages. Petals yellow, brown, red, or -greenish. Stamens twice as many as the petals. [Tribe GYNOTROCHEAE.] 4 - -Ovary superior or nearly so. Placentas not reaching to the base of the -style. Ovules with appendages. Petals 4-6, toothed or split, usually -white. [Tribe MACARISIEAE.] 7 - -4. Ovary inferior. Receptacle (flower-tube) deeply concave, bell-or -funnel-shaped, distinctly prolonged above the ovary. Petals 5-14. Calyx -crowning the fruit. 5 - -Ovary half-inferior. Receptacle slightly concave, saucer-shaped, -scarcely prolonged above the ovary. Petals 4-6. Calyx at the base of -the fruit. Seeds germinating in the still attached fruit. Plants with -aerial roots. Flowers with an involucre of two bracteoles, arranged in -cymes. 6 - -5. Receptacle funnel-shaped, prolonged above the ovary into a long -tube. Flowers 8-14-merous. Petals red or brown, 2-lobed, with -thread-like appendages. Antesepalous stamens curved sideways at the -base, becoming opposite to the antepetalous. Disc obscurely lobed. -Ovary 2-4-celled. Seeds germinating in the still attached fruit. -Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. Yields -timber and bark used for tanning and dyeing. =Bruguiera= Lam. - -Receptacle bell-shaped, prolonged above the ovary into a short tube. -Flowers 5-8-merous. Petals yellowish, irregularly lobed. Antesepalous -stamens not opposite to the antepetalous. Disc usually double. Fruit -1-or 3-6-celled. Seeds germinating after the fruit has fallen. Flowers -with an involucre of two bracteoles, arranged in cymes.--Species 2. -Madagascar. =Carallia= Roxb. - -6. Flowers 4-merous. Petals entire, yellowish or green. Anthers with -numerous cells (pollen-sacks). Disc obscurely lobed. Ovary 2-celled. -Stigma 2-lobed.--Species 2. Tropical and South-east Africa. They yield -timber, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments. “Mangrove.” -=Rhizophora= L. - -Flowers 5-6-merous. Petals 2-lobed, brownish. Anthers with 4 cells. -Disc deeply lobed. Ovary 3-celled above, 1-celled below. Stigma -entire.--Species 1. Tropics. Yields timber and tanning bark. =Ceriops= -Arn. - -7. Ovary 2-4-celled, adnate to the receptacle by the broad base. Leaves -opposite. 8 - -Ovary 5-celled, sessile or short-stalked. Stamens 10. Flowers 5-merous, -in few-flowered inflorescences. Seeds winged. 9 - -8. Disc distinctly 8-15-lobed. Stamens 10-15. Stigma entire. Placentas -reaching the middle of the ovary only. Flowers in many-flowered -inflorescences, frequently in glomerules.--Species 10. Tropical and -South-east Africa. (Under _Cassipourea_ Aubl.) =Dactylopetalum= Benth. - -Disc not distinctly lobed. Stamens 10-30. Stigma 2-4-lobed. -Placentas reaching the base of the style. Fruit fleshy. Seeds with -an aril. Flowers with an involucre of two bracteoles, solitary or in -few-flowered inflorescences.--Species 18. Tropical and South-east -Africa. (Plate 112.) =Weihea= Spreng. - -9. Ovary sessile. Tall trees. Leaves whorled.--Species 2. West Africa. -=Anopyxis= Pierre - -Ovary short-stalked. Low trees. Leaves opposite.--Species 3. -Madagascar. =Macarisia= Thouars - - -FAMILY 178. ALANGIACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. -Flowers in axillary cymes, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 6-10-toothed. -Petals 6-10, free or slightly cohering at the base, narrow, valvate -in bud. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or -more. Filaments short, free or nearly so, hairy. Anthers long, -adnate, opening inwards or laterally by two longitudinal slits. Disc -cushion-shaped. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, rarely 2-celled. Ovule 1 in -each cell, pendulous, inverted, with a ventral raphe. Style simple; -stigma lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seed with a large central embryo and -fleshy albumen. (Under _CORNACEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 2. Tropics. Used medicinally. (Including _Marlea_ -Roxb. and _Stylidium_ Lour.) =Alangium= Lam. - - -FAMILY 179. COMBRETACEAE - -Trees or shrubs, rarely undershrubs. Leaves entire, without -stipules. Flowers in spikes heads or panicles, regular or nearly so, -4-6-merous. Petals free or wanting. Stamens usually twice as many as -the sepals. Anthers versatile. Ovary inferior, rarely half-inferior, -1-celled. Ovules 2-3, rarely 4-6, pendulous from the apex of the -cavity, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a one-seeded drupe or nut, -rarely incompletely dehiscent, usually angled or winged. Seeds -exalbuminous.--Genera 12, species 330. Tropical and South Africa. -(Plate 113.) - -1. Ovary half-inferior. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Ovules 2, with a short -funicle. Fruit dorsally compressed, dry, indehiscent. Embryo with -very thick, almost hemispherical cotyledons.--Species 2. West Africa. -[Subfamily =STREPHONEMATOIDEAE=.] =Strephonema= Hook. fil. - -Ovary inferior. Ovules usually with a long funicle. Fruit winged, -angled, laterally compressed, or terete. Embryo with flat, folded, or -twisted cotyledons. [Subfamily =COMBRETOIDEAE=.] 2 - -2. Flowers with bracteoles adnate to the ovary, arranged in spikes -or racemes. Sepals persistent. Petals 5. Cotyledons twisted. [Tribe -LAGUNCULARIEAE.] 3 - -Flowers without bracteoles. Sepals deciduous, rarely persistent, but -then flowers in heads. 4 - -3. Leaves opposite. Flowers sessile. Stamens 10. Ovules 2; funicle -short.--Species 1. Coasts of West Africa. Yields timber, tanning and -dyeing materials, and medicaments. =Laguncularia= Gaertn. - -Leaves alternate. Flowers stalked. Ovules 4-6; funicle long.--Species -1. Coast of East Africa and Madagascar. =Lumnitzera= Willd. - -4. Petals 4-5, rarely none; in this case, as usually, leaves opposite. -Flowers mostly hermaphrodite. Funicle usually tubercled. Cotyledons -flat or folded, more rarely twisted. [Tribe COMBRETEAE.] 5 - -Petals none. Leaves alternate, rarely almost opposite. Flowers mostly -polygamous. Sepals deciduous. Funicle usually smooth. Cotyledons -twisted. Trees or erect shrubs. [Tribe TERMINALIEAE.] 10 - -5. Petals absent. Sepals 5. 6 - -Petals present, sometimes minute, rarely absent, but then sepals 4. 7 - -6. Calyx campanulate, divided down to the ovary, wing-like in -fruit. Cotyledons twisted. Climbing shrubs. Flowers in panicled -spikes.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Calycopteris= Lam. - -Calyx tubular-campanulate, lobed or cleft, net-veined, corolla-like, -deciduous. Fruit woody. Cotyledons flat. Flowers in heads or short -spikes.--Species 9. Madagascar. (Under _Combretum_ L.) =Calopyxis= Tul. - -7. Flowers ebracteate, arranged in heads which are subtended by 4 -involucral bracts. Sepals persistent. Petals 5, strap-shaped. Stamens -10. Ovules 4-6. Fruit elongate, spindle-shaped, obscurely 5-angled, -clothed with long hairs. Erect shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, -dotted.--Species 1. Central Africa. Used medicinally. =Guiera= Adans. - -Flowers bracteate, arranged in spikes or racemes. Sepals deciduous. -Fruit winged or angled. 8 - -8. Flowers polygamous (hermaphrodite and male). Fruit 2-, rarely -3-4-winged, indehiscent. Trees or erect shrubs.--Species 5. Central -Africa to Delagoa Bay. (Under _Combretum_ L.) =Pteleopsis= Engl. - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruit 4-5-winged or 4-5-angled. 9 - -9. Calyx-tube above the ovary very long and thin, filiform; style -adnate to it. Ovules 3-4. Flowers 5-merous. Fruit dehiscing at the -top along the 5 angles. Climbing shrubs. Lower leaves alternate, -upper opposite.--Species 3. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used as -ornamental or medicinal plants. =Quisqualis= L. - -Calyx-tube not elongate-filiform. Ovules 2-3; funicles equal in length. -Fruit indehiscent. Leaves opposite or whorled, sometimes intermixed -with alternate ones.--Species 230. Tropical and South Africa. Some -species yield timber, gum, tanning and dyeing materials, arrow-poison, -medicaments, and fatty seeds; several serve as ornamental plants. -(Including _Cacoucia_ Aubl., _Campylochiton_ Welw., _Campylogyne_ -Welw., and _Poivrea_ Comm.) (Plate 113.) =Combretum= L. - -10. (4.) Flowers and fruits in globose heads. Receptacle (calyx-tube) -prolonged above the ovary into a stalk. Calyx-lobes 5, reflexed. -Ovules 2. Fruits erect or spreading, flat, 2-winged, produced into a -long beak; pericarp corky. Shrubs.--Species 1. Central Africa. Yields -timber, dyes, a substitute for soap, and medicaments. =Anogeissus= Wall. - -Flowers and fruits in sometimes ovate, usually panicled spikes. -Receptacle not much prolonged. Fruit not long-beaked but sometimes -acuminate; pericarp leathery or drupaceous. 11 - -11. Fruits crowded in a cone, bent downwards, flat, 2-winged, -acuminate; pericarp leathery. Flowers in short panicled spikes, -5-merous. Calyx-lobes erect. Ovules 2.--Species 2. Central Africa. They -yield timber, tanning materials, and medicaments. =Conocarpus= Gaertn. - -[Illustration: COMBRETACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 113._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Combretum racemosum Beauv. - -_A_ Part of a flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruit. -_D_ Cross-section of fruit.] - -[Illustration: MYRTACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 114._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Eugenia natalitia Sond. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Hermaphrodite flower cut lengthwise (most of -the anthers having fallen off). _C_ Cross-section of ovary. _D_ Male -flower cut lengthwise (most of the anthers having fallen off). _E_ -Fruit. _F_ Seed cut lengthwise.] - - -Fruits not crowded in a cone; pericarp fleshy or leathery outside, bony -within. Flowers in usually long, often panicled spikes. Funicle smooth. -Leaves usually crowded at the ends of the branches.--Species 80. -Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, resin used for -fumigating, tanning and dyeing materials, food for silk-worms, edible -oily seeds, and medicaments; others are used as ornamental plants. -=Terminalia= L. - - -FAMILY 180. MYRTACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, gland-dotted, without stipules. -Flowers regular, 4-5-merous. Calyx with imbricate, open, or closed -aestivation. Petals free and imbricate in bud, or united into a hood. -Stamens usually numerous. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary -usually inferior or half-inferior, 2-5-celled, the cells sometimes -incomplete at the top. Ovules inverted. Style simple; stigma entire, -rarely (_Psiloxylon_) 3-4-parted. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 10, -species 85. (Plate 114.) - -1. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Embryo straight, with large cotyledons. -Trees. [Subfamily =LEPTOSPERMOIDEAE=, tribe LEPTOSPERMEAE.] 2 - -Fruit a berry. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Stamens numerous. -Leaves opposite. [Subfamily =MYRTOIDEAE=, tribe MYRTEAE.] 5 - -2. Calyx entire or nearly so. Petals united into a hood falling off as -a whole. Stamens numerous. Ovary inferior. Leaves of older trees mostly -alternate.--Species 3. Cultivated and naturalized in various regions. -They yield timber, bark for tanning, an astringent resin (kino), and an -ethereal oil used in perfumery and medicine. [Subtribe EEUCALYPTINAE.] -=Eucalyptus= L’Hér. - -Calyx with 5 lobes. Petals 5, free. 3 - -3. Stamens numerous. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Leaves -opposite.--Species 1. South Africa. [Tribe METROSIDERINAE.] -=Metrosideros= Banks - -Stamens 5-10. Ovary superior. Leaves alternate. 4 - -4. Stamens 5-8. Stigma 1, entire. Flowers in terminal -panicles.--Species 2. South Africa. =Heteropyxis= Harv. - -Stamens 10. Stigmas 3-4. Flowers in axillary clusters.--Species 1. -Mascarene Islands. Yields timber. (_Fropiera_ Hook. fil.) =Psiloxylon= -Thouars - -5. Embryo with a short radicle and large, fleshy cotyledons. Flowers -usually 4-merous. Sepals separate or indistinct. Ovary 2-, rarely -3-celled. [Subtribe EUGENIINAE.] 6 - -Embryo with a long, curved radicle and shorter or somewhat longer -cotyledons. Flowers usually 5-merous. Petals free. [Subtribe MYRTINAE.] -8 - -6. Ovary in the centre of the receptacle. Calyx-tube contrasting -distinctly with the pedicel, not or slightly prolonged above the ovary. -Petals free.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some species -yield timber, bark used for tanning, edible fruits, and medicaments. -(Including _Chloromyrtus_ Pierre). (Plate 114.) =Eugenia= L. - -Ovary in the upper part of the receptacle. Calyx-tube gradually -narrowed into the pedicel, usually much prolonged above the ovary. 7 - -7. Petals free, falling singly. Stamens inserted upon a distinct disc. -Sepals comparatively large.--Species 8, of which 6 are growing wild in -Madagascar and the Mascarenes, the other two cultivated and sometimes -naturalized in the tropics. They yield timber, bark used for tanning, -spices (cloves from _J. caryophyllus_ Nied.), medicaments, and edible -fruits; some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Caryophyllus_ -L., under _Eugenia_ L.) =Jambosa= DC. - -Petals more or less cohering, usually falling off together. -Staminiferous disc none. Sepals usually small.--Species 25. Tropical -and South Africa. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, -spices, medicaments, and edible fruits. (Including _Acmena_ DC., under -_Eugenia_ L.) =Syzygium= Gaertn. - -8. Placentas in the upper part of the ovary-cells, bearing 1-6 -ovules each. Ovary 2-celled. Calyx divided already in the bud. Seeds -1-2, with a membranous coat; embryo spirally twisted, with minute -cotyledons.--Species 2. Cultivated and naturalized in the Mascarene -Islands. They yield timber, an aromatic oil, spices (allspice), and -medicaments, and serve also as ornamental plants. =Pimenta= Lindl. - -Placentas in the middle of the ovary-cells, bearing numerous ovules -each. Ovary completely or incompletely 3-5-, rarely 2-celled. Seeds -numerous, with a horny coat; embryo curved, not spiral. 9 - -9. Calyx already divided into segments in the bud. Ovary and fruit -completely or incompletely 2-3-celled. Embryo with rather large -cotyledons.--Species 1 (_M. communis_ L., myrtle). North Africa and -Abyssinia, also naturalized in St. Helena. It is used as an ornamental -plant and yields tanning bark and an oil employed in perfumery and -medicine. =Myrtus= L. - -Calyx closed in the bud, bursting subsequently. Ovary and fruit usually -4-5-celled. Embryo with minute cotyledons.--Species 2. Cultivated in -the tropics. They yield timber, bast used for paper-making, tanning and -dyeing materials, vegetables, edible fruits (guavas), and medicaments. -=Psidium= L. - - -FAMILY 181. MELASTOMATACEAE - -Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, usually with 3-11 longitudinal -nerves, not dotted, without stipules. Flowers regular or nearly -so. Petals perigynous or epigynous, free, usually with contorted -aestivation. Stamens perigynous or epigynous, twice as many, rarely as -many as the petals. Filaments inflexed in the bud. Anthers 2-celled, -turned inwards, usually with an enlarged connective and opening at -the top by 1-2 pores or short slits. Ovary generally inferior or -half-inferior. Ovules numerous. Style simple; stigma entire. Seeds -exalbuminous.--Genera 33, species 280. Tropical and South Africa. -(Plate 115.) - -1. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Ovules 6-20, inserted upon a free central -placenta. Fruit a berry. Seed 1, large. Calyx entire or 4-lobed. Petals -white or blue. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Anthers short, with -a posterior appendage, opening in front by two longitudinal slits. -Shrubs or trees. Leaves penninerved or obscurely trinerved. [Subfamily -=MEMECYLOIDEAE=, tribe MEMECYLEAE.] 2 - -Ovary completely 2-or more-celled. Ovules numerous, inserted upon axile -placentas. Seeds numerous, small. [Subfamily =MELASTOMATOIDEAE=.] 3 - -2. Connective of the stamens lengthened at the base. Petals reddish. -Flowers in terminal fascicles. Stem and inflorescence bristly.--Species -1. East Africa. =Warneckea= Gilg - -Connective of the stamens not lengthened at the base, but spurred at -the back. Petals white or blue. Flowers in axillary inflorescences, -more rarely in terminal, many-flowered cymes. Stem and inflorescence -glabrous.--Species 60. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species -yield timber, dyes, medicaments, and edible fruits. =Memecylon= L. - -3. Seeds strongly curved or spirally coiled. Fruit usually a -membranous, 4-5-valved capsule with a convex, usually bristly summit. -Connective of the stamens unappendaged behind, but furnished with two -spurs or gibbosities in front, rarely quite unappendaged. Calyx-lobes -usually large and alternating with bristles or small teeth. [Tribe -OSBECKIEAE.] 4 - -Seeds straight or slightly curved, rarely strongly curved, but then -fruit bursting irregularly or indehiscent and connective gibbous before -and behind. Connective usually appendaged behind, or before and behind. -17 - -4. Stamens of two kinds, the larger with the connective distinctly -lengthened at the base and furnished with two spurs or bosses, the -smaller ones with a not or slightly lengthened connective. Shrubs or -trees. 5 - -Stamens equal in shape, but sometimes unequal in length. 8 - -5. Connective of the smaller stamens unappendaged, of the larger -with two bosses. Calyx-tube glabrous; teeth very short. Fruit with a -membranous skin, bursting irregularly. Low shrubs. Flowers in terminal -panicles.--Species 2. West Africa. =Dinophora= Benth. - -Connective of all stamens provided with 2 spurs or bosses. Calyx-tube -usually hairy. Fruit with a membranous skin, but dehiscing in 4-5 -valves, or with a leathery or fleshy skin. 6 - -6. Calyx without accessory teeth. Connective of all stamens lengthened -at the base and provided with 2 awns. Fruit 4-5-valved. Rough-hairy -shrubs or trees. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species 20. Madagascar. -=Dichaetanthera= Endl. - -Calyx with accessory teeth outside the sepals. Connective of the -smaller stamens not or scarcely lengthened. 7 - -7. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed; skin leathery or -fleshy. Flowers 5-7-merous. Shrubs with rough branches and bristly -leaves.--Species 1. Seychelles. =Melastoma= Burm. - -Fruit opening by 4-5 valves; skin membranous or leathery. Ovary adnate -to the calyx-tube by 4-5 longitudinal partitions. Flowers 4-5-merous. -Hairy, usually bristly herbs, undershrubs or shrubs.--Species 50. -Central and South Africa; one species also naturalized in the Mascarene -Islands. An intoxicating drink is prepared from the roots of some -species. (Including _Argyrella_ Naud.) (Plate 115.) =Dissotis= Benth. - -8. Connective with two spur-like appendages. Ovary half-inferior. -Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles. 9 - -Connective with two bosses or without any appendage. 12 - -9. Stamens unequal in length. Connective much lengthened at the base. -Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-lobes broadly rounded. Ovary with 4 bristles at -the top. Shrubs.--- Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Barbeyastrum= -Cogn. - -Stamens equal in length. Connective not or slightly lengthened at the -base. 10 - -10. Connective lengthened at the base. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube -pitcher-shaped, glabrous. Calyx-lobes 4, very short. Petals yellow. -Shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Amphorocalyx= Bak. - -Connective not or scarcely lengthened at the base. Calyx-tube -bell-shaped. Calyx-lobes rather large. Shrubs with pink petals, or -herbs. 11 - -11. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx without accessory teeth. Shrubs. Leaves -5-11-nerved.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Dionychia= Naud. - -Flowers 5-merous. Calyx with 5 bristle-like accessory teeth alternating -with the sepals. Herbs. Leaves 3-nerved.--Species 4. Madagascar. -=Rhodosepala= Bak. - -12. Calyx with accessory teeth or bristles alternating with the sepals. -Stamens equal in length. Ovary with bristles at the top. 13 - -Calyx without accessory teeth or bristles. Petals red or white. Ovary -more or less adnate to the calyx-tube. 15 - -13. Ovary free. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube glabrous or scantily -hairy. Petals yellow. Connective not lengthened at the base, obscurely -tubercled. Erect herbs. Flowers terminal, solitary or ternate.--Species -1. West Africa. =Nerophila= Naud. - -Ovary more or less adnate to the calyx-tube. Calyx-tube usually hairy. -Petals usually red. 14 - -14. Anthers smooth, oval-oblong. Connective more or less lengthened and -provided with two bosses at the base. Herbs. Flowers in cymes.--Species -2. Tropics. (Under _Osbeckia_ L.) =Antherotoma= Hook. fil. - -Anthers with a wavy surface, linear, rarely broader, but then -connective not distinctly lengthened at the base.--Species 20. Tropical -and South-east Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal -plants. =Osbeckia= L. - -15. Anthers linear. Connective not or scarcely lengthened at the base, -provided with two bosses in front. Stamens usually unequal in length. -Calyx-tube bristly. Shrubs.--Species 15. Tropics. Some species yield -edible fruits and medicaments. =Tristemma= Juss. - -Anthers ovoid. Connective lengthened at the base, unappendaged. Stamens -equal in length. Ovary glabrous at the top. Herbs. Flowers solitary. 16 - -16. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube hairy. Ovary inferior. Flowers -terminal.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under _Guyonia_ Naud.) =Afzeliella= -Gilg - -Flowers 5-merous. Calyx-tube glabrous. Ovary half-inferior.--Species 2. -West Africa. =Guyonia= Naud. - -17. (3.) Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed; skin fleshy or -leathery, rarely membranous. Connective furnished with appendages in -front and behind, rarely only in front. [Tribe DISSOCHAETEAE.] 18 - -Fruit opening by 3-6 valves; skin membranous, rarely leathery. -Connective usually furnished with appendages only behind. 25 - -18. Connective with two spurs in front, unappendaged behind. Stamens -equal or nearly so. 19 - -Connective with two spurs or bosses in front and 1-2 behind. -Calyx-lobes tooth-shaped, bristle-shaped, or wanting. Flowers in cymes, -umbels, or panicles. 20 - -19. Calyx distinctly 5-lobed. Connective very shortly prolonged at the -base. Fruit a berry. Herbs. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. West Africa -(Cameroons). =Tetraphyllaster= Gilg - -Calyx obscurely lobed. Connective much prolonged at the base. Fruit -a capsule with a membranous skin. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in -panicles.--Species 5. West Africa. =Sakersia= Hook. fil. - -20. Stamens distinctly unequal, the connective of the longer ones -lengthened at the base and furnished with 1 spur behind and 2 in -front, that of the shorter ones also with one spur behind but none in -front. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx-tube top-or urn-shaped; lobes short, -alternating with accessory teeth. Petals red. Ovary adnate up to the -middle. Shrubs. Flowers in terminal, few-flowered cymes.--Species 3. -West Africa. =Dicellandra= Hook. fil. - -Stamens equal or nearly so, rarely very unequal, but then the -connective of all with 2 appendages in front and usually not lengthened -at the base. 21 - -21. Stamens distinctly unequal. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube -constricted above the ovary, saucer-shaped at the top, entire or nearly -so. Climbing shrubs. Lower leaves alternate, upper whorled. Flowers at -the base of the stem in many-flowered globose inflorescences, composed -of cymes.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). =Myrianthemum= -Gilg - -Stamens equal or subequal, rarely (_Medinilla_) distinctly unequal, -but then calyx-tube not much constricted and inflorescence not -many-flowered and springing from the base of the stem. 22 - -22. Connective of the stamens lengthened at the base and furnished -with a spur in front and a boss behind. Flowers 5-merous. Ovary wholly -adnate. Shrubs. Flowers in terminal, few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. -Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Preussiella= Gilg - -Connective with 2 spurs or bosses in front and 1-2 behind. 23 - -23. Stem woody, shrubby. Flowers in cymes or panicles. Ovary adhering -to the calyx-tube entirely or by several dissepiments.--Species 25. -Tropics. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Medinilla= -Gaud. - -Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves opposite; side-nerves -nearly perpendicular to the main nerves. Flowers 5-merous, in terminal -umbels or panicles. Connective with 2 bosses in front and one behind. 24 - -24. Flowers in panicles. Petals subacute. Ovary in its lower half -adhering to the calyx-tube by dissepiments. Style without scales at the -base. Fruit bursting irregularly. Seeds curved.--Species 1. Central -Africa. =Phaeoneuron= Gilg - -Flowers in umbels. Petals acuminate. Ovary adhering to the calyx-tube -to above the middle. Style surrounded at the base by 5 scales.--Species -1. East Africa. =Orthogoneuron= Gilg - -25. (17.) Fruit and ovary cylindrical or angled, convex at the top. -Stamens equal; connective appendaged behind only, more rarely without -any appendage. [Tribe OXYSPOREAE.] 26 - -Fruit and usually also the ovary angled or winged, broad and flat -or concave at the top, rarely (_Calvoa_) slightly convex, but then -the connective appendaged in front or in front and behind. [Tribe -SONERILEAE.] 29 - -26. Stem herbaceous or half-shrubby, erect. Leaves large. Flowers in -umbels, large, red, 5-merous. Calyx-tube angled; lobes long. Petals -produced into a thread-like point. Connective with a thick spur and -two glands. Ovary crowned by 5 scales.--Species 1. East Africa. -=Petalonema= Gilg - -Stem shrubby, more rarely half-shrubby, but then decumbent and bearing -small leaves. Flowers in cymes or panicles. 27 - -27. Stem half-shrubby, decumbent. Connective shortly prolonged at the -base, tubercled or obscurely spurred behind.--Species 1. Madagascar. -=Phornothamnus= Bak. - -Stem shrubby. Connective not prolonged. 28 - -28. Calyx-limb divided into 4 large lobes without accessory teeth. -Connective unappendaged. Ovary adhering below to the calyx-tube by -several - -[Illustration: MELASTOMATACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 115._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Dissotis capitata (Vahl) Hook. fil. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of -ovary. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed.] - -[Illustration: OENOTHERACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 116._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Jussieua linifolia Vahl - -_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flowering branch of a taller specimen. _C_ -Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Fruit. _F_ -Seed.] - -dissepiments and crowned by 4 bristle-like scales.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Rousseauxia= DC. - -Calyx-limb entire or sinuate, provided with 5 accessory teeth. Ovary -adhering to the calyx-tube all round.--Species 20. Madagascar. -=Veprecella= Naud. - -29. Connective of the stamens appendaged behind only, not or shortly -prolonged at the base. 30 - -Connective of the stamens appendaged in front or also behind, or -unappendaged. Flowers 5-merous. 32 - -30. Stamens unequal in length. Herbs with a thickened root-stock. -Leaves cordate, 9-nerved.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Cincinnobotrys= -Gilg - -Stamens equal in length. Flowers 5-merous. 31 - -31. Calyx almost entire. Ovary crowned by 5 scales. Erect herbs with -glandular hairs. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers in umbels.--Species 1. East -Africa. =Urotheca= Gilg - -Calyx 5-toothed. Herbs with a very short stem and cymose flowers, or -climbing shrubs.--Species 15. Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental -plants. =Gravesia= Naud. - -32. Stamens distinctly unequal; connective of the longer ones -lengthened at the base, furnished with 1-2 bosses or spurs in front, -spurred or unappendaged behind.--Species 8. West Africa. Some are used -as ornamental plants. =Amphiblemma= Naud. - -Stamens equal or nearly so; connective not or shortly lengthened at the -base, usually provided with a scale in front, rarely also with a boss -behind.--Species 9. Central Africa. =Calvoa= Hook. fil. - - -FAMILY 182. OENOTHERACEAE - -Leaves undivided or pinnately cleft. Flowers solitary or in spikes, -heads, racemes, or panicles, 2-6-, rarely 4-merous. Sepals valvate -in bud. Petals free, rarely (_Ludwigia_) absent. Stamens as many or -twice as many as the sepals. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal -slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, completely or almost completely -2-6-celled. Ovules inverted. Style simple. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera -10, species 40. (_ONAGRACEAE_, including _HYDROCARYACEAE_.) (Plate 116.) - -1. Ovary half-inferior, 2-celled, with one pendulous ovule in each -cell. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit top-shaped, woody, indehiscent. -Floating herbs, with filiform branched side-roots and broad radical -leaves.--Species 2. The seeds are edible and are used for preparing -meal and medicaments. “Water Chestnut.” [Tribe TRAPEAE.] =Trapa= L. - -Ovary inferior, 2-celled with one ascending ovule in each cell, or more -frequently 3-6-celled with numerous ovules. 2 - -2. Flowers 2-merous. Receptacle prolonged above the ovary in the shape -of a stalk. Petals white or reddish. Stamens 2. Ovules and seeds 2. -Fruit an ovoid nut with a leathery rind, covered with hooked bristles. -Herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. North Africa. -[Tribe CIRCAEEAE.] =Circaea= L. - -Flowers 3-6-merous. Stamens 3-12. Ovules and seeds numerous. Fruit a -capsule or a berry. 3 - -3. Flowers with bracteoles, regular. Receptacle (calyx-tube) not -prolonged beyond the ovary. Calyx persistent. Petals yellow or white, -rarely absent. Fruit loculicidal and septicidal. Herbs or undershrubs. -Stipules present, but usually minute and caducous. [Tribe JUSSIEUEAE.] 4 - -Flowers without bracteoles, 4-merous. Receptacle more or less -prolonged above the ovary; if obscurely prolonged, then flowers -somewhat irregular with red petals. Calyx deciduous. Stamens 8. Fruit -loculicidal or indehiscent. 5 - -4. Stamens 3-6.--Species 5. (Including _Isnardia_ L.) =Ludwigia= L. - -Stamens 8-12. Petals 4-6. Epigynous disc pyramidal or -cushion-shaped.--Species 10. Some of them are used medicinally and for -dyeing. (Plate 116.) =Jussieua= L. - -5. Stem woody. Leaves stipulate. Flowers regular. Calyx coloured, -with a long tube. Petals red or violet. Stamens unequal. Fruit -a berry.--Species 1. Naturalized in some tropical countries. An -ornamental plant. [Tribe FUCHSIEAE.] =Fuchsia= L. - -Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves exstipulate. Fruit a -capsule. 6 - -6. Calyx-tube short, bell-shaped. Petals usually red. Stamens unequal -in length. Fruit linear with a membranous rind. Seeds with a tuft of -hairs. [Tribe EPILOBIEAE.] 7 - -Calyx-tube long, funnel-shaped or cylindrical. Calyx-lobes reflexed. -Flowers regular. Petals usually yellow. Stamens subequal. Stigma -4-partite. Seeds without a tuft of hairs. [Tribe OENOTHEREAE.] 8 - -7. Flowers somewhat irregular, large. Calyx-tube scarcely prolonged -beyond the ovary. Petals red, spreading. Stamens in one row, bent down, -broadened at the base. Style bent down, hairy at the base. Stigma -4-partite.--Species 1. Canary Islands. Yields tea and medicaments, and -serves as a vegetable and as an ornamental plant. (Under _Epilobium_ -L.) =Chamaenerium= Spach - -Flowers regular, usually small. Calyx-tube shortly bell-shaped above -the ovary. Stamens in two rows, erect. Style erect, glabrous.--Species -15. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. -“Willow-herb.” =Epilobium= L. - -8. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, rather short (as long as or shorter than -the lobes). Petals red or white. Fruit club-shaped, stalked, keeled at -the angles, with a more or less woody rind. Seeds with an elongated -funicle. Leaves pinnatifid.--Species 2. Naturalized in North and South -Africa. Ornamental plants. (Under _Oenothera_ L.) =Xylopleurum= Spach -Calyx-tube cylindrical, long. Petals yellow. Fruit obscurely angled, -with a more or less membranous or leathery rind. 9 - -9. Seeds horizontal, sharply angled, with a thick coat. Leaves -dentate.--Species 2. Naturalized in North and South Africa. Ornamental -plants; one species (_O. biennis_ Scop.) has edible roots. (Under -_Oenothera_ L.) =Onagra= Tourn. - -Seeds ascending, rounded, egg-shaped, with an appendage at the top. -Leaves sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid.--Species 2. Naturalized in North -and South Africa and some tropical islands. Ornamental plants. “Evening -primrose.” =Oenothera= Spach - - -SUBORDER HALORRHAGINEAE - - -FAMILY 183. HALORRHAGACEAE - -Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, lobed, or pinnately divided, -without stipules. Flowers solitary or in fascicles spikes or panicles, -small, regular, 2-4-merous. Petals free or in the female flowers -wanting. Stamens 1-8. Anthers attached by the base, opening laterally -by two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled with a single ovule -or with 4 ovules, or 4-celled with one-ovuled cells. Ovules pendulous, -inverted. Styles or sessile stigmas 2 or 4. Fruit a nut, drupe, or -schizocarp. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight.--Genera 3, species 15. -(Plate 117.) - -1. Ovary 1-celled with a single ovule. Styles or sessile stigmas -2. Sepals 2. Petals 1-2, or more frequently wanting. Stamens 1-2. -Fruit a drupe. Seed with a very short embryo. Terrestrial plants. -Leaves radical, kidney-shaped, crenate. Flowers in spikes or -panicles.--Species 1. East and South Africa and Madagascar. Used -medicinally. [Subfamily =GUNNEROIDEAE=.] =Gunnera= L. - -Ovary 1-celled with 4 ovules, or 4-celled. Styles or sessile stigmas 4. -Sepals 4, sometimes scarcely perceptible in the female flowers. Petals -4 or in the female flowers absent. Stamens 2-8. Seeds with a long -embryo. [Subfamily =HALORRHAGOIDEAE=.] 2 - -2. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 4-celled. Stamens 4. Fruit -one-seeded, dry and indehiscent. Terrestrial plants. Leaves undivided. -Flowers in axillary clusters.--Species 9. (_Serpicula_ L.) (Plate 117.) -[Tribe HALORRHAGEAE.] =Laurembergia= Berg - -Ovary 4-celled. Fruit 2-4-seeded, usually separating into mericarps. -Aquatic plants. Leaves usually pinnately divided. Flowers solitary and -axillary or in terminal spikes.--Species 5. North, South, and East -Africa and Madagascar. [Tribe MYRIOPHYLLEAE.] =Myriophyllum= L. - - -SUBORDER CYNOMORIINEAE - - -FAMILY 184. CYNOMORIACEAE - -Reddish-brown, fleshy herbs, parasitic upon roots. Leaves scale-like. -Flowers in terminal spadices, polygamous. Perianth of 1-5 narrow -segments. Stamen 1. Anther versatile, turned inwards, 2-celled. Ovary -inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, almost straight. Style simple; -stigma entire. Fruit a nut. Seed albuminous; embryo small, without -cotyledons. - -Genus 1, species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Cynomorium= Mich. - - -ORDER UMBELLIFLORAE - - -FAMILY 185. ARALIACEAE - -Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually stipulate. Inflorescence composed of -umbels, racemes, heads, or spikes. Flowers 4-16-merous. Calyx entire -or shortly toothed, imbricate or open in bud. Petals free, valvate -in bud, or united into a cap. Stamens as many as petals or more. -Anthers versatile, opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior -or half-inferior, crowned by a disc (stylopod), 2-or more-celled, -rarely (_Polyscias_) 1-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, -pendulous, inverted, with ventral raphe. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds -albuminous.--Genera 8, species 75. (Plate 118.) - -1. Stem climbing by means of small aerial roots. Leaves entire or -lobed, without stipules. Flowers in umbels, 5-merous; pedicels not -jointed. Stamens 5. Ovary 5-celled; style simple. Fruit a berry; -endocarp membranous. Seeds with ruminate albumen.--Species 1 (_H. -Helix_ L., ivy). North Africa. Used as ornamental and medicinal plants; -the fruits are poisonous. =Hedera= L. - -Stem without adhesive roots. Leaves pinnate or digitate, rarely -undivided or lobed, but then ovary 2-4-celled and style 2-4-parted. -Fruit a drupe or a nut; endocarp leathery, crustaceous, cartilaginous, -or bony. 2 - -2. Leaves undivided, lobed, or digitate. Stipules usually distinctly -developed. Pedicels not jointed. 3 - -Leaves pinnate. Stipules indistinctly developed or wanting. Seeds with -uniform albumen. 5 - -3. Ovary 2-, rarely 3-4-celled. Styles short, free or united below. -Stylopod convex or conical. Petals 5, free. Stamens 5. Endocarp -crustaceous. Albumen usually ruminate. Flowers in spikes or racemes, -rarely in umbels.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. (Including -_Seemannaralia_ Viguier). (Plate 118.) =Cussonia= Thunb. - -Ovary 5-15-celled. Petals 5-15, usually united in the shape of a cap. -Albumen uniform. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely in racemes. Leaves -digitate. 4 - -4. Stamens as many as the petals.--Species 13. Tropics. (Including -_Astropanax_ Seem., _Heptapleurum_ Gaertn., and _Sciadophyllum_ P. -Browne) =Schefflera= Forst. - -[Illustration: HALORRHAGACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 117._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Laurembergia repens Berg - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Female flower -cut lengthwise. _D_ Young fruit. _E_ Young fruit cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: ARALIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 118._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Cussonia spicata Thunb. - -_A_ Leaf. _B_ Flower-bud. _C_ Flower-bud cut lengthwise. _D_ -Inflorescence.] - - -Stamens twice as many as the petals. Petals 5, cohering in the shape of -a cap. Ovary 8-10-celled. Flowers in spicately arranged heads.--Species -1. Seychelles. =Geopanax= Hemsl. - -5. Flowers in umbels or racemes with jointed pedicels, very rarely in -spikes or heads. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 1-10. Stamens -as many as the petals. 6 - -Flowers in umbels; pedicels not jointed. Ovary-cells and styles or -style-branches 10-15. Leaves unequally pinnate with entire leaflets. 7 - -6. Styles present, usually free and filiform. Seeds smooth or folded -on the surface.--Species 30. Tropics. (Including _Cuphocarpus_ Decne. -et Planch. and _Tieghemopanax_ Viguier, under _Panax_ L.) =Polyscias= -Forst. - -Styles absent; stigmas 2, seated upon the conical stylopod. Ovary -2-celled. Pericarp with 8 oil-channels. Seeds 4-lobed. Trees. -Leaves unequally pinnate with entire leaflets. Flowers in panicled -umbels.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Panax_ L.) =Sciadopanax= Seem. - -7. Petals free or cohering at the tip. Stamens as many as the petals, -10-15; filaments flattened. Styles awl-shaped. Trees.--Species 4. -Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. =Gastonia= Comm. - -Petals united throughout their whole length. Stamens numerous; -filaments awl-shaped. Style none; stigma 2-cleft. Shrubs.--Species 1. -Seychelles. =Indokingia= Hemsl. - - -FAMILY 186. UMBELLIFERAE - -Mostly herbs with a jointed stem. Leaves alternate, rarely (_Drusa_) -opposite, usually dissected and with a sheathing stalk. Flowers in -umbels or heads, rarely in spikes or in racemed false-whorls, regular -or the outermost flowers, of the inflorescence somewhat irregular, -usually hermaphrodite. Calyx-limb usually faintly developed or -wanting. Petals 5, free, usually bent inwards at the tip and therefore -apparently notched or 2-lobed, valvate or slightly imbricate in bud. -Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Ovary inferior, 2-celled, -rarely one cell only fertile, very rarely ovary 3-celled. Ovules -solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with ventral raphe. -Styles 2, free, arising from a more or less distinctly 2-lobed disc -(stylopod), rarely (_Lagoecia_) style simple. Fruit dry, usually -separating into 2 mericarps attached to the 2-parted, more rarely -2-cleft, simple, or obsolete carpophore. Pericarp ribbed and usually -traversed by oil-channels commonly situated in the furrows between -the primary ribs which as a rule enclose vascular bundles. Seeds -with an adnate testa, a horny albumen, and a small embryo with flat -cotyledons.--Genera 92, species 410. (_APIACEAE._) (Plate 119.) - -1. Fruit with a woody rind, without a free carpophore. Oil-channels -wanting, more rarely small and situated beneath the primary ribs. -Seeds rather flat on the inner face. Petals straight, rarely bent -inwards at the point and thread-shaped. Flowers in solitary or -fascicled simple umbels or in racemed false-whorls, rarely (_Hermas_) -in compound umbels. Leaves undivided, lobed, or 3-parted. [Subfamily -=HYDROCOTYLOIDEAE=.] 2 Fruit with a membranous or leathery rind, rarely -(tribe _Coriandreae_) with a woody one, but then oil-channels situated -on the inner surface of the mericarps and seeds deeply grooved on this -side. Flowers usually in compound umbels. 6 - -2. Fruit much compressed laterally, with a very narrow commissure and -a much projecting dorsal angle. Oil-channels very narrow or wanting. -Calyx-limb indistinct or shortly toothed. Petals with a straight point. -[Tribe HYDROCOTYLEAE.] 3 - -Fruit compressed from front to back, with a broad commissure. [Tribe -MULINEAE.] 4 - -3. Mericarps with 5 ribs, the marginal ones contiguous. -Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals valvate in bud. Leaves roundish, -stipulate.--Species 15. Some are used medicinally. =Hydrocotyle= L. - -Mericarps with 7-9 ribs connected by a network of veins, the marginal -ribs divergent. Flowers polygamous. Petals imbricate in bud. Leaves -exstipulate.--Species 20. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used -medicinally. (Under _Hydrocotyle_ L.) =Centella= L. - -4. Fruit slightly compressed, not winged, with faint ribs. Oil-channels -more or less obvious. Calyx-teeth narrow. Petals elliptical or -lanceolate, with a straight point. Herbs forming cushion-shaped tufts. -Leaves 3-cleft or 3-parted, alternate. Flowers in terminal simple -umbels.--Species 1. Island of Kerguelen. =Azorella= Lam. - -Fruit much compressed, winged. Oil-channels obscure or absent. -Calyx-teeth large or wanting. Leaves undivided or lobed. 5 - -5. Wings of the fruit arising from the marginal ribs and covered with -barbed prickles. Seeds not furrowed. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-lobes -wanting. Petals elliptical, with a straight point. Flowers in simple -umbels arising at the forks of the stem. Leaves usually opposite, -clothed with barbed bristles.--Species 1. Canary Islands. (Under -_Bowlesia_ Ruiz et Pav.) =Drusa= DC. - -Wings of the fruit arising from the intermedial ribs. Fruit netted -or wrinkled on the back. Seeds angular-furrowed. Flowers polygamous. -Calyx-lobes broad-lanceolate, petal-like in the male flowers. Petals -awl-shaped, with the point bent inwards. Flowers in compound umbels. -Leaves alternate, tomentose beneath.--Species 5. South Africa (Cape -Colony). =Hermas= L. - -6. (1.) Styles 2, surrounded by a ring-shaped disc, filiform and rather -long, rarely a single style. Fruit covered with scales, prickles, -or tubercles. Carpophore adnate or wanting. Oil-channels under the -primary ribs, scattered, or wanting (none in the furrows). Calyx-lobes -large. Petals with the point bent inwards. Flowers in umbels heads or -spikes, which are simple or arranged in heads or cymes. [Subfamily -=SANICULOIDEAE=.] 7 - -Styles 2, arising from the top of a more or less elevated disc -(stylopod). Carpophore usually free. Oil-channels in general only in -the furrows of the fruit. Flowers nearly always in compound umbels. -[Subfamily =APIOIDEAE=.] 11 - -7. Ovary with 1 perfect and 1 imperfect cell, the latter empty or -containing a rudimentary ovule; in the latter case flowers dioecious -and fruit with faint secondary ribs and without oil-channels. -Oil-channels indistinct or wanting; in the former case style single. -[Tribe LAGOECIEAE.] 8 - -Ovary with 2 perfect cells and ovules. Styles 2. Flowers hermaphrodite -or monoecious-polygamous. [Tribe SANICULEAE.] 9 - -8. Style 1. Oil-channels present. Flowers hermaphrodite, in -simple umbels with pinnately divided involucral bracts. Leaves -pinnatipartite.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Cyrenaica). =Lagoecia= L. - -Styles 2. Oil-channels absent. Flowers dioecious, in compound umbels -or in umbels arranged in heads, with undivided involucral bracts. -Leaves lobed.--Species 3. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used medicinally. -=Arctopus= L. - -9. Flowers polygamous, in umbels arranged in cymes. Ovary and fruit -clothed with hooked prickles. Fruit more or less globose, without -distinct ribs, but with many large and small oil-channels.--Species 2. -North and South Africa and mountains of the tropics. Used medicinally. -=Sanicula= L. - -Flowers hermaphrodite, in heads or spikes. Ovary and fruit clothed with -scales or tubercles. Fruit ovoid, with several large and many small -oil-channels or without distinct oil-channels. 10 - -10. Flowers in few-flowered heads with a 2-ranked involucre of usually -10 bracts, without bracteoles beneath the single flowers. Calyx-limb -membranous. Fruit with thick and warty primary ribs. Oil-channels -indistinct. Leaves undivided.--Species 8. South and Central Africa. -=Alepidea= Laroch. - -Flowers in many-flowered heads or spikes with an involucre of several -or many, usually prickly bracts, and with a bracteole under each -flower. Calyx-teeth stiff. Fruit without distinct ribs, scaly.--Species -15. North and Central Africa. Some are used as vegetables or in -medicine. =Eryngium= L. - -11. (6.) Secondary ribs between the primary ribs of the fruit -distinctly developed, similar to, or larger than the primary ribs, more -or less distinctly winged or beset with rows of prickles. 12 - -Secondary ribs slightly prominent or wanting. 23 - -12. Secondary ribs, at least some of them, winged and unarmed. [Tribe -LASERPITIEAE.] 13 - -Secondary ribs not distinctly winged, but beset with prickles, more -rarely with bristles or tubercles. 17 - -13. Fruit much compressed from front to back. Seeds flat or nearly so -on the inner face. [Subtribe THAPSIINAE.] 14 - -Fruit scarcely or not at all compressed, broadly winged, glabrous. -Oil-channels also under the primary ribs. Seeds deeply grooved on the -inner face. [Subtribe ELAEOSELINAE.] 16 - -14. Secondary ribs with a narrow or indistinct wing. Oil-channels -only under the secondary ribs, narrow. Petals white, slightly -notched.--Species 3. Cape Verde Islands. Used medicinally. =Tornabenea= -Parl. - -Secondary ribs with a broad wing. Petals entire. 15 - -15. Primary ribs very prominent. Oil-channels also under the primary -ribs. Petals white or reddish.--Species 2. Island of Madeira. The -roots are edible. (Including _Monizia_ Lowe, under _Thapsia_ L.) -=Melanoselinum= Hoffm. - -Primary ribs slightly prominent. Oil-channels only under the secondary -ribs. Petals yellow.--Species 3. North Africa. Used medicinally. -=Thapsia= L. - -16. Fruit with 4 wings, contracted at the commissure. Oil-channels -distant. Petals narrow, yellow.--Species 5. North Africa. Used -medicinally. =Elaeoselinum= Koch - -Fruit with 8 wings and a broad commissure. Oil-channels nearly -contiguous. Petals broad, white,.--Species 1. North-west Africa -(Algeria). (Under _Elaeoselinum_ Koch) =Margotia= Boiss. - -17. (12.) Albumen deeply grooved on the inner face of the seeds. [Tribe -SCANDICINEAE, subtribe CAUCALINAE.] 18 - -Albumen slightly grooved or flat on the inner face of the seeds. 21 - -18. Albumen rolled in at the edge. Commissure narrowed. Primary ribs -prickly. Secondary ribs with 1-3 rows of prickles. Oil-channels -obvious. Umbels of 2-6 rays.--Species 5. North Africa and mountains of -the tropics. Used medicinally. (Including _Turgenia_ Hoffm.) =Caucalis= -L. - -Albumen flat at the edge. 19 - -19. Fruit with a broad commissure (plane of junction of the mericarps). -Primary ribs covered with short bristles. Secondary ribs with 2-3 rows -of prickles. Oil-channels large. Umbels of 5-8 rays.--Species 1. North -Africa. (Under _Daucus_ L.) =Orlaya= Hoffm. - -Fruit with a narrow commissure. 20 - -20. Secondary ribs prominent, rounded, warty. Oil-channels obscure. -Umbels of many rays.--Species 2. North-west Africa. =Ammiopsis= Boiss. - -Secondary ribs scarcely prominent, prickly. Primary ribs ciliate. -Oil-channels large. Umbels of 6-12 rays.--Species 9. North and South -Africa and mountains of Central Africa. (Under _Caucalis_ L.) =Torilis= -Adans. - -21. Fruit somewhat flattened laterally and narrowed at the commissure. -Secondary ribs clothed with bristles. Seeds slightly grooved on the -inner face. Calyx-teeth long, awl-shaped, unequal. Petals oblong, -white or pink. Umbels of 3-5 rays.--Species 1 (_C. Cyminum_ L.). North -Africa, also cultivated in East Africa. The fruits serve as a condiment -and a medicament. =Cuminum= L. - -Fruit flattened from front to back. Calyx-teeth short. [Tribe -DAUCEAE.] 22 - -22. Secondary ribs clothed with white bristles. Primary ribs nearly -glabrous. Petals white. Umbels opposite to the leaves, with 2-4 -rays.--Species 1. North Africa. The fruits serve as a condiment. (Under -_Daucus_ L.) =Ammodaucus= Coss. & Dur. - -Secondary ribs beset with one row of long prickles. Primary ribs -clothed with short bristles.--Species 20. North Africa to Abyssinia; -one species naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. Some species -(especially _D. Carota_ L., carrot) yield vegetables, gum-resin, and -medicaments. =Daucus= L. - -23. (11.) Seeds very concave or marked with a deep furrow on the inner -face. 24 - -Seeds flat, slightly concave, or somewhat convex on the inner face. 44 - -24. Flowers polygamous, the sessile hermaphrodite ones surrounded each -by several stalked males. Petals white. Style long. Fruit nearly always -one-seeded. Ribs indistinct. Albumen rolled in at the edge. [Tribe -ECHINOPHOREAE.] 25 - -Flowers of the primary umbels polygamous, but irregularly arranged, or -hermaphrodite. Fruit nearly always 2-seeded. 26 - -25. Ovary of the hermaphrodite flower adnate to the pedicels of -the male, which subsequently form a woody cup around the fruit. -Oil-channels solitary in each furrow.--Species 1. North Africa. The -root is edible. =Echinophora= L. - -Ovary of the hermaphrodite flower not adnate to the pedicels -of the male; no cup around the fruit. Oil-channels 2-3 in each -furrow.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Pycnocycla= Lindl. - -26. Leaves undivided, entire. Calyx not toothed. Petals yellow or -yellowish-green. Fruit laterally compressed.--Species 25. North and -South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Bupleurum= Tourn. - -Leaves, at least the lower ones, dissected. 27 - -27. Fruit linear or oblong. [Tribe SCANDICINEAE, subtribe SCANDICINAE.] -28 - -Fruit ovoid, globose, or biglobose. 35 - -28. Fruit beaked. Oil-channels very narrow, situated in the furrows and -under the primary ribs. 29 - -Fruit not beaked. Oil-channels usually broad. Petals bent inwards and -notched at the tip. 31 - -29. Fruit with a long beak. Ribs obtuse. Calyx not toothed. Petals -entire and not or shortly bent inwards at the tip. Umbels of few -rays.--Species 3. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Scandix= L. - -Fruit with a short beak. 30 - -30. Fruit cylindrical, broadened at the base, without ribs in the lower -part. Calyx not toothed. Petals narrow, entire and not or shortly bent -inwards at the tip.--Species 3. North and East Africa. One of them, the -chervil (_A. Cerefolium_ Hoffm.) is grown as a pot-herb and also used -medicinally. =Anthriscus= Hoffm. - -Fruit oblong, hispid, with broad and obtuse ribs. Calyx toothed. -Petals broad, bent inwards and notched at the tip. Involucral bracts -numerous.--Species 2. North-west Africa. (Under _Athamantha_ L.) -=Tinguarra= Parl. - -31. Fruit without distinct ribs, oblong, somewhat flattened from -front to back, clothed with long hairs. Oil-channels solitary in the -furrows, narrow; besides two larger ones at the commissure. Calyx-teeth -awl-shaped. Petals minute, white.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Under -_Caucalis_ L.) =Chaetosciadium= Boiss. - -Fruit with distinct ribs. Calyx-teeth wanting. 32 - -32. Fruit with thread-or keel-shaped ribs. Oil-channels thin or rather -thin. Root tuberous. 33 - -Fruit with broad and rounded, roll-shaped ribs. Oil-channels large, -solitary in the furrows. Root not tuberous. 34 - -33. Leaf-segments linear. Umbels of 10-20 rays. Involucre reduced to -a single bract or wanting. Involucels of many bractlets. Oil-channels -numerous.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (_Geocaryum_ Coss. et Dur., -under _Chaerophyllum_ L.) =Conopodium= Koch - -Leaf-segments lanceolate or ovate. Umbels of 5-10 rays. Involucre and -involucels of 1-4 bracts.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Including -_Balansaea_ Boiss. et Reut., under _Chaerophyllum_ L. or _Bunium_ -Koch). =Biasolettia= Koch - -34. Fruit conical, clothed with bristles or short prickles. Umbels -few-flowered.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Under _Chaerophyllum_ L.) -=Physocaulis= Tausch. - -Fruit cylindrical, glabrous.--Species 3. North Africa. One species is -poisonous. =Chaerophyllum= L. - -35. (27.) Pericarp woody. Ribs slightly prominent or obscure. -Oil-channels only at the commissure. [Tribe CORIANDREAE.] 36 - -Pericarp not woody. Oil-channels also on the back of the fruit, or all -indistinct. [Tribe SMYRNIEAE.] 37 - -36. Fruit biglobose, much broader than long, wrinkled, without distinct -ribs. Commissure small, perforated. Mericarps separating when ripe. -Calyx not toothed.--Species 2. North Africa. The fruits serve as a -condiment. =Bifora= Hoffm. - -Fruit ovoid or globose, not broader than long, with wavy ribs. -Commissure large, not perforated. Mericarps not separating. Calyx -toothed.--Species 1 (_C. sativum_ L.). North Africa, also cultivated -and naturalized in Central Africa. The fruits are used as a condiment -and for preparing an aromatic oil. =Coriandrum= L. - -37. Pericarp much thickened; corky, spongy, or blistery. Ribs broad, -more or less roll-shaped, sometimes confluent. 38 - -Pericarp not much thickened. Ribs narrow, thread-shaped, sometimes -obscure. Fruit laterally compressed, with a narrow commissure, more or -less biglobose. 41 - -38. Ribs of the fruit confluent; furrows hardly perceptible. -Fruit ovoid, glabrous or hairy. Oil-channels numerous. Albumen -rolled inwards. Calyx not toothed. Petals yellow. Leaf-segments -linear.--Species 3. North-west Africa. =Cachrys= L. - -Ribs of the fruit separated; furrows distinctly visible. Calyx toothed. -39 - -39. Ribs of the fruit broad and rounded, roll-shaped; furrows very -narrow, each with several oil-channels. Fruit slightly or not -compressed, hairy. Albumen curved. Petals white. Leaf-segments -broad.--Species 2. North-west Africa. =Magydaris= Koch - -Ribs of the fruit slender, more or less thread-shaped; furrows not very -narrow. Albumen rolled inwards. Leaf-segments narrow. 40 - -40. Fruit covered with blisters, broad-cordate, laterally much -compressed. Oil-channels 1-3 to each furrow. Seeds loosely enclosed -by the pericarp. Petals white. Leaf-segments oblong.--Species 1. East -Africa. =Trachydium= Link - -Fruit smooth or covered with tubercles or hairs. Oil-channels numerous. -Petals yellow. Leaf-segments linear.--Species 3. North-west Africa. -Used medicinally. =Hippomarathrum= Lindl. - -41. Oil-channels replaced by a continuous oil-layer. Fruit ovoid. -Pericarp thick. Ribs thick, wavy or crenate. Albumen curved. Calyx not -toothed. Petals white, shortly inflexed.--Species 2. North Africa, -Abyssinia, and South Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally. “Hemlock.” -=Conium= L. - -Oil-channels separated. Fruit cordate. Pericarp thin. Ribs thin. Petals -long inflexed. 42 - -42. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Albumen curved. Calyx -toothed. Petals white.--Species 1. North Africa. =Physospermum= Cuss. - -Oil-channels 2 or more in each furrow. Root tuberous. 43 - -43. Oil-channels 2-3 in each furrow. Albumen curved. Calyx not toothed. -Petals white. Involucre wanting.--Species 1. North-east Africa -(Cyrenaica). (Under _Conopodium_ Koch). =Scaligeria= DC. - -Oil-channels numerous. Albumen rolled inwards. Petals yellow.--Species -2. North Africa. They yield vegetables and medicaments. =Smyrnium= L. - -44. (23.) Marginal ribs of the mericarps much more prominent than the -dorsal and more or less distinctly winged. Mericarps and seeds much -compressed from front to back. [Tribe PEUCEDANEAE.] 45 - -Marginal ribs of the mericarps similar to the dorsal. Mericarps and -seeds slightly or not compressed. [Tribe AMMINEAE.] 57 - -45. Nerves (vascular bundles) of the marginal ribs next to the edge of -the mericarps, distant from the seed. 46 - -Nerves of the marginal ribs situated at their base near the seed. 52 - -46. Marginal wings of the mericarps much thickened at the edge. 47 - -Marginal wings of the mericarps slightly or not thickened at the edge -or not distinctly developed. 50 - -47. Mericarps without dorsal ribs. Oil-channels only in the marginal -ribs. Petals white.--Species 1. South Africa. (_Pappea_ Sond. & Harv.) -=Choritaenia= Benth. & Hook. - -Mericarps with filiform dorsal ribs. Oil-channels also on the back of -the mericarps. 48 - -48. Thickened margin of the mericarps gibbous. Oil-channels very thin. -Calyx toothed. Petals white, 2-cleft.--Species 2. North Africa. They -yield vegetables and medicaments. =Tordylium= L. - -Thickened margin of the mericarps slightly uneven. Oil-channels -distinctly developed. 49 - -49. Marginal wings of the mericarps traversed lengthwise by a -broad oil-channel. Petals yellow, turned or rolled inwards at the -top.--Species 7. East and North Africa. =Malabaila= Hoffm. - -Marginal wings of the mericarps not traversed by an oil-channel. Petals -white, hairy.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). (Under _Heracleum_ -L.) =Zozimia= Hoffm. - -50. Oil-channels not extending to the base of the mericarps, usually -ending at the middle in a club-shaped swelling, solitary in the -furrows. Dorsal ribs slightly prominent. Marginal wings membranous. -Calyx toothed. Petals deeply emarginate, usually white. Involucels of -many bractlets.--Species 2. North Africa and Abyssinia. They yield -edible roots, fodder, and medicaments. =Heracleum= L. - -Oil-channels, at least some of them, extending to the base of the -fruit. Calyx rarely toothed. Petals slightly or not emarginate, yellow -greenish or reddish. 51 - -51. Leaves once pinnatisect. Flowers mostly hermaphrodite, only those -of the uppermost lateral umbels male. Petals broad, much rolled in. -Marginal wings of the mericarps membranous. Oil-channels solitary in -the furrows, rarely in pairs.--Species 2. One growing wild in South -Africa, the other cultivated in North Africa. Root edible. “Parsnip.” -(Under _Peucedanum_ L.) =Pastinaca= L. - -Leaves repeatedly pinnatisect. Flowers polygamous, those of the lateral -umbels male. Petals narrow, shortly bent inwards. Disc broad. Marginal -wings of the mericarps thickish or indistinct.--Species 10. North and -East Africa. Several species yield a gum-resin (African ammoniacum) -used industrially and medicinally, others serve as vegetables or as -ornamental plants. =Ferula= L. - -52. (45.) Dorsal ribs of the mericarps very prominent. Marginal ribs -more or less thickened. Oil-channels solitary in each rib and solitary -or wanting in the furrows. Umbels opposite to the leaves, of few -rays. Petals white.--Species 4. North and South Africa. Some have -edible roots. (_Krubera_ Hoffm., including _Sclerosciadium_ Koch). -=Capnophyllum= Gaertn. - -Dorsal ribs of the mericarps slightly prominent, more or less -filiform. 53 - -53. Marginal ribs of the mericarps thickened, corky. Oil-channels -solitary in the furrows. Calyx toothed. 54 - -Marginal ribs of the mericarps not thickened, closely contiguous. 55 - -54. Petals yellow. Leaf-segments broad.--Species 1. Canary Islands. -=Astydamia= DC. - -Petals white. Leaf-segments narrow.--Species 1. Egypt. =Ducrosia= Boiss. - -55. Oil-channels numerous. Marginal wings thick. Disc broad. Petals -yellow, not or shortly bent inwards. Flowers polygamous, in the lateral -umbels male.--Species 1. North Africa. (Under _Ferula_ L.) =Ferulago= -Koch - -Oil-channels 1-3 in each furrow. Petals much bent or rolled inwards. -Flowers mostly hermaphrodite, only those of the uppermost lateral -umbels sometimes male. 56 - -56. Fruit moderately compressed, with a narrow marginal wing. -Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Calyx not toothed. Petals -broad and rolled inwards at the tip, yellow. Umbels without an -involucre.--Species 1. (_A. graveolens_ L., dill). North Africa, also -cultivated and naturalized in Central and South Africa. Used as a -pot-herb. (Under _Peucedanum_ L.) =Anethum= Tourn. - -Fruit much compressed, with a membranous, usually broad marginal wing. -Petals narrowed and much bent inwards at the tip.--Species 50. Some of -them have edible roots or are used in medicine. (Including _Bubon_ L., -_Imperatoria_ Tourn., and _Lefeburia_ A. Rich.) =Peucedanum= L. - -57. (44.) Fruit compressed from front to back or not compressed; -commissure (plane of junction of the mericarps) broad. Ribs usually -prominent: wing-like, keeled, or broad, more rarely filiform. [Subtribe -SESELINAE.] 58 - -Fruit compressed laterally; commissure more or less narrowed. Ribs -usually slender, filiform, rarely keel-or wing-like. [Subtribe -CARINAE.] 73 - -58. Ribs of the fruit very prominent, keel-or wing-like. 59 - -Ribs of the fruit slightly prominent, filiform or broad. 69 - -59. Ribs wing-like. 60 - -Ribs keel-or ridge-like. 62 - -60. Oil-channels numerous. Leaves 2-5 times pinnately -dissected.--Species 1. North Africa. “Lovage.” (Under _Meum_ Jacq.) -=Ligusticum= L. - -Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. 61 - -61. Marginal wings of the fruit thin. Dorsal wings either corky or -partly wing-like, partly filiform. Mericarps usually unequal. Calyx -toothed.--Species 10. South Africa. Some of them have edible roots. -(Including _Stenosemis_ E. Mey.) (Plate 119.) =Annesorrhiza= Cham. & -Schlechtd. - -Marginal wings of the fruit thick. All wings equal, membranous or -spongy. Mericarps equal. Leaves 2-3 times pinnately dissected.--Species -2. South Africa. (Under _Selinum_ L.) =Cnidium= Cuss. - -62. Oil-channels numerous, crowded around the seed. Pericarp thickened, -spongy. Fruit egg-shaped. Calyx toothed. Petals narrowed and rolled in -at the tip, white. Undershrubs. Leaves fleshy, with narrow segments. -Involucre and involucels of many bracts.--Species 1. North Africa. Used -as a pot-herb. “Samphire.” =Crithmum= Tourn. - -Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, rarely (_Seseli_) accompanied by -a second channel in each furrow or one under each rib. 63 - -63. Calyx toothed. Petals white or reddish. Involucel present. 64 - -Calyx not toothed. 67 - -64. Stem woody, shrubby. Petals elliptical, entire, with an inflexed -point. Fruit oblong, not compressed, glabrous. Disc depressed. Leaves -once or twice dissected.--Species 2. South Africa. =Polemannia= Eckl. & -Zeyh. - -Stem herbaceous. 65 - -65. Petals lanceolate or elliptical. Disc biglobose. Fruit narrowly -bottle-shaped, compressed from front to back, hairy. Involucre present. -Leaves thrice dissected.--Species 2. Canary Islands. =Todaroa= Parl. - -Petals broad-cordate. Disc conical or flattened. Fruit oblong or oval. -66 - -66. Seeds concave on the inner face. Fruit cylindrical, with warty -or bristly ribs. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Disc conical. -Styles long, with broad stigmas. Flowers hispid. Involucre present. -Leaves twice pinnatisect, with broad leathery segments.--Species 3. -Central Africa. =Physotrichia= Hiern - -Seeds flat on the inner face. Leaves, as a rule, repeatedly pinnatisect -and with narrow segments.--Species 7. North and South Africa. Some are -used in medicine. (Including _Libanotis_ Crantz). =Seseli= L. - -67. Involucels and involucre wanting. Petals yellow. Disc -conical. Pericarp not essentially thickened. Leaves with linear -segments.--Species 2. North Africa and Abyssinia, one species also -naturalized in other regions. They yield vegetables, condiments, -perfumes, and medicaments, and serve also as ornamental plants. -“Fennel”. =Foeniculum= L. - -Involucels of a few bracts. Petals white or greenish-white. Pericarp -thickened. Leaves with oblong, lanceolate, or elliptical segments. 68 - -68. Involucre of a few bracts. Petals oblong, greenish-white. Disc -conical. Fruit oblong; furrows narrow.--Species 1. Madagascar. Used -medicinally. =Phellolophium= Bak. - -Involucre absent. Petals obovate, white. Disc flattened. Fruit ovoid; -furrows broad.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used -medicinally. “Fools parsley.” =Aethusa= L. - -69. (58.) Ribs of the fruit broad and rounded. Carpophore none. -Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Calyx-teeth large. Petals -obovate, white. Involucels of many bracts.--Species 10. North and South -Africa. Some are poisonous or used in medicine. =Oenanthe= L. - -Ribs of the fruit slender, filiform. Carpophore present. 70 - -70. Oil-channels numerous, scattered. Fruit linear-oblong. Pericarp -not considerably thickened. Seeds somewhat grooved on the inner -face. Calyx-teeth short. Petals yellow. Involucre and involucels of -many bracts. Leaves with broad segments.--Species 1. North Africa. -(_Brignolia_ Bertol.) =Kundmannia= Scop. - -Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, more rarely accompanied by a -second in each furrow or one under each rib. Petals white or reddish. 71 - -71. Seeds flat on the inner face. Calyx toothed. Petals broad-cordate. -Disc depressed. (See 66.) =Seseli= L. - -Seeds grooved on the inner face. Fruit oblong, hairy. Disc conical. -Involucre present. Leaves thrice dissected. 72 - -72. Oil-channels in the furrows and under the ribs of the fruit. Seeds -with a keel in the middle of the groove on the inner face. Calyx -toothed.--Species 4. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Athamanta= L. - -Oil-channels only in the furrows. Calyx not toothed. Rays of the umbels -thickened.--Species 2. East Africa. =Diplolophium= Turcz. - -73. (57.) Leaves undivided, entire, rarely (_Heteromorpha_) toothed to -dissected, and then some ribs of the fruit wing-like. 74 - -Leaves, at least some of them, toothed to dissected. Ribs of the fruit -filiform, rarely keeled but not wing-like. 77 - -74. Flowers in heads. Calyx toothed. Petals greenish-white. Carpophore -none; mericarps closely cohering. Ribs thickened, corky. Oil-channels -solitary in each furrow, faint or obscure.--Species 2. North-west -Africa. =Hohenackeria= Fisch. & Mey. - -Flowers in compound umbels. Petals yellow or yellowish-green. -Carpophore free. 75 - -75. Calyx toothed. Mericarps unequal, one 2-winged, the other 3-winged. -Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Shrubs or trees.--Species 3. -Central and South Africa. (_Franchetella_ O. Ktze.). =Heteromorpha= -Cham. et Schlechtd. - -Calyx not toothed. Mericarps and ribs equal. 76 - -76. Petals much inflexed and 2-lobed at the tip. Disc conical, crenate. -Fruit oblong, with thick and very prominent ribs. Oil-channels solitary -in each furrow. Undershrubs. Leaves stalked, cordate-orbicular, -leathery. Umbels of few rays, involucrate.--Species 1. Island of -Socotra. =Nirarathamnus= Balf. - -Petals rolled in and entire or slightly notched at the tip. Disc flat, -entire. Leaves usually sessile. (See 26.) =Bupleurum= Tourn. - -77. Oil-channels solitary under each rib, none in the furrows. Calyx -toothed. Petals white, with a long inflexed point. Involucre and -involucels of many bracts.--Species 7. South Africa. =Lichtensteinia= -Cham. & Schlechtd. - -Oil-channels in the furrows, sometimes also under the ribs. 78 - -78. Fruit linear or oblong, at least twice as long as broad. Ribs -slender. Petals white or reddish. 79 - -Fruit ovoid, globose, or biglobose. 83 - -79. Fruit linear or linear-oblong. Oil-channels solitary in the -furrows. Disc broadened at the base, with a wavy margin. Calyx-teeth -distinctly developed. Petals white, 3-5-nerved, notched. Involucre -and involucels present.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. -=Falcaria= Host. - -Fruit oblong. Calyx-teeth minute or wanting. 80 - -80. Mericarps with 5 ribs at the back and near the margin and 2 smaller -ones on the inner face. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows and -under the ribs, very narrow. Disc reduced to a swelling of the base -of the styles. Umbels panicled. Involucre wanting. Involucels of few -bracts.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). (_Lereschia_ Boiss., under -_Anthriscus_ L.) =Cryptotaenia= DC. - -Mericarps with 5 ribs only. Oil-channels only in the furrows. Disc -broadened at the base, with a wavy margin. Umbels terminal and lateral. -81 - -81. Involucre of many large dissected bracts. Petals unequally 2-lobed. -Oil-channels solitary in the furrows.--Species 5. North and Central -Africa. Used medicinally; one species has edible roots. =Ammi= L. - -Involucre of usually few entire bracts or wanting. Petals equally -notched. 82 - -82. Root-stock tuberous. Oil-channels 1-3 in each furrow. Embryo with -a single cotyledon.--Species 6. North Africa. The tubers are edible. -(Including _Diaphycarpus_ Calestani, partly under _Carum_ L.) =Bunium= -L. - -Root-stock not tuberous. Oil-channels solitary in each furrow. Embryo -with 2 cotyledons.--Species 7. North Africa, Abyssinia, Madagascar, -and South Africa; one species (_C. Carvi_ L., caraway) also cultivated -elsewhere. The fruits of this species are used as a condiment and -for preparing an aromatic oil; eaten in large quantities they are -poisonous. Other species yield edible roots or medicaments. (Including -_Selinopsis_ Coss. et Dur., partly under _Bunium_ L.) =Carum= L. - -83. Oil-channels numerous, narrow. Ribs filiform. Herbs or undershrubs. -Leaves dissected or the lower lobed. 84 - -Oil-channels solitary in each furrow, rarely (_Rhyticarpus_) 3, large, -but then shrubs and upper leaves undivided. 85 - -84. Calyx toothed. Petals white. Involucre and involucels large, -persistent.--Species 7. Central and South Africa and Egypt. Some are -used as vegetables. (Including _Berula_ Koch) =Sium= L. - -Calyx not toothed. Involucre and involucels usually wanting.--Species -25. The fruits of _P. anisum_ L., anise, serve as a condiment; other -species are used in medicine. (Including _Reutera_ Boiss.) =Pimpinella= -L. - -85. Pericarp densely bristly or warty. Ribs filiform. 86 - -Pericarp smooth or wrinkled, not hairy. 87 - -86. Calyx toothed. Petals deeply notched, white. Fruit tubercled upon -the ribs, not hairy. Herbs. Leaves twice or thrice pinnately dissected -with very narrow segments.--Species 7. South and North Africa and -Island of Socotra; one species also naturalized in the Mascarene -Islands. Some species yield condiments. (_Tragiopsis_ Pomel, under -_Carum_ L. or _Ptychotis_ L.) =Trachypermum= Link - -Calyx entire. Petals not notched, white or greenish. Undershrubs. -Radical leaves once or twice pinnately dissected, cauline reduced to -the sheath. Umbels of few rays.--Species 10. North and South Africa. -(_Deverra_ DC.) =Pituranthos= Viv. - -87. Carpophore entire or shortly cleft at the top. Ribs very -prominent. Oil-channels large. Calyx not or obscurely toothed. Petals -greenish-white, straight or shortly inflexed at the tip. Involucre of -1-3 bracts or wanting.--Species 7. One of them (_A. graveolens_ L., -celery) is used as a pot-herb, as a salad, or in medicine. (Including -_Helosciadium_ Koch). =Apium= L. - -Carpophore split down to the middle or beyond. 88 - -88. Oil-channels extending down to the middle of the fruit and -ending there in a club-shaped swelling. Calyx entire. Petals white, -broadly inflexed and deeply notched at the tip. Leaves with broad -segments.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Sison= L. - -Oil-channels extending down to the base of the fruit. Calyx toothed, -more rarely entire, but then petals yellow and not notched. 89 - -89. Calyx not or obscurely toothed. Petals yellow, yellowish-green, or -somewhat reddish, much inflexed at the tip. 90 - -Calyx distinctly toothed. 91 - -90. Ribs of the fruit prominent, filiform. Oil-channels broad. -Leaves 2-3 times pinnately dissected.--Species 2. North Africa; also -naturalized in tropical and South Africa. One species (_P. sativum_ -Hoffm., parsley) is used as a pot-herb. (Under _Apium_ L. or _Carum_ -L.). =Petroselinum= Hoffm. - -Ribs of the fruit scarcely prominent or indistinct. Oil-channels -narrow. Leaves 4-times pinnately dissected.--Species 1. North Africa -and Abyssinia. (Under _Carum_ L.) =Ridolfia= Moris. - -91. Ribs of the fruit very prominent. Oil-channels narrow. -Petals shortly inflexed at the tip, white or greenish. Umbels -involucrate.--Species 3. South Africa, St. Helena, and Canary Islands. -One species is used for preparing an intoxicating drink. (_Glia_ Sond., -under _Lichtensteinia_ Cham. & Schlechtd.) =Ruthea= Bolle - -Ribs of the fruit slightly prominent. Petals much inflexed at the tip, -rarely shortly inflexed, but then red. 92 - -92. Mericarp with 9 faint ribs. Petals dark-red, oblong, shortly -inflexed at the tip.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Anisopoda= Bak. - -Mericarps with 5 filiform ribs. Petals white or yellow, much inflexed -at the tip. 93 - -93. Petals white, notched, the terminal point proceeding from -a transverse fold beneath the notch. Herbs. Umbels without an -involucre.--Species 4. North and South Africa. (Under _Carum_ L., -_Petroselinum_ Hoffm., or _Seseli_ L.) =Ptychotis= Koch - -Petals yellow, entire. Undershrubs or shrubs.--Species 3. South Africa -(Cape Colony). =Rhyticarpus= Sond. - - -FAMILY 187. CORNACEAE - -Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers regular. -Calyx entire or toothed. Petals 4-5, free or cohering at the base. -Stamens as many as the petals. Ovary inferior, 2-4-celled, with 1 -pendulous ovule in each cell. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous; embryo -long.--Genera 4, species 6. Tropical and South Africa. - -1. Ovary 4-celled. Micropyle turned outwards. Style simple; stigma -4-parted. Anthers oval. Petals broad. Flowers 4-merous, hermaphrodite, -in cymose panicles. Leaves opposite, toothed.--Species 1. South Africa. -Yields timber. [Subfamily =CURTISIOIDEAE=.] =Curtisia= Ait. - -Ovary 2-3-celled. Micropyle turned inwards. Style and stigma simple, or -styles 2-3. Flowers 4-merous, but unisexual, or 5-merous. [Subfamily -=CORNOIDEAE=.] 2 - -2. Petals imbricate in bud. Filaments short, thread-shaped. -Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous, in racemes sometimes arranged in -panicles.--Species 3. Madagascar. [Tribe GRISELINIEAE.] =Melanophylla= -Bak. - -Petals valvate in bud. Flowers unisexual, 4-merous. [Tribe CORNEAE.] 3 - -3. Style simple. Filaments thread-shaped. Anthers ovate. Petals ovate. -Fruit with a 2-celled stone. Flowers in umbel-like cymes. Leaves -opposite.--Species 1. Equatorial East Africa (Kilimandjaro). =Cornus= L. - -Styles or sessile stigmas 2. Filaments very short, rather thick. -Anthers oblong. Petals oblong. Fruit with two 1-celled stones. Flowers -in panicles. Leaves alternate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Kaliphora= -Hook. fil. - - -SUBCLASS METACHLAMYDEAE - -(SYMPETALAE) - - -ORDER ERICALES - - -FAMILY 188. CLETHRACEAE - -Low trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers in terminal racemes or -panicles, without bracteoles, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-parted, -imbricate in bud, persistent. Petals 5, free, hypogynous, deciduous. -Stamens 10, hypogynous. Anthers turned inwards, shortly beaked at the -base, opening by - -[Illustration: UMBELLIFERAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 119._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Annesorrhiza capensis Cham. & Schlechtd. - -_A_ Leaf. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Petal. _E_ -Group of fruits. _F_ Fruit. _G_ Cross-section of a mericarp.] - -[Illustration: ERICACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 120._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Philippia Chamissonis Klotzsch - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Anther. _D_ -Fruit. _E_ Fruit cut across. _F_ Seed.] two short slits at the -top; pollen-grains separate. Disc none. Ovary superior, 3-celled. -Ovules numerous, axile, inverted. Style 3-cleft at the top. Fruit a -loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a lax testa, a fleshy albumen, and a -short embryo. (Under _ERICACEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 1. Island of Madeira. Yields wood especially used for -making walking-sticks, and serves as an ornamental plant. =Clethra= L. - - -FAMILY 189. ERICACEAE - -Undershrubs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves undivided, usually narrow. -Flowers solitary or in umbels, racemes or panicles, regular or nearly -so, hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-5-cleft or-parted, persistent. Petals united -below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens 3-15, usually -twice as many as the petals, free from the corolla or almost so, rarely -(_Ficalhoa_) distinctly inserted on the corolla-tube. Anthers turned -inwards, usually opening towards the top; pollen-grains united in -groups of four. Disc more or less distinctly developed. Ovary usually -superior, 1-5-celled. Ovules axile or solitary, inverted or almost so. -Style simple. Seeds with copious albumen.--Genera 17, species 720. -(Including _VACCINIACEAE_.) (Plate 120.) - -1. Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx-tube. Corolla deciduous. -Stamens 8-10. Fruit a many-seeded berry.--Species 8. Azores, Madeira, -East Africa to Transvaal, and Madagascar. Some have edible fruits. -[Subfamily =VACCINIOIDEAE=, tribe VACCINIEAE.] =Vaccinium= L. - -Ovary superior, free from the calyx, but sometimes (Salaxis) adnate to -the corolla-tube at the base. 2 - -2. Flowers 5-merous, rarely 6-merous. Corolla deciduous. Stamens -10-15 inserted at the base of the corolla. Ovules numerous in each -ovary-cell. Fruit a capsule without a persistent central column, or a -berry. Trees or tall shrubs. Leaves alternate or subopposite, oblong or -lanceolate. Flowers in racemes or panicles. [Subfamily =ARBUTOIDEAE=.] 3 - -Flowers 4-merous, rarely 2-3-merous, very rarely (_Erica_) 5-merous, -but then low shrubs with fascicled flowers. Corolla usually persistent. -Stamens 3-8, rarely 10-12. Fruit a capsule, usually with a persistent -central column, or an achene. Undershrubs or mostly low shrubs, very -rarely trees. 5 - -3. Anthers attached below the apex, provided with two spur-like -appendages. Filaments broadened at the base. Disc distinctly developed. -Ovules axile. Fruit a mealy berry with a warty skin.--Species 2. North -Africa. They yield tanning materials, medicaments, and edible fruits, -and serve as ornamental plants. “Strawberry-tree.” [Tribe ARBUTEAE.] -=Arbutus= L. - -Anthers attached above the base, without appendages. Disc indistinct. -Ovules subbasal. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. [Tribe ANDROMEDEAE.] 4 - -4. Corolla shortly urn-shaped, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 15, in groups of -three, inserted in the corolla-tube. Filaments glabrous. Stigma finally -5-parted. Seeds ovoid. Trees. Leaves serrate.--Species 1. Southern West -Africa (Angola). =Ficalhoa= Hiern - -Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped, 5-6-toothed. Stamens 10-12, inserted -singly at the base of the corolla-tube. Filaments hairy. Stigma entire. -Seeds oblong. Leaves entire.--Species 7. Tropics. Some of them are -poisonous or yield wood and medicaments. =Agauria= DC. - -5. Fruit dehiscing septicidally, many-seeded. Corolla shortly toothed, -deciduous. Stamens 8. Anthers longer than the filaments, without -appendages, opening by terminal pores. Ovary-cells many-ovuled. -Small shrubs. Leaves alternate, elliptical. Flowers in terminal -racemes.--Species 1. Azores. Used as an ornamental plant. [Subfamily -=RHODODENDROIDEAE=, tribe PHYLLODOCEAE.] =Daboecia= Don - -Fruit dehiscing loculicidally or indehiscent, rarely septicidal, but -then few-seeded and enveloped by the persistent corolla. Corolla -usually persistent after the time of flowering. Leaves usually whorled -and linear. [Subfamily =ERICOIDEAE=.] 6 - -6. Ovary with a single ovule in each cell, rarely with several ovules, -but then 1-2-celled. [Tribe SALAXIDEAE.] 7 - -Ovary with 2 or more ovules in each of its 3-8 cells. [Tribe ERICEAE.] -12 - -7. Stigma large, cupular or discoid. Bracteoles rudimentary or wanting. -Corolla-lobes 4. 8 - -Stigma small, capitate or truncate. Bracts and bracteoles usually 3. 10 - -8. Style short, included in the corolla-tube. Stamens 6-8. Calyx -unequally 4-cleft or 4-parted.--Species 15. South Africa. (Including -_Coccosperma_ Klotzsch, _Lagenocarpus_ Klotzsch, and _Lepterica_ N. E. -Brown). =Salaxis= Salisb. - -Style long, exserted. Stamens 3-5. Calyx 3-4-toothed or-cleft. 9 - -9. Anthers much exserted. Calyx 4-toothed. Bract 1.--Species 1. South -Africa. (Under _Syndesmanthus_ Klotzsch). =Codonostigma= Klotzsch - -Anthers included or slightly exserted. Bracts none.--Species 20. South -Africa. (Including _Coilostigma_ Klotzsch). =Scyphogyne= Brongn. - -10. Corolla 2-lobed. Calyx 2-lobed or 4-toothed. Stamens 4.--Species 9. -South Africa. (Including _Aniserica_ N. E. Brown) =Sympieza= Lichtenst. - -Corolla 4-lobed. Calyx 4-toothed to 4-parted. 11 - -11. Calyx shortly toothed, usually thickened. Stamens 3-4. Ovary -1-2-celled.--Species 50. South Africa. (Including _Anomalanthus_ -Klotzsch and _Syndesmanthus_ Klotzsch). =Simochilus= Hook. & Benth. - -Calyx divided to the middle or beyond. Stamens 4-8.--Species 40. South -Africa. (Including _Acrostemon_ Klotzsch, _Eremiopsis_ N. E. Brown, -_Grisebachia_ Klotzsch, _Hexastemon_ Klotzsch, _Platycalyx_ N. E. -Brown, _Thamnus_ Klotzsch, and _Thoracosperma_ Klotzsch). =Eremia= Don - -12. (6.) Stamens 4. Fruit few-seeded, loculicidal. 13 - -Stamens 8, very rarely 6, 7, 10, or 12. 14 - -13. Calyx-lobes unequal, one of them somewhat larger than the others. -Disc distinctly developed. Bracts and bracteoles none.--Species 6. -Tropical and South Africa. =Ericinella= Klotzsch - -Calyx-lobes equal. Disc rudimentary. Bracts and bracteoles 3.--Species -30. Tropical and South Africa. =Blaeria= L. - -14. Flowers with 4 bracts and bracteoles. Calyx corolla-like, 4-parted -nearly to the base, slightly exceeding the deeply 4-cleft corolla. -Anthers spurred, opening by longitudinal slits. Fruit dehiscing -septicidally, few-seeded.--Species 1 (_C. vulgaris_ Salisb., ling). -North-west Africa (Morocco and Azores). Yields tanning and dyeing -materials, medicaments, and food for bees. =Calluna= Salisb. - -Flowers with 1-3 bracts and bracteoles or without any. Fruit dehiscing -loculicidally, usually many-seeded. 15 - -15. Calyx-lobes unequal, the lowest larger than the others. Bracts -and bracteoles none. Disc rudimentary. Stigma broad. Flowers -terminal.--Species 45. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used -medicinally. (Plate 120.) =Philippia= Klotzsch - -Calyx-lobes equal. Bracts and bracteoles nearly always present. Disc -usually distinctly developed. 16 - -16. Calyx much longer than the corolla, two of the segments including -the other two. Anthers opening by loculicidal slits.--Species 1. South -Africa (Cape Colony). (Under _Erica_ L.) =Macnabia= Benth. - -Calyx not much longer, usually shorter than the corolla.--Species -480. South Africa, East Africa to Comoro Islands, and North Africa. -Many species are used as ornamental plants, some yield wood or dyes. -(Including _Pentapera_ Klotzsch). “Heath.” =Erica= L. - - -ORDER PRIMULALES - - -FAMILY 190. MYRSINACEAE - -Trees or shrubs, rarely (_Afrardisia_) herbs. Leaves alternate, -undivided, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers in racemes, -panicles, umbels or heads, regular, 4-5-, very rarely 6-7-merous. -Petals white or red, rarely yellow or green, usually united below. -Stamens as many as the petals, opposite to them, inserted on the -corolla. Anthers opening inwards, more rarely near the apex. Ovary -superior, rarely (_Maesa_) half-inferior, 1-celled, with a free -central, usually globular placenta. Ovules several or many, inverted or -half-inverted. Style simple or wanting; stigma entire or lobed. Fruit -a berry, a drupe, or a nut. Seeds with copious albumen. Embryo with a -long radicle and small cotyledons.--Genera 10, species 130. (Plate 121.) - -1. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Ovules seated upon the surface -of the placenta. Fruit several-seeded. Petals united below, white. -Stigma broadened. Shrubs. Flowers in racemes or panicles.--Species 10. -Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Plate 121.) -[Subfamily =MAESOIDEAE=.] =Maesa= Forsk. - -Ovary superior. Ovules sunk into the placenta. Fruit one-seeded. -[Subfamily =MYRSINOIDEAE=.] 2 - -2. Ovules in several rows. Petals free, pink. Flowers hermaphrodite, -5-merous, in short racemes. Stigma punctiform. Filaments long.--Species -1. Madeira and Canary Islands. (Under _Ardisia_ Swartz or _Myrsine_ L.) -[Tribe ARDISIEAE.] =Heberdenia= Banks - -Ovules in a single row. Petals united below, more rarely free, but then -flowers dioecious and stigma peltate. [Tribe MYRSINEAE.] 3 - -3. Ovules numerous, about ten. Anthers opening by a single pore -at the apex. Sepals unequal-sided. Petals united below. Filaments -short. Stigma punctiform. Trees. Flowers in panicles, dioecious, -5-merous.--Species 6. Madagascar. (Under _Ardisia_ Swartz). =Monoporus= -A. DC. - -Ovules few. Anthers opening by two slits or pores. 4. - -4. Stigma punctiform. Style thin. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-7-merous. -Petals united below. Filaments short, free or nearly so. 5 - -Stigma more or less dilated. Style thick. 6 - -5. Sepals and petals with imbricate, not contorted aestivation; -petals white, equal-sided. Trees or tall shrubs. Leaves entire. -Flowers sessile or nearly so, in heads or umbels arising from lateral -dwarf-shoots.--Species 1. Madeira and Canary Islands. (Under _Myrsine_ -L.) =Pleiomeris= A. DC. - -Sepals and petals with contorted aestivation; petals red, -unequal-sided. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Flowers in axillary -umbels or racemes, 5-merous.--Species 10. West Africa. (Under _Ardisia_ -Swartz). =Afrardisia= Mez - -6. Petals free or nearly so. Filaments usually free. Flowers -unisexual.--Species 25. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are used -medicinally. (_Samara_ L., _Pattara_ Adans.) =Embelia= Burm. - -Petals obviously united below. 7 - -7. Filaments wanting. 8 - -Filaments distinctly developed, more or less united. Style present. 9 - -8. Style wanting. Flowers in umbels upon sometimes imperceptible -dwarf-shoots.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. (Under _Myrsine_ -L.) =Rapanea= Aubl. - -Style present. Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles.--Species 10. -Mascarene Islands and Madagascar. (Under _Ardisia_ Swartz or _Icacorea_ -Aubl.) =Badula= Juss. - -9. Flowers dioecious, in umbels arising from dwarf-shoots. Petals -imbricate in bud. Anthers free.--Species 2. Tropical and South Africa -and Azores. They yield timber and are used as ornamental, medicinal, or -fodder plants. =Myrsine= L. - -Flowers hermaphrodite, in axillary umbels, racemes or -panicles.--Species 55. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. -=Oncostemon= A. Juss. - -[Illustration: MYRSINACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 121._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Maesa lanceolata Forsk. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruiting branch. -_D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed. _F_ Seed cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: PRIMULACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 122._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Ardisiandra Sibthorpioides Hook. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Seed. _D_ Seed cut -lengthwise.] - - -FAMILY 191. PRIMULACEAE - -Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided or lobed, without stipules. -Flowers solitary or in umbels racemes or panicles, without bracteoles, -3-7-merous, hermaphrodite. Petals usually united below, with imbricate -or contorted aestivation. Fertile stamens as many as the petals and -opposite to them. Ovary usually superior, 1-celled, with a free central -placenta. Ovules several or many, half-inverted. Style simple; stigma -entire. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with ventral hilum; albumen fleshy; -embryo small, axile.--Genera 11, species 45. (Plate 122.) - -1. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Corolla white, 5-cleft, regular, -imbricate in bud, with 5 scales at the throat. Ovules numerous. Flowers -in terminal racemes or panicles. Leaves alternate.--Species 2. Used as -vegetables. [Tribe SAMOLEAE.] =Samolus= L. - -Ovary superior. 2 - -2. Corolla irregular, red. Calyx prickly. Ovules 5. Flowers in terminal -racemes. Leaves alternate, linear, prickly toothed.--Species 1. North -Africa. Used medicinally. [Tribe CORIDEAE.] =Coris= L. - -Corolla regular. Calyx not prickly. 3 - -3. Corolla-lobes bent back, with contorted aestivation, red or white. -Ovules numerous. Stem tuberous. Leaves radical, stalked, broad. Flowers -solitary, radical.--Species 4. North Africa. Used as ornamental or -medicinal plants; the tubers are poisonous. [Tribe CYCLAMINEAE.] -=Cyclamen= L. - -Corolla-lobes erect or spreading. Stem not tuberous. 4 - -4. Corolla with contorted aestivation. [Tribe LYSIMACHIEAE.] 5 - -Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. [Tribe ANDROSACEAE.] -9 - -5. Corolla smaller than the calyx. Flowers solitary in the axils of the -leaves. 6 - -Corolla larger than the calyx; petals united below. 8 - -6. Petals 3, free. Fruit 2-seeded, opening in 3 valves. Leaves -opposite.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Canary Islands. (Under -Asterolinum Link & Hoffmsg.) =Pelletiera= St. Hil. - -Petals 4-5, united below. Fruit many-seeded. 7 - -7. Corolla-tube short. Fruit opening by a lid. Leaves alternate, at -least the upper ones.--Species 1. North and East Africa. =Centuneulus= -L. - -Corolla-tube long. Fruit opening by 4-5 valves. Leaves -opposite.--Species 2. North and East Africa. =Asterolinum= Link & -Hoffmsg. - -8. Fruit opening by a lid. Corolla red or blue. Flowers solitary, -axillary.--Species 20. Some of them yield a fish-poison or medicaments, -or serve as ornamental plants. “Pimpernel.” =Anagallis= L. - -Fruit opening by valves. Corolla usually yellow or white.--Species -12. North, South, and East Africa and Madagascar. Some are used -as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Lubinia_ Vent.) -=Lysimachia= L. - -9. Stamens with an acuminate connective, inserted at the base of the -corolla. Corolla white, about as long as the calyx, bell-shaped, -deeply cleft, ciliate. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the axils -of the leaves. Leaves alternate, stalked, cordate, lobed. Stem -creeping.--Species 1. Mountains of Central Africa. (Plate 122.) -=Ardisiandra= Hook. - -Stamens with an obtuse connective, inserted in the tube of the corolla. -Flowers terminal, solitary or in umbels or whorls. Leaves radical. Stem -erect, sometimes very short. 10 - -10. Corolla smaller than the calyx, bell-shaped, with a short -tube, whitish or reddish. Flowers in umbels. Leaves elliptical, -subsessile.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Androsace= L. - -Corolla larger than the calyx, salver-shaped, with a long tube. Leaves -spatulate.--Species 2. North Africa and Abyssinia. Used as ornamental -or medicinal plants. “Primrose.” =Primula= L. - - -FAMILY 192. PLUMBAGINACEAE - -Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves undivided. Flowers in -spike-head or panicle-like inflorescences, regular or nearly so, -5-merous, hermaphrodite, bracteolate. Calyx with valvate or open -aestivation, usually folded. Petals more or less clearly united, with -contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite -to them. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, -suspended from the basal funicle, inverted, with superior micropyle. -Style or style-branches 5. Seeds with a straight embryo and mealy -albumen.--Genera 7, species 90. (Plate 123.) - -1. Styles united high up. Stamens generally free from the corolla. -Inflorescence usually simple; each flower with 2 bracteoles, which -usually bear no flowers in their axils. [Tribe PLUMBAGINEAE.] 2 - -Styles free or united at the base only. Stamens attached to the -corolla. Inflorescence composed of cymes; each flower with 1-2 -bracteoles, one of which bears a flower in its axil. [Tribe STATICEAE.] -4 - -2. Sepals glandular, evidently united below. Corolla salver-shaped. -Stamens free from the corolla. Undershrubs.--Species 9. Some of them -yield arrow-poison, tanning materials, or medicaments, or serve as -ornamental plants. =Plumbago= L. - -Sepals without glands, free or nearly so. Shrubs. 3 - -3. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Corolla -salver-shaped, pink or violet. Inflorescence capitate.--Species 2. -Abyssinia. =Ceratostigma= Bunge - -Stamens free from the corolla. Corolla funnel-shaped. Inflorescence -spicate-paniculate.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. (_Vogelia_ -Lam.) (Plate 123.) =Dyerophyton= O. Ktze. - -4. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Styles -united nearly halfway up. Corolla blue, with a long tube. -Undershrubs.--Species 3. North Africa. (_Bubania_ Gir.) =Limoniastrum= -Moench - -Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla. 5 - -[Illustration: PLUMBAGINACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 123._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Dyerophyton africanum (Lam.) O. Ktze. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Ovary cut -lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: SAPOTACEAE. - -_FLOW. Pl. AFR_ - -_Pl. 124._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Mimusops Kummel Bruce - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Petal, stamen, -and staminodes. _D_ Petal from outside. _E_ Anther from outside. _F_ -Cross-section of ovary.] - - -5. Stigmas capitate. Styles tubercled. Fruit opening by a lid. -Inflorescence paniculate. Herbs.--Species 1. North Africa. Yields -tanning and dyeing materials and medicaments, and serves as an -ornamental plant. =Goniolimon= Boiss. - -Stigmas cylindrical or filiform. 6 - -6. Styles hairy. Petals almost free. Fruit bursting all round at the -base. Inflorescence capitate. Leaves usually linear.--Species 10. North -Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Thrift.” -=Armeria= Willd. - -Styles glabrous. Fruit opening with a lid, or bursting irregularly, or -remaining closed. Inflorescence paniculate.--Species 60. North Africa, -northern Central Africa, and South Africa. Some species are used -for tanning or as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Limonium Boiss.) -=Statice= L. - - -ORDER EBENALES - - -SUBORDER SAPOTINEAE - - -FAMILY 193. SAPOTACEAE - -Trees, rarely shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers solitary or in clusters in -the leaf-axils or on the trunk. Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals united -below, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite to -them, or more. Anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary superior, completely -or almost completely 2-or more-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, -more or less curved, the micropyle turned downwards. Style simple. -Fruit a berry.--Genera 19, species 150. (Plate 124.) - -1. Petals with two sometimes laciniate or minute dorsal appendages, -rarely with one only. [Tribe MIMUSOPEAE.] 2 - -Petals without dorsal appendages. [Tribe PALAQUIEAE.] 4 - -2. Fertile stamens as many as the petals, 6; staminodes none. -Appendages of the petals small, toothed. Flowers hermaphrodite. -Seeds exalbuminous, affixed by a broad, lateral hilum.--Species 1. -Seychelles. =Northea= Hook. fil. - -Fertile stamens as many as the petals, 6-8, but alternating with as -many staminodes, or more. 3 - -3. Fertile stamens more than twice as many as the petals. Fruit -1-seeded.--Species 3. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Yielding timber. -=Labourdonnesia= Boj. - -Fertile stamens as many, rarely twice as many as the petals.--Species -60. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, tanning-bark, -a resin (balata) similar to guttapercha, edible fruits, fat-containing -seeds, fish-poison, and medicaments. (Including _Baillonella_ Pierre, -_Dumoria_ A. Chev., _Imbricaria_ Commers., _Labramia_ A. DC., and -_Tieghemella_ Pierre). (Plate 124.) =Mimusops= L. - -4. Fertile stamens as many as petals. [Subtribe SIDEROXYLINAE.] 5 - -Fertile stamens more than petals. 17 - -5. Staminodes none, rarely 1-4, small. 6 - -Staminodes 5 or more. 11 - -6. Filaments with a leaf-like appendage. Leaves crowded at the top of -the branches; stipules linear. Flowers in clusters springing from older -branches.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cryptogyne= Hook. fil. - -Filaments without a leaf-like appendage. 7 - -7. Anthers converging around the style, oblong. Filaments adnate to the -long corolla-tube at their base. Sepals free. Endocarp separating and -enveloping the 5 seeds. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs with long, reddish -brown, undivided hairs. Leaves lanceolate, with 2 pouch-shaped auricles -at the base of the blade; side-nerves numerous, somewhat distant, -connected by numerous transverse veins.--Species 1. Equatorial West -Africa (Gaboon). =Delpydora= Pierre - -Anthers not converging. Leaves not auricled. Hairs usually 2-parted. 8 - -8. Seeds albuminous. Primary side-nerves of the leaves usually -approximate.--Species 20. Central and South Africa. Some species yield -timber or edible fruits. =Chrysophyllum= L. - -Seeds exalbuminous, solitary. Stigma 5-lobed. Primary side-nerves of -the leaves somewhat distant. Trees. 9 - -9. Sepals free or nearly so. Tube of the corolla longer than the -segments. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Leaves oblong or ovate; -primary side-nerves straight and connected by numerous transverse -veins.--Species 6. Central Africa. They yield timber. =Malacantha= -Pierre - -Sepals obviously united at the base. Tube of the corolla as long as or -shorter than the segments. Anthers opening outwards. Leaves lanceolate -or elliptical; primary side-nerves arched, connected by a network of -veins. 10 - -10. Corolla-tube as long as the segments. Ovules attached below the -middle.--Species 6. Central Africa. Some have edible fruits. (Under -_Sideroxylon_ L.) =Sersalisia= R. Br. - -Corolla-tube shorter than the segments. Ovules attached by the middle -or above it. Leaves lanceolate; stipules linear.--Species 4. Central -Africa. They yield timber, edible fruits, and oily seeds. =Pachystela= -Pierre - -11. (5.) Ovary 2-6-celled. 12 - -Ovary 8-12-celled. 16 - -12. Filaments much longer than the anthers. Staminodes linear. Style -long. Ovules attached above the middle. Corolla with a short tube and -narrow segments. Seed 1, with a very scanty albumen. Trees. Leaves -lanceolate, stipulate.--Species 4. West Africa. (Under _Sideroxylon_ -L.) =Bakerisideroxylon= Engl. - -Filaments about as long as or slightly longer than the anthers. Ovules -attached by the middle or below it. 13 - -13. Sepals united to above the middle. Anthers opening inwards. -Staminodes lanceolate or ovate. Styles very long, with a very small -stigma. Seeds exalbuminous. Trees. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 3. -Central Africa. (Including _Stironcurum_ Radlk.) =Synsepalum= A. DC. - -Sepals free or united at the base. Anthers opening outwards. 14 - -14. Staminodes awl-shaped. Ovary 2-4-celled. Seeds 2-4, connate, -albuminous. Spiny trees. Leaves lanceolate. Species 1. Morocco. Yields -timber (iron-wood) and oil. =Argania= Roem. & Schult. - -Staminodes more or less petal-like, or short and broad. Ovary usually -5-celled. Seeds separate or solitary. 15 - -15. Staminodes more or less petal-like. Seeds albuminous, with -leaf-like cotyledons.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa, Canary -Islands, and Madeira. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, or -medicaments. (Including _Calvaria_ Commers. and _Sapota_ A. DC.) -=Sideroxylon= L. - -Staminodes small, broad. Seeds exalbuminous, with thick cotyledons. -(See 10.) =Sersalisia= R. Br. - -16. Calyx 5-6-parted. Corolla 5-6-lobed. Ovary 10-12-celled. Ovules -attached by the base. Fruit 4-12-seeded. Seeds ovoid, compressed, -with a narrow hilum, albuminous. Flowers solitary.--Species 1 (_A. -Sapota_ L., sapodilla-plum). Cultivated in the tropics. Yields a -guttapercha-like resin, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under _Sapota_ -Plum.) =Achras= L. - -Calyx 8-10-parted. Corolla 8-10-cleft or-parted. Ovary 8-10-celled. -Ovules attached by the middle. Fruit 1-4-seeded. Seeds globular, -with a broad hilum, exalbuminous. Flowers in clusters, clothed with -rusty-brown hairs.--Species 1 (_B. Parkii_ Kotschy). Central Africa. -Yields timber, a guttapercha-like resin, edible fruits, and a fat -(shea-butter) from the seeds. (_Bassia_ L.) =Butyrospermum= Kotschy - -17. (4.) Sepals 5, unequal, spirally arranged. Fertile stamens 15, -20, or more; Staminodes 5 or more. Ovary 9-30-celled. Style cone-or -club-shaped. [Subtribe OMPHALOCARPINAE.] 18 - -Sepals 4 or 6, nearly equal, whorled. Stamens 12 or 16, all fertile. -Anthers opening outwards. Style awl-shaped. [Subtribe ILLIPINAE.] 19 - -18. Stamens 15, united in 5 bundles. Anthers opening outwards. Ovary -10-celled. Style club-shaped. Petals 5, white. Sepals red. Flowers -solitary or few together in the axils of the lower, sometimes -fallen leaves.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). -=Tridesmostemon= Engl. - -Stamens 20 or more, free. Anthers opening inwards. Style cone-shaped, -Flowers springing from the old wood.--Species 13. West Africa. They -yield timber and a sort of guttapercha. =Omphalocarpum= Beauv. - -19. Sepals 4. Petals 8. Stamens 16. Ovary 10-12-celled. Seeds -albuminous.--Species 1. Cultivated in the tropics. Yields guttapercha. -=Payena= A. DC. - -Sepals 6. Petals 6. Stamens 12. Ovary 6-celled. Seeds -exalbuminous.--Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. Yielding -guttapercha. =Palaquium= Blanco - - -SUBORDER DIOSPYRINEAE - - -FAMILY 194. HOPLESTIGMATACEAE - -Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in -terminal panicles. Calyx closed in the bud, subsequently cleft into 2-4 -lobes. Corolla with a short tube and 11-14 imbricate segments. Stamens -23-34, inserted in the tube of the corolla. Anthers opening lengthwise. -Ovary 1-celled with 2 much projecting placentas. Ovules 4, pendulous -inverted. Styles 2, united at the base, with roundish stigmas. Fruit -a drupe with 2 empty cavities. Seeds with a large embryo and scanty -albumen. (Under _FLACOURTIACEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Hoplestigma= Pierre - - -FAMILY 195. EBENACEAE - -Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire, without stipules. Flowers solitary -or in cymes in the leaf-axils, regular. Petals united below, with -contorted, rarely valvate aestivation. Stamens as many as the -petals and opposite to them, or more numerous, inserted at the base -of the corolla-tube. Filaments free or united in bundles. Anthers -basifixed, 2-celled. Ovary superior, sessile, 2-16-celled. Ovules -1-2 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Styles 2-8, free or united at -the base. Seeds with a copious, cartilaginous albumen and an axile -embryo.--Genera 6, species 150. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 125.) - -1. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stamens about 30. Flowers -4-merous, dioecious, the male in cymes, the female solitary.--Species -1. Madagascar. =Tetraclis= Hiern - -Corolla with contorted aestivation. 2 - -2. Stamens 2-3, with hairy filaments and linear anthers. Corolla -3-4-lobed. Flowers dioecious. Fruit oblong or ovoid. Leaves oblique at -the base.--Species 1. West Africa. =Rhaphidanthe= Hiern - -Stamens 4 or more, very rarely 3, but then filaments glabrous and -anthers oblong or lanceolate. 3 - -3. Stamens in a single row, 4-14, usually 10. Flowers usually -hermaphrodite, 5-, rarely 4-, 6-, or 7-merous. Ovary 4-10-celled with 1 -ovule in each cell. Pericarp leathery.--Species 20. South and Central -Africa. Some species yield timber. =Royena= L. - -Stamens in 2 or more rows, very rarely in a single row, but then only -3. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous. Pericarp usually fleshy. 4 - -4. Ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules, or 6-celled with 1 ovule in each -cell; in the latter case female flowers with staminodes. Flowers -3-merous, more rarely 4-6-merous. Stamens usually 9, glabrous. Leaves -alternate.--Species 20. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species -yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Plate 125.) =Maba= Forst. - -Ovary 4-or 8-16-celled, rarely 2-or 6-celled; in the latter case -female flowers without staminodes. Flowers 4-7-, very rarely 3-merous. -Stamens usually 12-20. 5 - -[Illustration: EBENACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 125._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Maba buxifolia (Rottb.) Pers. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Female flower -cut lengthwise. _D_ Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Fruit. _F_ Seed.] - -[Illustration: OLEACEAE - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 126._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Schrebera alata Welw. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Group of fruits. -_D_ Fruit cut lengthwise. _E_ Fruit cut across.] - - -5. Staminodes usually absent in the female flowers. Ovary 2-celled with -2 ovules, or 4-6-celled with one ovule in each cell. Calyx not enlarged -after flowering. Fruit fleshy. Stamens 10-30.--Species 35. Central and -South Africa. Some species yield timber or edible fruits. =Euclea= L. - -Staminodes usually present in the female flowers. Ovary 4-16-, -usually 8-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Calyx most frequently -enlarged after flowering. Stamens usually 16.--Species 75. Tropical -and South-east Africa. They yield timber (ebony), tanning and dyeing -materials, mucilage, edible fruits (date-plums), fish-poison, and -medicaments. (Including _Thespesocarpus_ Pierre). =Diospyros= Dalech. - - -FAMILY 196. STYRACACEAE - -Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers -solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils, clothed with stellate hairs, -hermaphrodite. Calyx closed in the bud, splitting subsequently into -2 or 3 segments. Petals 5, free, fleshy, whitish-yellow. Stamens 10, -free. Anthers basifixed, pointed, opening by 2 longitudinal slits. -Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules 6, basal, inverted. Style simple. -Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seed 1, with a crusty-woody testa and a -copious, horny albumen. Embryo axile, large, straight, with a short -radicle and thin cotyledons. - -Genus 1, species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Afrostyrax= -Perkins & Gilg - - -ORDER CONTORTAE - - -SUBORDER OLEINEAE - - -FAMILY 197. OLEACEAE - -Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. Leaves exstipulate, usually -opposite. Flowers regular. Stamens 2, alternating with the carpels, -rarely 3-4, inserted on the corolla, if the latter is present. Disc -none. Ovary superior, rarely (_Fraxinus_) naked, 2-celled, rarely -3-4-celled. Ovules 1-4, usually 2, in each cell, inverted. Style -simple; stigmas 1-2. Seeds with a straight embryo.--Genera 11, species -120. (Including _JASMINEAE_.) (Plate 126.) - -1. Seeds erect or ascending, the radicle turned downwards. Fruit -2-parted, but sometimes one half only developed. Corolla conspicuous, -white or yellow, with 5-6, more rarely 7-12 or 4 imbricate segments; -in the latter case anthers opening inside. Shrubs or undershrubs. -[Subfamily =JASMINOIDEAE=, tribe JASMINEAE.] 2 - -Seeds pendulous or descending, the radicle turned upwards. Fruit not -2-parted. Petals 4 or 0, rarely 5-8; in this case petals valvate in bud -or stem tree-like. Anthers opening laterally, very rarely inside, but -then petals valvate in bud. [Subfamily =OLEOIDEAE=.] 3 - -2. Fruit a capsule. Sepals linear. Corolla bell-or wheel-shaped, with -a short tube and 5-6 segments. Anthers opening laterally. Ovules -2-4 in each ovary-cell. Undershrubs. Leaves simple, undivided or -pinnatifid.--Species 3. South Africa. =Menodora= Humb. & Bonpl. - -Fruit a berry. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers opening inside. Shrubs. -Leaves compound, with 1-7 leaflets.--Species 60. Some of them are -used in perfumery and medicine or as ornamental plants (jessamine). -=Jasminum= L. - -3. Fruit a linear or lanceolate winged nut. Seeds with fleshy albumen. -Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Corolla absent. Flowers unisexual or -polygamous. Leaves pinnate. Trees.--Species 4. North-west Africa. They -yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments. “Ash.” -[Tribe FRAXINEAE.] =Fraxinus= L. - -Fruit a capsule, a berry, or a drupe. Corolla present. 4 - -4. Fruit a capsule. Albumen very scanty or absent. Ovules 4 in each -ovary-cell. Corolla with a long tube and 4-8 imbricate lobes. Flowers -in panicles. Trees.--Species 15. Central and South Africa. (_Nathusia_ -Hochst.) (Plate 126.) [Tribe SYRINGEAE.] =Schrebera= Roxb. - -Fruit a berry or a drupe. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Corolla with -a short tube or without a tube, and with valvate, rarely imbricate -segments; in the latter case shrubs with spicate or racemose flowers. -Leaves undivided. [Tribe OLEINEAE.] 5 - -5. Petals free or united in pairs, with valvate aestivation. 6 - -Petals all united at the base. 7 - -6. Flowers in axillary and terminal simple racemes. Embryo with a -long radicle.--Species 1. Canary Islands and Madeira. Yields timber. -(_Picconia_ DC.) =Notelaea= Vent. - -Flowers in axillary or terminal compound racemes. Embryo with a short -radicle.--Species 10. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species -yield timber. (_Mayepea_ Aubl.) =Linociera= Swartz - -7. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Flowers in axillary simple -spikes or racemes. Shrubs.--Species 4. North Africa. They yield timber -and medicaments, and serve also as ornamental plants. =Phillyrea= L. - -Corolla with induplicate-valvate aestivation. 8 - -8. Corolla globular. Seeds exalbuminous, with thick cotyledons. Flowers -in axillary and terminal simple racemes, more rarely solitary or in -clusters. Trees. Species 6. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Some have edible -fruits. =Noronhia= Stadtmann - -Corolla not globular. Seeds with a fleshy albumen and flat cotyledons. -Flowers in compound racemes or in clusters. 9 - -9. Corolla-tube very short; segments narrow, bent inwards at the -margins. Sepals free or nearly so. Anthers opening outwards. Flowers in -clusters. Low trees.--Species 1. Southern Central Africa. =Dekindtia= -Gilg - -Corolla-tube not very short. Sepals united high up. Anthers opening -inwards or laterally. Flowers in compound racemes. 10 - -10. Fruit a berry with a membranous or crustaceous endocarp, 2 cells, -and 2-4 seeds. Inflorescences terminal. Shrubs. Species 1. Naturalized -in North Africa. Serves as an ornamental or hedge plant; also the wood -is used; the berries are poisonous. “Privet.” =Ligustrum= L. - -Fruit a drupe with a bony, woody, or crustaceous endocarp and 1, rarely -2 seeds. Inflorescences usually axillary.--Species 15. Some of them, -especially the olive (_O. europaea_ L.), yield timber, edible fruits, -oil, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. =Olea= L. - - -SUBORDER GENTIANINEAE - - -FAMILY 198. LOGANIACEAE - -Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire, -rarely toothed or lobed; stipules well developed or reduced to a -transverse ridge or line connecting the leaf-stalks. Calyx-lobes 4-5. -Petals 4-16, united below. Stamens as many as or fewer than the petals, -inserted on the corolla. Ovary superior, completely or incompletely 2-, -rarely 4-celled, with 2 or more inverted ovules in each cell. Style -simple or 4-cleft. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 14, species 240. Tropical -and South Africa. (Plate 127.) - -1. Glandular hairs present. Corolla-lobes 4, imbricate in bud. Stamens -4. Style simple. [Subfamily =BUDDLEIOIDEAE=.] 2 - -Glandular hairs absent. [Subfamily =LOGANIOIDEAE=.] 8 - -2. Anther-halves cohering above, divergent below. Anthers projecting -beyond the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted at the throat of the -corolla. Style long; stigma small. Ovary incompletely 2-celled. Fruit a -capsule. Flowers in terminal panicles. Stipules reduced to a transverse -line. Capitate tips of the glandular hairs consisting of several -cells.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield -timber. (Plate 127.) =Nuxia= Lam. - -Anther-halves separate. Style short with a thick stigma, rarely rather -long, but then flowers in racemes. Capitate tips of the glandular hairs -consisting of 2 cells. 3 - -3. Anthers distinctly projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Filaments -inserted at the base of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a -capsule. Flowers in many-flowered, terminal panicles. Stipules reduced -to a transverse line. Trees.--Species 4. South Africa and Madagascar. -=Chilianthus= Burch. - -Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube or scarcely projecting. 4 - -4. Style long. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. Flowers in terminal -simple racemes. Stipules reduced to a transverse line. Shrubs.--Species -2. South Africa and southern Central Africa. =Gomphostigma= Turcz. - -Style short. Flowers in capitate, racemose, or panicled inflorescences -composed of cymes. 5 - -5. Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Corolla salver-shaped. -Fruit a globular drupe. Flowers in terminal panicles. Stipules reduced -to a transverse line.--Species 2. Madagascar. (Under _Buddleia_ L.) -=Adenoplea= Radlk. - -Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. 6 - -6. Fruit a globular drupe. Seeds with a small embryo. Ovary completely -2-celled. Corolla salver-shaped. Inflorescences lateral, racemiform. -Leaves toothed, with foliaceous stipules.--Species 2. Madagascar. -=Adenoplusia= Radlk. - -Fruit an oblong berry or an oblong or ovate capsule. 7 - -7. Fruit a berry. Seeds with a comparatively large embryo. Ovary -incompletely 2-celled. Corolla salver-shaped. Inflorescences capitate. -Shrubs.--Species 7. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. -=Nicodemia= Ten. - -Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a small embryo.--Species 18. Tropical and -South Africa. Some species yield timber, dye-stuffs, a substitute for -soap, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. =Buddleia= L. - -8. (1.) Style 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. -Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4-5. Fruit -a capsule. Leaves entire. Stipules triangular or united into a sheath. -[Tribe GELSEMIEAE.] 9 - -Style simple. Ovules with several or many ovules in each cell, rarely -with 2, but then corolla valvate in bud. 10 - -9. Flowers in few-flowered cymes enclosed by two large involucral -bracts united at the base. Stamens unequal in length.--Species 6. -Central Africa. (Under _Mostuea_ Didr.) =Coinochlamys= Anders. - -Flowers without an involucre.--Species 25. Tropics. =Mostuea= Didr. - -10. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation; segments 5-16. -Stamens the same in number. 11 - -Corolla with valvate aestivation; segments 4-5. Stamens the same in -number or fewer. Stipules reduced to a transverse line. Inflorescences -terminal and lateral. 12 - -11. Calyx with 4, corolla with 10-16 segments. Anthers long and -narrow. Disc present. Ovary 4-celled below, 2-celled above. Fruit -a berry. Inflorescences terminal.--Species 20. Tropical and South -Africa. Some species have edible fruits or are used in medicine. [Tribe -FRAGRAEEAE.]. =Anthocleista= Afz. - -Calyx and corolla with 5 segments each. Anthers short. Ovary 2-celled. -Fruit a capsule. Inflorescences lateral.--Species 10 Madagascar and -Mascarenes. Some species yield timber. [Tribe LOGANIEAE.] =Geniostoma= -Forst. - -12. Calyx-segments very unequal, one of them much larger than the -others and petal-like. Corolla salver-shaped, 4-lobed. Stamen 1. Ovary -2-celled with numerous ovules. Fruit a capsule. Seeds winged. Climbing -shrubs.--Species 1. West Africa. [Tribe ANTONIEAE.] =Usteria= Willd. - -Calyx-segments nearly equal. Stamens 4-5. 13 - -13. Corolla tubular, red. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Fruit a -capsule. Leaves whorled, linear. Flowers few, terminal or arising in -the upper leaf-axils. Shrubs. Species 1. South Africa. =Retzia= Thunb. - -[Illustration: LOGANIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 127._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Nuxia Autunesii Gilg - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower (from which the anthers have -fallen off excepting one). _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Ovary cut -lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: GENTIANACEAE. - -_FLOW PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 128._ - -J. Fleischmann. del. - -Chironia transvaalensis Gilg - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stamen. _D_ -Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Fruit. _F_ Seed.] - - -Corolla salver-, bell-, or wheel-shaped, usually white. Ovules -several or many in each ovary-cell. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite, -3-5-nerved--Species 110. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield -timber, poisons, and medicaments; some have poisonous, others edible -fruits and seeds, which are also used for preparing alcohol. (Including -_Brehmia_ Harv. and _Ignatia_ L. f.) [Tribe STRYCHNEAE.] =Strychnos= L. - - -FAMILY 199. GENTIANACEAE - -Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves undivided, sometimes -reduced to scales; stipules absent or replaced by a transverse ridge or -line connecting the leaf-stalks. Flowers regular, rarely (_Canscora_) -somewhat irregular. Petals united below. Stamens as many as the petals, -and alternating with them, 3-8, sometimes one only fertile. Ovary -superior, 1-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placentas, or 2-celled with -axile placentas. Ovules numerous. Style simple with 1-2 stigmas rarely -(_Erythraea_) 2-cleft. Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut or (_Chironia_) a -berry. Seeds minute, albuminous.--Genera 23, species 250. (Plate 128.) - -1. Corolla with induplicate-valvate aestivation, 5-partite, white or -yellow. Pollen-grains compressed from one side. Ovary 1-celled, with -little intruding placentas. Stigma 2-partite. Leaves alternate or all -radical, broad-cordate. [Subfamily =MENYANTHOIDEAE=.] 2 - -Corolla with contorted or imbricate aestivation. Pollen-grains not -compressed from one side. Leaves opposite or whorled or nearly so. -[Subfamily =GENTIANOIDEAE=.] 3 - -2. Stem erect. Leaves slightly cordate at the base, ovate, radical. -Flowers panicled. Fruit opening by 4 valves at the top.--Species 1. -South Africa (Cape Colony). Used medicinally. =Villarsia= Vent. - -Stem floating or creeping. Leaves deeply cordate at the base. Flowers -fascicled. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed.--Species -9. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible roots or serve as -ornamental or medicinal plants. =Limnanthemum= Gmel. - -3. Stem and leaves reddish. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers solitary, -terminal. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed, yellow or blue. Anthers -included. Pollen-grains with a single pore. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma -entire. Ovules straight. Seeds with a very scanty albumen.--Species 2. -West Africa. (Under _Voyria_ Aubl.) [Tribe LEIPHAIMEAE.] =Leiphaimos= -Cham. & Schlechtd. - -Stem and leaves green. Leaves well developed, rarely very small, but -then flowers in cymes. Pollen-grains with 3 pores. Ovules inverted. -Seeds with copious albumen. 4 - -4. Pollen-grains connected in groups of four, tubercled on the surface. -Calyx 4-toothed, with a winged tube. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-lobed. -Filaments inserted on the upper part of the corolla-tube, winged at the -base. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma 2-partite.--Species 1. West Africa. Used -medicinally. [Tribe HELIEAE.] =Schultesia= Mart. - -Pollen-grains separate. [Tribe GENTIANEAE.] 5 - -5. Ovary completely 2-celled. Pollen-grains very small. 6 - -Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. Pollen-grains rather -large. 9 - -6. Anthers opening by terminal pores which are sometimes produced into -slits, without glands, exserted. Filaments inserted at the throat of -the corolla or somewhat lower. Corolla violet, pink, or white, with -a short and wide tube. Calyx winged.--Species 12. Tropics. Used as -ornamental plants. =Exacum= L. - -Anthers opening by longitudinal slits, nearly always with 1-4 small -glands at the base or the apex. Corolla yellow, with a more or less -elongated tube. 7 - -7. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted in -the sinuses between the corolla-lobes.--Species 80. South Africa and -tropics. Some are used medicinally. =Sebaea= R. Br. - -Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted in the -corolla-tube. Flowers 5-merous. 8 - -8. Filaments inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Calyx not -winged. Small plants with small flowers.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape -Colony). (Under _Sebaea_ R. Br.) =Lagenias= E. Mey. - -Filaments inserted in the middle or the upper part of the corolla-tube, -Calyx winged. Flowers rather large. Species 30. Tropical and South -Africa. (_Parasia_ Rafin., including _Exochaenium_ Griseb., under -_Sebaea_ R. Br.) =Belmontia= E. Mey. - -9. Ovary divided into incomplete cells by the intrusion of the -placentas. Stigma more or less distinctly 2-lobed. Stamens 5. 10 - -Ovary completely one-celled with little intruding placentas. 12 - -10. Anthers more or less twisted after flowering. Pollen-grains -smooth.--Species 6. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Used as -medicinal or ornamental plants. =Erythraea= L. C. Rich. - -Anthers erect or bent back after flowering. Pollen-grains tubercled or -netted. Calyx with small scales on the inside. 11 - -11. Corolla yellow; tube short, glabrous within. Anthers exserted. -Pollen-grains tubercled. Leaves stem-clasping. Flowers in many-flowered -panicles with large bracts.--Species 1. Canary Islands. =Ixanthus= -Griseb. - -Corolla white or red; tube long, with 5 small scales on the inside. -Anthers included. Pollen-grains netted. Flowers solitary or in -few-flowered cymes.--Species 9. Madagascar. Some are poisonous or are -used in medicine. =Tachiadenus= Griseb. - -12 Corolla with 1-2 glandular nectaries at the base of each segment; -tube very short. Stamens 4-5. Pollen-grains tubercled.--Species 35. -Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Sweertia= L. - -Corolla without nectaries, but sometimes with scales at the insertion -of the stamens. Pollen-grains smooth or dotted. 13 - -13. Corolla with distinctly unequal segments and imbricate, more rarely -contorted aestivation, white or red. Stamens 4, inserted at different -heights on the corolla-tube, usually one only perfect. Pollen-grains -smooth. Stigma 2-lobed.--Species 3. Tropics. Used medicinally. -=Canscora= Lam. - -Corolla with equal or subequal segments and contorted aestivation. 14 - -14. Fertile stamen 1, staminodes 3; all inserted in the sinuses between -the corolla-lobes. Pollen-grains smooth. Corolla yellow, with a short -tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Stem 4-angled or winged. Leaves very small, -decurrent along the stem. Flowers in dense cymes.--Species 1. Southern -West Africa (Angola). (Under _Canscora_ Lam.) =Schinziella= Gilg - -Fertile stamens 3-8, rarely more. 15 - -15. Flowers 6-8-merous, rarely polymerous. Corolla yellow, with a -short tube. Pollen-grains smooth. Stigma 2-parted with deeply notched -branches. Flowers in lax cymes.--Species 2. North-west Africa. Used as -ornamental or medicinal plants. =Chlora= L. - -Flowers 3-5-merous. Stigma entire or 2-parted with entire branches. 16 - -16. Flowers 3-merous. Sepals very unequal. Corolla with a long tube, -usually blue. Stamens inserted at the throat; filaments with a swelling -at the base. Stigma 2-parted. Flowers crowded in heads.--Species 3. -Southern Central Africa. =Pycnosphaera= Gilg - -Flowers 4-5-merous. Sepals not very unequal. 17 - -17. Flowers 4-merous. Anthers ovate, rarely oblong. Pollen-grains -smooth. Herbs. 18 - -Flowers 5-merous. Anthers oblong or linear. 21 - -18. Stamens inserted below the middle of the corolla-tube. Calyx -8-12-ribbed. Corolla with a narrow tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Dwarf herbs. -Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf-axils, sometimes forming racemes -or corymbs.--Species 8. Central Africa. =Neurotheca= Salisb. - -Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anthers ovate. Flowers -small. 19 - -19. Flowers in dense fascicles. Calyx divided to the middle or below -the middle. Corolla with 4 scales at the throat.--Species 10. Central -and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Faroa= Welw. - -Flowers in lax cymes. Corolla without scales at the throat. Dwarf -herbs. 20 - -20. Stem much branched. Calyx deeply divided. Corolla with a long -tube and broad lobes. Stigma 2-parted.--Species 1. North-west Africa -(Algeria). =Cicendia= Adans. - -Stem not or scantily branched. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla -with a rather long tube and narrow segments. Stigma entire or -notched.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Microcala= Link & Hoffmsg. - -21. Filaments with a double scale at the base, inserted at the middle -of the corolla-tube. Anthers included, not twisted. Pollen-grains -smooth. Corolla-tube long. Stigma entire. Flowers small, in axillary -fascicles. Herbs.--Species 3. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used -medicinally. (_Hippion_ Spreng.) =Enicostemma= Blume - -Filaments without a scale at the base. Anthers usually exserted and -twisted after flowering. Flowers in usually lax cymes or solitary. 22 - -22. Stigma 2-lobed or 2-parted. Pollen-grains medium-sized, smooth. -Herbs. (See 10.) =Erythraea= L. C. Rich. - -Stigma entire. Pollen-grains very large, dotted. Corolla-tube rather -short. 23 - -23. Calyx with blunt, not keeled segments. Glands between calyx and -corolla present. Corolla red. Stamens inserted at the throat of the -corolla. Hairy shrubs. Flowers large, in terminal cymes.--Species 1. -South Africa (Cape Colony). Used as an ornamental plant. =Orphium= E. -Mey. - -Calyx with pointed, usually keeled segments. Glands between calyx and -corolla absent.--Species 40. South Africa, southern Central Africa, and -Malagasy Islands. Some species serve as ornamental plants. (Including -_Plocandra_ E. Mey.) (Plate 128.) =Chironia= L. - - -FAMILY 200. APOCYNACEAE - -Usually woody plants. Juice milky. Leaves entire, usually penninerved -with closely arranged, parallel primary side-nerves, generally -opposite. Flowers with bracteoles, usually panicled, regular or -nearly so, 5-, very rarely 4-merous, hermaphrodite. Calyx imbricate -in bud, usually deeply divided. Petals united below, with contorted -aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals, inserted in the tube or -at the throat of the corolla. Filaments free, short. Anthers opening -inwards by two longitudinal slits, sometimes adhering to the stigma. -Pollen granular. Ovary superior, more rarely half-inferior, 1-2-celled, -or 2, rarely (_Pleiocarpa_) 3-5 separate ovaries. Ovules 2 or more -in each cell, rarely solitary, pendulous, inverted. Style simple or -divided at the base, thickened at the apex, bearing the stigmas on the -under-surface of the thickened part (stigmatic or stylar head), and -sometimes two-lobed above it. Seeds usually albuminous and provided -with a wing or a tuft of hairs.--Genera 61, species 450. (Plate 129.) - -1. Stamens closely connected with the stigmatic head. Anthers prolonged -at the base into empty tails. Corolla-lobes usually overlapping to -the right. Fruit dry, dehiscent. Seeds usually with a tuft of hairs. -[Subfamily =ECHITIDOIDEAE=.] 2 - -Stamens free or loosely cohering with the stigmatic head. Anthers -without tails, full of pollen to the base, more rarely prolonged -into tails, but then fruit fleshy and most frequently indehiscent. -Corolla-lobes usually overlapping to the left. Seeds usually without a -tuft of hairs. [Subfamily =PLUMIEROIDEAE=.] 22 - -2. Anthers projecting beyond the mouth of the corolla-tube. [Tribe -PARSONSIEAE.] 3 - -Anthers, entirely or for the greatest part, concealed within the -corolla-tube. [Tribe ECHITIDEAE.] 7 - -3. Calyx without glands; segments blunt. Corolla with a very short -tube without scales; segments overlapping to the right. Filaments -twisted around the style. Disc cupular, irregularly crenate. Twining -shrubs.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Dewevrella= De Wild. - -Calyx with glands on the inside. Disc 5-lobed or wanting. 4 - -4. Disc 5-lobed. Calyx with 5-10 glands. Corolla white, with 5-10 -confluent scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the right. -Seeds glabrous. Trees or erect shrubs, glabrous.--Species 1. Northern -West Africa. =Malouetia= A. DC. - -Disc absent. Seeds hairy. 5 - -5. Calyx with pointed segments and 10--20 glands. Corolla glabrous -at the throat; segments unequal-sided, overlapping to the right. -Seeds with a terminal and a smaller basal tuft of hairs. Twining -shrubs.--Species 3. West Africa. =Isonema= R. Br. - -Calyx with blunt segments and 5-10 glands. Corolla nearly always with -scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the left. Erect shrubs or -trees. 6 - -6. Flowers small. Seeds covered all over with long hairs densest at the -base.--Species 5. West Africa. (Under _Wrightia_ R. Br.) =Pleioceras= -Baill. - -Flowers rather large. Seeds provided at the base with a deciduous tuft -of hairs.--Species 3. South-east Africa and Madagascar. =Wrightia= R. -Br. - -7. Leaves alternate. Stem succulent. Flowers subsessile. Calyx -without glands, with subulate or lanceolate segments. Corolla usually -funnel-shaped; segments overlapping to the right. Ovary superior. 8 - -Leaves opposite or whorled. Stem woody. 9 - -8. Leaves with 2 or more spines at their base or in their axils. Disc -5-lobed or replaced by 2-5 glands. Seeds with a tuft of hairs at the -apex.--Species 15. Madagascar, South Africa, and Angola. =Pachypodium= -Lindl. - -Leaves and stem without spines. Corolla red. Disc none. Seeds with -a tuft of hairs at either end. Flowers large, in few-flowered -cymes.--Species 13. Central and South Africa. Some species yield an -arrow-poison. (_Idaneum_ O. Ktze.) =Adenium= Roem. & Schult. - -9. Corolla with separate or confluent scales at the throat. 10 - -Corolla naked at the throat, but sometimes with scales or swellings -lower down in the tube. 13 - -10. Scales at the throat of the corolla united into a tubular, -15-crenate corona. Corolla salver-shaped, the segments overlapping to -the left. Calyx without glands. Ovary superior. Seeds with a basal -tuft of hairs. Erect shrubs. Flowers small.--Species 1. East Africa. -=Stephanostema= K. Schum. - -Scales at the throat of the corolla free or slightly united at the -base. Corolla-segments nearly always overlapping to the right. Ovary -almost superior or half-inferior. 11 - -11. Corolla salver-shaped with 5 entire scales at the throat. Calyx -without glands, rarely with 5 small glands within. Filaments inserted -on the lower part of the corolla-tube. Disc cup-shaped, 5-lobed or -5-parted. Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite, without axillary glands. -Flowers small.--Species 12. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Oncinotis= -Benth. - -Corolla funnel-shaped, with 5 divided scales at the throat. Calyx with -usually numerous glands within. Disc none. 12 - -12. Corolla with laciniate scales at the throat, and with broad, not -tailed segments, white or red. Anthers with a tailed connective. -Mericarps at first cohering, subsequently divergent. Seeds with an -apical tuft of hairs. Erect shrubs or low trees. Leaves whorled, -narrow, densely veined. Flowers large.--Species 1 (_N. Oleander_ L.). -North Africa. A poisonous plant yielding wood and medicaments and used -as an ornamental plant. =Nerium= L. - -Corolla with bipartite scales at the throat, and with usually tailed -segments. Mericarps divaricate, ultimately spreading horizontally. -Seeds with a basal tuft of hairs and a long apical awn. Leaves usually -opposite, with axillary glands.--Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. -Some species yield vegetable silk, poisons, and medicaments, or serve -as ornamental plants. (Including _Roupellia_ Baill. and _Zygonerion_ -Baill.) =Strophanthus= P. DC. - -13. Corolla bell-, pitcher-, or funnel-shaped, usually small and with -scales in the tube. Calyx-segments with 3-5 glands or without glands at -the base. Twining shrubs. 14 - -Corolla salver-shaped and more or less constricted at the mouth, -usually large and without scales in the tube. 18 - -14. Calyx and corolla very large; corolla white, with a glabrous tube, -the segments short and overlapping to the right. Filaments thickened -above. Anthers acuminate. Disc cupular, lobed. Stigmatic head conical. -Leaves with distant nerves and axillary glands. Flowers in terminal -cymes.--Species 1. Naturalized in Madagascar. =Beaumontia= Wall. - -Calyx and corolla small or medium-sized; in the latter case -corolla-segments long. Leaves with distant nerves but without glands, -or with closely set nerves and with axillary glands. 15 - -15. Corolla-segments overlapping to the left; tube very short, with -10 longitudinal ridges. Anthers very shortly tailed. Disc none. -Ovules 4 in each carpel. Leaves closely nerved, with small, axillary -glands.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Pycnobotrya= Benth. - -Corolla-segments overlapping to the right. Disc cupular. Ovules -numerous in each carpel. Leaves remotely nerved, without axillary -glands. 16 - -16. Anthers with blunt, reflexed tails at the base and a small, -feathery mucro at the apex. Corolla white or yellow; tube with 5 -longitudinal ridges inside, without scales or swellings. Stigmatic -head spindle-shaped, with 2 narrow lobes. Seeds with an apical tuft of -hairs.--Species 5. West Africa and equatorial Lake-region. One species -yields rubber. =Motandra= A. DC. - -Anthers with pointed, almost straight tails at the base and without an -apical mucro. Corolla-tube usually with scales or swellings above the -insertion of the stamens. 17 - -17. Flowers in dense axillary cymes, inconspicuous. Corolla-lobes -as long as or shorter than the tube, broad. Stigmatic head conical, -crowned by a 2-cleft point.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Zygodia= Benth. - -Flowers in terminal and axillary panicles or corymbs, more rarely in -few-flowered cymes. Corolla-lobes as long as or longer than the tube, -usually narrow. Stigmatic head campanulate. Seeds with an apical tuft -of hairs.--Species 20. West Africa and Madagascar. One species yields -rubber. (Including _Codonura_ K. Schum., _Guerkea_ K. Schum., and -_Perinerion_ Baill.) =Baissea= A. DC. - -18. Calyx with 5 glands inside the base. Disc none. Twining shrubs. -Stipules usually present. 19 - -Calyx with numerous glands inside the base. Erect shrubs or trees. -Stipules absent. 20 - -19. Ovary 1, entire, more or less completely 2-celled--Species 1. West -Africa. (Under _Alafia_ Thouars). =Holalafia= Stapf - -Ovaries 2, free.--Species 15. Tropics. (Including _Ectinocladus_ -Benth.) =Alafia= Thouars - -20. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. Calyx with unequal segments. -Disc absent. Ovary 1, two-celled.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Ochronerium= -Baill. - -Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. Disc present. Ovaries 2, free. -21 - -21. Flowers in many-flowered, axillary cymes. Corolla fleshy, white -or yellowish; segments not folded in the bud. Stigmatic head ovoid. -Mericarps oblong or spindle-shaped. Seeds with a feathery, basal -awn.--Species 3. Central Africa. One of them (_F. elastica_ Stapf, -Ireh-tree) yields rubber (Lagos-rubber). (Under _Kickxia_ Blume) -=Funtumia= Stapf - -Flowers solitary or in few-flowered fascicles. Corolla not fleshy, -usually red; segments folded lengthwise in the bud. Stigmatic head -oblong. Mericarps linear. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs.--Species -30. Madagascar and East Africa. Some of the species yield timber and -rubber. =Mascarenhasia= A. DC. - -22. (1.) Carpels united throughout their whole length. [Tribe -ARDUINEAE.] 23 - -Carpels only partly united; ovaries wholly free or in their upper part -only, styles usually free at the base. [Tribe PLUMIEREAE.] 33 - -23. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. [Subtribe -LANDOLPHIINAE.] 24 - -Ovary completely 2-celled. [Subtribe MELODININAE.] 29 - -24. Corolla funnel-shaped, large, yellow; tube cylindric below, -much widened above. Disc ring-shaped. Calyx without glands. Stamens -inserted somewhat below the mouth of the corolla-tube. Fruit a woody, -spinous, 2-valved capsule. Seeds winged, with fleshy albumen. Erect -shrubs.--Species 1. Naturalized in the tropics. An ornamental and -medicinal plant. =Allamanda= L. - -Corolla salver-shaped; tube more or less cylindric. Disc none. Fruit a -berry. 25 - -25. Anthers tailed at the base. Stamens inserted in the middle of -the corolla-tube. Calyx small, with 5 small glands within. Ovary -incompletely 2-celled. Style short. Seeds with fleshy, ruminate -albumen. Erect shrubs or trees.--Species 5. West Africa. Used -medicinally. (_Iboga_ Schum.) =Tabernanthe= Baill. - -Anthers not tailed. Calyx small and without glands inside, or large and -with numerous glands within. Seeds with horny albumen. Twining shrubs, -more rarely erect shrubs or undershrubs. 26 - -26. Stamens inserted near the mouth of the corolla-tube. Style long, -usually hairy. Calyx without glands.--Species 35. Central Africa. Some -species yield rubber and edible fruits. (Including _Sclerodictyon_ -Pierre) =Carpodinus= R. Br. - -Stamens inserted near the base or the middle of the corolla-tube. Style -short or rather short, usually glabrous. 27 - -27. Calyx large, with numerous filiform glands within, spreading or -bent back in the fruit. Corolla fleshy. Placentas much projecting. -Pericarp woody. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species 1. West Africa -(Congo). (Under _Landolphia_ Beauv.) =Vahadenia= Stapf - -Calyx small, without glands on the inside. 28 - -28. Flowers in axillary, or axillary and terminal cymes. Ovules 12-16; -placentas much projecting. Glabrous plants.--Species 25. Central -Africa. Several species yield rubber. (Including _Aphanostylis_ Pierre -and _Cylindropsis_ Pierre). (Plate 129.) =Clitandra= Benth. - -Flowers in terminal panicles or corymbs sometimes overtopped by barren -shoots and then apparently lateral.--Species 45. Tropical and South -Africa. Several species yield rubber, dyes, and edible fruits, from -which drinks are prepared. (Pacourea Aubl., including _Ancylobothrys_ -Pierre and _Vahea_ Lam.) =Landolphia= Beauv. - -29. (23.) Carpels cohering along the ventral suture only. Ovules -numerous, in several rows. Stigmatic head glabrous. Stamens inserted -in the upper half of the corolla-tube. Fruit usually of 2 spreading -berries. Trees. Leaves opposite, with numerous axillary glands. -Flowers in terminal false umbels.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under -_Tabernaemontana_ L.) =Picralima= Pierre - -Carpels wholly connate. Fruit entire. 30 - -30. Ovules numerous in each cell, in several rows. Disc none. Stamens -inserted in the lower half of the corolla-tube. Calyx without glands. -Fruit a capsule. Seeds ciliate. Erect shrubs. Leaves whorled.--Species -1. Madagascar. =Craspidosperma= Boj. - -Ovules 1-10 in each cell, in one or two rows. 31 - -31. Stamens inserted in the lower half of the corolla-tube. Anthers -linear. Calyx-tube with many glands inside. Disc ring-shaped. Stigmatic -head cylindrical. Unarmed, climbing shrubs.--Species 1. West Africa -(Congo). =Cyclocotyla= Stapf - -Stamens inserted in the upper half of the corolla-tube. Stigmatic head -crowned by a hairy point. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite, with a few -axillary glands or without glands. 32 - -32. Stem unarmed, erect, woody. Bark bitter, poisonous. Inflorescences -axillary. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell.--Species 4. Tropical and South -Africa. They yield arrow-poison and are used as ornamental plants. -(_Toxicophloea_ Harv.) =Acocanthera= Don - -Stem spinous. Bark not bitter nor poisonous. Inflorescences terminal or -pseudo-axillary.--Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some species -yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments, or serve as hedge plants. -(_Arduina_ Mill., _Carandas_ Adans.) =Carissa= L. - -33. (22.) Ovules 2-6 in each carpel. 34 - -Ovules 8 or more in each carpel. 42 - -34. Placentas much projecting. Fruit drupaceous. Trees or shrubs. -[Subtribe CERBERINAE.] 35 - -Placentas little projecting. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. -Leaves opposite or whorled. [Subtribe RAUWOLFIINAE.] 38 - -35. Corolla without scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the -right. Calyx-segments blunt, imbricate in bud. Anthers pointed. Leaves -opposite or whorled.--Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. -Yields timber, dyes, and medicaments. =Ochrosia= Juss. - -Corolla with scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the left. -Calyx-segments pointed. Leaves alternate. 36 - -36. Calyx with many glands. Corolla yellow. Disc present. Ovules 2 in a -carpel.--Species 1 (_Th. neriifolia_ Juss.). Cultivated in the tropics. -The seeds yield oil. =Thevetia= L. - -Calyx without glands. Corolla white or reddish. Disc absent. Ovules 4 -in a carpel. 37 - -37. Calyx-segments broadened at the base, imbricate in bud, persistent. -Corolla-tube slightly widened at the throat. Anthers blunt. Pericarp -not fibrous.--Species 1. Madagascar. Yields timber and poison. -=Tanghinia= Thouars Calyx-segments narrowed at the base, open in bud, -deciduous. Corolla-tube constricted at the throat. Anthers pointed. -Pericarp fibrous.--Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. -Yields oil, poison, and medicaments. =Cerbera= L. - -38. Ovules 4-6 in a carpel, in two rows. Disc and glands of the -calyx obscure or wanting. Seeds with ruminate albumen. Leaves -remotely-nerved, usually whorled.--Species 4. Madagascar. (_Gynopogon_ -Forst.) =Alyxia= R. Br. - -Ovules 2-4 in a carpel, in one row. Seeds with uniform albumen or -without albumen. Leaves usually closely-nerved. 39 - -39. Disc distinctly developed, cup-shaped. Calyx without glands at the -base. Stigmatic head short-cylindrical with a membranous margin at -the base. Fruit drupaceous. Seeds with a fleshy albumen. Leaves with -numerous axillary glands, usually whorled.--Species 25. Tropical and -South Africa. Some species yield timber and medicaments. =Rauwolfia= L. - -Disc obscure or wanting. Anthers pointed. Leaves with hardly -perceptible axillary glands or without glands. 40 - -40. Calyx with glands at the base. Stigmatic head elliptical, ending in -a 2-cleft point. Fruit berry-or nut-like. Seeds with a cartilaginous -albumen. Trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species -2. Central Africa. =Hunteria= Roxb. - -Calyx without basal glands. 41 - -41. Stigmatic head depressed-capitate, ending in a 2-cleft point. -Carpels 2. Mericarps leathery or woody, dehiscent. Seeds winged, -exalbuminous; embryo with kidney-shaped cotyledons and a short radicle. -Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species 5. Central -Africa. One species yields a kind of rubber or resin used as a varnish. -=Diplorrhynchus= Welw. - -Stigmatic head oblong-ellipsoid, without a distinct point. Carpels -2-5. Mericarps berry-like. Seeds not winged, with cartilaginous -albumen; embryo with oblong cotyledons and a long radicle. Flowers in -axillary, rarely pseudo-terminal fascicles or panicles.--Species 13. -Central Africa. One species yields a kind of rubber, another a poison. -=Pleiocarpa= Benth. - -42. (33.) Calyx with glands at the base. Fruit succulent, usually -indehiscent. [Subtribe TABERNAEMONTANINAE.] 43 - -Calyx without basal glands, rarely (_Holarrhena_) the inner sepals with -glands, the outer without. Fruit dry, usually dehiscent. [Subtribe -ALSTONIINAE.] 52 - -43. Stigmatic head with a usually ring-shaped appendage at the base. -Anthers more or less sagittate. 44 - -Stigmatic head without a basal appendage. Anthers shortly 2-lobed at -the base. Sepals free or nearly so. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the -left. 48 - -44. Sepals united high up, obtuse, usually deciduous. Stamens inserted -above the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers deeply sagittate. Disc -usually distinctly developed. Inflorescences terminal.--Species 15. -Tropical and South-east Africa. (_Orchipeda_ Blume, _Piptolaena_ Harv., -under _Tabernaemontana_ L.) =Voacanga= Thouars - -Sepals free or nearly so. 45 - -45. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. Stamens inserted in the -middle of the corolla-tube. Anther-halves pointed at the base. Disc -adnate to the ovary for the greatest part. Ovules about 9 in a cell, -in two rows. Mericarps striped, dehiscent. Shrubs. Leaves exstipulate. -Flowers small.--Species 1. East Africa. Used medicinally. =Schizozygia= -Baill. - -Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. Disc free or wanting. Leaves -stipulate. 46 - -46. Corolla-tube slightly widened above the insertion of the stamens. -Anthers obtusely 2-lobed at the base. Disc ring-shaped. Shrubs. Flowers -large, white.--Species 6. West Africa. (Under _Tabernaemontana_ L.) -=Callichilia= Stapf - -Corolla-tube gradually narrowed above the insertion of the stamens. -Anthers distinctly sagittate. Disc wanting. 47 - -47. Corolla-tube slender or widened at the base; stamens inserted near -its base. Climbing shrubs. Leaves without axillary glands.--Species 8. -West Africa to the Great Lakes. (Under _Tabernaemontana_ L.) =Gabunia= -K. Schum. - -Corolla-tube widened and bearing the stamens at the middle. Trees or -erect shrubs. Leaves usually with numerous axillary glands.--Species -35. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, fibres, -rubber, edible fruits, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants; -some are poisonous. (Under _Tabernaemontana_ L.) =Conopharyngia= Don - -48. Corolla bell-or funnel-shaped; tips of the lobes not bent inwards -in the bud. Disc ring-shaped, adnate to the ovary. 49 - -Corolla salver-shaped; tips of the lobes bent inwards in the bud. Disc -none. 50 - -49. Narrow part of the corolla-tube short. Bracts small, not forming -an involucre. Undershrubs with a creeping root-stock.--Species 1. -Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Calocrater= K. Schum. - -Narrow part of the corolla-tube long. Bracts large, forming an -involucre. Erect or twining shrubs.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa -(Gaboon). =Crioceras= Pierre - -50. Stigmatic head globose, entire, without an apical point. Mericarps -3-winged, not or tardily dehiscent. Erect shrubs. Axillary glands -and stipules present. Flowers small, in terminal few-flowered -cymes.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. (Under _Tabernaemontana_ L.) -=Pterotaberna= Stapf - -Stigmatic head oblong, crowned by a 2-cleft point. 51 - -51. Anthers linear, on short but distinct filaments. Axillary glands -and stipules present.--Species 2, one a native of Madagascar, the other -naturalized in the tropics. Ornamental plants. (Under _Tabernaemontana_ -L.) =Ervatamia= Stapf - -Anthers oblong or ovate, sessile. Axillary glands and stipules -absent.--Species 2. West Africa. (Under _Carpodinus_ R. Br. or -_Picralima_ Pierre) =Polyadoa= Stapf - -52. (42.) Disc reduced to two glands alternating with the carpels. -Ovules in two rows. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers solitary, axillary. 53 - -Disc ring-shaped or wanting. Shrubs or trees. 54 - -53. Stamens inserted at the middle of the corolla-tube; filament -inflexed; connective broadened, hairy. Stigmatic head with 5 tufts of -hairs. Corolla blue.--Species 2, one a native of North-west Africa, the -other naturalized there and in the Islands of St. Helena and Ascension. -Used as ornamental and medicinal plants. “Periwinkle.” =Vinca= L. - -Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube; filament very -short, oblong; connective glabrous, not broadened. Stigmatic head -glabrous. Corolla white or pink.--Species 3; two natives of Madagascar, -the other one naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. They are used -as ornamental and medicinal plants. (Under _Vinca_ L.) =Lochnera= -Reichb. - -54. Disc distinct, wavy, adnate to the ovary. Corolla funnel-shaped. -Stamens inserted below the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers with -long, curved tails. Erect shrubs. Leaves opposite.--Species 2. East -Africa. =Carvalhoa= K. Schum. - -Disc obscure or absent. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers with short tails -or without tails. 55 - -55. Ovary half-inferior. Style very short. Calyx-lobes broad. Stamens -inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Seeds winged. Leaves -alternate, exstipulate, without axillary glands. Erect shrubs or -trees.--Species 3. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in the tropics. -They yield timber, perfumes, medicaments, and edible fruits, and serve -also as ornamental plants. (_Plumeria_ Willd.) =Plumeria= L. - -Ovary superior. Leaves opposite or whorled. 56 - -56. Corolla with a short ventricose tube and with 5 scales at the -throat. Ovules in two rows. Mericarps keeled or winged, long cohering. -Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite.--Species 5. Madagascar. Some are -poisonous or yield rubber and medicaments. =Plectaneia= Thouars - -Corolla with a long, cylindric tube slightly widened at the insertion -of the stamens, without scales, but sometimes with hairs or with a -continuous ring at the throat. Ovules usually in three or more rows. 57 - -57. Corolla with a tubercled ring at the throat. Stamens inserted in -the upper part of the corolla-tube. Stigmatic head conical, with a -membranous - -[Illustration: APOCYNACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 129._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Clitandra Arnoldiana De Wild. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ -Cross-section of ovary.] - -[Illustration: ASCLEPIADACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 130._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Tacazzea venosa (Hochst.) Decne. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (_a_ corona-lobe, _b_ -pollen-carrier). _C_ Corolla-segment and corona-lobes. _D_ Fruit. _E_ -Seed.] - -margin at the base. Small trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal, -many-flowered panicles.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Stephanostegia= Baill. - -Corolla without a ring, but sometimes with a crown of hairs at the -throat. 58 - -58. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. Calyx-segments narrow. -Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Seeds with -an apical tuft of hairs. Trees or erect shrubs. Leaves opposite, -herbaceous, exstipulate.--Species 6. Tropics. Some of them yield timber -or medicaments. =Holarrhena= R.Br. - -Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. 59 - -59. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube. Anthers with -short, pointed tails at the base. Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite, -stipulate, without axillary glands. (See 46.) =Gabunia= K. Schum,. - -Stamens inserted at the middle or in the upper part of the -corolla-tube. Anthers not tailed. 60 - -60. Stamens inserted about the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers -acuminate. Stigmatic head elliptical. Seeds winged. Twining shrubs. -Leaves opposite. Flowers in lateral, few-flowered cymes.--Species 2. -Madagascar and Comoro Islands. =Ellertonia= Wight - -Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Erect shrubs. -Leaves whorled. Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles. 61 - -61. Ovules in two rows. Corolla yellow, glabrous at the throat; -lobes auricled at the base. Seeds winged. Leaves with few or obscure -side-nerves. Flowers in few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. South Africa. -Yields timber and an aromatic oil. =Gonioma= E. Mey. - -Ovules in 3 or more rows. Seeds hairy. Leaves with numerous -side-nerves. Flowers in many-flowered, whorled panicles.--Species 1. -Central Africa. Poisonous and yielding cork-wood, a guttapercha-like -resin, and medicaments. =Alstonia= R. Br. - - -FAMILY 201. ASCLEPIADACEAE - -Stem usually twining and woody at the base. Juice mostly milky. Leaves -simple, without stipules, usually opposite, sometimes reduced to -scales. Flowers with bracts and bracteoles, regular, hermaphrodite, -5-merous. Sepals free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Petals united -below, with contorted or valvate aestivation. Stamens 5, usually adnate -to the style. Filaments short or wanting. Pollen-grains united in waxy -masses or in granules of 3-5 grains. Corona formed of appendages of -the petals or stamens, rarely wanting. Disc none. Ovaries 2, free, -superior, rarely half-inferior, with many pendulous inverted ovules on -a ventral placenta, very rarely (_Emicocarpus_) with 1-2 ovules. Styles -2, united above into a thickened, sometimes 2-parted head bearing -on its under surface 5 stigmatic dots and on its flanks between the -anthers 5 small, usually horny bodies (“pollen-carriers”) to which the -pollen is attached. Fruit of one or two follicles. Seeds usually with -a tuft of hairs and scanty albumen. Embryo with flat cotyledons and a -short radicle.--Genera 118, species 1100. (Including _PERIPLOCACEAE_). -(Plate 130.) - -1. Pollen in loosely cohering granules formed of 3-5 grains each. -Pollen-carriers spoon-or trumpet-shaped, consisting of the concave -blade holding the pollen, the stalk, and the adhesive gland at its -base. Filaments usually free. [Subfamily =PERIPLOCOIDEAE=, tribe -PERIPLOCEAE.] 2 - -Pollen of each anther-half closely united into 1-2 waxy masses. -Pollen-carriers not spoon-or trumpet-shaped, consisting of a central -body and two lateral, rarely obsolete arms (“caudicles”) to which the -pollen-masses are attached. Filaments nearly always united or wanting. -[Subfamily =CYNANCHOIDEAE=.] 29 - -2. Corona inserted on the stamens or at their base. 3 - -Corona inserted on the corolla remote from the stamens, but sometimes -decurrent nearly to the insertion of the stamens. 16 - -3. Corona consisting of free scales or threads. 4 - -Corona consisting of scales or threads united at their base. 9 - -4. Corona indistinct, consisting of minute scales. 5 - -Corona distinctly developed. 6 - -5. Corona adnate to the filaments. Corolla-lobes oval. Anthers -ovate-oblong. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers in dense, long-stalked cymes -or panicles.--Species 2. East Africa. (Including _Macropelma_ Schum. -and _Sacleuxia_ Baill.) =Gymnolaema= Benth. - -Corona free from the filaments. Corolla-lobes linear-oblong. Anthers -linear-oblong. Leaves orbicular. Flowers in lax cymes.--Species 1. -Equatorial East Africa. =Baseonema= Schlecht. & Rendle - -6. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate aestivation, divided nearly -to the base. Calyx without glands. Corona-lobes broad, contiguous, -usually with a linear, 2-cleft dorsal appendage. Stem twining. Leaves -cordate, connected by a toothed stipular sheath. Inflorescences -axillary.--Species 2. Central and South-east Africa. Used medicinally. -=Chlorocodon= Hook. fil. - -Corolla with distinctly contorted aestivation. Sepals alternating with -glands, very rarely without, but then stem erect. 7 - -7. Anthers hairy. Corona-lobes thread-like, sometimes broadened at the -base or cleft at the top.--Species 5. Some of them yield fibre, rubber, -poison, or medicaments. (Including _Parquetina_ Baill. and _Socotora_ -Balf. fil.) =Periploca= L. - -Anthers glabrous. 8 - -8. Stem woody, twining. Leaves linear. Inflorescences axillary or -on axillary dwarf-shoots. Corolla white, rotate, divided nearly to -the base. Corona-lobes thread-like, 3-cleft.--Species 1. Equatorial -East Africa. (_Pleurostelma_ Schlecht., under _Tacazzea_ Decne.) -=Schlechterella= K. Schum. - -Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, usually erect; underground -part tuberous. Corolla with a distinct tube, rarely divided nearly -to the base, but then inflorescences terminal.--Species 30. Central -and South Africa. Several species yield rubber. (_Raphionacme_ Harv., -including _Gonocrypta_ Baill., _Kompitsia_ Cost. et Gall., and -_Mafekingia_ Baill.) =Raphiacme= Harv. - -9. (3.) Corona indistinct, consisting of minute scales. Corolla dark -purple. Seeds hairy all round. Leaves oblong-cordate, connected by a -large toothed stipular sheath. Flowers in axillary panicles.--Species -1. Equatorial West Africa. (Including _Perithrix_ Pierre). -=Batesanthus= N. E. Brown - -Corona distinctly developed. 10 - -10. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate aestivation. 11 - -Corolla with distinctly contorted aestivation. 13 - -11. Corona-lobes united high up, usually 10. Anthers with a leaf-like -appendage at the top. Pollen-carriers at first hooded, subsequently -spreading reniform. Flowers in axillary cymes.--Species 7. Madagascar -and Mascarenes. Used medicinally. (Including _Baroniella_ Cost. et -Gall.) =Camptocarpus= Decne. - -Corona-lobes united at the base only, lanceolate, 5. Anthers with -a small appendage or without any. Pollen-carriers spatulate or -spoon-shaped. Leaves lanceolate. 12 - -12. Corona-lobes rather blunt. Anthers ending in a membranous, -trigonous appendage. Stigmatic head 5-angled. Flowers in few-flowered -axillary cymes.--Species 1. Island of Rodrigues. =Tanulepis= Balf. fil. - -Corona-lobes tailed. Anthers without an appendage. Stigmatic head -conical. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together.--Species 1. Madagascar. -=Symphytonema= Schlecht. - -13. Anthers hairy. (See 7.) =Periploca= L. - -Anthers glabrous. Corona-lobes 5, filiform or linear. 14 - -14. Stigmatic head flat, 5-lobed. Corona-lobes shortly and unequally -two-cleft at the top. Corolla yellow. Flowers small, in axillary -panicles. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Harpanema= Decne. - -Stigmatic head short-conical. Corona-lobes entire or divided into 2-3 -filiform branches. 15 - -15. Corona-lobes provided with 2 lateral teeth at the base; no -lobules within them. Pollen-carriers with an oval, entire blade. -Corolla greenish. Flowers large, in terminal cymes. Leaves -oblong-obovate.--Species 1. South-east Africa. (Under _Raphionacme_ -Harv,.) =Chlorocyathus= Oliv. - -Corona-lobes without basal teeth; 5 small lobules within them. -Pollen-carriers with a notched blade. Flowers small, in axillary cymes -or panicles.--Species 15. Central and South-east Africa. Some species -are used medicinally, one of them produces a kind of rubber. (Including -_Leptopaetia_ Harv.) (Plate 130.) =Tacazzea= Decne. - -16. (2.) Corolla-tube as long as or longer than the segments. -Corona-lobes awl-shaped. 17 - -Corolla-tube shorter than the segments. 18 - -17. Sepals linear, without basal glands. Corolla salver-shaped, -with scales at the throat. Anthers hairy, with a tailed connective. -Ovary superior. Mericarps cylindrical, smooth. Leaves linear or -lanceolate.--Species 2. South Africa. =Ectadium= E. Mey. - -Sepals oval, with numerous basal glands. Corolla funnel-shaped, red or -violet, with scales in the tube. Anthers with an acute appendage. Ovary -half-inferior. Mericarps ribbed lengthwise or winged. Leaves oblong -to ovate.--Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarenes; also cultivated in -Central Africa. They yield rubber, poison, and medicaments, and serve -as ornamental plants. =Cryptostegia= R. Br. - -18. Corona double, the outer of 5 triangular, the inner of 5 -obcordate scales. Filaments rather long. Anthers with a bristle-like -point.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Omphalogonus= Baill. - -Corona simple. 19 - -19. Corona-lobes 2-cleft, short and thick. Corolla bell-shaped. Sepals -acuminate, with toothed glands at the base. Anthers ending in a long, -awl-shaped appendage. Leaves broad-ovate. Flowers in many-flowered -panicles.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. (_Socotranthus_ O. Ktze.) -=Cochlanthus= Balf. fil. - -Corona-lobes entire or 3-cleft. 20 - -20. Corona-lobes three-cleft or broadened at the base. 21 - -Corona-lobes entire, not broadened at the base. 23 - -21. Filaments united below. Stigmatic head flat. Corona-lobes -thread-shaped. Erect shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves whorled or -alternate, linear. Flowers in axillary cymes.--Species 1. Southern West -Africa (Angola). (Under _Tacazzea_ Decne.) =Aechmolepis= Decne. - -Filaments free. Stigmatic head short-conical. 22 - -22. Sepals blunt, with basal glands. Corolla bell-shaped, with narrow -segments. Corona-lobes thread-or spindle-shaped. Erect shrubs. Leaves -in clusters, linear. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. -=Mitolepis= Balf. fil. - -Sepals pointed. Corona-lobes usually 3-cleft. Herbs or undershrubs; -underground part of the stem tuberous. Flowers in cymes. (See 8.) -=Raphiacme= Harv. - -23. Corona-lobes short and broad, arising from the very short -corolla-tube opposite the segments. Stem twining.--Species 1. -Madagascar. (Under _Pentopetia_ Decne.) =Pentopetiopsis= Cost. & Gall. - -Corona-lobes long and narrow. 24 - -24. Corona-lobes thread-shaped. Sepals pointed. Flowers in cymes. 25 - -Corona-lobes club-shaped. Corolla bell-or wheel-shaped. 26 - -25. Corolla wheel-shaped. Anthers with a short mucro. Erect tuberous -shrubs. Leaves whorled.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Ischnolepis= Jum. & -Perr. - -Corolla funnel-shaped. Anthers with a long ciliate process. Twining -shrubs.--Species 10. Madagascar. Used medicinally; one species yields -rubber. (Under _Tacazzea_ Decne.) =Pentopetia= Decne. - -26. Corona-lobes arising from the sinuses between the corolla-segments. -Corolla bell-shaped, with oblong segments. Leaves opposite. Flowers -in terminal and axillary cymes.--Species 1. South-east Africa to Lake -Ngami. (Under _Cryptolepis_ R. Br.) =Stomatostemma= N. E. Brown - -Corona-lobes arising from the corolla-tube below the sinuses. 27 - -27. Sepals pointed, lanceolate. Corolla bell-shaped with long and -narrow segments. Filaments united at the base. Pollen-carriers with an -orbicular blade. Erect shrubs. Leaves in clusters. Flowers solitary or -in pairs.--Species 1. South-west Africa to Angola. (Under _Cryptolepis_ -R. Br.) =Curroria= Planch. - -Sepals blunt. Corolla wheel-shaped. Pollen-carriers with a linear or -oblong blade. Leaves scattered. Flowers in sometimes few-flowered cymes -or panicles. 28 - -28. Corolla with long and narrow segments, beaked in bud. Filaments -united at the base. Anthers almost erect. Pollen-carriers linear. Stem -twining. Inflorescences lax.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. -One species yields a dye. (Including _Acustelma_ Baill.). =Cryptolepis= -R. Br. - -Corolla with oblong, rather short segments, hence not beaked in bud. -Filaments free. Anthers inflexed. Pollen-carriers with an oblong blade. -Stem usually erect. Inflorescences dense.--Species 10. Central and -South Africa. (Under _Cryptolepis_ R. Br.) =Ectadiopsis= Benth. - -29. (1.) Pollen-masses contained in the lower part of the anthers, -pendulous from the arms of the pollen-carriers. [Tribe ASCLEPIADEAE.] 30 - -Pollen-masses contained in the upper part of the anthers and attached -to the pollen-carriers in an erect, ascending, or horizontal, rarely -(_Tylophora_) an almost pendulous position. 75 - -30. Corona obscure or wanting. [Subtribe ASTEPHANINAE.] 31 - -Corona distinctly developed. 34 - -31. Corolla shortly lobed, urceolate, hairy within. Calyx without -glands. Corona arising from the corolla-tube or wanting. Filaments -short. Stigmatic head conical, notched. Mericarps thin or rather thin. -Twining shrubs. Leaves narrow. Flowers of medium size, in usually -many-flowered cymes or umbels.--Species 10. South Africa. =Microloma= -R. Br. - -Corolla deeply divided. Corona arising from the staminal tube or -wanting; in the latter case filaments none and flowers small. 32 - -32. Anthers sessile or nearly so. Corona-lobes alternating with the -anthers or wanting. Corolla campanulate or urceolate, glabrous or -tubercled within. Stigmatic head more or less conical. Mericarps -thick or rather thick. Shrubs or undershrubs. Flowers small, in -usually few-flowered cymes.--Species 10. Southern and tropical -Africa. (Including _Haemax_ E. Mey. and _Microstephanus_ N. E. Brown). -=Astephanus= R. Br. - -Anthers stalked. Corona-lobes opposite to the anthers. Leaves oval. 33 - -33. Stigmatic head beaked. Calyx glandular. Corolla campanulate. Small -shrubs. Flowers in few-flowered, sessile cymes or fascicles.--Species -1. Northern East Africa. =Podostelma= K. Schum. - -Stigmatic head truncate or slightly convex. Corolla campanulate or -rotate. Twining herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in racemosely arranged, -umbel-like cymes.--Species 1. East Africa. (Under _Tylophora_ R. Br.) -=Tylophoropsis= N. E. Brown - -34. (30.) Corona inserted on the corolla, free from the staminal tube, -but sometimes approximate to it. [Subtribe GLOSSONEMATINAE.] 35 - -Corona, at least the inner, inserted on the staminal tube. 43 - -35. Corona double, the outer ring-shaped, the inner of 5 lanceolate -scales. Anthers sessile. Calyx glandular within. Corolla rotate -or widely campanulate, glabrous within, with valvate aestivation. -Twining herbs or undershrubs. Flowers conspicuous, in umbels or -racemes.--Species 2. Central Africa and Egypt. Used as vegetables, as -ornamental plants, and in medicine. =Oxystelma= R. Br. - -Corona simple. Corolla with contorted aestivation. 36 - -36. Corona-lobes united about to the middle. 37 - -Corona-lobes free or united at the base only. Staminal tube short or -wanting. 38 - -37. Sepals blunt. Corolla rotate, yellowish; segments velvety within, -with distinctly contorted aestivation. Corona of 10 lobes, the -alternating 2-cleft. Anthers without an apical appendage. Stigmatic -head with 5 small points at the angles. Twining shrubs. Leaves wanting. -Flowers small, in few-flowered umbels.--Species 2. Madagascar. -=Vohemaria= Buchen. - -Sepals pointed, with numerous glands within. Corolla almost -campanulate; segments glabrous within, with subvalvate aestivation. -Corona of 5 lobes. Staminal column long. Stigmatic head flat or -slightly concave, 5-lobed. Mericarps short and thick. Erect shrubs. -Leaves lanceolate. Flowers in many-flowered cymes.--Species 1. -Nile-lands and Sahara. Used medicinally,. (Under _Cynanchum_ L.) -=Solenostemma= Hayne - -38. Corona inserted at the base of the corolla. Flowers in few-flowered -cymes. 39 - -Corona inserted below the sinuses of the corolla. Calyx with 5 glands -at the base. Flowers in umbel-like inflorescences. Erect herbs. 41 - -39. Corolla-tube longer than the segments. Calyx without glands inside. -Corona-lobes strap-shaped, gibbous outside. Twining shrubs.--Species 1. -Naturalized in the island of Madeira. =Araujia= Brot. - -Corolla-tube shorter than the segments. Herbs or undershrubs. 40 - -40. Calyx without glands inside. Corona-lobes petal-like. Twining -undershrubs.--Species 2. West Africa. =Prosopostelma= Baill. - -Calyx with 5 glands inside. Corona-lobes not petal-like. Mericarps -thick, prickly. Erect or procumbent, downy or cottony plants.--Species -7. Central Africa, Sahara, and Egypt. =Glossonema= Decne. - -41. Corona-lobes bristle-like, curved. Corolla with linear -divisions. Stigmatic head elongate-conical. Leaves linear. Flowers -solitary.--Species 1. Northern East Africa. (Under _Glossonema_ Decne.) -=Conomitra= Fenzl - -Corona-lobes broad. Corolla with lanceolate or ovate divisions. Leaves -lanceolate or oblong. 42 - -42. Stigmatic head elongate-conical, 2-cleft, projecting beyond the -anther-appendages.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under _Parapodium_ E. -Mey.) =Rhombonema= Schlecht. - -Stigmatic head obtuse-subconical, not projecting beyond the -anther-appendages.--Species 2. South Africa. =Parapodium= E. Mey. - -43. (34.) Corona-lobes united more or less, usually high up. -Corolla with contorted, rarely with valvate aestivation. [Subtribe -CYNANCHINAE.] 44 - -Corona-lobes free or nearly so. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate -aestivation. Erect or procumbent herbs or undershrubs, rarely twining -or shrubby. [Subtribe ASCLEPIADINAE]. 60 - -44. Corona double. 45 - -Corona simple, but sometimes with small accessory teeth between or -within the lobes. 51 - -45. Leaves reduced to scales or absent. Flowers in umbels or fascicles. -Twining or procumbent shrubs. 46 - -Leaves well developed. 49 - -46. Corolla shortly lobed or cleft to the middle, with valvate -aestivation. Outer corona cupular, entire or lobed. 47 - -Corolla divided beyond the middle, with contorted aestivation, small, -white or yellow. 48 - -47. Corolla shortly lobed, large, red. Outer corona entire or obscurely -lobed. Stigmatic head 2-lobed.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Platykeleba= N. -E. Brown - -Corolla cleft to the middle. Outer corona distinctly lobed. Stigmatic -head entire.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Decanemopsis= Cost. & Gall. - -48. Outer corona of 5 long lobes united below, awl-shaped above. -Corolla yellow. Mericarps very long.--Species 2. Madagascar and -Mauritius. Used medicinally. =Decanema= Decne. - -Outer corona short, ring-or cup-shaped, entire or shortly -lobed.--Species 8. Tropical and South Africa. The stem and the milky -juice of some species are edible or used medicinally; they also yield -resin. (Including _Sarcocyphula_ Harv.) =Sarcostemma= R. Br. - -49. Outer corona lobed; lobes of the inner spurred. Sepals lanceolate, -with glands at the base. Corolla white or greenish, woolly. -Twining shrubs. Leaves broad-cordate. Flowers in many-flowered -panicles.--Species 5. Used as medicinal and fibre-plants. (_Pergularia_ -L.) =Daemia= R. Br. - -Outer corona nearly entire. Leaves linear, oblong, or ovate. Flowers in -few-flowered umbels or fascicles. 50 - -50. Sepals lanceolate, without glands. Stigmatic head with a boss at -the top and surrounded by a short 5-lobed cup. Erect shrubs. Leaves -linear.--Species 1. East Africa. =Diplostigma= K. Schum. - -Sepals elliptical, with minute glands at the base. Stigmatic head -without a distinct boss. Twining herbs or undershrubs.--Species 4. -Tropics. Used medicinally. =Pentatropis= Wight & Arn. - -51. (44.) Corona much lower than the stamens. 52 - -Corona equalling or exceeding the stamens. 54 - -52. Corona fleshy, crenate. Stigmatic head capitate, papillose. -Mericarps linear. Erect herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Flowers in -terminal panicles.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Nanostelma= Baill. - -Corona membranous, lobed. Stigmatic head with a boss or beak. Twining -or procumbent undershrubs or shrubs. 53 - -53. Corolla campanulate. Corona-lobes alternating with the anthers. -Stigmatic head with a long, 2-lobed beak. Twining undershrubs. Leaves -small. Flowers axillary, solitary or in few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Pleurostelma= Baill. - -Corolla rotate. Stigmatic head with a boss or a short beak. Twining -or procumbent shrubs. Leaves none. Flowers in umbels. (See 48.) -=Sarcostemma= R. Br. - -54. Corona very large, campanulate, corolla-like. Stigmatic head -conical. Corolla campanulate; lobes rolled back at the edge. Twining -shrubs. Flowers in axillary umbels.--Species 3. Central Africa. (Under -_Cynanchum_ L.) =Perianthostelma= Baill. - -Corona not corolla-like. 55 - -55. Corona with concave or laterally compressed lobes. Herbs or -undershrubs. 56 - -Corona with flat, but sometimes appendaged lobes, or entire. 58 - -56. Corona-lobes obviously united below, concave, 10. Stigmatic head -pyramidal. Sepals blunt, without glands. Flowers solitary or in pairs. -Leaves linear.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under _Cynanchum_ L.) -=Flanagania= Schlecht. - -Corona-lobes nearly free. Stigmatic head rounded or produced into a -boss at the top. Sepals pointed, with small glands at the base. Flowers -in umbels or racemes. Stem twining. 57 - -57. Corolla with broad divisions. Corona-lobes with an inflexed apical -appendage. Leaves broad. Flowers in racemes or panicles.--Species 5. -South and Central Africa. Some have edible fruits. =Pentarrhinum= E. -Mey. - -Corolla with narrow divisions. Corona-lobes laterally compressed. -Flowers in few-flowered umbels. (See 50.) =Pentatropis= Wight & Arn. - -58. Staminal column long. Corona-lobes 10-15. Sepals lanceolate-oblong, -with basal glands. Corolla rotate. Erect shrubs. Leaves cordate-ovate. -Flowers in racemes.--Species 2. East Africa. (Under _Cynanchum_ L. or -_Vincetoxicum_ Moench). =Schizostephanus= Hochst. - -Staminal column short or wanting. 59 - -59. Sepals subulate, with solitary glands at the base. Corolla -campanulate or urceolate; lobes pointed, fleshy at the sinuses. -Corona entire or 5-lobed. Stigmatic head lengthened, mushroom-shaped. -Erect herbs. Leaves linear. Flowers small, in umbel-like -inflorescences.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Pycnoneurum= Decne. - -Sepals lanceolate or ovate. Flowers in umbel-or raceme-like -inflorescences.--Species 40. Some of them yield fibre, poison, or -medicaments. (Including _Cynoctonum_ E. Mey., _Endotropis_ Endl., and -_Vincetoxicum_ Moench) =Cynanchum= L. - -60. (43.) Corona-lobes distinctly concave, more or less hood-shaped. -Erect plants. 61 - -Corona-lobes flat or rather flat, sometimes keeled. 66 - -61. Pollen-carriers with very large, broad and concave arms. Stigmatic -head more or less ruminate. Sepals pointed, with numerous basal glands. -Corolla rotate. Corona-lobes not spurred. Herbs. Leaves narrow. -Inflorescences umbel-like.--Species 10. Central and South Africa. -(Under _Asclepias_ L.) =Stathmostelma= K. Schum. - -Pollen-carriers with narrow and flat arms. Stigmatic head not ruminate. -62 - -62. Corona-lobes with a recurved spur at the base and two teeth at the -apex. Anthers stalked. Stigmatic head depressed. Sepals pointed, with -many glands at the base. Corolla green outside, red within. Mericarps -inflated. Leaves broad. Flowers large, in panicles.--Species 2. Central -and North Africa. They yield a kind of rubber, bast-fibre, vegetable -silk, poison, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. -=Calotropis= R. Br. - -Corona-lobes not spurred. 63 - -63. Corona lobes with a more or less horn-like appendage arising from -the cavity. Sepals pointed, with solitary or paired glands at the base. -Corolla rotate. Mericarps thick. Herbs or undershrubs. Inflorescences -umbel-like.--Species 40. Central and South Africa; besides one species -naturalized in the tropics. Some species yield rubber, fibre from the -bark, vegetable silk from the hairy seeds, or medicaments; several -serve as ornamental plants. =Asclepias= L. - -Corona-lobes without an appendage in the cavity, but sometimes with -scale-or tooth-like appendages at the base. 64 - -64. Corona-lobes without appendages or alternating with small -teeth. Sepals pointed, with basal glands. Stigmatic head usually -flat.--Species 110. Some of them yield vegetable silk or medicaments, -or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Krebsia_ Harv. and -_Pachycarpus_ E. Mey., under _Asclepias_ L.) =Gomphocarpus= L. - -Corona-lobes with rather large scale-like appendages at the base. -Sepals without basal glands. Herbs. Flowers small, in umbel-like -inflorescences. 65 - -65. Corona-lobes curved inwards, attached to the stamens only by -their basal appendages. Stigmatic head with a boss at the top. Leaves -ovate.--Species 3. South and Central Africa. =Woodia= Schlecht. - -Corona-lobes erect-connivent, inserted on the stamens. Stigmatic head -elevate-conical, 2-lobed. Sepals blunt. Corolla campanulate; segments -with recurved tips. Leaves linear.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under -Schizoglossum E. Mey.) =Stenostelma= Schlecht. - -66. (60.) Corona of 3 rows of 5 lobes each; those of the middle row -3-lobed or 3-parted. Corolla rotate; segments narrowly overlapping in -the bud. Sepals with basal glands. Flowers in few-flowered umbels or -corymbs. Erect or more frequently procumbent herbs or undershrubs. 67 - -Corona simple. 68 - -67. Ovules 1-2 in each carpel. Mericarps triangular, ending in -three spines. Seeds glabrous. Branches long. Leaves palmately -5-7-lobed.--Species 1. South-east Africa (Delagoa Bay). -(_Lobostephanus_ N. E. Brown). =Emicocarpus= K. Schum. & Schlecht. - -Ovules 3 or more in each carpel. Branches short. Leaves linear-filiform -or linear-hastate.--Species 5. South Africa. =Eustegia= R. Br. - -68. Corona-lobes petal-like, coloured, larger than the corolla-lobes, -spatulate. Divisions of the corolla usually rolled back. Sepals -with many glands at the base. Stigmatic head flat or short-conical. -Erect herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Leaves narrow. Flowers in -umbels.--Species 6. Central Africa. =Margaretta= Oliv. - -Corona-lobes not petal-like. 69 - -69. Corona-lobes very thick and fleshy, more rarely moderately fleshy, -and then without an appendage and without a keel or with a single -keel on the inner face, but sometimes alternating with small teeth. -Stigmatic head low. Erect plants. 70 - -Corona-lobes thin, rarely somewhat fleshy, but then with 2 keels or 1-2 -appendages on the inner face. Herbs or undershrubs. 71 - -70. Stem woody. Leaves narrow, with minute bristles in their axils. -Flowers in sometimes very short racemes. Sepals with basal glands. -Corolla campanulate, cleft to the middle or beyond; segments woolly -within.--Species 1. Central Africa. Used medicinally. =Kanahia= R. Br. - -Stem herbaceous or woody at the base, tuberous under ground. Flowers in -umbels. Corolla divided nearly to the base.--Species 45. Central and -South Africa. Some species have edible tubers or are used in medicine. -(Including _Glossostelma_ Schlecht.) =Xysmalobium= R. Br. - -71. Corolla shortly lobed or cleft half-way down. Sepals with glands -at the base. Corona-lobes gibbous within. Stigmatic head truncate or -umbonate. Stem twining. Flowers large, in axillary umbels or racemes. -(See 34.) =Oxystelma= R. Br. - -Corolla deeply divided. 72 - -72. Stigmatic head produced much beyond the anthers into a long beak -2-lobed at the apex. Corona-lobes linear. Corolla-segments narrow. -Sepals awl-shaped, without glands. Flowers in lateral cymes or racemes. -Leaves linear. Twining herbs or undershrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. -(_Oncinema_ Arn.) =Glossostephanus= E. Mey. - -Stigmatic head not or slightly projecting beyond the anthers. Sepals -with glands at the base. Flowers in umbels. Stem erect, rarely -procumbent. 73 - -73. Stigmatic head club-shaped. Corona-lobes somewhat fleshy, with -a transverse ridge or a short scale on the inner face. Sepals -lanceolate, with solitary glands. Inflorescences many-flowered. Leaves -linear.--Species 5. South Africa and Southern East Africa. (Including -_Periglossum_ Decne.) =Cordylogyne= E. Mey. - -Stigmatic head truncate or depressed and usually umbonate. 74 - -74. Inflorescences terminal. Sepals with many glands at the base. -Corolla white, with long hairs on the edges of the segments. Connective -fringed. Corona-lobes purple, with two linear appendages at the base, -but without keels. Leaves narrow.--Species 1. South Africa. Used as an -ornamental plant. =Fanninia= Harv. - -Inflorescences lateral or terminal and lateral. Corona-lobes usually -with 2 keels on the inner face.--Species 120. South and Central -Africa (Including _Aspidoglossum_ E. Mey., _Lagarinthus_ E. Mey., and -_Mackenia_ Harv.) =Schizoglossum= E. Mey. - -75. (29.) Pollen-masses 2 in each anther-half (4 on each -pollen-carrier), very small. Pollen-carriers very small, broad, pale, -rather soft. Anthers with a more or less fringed appendage at the top. -Corona, at least the inner, arising from the stamens. Flowers small, in -axillary cymes or terminal panicles. [Tribe SECAMONEAE.] 76 - -Pollen-masses solitary in each anther-half (2 on each pollen-carrier). -Pollen-carriers hard, horny, usually of a dark colour. [Tribe -TYLOPHOREAE.] 78 - -76. Pollen-carriers with well developed, narrow arms. Corolla yellow, -urceolate, with short triangular lobes. Sepals oval.--Species 1. -Madagascar. Yields rubber. =Secamonopsis= Jum. - -Pollen-carriers with short and broad or indistinct arms. Corolla -rotate. 77 - -77. Stem erect, shrubby. Flowers in few-flowered cymes. Corolla adnate -to the ovary at the base; segments very long, spatulate. Corona-lobes -5, filiform. Pollen-carriers without distinct arms.--Species 1. -Madagascar. Poisonous. =Menabea= Baill. - -Stem twining or procumbent, shrubby or half-shrubby.--Species 45. -Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including -_Toxocarpus_ Wight et Arn.) =Secamone= R. Br. - -78. Anthers with a distinct, membranous, flat or inflated appendage -at the apex. Corolla usually with contorted aestivation. [Subtribe -MARSDENIINAE.] 79 - -Anthers with a very short appendage or a small point, or without any -appendage at the apex. Corolla nearly always with valvate aestivation. -[Subtribe CEROPEGIINAE.] 93 - -79. Corona absent. Sepals blunt, with solitary glands. Shrubs. 80 - -Corona present. 81 - -80. Inflorescence 1-3-flowered. Corolla campanulate, woolly within; -segments overlapping to the right. Stigmatic head obtuse-conical. -Mericarps short, thick, covered with longitudinal ridges. Branches -erect or procumbent, downy. Leaves fleshy, linear.--Species 1. South -Africa (Cape Colony.) =Rhyssolobium= E. Mey. - -Inflorescence many-flowered. Sepals unequal. Corolla-segments -overlapping to the left. Apical appendages of the anthers -ciliate-laciniate. Stigmatic head hemispheric or conical. Mericarps -long, smooth. Branches twining, glabrous.--Species 1. Madagascar and -Mascarenes. =Trichosandra= Decne. - -81. Corona arising from the corolla below its sinuses and consisting -of 5 scales. Sepals blunt. Corolla campanulate. Twining, hairy shrubs. -Leaves ovate. Flowers small, in umbels.--Species 1. Tropical and South -Africa. Yields fibre. =Gymnema= R. Br. - -Corona, at least the inner, arising from the stamens. 82 - -82. Corona double. Twining shrubs. Leaves herbaceous. 83 - -Corona simple; lobes in one row, but sometimes furnished with -appendages on the inner face. 85 - -83. Outer and inner corona arising from the staminal column and -consisting of 5 scales each. Sepals linear-lanceolate. Flowers in -few-flowered umbel-like cymes.--Species 1. Southern East Africa. -=Swynnertonia= S. Moore - -Outer corona arising from the corolla, the inner from the stamens. 84 - -84. Sepals lanceolate. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Inner corona -ring-shaped, slightly lobed. Pollen-masses horizontal. Flowers in -panicles.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Oncostemma= K. Schum. - -Sepals ovate or subulate. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate -aestivation. Inner corona of oblong lobes. Pollen-masses erect. Flowers -in globose, axillary, partly stalked, partly sessile umbels.--Species -2. West Africa. =Anisopus= N. E. Brown - -85. Corona-lobes united high up, usually numerous. Anthers with a large -inflated appendage. Pollen-masses flat and thin. Pollen-carriers very -small, without distinct arms. Sepals lanceolate, with small solitary -glands. Corolla rotate. Herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Leaves -narrow. Flowers solitary or in fascicle-or corymb-like cymes.--Species -10. Southern and Central Africa. Some have edible tubers. =Fockea= Endl. - -Corona-lobes free or united at the base, 5, but sometimes appendaged. -86 - -86. Corona-lobes with a narrow appendage on the inner face. Sepals -lanceolate, with solitary glands. Corolla salver-shaped. Mericarps -thick. Twining shrubs. Flowers in dense umbels or racemes.--Species -3. Tropical and South Africa. (_Prageluria_ N. E. Brown, under -_Pergularia_ L.) =Telosma= Coville - -Corona-lobes without an appendage on the inner face, but sometimes with -a small, usually tubercle-like appendage at the base of the back. 87 - -87. Corona-lobes united at the base, linear, erect. Sepals lanceolate, -without glands. Corolla with linear segments recurved from the base. -Stigmatic head truncate. Mericarps slender. Erect herbs with a tuberous -rootstock. Leaves linear. Flowers in fascicles.--Species 1. Southeast -Africa to Rhodesia. The tubers are edible. =Macropetalum= Burch. - -Corona-lobes free or nearly so. Twining plants, rarely erect shrubs or -herbs without a tuberous rootstock. 88 - -88. Corona-lobes spreading, linear. Sepals lanceolate, without glands. -Corolla rotate. Stigmatic head flat or umbonate. Mericarps thick, -villous. Twining, tomentose shrubs. Leaves elliptical. Flowers in -cymes.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Pervillaea= Decne. - -Corona-lobes spreading and tubercle-shaped, or erect, or converging. 89 - -89. Pollen-masses very small, disc-shaped. Corona-lobes short, usually -tubercle-like. Sepals pointed, with solitary glands. Corolla rotate. -Stigmatic head more or less flattened and usually provided with a -central boss at the top. Mericarps slender.--Species 25. Tropical and -South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Tylophora= R. Br. - -Pollen-masses large or rather large, usually pear-shaped. Mericarps -usually thick. 90 - -90. Filaments united at the base, free above. Stigmatic head produced -into a long beak. Ovary glabrous. Sepals oblong or ovate, with solitary -glands. Corolla campanulate. Twining shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves -leathery. Flowers in racemes or panicles.--Species 3. West Africa. -(Under _Secamone_ R. Br. or _Toxocarpus_ Wight et Arn.) =Rhynchostigma= -Benth. - -Filaments united up to the anthers. 91 - -91. Anther-appendages cohering into a long tube. Stigmatic head -beaked. Ovary hairy. Sepals elliptical, with solitary glands. Corolla -campanulate, with linear segments. Twining shrubs. Leaves elliptical, -herbaceous. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. East Africa. (Under -_Marsdenia_ R. Br.) =Traunia= K. Schum. - -Anther-appendages not cohering into a tube. 92 - -92. Sepals large, without glands. Corolla funnel-or salver-shaped; -tube widened below. Stigmatic head conical. Twining shrubs. Leaves -leathery. Flowers large, in umbels.--Species 5. Madagascar. They are -used as ornamental plants, and the hairs of the seeds as vegetable -silk. =Stephanotis= Thouars Sepals small, usually with glands. Leaves -herbaceous. Flowers small or of moderate size.--Species 17. Tropical -and South Africa. Some species yield rubber or serve as vegetables. -(Including _Dregea_ E. Mey. and _Pterygocarpus_ Hochst.) =Marsdenia= R. -Br. - -93. (78.) Stem cactus-like, thick and fleshy, with 4 or more angles -or rows of tubercles, usually low. Leaves more or less rudimentary or -wanting. Flowers solitary or in fascicles, fleshy. Sepals pointed, with -solitary glands. Corolla-segments very rarely coherent at the tip. -Stigmatic head flat or ending in a small boss. 94 - -Stem herbaceous or woody, rarely (_Ceropegia_) fleshy, but then leafy -or obscurely 3-angled and corolla-segments cohering at the tip, at -least when young. 106 - -94. Branches divided by longitudinal and transverse furrows into -several-ranked areas, not spiny nor bristly. Corolla rotate or -campanulate, cleft to the middle. Corona-lobes 5 or 10, united at the -base.--Species 7. East Africa. =Echidnopsis= Hook. fil. - -Branches angled or tubercled, but not divided into areas, usually spiny -or bristly. 95 - -95. Branches with more than 6 angles or rows of tubercles, rarely with -6; in this case with 3-parted spines. 96 - -Branches with 4, more rarely with 5 or 6 angles or rows of tubercles. -Spines or other appendages of the tubercles simple. 98 - -96. Spines 3-parted. Flowers solitary or in pairs, large. Corolla -tube-or funnel-shaped, shortly lobed. Corona double, the outer divided -into 10 filiform segments terminating in knobs.--Species 2. South -Africa and southern West Africa. (_Tavaresia_ Welw.) =Decabelone= Decne. - -Spines simple or absent. Corolla saucer-or cup-shaped. Outer corona of -5 two-lobed or two-parted pointed lobes or indistinct. 97 - -97. Tubercles of the stem united into continuous angles, spiny. Flowers -large. Corolla slightly lobed.--Species 10. South and Central Africa. -=Hoodia= Sweet - -Tubercles of the stem not confluent. Flowers rather small. Corolla -lobed to about halfway.--Species 12. South Africa and southern Central -Africa. =Trichocaulon= N. E. Brown - -98. Corolla-segments cohering at the tip. Corona double.--Species 5. -South Africa. Used as vegetables. =Pectinaria= Haw. - -Corolla-segments free at the tip. 99 - -99. Corona simple, of 5 lobes. 100 - -Corona double or triple. 101 - -100. Sepals large. Corolla campanulate, divided half-way down, hairy, -inside red mottled with yellow. Corona-lobes thick, without a dorsal -crest:--Species 1. South Africa to Damaraland. (_Huerniopsis_ N. E. -Brown). =Huerniopsis= N. E. Brown - -Sepals small. Corolla rotate or campanulate, divided to beyond -the middle. Corona-lobes with a dorsal transverse crest at the -base.--Species 10. South Africa. =Piaranthus= R. Br. - -101. Third (outermost) corona corolla-like, arising from the base of -the corolla-tube. Corolla campanulate, hairy.--Species 1. South Africa -(Cape Colony). =Diplocyathus= N. E. Brown - -Third (outermost) corona not corolla-like, arising from the throat of -the corolla, or wanting. 102 - -102. Second (intermediate) corona disc-shaped, entire; third -(outermost) ring-shaped. Corolla rotate.--Species 20. South Africa to -Lake Ngami. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Duvalia= Haw. - -Second (intermediate or outer) corona ring-or cup-shaped and more or -less deeply divided. 103 - -103. Corolla with accessory teeth between the lobes, campanulate, more -or less distinctly lobed or cleft.--Species 30. South and Central -Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (_Huernia_ R. Br.) -=Huernia= R. Br. - -Corolla without accessory teeth between the lobes. 104 - -104. Corolla campanulate with broad lobes or rotate; in the latter case -(as usually) outer corona divided to the base. Stem with soft spines -or teeth, or without any. Flowers usually large, solitary or in pairs, -more rarely in clusters.--Species 100. South and Central Africa. Some -are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Podanthes_ -Decne.) =Stapelia= L. - -Corolla campanulate with narrow lobes or rotate; in the latter case -outer corona nearly entire or more or less deeply divided, but not to -the base. 105 - -105. Inner corona-lobes bent inwards and broadened at the tip, beset -with short spines on the back; outer short, united at the base. Corolla -purple-brown, rotate, cleft half-way down, bearing club-shaped hairs. -Flowers very large, solitary or in pairs. Stem with hard, usually brown -spines.--Species 2. Northern East Africa. =Edithcolea= N. E. Brown - -Inner corona-lobes not broadened at the tip. Flowers of moderate size. -Stem with soft, green spines or teeth.--Species 30. Some of them are -used as ornamental plants, or as vegetables, others are poisonous. -(Including _Apteranthes_ Mik. and _Boucerosia_ Wight et Arn.) -=Caralluma= R. Br. - -106. (93.) Corolla tubular, rarely funnel-or salver-shaped; tube long -and narrow, usually widened at the base; lobes usually cohering at -the tip, at least when young. Flowers large or of moderate size, very -rarely small. Herbs or undershrubs. 107 - -Corolla rotate or campanulate; tube short or rather long but wide; -lobes rarely cohering at the tip. 109 - -107. Calyx without glands at the base. Corona of 5 lobes. Anthers with -a small appendage at the apex. Flowers in few-flowered umbel-like -cymes. Species 3. South Africa and southern Central Africa. (_Barrowia_ -Decne.) =Orthanthera= Wight - -Calyx with glands at the base. Corolla more or less tubular; lobes -cohering at the tip, at least in bud. Corona double, rarely simple, -but then anthers without an apical appendage. 108 - -108. Corona double, the inner with short lobes. Anthers with a small -appendage at the apex. Mericarps constricted between the seeds. -Twining plants with a tuberous rootstock. Leaves heart-shaped. Flowers -long-stalked, in fascicles arranged in racemes or panicles.--Species 8. -South and East Africa. =Riocreuxia= Decne. - -Corona double, the inner with long lobes, or simple. Anthers without -an apical appendage. Mericarps not constricted. Flowers solitary or in -fascicles, umbels, or racemes; if in fascicles arranged in racemes or -panicles, then short-stalked.--Species 90. Tropical and South Africa -and Canary Islands. Some species have edible tubers or stems, or serve -as ornamental plants. =Ceropegia= L. - -109. Corona of 5 lobes inserted on the corolla beneath the sinuses, -sometimes with an inconspicuous fleshy ring at the base of the staminal -column. Anthers sometimes with a short apical appendage. Corolla hairy. -Sepals ovate, without glands. Shrubs, sometimes leafless. Flowers -small.--Species 6. Tropics, Sahara, and Egypt. Some species yield -fibre. =Leptadenia= R. Br. - -Corona inserted on the stamens. 110 - -110. Corona simple. 111 - -Corona double or triple. 114 - -111. Corona of 10 lobes united below. Sepals with glands at the base. -Corolla almost rotate, deeply divided. Stigmatic head depressed. Erect -herbs. Leaves broad. Flowers very small.--Species 1. South-east Africa -(Natal). (Under _Brachystelma_ R. Br.) =Aulostephanus= Schlecht. - -Corona of 5 free lobes. 112 - -112. Corolla rotate. Sepals with glands at the base. Pollen-masses -minute, orbicular. Stigmatic head with a boss at the top. Twining -plants. (See 89.) =Tylophora= R. Br. - -Corolla campanulate or almost urceolate. Erect herbs or undershrubs. 113 - -113. Sepals lanceolate, with glands at the base. Corolla with contorted -aestivation. Stigmatic head flat. Leaves oblong or elliptic.--Species -4. Central and South Africa. =Sphaerocodon= Benth. - -Sepals without glands. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Leaves -linear.--Species 10. South Africa. =Sisyranthus= E. Mey. - -114. Corona 3-ranked, the outermost lobes reflexed, the others erect, -the innermost the largest. Corolla campanulate, deeply divided. Twining -plants. Flowers in racemes, on long pedicels.--Species 1. Equatorial -West Africa (Cameroons). =Neoschumannia= Schlecht. - -Corona 2-ranked. Erect or procumbent herbs or undershrubs, rarely -twining, but then flowers in fascicles. 115 - -115. Inner corona-lobes broad, shorter than the outer. 116 - -Inner corona-lobes narrow, longer than the outer. 118 - -116. Outer corona cupular, entire; inner of 5 small lobes. Corolla -campanulate, blackish-red, hairy within, with valvate aestivation. -Flowers solitary, small. Leaves linear.--Species 1. Southern West -Africa (Amboland). =Craterostemma= K. Schum. - -Outer corona divided into 10 lobes. Flowers usually fascicled. 117 - -117. Corolla rotate, with valvate aestivation. Stem branched. -Flowers small.--Species 2. South Africa. (Under _Anisotome_ Fenzl or -_Brachystelma_ R. Br.) =Decaceras= Harv. - -Corolla rotate-campanulate, with contorted aestivation. Stem -simple.--Species 5. South and East Africa. (Under _Brachystelma_ R. Br. -or _Tenaris_ E. Mey.) =Lasiostelma= Benth. - -118. Outer corona-lobes 5, entire or 2-cleft. 119 - -Outer corona-lobes 10, free from each other or nearly so. Pollen-masses -disciform. Flowers solitary, fascicled, or umbellate. 123 - -119. Corolla campanulate. Roots spindle-shaped. Stem erect. Flowers -solitary or fascicled.--Species 6. South Africa. (Under _Brachystelma_ -R. Br., _Dichaelia_ Harv., or _Lasiostelma_ Benth.) =Brachystelmaria= -Schlecht. - -Corolla rotate. Roots fibrous, somewhat fleshy. 120 - -120. Stem erect, arising from a tuber. Leaves linear. Flowers usually -in racemes or panicles, rather large. Corolla-segments linear. Anthers -usually with a short appendage at the apex.--Species 5. Central and -South Africa. =Tenaris= E. Mey. - -Stem prostrate or twining. Leaves oblong or ovate. Flowers solitary or -in fascicles or pseudo-umbels. Anthers without an appendage. 121 - -121. Leaves ovate. Flowers solitary or in pairs, small. Corolla yellow, -with ovate segments. Stem prostrate, springing from a tuber.--Species -1. South Africa. (Under _Brachystelma_ R. Br.) =Tapeinostelma= Schlecht. - -Leaves cordate. Flowers in fascicles or pseudo-umbels. 122 - -122. Stem prostrate. Flowers small. Corolla-segments oblong-linear. -Inner corona-lobes subulate.--Species 2. South Africa. (_Lophostephus_ -Harv.) =Anisotome= Fenzl - -Stem twining. Inner corona-lobes oblong or linear-oblong.--Species 2. -South Africa. =Emplectanthus= N. E. Brown - -123. Outer corona-lobes erect. Corolla-segments cohering at the -tip.--Species 15. South Africa. (Under _Brachystelma_ R. Br.) -=Dichaelia= Harv. - -Outer corona-lobes spreading. Corolla-segments free at the -tip.--Species 35. South and Central Africa. Some have edible tubers. -(Including _Micraster_ Harv.) =Brachystelma= R. Br. - - -ORDER TUBIFLORAE - - -SUBORDER CONVOLVULINEAE - - -FAMILY 202. CONVOLVULACEAE - -Leaves alternate, simple, sometimes dissected or reduced to scales, -exstipulate, rarely (_Ipomoea_) stipulate. Flowers regular, rarely -slightly irregular, usually hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, rarely 4, -persistent. Petals united into a 5-angled, 5-lobed, or 5-cleft, rarely -a 4-lobed corolla, usually with plicate-valvate aestivation. Stamens -as many as and alternating with the corolla-lobes, inserted on the -corolla. Anthers 2-celled, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal -slits. Disc within the stamens, sometimes indistinct. Ovary superior, -1-4-celled, sometimes deeply divided. Ovules 1-4 in each cell, rarely -(_Humbertia_) more, erect, inverted. Styles 1-2, sometimes 2-cleft. -Seeds albuminous; embryo with folded cotyledons.--Genera 34, species -450. (Plate 131.) - -1. Plants without green colour, parasitic. Stem herbaceous, twining. -Leaves reduced to scales or wanting. Flowers small, in fascicles. -Corolla imbricate in bud, usually with scales at the throat. Ovary -completely or incompletely 2-celled with 4 ovules. Embryo twisted, -without cotyledons.--Species 25. Some of them are noxious weeds, -several are used medicinally. “Dodder.” [Tribe CUSCUTEAE.] =Cuscuta= L. - -Plants of green colour. Corolla plicate or valvate in bud, rarely -(_Cressa_) imbricate, but then stem shrubby. Embryo straight or -slightly curved, with 2 cotyledons. 2 - -2. Calyx minute. Ovary 1-celled with 2 ovules. Styles 2. Fruit -1-seeded, ripening underground. Creeping herbs. Leaves kidney-shaped. -Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Abyssinia. (_Nephrophyllum_ A. Rich.) -=Hygrocharis= Hochst. - -Calyx distinctly developed. 3 - -3. Ovary lobed or divided. Ovules 4. Styles 2, inserted between the -lobes of the ovary. Sepals more or less united below. Flowers solitary. -Creeping or prostrate herbs. [Tribe DICHONDREAE.] 4 - -Ovary entire. Sepals free, rarely (_Rapona_) united below, but then -ovules 2, style 2-cleft, flowers in panicles, and stem twining. 5 - -4. Ovary and fruit 2-lobed. Corolla deeply cleft, yellow. Sepals nearly -free. Leaves kidney-shaped.--Species 1. Tropical and South Africa, also -naturalized in the Island of Madeira. =Dichondra= Forst. - -Ovary and fruit 4-parted. Corolla slightly lobed. Sepals evidently -united below.--Species 4. South Africa and Abyssinia. =Falkia= L. f. - -5. Styles 2, free or united below. 6 - -Style 1, undivided; stigmas 2, continuous at the base, or a single -stigma. 16 - -6. Flowers in axillary or terminal and axillary racemes or panicles. -Twining shrubs. [Tribe PORANEAE.] 7 - -Flowers solitary, in axillary cymes, or in terminal spikes or heads. -Ovules 4. [Tribe DICRANOSTYLEAE.] 10 - -7. Sepals united below, not enlarged in the fruit. Corolla entire, with -plicate aestivation. Filaments broadened and hairy at the base. Disc -large, cup-shaped. Ovary incompletely 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each -cell. Style 2-cleft at the top, with capitate stigmas.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Rapona= Baill. - -Sepals free. Corolla more or less lobed. Disc small. Ovary 1-2-celled, -with 2 ovules in each cell. Style deeply 2-cleft or divided to the -base. 8 - -8. Sepals unequal, the two outer ones much enlarged in the fruit. -Corolla deeply lobed. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2. Style -2-cleft; stigmas linear or oblong.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa -(Cameroons). =Dipteropeltis= Hallier - -Sepals about equal. Disc ring-shaped or indistinct. Ovary completely -or incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 4. Style divided to the base; stigmas -capitate or peltate. 9 - -9. Inflorescence composed of racemes. Bracts surrounding the fruit -much enlarged. Corolla deeply lobed, induplicate-valvate in bud. -Ovary incompletely septate. Stigmas peltate.--Species 2. West Africa. -=Neuropeltis= Wall. - -Inflorescence composed of fascicles. Bracts not much enlarged in the -fruit. Stigmas capitate.--Species 2. East Africa. =Porana= Burm. - -10. Flowers dioecious. Sepals enlarged in the fruit. Corolla deeply -cleft. Stigmas horse-shoe-shaped. Shrubs with small leaves. 11 - -Flowers hermaphrodite. 12 - -11. Sepals of the female flowers distinctly unequal, the outer much -larger than the inner. Flowers usually 4-merous.--Species 4. Northern -East Africa. =Hildebrandtia= Vatke - -Sepals nearly equal. Flowers 5-merous. Styles united at the base. Seeds -2. Branches stiff.--Species 2. Northern East Africa. =Cladostigma= -Radlk. - -12. Stigmas filiform, 2-parted. Erect herbs or undershrubs. Leaves -small.--Species 4. Tropical and South Africa. =Evolvulus= L. - -Stigmas globose or peltate, usually entire. Shrubs. 13 - -13. Anthers and stigmas projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Sepals -subequal. Corolla small, cleft to the middle, imbricate in bud. Fruit -1-seeded. Prostrate or ascending small shrubs. Leaves small. Flowers -in terminal spikes.--Species 1. Tropical and North Africa. Used -medicinally. =Cressa= L. - -Anthers and stigmas concealed within the corolla-tube. Corolla folded -in bud. 14 - -14. Corolla small, funnel-shaped. Sepals subequal. Filaments glabrous, -broadened at the base and usually toothed on each side. Stigmas more or -less peltate. Fruit 4-seeded. Erect or procumbent, small shrubs. Leaves -small.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Under _Breweria_ R. -Br.) =Seddera= Hochst. - -Corolla large or medium-sized. Filaments not toothed, but usually hairy -at the base. Stigmas more or less globose. Twining shrubs. Leaves large -or of moderate size. Flowers solitary or in axillary cymes or terminal -panicles. 15 - -15. Sepals herbaceous or leathery, subequal, or the inner somewhat -smaller, not enlarged after flowering. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit -4-seeded.--Species 10. Tropics. (Under _Breweria_ R. Br.) =Bonamia= -Thouars Sepals membranous or scarious, the inner much smaller than the -outer, enlarged after flowering. Corolla bell-or pitcher-shaped. Fruit -1-seeded.--Species 12. Tropics. (Under _Breweria_ R. Br.) =Prevostea= -Choisy - -16. (5.) Flowers in axillary racemes. Outer sepals much larger than -the inner, together with the 3 bracteoles much enlarged in the fruit. -Corolla small, deeply lobed. Anthers exserted. Disc cushion-shaped. -Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2. Stigma 1. Twining herbs. Leaves -cordate.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Cardiochlamys= Oliv. - -Flowers solitary or in axillary, sometimes raceme-like cymes, rarely in -terminal spikes or panicles. Ovules 4 or more. 17 - -17. Ovules numerous. Stigmas 2. Filaments curved; anthers much -exserted. Corolla entire. Flowers solitary. Trees.--Species 1. -Madagascar. Yields timber. =Humbertia= Lam. - -Ovules 4-6. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 18 - -18. Pollen-grains smooth. Corolla usually gradually widened from below -upwards and without well defined midpetaline areas. Anthers included. -Ovules 4. [Tribe CONVOLVULEAE.] 19 - -Pollen-grains spinous. Corolla irregularly widened, with 5 longitudinal -midpetaline areas limited by prominent nerves. 26 - -19. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes with an incomplete partition. 20 - -Ovary 2-celled, rarely (_Merremia_) 4-celled. 22 - -20. Stigmas globose. Sepals lanceolate, unequal, not enlarged after -flowering. Corolla bell-shaped, shortly lobed. Stamens unequal. Fruit -one-seeded, indehiscent. Prostrate herbs. Leaves lobed.--Species 1. -East Africa (Somaliland). =Hyalocystis= Hallier - -Stigmas ovate or oblong, flattened. Fruit 4-seeded, 4-valved. 21 - -21. Sepals unequal. Corolla bell-shaped, entire. Twining herbs. Leaves -ovate-cordate. Bracts small.--Species 1. Tropical and South-east -Africa. (_Shutereia_ Choisy). =Hewittia= Wight & Arn. - -Sepals about equal. Corolla slightly lobed. Twining or prostrate herbs. -Leaves sagittate or hastate. Bracts large, leaf-like.--Species 5. -North, South, and East Africa. Some of them have edible root-stocks -or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Under _Convolvulus_ L.) -=Calystegia= R. Br. - -22. Stigmas filiform. Disc present. Corolla funnel-shaped without -well-defined midpetaline areas.--Species 70. Some of them yield an -essential oil used in perfumery or serve as ornamental or medicinal -plants. “Bind-weed.” (Including _Rhodorrhiza_ Webb et Berth.) -=Convolvulus= L. - -Stigmas elliptic, disciform, or globose. 23 - -23. Stigmas elliptic or disciform. Disc indistinct or wanting. Corolla -with well-defined midpetaline areas, blue, more rarely white or -reddish. Sepals not decurrent on the pedicel, usually subequal. Herbs -or under-shrubs.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used -as vegetables. (Plate 131.) =Jacquemontia= Choisy - -Stigmas more or less globose. Corolla white or yellow. 24 - -24. Sepals very unequal, the outer much larger than the inner and -decurrent on the pedicel, herbaceous. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, -entire, hairy outside, with well-defined midpetaline areas. Disc -obscure. Twining herbs. Leaves oblong.--Species 1. Tropical and -South-east Africa. (Under _Ipomoea_ L.) =Aniseia= Choisy - -Sepals nearly equal, usually leathery or parchment-like. 25 - -25. Fruit opening by a lid. Flowers large. Sepals much enlarged in the -fruit. Corolla without sharply limited midpetaline areas and without -dark lines. Twining herbs. Stem usually winged. Leaves broad.--Species -6. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Under _Merremia_ Dennst. or -_Ipomoea_ L.) =Operculina= Manso - -Fruit opening by 4 valves. Corolla bell-shaped; midpetaline areas -usually marked with 5 dark-violet lines. Stem rarely winged.--Species -25. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield fodder and a -substitute for coffee. (Under _Convolvulus_ L. or _Ipomoea_ L.) -=Merremia= Dennst. - -26. (18.) Fruit fleshy, mealy, or dry, and then with a woody or crusty -rind, indehiscent. Ovary 2-4-celled. Stigmas globose or elliptical. -Disc cupular. Shrubs. [Tribe ARGYREIEAE.] 27 - -Fruit dry, with a membranous leathery or parchment-like rind, dehiscing -by 4-6 valves, rarely (_Ipomoea_) indehiscent. [Tribe IPOMOEEAE.] 29 - -27. Fruit fleshy or mealy. Corolla more or less bell-shaped. Stigmas -1-2, globose. Stem twining. Leaves cordate.--Species 2. Naturalized in -the Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plants. =Argyreia= Lour. - -Fruit dry. Corolla funnel-or salver-shaped. Stigmas 2, globose or -elliptical. 28 - -28. Fruit with a woody rind, 1-celled, usually 1-seeded. Seeds -glabrous.--Species 10. Central and South Africa and Canary Islands. -(Including _Legendrea_ Webb, under _Ipomoea_ L.) =Rivea= Choisy - -Fruit with a crustaceous rind, 4-celled, 4-seeded, enveloped by -the adnate sepals. Seeds large, brown-velvety. Ovary 4-celled. -Corolla funnel-shaped. Stem twining. Leaves cordate.--Species 4. -Tropics. (Under _Argyreia_ Lour., _Rivea_ Choisy, or _Ipomoea_ L.) -=Stictocardia= Hallier - -29. Filaments with a large scale at the base within. Corolla shortly -lobed. Disc cupular. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 4. Stigma capitate, -2-lobed. Twining herbs. Leaves usually lobed. Flowers in axillary -cymes. 30 - -Filaments without a scale at the base. 31 - -30. Sepals distinctly unequal. Corolla bell-shaped. Fruit 2-valved. -Seed-coat granular. Flowers medium-sized.--Species 1. East Africa. -=Lepistemonopsis= Dammer - -Sepals nearly equal. Corolla pitcher-shaped. Fruit 4-valved. Seed-coat -smooth. Flowers small.--Species 2. Central Africa. Noxious to cattle. -=Lepistemon= Blume - -31. Stigmas 2, oblong or linear. Corolla funnel-shaped, white red -or violet. Seeds hairy. Plants with star-shaped hairs.--Species 20. -Central and South-east Africa. =Astrochlaena= Hallier - -Stigmas 1-3, more or less capitate. Plants without star-shaped hairs. 32 - -32. Pedicels club-shaped, becoming large and fleshy in the fruit. -Sepals cartilaginous, pointed or awned. Corolla very large, regular, -salver-shaped, white or violet. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma biglobose. -Seeds glabrous. Twining herbs. Leaves cordate or lobed.--Species 2. -Naturalized in the tropics. Ornamental and medicinal plants; the young -seeds are edible. (Under _Ipomoea_ L.) =Calonyction= Choisy - -Pedicels not much thickened in the fruit. 33 - -33. Anthers and stigmas projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Ovary -4-celled. Corolla scarlet, medium-sized, salver-shaped, usually -somewhat irregular. Sepals herbaceous, ending in a short point. Seeds -glabrous or downy. Twining herbs. Leaves cordate, lobed, or pinnately -dissected. Flowers in cymes.--Species 2. Naturalized in the tropics and -in South Africa. Ornamental plants. (Under _Ipomoea_ L.) =Quamoclit= -Tourn. - -Anthers and stigmas usually concealed within the corolla-tube. -Ovary 1-3-celled, rarely 4-celled, but then corolla not scarlet and -salver-shaped. Corolla regular.--Species 220. Some of them (especially -the sweet potato, _I. Batatas_ Lam.) yield edible tubers from which -also starch and brandy are prepared, besides vegetables, fodder, -and medicaments, others are used in preparing rubber, for fixing -sand-dunes, or as ornamental plants. (Including _Batatas_ Choisy and -_Pharbitis_ Choisy). =Ipomoea= L. - - -SUBORDER BORRAGININEAE - - -FAMILY 203. HYDROPHYLLACEAE - -Erect herbs or undershrubs. Juice not milky. Leaves alternate, -herbaceous, undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in cymes -or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals united at the base, narrow, -imbricate in bud. Corolla more or less bell-shaped, 5-12-cleft, -imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as and alternating with the -corolla-lobes, inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube, equal or -subequal in length. Anthers attached at the back, opening inwards by -two longitudinal slits. Disc none. Ovary superior, completely or almost -completely 2-celled, with numerous descending, inverted ovules in each -cell. Styles 2, free or partly united. Fruit a capsule opening by 2-4 -valves or irregularly. Seeds with a small, straight embryo and copious -albumen.--Genera 2, species 8. Tropical and South Africa. - -Flowers 5-merous. Corolla blue. Styles free. Placentas free from -the pericarp. Seed-coat wrinkled. Glandular-hairy or glabrous -plants.--Species 6. Tropics. [Tribe HYDROLEEAE.] =Hydrolea= L. - -Flowers 8-12-merous. Corolla white or yellow. Styles united below. -Placentas attached to the valves of the fruit. Seed-coat bladdery. -Spinous plants.--Species 2. South Africa to Damaraland. [Tribe -PHACELIEAE.] =Codon= L. - -[Illustration: CONVOLVULACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 131._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Jacquemontia capitata Don - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruit (without the -calyx). _D_ Seed.] - -[Illustration: BORRAGINACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 132._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Cordia senegalensis Juss. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Anther. _D_ -Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Group of fruits. _F_ Fruit cut lengthwise.] - - -FAMILY 204. BORRAGINACEAE - -Leaves, at least the upper ones, alternate, undivided, without -stipules, usually hairy. Inflorescences usually raceme-or spike-like, -cymose, one-sided, and rolled back when young. Flowers 4-7-merous, -mostly 5-merous, hermaphrodite. Petals united below, with imbricate -or contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as and alternating with the -corolla-lobes, inserted on the tube or the throat of the corolla. -Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Disc more or less -distinctly developed. Ovary superior, sessile, usually lobed, 4-celled, -rarely 2-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell; micropyle superior. Style 1, -undivided or 2-4-cleft, rarely (_Coldenia_) 2 free styles. Fruit a -drupe or a schizocarp formed of 2-4 dry and indehiscent nutlets, -rarely (_Wellstedia_) a capsule. Seeds erect or horizontal; testa -membranous; albumen scanty or wanting.--Genera 37, species 370. -(_ASPERIFOLIACEAE_.) (Plate 132.) - -1. Style inserted at the apex of the ovary. Fruit usually succulent -drupe-like and entire. 2 - -Style inserted between the lobes of the deeply 2-4-lobed or 2-4-parted -ovary. Fruit dry, of 2-4 nutlets. Flowers 5-merous. Herbs or -undershrubs, rarely shrubs. [Subfamily =BORRAGINOIDEAE=.] 9 - -2. Style twice 2-cleft; stigmas 4. Ovary entire. Fruit a drupe with -a 1-4-celled stone. Trees or shrubs.--Species 40. Tropical and South -Africa and Egypt. They yield timber, fibre, edible fruits, and -medicaments. (Plate 132.) [Subfamily =CORDIOIDEAE=.] =Cordia= L. - -Style undivided or 2-cleft, rarely 2 free styles; stigmas 1-2. Fruit a -drupe with 2-4 stones or a schizocarp separating into several nutlets, -rarely a capsule. 3 - -3. Style with a stigmatose ring below the entire or 2-cleft apex. -[Subfamily =HELIOTROPIOIDEAE=.] 4 - -Style without a stigmatose ring below the apex. Ovary entire. 5 - -4. Fruit more or less fleshy, drupe-like, with 2-4 stones. Seeds with a -more or less copious albumen. Shrubs or trees.--Species 7. Tropical and -South Africa. Used medicinally. =Tournefortia= L. - -Fruit dry, of 2-4 nutlets. Seeds with a scanty albumen. Herbs or -undershrubs, rarely shrubs.--Species 60. Some of them are used -as vegetables or as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including -_Messerschmiedia_ DC.) =Heliotropium= L. - -5. Ovary 2-celled. Style 2-cleft. Fruit a capsule. Flowers 4-merous. -Shrubs.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Wellstedia= Balf. fil. - -Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Fruit a drupe. [Subfamily -=EHRETIOIDEAE=.] 6 - -6. Style simple with an entire or lobed stigma. Shrubs. 7 - -Style 2-cleft or 2 free or almost free styles. 8 - -7. Anthers globose. Leaves orbicular. Inflorescence dense, spike -like.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). =Poskea= Vatke - -Anthers oblong. Leaves oblong. Inflorescence loose, -corymb-like.--Species 1. West Africa. =Rhabdia= Mart. - -8. Style 1, two-cleft. Shrubs or trees.--Species 30. Tropical and South -Africa. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, or medicaments. -=Ehretia= L. - -Styles 2, free or nearly so. Anthers included. Prostrate herbs. Flowers -solitary, axillary.--Species 1. Central Africa. Used medicinally. -=Coldenia= L. - -9. (1.) Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Nutlets 2, adnate to the columnar -receptacle by the ventral face.--Species 1. North-west Africa. [Tribe -HARPAGONELLEAE.] =Rochelia= Reichb. - -Ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled. 10 - -10. Flowers more or less irregular. Corolla funnel-shaped, with an -oblique limb and more or less unequal lobes. Stamens usually unequal in -length. [Tribe ECHIEAE.] 11 - -Flowers regular. 14 - -11. Calyx-segments 5, distinctly unequal, or 4. Stamens concealed in -the tube of the corolla. Low shrubs or undershrubs. 12 - -Calyx-segments 5, equal or subequal. Stamens protruding beyond the -corolla. Nutlets seated upon a flat receptacle. 13 - -12. Calyx-segments 5, one of which is very small, or 4. Corolla -2-lipped. Nutlets laterally attached to the conical receptacle. Stems -and leaves clothed with white bristles.--Species 1. North Africa to -Nubia. =Echiochilon= Desf. - -Calyx-segments 5, one or two of them smaller than the others. Corolla -almost regular. Nutlets seated upon the flat receptacle.--Species 3. -Central Africa. (Under _Lobostemon_ Lehm.) =Leurocline= S. Moore - -13. Style entire with an entire or shortly lobed stigma. -Filaments usually with a hairy scale at the base. Corolla almost -regular.--Species 50. South Africa. =Lobostemon= Lehm. - -Style 2-cleft at the apex. Filaments without a scale at the -base.--Species 45. North Africa and northern Central Africa, one -species also naturalized in South Africa. Some of them are used as -ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. “Bugloss.” =Echium= L. - -14. (10.) Nutlets inserted on a flat or very slightly convex receptacle -(gynobase). 15 - -Nutlets inserted on an elevated, more or less conical or columnar -receptacle (gynobase). 26 - -15. Surface of attachment of the nutlets flat or slightly convex, -rarely somewhat concave and then small. [Tribe LITHOSPERMEAE.] 16 - -Surface of attachment of the nutlets concave and large, usually with a -prominent ring-like margin. [Tribe ANCHUSEAE.] 22 - -16. Ovary 2-lobed. Nutlets 2, two-celled. Glabrous or papillose plants. -Corolla yellow. Anthers acuminate.--Species 3. North-west Africa. Used -as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Cerinthe= L. - -Ovary 4-lobed. Nutlets 1-4, one-celled. 17 - -17. Corolla with contorted aestivation, blue red or white. -Inflorescence with bracts at the base or without bracts.--Species -15. North and South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Used as -ornamental or medicinal plants. “Forget-me-not.” =Myosotis= L. - -Corolla with quincuncially imbricate aestivation. 18 - -18. Anthers ending in a long point. Stigma entire. 19 - -Anthers blunt or shortly pointed. 20 - -19. Anthers oblong, with a very long point. Filaments with a -pouch-shaped appendage at the back. Corolla-lobes long.--Species 1. -Island of Socotra. =Cystistemon= Balf. fil. - -Anthers linear-sagittate. Filaments without an appendage at the back. -Corolla-lobes very short. Corolla yellow, white, or red.--Species 4. -North Africa. Used as ornamental, medicinal, and dye-plants. (Including -_Podonosma_ Guerke) =Onosma= L. - -20. Corolla-tube with a glandular ring at the base. Corolla yellow or -violet. Style 2-4-cleft.--Species 5. North Africa and northern Central -Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or dye-plants. =Arnebia= -Forsk. - -Corolla-tube without a glandular ring. 21 - -21. Corolla with long and dense hairs, but without scales at the -throat. Filaments as long as the anthers. Stigma 1, almost entire. -Low shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 2. East Africa (Somaliland). -=Sericostoma= Stocks - -Corolla with hollow scales, folds, or thin hairs at the throat. Stigmas -2, more or less distinct.--Species 15. South, North, and East Africa. -Used for dyeing and in medicine. “Gromwell.” =Lithospermum= L. - -22. (15.) Calyx shortly lobed or cleft half-way down, enlarged in the -fruit. Corolla-tube cylindrical, with scales on the inside. Style -simple with a 2-parted stigma, or 2-cleft.--Species 5. North Africa. -=Nonnea= Medik. - -Calyx deeply divided. Stigma usually entire. 23 - -23. Corolla rotate; tube short, bearing hollow scales on the inner -face. Filaments appendaged on the back.--Species 2. North Africa. They -are used as pot-herbs or as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Borage.” -=Borrago= L. - -Corolla more or less tubular. Filaments unappendaged on the back. 24 - -24. Corolla without hollow scales at the throat, but sometimes with -small scales in the lower part of the tube.--Species 2. North Africa. -They yield a dye and medicaments. =Alkanna= Tausch. - -Corolla with hollow scales at the throat. 25 - -25. Corolla with long narrow scales at the throat; lobes very -short.--Species 2. Naturalized in North Africa. They serve as -vegetables or as medicinal or dye-plants. “Comfrey.” =Symphytum= L. - -Corolla with short scales at the throat.--Species 15. North Africa to -Abyssinia and South Africa. Some species serve as vegetables or as -ornamental or medicinal plants. “Alkanet.” (Including _Stomotechium_ -Lehm.) =Anchusa= L. - -26. (14.) Tips of the nutlets considerably projecting above their -surface of attachment. [Tribe ERITRICHIEAE.] 27 - -Tips of the nutlets scarcely or not projecting above their surface of -attachment. [Tribe CYNOGLOSSEAE.] 31 - -27. Surface of attachment of the nutlets at least half as large as -their ventral surface. 28 - -Surface of attachment of the nutlets occupying less than half their -ventral surface. Prostrate herbs. 29 - -28. Nutlets beset with hooked bristles, usually margined.--Species 7. -North and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (_Echinospermum_ -Swartz) =Lappula= Moench - -Nutlets without hooked bristles, not margined.--Species 1. North-west -Africa. (_Megastoma_ Coss. et Durieu) =Eritrichium= Schrad. - -29. Surface of attachment of the nutlets not margined; nutlets keeled -on the back. Calyx much enlarged in fruit.--Species 1. North-west -Africa. Used for dyeing and in medicine. =Asperugo= L. - -Surface of attachment of the nutlets surrounded by a prominent margin. -Calyx slightly enlarged in fruit. 30 - -30. Surface of attachment of the nutlets shallow-concave, with a -slightly projecting margin.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene -Islands. =Bothriospermum= Bunge - -Surface of attachment of the nutlets deep-concave, with a toothed -margin.--Species 1. Egypt. =Gastrocotyle= Bunge - -31. (26.) Nutlets attached to the receptacle towards their apex, -saccate at the base. Calyx slightly enlarged in the fruit. 32 - -Nutlets attached to the receptacle by almost their whole inner surface. -34 - -32. Corolla-segments erect, blue or red. Anthers projecting beyond the -corolla-tube. Stigma capitate. Inflorescence compact.--Species 2. North -Africa. =Solenanthus= Ledeb. - -Corolla-segments spreading; tube short. Anthers concealed within the -corolla-tube. 33 - -33. Nutlets distinctly concave on the back, with an inflexed margin. -Corolla white or blue, with a very short tube.--Species 1. Naturalized -in North Africa. An ornamental plant, also used in medicine. -=Omphalodes= Moench - -Nutlets nearly flat on the back. Stigma broadened.--Species 20. Some of -them are poisonous or used medicinally. “Houndstongue.” =Cynoglossum= L. - -34. Calyx much enlarged after flowering, enclosing the fruit. Corolla -without distinct scales within. Anthers prolonged at the apex into a -long, usually twisted appendage. Inflorescence bracteate. Lower leaves -opposite.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa, Sahara, and Egypt. -Some are used medicinally. (_Borraginoides_ Boerh., _Pollichia_ -Medik.) =Trichodesma= R. Br. - -Calyx not or slightly enlarged after flowering. Corolla with scales -inside. Anthers unappendaged. Leaves alternate. 35 - -35. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 10 scales or swellings at the base of -the tube, white or yellowish. Anthers short, blunt, projecting beyond -the corolla-tube. Nutlets 1-3.--Species 1. South Africa. =Tysonia= Bolus - -Corolla funnel-shaped, without scales or swellings at the base of the -tube. 36 - -36. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube, oblong or linear. -Style long. Corolla yellowish-red. Nutlets smooth, with an entire -margin.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Mattia Schult.). =Rindera= Pall. - -Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Style short. Corolla blue or -violet.--Species 3. Egypt. =Paracaryum= Boiss. - - -SUBORDER VERBENINEAE - - -FAMILY 205. VERBENACEAE - -Leaves opposite or whorled, very rarely alternate, simple or compound -with 1-7 leaflets, without stipules. Flowers nearly always more or less -irregular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals more or less united -below. Petals 4-8, usually 5, united below, imbricate in bud, the -foremost inside. Stamens 4, usually in two pairs of unequal length, -alternating with the corolla-lobes, rarely 2 or (_Tectona_) 5-6. -Filaments free. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Disc -more or less distinctly developed. Ovary superior, sessile, entire -or slightly lobed, completely or incompletely 2-or 4-celled, rarely -(_Duranta_) 8-celled, sometimes only 1 cell fertile. Ovules solitary -in each complete or incomplete cell; micropyle turned downwards. -Style terminal or nearly so, simple or 2-4-cleft. Seeds with straight -embryo.--Genera 27, species 340. (Plate 133.) - -1. Flowers in racemose (centripetal) spikes racemes or heads. Ovules -basal, inverted. 2 - -Flowers in cymose inflorescences or solitary. Ovules attached laterally -or at the apex, straight or half-inverted. 15 - -2. Seeds albuminous. Fruit dry. Ovary 2-celled; one cell sometimes -rudimentary. Stamens 4. Leaves whorled, densely crowded, linear. Low -shrubs. [Subfamily =STILBOIDEAE=.]. 3 - -Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves usually opposite. [Subfamily -=VERBENOIDEAE=.] 7 - -3. Corolla two-lipped, 5-lobed. 4 - -Corolla regular or nearly so. 5 - -4. Calyx slightly two-lipped. Upper lip of the corolla flat. -Anther-halves parallel, free. Leaves in whorls of three.--Species 1. -South Africa. =Xeroplana= Briq. - -Calyx regular. Upper lip of the corolla slightly convex. Anther-halves -divergent below, confluent at the apex. Leaves in whorls of -four.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Eurylobium= Hochst. - -5. Calyx two-lipped. Anther-halves divergent below, confluent at the -apex. Stigma entire. Corolla 5-lobed.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape -Colony). =Euthystachys= A. DC. - -Calyx regular or nearly so. Anther-halves parallel. 6 - -6. Corolla 4-lobed, with a wide tube. Calyx 5-parted. Stigma 2-lobed. -Fruit dehiscing by 4 valves.--Species 1. South Africa. =Campylostachys= -Kunth - -Corolla 5-lobed, with a narrow tube. Fruit indehiscent.--Species 5. -South Africa. =Stilbe= Berg - -7. Flowers in racemes. Corolla unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 4. Fruit -fleshy. Shrubs. [Tribe CITHAREXYLEAE.] 8 - -Flowers in spikes or heads. Stamens 4 with more or less parallel -anther-halves, or 2. Ovary 2-or 4-celled. 9 - -8. Racemes few-flowered. Anther-halves divergent. Ovary 4-celled. -Style-apex 2-cleft. Fruit with 2 stones.--Species 2. Islands of -Madagascar and Socotra. =Coelocarpus= Balf. fil. - -Racemes many-flowered. Anther-halves parallel. Ovary 8-celled. -Style-apex 4-cleft. Fruit with 4 stones.--Species 1. Naturalized in -various regions. An ornamental and hedge-plant with edible fruits. -=Duranta= L. - -9. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 2. Fruit two-celled or separating into 2 -one-celled mericarps. Seeds 2, very rarely 1. [Tribe LANTANEAE.] 10 - -Ovary 4-celled. Ovules 4. Fruit separating into 2 usually two-celled, -or into 4 one-celled mericarps. Seeds 4, very rarely 2. Calyx -5-toothed. Corolla unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 4. Herbs or undershrubs. -14 - -10. Perfect stamens 2. Anther-halves spreading horizontally. Calyx -5-ribbed and 5-toothed. 11 - -Perfect stamens 4. Anther-halves parallel. 12 - -11. Ovary and fruit with an anticous and a posticous cell or stone. -Corolla 2-lipped. Shrubs.--Species 1. Cape Verde Islands. =Ubochea= -Baill. - -Ovary and fruit with two lateral cells or stones.--Species 6, one of -them only naturalized. Tropics. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. -(_Valerianodes_ Medik.) =Stachytarpheta= Vahl - -12. Calyx long, tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed. Fruit -dry. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 20. South and Central Africa. -=Bouchea= Cham. - -Calyx short, 2-4-ribbed or without ribs. Corolla unequally 4-5-lobed. 13 - -13. Calyx 2-4-lobed, two-ribbed. Corolla 4-lobed. Fruit dry.--Species -17. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants; one of them -(_L. citriodora_ Kunth) yields also an aromatic oil and serves as a -substitute for tea. (Including _Zapania_ Scop.) =Lippia= L. - -Calyx entire or toothed. Fruit fleshy.--Species 10, 7 natives of -Central and South Africa, 3 naturalized there and on the Canary -Islands. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. -=Lantana= L. - -14. Fruit separating into 2 usually two-celled mericarps, enveloped -by the enlarged and more or less inflated calyx.--Species 1. East and -South Africa. [Tribe PRIVEAE.] =Priva= Adans. - -Fruit separating into 4 one-celled mericarps, surrounded by the not or -scarcely enlarged calyx.--Species 4, two of them natives of North and -East Africa and naturalized in other regions, the others naturalized -in various countries. They are used as ornamental and medicinal plants -and for preparing an aromatic oil. “Vervain.” [Tribe EUVERBENEAE.] -=Verbena= L. - -5. (1.) Ovules pendulous from the top of a free, central, 4-winged -placenta, straight. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla white or yellow, nearly -equally 4-cleft. Stamens 4. Anthers exserted. Fruit dehiscing by 2 -valves, one-seeded. Shrubs or trees.--Species 2. Shores of tropical and -South-east Africa and Egypt. They yield timber, tanning material, and -medicaments. [Subfamily =AVICENNIOIDEAE=.] =Avicennia= L. - -Ovules parietal or axile, laterally attached, half-inverted. Fruit -dehiscing by 4 valves or indehiscent, usually separating into -mericarps. 16 - -16. Fruit a 4-valved capsule. Ovary incompletely 4-celled. Style -divided into 2 awl-shaped branches. Stamens 4. Anther-halves spreading -horizontally. Shrubs or trees. Leaves with 7 leaflets.--Species 1. -Madagascar. [Subfamily =CARYOPTERIDOIDEAE=.] =Varangevillea= Baill. - -Fruit a drupe, a nut, or a schizocarp, indehiscent or separating into -mericarps. 17 - -17. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 2. Stamens -4. Anther-halves parallel, with an appendage at the base. Calyx -10-ribbed, 5-toothed. Fruit 1-2-celled, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Seeds -albuminous. Herbs. Flowers solitary or in false spikes. [Subfamily -=CHLOANTHOIDEAE=, tribe ACHARITEAE.] 18 - -Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Ovules 4. Fruit 2-4-celled -or separating into 2-4 mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. -[Subfamily =VITICOIDEAE=.] 19 - -18. Calyx distinctly enlarged in the fruit. Corolla 4-lobed; tube -included. Anthers included. Stigma entire. Fruit with a thin rind, -1-celled or unequally 2-celled. Flowers in false spikes, 1-3 in each -bract.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Acharitea= Benth. - -Calyx scarcely or not enlarged in the fruit. Corolla 5-lobed; tube -exserted. Anthers slightly exserted. Fruit with a somewhat fleshy rind, -incompletely 2-celled. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2-5 in the -axils of the leaves.--Species 1. Island of Rodrigues. =Nesogenes= A. DC. - -19. Flowers regular. Stamens 4-6, equal. Fruit a drupe. Leaves -undivided. 20 - -Flowers more or less irregular. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal -length. 21 - -20. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx shortly toothed, unchanged in fruit. -Stamens inserted on the upper part of the corolla-tube. Fruit with 3-4 -stones. Shrubs. Leaves toothed. Cymes axillary.--Species 1. Island of -Réunion. [Tribe CALLICARPEAE.] =Callicarpa= L. - -Flowers 5-6-merous. Calyx cleft halfway down, inflated in fruit. -Stamens inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube. Fruit with a -4-celled stone. Tall trees. Leaves entire. Cymes arranged in a terminal -panicle.--Species 1 (_T. grandis_ L., teak). Cultivated in the tropics. -Yields valuable timber, tanning bark, oil, and medicaments. [Tribe -TECTONEAE.] =Tectona= L.f. - -21. Flowers solitary, axillary. Leaves undivided. 22 - -Flowers in cymes or inflorescences composed of cymes. Style-apex or -stigma 2-cleft. 23 - -22. Calyx 2-parted. Anthers included. Stigma entire.--Species 2. East -Africa. (Under _Holmskioldia_ Retz) =Cyclocheilon= Oliv. - -Calyx 5-cleft. Anthers exserted. Stigma 2-parted. Pedicels partly -transformed into spines.--Species 1. Central and South Africa. (Under -_Clerodendron_ L.) =Kalaharia= Baill. - -23. Fruit with 2 two-celled or 4 one-celled stones. Anthers exserted. -Corolla 5-lobed. Leaves undivided or lobed. [Tribe CLERODENDREAE.] 24 - -Fruit with a single, 2-4-celled stone. [Tribe VITICEAE.] 25 - -24. Calyx rotate; tube very short, enclosing the fruit; limb spreading, -entire or obscurely lobed, coloured, much enlarged in fruit. Corolla -with a curved tube and an oblique limb.--Species 4. East Africa and -Madagascar. Used as ornamental plants. (Under _Clerodendron_ L. or -_Cyclonema_ Hochst.) =Holmskioldia= Retz - -Calyx campanulate or tubular, not much enlarged in fruit.--Species -130. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some species are used as -ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Cyclonema_ Hochst. and -_Siphonantha_ L.) (Plate 133.) =Clerodendron= L. - -25. Corolla 4-lobed, small, white blue or greenish. Leaves -undivided.--Species 20. Tropics. Some of them yield timber, condiments, -or medicaments. =Premna= L. - -Corolla 5-lobed. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. 26 - -26. Seeds with a membranous border. Fruit incompletely septate. Leaves -undivided.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Adelosa= Baill. - -Seeds without a membranous border. Fruit completely septate. Leaves -usually compound with 3-7 leaflets.--Species 100. Some of them yield -timber, vegetables, edible fruits, or medicaments. =Vitex= L. - - -FAMILY 206. LABIATAE - -Stem usually 4-angled. Branches and leaves opposite or whorled, -very rarely alternate. Leaves simple, without stipules. Flowers in -cymose false-whorls, usually more or less irregular. Calyx with open -aestivation. Corolla more or less distinctly two-lipped and 2-6-lobed, -more rarely regularly 4-cleft, imbricate in bud, the foremost lobe -inside. Stamens 4, usually in two pairs of unequal length, or 2, -inserted on the corolla. Filaments usually free. Anthers opening -inwards by slits. Disc present. Ovary superior, 4-lobed or 4-parted, -4-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, basal, inverted, rarely lateral -and half-inverted - -[Illustration: VERBENACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 133._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Clerodendron formicarum Guerke - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of -ovary. _D_ Leaves with swellings inhabited by ants.] - -[Illustration: LABIATAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 134._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Plectranthus madagascariensis Benth. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Fruit. -_E_ Seed.] - -or curved; micropyle turned downwards. Style inserted between the lobes -of the ovary, simple or 2-cleft, rarely (_Cleonia_) 4-cleft. Fruit -separating into 4 nutlets, rarely (_Prasium_) drupe-like. Seeds without -albumen or with a very scanty albumen.--Genera 70, species 1200. (Plate -134.) - -1. Nutlets with a large, lateral surface of attachment. Ovary slightly -lobed, rarely to the middle; style more or less terminal. Stamens -ascending. Corolla 2-lipped, with a 3-lobed lower lip, or 1-lipped. -[Subfamily =AJUGOIDEAE=.] 2 - -Nutlets with a small, basal or subbasal surface of attachment. Ovary -deeply lobed or divided; style springing from between the lobes. 5 - -2. Nutlets smooth. Ovary deeply lobed; style springing from between -the lobes. Disc equal-sided. Stamens 2. Anthers 1-celled. Calyx -2-lipped, 11-nerved. Corolla blue or white, 2-lipped; tube glabrous -within; lower lip with a strongly concave middle lobe. Shrubs. Leaves -linear.--Species 1. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Yields -an aromatic oil which is also used medicinally, and serves as an -ornamental plant. “Rosemary.” [Tribe ROSMARINEAE.] =Rosmarinus= L. - -Nutlets wrinkled. Ovary slightly lobed; style terminal. Stamens 4. -Anthers 2-celled; cells divergent or divaricate, sometimes confluent at -the top. [Tribe AJUGEAE.] 3 - -3. Calyx 2-lipped, with entire lips, inflated in fruit. Corolla red -or violet, 2-lipped, with a short erect upper lip. Nutlets oblong, -furnished with a large shield-shaped wing on the back. Leaves -entire.--Species 20. Central Africa to Transvaal. Some are used -medicinally. =Tinnea= Peyr. & Kotschy - -Calyx equally or somewhat unequally 5-toothed. Nutlets rounded on the -back, wingless. 4 - -4. Corolla 1-lipped, all its lobes being placed below the -stamens.--Species 35. North, East, and South Africa. Some species are -used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Germander.” =Teucrium= L. - -Corolla 2-lipped, with a short upper lip.--Species 9. North Africa, -northern Central Africa, Madagascar, and South Africa. Some species are -used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Bugle.” =Ajuga= L. - -5. Nutlets drupe-like, with a fleshy mesocarp and a crustaceous -endocarp. Calyx subequally 5-cleft. Corolla white or pink, 2-lipped; -upper lip entire, lower 3-cleft; tube included, hairy within. -Stamens 4, ascending. Style-branches subequal. Shrubs. False whorls -two-flowered.--Species 1. North Africa. [Subfamily =PRASIOIDEAE=.] -=Prasium= L. - -Nutlets dry, but the fruiting calyx sometimes succulent, berry-like. 6 - -6. Seeds more or less horizontal; radicle curved. Nutlets more or less -depressed-globose. Calyx 2-lipped; lips entire, one of them bearing -on its back a scale-like appendage and falling after flowering. -Corolla 2-lipped; lower lip usually entire; tube exserted. Stamens -4, usually ascending, the anticous with 1-celled, the posticous -with 2-celled anthers. Disc prolonged into a stalk-like gynobase. -Style-branches unequal.--Species 10. Tropical and North Africa. Some -are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Skull-cap.” [Subfamily -=SCUTELLARIOIDEAE=.] =Scutellaria= L. - -Seeds erect; radicle straight. Calyx persistent in the fruit. Disc not -prolonged into a stalk. 7 - -7. Disc divided into lobes placed opposite to the ovary-lobes. -Calyx 13-15-nerved. Corolla blue or violet; upper lip 2-cleft, -lower 3-parted. Stamens 4, included, more or less bent downwards. -Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Stigmas flattened. Nutlets with -a dorsal-subbasal point of attachment.--Species 15. North Africa and -northern Central Africa. Some of them yield an essential oil used in -the preparation of perfumes, varnishes, and medicaments, or serve as -ornamental or medicinal plants, or for keeping off insects. “Lavender.” -[Subfamily =LAVANDULOIDEAE=.] =Lavandula= L. - -Disc entire or divided into lobes alternating with the ovary-lobes. -Nutlets with a basal or a ventral-subbasal point of attachment. 8 - -8. Stamens descending upon the lower lip or the lower part of the -corolla, or lying upon it. Anther-halves spreading, confluent at the -apex. Corolla distinctly, rarely obscurely 2-lipped; lower lip nearly -always entire. [Subfamily =OCIMOIDEAE=, tribe OCIMEAE.] 9 - -Stamens ascending or projecting straight forwards. Corolla 2-lipped -with a 3-lobed lower lip, or subequally 4-cleft. [Subfamily -=STACHYOIDEAE=] 34 - -9. Lower lip of the corolla entire, flat or slightly concave, somewhat -exceeding the upper one; upper lip 3-4-lobed or-cleft. Stamens 4. -[Subtribe MOSCHOSMINAE.] 10 - -Lower lip of the corolla or its middle lobe strongly concave: saucer-, -pouch-, or boat-shaped. 20 - -10. Corolla included in the calyx, globose, with short, connivent -lobes. Anthers sessile. Style included, entire. Calyx 2-lipped, the -upper lip with decurrent margins, much enlarged in the fruit. Shrubs. -False whorls 6-flowered, spicately arranged.--Species 2. East Africa -(Somaliland). =Hyperaspis= Briq. - -Corolla not included and globose. Anthers on distinctly developed -filaments. 11 - -11. Corolla obscurely two-lipped, 4-lobed, very small. Anthers -concealed within the corolla-tube.--Species 1. Central and South-east -Africa. (Under _Ocimum_ L.) =Endostemon= N. E. Brown - -Corolla distinctly two-lipped, rarely obscurely two-lipped but 5-lobed. -Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube. 12 - -12. Calyx two-lipped; margins of the upper lip decurrent along the -tube. Inflorescence spike-or raceme-like. 13 - -Calyx two-lipped, but the margins of the upper lip not decurrent, or -subequally 5-toothed. 16 - -13. Style-apex entire or obscurely notched. Filaments free, -unappendaged. Corolla-tube projecting beyond the calyx. 14 - -Style-apex two-cleft or distinctly notched. 15 - -14. Upper lip of the calyx much enlarged and wrapped round the other -teeth in the fruit. Corolla-tube slightly projecting. Disc almost -equal-sided. Shrubs.--Species 3. East Africa. =Erythrochlamys= Guerke - -Upper lip of the calyx not more enlarged in the fruit than the rest. -Disc one-sided.--Species 75. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used -as ornamental plants. =Orthosiphon= Benth. - -15. Filaments of the lower pair of stamens united halfway up, all -unappendaged.--Species 9. Central and South Africa. (Under _Ocimum_ L. -or _Orthosiphon_ Benth.) =Hemizygia= Briq. - -Filaments free or the lower ones shortly united at the base; the upper -ones usually kneed, toothed, or crested near the base.--Species 75. -Tropical and South Africa. Several species (especially _O. Basilicum_ -L., sweet basil) are used as pot-herbs, as medicinal or ornamental -plants, as a substitute for tea, and for preparing an essential oil. -(Including _Becium_ Lindl.) =Ocimum= L. - -16. Style-apex entire or nearly so. Filaments of the lower pair of -stamens united nearly to the top. Corolla-tube exserted. Fruiting -calyx subequally 5-toothed. Shrubs. False whorls 2-6-flowered, -spicately arranged. Flowers medium-sized.--Species 7. South Africa. -=Syncolostemon= E. Mey. - -Style-apex two-cleft. Filaments free. Herbs or undershrubs. False -whorls 6-many-flowered and spicately arranged, or collected in heads. -Flowers small. 17 - -17. False whorls arranged in dense heads. Calyx ovate-campanulate at -the time of flowering; fruiting calyx tubular, two-lipped, without -transverse ribs at the base.--Species 50. Tropical and South-east -Africa. =Acrocephalus= Benth. - -False whorls arranged in spikes. Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate, more -rarely tubular, but then with transverse ribs at the base. 18 - -18. Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate with a shortly 3-toothed upper -lip and an entire lower lip. False whorls 6-10-flowered.--Species 2. -Central Africa. =Platostoma= Beauv. - -Fruiting calyx with a 2-4-toothed lower lip or subequally 5-toothed. 19 - -19. Fruiting calyx tubular, usually transversely ribbed at the base. -False whorls many-flowered.--Species 15. Tropical and South-east -Africa. =Geniosporum= Wall. - -Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate.--Species 12. Tropical and South-east -Africa. (_Basilicum_ Moench, including _Iboza_ N. E. Brown). -=Moschosma= Reichb. - -20. (9.) Lower lip of the corolla abruptly bent downwards, short, -saccate, narrowed at the base. Stamens 4. Herbs.--Species 6, two -of them only naturalized. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used -medicinally; the seeds of one species yield oil. (_Maesosphaerum_ P. -Br.) [Subtribe HYPTIDINAE.] =Hyptis= Jacq. - -Lower lip of the corolla not abruptly bent downwards, entire, -exceeding the upper lip. Upper lip 3-4-lobed or entire. [Subtribe -PLECTRANTHINAE.] 21 - -21. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla whitish or violet. Fruiting calyx -berry-like. Shrubs. False whorls 2-4-flowered.--Species 1. Tropical and -South-east Africa. The fruits are edible. =Hoslundia= Vahl - -Fertile stamens 4. Fruiting calyx dry. 22 - -22. Filaments free. 23 - -Filaments united at the base into a closed tube or a sheath split -behind. 27 - -23. Fruiting calyx bursting by a circular slit near the base.--Species -50. Central and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental -plants. (Including _Icomum_ Hua). =Aeolanthus= Mart. - -Fruiting calyx not bursting by a circular slit near the base. 24 - -24. Fruiting calyx tubular-elongate and curved or coiled, expanded -at the base, constricted at the middle, subequally 5-toothed. Disc -one-sided. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 3. Madagascar and South -Africa. (Under _Plectranthus_ L’Hér.) =Burnatastrum= Briq. - -Fruiting calyx not tubular-elongate and curved. 25 - -25. Fruiting calyx bladdery-inflated, membranous, net-veined. Corolla -pink; upper lip almost entire. Disc equal-sided. False whorls -many-flowered, arranged in racemes. Shrubs.--Species 1. Central Africa. -=Alvesia= Welw. - -Fruiting calyx not inflated. 26 - -26. Fruiting calyx with 5 subequal, subulate, rigid, almost spinous -teeth. Disc almost equal-sided. Corolla blue or violet. False whorls -arranged in spikes. Herbs.--Species 40. Tropical and South-east Africa. -=Pycnostachys= Hook. - -Fruiting calyx with subequal but not rigid-subulate teeth, or -two-lipped. Disc one-sided.--Species 160. Tropical and South Africa. -Some species have edible tubers or serve as ornamental or medicinal -plants or for keeping off insects. (Including _Germanea_ Lam. and -_Symphostemon_ Welw.) (Plate 134.) =Plectranthus= L’Hér. - -27. Staminal tube slit open behind. Herbs or undershrubs. 28 - -Staminal tube closed. 31 - -28. Calyx-lobes orbicular, much enlarged in the fruit, membranous, -net-veined. Corolla-tube abruptly bent downwards; upper lip entire. -Disc almost equal-sided. Style-apex 2-cleft. Stem ascending. -Leaves fleshy. False whorls 6-flowered, aggregated in panicled -racemes.--Species 1. East Africa. =Capitanya= Schweinf. - -Calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, slightly enlarged in the fruit. Upper lip -of the corolla 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Stem erect. False whorls in lax -racemes. 29 - -29. Calyx distinctly 2-lipped. Corolla-tube abruptly bent downwards. -Disc one-sided. Style-apex 2-cleft. False whorls of 6 or more -flowers.--Species 5. Central Africa. (Under _Plectranthus_ L’Hér.) -=Solenostemon= Schum. & Thonn. - -Calyx subequally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube straight or slightly curved. 30 - -30. Corolla-tube curved, gibbous at the base. Disc nearly equal-sided. -Style-apex notched. Leaves alternate, sometimes almost opposite or -whorled. False whorls in terminal racemes. (See 26.) =Plectranthus= -L’Hér. - -Corolla-tube straight, not gibbous at the base. Disc one-sided. -Style-apex two-cleft. Leaves opposite. False whorls 1-2-flowered, in -axillary racemes.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Englerastrum= Briq. - -31. Calyx with an ovate, not much prolonged upper lip and narrower, -acuminate lower teeth, little changed in fruit.--Species 110. Tropical -and South Africa. Some have edible tubers or serve as ornamental or -medicinal plants. =Coleus= Lour. - -Calyx with a much prolonged upper lip. Herbs or undershrubs. 32 - -32. Filaments shortly united at the base. Fruiting calyx not bursting; -lower teeth suborbicular. Leaves oblong-lanceolate. Inflorescence -dense, paniculate.--Species 1. West Africa. =Anisochilus= Wall. - -Filaments united halfway up. Lower calyx-teeth acute. Leaves cordate at -the base. 33 - -33. Inflorescence lax, panicle-or corymb-like. Leaves ovate. Fruiting -calyx much enlarged, ventricose, bursting at the base.--Species 3. West -Africa. =Neomuellera= Briq. - -Inflorescence dense, raceme-like. Leaves oblong-lyrate. Calyx-teeth -narrow.--Species 1. West Africa. =Leocus= A. Chev. - -34. (8.) Anther-halves linear, usually separated by an enlarged -connective. Stamens usually 2. 35 - -Anther-halves oblong, ovate, or globose. Stamens usually 4. 37 - -35. Fertile stamens 4, the lower pair longer. Anthers with a very small -connective and separate halves divergent below. Corolla obscurely -2-lipped; tube slightly exserted, hairy at the base within. Calyx -13-15-nerved, with 5 subequal acuminate teeth. Shrubs. False whorls -few-flowered.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Réunion. -(_Mahya_ Cordem.) [Tribe HORMINEAE.] =Sphacele= Benth. - -Fertile stamens 2, with a lengthened connective. Calyx 2-lipped. 36 - -36. Anthers with both halves fertile, parallel, and attached to a short -connective. Disc equal-sided. Corolla almost regular, 4-lobed. Shrubs. -False whorls many-flowered.--Species 1. Abyssinia. Yields condiments -and medicaments. [Tribe MERIANDREAE.] =Meriandra= Benth. - -Anthers with one half only fertile and attached to one branch of the -long connective, the other half abortive or wanting. Disc more or -less one-sided. Corolla 2-lipped.--Species 80. Some of them yield -condiments, medicaments, and a substitute for tea, or serve as -ornamental plants. “Sage.” [Tribe SALVIEAE.] =Salvia= L. - -37. Anther-halves globose or ovate, spreading horizontally and usually -confluent at the apex, flat after opening. Stamens 4. Calyx subequally -5-toothed. [Tribe POGOSTEMONEAE.] 38 - -Anther-halves oblong or ovate, not flat after opening. 40 - -38. Filaments unequal, the lower pair longer, glabrous. Anther-halves -tardily confluent. Disc one-sided. Corolla slightly 2-lipped, the -upper lip somewhat concave and notched, the lower 3-lobed. Herbs or -undershrubs. False whorls many-flowered.--Species 3. East Africa. -=Elsholtzia= Willd. - -Filaments equal. Anther-halves confluent at an early stage. Disc almost -equal-sided. Corolla subequally 4-5-lobed. 39 - -39. Filaments bearded. Disc columnar, truncate. Calyx-teeth equal. -Corolla-lobes 4. Herbs.--Species 1. Southern East Africa. =Pogostemon= -Desf. - -Filaments glabrous. Disc with 4 glands. Calyx-teeth unequal. -Corolla-lobes 5. Shrubs or trees. False whorls 6-10-flowered, in -paniculately arranged spikes.--Species 3. Madagascar. =Tetradenia= -Benth. - -40. Stamens 4, the upper (posticous) pair longer than the lower, all -parallel and ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. Calyx -13-15~nerved, subequally 5-toothed. Herbs. [Tribe NEPETEAE.] 41 - -Stamens 4, the lower longer than the upper, or all equal, or only 2 -present. 42 - -41. Anther-halves parallel or nearly so. Disc almost equal-sided. -Corolla white, with a much projecting tube. Leaves 3-partite.--Species -1. Madeira and Canary Islands; naturalized in South Africa. Used as an -ornamental plant. =Cedronella= Moench - -Anther-halves spreading.--Species 15. North and Central Africa. Some -are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Nepeta= L. - -42. Stamens and styles enclosed in the corolla-tube. Stamens 4, in -two unequal pairs, the lower sometimes with rudimentary anthers. -Anther-halves spreading. Style-apex entire or shortly and obtusely -lobed. Calyx 5-10-nerved, subequally 5-10-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped; -tube not or slightly projecting beyond the calyx. [Tribe MARRUBIEAE.] 43 - -Stamens and styles of the hermaphrodite flowers projecting beyond the -corolla-tube, very rarely enclosed in it, but then anther-halves more -or less parallel or calyx distinctly two-lipped. Corolla-tube usually -projecting beyond the calyx. 45 - -43. Nutlets truncate at the apex. Calyx 10-11-nerved. Upper lip -of the corolla slightly convex. Anthers all fertile, those of the -lower stamens larger; halves confluent. Disc equal-sided. Herbs or -undershrubs.--Species 6. South Africa and southern Central Africa. -=Acrotome= Benth. - -Nutlets rounded at the apex. 44 - -44. Anthers all fertile, the halves early confluent at the apex. False -whorls of flowers axillary. Herbs.--Species 9. North Africa and Cape -Verde Islands. Some are used medicinally. “Hore-hound.” =Marrubium= L. - -Anthers of the upper stamens 2-celled, those of the lower nearly always -abortive or rudimentary. Disc equal-sided. Calyx 5-toothed. Upper -lip of the corolla nearly flat. Leaves undivided.--Species 20. North -Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including _Leucophae_ Webb et -Berth.) =Sideritis= L. - -45. Corolla distinctly two-lipped with a convex, more or less -helmet-shaped upper lip. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length, -ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. [Tribe STACHYEAE.] 46 - -Corolla two-lipped with a rather flat upper lip, or more or less -regular. Leaves undivided. [Tribe SATUREIEAE.] 59 - -46. Calyx compressed from front to back, 10-nerved, distinctly -2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft, bent towards the upper -and closing the mouth of the calyx after flowering. Corolla blue, -violet, red, or white; tube exserted, widened above; upper lip entire, -lower 3-lobed. Filaments with an appendage at the apex. Anther-halves -separate, divergent. Herbs. False whorls 6-flowered, in dense racemes, -with imbricate bracts. [Subtribe BRUNELLINAE.] 47 - -Calyx more or less equally 5-10-toothed, rarely two-lipped, but the -lower lip not closing the mouth of the calyx. [Subtribe LAMIINAE.] 48 - -47. Corolla-tube narrow below, widened at the throat, glabrous -within; limb blue or violet; midlobe of the lower lip two-cleft. Disc -one-sided. Style-apex 4-cleft. Nutlets very slimy when wet. Bracts -narrow, awned.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Cleonia= L. - -Corolla-tube wide, narrow at the throat, with a ring of hairs or -scales within; midlobe of the lower lip concave, toothed. Disc -equal-sided. Style-apex 2-cleft. Nutlets not or slightly slimy when -wet. Bracts broad.--Species 2. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands; one -species also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. -(_Prunella_ L.) =Brunella= L. - -48. Style-branches very unequal, the posterior much shorter than -the anterior. Anther-halves spreading, finally confluent at the -apex. Corolla white, yellow, or red; upper lip very hairy. Herbs or -undershrubs. 49 - -Style-branches equal or nearly equal, rarely distinctly unequal, but -then the upper lip of the corolla almost glabrous. 51 - -49. Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower one. Calyx -with 8-10 unequal, usually stiff teeth. Disc equal-sided. Leaves -toothed.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as -ornamental or medicinal plants. =Leonotis= Pers. - -Upper lip of the corolla as long as or shorter than the lower one. 50 - -50. Upper lip of the corolla laterally compressed; tube with a ring of -hairs inside. Corolla red or yellow. Calyx 5-toothed. Disc equal-sided. -False whorls 6-or more-flowered, axillary.--Species 4. North Africa. -Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Phlomis= L. - -Upper lip of the corolla not laterally compressed; tube included. -Corolla white or red.--Species 90. Tropical and South Africa and -Egypt. Several species are used medicinally; others are noxious weeds. -(Including _Lasiocorys_ Benth.) =Leucas= R. Br. - -51. Nutlets 3-angled, with a truncate apex. Leaves toothed or divided. -52 - -Nutlets more or less egg-shaped, with a rounded apex. 55 - -52. Style-branches very unequal. Calyx two-lipped with entire lips. -Corolla red, with a much exserted tube. Small shrubs.--Species 1. East -Africa (Somaliland). (Under _Tinnaea_ Peyr. et Kotschy). =Renschia= -Vatke - -Style-branches almost equal. Calyx 2-lipped with spiny-toothed lips, or -subequally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla hairy. Herbs. 53 - -53. Calyx-limb broadened, two-lipped, with 5-10 spiny teeth. Corolla -white; tube included, furnished with a ring of hairs inside, slightly -widened above. Anther-halves spreading. Disc equal-sided.--Species 1. -North Africa (Tunisia). =Moluccella= L. - -Calyx-limb not broadened, subequally 5-toothed. Corolla white or red. 54 - -54. Calyx-teeth spinous. Corolla-tube slightly widened above. Disc -equal-sided.--Species 2. One a native of North Africa, the other -naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. =Leonurus= L. - -Calyx-teeth unarmed. Corolla-tube ventricose above. Anther-halves -finally spreading.--Species 8. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some species -are used medicinally. “Deadnettle.” =Lamium= L. - -55. Nutlets densely clothed with scales at the apex. Corolla-tube -glabrous within; upper lip short, slightly concave, notched or -two-lobed, glabrous or downy. Anther-halves usually confluent at an -early stage. Disc equal-sided. Herbs. Leaves toothed.--Species 15. -Tropics. =Achyrospermum= Wall. - -Nutlets not scaly. Anther-halves not or tardily confluent. 56 - -56. Anthers of the posterior stamens with one half, of the anterior -with both halves developed; halves placed transversely. Disc -equal-sided. Corolla-tube with a ring of hairs inside; upper lip -short, slightly concave, entire, glabrous or very scantily hairy. -Calyx equally 5-toothed. Herbs.--Species 2. Mascarene Islands. Used -medicinally. =Anisomeles= R. Br. - -Anthers all with both halves developed. Upper lip of the corolla more -or less hairy. 57 - -57. Calyx funnel-shaped, 10-nerved, 2-lipped; upper lip entire or -3-toothed, lower much larger, entire or 4-toothed. Corolla-tube with -a ring of hairs inside; upper entire, densely hairy. Anther-halves -finally spreading. Disc equal-sided. False whorls many-flowered. -Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 8. Central Africa and Egypt. -=Otostegia= Benth. - -Calyx equally or subequally toothed, very rarely two-lipped with a -3-toothed upper and a 2-cleft lower lip. 58 - -58. Calyx funnel-shaped, 10-nerved, subequally toothed. Corolla white -or red; tube with a ring of hairs inside; upper lip notched, densely -hairy. Anther-halves finally spreading. Leaves toothed.--Species 7. -North, East, and South Africa. Some species are used medicinally. -=Ballota= L. - -Calyx tube-or bell-shaped, 5-10-nerved.--Species 80. Some of them -are used as ornamental or medicinal plants, others are poisonous for -cattle. (Including _Betonica_ L.) =Stachys= L. - -59. (45.) Stamens ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, more -or less arched. Corolla two-lipped. Herbs or undershrubs. [Subtribe -MELISSINAE.] 60 - -Stamens projecting straight forwards, divergent. 63 - -60. Stamens 2. Anthers with 2 confluent halves, or with a fertile and -a rudimentary half, or one half only developed. Style-apex unequally -two-cleft. Calyx 13-nerved, two-lipped. Corolla-tube shortly exserted, -glabrous within. False whorls few-flowered.--Species 3. North Africa. -=Ziziphora= L. - -Stamens 4. 61 - -61. Corolla-tube ascending-reflexed at the middle, glabrous within. -Corolla white or yellowish. Calyx 13-nerved, two-lipped. Style-apex -cleft into two subequal, awl-shaped branches. Leaves toothed. False -whorls few-flowered.--Species 1. North Africa. Used as an ornamental -and medicinal plant. “Balm.” =Melissa= L. - -Corolla-tube straight or slightly curved. 62 - -62. Calyx inflated in the fruit, 15-20-nerved, subequally 5-toothed. -Corolla red; tube included, glabrous within. Style-apex cleft into -two equal, awl-shaped branches. Undershrubs. Leaves entire. False -whorls 4-6-flowered.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Under -_Satureia_ L.) =Saccocalyx= Coss. - -Calyx not inflated, 10-15-nerved. Corolla-tube exserted.--Species 45. -Some of them are used as pot-herbs (savory), as a substitute for tea, -or as medicinal or ornamental plants. (Including _Calamintha_ Moench, -_Clinopodium_ L., and _Micromeria_ Benth.) =Satureia= L. - -63. Calyx 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Corolla blue, rarely reddish -or white, 2-lipped, with an included tube. Stamens 4, in two pairs -of unequal length, ascending at the base, divergent and projecting -straight forwards towards the apex. Shrubs. Leaves entire, narrow. -False whorls 6-or more-flowered.--Species 1. North-west Africa -(Morocco). Used as an ornamental plant and for preparing perfumes and -medicaments. [Subtribe HYSSOPINAE.] =Hyssopus= L. - -Calyx 10-13-nerved. Stamens divergent and projecting straight forwards -from the base. 64 - -64. Corolla two-lipped; upper lip notched or 2-cleft, lower 3-cleft. -Stamens 4, in two pairs of more or less unequal length. [Subtribe -THYMINAE.] 65 - -Corolla equally or subequally 4-cleft; tube included. Stamens 4, about -equal in length, with parallel halves, rarely only 2. Herbs. [Subtribe -MENTHINAE.] 69 - -65. Calyx more or less distinctly 2-lipped. Leaves entire. 66 - -Calyx equally 5-toothed. 68 - -66. Upper lip of the calyx entire or obscurely 3-toothed; lower lip -slightly 2-toothed, almost entire, or rudimentary. Anther-halves -spreading. Herbs. Bracts suborbicular.--Species 1 (_M. hortensis_ -Moench). Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in North Africa. Used -as a pot-herb, for the preparation of an essential oil and a kind of -snuff, and in medicine. “Marjoram.” (Under _Origanum_ L.) =Majorana= -Moench - -Upper lip of the calyx 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft. 67 - -67. Calyx-tube much compressed from above, 13-nerved. Corolla pink; -tube exserted; upper lip 2-cleft. Anthers with a small connective and -spreading halves. Style-apex unequally 2-cleft. Shrubs. False whorls -6-flowered, in heads.--Species 1. North Africa. (Under _Thymus_ L.) -=Coridothymus= Reichb. fil. - -Calyx-tube more or less cylindric, not or slightly compressed. -Anthers with a thick connective. Style-apex equally or subequally -2-cleft.--Species 20. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some species yield -condiments, medicaments, and an essential oil, or serve as ornamental -plants. “Thyme.” =Thymus= L. - -68. Corolla-tube more or less projecting beyond the calyx. Anthers -exserted, with spreading halves. Style-apex unequally 2-cleft. -Herbs.--Species 5. North Africa. They yield condiments, medicaments, -and an essential oil. =Origanum= L. - -Corolla-tube not projecting beyond the calyx. Anthers with parallel -halves. Shrubs.--Species 9. Madeira and Canary Islands. =Bystropogon= -L’Hér. - -69. Stamens 2. Anther-halves finally spreading. Calyx equally -5-toothed, glabrous within. Nutlets truncate at the apex. Leaves -toothed. False whorls many-flowered, axillary. Bracteoles -small.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Lycopus= L. - -Stamens 4. Nutlets round at the apex. 70 - -70. Calyx equally 4-toothed, hairy within; teeth with an awn-like -process on the back. Stem decumbent. Leaves linear. False whorls -axillary, many-flowered. Bracteoles large, as long as the -flowers.--Species 1. North-West Africa. Used medicinally. =Preslia= Opiz - -Calyx equally or subequally 5-toothed; teeth without an awn-like -process on the back. Bracteoles small.--Species 9. North Africa, -northern Central Africa, and South Africa, also naturalized in -Madagascar, its neighbouring islands, and St. Helena. Some species -(especially _M. piperita_ L., peppermint) yield condiments, -medicaments, insectifuges, and an essential oil used as an aromatic or -for medicinal purposes; several serve as ornamental plants. “Mint.” -=Mentha= L. - - -SUBORDER SOLANINEAE - - -FAMILY 207. SOLANACEAE - -Leaves alternate, sometimes in pairs, simple, but sometimes (_Solanum_) -dissected. Flowers solitary or in cymose inflorescences, 5-merous, very -rarely 4-or pleio-merous. Corolla of united petals, usually regular -or nearly so, mostly folded lengthwise in the bud. Stamens as many as -the divisions of the corolla and alternating with them, rarely some -of them rudimentary. Anthers turned inwards. Disc usually distinct. -Ovary superior, 2-4-, rarely 5-or more-celled, usually 2-celled with -the partition oblique to the median plane of the flower, rarely -(_Capsicum_) incompletely septate. Ovules axile, usually numerous, -inverted. Style simple; stigma usually 2-lobed. Fruit a berry or -a capsule. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 16, species 220. (Including -_ATROPACEAE_.) (Plate 135.) - -1. Fertile stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes, 2, rarely 4. Corolla -violet or yellow, tube-or funnel-shaped; lobes 5, club-shaped, -alternating with entire or 2-lobed appendages. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a -capsule. Seeds with straight embryo. Herbs. Leaves undivided. Flowers -panicled.--Species 2. Central Africa. They yield fish-poison. [Tribe -SALPIGLOSSIDEAE.] =Schwenkia= L. - -Fertile stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, 5, rarely 4. 2 - -2. Ovary 3-5-celled. Embryo much curved. Leaves entire, toothed, or -lobed. Flowers solitary, large. 3 - -Ovary 2-celled, rarely incompletely 2-celled or many-celled by -cultivation. 4 - -3. Ovary-cells and placentas unequal. Calyx 5-partite with obcordate -segments, enlarged after flowering and enveloping the fruit. Corolla -blue, regular, bell-shaped. Fruit a berry. Herbs.--Species 1. -Naturalized in various regions. An ornamental and medicinal plant. -(_Pentagonia_ Heist.) [Tribe NICANDREAE.] =Nicandra= Adams - -Ovary-cells and placentas equal, 4. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, deciduous -excepting the base. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a long tube.--Species -5, one of them only naturalized. They yield poisons, dyes, intoxicants, -and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “Thorn-apple.” -(Including _Brugmansia_ Pers.) [Tribe DATUREAE.] =Datura= L. - -4. Seeds with a straight or slightly curved embryo, usually thick. -Corolla with a long tube and a comparatively narrow limb. Flowers in -cymes or cymose panicles. Leaves undivided. [Tribe CESTREAE.] 5 - -Seeds with a strongly curved embryo, flat. [Tribe SOLANEAE.] 6 - -5. Fruit a berry with one or few large seeds. Ovules few in -each ovary-cell. Stamens inserted at or below the middle of the -corolla-tube. Flowers in cymes. Trees or shrubs.--Species 2. -Naturalized in several islands. Ornamental and medicinal plants. -[Subtribe CESTRINAE.] =Cestrum= L. - -Fruit a capsule with many small seeds. Ovules many in each -ovary-cell. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. -Flowers in cymose, raceme-or panicle-like inflorescences. Herbs or -undershrubs.--Species 5. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in -various regions. They yield tobacco (especially from _N. tabacum_ L. -and _rustica_ L.), lamp-oil, vermin-poison, and medicaments, and serve -as ornamental plants. [Subtribe NICOTIANINAE.] =Nicotiana= L. - -6. Fruit a capsule opening by a lid. Calyx enlarged in the fruit. -Corolla widely funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, imbricate in bud, white or -yellow with red or violet veins. Herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided -or lobed. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 8. North and Central -Africa. They are poisonous and yield oil and medicaments. “Henbane.” -[Subtribe HYOSCYAMINAE.] =Hyoscyamus= L. - -Fruit a berry, indehiscent or at length bursting irregularly. Corolla -tubular, campanulate, or rotate. 7 - -7. Anthers attached at the middle of the back. Corolla campanulate, -5-cleft. Root thick. Stem very short. Leaves radical, undivided. -Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 2. North Africa. Poisonous and -used in medicine and magic. “Mandrake.” [Subtribe MANDRAGORINAE.] -=Mandragora= Juss. - -Anthers attached at the base or the lower part of the back. Stem well -developed. Leaves alternate. 8 - -8. Corolla tubular or campanulate; limb narrow in proportion to the -tube. Calyx not or slightly enlarged in the fruit. Flowers solitary or -in clusters. Leaves undivided. [Subtribe LYCIINAE.] 9 - -Corolla rotate or campanulate; limb broad. [Subtribe SOLANINAE.] 12 - -9. Corolla irregular, with an oblique limb, violet, folded in the bud. -Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments short, as -long as or shorter than the anthers. Fruit almost dry. Herbs. Leaves -lobed. Flowers in pairs in the leaf-axils.--Species 1. North-west -Africa (Algeria). Used medicinally. =Triguera= Cav. - -Corolla regular. Fruit succulent. 10 - -10. Corolla-tube narrow; lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted at -or below the middle of the corolla-tube. Shrubs or trees.--Species 25. -Some of them are poisonous; several species are used as hedge-plants or -in medicine. =Lycium= L. - -Corolla-tube wide. Fruit globose. 11 - -11. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla brownish-green, urceolate, valvate in bud. -Stamens inserted above the middle of the corolla-tube. Shrubs. Flowers -in clusters.--Species 1. Mountains of Central Africa. (Plate 135.) -=Discopodium= Hochst. - -Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla brownish-violet or dull-red, campanulate, -imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; -filaments long. Herbs. Flowers solitary.--Species 1 (_A. Belladonna_ -L., dwale). North-west Africa (Algeria). Poisonous and yielding oil and -medicaments. =Atropa= L. - -[Illustration: SOLANACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 135._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Discopodium penninervium Hochst. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ -Cross-section of ovary.] - -[Illustration: SCROPHULARIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 136._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Chaenostoma Burkeanum (Benth.) Wettst. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stamens. _D_ Ovary -cut lengthwise. _E_ Ovary cut across.] - - -12. Anthers cohering or opening by apical pores. Corolla rotate -or widely campanulate. Calyx not or slightly enlarged in the -fruit. Flowers usually in cymose, umbel-, raceme-, or panicle-like -inflorescences.--Species 150; three of them (_S. tuberosum_ L., -potato, _S. Melongena_ L., egg-plant, and _S. Lycopericum_ L., tomato) -only cultivated. Several species yield edible fruits or tubers, from -which starch, sugar and alcohol are prepared, also tanning and dyeing -materials, a substitute for soap, a means to coagulate milk, and -various medicaments; others serve as vegetables or as ornamental or -hedge-plants; some are poisonous. (Including _Lycopersicum_ Mill. and -_Normania_ Lowe). =Solanum= L. - -Anthers free, opening by longitudinal slits. Leaves entire, toothed, or -lobed. 13 - -13. Corolla narrowly campanulate, white. Calyx much enlarged and -inflated in the fruit. Flowers in clusters. Leaves undivided. -Shrubs.--Species 6. Poisonous and used medicinally; the sap coagulates -milk. (_Physaloides_ Moench). =Withania= Pauq. - -Corolla rotate or very widely campanulate. Flowers solitary. 14 - -14. Calyx entire or with 5 small teeth, usually but slightly enlarged -in the fruit. Corolla white. Filaments longer than the anthers. Fruit -slightly fleshy. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 6. Cultivated and -sometimes naturalized in various regions. The fruits (chillies) serve -as condiments or medicaments. “Cayenne pepper.” =Capsicum= L. - -Calyx 5-lobed, much enlarged in the fruit. 15 - -15. Calyx spreading under the fruit. Corolla white. Shrubs. Leaves -undivided, covered with dense hairs.--Species 1. Island of St. Helena. -=Melissea= Hook. - -Calyx inflated and enclosing the fruit. Corolla white, yellow, or -violet. Herbs.--Species 6; three of them natives of Central and South -Africa, the others cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various -regions. They yield edible fruits and medicaments. “Winter-cherry.” -=Physalis= L. - - -FAMILY 208. SCROPHULARIACEAE - -Leaves without stipules. Flowers hermaphrodite, usually irregular. -Petals 4-5, united below, imbricate, not folded in the bud. Stamens -2-5, usually 4. Disc present. Ovary superior, 2-celled, the partition -placed transversely to the median plane of the flower, rarely 1-celled -or (_Bowkeria_) 3-celled. Ovules inverted or half-inverted. Style -simple or 2-cleft. Seeds albuminous with a straight or slightly curved -embryo, rarely (_Dintera_) exalbuminous.--Genera 107, species 1150. -(Including _SELAGINEAE_.) (Plate 136.) - -1. Posterior lobes or upper lip of the corolla overlapped in the bud by -one or both of the lateral lobes. [Subfamily =RHINANTHOIDEAE=.] 2 - -Posterior lobes or upper lip of the corolla overlapping the lateral -lobes in the bud. 45 - -2. Corolla 2-lipped with a helmet-shaped upper lip and a 3-lobed lower -lip. Stamens 4. Anther-halves separate. Fruit capsular, loculicidal. -Herbs. Leaves well developed. Flowers in leafy spikes or racemes. -[Tribe RHINANTHEAE.] 3 - -Corolla 2-lipped with a flat upper lip, or 1-lipped with only 3 -distinct lobes, or subequally 4-5-lobed. 8 - -3. Upper lip of the corolla with reflexed margins. Calyx 4-lobed. Seeds -numerous, ribbed. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Azores. “Eyebright.” -=Euphrasia= L. - -Upper lip of the corolla with straight margins. 4 - -4. Calyx 5-lobed, slit in front. Corolla yellow. Capsule oblique, -narrow. Leaves pinnately divided.--Species 1. North-west Africa -(Algeria). “Lousewort.” =Pedicularis= L. - -Calyx 4-lobed. Capsule straight. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. 5 - -5. Ovules few, pendulous. Corolla yellow or red. Capsule broad. Seeds -ribbed.--Species 10. North Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Under -_Bartsia_ L.) =Odontites= Pers. - -Ovules many, horizontal. 6 - -6. Placentas thin. Seeds few, large, with wing-like ribs. Capsule -broad. Corolla blue or red.--Species 8. Central and North-west Africa. -(_Bartsia_ L.) =Bartschia= L. - -Placentas thick. Seeds numerous, small. Corolla yellow or red. 7 - -7. Seeds ribbed. Capsule broad.--Species 2. North and South Africa, -Abyssinia, and Island of Réunion. (_Trixago_ Stev., under _Bartsia_ L.) -=Bellardia= All. - -Seeds smooth. Capsule narrow.--Species 3. North Africa. (_Eufragia_ -Griseb., under _Bartsia_ L.) =Parentucellia= Viv. - -8. (2.) Anther-halves separate, sometimes one of them rudimentary -or one only developed. Stamens 4, more or less unequal, rarely -(_Strigina_) 2 only fertile. Corolla with a distinct, usually long -tube. Calyx-teeth about as long as or shorter than the tube. [Tribe -GERARDIEAE.] 9 - -Anther-halves confluent at the apex, more rarely separate, but then -corolla-tube very short and stamens nearly equal or reduced to two, or -calyx-teeth much longer than the tube. [Tribe DIGITALEAE.] 36 - -9. Anthers 1-celled (with one half only developed) in all stamens. 10 - -Anthers 2-celled (with both halves developed), at least in two of the -stamens, but one cell (or half) sometimes smaller than the other and -barren. 17 - -10. Corolla almost 1-lipped, with only 3 distinct lobes; tube curved; -limb narrow, convex. Calyx 5-cleft. Red-coloured, fleshy, parasitic -herbs. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in terminal spikes.--Species -5. South Africa. =Hyobanche= Thunb. - -Corolla regular or 2-lipped, distinctly 4-5-lobed. Green herbs with -well-developed leaves. 11 - -11. Corolla subequally 5-lobed, blue, red or white; tube straight or -slightly curved. Calyx tubular, 4-5-toothed. Capsule straight, oblong -or ovate. Leaves undivided. 12 - -Corolla more or less distinctly 2-lipped; lobes unequal. 14 - -12. Calyx 2-lipped, 4-lobed, 5-nerved. Stamens inserted in the -lower part of the corolla-tube. Lower leaves opposite, upper -alternate.--Species 1. Southern East Africa. =Eylesia= S. Moore - -Calyx subequally 4-5-toothed, 7-10-nerved. 13 - -13. Calyx 7-9-nerved, 4-toothed. Stamens inserted in the upper part of -the corolla-tube. Leaves all opposite.--Species 3. West Africa. (Under -_Buchnera_ L.) =Stellularia= Benth. - -Calyx 10-nerved, usually 5-toothed.--Species 60. Tropical and South -Africa. (_Buchnera_ L.) =Buechnera= L. - -14. Corolla-tube abruptly curved at or above the middle. Calyx tubular. -Capsule straight, oblong or ovate. Leaves undivided. 15 - -Corolla-tube straight or gradually curved. 16 - -15. Placentas thin. Ovules few, large. Stem prostrate.--Species 3. East -Africa. =Cycniopsis= Engl. - -Placentas thick. Ovules numerous, small. Stem erect.--Species 30. -Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are noxious weeds. =Striga= -Lour. - -16. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Capsule ellipsoid, straight, not -beaked.--Species 12. Central and South Africa. =Cycnium= E. Mey. - -Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Capsule usually oblique and beaked, rarely -globose and not beaked.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. -=Rhamphicarpa= Benth. - -17. (9.) Anther-halves (anther-cells) very unequal, one of them -fertile, the other barren (without pollen) or almost so. 18 - -Anther-halves equal or subequal, both of them fertile. 27 - -18. Leaves scale-like, yellow or reddish. 19 - -Leaves well developed, green. 20 - -19. Corolla with a narrow limb, red. Barren anther-cell very -small.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Tetraspidium= Bak. - -Corolla with a broad limb. Barren anther-cell usually long.--Species -30. Southern and tropical Africa. (_Aulaya_ Harv.) =Harveya= Hook. - -20. Fertile stamens 2, inserted at the throat of the corolla; barren -ones filiform. Corolla with a long curved tube and a 2-lipped limb. -Leaves undivided.--Species 1. East Africa. =Strigina= Engl. - -Fertile stamens 4. 21 - -21. Anthers partly with, partly (two of them) without a barren cell. -Corolla-tube long, inflated. Stem erect. Leaves undivided. 22 - -Anthers all with a barren cell, which in two is sometimes very small; -in this case stem climbing. Herbs or undershrubs. 23 - -22. Anthers of the lower (anterior) stamens 1-celled, those of the -upper stamens with a fertile cell opening by a longitudinal slit and a -spur-like sterile cell. Corolla nearly regular. Mostly shrubs.--Species -1. East Africa (Somaliland). =Ghikaea= Schweinf. & Volk. - -Anthers of the lower stamens with a cleft connective bearing at -one end a fertile cell, which opens by an apical pore, and at the -other a disc-like appendage; those of the upper stamens 1-celled. -Corolla 2-lipped. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 7. East Africa. -=Pseudosopubia= Engl. - -23. Anthers with a minute, nearly imperceptible barren cell. Corolla -violet; tube slightly exceeding the calyx. Calyx enlarged in the fruit. -Stem erect, with spreading branches. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. -Southern West Africa. =Hiernia= S. Moore - -Anthers, at least those of the shorter stamens, with a distinctly -developed barren cell. 24 - -24. Barren anther-cells of the longer stamens minute, nearly -imperceptible, of the shorter awn-or worm-shaped. Corolla pink or -violet; tube exceeding the calyx. Calyx enlarged and inflated in the -fruit. Climbing undershrubs.--Species 2. Central and South-east Africa. -=Buttonia= Mac Ken - -Barren anther-cells distinctly developed in all stamens, but sometimes -unequal in length. Calyx scarcely changed in fruit. Herbs. 25 - -25. Anthers cohering all together or in pairs. Corolla funnel-shaped, -with a broad limb. Stem erect.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. -=Sopubia= Hamilt. - -Anthers free. Corolla more or less bell-shaped, with a rather narrow -limb. 26 - -26. Corolla-tube exceeding the calyx. Stem climbing. Leaves undivided, -broad, coarsely toothed.--Species 1. West Africa. =Thunbergianthus= -Engl. - -Corolla-tube equalling the calyx. Stem erect. Leaves pinnately -divided.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Baumia= Engl. & -Gilg - -27. (17.) Corolla-tube short, about equalling the calyx. 28 - -Corolla-tube long, distinctly exceeding the calyx. 30 - -28. Calyx becoming woody in the fruit. Anthers exserted, with unequal -halves. Undershrubs.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Xylocalyx= Balf. - -Calyx not woody in the fruit. Herbs. 29 - -29. Calyx scarcely changed in the fruit. Capsule 4-valved. -Non-parasitic plants. Stem thin. Leaves linear. Inflorescence -lax.--Species 3. Tropics. (Including _Gerardianella_ Klotzsch). -=Micrargeria= Benth. - -Calyx more or less enlarged and inflated in the fruit; if but slightly -changed, then parasitic plants with thick stems and usually broad or -scale-like leaves.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. (Including -_Alectra_ Thunb. and _Velvitsia_ Hiern). =Melasma= Berg - -30. Anther-halves unequal, one of them somewhat shorter or narrower. 31 - -Anther-halves equal. 33 - -31. Anther-halves nearly equal, one of them somewhat shorter than -the other. Filaments very unequal. Ovules numerous. Stem herbaceous. -Flowers without bracteoles.--Species 1. Southern Central Africa and -Transvaal. =Gerardiina= Engl. - -Anther-halves distinctly unequal, one of them narrower. Stem woody, at -least at the base. 32 - -32. Corolla with a very long tube and a very narrow limb, white. Ovules -2-4 in a cell. Shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Leucosalpa= Scott Elliot - -Corolla with a rather broad limb. Ovules numerous.--Species 3. South -Africa and island of Socotra. (_Bopusia_ Presl). =Graderia= Benth. - -33. Stamens nearly equal in length. Corolla-tube rather short. Stem -herbaceous. 34 - -Stamens distinctly unequal. Stem woody. 35 - -34. Flowers solitary or in clusters, axillary. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla -blue. Capsule 4-valved.--Species 1. South Africa. =Charadrophila= -Marloth - -Flowers in spikes or racemes. Corolla yellow. Capsule -2-valved.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Seymeria= Pursh - -35. Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla bell-shaped. Glabrous -shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. (_Raphispermum_ Benth.) =Rhaphispermum= -Benth. - -Calyx-teeth distinctly developed, pointed. Corolla funnel-shaped. Hairy -shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. =Radamaea= -Benth. - -36. (8.) Stamens 2. 37 - -Stamens 4-8. 38 - -37. Corolla-tube long, thin, curved. Corolla white. Stamens included; -anther-halves confluent. Capsule loculicidal and septicidal, -many-seeded. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, linear.--Species 3. Canary and -Cape Verde Islands and Socotra. =Campylanthus= Roth - -Corolla-tube short or rather short. Stamens long.--Species 30. Some of -them yield salad, a substitute for tea, and medicaments, or serve as -ornamental plants. “Speedwell.” =Veronica= L. - -38. Corolla-tube very short. Stamens 4-8, nearly equal in length. 39 - -Corolla-tube long. Stamens 4, unequal. 41 - -39. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Stamens 4-5. Corolla 5-parted, -white. Calyx 5-parted. Capsule loculicidal, many-seeded. Erect -undershrubs. Leaves alternate, narrow.--Species 1. Naturalized in West -Africa and in the Seychelles. Used medicinally and as a substitute for -tea. =Capraria= L. - -Anther-halves separate. 40 - -40. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla white, with 4 segments. Stamens 4. Capsule -septicidal; seeds numerous. Erect undershrubs. Leaves opposite or -whorled, subsessile, narrow.--Species 1. Naturalized in the tropics. -Used medicinally. =Scoparia= L. - -Calyx 4-8-cleft. Corolla yellow or red, with 4-8, usually 5, segments. -Capsule loculicidal; seeds not numerous. Creeping herbs. Leaves -alternate, stalked, broad.--Species 3. Azores and Canary Islands, -Mauritius, and high mountains of Central Africa. Used as ornamental -plants. =Sibthorpia= L. - -41. Anther-halves separate. Corolla with a long cylindrical tube -and a two-lipped limb. Leaves opposite. Flowers in spikes or -racemes.--Species 1. Sahara. =Lafuentea= Lag. - -Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Leaves alternate. 42 - -42. Corolla with a cylindrical tube and a broad, slightly 2-lipped -limb, blue or violet. Capsule 4-valved. Low herbs. Flowers in terminal -racemes.--Species 1. Algeria. Used as an ornamental plant. =Erinus= L. - -Corolla with a funnel-or bell-shaped tube more or less widened above. -Tall herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 43 - -43. Stigma 2-lobed. Corolla yellow or red, 2-lipped. Flowers in -terminal racemes.--Species 6. North Africa; one of them also -naturalized in the island of Réunion. Poisonous plants used medicinally -and as ornamental plants. “Foxglove.” (Including _Callianassa_ Webb et -Berth.) =Digitalis= L. - -Stigma entire. Flowers in terminal heads or in axillary fascicles. -Leaves broad. Undershrubs. 44 - -44. Anthers protruding beyond the corolla-tube. Corolla 2-lipped. -Calyx-segments glume-like, fringed or ciliate. Flowers in terminal -heads.--Species 1. South Africa. =Glumicalyx= Hiern - -Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Flowers in axillary -fascicles.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Camptoloma= Benth. - -45. (1.) Leaves all alternate. Corolla almost regular. Anther-halves -confluent at the apex. Ovules many in each cell of the ovary. Fruit a -septicidal, many-seeded capsule. [Subfamily =PSEUDOSOLANEAE=.] 46 - -Leaves, at least the lower, opposite or whorled; more rarely -all radical or alternate; in the latter case corolla distinctly -irregular or ovules and seeds solitary in each cell. [Subfamily -=ANTIRRHINOIDEAE=.] 50 - -46. Corolla with a long tube, funnel-shaped, blue or red. Stamens 2 or -4. Flowers solitary, axillary, sometimes forming leafy racemes. Leaves -undivided. [Tribe APTOSIMEAE.] 47 - -Corolla with a short or very short tube, bell-or wheel-shaped. Stamens -4 or 5. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. [Tribe VERBASCEAE.] 49 - -47. Stamens 2. Fruit pointed. Low herbs with glandular hairs.--Species -10. Central and South Africa, Sahara, and Egypt. Some are used -medicinally. (Including _Doratanthera_ Benth. and _Gerardiopsis_ Engl.) -=Anticharis= Endl. - -Stamens 4, but two of them sometimes sterile. 48 - -48. Fruit pointed. Stamens all fertile. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species -5. South and Central Africa. =Peliostomum= E. Mey. - -Fruit blunt. Shrubs.--Species 25. Central and South Africa. =Aptosimum= -Burch. - -49. Stamens 4.--Species 18. Central and North Africa. Some are used as -ornamental or medicinal plants. =Celsia= L. - -Stamens 5.--Species 17. North Africa and northern East Africa; two -of the species also naturalized in South Africa and in the Mascarene -Islands. They yield fish-poison and medicaments, and serve as -ornamental plants. “Mullein.” =Verbascum= L. - -50. (45.) Ovules and seeds solitary in each cell of the ovary and -fruit. Fruit indehiscent. Stamens 2 or 4. Anther-halves confluent. -Flowers in spikes, more rarely in heads or panicles or solitary. Leaves -entire, toothed, or lobed. [Tribe SELAGINEAE.] 51 - -Ovules and seeds two or more in each cell, usually numerous. 56 - -51. Corolla 4-lobed, deeply slit in front. Calyx entire or 2-parted. -Stamens 4. Flowers in spikes. 52 - -Corolla 5-lobed, not slit at one side. Calyx with 3 or 5, rarely with 2 -segments. 53 - -52. Calyx slit open in front, entire or notched behind.--Species 30. -South and Central Africa. =Hebenstreitia= L. - -Calyx divided into two narrow entire segments.--Species 10. South -Africa. =Dischisma= Choisy - -53. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-lobes subequal. Calyx 5-lobed. Fruit -1-seeded. Shrubs. Flowers in spikes. 54 - -Fertile stamens 4. Corolla-lobes more or less unequal. 55 - -54. Sterile stamens present.--Species 1. South Africa. =Gosela= Choisy - -Sterile stamens absent.--Species 3. South Africa. =Agathelpis= Choisy - -55. Calyx subequally 5-toothed, adnate at the base to the bract. Fruit -1-seeded.--Species 5. South Africa. =Microdon= Choisy - -Calyx with 5 segments, free from the bract, or with 2-3 segments. Fruit -2-seeded.--Species 160. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants. (Including _Walafrida_ E. Mey.) =Selago= L. - -56. (50.) Corolla two-lipped with concave, bladdery-inflated lips and -a very short tube. Stamens 2.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Canary -Islands. An ornamental plant. [Tribe CALCEOLARIEAE.] =Calceolaria= L. - -Corolla two-lipped with flat or convex lips, or nearly regular. 57 - -57. Corolla spurred or saccate, two-lipped. Calyx 5-parted. Fruit a -capsule. 58 - -Corolla neither spurred nor saccate, rarely slightly gibbous, but then -calyx 5-lobed or 3-parted. 71 - -58. Corolla without a distinct tube. Capsule opening by 2 or 4 valves. -Herbs. [Tribe HEMIMERIDEAE.] 59 - -Corolla with a distinctly developed tube. Stamens 4. [Tribe -ANTIRRHINEAE.] 62 - -59. Corolla yellow, 4-cleft, usually with two pouches and two -teeth at the base of the lower lip. Stamens 2. Flowers solitary, -axillary.--Species 4. South Africa. =Hemimeris= Thunb. - -Corolla red or blue, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, but two of them sometimes -sterile. 60 - -60. Flowers turned upside down by the twisting of the pedicel. Corolla -scarlet, with two shallow pits at the base. Stamens subequal, all -fertile, glabrous. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Flowers -solitary, axillary.--Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental -plant. =Alonsoa= Ruiz & Pav. - -Flowers very rarely turned upside down; if so, then anthers hairy. -Corolla with 1-2 pits, pouches, or spurs at the base. Stamens unequal. -61 - -61. Lower lip of the corolla ventricose and gibbous at the base. -Stamens all fertile. Anther-halves separate, spreading.--Species 2. -Naturalized in Madagascar. =Angelonia= Humb. & Bonpl. - -Lower lip of the corolla with 2 pits, pouches, or spurs, very rarely -with one only. Anther-halves confluent at the apex.--Species 45. South -Africa. =Diascia= Link & Otto. - -62. Throat of the corolla closed by a projecting palate. Herbs or -undershrubs. 63 - -Throat of the corolla open. 67 - -63. Corolla spurred at the base. Anther-halves separate. 64 - -Corolla ventricose, but not spurred at the base. 66 - -64. Corolla with a long spur. Cells of the capsule opening by 2-5 teeth -or valves. Leaves pinnately nerved. Flowers in terminal spikes or -racemes.--Species 40. North Africa; one of the species also naturalized -in South Africa. Some yield vermin-poison or medicaments, or serve as -ornamental plants. “Toadflax.” =Linaria= Juss. - -Corolla with a short spur. Flowers solitary, axillary. 65 - -65. Corolla violet. Cells of the capsule opening by 3 teeth or valves. -Seeds oblong. Creeping herbs. Leaves palmately nerved.--Species 1. -North Africa. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. (Under -_Linaria_ Juss.) =Cymbalaria= Baumg. - -Corolla white, yellow, or two-coloured. Cells of the capsule opening by -lids. Seeds ovoid. Leaves pinnately nerved.--Species 17. North Africa -and northern Central Africa; one of the species also naturalized in -South Africa. (Under _Linaria_ L.) =Elatinoides= Wettst. - -66. Anther-halves separate. Capsule opening by 2 or 3 toothed -pores.--Species 6. North Africa and northern Central Africa; one of the -species also naturalized in South Africa and Mauritius. Some are used -as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Snap-dragon.” =Antirrhinum= L. - -Anther-halves confluent at the apex. A fifth, sterile stamen present. -Capsule with unequal cells, opening irregularly. Seeds ribbed. Flowers -small, axillary.--Species 3. Northern East Africa and Comoro Islands. -=Schweinfurthia= A. Braun - -67. Corolla-tube with 2 pits or pouches at the base; lobes subequal. -Anther-halves confluent. Capsule 4-valved. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, -broad. Flowers solitary, axillary, yellow.--Species 1. South Africa. -=Colpias= E. Mey. - -Corolla-tube with 1 pit, pouch, or spur. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves -opposite. 68 - -68. Anther-halves separate. Corolla-tube long. Capsule with unequal -cells. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 4. North Africa. (Under -_Linaria_ Juss.) =Chaenorrhinum= (DC.) Lange - -Anther-halves confluent at the apex. 69 - -69. Corolla-tube long. Capsule opening by two apical pores. Flowers -in racemes. Radical leaves rosulate.--Species 5. North Africa and -Abyssinia. (_Simbuleta_ Forsk.) =Anarrhinum= Desf. - -Corolla-tube short. Capsule opening by 2 or 4 longitudinal valves. 70 - -70. Corolla with a 2-lobed upper and a 3-lobed lower lip. Capsule -globose, 4-valved. Seeds with a tight testa.--Species 7. Tropical and -South Africa. =Diclis= Benth. - -Corolla with a 4-lobed upper and an entire lower lip. Capsule -compressed, 2-valved. Seeds with a loose testa, girt with a membranous -wing.--Species 50. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are -used as ornamental plants. =Nemesia= Vent. - -71. (57.) Flowers in cymes or in cymose panicles or fascicles; -occasionally solitary with two bracteoles on the pedicel; in this case -shrubs or trees. Anther-halves usually confluent. Fruit a septicidal -capsule or a berry. [Tribe CHELONEAE.] 72 - -Flowers solitary or in heads, spikes, racemes, or racemose panicles. -Stamens 2 or 4. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. 81 - -72. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Corolla with a -ventricose tube and a narrow limb. Fertile stamens 4; a fifth, sterile -stamen distinctly developed, usually scale-like. Anther-halves -confluent. Fruit a capsule.--Species 20. North Africa and northern -Central Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Scrophularia= L. - -Stem woody throughout. The fifth stamen minute or wanting, rarely -fertile. 73 - -73. Corolla-tube short and wide. Stamens 2 or 4. Anther-halves -confluent at the apex. Fruit a capsule. 74 - -Corolla-tube long and narrow. Stamens 4 or 5. 76 - -74. Calyx 3-parted, the posterior segment 3-toothed. Corolla yellow or -white. Fertile stamens 2. Anther-halves divergent. Capsule 4-valved, -many-seeded. Leaves whorled. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the -leaf-axils.--Species 1. South Africa. =Ixianthes= Benth. - -Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted, with nearly equal segments. Fertile stamens -4. 75 - -75. Calyx 5-lobed, valvate in bud. Corolla yellow, with a 2-parted -upper lip. Capsule 4-valved, few-seeded. Leaves opposite, tomentose -beneath. Flowers in axillary and terminal, many-flowered -cymes.--Species 1. South Africa. Yields timber. =Anastrabe= E. Mey. - -Calyx 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Corolla with a 2-toothed upper lip. -Anther-halves nearly parallel. Capsule 2-3-valved, many-seeded. Leaves -nearly always whorled.--Species 6. South Africa. =Bowkeria= Harv. - -76. Fertile stamens 5. Corolla-lobes equal. Fruit a berry. Epiphytic -shrubs. Flowers in axillary clusters.--Species 1. South-east Africa. -=Dermatobotrys= Bolus - -Fertile stamens 4. 77 - -77. Anther-halves divergent. Corolla red. Leaves glabrous. 78 - -Anther-halves parallel or nearly so, separate. 79 - -78. Leaves scale-like. Fruit a capsule.--Species 1. Naturalized in the -Seychelles. Ornamental plant. =Russelia= Jacq. - -Leaves well developed. Fruit a berry.--Species 5. Tropical and South -Africa. The fruits are edible. =Halleria= L. - -79. Anthers protruding beyond the corolla-tube. Corolla red. Fruit -a two-valved capsule.--Species 2. South Africa. Used as ornamental -plants. =Phygelius= E. Mey. - -Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Fruit a 4-valved capsule or -a berry. 80 - -80. Corolla red, slightly exceeding the calyx. Fruit a berry.--Species -2. South Africa. =Teedia= Rudolphi - -Corolla yellow or violet. Fruit a capsule.--Species 2. South Africa. -=Freylinia= Pangelli - -81. (71.) Anther-halves completely confluent; hence anthers apparently -1-celled. Calyx 5-parted or 2-lipped. [Tribe MANULEAE.] 82 - -Anther-halves separate or confluent at the apex only, rarely completely -confluent, but then calyx subequally 5-lobed. [Tribe GRATIOLEAE.] 91 - -82. Calyx 2-lipped or 2-parted. 83 - -Calyx subequally 5-parted. Stamens 4. 84 - -83. Anthers 4, unequal, or 2.--Species 30. South Africa. =Zaluzianskia= -Schmidt - -Anthers 4, equal.--Species 20. South Africa to Damaraland. =Polycarena= -Benth. - -84. Corolla-tube very short. 85 - -Corolla-tube distinctly developed, usually long. 86 - -85. Corolla 2-lipped. Capsule 2-cleft. Flowers solitary. Leaves all -radical. (See 61.) =Diascia= Link & Otto - -Corolla nearly regular. Capsule 4-cleft. Flowers in racemes. Leaves -opposite.--Species 2. South Africa. (Under _Sutera_ Roth) =Sphenandra= -Benth. - -86. Corolla more or less distinctly 2-lipped. Capsule opening by pores -or transverse slits. 87 - -Corolla nearly regular or slightly 2-lipped. Capsule opening -lengthwise, septicidal. 88 - -87. Flowers solitary. Stem climbing.--Species 1. Naturalized in the -island of St. Helena. An ornamental plant. (_Lophospermum_ Don) -=Maurandia= Ort. - -Flowers in racemes. Stem erect. (See 69.) =Anarrhinum= Desf. - -88. Stigma 2-lobed. Corolla-tube curved. Leaves cleft or -dissected.--Species 1. Egypt and Nubia. (_Jamesbrittenia_ O. Ktze.) -=Sutera= Roth. - -Stigma entire. Leaves entire or toothed. 89 - -89. Bracts adnate to the pedicels.--Species 20. South Africa. -=Phyllopodium= Benth. - -Bracts free from the pedicels. 90 - -90. Calyx open or nearly open in the bud, surrounded by narrow bracts -or without bracts. Corolla-tube nearly always straight. Flowers in -compound, rarely in simple racemes.--Species 35. South Africa to -Angola. (_Nemia_ Berg). =Manulea= L. - -Calyx imbricate in the bud or surrounded by broad bracts. Flowers -solitary or in usually simple spikes, racemes, or heads.--Species -120. South and Central Africa and Canary Islands. Some are used as -ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. (Including _Lyperia_ Benth., -under _Sutera_ Roth). (Plate 136.) =Chaenostoma= Benth. - -91. (81.) Fertile stamens 2. 92 - -Fertile stamens 4, rarely 3. 97 - -92. Staminodes none. Flowers minute, solitary. 93 - -Staminodes 2. Ovary 2-celled. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed. 95 - -93. Ovary 1-celled. Style very short. Stamens inserted in the upper -part of the corolla-tube. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Calyx 5-parted. -Leaves ovate. Aquatic herbs.--Species 1. Southern West Africa -(Damaraland) =Dintera= Stapf - -Ovary 2-celled. Style distinctly developed, curved. Corolla 4-lobed or -sub-equally 5-lobed. 94 - -94. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 4-lobed. Stamens inserted in the lower part -of the corolla-tube. Leaves linear or oblong.--Species 1. Mascarene -Islands. =Bryodes= Benth. - -Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed. Leaves ovate.--Species 1. Egypt. -=Peplidium= Del. - -95. Staminodes inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anther-halves -spreading.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Including _Bonnaya_ -Link et Otto) =Ilysanthes= Rafin. - -Staminodes inserted in the tube of the corolla. Anther-halves parallel -or nearly so. 96 - -96. Leaves lobed or dissected. Flowers in racemes. Lower lip of -the corolla with a 2-cleft middle-lobe. Aquatic herbs.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Hydrotriche= Zucc. - -Leaves entire.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Dopatrium= Hamilt. - -97. (91.) Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anther-halves -parallel. Corolla white, unequally 3-5-lobed. Creeping herbs. Leaves -broad, palmately nerved, gland-dotted. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. -West Africa. =Hydranthelium= H. B. & Kunth - -Stamens, all or two of them, inserted in the tube of the corolla. 98 - -98. Stamens inserted in the tube and at the throat of the corolla. 99 - -Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla. 102 - -99. Sepals free, broad. Corolla slightly irregular, white. The fifth, -sterile stamen filiform. Prostrate herbs. Leaves very small. Flowers -solitary.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. =Allocalyx= Cordem. - -Sepals united below. Corolla 2-lipped. Lower stamens with a tooth-or -bristle-like appendage at the base. 100 - -100. Calyx without wings or prominent angles, but sometimes striped; -segments subequal.--Species 17. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. -(_Vandellia_ L.) =Lindernia= All. - -Calyx winged or with very prominent angles. 101 - -101. Calyx subequally toothed. Anterior stamens sharply bent at the -base. Stem usually leafless.--Species 15. Central and South Africa. -=Craterostigma= Hochst. - -Calyx 2-lipped. Anterior stamens not sharply bent at the base. Stem -leafy.--Species 8. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as -ornamental or medicinal plants. =Torenia= L. - -102. Anther-halves separate, not contiguous. Corolla 2-lipped. 103 - -Anther-halves contiguous or confluent. 105 - -103. Sepals united high up. Fruit 2-valved. Stem procumbent or -ascending.--Species 8. Northern East Africa and Egypt. =Lindenbergia= -Lehm. - -Sepals united at the base only. Fruit 4-valved. 104 - -104. Placentas winged and connate in the fruit. Glabrous water-or -marsh-plants.--Species 6. Central Africa. Some are used medicinally. -(_Ambulia_ Lam., _Stemodiacra_ P. Browne) =Limnophila= R. Br. - -Placentas not winged, usually separate. Corolla blue. -Glandular-pubescent land-plants.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Stemodia= -L. - -105. Sepals united high up. 106 - -Sepals united at the base only. 107 - -106. Corolla 2-lipped. Anther-halves separate or confluent at the top. -Ovary completely septate. Leaves opposite.--Species 3. Two of them -indigenous in tropical and South Africa, the third naturalized in the -Azores. Used as ornamental plants. =Mimulus= L. - -Corolla nearly regular. Anther-halves completely confluent. -Ovary septate at the base only. Leaves all radical. Flowers -axillary.--Species 5. Southern and tropical Africa and Egypt. -=Limosella= L. - -107. Sepals very unequal. Anther-halves separate.--Species 10. Tropics, -South Africa, and Egypt. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal -plants. (_Moniera_ P. Browne, including _Herpestis_ Gaertn. and -_Bramia_ Lam.) =Bacopa= Aubl. - -Sepals nearly equal. Anther-halves confluent at the top. Corolla -2-lipped. 108 - -108. Sepals broad. Corolla red or violet. Stamens, at least the -anterior exserted; filaments with an appendage at the base. Flowers in -racemes, rather large.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Artanema= Don - -Sepals narrow. Stamens included; filaments without an appendage. -Flowers solitary, very small.--Species 4. East Africa. =Stemodiopsis= -Engl. - - -FAMILY 209. BIGNONIACEAE - -Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually opposite and compound, without -stipules. Flowers usually large and panicled, more or less irregular, -hermaphrodite. Sepals united below. Petals united below, imbricate -in bud. Stamens inserted on the lower part of the corolla, 4, in two -pairs of unequal length, the fifth sterile, rarely all 5 fertile. -Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits, rarely (_Colea_) by one. -Disc present. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled. Ovules numerous, in two -or more rows, inverted. Style simple; stigmas 2. Fruit a capsule -with the valves usually separating from the partition, or a nut or -berry. Seeds usually placed transversely and margined or winged, -exalbuminous.--Genera 21, species 90. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate -137.) - -1. Fruit a capsule. Seeds winged. Ovary completely 2-celled. [Tribe -TECOMEAE.] 2 - -Fruit a berry or nut. Seeds not winged, but often margined. Ovary -cylindric, 1-celled or incompletely, rarely (_Colea_) completely -2-celled. Fertile stamens 4. Stem erect. [Tribe CRESCENTIEAE.] 14 - -2. Fertile stamens 5. Anthers exserted, with parallel halves. Calyx -5-toothed. Ovules few, in two rows. Erect, spiny shrubs. Leaves -fascicled. Flowers solitary or in clusters. 3 - -Fertile stamens 4. Leaves pinnate, very rarely (_Stenolobium_) -unifoliolate. 4 - -3. Calyx tubular, slit on one side, with linear teeth. Corolla white, -with a long tube. Capsule slightly compressed, with prickly warts. -Leaves undivided.--Species 1. South Africa and southern Central Africa. -=Catophraetes= G. Don - -Calyx bell-shaped. Capsule much compressed, smooth.--Species 9. -Tropical and South Africa. =Rhigozum= Burch. - -4. Stamens projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Anther-halves divergent -or divaricate. Flowers in racemes or panicles. 5 - -Stamens concealed within the corolla-tube. 6 - -5. Calyx spathe-like, slit on one side. Seeds with a broad wing. Trees. -Leaflets entire.--Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, edible -seeds, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “African -tulip-tree.” =Spathodea= Beauv. - -Calyx bell-shaped, equally 5-toothed. Seeds with a narrow wing. Twining -shrubs. Leaflets serrate.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. Used -as ornamental plants. (Under _Tecoma_ Juss.) =Tecomaria= Fenzl - -6. Anther-halves parallel. Calyx spathe-like, split down one side. -Trees. Flowers panicled. 7 - -Anther-halves divergent or divaricate. 8 - -7. Basal (cylindric) part of the corolla-tube short. Ovules of each -cell in 2 rows. Fruit 2-celled; valves boat-shaped.--Species 1. West -Africa. Yields timber and medicaments. =Newbouldia= Seem. - -Basal part of the corolla-tube long. Ovules of each cell in more than -two rows. Fruit 4-celled; valves flat. Leaflets entire.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Dolichandrone= Fenzl - -8. Inflorescences lateral, usually springing from the old wood. -Anther-halves usually divergent. 9 - -Inflorescences terminal. Anther-halves usually divaricate. 11 - -9. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla -distinctly 2-lipped; tube curved. Disc conical. Ovules of each cell in -two rows. Climbing shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Perichlaena= Baill. - -Flowers in panicles. Calyx bell-shaped, unequally 3-5-cleft. Corolla -not distinctly 2-lipped. Ovules of each cell in several rows. Trees. 10 - -10. Calyx-tube narrow, leathery. Corolla campanulate-funnel-shaped. -Disc saucer-shaped. Fruit with leathery, keeled valves. Leaves -glabrous, crowded at the end of the branches.--Species 2. Madagascar. -=Kigelianthe= Baill. - -Calyx-tube wide. Corolla ventricose-campanulate, curved. Disc -cushion-shaped. Fruit cylindric, twisted. Leaves tomentose -beneath.--Species 2. Central Africa. (_Ferdinandia_ Seem., under -_Heterophragma_ DC.) =Fernandia= Baill. - -11. Flowers in racemes or umbels. Calyx narrowly bell-shaped, -5-toothed. Connective of the stamens broadened, leaf-like. Ovules of -each cell in two rows. Erect shrubs. Leaflets serrate.--Species 1. -Naturalized in Central Africa. An ornamental plant. (Under _Tecoma_ -Juss.) =Stenolobium= D. Don - -Flowers in panicles. Connective not leaf-like. 12 - -12. Ovules arranged in 2 rows in each cell. Calyx bell-shaped or -tubular, truncate or unequally 2-5-lobed. Fruit with a spongy -partition. Trees.--Species 6. Tropics. They yield timber, gum, and -medicaments. =Stereospermum= Cham. - -Ovules arranged in 4-8 rows in each cell. 13 - -13. Ovules in 4 rows in each cell. Calyx spathe-like, split down one -side. Fruit with a winged partition. Trees.--Species 10. Central -Africa. Some species yield timber. (Under _Dolichandrone_ Fenzl) -=Markhamia= Seem. - -Ovules in 8 rows in each cell. Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, equally -5-toothed. Climbing shrubs.--Species 2. Central and South-east Africa -(Under _Pandorea_ Endl. or _Tecoma_ Juss.) =Podranea= Sprague - -[Illustration: BIGNONIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 137._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Kigelia aethiopica Decne. - -_A_ Leaf. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Ovary cut -lengthwise. _E_ Ovary cut across. _F_ Fruit.] - -[Illustration: PEDALIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 138._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Sesamum angolense Welw. - -_A_ Flowering plant. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Lower part of the -flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Stigma. _E_ Cross-section of ovary.] - - -14. (1.) Ovary completely 1-celled. Calyx bell-shaped, bursting -irregularly. Corolla red or orange, ventricose-campanulate, irregular. -Anther-halves parallel or divergent. Fruit with a thick rind. Trees. -Leaves pinnate.--Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some species -yield timber or medicaments. (_Kigelkeia_ Rafin.) (Plate 137.) -=Kigelia= DC. - -Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. 15 - -15. Leaves simple, undivided. Ovary 2-celled nearly to the apex. 16 - -Leaves pinnately compound or reduced to the winged leaf-stalk. Flowers -panicled. 18 - -16. Leaves with a pair of spines at their base. Flowers solitary or in -clusters, axillary or springing from the old wood. Calyx pouch-shaped, -unequally 2-5-lobed. Corolla regular, long funnel-shaped. Anther-halves -divaricate.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Paracolea= Baill. - -Leaves without spines at the base, but the leaf-stalk sometimes -becoming spine-like. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Calyx -bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla more or less irregular, bell-or -bell-funnel-shaped. 17 - -17. Leaves herbaceous; leaf-stalk hardening into a spine. Flowers in -panicles. Corolla irregular. Anther-halves divaricate.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Phylloctenium= Baill. - -Leaves leathery, resinous; leaf-stalk not hardening into a spine. -Flowers in racemes. Corolla almost regular. Anther-halves divergent, -pendulous.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Tabebuia_ Gomez). =Zaa= -Baill. - -18. Leaves reduced to the jointed and winged leaf-stalk bearing -sometimes 1-3 terminal leaflets. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla slightly -irregular. Anther-halves divaricate. Disc saucer-shaped. Ovary septate -at the base. Fruit succulent.--Species 7. Madagascar and neighbouring -islands. Some species yield timber and edible fruits or serve as -ornamental plants. (_Arthrophyllum_ Boj.) =Phyllarthron= DC. - -Leaves pinnate, opposite or whorled. 19 - -19. Calyx long tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, nearly -regular. Anther-halves divergent. Disc ring-shaped. Ovary 2-celled -nearly to the apex. Inflorescences terminal.--Species 3. Madagascar. -=Siphocolea= Baill. - -Calyx bell-shaped. 20 - -20. Calyx subequally 5-cleft. Corolla regular, almost barrel-shaped, -red. Anther-halves divaricate. Disc saucer-shaped, crenate. Trees. -Inflorescences terminal.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Rhodocolea= Baill. - -Calyx 5-toothed or unequally cleft. Corolla more or less irregular, -bell-funnel-shaped. Fruit dry.--Species 25. Madagascar and neighbouring -islands. Some species have edible fruits. =Colea= Boj. - - -FAMILY 210. PEDALIACEAE - -Plants with glandular hairs. Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones, -simple. Flowers irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-partite. Petals 5, -united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the lower part -of the corolla-tube, the 4 fertile in pairs of unequal length, the -fifth sterile, small, awl-shaped. Ovary superior, 2-8-celled with 2 -or more axile ovules in each cell, rarely (_Linariopsis_) 1-celled -with 2 basal ovules. Style 1, long, with 2 stigmas or stigmatic lobes. -Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a straight embryo and thin -albumen.--Genera 14, species 65. (Plate 138.) - -1. Flowers in terminal, raceme-or umbel-like cymes. Shrubs or small -trees. Ovary 2-4-celled with numerous ovules in each cell. Fruit a -capsule. 2 - -Flowers solitary or in fascicles in the axils of the leaves, with -glands at the base of the pedicels. Herbs, rarely (_Pretreothamnus_) -shrubs, but then ovules 3 in each ovary-cell. 4 - -2. Inflorescences umbel-or fascicle-like. Glands at the base of the -pedicels none. Corolla-tube moderately long, funnel-shaped, neither -spurred nor curved. Anthers included; halves divergent, pendulous. Disc -slightly one-sided. Ovary-cells not or very incompletely chambered. -Fruit beset with hooked bristles. Seeds narrowly winged. Leaves large, -broad, long-stalked, lobed. Spines none.--Species 6. Madagascar. (Under -_Harpagophytum_ DC.) =Uncarina= (Baill.) Stapf - -Inflorescences raceme-like. Glands at the base of the pedicels -presente. Corolla-tube very long, cylindrical, spurred or curved. -Ovary-cell, nearly completely chambered. Leaves small, partly replaced -by spines. 3 - -3. Corolla spurred. Anthers scarcely exserted, with parallel halves. -Disc one-sided. Stem much thickened at the base.--Species 6. Central -Africa. =Sesamothamnus= Welw. - -Corolla not spurred, with an S-shaped tube, yellow. Anthers exserted, -with divergent halves. Disc equal-sided. Stem not much thickened. -Species 1. Southern West Africa (Damaraland). =Sigmatosiphon= Engl. - -4. Ovary and fruit 1-celled. Ovules 2, erect. Seed 1. Calyx-lobes very -unequal. Corolla violet; tube widened from the base, almost straight. -Anther-halves parallel. Disc equal-sided. Stem prostrate, hairy. Leaves -undivided. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). -Used medicinally. =Linariopsis= Welw. - -Ovary and fruit 2-4-celled. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. 5 - -5. Ovary and fruit 2-celled, with undivided cells. Ovules descending or -horizontal. Leaves toothed, lobed, or divided. Flowers solitary. 6 - -Ovary and fruit 2-4-celled, each cell completely or incompletely -divided into two chambers. 10 - -6. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. 7 - -Ovules 8 or more in each cell of the ovary. Anthers opening by long -slits. Disc one-sided. Succulent, prostrate herbs. 9 - -7. Fruit 4-winged, without spines. Anther-halves divergent, opening by -short slits. Disc one-sided. Corolla yellow or red. Stem tuberous at -the base.--Species 15. Central and South Africa. =Pterodiscus= Hook. - -Fruit wingless, bearing spines or tubercles. Corolla yellow. Succulent -herbs. 8 - -8. Fruit with a large spine at the base of each angle.--Species 1. -East Africa and Madagascar. Yields vegetables and is used in medicine. -=Pedalium= Royen - -Fruit without large spines at the base, but with small spines or -tubercles on the flanks. Seeds winged.--Species 1. East Africa. (Under -_Pedalium_ Royen). =Pedaliophytum= Engl. - -9. Ovules 8 in each cell of the ovary. Corolla yellow; tube deeply -saccate at the base.--Species 1. South-east Africa. =Holubia= Oliv. - -Ovules numerous in each cell of the ovary. Corolla red; tube not or -slightly saccate at the base. Fruit with several rows of recurved -spines.--Species 3. South and Central Africa. Noxious weeds. “Grapple -plant.” (_Uncaria_ Burch.) =Harpagophytum= DC. - -10. Ovules 2-3 in each chamber of the ovary, ascending, or one -ascending, the other descending. Fruit a nut. 11 - -Ovules numerous in each chamber, at least in the larger ones, -descending or horizontal. Fruit a capsule. 12 - -11. Ovules 2 in each of the 4 chambers of the ovary. Fruit with -2 spines in the middle. Corolla red. Trailing herbs. Leaves -lobed.--Species 1. Tropical and South Africa. =Pretrea= J. Gay - -Ovules 3 in each chamber. Shrubs.--Species 1. Northern East Africa -(Somaliland). =Pretreothamnus= Engl. - -12. Cells of the ovary and fruit unequal in size and containing an -unequal number of ovules or seeds. Corolla violet or white. Fruit -with 2-8 spines or tubercles at the base; only the larger cell -dehiscent. Erect herbs. Leaves toothed or lobed. Flowers usually in -cymes.--Species 3. Central Africa to Namaland. =Rogeria= J. Gay - -Cells of the ovary and fruit equal. Flowers solitary. 13 - -13. Fruit with two horns or spines at the apex. Corolla red, violet, -or yellow.--Species 5. Central and South Africa. Some are used as -ornamental or medicinal plants. =Ceratotheca= Endl. - -Fruit without horns nor spines. Corolla red or white.--Species 20. -Central and South Africa; one species (_S. indicum_ L.) also cultivated -in Egypt and Madagascar. The seeds of this and a second species are -used as food or as a condiment and for preparing meal and oil; some -species yield dyes or medicaments or serve as ornamental plants. -(Plate 138.) =Sesamum= L. - - -FAMILY 211. MARTYNIACEAE - -Erect, hairy herbs. Leaves broad, undivided. Flowers in racemes, with -large bracteoles, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx unequally 5-lobed, -slit in front. Corolla obliquely campanulate, two-lipped, 5-lobed, red. -Fertile stamens 2, inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube, -included; staminodes 3. Disc regular. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2 -two-cleft parietal placentas. Ovules 4-16, descending, inverted. Style -1, long, with 2 stigmas or stigma-lobes. Fruit ending in two horns, -8-ribbed, 4-chambered and 4-seeded, opening loculicidally at the apex; -exocarp leathery, endocarp hard. Seeds with a straight embryo and thin -albumen. (Under _PEDALINEAE_.) - -Genus 1, species 1. Naturalized in Madagascar and Mauritius. An -ornamental and medicinal plant. =Martynia= L. - - -FAMILY 212. OROBANCHACEAE - -Parasitic herbs destitute of green colour. Leaves reduced to scales. -Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx -2-5-toothed or consisting of two entire or 2-toothed segments or -sepals. Corolla 4-5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the -tube of the corolla, 4, in two pairs of unequal length. Anthers opening -lengthwise. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 4 parietal placentas. -Ovules numerous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. -Seeds with a pitted testa, a copious albumen, and an undivided -embryo.--Genera 2, species 30. North and Central Africa. (Plate 139.) - -Calyx 5-lobed, with blunt or rounded, nearly equal lobes. Corolla -almost equally 5-lobed. Bracteoles adnate to the calyx.--Species 6. -North and Central Africa. (Under _Phelipaea_ E. Mey.) (Plate 139.) -=Cistanche= Hoffm. & Link - -Calyx 2-5-toothed with pointed teeth, or consisting of two entire or -2-toothed segments or sepals.--Species 25. North and East Africa; two -species also naturalized in South Africa. Some are used as vegetables -or as medicinal or ornamental plants, others are noxious weeds. -“Broomrape.” (Including _Phelipaea_ E. Mey.) =Orobanche= (Tournef.) G. -Beck - - -FAMILY 213. GESNERACEAE - -Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers -irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals united below. Petals united below, -imbricate in bud. Fertile stamens 2. Disc present. Ovary superior, -1-celled, with parietal placentas, sometimes incompletely 2-4-celled. -Ovules numerous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a capsule. Seeds -exalbuminous; embryo straight.--Genera 6, species 65. Tropical and -South Africa. (_CRYTANDREAE._) (Plate 140.) - -[Illustration: OROBANCHACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 139._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Cistanche lutea Link & Hoffmsg. - -_A_ Stem. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Flower laid open. _D_ Anther. _E_ -Stigma. _F_ Ovary cut lengthwise. _G_ Ovary cut across.] - -[Illustration: GESNERACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 140._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Streptocarpus Cooperi Clarke - -_A_ Whole plant. _B_ Flower laid open. _C_ Anther (from front and -back). _D_ Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Fruit.] - -1. Fruit linear, loculicidal or follicular. Disc equal-sided, sometimes -indistinct. 2 - -Fruit oblong, ovate, or globose. Disc one-sided, rarely (_Saintpaulia_) -equal-sided. 3 - -2. Fruit twisted.--Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some are -used as ornamental plants. (Plate 140.) (Tribe STREPTOCARPEAE.) -=Streptocarpus= Lindl. - -Fruit not twisted.--Species 5. West Africa and Madagascar. (_Roettlera_ -Vahl, including _Trachystigma_ C. B. Clarke). [Tribe DIDYMOCARPEAE.] -=Didymocarpus= Wall. - -3. Fruit globose, opening transversely. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla -blue or white. Posterior stamens fertile. Inflorescence capitate. -Leaves few.--Species 2. West Africa. [Tribe BESLERIEAE.] =Epithema= -Blume - -Fruit ovate or oblong, opening lengthwise. 4 - -4. Fruit loculicidal or follicular. Leaf single.--Species 2. West -Africa. (Including _Carolofritschia_ Engl.) [Tribe KLUGIEAE.] -=Acanthonema= Hook. fil. - -Fruit septicidal. Leaves several. [Tribe RAMONDIEAE.] 5 - -5. Corolla white, lobed. Disc one-sided. Anthers oblong. Ovary -completely 1-celled, glandular-hairy. Stigma entire. Stem creeping. -Leaves alternate.--Species 1. East Africa. =Linnaeopsis= Engl. - -Corolla blue or violet, cleft. Disc equal-sided. Anthers ovoid or -subglobose. Ovary incompletely 2-4-celled, hairy. Stigma 2-lobed. Stem -erect or ascending. Leaves opposite or all radical.--Species 4. East -Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Saintpaulia= Wendl. - - -FAMILY 214. LENTIBULARIACEAE - -Rootless herbs with pitcher-leaves. Flowers solitary or in spikes or -racemes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 2-or 5-parted. Corolla of -united petals, 2-lipped, spurred or saccate. Stamens 2, attached to -the base of the corolla. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary superior, 1-celled, -with a free central placenta. Ovules several or many, inverted. Stigma -sessile, entire or unequally 2-lobed. Fruit a 3-many-seeded capsule. -Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 2, species 65. (Plate 141.) - -Calyx subequally 5-partite. Land-or marsh-plants. Pitcher-leaves -tubular with two spirally twisted arms. Flowers in few-flowered -racemes, with 2 bracteoles each.--Species 3. South Africa and southern -Central Africa. =Genlisea= St. Hil. - -Calyx 2-partite or of 2 free sepals. Pitcher-leaves bladder-like, -ovoid or globose.--Species 60. Some of them are used as ornamental, -medicinal, or dye-plants. “Bladderwort.” (Plate 141.) =Utricularia= L. - - -FAMILY 215. GLOBULARIACEAE - -Shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in -heads or spikes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla -2-lipped, 5-lobed, usually blue. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal -length, attached to the corolla. Staminodes none. Anthers turned -inwards, 2-celled, opening by a transverse slit. Disc present, usually -gland-like. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. -Style simple; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seed -albuminous; embryo straight, the radicle turned upwards.--Genera 3, -species 6. North Africa, Cape Verde Islands, and Socotra. (Under -_SELAGINEAE_.) - -1. Flowers in spikes. Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx; lobes of -the upper lip similar to those of the lower.--Species 1. Island of -Socotra. =Cockburnia= Balf. - -Flowers in heads. Corolla distinctly exceeding the calyx; lobes of the -upper lip much shorter than those of the lower. 2 - -2. Heads axillary. Corolla-tube slit open between the lobes of the -upper lip.--Species 2. Madeira, Canaries, and Cape Verde Islands. -(Under _Globularia_ L.) =Lytanthus= Wettst. - -Heads terminal. Corolla-tube not slit.--Species 3. North Africa. Used -medicinally. =Globularia= L. - - -SUBORDER ACANTHINEAE - - -FAMILY 216. ACANTHACEAE - -Leaves opposite or whorled, simple, without stipules, usually -dotted with cystoliths. Flowers more or less irregular, 4-5-merous, -hermaphrodite. Petals united below. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Disc -usually present. Style simple. Stigma entire or 2-lobed, rarely -4-lobed. Ovary superior, 2-celled, rarely (_Afromendoncia_) 1-celled. -Fruit a loculicidal capsule, the valves bearing the split dissepiments, -more rarely a drupe. Seeds 2 or more, mostly exalbuminous; funicle -usually with a hook-like outgrowth.--Genera 106, species 1100. (Plate -142.) - -1. Fruit a 1-2-celled, 1-2-seeded drupe. Funicles small, without an -outgrowth. Ovary 1-2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Stamens 4, -with 2-celled anthers. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Calyx -minute, enveloped by two large bracteoles. Flowers solitary or in -clusters in the leaf-axils, rarely in terminal racemes. Leaves not -dotted with cystoliths. Climbing shrubs. [Subfamily =MENDONCIOIDEAE=.] 2 - -Fruit a 2-celled, 2-or more-seeded capsule. Funicles with a tubercle-or -hook-shaped outgrowth, or thickened throughout their length. Ovary -2-celled. 4 - -2. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit oblong or ovate. Flowers in axillary -clusters.--Species 6. Tropics. (Including _Liraya_ Pierre, under -_Mendoncia_ Vell.) =Afromendoncia= Gilg - -Ovary 2-celled, at least when young. 3 - -[Illustration: LENTIBULARIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 141._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Utricularia livida E. Mey. - -_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower. _C_ Pistil and calyx cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: ACANTHACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 142._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Justicia matammensis (Schweinf.) Lindau - -_A_ Plant in flower (most of the corollas having fallen off). _B_ -Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Stamen. _E_ Fruit cut lengthwise -(without the seeds).] - - -3. Flowers solitary, axillary. Leaves ovate. Corolla-tube curved, -gibbous below. Fruit globose.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). -=Gilletiella= De Wild. & Dur. - -Flowers in axillary clusters or in terminal racemes. Leaves -oblong.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Monachochlamys= Bak. - -4. Funicles short and thick, without a distinct outgrowth. Seeds and -ovules 2 in each cell. Seeds globular, with a lateral hilum. Fruit -beaked at the apex. Stamens 4; anthers 2-celled. Corolla nearly -regular, with contorted aestivation. Calyx enclosed by two large -bracteoles. Leaves not dotted with cystoliths. Shrubs or climbing -herbs. [Subfamily =THUNBERGIOIDEAE=.] 5 - -Funicles with a large hook-shaped or a small tubercle-shaped outgrowth; -in the latter case seeds and ovules 6 or more in each cell. 6 - -5. Anthers opening by pores. Stigma two-lobed. Calyx truncate. Corolla -slightly two-lipped. Flowers in racemes. Climbing shrubs.--Species -2. Madagascar and southern East Africa. (Under Thunbergia L. f.) -=Pseudocalyx= Radlk. - -Anthers opening by longitudinal slits.--Species 100. Tropical and South -Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Hexacentris_ -Nees). =Thunbergia= L. f. - -6. Funicles small, with a minute wart-like outgrowth. Seeds and -ovules 6 or more in each cell. Seeds globose, with a lateral hilum, -albuminous. Fruit beaked, rarely only pointed at the apex. Calyx -unequally 4-5-parted. Corolla obscurely 2-lipped, with imbricate, -not contorted aestivation. Anthers 2-celled. Disc indistinct. Herbs. -Leaves not dotted with cystoliths. Flowers in spikes. [Subfamily -=NELSONIOIDEAE=.] 7 - -Funicles with a distinct hook-shaped outgrowth, rarely (_Synnema_) -thickened with an obscure outgrowth, but then corolla with contorted -aestivation and leaves dotted with cystoliths. Seeds with a basal or -subbasal hilum, exalbuminous, usually flat. Fruit usually prolonged -into a stalk at the base, rarely beaked at the top. [Subfamily -=ACANTHOIDEAE=.] 9 - -7. Sepals 5, unequal, almost free. Stamens 4. Ovules in each cell -numerous, in 3-4 rows. Fruit not distinctly beaked.--Species 1. Central -Africa. (_Ebermaiera_ Nees, _Zenkerina_ Engl.) =Staurogyne= Wall. - -Sepals 5, two of them united nearly to the top. Stamens 2. Ovules in -each cell 6-10, in two rows. Fruit beaked. 8 - -8. Flowers with bracteoles. Stalk of the inflorescence covered with -imbricate bracts. Leaves radical or alternate. Stem erect, usually very -short.--Species 1. Central Africa. (_Tubiflora_ Gmel.) =Elytraria= Vahl - -Flowers without bracteoles. Stalk of the inflorescence without bracts -or wanting. Leaves opposite. Stem procumbent or ascending.--Species 1. -Tropics. =Nelsonia= R. Br. - -9. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Anthers 2-celled. Seeds usually -hairy. 10 - -Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Seeds usually -glabrous. 40 - -10. Corolla distinctly 1-or 2-lipped. 11 - -Corolla nearly regular. 17 - -11. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-tube long and thin. Fruit contracted -into a stalk. Seeds 2 in each cell. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. -Equatorial East Africa (Uganda). =Eranthemum= L. - -Fertile stamens 4, rarely 2, but then, as usually, seeds more than 2 -in each cell of the fruit. Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. [Tribe -HYGROPHILEAE.] 12 - -12. Corolla 1-lipped, 5-lobed; tube cylindrical. Calyx equally -5-toothed. Stamens 4. Anthers not spurred. Ovules 4-8 in each cell -of the ovary. Shrubs. Flowers in panicles.--Species 5. Central -Africa. Some of them yield fish-poison or serve as ornamental plants. -(Including _Eremomastax_ Lindau) =Paulowilhelmia= Hochst. - -Corolla 2-lipped. 13 - -13. Fertile stamens 2; the anterior stamens sterile. Calyx 5-partite. -Corolla red or violet; tube short, with a transverse fold. Ovules -numerous. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in panicles, racemes, or -spikes.--Species 20. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants. -=Brillantaisia= Beauv. - -Fertile stamens 4, rarely 2, but then the posterior stamens sterile or -wanting. 14 - -14. Funicles of the seeds with an indistinct, cushion-shaped outgrowth. -Ovules numerous. Stamens 2-4. Calyx 5-partite. Flowers solitary or in -axillary cymes. Herbs.--Species 6. Central Africa. (_Cardanthera_ Ham.) -=Synnema= Benth. - -Funicles of the seeds with a distinct, hook-shaped outgrowth. Stamens -4, approximate in pairs, each decurrent upon a common fold. 15 - -15. Stem woody. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx equally 5-partite. -Anthers spurred, rarely only pointed at the base. Ovules 4-6 in each -cell of the ovary.--Species 4. East Africa. =Mellera= S. Moore - -Stem herbaceous. Anthers not spurred. 16 - -16. Flowers in axillary clusters, intermixed with spines. Calyx -4-partite. Ovules 4-6 in each ovary-cell.--Species 2. Central Africa. -Used for making salt. (Under _Hygrophila_ R. Br.) =Asteracantha= Nees - -Flowers solitary or in spineless clusters or panicles.--Species 20. -Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including -Nomaphila Blume) =Hygrophila= R. Br. - -17. (10) Fruit distinctly compressed from front to back, contracted -into a short stalk, 2-4-seeded. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Stamens -4, united in pairs and decurrent at the base. [Tribe PETALIDIEAE.] -18 Fruit more or less terete or 4-angled. [Tribes RUELLIEAE and -STROBILANTHEAE.] 22 - -18. Ovary-cells 1-ovuled. Stigmas 2. Calyx 5-cleft or 4-parted. Flowers -in axillary clusters. Bracts oblong, about as long as the calyx; -bracteoles smaller.--Species 8. Central Africa. =Disperma= C. B. Clarke - -Ovary-cells 2-ovuled. Bracts or bracteoles large. 19 - -19. Calyx-segments 4 owing to the complete or nearly complete union -of the two anticous segments. Flowers solitary or in short lateral -inflorescences.--Species 18. Tropics. (Under _Petalidium_ Nees). -=Pseudobarleria= T. Anders. - -Calyx-segments 5, almost free. 20 - -20. Calyx-segments very unequal, the posticous much larger, bract-like. -Inflorescences spike-like, composed of cymes.--Species 15. Tropical -and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (_Aetheilema_ R. Br., -_Micranthus_ Wendl., _Phaylopsis_ Willd.) =Phaulopsis= Willd. - -Calyx-segments nearly equal. 21 - -21. Stigma entire, capitate. Anther-halves blunt. Flowers in terminal -false umbels.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Zygoruellia= Baill. - -Stigma unequally 2-lobed, filiform. Anther-halves pointed or tailed -below. Flowers solitary or in cymes.--Species 5. West and South Africa. -=Petalidium= Nees - -22. (17.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit contracted into a stalk, -2-4-seeded. 23 - -Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. 30 - -23. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-tube long and narrow throughout its -length. 24 - -Fertile stamens 4. 25 - -24. Calyx divided nearly to the base. Corolla orange. Stigma capitate -or oblong, more or less 2-lobed. Fruit ellipsoid, contracted into a -short stalk, usually 2-seeded. Flowers in heads, spikes, or panicles. -Bracteoles nearly as long as the calyx.--Species 5. Central Africa. -Used as ornamental plants. =Lankesteria= Lindl. - -Calyx divided to the middle or somewhat beyond. Corolla white. Stigma -entire, oblong-linear. Fruit linear, contracted into a long stalk, -usually 4-seeded. Flowers solitary or few together in the leaf-axils. -Bracteoles much shorter than the calyx.--Species 4. South and East -Africa. (Under _Calophanes_ Don). =Chaetacanthus= Nees - -25. Filaments free from the base. 26 - -Filaments united in pairs at the base and decurrent in the form of two -ridges. 27 - -26. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla blue, with a long tube. Disc -very small. Flowers solitary, axillary. Bracteoles very small and -narrow.--Species 2. Northern East Africa. =Satanocrater= Schweinf. - -Calyx deeply divided. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Bracteoles large, -membranous.--Species 15. Central Africa. (Including _Stylarthropus_ -Baill.) =Whitfieldia= Hook. - -27. Staminal ridges confluent, hence all stamens inserted upon a common -fold. Anther-halves blunt. Fruit oblong ovoid or globose, 3-4-seeded. -Flowers solitary or in spikes.--Species 4. Madagascar. =Strobilanthes= -Blume - -Staminal ridges separate. Flowers solitary or in cymes. 28 - -28. Calyx 5-cleft. Anther-halves usually tailed. Fruit linear, -4-seeded.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. (_Calophanes_ Don, -including _Phillipsia_ Rolfe). =Dyschoriste= Nees - -Calyx 5-parted. Anthers blunt. Fruit oblong or elliptical. 29 - -29. Fruit 2-seeded. Pollen-grains ovoid, with longitudinal ribs. -Undershrubs.--Species 1. Southern East Africa. =Strobilanthopsis= S. -Moore - -Fruit 4-seeded. Pollen-grains globular, prickly.--Species 8. Tropics. -(Under _Dischistocalyx_ T. Anders.) =Acanthopale= C. B. Clarke - -30. (22.) Fertile stamens 2. 31 - -Fertile stamens 4. 32 - -31. Ovules 3-6 in each ovary-cell. Staminodes present. Corolla nearly -2-lipped; tube short, wide, funnel-shaped. Flowers several together in -the leaf-axils. Shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. (Under _Ruttya_ Harv.) -=Forsythiopsis= Bak. - -Ovules 10 in each ovary-cell. Flowers solitary. Herbs.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Ruelliola= Baill. - -32. Filaments free from the base. Anthers with a fertile and a -rudimentary half. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla white. Ovules 3-4 in each -ovary-cell. Flowers in spikes or heads.--Species 3. West Africa. -(_Physacanthus_ Benth.) =Haselhoffia= Lindau - -Filaments united in pairs at the base, decurrent in the form of two -ridges. Anthers with both halves fertile. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. 33 - -33. Staminal ridges confluent. Anthers not tailed. 34 - -Staminal ridges separate. 35 - -34. Corolla long funnel-shaped. Flowers in loose panicles.--Species 1. -Island of St. Thomas. (Under _Paulowilhelmia_ Hochst.) =Heteradelphia= -Lindau - -Corolla tubular. Flowers in spike-or head-like inflorescences.--Species -5. Central Africa. =Hemigraphis= Nees - -35. Anther-halves of the anterior stamens, at least one of them, -tailed at the base. Calyx-segments subequal. Corolla funnel-shaped, -with a short and wide tube. Flowers in panicles.--Species 15. Tropics. -(Including _Epiclastopelma_ Lindau) =Mimulopsis= Schweinf. - -Anther-halves without an appendage at the base, rarely (_Ruelliopsis_) -all tailed, and then calyx-segments unequal and flowers solitary. 36 - -36. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 3-4 in each ovary-cell. Disc cup-shaped, -toothed. Anthers exserted. Corolla red. Flowers solitary. Leaves -crowded at the end of the branches. Glabrous shrubs.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Camarotea= Elliot - -Stigma entire or provided with a small tooth. 37 - -37. Flowers in spike-or head-like inflorescences. Calyx-segments -usually very unequal. Bracteoles very small.--Species 9. Central -Africa. (_Dischistocalyx_ T. Anders.) =Distichocalyx= T. Anders. - -Flowers solitary or in neither spike-nor head-like cymes or panicles. 38 - -38. Leaves one-sided (with unequal halves) and usually very unequal in -size, entire. Flowers solitary. Bracteoles very small. Calyx-segments -subequal, very long. Corolla red or blue, with a long cylindrical tube. -Anthers included.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Endosiphon= T. -Anders. - -Leaves equal-sided or nearly so, about equal in size. 39 - -39. Pollen-grains with many longitudinal ribs. Anthers usually tailed. -Calyx-segments unequal. Corolla funnel-shaped. Flowers solitary. -Bracteoles small. Leaves linear, entire. Shrubs.--Species 3. East and -South Africa. =Ruelliopsis= C. B. Clarke - -Pollen-grains netted or pitted. Anthers not tailed.--Species 30. -Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal -plants. (Including _Dipteracanthus_ Nees). =Ruellia= L. - -40. (9.) Corolla with imbricate, not ascending aestivation, 2-lipped or -nearly regular. Filaments free. Anthers, at least those of the anterior -stamens, 2-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each cell, rarely (_Crabbea_) 3-4. -Fruit not distinctly contracted into a stalk. [Tribe BARLERIEAE.] 41 - -Corolla with imbricate, ascending aestivation. 48 - -41. Calyx 4-parted, one of the segments sometimes shortly toothed. -Stamens 2, more rarely 4, exserted. Disc cup-shaped. Stigma-lobes -2, subequal, sometimes nearly confluent. Flowers in cymes, spikes, -racemes, or heads.--Species 120. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. -Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Somalia_ -Oliv.) =Barleria= L. - -Calyx 2-or 5-parted. Stamens 4, included. Disc ring-shaped or -indistinct. 42 - -42. Calyx 2-lipped or 2-parted. Corolla folded in the bud, nearly -regular, with short triangular lobes. Anthers of the posterior stamens -1-celled. Disc indistinct. Stigma entire. Inflorescence spike-or -head-like.--Species 12. Tropics. (Including _Leucobarleria_ Lindau). -=Neuracanthus= Nees - -Calyx 5-parted. Corolla not folded. Anthers 2-celled, rarely those -of the posterior stamens 1-celled, but then corolla 2-lipped. Disc -ring-shaped. 43 - -43. Flowers surrounded by 4 united bracts, solitary, with narrow -bracteoles. Corolla-lobes spreading, pink. Anthers 2-celled.--Species -1. Madagascar. (_Periblema_ DC.) =Boutonia= DC. - -Flowers not surrounded by united bracts, solitary but without -bracteoles, or in spike-or head-like inflorescences. Corolla -two-lipped. 44 - -44. Bracteoles surrounding the flowers 4, large, exceeding the -calyx. Flowers in head-like cymes, very small, stalked, intermixed -with bracts. Corolla white. Anthers with equal halves. Ovary hairy -above. Ovules 2 in each cell. Stigma unequally 2-lobed.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Warpuria= Stapf - -Bracteoles minute or absent. 45 - -45. Flowers solitary, axillary. Stamens approximate in pairs. Anthers -all 2-celled. Stigma with two almost equal lobes.--Species 2. South -Africa. =Glossochilus= Nees - -Flowers in spike-or head-like inflorescences. Stigma entire or very -unequally 2-lobed, rarely almost equally 2-lobed, but then anthers -partly 1-celled. 46 - -46. Stamens approximate in pairs. Anther-halves unappendaged, -inserted nearly at the same level. Calyx-teeth pointed. Ovary and -style glabrous. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Fruit narrow-oblong, -4-8-seeded. Inflorescence capitate.--Species 10. South and Central -Africa. =Crabbea= Harv. - -Stamens not approximate in pairs. Anthers all with one half inserted -lower than the other, or the posterior with one half only developed. -Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit 2-4-seeded. 47 - -47. Anterior calyx-segments united halfway up. Corolla violet. Anthers -of the anterior stamens with unappendaged halves inserted at the same -level; those of the posterior stamens with one half only developed. -Stigma with 2 minute, subequal lobes. Flowers in few-flowered -spikes.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). =Lindauea= Rendle - -Anterior calyx-segments nearly free. Anthers of all or only the -anterior stamens with one half inserted lower than the other. Stigma -entire.--Species 30. Central Africa. (Including _Volkensiophyton_ -Lindau). =Lepidagathis= Willd. - -48. (40.) Corolla 1-lipped, 3-5-lobed; in place of the upper lip a -slit. Stamens 4. Anthers 1-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. -Flowers in spikes. [Tribe ACANTHEAE.] 49 - -Corolla 2-lipped or nearly regular. 55 - -49. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla white or blue, rarely yellow; tube short. -Leaves usually prickly. 50 - -Calyx 5-parted. Leaves undivided. 53 - -50. Corolla-tube of moderate length. Sepals free. Filaments very short. -Bracts small; bracteoles much larger. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. -Equatorial East Africa (Uganda). =Crossandrella= C. B. Clarke - -Corolla-tube very short. Bracts large, imbricate, usually prickly; -bracteoles small and narrow or wanting. 51 - -51. Anterior filaments with a process near the top. Ovary with two -glandular pits at the apex. Stigma-lobes 2, equal. Corolla-tube -nearly globular. Fruit more or less contracted at the base. Seeds -hairy.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used -as vegetables or in medicine; others are noxious weeds. =Blepharis= -Juss. - -Anterior filaments without an apical process. Ovary without glandular -pits at the top. Corolla-tube short-cylindrical. Fruit not or scarcely -contracted at the base. 52 - -52. Stigma with 2 almost equal lobes. Disc oblique. Seeds 3-4, -glabrous. Spikes stalked.--Species 15. Some of them are used as -ornamental or medicinal plants. =Acanthus= L. - -Stigma with very unequal lobes or entire. Disc indistinct. -Seeds bristly, usually 2. Spikes sessile. Bracts ending in 3-5 -spines.--Species 7. South Africa. =Acanthopsis= Harv. - -53. Calyx-segments unequal, the posterior much broader than the -anterior, 2-nerved, often toothed. Corolla red or yellow; tube very -long. Anthers included. Seeds hairy. Bracteoles usually as long as -the calyx.--Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants. =Crossandra= Salisb. - -Calyx-segments subequal, the posterior as broad as or a little broader -than the anterior, one-nerved, rarely many-nerved and then sometimes -toothed. Anthers more or less exserted. Seeds not hairy. Bracteoles -shorter than the calyx. 54 - -54. Corolla-tube long. Anthers blunt. Disc thick. Fruit not contracted -at the base.--Species 8. Tropics. (Including _Butayea_ De Wild, and -_Pleuroblepharis_ Baill., under _Sclerochiton_ Harv.) =Pseudoblepharis= -Baill. - -Corolla-tube short. Anthers pointed. Disc small. Fruit slightly -contracted at the base.--Species 4. Central and South Africa. -=Sclerochiton= Harv. - -55. (48.) Corolla nearly regular, often obscurely two-lipped. Ovules 2 -in each ovary-cell. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. 56 - -Corolla distinctly 2-lipped. 64 - -56. Fertile stamens 2. Staminodes usually present. Calyx 5-parted. -[Tribe PSEUDERANTHEMEAE.] 57 - -Fertile stamens 4. 59 - -57. Anthers 1-celled. Calyx-segments subulate. Corolla-tube -cylindrical, not widened above. Seeds 1-2, nearly smooth. Shrubs. -Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). -=Ruspolia= Lindau - -Anthers 2-celled. Seeds 4, rarely fewer. 58 - -58. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, much widened above. Seeds nearly -smooth. Flowers in racemes, white. Shrubs.--Species 1. Natal. Used as -an ornamental plant. (Under _Asystasia_ Blume). =Mackaya= Harv. - -Corolla-tube cylindrical, scarcely widened above. Seeds -wrinkled.--Species 12. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants. -(Under _Eranthemum_ L.) =Pseuderanthemum= Radlk. - -59. Anthers 1-celled, cohering. Fruit not contracted into a stalk. -Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Stenandriopsis= S. Moore - -Anthers 2-celled. Fruit contracted at the base into a long stalk. -[Tribe ASYSTASIEAE.] 60 - -60. Calyx 5-lobed, with broad segments. Sterile stamen present. -Stigma-lobes unequal. Shrubs. Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles -none.--Species 4. West Africa. (_Scytanthus_ T. Anders.) =Thomandersia= -Baill. - -Calyx 5-parted, with narrow segments. Sterile stamen absent. -Stigma-lobes subequal. Seeds 4. Bracteoles present. 61 - -61. Anther-halves of the longer stamens elliptical, one inserted much -lower than the other; those of the shorter stamens suborbicular and -divergent. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. -=Filetia= Miq. - -Anther-halves oblong, nearly parallel and inserted at about the same -level. 62 - -62. Disc laterally 2-lobed. Bracts long. Flowers in spikes.--Species 2. -East Africa. (Under _Asystasia_ Blume) =Parasystasia= Baill. - -Disc not 2-lobed. Bracts short. 63 - -63. Pollen-grains prickly, not striped. Anther-halves shortly -spurred at the base. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. East Africa. -=Asystasiella= Lindau - -Pollen-grain striped, not prickly.--Species 20. Tropical and South -Africa. Some of them are used as vegetables or as ornamental or -medicinal plants. =Asystasia= Blume - -64. (55.) Ovules 3-6 in each ovary-cell. Fertile stamens 2, staminodes -none. Anthers 2-celled. Herbs. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. -Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. [Tribe -ANDROGRAPHIDEAE.] =Andrographis= Nees - -Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. [Tribes GRAPTOPHYLLEAE, ODONTONEMEAE, -ISOGLOSSEAE, and JUSTICIEAE.] 65 - -65. Fertile stamens 4. Anthers 2-celled. 66 - -Fertile stamens 2. 70 - -66. Corolla-tube long, cylindrical. Anther-halves pointed at the base. -Leaves ovate or elliptical. Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles. 67 - -Corolla-tube rather short and wide. Leaves oblong or lanceolate. 68 - -67. Stigma entire. Stamens inserted a little below the throat of the -corolla. Bracteoles small.--Species 1. Central Africa. (_Styasasia_ S. -Moore, under _Asystasia_ Blume) =Isochoriste= Miq. - -Stigma 2-lobed. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. -Bracteoles large.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Forcipella= Baill. - -68. Anther-halves blunt at the base. Stamens inserted at the throat -of the corolla. Posterior stigma-lobe tubercle-shaped. Calyx-segments -unequal. Seeds oblong. Flowers crowded in the axils of the leaves. -Bracts and bracteoles narrow, clothed with red hairs.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Synchoriste= Baill. - -Anther-halves pointed at the base. Bracts and bracteoles broad. 69 - -69. Inflorescences axillary, cymose, borne on a long stalk. Bracts -incised.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Podorungia= Baill. - -Inflorescences terminal, racemose, the lower flowers solitary in -the leaf-axils. Pedicels 4-winged. Seeds 2, roundish.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Chlamydacanthus= Lindau - -70. (65.) Staminodes 2. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Bracts and -bracteoles small. 71 - -Staminodes none, rarely (_Duvernoya_) solitary. 73 - -71. Anthers projecting far beyond the corolla-tube; halves at equal -heights, pointed at the base. Calyx short. Corolla red; tube long, -funnel-shaped. Shrubs. Flowers panicled.--Species 1. Naturalized in -West Africa. An ornamental and medicinal plant. =Graptophyllum= Nees - -Anthers slightly projecting, with one half only developed. 72 - -72. Anthers pointed. Corolla red; tube short and wide. Flowers in cymes -or panicles.--Species 5. East and South Africa and Madagascar. =Ruttya= -Harv. - -Anthers blunt. Corolla yellow; tube long, ventricose. Flowers solitary -or in cymes. Shrubs.--Species 4. Island of Socotra. =Ballochia= Balf. -fil. - -73. Anthers 1-celled, blunt. 74 - -Anthers 2-celled. 80 - -74. Stigma entire. 75 - -Stigma 2-lobed. 76 - -75. Flowers in cymes surrounded by united bracts and collected in heads -or fascicles. Bracteoles exceeding the calyx. Calyx scarious. Woolly -shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Lasiocladus= Boj. - -Flowers in spikes or panicles, with free bracts. Corolla-tube very long -and narrow.--Species 9. Tropics. =Brachystephanus= Nees - -76. Corolla-tube very short, bell-shaped. Stamens inserted in the -lower part of it. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Flowers in -panicles.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Oreacanthus= -Benth. - -Corolla-tube not very short, cylindrical or funnel-shaped. Stamens -inserted in its upper part or at the throat. 77 - -77. Flowers in spikes. Bracteoles equalling the calyx. Corolla -funnel-shaped. Fruit contracted into a long stalk.--Species 2. Central -Africa. =Monothecium= Hochst. - -Flowers in cymes, heads, or panicles. Bracts usually united. Bracteoles -exceeding the calyx. Calyx scarious. Fruit contracted into a short -stalk or not contracted. 78 - -78. Calyx deeply two-lipped, shortly 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped. -Fruit without a stalk. Flowers panicled.--Species 1. Madagascar. -=Amphiestes= S. Moore - -Calyx regular or nearly so, 4-5-lobed or-parted. 79 - -79. Calyx 4-parted. Flowers in umbellately arranged cymes.--Species 2. -Madagascar and Comoro Islands. =Periestes= Baill. - -Calyx 5-lobed to 5-parted.--Species 70. Tropical and South Africa. -Some are used in medicine. =Hypoëstes= R. Br. - -80. (73.) Anther-halves inserted at unequal heights. 81 - -Anther-halves inserted at the same level, unappendaged at the base. 101 - -81. Anther-halves, both or the lower one, prolonged at the base into a -spur-or tail-like appendage. 82 - -Anther-halves blunt or pointed, sometimes bearing a short mucro, but -neither spurred nor tailed. 92 - -82. Corolla-tube barrel-shaped, widened from the base; lips short. -Calyx-segments very long and narrow. Stamens inserted in the middle of -the corolla-tube. Upper anther-half without a spur. Disc cup-shaped. -Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Shrubs. Flowers panicled, -red. Bracts and bracteoles small.--Species 2. Island of Socotra. -=Trichocalyx= Balf. fil. - -Corolla-tube cylindrical or narrowly funnel-shaped. 83 - -83. Corolla-tube very long, much longer than the limb. Herbs or -undershrubs. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the axils of the -leaves. Bracts narrow. 84 - -Corolla-tube short or rather short. 85 - -84. Corolla very large, red. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the -corolla-tube. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1. South-east Africa. (Under -_Siphonoglossa_ Oerst.) =Aulojusticia= Lindau - -Corolla medium-sized. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the -corolla-tube. Leaves elliptical to orbicular.--Species 3. South and -East Africa. (Under _Justicia_ L.) =Siphonoglossa= Oerst. - -85. Disc cup-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. -Pollen-grains with several longitudinal rows of tubercles sometimes -replaced by patches. Partition of the fruit not separating from the -valves at maturity.--Species 160. Tropical and South Africa and Canary -Islands. Some of the species are used as ornamental, medicinal, or -dye-plants. (Including _Adhatoda_ Nees, _Dianthera_ L., _Gendarussa_ -Nees, _Monechma_ Hochst., and _Rhytiglossa_ Nees). (Plate 142.) -=Justicia= L. - -Disc ring-shaped. Pollen-grains usually without tubercles. 86 - -86. Calyx-segments 4. 87 - -Calyx-segments 5. 88 - -87. Flowers in spikes arranged in false umbels at the ends of the -branches. Fruit contracted into a short stalk. Shrubs.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Corymbostachys= Lindau - -Flowers in axillary spikes. Fruit contracted into a rather long stalk. -Herbs.--Species 5. Madagascar and West Africa. (Under _Justicia_ L.) -=Anisostachya= Nees - -88. Flowers in panicles. 89 - -Flowers in spikes. 90 - -89. Stem woody, shrubby. Inflorescences scantily branched. Bracts very -narrow. Corolla blue. Anther-halves both spurred. Fruit contracted into -a short stalk.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). (Under -_Justicia_ L.) =Salviacanthus= Lindau Stem herbaceous. Inflorescences -abundantly branched. Bracts broad. Lower anther-half spurred, the upper -not. Fruit contracted into a long stalk.--Species 6. Tropical and South -Africa. (Under _Justicia_ L.) =Rhaphidospora= Nees - -90. Stem woody, shrubby. Calyx 5-cleft, scarious. Corolla large, -red.--Species 4. East Africa and Madagascar. (Under _Macrorungia_ C. B. -Clarke) =Symplectochilus= Lindau - -Stem herbaceous. 91 - -91. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Calyx membranous. -Partition of the fruit separating from the valves at maturity. Flowers -small. Bracts broad, in 4 ranks, whereof two enclose no flowers. -Bracteoles large.--Species 9. Tropics. =Rungia= Nees - -Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Partition of -the fruit not separating from the valves.--Species 10. Central Africa. -Some are used as ornamental plants. (Under Justicia L.) =Nicoteba= -Lindau - -92. (81.) Corolla-tube bell-or funnel-shaped, wide throughout or much -widened above. 93 - -Corolla-tube cylindrical, narrow and not or slightly widened above. 95 - -93. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Corolla-tube -somewhat shorter than the limb. Pollen-grains ovoid, with several rows -of patches. Disc lobed. Fruit oblong or club-shaped. Flowers in spikes -or panicles.--Species 18. Tropical and South Africa. (Under _Adhatoda_ -Nees or _Justicia_ L.) =Duvernoya= E. Mey. - -Anther-halves inserted at very unequal heights, more rarely at slightly -unequal ones, but then corolla-tube as long as or longer than the -limb. Pollen-grains more or less globose, nearly smooth. Herbs or -undershrubs. 94 - -94. Flowers in cymes. Corolla-tube long. Stamens inserted at its -middle. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Stigma -2-lobed. Fruit oblong, without a distinct stalk. Seeds 2 fertile -and 2 sterile. Leaves sessile, lanceolate.--Species 1. Madagascar. -=Melittacanthus= S. Moore - -Flowers in racemes or panicles. Fruit contracted into a stalk.--Species -40. Tropical and South Africa. =Isoglossa= Oerst. - -95. Corolla-tube short, much shorter than the lips. Anther-halves -inserted at slightly unequal heights. Shrubs. 96 - -Corolla-tube long or rather long; upper lip entire or shortly toothed. -Disc cup-shaped. 98 - -96. Upper lip of the corolla deeply cleft. Anther-halves pointed. Disc -cup-shaped. Leaves broad, unequal-sided. Flowers in panicles.--Species -1. Madagascar. =Populina= Baill. - -Upper lip of the corolla entire or shortly toothed. Disc ring-shaped. -Flowers in spikes or fascicles. 97 - -97. Bracts very small, shorter than the calyx. Calyx-segments nearly -free, 3-nerved. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. -Partition of the fruit not separating from the valves. Species 5. -Central Africa. =Anisotes= Nees - -Bracts large, as long as or longer than the calyx. Stamens inserted in -the corolla-tube. Partition of the fruit separating from the valves at -maturity.--Species 5. Tropical Africa to Transvaal. (_Macrorungia_ C. -B. Clarke). =Himantochilus= T. Anders. - -98. Bracts small. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. -Fruit oblong, narrowed into a long stalk. Shrubs, usually climbing. -Flowers in panicles.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Some are -used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Rhinacanthus= Nees - -Bracts large. Fruit narrowed into a short stalk. Herbs. 99 - -99. Bracts not opposite in pairs. Corolla small. Anther-halves inserted -at slightly unequal heights. Pollen-grains globose, with 6 pores and -several longitudinal rows of raised dots. Species 3. Equatorial West -Africa. =Chlamydocardia= Lindau - -Bracts opposite in pairs and usually united at the base, enclosing 1-2 -flowers. Pollen-grains ovoid, smooth, with 3 pores and 3 bands. 100 - -100. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Fruit oblong; -partition not separating from the valves.--Species 10. Tropical -and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. -=Peristrophe= Nees - -Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Fruit ovate; partition separating -from the valves at maturity.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. -(_Diapedium_ Koenig). =Dicliptera= Juss. - -101. (80.) Corolla-tube much widened above, long, curved; lower lip -rolled in. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Shrubs. -Flowers in long terminal spikes or racemes, reddish-yellow. Bracts and -bracteoles very small.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. (_Ancalanthus_ -Balf. fil.) =Angkalanthus= Balf. fil. - -Corolla-tube not or slightly widened above. Stamens inserted in the -corolla-tube. Bracts not very small. 102 - -102. Corolla-tube rather short, about equalling the limb. Seeds usually -2. Inflorescence spike-like. Bracts large. Bracteoles small or wanting. -103 - -Corolla-tube long. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. 104 - -103. Flowers solitary in the axil of each bract. Bracteoles linear. -Fruit subglobose, contracted into a short stalk.--Species 5. Central -Africa. (Under _Ecbolium_ Kurz) =Schwabea= Endl. - -Flowers 2-3 in the axil of each bract. Bracteoles bristle-like or -wanting. Shrubs.--Species 3. Central Africa. (Under _Dicliptera_ Juss.) -=Megalochlamys= Lindau - -104. Bracts broad. Bracteoles long. Fruit flat. Seeds 2. Shrubs. -Flowers in spikes.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some are -used medicinally. =Ecbolium= Kurz - -Bracts narrow. Seeds 4. 105 - -105. Flowers in one-sided spikes. Bracts small. Shrubs.--Species 1. -Naturalized in the Canary Islands. =Anisacanthus= Nees - -Flowers in panicles. Bracts long. Herbs.--Species 1. Equatorial West -Africa. =Schaueria= Nees - - -SUBORDER MYOPORINEAE - - -FAMILY 217. MYOPORACEAE - -Shrubs. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones, undivided, without -stipules. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils, without -bracteoles, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, united at -the base, imbricate or open in the bud. Petals 5, united below, white, -imbricate in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla tube, in two -pairs of slightly unequal length. Anthers 2-celled, the cells confluent -at the top, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, -2-4-celled. Ovules 1-6 in each cell, pendulous from the apex of the -partition, inverted, with a thick funicle. Style simple; stigma entire -or 2-4-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous; radicle of the embryo -superior.--Genera 3, species 4. Southern and tropical Africa. - -1. Corolla salver-shaped. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules in each cell 4-6, in -pairs placed one above the other. Stigma oblong, oblique. Fruit with a -1-2-celled stone.--Species 2. South Africa. =Oftia= Adans. - -Corolla bell-shaped. Ovules in each ovary-cell solitary or two side by -side. 2 - -2. Calyx-segments linear. Corolla slightly irregular. Ovary 2-celled. -Stigma capitate. Fruit with 4 stones.--Species 1. West Africa. -=Zombiana= Baill. - -Calyx-segments lanceolate. Corolla regular. Fruit with a 2-4-celled -stone.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. =Myoporum= Banks & Sol. - - -ORDER PLANTAGINALES - - -FAMILY 218. PLANTAGINACEAE - -Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs; in the latter case leaves opposite. -Leaves sessile, entire toothed lobed or pinnately cleft, without -stipules. Flowers solitary or in spikes or heads, with broad bracts, -without bracteoles, small, regular, 4-merous. Calyx of united sepals. -Corolla scarious, of united petals, with imbricate aestivation, -sometimes 2-toothed. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla -and alternating with its lobes. Filaments long, bent inwards in the -bud. Anthers large, versatile, opening by two longitudinal slits. -Ovary superior, 2-4-celled, sometimes one cell only fertile. Ovules -axile, half-inverted. Style simple; stigma entire, filiform. Fruit dry, -opening by a lid or remaining closed. Seeds with a fleshy albumen; -embryo straight or nearly so.--Genera 2, species 40. (Plate 143.) - -Flowers monoecious, the male solitary, the female at their base, -solitary or several together; the latter with a bag-shaped, 2-4-toothed -corolla. Ovule 1. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded.--Species 1. Azores. -=Litorella= L. - -Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in 2-or more-flowered spikes or -heads, all with a 4-lobed corolla. Ovules 2 or more. Fruit dehiscent, -2-or more-seeded.--Species 40. Some of them yield food for cattle and -birds, vegetables, medicaments, soda, and a mucilage. “Plantain.” -(Plate 143.) =Plantago= L. - - -ORDER RUBIALES - - -FAMILY 219. RUBIACEAE - -Leaves opposite or whorled, entire, provided with sometimes leaf-like -stipules. Flowers regular or nearly so, but sometimes with a -curved corolla-tube. Petals united below. Stamens as many as the -corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla, free. Anthers opening by two -longitudinal slits, rarely (_Argostema_) by 1-2 apical pores. Ovary -inferior, rarely (_Gaertnera_) superior, usually 2-or more-celled. -Ovules inverted. Style 1, or several styles united at the base.--Genera -150, species 1900. (Plate 144.) - -1. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. [Subfamily =COFFEOIDEAE=.] 2 - -Ovules two or more in each ovary-cell. [Subfamily =CINCHONOIDEAE=.] 81 - -2. Ovules pendulous or descending; micropyle superior. Radicle of the -embryo superior. 3 - -Ovules ascending; micropyle inferior. Radicle of the embryo inferior. 30 - -3. Corolla with imbricate, sometimes contorted aestivation. Shrubs or -trees. 4 - -Corolla with valvate aestivation. 18 - -4. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Ovary 2-celled. Seeds with -copious albumen. Flowers in fascicles or panicles, rarely solitary. -[Tribe ALBERTEAE.] 5 - -Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. 16 - -5. Corolla curved, tubular, hairy within. Calyx 5-partite; 1-4 of the -segments much enlarged after flowering. Anthers hairy. Style much -exserted. Flowers in terminal panicles. 6 - -Corolla straight. Calyx-segments not enlarged, rarely all enlarged -after flowering. 7 - -6. Calyx with 1 enlarged segment. Corolla hairy at the base and at the -throat. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anthers bearded -at the base. Style-apex 2-cleft.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Nematostylis= -Hook. fil. - -Calyx with 2-4 enlarged segments. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. -Style-apex entire.--Species 5. Madagascar and Natal. (_Ernestimeyera_ -O. Ktze.) =Alberta= E. Mey. - -[Illustration: PLANTAGINACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 143._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Plantago palmata Hook. fil. - -_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower with a bracteole (without the anthers). -_C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Cross-section of ovary.] - -[Illustration: RUBIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 144._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Pavetta lasiorrhachis K. Schum. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (two corolla-lobes cut -off). _C_ Anther. _D_ Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Group of fruits. _F_ -Fruit.] - - -7. Flowers solitary or in pairs. Calyx-segments enlarged in the fruit. -Corolla glabrous at the throat. Anthers included. Style long, glabrous, -two-cleft at the apex.--Species 6. Central Africa. =Psilanthus= Hook. -fil. - -Flowers in fascicles or panicles. Calyx-segments not enlarged in the -fruit. 8 - -8. Flowers in terminal panicles. Corolla hairy at the throat. Anthers -exserted. Style downy above. Shrubs. 9 - -Flowers in axillary fascicles or panicles. 10 - -9. Calyx shortly lobed. Corolla white, funnel-shaped, 6-7-cleft. -Style-apex 2-cleft.--Species 1. East Africa. =Lamprothamnus= Hiern - -Calyx deeply divided. Corolla yellow, salver-shaped, 4-cleft. -Style-apex entire.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). -=Exechostylus= K. Schum. - -10. Style hairy. 11 - -Style glabrous. 12 - -11. Calyx 4-toothed or truncate. Style-apex 2-cleft. Albumen of the -seeds ruminated. Bracteoles 4, one pair united into a cup.--Species 10. -Tropics. =Polysphaeria= Hook. fil. - -Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Anthers exserted. Style-apex entire. -Albumen of the seeds uniform. Bracteoles free.--Species 13. Tropics. -=Cremaspora= Benth. - -12. Style short, with 2 long stigmas. Sepals free above the ovary. -Corolla salver-shaped, glabrous at the throat. Anthers included. Trees. -Flowers subtended by 2-3 pairs of bracteoles.--Species 1. Island of St. -Thomas. =Belonophora= Hook. fil. - -Style long, with 2 short stigmas or with a single stigma. 13 - -13. Style-apex 2-lobed. Corolla glabrous at the throat, but sometimes -hairy below. 14 - -Style-apex entire, spindle-shaped, 10-ribbed. Flowers 5-merous. Anthers -more or less exserted. 15 - -14. Flowers 4-merous. Sepals free above the ovary. Corolla -salver-shaped. Anthers included. Flowers surrounded by 4 pairs of -bracteoles.--Species 1. West Africa (Togoland). =Kerstingia= K. Schum. - -Flowers 5-merous. Sepals united above the ovary. Corolla funnel-shaped. -Anthers exserted.--Species 4. West Africa. =Aulacocalyx= Hook. fil. - -15. Corolla bell-funnel-shaped, glabrous at the throat. Stipules very -narrow. Species 2. East Africa. =Heinsenia= K. Schum. - -Corolla bell-wheel-shaped, hairy at the throat. Stipules -broad.--Species 3. East and South-east Africa. =Rhabdostigma= Hook. fil. - -16. (4.) Flowers in heads. Calyx 4-toothed. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit -separating into two leathery nutlets. Seeds with a thick aril and -copious albumen.--Species 3. West Africa, Madagascar, Natal. -=Cephalanthus= L. - -Flowers in forked cymes. Ovules with a thickened funicle. Fruit -a drupe. Seeds with scanty albumen or without albumen. [Tribe -GUETTARDEAE.] 17 - -17. Calyx deciduous. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers included. Ovary -4-9-celled. Fruit globose; cells of the stone curved.--Species 1. East -Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used as an ornamental -plant and in medicine. =Guettarda= Blume - -Calyx persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped. Anthers somewhat exserted. -Ovary 2-8-celled. Fruit oblong.--Species 5. Madagascar and neighbouring -islands. They yield timber and medicaments. (Under Guettarda Blume). -=Antirrhoea= Comm. - -18. (3.) Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral heads. Ovary -1-2-celled. Fruit dry, of 1-2 nutlets. Herbs. Stipules united. [Tribe -KNOXIEAE.] 19 - -Flowers in lateral cymes, fascicles, or panicles. Ovary 2-many-celled. -Fruit fleshy, drupe-like. Shrubs or trees, rarely (_Pachystigma_) -herbs, but then ovary 3-5-celled. 22 - -19. Ovary 1-celled. Sepals 1-2. Corolla bluish, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. -Anthers included. Leaves whorled. Flowers connate in pairs, without -bracteoles. Stipules undivided.--Species 1. Southern West Africa -(Angola). =Calanda= K. Schum. - -Ovary 2-celled. Leaves opposite. Stipules lacerated or bristle-like. 20 - -20. Calyx with awl-shaped, not enlarged segments. Corolla violet, -salver-shaped, with 4 lobes bearded at the apex. Anthers exserted. Disc -tubular. Stigma 2-lobed. Mericarps dehiscing lengthwise.--Species 1. -Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Paragophyton= K. Schum. - -Calyx with some of the segments enlarged and leaf-like. Corolla -with long hairs at the throat. Mericarps dehiscing transversely or -indehiscent. 21 - -21. Mericarps separating from a central column, dehiscing transversely. -Calyx-segments 4, one of them enlarged. Corolla-lobes 4. Anthers -included. Stigma 2-lobed. Heads in panicles.--Species 1. West Africa -(Togo). =Baumannia= K. Schum. - -Mericarp without a central column, indehiscent.--Species 15. Tropical -and South Africa. (Including _Holocarpa_ Bak.) =Pentanisia= Harv. - -22. Ovary-cells and fruit-stones 20-30. Flowers polygamous-dioecious, -4-merous. Corolla white or yellowish, glabrous within. Anthers included -or nearly so. Seeds with scanty albumen. Shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar -and Seychelles. =Timonius= Rumph. - -Ovary-cells 2-10. Fruit-stones 1-10. Seeds with copious albumen. [Tribe -VANGUERIEAE.] 23 - -23. Stem herbaceous. Leaves whorled. Ovary 3-5-celled. Stigma -lobed.--Species 20. Central and South-east Africa. (_Fadogia_ -Schweinf.) =Pachystigma= Hochst. - -Stem woody. Leaves opposite. 24 - -24. Inflorescences fascicle-like or reduced to a single flower, -surrounded by an involucre of two bracts united at the base. Calyx -truncate or shortly toothed. Corolla hairy at the throat. 25 - -Inflorescences without an involucre. 26 - -25. Style deeply 4-5-cleft. Flowers in 6-12-flowered fascicles or -heads. Trees.--Species 1. Island of Rodrigues. =Scyphochlamys= Balf. -fil. - -Style simple, with a capitate stigma.--Species 10. Mascarene Islands -and Madagascar. They yield timber. =Pyrostria= Comm. - -26. Corolla curved, tubular. Calyx-segments 5, narrow. Anthers sessile. -Ovary 5-celled. Stigma 5-lobed.--Species 6. Central Africa to Delagoa -Bay. =Ancylanthus= Desf. - -Corolla straight. Stigma entire or 2-lobed. 27 - -27. Ovary 2-celled. Flowers small. Calyx truncate or shortly toothed. 28 - -Ovary 3-6-celled. 29 - -28. Stigma peltate, 2-toothed or 2-cleft. Corolla white, hairy at the -throat. Shrubs. Leaves stiff-leathery. Stipules united at the base. -Flowers in clusters.--Species 10. Central Africa and Seychelles. Some -species yield dye-stuffs. =Craterispermum= Benth. - -Stigma capitate, entire.--Species 120. Tropical and South Africa. Some -of them have edible fruits and are used in medicine. (_Canthium_ Lam.) -=Plectronia= L. - -29. Flowers large, in many-flowered panicles, polygamous. Calyx deeply -divided, exceeding the corolla. Anthers exserted. Ovules with a -broadened funicle. Stigma hemispherical or mushroom-shaped.--Species -10. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. =Cuviera= DC. - -Flowers small. Stigma capitate, cylindrical, or truncate.--Species -70. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or are used in -medicine. =Vangueria= Juss. - -30. (2.) Ovules inserted on the partitions of the ovary, but sometimes -near their base. 31 - -Ovules inserted at the base of the ovary-cells. Corolla with valvate -aestivation. Stipules unlike the leaves. 54 - -31. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Fruit succulent. Shrubs or -trees. Stipules small. Flowers solitary or in cymes. [Tribe IXOREAE.] 32 - -Corolla with valvate aestivation. 38 - -32. Ovules attached to placentas arising near the base of the partition -of the ovary. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma spindle-shaped. Corolla glabrous -at the throat. Flowers 5-merous, in head-like cymes. Seeds with -ruminated albumen. Climbing shrubs.--Species 20. Tropics. =Rutidea= DC. - -Ovules attached to placentas arising near the middle of the partition. -33 - -33. Corolla with a curved tube, 5-7-lobed. Calyx-teeth indistinct. -Anthers included. Ovary 2-celled. Style with two unequal stigmas. -Flowers terminal, solitary or in groups of 3, surrounded by an -involucre. Trees.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Pleurocoffea= Baill. - -Corolla with a straight tube. 34 - -34. Flowers with an epicalyx. Style 2-6-cleft. 35 - -Flowers without an epicalyx, hermaphrodite. Style 2-cleft or simple. -Ovary 2-celled. 36 - -35. Flowers in terminal corymbs, 4-merous polygamous. Epicalyx -2-partite. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Fruit globose.--Species -5. Mascarene Islands. They yield timber, and are used in medicine. -=Myonima= Comm. - -Flowers in axillary fascicles, 5-8-merous, hermaphrodite. Ovary -2-celled.--Species 50. Tropics; one species also cultivated in Madeira. -Several species (especially _C. arabica_ L. and _C. liberica_ L.) yield -coffee, oil, medicaments, a substitute for tea, and timber; some are -used as ornamental plants. (Including _Solenixora_ Baill.) =Coffea= L. - -36. Calyx entire. Corolla-tube short, glabrous at the mouth. Stamens 5. -Style-branches 2, linear, ending in a cone. Shrubs. Stipules united. -Flowers in axillary, few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. Madagascar. -(_Buseria_ Dur.) =Leiochilus= Hook. fil. - -Calyx toothed. Corolla-tube long. Stamens 4, rarely 5. Flowers in -usually terminal and many-flowered cymose corymbs. 37 - -37. Bracts at the base of the lowest branches of the inflorescence -connate into a sheath. Style-apex entire or shortly 2-toothed.--Species -120. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as -ornamental or medicinal plants. (Plate 144.) =Pavetta= L. - -Bracts at the base of the branches of the inflorescence not connate -into a sheath. Style-apex 2-cleft. Leaves leathery. Stipules not -united.--Species 60. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants or in -medicine. =Ixora= L. - -38. (31.) Stem woody. Stipules small, undivided, combined into a -sheath. Flowers in heads, connate by their ovaries. Calyx truncate or -with small teeth. Ovary 4-celled. Ovules inserted in the inner angle -near the base. Style 2-cleft. Fruit formed of connate drupes.--Species -6. Tropics. They yield timber, dyes, mucilage, condiments, and -medicaments. [Tribe MORINDEAE.] =Morinda= L. - -Stem herbaceous or woody at the base, rarely (Gaillonia) throughout, -but then flowers solitary or in cymes or spikes. Stipules more or less -lacerated or leaf-like. Ovary 2-3-celled. 39 - -39. Stipules similar to the leaves; hence leaves apparently whorled. -Style 2-cleft or 2-parted, with head-or club-shaped stigmas. Fruit -indehiscent; seed adnate to the pericarp. [Tribe GALIEAE.] 40 - -Stipules unlike the leaves, toothed, slashed or crowned by bristles, -united at the base. Ovules inserted near the middle of the partitions -of the ovary. [Tribe SPERMACOCEAE.] 46 - -40. Corolla funnel-shaped. 41 - -Corolla wheel-or bell-shaped. Calyx-limb indistinct or wanting. 43 - -41. Calyx-limb distinctly developed, 4-6-cleft. Corolla pink or lilac. -Stamens 4. Flowers in heads. Stem prostrate.--Species 1. North Africa. -Yields a dye-stuff. =Sherardia= Dill. - -Calyx-limb indistinct or wanting, rarely of 4 free minute teeth. 42 - -42. Flowers in spikes. Corolla-lobes with an inflexed appendage. -Stamens 4-5. Ovules attached at the base of the partition of the -ovary.--Species 7. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Crucianella= L. - -Flowers in sometimes head-like cymes. Stamens 4. Ovules attached near -the middle of the partition.--Species 5. North-west Africa. They -(especially _A. odorata_ L., woodruff) yield dyes, vermin-poison, -condiments, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. =Asperula= -L. - -43. Flowers subtended by a large involucral bract, in few-flowered, -axillary cymes. Stamens 3-4. Ovary with a fertile and a sterile -cell.--Species 2. North Africa. =Callipeltis= Stev. - -Flowers without an involucral bract. 44 - -44. Pedicels connate in threes, thick, spinous, enclosing the fruit. -Flowers axillary, polygamous-monoecious. Corolla 3-lobed in the -male flowers, 4-lobed in the female and hermaphrodite. Fruit dry, -one-seeded.--Species 2. North Africa and northern East Africa. -=Vaillantia= L. - -Pedicels not connate and either not spinous or not enclosing the fruit. -45 - -45. Fruit fleshy. Stamens 5, rarely 4.--Species 10. Some of them yield -dyes and medicaments. “Madder.” =Rubia= L. - -Fruit dry. Stamens 4, rarely 3.--Species 60. Some of them yield dyes, -condiments, or medicaments. (Including _Aspera_ Moench) =Galium= Tourn. - -46. (39.) Ovary 3-celled. Style 3-cleft. Fruit separating into 3 -nutlets. Calyx-limb 5-6-partite. Corolla-lobes 4-5. Flowers in terminal -heads.--Species 1. Naturalized in East and South Africa. Used in -medicine. (_Richardia_ Bartl.) =Richardsonia= L. - -Ovary 2-celled. 47 - -47. Fruit indehiscent, not separating into mericarps. Flowers solitary -or three together in the axils of the leaves. 48 - -Fruit dehiscent or separating into mericarps. 49 - -48. Pericarp corky. Flowers rather large. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla -broadly funnel-shaped, 4-lobed, hairy at the throat.--Species 2. South -Africa and Madagascar. They yield dye-stuffs. =Hydrophylax= L. f. - -Pericarp bony. Flowers small. Calyx-lobes 7-8. Corolla salver-shaped, -5-lobed. Style 2-cleft.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Gomphocalyx= Bak. - -49. Fruit separating into indehiscent mericarps. 50 - -Fruit dehiscent. Inflorescences head-like. 51 - -50. Pericarp very thin, adnate to the seed. Low shrubs. Leaves linear -or subulate, stiff. Flowers solitary or in cymes or spikes.--Species 6. -North Africa and northern Central Africa. =Gaillonia= A. Rich. - -Pericarp thick or rather thick, not adnate to the seed. Herbs or -undershrubs.--Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. =Diodia= Gronov. - -51. Fruit opening by a lid. Calyx-lobes 4.--Species 2. Central and -South Africa. Used medicinally. =Mitracarpus= Zucc. - -Fruit opening lengthwise. 52 - -52. Fruit splitting upwards from the base, remaining entire at the -apex. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla long funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted on -the limb of the corolla. Style-apex capitate, shortly 2-lobed.--Species -2. East Africa. (Under _Spermacoce_ Dill.) =Hypodematium= A. Rich. - -Fruit splitting downwards from the apex, remaining entire at the base. -53 - -53. Fruit with only one valve opening, the other remaining attached to -the partition. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla shortly funnel-shaped. Stamens -inserted at the base of the corolla-tube.--Species 1. Comoro Islands. -(_Spermacoceoides_ O. Ktze.) =Spermacoce= Dill. - -Fruit with both valves opening and splitting at the apex.--Species 45. -Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are used medicinally. (_Tardavel_ -Adans., including _Octodon_ Thonn., under _Spermacoce_ Dill.) -=Borreria= G. W. Mey. - -54. (30.) Stamens inserted at the base or on the lower part of the -corolla-tube; filaments long; anthers versatile. Flowers usually -unisexual. Seeds with fleshy albumen. Leaves having a bad smell when -rubbed. [Tribe ANTHOSPERMEAE.] 55 - -Stamens inserted at the mouth or on the upper part of the corolla-tube. -Flowers usually hermaphrodite. 61 - -55. Style and stigma entire. Flowers solitary, axillary, 5-merous, -polygamous. Fruit a nut or separating into two nutlets.--Species 3. -South Africa. =Carpacoce= Sond. - -Style 2-cleft or 2-parted. 56 - -56. Style shortly 2-cleft. Flowers axillary, hermaphrodite. -Corolla-lobes 3-lobed. Anthers included. Fruit a drupe. -Shrubs.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. A medicinal -and ornamental plant. =Serissa= Comm. - -Style deeply 2-parted. Anthers exserted. 57 - -57. Ovary and fruit with empty cavities between the two fertile cells; -hence apparently 3-5-celled. Fruit separating into nutlets. Flowers -axillary, dioecious.--Species 6. South Africa. (_Ambraria_ Cruse). -=Nenax= Gaertn. - -Ovary and fruit 2-celled without conspicuous empty cavities. 58 - -58. Stem herbaceous, prostrate. Flowers axillary. Corolla-lobes -erect. Fruit a drupe.--Species 2. Island of Tristan da Cunha. Used as -ornamental plants. =Nertera= Banks & Sol. - -Stem woody, at least at the base. Fruit capsular or separating into -mericarps. 59 - -59. Flowers axillary, solitary or in clusters, rarely in terminal -panicles; in this case undershrubs with entire stipules and dioecious, -4-merous flowers.--Species 35. Southern and tropical Africa. -=Anthospermum= L. - -Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral cymes or panicles. -Undershrubs with 3-6-parted stipules, or shrubs with undivided stipules -and monoecious flowers. 60 - -60. Calyx 4-toothed. Fruit warty. Stipules 3-6-parted. -Undershrubs.--Species 2. South Africa. =Galopina= Thunb. - -Calyx 5-toothed in the male flowers, 2-toothed in the female. Flowers -polygamous-monoecious. Fruit smooth. Stipules entire. Shrubs.--Species -1. Madeira and Canary Islands. =Phyllis= L. - -61. (54.) Style deeply 2-parted. Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp. -Leaves fetid when rubbed. 62 - -Style cleft, toothed, or entire. Fruit a drupe, rarely a berry or a -schizocarp. 64 - -62. Stem climbing, woody. Stipules entire. Flowers in terminal and -lateral cymes. Anthers included. Style-branches twisted. Fruit with -a fragile rind.--Species 10. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. -(Including _Lecontea_ A. Rich. and _Siphomeris_ Boj.) [Tribe -PAEDERIEAE.] =Paederia= L. - -Stem erect or prostrate. Stipules toothed or slit, connate. Flowers -in terminal fascicles or spikes, rarely axillary, 5-merous. Anthers -exserted. Fruit separating into two nutlets. 63 - -63. Flowers polygamous. Calyx-lobes nearly equal. Corolla-lobes -recurved. Ovary and style hairy. Shrubs. Stipules toothed. Flowers -in terminal, head-like fascicles.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under -_Anthospermum_ L.) =Crocyllis= E. Mey. - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-teeth very unequal, some of them -leaf-like. Corolla-lobes spreading. Ovary and style glabrous. Stipules -slit. Flowers axillary or in terminal spikes or heads.--Species 9. -Tropical and South Africa. =Otiophora= Zucc. - -64. Fruit dry, separating into two mericarps. 65 - -Fruit succulent, berry-or drupe-like. 66 - -65. Filaments rather long. Mericarps without a carpophore. Flowers -solitary.--Species 1. Seychelles. =Neoschimpera= Hemsl. - -Filaments none. Mericarps suspended from a cleft carpophore. Flowers in -cymes.--Species 1. Comoro Islands. =Cremocarpus= Boiv. - -66. Seeds with fleshy albumen. Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla -funnel-shaped. Ovary 2-3-celled. Style 2-3-toothed. Shrubs, having a -bad smell when rubbed. Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral -cymes. 67 - -Seeds with horny albumen. Plants without a strong smell, rarely -exhaling a bad smell when rubbed; in this case inflorescences axillary -and style 4-12-cleft. [Tribe PSYCHOTRIEAE.] 68 - -67. Flowers in terminal fascicles, 4-merous. Corolla with a long -tube and spreading lobes, glabrous at the throat. Anthers distinctly -exserted. Style-apex thread-shaped, 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe.--Species 3. -North-west Africa. Used medicinally. =Putoria= Pers. - -Flowers in terminal and lateral cymes, 5-7-merous. Corolla with a -rather short tube and erect lobes, hairy at the throat. Anthers -scarcely exserted. Style-apex thickened, 2-3-lobed. Fruit a berry. -Leaves linear.--Species 1. Canary Islands. =Plocama= Ait. - -68. Ovary superior. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Stamens 5, inserted -on the corolla-tube. Anthers included. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in -terminal panicles or heads.--Species 25. Tropics. Some yield timber or -are used in medicine. =Gaertnera= Lam. - -Ovary inferior. 69 - -69. Flowers axillary, solitary or in usually few-flowered cymes or -heads. Shrubs or small trees. 70 - -Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral, many-flowered -inflorescences, hermaphrodite. 74 - -70. Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigmas 2. 71 - -Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigmas 4-12. 73 - -71. Anthers exserted. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla hairy within above the -base, glabrous at the throat. Seeds with ruminated albumen. Flowers in -heads surrounded by an involucre.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa -(Gaboon) =Peripeplus= Pierre - -Anthers included. Calyx 4-partite or nearly entire. Flowers solitary or -in glomerules. 72 - -72. Calyx with 4 segments alternating with small teeth. Corolla -funnel-shaped. Anthers with a short appendage at the apex. Flowers -solitary,--Species 2. Madagascar. =Hymenocnemis= Hook. fil. - -Calyx nearly entire. Corolla bell-shaped. Anthers unappendaged. Fruit -with a single stone. Flowers in clusters.--Species 3. Madagascar. -=Saldinia= A. Rich. - -73. Leaves at first decussate, subsequently spreading in one plane, -with many thin transverse veins. Stamens inserted at the throat or on -the limb of the corolla.--Species 15. Tropics. =Lasianthus= Jack. - -Leaves always decussate, without conspicuous transverse veins. Stamens -inserted in the tube of the corolla. Flowers hermaphrodite.--Species 7. -Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used medicinally. =Psathura= Comm. - -74. Inflorescences capitate, surrounded by an involucre. Ovary-cells -and style-branches 2-4. 75 - -Inflorescences without an involucre. 77 - -75. Corolla with a curved tube, 6-lobed, white. Calyx irregularly -lobed. Ovary-cells and style-branches 3. Shrubs.--Species 1. East -Africa. =Megalopus= K. Schum. - -Corolla with a straight tube. 76 - -76. Seeds grooved on the ventral face.--Species 18. Central Africa. -(Under _Uragoga_ L.) =Cephaëlis= Swartz - -Seeds flat on the ventral face. Creeping herbs. Leaves long-stalked, -heart-or kidney-shaped.--Species 13. Tropics. =Geophila= Don. - -77. Corolla-tube curved. Anthers included. Ovary-cells and -style-branches 2. Seeds convex-concave. Shrubs or trees.--Species 20. -Tropics. (Under _Psychotria_ L.) =Chasalia= Blume - -Corolla-tube straight. 78 - -78. Fruit with a 5-7-celled stone. Ovary-cells and style-branches 5-7. -Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers half-exserted. -Shrubs or trees. Stipules 3-pointed. Flowers in corymbs.--Species 2. -East Africa and Madagascar. =Triainolepis= Hook. fil. - -Fruit with 2-5 stones. Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigma-lobes -2, rarely 3-5. 79 - -79. Seeds flat on the ventral face. Calyx elongate. Corolla -funnel-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers included. Herbs. -Inflorescences capitate.--Species 12. Central Africa. =Trichostachys= -Benth. & Hook. - -Seeds grooved on the ventral face. 80 - -80 Seeds with a ruminate albumen. Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the -throat. Anthers half-exserted. Shrubs.--Species 50. Tropical and South -Africa. (Under _Psychotria_ L.). =Grumilea= Gaertn. - -Seeds with a uniform albumen.--Species 200. Tropical and South Africa. -(_Myrstiphyllum_ P. Br., including _Uragoga_ L. partly). =Psychotria= L. - -81. (1.) Corolla with imbricate, sometimes contorted aestivation. -Shrubs or trees. 82 - -Corolla with valvate aestivation. 124 - -82. Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Ovary 2-celled. -Style simple. Inflorescences head-like. [Tribe NAUCLEEAE.] 83 - -Corolla with contorted aestivation. 88 - -83. Ovaries of each head connate. Fruits fleshy, connate. 84 - -Ovaries separate. Fruits dry, separate, opening by two valves or -breaking up into two mericarps. 85 - -84. Inflorescences surrounded by two at first united involucral -bracts.--Species 10. Madagascar and Mascarene Islands. =Breonia= A. -Rich. - -Inflorescences without involucral bracts.--Species 3. Tropics. They -yield timber, edible fruits (negro-peaches), arrow-poison, and -medicaments. =Sarcocephalus= Afzel. - -85. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Calyx 4-toothed. Fruit separating -into two nutlets. (See 16.) =Cephalanthus= L. - -Ovules 6 or more in each ovary-cell. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted. 86 - -86. Ovules 6-8 in each ovary-cell. Flowers bracteolate, in glomerules -collected in heads. Stem erect.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Paracephaëlis= -Baill. - -Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. Flowers ebracteolate, in heads. 87 - -87. Fruit separating into two 2-valved mericarps.--Species 2. -Madagascar. They yield timber, dye-stuffs, edible fruits, and -medicaments. =Nauclea= L. - -Fruit opening by two valves. Stem climbing by hooks.--Species 2. -Tropics. (_Ourouparia_ Aubl.) =Uncaria= Schreb. - -88. (82.) Fruit opening by 4 valves, leathery. Corolla salver-shaped; -tube glabrous within. Style much exserted, 2-lobed at the top. Flowers -in panicles.--Species 2. Central Africa. They yield timber and are used -in medicine. =Crossopteryx= Fenzl - -Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed, usually berry-like. -[Tribe GARDENIEAE.] 89 - -89. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-or more-celled. Anthers -included or slightly exserted. 90 - -Ovary completely 2-5-celled. 93 - -90. Ovary 1-celled throughout its whole length, but the placentas -sometimes much projecting and approximate in the centre. Style simple -and entire or two-toothed at the apex. Flowers 5-11-merous. 91 - -Ovary 2-celled in its lower or upper half. Style 2-cleft. Flowers -4-5-merous, axillary. 92 - -91. Stipules glume-like, imbricate. Stem climbing. Flowers in -terminal cymes. Calyx 5-parted, with awl-shaped segments. Corolla -salver-shaped, glabrous within. Style very long. Stigma 2-lobed. -Fruit globose.--Species 3. Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants. -=Macrosphyra= Hook. fil. - -Stipules not glume-like.--Species 45. Tropical and South Africa. Some -species yield timber, dyes, edible fruits, or medicaments, or serve as -ornamental plants. (Including _Genipa_ L. partly.) =Gardenia= Ellis - -92. Calyx 4-parted, with an epicalyx. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens -inserted in the corolla-tube. Seed-coat leathery. Flowers solitary or -in pairs.--Species 4. Mascarene Islands. =Fernelia= Comm. - -Calyx 5-toothed, without an epicalyx. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens -inserted at the throat of the corolla. Seed-coat fibrous. Flowers in -panicles.--Species 5. West Africa. =Pouchetia= A. Rich. - -93. (89.) Ovary 2-3-celled. 94 - -Ovary 4-5-celled. 122 - -94. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. 95 - -Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. 102 - -95. Ovules attached to thick, fleshy placentas, and more or less sunk -in them. 96 - -Ovules attached to thin placentas, not sunk in them. 99 - -96. Style entire or shortly toothed at the apex, far exserted. -Flowers in terminal corymbs.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. -(_Chomelia_ L., _Webera_ Schreb., including _Coptosperma_ Hook, fil.) -=Tarenna= Gaertn. - -Style more or less deeply cleft. Anthers exserted. 97 - -97. Flowers in terminal and lateral panicles. Corolla salver-shaped. -Placentas ascending from the base of the ovary-cells.--Species 1. -Madagascar. Yields an essential oil used in perfumery and medicine. -=Santalina= Baill. - -Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered. Corolla funnel-shaped. 98 - -98. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together, without an epicalyx. Calyx deeply -lobed.--Species 3. East and South Africa. =Empogona= Hook. fil. - -Flowers fascicled, with an epicalyx of 2-6 bracteoles united at the -base.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. (Including _Bunburya_ -Meissn., _Diplocrater_ Benth. & Hook., _Diplospora_ DC., and _Kraussia_ -Harv.) =Tricalysia= A. Rich. - -99. Style entire or shortly toothed at the apex. Corolla funnel-shaped. -100 - -Style cleft at the apex or further. Anthers exserted. Inflorescences -lateral. 101 - -100. Flowers in terminal corymbs. Anthers included. Seeds -solitary.--Species 1. East Africa. =Enterospermum= Hiern - -Flowers in axillary fascicles. Anthers exserted.--Species 1. East -Africa. =Zygoon= Hiern - -101. Flowers solitary or fascicled on dwarf shoots, appearing before -the leaves. Calyx-teeth awl-shaped. Corolla funnel-shaped. Seeds -without an aril; albumen uniform.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Feretia= -Del. - -Flowers in cymes, appearing with the leaves. Calyx-teeth minute. -Corolla wheel-shaped. Seeds with an aril; albumen ruminate.--Species 1. -East Africa. =Galiniera= Del. - -102. (94.) Style entire or shortly lobed or toothed at the apex. 103 - -Style more or less deeply cleft. 113 - -103. Calyx-segments large and broad, with imbricate, sometimes -contorted aestivation. Corolla hairy within. Anthers included. Flowers -hermaphrodite. 104 - -Calyx-segments small or narrow, with open aestivation. 105 - -104. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils. Corolla -bell-shaped, hairy within the base, glabrous at the throat.--Species 5. -Central Africa. (_Sherbournia_ Don) =Amaralia= Welw. - -Flowers in terminal cymes. Corolla salver-shaped.--Species 25. Central -and South-east Africa. =Leptactinia= Hook. fil. - -105. Flowers unisexual. 106 - -Flowers hermaphrodite. 108 - -106. Flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx entire or minutely toothed. -Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Trees.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Byrsophyllum= Hook. fil. - -Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf-axils, or in axillary panicles. -Calyx lobed or divided. Shrubs. 107 - -107. Flowers in panicles. Calyx shortly lobed. Stamens inserted at the -base of the corolla-tube; connective with a leaf-like appendage. Stem -climbing.--Species 2. West Africa. =Atractogyne= Pierre - -Flowers solitary or in pairs. Calyx deeply divided. Stamens inserted at -the throat of the corolla, without an appendage. Stem erect; branches -thickened and hollow at the nodes.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa -(Cameroons). =Epitaberna= K. Schum. - -108. Inflorescences terminal or terminal and lateral. 109 - -Inflorescences lateral. 111 - -109. Style much projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Flowers in cymose -corymbs. (See 96.) =Tarenna= Gaertn. - -Style not or slightly projecting beyond the corolla-tube. 110 - -110. Corolla-tube as long as or slightly longer than the limb. -Calyx-segments awl-shaped. Anthers included. Style hairy. Flowers in -clusters, yellowish-red.--Species 1. South Africa. Yields timber. -=Burchellia= R. Br. - -Corolla-tube considerably longer than the limb.--Species 85. Tropical -and South Africa. Some species yield timber, poison, a substitute for -soap, dyes, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including -_Genipa_ L. partly, _Mitriostigma_ Hochst., and _Stylocoryne_ Cav.) -=Randia= Houst. - -111. Seed-coat membranous or leathery. (See 110.) =Randia= Houst. - -Seed-coat fibrous. 112 - -112. Corolla-tube slightly longer than the limb. Stamens inserted -in the tube, included. Fruit with a leathery rind. Flowers in -fascicles.--Species 2. Madagascar. (Including _Tamatavia_ Hook. fil.) -=Chapeliera= A. Rich - -Corolla-tube considerably longer than the limb. Stamens inserted at -the throat, exserted. Fruit a berry. Flowers in corymbs.--Species -35. Central and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as -ornamental plants. =Oxyanthus= DC. - -113. (102.) Inflorescences lateral. Ovules 4-8 in each ovary-cell. 114 - -Inflorescences terminal or terminal and lateral. Ovules numerous in -each ovary-cell. 119 - -114. Placentas thick. 115 - -Placentas thin. 117 - -115. Flowers without an epicalyx. Calyx with awl-shaped segments. -Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube.--Species 1. Madagascar. -=Flagenium= Baill. - -Flowers with an epicalyx. 116 - -116. Inflorescences borne upon a broadened, leaf-like stalk. Calyx -5-toothed. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Anthers included.--Species -3. Madagascar. =Canephora= Juss. - -Inflorescences sessile or borne upon a not broadened stalk. Anthers -exserted. (See 98.) =Tricalysia= A. Rich. - -117. Flowers large, with an epicalyx of partly leaf-like -bracts. Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers far -exserted.--Species 1. West Africa. =Probletostemon= K. Schum. - -Flowers small, without an epicalyx. 118 - -118. Style-branches hairy. Seeds 1-2. Shrubs. Stipules long.--Species -4. Madagascar. =Hypobathrum= Blume - -Style-branches glabrous. Seeds 3 or more. Trees. Stipules -short.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Paragenipa= Baill. - -119. (113.) Calyx shortly toothed. Anthers included or nearly so. -Seed-coat pitted. Stipules united at the base.--Species 25. Tropics. -=Bertiera= Aubl. - -Calyx deeply divided, with leaf-like segments. 120 - -120. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube, with several-chambered -halves. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit fleshy. Seed-coat smooth.--Species -2. West Africa. =Dictyandra= Welw. - -Anthers included within the corolla-tube or nearly so, with 2-chambered -halves. Corolla salver-shaped. 121 - -121. Fruit fleshy. Seed-coat smooth. (See 104.) =Leptactinia= Hook. fil. - -Fruit dry or nearly so. Seed-coat pitted.--Species 7. Central Africa. -=Heinsia= DC. - -122. (93.) Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla -funnel-shaped. Anthers exserted. Style simple. Flowers in axillary -clusters.--Species 1. Central Africa. Yields fish-poison. (Under -_Randia_ Houst.) =Morelia= A. Rich. - -Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. 123 - -123. Flowers in lateral inflorescences. Disc cushion-shaped. Fruit -clothed with long hairs. Seeds with a fleshy aril.--Species 1. Southern -West Africa (Angola). =Chalazocarpus= Hiern - -Flowers in terminal clusters. Disc rather flat. Calyx irregularly -toothed. Corolla yellow, 8-lobed. Style 4-cleft at the top. Leaves very -large.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). (_Tetrastigma_ -K. Schum.) =Schumanniophyton= Harms - -124. (81.) Fruit a berry or a nut with a leathery skin. Seeds numerous, -small; testa netted or dotted. [Tribe MUSSAENDEAE.] 125 - -Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp, rarely (_Oldenlandia_) an achene or -nut with a membranous or crustaceous skin. Ovary 2-celled, rarely -(_Pentacarpaea_) 5-celled. Flowers small. 133 - -125. Corolla-tube short. Style entire or toothed at the apex. Shrubs or -trees. Inflorescences without an involucre. 126 - -Corolla-tube long. Style more or less deeply cleft. 128 - -126. Flowers in terminal clusters. Calyx 5-parted. Ovary 2-celled. -Twining shrubs.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Justenia= -Hiern - -Flowers in axillary inflorescences. Calyx 4-7-toothed. 127 - -127. Corolla urn-shaped. Anthers slightly exserted. Ovary 2-celled. -Flowers solitary or in pairs.--Species 2. West Africa. =Pauridiantha= -Hook. fil. - -Corolla wheel-or funnel-shaped. Anthers included. Ovary 4-7-celled. -Flowers in panicles or heads.--Species 20. Tropics. Some species yield -dyes. =Urophyllum= Wall. - -128. Flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed; one -of the segments in several flowers of each inflorescence leaf-like, -enlarged and brightly coloured. Stamens inserted at the throat of the -corolla. Ovary 2-celled. Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 30. Tropics. -Some are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. (Including -_Spallanzania_ DC.) =Mussaenda= L. - -Flowers in axillary inflorescences. 129 - -129. Inflorescences head-like and surrounded by a large, more or -less bell-shaped involucre of united bracts. Stamens inserted in the -corolla-tube. 130 - -Inflorescences with an involucre of free bracts or without an -involucre. 131 - -130. Calyx deeply divided; segments at first awl-shaped, subsequently -some or all broadened and leaf-like. Ovary-cells and style-branches -5. Fruit globose. Erect herbs.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. -=Temnopteryx= Hook. fil. - -Calyx cleft about halfway down; segments ovate. Fruit ovate or oblong. -Shrubs.--Species 4. Central Africa. =Stipularia= Beauv. - -131. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Calyx deeply -divided; segments enlarged, leaf-like. Ovary 5-celled. Decumbent -herbs.--Species 1. West Africa. =Pentaloncha= Hook. fil. - -Stamens inserted at the mouth of the corolla-tube or somewhat below it. -Shrubs. 132 - -132. Corolla funnel-shaped. Calyx deeply divided. Disc cup-shaped. -Ovary-cells and style-branches 2. Flowers in clusters springing from -the base of the stem. Erect, glabrous plants.--Species 1. Equatorial -West Africa (Cameroons). =Ecpoma= K. Schum. - -Corolla tube-or salver-shaped. Hairy, usually twining plants.--Species -35. Tropics. =Sabicea= Aubl. - -133. (124.) Seeds winged, numerous. Fruit a capsule. Trees or shrubs. -Stipules entire or toothed. 134 - -Seeds wingless. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. [Tribe OLDENLANDIEAE.] -143 - -134. Flowers in heads, 5-merous. 135 - -Flowers in panicles. [Tribe CINCHONEAE.] 137 - -135. Calyx 5-cleft with leaf-like segments imbricate in the bud. -Corolla tubular. Stamens concealed in the corolla-tube. Placentas -ascending. Style 2-cleft.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Payera= Baill. - -Calyx with small and narrow segments, open in the bud, or entire. -Corolla long funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the -corolla. Placentas pendulous or adnate to the partition of the ovary. -Style simple, far exserted. Fruit a septicidal capsule. 136 - -136. Calyx entire or shortly toothed. Stigma hood-shaped.--Species 4. -Central Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and medicaments. (_Mamboga_ -Blanco, _Stephegyne_ Korth., under _Nauclea_ L.) =Mitragyne= Korth. - -Calyx cleft about to the middle. Stigma head-or club-shaped.--Species -4. Central and South Africa. Yielding timber. =Adina= Salisb. - -137. Placentas shortly adnate to the partition of the ovary and more or -less distinctly stalked. 138 Placentas adnate to the partition of the -ovary throughout their whole length or almost so. 141 - -138. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, 5-merous. Corolla-lobes -unappendaged. Fruit globose. Shrubs.--Species 20. Madagascar and -neighbouring islands. Some species yield dyes or medicaments; several -are poisonous. =Danais= Comm. - -Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla-lobes usually with a thread-or -club-shaped appendage on the back. Fruit oblong or linear. Trees. 139 - -139. Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Flowers 4-merous. -Corolla urn-shaped. Fruit loculicidal. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. -West Africa. Used medicinally. =Pseudocinchona= A. Chev. - -Anthers projecting at least partly beyond the corolla-tube. -Corolla-lobes appendaged. Flowers usually 5-merous. 140 - -140. Fruit loculicidal. Corolla usually funnel-shaped.--Species 3. West -Africa. =Corynanthe= Welw. - -Fruit septicidal. Corolla urn-or bell-shaped. Leaves whorled.--Species -3. West Africa. They yield timber and medicaments. (Under _Corynanthe_ -Welw.) =Pausinystalia= Pierre - -141. Fruit loculicidal. Calyx-segments subulate, deciduous. -Corolla-lobes erect. Style shortly lobed. Trees. Leaves herbaceous. -Stipules glandular-toothed. Bracts partly petal-like.--Species 8. -Tropics. =Hymenodictyon= Wall. - -Fruit septicidal. 142 - -142. Fruit splitting downwards from the apex. Calyx-segments -lanceolate, leaf-like, deciduous. Corolla violet.--Species 4. -Madagascar. =Schismatoclada= Bak. - -Fruit splitting upwards from the base. Calyx-segments persistent. -Corolla pink or yellowish. Stamens of the long-styled flowers inserted -in the middle of the corolla-tube, those of the short-styled at its -mouth. Placentas thick.--Species 3. Cultivated in the tropics. They -yield medicaments (especially quinine). =Cinchona= L. - -143. (133.) Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Stamens 5, inserted a little -above the base of the corolla-tube. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long -tube. Calyx-segments unequal. Flowers in panicles. Herbs.--Species 1. -Southern West Africa (Angola). =Pentacarpaea= Hiern - -Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 1-2. 144 - -144. Placentas club-shaped, ascending from the base of the ovary-cells, -few-ovuled. Shrubs or undershrubs. Flowers in terminal cymes, 4-merous. -145 - -Placentas attached to the partition of the ovary. 147 - -145. Calyx-segments distinctly unequal, one or several of them -considerably enlarged. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped. Stamens -inserted in the corolla-tube. Fruit bursting irregularly. Stipules -lacerated.--Species 15. Tropics. (Under _Carphalea_ Juss.) -=Dirichletia= Klotzsch - -Calyx-segments equal. 146 - -146. Calyx inversely umbrella-shaped, membranous at the base of the -segments. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of -the corolla. Fruit opening loculicidally. Leaves linear.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Carphalea= Juss. - -Calyx not inversely umbrella-shaped, with 4 lobes alternating with -small teeth. Corolla tubular. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. -Leaves ovate.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Placopoda= Balf. - -147. Calyx-segments distinctly unequal, usually one of them much -enlarged. 148 - -Calyx-segments equal or nearly so. 151 - -148. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Style 2-lobed. Fruit loculicidal, -with a persistent and a deciduous valve. Herbs. Flowers in -cymes.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Virecta= Afzel. - -Corolla hairy at the throat. Style 2-cleft. 149 - -149. Flowers in spikes. Fruit with septicidal and loculicidal -dehiscence. Undershrubs.--Species 12. Tropics. =Otomeria= Benth. - -Flowers in fascicles, cymes, or panicles. Fruit with loculicidal -dehiscence. 150 - -150. Corolla red or violet. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the -corolla-tube. Herbs or undershrubs. Stipules divided into awl-shaped or -bristle-like segments.--Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some are -used as ornamental plants. (_Neurocarpaea_ R. Br.) =Pentas= Benth. - -Corolla yellow or white. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. -Shrubs or trees. (See 128.) =Mussaenda= L. - -151. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Anthers -converging above or cohering into a tube, opening at the top. Corolla -rotate. Style simple, with a capitate stigma. Fruit opening with a -lid or irregularly. Herbs. Stipules undivided. Flowers in spike-or -umbel-like cymes.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Argostema= Wall. - -Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube or at its mouth. -Anthers neither converging nor cohering, opening lengthwise. 152 - -152. Flowers in racemes, 5-merous. Calyx-segments linear. Corolla -white, funnel-shaped; tube rather short. Anthers included. Placentas -spindle-shaped. Style 2-cleft. Creeping herbs.--Species 1. East Africa. -=Dolichometra= K. Schum. - -Flowers solitary or in sometimes capitate or scorpioid cymes, often -collected in false racemes or panicles. 153 - -153. Flowers in one-sided cymose inflorescences, 5-merous. Stamens -inserted in the corolla-tube, included. Placentas filiform. -Style-branches spatulate. Fruit narrow, compressed, few-seeded, with -septicidal and loculicidal dehiscence. Climbing herbs. Stipules -lanceolate.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Hekistocarpa= Hook. fil. - -Flowers in head-like or lax, not one-sided cymes, or solitary. 154 - -[Illustration: CAPRIFOLIACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 145._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Viburnum rugosum Pers. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Lower part of the flower cut -lengthwise. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Cross-section of fruit.] - -[Illustration: VALERIANACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 146._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Valeriana capensis Vahl - -_A_ Aboveground part of the plant. _B_ Flower. _C_ Anther. _D_ Flower -cut lengthwise (without the anthers). _E_ Stigma. _F_ Fruit. _G_ Seed -cut lengthwise.] - -154. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla shortly funnel-shaped. Anthers included. -Style 2-cleft. Fruit opening loculicidally at the apex. Herbs. Stipules -entire or toothed. Flowers in lax cymes.--Species 1. Tropical and -South-east Africa. (Under _Oldenlandia_ Plum.) =Pentodon= Hochst. - -Flowers 4-merous, very rarely 5-merous, but then solitary or in pairs -or style simple. 155 - -155. Fruit opening by a lid, few-seeded. Flowers 4-merous. Corolla -rotate. Placentas globose, with 3-4 ovules. Undershrubs. Flowers in -terminal fascicles.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). -=Mitratheca= K. Schum. - -Fruit opening lengthwise or remaining closed.--Species 120. Some of -them yield vegetables, dyes, or medicaments. (Including _Hedyotis_ L. -and _Pentanopsis_ Rendle). =Oldenlandia= Plum. - - -FAMILY 220. CAPRIFOLIACEAE - -Leaves opposite. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, united below. Petals -5, united below. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla. Ovary inferior. -Ovules axile, pendulous. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Seeds with a -straight embryo and fleshy albumen.--Genera 4, species 15. North and -East Africa. (Plate 145.) - -1. Ovary 1-celled when fully developed. Ovule 1. Style very short, -3-parted. Anthers turned inwards. Flowers in corymbs, regular, at least -the inner ones. Fruit a drupe with a 1-seeded stone. Shrubs or trees. -Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed.--Species 4. North Africa. They yield -timber and medicaments or serve as ornamental plants, so especially the -guelder-rose (_V. Opulus_ L.) and the laurustinus (_V. tinus_ L.); the -latter has poisonous fruits. (Plate 145.) [Tribe VIBURNEAE.] =Viburnum= -L. - -Ovary 2-5-celled. Ovules 2 or more. Fruit a drupe with 3-5 stones or a -several-seeded berry. 2 - -2. Ovary with 1 ovule in each cell. Style very short, 3-5-parted. -Anthers turned outwards. Corolla rotate. Flowers regular, in panicles -or corymbs. Fruit a drupe. Leaves pinnately dissected.--Species 4. -North and East Africa; one species (_S. nigra_ L.) only naturalized. -The latter yields wood, pith, oil, edible fruits, and medicaments; -another species is poisonous. “Elder.” [Tribe SAMBUCEAE.] =Sambucus= L. - -Ovary with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Style long. Anthers turned -inwards. Flowers more or less irregular. Fruit a berry. Leaves entire, -toothed, or lobed. Shrubs. [Tribe LONICEREAE.] 3 - -3. Ovary 2-3-celled.--Species 6. North-west Africa. Some are used as -ornamental or medicinal plants. “Honeysuckle.” =Lonicera= L. - -Ovary 5-celled. Fruit many-seeded.--Species 1. Naturalized in the -Azores. An ornamental plant. =Leycesteria= Wall. - - -FAMILY 221. VALERIANACEAE - -Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or all radical, without stipules. -Inflorescence cymose. Calyx not distinctly developed at the time -of flowering. Petals 5, united below. Stamens 1-3, attached to the -corolla-tube. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary inferior, with 3 cells, -two of which are empty and sometimes rudimentary. Ovule 1, pendulous, -inverted. Style simple; stigma entire or 3-parted. Seed exalbuminous; -embryo straight.--Genera 4, species 35. (Plate 146.) - -1. Stamen 1. Corolla spurred. Calyx-limb developing into a feathery -pappus crowning the fruit. Fruit 1-celled.--Species 5. North Africa. -Used as ornamental plants. =Centranthus= DC. - -Stamens 2-3. Corolla not spurred, but sometimes gibbous. 2 - -2. Stamens 2, more rarely 3, two of which are united. Corolla 2-lipped; -tube long, with a minute gibbosity near the base. Calyx-limb toothed. -Branches of the inflorescence thickened.--Species 4. North-west Africa. -=Fedia= Moench - -Stamens 3, free. Corolla not 2-lipped. 3 - -3. Calyx-limb rolled inwards at the time of flowering, developing -afterwards into a pappus of feathery bristles. Fruit 1-celled. -Corolla-tube usually gibbous. Perennial herbs or undershrubs. Leaves -divided.--Species 5. North-west, East, and South Africa. Used as -medicinal or ornamental plants. (Plate 146.) =Valeriana= L. - -Calyx-limb entire or toothed. Corolla-tube without a distinct -gibbosity. Annual herbs.--Species 20. North and South Africa and -northern East Africa. Some species, especially _V. olitoria_ Poll., are -used as salad. “Cornsalad.” =Valerianella= Haller - - -FAMILY 222. DIPSACACEAE - -Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, without stipules. Flowers in -heads; each flower with an epicalyx embracing the ovary. Petals 4-5, -united below. Stamens 2-4. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary inferior, -1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire -or 2-parted. Fruit enclosed by the epicalyx, dry, indehiscent. Seed -albuminous; embryo straight.--Genera 7, species 50. (Plate 147.) - -1. Involucral bracts in many rows, imbricate, usually stiff and smaller -than the scales of the receptacle. Calyx-teeth numerous. Corolla-lobes -4. Stigma entire.--Species 15. (Plate 147.) =Cephalaria= Schrad. - -Involucral bracts in 1-3 rows. 2 - -2. Involucral bracts united. Epicalyx with 8 pits near the apex. -Calyx-teeth 5. Stigma entire.--Species 2. North-west Africa. (Under -_Scabiosa_ L.) =Pycnocomon= Hoffmsg. & Link - -Involucral bracts free. 3 - -[Illustration: DIPSACACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 147._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Cephalaria rigida (Spreng.) Schrad. - -_A_ Flowering blanch. _B_ Flower with epicalyx and bract. _C_ Lower -part of the flower cut lengthwise.] - -[Illustration: CUCURBITACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 148._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Momordica Charantia L. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Sepal. -_D_ Anther. _E_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _F_ Staminode. _G_ -Cross-section of ovary. _H_ Fruit. _I_ Seed. (_H_ from Curtis’ -Botanical Magazine, plate 2455.)] - - -3. Scales of the receptacle stiff and pointed. Calyx-teeth usually 4. -Stem prickly or bristly.--Species 5. North and East Africa. Several -species are used in the manufacture of cloth and in medicine. “Teasel.” -=Dipsacus= L. - -Scales of the receptacle herbaceous or replaced by hairs. Stem glabrous -or hairy, rarely bristly. 4 - -4. Scales of the receptacle nearly as large as the flowers. Epicalyx -with 8 longitudinal furrows. Calyx-teeth 5. Stigma entire.--Species -2. North-west Africa and Cameroons. They yield dyes and medicaments. -(Under _Scabiosa_ L.) =Succisa= Coult. - -Scales of the receptacle much smaller than the flowers or replaced by -hairs. 5 - -5. Calyx-teeth 4-6. Stigma 2-parted. Epicalyx with 8 longitudinal -furrows or ribs and a saucer-shaped limb. Receptacle scaly.--Species -18. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Scabiosa= -L. - -Calyx-teeth 8-24. 6 - -6. Calyx-teeth 8. Epicalyx without distinct furrows or ribs, and with a -narrow, toothed limb. Receptacle hairy.--Species 2. North-west Africa. -Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Under _Scabiosa_ L.) =Knautia= -Coult. - -Calyx-teeth 12-24. Epicalyx with 8 longitudinal furrows and a -saucer-shaped limb.--Species 6. North Africa and Abyssinia. (Under -_Scabiosa_ L.) =Pterocephalus= Vaill. - - -ORDER CAMPANULATAE - - -SUBORDER CUCURBITINEAE - - -FAMILY 223. CUCURBITACEAE - -Nearly always prostrate or climbing and tendril-bearing plants. Leaves -broad, usually with pedate nervation. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, -regular or nearly so, 5-merous. Calyx of united sepals. Stamens 4-5, -four of them united in pairs, rarely all united or all free. Anthers -usually opening outwards. Ovary inferior. Ovules inverted. Style -undivided or cleft. Fruit berry-like, but sometimes dehiscent, more -rarely dry and indehiscent. Seeds with a leathery or woody testa and a -straight embryo, without albumen.--Genera 42, species 270. (Plate 148.) - -1. Filaments all united into a column. [Tribe SICYOIDEAE.] 2 - -Filaments free or united at the base or in pairs. 5 - -2. Anthers 2-3, horizontal, straight or slightly curved. Staminal -column very short. Male flowers in panicles, yellowish. Tendrils -2-cleft.--Species 1. East Africa. (Under _Gerrardanthus_ Harv.) -=Cyclantheropsis= Harms - -Anthers 3-5, erect and much curved or twisted. 3 - -3. Flowers usually dioecious, the female with staminodes. Ovules -numerous, horizontal. Herbs. Tendrils simple or 2-cleft. Female -flowers solitary.--Species 30. Central and South Africa. Some species -have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. -(_Cephalandra_ Schrad.) =Coccinia= Wight & Arn. - -Flowers monoecious, the female without staminodes. Ovule 1, pendulous. -Tendrils 3-5-cleft. Male flowers in racemes or panicles. 4 - -4. Female flowers solitary or in pairs. Anthers free. Fruit large, -fleshy. Shrubs. Flowers whitish.--Species 1 (_S. edule_ Swartz). -Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in North Africa, the island of -St. Thomas, and the Mascarenes. The stem yields fibres, the roots and -fruits are edible and contain starch. =Sechium= P. Browne - -Female flowers crowded in heads. Fruit small, with a leathery rind. -Herbs. Flowers greenish.--Species 1. Central Africa; also cultivated in -the Mascarene Islands. Yields starch and medicaments. =Sicyos= L. - -5. Stamens 5, one of them sterile; filaments free; anthers more -or less cohering, 2-celled. Petals unequal, undivided. Ovary -incompletely 3-celled; ovules few in each cell, pendulous. Styles 3; -stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit 3-valved at the apex. Seeds winged. Shrubs. -Tendrils 2-cleft. Flowers dioecious, the male in racemes, the female -solitary.--Species 4. Central and South Africa. Used medicinally. -(Including _Atheranthera_ Mast.) [Tribe FEVILLEAE.] =Gerrardanthus= -Harv. - -Stamens 4-5, united in pairs, hence apparently only 2-3, rarely stamens -5, free and all fertile. 6 - -6. Anther-cells straight or slightly curved, rarely shortly inflexed at -the base or apex. [Tribe MELOTHRIEAE.] 7 - -Anther-cells much curved or twisted, U-or S-shaped. [Tribe -CUCURBITEAE.] 19 - -7. Anther-cells (pollen-sacs) 4. Flowers large, rose-coloured, the male -without a rudimentary pistil. Calyx-segments toothed. Petals ciliate. -Ovary oblong, 3-5-celled. Ovules numerous. Style 1. Fruit very large. -Leaves compound. Tendrils 2-cleft.--Species 2. Tropics. They yield -edible oily seeds and medicaments. (Including _Ampelosicyos_ Thouars). -[Subtribe TELFAIRIINAE.] =Telfairia= Hook. - -Anther-cells 2, rarely (_Melothria_) 4, but then flowers small, white -or yellow, the male with a rudimentary pistil, fruit small, and leaves -simple. 8 - -8. Disc at the base of the style distinctly developed. [Subtribe -MELOTHRIINAE.] 9 - -Disc at the base of the style indistinct or wanting. [Subtribe -ANGURIINAE.] 10 - -9. Calyx with a cylindrical tube and long, awl-shaped segments. Anthers -sessile, attached by the back. Male flowers solitary or 2-3 together, -female solitary.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Oreosyce= Hook. fil. - -Calyx with a campanulate tube and short segments. Anthers attached -by the base.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. They yield -vegetables and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including -_Mukia_ Arn., _Pilogyne_ Schrad., and _Zehneria_ Endl.) =Melothria= L. - -10. Stamens inserted at the throat of the calyx. 11 - -Stamens inserted in the calyx-tube. Climbing or prostrate herbs. 12 - -11. Stem erect, woody, tree-like. Leaves more or less deeply divided. -Flowers monoecious, the male in panicles, without a pistil. Stigma 1, -3-lobed.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Dendrosicyos= Balf. fil. - -Stem prostrate or climbing, herbaceous. Stigmas 3.--Species 30. Central -and South Africa, one species also cultivated in North Africa and the -Mascarene Islands. Some species yield edible fruits and medicaments, or -serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 148.) =Momordica= L. - -12. Anther-cells inflexed at the apex. Connective broad. Flowers -small, yellow, monoecious, the male with a rudimentary pistil. Stigmas -3.--Species 2. West Africa. They yield edible fruits, oily seeds, and -medicaments. (Including _Cladosicyos_ Hook., under _Zehneria_ Endl.) -=Cucumeropsis= Naud. - -Anther-cells straight, slightly curved, or inflexed at the base. 13 - -13. Calyx-tube long, cylindrical. Flowers dioecious, the male -in panicles, the female in racemes. Ovules numerous. Stigmas 2, -2-cleft.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Trochomeriopsis= Cogn. - -Calyx-tube short, campanulate. Flowers nearly always monoecious. 14 - -14. Male flowers solitary or in fascicles or heads. Stamens with a -lengthened or broadened connective. 15 - -Male flowers in racemes. 16 - -15. Stigma 1, lobed. Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Staminodes of the -female flowers minute or wanting. Flowers small, yellowish-green. -Fruit opening by a lid.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. -=Corallocarpus= Welw. - -Stigmas 3-5. Ovules numerous. Staminodes hair-like or -strap-shaped.--Species 30. Some of them (especially the cucumber, _C. -sativus_ L., and the melon, _C. Melo_ L.) yield edible fruits, oily -seeds, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. =Cucumis= L. - -16. Leaf-stalk with a small, fringed, stipule-like leaf at the base. -Calyx-segments awl-shaped. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil, -female without staminodes. Connective not prolonged. Ovules 2-3 in each -cell.--Species 2. Central and South-west Africa. (_Ctenolepis_ Hook.) -=Blastania= Kotschy & Peyr. - -Leaf-stalk without a stipule-like leaf at its base. 17 - -17. Stem short. Flowers appearing before the leaves, the male with a -rudimentary pistil, the female with linear staminodes. Calyx-segments -narrow. Connective narrow, not prolonged. Stigmas 3. Ovules numerous. -Leaves lobed.--Species 1. South Africa. =Pisosperma= Sond. & Harv. - -Stem long. Flowers appearing with the leaves. 18 - -18. Staminodes in the female flowers thread-like, curved. Connective -not prolonged at the apex. Male flowers without a rudimentary -pistil. Stigmas 1-2. Ovules numerous. Calyx-segments broad. Fruit -bottle-shaped. Seeds globose. Leaves toothed or lobed.--Species 3. -South Africa to Ngamiland. =Toxanthera= Hook. - -Staminodes in the female flowers small or wanting. Connective prolonged -at the apex, very rarely not prolonged, but then fruit oblong, without -a beak, and leaves deeply divided. Ovules usually few.--Species 15. -Central and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal -plants. (Including _Coniandra_ Schrad. and _Rhynchocarpa_ Schrad.) -=Kedrostis= Medik. - -19. (6.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell, erect. Style surrounded at -the base by a disc. Staminodes present in the female flowers. Anthers -cohering. Petals undivided.--Species 1. West Africa and Canary Islands. -(Including _Trianosperma_ Mart.) [Subtribe ABOBRINAE.] =Cayaponia= -Manso. - -Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell or upon each placenta, horizontal, -rarely ovary 1-celled with 2 ovules, one erect, the other pendulous. 20 - -20. Petals slit at the edge, free or nearly so. Calyx-tube long. Stem -climbing. Leaves cleft or compound. Tendrils 2-3-cleft. Male flowers in -racemes. [Subtribe TRICHOSANTHINAE.] 21 - -Petals not slit. 22 - -21. Stamens combined into 3, projecting beyond the calyx-tube. -Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Fruit snake-shaped. Leaves -3-7-lobed. Tendrils 3-cleft. Flowers white.--Species 1. Cultivated -and naturalized in Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Used as -a vegetable or as an ornamental or medicinal plant. “Snake-gourd.” -=Trichosanthes= L. - -Stamens 5, free, seated in the calyx-tube. Male flowers without a -rudimentary pistil. Fruit pear-shaped. Leaves ternately compound. -Tendrils 2-cleft.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Delognaea= Cogn. - -22. Corolla distinctly campanulate, lobed or cleft. Ovules numerous. -Flowers large or medium-sized, the male without a rudimentary pistil. -Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. [Subtribe CUCURBITINAE.] 23 - -Corolla more or less rotate. [Subtribe CUCUMERINAE.] 26 - -23. Calyx-segments pinnately dissected. Female flowers without -staminodes. Style long, inserted on the disc. Stigmas 3, 3-5-lobed. -Fruit dry. Tendrils simple.--Species 4. Tropics. (_Raphidiocystis_ -Hook.) =Rhaphidiocystis= Hook. - -Calyx-segments undivided. Female flowers provided with staminodes. 24 - -24. Flowers monoecious. Style short and thick. Stigmas 3-5, 2-lobed. -Tendrils 2-or more-cleft.--Species 4. Cultivated and sometimes -naturalized. They yield edible fruits, oil, and medicaments, and serve -as ornamental plants. “Pumpkin.” =Cucurbita= L. - -Flowers dioecious. Style long. Stigma 1, 3-lobed or 3-partite. Tendrils -simple or 2-cleft. 25 - -25. Anthers cohering. Staminodes of the female flowers from subulate to -oblong. Fruit small. (See 3.) =Coccinia= Wight & Arn. - -Anthers free. Staminodes of the female flowers conical or globose. -Fruit rather large.--Species 6. Central Africa. (Including -_Staphylosyce_ Hook.) =Physedra= Hook. - -26. (22.) Calyx-tube of the male flowers long, cylinder-or -funnel-shaped. 27 - -Calyx-tube of the male flowers short, top-or bell-shaped. 32 - -27. Anthers connate. Female flowers without Staminodes. Flowers large, -white or yellow. 28 - -Anthers free or loosely cohering. Female flowers provided with -staminodes. 29 - -28. Flowers monoecious. Anthers folded lengthwise. Ovary oblong. -Leaf-stalk without glands at the apex.--Species 20. Tropical and South -Africa. (_Peponia_ Naud.) =Peponium= Naud. - -Flowers dioecious. Anthers twisted transversely. Ovary -globose.--Species 9. Tropics. Used medicinally. =Adenopus= Benth. - -29. Flowers small or medium-sized, yellow or red. Anthers cohering. -Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers conical. Stigma 1, 3-lobed. -Seeds flattened. Root tuberous.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. -Some species have edible roots also used in medicine. (Including -_Heterosicyos_ Welw.) =Trochomeria= Hook. - -Flowers large. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers gland-like or -wanting. Stigmas 3. Climbing herbs. 30 - -30. Flowers monoecious, white, solitary. Style very short. Stigmas -2-lobed. Fruit with a woody rind. Seeds flattened. Leaves undivided; -stalk with 2 glands at the apex. Tendrils 2-cleft.--Species 1 (_L. -vulgaris_ Ser., bottle-gourd). Tropics; also cultivated and naturalized -in extratropical countries. It yields edible fruits, also used for -making bottles and other utensils, and serves as an ornamental and -medicinal plant. =Lagenaria= Ser. - -Flowers dioecious. Tendrils simple. 31 - -31. Male flowers in racemes. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. West Africa. -=Cogniauxia= Baill. - -Male flowers solitary or in clusters. Corolla yellow. Stamens with a -broad connective. Staminodes bearded at the base. Stigmas heart-shaped. -Fruit fleshy. Seeds nearly globose. Leaves lobed; stalk without -glands.--Species 4. Central Africa. (_Euryandra_ Hook.) =Eureiandra= -Hook. - -32. (26.) Anthers connate. Flowers dioecious, the male in clusters and -without a rudimentary pistil, the female without staminodes. Leaves -undivided. 33 - -Anthers free or loosely cohering; in the latter case flowers -monoecious. 34 - -33. Stem herbaceous, without tendrils. Leaves linear. Anthers with a -scale at the base.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Eulenburgia= Pax - -Stem woody, climbing, bearing tendrils. Leaves broad.--Species 3. West -Africa. They yield oily seeds. =Dimorphochlamys= Hook. - -34. Anthers cohering; cells horse-shoe-shaped. Flowers monoecious, the -male in umbels and with a rudimentary pistil, the female solitary and -without staminodes. Stigma subcapitate. Herbs. Leaves lobed, with a -stipule-like leaf at the base. Tendrils simple. Flowers white. Fruit -small.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under _Bryonia_ L.) =Dactyliandra= -Hook. fil. - -Anthers free, at least when fully developed. 35 - -35. Stamens inserted at the throat of the calyx. 36 - -Stamens inserted in the tube of the calyx. 39 - -36. Calyx without scales at the base. Flowers dioecious, yellow or -green, the male solitary or in clusters, the female solitary, with -5 staminodes. Ovary globose. Placentas and stigmas 5. Fruits large. -Leafless, nearly erect, spiny shrubs.--Species 1. German South-west -Africa and Angola. Yields edible fruits and seeds and medicaments. -=Acanthosicyos= Welw. - -Calyx with 2-3 scales at the base. Ovary bottle-shaped. Placentas and -stigmas 1-3. Climbing or prostrate herbs. 37 - -37. Ovules 2. Stigma 1, capitate. Flowers large, yellow, -monoecious, the male 2-3 together at the base of the leaf-blade, -without a rudimentary pistil, the female solitary or in pairs, -without staminodes. Fruits small. Leaves slightly lobed. Tendrils -simple.--Species 3. Central Africa. (_Raphanocarpus_ Hook.) -=Rhaphanocarpus= Hook. - -Ovules 3 or more. Stigmas 3. 38 - -38. Ovules few. Fruit constricted between the seeds.--Species 1. East -Africa. (_Raphanistrocarpus_ Baill.) =Rhaphanistrocarpus= Baill. - -Ovules numerous. (See 11.) =Momordica= L. - -39. Male flowers in racemes. 40 - -Male flowers solitary or in clusters, yellow. 43 - -40. Female flowers in racemes or clusters, small. Ovules few. Male -flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Fruit more or less globular. -Tendrils simple.--Species 4. North Africa. Poisonous and used -medicinally. =Bryonia= L. - -Female flowers solitary. Ovules numerous. 41 - -41. Flowers dioecious large, white, the male without a rudimentary -pistil. Stigma 1, 3-lobed. Fruit large, globose. Leafstalk with two -glands at the apex. Tendrils 2-cleft, rarely simple.--Species 1. -Tropical and South Africa. =Sphaerosicyos= Hook. - -Flowers monoecious. Stigmas 3, 2-lobed. Leaf-stalk without glands. 42 - -42. Tendrils cleft. Leaves lobed. Fruit dry, opening by a lid.--Species -7. Tropical and South Africa; one species also cultivated in North -Africa. They are used as vegetables and medicinal plants; some have -edible, others poisonous fruits; the fibres of the fruit are employed -for making sponges, hats, and various utensils; the seeds are oily. -=Luffa= L. - -Tendrils absent. Leaves undivided. Flowers yellow, the male without -a rudimentary pistil. Fruit fleshy, ejecting the seeds when -ripe.--Species 1. North Africa. A poisonous and medicinal plant. -“Squirting cucumber.” =Ecballium= A. Rich. - -43. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Ovules few. -Stem climbing. Tendrils two-cleft. Flowers in clusters, small, -yellowish-green, monoecious. Fruit small, globular.--Species 1. -Tropics. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. =Bryonopsis= Arn. - -Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Ovules numerous. 44 - -44. Connective of the stamens with a 2-cleft appendage at the apex. -Tendrils simple, rarely wanting. (See 15.) =Cucumis= L. - -Connective of the stamens not prolonged at the apex. Tendrils -2-3-cleft. Stem prostrate. Leaves lobed or divided. Flowers large, -monoecious. 45 - -45. Calyx-segments leaf-like, serrate, recurved. Flowers -solitary.--Species 1 (_B. hispida_ Cogn.). Cultivated in various -regions. The fruits are eaten and used in medicine. =Benincasa= Savi. - -Calyx-segments awl-shaped, entire.--Species 4. They yield edible fruits -(chiefly from _C. vulgaris_ Neck., water-melon), edible oily seeds, and -medicaments; some are poisonous. (_Colocynthis_ L.) =Citrullus= Neck. - - -SUBORDER CAMPANULINEAE - - -FAMILY 224. CAMPANULACEAE - -Leaves entire toothed or lobed, without stipules. Petals usually -united below. Stamens as many as the petals. Anthers turned inwards. -Ovary inferior or half-inferior, rarely (_Lightfootia_) superior, -2-10-celled, rarely (_Merciera_) 1-celled. Ovules inverted, numerous -and axile, rarely few and apical or basal. Style simple. Fruit a -capsule, rarely a nut or (_Canarina_) a berry. Seeds with fleshy -albumen; embryo straight.--Genera 26, species 400. (Including -_LOBELIACEAE_ and _SPHENOCLEACEAE_.) (Plate 149.) - -1. Anthers connate. Flowers more or less irregular, solitary or in -racemes or panicles. [Subfamily =LOBELIOIDEAE=.] 2 - -Anthers free, rarely (_Jasione_) cohering at the base, but then flowers -regular and in heads. 7 - -2. Petals free. Flowers nearly regular, small, greenish-yellow, in -many-flowered terminal and lateral racemes.--Species 2. Madagascar. -=Dialypetalum= Benth. - -Petals united below. 3 - -3. Corolla-tube slit down to the base or nearly so, at least on one -side. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so. 4 - -Corolla-tube not or but shortly slit. 6 - -4. Fruit linear. All anthers hairy at the apex.--Species 1. South -Africa. (Under _Lobelia_ L.) =Grammatotheca= Presl - -Fruit roundish. 5 - -5. Anthers and stigmas ripe at the same time. All anthers hairy at the -apex. Odd sepal in front.--Species 12. South and East Africa and Comoro -Islands. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Dobrowskya_ -Presl and _Parastranthus_ Don, under _Lobelia_ L.) =Monopsis= Salisb. - -Anthers ripe before the stigmas. Odd sepal usually behind.--Species -120. Southern and tropical Africa, Madeira, and Azores. Some are -poisonous or are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including -_Isolobus_ A. DC. and _Metzleria_ Presl) =Lobelia= L. - -6. Filaments adnate to the corolla on one side to beyond the middle. -Corolla white.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Réunion. A -poisonous and medicinal plant. =Isotoma= Lindl. - -Filaments free from the corolla or shortly adnate to it. Corolla -blue or white.--Species 10. South and North-west Africa. (Including -_Enchysia_ Presl) =Laurentia= Neck. - -7. (1.) Flowers distinctly irregular. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit opening -loculicidally and septicidally.--Species 30. South and Central Africa. -Several species have edible tubers. [Subfamily =CYPHIOIDEAE=.] =Cyphia= -Berg - -Flowers regular or nearly so. [Subfamily =CAMPANULOIDEAE=.] 8 - -8. Corolla imbricate in the bud. Style very short, without collecting -hairs. Ovary 2-celled; placentas thick, suspended from the top of the -partition. Fruit opening by a lid. Flowers in spikes, small, greenish -or yellowish.--Species 1. Tropics and Egypt. [Tribe SPHENOCLEEAE.] -=Sphenoclea= Gaertn. - -Corolla valvate in the bud. Style with hairs or viscid glands for -collecting the pollen. [Tribe CAMPANULEAE.] 9 - -9. Carpels 5, as many as the sepals or stamens, and alternating with -them. 10 - -Carpels as many as the sepals or stamens, but opposite to them, or -fewer. 11 - -10. Corolla rotate or broadly campanulate, deeply cleft, yellow or -red. Filaments broadened at the base. Fruit opening laterally by many -transverse slits. Large herbs or undershrubs. Leaves elliptical. -Flowers large, in panicles.--Species 2. Madeira. Used as ornamental -plants. =Musschia= Dumort. - -Corolla tubular or narrowly campanulate. Filaments not broadened. Fruit -opening loculicidally by 5 apical valves. Seeds few. Small herbs. -Leaves linear. Flowers small, solitary or in clusters.--Species 4. -South Africa. =Microcodon= A. DC. - -11. Filaments adnate to the corolla halfway or higher up. Fruit opening -by an apical lid. 12 - -Filaments free from the corolla or nearly so. 13 - -12. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell, suspended from the top of the cell. -Flowers blue, in raceme-or panicle-like cymose inflorescences. Leaves -linear. Herbs or undershrubs. =Siphocodon= Turcz. - -Ovules many in each cell, attached to the inner angle. Flowers red, in -heads. Leaves ovate. Shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Rhigiophyllum= -Hochst. - -13. Anthers cohering at the base. Petals free or nearly so. Ovary -2-celled. Fruit opening loculicidally at the top. Flowers in heads -surrounded by an involucre.--Species 4. North Africa. =Jasione= L. - -Anthers free. 14 - -14. Ovules 4, basal. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. -Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-, rarely -2-4-seeded. Undershrubs. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 4. South -Africa. =Merciera= A. DC. - -Ovules axile, usually numerous. Ovary 2-10-celled. 15 - -15. Fruit a roundish berry. Flowers solitary, terminal, large, nearly -always 6-merous. Corolla bell-shaped, yellow or red. Filaments -broadened at the base. Leaves opposite, the lower whorled.--Species 3. -East Africa and Canary Islands. They yield edible roots and fruits and -serve as ornamental plants. =Canarina= L. - -Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut. Flowers usually 5-merous. 16 - -16. Fruit narrow, opening by an apical lid and sometimes also by -lateral slits, more rarely remaining closed. Ovary 2-celled. 17 - -Fruit opening by apical valves or by lateral valves, slits, or pores. 18 - -17. Flowers in terminal heads. Corolla tubular. Ovary ovoid.--Species -1. South Africa. (_Leptocodon_ Sond.) =Treichelia= Vatke - -Flowers terminal and solitary, or in lateral glomerules. Ovary -oblong.--Species 15. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. -=Roëlla= L. - -18. Fruit opening by lateral, but sometimes nearly apical valves, -slits, or pores. 19 - -Fruit opening loculicidally at the apex, usually broad. 22 - -19. Fruit narrow, opening by pores or slits. 20 - -Fruit broad, opening by valves. 21 - -20. Fruit opening by long slits. Ovary 2-celled. Corolla funnel-shaped -or narrowly bell-shaped.--Species 20. South Africa. =Prismatocarpus= -L’Hér. - -Fruit opening by short slits or pores. Ovary 3-celled. Corolla -wheel-shaped or broadly bell-shaped.--Species 4. North Africa. -They serve as ornamental plants; the root is edible. “Venus’s -looking-glass.” =Specularia= Heist. - -21. Corolla tubular. Ovary 2-3-celled. Style projecting far beyond the -corolla. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Used as an -ornamental plant; the root is edible. =Trachelium= L. - -Corolla bell-or funnel-shaped. Ovary 3-5-celled. Style not or slightly -projecting beyond the corolla.--Species 25. North Africa and northern -Central Africa. Several species are used as vegetables or as medicinal -or ornamental plants. =Campanula= L. - -22. Stigma-lobes 2-10, narrow. 23 - -Stigma-lobes 2-3, broad, sometimes very small. 24 - -23. Petals free or nearly so, narrow.--Species 50. Southern and -tropical Africa. (Plate 149.) =Lightfootia= L’Hér. - -Petals obviously united below, or broad.--Species 80. Some of them -serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Cervicina_ Del.) =Wahlenbergia= -Schrad. - -24. Petals free or nearly so, narrow, blue. Herbs.--Species 6. Central -and South-west Africa. =Cephalostigma= A. DC. - -Petals obviously united below. 25 - -25. Corolla bell-shaped, deeply cleft, yellow. Style equalling the -corolla. Fruit opening at the top and laterally. Seeds numerous. Stem -woody. Species 1. Mascarene Islands. (Under _Wahlenbergia_ Schrad.) -=Heterochaenia= A. DC. - -Corolla narrowly funnel-shaped, shortly lobed. Style much exceeding -the corolla. Fruit opening at the top only. Seeds about ten. Stem -herbaceous.--Species 1. Morocco. (Under _Trachelium_ L.) =Feeria= Buser - - -FAMILY 225. GOODENIACEAE - -Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. Leaves alternate, undivided, without -stipules. Flowers in axillary cymes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx -truncate or 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed, slit open behind, with folded -aestivation. Stamens 5, alternating with the corolla-lobes, free from -the corolla. Anthers free, turned inwards. Ovary inferior, 2-celled. -Ovules solitary in each cell, erect. Style simple. Stigma capitate, -surrounded by a fringed cup. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with fleshy albumen; -embryo straight. - -Genus 1, species 2. Tropical and South Africa. They yield wood for -carpenters’ work, pith used in the manufacture of paper, vegetables, -and medicaments. =Scaevola= L. - - -FAMILY 226. COMPOSITAE - -Leaves simple and exstipulate, but sometimes dissected or provided -with stipule-like auricles. Flowers seated upon a dilated or elevated -receptacle and arranged in sometimes spike-like or one-flowered -heads which are surrounded by an involucre. Heads either containing -only hermaphrodite flowers, several of which are sometimes sterile -(male), or consisting of hermaphrodite or male central (disc-) flowers -and female or neuter marginal (ray-) flowers, more rarely heads -unisexual or reduced to a single flower. Calyx-limb (pappus) formed -of sometimes connate scales or hairs, fully developed only in fruit, -or wanting. Corolla of united petals, in the hermaphrodite and male -flowers 3-5-lobed with valvate aestivation, regular (tube-, funnel-, -or bell-shaped) or 2-lipped or 1-lipped (strap-shaped), in the female -flowers sometimes wanting. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and -alternate with them, inserted in the corolla-tube. Anthers connate, -rarely free, opening inwards by - -[Illustration: CAMPANULACEAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 149._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Lightfootia subulata L’Hér. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruit. _D_ Seed.] - -[Illustration: COMPOSITAE. - -_FLOW. PL. AFR._ - -_Pl. 150._ - -J. Fleischmann del. - -Vernonia Baumii O. Hoffm. - -_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise and -pappus-bristle. _D_ Anther from front and back.] two longitudinal -slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect, inverted. Style of -the fertile hermaphrodite flowers cleft into two branches, which bear -stigmatic papillae on the inner face or the margins, and hairs on -the outer face, on both sides, or at the top; style of the sterile -flowers usually entire. Fruit indehiscent, mostly dry. Seed solitary, -with a thin coat usually adnate to the pericarp, exalbuminous. -Embryo straight; radicle short, inferior.--Genera 327, species 4200. -(Including _AMBROSIACEAE_.) (Plate 150.) - -1. Corolla of all flowers strap-shaped (ligulate). Juice milky. [Tribe -CICHORIEAE.] 2 - -Corolla of the hermaphrodite and male flowers not strap-shaped. Juice -not milky. 31 - -2. Scales on the receptacle enclosing the fruits. Thistle-like -herbs.--Species 3. North Africa and northern East Africa. Used as -vegetables and in medicine. [Subtribe SCOLYMINAE.] =Scolymus= L. - -Scales on the receptacle not enclosing the fruits or wanting. Not -thistle-like plants. 3 - -3. Pappus of all or of the inner fruits consisting of feathery bristles -which are sometimes broadened at the base or surrounded by simple -bristles or by a small crown. [Subtribe LEONTODONTINAE.] 4 - -Pappus consisting of simple, smooth or rough, in some cases shortly -ciliate bristles, or of such bristles and scales, or only of scales -sometimes ending in a not feathery, in some cases shortly ciliate awn, -or of scales united into a small crown, or wanting altogether. 10 - -4. Pappus-bristles, at least on the inner fruits, with interwoven -pinnae. Receptacle without scales. 5 - -Pappus-bristles with not interwoven pinnae, in 1 or 2 rows. Flowers -yellow. 7 - -5. Pappus-bristles and involucral bracts in one row. Flower-heads -terminal, solitary, large or rather large. Leaves linear.--Species 3. -North Africa; one of the species also naturalized in St. Helena. Used -as vegetables or in medicine. “Salsify.” (Including _Geropogon_ L.) -=Tragopogon= L. - -Pappus-bristles and involucral bracts in several rows. 6 - -6. Fruits obliquely truncate at the top; hence pappus lateral. -Flower-heads terminal, solitary; flowers yellow. Leaves -radical.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria) =Tourneuxia= Coss. - -Fruits straight at the top.--Species 7. North and Central Africa; one -species only cultivated. They yield edible roots, food for silkworms, -and medicaments. (Including _Podospermum_ DC.) =Scorzonera= L. - -7. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Involucral bracts -in several rows.--Species 6. North Africa; two of the species also -naturalized in South Africa, St. Helena, and the Mascarenes. Used in -medicine. (Including _Seriola_ L.) =Hypochoeris= L. - -Receptacle without scales. 8 - -8. Involucral bracts in one row. Fruits with a hollow beak. -Pappus-bristles in two rows. Flower-heads solitary.--Species 2. -North Africa and Cape Verde Islands; naturalized in South Africa. -=Urospermum= Scop. - -Involucral bracts in several rows. 9 - -9. Leaves all radical. Stem simple or scantily branched. Pappus -persistent.--Species 20. North Africa. (Including _Asterothrix_ Coss., -_Fidelia_ Schultz, _Kalbfussia_ Schultz, _Microderis_ DC., _Millina_ -Cass., and _Thrincia_ Roth). =Leontodon= L. - -Leaves cauline or cauline and radical. Stem branched, hairy.--Species -20. North and Central Africa. Several species are used as vegetables. -(Including _Deckera_ Schultz, _Helminthia_ Juss., _Spitzelia_ Schultz, -_Viraea_ Vahl, and _Vigineixia_ Pomel). =Picris= L. - -10. (3.) Pappus, at least on the inner fruits, consisting of bristles. -[Subtribe CREPIDINAE.] 11 - -Pappus consisting of scales and bristles, or of scales sometimes -prolonged into an awn or united in a small crown, or wanting. [Subtribe -CICHORINAE.] 24 - -11. Receptacle beset with bristles. Fruits not beaked. 12 - -Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate. 13 - -12. Receptacle bristly throughout. Fruits linear.--Species 1. -North-east Africa (Egypt). (_Lagoseris_ M. Bieb.) =Pterotheca= Cass. - -Receptacle pitted; only the edges of the pits beset with bristles. -Fruits oblong.--Species 10. North Africa. =Andryala= L. - -13. Fruits ending in a beak. 14 - -Fruits without a beak, but sometimes narrowed at the apex. 18 - -14. Fruits tubercled at the base of the beak. 15 - -Fruits not tubercled at the base of the beak. 17 - -15. Outer fruits not beaked, with a rudimentary pappus or without a -pappus. Flower-heads subequal, in corymbs.--Species 1. North-east -Africa (Egypt). =Heteroderis= Boiss. - -Outer fruits similar to the inner. 16 - -16. Heads rather small, 7-15-flowered. Leaves radical and -cauline.--Species 1. North Africa. Used as a salad and in medicine. -=Chondrilla= L. - -Heads rather large, many-flowered. Leaves all radical.--Species 8. Some -of them are used as salad or in medicine. “Dandelion.” =Taraxacum= Hall. - -17. Fruits compressed.--Species 40, one of them (_L. sativa_ L.) only -cultivated. They are used as salad and fodder and in medicine; some are -poisonous. “Lettuce.” (Including _Cicerbita_ Wallr.) =Lactuca= L. - -Fruits, at least the inner, terete or angular, many-ribbed.--Species -35. (Including _Anisorhamphus_ DC. and _Barkhousia_ Moench). =Crepis= L. - -18. Fruits much narrowed at the top. 19 - -Fruits, at least the inner, not or slightly narrowed and truncate at -the top. 20 - -19. Stem reduced to a rootstock sometimes prolonged into a short scape. -Flowers yellow.--Species 2. East Africa. =Dianthoseris= Schultz - -Stem well developed, not scape-like. (See 17.) =Crepis= L. - -20. Fruits of two kinds, the inner differing from the outer. Involucral -bracts in many rows, with scarious margins. 21 - -Fruits all alike. 22 - -21. Outer fruits transversely wrinkled or hairy, inner smooth and -glabrous.--Species 20. Some of them are used medicinally. (Including -_Heterachaena_ Fres., _Microrhynchus_ Less., _Rhabdotheca_ Cass., and -_Zollikoferia_ DC.) =Launaea= Cass. - -Outer and inner fruits 3-5-furrowed, with crenate ribs, the inner less -deeply furrowed. Pappus-bristles falling away together.--Species 5. -North and East Africa. Some are used as vegetables. (_Picridium_ Desf.) -=Reichardia= Roth - -22. Fruits obscurely ribbed, not or slightly compressed, angular. -Flowers red, violet, or white. Heads in racemes or panicles.--Species -2. Canary Islands and Socotra. =Prenanthes= L. - -Fruits distinctly ribbed. Flowers usually yellow. 23 - -23. Fruits compressed.--Species 40. Some of them are used as vegetables -or in medicine. “Sowthistle.” =Sonchus= L. - -Fruits terete or angular.--Species 7. North and South Africa and -Madagascar. Some are used in medicine. “Hawkweed.” =Hieracium= L. - -24. (10.) Pappus present. 25 - -Pappus absent. Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate. Flowers yellow. -29 - -25. Receptacle entirely beset with long bristles. Pappus consisting -of toothed or awned scales. Involucral bracts with a scarious -appendage.--Species 5. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental -plants. =Catananche= L. - -Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate, sometimes with some long -bristles in the centre. 26 - -26. Involucral bracts hardened at the time of maturity. Flower-heads -terminal, solitary; flowers yellow. 27 - -Involucral bracts not hardened at maturity. 28 - -27. Fruits compressed, some of them winged.--Species 3. North Africa. -=Hyoseris= L. - -Fruits terete, not winged.--Species 2. North Africa. (Under _Leontodon_ -L.) =Hedypnois= Schreb. - -28. Flowers yellow. Involucral bracts subequal in length. Fruits -6-8-ribbed. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of scales and -bristles.--Species 12. North and Central Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants. =Tolpis= Bivona - -Flowers blue, red, or white. Involucral bracts unequal in length. -Fruits 5-angled. Pappus consisting of short scales.--Species 6. North -and Central Africa; one of the species also naturalized elsewhere, two -of them only cultivated. The latter yield vegetables, salad, fodder -for cattle, medicaments, and a substitute for coffee. “Chicory.” -=Cichorium= L. - -29. Involucral bracts hardened later on and enclosing the outer fruits. -Fruits linear, the outer spreading.--Species 2. North Africa. Used as -salad. =Rhagadiolus= Juss. - -Involucral bracts neither hardened nor enclosing the fruits. 30 - -30. Fruits linear, incurved at the top, spreading, the ribs beset with -short prickles.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Koelpinia= -Pall. - -Fruits oblong-ovate, rounded at the top, compressed, many-streaked, -glabrous.--Species 1. North Africa, also naturalized in the Mascarene -Islands. Yields salad and is used in medicine. (_Lampsana_ Juss.) -=Lapsana= L. - -31. (1.) Styles of the hermaphrodite flowers, at or somewhat below -the point of division, thickened or provided with a ring of rather -long hairs. Involucral bracts in several rows. [Tribes CYNAREAE and -ARCTOTIDEAE.] 32 - -Styles of the hermaphrodite flowers neither thickened nor provided with -a ring of long hairs at or below the point of division. 67 - -32. Outer (ray-) flowers strap-shaped. Anthers not tailed. 33 - -Outer flowers not strap-shaped. Anthers usually more or less distinctly -tailed. 41 - -33. Involucral bracts free, the inner scarious at the apex. -Flower-heads solitary. 34 - -Involucral bracts united below. [Subtribe GORTERINAE.] 35 - -34. Pappus formed of feathery bristles. Outer involucral bracts -leaf-like and usually prickly. Leaves prickly.--Species 12. North -Africa. One of the species yields gum and is used in medicine. -=Atractylis= L. - -Pappus formed of scales sometimes united into a small crown, or -wanting.--Species 85. South and Central Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants. (Including _Arctotheca_ Wendl., _Cryptostemma_ -R. Br., _Damatris_ Cass., _Haplocarpha_ Less., _Landtia_ Less., -_Microstephium_ Less., and _Venidium_ Less.) =Arctotis= L. - -35. Involucral bracts united at the base only. Receptacle with deep -pits enclosing the fruits. 36 - -Involucral bracts united to the middle or beyond. Receptacle with more -or less shallow pits not enclosing the fruits. 38 - -36. Involucral bracts in two rows, the outer leaf-like and longer than -the inner. Pappus of feathery-fringed scales. Flower-heads solitary. -Leaves entire or prickly-toothed, often ciliate.--Species 5. South -Africa. =Didelta= L’Hér. - -Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, prickly. Leaves prickly. 37 - -37. Pappus formed of scales.--Species 80. South and Central Africa. -Some are used medicinally, others are noxious weeds. (_Crocodiloides_ -Adans., including _Stephanocoma_ Less. and _Stobaea_ Thunb.) -=Berkheya= Ehrh. - -Pappus wanting. Flower-heads solitary. Leaves undivided.--Species 15. -South Africa. =Cullumia= R. Br. - -38. Involucral bracts united at the base or up to halfway. Fruits -clothed with long hairs. 39 - -Involucral bracts united high up. Receptacle with shallow pits. Herbs. -40 - -39. Receptacle with deep pits. Pappus of two unequally long rows of -scales. Herbs.--Species 7. South and Central Africa. =Berkheyopsis= O. -Hoffm. - -Receptacle with shallow pits. Pappus a small crown of bristles or -wanting. Shrubs.--Species 3. South Africa. =Hirpicium= Cass. - -40. Involucral bracts hardened and prickly at the time of maturity. -Pappus formed of one-ranked scales or wanting. Fruits nearly -glabrous.--Species 4. South Africa. =Gorteria= L. - -Involucral bracts unchanged at maturity. Pappus formed of usually -two-ranked scales. Fruits clothed with long hairs.--Species 35. South -Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. -(_Meridiana_ Hill). =Gazania= Gaertn. - -41. (32.) Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Flower-heads -collected in clusters. Flowers red or violet. Corolla-tube short. -Leaves pinnately divided. [Subtribe GUNDELINAE.] 42 - -Receptacle rarely with scales between the flowers, and then -flower-heads not in clusters. 43 - -42. Involucral bracts united below. Pappus crown-shaped. Leaves -cauline, prickly.--Species 1. North Africa. =Gundelia= L. - -Involucral bracts free. Pappus of unequal scales. Leaves -radical.--Species 3. South and Central Africa. =Platycarpha= Less. - -43. Heads 1-flowered, collected in globose secondary heads. Partial -involucres of many bracts and bristles. Flowers blue or white. Anthers -tailed. Pappus present. Leaves toothed or divided.--Species 20. Central -and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Globe-thistle.” -(_Sphaerocephalus_ L.) =Echinops= L. - -Heads several-flowered, rarely 1-flowered but not arranged in heads. 44 - -44. Fruits with a lateral or at least distinctly oblique point of -attachment. [Subtribe CENTAUREINAE.] 45 - -Fruits with a basal, straight or nearly straight point of attachment. 51 - -45. Heads surrounded outside the calyx-like involucre by an involucre -of leaves. Leaves prickly. 46 - -Heads without an outer involucre of leaves, rarely (_Centaurea_) -surrounded by some unarmed leaves. 48 - -46. Pappus double, of two unequally long rows of bristles. Fruits -ribbed. Heads containing hermaphrodite and male flowers. Flowers -yellow.--Species 1. North Africa, also naturalized in South Africa. -Used medicinally. (_Carbenia_ Adans.) =Cnicus= Gaertn. - -Pappus simple or wanting. 47 - -47. Pappus of feathery bristles. Flowers blue, all -hermaphrodite.--Species 13. North Africa and northern East Africa. -=Carduncellus= Juss. - -Pappus of not feathery bristles or scales, or wanting.--Species -15. North Africa and northern East Africa; two of the species also -naturalized in South Africa. Some species (chiefly the safflower, -_C. tinctorius_ L.) yield dyes, oil, and medicaments. (Including -_Kentrophyllum_ Neck.) =Carthamus= L. - -48. Fruits with a threefold border towards the top. Pappus of scales -and bristles. Heads containing hermaphrodite and neuter flowers. -Flowers white or yellow. Involucral bracts appendaged. Leaves -undivided.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). =Zoegea= L. - -Fruits with a simple border at the top. 49 - -49. Fruits with a crenate ring within the pappus, hairy; pappus of -scales and bristles. Heads containing hermaphrodite and neuter flowers. -Flowers red. Involucral bracts unappendaged. Leaves pinnately divided -into narrow segments.--Species 1. North Africa. =Crupina= Cass. - -Fruits without a crenate ring within the pappus, or without any pappus. -50 - -50. Involucral bracts with a scarious or prickly appendage, rarely -without an appendage, and then pappus consisting of unequally long -scales or double.--Species 90. North and Central Africa; two of the -species naturalized in South Africa. Several species yield edible roots -or medicaments or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Aegialophila_ -Boiss. & Heldr., _Amberboa_ DC., _Leuzea_ DC., _Melanoloma_ Cass., -_Microlonchus_ Cass., _Phaeopappus_ Boiss., _Rhaponticum_ Lam., and -_Volutarella_ Cass.) =Centaurea= L. - -Involucral bracts without a scarious or prickly appendage, -but sometimes with a small point. Pappus of unequally long -bristles.--Species 4. North Africa. They yield dyes and medicaments. -“Sawwort.” =Serratula= L. - -51. (44.) Fruits, at least the central ones, clothed with silky hairs, -not margined at the apex. [Subtribe CARLININAE.] 52 - -Fruits glabrous, usually margined at the apex. [Subtribe CARDUINAE.] 56 - -52. Pappus formed of feathery scales or bristles. Outer bracts of the -involucre leaf-like, usually prickly, inner scarious at the apex. -Leaves prickly. 53 - -Pappus formed of not feathery scales. 54 - -53. Inner involucral bracts spreading horizontally, petal-like. -Flower-heads large.--Species 7. North Africa. Some are used -medicinally. =Carlina= L. - -Inner involucral bracts not spreading horizontally. Herbs. (See 34.) -=Atractylis= L. - -54. Heads solitary, containing fertile hermaphrodite disc-flowers with -a regular corolla and sterile female ray-flowers with a two-lipped -corolla. Inner involucral bracts long, usually petal-like. Leaves -entire, not prickly.--Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental -plants. =Xeranthemum= L. - -Heads containing only fertile hermaphrodite flowers. Involucral bracts -prickly. Leaves toothed or divided, prickly. 55 - -55. Receptacle deeply pitted. Anthers not tailed. (See 37.) =Berkheya= -Ehrh. - -Receptacle not pitted. Anthers tailed. Heads arranged in -cymes.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. (_Broteroa_ Willd.) -=Cardopatium= Juss. - -56. (51.) Filaments united. Flowers red. Leaves white-stained, prickly. -57 - -Filaments free. 58 - -57. Heads panicled; the central flowers hermaphrodite, the outer -neuter. Pappus-bristles feathery.--Species 3. North Africa. (_Lupsia_ -Neck.) =Galactites= Neck. - -Heads solitary; all flowers hermaphrodite. Pappus-bristles not -feathery.--Species 2. North Africa; one of the species also naturalized -in South Africa. Used as vegetables and in medicine. =Silybum= Gaertn. - -58. Filaments warty or hairy. Leaves usually prickly. 59 - -Filaments glabrous. 62 - -59. Receptacle deeply pitted, without bristles.--Species 9. North -Africa. =Onopordon= L. - -Receptacle slightly or not pitted, bristly. 60 - -60. Receptacle fleshy. Flower-heads large, solitary. Leaves -divided.--Species 6. North Africa; one species (_C. Scolymus_ L., -artichoke) only cultivated. They are used as vegetables and in -medicine. (Including _Cynaropsis_ O. Ktze.) =Cynara= L. - -Receptacle not fleshy. 61 - -61. Pappus-bristles feathery.--Species 17. North and Central Africa. -Some are used as vegetables and in medicine. (_Cnicus_ L., including -_Chamaepeuce_ DC., _Notobasis_ Cass., and _Picnomon_ DC.) =Cirsium= -Scop. - -Pappus-bristles not feathery.--Species 20. North and East Africa. -=Carduus= L. - -62. Receptacle deeply pitted, ciliate only at the edges of the pits. -Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Flowers yellow. -Anthers not tailed. 63 - -Receptacle not or slightly pitted, bristly. Pappus of bristles. 64 - -63. Involucral bracts in two rows, the outer the longer. (See 36.) -=Didelta= L’Hér. - -Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, prickly. Leaves prickly. (See 37.) -=Berkheya= Ehrh. - -64. Involucral bracts ending in hooked awns. Heads in racemes. Leaves -undivided, unarmed. Herbs.--Species 1. North Africa. Yields oil and -medicaments. “Burdock.” (_Lappa_ Juss.) _Arctium_ L. - -Involucral bracts without hooked awns. 65 - -65. Pappus-bristles in one row, not feathery, united below. -Flowers red. Heads narrow, in corymbs. Leaves undivided, unarmed. -Undershrubs.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Used medicinally. -=Staehelina= L. - -Pappus-bristles in several rows, rough or feathery. 66 - -66. Pappus-bristles rough. Leaves unarmed. Flowers red.--Species 1. -North Africa. =Jurinea= Cass. - -Pappus-bristles feathery. Leaves prickly. (See 61.) =Cirsium= Scop. - -67. (31.) Anthers tailed, i.e., produced at the base into two -acuminate, awned, or ciliate appendages. 68 - -Anthers not tailed: entire, auricled, or sagittate, rarely shortly -mucronate at the base. 200 - -68. Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers irregular, more or less -2-lipped. 69 - -Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers, at least of the inner ones, -regular. 71 - -69. Style-branches hairy at the top only. Pappus of scales and -bristles. Heads containing only hermaphrodite flowers. Herbs.--Species -3. Central and South Africa. =Pegolettia= Cass. - -Style-branches hairy far down or throughout their whole length. -Pappus of bristles. Flower-heads solitary. [Tribe MUTISIEAE, subtribe -MUTISINAE.] 70 - -70. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. Trees.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Cloiselia= S. Moore - -Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite and the outer female. -Herbs.--Species 30. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants. (Including _Perdicium_ L.) =Gerbera= Gronov. - -71. Corolla-limb of the hermaphrodite flowers deeply divided. [Tribe -MUTISIEAE, subtribe GOCHNATINAE.] 72 - -Corolla-limb of the hermaphrodite flowers toothed or cleft, more rarely -flowers unisexual. [Tribes INULEAE and CALENDULEAE.] 78 - -72. Style hairy in the upper part, unappendaged. Fruits clothed -with long silky hairs. Pappus of several rows of bristles. Heads -solitary, large; all flowers hermaphrodite. Shrubs. Leaves pinnately -cleft.--Species 1. North Africa. =Warionia= Benth. & Coss. - -Style appendaged above the hairy part or without hairs. 73 - -73. Pappus none. Fruits with 5 ribs thickened above, hairy. Receptacle -with scales between the flowers. Heads with hermaphrodite and male -flowers. Anthers with an appendage at the apex. Herbs.--Species 2. East -Africa. =Achyrothalamus= O. Hoffm. - -Pappus consisting of bristles or scales. 74 - -74. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Flowers all -hermaphrodite, but the corollas sometimes of two kinds. Fruits -glabrous. Pappus of 4-5 deciduous scales. Herbs. Flower-heads -solitary.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Erythrocephalum= Benth. - -Receptacle without scales. 75 - -75. Receptacle pitted, with toothed edges to the pits. Corolla of the -marginal flowers strap-shaped. Fruits hairy. Pappus of several rows -of scales. Herbs. Flower-heads solitary.--Species 2. Central Africa. -(_Phyllactinia_ Benth.) =Pasaccardoa= O. Ktze. - -Receptacle without pits toothed at the edges. 76 - -76. Involucral bracts blunt. Flowers all hermaphrodite. Pappus of -several rows of bristles.--Species 13. Central Africa. =Pleiotaxis= -Steetz - -Involucral bracts pointed. 77 - -77. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, but the marginal flowers -with a 2-lipped corolla. Fruits hairy. Pappus of feathery bristles. -Shrubs with thick branches. Leaves leathery. Heads very large, -red-flowered.--Species 3. South Africa. =Oldenburgia= Less. - -Heads either with all the flowers hermaphrodite and equal-shaped, or -with neuter marginal flowers. Leaves herbaceous.--Species 35. Tropical -and South Africa. Some species are used medicinally. (Including -_Brachyachaenium_ Bak. and _Hochstetteria_ DC.) =Dicoma= Cass. - -78. (71.) Receptacle bearing chaffy scales between the flowers, at -least towards the margin. 79 - -Receptacle without scales between the flowers, glabrous or hairy. 114 - -79. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. 80 - -Heads with the central flowers hermaphrodite or male, the marginal -female or neuter. 85 - -80. Pappus of 3-4 minute teeth or ring-shaped or wanting. 81 - -Pappus of bristles or lacerated scales. 82 - -81. Fruits slightly flattened. Involucral bracts scarious. Flower-heads -collected in compound heads.--Species 3. East Africa. =Polycline= Oliv. - -Fruits 4-angled. Involucral bracts united below, hardening after the -time of flowering. Flower-heads solitary, terminal.--Species 3. North -Africa. =Anvillea= DC. - -82. Pappus of 5 lacerated scales. Heads in corymbs. Leaves mostly -3-lobed.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Damaraland). =Eenia= Hiern & -Moore - -Pappus of bristles. 83 - -83. Pappus-bristles in two rows, not feathery. Fruits hairy. Involucral -bracts pungent. Heath-like shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. -=Lachnospermum= Willd. - -Pappus-bristles in one row. Involucral bracts scarious. Not heath-like -plants. 84 - -84. Pappus-bristles feathery from the base.--Species 15. South Africa. -Some are used as ornamental plants. =Helipterum= DC. - -Pappus-bristles feathery only at the tip or not feathery.--Species -300. Some of them are used as medicinal or ornamental plants -(“everlastings”). (_Elichrysum_ Gaertn., including _Aphelexis_ Don). -=Helichrysum= Gaertn. - -85. (79.) Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped. 86 - -Corolla of the marginal flowers thread-shaped. 102 - -86. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers blunt or rounded, -with the marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the tip. -Disc-flowers hermaphrodite, fertile, yellow; ray-flowers yellow or -white. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe BUPHTHALMINAE.] 87 Style-branches of -the hermaphrodite flowers usually truncate; marginal rows of stigmatic -papillae not confluent at the tip. 97 - -87. Pappus absent. 88 - -Pappus present, at least upon the inner fruits. 89 - -88. Involucral bracts united at the base. Scales on the receptacle -broad. (See 81.) =Anvillea= DC. - -Involucral bracts free. Scales of the receptacle very narrow.--Species -2. Central Africa. =Astephania= Oliv. - -89. Pappus cup-shaped, minutely toothed.--Species 12. =Sphacophyllum= -Boj. - -Pappus of scales or bristles. 90 - -90. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a -pappus. Receptacle bearing scales at the margin only.--Species 3. North -Africa. =Rhanterium= Desf. - -Inner and outer fruits with a pappus of scales or of scales and -bristles. 91 - -91. Pappus of the central fruits consisting of outer scales and -inner bristles. Receptacle bearing scales at the margin only. -Fruits 10-ribbed. Shrubs.--Species 1. South-west Africa (Kalahari). -=Philyrophyllum= O. Hoffm. - -Pappus of all fruits consisting of scales, rarely (_Anisopappus_) of -scales intermingled with some bristles. 92 - -92. Involucral bracts with a large scarious appendage. Heads -solitary.--Species 1. German South-west Africa. =Ondetia= Benth. - -Involucral bracts without a scarious appendage. 93 - -93. Involucral bracts leathery. Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers -deeply 5-cleft. Heads in cymes.--Species 20. South and Central Africa. -=Geigeria= Griesselich - -Involucral bracts herbaceous or membranous. Corolla of the -hermaphrodite flowers 5-toothed. 94 - -94. Corolla-tube of the hermaphrodite flowers thickened, broader than -the limb, corky. Marginal fruits winged. Flower-heads solitary, with -an outer involucre of mucronate leaves.--Species 1. North Africa. -=Pallenis= Cass. - -Corolla-tube of the hermaphrodite flowers not thickened, narrower than -the limb. 95 - -95. Outer and inner fruits alike, many-ribbed. Pappus-scales -unequal. Heads in leafy corymbs. Herbs.--Species 6. Central Africa. -=Anisopappus= Hook. & Arn. - -Outer and inner fruits dissimilar. Heads solitary, terminal. 96 - -96. Inner fruits conspicuously compressed. Pappus of a few very unequal -scales. Herbs.--Species 5. South Africa. =Callilepis= DC. - -Inner fruits scarcely compressed. Pappus of many subequal -scales.--Species 13. North and Central Africa. _O. pygmaeum_ O. -Hoffm. is one of the hygroscopic plants called “rose of Jericho.” -(_Asteriscus_ Moench) =Odontospermum= Neck. - -97. (86.) Pappus wanting. Shrubs. 98 - -Pappus present. 99 - -98. Scales between the flowers bristle-like. Leaves small, pungent, -nearly glabrous.--Species 1. South Africa. =Arrowsmithia= DC. - -Scales between the flowers not bristle-like. Leaves -glandular-hairy.--Species 2. South Africa. Used medicinally. -=Osmitopsis= Cass. - -99. Pappus of the inner fruits formed of scales sometimes united into a -small crown. 100 - -Pappus of the inner fruits formed of bristles or of scales and -bristles. 101 - -100. Involucral bracts in few rows. Style-branches truncate. -Undershrubs.--Species 8. South Africa. Some are used medicinally. -=Osmites= L. - -Involucral bracts in many rows.--Species 20. South Africa. =Relhania= -L’Hér. - -101. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of many scales and two awns. -Shrubs.--Species 2. South Africa. =Rosenia= Thunb. - -Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of feathery bristles sometimes -intermingled with scales. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 7. South, -North, and East Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Leyssera= L. - -102. (85.) Heads collected in glomerules, heads, or spikes. Female -marginal flowers usually numerous. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe -FILAGININAE.] 103 - -Heads solitary or in cymes, corymbs, or panicles. Female marginal -flowers few. Involucral bracts scarious or ending in a coloured -appendage. Pappus of the central fruits formed of bristles. 110 - -103. Marginal or all fruits without a pappus. Herbs. 104 - -Marginal fruits, at least the inner ones, or all fruits provided with a -pappus. 106 - -104. Scales on the receptacle tightly enclosing the marginal fruits. -Corolla of the female flowers inserted laterally upon the ovary. -Herbs.--Species 2. North Africa. =Micropus= L. - -Scales on the receptacle not enclosing the fruits. 105 - -105. Central fruits without a pappus. Heads in compound heads. -Herbs.--Species 7. North Africa. (Including _Evacidium_ Pomel) =Evax= -Gaertn. - -Central fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles. Heads in glomerules -or in spikes. Leaves linear.--Species 10. South and North Africa. -(Including _Trichogyne_ Less.) =Ifloga= Cass. - -106. Pappus of the central fruits consisting of scales, that of the -marginal ones of scales and bristles. Heads in glomerules. Glabrous -herbs.--Species 1. North Africa. =Gymnarrhena= Desf. - -Pappus of all fruits consisting of bristles. 107 - -107. Stem herbaceous, woolly or cottony. 108 - -Stem woody, at least at the base. 109 - -108. Stem winged. Pappus of all fruits formed of one or two rows of -bristles.--Species 1. Madagascar and Mauritius. (_Monenteles_ Labill.) -=Pterocaulon= Ell. - -Stem not winged.--Species 13. North Africa, Abyssinia, and Cape Verde -Islands. (Including _Logfia_ Boiss. and _Xerotium_ Bluff & Fing.) -=Filago= L. - -109. Leaves hairy. Heads in glomerules. Female flowers in several rows. -Shrubs.--Species 1. Island of Mauritius. =Cylindrocline= Cass. - -Leaves glabrous. Heads in compound heads or in spikes. Female flowers -few.--Species 7. Central Africa. =Blepharispermum= Wight - -110. (102.) Heads containing 3-6 female and 1-2 fertile hermaphrodite -flowers and collected in dense cymes arranged in panicles. -Undershrubs.--Species 9. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Achyrocline= -Less. - -Heads containing fewer female than hermaphrodite flowers. 111 - -111. Hermaphrodite flowers sterile, the inner not subtended by scales. -Shrubs. 112 - -Hermaphrodite flowers fertile. 113 - -112. Female flowers in the axils of the outer involucral bracts -and separated from the hermaphrodite flowers by two rows of inner -involucral bracts.--Species 1. South Africa. =Petalactella= N. E. Brown - -Female flowers in the axils of the inner involucral bracts. -Pappus-bristles thickened or penicillate at the apex.--Species 1. South -Africa. =Petalacte= Don - -113. Scales between the flowers long, deciduous. Shrubs.--Species 3. -Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including _Rhynea_ DC.) =Cassinia= R. -Br. - -Scales between the flowers short, persistent. (See 84.) =Helichrysum= -Gaertn. - -114. (78.) Flowers dioecious. Trees or shrubs. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe -TARCHONANTHINAE.] 115 - -Flowers hermaphrodite, polygamous, or monoecious, rarely (_Anaphalis_) -subdioecious, but then herbs. 117 - -115. Involucral bracts of the male heads in one row, united below, of -the female in two rows. Pappus none.--Species 3. South and Central -Africa. They yield timber and medicaments. =Tarchonanthus= L. - -Involucral bracts in several rows. Pappus of bristles. 116 - -116. Pappus-bristles in one row. Heads in fascicles.--Species 3. -Madagascar. =Synchodendron= Boj. - -Pappus-bristles in two rows. Heads in racemes or panicles.--Species 10. -Southern and Tropical Africa. Some species yield timber. =Brachylaena= -R. Br. - -117. Inner flowers hermaphrodite but sterile (male). 118 - -Inner flowers hermaphrodite and fertile. 134 - -118. Corolla of the outer flowers strap-shaped. 119 - -Corolla of the outer flowers thread-shaped. 125 - -119. Pappus consisting of bristles. Shrubs.--Species 3. South Africa. -=Macowania= Oliv. - -Pappus wanting. 120 - -120. Receptacle beset with many long bristles. Outer fruits compressed. -Shrubs. Leaves pungent. (See 98.) =Arrowsmithia= DC. - -Receptacle glabrous, rarely bearing some bristles; in this case fruits -turgid. [Tribe CALENDULEAE.] 121 - -121. Marginal fruits of several kinds. Heads solitary, yellow-flowered. -Herbs or undershrubs. 122 - -Marginal fruits all alike. 123 - -122. Fruits curved. Heads medium-sized.--Species 15. North and South -Africa and Cape Verde Islands, some also naturalized in St. Helena, and -one species naturalized in the extratropical regions. Some are used as -ornamental plants (marigold) or yield medicaments and a substitute for -saffron. =Calendula= L. - -Fruits straight. Heads small.--Species 3. South Africa. (Including -_Xenisma_ DC.) =Oligocarpus= Less. - -123. Fruits with 3 wings and a cupular apical appendage. Involucral -bracts in one row.--Species 35. South and Central Africa. =Tripteris= -Less. - -Fruits without distinct wings or other appendages. 124 - -124. Involucral bracts in one row or nearly so. Fruits 3-angled, -usually tubercled. Heads solitary. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species -20. South Africa to Angola. Some are used as ornamental plants. -=Dimorphotheca= Moench - -Involucral bracts in 2 or more rows. Marginal flowers yellow. Fruits -thick and hard, smooth or indistinctly ribbed.--Species 60. South and -Central Africa. (Including _Gibbaria_ Cass.) =Osteospermum= L. - -125. (118.) Heads of two kinds; one kind with nearly all the flowers -male, the other with nearly all female. Pappus of free bristles. Woolly -or cottony herbs. Heads in corymbs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Anaphalis= -DC. - -Heads all alike. 126 - -126. Female flowers in one row. Involucral bracts scarious, all or the -inner petal-like. Pappus of bristles. Cottony shrubs or undershrubs. 127 - -Female flowers in several rows. 128 - -127. Heads large, solitary.--Species 1. South Africa. Used as an -ornamental plant. =Phaenocoma= Don - -Heads small, in dense cymes.--Species 7. South Africa. =Anaxeton= Cass. - -128. Pappus consisting of bristles. 129 - -Pappus wanting, at least in the marginal fruits. 131 - -129. Heads in glomerules arranged in corymbs. Shrubs.--Species 3. -Madagascar and Mascarenes. =Monarrhenus= Cass. - -Heads solitary or in panicles or corymbs. 130 - -130. Involucral bracts narrow. Herbs. Species 15. Tropical and South -Africa. Some species yield camphor and medicaments. (_Placus_ Lour.) -=Blumea= DC. - -Involucral bracts broad. Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely herbs.--Species -15. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Including _Tecmarsis_ DC.) -=Pluchea= Cass. - -131. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a -pappus. 132 - -Inner and outer fruits without a pappus. 133 - -132. Heads in glomerules. Involucral bracts scarious. Corolla-limb of -the female flowers shortly toothed. Pappus-bristles 2-6.--Species 6. -Tropical and South Africa. (Including _Demidium_ DC.) =Amphidoxa= DC. - -Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts scarious only at the edges, -subequal. Corolla-limb of the female flowers two-cleft. Pappus-bristles -1-2.--Species 2. South and Central Africa. =Denekia= Thunb. - -133. Heads arranged in cymes.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. -(Including _Litogyne_ Harv.) =Epaltes= Cass. - -Heads collected in compound heads.--Species 25. Tropical and South -Africa and Egypt. Some species are used medicinally. =Sphaeranthus= L. - -134. (117.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose -within, hairy outside from the tips downwards to below the point of -division. 135 - -Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose at the edges, -hairy only in their upper part. 149 - -135. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. 136 - -Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite or male, the outer female. -138 - -136. Pappus wanting; fruits with an indistinctly cupular margin at the -apex. Heads small, 1-4-flowered, arranged in corymbs. Shrubs.--Species -2. Madagascar. =Apodocephala= Bak. - -Pappus present. Heads medium-sized. 137 - -137. Fruits hairy. Pappus of scales. Receptacle bristly. Heads sessile. -Undershrubs.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). (Under -_Geigeria_ Griesselich). =Thysanurus= O. Hoffm. - -Fruits glabrous. Pappus of bristles. Receptacle glabrous. Heads -stalked. Shrubs.--Species 5. Madagascar. =Centauropsis= Boj. - -138. Corolla of the female (marginal) flowers strap-shaped. -Receptacle pitted. Outer involucral bracts mucronate. Fruits -hairy. Pappus of several rows of bristles. Shrubs. Heads solitary, -yellow-flowered.--Species 1. South-west Africa (Namaland). -=Eremothamnus= O. Hoffm. - -Corolla of the female (marginal) flowers thread-shaped. [Tribe INULEAE, -subtribe PLUCHEINAE.] 139 - -139. Pappus wanting. 140 - -Pappus present, at least in the hermaphrodite (central) flowers. 141 - -140. Heads arranged in cymes. (See 133.) =Epaltes= Cass. - -Heads collected in compound heads. (See 133.) =Sphaeranthus= L. - -141. Inner fruits with a pappus of 1-5 bristles, outer without a -pappus. 142 - -Inner and outer fruits provided with a pappus. 143 - -142. Pappus of 1-2 bristles feathery at the tip. Corolla-limb of the -female flowers 2-cleft. Heads in corymbs. (See 132.) =Denekia= Thunb. - -Pappus of 3-5 simple bristles. Corolla-limb of the female flowers -4-5-cleft. Heads solitary.--Species 1. East Africa. =Delamerea= S. -Moore - -143. Pappus of scales united into a small crown. Heads in compound -heads collected in heads of the third order.--Species 1. East Africa. -=Triplocephalum= O. Hoffm. - -Pappus of bristles or of scales and bristles. 144 - -144. Pappus of scales and bristles. Fruits hairy. Heads in leafy -panicles, red-flowered.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Porphyrostemma= -Grant - -Pappus of bristles. 145 - -145. Female flowers in one row. Inner involucral bracts membranous. -Heads in leafy panicles. Undershrubs.--Species 1. Southern West Africa -(Damaraland). (Under _Pluchea_ Cass.) =Pechuel-Loeschea= O. Hoffm. - -Female flowers in several rows. 146 - -146. Fruits compressed. Pappus of 3 bristles. Heads solitary or few -together. Undershrubs.--Species 4. Central Africa. =Nicolasia= S. Moore - -Fruits terete or angular. 147 - -147. Heads in glomerules arranged in corymbs. Shrubs. (See 129.) -=Monarrhenus= Cass. - -Heads solitary or in panicles or corymbs. 148 - -148. Involucral bracts narrow. Herbs. (See 130.) =Blumea= DC. - -Involucral bracts broad. Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely herbs. (See -130.) =Pluchea= Cass. - -149. (134.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers blunt, or -rounded; marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the apex. -Female (marginal) flowers with a strap-shaped corolla, rarely with a -tubular one or wanting. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe INULINAE.] 150 - -Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers usually truncate; marginal -rows of stigmatic papillae not confluent at the apex. 166 - -150. Pappus ring-shaped. Heads solitary. Herbs.--Species 3. West -Africa. =Mollera= O. Hoffm. - -Pappus of scales or bristles or of both. 151 - -151. Pappus of scales. 152 - -Pappus of bristles or of scales and bristles. 153 - -152. Pappus-scales 3-5. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, -arranged in panicles. Climbing shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. -=Anisochaeta= DC. - -Pappus-scales 10. Heads in leafy panicles. Herbs.--Species 4. Central -and South-west Africa. =Calostephane= Benth. - -153. Pappus of sometimes feathery bristles. 154 - -Pappus of scales and bristles. 161 - -154. Ray-flowers white, blue, or red. Pappus-bristles in several rows. -Shrubs.--Species 7. South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Printzia= -Cass. - -Ray-flowers yellow or wanting. 155 - -155. Ray-flowers sterile. Receptacle pitted. Pappus-bristles in several -rows. Undershrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Cypselodontia= DC. - -Ray-flowers fertile. 156 - -156. Pappus of two or more rows of bristles, the outer of which are -shorter. 157 - -Pappus of subequal bristles sometimes intermingled with a few shorter -ones. 159 - -157. Pappus-bristles in 3 or more rows. Heads without -ray-flowers.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. -=Iphiona= Cass. - -Pappus-bristles in 2 rows. 158 - -158. Pappus of 5 inner and 10 outer bristles. Heads without -ray-flowers. Shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Anisothrix= O. Hoffm. - -Pappus of 10 inner and 10 outer bristles. Heads with ray-flowers. -Undershrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Minurothamnus= DC. - -159. Heads few-flowered, without ray-flowers, arranged in panicles or -corymbs. Involucre of few bracts.--Species 2. Egypt. (Under _Iphiona_ -Cass.) =Varthemia= DC. - -Heads many-flowered. Involucre of many bracts. 160 - -160. Involucral bracts leathery, the outer sticky at the tip. Heads -with ray-flowers, solitary. Pappus-bristles in one row. Glandular-hairy -shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Homochaete= Benth. - -Involucral bracts herbaceous or the inner scarious.--Species 30. -Some of them yield vermin-poison or are used in medicine. (Including -_Bojeria_ DC., _Pentatrichia_ Klatt, _Schizogyne_ Cass., and _Vicoa_ -Cass.) =Inula= L. - -161. Pappus-scales united below. 162 - -Pappus-scales free. 163 - -162. Pappus-bristles about 5. Female marginal flowers wanting. Heads in -corymbs. Shrubs.--Species 2. Canary Islands. =Allagopappus= Cass. - -Pappus-bristles 7 or more. Female marginal flowers present. Heads -solitary at the ends of the branches. Herbs.--Species 30. Some of them -yield vermin-poison or are used in medicine. (Including _Francoeuria_ -Cass.) =Pulicaria= Gaertn. - -163. Pappus-scales rather broad, fringed. Fruits 10-ribbed. Heads -without ray-flowers. Herbs. (See 69.) =Pegolettia= Cass. - -Pappus-scales very narrow. 164 - -164. Fruits constricted into a short neck, 10-ribbed. Heads without -ray-flowers. Shrubs. Leaves pinnately divided.--Species 3. North -Africa. (Under _Grantia_ Boiss.) =Perralderia= Coss. - -Fruits not constricted above. Heads with ray-flowers. 165 - -165. Fruits 4-5-ribbed. Pappus-bristles 5-10. Shrubs.--Species 1. -Canary Islands. =Viraea= Webb - -Fruits many-ribbed. Pappus-bristles numerous. Undershrubs.--Species 1. -North-west Africa. =Jasonia= Cass. - -166. (149.) Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped -corolla. 167 - -Female or neuter marginal flowers with a thread-shaped corolla or -wanting. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribes GNAPHALINAE and RELHANINAE.] 176 - -167. Leaves grooved or rolled inwards on the upper side, small. -Heath-like plants. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe RELHANINAE.] 168 - -Leaves flat or rolled back from the margins. Not heath-like plants. 172 - -168. Heads one-flowered, some hermaphrodite, the others female, or -2-flowered with a hermaphrodite and a female or neuter flower. Pappus -of feathery bristles united at the base. Shrubs.--Species 8. South -Africa. =Disparago= Gaertn. - -Heads many-flowered. 169 - -169. Pappus wanting. Shrubs.--Species 2. South Africa. =Anaglypha= DC. - -Pappus present. 170 - -170. Pappus of numerous scales sometimes united below.--Species 13. -South Africa. =Nestlera= Spreng. - -Pappus of bristles. 171 - -171. Pappus-bristles feathery. Shrubs.--Species 5. South Africa. -=Amphiglossa= DC. - -Pappus-bristles simple. Herbs. Flowers red.--Species 1. South Africa. -=Bryomorphe= Harv. - -172. Pappus wanting. Inner fruits compressed. Heads solitary. Herbs or -undershrubs. (See 124.) =Dimorphotheca= Moench - -Pappus present. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe ATHRIXINAE.] 173 - -173. Pappus of the outer fruits consisting of scales, of the inner -of bristles or of scales and bristles. Fruits glabrous. Herbs or -undershrubs. (See 101.) =Leyssera= L. - -Pappus consisting of bristles. 174 - -174. Involucral bracts narrow, acuminate. Herbs or -undershrubs.--Species 15. Southern and tropical Africa. =Athrixia= Ker - -Involucral bracts blunt, scarious at the apex. Pappus-bristles in two -rows. Shrubs. 175 - -175. Fruits hairy. Pappus-bristles thick and stiff. Involucre -hemispherical.--Species 3. South Africa. =Heterolepis= Cass. - -Fruits glabrous, but with a hairy swelling at the base. Pappus-bristles -thin. Involucre narrow-campanulate.--Species 3. Central and South -Africa. =Antithrixia= DC. - -176. (166.) Hermaphrodite flowers fewer than the female. 177 - -Hermaphrodite flowers as many as or more than the female, or all -flowers hermaphrodite. 184 - -177. Fruits without a pappus. Heads small, in dense cymes. Tall -herbs.--Species 1. East Africa. =Chiliocephalum= Benth. - -Fruits, at least the inner, crowned by a pappus. 178 - -178. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a -pappus. Heads small, in glomerules. Low herbs. (See 132.) =Amphidoxa= -DC. - -Inner and outer fruits crowned by a pappus. 179 - -179. Pappus of the inner fruits of bristles and united scales, that of -the outer only of scales united below. Heads solitary. Herbs.--Species -1. East Africa. =Artemisiopsis= S. Moore - -Pappus of all fruits formed of bristles. 180 - -180. Pappus-bristles feathery. Heads in glomerules. Herbs.--Species 2. -South and North Africa. =Lasiopogon= Cass. - -Pappus-bristles not feathery. 181 - -181. Fruits with a long beak. Herbs. Leaves radical or opposite. Heads -solitary.--Species 1. Island of Tristan da Cunha. =Chevreulia= Cass. - -Fruits without a beak. 182 - -182. Heads 4-8-flowered, cylindrical, in dense cymes arranged in -panicles. Undershrubs. (See 110.) =Achyrocline= Less. - -Heads many-flowered, hemispherical ovoid or campanulate. 183 - -183. Anthers very shortly tailed. Shrubs or undershrubs. Heads solitary -or in long-stalked glomerules.--Species 15. North and Central Africa. -=Phagnalon= Cass. - -Anthers distinctly tailed. Herbs.--Species 50. “Cudweed.” =Gnaphalium= -L. - -184. (176.) Heads 1-flowered. 185 - -Heads 2-or more-flowered. 188 - -185. Flowers partly hermaphrodite, partly female. Pappus of feathery -bristles. Heads in glomerules. Shrubs. (See 168.) =Disparago= Gaertn. - -Flowers all hermaphrodite. 186 - -186. Pappus wanting. Heads in glomerules. Shrubs.--Species 2. South -Africa. =Perotriche= Cass. - -Pappus formed of bristles. 187 - -187. Pappus-bristles feathery. Inner involucral bracts scarious. -Heath-like shrubs.--Species 35. Southern and tropical Africa. =Stoebe= -L. - -Pappus-bristles feathery only at the apex or not feathery. Involucral -bracts scarious, coloured. Heads in panicled cymes. Herbs.--Species 12. -Madagascar, Mauritius, and South Africa to Damaraland. Some are used -medicinally. =Stenocline= DC. - -188. Pappus wanting. Heads 2-3-flowered, in leafy corymbs. 189 - -Pappus formed of bristles. 190 - -189. Leaves small. Undershrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Syncephalum= -DC. - -Leaves rather large. Shrubs. Involucre woolly at the base.--Species 1. -Madagascar. =Astephanocarpa= Bak. - -190. Pappus-bristles feathery from the base. 191 - -Pappus-bristles feathery at the tip only or not feathery. 192 - -191. Heads 2-10-flowered. Heath-like shrubs.--Species 3. South Africa. -=Pterothrix= DC. - -Heads many-flowered. Involucral bracts scarious, coloured. Not -heath-like plants. (See 84.) =Helipterum= DC. - -192. Pappus-bristles in 1 row. 193 - -Pappus-bristles in 2 or more rows. 197 - -193. Pappus-bristles with bladdery inflated cells at the tip. Heads -small, in glomerules. Prostrate herbs.--Species 1. South Africa. -=Eriosphaera= Less. - -Pappus-bristles without bladdery inflated cells. 194 - -194. Habit heath-like. Shrubs. Leaves small, grooved or rolled inwards -on the upper face. Flowers all hermaphrodite. 195 - -Habit not heath-like. 196 - -195. Pappus-bristles feathery at the tip, united at the base and -surrounded by a ring-or cup-shaped rim. Heads few-flowered.--Species 7. -South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Elytropappus= Cass. - -Pappus-bristles simple or thickened at the tip. Inner involucral bracts -coloured above.--Species 25. South Africa. =Metalasia= R. Br. - -196. Fruits large, with 8-10 prominent ribs, glabrous or short-haired. -Heads 2-6-flowered, in panicled cymes. Herbs. (See 187.) =Stenocline= -DC. - -Fruits small, not prominently 8-10-ribbed. (See 84.) =Helichrysum= -Gaertn. - -197. Pappus-bristles in 2 rows. Heath-like shrubs. 198 - -Pappus-bristles in 3 or more rows. Not heath-like herbs or undershrubs. -199 - -198. Heads few-flowered. Involucre oblong, of oblong bracts. Receptacle -glabrous. Fruits ribbed. Leaves oblong.--Species 1. Madagascar. -=Cullumiopsis= Drake - -Heads many-flowered. Involucre top-shaped, of linear bracts. Receptacle -bristly at the margin. Fruits angular, hairy. Leaves linear. (See 83.) -=Lachnospermum= Willd. - -199. Fruits beaked, hairy. Heads few-flowered. Inner involucral bracts -yellow.--Species 1. South Africa. =Pachyrhynchus= DC. - -Fruits not beaked, glabrous. Heads in cymes.--Species 8. South Africa. -=Leontonyx= Cass. - -200. (67.) Hermaphrodite disc-flowers sterile, their style without a -stigma and usually entire or shortly toothed. 201 - -Hermaphrodite flowers, at least some of them, fertile. 238 - -201. Anthers arrow-shaped, with acuminate halves. Corolla of the -marginal flowers strap-shaped. Fruits glabrous, usually large. Pappus -wanting, rarely cup-shaped. Receptacle glabrous, rarely bristly. [Tribe -CALENDULEAE.] 202 - -Anthers entire or shortly auricled at the base, rarely (_Adelostigma_) -distinctly arrow-shaped, but then corolla of the marginal flowers -thread-shaped, fruits hairy, and pappus bristly. 207 - -202. Outer fruits of several kinds. Heads solitary, yellow-flowered. -Herbs or undershrubs. 203 - -Outer fruits all alike. 204 - -203. Fruits curved. Heads middle-sized. (See 122.) =Calendula= L. - -Fruits straight. Heads small. (See 122.) =Oligocarpus= Less. - -204. Fruits with 3 wings and a cup-shaped apical appendage. Involucral -bracts in one row. (See 123.) =Tripteris= Less. - -Fruits without distinct wings or other appendages. 205 - -205. Fruits very hard, smooth or indistinctly ribbed. Involucral bracts -in two or more rows. Ray-flowers yellow. (See 124.) =Osteospermum= L. - -Fruits not very hard, 3-angled, usually tubercled. Herbs or -undershrubs. Heads solitary. 206 - -206. Involucral bracts in one row or in two indistinct rows. (See 124.) -=Dimorphotheca= Moench - -Involucral bracts in several rows. Ray-flowers blue or white. Leaves -pinnately divided.--Species 6. South Africa. Some are used medicinally. -=Garuleum= Cass. - -207. (201.) Receptacle covered with chaffy scales. 208 - -Receptacle glabrous or hairy, without scales between the flowers. 213 - -208. Heads with the inner flowers male (apparently hermaphrodite), the -outer female and provided with a more or less strap-shaped, rarely a -thread-shaped corolla. 209 - -Heads unisexual, some with all the flowers male (apparently -hermaphrodite), the others with all the flowers female and provided -with a tubular corolla or without a corolla. 211 - -209. Involucral bracts in one row, united below when young. Outer -fruits hairy, without a pappus, the inner with a pappus of numerous -one-ranked bearded bristles. Heads solitary. Shrubs.--Species 1. South -Africa. (Under _Eriocephalus_ L.) =Lasiocoma= Bolus - -Involucral bracts in two or more rows. Pappus of 2-3 bristles or -wanting. 210 - -210. Involucral bracts all alike. Corolla of the female flowers -2-toothed. Pappus of the outer fruits of 2-3 bristles. Heads in -panicles.--Species 1. Naturalized in tropical and South Africa. Used -medicinally. =Parthenium= L. - -Involucral bracts of two kinds, the inner united below. Corolla of the -female flowers entire or 3-toothed. Pappus none. Heads in racemes or -umbels, or solitary.--Species 20. South Africa to Damaraland. Some are -used medicinally. =Eriocephalus= L. - -211. Heads dioecious, many-flowered. Involucral bracts in 3 rows. -Corolla 4-toothed, yellow. Anthers cohering, auricled at the base. -Style cleft. Fruits hairy. Pappus of 2-3 bristles. Trees. Leaves -opposite. Heads in leafy panicles.--Species 2. Island of St. Helena. -=Petrobium= R. Br. - -Heads monoecious, the male many-flowered with a 5-toothed corolla, -the female 1-2-flowered with an involucre of partly united bracts, -and without a corolla. Anthers free or slightly cohering, entire at -the base. Style of the male flowers undivided. Pappus none. Herbs or -undershrubs. [Tribe HELIANTHEAE, subtribe AMBROSINAE.] 212 - -212. Involucral bracts of the male heads free. Filaments united. Female -heads 2-flowered. Heads solitary or in glomerules in the axils of the -leaves.--Species 4. North and Central Africa and Mascarene Islands; -naturalized in South Africa. They yield dyes and medicaments and are -noxious to pasturing cattle. =Xanthium= L. - -Involucral bracts of the male heads united below. Filaments free -or nearly so. Female heads 1-flowered. Male heads in spikes or -racemes.--Species 2. Northern and tropical Africa; naturalized in South -Africa. Used medicinally. =Ambrosia= L. - -213. (207.) Pappus of the outer fruits ring-, crown-, or ear-shaped, -sometimes produced into two small points, or wanting. 214 - -Pappus of the outer fruits consisting of bristles. 223 - -214. Pappus of the inner fruits of bristles, of the outer of 1-2 -small points or wanting. Involucral bracts in few rows. Receptacle -pitted. Corolla of the female flowers strap-shaped. Style cleft, with -lanceolate appendages. Fruits flattened. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves -entire.--Species 8. South Africa. (_Heteractis_ DC.) =Gymnostephium= -Less. - -Pappus of all fruits alike or wanting. 215 - -215. Outer flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. 216 - -Outer flowers with a tubular corolla or without a corolla. 220 - -216. Corolla of the outer flowers very shortly strap-shaped, of the -inner 4-toothed, yellow in all flowers. Involucral bracts in two -rows.--Species 40. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal -plants. (Including _Brocchia_ Vis. and _Cenia_ Juss.) =Cotula= L. - -Corolla of the outer flowers distinctly strap-shaped. Involucral bracts -rarely in two rows, and then corolla of the inner flowers 5-toothed. 217 - -217. Involucral bracts in one row and united at the base. Corolla-limb -of the hermaphrodite (male) central flowers bell-shaped, 5-cleft. -Style-branches of the same ending in a blunt appendage. Fruits -flattened, without ribs. Branching herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. -Heads solitary.--Species 4. South Africa. =Steirodiscus= Less. - -Involucral bracts in two or more rows. 218 - -218. Involucral bracts in two rows. Corolla of the marginal flowers -red, of the central yellow, the latter 5-toothed. Style-branches of -the hermaphrodite (male) flowers pointed. Fruits beaked, without ribs. -Herbs. Leaves undivided, radical. Heads solitary.--Species 1. Island of -Tristan da Cunha. =Lagenophora= Cass. - -Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Corolla of the marginal flowers -white, yellow, or blue, more rarely red, but then style-branches of the -hermaphrodite (male) flowers truncate and fruits ribbed. 219 - -219. Style of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers with pointed branches or -undivided. Corolla of the marginal flowers blue, rarely white. Fruits -wrinkled or smooth. Branching herbs or undershrubs. Leaves pinnately -divided. (See 206.) =Garuleum= Cass. - -Style of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers with truncate branches. -Corolla of the marginal flowers white, yellow, or red. Fruits -5-10-ribbed.--Species 50. North Africa, Abyssinia, Madagascar, -and South Africa. Some species yield condiments, medicaments, -or insect-poison, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including -_Argyranthemum_ Webb, _Ismelia_ Cass., _Leucanthemum_ DC., _Monoptera_ -Schultz, _Myconia_ Neck., _Pinardia_ Cass., _Plagius_ L’Hér., -_Preauxia_ Schultz, _Prolongoa_ Boiss., _Pyrethrum_ Gaertn., and -_Tanacetum_ L.) =Chrysanthemum= L. - -220. Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 2-4-toothed, of the -female 2-3-toothed, entire, or wanting. Involucral bracts in two rows. -Herbs. Flowers yellow. 221 - -Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 5-toothed, of the female -2-4-toothed. 222 - -221. Heads sessile between the leaves. Female flowers in several rows, -without a corolla. Outer fruits winged, with a persistent style. Leaves -divided.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Madeira. =Soliva= -Ruiz & Pav. - -Heads stalked, at the ends of the branches. (See 216.) =Cotula= L. - -222. Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts in two rows. Fruits with -marginal ribs or wings. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 4. South Africa. -Used medicinally. =Hippia= L. - -Heads not in corymbs. Involucral bracts in several rows. Fruits without -strong ribs.--Species 20. Some of them (especially _A. Absinthium_ L., -wormwood) are used as ornamental or medicinal plants, as pot-herbs, or -for preparing liquors and vinegar. =Artemisia= L. - -223. (213.) Pappus of 1 or 2 rows of bristles. 224 - -Pappus, at least that of the outer fruits, of 3 or more rows of -bristles. 233 - -224. Pappus-bristles feathery. 225 - -Pappus-bristles not feathery. 226 - -225. Corolla of all flowers yellow. Small shrubs.--Species 1. South -Africa. =Homochroma= DC. - -Corolla of the marginal flowers white or red, of the central ones -yellow. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 13. South Africa. Used as -ornamental plants. =Mairia= Nees - -226. Involucral bracts in one row, sometimes surrounded by some much -shorter ones. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads in corymbs or panicles. 227 - -Involucral bracts in two rows and all nearly of the same size, or in 3 -or more rows. 228 - -227. Involucral bracts united at the base. Style of the hermaphrodite -(male) flowers undivided. Inner fruits without a pappus.--Species 3. -South Africa. =Gymnodiscus= Less. - -Involucral bracts free. Style cleft.--Species 45. Southern and tropical -Africa. =Cineraria= L. - -228. Corolla of the female marginal flowers thread-shaped. Herbs. Heads -solitary on the ends of the branches. Style of the central flowers -entire or shortly toothed. 229 - -Corolla of the female marginal flowers, at least of the outer ones, -strap-shaped, rarely (_Psiadia_) thread-shaped, but then shrubs, heads -in corymbs, and style of the central flowers 2-cleft. 230 - -229. Involucral bracts in two rows. Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) -flowers 4-toothed. Anthers entire at the base. Fruits compressed, -glabrous. (See 216.) =Cotula= L. - -Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Corolla of the hermaphrodite -(male) flowers 5-toothed. Anthers arrow-shaped. Fruits nearly terete, -hairy.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Adelostigma= Steetz - -230. Corolla of the female marginal flowers yellow, thread-or shortly -strap-shaped. Fruits scarcely compressed, 3-6-ribbed. Shrubs. Heads in -corymbs.--Species 40. Tropics. Some are used as pot-herbs. =Psiadia= -Jacq. - -Corolla of the female marginal flowers white, red or blue, -strap-shaped. Fruits compressed. 231 - -231. Stem woody, at least at the base. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows. -Pappus-bristles usually in one row.--Species 65. South and Central -Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Asterosperma_ -Less., _Detris_ Adans., and _Diplopappus_ DC., under _Aster_ L.) -=Felicia= Cass. - -Stem herbaceous. 232 - -232. Involucral bracts in 2 rows, membranous. Marginal flowers -usually in several rows, with a linear corolla. Style-branches with -a mostly short triangular appendage. Pappus-bristles usually in one -row.--Species 13, one of them only naturalized. Several species are -used medicinally. =Erigeron= L. - -Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows, with -a usually oblong corolla. Style-branches with a lanceolate appendage. -Pappus-bristles in two rows.--Species 10. South and North Africa. Some -are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Linosyris_ -Cass.) =Aster= L. - -233. (223.) Involucral bracts in several rows. (See 232.) =Aster= L. - -Involucral bracts in one row, but sometimes surrounded by some much -smaller ones. 234 - -234. Heads of two kinds, some with most of the flowers hermaphrodite -(male), the others with most of them female. Corolla red or white; limb -shortly strap-shaped in the female flowers. Herbs. Leaves radical, -broad. Heads in racemes or corymbs.--Species 1. North Africa. Used as -an ornamental plant. =Petasites= Gaertn. - -Heads all alike. 235 - -235. Female marginal flowers in several rows. Corolla yellow; limb long -strap-shaped in the female flowers. Herbs. Leaves radical, broad. Heads -solitary.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. “Coltsfoot.” -=Tussilago= L. - -Female marginal flowers in one row. 236 - -236. Inner fruits without a pappus, outer with a pappus of interwoven -hairs. Style 2-cleft. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads -solitary.--Species 3. South Africa. =Ruckeria= DC. - -Inner and outer fruits with a pappus of bristles. 237 - -237. Style of the central flowers 2-cleft. Involucral bracts finally -free. Undershrubs.--Species 7. South and North Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants. (_Othonnopsis_ Jaub. et Spach) =Hertia= Less. - -Style of the central flowers undivided. Involucral bracts more or less -united.--Species 110. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some -are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Doria_ Less.) =Othonna= L. - -238. (200.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather long, -semi-cylindrical, covered with stigmatic papillae on the inner surface, -with hairs on the outer; hairs also clothing the upper part of the -style below the point of division. Anthers more or less arrow-shaped. -239 - -Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers with marginal rows of -stigmatic papillae, hairy only in their upper part, more rarely down to -the point of division; no hairs on the upper part of the style below -that point. 262 - -239. Heads with inner hermaphrodite and outer female flowers. 240 - -Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, rarely (_Vernonia_) -subdioecious by incomplete development of one sex. 242 - -240. Female marginal flowers with a thread-shaped corolla. -Style-branches blunt. Pappus of bristles. Herbs.--Species 17. Tropical -and South Africa and Egypt. =Laggera= Schultz. - -Female marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. Flowers yellow. -Receptacle pitted. 241 - -241. Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Leaves -prickly. (See 37.) =Berkheya= Ehrh. - -Pappus of bristles. Involucral bracts free. Shrubs. Heads solitary. -(See 138.). =Eremothamnus= O. Hoffm. - -242. Flowers yellow. 243 - -Flowers white, red, or blue. 244 - -243. Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Leaves -prickly. (See 37.) =Berkheya= Ehrh. - -Pappus of bristles. Involucral bracts free.--Species 7. Central Africa. -(Including _Autunesia_ O. Hoffm. and _Newtonia_ O. Hoffm., under -_Vernonia_ Schreb.) =Gongrothamnus= Steetz - -244. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Leaves linear or -lanceolate. 245 - -Receptacle glabrous, rarely ciliate, bristly, or with toothed borders -to the pits, without scales between the flowers. Style-branches rather -long and pointed. [Tribe VERNONIEAE.] 247 - -245. Heads solitary. Scales between the flowers membranous. -Style-branches rather long and pointed. Pappus of unequally broad -scales.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Dewildemania= O. Hoffm. - -Heads in corymbs. Scales between the flowers with a coloured appendage. -Style-branches short, blunt or somewhat pointed. Pappus of scales -united into a toothed cup. 246 - -246. Outer involucral bracts longer than the inner. Corolla slightly -irregular. Leaves linear, sessile, glabrous.--Species 1. Southern West -Africa (Angola). =Omphalopappus= O. Hoffm. - -Outer involucral bracts shorter than the inner. Corolla regular. Leaves -lanceolate, short-stalked, short-haired.--Species 1. Southern West -Africa (Angola). =Gossweilera= S. Moore - -247. Heads in dense glomerules or heads, few-flowered. Involucral -bracts in several rows of two bracts each. Corolla 5-cleft. Fruits -10-ribbed. Pappus of 1-2 rows of bristles or narrow scales. -Herbs.--Species 5. Tropics. Used medicinally. =Elephantopus= L. - -Heads not in dense glomerules or heads. [Subtribe VERNONINAE.] 248 - -248. Pappus wanting. 249 - -Pappus present. 251 - -249. Heads 1-4-flowered, in corymbs. Involucre oblong. Fruits with -an indistinctly cup-shaped border at the top. Shrubs. (See 136.) -=Apodocephala= Bak. - -Heads many-flowered. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical. Herbs. 250 - -250. Fruits truncate at the top, 4-5-ribbed.--Species 5. Tropical and -South Africa and Egypt. =Ethulia= L. - -Fruits rounded at the top.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Gutenbergia= -Schultz - -251. Pappus ear-or cup-shaped, entire or nearly so. Herbs. 252 - -Pappus formed of scales or bristles. 253 - -252. Pappus auricle-like. Heads in cymes. Leaves linear.--Species 1. -East Africa. =Hoehnelia= Schweinf. - -Pappus cup-shaped. Heads solitary or in fascicles.--Species 1. Tropics. -=Sparganophorus= Vaill. - -253. Pappus of one row of scales and sometimes some bristles within -them. 254 - -Pappus only of bristles or of several rows of bristles with some small -scales outside them. 257 - -254. Pappus-scales 5, long and narrow. Fruits 5-ribbed. Corolla white. -Involucral bracts in two rows. Heads in panicles. Shrubs.--Species 1. -West Africa (Congo). =Msuata= O. Hoffm. - -Pappus-scales short. Herbs. 255 - -255. Pappus-scales 5. Fruits 4-ribbed, glabrous. Corolla violet. -Receptacle pitted; pits with toothed borders. Heads many-flowered, in -glomerules.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Ageratina= O. Hoffm. - -Pappus-scales more than 5. Receptacle not pitted. 256 - -256. Heads one-flowered, in corymbs. Involucral bracts in two rows. -Fruits cylindrical, hairy. Pappus-scales united below. Leaves linear, -with parallel veins.--Species 10. South Africa. =Corymbium= L. - -Heads several-flowered. Involucral bracts in several rows. Fruits -3-5-angled, glandular. Pappus-scales free or nearly so.--Species 4. -Central Africa. =Herderia= Cass. - -257. Pappus of caducous, usually one-ranked bristles. 258 - -Pappus of persistent, several-ranked bristles or of bristles and -scales. 260 - -258. Pappus surrounded by a wavy ring. Fruits 5-ribbed. Heads -4-5-flowered, in corymbs. Shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa. =Volkensia= -O. Hoffm. - -Pappus not surrounded by a wavy ring. Herbs or undershrubs. 259 - -259. Outer involucral bracts leaf-like, much larger than the -inner. Fruits blunt, 8-10-ribbed.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). -=Centratherum= Cass. - -Outer involucral bracts, like the inner, scale-like. Fruits -4-5-angled.--Species 30. Central and South Africa. (Including -_Bothriocline_ Oliv. and _Stephanolepis_ S. Moore) =Erlangea= Schultz - -260. Leaves unarmed.--Species 330. Tropical and South Africa. Some -of the species yield wood or medicaments. (Including _Bechium_ DC., -_Cyanopis_ Blume, and _Decaneurum_ DC.) (Plate 150.) =Vernonia= Schreb. - -Leaves prickly. 261 - -261. Heads axillary. Stem branched, woody at the base. Fruits -hairy.--Species 2. South Africa. =Hoplophyllum= DC. - -Heads terminal. Stem not branched, herbaceous throughout. Fruits -many-ribbed.--Species 2. West Africa. =Aedesia= O. Hoffm. - -262. (238.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather long, -semi-cylindrical, usually blunt; the lower part bearing scarcely -projecting and not recurved marginal rows of stigmatic papillae, the -upper part subequally clothed with hairs on both sides. Flowers all -hermaphrodite, red, blue or whitish. [Tribe EUPATORIEAE.] 263 - -Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather flat, bearing -conspicuous marginal rows of stigmatic papillae sometimes confluent in -the middle, and above them either a crown of rather long hairs, with -or without shorter ones, or an appendage clothed with dense hairs on -the outer face, scantily haired or not hairy on the inner; more rarely -style-branches almost uniformly clothed with hairs, but then rows of -stigmatic papillae curved outwards or confluent in the middle, or -flowers yellow or partly female. 266 - -263. Anthers without an apical appendage. Fruits angular, glandular, -without prominent ribs. Pappus of 3-5 bristles. Herbs. Leaves opposite. -Heads in panicles.--Species 2. Tropical and South Africa. Used -medicinally. =Adenostemma= Forst. - -Anthers with an apical appendage. Pappus of numerous bristles or of -scales. [Subtribe AGERATINAE.] 264 - -264. Pappus of 5-10 scales. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads in -panicles.--Species 1. Used as an ornamental or medicinal plant. -=Ageratum= L. - -Pappus of numerous bristles. 265 - -265. Involucral bracts 4-5. Heads few-flowered, in panicles. Leaves -opposite.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used -medicinally. (_Willugbaeya_ Neck.) =Mikania= Willd. - -Involucral bracts 6 or more.--Species 6. Four species indigenous to -North and Central Africa, the other two naturalized in Madagascar -and the Mascarenes. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. -=Eupatorium= L. - -266. (262.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers bearing in the -lower part marginal, finally reflexed rows of stigmatic papillae, in -the upper part on the outer, more rarely also the inner surface, short -subequal hairs. [Tribe ASTEREAE.] 267 - -Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose at the margins -or on the inner surface, bearing in the upper part or at the top only a -crown of rather long hairs sometimes joined above or below or in both -directions by shorter ones. 301 - -267. Female or neuter marginal flowers with a bell-, tube-, thread-, or -very shortly strap-shaped corolla not overtopping the involucre. 268 - -Female or neuter marginal flowers with a distinctly strap-shaped -corolla overtopping the involucre, or wanting. 276 - -268. Pappus of scales or few short bristles, or wanting. Corolla of -the marginal flowers bell-, tube-, or thread-shaped. Herbs. [Subtribe -GRANGEINAE.] 269 - -Pappus of long bristles. Corolla of the marginal flowers thread-or -strap-shaped. [Subtribe CONYZINAE.] 272 - -269. Pappus wanting, rarely some minute bristles on the central fruits. -Fruits compressed.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Some species -yield condiments and medicaments. =Dichrocephala= DC. - -Pappus present. 270 - -270. Pappus formed of bristles. Fruits subterete.--Species 1. Central -Africa. =Microtrichia= DC. - -Pappus cup-shaped or consisting of scales. 271 - -271. Receptacle with scales between the flowers.--Species 1. Central -Africa and Egypt. =Ceruana= Forsk. - -Receptacle without scales between the flowers.--Species 3. Tropics to -Egypt. Used medicinally. =Grangea= Adans. - -272. Fruits turgid. Involucral bracts in many rows, membranous. Heads -in panicles. Shrubs.--Species 13. Tropical and South Africa. Some -species are used as vegetables or salad. =Microglossa= DC. - -Fruits compressed. 273 - -273. Female flowers in one row. Pappus-bristles deciduous. Shrubs -or undershrubs. Leaves linear. Heads solitary at the ends of the -branches.--Species 6. South and North Africa. (_Leptothamnus_ DC.) -=Nolletia= Cass. - -Female flowers in two or more rows. 274 - -274. Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped, but shorter than the -style, or thread-shaped, yellowish or whitish.--Species 80. Some of -them yield condiments, medicaments, or insect-poison. (_Marsea_ Adans., -including _Webbia_ Schultz). =Conyza= Less. - -Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped, longer than the style. -Involucral bracts in two rows. Herbs or undershrubs. 275 - -275. Ray-flowers yellow. Heads in corymbs.--Species 35. Southern and -tropical Africa. =Nidorella= Cass. - -Ray-flowers red or white. (See 232.) =Erigeron= L. - -276. (267.) Ray-flowers yellow, sometimes reddish when old, or wanting. -Pappus of bristles. [Subtribe SOLIDAGININAE.] 277 - -Ray-flowers white, blue, or red. 289 - -277. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite; the inner flowers -sometimes sterile. 278 - -Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite and surrounded by one row of -female or neuter marginal flowers. 286 - -278. Involucral bracts in one row or in two very unequal rows (the -outer of much smaller bracts). Fruits 5-10-ribbed. Herbs. 279 - -Involucral bracts in two subequal rows or in 3 or more rows. 280 - -279. Hairy appendages of the style-branches short. Pappus of bristles. -Leaves radical.--Species 1. West Africa. =Psednotrichia= Hiern - -Hairy appendages of the style-branches long. Pappus of hairs. Leaves -alternate.--Species 20. Tropical and South-west Africa. (Including -_Crassocephalum_ Moench, under _Senecio_ L.) =Gynura= Cass. - -280. Pappus-bristles in 1 row. Shrubs. Leaves linear. Heads in leafy -corymbs. 281 - -Pappus-bristles in 2 or more rows. 282 - -281. Fruits turgid, 5-ribbed.--Species 1. South Africa (Orange River -Colony). =Pentheriella= O. Hoffm. & Muschler - -Fruits compressed.--Species 15. South Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants. =Chrysocoma= L. - -282. Pappus-bristles in 2 very unequal rows, the outer of very short, -sometimes scale-like bristles. Fruits compressed. 283 - -Pappus-bristles in 2 subequal rows or in 3 or more rows. 284 - -283. Outer pappus-bristles scale-like. Hairy appendages of the -style-branches linear, obtuse. Herbs. Leaves opposite.--Species 2. -Southern West Africa. (_Adenogonum_ Welw.) =Engleria= O. Hoffm. - -Outer pappus-bristles hair-like. Hairy appendages of the style-branches -lanceolate. Shrubs.--Species 5. South Africa. =Fresenia= DC. - -284. Stem woody, shrubby.--Species 55. South Africa to Damaraland. -=Pteronia= L. - -Stem herbaceous. Fruits compressed. Pappus-bristles in 2 or 3 rows. 285 - -285. Leaves decurrent. Flowers yellow. Heads in corymbs. Species 2. -South Africa. (Under _Chrysocoma_ L.) =Heteromma= Benth. - -Leaves not decurrent. (See 232.) =Aster= L. - -286. (277.) Marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the -rounded apex of the style-branches. Flower-heads large. Involucre -broad, of many rows of bracts. Pappus-bristles in 2-3 rows. -Herbs.--Species 2. South Africa. =Alciope= DC. - -Marginal rows of stigmatic papillae not confluent at the apex of the -style-branches. Heads small or middle-sized. Involucre oblong or -campanulate. 287 - -287. Involucral bracts subequal, in 2 rows. Pappus-bristles numerous, -unequal. Heads in panicles. Shrubs. Leaves marked with pellucid -dots.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Glycideras= Cass. - -Involucral bracts unequal, in 3 or more rows. 288 - -288. Involucre broad-campanulate. Fruits 4-5-ribbed. Pappus-bristles -in one row, intermixed with some shorter ones. Shrubs.--Species 3. -Madagascar. =Rochonia= DC. - -Involucre narrow-campanulate or oblong. Fruits 8-12-ribbed. Herbs. -Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. -“Goldenrod.” =Solidago= L. - -289. (276.) Pappus indistinct or wanting. Herbs. 290 - -Pappus of the central fruits formed of bristles or of scales and -bristles. [Subtribe ASTERINAE.] 292 - -290. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Appendages of the -style-branches linear, hairy all round. Involucral bracts membranous. -Leaves dissected.--Species 1. Tropics. =Chrysanthellum= Rich. - -Receptacle glabrous. Appendages of the style-branches triangular or -lanceolate, hairy on the outer face only. [Subtribe BELLIDINAE.] 291 - -291. Involucral bracts scarious at the margin.--Species 2. Central -Africa. =Brachycome= Cass. - -Involucral bracts herbaceous throughout. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. -North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Daisy.” -=Bellis= L. - -292. Inner fruits with a pappus of one-ranked feathery bristles, outer -without a pappus. Ray-flowers blue. Herbs.--Species 1. South Africa. -Used as an ornamental plant. =Charieis= Cass. - -Inner and outer fruits provided with a pappus. 293 - -293. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of scales and bristles, that -of the outer of scales only. Receptacle usually scaly. Heads solitary, -terminating the branches. Herbs.--Species 12. South Africa. =Amellus= L. - -Pappus of all fruits consisting of bristles or of scales and bristles. -294 - -294. Pappus of 3-5 bristles intermixed with as many minute scales. -Ray-flowers white. Heads solitary on leafless scapes. Herbs.--Species -1. North Africa. =Bellium= L. - -Pappus of many bristles sometimes surrounded by some minute scales. 295 - -295. Pappus-bristles feathery. Herbs or undershrubs. (See 225.) -=Mairia= Nees - -Pappus-bristles not feathery. 296 - -296. Fruits compressed. 297 - -Fruits not compressed. Heads in corymbs. 300 - -297. Fruits with 3-4 nerves on each side. Gummiferous shrubs or -trees.--Species 4. Island of St. Helena. =Commidendron= DC. - -Fruits with 1-2 nerves on each side or without nerves. Herbs, -undershrubs, or non-gummiferous shrubs. 298 - -298. Stem woody, at least at the base, rarely herbaceous throughout -and then much branched at the base. Involucral bracts scarious at -the edge, usually in several rows. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows, -with a strap-shaped corolla. Hairy appendages of the style-branches -lanceolate. Pappus-bristles in one row, rarely surrounded by a second -of much shorter bristles. (See 231.) =Felicia= Cass. - -Stem herbaceous, not much branched at the base. 299 - -299. Involucral bracts membranous, in 2 rows. Marginal flowers usually -in several rows, the outer with a narrow-linear corolla, the inner -sometimes with a tubular one. Hairy appendages of the style-branches -usually short, triangular. Pappus-bristles in 1 row, rarely in 2 rows. -(See 232.) =Erigeron= L. - -Involucral bracts herbaceous or scarious at the edges, in 3 or more -rows. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows, with a more or less strap-shaped, -usually oblong corolla. Hairy appendages of the style-branches -lanceolate. Pappus-bristles in 2 or 3 rows. (See 232.) =Aster= L. - -300. Involucral bracts in 2 rows. Receptacle convex. Marginal -flowers in 1 row, with a white, 3-toothed corolla. Fruits hairy. -Pappus-bristles in one row. Downy undershrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. -=Henricia= Cass. - -Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Receptacle flat. Marginal flowers -in 2 rows, with an entire corolla. Fruits glabrous. Pappus-bristles in -2 rows. Trees with blackish hairs.--Species 1. Island of St. Helena. -=Melanodendron= DC. - -301. (266.) Pappus consisting of thin, hair-like, simple or toothed, -but not feathery bristles, rarely outer fruits without a pappus. -Receptacle without scales between the flowers. [Tribe SENECIONEAE.] 302 - -Pappus consisting of strong, awn-like or feathery bristles, or of -scales sometimes united into a crown, or wanting. 316 - -302. Involucral bracts united below, one-ranked. [Subtribe OTHONNINAE.] -303 - -Involucral bracts free, at least at and after the time of flowering. -[Subtribe SENECIONINAE.] 306 - -303. Involucral bracts slightly united at the base. Inner disc-flowers -sterile. Marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. Fruits hairy. -Inner disc-fruits without a pappus, the other fruits with a pappus -of numerous interwoven hairs. Perennial, nearly stem-less herbs. -Leaves pinnately dissected. Heads solitary on a long scape. (See 236.) -=Ruckeria= DC. - -Involucral bracts obviously united below. Disc-flowers all fertile. -Pappus on all fruits. Heads on a short scape or a branched stem. 304 - -304. Stem woody, at least at the base. Heads stalked. Marginal flowers -with a strap-shaped corolla. Fruits 10-ribbed. Pappus of several rows -of caducous bristles.--Species 40. South and Central Africa. Some -species yield a resin. =Euryops= Cass. - -Stem herbaceous throughout. 305 - -305. Stem annual, branched. Heads small. Corolla-lobes with a strong -midnerve. Fruit 5-ribbed. Pappus of few caducous bristles.--Species 3. -Central and South Africa. =Oligothrix= DC. - -Stem perennial, short and scape-like or branched; in the latter case -pappus-bristles persistent. Heads medium-sized, solitary. Corolla-lobes -without a strong midnerve.--Species 2. East Africa. =Werneria= H. B. & -Kunth - -306. Female marginal flowers with a tubular or filiform corolla. 307 - -Female marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla or wanting. 311 - -307. Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, imbricate, with scarious -borders. Female marginal flowers in several rows. Fruits without -ribs. Heads solitary or in glomerules, yellow-flowered. (See 183.) -=Phagnalon= Cass. - -Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows. 308 - -308. Female marginal flowers in 2 or more rows. Fruits 5-angled or -10-ribbed. Herbs. Leaves scattered. Heads in corymbs, narrow.--Species -1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. =Erechthites= Raf. - -Female marginal flowers in 1 row. 309 - -309. Stem herbaceous. Leaves nearly all radical, orbicular-cordate. -Outer fruits without a pappus.--Species 1. South Africa. =Stilpnogyne= -DC. - -Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves mostly cauline. 310 - -310. Leaves densely crowded, small. Heads solitary, terminating the -branches. Involucral bracts leaf-like.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. -=Eriothrix= Cass. - -Leaves scattered. Heads in corymbs.--Species 4. Madagascar and -Mascarenes. =Faujasia= Cass. - -311. Receptacle hemispherical. Involucral bracts in 2-3 rows, subequal. -Ray-flowers yellow. Fruits 10-ribbed. Herbs. Heads solitary or several -together, on long stalks.--Species 7. North Africa. =Doronicum= L. - -Receptacle flat or slightly convex. 312 - -312. Involucral bracts with a leaf-like appendage along the median -nerve, 1-nerved. Receptacle pitted. Ray-flowers none. Style-branches -with a crown of longer hairs in the middle of the hairy part. Fruits -many-nerved. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves entire.--Species 8. South -Africa. =Lopholaena= DC. - -Involucral bracts without an appendage. 313 - -313. Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Ray-flowers present. -Style-branches rounded, almost uniformly clothed with hairs. Herbs. -(See 286.) =Alciope= DC. - -Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows, rarely (_Senecio_) indistinctly arranged -in 3 or more rows, but then style-branches with a crown of longer -hairs. 314 - -314. Style-branches with an awl-shaped hairy appendage, without a -distinct crown of longer hairs. Ray-flowers wanting. Herbs. (See 279.) -=Gynura= Cass. - -Style-branches truncate with a terminal tuft of hairs or with a hairy -appendage overtopping a crown of longer hairs. 315 - -315. Fruits, at least the outer, distinctly compressed. Style-branches -truncate, ending in a tuft of hairs. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads in -corymbs. (See 227.) =Cineraria= L. - -Fruits not distinctly compressed, 5-10-ribbed.--Species 500. Some of -them are used as vegetables, as food for birds, or as ornamental or -medicinal plants. (Including _Brachyrhynchos_ Less., _Cacalia_ L. -partly, _Emilia_ Cass., _Kleinia_ DC., _Lachanodes_ DC., _Mesogramma_ -DC., _Notonia_ DC., and _Pladaroxylon_ Hook. fil.) =Senecio= L. - -316. (301.) Involucral bracts, at least the inner, scarious at the tip -and the edges. Pappus of minute scales, crown-or ear-shaped or wanting. -Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers truncate, with a terminal -crown of hairs. 317 - -Involucral bracts rarely scarious at the edges, and then pappus of -rather large scales or bristles, or style-branches of the hermaphrodite -flowers ending in a hairy appendage. 356 - -317. Anthers arrow-shaped; halves pointed at the base. Involucral -bracts in 1-2 rows. Receptacle glabrous. Female marginal flowers in -one row, with a strap-shaped corolla. Inner fruits flattened, outer -3-edged. Pappus none. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads long-stalked. (See -124.) =Dimorphotheca= Moench - -Anthers not arrow-shaped; halves blunt or rounded at the base. [Tribe -ANTHEMIDEAE.] 318 - -318. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. [Subtribe -ANTHEMIDINAE.] 319 - -Receptacle glabrous or hairy, without scales between the flowers. -[Subtribe CHRYSANTHEMINAE.] 331 - -319. Receptacle-scales hairy in the middle, glabrous at the base and -apex. Ray-flowers yellow. Fruits cylindrical, without a pappus. Herbs. -Leaves pinnately divided. Heads seated between 2-6 (usually 5) branches -of the much-branched cyme.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Used as an -ornamental plant. =Cladanthus= Cass. - -Receptacle-scales hairy throughout their whole length or at the top -only, or glabrous. Heads solitary or in glomerules, corymbs, or -panicles. 320 - -320. Corolla-tube with a basal appendage adnate to the ovary. Corolla -persistent. Ray-flowers none. Pappus wanting. Herbs. Leaves entire. -Heads in corymbs.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Diotis= -Desf. - -Corolla-tube with appendages which are free from the ovary, or without -any appendages. 321 - -321. Fruits clothed with long wool, 8-10-ribbed. Ray-flowers white or -violet. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads solitary, terminating -the branches.--Species 3. South Africa. =Lasiospermum= Lag. - -Fruits not woolly. 322 - -322. Fruits much compressed. Herbs or undershrubs. 323 - -Fruits not or scarcely compressed. 325 - -323. Fruits, at least the outer, broadly winged. Leaves alternate, -pinnately divided.--Species 10. North Africa. Some are used -medicinally. =Anacyclus= L. - -Fruits not or indistinctly winged, without a pappus. 324 - -324. Leaves alternate, toothed or pinnately divided.--Species 7. North -Africa; one species also naturalized in South Africa. Some are used as -ornamental or medicinal plants. =Achillea= L. - -Leaves opposite, at least the lower, entire. Ray-flowers neuter, -white.--Species 2. North-west Africa. (_Fradinia_ Pomel, under -_Cladanthus_ Cass.) =Mecomischus= Benth. & Hook. - -325. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire. Shrubs. Ray-flowers present. -326 - -Leaves alternate. 327 - -326. Heads collected in compound heads. Pappus of the inner fruits -consisting of scales sometimes united into a small crown.--Species 4. -South Africa. =Oedera= L. - -Heads solitary at the ends of the branches. Pappus wanting.--Species 4. -South Africa. =Eumorphia= DC. - -327. Stem herbaceous. Leaves toothed or pinnately divided. 328 - -Stem woody, at least at the base. 329 - -328. Heads without ray-flowers. Corolla-tube regular. Pappus -crown-shaped. Leaves toothed. Heads in dense corymbs.--Species 1. North -Africa. =Lonas= Adans. - -Heads with ray-flowers, more rarely without, but then pappus -auricle-shaped or wanting. Corolla-tube compressed, often with -appendages. Heads stalked, terminating the branches.--Species 30. -North and Central Africa; one species naturalized in South Africa. -Some are used as medicinal plants (camomile). (Including _Chamaemelum_ -Cass., _Ormenis_ Cass., _Perideraea_ Webb, and _Rhetinolepis_ Cass.) -=Anthemis= L. - -329. Ribs of the fruits produced into unequal scales or strong -awns. Shrubs. Leaves pinnatifid. Heads in corymbs.--Species 4. -Canary Islands. (Including _Hymenolepis_ Schultz and _Lugoa_ DC.) -=Gonospermum= Less. - -Ribs of the fruits not produced into scales or awns. Heads without -ray-flowers. 330 - -330. Corolla-tube with a more or less distinct appendage at the base, -usually compressed. Pappus wanting. Heads long-stalked. Under-shrubs. -Leaves pinnatipartite.--Species 6. Central and North-west Africa. Some -of the species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Santolina= -L. - -Corolla-tube without an appendage, not compressed. Fruits 5-angled. -Heads in usually dense corymbs.--Species 55. Southern and tropical -Africa. (Including _Bembycodium_ Kunze and _Oligodora_ DC.) =Athanasia= -L. - -331. (318.) Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. 332 - -Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite, the outer female or neuter. -343 - -332. Flowers 4-merous. 333 - -Flowers 5-merous. 336 - -333. Involucral bracts in several rows, the outer shorter. Fruits -4-angled, glabrous. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves dissected. Heads -rather small.--Species 6. South and East Africa. (Under _Tanacetum_ L.) -=Schistostephium= Less. - -Involucral bracts in 1-3 rows, nearly equal. 334 - -334. Pappus ring-or crown-shaped. Herbs. Leaves pinnately -divided.--Species 20. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal -plants (camomile). (Including _Chamaemelum_ Vis., _Chlamydophora_ -Ehrenb., _Courrantia_ Schultz, and _Otospermum_ Willk.) =Matricaria= L. - -Pappus wanting. 335 - -335. Stem herbaceous. Heads solitary at the ends of the branches. (See -216.) =Cotula= L. - -Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves entire. Heads in corymbs. Fruits -compressed, glabrous.--Species 1. South Africa. =Peyrousea= DC. - -336. Heads in leafy racemes or spikes sometimes arranged in elongated -(not corymb-like) panicles. Pappus wanting. (See 222.) =Artemisia= L. - -Heads solitary or in corymbs. 337 - -337. Involucral bracts in 1-3 rows, nearly equal. Herbs. Leaves -pinnately divided. (See 334.) =Matricaria= L. - -Involucral bracts in several rows, the outer ones shorter. 338 - -338. Stem herbaceous. Leaves alternate. (See 219.) =Chrysanthemum= L. - -Stem woody, shrubby. 339 - -339. Leaves opposite. Pappus wanting. 340 - -Leaves alternate. 341 - -340. Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts in few rows. Fruits with 12-15 -ribs. Leaves usually forked.--Species 2. South Africa. =Gymnopentzia= -Benth. - -Heads solitary, seated between lateral tufts of leaves. Involucral -bracts in many rows. Fruits 3-4-ribbed. Leaves entire, connate in pairs -at the base.--Species 1. South Africa. =Asaemia= Harv. - -341. Leaves toothed, lobed, or divided. Fruits 5-ribbed.--Species 20. -South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used medicinally. -=Pentzia= Thunb. - -Leaves entire. 342 - -342. Heads in corymbs. Central flowers sterile. Pappus none.--Species -3. South Africa. =Stilpnophytum= Less. - -Heads few together at the ends of the branches. Flowers all -fertile.--Species 3. South Africa. (Including _Adenosolen_ DC. and -_Brachymeris_ DC.) =Marasmodes= DC. - -343. (331.) Female or neutral marginal flowers with a thread-shaped -corolla or without a corolla. 344 - -Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. 350 - -344. Hermaphrodite flowers 4-merous. Herbs or undershrubs. 345 - -Hermaphrodite flowers 5-merous. Marginal flowers with a corolla. 349 - -345. Involucral bracts of two kinds, the outer four broad and -membranous, the inner numerous, longer and narrower, scarious. Marginal -flowers in one row, without a corolla. Corolla of the central flowers -with a large appendage enclosing the fruit. Pappus none. Leaves -opposite. Heads stalked, solitary, terminating the branches.--Species -2. South Africa. =Otochlamys= DC. - -Involucral bracts equal or nearly so. 346 - -346. Involucral bracts in 3-4 rows, the outer shorter. Marginal -flowers with a corolla. Outer fruits compressed and hairy, the inner -4-angled, glabrous. Leaves fan-shaped or pinnately divided. (See 333.) -=Schistostephium= Less. - -Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows, about equal. 347 - -347. Heads stalked, solitary, terminating the branches. (See 216.) -=Cotula= L. - -Heads sessile or arranged in racemes or corymbs. Marginal flowers with -a corolla. Leaves undivided. 348 - -348. Female flowers in one row.--Species 1. Island of Rodrigues. -=Abrotanella= Cass. - -Female flowers in several rows. Pappus wanting.--Species 1. Tropics. -(_Myriogyne_ Less.) =Centipeda= Lour. - -349. Heads in racemes or spikes sometimes arranged in elongated (not -corymb-like) panicles. Involucral bracts in few rows. Marginal flowers -in one row. Fruits without ribs and without a pappus. (See 222.) -=Artemisia= L. - -Heads solitary or in corymbs. (See 219.) =Chrysanthemum= L. - -350. (343.) Involucral bracts in many rows, imbricate, the outer much -shorter. 351 - -Involucral bracts in few rows, about equal in length. 352 - -351. Leaves decurrent, undivided. Herbs. Heads in corymbs. -Hermaphrodite flowers 5-merous. Fruits glandular-hairy. Pappus of -scales.--Species 1. South Africa. =Lepidostephium= Oliv. - -Leaves not decurrent. (See 219.) =Chrysanthemum= L. - -352. Involucral bracts broad. Herbs. Leaves dissected. 353 - -Involucral bracts narrow. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves entire, -toothed, lobed, or cleft. Corolla-limb of the ray-flowers elongate, -entire. 354 - -353. Corolla of the ray-flowers yellow, very shortly strap-shaped. -Fruits compressed, 1-2-ribbed, without a pappus. Heads solitary on long -stalks thickened above. (See 216.). =Cotula= L. - -Corolla of the ray-flowers white, usually long strap-shaped. Fruits -usually several-ribbed and provided with a pappus. (See 334.) -=Matricaria= L. - -354. Ray-flowers fertile. Disc-flowers 5-merous. Fruits 8-10-ribbed, -glandular-warted. Leaves linear or divided into 3 linear -segments.--Species 7. South Africa. (Including _Adenachaena_ DC. and -_Iocaste_ E. Mey.) =Phymaspermum= Less. - -Ray-flowers sterile. Disc-flowers 4-merous. 355 - -355. Corolla-lobes of the disc-flowers acuminate. Involucre -campanulate. Heads short-stalked. Leaves linear, entire. -Shrubs.--Species 2. South Africa. =Thaminophyllum= Harv. - -Corolla-lobes of the disc-flowers not acuminate. Involucre -hemispherical. Heads long-stalked. Leaves lobed or cleft. -Undershrubs.--Species 3. South Africa. =Lidbeckia= Berg - -356. (316.) Receptacle with scales between the flowers. 357 - -Receptacle glabrous, rarely hairy, without scales between the flowers. -383 - -357. Pappus of 5-6 large scales sometimes intermixed with bristles. -Fruits 10-ribbed, not compressed. Involucral bracts in several rows, -scarious at the edges. Ray-flowers in one row, neuter, with a yellow, -strap-shaped corolla. Style-branches truncate, with a terminal crown -of hairs. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, usually toothed or -pinnately divided. Heads solitary or in lax panicles.--Species 65. -South Africa and Abyssinia. (Including _Sphenogyne_ R. Br.) =Ursinia= -Gaertn. - -Pappus wanting or crown-shaped or consisting of bristles or minute -scales, rarely of 1-2 or 8-16 larger scales. Involucral bracts rarely -scarious at the edges. Leaves usually opposite. [Tribe HELIANTHEAE.] 358 - -358. Pappus of feathery bristles. Fruits hairy, angular. Involucral -bracts subequal, in 2-3 rows. Ray-flowers yellow, with a strap-shaped -corolla. Prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite, broad, toothed. Heads on -long stalks.--Species 1. Naturalized in South Africa, Madagascar, and -the neighbouring islands. =Tridax= L. - -Pappus of simple (not feathery) bristles or of scales sometimes united -into a crown, or wanting. 359 - -359. Pappus, at least on the inner fruits, formed of 8-16 rather large, -fringed scales. Fruits angular. Receptacle conical. Marginal flowers in -one row, white, fertile, rarely wanting. Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows, -embracing the outer fruits. Heads small, hemispherical.--Species 1. -Naturalized in East Africa. =Galinsoga= Ruiz & Pav. - -Pappus formed of minute scales or of 1-2 larger scales or of bristles, -or crown-shaped, or wanting. 360 - -360. Female or neuter marginal flowers persisting in the fruit, with a -strap-shaped corolla. Receptacle conical. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads -on long stalks.--Species 1. Naturalized in various regions. Ornamental -plants. =Zinnia= L. - -Female or neuter marginal flowers falling off before maturity or -wanting. 361 - -361. Inner fruits compressed from front to back. Scales on the -receptacle between the flowers flat or convex, not keeled. Female -or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla or wanting. -[Subtribe COREOPSIDINAE.] 362 - -Inner fruits not or laterally compressed. [Subtribe VERBESININAE.] 368 - -362. Pappus formed of 2-6 barbed bristles (which are armed with minute -reflexed prickles). Herbs. Leaves opposite, toothed or divided. 363 - -Pappus formed of bristles which are not barbed, at least on the inner -fruits, or ring-shaped, or wanting. 364 - -363. Fruits beaked. Ray-flowers red.--Species 1. Naturalized in -Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands. =Cosmos= Cav. - -Fruits not beaked. Ray-flowers, if present, yellow or white.--Species -20. Some of them are used medicinally, others are noxious weeds. -(Including _Kerneria_ Moench) =Bidens= L. - -364. Involucral bracts 3-6. Marginal flowers female. Corolla glabrous -at the base. Pappus of the inner fruits of 2-3 awns. Herbs. Leaves -opposite. 365 - -Involucral bracts numerous, in two rows. 366 - -365. Involucral bracts partly herbaceous, partly membranous. Outer -fruits winged. Heads several together in the leaf-axils.--Species 1. -Naturalized in Central Africa. =Synedrella= Gaertn. - -Involucral bracts herbaceous. Fruits all similar, not winged. Heads -solitary.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Calyptrocarpus= Less. - -366. Involucral bracts free, the outer herbaceous, the inner -membranous. Ray-flowers female. Corolla hairy at the base. Pappus none. -Herbs. Leaves, at least the lower, opposite. Heads solitary or in -cymes, stalked.--Species 8. Central Africa. One of the species yields -oil from the seeds (ramtil-oil). =Guizotia= Cass. - -Involucral bracts more or less united. Corolla glabrous at the base. 367 - -367. Ray-flowers female. Fruits oblong, many-ribbed, hairy. Pappus -a minutely toothed crown. Herbs. Leaves opposite, divided. Heads in -panicles.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Microlecane= Schultz - -Ray-flowers neuter or wanting. Pappus of two teeth or awns, or -ring-shaped, or wanting.--Species 50. Central Africa. Some are used as -ornamental plants. =Coreopsis= L. - -368. (361.) Inner fruits much compressed laterally. Pappus of two awns -or wanting. Receptacle convex, conical, or cylindrical. Herbs. 369 - -Inner fruits slightly or not compressed. 370 - -369. Fruits winged. Receptacle convex. Involucre as long as the -disc. Heads in lax corymbs. Leaves alternate, at least the upper -ones.--Species 1. Naturalized in the tropics and in Egypt. Used -medicinally. (_Ximenesia_ Cass.) =Verbesina= L. - -Fruits not winged. Receptacle elongated. Involucre much shorter than -the disc. Heads solitary. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. Tropical and -South-east Africa. Yields condiments and medicaments. =Spilanthes= L. - -370. Inner involucral bracts embracing the outer fruits. Pappus -wanting. Herbs. Leaves opposite. 371 - -Inner involucral bracts not embracing the outer fruits. 372 - -371. Female marginal flowers in one row. Heads in panicles.--Species -5. Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Some are used -medicinally. =Siegesbeckia= L. - -Female marginal flowers in several rows, with a strap-shaped corolla. -Heads solitary, sessile. Marsh plants.--Species 1. Central Africa. -=Enydra= Lour. - -372. Receptacle-scales wholly enclosing the fruits. Pappus ring-shaped -or wanting. Flowers all hermaphrodite with a tubular corolla or the -marginal neuter with a strap-shaped corolla. Receptacle convex or -conical. Herbs.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Sclerocarpus= Jacq. - -Receptacle-scales partly or not enclosing the fruits. 373 - -373. Receptacle-scales very narrow, nearly bristle-like. Pappus -wanting. Marginal flowers in two rows, with a strap-shaped corolla. -Herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads solitary or in pairs.--Species 2. They -yield dye-stuffs, salad, and medicaments. =Eclipta= L. - -Receptacle-scales broad or rather broad, convex or keeled. 374 - -374. Pappus wanting. Heads containing hermaphrodite and female flowers. -Herbs. Leaves opposite. 375 - -Pappus present. 376 - -375. Inner flowers 4-merous, outer with a very shortly strap-shaped -corolla-limb. Fruits 4-angled. Leaves oblong. Heads in groups of -three.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Micractis= DC. - -Inner flowers 5-merous, outer with a rather long strap-shaped -corolla-limb. Fruits 2-3-angled. Leaves ovate.--Species 15. Tropical -and South Africa. =Wedelia= Jacq. - -376. Pappus ring-shaped. Fruits 4-angled. Receptacle flat. -Receptacle-scales slit. Heads in corymbs; all flowers hermaphrodite. -Shrubs. Leaves alternate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Temnolepis= Bak. - -Pappus cup-shaped or formed of scales and bristles. Herbs or -undershrubs 377 - -377. Pappus of free, caducous bristles or scales. 378 - -Pappus of bristles united at the base, or cup-shaped with or without -free bristles. 379 - -378. Pappus-bristles 1-4, more or less broadened below. Heads large. -Ray-flowers neuter.--Species 3. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized. -Used as ornamental plants (sunflower) and yielding edible tubers, -dye-stuffs, and oily seeds from which bread may be prepared. -=Helianthus= L. - -Pappus-bristles thin, usually numerous. Heads middle-sized. Receptacle -convex. Receptacle-scales acuminate. Leaves opposite.--Species 17. -Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including _Lipotriche_ R. Br.) -=Melanthera= Rohr - -379. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, arranged in corymbs. -Receptacle convex. Receptacle-scales with a coloured appendage. Anthers -arrow-shaped. Fruits 5-ribbed. Pappus a toothed cup. Leaves alternate, -linear. (See 246.) =Omphalopappus= O. Hoffm. - -Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite, the outer female or neuter. -380 - -380. Marginal flowers neuter, with a strap-shaped corolla. Leaves -opposite.--Species 40. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. =Aspilia= -Thouars - -Marginal flowers female. 381 - -381. Marginal flowers with a tubular or shortly strap-shaped corolla. -Pappus of 2-5 unequal bristles united at the base. Leaves, at least the -lower, opposite.--Species 4. Central Africa. =Blainvillea= Cass. - -Marginal flowers with a distinctly strap-shaped corolla. Pappus -cup-shaped, with or without awns. Heads stalked. 382 - -382. Leaves alternate. Fruits 4-5-angled, many-ribbed.--Species 6. -Madagascar. =Epallage= DC. - -Leaves opposite. Fruits 2-3-angled, with indistinct angles. (See 375.) -=Wedelia= Jacq. - -383. (356.) Female marginal flowers in several rows, with a yellow, -thread-shaped, 2-3-toothed corolla. Involucral bracts in several rows, -imbricate, with scarious edges. Fruits without ribs. Pappus of one -row of bristles. Leaves alternate, undivided. Heads solitary or in -glomerules. (See 183.) =Phagnalon= Cass. - -Female or neuter marginal flowers in one row, with a strap-shaped, -rarely a tubular but 4-toothed corolla, or wanting. [Tribe HELENIEAE.] -384 - -384. Female marginal flowers with a tubular, 4-toothed corolla. -Involucral bracts in 4-5 rows. Receptacle pitted. Pappus of scales. -Herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads in panicles.--Species 1. Southern West -Africa (Angola). =Welwitschiella= O. Hoffm. - -Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla or -wanting. Heads solitary or in glomerules. 385 - -385. Receptacle bristly. Involucral bracts in 3-4 rows. Anthers -arrow-shaped, the halves pointed at the base. Pappus of scales. Herbs. -Leaves alternate or radical. Heads solitary.--Species 1. Naturalized in -Central Africa. An ornamental plant. =Gaillardia= Foug. - -Receptacle glabrous, rarely (_Tagetes_) ciliate at the edges of the -pits. 386 - -386. Involucral bracts in 3-4 rows. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves -opposite, entire. Heads solitary.--Species 9. Central Africa. -(Including _Hypericophyllum_ Steetz). =Jaumea= Pers. - -Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows. 387 - -387. Involucral bracts free. 388 - -Involucral bracts united below. Heads solitary. Anthers entire at the -base or with blunt halves. 390 - -388. Involucral bracts numerous. Heads many-flowered. Female marginal -flowers numerous. Anthers arrow-shaped, the halves pointed at the base. -Pappus none. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate or all radical. -Heads solitary. (See 124.) =Dimorphotheca= Moench - -Involucral bracts 2-6. Heads few-flowered. Female marginal flowers -solitary or wanting. Anthers entire at the base or with blunt halves. -Heads in glomerules. 389 - -389. Pappus wanting. Herbs. Leaves opposite.--Species 2. Naturalized in -Egypt and Eritrea. They yield dyes and medicaments. =Flaveria= Juss. - -Pappus of slit scales. Small shrubs. Leaves alternate.--Species 1. -South Africa. =Phaeocephalus= S. Moore - -390. Pappus wanting. Fruits 5-10-ribbed. Leaves alternate.--Species 15. -South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Gamolepis= Less. - -Pappus of scales or bristles. Herbs. 391 - -391. Pappus of 3-6 scales. Fruits scarcely ribbed. Leaves opposite, -pinnately divided.--Species 3. Naturalized. Ornamental plants, also -yielding dyes and medicaments. =Tagetes= L. - -Pappus of numerous bristles or slit scales. Fruit 10-12-ribbed. Leaves -alternate, undivided.--Species 1. South Africa. =Cadiseus= E. Mey. - - - - -STATISTICAL TABLE - -showing the number of Genera and Species and the Geographical -Distribution of each Family. - -====================++=============++=============++=============++=============++=============++=============++============= - || Whole || Africa || Africa || North || Central || Malagasy || South - || Earth || (in all) ||(indigenous) || Africa || Africa || Islands || Africa -====================++======+======++======+======++======+======++======+======++======+======++======+======++======+====== -Cycadaceae || 9 | 85 || 3 | 25 || 3 | 25 || | || 1 | 8 || 1 | 1 || 2 | 15 -Ginkgoaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Taxaceae || 11 | 100 || 2 | 9 || 2 | 9 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 3 -Pinaceae || 26 | 260 || 6 | 25 || 5 | 25 || 5 | 15 || 2 | 4 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 3 -Gnetaceae || 3 | 45 || 3 | 8 || 3 | 8 || 1 | 5 || 3 | 5 || | || | ---------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------ -Gymnospermae || 50 | 500 || 14 | 65 || 13 | 65 || 7 | 20 || 7 | 20 || 3 | 3 || 4 | 20 ---------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------ -Typhaceae || 1 | 9 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 -Pandanaceae || 3 | 240 || 1 | 65 || 1 | 65 || | || 1 | 15 || 1 | 50 || | -Sparganiaceae || 1 | 15 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || | || | -Potamogetonaceae || 9 | 100 || 8 | 35 || 8 | 35 || 8 | 20 || 4 | 20 || 6 | 20 || 4 | 5 -Naiadaceae || 1 | 30 || 1 | 10 || 1 | 10 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 7 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 1 -Aponogetonaceae || 1 | 20 || 1 | 20 || 1 | 20 || | || 1 | 8 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 9 -Scheuchzeriaceae || 5 | 15 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 3 -Alismataceae || 12 | 75 || 9 | 15 || 9 | 15 || 4 | 5 || 8 | 10 || 4 | 4 || | -Butomaceae || 4 | 7 || 2 | 2 || 2 | 2 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | -Hydrocharitaceae || 15 | 65 || 10 | 40 || 10 | 40 || 4 | 4 || 9 | 35 || 8 | 10 || 1 | 1 -Triuridaceae || 2 | 25 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 3 || | || 1 | 2 || 1 | 1 || | -Gramineae || 373 | 3700 || 205 | 1600 || 199 | 1600 || 108 | 380 || 130 | 850 || 66 | 200 || 80 | 460 -Cyperaceae || 77 | 3000 || 40 | 880 || 40 | 880 || 9 | 90 || 25 | 490 || 26 | 270 || 28 | 350 -Palmae || 169 | 1200 || 36 | 100 || 33 | 100 || 3 | 4 || 13 | 40 || 24 | 60 || 2 | 2 -Cyclanthaceae || 6 | 45 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Araceae || 115 | 1100 || 33 | 150 || 28 | 140 || 6 | 10 || 21 | 120 || 6 | 6 || 3 | 10 -Lemnaceae || 3 | 25 || 3 | 12 || 3 | 12 || 3 | 7 || 3 | 10 || 2 | 4 || 3 | 5 -Flagellariaceae || 3 | 7 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 -Restionaceae || 23 | 250 || 12 | 230 || 12 | 230 || | || 1 | 1 || | || 12 | 230 -Centrolepidaceae || 7 | 40 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Mayacaceae || 1 | 7 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1|| | || | -Xyridaceae || 2 | 55 || 1 | 40 || 1 | 40 || | || 1 | 30 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 8 -Eriocaulaceae || 9 | 570 || 4 | 80 || 4 | 80 || | || 4 | 60 || 3 | 15 || 2 | 10 -Thurniaceae || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Rapateaceae || 7 | 25 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || | || | -Bromeliaceae || 57 | 920 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | -Commelinaceae || 29 | 320 || 12 | 160 || 12 | 160 || 1 | 5 || 12 | 140 || 6 | 25 || 5 | 20 -Pontederiaceae || 6 | 20 || 3 | 5 || 3 | 5 || | || 3 | 5 || 1 | 1 || | -Cyanastraceae || 1 | 5 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 5 || | || 1 | 5 || | || | -Philydraceae || 3 | 4 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Juncaceae || 8 | 280 || 3 | 55 || 3 | 55 || 2 | 30 || 2 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 3 | 30 -Stemonaceae || 3 | 8 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Liliaceae || 228 | 2600 || 79 | 1450 || 75 | 1450 || 27 | 130 || 37 | 600 || 22 | 65 || 52 | 880 -Haemodoraceae || 9 | 30 || 4 | 6 || 4 | 6 || | || | || | || 4 | 6 -Amaryllidaceae || 83 | 950 || 33 | 310 || 29 | 300 || 6 | 20 || 16 | 110 || 5 | 15 || 19 | 190 -Velloziaceae || 2 | 70 || 1 | 25 || 1 | 25 || | || 1 | 15 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 9 -Taccaceae || 2 | 10 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 2 || | -Dioscoreaceae || 10 | 240 || 2 | 45 || 2 | 45 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 20 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 15 -Iridaceae || 60 | 1100 || 39 | 600 || 37 | 600 || 5 | 30 || 13 | 120 || 6 | 10 || 32 | 500 -Musaceae || 6 | 85 || 4 | 25 || 3 | 20 || | || 1 | 15 || 2 | 2 || 1 | 4 -Zingiberaceae || 41 | 900 || 11 | 120 || 7 | 110 || | || 4 | 110 || 4 | 6 || 1 | 3 -Cannaceae || 1 | 40 || 1 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | -Marantaceae || 27 | 290 || 12 | 60 || 11 | 55 || | || 11 | 55 || 2 | 2 || | -Burmanniaceae || 18 | 60 || 4 | 15 || 4 | 15 || | || 4 | 10 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 1 -Orchidaceae || 500 | 7400 || 97 | 1600 || 97 | 1600 || 14 | 50 || 55 | 900 || 56 | 370 || 37 | 430 ---------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------ -Monocotyledonae || 1944 |26000 || 681 | 7800 || 650 | 7750 || 206 | 800 || 381 | 3850 || 261 | 1200 || 298 | 3200 ---------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------ -Casuarinaceae || 1 | 30 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || | || 1 | 2 || | -Saururaceae || 3 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Piperaceae || 9 | 1100 || 3 | 80 || 3 | 80 || | || 3 | 40 || 2 | 40 || 2 | 7 -Chloranthaceae || 4 | 35 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Lacistemaceae || 1 | 15 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Salicaceae || 2 | 200 || 2 | 20 || 2 | 20 || 2 | 12 || 2 | 6 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 3 -Garryaceae || 1 | 15 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Myricaceae || 1 | 55 || 1 | 25 || 1 | 25 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 13 -Balanopsidaceae || 2 | 9 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Leitneriaceae || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Juglandaceae || 6 | 40 || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | -Batidaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Julianiaceae || 2 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Betulaceae || 6 | 90 || 2 | 2 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | -Fagaceae || 5 | 370 || 2 | 9 || 2 | 9 || 2 | 9 || | || | || | -Ulmaceae || 15 | 120 || 5 | 35 || 5 | 35 || 2 | 2 || 4 | 20 || 3 | 10 || 3 | 7 -Moraceae || 70 | 1000 || 26 | 260 || 19 | 250 || 1 | 5 || 15 | 200 || 9 | 65 || 1 | 12 -Urticaceae || 43 | 580 || 20 | 150 || 19 | 150 || 4 | 13 || 17 | 75 || 11 | 55 || 9 | 20 -Proteaceae || 55 | 1000 || 13 | 400 || 13 | 400 || | || 3 | 50 || 2 | 2 || 12 | 360 -Myzodendraceae || 1 | 10 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Santalaceae || 26 | 250 || 6 | 140 || 6 | 140 || 2 | 5 || 3 | 55 || 2 | 3 || 5 | 90 -Opiliaceae || 7 | 25 || 2 | 15 || 2 | 15 || | || 2 | 15 || | || 1 | 1 -Grubbiaceae || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || | || | || | || 1 | 4 -Olacaceae || 27 | 160 || 11 | 70 || 11 | 70 || | || 9 | 55 || 4 | 13 || 1 | 1 -Octoknemataceae || 1 | 3 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 3 || | || 1 | 3 || | || | -Loranthaceae || 26 | 900 || 4 | 300 || 4 | 300 || 2 | 2 || 2 | 240 || 3 | 45 || 2 | 40 -Balanophoraceae || 14 | 50 || 4 | 6 || 4 | 6 || | || 2 | 3 || 2 | 2 || 2 | 3 -Aristolochiaceae || 6 | 200 || 1 | 30 || 1 | 30 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 20 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 1 -Rafflesiaceae || 7 | 25 || 2 | 4 || 2 | 4 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 -Hydnoraceae || 2 | 10 || 1 | 8 || 1 | 8 || | || 1 | 6 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 2 -Polygonaceae || 34 | 800 || 9 | 120 || 8 | 120 || 5 | 50 || 5 | 45 || 2 | 20 || 4 | 45 -Chenopodiaceae || 76 | 450 || 26 | 120 || 25 | 120 || 24 | 75 || 12 | 40 || 3 | 6 || 9 | 40 -Amarantaceae || 56 | 500 || 32 | 200 || 32 | 200 || 8 | 17 || 28 | 140 || 12 | 35 || 18 | 50 -Nyctaginaceae || 20 | 170 || 5 | 30 || 3 | 30 || 1 | 6 || 3 | 12 || 3 | 15 || 3 | 6 -Cynocrambaceae || 1 | 2 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | -Phytolaccaceae || 22 | 120 || 5 | 15 || 4 | 10 || 1 | 2 || 4 | 8 || 3 | 4 || 2 | 8 -Aizoaceae || 24 | 600 || 20 | 480 || 20 | 480 || 6 | 10 || 14 | 45 || 6 | 12 || 20 | 440 -Portulacaceae || 18 | 210 || 6 | 35 || 6 | 35 || 1 | 2 || 2 | 13 || 2 | 5 || 5 | 20 -Basellaceae || 5 | 15 || 2 | 4 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | -Caryophyllaceae || 79 | 1500 || 45 | 280 || 45 | 280 || 37 | 200 || 22 | 60 || 7 | 8 || 15 | 40 -Nymphaeaceae || 8 | 60 || 3 | 20 || 3 | 20 || 2 | 4 || 2 | 20 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 1 -Ceratophyllaceae || 1 | 3 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 -Trochodendraceae || 2 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Cercidiphyllaceae || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Ranunculaceae || 32 | 1200 || 11 | 140 || 11 | 140 || 11 | 70 || 5 | 30 || 2 | 13 || 4 | 23 -Lardizabalaceae || 7 | 20 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Berberidaceae || 9 | 150 || 3 | 6 || 3 | 6 || 3 | 4 || 1 | 2 || | || | -Menispermaceae || 63 | 360 || 27 | 100 || 27 | 100 || 1 | 1 || 20 | 75 || 10 | 25 || 6 | 15 -Magnoliaceae || 13 | 110 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Calycanthaceae || 1 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Lactoridaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Anonaceae || 76 | 900 || 27 | 240 || 26 | 230 || | || 25 | 200 || 11 | 30 || 5 | 8 -Myristicaceae || 16 | 250 || 9 | 25 || 7 | 20 || | || 5 | 15 || 2 | 5 || | -Gomortegaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Monimiaceae || 30 | 250 || 6 | 30 || 6 | 30 || | || 3 | 6 || 4 | 25 || 1 | 1 -Lauraceae || 48 | 1100 || 15 | 75 || 12 | 70 || 4 | 5 || 6 | 30 || 7 | 35 || 3 | 10 -Hernandiaceae || 4 | 25 || 3 | 7 || 3 | 7 || | || 3 | 4 || 2 | 4 || | -Papaveraceae || 31 | 400 || 11 | 50 || 9 | 50 || 7 | 40 || 4 | 7 || | || 4 | 10 -Capparidaceae || 43 | 450 || 20 | 260 || 20 | 260 || 7 | 15 || 19 | 200 || 7 | 35 || 8 | 40 -Cruciferae || 232 | 1900 || 88 | 420 || 87 | 410 || 75 | 270 || 28 | 85 || 4 | 8 || 21 | 110 -Tovariaceae || 1 | 4 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Resedaceae || 6 | 55 || 6 | 45 || 6 | 45 || 6 | 30 || 5 | 10 || | || 1 | 5 -Moringaceae || 1 | 6 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 1 || | -Sarraceniaceae || 3 | 9 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Nepenthaceae || 1 | 60 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || | || 1 | 2 || | -Droseraceae || 4 | 85 || 3 | 15 || 3 | 15 || 1 | 1 || 2 | 6 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 10 -Podostemonaceae || 30 | 130 || 9 | 25 || 9 | 25 || | || 8 | 20 || 3 | 6 || 2 | 2 -Hydrostachyaceae || 1 | 15 || 1 | 15 || 1 | 15 || | || 1 | 4 || 1 | 12 || 1 | 1 -Crassulaceae || 18 | 550 || 10 | 400 || 10 | 400 || 5 | 110 || 6 | 60 || 5 | 50 || 6 | 200 -Cephalotaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Saxifragaceae || 78 | 650 || 11 | 25 || 10 | 25 || 3 | 10 || 4 | 7 || 6 | 7 || 3 | 4 -Pittosporaceae || 9 | 110 || 1 | 35 || 1 | 35 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 15 || 1 | 15 || 1 | 2 -Brunelliaceae || 1 | 10 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Cunoniaceae || 21 | 130 || 3 | 17 || 3 | 17 || | || | || 1 | 15 || 2 | 2 -Myrothamnaceae || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 -Bruniaceae || 12 | 55 || 12 | 55 || 12 | 55 || | || | || | || 12 | 55 -Hamamelidaceae || 20 | 50 || 3 | 20 || 3 | 20 || | || 1 | 2 || 2 | 15 || 1 | 2 -Eucommiaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Platanaceae || 1 | 6 || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | -Crossosomataceae || 1 | 3 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Rosaceae || 102 | 1700 || 32 | 230 || 30 | 220 || 18 | 65 || 13 | 85 || 5 | 20 || 12 | 65 -Connaraceae || 20 | 180 || 12 | 140 || 12 | 140 || | || 12 | 130 || 3 | 8 || 1 | 1 -Leguminosae || 522 |11500 || 261 | 3300 || 253 | 3300 || 54 | 550 || 182 | 1650 || 82 | 440 || 88 | 1000 -Pandaceae || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || | || | -Geraniaceae || 11 | 500 || 6 | 350 || 6 | 350 || 3 | 50 || 6 | 25 || 2 | 2 || 5 | 280 -Oxalidaceae || 7 | 300 || 3 | 160 || 2 | 160 || 1 | 4 || 2 | 15 || 2 | 25 || 1 | 120 -Tropaeolaceae || 1 | 50 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | -Linaceae || 13 | 130 || 7 | 60 || 6 | 60 || 2 | 20 || 6 | 30 || 2 | 8 || 1 | 5 -Humiriaceae || 3 | 20 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || | || | -Erythroxylaceae || 2 | 200 || 2 | 40 || 2 | 40 || | || 2 | 5 || 1 | 35 || 1 | 4 -Zygophyllaceae || 28 | 170 || 12 | 90 || 12 | 90 || 9 | 35 || 6 | 18 || 2 | 3 || 7 | 50 -Cneoraceae || 1 | 10 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | -Rutaceae || 125 | 950 || 33 | 320 || 30 | 310 || 1 | 8 || 17 | 80 || 7 | 35 || 17 | 210 -Simarubaceae || 32 | 150 || 16 | 40 || 16 | 40 || | || 13 | 35 || 4 | 5 || 1 | 1 -Burseraceae || 18 | 350 || 7 | 160 || 7 | 160 || | || 6 | 120 || 3 | 20 || 1 | 20 -Meliaceae || 49 | 800 || 23 | 150 || 23 | 150 || | || 18 | 100 || 8 | 45 || 5 | 15 -Malpighiaceae || 65 | 700 || 16 | 80 || 16 | 80 || | || 10 | 45 || 10 | 30 || 4 | 13 -Trigoniceae || 3 | 30 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Vochysiaceae || 5 | 100 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Tremandraceae || 3 | 25 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Polygalaceae || 11 | 700 || 6 | 240 || 6 | 240 || 1 | 10 || 5 | 90 || 1 | 20 || 4 | 140 -Dichapetalaceae || 3 | 100 || 2 | 75 || 2 | 75 || | || 2 | 65 || 1 | 12 || 1 | 1 -Euphorbiaceae || 278 | 4500 || 122 | 1200 || 117 | 1150 || 5 | 70 || 95 | 600 || 47 | 360 || 31 | 220 -Callitrichaceae || 1 | 25 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 -Buxaceae || 7 | 30 || 3 | 8 || 3 | 8 || 1 | 1 || 2 | 4 || 1 | 1 || 2 | 2 -Empetraceae || 3 | 4 || 2 | 2 || 2 | 2 || 1 | 1 || | || | || 1 | 1 -Coriariaceae || 1 | 8 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | -Limnanthaceae || 2 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Anacardiaceae || 69 | 480 || 29 | 250 || 26 | 240 || 2 | 6 || 16 | 130 || 12 | 30 || 9 | 95 -Cyrillaceae || 3 | 6 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Pentaphylacaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Corynocarpaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Aquifoliaceae || 4 | 280 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 -Celastraceae || 51 | 500 || 15 | 160 || 15 | 160 || 2 | 4 || 5 | 50 || 9 | 35 || 11 | 90 -Hippocrateaceae || 3 | 200 || 3 | 110 || 3 | 110 || | || 3 | 100 || 2 | 12 || 2 | 5 -Salvadoraceae || 3 | 9 || 3 | 6 || 3 | 6 || 1 | 1 || 3 | 6 || 1 | 1 || 2 | 2 -Stackhousiaceae || 2 | 15 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Staphyleaceae || 6 | 20 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Icacinaceae || 48 | 200 || 19 | 90 || 19 | 90 || | || 15 | 65 || 10 | 20 || 3 | 5 -Aceraceae || 2 | 110 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || | || | || | -Hippocastanaceae || 3 | 15 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Sapindaceae || 128 | 1100 || 51 | 200 || 47 | 200 || | || 29 | 120 || 23 | 60 || 8 | 15 -Sabiaceae || 3 | 70 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Melianthaceae || 3 | 30 || 3 | 30 || 30 | || | 1 || 18 | || | 3 || 10 | -Balsaminaceae || 2 | 350 || 1 | 100 || 1 | 100 || | || 1 | 85 || 1 | 25 || 1 | 2 -Rhamnaceae || 52 | 500 || 18 | 140 || 18 | 140 || 3 | 15 || 14 | 25 || 9 | 20 || 8 | 90 -Vitaceae || 12 | 500 || 5 | 200 || 5 | 200 || 2 | 2 || 4 | 160 || 3 | 30 || 2 | 18 -Elaeocarpaceae || 8 | 130 || 1 | 15 || 1 | 15 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 15 || | -Chlaenaceae || 7 | 25 || 7 | 25 || 7 | 25 || | || | || 7 | 25 || | -Gonystilaceae || 1 | 7 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Tiliaceae || 45 | 350 || 18 | 260 || 18 | 260 || 2 | 4 || 17 | 180 || 8 | 70 || 4 | 20 -Malvaceae || 50 | 900 || 21 | 300 || 21 | 300 || 7 | 40 || 16 | 140 || 13 | 85 || 13 | 85 -Bombacaceae || 22 | 140 || 3 | 13 || 3 | 13 || | || 3 | 9 || 1 | 4 || | -Sterculiaceae || 57 | 820 || 28 | 470 || 26 | 470 || 1 | 1 || 19 | 190 || 14 | 120 || 6 | 190 -Scytopetalaceae || 5 | 40 || 5 | 40 || 5 | 40 || | || 5 | 40 || | || | -Dilleniaceae || 14 | 320 || 3 | 25 || 3 | 25 || | || 1 | 18 || 3 | 8 || | -Eucryphiaceae || 1 | 4 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Ochnaceae || 22 | 250 || 7 | 150 || 7 | 150 || | || 6 | 120 || 3 | 35 || 3 | 8 -Caryocaraceae || 2 | 15 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Marcgraviaceae || 5 | 50 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Quiinaceae || 2 | 20 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Theaceae || 20 | 200 || 6 | 12 || 5 | 10 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 3 | 8 || | -Guttiferae || 50 | 850 || 16 | 180 || 16 | 180 || 1 | 25 || 12 | 85 || 11 | 80 || 2 | 6 -Dipterocarpaceae || 19 | 340 || 2 | 15 || 2 | 15 || | || 1 | 15 || 1 | 1 || | -Elatinaceae || 2 | 35 || 2 | 15 || 2 | 15 || 2 | 6 || 1 | 8 || | || 1 | 5 -Frankeniaceae || 5 | 60 || 2 | 10 || 2 | 10 || 1 | 9 || 2 | 3 || | || 1 | 3 -Tamaricaceae || 4 | 90 || 3 | 25 || 3 | 25 || 3 | 20 || 1 | 3 || | || 1 | 2 -Fouquieriaceae || 1 | 4 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Cistaceae || 7 | 140 || 5 | 75 || 5 | 75 || 5 | 75 || 1 | 1 || | || | -Bixaceae || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | -Cochlospermaceae || 3 | 20 || 2 | 7 || 2 | 7 || | || 1 | 5 || 1 | 2 || | -Koeberliniaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Winteranaceae || 4 | 8 || 2 | 4 || 2 | 4 || | || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | -Violaceae || 17 | 450 || 4 | 100 || 4 | 100 || 1 | 15 || 4 | 55 || 3 | 30 || 3 | 8 -Flacourtiaceae || 84 | 650 || 46 | 250 || 46 | 250 || | || 39 | 150 || 18 | 95 || 11 | 25 -Stachyuraceae || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Turneraceae || 7 | 100 || 7 | 20 || 7 | 20 || | || 3 | 12 || 5 | 6 || 2 | 2 -Malesherbiaceae || 1 | 25 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Passifloraceae || 13 | 380 || 8 | 75 || 8 | 70 || | || 6 | 45 || 3 | 15 || 3 | 12 -Achariaceae || 3 | 3 || 3 | 3 || 3 | 3 || | || | || | || 3 | 3 -Caricaceae || 3 | 30 || 2 | 3 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 2 || | || | -Loasaceae || 13 | 230 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || 1 | 1 -Datiscaceae || 3 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Begoniaceae || 5 | 450 || 1 | 110 || 1 | 110 || | || 1 | 90 || 1 | 20 || 1 | 7 -Ancistrocladaceae || 1 | 10 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 2 || | || | -Cactaceae || 23 | 1500 || 5 | 13 || 1 | 7 || | || 1 | 3 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 1 -Geissolomataceae || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || 1 | 2 -Penaeaceae || 5 | 35 || 5 | 35 || 5 | 35 || | || | || | || 5 | 35 -Oliniaceae || 1 | 7 || 1 | 7 || 1 | 7 || | || 1 | 3 || | || 1 | 4 -Thymelaeaceae || 41 | 450 || 17 | 250 || 16 | 250 || 2 | 15 || 8 | 95 || 4 | 17 || 10 | 130 -Elaeagnaceae || 3 | 30 || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | -Lythraceae || 25 | 500 || 12 | 90 || 11 | 90 || 4 | 15 || 7 | 65 || 7 | 17 || 6 | 25 -Sonneratiaceae || 4 | 15 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | -Punicaceae || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || | || | -Lecythidaceae || 19 | 250 || 4 | 15 || 4 | 15 || | || 3 | 8 || 2 | 9 || 1 | 1 -Rhizophoraceae || 18 | 60 || 10 | 45 || 10 | 45 || | || 8 | 30 || 8 | 20 || 4 | 5 -Nyssaceae || 3 | 8 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Alangiaceae || 1 | 20 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | -Combretaceae || 17 | 450 || 12 | 330 || 12 | 330 || | || 10 | 280 || 6 | 40 || 4 | 25 -Myrtaceae || 76 | 2900 || 10 | 85 || 7 | 75 || 1 | 1 || 3 | 35 || 4 | 35 || 4 | 10 -Melastomataceae || 169 | 2800 || 33 | 280 || 33 | 280 || | || 24 | 160 || 14 | 110 || 3 | 9 -Oenotheraceae || 39 | 500 || 10 | 40 || 6 | 35 || 6 | 12 || 4 | 20 || 3 | 12 || 4 | 12 -Halorrhagaceae || 7 | 150 || 3 | 15 || 3 | 15 || 2 | 4 || 3 | 5 || 3 | 7 || 3 | 3 -Hippuridaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Cynomoriaceae || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | -Araliaceae || 55 | 660 || 8 | 75 || 8 | 75 || 1 | 1 || 3 | 25 || 7 | 45 || 1 | 10 -Umbelliferae || 270 | 2500 || 92 | 410 || 92 | 410 || 71 | 210 || 29 | 80 || 8 | 20 || 30 | 120 -Cornaceae || 10 | 100 || 4 | 6 || 4 | 6 || | || 1 | 1 || 2 | 4 || 1 | 1 ---------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------ -Archichlamydeae || 4512 |67500 || 1703 |16700 || 1632 |16600 || 454 | 2300 || 1054 | 7800 || 577 | 2950 || 573 | 5000 ---------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------ -Clethraceae || 1 | 30 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | -Pirolaceae || 10 | 30 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Lennoaceae || 3 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Ericaceae || 77 | 1550 || 17 | 720 || 17 | 720 || 5 | 12 || 7 | 40 || 6 | 45 || 12 | 630 -Epacridaceae || 23 | 340 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Diapensiaceae || 6 | 9 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Theophrastaceae || 4 | 70 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Myrsinaceae || 32 | 1000 || 10 | 130 || 10 | 130 || 3 | 3 || 5 | 35 || 7 | 95 || 4 | 8 -Primulaceae || 22 | 560 || 11 | 45 || 10 | 45 || 9 | 20 || 7 | 20 || 2 | 6 || 3 | 8 -Plumbaginaceae || 10 | 280 || 7 | 90 || 7 | 90 || 5 | 60 || 4 | 18 || 1 | 3 || 3 | 15 -Sapotaceae || 51 | 650 || 19 | 150 || 16 | 140 || 2 | 2 || 12 | 110 || 5 | 30 || 3 | 15 -Hoplestigmataceae || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 2 || | || | -Ebenaceae || 7 | 350 || 6 | 150 || 6 | 150 || | || 5 | 80 || 3 | 35 || 4 | 35 -Symplocaceae || 1 | 300 || | || | || | || | || | || | -Styracaceae || 7 | 110 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || | || | - - - - -GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS - - -ABORTIVE (_abortivus_). Imperfectly developed. - -ACCRESCENT (_accrescens_). Increasing in size with age. - -ACCUMBENT (_accumbens_). Placed along the edge, especially of the -cotyledons. - -ACHENE (_achaenium_). A dry and indehiscent fruit, especially one with -a thin pericarp. - -ACUMINATE (_acuminatus_). Narrowed at the top and drawn out into a -point. - -ACUTE (_acutus_). Sharply pointed, but not drawn out. - -ADELPHOUS (_adelphus_). United in bundles, e.g., diadelphous = united -in two bundles. - -ADHERENT (_adhaerens_). Slightly united to an organ of another kind, -usually to a part of another whorl. - -ADNATE (_adnatus_). Closely united with an organ of another kind, -usually with a part of another whorl. Adnate anthers have their halves -attached through their whole length to the filament. - -AËRIAL (_aëreus_). Growing above the surface of the earth or water. - -AESTIVATION (_aestivatio_). Praefloration, i.e., the arrangement of the -perianth-leaves in the bud. - -ALBUMEN (_albumen_). The nutritive tissue (endosperm or perisperm) in -which the embryo is more or less immersed. - -ALTERNATE (_alternus_). Placed between two parts; or inserted one on -each node. - -ANDROGYNOUS (_androgynus_). Containing both male and female flowers. - -ANDROPHORE (_androphorum_). An elongation of the receptacle below the -stamens. - -ANNUAL (_annuus_). Terminating its whole cycle of life within one year. - -ANNULAR (_annularis_). Ring-shaped. - -ANTERIOR (_anticus_). Placed in front; or turned away from the axis -upon which the organ is inserted. - -ANTHER (_anthera_). The thickened upper part of the stamen, which -encloses the pollen. It usually consists of two halves (cells) -containing two pollen-sacs each and opening by a common slit or pore. - -APPRESSED (_appressus_). Pressed close. - -AREOLE (_areola_). A space marked out on a surface. - -ARIL (_arillus_). An expansion of the funicle or the adjoining part of -the testa, more or less enveloping the seed. - -ASCENDING (_ascendens_). Directed upwards. An ascending stem is more or -less prostrate at the base, then erect; an ascending ovule is attached -somewhat above the base. - -ASYMMETRICAL (_asymmetricus_). Which cannot be divided into two or more -similar parts. - -AURICLE (_auriculus_). An earlet, i.e., a small roundish lateral -appendage of a leaf or leaf-like organ. - -AWN (_arista_). A strong bristle-like appendage. - -AXIL (_axilla_). The upper angle between a leaf and the stem from which -it springs. - -AXILE (_axilis_). Placed in the axis. - -AXILLARY (_axillaris_). Placed in the axil of a leaf. - -AXIS (_axis_). The line round which an organ is developed; or the part -of the plant on which other parts are attached, especially the stem. - - -BACCATE (_baccatus_). Berry-like. - -BARBED (_glochidiatus_). Beset with hairs or spines directed backwards. - -BASIFIXED (_basifixus_). Attached by the bottom. - -BERRY (_bacca_). A succulent indehiscent fruit with a thin and soft -(membranous, parchment-like, or cartilaginous) endocarp. - -BIENNIAL (_biennis_). Fruiting the second year and then perishing. - -BLADE (_lamina_). The upper expanded part of a leaf or leaf-like organ. - -BRACT (_bractea_). A modified leaf, usually reduced in size, -intermediate between the foliage leaves and the flowers, especially -those in the axil of which a flower or branch of inflorescence arises. - -BRACTEOLE (_bracteola_). A bract arising immediately below a flower or -on the pedicel. - -BULB (_bulbus_). A usually underground part of the stem of certain -plants, which is surrounded by numerous fleshy scales. - - -CADUCOUS (_caducus_). Falling off very early. - -CALYX (_calyx_). The outer floral envelope, usually smaller and firmer -than the inner and of green colour. - -CAMPANULATE (_campanulatus_). Bell-shaped. - -CAPITATE (_capitatus_). Head-like. - -CAPSULE (_capsula_). A dry dehiscent fruit, especially if formed of -several carpels. - -CARPEL (_carpellum_). A modified leaf bearing the female reproductive -organs (ovules). - -CARUNCLE (_caruncula_). An outgrowth near the hilum of certain seeds. - -CATKIN (_amentum_). A deciduous spike with a thin rachis and -inconspicuous unisexual flowers. - -CAULINE (_caulinus_). Arising along the stem. - -CELL (_cellula_). One of the sack-like bodies of which the tissue of -the plants is composed. - -CELL (_loculus_). One of the cavities into which the ovary, the fruit, -and the anthers are usually divided. The number of anther-cells refers -to the time after their dehiscence, 2-celled anthers being 4-celled -when young. - -CENTRIFUGAL (_centrifugus_). Developing from the centre outwards or -from the apex towards the base. - -CENTRIPETAL (_centripetus_). Developing from without towards the centre -or from the base towards the apex. - -CIRCINNATE (_circinnatus_). Coiled from the apex downwards. - -CIRCUMSCISS (_circumscissus_). Split circularly around. - -CLAW (_unguis_). The narrow base of perianth-leaves, especially petals. - -CLEFT (_fissus,-fidus_). Divided half-way down. - -COHERENT (_cohaerens_). Slightly united to an organ of the same kind. - -COLLATERAL (_collateralis_). Placed side by side. - -COMPOUND LEAF (_folium compositum_). A leaf formed of leaflets jointed -with the rachis and usually falling off separately. - -CONDUPLICATE (_conduplicatus_). Doubled along the midrib. - -CONE (_conus_). A spike-like inflorescence flower or fruit with large -bracts or scales usually becoming woody at maturity. - -CONFLUENT (_confluens_). Blended into one. - -CONNATE (_connatus_). United with an organ of the same kind by -confluence of the margins or by elongation of the common base. - -CONNECTIVE (_connectivum_). The part of the stamen which connects the -anther-halves. - -CONNIVENT (_connivens_). Converging. - -CONTORTED (_contortus_). Imbricate in bud, all segments overlapping on -the same side (to the right or the left from the spectator). - -CONVOLUTE (_convolutus_). Rolled up from one margin. - -CORDATE (_cordatus_). Heart-shaped, i.e., with two rounded basal lobes. - -CORM (_cormus_). The thickened base of certain stems, enveloped by some -large scales and usually underground. - -COROLLA (_corolla_). The inner floral envelope, usually larger than the -outer, of soft texture, and bright coloured. - -CORONA (_corona_). A crown formed by scale-or thread-like appendages of -the perianth or the stamens. - -CORYMB (_corymbus_). A more or less flat-topped, raceme-like or -compound inflorescence. - -COTTONY (_tomentosus_). Covered with short matted hairs. - -COTYLEDON (_cotyledo_). Seed-leaf, i.e., one of the first leaves of the -embryo, which differ from the following. - -CRENATE (_crenatus_). With rounded teeth at the margin. - -CRUSTACEOUS (_crustaceus_). Crusty, i.e., thin and brittle. - -CYME (_cyma_). An inflorescence of the centrifugal (cymose) type, -especially when loose and equally-branched. - -CYMOSE (_cymosus_). Consisting of a main axis, which ends in a flower, -and several stronger lateral axes. - -CYSTOLITH (_cystolithus_). Cell-stone, i.e., a hard outgrowth of the -cell-wall, appearing as a point or short line on the surface of the -leaves of certain plants. - - -DECIDUOUS (_deciduus_). Falling off after flowering or at the end of -the season. - -DECUMBENT (_decumbens_). Reclining. - -DECURRENT (_decurrens_). Prolonged below the insertion. - -DEHISCENT (_dehiscens_). Opening spontaneously when ripe to discharge -the contents (seeds or pollen). - -DENTATE (_dentatus_). Toothed, i.e., provided with small incisions and -projections on the margin. - -DESCENDING (_descendens_). Tending downwards; or attached somewhat -below the apex. - -DICHOTOMOUS (_dichotomus_). Repeatedly divided in pairs, each branch -dividing into two subequal branches. - -DIDYMOUS (_didymus_). Bi-globose, i.e., divided into two roundish lobes. - -DIDYNAMOUS (_didynamus_). In two pairs of unequal length. - -DIGITATE (_digitatus_). Palmately compound. - -DIOECIOUS (_dioicus_). Unisexual and the male and female flowers on -different plants. - -DISC (_discus_). A usually ring-, cushion-, or cup-shaped expansion of -the receptacle. - -DISSECTED (_dissectus_). Divided to the base, but not jointed with the -rachis. - -DISSEPIMENT (_septum_). A partition of the interior of the ovary, -usually formed by the margins of the carpels. A partition not having -that origin is called a false or spurious dissepiment. - -DIVARICATE (_divaricatus_). Diverging at an angle approaching 180°. - -DORSAL (_dorsalis_). Situated on the back, especially on the midrib of -a folded leaf or leaf-like organ; or turned away from the axis to which -the organ in question is attached. - -DORSIFIXED (_dorsifixus_). Attached by the back. - -DRUPE (_drupa_). Stone-fruit, i.e., a fruit with a hard (bony, woody, -or crusty) endocarp called the stone, a succulent, more or less fleshy -mesocarp, and a thin (membranous or leathery) epicarp. - - -ELLIPTICAL (_ellipticus_). About twice as long as broad and narrowed -towards both ends. - -EMARGINATE (_emarginatus_). With a small, usually apical notch. - -EMBRYO (_embryo_). The rudimentary plant formed in the seed. - -ENDOCARP (_endocarpium_). The innermost layer of the pericarp. - -ENTIRE (_integerrimus_). Without toothing or division. - -EPICALYX (_epicalyx_). A whorl of bracts closely surrounding a flower -and resembling an outer calyx. - -EPICARP (_epicarpium_). The outermost layer of the pericarp. - -EPIGYNOUS (_epigynus_). Inserted at the upper edge of a concave -receptacle which is united with the ovary. - -EPIPHYTE (_epiphyticus_). Growing upon other plants without deriving -nourishment from them. - -EX-(_ex-_). Without. Exalbuminous = without albumen. Exstipulate = -without stipules. - -EXOCARP (_exocarpium_). The outermost layer of the pericarp. - -EXSERTED (_exsertus_). Projecting beyond the tube of the perianth or -corolla. - -EXTRORSE (_extrorsus_). Turned outwards. - -FALCATE (_falcatus_). Sickle-shaped. - -FASCICLE (_fasciculus_). A cluster, especially a short and dense cymose -inflorescence of distinctly stalked or conspicuous flowers. - -FEMALE FLOWER (_flos foemineus_). A flower containing fertile -(ovule-bearing) carpels, but no fertile (pollen-producing) stamens. - -FERTILE (_fertilis_). Capable of producing progeny, especially bearing -pollen or ovules which develop into seeds. - -FILAMENT (_filamentum_). The lower narrow part (the stalk) of the -stamen. - -FILIFORM (_filiformis_). Thread-shaped, i.e., cylindrical and very -slender. - -FLEXUOUS (_flexuosus_). Bent alternately in opposite directions. - -FOLIACEOUS (_foliaceus_). Leaf-like, i.e., having the shape and texture -of a foliage-leaf. - -FOLIOLE (_foliolum_). Leaflet, i.e., one of the leaf-like parts of a -compound leaf, which are jointed to the rachis. - -FOLLICLE (_folliculus_). A one-celled fruit opening lengthwise (at the -ventral suture). - -FORKED (_furcatus_). Divided into two subequal branches. - -FREE (_liber_). Not united, not even at the base. - -FUNICLE (_funiculus_). The stalk of the ovule. - - -GAMO-(_gamo-_). With the parts more or less united, e.g., gamopetalous -= with the petals united below into a ring, cup, or tube. - -GLABROUS (_glaber_). Without hairs. - -GLAND (_glans_). A thick, usually roundish outgrowth, generally -secreting a liquid. - -GLANDULAR (_glandulosus_). Bearing a gland or glands. - -GLOMERULE (_glomerulis_). A short and dense cymose inflorescence of -subsessile inconspicuous flowers. - -GLUME (_gluma_). A chaffy bract, especially in the inflorescence of -grasses. - -GYNOPHORE (_gynophorum_). An elongation of the receptacle below the -carpels. - - -HASTATE (_hastatus_). Halbard-shaped, i.e., with two acute basal lobes -turned outwards. - -HEAD (_capitulum_). A centripetal inflorescence with a short and -usually thick axis and sessile or nearly sessile flowers. - -HERMAPHRODITE (_hermaphroditus_). Bisexual, i.e., containing both kinds -of sexual organs (stamens and carpels) in complete development. - -HILUM (_hilus_). The point where the ovule or the seed is attached to -the funicle or the placenta. - -HIRSUTE (_hirsutus_). Densely covered with erect, rather short and -stiff hairs. - -HISPID (_hispidus_). Beset with long stiff hairs. - -HYALINE (_hyalinus_). Membranous and translucid. - -HYPOGYNOUS (_hypogynus_). Inserted at the base of the ovary or below -it, upon a small and flat or an elevated receptacle. - - -IMBRICATE (_imbricatus_). Overlapping at the edges, as the tiles of a -roof, especially in the bud. - -IMPARIPINNATE (_imparipinnatus_). Unequally pinnate, i.e., pinnate with -a terminal leaflet. - -INCLUDED (_inclusus_). Concealed within the tube of the perianth or -corolla. - -INCUMBENT (_incumbens_). Placed upon the back, especially of the -cotyledons. - -INDEHISCENT (_indehiscens_). Remaining closed at maturity. - -INDUPLICATE (_induplicatus_). Doubled along the midrib, with the -margins turned inwards. - -INFERIOR OVARY (_ovarium inferum_). An ovary adnate to a concave -receptacle or to the tube of the perianth or calyx. - -INFLORESCENCE (_inflorescentia_). The flowering part of a branch -and the arrangement of the flowers upon it. The flower-clusters -constituting together a compound inflorescence are termed partial -inflorescences. - -INTRORSE (_introrsus_). Turned inwards. - -INVERTED OVULE (_ovulum anatropum_). An ovule with the micropyle next -to the hilum. - -INVOLUCEL (_involucellum_). The involucre of a partial inflorescence. - -INVOLUCRE (_involucrum_). A group of bracts surrounding an -inflorescence. - -INVOLUTE (_involutus_). Rolled inward from the margins towards the -midrib. - -IRREGULAR FLOWER (_flos irregularis_). A flower with unequally shaped -or disposed perianth-leaves. - - -JOINTED (_articulatus_). Divided into portions which subsequently -separate; or separating at the point of attachment. - - -LACINIATE (_laciniatus_). Lacerated, i.e., slit into narrow and -irregular segments. - -LANCEOLATE (_lanceolatus_). About 3-6 times as long as broad and ending -in an angle or point. - -LEGUME (_legumen_). A one-celled fruit opening by two valves. - -LIGULATE (_ligulatus_). Strap-shaped, i.e., produced on one side into a -long and narrow limb. - -LIGULE (_ligula_). A strap-shaped body, especially the scale-like -appendage on the inner side of certain leaves, usually between the -sheath and the blade. - -LIMB (_limbus_). The upper, more or less expanded part of a perianth. - -LINEAR (_linearis_). Very narrow (many times as long as broad) with -almost parallel edges. - -LIP (_labium_). A part of a perianth formed of several united segments -or of one large segment which is separated from the rest. - -LOBE (_lobus_). Division of a leaf or a perianth, especially when short. - -LOBED (_lobatus_). Shortly divided, the incisions not reaching to the -middle. - -LOCULICIDAL (_loculicidus_). Opening along the median line of the -outer wall of the ovary-or fruit-cells (along the dorsal suture of the -carpels). - -LYRATE (_lyratus_). Lyre-shaped, i.e., pinnately divided with a large -and rounded terminal lobe and small lateral ones. - - -MALE FLOWER (_flos masculus_). A flower containing fertile -(pollen-producing) stamens, but no fertile carpels. - -MEDIAN (_medianus_). Placed in the middle-line of a bilateral organ. - -MERICARP (_mericarpium_). Partial fruit, i.e., one of the parts into -which a schizocarp separates. - -MEROUS (_merus_). With the parts of the flower consisting of a certain -number of divisions or leaves, e.g., dimerous = with the parts in twos. - -MESOCARP (_mesocarpium_). The intermediate layer of the pericarp. - -MICROPYLE (_micropyle_). The aperture in the coats of the ovule. - -MONOECIOUS (_monoicus_). Unisexual and the flowers of both sexes on the -same plant. - -MUCRONATE (_mucronatus_). Ending in a short bristle-like point (mucro). - -MUTICOUS (_muticus_). Without awns or spines. - - -NAKED (_nudus_). Not enveloped by a perianth or by carpels. - -NERVE (_nervus_). A vascular bundle in a leaf or leaf-like organ, -usually appearing as a dark or translucent line or a ridge projecting -on the under surface. - -NET-VEINED (_reticulatim venosus_). With the lateral nerves irregularly -connected by a network of small veins. - -NEUTER (_neuter_). Without perfect sexual organs. - -NODE (_nodus_). The usually knot-like part of the stem, where a leaf or -a whorl of leaves are inserted. - -NUT (_nux_). A dry and indehiscent fruit, especially one with a thick -and hard rind. - - -OB-(_ob-_). Reversedly. Thus obcordate or obovate = cordate or ovate, -the upper part the broader. - -OBLONG (_oblongus_). About 3-6 times as long as broad and rounded at -the top. - -OBTUSE (_obtusus_). Blunt, i.e., narrowed, but not pointed at the apex. - -OPEN AESTIVATION (_aestivatio aperta_). A form of aestivation in which -the margins of the perianth-leaves do not touch one another. - -OPPOSITE (_oppositus_). Set against in pairs at the same level; or -placed one before another. - -OVAL (_ovalis_). About twice as long as broad and rounded at the top. - -OVARY (_ovarium_). The lower part of the pistil, which encloses the -ovules. - -OVATE (_ovatus_). Shaped like the longitudinal section of an egg, i.e., -oval and narrowed towards the top. - -OVOID (_ovoideus_). Egg-shaped. - -OVULE (_ovulum_). The grain-like body which contains the female -reproductive cells and developes into the seed after fertilization. - - -PALMATE (_palmatus_). With the divisions or branches springing from one -point. - -PANICLE (_panicula_). A repeatedly branched inflorescence of more or -less pyramidal or ovoid form. - -PAPILLA (_papilla_). A soft superficial protuberance. - -PARALLELNERVED (_parallelinervius_). With the principal nerves nearly -parallel and connected almost at right angles by equally subparallel -side-nerves. - -PARASITE (_planta parasitica_). A plant growing upon an other plant and -feeding from it. - -PARIETAL (_parietalis_). Attached to the wall of the ovary, usually at -the sutures of the carpels. - -PARIPINNATE (_paripinnatus_). Equally or abruptly pinnate, i.e., -pinnate without a terminal leaflet. - -PARTED (_partitus_). Divided nearly to the base. - -PEDATE (_pedatus_). With the larger branches or divisions springing -from the lowest lateral ones. - -PEDICEL (_pedicellus_). The stalk of a flower. - -PEDUNCLE (_pedunculus_). The stalk of an inflorescence. - -PELTATE (_peltalus_). Shield-shaped, i.e., roundish and attached by the -middle of the under surface. - -PENICILLATE (_penicillatus_). Shaped like a tuft of hairs or a -painter’s brush. - -PENNINERVED (_penninervius_). With pinnate nervation. - -PERENNIAL (_perennis_). Not perishing after maturity, the underground -part of the stem at least remaining alive. - -PERIANTH (_perianthium_). Floral envelope, i.e., the aggregate of the -modified leaves surrounding the stamens and carpels and forming part of -the flower. - -PERICARP (_pericarpium_). The wall of the fruit enclosing the seeds. - -PERIGYNOUS (_perigynus_). Inserted upon the margin of a more or less -concave receptacle which is free from the ovary, at some distance from -and usually higher than the ovary. - -PERSISTENT (_persistens_). Remaining on the plant at the time of -maturity. - -PETAL (_petalum_). One of the inner perianth-leaves, usually differing -from the outer in the larger size, the softer texture, and the bright -colour. - -PETALOID (_petaloideus_). Petal-or corolla-like. - -PETIOLE (_petiolus_). The foot-stalk of a leaf. - -PHYLLODE (_phyllodium_). A broadened, leaf-like branch. - -PINNA (_pinna_). One of the lateral branches or divisions of a pinnate -organ. - -PINNATE (_pinnatus_). With the divisions, leaflets, or branches -arranged along each side of the midrib or rachis. Unequally pinnate -leaves have a terminal leaflet, equally (abruptly) pinnate ones have -none. - -PISTIL (_pistillum_). The aggregate of the carpels of a flower. - -PLACENTA (_placenta_). The part of the ovary or fruit which bears the -ovules or seeds. - -PLICATE (_plicatus_). Folded along the ribs. - -PLUMULE (_plumula_). The upper part of the embryo (above the -cotyledons). - -POLLEN (_pollen_). The fertilizing cells produced in the anthers. - -POLYGAMOUS (_polygamus_). Partly hermaphrodite and partly unisexual. - -POSTERIOR (_posticus_). Directed towards the axis upon which the organ -in question is inserted. - -PRAEFLORATION (_praeflovatio_). The arrangement of the perianth-leaves -in the bud. - -PRAEFOLIATION (_praefoliatio_). The mode in which a foliage-leaf is -disposed before its expansion. - -PROCUMBENT (_procumbens_). Spreading along the ground. - - -QUINCUNCIAL (_quincuncialis_). Imbricate in bud, so that one -perianth-leaf is overlapped on one side only, the others on either or -neither side. - - -RACEME (_racemus_). A centripetal (racemose) inflorescence with an -elongated axis and distinctly stalked flowers. - -RACEMOSE (_racemosus_, _botryosus_). Consisting of a main axis not -ending in a number of weaker lateral axes. - -RACHIS (_rhachis_). The main axis of an inflorescence or of a compound -leaf. - -RADIATING (_radians_). Spreading all round; or bearing larger flowers -or larger perianth-leaves at the circumference than in the centre. - -RADICAL (_radicalis_). Arising from the base of the stem, apparently -from the root. - -RADICLE (_radicula_). The lower part of the embryo (below the -cotyledons). - -RAPHE (_raphe_). A cord of tissue forming a prolongation of the funicle -along the coats of the ovule. - -RECEPTACLE (_receptaculum_). The extremity of the flower-stalk bearing -the floral envelopes and the sexual organs; or the enlarged end of a -branch upon which the flowers are seated. - -REDUPLICATE (_reduplicatus_). Doubled along the midrib with the margins -turned outwards. - -REFLEXED (_reflexus_). Bent back. - -REGULAR (_regularis_). With all parts of the same kind, especially all -perianth leaves, equal in shape and arrangement. - -RENIFORM (_reniformis_). Kidney-shaped. - -REVOLUTE (_revolutus_). Rolled backwards from the margins. - -RIB (_costa_). A strong, more or less projecting nerve. - -ROOT-STOCK (_rhizoma_). The root-like, underground or prostrate lowest -part of the stem of certain plants. - -ROTATE (_rotatus_). Wheel-shaped, i.e., with a very short tube and a -spreading limb. - -RUDIMENTARY (_rudimentarius_). Very imperfectly developed. - -RUMINATE (_ruminatus_). Marked with irregular fissures. - -RUNCINATE (_runcinatus_). Pinnately cleft with pointed recurved lobes. - - -SACCATE (_saccatus_). Provided with a pouch-shaped appendage. - -SAGITTATE (_sagittatus_). Arrow-shaped, i.e., with two acute basal -lobes directed downwards. - -SALVER-SHAPED (_hypocraterimorphus_). With a long and narrow tube and a -spreading limb. - -SAPROPHYTE (_saprophytum_). A plant living upon decaying organic matter. - -SCALE (_squama_). A reduced leaf usually destitute of green colour, or -a similar outgrowth of the skin of a plant. - -SCAPE (_scapus_). A leafless stalk of an inflorescence rising from the -ground. - -SCARIOUS (_scariosus_). Dry and membranous. - -SCHIZOCARP (_schizocarpium_, _fructus in coccos secedens_). A fruit -separating into several usually nut-like mericarps. - -SCORPIOID (_scorpioideus_). One-sided and coiled at the top. - -SEGMENT (_segmentum_). A division of a deeply divided leaf, or a -division of the perianth, especially when the latter is deeply divided. - -SEPAL (_sepalum_). An outer perianth-leaf, usually small, green, and of -a firm texture. - -SEPALOID (_sepaloideus_). Sepal-or calyx-like. - -SEPTATE (_septatus_). Chambered, i.e., divided into cells by -dissepiments. - -SEPTICIDAL (_septicidus_). Opening at the dissepiments or placentas. - -SEPTIFRAGAL (_septifragus_). Opening so that the valves of the fruit -break away from the dissepiments. - -SERRATE (_serratus_). Cut at the margin into sharp teeth direct towards -the apex. - -SESSILE (_sessilis_). Without a stalk. - -SHEATH (_vagina_). The dilated base of certain leaves. - -SIMPLE (_simplex_). Without branches; or without segments jointed to -the rachis. - -SMOOTH (_laevis_). With an even surface (without protuberances). - -SPADIX (_spadix_). A spike with a thick axis and inconspicuous flowers, -usually enveloped by a spathe. - -SPATHE (_spatha_). A large bract more or less enveloping a flower or -inflorescence. - -SPATULATE (_spathulatus_). More or less rounded above and tapering -towards the base. - -SPIKE (_spica_). A centripetal (racemose) inflorescence with an -elongated axis and sessile or nearly sessile flowers. - -SPIKELET (_spicula_). A spike-like partial inflorescence. - -STAMEN (_stamen_). A modified leaf bearing the male reproductive cells -(the pollen). - -STAMINODE (_staminodium_). A barren stamen (without anthers or with -incompletely developed anthers). - -STERILE (_sterilis_). Barren, i.e., without well developed ovules or -pollen. - -STIGMA (_stigma_). The uppermost, papillose part of the pistil, which -receives the pollen. - -STIPEL (_stipella_). A stipule at the base of a leaflet of a compound -leaf. - -STIPULE (_stipula_). A leaf-or scale-like appendage of the leaf-base. - -STRIATE (_striatus_). Marked with longitudinal lines. - -STROPHIOLE (_strophiolus_). Caruncle, i.e., an outgrowth near the hilum -of certain seeds. - -STYLE (_stylus_). The narrowed part of the pistil, intermediate between -the ovary and the stigma. - -SUB-(_sub-_). Under; or almost, somewhat; e.g., subsessile = almost -sessile. - -SUBTEND (_subtendere_). Extend under; especially: bear in its axil. - -SUBULATE (_subulatus_). Awl-shaped, i.e., very narrow and pointed. - -SUFFRUTICOSE (_suffruticosus_). Woody at the base, herbaceous above. - -SUPERIOR OVARY (_ovarium superum_). An ovary free from the receptacle -and the perianth. - -SUTURE (_sutura_). Line of union, especially of the margins of carpels. - -SYMMETRICAL (_symmetricus_). Divisible by one or several planes into -two or more similar parts. - -SYMPETALOUS (_sympetalus_, _gamopetalus_). With the petals more or less -united. - - -TERETE (_teres_). Cylindrical and circular in transverse section. - -TERNATE (_ternatus_). In threes; especially with 3 leaflets or -divisions. - -TESTA (_testa_). The outer coat of the seed. - -THROAT (_faux_). The mouth of the perianth-tube. - -TOMENTOSE (_tomentosus_). Cottony, i.e., covered with short, soft, -matted hairs. - -TOOTHED (_dentatus_). Provided with short marginal incisions, -especially when they are sharp and turned outwards. - -TRIQUETROUS (_triqueter_). Three-edged (with 3 salient angles). - -TRUNCATE (_truncatus_). Terminating abruptly as though cut off at the -end. - -TUBE (_tubus_). A hollow, more or less elongated body, especially the -lower undivided and more or less narrowed part of the perianth, or a -concave receptacle bearing the perianth at the margin. - -TUBER (_tuber_). A short and thick, more or less fleshy underground -part of a stem, not surrounded by scales, or a similar root. - -TUBERCLE (_tuberculum_). A wart-like swelling on the surface of an -organ. - - -UMBEL (_umbella_). A centripetal (racemose) inflorescence with a very -short axis and stalked flowers arising apparently all from the same -point. - -UMBONATE (_umbonatus_). Bearing a boss in the centre of the surface. - -UNARMED (_inermis_). Without spines or bristles. - -UNDERSHRUB (_suffrutex_). A plant woody in the lower part of the -above-ground stem, herbaceous towards the top. - -UNIFOLIOLATE (_unfoliolatus_). With a single leaflet, which is jointed -to the leaf-stalk. - -UNISEXUAL (_unisexualis_). Having only the organs of one sex completely -developed; or containing the flowers of one sex only. - -URCEOLATE (_urceolatus_). Urn-or pitcher-shaped, i.e., with an inflated -tube contracted at the mouth. - -UTRICLE (_utriculus_). A bladder-shaped indehiscent or irregularly -bursting fruit. - -VALVATE (_valvatus_). With the margins meeting in the bud without -overlapping. - -VASCULAR BUNDLES (_fasciae vasculares_). Fibre-like bundles of vessels -(confluent cells). - -VEIN (_vena_). A faint nerve. - -VENTRAL (_ventralis_). Placed at or directed towards the inner side of -the carpel. - -VENTRICOSE (_ventricosus_). Swelling on one side. - -VERNATION (_vernatio_). Praefoliation, i.e., the disposition of a leaf -in the bud. - -VERSATILE (_versatilis_). Attached by a point and turning freely on its -support. - - -WINGED (_alatus_). With a much projecting, thin and flat appendage. - -WHORL (_verticillus_). A group of similar organs arranged in a circle -round an axis. - -WHORLED (_verticillatus_). Arranged in whorls of 3 or more parts. - - - - -ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS’ NAMES - - -Adans. Adanson Afz. Afzelius Ait. Aiton All. Allioni Anders. Anderson -Andrz. Andrzeiowski Ant. Antoine Arn. Arnott Aubl. Aublet - -Baill. Baillon Bak. Baker Balf. Balfour Barckh. Barckhausen Bartl. -Bartling Battand. Battandier Baumg. Baumgarten Beauv. Palisot de -Beauvois Becc. Beccari Benn. Bennett Benth. Bentham Berg. Berger Bernh. -Bernhardi Berth. Berthelot Bertol. Bertoloni Bisch. Bischoff Bocq. -Bocquillon Boeck. Boeckeler Boiss. Boissier Boiv. Boivin Boj. Bojer -Bonpl. Bonpland Br. Brown, Browne Briq. Briquet Brongn. Brongniart -Brot. Brotero Bur. Bureau Burch. Burchell Burm. Burmann - -Cambess. Cambessèdes Cass. Cassini Cav. Cavanilles Celak. Celakovsky -Cerv. Cervantes Cham. Chamisso Chev. Chevalier Chiov. Chiovenda Cogn. -Cogniaux Colebr. Colebrook Comm. Commerson Cord. Cordemoy Coss. Cosson -Cost. Costantin Coult. Coulter Cuss. Cusson Cyr. Cyrillo - -Dalech. Dalechamps Dalz. Dalzell Decne. Decaisne DC. De Candolle Del. -Delile Dennst. Dennstedt De Not. De Notaris Desf. Desfontaines Desv. -Desvaux De Wild. De Wildeman Didr. Didrichsen Dill. Dillen Dumort. -Dumortier Dun. Dunal Dur. Durand Durazz. Durazzini Duv. Duval - -Eckl. Ecklon Ehrenb. Ehrenberg Ehrh. Ehrhart Endl. Endlicher Engelm. -Engelmann Engl. Engler - -f. (or fil.) filius (son) Fisch. Fischer Forsk. Forskal Forst. Forster -Foug. Fougeraux Franch. Franchet Frapp. Frappier Fres. Fresenius - -Gaertn. Gaertner Gall. Gallaud Gaud. Gaudin Gaudich. Gaudichaud Gled. -Gleditsch Gmel. Gmelin Godr. Godron Grah. Graham Gren. Grenier Griff. -Griffith Griseb. Grisebach Gronov. Gronovius Guill. Guillemin - -Hack. Hackel Hamilt. Hamilton Harv. Harvey Haw. Haworth H. B. & K. -Humboldt, Bonpland, & Kunth Heist. Heister Heldr. Heldreich Hemsl. -Hemsley Herb. Herbert Hildebr. Hildebrand Hochst. Hochstetter Hoffm. -Hoffmann Hoffmsg. Hoffmannsegg Hook. Hooker Horan. Horaninow Houst. -Houstoun Humb. Humboldt - -Jacks. Jackson Jacq. Jacquin Jaub. Jaubert Jum. Jumelle Juss. Jussieu - -Kam. Kamienski Kit. Kitaibel Koel. Koeler Koen. Koenig Koern. Koernicke -Korth. Korthals Kraenzl. Kraenzlin Ktze. Kuntze - -Labill. Labillardière Lag. Lagasca Lam. Lamarck Ledeb. Ledebour Lehm. -Lehmann Leschen. Leschenault Less. Lessing L’Hér. L’Héritier Licht. -Lichtenstein Lindb. Lindberg Lindl. Lindley L. Linné Loefl. Loefling -Lopr. Lopriore Loud. Loudon Lour. Loureiro - -Marcgr. Marcgraf M. Bieb. Marschall von Bieberstein Marsh. Marshal -Mart. Martius Mast. Masters Med. Medikus Meissn. Meissner Mey. Meyer -Mich. Micheli Michx. Michaux Mill. Miller Miq. Miquel Moehr. Moehring -Moq. Moquin-Tandon Moris. Morison Muell. Mueller Muell. Arg. Mueller -Argovensis - -Naud. Naudin Neck. Necker Nied. Niedenzu Nor. Noronha Nutt. Nuttall - -Oerst. Oersted Oliv. Oliver Op. Opiz - -P. Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois Pall. Pallas Parl. Parlatore Pauq. Pauquy -Pav. Pavon Perr. Perrotet Pers. Persoon Peyr. Peyritsch Pfitz. Pfitzer -Pilg. Pilger Planch. Planchon Plum. Plumier Poepp. Poeppig Pourr. -Pourret - -Radlk. Radlkofer Raf. Rafinesque Ram. Ramond Reichb. Reichenbach Rich. -Richard Ridl. Ridley Roehl. Roehling Roem. Roemer Rohrb. Rohrbach -Rottb. Rottboell Roxb. Roxburgh Ruhl. Ruhland Rumph. Rumphius Rupr. -Ruprecht - -Salisb. Salisbury Schimp. Schimper Schlecht. Schlechter Schlechtd. -Schlechtendal Schleid. Schleiden Schrad. Schrader Schreb. Schreber -Schult. Schultes Schum. Schumann Schweinf. Schweinfurt Scop. Scopoli -Seem. Seemann Soland. Solander Sond. Sonder Sonn. Sonnerat Sparm. -Sparmann Spenn. Spenner Spreng. Sprengel Steinh. Steinheil Steud. -Steudel Stev. Steven St. Hil. St. Hilaire - -Taub. Taubert Targ. Tozz. Targioni-Tozzetti Tausch. Tauscher Ten. -Tenore Thonn. Thonning Thou. Du Petit-Thouars Thunb. Thunberg Thwait. -Thwaites Torr. Torrey Tourn. Tournefort Trin. Trinius Tul. Tulasne -Turcz. Turczaninow - -Urb. Urban - -Vaill. Vaillant Vand. Vandelli Van Tiegh. Van Tieghem Vell. Velley -Vent. Ventenat Vill. Villars Vis. Visiani Vog. Vogel Volk. Volkens - -Wahlenb. Wahlenberg Waldst. Waldstein Wall. Wallich Walt. Walter Warb. -Warburg Warm. Warming Wedd. Weddell Welw. Welwitsch Wendl. Wendland -Wettst. Wettstein Wikst. Wikstroem Willd. Willdenow Willk. Willkomm -Winckl. Winckler Wuert. Wuertemberg - -Zeyh. Zeyher Zucc. Zuccarini - - - - -LIST OF POPULAR NAMES - -OF AFRICAN PLANTS AND THEIR PRODUCTS - - -African ammoniacum--Ferula. African mahogany--Khaya. African -sandal-wood--Osyris. African teak--Oldfieldia. African -tulip-tree--Spathodea. Akee--Blighia. Alder--Alnus. Alkanet--Anchusa. -Allseed--Radiola. Allspice--Pimenta. Almond--Prunus. -Ambatch--Aeschynomene. Anise--Pimpinella. Apple--Pirus. -Apricot--Prunus. Arnatto--Bixa. Arrow-root--Maranta, Tacca. -Artichoke--Cynara. Ash--Fraxinus. Avens--Geum. Avocado-pear--Persea. - -Balata--Mimusops. Balm--Melissa. Balsam--Impatiens. Bamboo--Bambusa -(and allies), Raphia. Banana--Musa. Baobab--Adansonia. -Barley--Hordeum. Basil--Ocimum. Bead-tree--Melia. Bean--Phaseolus, -Vicia. Beef-wood--Casuarina, Mimusops. Bent-grass--Agrostis. -Betel-palm--Areca. Bindweed--Convolvulus. Bird’s-foot--Ornithopus. -Bitter cress--Cardamine. Black mustard--Brassica. -Bladderwort--Utricularia. Blood-plum--Haematostaphis. Borage--Borrago. -Bottle-gourd--Lagenaria. Box--Buxus. Bowstring-hemp--Sansevieria. -Bramble--Rubus. Breadfruit--Artocarpus. Broomrape--Orobanche. -Buckthorn--Rhamnus. Buckwheat--Fagopyrum. Bugle--Ajuga. -Bugloss--Echium. Burdock--Arctium. Bur-reed--Sparganium. - -Cabbage--Brassica. Calabar-bean--Physostigma. Calla--Zantedeschia. -Calumba-root--Iatrorrhiza. Camellia--Thea. Camomile--Anthemis, -Matricaria. Camphor--Blumea, Cinnamomum. Cam-wood--Baphia. -Canary-seed--Phalaris. Candlenut--Aleurites. Candytuft--Iberis. -Cane--Calamus (and allies). Caper--Capparis. Caraway--Carum. -Cardamom--Elettaria. Carob--Ceratonia. Carrot--Daucus. -Cashew--Anacardium. Cassava--Manihot. Castor-oil--Ricinus. -Cayenne-pepper--Capsicum. Ceara-rubber--Manihot. Cedar--Cedrus. -Celandine--Chelidonium. Celery--Apium. Cherry--Prunus. -Chervil--Anthriscus. Chestnut--Castanea. Chick-pea--Cicer. -Chicory--Cichorium. Chillies--Capsicum. Chinese -grasscloth-plant--Boehmeria Clover--Trifolium. Cloves--Jambosa. -Cock’s foot--Dactylis. Cocoa-plum--Chrysobalanus. Coconut--Cocos. -Colt’s foot--Tussilago. Columbine--Aquilegia. Comfrey--Symphytum. -Copal--Copaifera, Cynometra, Trachylobium. Coracan--Eleusine. -Cork--Quercus. Corn-cockle--Agrostemma. Corn-salad--Valerianella. -Cotton--Gossypium. Cotton-grass--Eriophorum. Coutch-grass--Agropyrum. -Crab’s eye--Abrus. Cranes’s bill--Geranium. Crawberry--Empetrum. -Cucumber--Cucumis. Cudweed--Gnaphalium. Custard-apple--Anona. -Cypress--Cupressus. - -Daisy--Bellis. Dandelion--Taraxacum. Darnel--Lolium. -Date-palm--Phoenix. Date-plum--Diospyros. Dattock--Detarium. -Day-lily--Hemerocallis Dead-nettle--Lamium. Dika--Irvingia. -Dill--Anethum. Dinde--Colocasia. Dock--Rumex. Dodder--Cuscuta. Dog’s -tail--Cynosurus. Dog’s tooth--Cynodon. Double coconut--Lodoicea. -Dragons blood--Dracaena. Duchn--Pennisetum. Duckweed--Lemna. -Dum-palm--Hyphaene. Dwale--Atropa. Dwarf-palm--Chamaerops. - -Ebony--Dalbergia, Diospyros, Euclea. Egg-plant--Solanum. -Elder--Sambucus. Elemi--Canarium. Elm--Ulmus. -Esparto-grass--Ampelodesmos, Lygeum, Stipa. -Evening-primrose--Oenothera. Everlasting--Helichrysum. -Eyebright--Euphrasia. - -False bamboo--Raphia. Feathergrass--Stipa. Fennel--Foeniculum. -Fescue--Festuca. Fig--Ficus. Fir--Abies. Flame-tree--Poinciana. -Flax--Linum. Flowering rush--Butomus. Fool’s parsley--Aethusa. -Forget-me-not--Myosotis, Omphalodes. Foxglove--Digitalis. -Foxtail--Alopecurus. Frankincense--Boswellia. Frogbit--Hydrocharis. -Fumitory--Fumaria. Fundi--Paspalum. Furze--Ulex. - -Gambodge--Garcinia. Garden-cress--Lepidium. Garlic--Allium. -Germander--Teucrium. Ginger--Zingiber. Globe-thistle--Echinops. -Goldenrod--Solidago. Gooseberry--Ribes. Goosefoot--Chenopodium. Grains -of Paradise--Aframomum. Grape-vine--Vitis. Grasscloth-plant--Boehmeria. -Grasses--Gramineae. Grasswrack--Zostera. Gromwell--Lithospermum. -Groundnut--Arachis. Guava--Psidium. Guelder-rose--Viburnum. -Guinea-corn--Andropogon. Guinea-pepper--Xylopia. Gum-lac--Aleurites, -Anona, Croton, Ficus, Zizyphus. Guttapercha--Palaquium, Payena. - -Hare’s tail--Lagurus. Hawkweed--Hieracium. Hawthorn--Mespilus. -Hazel--Corylus. Heartseed--Cardiospermum. Heath--Erica. -Hemlock--Conium. Hemp--Cannabis. Henbane--Hyoscyamus. Henna--Lawsonia. -Holly--Ilex. Holygrass--Hierochloe. Honeysuckle--Lonicera. -Hop--Humulus. Horehound--Marrubium. Horseradish-tree--Moringa. Hound’s -tongue--Cynoglossum. Houseleek--Sempervivum. - -Indian corn--Zea. Indian cress--Tropaeolum. Indian plum--Flacourtia. -Indian shot--Canna. Indigo--Indigofera. Ireh--Funtumia. -Iron-wood--Acacia, Argania, Casuarina, Sideroxylon, Stadmannia. -Ivy--Hedera. - -Jerusalem-artichoke--Helianthus. Jessamine--Jasminum. Job’s -tears--Coix. Jujube--Zizyphus. Jute--Corchorus. - -Kino--Eucalyptus, Pterocarpus. - -Ladanum--Cistus. Lady’s mantle--Alchimilla. Lagos-rubber--Funtumia. -Larkspur--Delphinium. Lattice-leaf--Aponogeton. Laurustinus--Viburnum. -Lavender--Lavandula. Leek--Allium. Lemongrass--Andropogon. -Lentil--Lens. Lettuce--Lactuca. Ling--Calluna. Liquorice--Glycyrrhiza. -Logwood--Haematoxylon. Longan--Euphoria. Loquat--Eriobotrya. -Lousewort--Pedicularis. Lucern--Medicago. Lymegrass--Elymus. - -Mace--Myristica. Madder--Rubia. Mahogany--Khaya. Maize--Zea. -Mallow--Malva. Mandioc--Manihot. Mandrake--Mandragora. -Mango--Mangifera. Mangrove--Rhizophora. Manila-hemp--Musa. -Manna--Alhagi, Astragalus, Cassia. Maple--Acer. Maram--Ammophila. -Marigold--Calendula. Marjoram--Majorana. Mastic--Pistacia. -Matgrass--Nardus. Medlar--Mespilus. Melon--Cucumis. Mignonette--Reseda. -Milkwort--Polygala. Millet--Panicum. Mint--Mentha. Mistletoe--Viscum. -Mousetail--Myosurus. Mulberry--Morus. Mullein--Verbascum. -Mustard--Brassica, Sinapis. Myrrh--Commiphora. - -Nettle--Urtica. Nettle-tree--Celtis. New Zealand flax--Phormium. New -Zealand spinach--Tetragonia. Nitgrass--Gastridium. Nitrebush--Nitraria. -Nutmeg--Myristica. - -Oak--Quercus. Oat--Avena. Oil-palm--Elaeis. Oleander--Nerium. -Oleaster--Elaeagnus. Olive--Olea. Onion--Allium. Opium--Papaver. -Orange--Citrus. Orris-root--Iris. Ovala--Pentaclethra. - -Palmiet--Prionium. Palmyra-palm--Borassus. Panama-rubber--Castilloa. -Pansy--Viola. Papaw-tree--Carica. Paper-mulberry--Broussonetia. -Para-rubber--Hevea. Parsley--Petroselinum. Parsnip--Pastinaca. -Passion-flower--Passiflora. Pea--Pisum. Peach--Prunus. Pear--Pirus. -Pearlwort--Sagina. Pellitory--Parietaria. Pennycress--Thlaspi. -Pepper--Capsicum, Piper. Periwinkle--Vinca. Persian lilac--Melia. -Persian manna--Alhagi. Piassava--Borassus, Dictyosperma, Raphia. -Pigeon-pea--Cajanus. Pimpernel--Anagallis. Pine-apple--Ananas. -Pink--Dianthus. Pistachio-nut--Pistacia. Pitcher-plant--Nepenthes. -Plane--Platanus. Plantain--Musa, Plantago. Plum--Prunus. -Poke--Phytolacca. Pomegranate--Punica. Pondweed--Potamogeton. -Poplar--Populus. Poppy--Papaver. Potato--Ipomoea, Solanum. -Prickly pear--Opuntia. Primrose--Primula. Privet--Ligustrum. -Pumpkin--Cucurbita. Purslane--Portulaca. - -Quaking-grass--Briza. Quince--Cydonia. Quinine--Cinchona. -Quitch-grass--Agropyrum. - -Radish--Rhaphanus. Rambutan--Nephelium. Ramie--Boehmeria. -Ramtil-oil--Guizotia. Rapeseed--Brassica. Rattan-palm--Calamus. -Ray-grass--Lolium. Reed--Arundo, Phragmites. Reedmace--Typha. -Rice--Oryza. Rock-cress--Arabis. Rock-rose--Cistus, Helianthemum. -Rose of Jericho--Anastatica, Odontospermum. Rose-wood--Calophyllum, -Pterocarpus, Thespesia. Rosemary--Rosmarinus. Rubber--Various -Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae, Ficus, Manihot. Rue--Ruta. -Rush--Juncus. Rye--Secale. - -Safflower--Carthamus. Saffron--Crocus. Safu--Pachylobus. -Sage--Salvia. Sago--Cycas. Sainfoin--Onobrychis. Salep--Orchis -(and allies). Salsify--Tragopogon. Saltwort--Salsola. -Samphire--Crithmum. Sandal-wood--Pterocarpus, Osyris. -Sandarac--Callitris. Sandbox-tree--Hura. Sandwort--Arenaria. -Sapodilla-plum--Achras. Sassy-tree--Erythrophloeum. Savory--Satureia. -Sawwort--Serratula. Screw-pine--Pandanus. Scull-cap--Scutellaria. -Sedges--Cyperaceae. Senegal-ebony--Dalbergia. Senna-leaves--Cassia. -Shea-butter--Butyrospermum. Shellac--Anona, Croton, Ficus, -Zizyphus. Shepherd’s purse--Capsella. Silver-fir--Abies. -Silver-tree--Leucadendron. Snake-gourd--Trichosanthes. -Snapdragon--Antirrhinum. Sneeze-wood--Pteroxylon. -Soapberry--Sapindus. Soapwort--Saponaria. Sorghum--Andropogon. -Soursop--Anona. Sow-thistle--Sonchus. Soy-bean--Glycine. Spanish -broom--Spartium. Speedwell--Veronica. Spinach--Spinacia, Tetragonia. -Spindle-tree--Evonymus. Spurge--Euphorbia. Spurry--Spergula. -Squill--Scilla. Squirting cucumber--Ecballium. Stitchwort--Stellaria. -Stock--Matthiola. Stork’s bill--Erodium. Strawberry--Fragaria. -Strawberry-tree--Arbutus. Sugar-cane--Saccharum. Sumac--Rhus. -Sundew--Drosera. Sunflower--Helianthus. Sweet basil--Ocimum. Sweet -flag--Acorus. Sweet potato--Ipomoea. - -Tallow-tree--Pentadesma. Tapioca--Manihot. Taro--Colocasia. Tea--Thea. -Teak--Oldfieldia, Tectona. Teasel--Dipsacus. Tef--Eragrostis. -Teosinte--Euchlaena. Thorn-apple--Datura. Thrift--Armeria. -Thimothy-grass--Phleum. Toad-flax--Linaria. Tobacco--Nicotiana. -Tomato--Solanum. Tragacanth--Astragalus. Traveller’s tree--Ravenala. -Tulip-tree--Spathodea. Turmeric--Curcuma. Turnip--Brassica. -Turnsole--Chrozophora. Turpentine--Abies, Pinus, Pistacia. - -Vegetable silk--Various Asclepiadaceae, Strophantus. Venus’ -looking-glass--Specularia. Verek--Acacia. Vernal grass--Anthoxanthum. -Vervain--Verbena. Vetch--Vicia. Vetiver-root--Andropogon. Violet--Viola. - -Wallflower--Cheiranthus. Walnut--Juglans. Water-chestnut--Trapa. -Water-cress--Nasturtium. Water-lily--Nymphaea. Water-melon--Citrullus. -Water-plantain--Alisma. Water-tree--Tetracera. Wheat--Triticum. -White mustard--Sinapis. Willow--Salix. Willow-herb--Epilobium. -Winter-cherry--Physalis. Winter-cress--Barbarea. Woad--Isatis. -Woodruff--Asperula. Woodrush--Luzula. Wormwood--Artemisia. - -Yams--Dioscorea. Yew--Taxus. Ylang-Ylang--Cananga. - -Zachun-oil--Balanites. - - - - -ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS - -(especially from the years 1911 and 1912). - - -Page VII., after line 21, insert: R. MUSCHLER, A manual flora of Egypt -(Berlin, 1912). - -“ VIII., after line 13, insert: E. DE WILDEMAN, Etudes sur la flore des -districts des Bangala et de l’Ubangi (Bruxelles, 1910). - -“ 10, No. 110, for “83. =Monimiaceae=,” read: Leaves opposite, -_Xymalos_, 83. =Monimiaceae=. Leaves alternate, _Plagiostyles_, 122. -=Euphorbiaceae=. - -“ 19, No. 202, for “=Prrteaceae=,” read: =Proteaceae=. - -“ 20, No. 213, omit lines 1 and 2. - -“ 35, No. 388, omit lines 1 and 2. - -“ 79, line 3, read: Genus 1, species 4. West Africa, Madagascar, and -Seychelles. - -“ 82, No. 21, line 3, add: (Including _Heteranthoecia_ Stapf). - -“ 84, No. 41, after line 4, insert: Outer glumes convex, without -spines. Flowering glume awned. Stigmas feathery.--Species 2. East -Africa. =Dignathia= Stapf - -“ 85, No. 46, line 2, add: _Rytilix_ Raf. - -“ 89, No. 84, line 2, add: (Including _Lepturella_ Stapf). - -“ 92, No. 111, after line 3, insert: Spikes 2-3 together. Spikelets -many-flowered. Fruit elliptical. Leaves narrow.--Species 1. Madagascar. -=Sclerodactylon= Stapf - -“ 100, No. 176, line 2, add: _Weingaertneria_ Bernh. - -“ 102, No. 195, line 5, add: _Trichoneura_ Anders. - -“ 104, No. 212, after line 3, insert: Spikelets in head-like panicles. -Flowering glumes 5-nerved.--Species 1. East Africa. =Drake-Brockmania= -Stapf - -“ 105, No. 222, line 1, add: Axis of the spikelet jointed between and -below the flowering glumes. - -“ 105, No. 222, after line 1, insert: Flowering glumes 2-cleft, awned, -7-9-nerved, much exceeding the outer glumes. Axis of the spikelet -jointed below the flowering glumes only. Spikelets in 1-3 spike-like -racemes.--Species 1. East Africa. (Including _Negria_ Chiov.) -=Lintonia= Stapf - -“ 117, No. 25, line 3, read: (_Hydrosme_ Schott). (Plate 12). -=Amorphophallus= Blume - -“ 118, No. 32, line 4, add: Rudimentary flowers club-shaped. Appendage -of the spadix long. - -“ 118, No. 32, after line 3, insert: Ovules 2. Leaves several, -dissected. Rudimentary flowers awl-shaped. Appendage of the spadix -short.--Species 1. Egypt. =Helicophyllum= Schott - -“ 123, No. 6, last line, insert: (Including _Baoutia_ A. Chev.) - -“ 128, No. 32, after line 3, insert: Capsule opening loculicidally. -Flowers in spikes, with bracts. Ovary deeply lobed.--Species 1. South -Africa (Cape Colony). =Neodregea= C. H. Wright - -“ 129, No. 35, lines 2 and 3, omit: “(Including _Neodregea_ Wright).” - -“ 136, No. 13, line 4, for “Perianth-tube long,” read: Perianth-tube -short or moderately long, not longer than the segments. - -“ 136, No. 13, line 7, omit “(Including _Choananthus_ Rendle).” - -“ 136, No. 13, after line 7, add: Filaments longer than the anthers. -Perianth-tube much longer than the segments. Leaves ovate.--Species 2. -Equatorial Africa (Ruwenzori). =Choananthus= Rendle - -“ 146, No. 4, line 3, insert: (Including _Siphonochilus_ Wood & Franks). - -“ 151, No. 11, line 4, after “_Penthea_ Lindl.” add: and _Orthopenthea_ -Rolfe. - -“ 151, No. 15, line 3, for “Tropics,” read: Tropical and South-east -Africa. - -“ 155, No. 52, line 3, for “Tropics,” read: Tropical and South-east -Africa. - -“ 158, No. 78, line 4, after “including” insert: _Lemurorchis_ Kraenzl. - -“ 159, No. 89, omit lines 3 and 4. - -“ 171. No. 8, line 2, after “Including” insert: _Diastella_ Knight. - -“ 176, No. 3, line 6, after “Islands” insert: (_Balaniella_ Van -Tiegh.). - -Page 177, No. 1, line 4, for “Species 1; Southern West Africa,” read: -Species 2; Southern Central Africa. - -“ 179, No. 5, line 5, add: Wings of the fruiting perianth equal. - -“ 179, No. 5, at end add: Branches continuous. Disc lobed. Wings of the -fruiting perianth unequal.--Species 1. Egypt. =Seidlitzia= Bunge - -“ 181, No. 18, at end add: Bracteoles united more than half-way up. -Stigmas 2. Stem and leaves clothed with stellate hairs.--Species 1. -Egypt. =Eurotia= Adans. - -“ 184, No. 17, line 3, add: (Including _Centemopsis_ Schinz and -_Nelsia_ Schinz). - -“ 184, No. 18, line 3, add: Stigma entire. - -“ 184, No. 18, after line 3, add: Stamens 4-5. Stigma 2-cleft. Perianth -woolly at base. Undershrubs.--Species 1. East Africa. =Lopriorea= Schinz - -“ 185, No. 20, line 2, add: Leaves opposite. - -“ 185, No. 20, after line 2, add: Spurious staminodes none. Leaves -alternate. Partial inflorescences consisting of 2-3 fertile and 2-4 -spinous sterile flowers. Ovary glabrous.--Species 2. East Africa. -=Neocentema= Schinz - -“ 188, No. 4, line 7, for “Species 15,” read: Species 25. - -“ 189, No. 15, line 4, for “Species 1,” read: Species 3.--In the same -line omit “Cape Colony.” - -“ 191, No. 3, Portulacaria may be divided into two genera: -=Portulacaria= Jacq. (Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary turgid. Fruit with -3 wings, dry. Species 1.) and =Ceraria= Pearson & Stephens (Flowers -polygamous. Ovary compressed. Fruit with 1 wing, finally berry-like. -Species 3). - -“ 193, No. 9, line 4, for “sepals obtuse” read: style very short. - -“ 201, No. 11, line 6, add: including _Bricchettia_ Pax. - -“ 203, No. 31, line 4, add: (Including _Junodia_ Pax). - -“ 208, No. 3, omit _Chloropatane_ Engl., which belongs to -_Erythrococca_ Benth. (Euphorbiaceae). - -“ 233, No. 7, line 4, add: including _Geaya_ Cost. & Poisson. - -“ 236, No. 3, line 6, for “Species 1,” read: Species 3. - -“ 238, No. 11, line 5, add: _Nebelia_ Neck. - -“ 244, No. 6, line 3, add: (Including _Santaloides_ Schellenb.). - -“ 244, No. 7, line 2, for “Species 2,” read: Species 4. - -“ 244, No. 7, line 3, add: (Under _Byrsocarpus_ Schum. & Thonn.) - -“ 244, No. 7, after line 3, insert: Stem twining. Inflorescence -fasciculate. Calyx herbaceous. Anther-halves approximate. Seeds with -thick cotyledons.--Species 2. West Africa. =Roureopsis= Planch. - -“ 244, No. 9, line 3, add: (Under _Manotes_ Soland.). - -“ 246, No. 18, line 4, read: Species 4. West Africa. - -“ 249, No. 38, after line 3, insert: Receptacle saucer-shaped, thick. -Calyx-lobes 2-3. Petals none. Stamens 16.--Species 1. Equatorial West -Africa. =Mildbraediodendron= Harms - -“ 249, No. 38, line 4, add: Calyx-lobes 4-5. Stamens very numerous. - -“ 251, No. 54, line 1, for “Species 10,” read: Species 25. - -“ 251, No. 54, line 3, add: (Under _Dialium_ L.) - -“ 252, No. 61, line 2, read: Species 4. Central Africa. - -“ 252, No. 61, line 3, add: including _Eriander_ Winkl. - -“ 253, No. 74, line 1, add: (Under _Cynometra_ L.) - -“ 253, No. 75, line 2, add: (Under _Cynometra_ L.) - -“ 255, No. 89, last line, read: Species 1. Central Africa. Yields -timber and aromatic resin. (Under _Daniella_ Benn.) =Paradaniellia= -Rolfe - -“ 256, No. 95, line 4, after “pendulous,” insert: oblong. Flowers in -few-flowered racemes. - -“ 256, No. 95, after line 4, add: Petals subequal. Seeds roundish. -Flowers subsessile, paniculate.--Species 3. West Africa. (Under -_Berlinia_ Soland.) =Isoberlinia= Craib & Stapf - -“ 256, No. 100, line 3, read: Species 8. Central Africa. - -“ 256, No. 100. line 4, read: (Including _Cyanothyrsus_ Harms) -=Daniellia= Benn. - -“ 256, No. 101, line 4, read: Species 6. Central Africa. - -Page 258, No. 117, line 5, for “Species 2,” read: Species 4. - -“ 259, No. 125, line 3, for “Species 2,” read: Species 5. - -“ 263, No. 160, line 5, add: some are poisonous for cattle. - -“ 265, No. 175, line 1, add: Ovules few. Leaves distinctly stalked, -stipulate. - -“ 265, No. 175, after line 3, insert: Keel and style straight. -Bracteoles present. Ovules many. Fruit elongate. Leaves sessile or -nearly so, exstipulate.--Species 10. South Africa. (Under _Lotononis_ -L.) =Pearsonia= Duemmer - -“ 272, No. 239, line 5, add: other species yield dyes. - -“ 273, No. 242, line 4, after “Balf. f.” add: and _Saldania_ Sim. - -“ 278, No. 283, line 3, insert: One species has edible fruits and -tubers. - -“ 287, No. 359, line 1, add: Standard broad. - -“ 287, No. 359, after line 2, add: Fruit winged. Standard narrow, -boat-shaped. Calyx narrowly bell-shaped. Branches of the panicle -nodose.--Species 17. Central Africa. (Under _Derris_ Lour.) -=Leptoderris= Dunn - -“ 288, No. 368, line 1, add: Leaflets without stipels. - -“ 288, No. 368, after line 1, insert: Wings adhering to the keel. -Leaflets with stipples. Fruit flat, indehiscent.--Species 4. Central -Africa. =Ostryoderris= Dunn - -“ 288, No. 374, after line 3, insert: Leaves alternate, not dotted. -Fruit compressed.--Species 15. Central Africa. =Craibia= Harms & Dunn - -“ 297, No. 21, omit lines 1-3, as _Eriander_ Winkl. belongs to -_Oxystigma_ Harms (Leguminosae). - -“ 299, No. 32, add: Ovary with numerous ovules in each cell. Anthers -oblong. Pericarp hard. Leaves with a single leaflet.--Species 1. West -Africa. =Aeglopsis= Swingle - -“ 300, No. 6, line 3, add: Filaments thread-like. Ovules laterally -affixed. Leaflets few. - -“ 300, No. 6, after line 4, insert: Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, with -imbricate aestivation. Filaments broadened below, with a short scale. -Style long. Ovules pendulous. Leaflets many, oblong.--Species 1. West -Africa. =Simarubopsis= Engl. - -“ 300, No. 8, line 3, add: (Under _Mannia_ Hook. fil.). - -“ 301, No. 15, Irvingia may be divided into two genera: =Irvingia= -Hook. fil. (inflorescence axillary, seeds exalbuminous) and -=Irvingella= Van Tiegh. (inflorescence terminal, seeds albuminous). - -“ 302, No. 4, line 3, add: Stamens inserted outside the cushion-shaped -disc. - -“ 302, No. 4, line 9, add: Stamens inserted on the edge of the disc. - -“ 302, No. 2, line 4, add: (Including _Katafa_ Cost. & Poisson). - -“ 303, No. 4, omit lines 1-4, as _Pynaertia_ De Wild. belongs to -_Anopyxis_ Pierre (Rhizophoraceae). - -“ 304, No. 13, last line, omit “_Bingeria_ A. Chev.” - -“ 305, No. 20, for “=Tourraea=” read: =Turraea=. - -“ 305, No. 25, line 3, add: (Including _Bingeria_ A. Chev.) - -“ 309, family 121, lines 7 and 13, for “species 75,” read: species -120.--Line 7, add: one species has edible fruits. - -“ 309, family 122, line 6, omit “(Including _Daphniphyllaceae_).” - -“ 310, No. 8, line 5, for “Species 10,” read: Species 20. - -“ 311 and 312, for No. 14-23 substitute the following: - -14. Calyx splitting into 5 equal segments. Disc indistinct or wanting. -Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 15 - -Calyx splitting into 2-4 more or less unequal segments. Shrubs or -trees. 16 - -15. Styles two-cleft. Rudimentary pistil absent in the male flowers. -Plants with stellate hairs.--Species 7. Northern and tropical Africa. -Some are poisonous or yield dyes and medicaments. “Turnsole.” -(_Tournesolia_ Scop.) =Chrozophora= Neck. - -Styles many-cleft. Rudimentary pistil present in the male flowers. -Herbaceous plants with simple hairs.--Species 10. Tropics. Several -species yield fibre. =Caperonia= St. Hil. - -16. Petals of the male flowers united below. 17 - -Petals of the male flowers free. 18 - -17. Styles two-cleft. Leaves palminerved. Climbing shrubs.--Species 1. -West Africa. Yields fibre. =Manniophyton= Muell. Arg. - -Styles 3-8-cleft. Leaves penninerved.--Species 12. West Africa. (Under -_Crotonogyne_ Muell. Arg.) =Neomanniophyton= Pax & Hoffm. - -18. Young branches, leaves, and inflorescence clothed with scales. 19 - -Young branches, leaves, and inflorescence clothed with hairs or -glabrous. 20 - -19. Stamens 7-15. Receptacle of the male flowers with 5 glands, -glabrous within them. Male inflorescence spicate.--Species 2. -Equatorial West Africa. =Crotonogyne= Muell. Arg. - -Stamens 20-30. Receptacle of the male flowers with 10 glands, also -glandular within them. Male inflorescence paniculate.--Species 1. -Equatorial West Africa. =Cyrtogonone= Prain - -20. Fruit a drupe. Disc of the female flowers obscure or reduced to -small glands. Stamens 8-20. Anthers attached by the base. Trees with -stellate, rarely with simple hairs. Leaves palminerved. Flowers in -terminal cymes or panicles.--Species 2. Cultivated and naturalized in -the tropics. They yield timber, gum-lac, tanning bark, dye-stuffs, and -edible oily seeds (candle-nuts). =Aleurites= Forst. - -Fruit a capsule. Disc of the female flowers ring-or cup-shaped. Anthers -attached by the tip or the back, sometimes near the base. Flowers in -racemes, rarely in panicles, but then leaves penninerved. Glabrous or -simple-haired shrubs or trees. 21 - -21. Receptacle of the male flowers glandular on the whole surface, -but without separate glands. Stamens 20-30. Anther-halves pendulous -from the connective. Flowers in axillary racemes.--Species 1. Islands -of Fernando-Po and St. Thomas. (Under _Agrostistachys_ Dalz.) -=Pseudagrostistachys= Pax & Hoffm. - -Receptacle of the male flowers with separate glands. Anther-halves -attached by the back. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 22 - -22. Stamens 20-30.--Species 3. West Africa. (Including _Fournaea_ -Pierre) =Grossera= Pax - -Stamens 8-12. Flowers in racemes. 23 - -23. Petals of the female flowers shorter than the calyx. Sepals of the -female flowers free. Flowers dioecious.--Species 2. East Africa. (Under -_Tannodia_ Baill.) =Holstia= Pax - -Petals of the female flowers exceeding the calyx. Sepals of the female -flowers united at the base.--Species 2. East Africa. =Tannodia= Baill. - -Page 313, No. 30, line 7, add: (Including _Pseudotragia_ Pax). - -“ 313, No. 31, line 5, for “Species 20,” read: Species 12. - -“ 315, No. 48, omit lines 1-3, as _Pseudotragia_ Pax belongs to -_Plukenetia_ L. - -“ 316, No. 55, line 3, after “medicine” add: (Including -_Discoclaoxylon_ Pax & Hoffm.) - -“ 316, No. 56, line 7, add: (Including _Chloropatane_ Engl.). - -“ 316, No. 57, after line 6, insert: Disc of the female flowers formed -of 6-8 scales. Styles recurved, undivided. Stamens 7. Calyx 5-partite. -Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. West Africa. =Discoglypremna= Prain - -“ 316, No. 61, line 3, add: Bracts not forming an involucre. Petals -membranous. Plants clothed with stellate hairs. (Under _Mildbraedia_ -Pax). - -“ 316, No. 61, after line 3, insert: Flowers dioecious. Bracts -forming an involucre. Petals leathery. Plants clothed with simple -hairs.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Chlamydojatropha= Pax & -Hoffm. - -“ 317, No. 66, at end, add: Stamens numerous. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma -1, entire. Flowers in racemes, dioecious.--Species 1. West Africa. The -seeds yield oil. (Under _Daphniphyllum_ Blume) =Plagiostyles= Pierre - -Stamens numerous. Ovary 3-celled. Stigmas 3, entire. Flowers in -racemes, dioecious.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under _Plukenetia_ L.) -=Hamilcoa= Prain - -“ 317, No. 70, line 5, read: (_Excoecariopsis_ Pax, under _Excoecaria_ -L.) =Spirostachys= Sond. - -“ 318, No. 72, line 7, add: (Under _Sapium_ P. Browne or _Sebastiania_ -Spreng.) - -“ 318, No. 74, line 3, for “Species 3,” read: Species 6. - -Page 318, No. 74, line 4, for “yields rubber,” read: and three other -species yield rubber. - -“ 318, No. 74, after line 7, insert: Flowers in panicles, which -on the male plants are composed of fascicles, dioecious. Sepals -4-5, united half-way up in the male flowers. Disc present. Leaves -undivided.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Klaineanthus= Pierre - -“ 318, No. 75, line 5, add: (Including _Neochevaliera_ Beille). - -“ 318, No. 76, line 3, add: (Tribe PHYLLANTHEAE). - -“ 319, omit No. 81, as _Junodia_ Pax belongs to _Anisocycla_ Baill. -(Menispermaceae). - -“ 319, omit No. 82, as the African _Daphniphyllum_ belongs to -_Plagiostyles_ Pierre. - -“ 319, omit No. 85, as _Bricchettia_ Pax belongs to _Cocculus_ L. -(Menispermaceae). - -“ 319, No. 87, line 1, add: or nearly so. - -“ 320, No. 89, line 4, for “_Megabaria_ Pierre,” read: (Including -_Megabaria_ Pierre) =Spondianthus= Engl. - -“ 320, omit No. 92, as _Neochevaliera_ Beille belongs to _Chaetocarpus_ -Thwait. - -“ 321, No. 99, line 2, omit “Mosambic.” - -“ 321, No. 104, omit lines 3-5. - -“ 322, No. 107, line 2, for “Species 4.” read: Species 12. - -“ 322, No. 107, line 3, add: (Including _Staphysora_ Pierre). - -“ 322, No. 109, line 2, add: (Under _Thecacoris_ Juss.) - -“ 322, No. 109, after line 3, insert: Disc divided into 5 glands. -Styles 4, short, entire. Flowers monoecious. Trees. Stipules -lanceolate.--Species 1. West Africa. =Apodiscus= Hutchinson - -“ 322, for No. 111, substitute the following:-- - -111. Bracts of the male flowers in 3 series, the intermediate -in the shape of a cup. Disc of the female flowers adnate to the -perianth.--Species 2. West Africa. (Under _Megabaria_ Pierre). -=Protomegabaria= Hutchinson - -Bracts of the male flowers solitary. Disc of the female flowers free -from the perianth. 111, b. - -111, b. Fruit entire, 1-celled. (See 107). =Maesobotrya= Benth. - -Fruit lobed, 3-celled. (See 94). =Thecacoris= Juss. - -“ 322, No. 113, line 3, add: (Under _Drypetes_ Vahl). - -“ 322, No. 114, line 4, add: (Under _Drypetes_ Vahl). - -“ 323, No. 123, line 5, for “Species 2.” read: Species 5. - -“ 324, No. 2, line 2, add: (Under _Notobuxus_ Oliv.). - -“ 326, No. 5, omit line 5. - -“ 327, No. 12, line 6, for “Species 20,” read: Species 30. - -“ 328, omit No. 20, as _Spondianthus_ belongs to Euphorbiaceae. - -“ 329, No. 27, line 7, for “Species 30,” read: Species 50. - -“ 341, No. 51, line 2, after “capsular,” add: septicidal. - -“ 341, No. 51, after line 5, insert: Disc annular, with 10 teeth on the -inside. Stamens 8. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit capsular, loculicidal. Embryo -spirally twisted. Leaves pinnate.--Species 1. West Africa =Anoumabia= -A. Chevs - -“ 344, No. 6, line 4, add: including _Tzellemtinia_ Chiov. - -“ 346, line 9, for “200,” read: 250. - -“ 346, No. 3, line 2, after “Inflorescences,” add: nearly always. - -“ 346, No. 3, line 5, omit “mostly.” - -“ 346, No. 4, line 6, for “150,” read: 200. - -“ 349, No. 3, line 1, omit “Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.” - -“ 349, No. 3, line 2, add: (Under _Christiania_ DC.). - -“ 349, No. 9, line 6, add: (Under _Duboscia_ Bocq.). - -“ 349, No. 10, line 4, add: under _Desplatzia_ Bocq. - -“ 355, No. 11, line 4, add: (Tribe HUAEAE). - -“ 384, No. 5, for “=Ammania=” read: =Ammannia=. - -“ 386, at top, for “LECTYHIDACEAE” read: LECYTHIDACEAE. - -“ 388, No. 9, line 1, add: (Including _Pynaertia_ De Wild.). - -“ 399, No. 9, last line, add: (_Raimannia_ Rose). - -“ 403, No. 12, after line 4, insert: Secondary ribs thick, rounded, -unarmed. Seeds slightly grooved on the inner face, somewhat compressed -from front to back.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Eritrea) -=Stephanorossia= Chiov. - -Page 406, No. 37, after line 5, insert: Pericarp not much thickened. -Ribs thread-shaped. Fruit with a broad commissure. Oil-channels 4-5 in -each furrow.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Afrosison= Wolff - -“ 409, No. 53, line 2, after “furrows,” insert: and sometimes under the -ribs. - -“ 409, No. 53, after line 2, insert: Marginal ribs of the mericarps -thickened, corky. Oil-channels solitary under each dorsal rib, 3 -under each marginal rib. Calyx indistinctly toothed. Petals straight -or nearly so.--Species 1. Abyssinia. (Under _Peucedanum_ L.) -=Erythroselinum= Chiov. - -“ 413, No. 92, after line 2, insert: Mericarps with 5 broad and thick -ribs. Oil-channels solitary under each rib, none at the commissure. -Calyx-teeth mucronate. Undershrubs.--Species 1. South-west Africa -(Nama-land) =Marlothiella= Wolff - -“ 413, No. 92, line 4, add: Oil-channels in the furrows and at the -commissure. - -“ 414, No. 93, at end, add: Petals yellow or brown, notched. -Herbs.--Species 1. Equatorial East Africa. =Volkensiella= Wolff - -“ 418, No. 5, line 8, for “Species 10,” read: Species 20. - -“ 421, No. 3, after line 3, insert: Fertile stamens as many as the -petals, 8. Calyx falling off very early, excepting the persistent base -of the tube.--Species 1. West Africa. Yields timber. =Dumoria= A. Chev. - -“ 421, No. 3, line 4, add: Calyx persisting or falling off as a whole. - -“ 421, No. 3, line 7, omit “_Dumoria_ A. Chev.” - -“ 434, No. 15, after line 4, insert: Corolla-segments overlapping -to the right. Disc wanting. Ovules numerous. Leaves with axillary -glands.--Species 1. West Africa. =Farquharia= Stapf - -“ 444, No. 22, line 6, insert: rarely shrubs. - -“ 449, No. 59, last line, add: including _Folotsia_ Cost. & Bois and -_Voharanga_ Cost. & Bois. - -“ 454, No. 99, after line 1, insert: Corona simple, of 10 lobes. -Calyx without glands. Corolla deeply divided, with spatulate -segments.--Species 1. Northern East Africa. =Spathulopetalum= Chiov. - -“ 463, No. 5, line 2, after “Shrubs,” read: Species 2. Socotra and -German South-west Africa. (Subfamily =WELLSTEDIOIDEAE=.) - -“ 472, No. 8, line 6, for “4-cleft,” read: 4-5-cleft. - -“ 472, No. 9, after line 3, insert: Lower lip of the corolla deeply -3-cleft, the median lobe slightly concave, the lateral ones narrow. -Calyx 2-lipped; the upper lip entire, the lower 4-toothed.--Species 1. -South-east Africa. =Thorncroftia= N. E. Brown - -“ 473, No. 15, line 2, insert: Including _Bouetia_ A. Chev. - -“ 473, No. 19, line 4, read: Species 2. Tropics. - -“ 473, No. 19, line 5, omit “including _Iboza_ N. E. Brown.” - -“ 480, No. 64, after line 5, insert: Corolla subequally 5-cleft; -tube exserted. Stamens 4, about equal in length. Flowers very small, -indistinctly dioecious.--Species 12. Central and South-east Africa. -(Under _Moschosma_ Reichb.) =Iboza= N. E. Brown - -“ 482, No. 10, line 2, for “Species 25” read: Species 40. - -“ 510, No. 66, after line 2, insert: Corolla-tube funnel-shaped. -Flowers in lateral spikes. Bracts narrow; bracteoles broad. Leaves -elliptical.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Leiophaca= Lindau - -“ 554, No. 93, line 2, for “Species 20,” read: Species 30. - -“ 556, No. 108, line 4, after “winged” add: Inner involucral bracts -short, scale-like. - -“ 556, No. 108, at end, add: Stem not winged. Inner involucral bracts -long, bristle-like. Receptacle at first flat.--Species 1. North-west -Africa. =Lifago= Schweinf. & Muschl. - -“ 562, No. 186, after line 2, insert: Pappus wanting. Heads in -corymbs.--Species 1. South-east Africa. =Humea= Sm. - -“ 570, No. 258, line 2, for “Species 1,” read: Species 4. - -Plate 12, for _Hydrosme grata_ Schott, read: Amorphophallus _gratus_ -(Schott) N. E. Brown. - -“ 138, last line, for “plant” read: branch. - -[Illustration: FLOW. PL. AFR. - -MAP OF AFRICA.] - - - - -INDEX - -OF LATIN NAMES OF FAMILIES AND GENERA - - -Synonyms are printed in _Italics_. - -_Abelmoschus_, 352. - -_Aberia_, 372. - -Abies, 70. - -_Abildgaardia_, 109. - -Abrotanella, 579. - -Abrus, 270. - -Abutilon, 352. - -Acacia, 247. - -Acaena, 241. - -Acalypha, 313. - -Acampe, 158. - -ACANTHACEAE, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, 502, Pl. 142. - -Acanthonema, 501. - -Acanthopale, 506. - -Acanthophoenix, 113. - -Acanthopsis, 509. - -Acanthosicyos, 540. - -Acanthotreculia, 167. - -Acanthus, 509. - -_Acanthyllis_, 270. - -Acer, 335. - -ACERACEAE, 31, 34, 335. - -Aceras, 152. - -_Aceras_, 152. - -_Achantia_, 355. - -Acharia, 376. - -ACHARIACEAE 54, 376. - -Acharitea, 469. - -Achillea, 577. - -Achneria, 105. - -Achras, 423. - -Achyranthes, 184, pl. 41. - -Achyrocline, 556, 562. - -_Achyropsis_, 184. - -Achyrospermum, 478. - -Achyrothalamus, 552. - -Acidanthera, 142. - -Acioa, 243. - -Acmadenia, 297. - -_Acmena_, 392. - -Acocanthera, 437. - -Aconitum, 199. - -Acorus, 115. - -_Acrachne_, 93. - -Acridocarpus, 307, pl. 77. - -Acritochaete, 82. - -Acriulus, 106. - -Acrocephalus, 473. - -Acrocoelium, 335. - -Acrolophia, 156. - -Acrosanthes, 190. - -_Acrosepalum_, 350. - -Acrospira, 131. - -_Acrostemon_, 416. - -Acrostylia, 151. - -Acrotome, 476. - -Actephila, 320. - -Actinoschoenus, 108. - -_Acuan_, 245. - -_Acustelma_, 445. - -Adansonia, 353. - -_Adelodypsis_, 113. - -Adelosa, 470. - -Adelostigma, 567. - -_Adenachaena_, 580. - -Adenandra, 297. - -Adenanthera, 246. - -Adenia, 376, pl. 106. - -Adenium, 433. - -Adenocarpus, 266. - -Adenochlaena, 313. - -Adenocline, 315. - -Adenodolichos, 278. - -_Adenogonum_, 572. - -Adenogramma, 188. - -Adenoplea, 427. - -Adenoplusia, 428. - -Adenopus, 539. - -_Adenosolen_, 579. - -Adenostemma, 570. - -_Adhatoda_, 512, 513. - -_Adicea_, 169. - -Adina, 530. - -Adinandra, 360. - -_Adolia_, 344. - -Adonis, 198. - -Aechmolepis, 444. - -Aedesia, 570. - -_Aegialophila_, 550. - -_Aegilops_, 90. - -Aegle, 299. - -Aeglopsis, 609. - -Aeluropus, 104. - -Aeolanthus, 474. - -_Aeonia_, 159. - -_Aeonium_, 232. - -Aerangis, 158. - -Aeranthus, 158. - -Aerua, 184. - -Aeschynomene, 269, 270, 284, 286. - -_Aetheilema_, 505. - -Aethionema, 225, 228. - -Aethusa, 410. - -Aframomum, 147, pl. 24. - -Afrardisia, 418. - -Afrocalathea, 149. - -_Afrodaphne_, 210. - -Afromendoncia, 502. - -Afrorhaphidophora, 115. - -Afrormosia, 259. - -Afrosison, 611. - -Afrostyrax, 425. - -Afrothismia, 150. - -_Afzelia_, 255. - -Afzelia, 255. - -Afzeliella, 394. - -Agapanthus, 130. - -Agathelpis, 489. - -Agathophora, 180. - -_Agathophyllum_, 209. - -Agathosma, 296. pl. 73. - -Agauria, 416. - -Agave, 138. - -Agelaea, 244. - -Ageratina, 569. - -Ageratum, 570. - -_Agialid_, 293. - -Agrimonia, 241. - -Agropyrum, 90. - -Agrostemma, 196. - -Agrostis, 97. - -_Agrostis_, 97. - -_Agrostistachys_, 312, 610. - -Agrostophyllum, 156. - -Agyneia, 323. - -_Aichryson_, 232. - -Aira, 98. - -_Aira_, 98, 100. - -Airopsis, 98. - -_Aitonia_, 305. - -_AITONIEAE_, 302. - -AIZOACEAE, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 27, 48, 49, 63, 68, 188, pl. -43. - -Aizoon, 190. - -Ajuga, 471. - -Alafia, 435. - -ALANGIACEAE, 43, 65, 67, 389. - -Alangium, 389. - -_Albersia_, 183. - -Alberta, 516. - -Albizzia, 248. - -Albuca, 126. - -_Alcea_, 352. - -Alchimilla, 241. - -_Alchornea_, 314. - -Alchornea, 314, 315. - -Alciope, 573, 575. - -Aldrovanda, 230. - -_Alectra_, 486. - -Alepidea, 403. - -Aleurites, 312, 610. - -Alhagi, 274. - -Alisma, 76. - -_Alisma_, 76. - -ALISMATACEAE, 5, 75, pl. 6. - -_ALISMATACEAE_, 77. - -Alkanna, 465. - -Allagopappus, 560. - -Allamanda, 436. - -Allanblackia, 361, pl. 99. - -Allexis, 367. - -Alliaria, 223. - -Allium, 125. - -Allocalyx, 494. - -Allophyllus, 336. - -_Alluaudia_, 335. - -Alnus, 163. - -Alocasia, 116. - -Alocasiophyllum, 117. - -Aloë 133. - -Alonsoa, 490. - -Alopecurus, 84, 86. - -Alpinia, 147. - -_ALSINACEAE_, 192. - -Alsine, 195. - -_Alsodeia_, 367. - -_Alsodeiidium_, 334. - -Alsodeiopsis, 334. - -Alstonia, 441. - -Alternanthera, 183. - -Althaea, 352. - -Althenia, 74. - -_Altheria_, 356. - -Alvesia, 474. - -Alysicarpus, 273. - -Alyssum, 218, 219. - -_Alyssum_, 219. - -Alyxia, 438. - -Amanoa, 320. - -Amaralia, 527. - -AMARANTACEAE, 9, 11, 50, 182, pl. 41. - -Amarantus, 183. - -AMARYLLIDACEAE, 4, 6, 135, pl. 19. - -_AMARYLLIDACEAE_, 139. - -Amaryllis, 137. - -_Amberboa_, 550. - -_Amblogyna_, 183. - -Amblygonocarpus, 246. - -_Ambora_, 209. - -_Ambraria_, 522. - -Ambrosia, 565. - -_AMBROSIACEAE_, 545. - -Ambrosinia, 118. - -_Ambulia_, 494. - -Amelanchier, 239. - -Amellus, 573. - -_Amerimnon_, 273. - -Ammannia, 384, 611. - -Ammi, 412. - -Ammiopsis, 404. - -Ammocharis, 138. - -_Ammochloa_, 101. - -Ammochloa, 101. - -Ammodaucus, 405. - -Ammophila, 96. - -Ammosperma, 223. - -_Amomum_, 147. - -Amorphophallus, 117, 607, pl. 12. - -Ampalis, 166. - -_AMPELIDEAE_, 346. - -Ampelocissus, 346. - -Ampelodesma, 100. - -_Ampelosicyos_, 536. - -Amphiblemma, 397. - -Amphidoxa, 558, 561. - -Amphiestes, 511. - -Amphiglossa, 561. - -Amphimas, 258. - -Amphithalea, 263. - -_Amphoranthus_, 187. - -_Amphorchis_, 152. - -Amphorocalyx, 394. - -_AMYGDALACEAE_, 239. - -_Amygdalus_, 242. - -Anabasis, 180. - -Anacampseros, 191. - -Anacamptis, 152. - -ANACARDIACEAE, 8, 19, 20, 27, 28, 325, pl. 81. - -Anacardium, 326. - -Anacolosa, 174. - -Anacyclus, 577. - -Anagallis, 419. - -Anaglypha, 561. - -Anagyris, 258. - -Ananas, 122. - -_Ananassa_, 122. - -Anaphalis, 557. - -_Anaphrenium_, 327. - -Anarrhinum, 491, 493. - -_Anarthrosyne_, 280. - -Anastatica, 218. - -Anastrabe, 492. - -_Anatherum_, 87. - -Anaxeton, 557. - -_Ancalanthus_, 514. - -Anchomanes, 118. - -Anchusa, 466. - -Ancistrocarpus, 350. - -Ancistrochilus, 157. - -ANCISTROCLADACEAE, 65, 378. - -Ancistrocladus, 378. - -Ancistrophyllum, 112. - -_Ancistrophyllum_, 112. - -_Ancistrorhynchus_, 158. - -Ancylanthus, 519. - -_Ancylobothrys_, 436. - -Andira, 289. - -Andrachne, 320. - -Andradia, 251. - -Androcymbium, 129. - -Andrographis, 510. - -Andropogon, 87. - -Androsace, 420. - -_Androsaemum_, 361. - -Androsiphonia, 370. - -Androstachys, 321. - -Andryala, 546. - -Aneilema, 123, pl. 16. - -Anemone, 198, pl. 46. - -Anethum, 409. - -Aneulophus, 292. - -Angelonia, 490. - -Angkalanthus, 514. - -Angolaea, 231. - -Angrecopsis, 159. - -_Angrecum_, 158. - -Angrecum, 158, 159. - -Angylocalyx, 259. - -Anisacanthus, 515. - -_Anisanthus_, 141. - -Aniseia, 461. - -_Aniserica_, 416. - -Anisochaeta, 559. - -Anisochilus, 475. - -Anisocycla, 203. - -Anisomeles, 478. - -Anisopappus, 554. - -Anisophyllea, 387. - -Anisopoda, 413. - -Anisopus, 452. - -_Anisorhamphus_, 546. - -Anisostachya, 512. - -Anisostigma, 190. - -Anisotes, 514. - -Anisothrix, 560. - -Anisotome, 457. - -_Anisotome_, 457. - -Annesorhiza, 409, pl. 119. - -Anogeissus, 390. - -Anoiganthus, 137. - -_Anomalanthus_, 416. - -Anona, 204, pl. 48. - -_Anona_, 206. - -ANONACEAE, 24, 26, 40, 41, 42, 54, 64, 203, pl. 48. - -Anonidium, 206. - -_Anonychium_, 246. - -Anopyxis, 388. - -Anoumabia, 611. - -Ansellia, 156. - -Anthaenantia, 81. - -_Anthagathis_, 243. - -Anthemis, 577. - -Anthephora, 84. - -Anthericopsis, 122. - -Anthericum, 132. - -Antherotoma, 394. - -_Anthistiria_, 87. - -Anthocleista, 428. - -Antholyza, 141. - -_Anthospermum_, 522. - -Anthospermum, 523. - -Anthostema, 310. - -Anthoxanthum, 94. - -_Anthoxanthum_, 94. - -Anthriscus, 405. - -_Anthriscus_, 412. - -Anthyllis, 260. - -Antiaris, 167. - -Anticharis, 488. - -Antidesma, 321. - -Antinoria, 98. - -Antirrhinum, 490. - -Antirrhoea, 518. - -Antithrixia, 561. - -Antizoma, 200. - -_Antoschmidtia_, 100. - -_Antrocaryon_, 328. - -Anubias, 116. - -Anvillea, 553, 554. - -_Apalatoa_, 255. - -Apaloxylon, 255. - -Apera, 97. - -_Aphanes_, 241. - -Aphania, 340. - -Aphanocalyx, 252. - -_Aphanostylis_, 436. - -_Aphelexis_, 553. - -_Aphloia_, 373. - -Aphyllanthes, 130. - -_APIACEAE_, 401. - -Apicra, 133. - -Apium, 413. - -_Apium_, 413. - -Apluda, 85. - -APOCYNACEAE, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 64, 66, 67, 432, pl. 129. - -_Apodanthes_, 177. - -Apodiscus, 611. - -Apodocephala, 558, 569. - -Apodolirion, 137. - -Apodytes, 334, pl. 84. - -_Apodytes_, 334. - -Apollonias, 210. - -Aponogeton, 75, pl. 5. - -APONOGETONACEAE, 5, 75, pl. 5. - -Aporrhiza, 339. - -_Apostellis_, 155. - -Aprevalia, 250. - -Aptandra, 174. - -_Apteranthes_, 455. - -Aptosimum, 489. - -AQUIFOLIACEAE, 59, 61, 329. - -Aquilegia, 199. - -Arabis, 217, 223. - -_Arabis_, 218. - -ARACEAE, 3, 114, pl. 12. - -Arachis, 267. - -ARALIACEAE, 43, 46, 67, 400, pl. 118. - -Araliopsis, 298. - -Araujia, 446. - -Arbutus, 415. - -Arceuthobium, 175. - -_Arceuthos_, 71. - -Arctium, 551. - -Arctopus, 403. - -_Arctotheca_, 548. - -Arctotis, 548. - -_Ardisia_, 418. - -Ardisiandra, 420, pl. 122. - -_Arduina_, 437. - -Areca, 114. - -Arenaria, 195. - -_Arenaria_, 195. - -Argania, 423. - -Argemone, 213. - -Argomuellera, 315. - -Argostema, 532. - -_Argyranthemum_, 565. - -Argyreia, 461. - -_Argyreia_, 461. - -_Argyrella_, 394. - -Argyrolobium, 264, 266. - -Argyrostachys, 184. - -Arisaema, 118. - -Arisarum, 118. - -Aristea, 143. - -_Aristea_, 143. - -Aristida, 95. - -Aristogeitonia, 321. - -Aristolochia, 176, pl. 38. - -ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 17, 176, pl. 38. - -_Armeniaca_, 242. - -Armeria, 421. - -Arnebia, 465. - -Arnottia, 153. - -_AROIDEAE_, 114. - -_Aroides_, 117. - -Arrhenatherum, 99. - -Arrowsmithia, 555, 556. - -Artabotrys, 204, 205. - -Artanema, 495. - -Artemisia, 566, 578, 597. - -Artemisiopsis, 561. - -Arthraerua, 184. - -_Arthratherum_, 95. - -Arthraxon, 86, 87. - -_Arthrocarpum_, 273. - -_Arthrochortus_, 90. - -Arthrocnemum, 181. - -_Arthrolobium_, 262. - -_Arthrophyllum_, 497. - -_Arthrosolen_, 381. - -_Arthrostylis_, 108. - -Artocarpus, 167. - -Arum, 118. - -Arundinaria, 88. - -Arundinella, 98. - -Arundo, 101. - -Asaemia, 578. - -ASCLEPIADACEAE, 64, 66, 441, pl. 130. - -Asclepias, 449. - -_Asclepias_, 449. - -Ascolepis, 108. - -Askidiosperma, 120. - -Aspalathus, 264. - -Asparagus, 129. - -_Aspera_, 521. - -_ASPERIFOLIACEAE_, 463. - -Asperugo, 466. - -Asperula, 521. - -Asphodeline, 132. - -Asphodelus, 132. - -_Aspidoglossum_, 451. - -Aspilia, 583. - -_Assonia_, 357. - -Astelia, 134. - -Astephania, 554. - -Astephanocarpa, 562. - -Astephanus, 446. - -Aster, 567, 572, 574. - -_Aster_, 567. - -Asteracantha, 504. - -Asteranthe, 206. - -_Asteranthopsis_, 206. - -_Asteriscus_, 554. - -Asterochaete, 107. - -Asterolinum, 419. - -_Asterolinum_, 419. - -Asteropeia, 360. - -_Asterosperma_, 567. - -_Asterothrix_, 546. - -Astiria, 357. - -Astragalus, 270, 285, 288. - -Astrocarpus, 229. - -Astrochlaena, 462. - -_Astropanax_, 400. - -Astydamia, 409. - -Asystasia, 510. - -_Asystasia_, 509, 510. - -Asystasiella, 510. - -Ataenidia, 149. - -_Ataxia_, 94. - -Athamanta, 411. - -_Athamantha_, 406. - -Athanasia, 578. - -_Atheranthera_, 536. - -Athrixia, 561. - -Atractocarpa, 88. - -Atractogyne, 527. - -Atractylis, 550. - -Atraphaxis, 178. - -Atriplex, 181. - -Atropa, 482. - -_ATROPACEAE_, 481. - -Atropis, 105. - -Atroxima, 308. - -_Atylosia_, 283. - -_Aubyra_, 292. - -Aucoumea, 302. - -Audouinia, 236. - -Augea, 294. - -Aulacocalyx, 517. - -Aulax, 170. - -_Aulaya_, 485. - -Aulojusticia, 512. - -Aulostephanus, 456. - -Aulotandra, 147. - -_AURANTIACEAE_, 295. - -_Aurelia_, 136. - -Australina, 168. - -_Autunesia_, 568. - -Auxopus, 154. - -Avellinia, 103. - -Avena, 97, 99, 105. - -_Avenastrum_, 97. - -Averrhoa, 290. - -Avicennia, 469. - -_Aviceps_, 151. - -_Axonopus_, 82. - -Azadirachta, 304. - -Azima, 332. - -Azorella, 402. - - -Babiana, 142. - -Baccaurea, 322. - -Baccaureopsis, 322. - -Bachmannia, 214. - -Bacopa, 494. - -Badula, 418. - -Baeometra, 129. - -Baikiaea, 256. - -_Baillonella_, 421. - -Baissea, 435. - -Bakerisideroxylon, 422. - -_Balaniella_, 607. - -Balanites, 293, pl. 72. - -Balanophora, 176. - -BALANOPHORACEAE, 7, 16, 176. - -_Balansaea_, 406. - -Ballochia, 511. - -Ballota, 479. - -_Balsamea_, 301. - -BALSAMINACEAE, 35, 343, pl. 87. - -Balsamocitrus, 299. - -_Balsamodendron_, 301. - -Bambusa, 89. - -_Bandeiraea_, 248. - -Banisterioides, 307. - -_Baoutia_, 607. - -Baphia, 257. - -Baphiopsis, 249. - -Barbacenia, 139, pl. 20. - -Barbarea, 223. - -Barberetta, 135. - -Barbeuia, 188. - -Barbeya, 163. - -Barbeyastrum, 394. - -_Barkhousia_, 546. - -Barlaea, 152. - -Barleria, 507. - -_Barlia_, 152. - -Baronia, 328. - -_Baroniella_, 443. - -Barosma, 296. - -Barringtonia, 387, pl. 111. - -_Barrowia_, 455. - -Barteria, 370. - -Bartholina, 153. - -Bartschia, 484. - -_Bartsia_, 484. - -_Basananthe_, 376. - -Basella, 191. - -BASELLACEAE, 50, 191. - -Baseonema, 442. - -_Basilicum_, 473. - -Bassia, 182. - -_Bassia_, 423. - -_Batatas_, 462. - -Batesanthus, 443. - -Bathiaea, 256. - -Baudouinia, 251. - -Bauhinia, 248, pl. 67. - -_Bauhinia_, 248. - -Baukea, 280. - -Baumannia, 518. - -Baumia, 486. - -Beatsonia, 364. - -Beaumontia, 434. - -_Bechium_, 570. - -_Becium_, 473. - -Beckera, 82. - -Begonia, 378, pl. 107. - -BEGONIACEAE, 17, 49, 377, pl. 107. - -Behnia, 130. - -Beilschmiedia, 210. - -Belamcanda, 144. - -Bellardia, 484. - -_Bellevalia_, 128. - -Bellis, 573. - -Bellium, 573. - -Belmontia, 430. - -Belonophora, 517. - -Bembicia, 371. - -_Bembycodium_, 578. - -Bencomia, 241. - -Benincasa, 541. - -_Berardia_, 237, 238. - -BERBERIDACEAE, 21, 22, 23, 199. - -Berberis, 199. - -Berchemia, 344. - -Berenice, 234. - -Bergia, 363, pl. 100. - -Berkheya, 548, 551, 568. - -Berkheyopsis, 549. - -_Berlinia_, 255, 256. - -Berlinia, 608. - -Bernieria, 210. - -Bersama, 342, pl. 86. - -Bertiera, 529. - -_Berula_, 412. - -Berzelia, 237. - -_Berzelia_, 237. - -Beta, 181. - -_Betonica_, 479. - -BETULACEAE, 7, 17, 162. - -Biarum, 118. - -Biasolettia, 406. - -Bicornella, 153. - -Bidens, 581. - -_Bifaria_, 175. - -Bifora, 406. - -BIGNONIACEAE, 53, 57, 58, 59, 495, pl. 137. - -_Bingeria_, 304, 609. - -Biophytum, 291, pl. 69. - -Biscutella, 226. - -Biserrula, 285. - -_Bismarkia_, 111. - -_Bivinia_, 371. - -Bivonaea, 228. - -Bixa, 365. - -BIXACEAE, 25, 365. - -_BIXACEAE_, 366, 367. - -_Blackwellia_, 371. - -Blaeria, 417. - -Blainvillea, 537. - -Blastania, 537. - -_Blatti_, 385. - -_BLATTIACEAE_, 385. - -Bleekrodia, 164. - -Blepharis, 508. - -Blepharispermum, 556. - -Blighia, 339. - -_Blighia_, 338. - -_Blitum_, 182. - -Blumea, 557, 559. - -Blyxa, 78. - -Bobartia, 144. - -Bocagea, 205. - -Boeckeleria, 108. - -Boehmeria, 170. - -Boerhavia, 187. - -Boissiera, 100. - -_Bojeria_, 560. - -Bolbophyllum, 160. - -_Bolbophyllum_, 160. - -_Bolboxalis_, 291. - -Bolusanthus, 259. - -Bolusia, 262. - -BOMBACACEAE, 35, 38, 39, 63, 353, pl. 93. - -Bombax, 353, pl. 93. - -Bonamia, 459. - -_Bonatea_, 152. - -_Bonaveria_, 260. - -_Bonjeania_, 262. - -_Bonnaya_, 493. - -Bonniera, 158. - -Boottia, 78. - -_Bopusia_, 487. - -_BORAGINEAE_, 463. - -Borassus, 111. - -Borbonia, 264. - -BORRAGINACEAE, 54, 55, 60, 64, 463, pl. 132. - -_Borraginoides_, 466. - -Borrago, 465. - -Borreria, 522. - -Boscia, 214. - -Bosia, 183. - -Bosqueia, 167. - -Bosqueiopsis, 167. - -Boswellia, 302. - -_Bothriocline_, 570. - -Bothriospermum, 466. - -_Botor_, 272. - -_Botryceras_, 327. - -_Boucerosia_, 455. - -Bouchea, 468. - -_Bouetia_, 612. - -Bougainvillea, 187. - -Boussingaultia, 191. - -Boutonia, 507. - -Bowiea, 126. - -Bowkeria, 492. - -_Bowlesia_, 402. - -Brabeium, 170. - -_Brachyachaenium_, 553. - -Brachycarpaea, 220. - -Brachycome, 573. - -Brachycorythis, 153. - -_Brachycorythis_, 153. - -_Brachyelytrum_, 96. - -Brachylaena, 556. - -_Brachymeris_, 579. - -Brachypodium, 105. - -_Brachyrhynchos_, 576. - -Brachysiphon, 380. - -Brachystegia, 254. - -Brachystelma, 457. - -_Brachystelma_, 456, 457. - -Brachystelmaria, 457. - -Brachystephanus, 511. - -Brackenridgea, 359. - -_Bracteolaria_, 257. - -_Bradburya_, 276. - -_Bramia_, 494. - -Brandzeia, 249. - -Brasenia, 197. - -Brassica, 221, 224. - -_Brassica_, 221, 224. - -_Brayera_, 241. - -Brazzeia, 358. - -_Brehmia_, 429. - -Bremontiera, 273. - -Breonia, 525. - -_Breweria_, 459, 460. - -Brexia, 234, pl. 60. - -Breynia, 324. - -_Bricchettia_, 319, 608, 611. - -Bridelia, 319. - -_Bridelia_, 319. - -_Brignolia_, 411. - -Brillantaisia, 504. - -Briza, 104. - -_Brizopyrum_, 104. - -_Brocchia_, 565. - -Brochoneura, 208. - -_Brochoneura_, 208. - -BROMELIACEAE, 6, 122. - -Bromus, 99, 104. - -_Broteroa_, 551. - -Broussonetia, 165. - -Brownleea, 151. - -Brucea, 300. - -_Brugmansia_, 481. - -Bruguiera, 388. - -Brunella, 477. - -Brunia, 237. - -_Brunia_, 237. - -BRUNIACEAE, 43, 44, 46, 47, 56, 65, 66, 67, 236, pl. 63. - -Brunnichia, 178. - -Brunsvigia, 137. - -Bryodes, 493. - -Bryomorphe, 561. - -Bryonia, 540. - -_Bryonia_, 540. - -Bryonopsis, 541. - -Bryophyllum, 233. - -_Bubania_, 420. - -_Bubon_, 409. - -_Bucculina_, 153. - -Buchenroedera, 265. - -Buchholzia, 214. - -_Buchnera_, 485. - -Buchnerodendron, 368. - -Buddleia, 428. - -_Buddleia_, 427. - -Buechnera, 485. - -Buettnera, 356. - -_BUETTNERIACEAE_, 354. - -Buffonia, 195. - -Buforrestia, 123. - -Bulbine, 132. - -Bulbinella, 132. - -_Bulbophyllum_, 160. - -_Bulbostylis_, 109. - -_Bulliarda_, 232. - -_Bunburya_, 527. - -Bunias, 218. - -Bunium, 412. - -_Bunium_, 406, 412. - -Buphane, 136. - -Bupleurum, 405, 411. - -Burasaia, 203. - -Burchellia, 528. - -Burkea, 249. - -Burmannia, 149. - -BURMANNIACEAE, 5, 149. - -Burnatastrum, 474. - -Burnatia, 76. - -BURSERACEAE, 32, 301, pl. 75. - -_Buseria_, 520. - -Bussea, 250. - -_Butayea_, 509. - -BUTOMACEAE, 5, 77. - -_Butomopsis_, 77. - -Butomus, 77. - -Buttonia, 486. - -Butyrospermum, 423. - -BUXACEAE, 13, 324. - -Buxus, 324. - -Byrsanthus, 371. - -Byrsocarpus, 244. - -_Byrsocarpus_, 608. - -Byrsophyllum, 527. - -Bystropogon, 480. - - -_Cacalia_, 576. - -_Cacara_, 277. - -Cachrys, 407. - -_Cacoucia_, 390. - -CACTACEAE, 45, 66, 378. - -Cadaba, 214. - -_Cadalvena_, 146. - -Cadia, 249, 258. - -_Cadia_, 258. - -Cadiscus, 584. - -Caesalpinia, 251. - -_CAESALPINIACEAE_, 245. - -Caesia, 131. - -_Cailliea_, 246. - -Cajanus, 280, 283. - -Cakile, 224. - -Caladium, 116. - -_Caladium_, 116. - -Calamagrostis, 96. - -_Calamintha_, 479. - -Calamus, 111. - -_Calamus_, 112. - -Calanda, 518. - -Calanthe, 157. - -Calantica, 371, 372. - -_Calathea_, 149. - -Calceolaria, 489. - -_Calceolaria_, 367. - -Caldesia, 76. - -Calendula, 557, 563. - -Calepina, 225. - -_Calesiam_, 329. - -Calicorema, 184. - -_Callianassa_, 488. - -Calliandra, 248. - -Callicarpa, 469. - -Callichilia, 439. - -Calligonum, 178. - -Callilepis, 554. - -Callipeltis, 521. - -CALLITRICHACEAE, 8, 324. - -Callitriche, 324. - -Callitris, 71, pl. 2. - -Callopsis, 117. - -Calluna, 417. - -Calocrater, 439. - -Calodendron, 296. - -_Calodryum_, 305. - -Caloncoba, 369. - -Calonyction, 462. - -_Calophanes_, 505, 506. - -Calophyllum, 362. - -Calopyxis, 390. - -Calostephane, 559. - -Calotropis, 449. - -Calpocalyx, 246. - -Calpurnia, 258. - -_Calvaria_, 423. - -Calvoa, 397. - -Calycopteris, 390. - -Calycotome, 267. - -Calyptrocarpus, 581. - -Calyptrochilus, 158. - -Calyptrotheca, 215. - -_Calysaccion_, 362. - -Calystegia, 460. - -Camarotea, 506. - -Camelina, 219. - -_Camellia_, 360. - -_Camilleugenia_, 152. - -Camoensia, 258. - -Campanula, 543. - -CAMPANULACEAE, 48, 59, 65, 67, 68, 541, pl. 149. - -Camphorosma, 182. - -Campnosperma, 326. - -Camptocarpus, 443. - -Camptolepis, 340. - -Camptoloma, 488. - -Camptostylus, 368. - -_Campulosus_, 91. - -Campylanthus, 487. - -_Campylochiton_, 390. - -_Campylogyne_, 390. - -Campylostachys, 468. - -Campylostemon, 332. - -Cananga, 205. - -Canarina, 543. - -Canarium, 302. - -_Canarium_, 302. - -Canavalia, 276. - -_CANELLACEAE_, 366. - -Canephora, 528. - -Canna, 147. - -Cannabis, 166. - -CANNACEAE, 5, 147. - -Cannomois, 120. - -Canscora, 431. - -_Canscora_, 431. - -Cantharospermum, 283. - -_Canthium_, 519. - -_Cantuffa_, 250. - -_Caopia_, 361. - -Caperonia, 311, 609. - -Capitanya, 474. - -Capnophyllum, 408. - -CAPPARIDACEAE, 11, 13, 14, 21, 23, 24, 36, 37, 38, 39, 63, 213, pl. 54. - -_CAPPARIDACEAE_, 229. - -Capparis, 215. - -Capraria, 487. - -CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 65, 66, 67, 533, pl. 145. - -Capsella, 220, 228. - -Capsicum, 483. - -Carallia, 388. - -Caralluma, 455. - -_Carandas_, 437. - -Carapa, 304, 306. - -_Carapa_, 303. - -_Carbenia_, 549. - -Cardamine, 223. - -_Cardanthera_, 504. - -Cardiochlamys, 460. - -Cardiogyne, 165. - -Cardiospermum, 336. - -Cardopatium, 551. - -Carduncellus, 550. - -Carduus, 551. - -Carex, 107. - -Carica, 377. - -CARICACEAE, 54, 63, 377. - -Carissa, 437. - -Carlina, 550. - -_Carolofritschia_, 501. - -_Caroxylon_, 179. - -Carpacoce, 522. - -_Carpha_, 107, 109. - -Carphalea, 532. - -_Carphalea_, 531. - -Carpodinus, 436. - -_Carpodinus_, 440. - -Carpodiptera, 348. - -Carpolobia, 308. - -_Carpolobia_, 308. - -_Carpolyza_, 136. - -Carponema, 220. - -_Carregnoa_, 135. - -Carrichtera, 225. - -_Carruthia_, 305. - -Carthamus, 550. - -Carum, 412. - -_Carum_, 412, 413, 414. - -Carvalhoa, 440. - -CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 9, 11, 15, 18, 20, 22, 50, 52, 191, pl. 45. - -_Caryophyllus_, 392. - -Casearia, 372. - -Cassia, 252. - -Cassine, 331. - -_Cassine_, 331. - -Cassinia, 556. - -Cassinopsis, 334. - -_Cassipourea_, 388. - -Cassytha, 209. - -Castalia, 197. - -Castanea, 163. - -Castilloa, 167. - -Casuarina, 161. - -CASUARINACEAE, 7, 160. - -Catabrosa, 102. - -Catananche, 547. - -Catapodium, 105. - -Catha, 330. - -_Cathastrum_, 331. - -Catophractes, 495. - -Caucalis, 404. - -_Caucalis_, 404, 406. - -Caucanthus, 307. - -_Caulinia_, 75. - -Cayaponia, 538. - -Caylusea, 229. - -_Cebatha_, 201. - -_Cedrela_, 303. - -_CEDRELEAE_, 302. - -Cedrelopsis, 302. - -Cedronella, 476. - -Cedrus, 71. - -Ceiba, 353. - -CELASTRACEAE, 21, 22, 27, 30, 31, 36, 44, 45, 47, 48, 329, pl. 82. - -_CELASTRACEAE_, 332. - -_Celastrus_, 330. - -Celosia, 186. - -Celsia, 489. - -Celtis, 164. - -Cenchrus, 81. - -_Cenia_, 565. - -Centaurea, 550. - -Centauropsis, 558. - -Centella, 402. - -Centema, 184, 185. - -_Centemopsis_, 608. - -Centipeda, 579. - -Centotheca, 104. - -Centranthus, 534. - -Centratherum, 570. - -Centroplacus, 320. - -Centrosema, 276, 280. - -Centunculus, 419. - -Cephaëlis, 524. - -_Cephalandra_, 536. - -Cephalanthera, 154. - -Cephalanthus, 517, 525. - -Cephalaria, 534, pl. 147. - -Cephalocroton, 314. - -Cephalocrotonopsis, 314. - -Cephalonema, 350. - -Cephalosphaera, 208. - -Cephalostachyum, 88. - -Cephalostigma, 544. - -Ceraria, 608. - -Cerastium, 194. - -_Cerastium_, 195. - -_Cerasus_, 242. - -Ceratandra, 150. - -Ceratiosicyos, 376. - -_Ceratocaryum_, 120. - -_Ceratocephalus_, 198. - -_Ceratocnemon_, 224. - -Ceratonia, 254. - -_Ceratophorus_, 318. - -CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 10, 197. - -Ceratophyllum, 197. - -Ceratosepalum, 350. - -Ceratostigma, 420. - -Ceratotheca, 499. - -Cerbera, 438. - -Cercestis, 117. - -_Cercestis_, 117. - -Cercopetalum, 214. - -Cereus, 378. - -Cerinthe, 464. - -Ceriops, 388. - -_Cerolepis_, 368. - -Ceropegia, 456. - -Ceruana, 571. - -_Cervicina_, 544. - -_Cestichis_, 156. - -Cestrum, 481. - -Chadsia, 287. - -Chaenorrhinum, 491. - -Chaenostoma, 493, pl. 136. - -_Chaerophyllum_, 406. - -Chaerophyllum, 406. - -Chaetacanthus, 505. - -Chaetacme, 164. - -Chaetobromus, 99. - -Chaetocarpus, 318. - -Chaetosciadium, 406. - -_Chailletia_, 309. - -_CHAILLETIACEAE_, 309. - -Chalazocarpus, 529. - -Chamaealoe, 133. - -Chamaelea, 295. - -Chamaemeles, 239. - -_Chamaemelum_, 577, 578. - -Chamaenerium, 398. - -_Chamaepeuce_, 551. - -Chamaerops, 110. - -Chamira, 220. - -Chapeliera, 528. - -Charadrophila, 487. - -_Charia_, 305. - -Charieis, 573. - -Chasalia, 525. - -Chasmanthera, 202. - -_Chasmanthera_, 202. - -Cheiranthus, 217. - -Cheirolaena, 357. - -Cheirostylis, 155. - -Chelidonium, 212. - -Chenolea, 182. - -_Chenolea_, 182. - -CHENOPODIACEAE, 7, 9, 15, 179, pl. 40. - -_CHENOPODIACEAE_, 187, 191. - -_Chenopodina_, 179. - -Chenopodium, 182. - -Chevreulia, 562. - -Chilianthus, 427. - -Chiliocephalum, 561. - -Chilocalyx, 215. - -Chionothrix, 184. - -Chironia, 432, pl. 128. - -CHLAENACEAE, 32, 33, 38, 39, 347, pl. 90. - -Chlamydacanthus, 511. - -Chlamydocardia, 514. - -Chlamydocarya, 333. - -Chlamydojatropha, 610. - -_Chlamydophora_, 578. - -Chlora, 431. - -Chloridion, 81. - -Chloris, 92, pl. 8. - -Chlorocodon, 442. - -Chlorocyathus, 443. - -_Chloromyrtus_, 392. - -_Chloropatane_, 208, 608, 610. - -Chlorophora, 165. - -Chlorophytum, 132. - -_Chlorophytum_, 131. - -Chloryllis, 278. - -Choananthus, 607. - -_Chomelia_, 526. - -Chondrilla, 546. - -Choristylis, 235. - -Choritaenia, 408. - -Chortolirion, 133. - -Christiania, 348. - -_Christiania_, 611. - -Chrozophora, 311, 609. - -_Chrysalidocarpus_, 114. - -Chrysanthellum, 573. - -Chrysanthemum, 566, 578, 579. - -Chrysithrix, 107. - -Chrysobalanus, 243. - -Chrysocoma, 572. - -_Chrysocoma_, 572. - -Chrysophyllum, 422. - -_Chrysopia_, 362. - -_Chrysopogon_, 87. - -_Chrysurus_, 95. - -Chymococca, 382. - -Chytranthus, 337, 338. - -_Cicca_, 323. - -Cicendia, 431. - -Cicer, 261. - -_Cicerbita_, 546. - -Cichorium, 548. - -Cienfuegosia, 353. - -Cinchona, 531. - -Cincinnobotrys, 397. - -Cineraria, 566, 576. - -Cinnamomum, 210. - -Cinnamosma, 366. - -Cipadessa, 304. - -Circaea, 398. - -_Circinus_, 260. - -Cirrhopetalum, 160. - -Cirsium, 551, 552. - -_Cissampelos_, 200. - -Cissampelos, 200. - -Cissus, 346, pl. 89. - -_Cissus_, 346. - -CISTACEAE, 25, 33, 35, 37, 38, 365, pl. 102. - -Cistanche, 500, pl. 139. - -Cistanthera, 350. - -Cistus, 365, pl. 102. - -Citrullus, 541. - -Citrus, 299. - -Cladanthus, 576. - -_Cladanthus_, 577. - -Cladium, 108. - -_Cladosicyos_, 537. - -Cladostemon, 214. - -Cladostigma, 459. - -Claoxylon, 316. - -_Clathrospermum_, 205. - -Clausena, 299. - -Cleanthe, 143. - -Cleidion, 316. - -Cleistachne, 86. - -Cleistanthus, 319. - -Cleistochlamys, 206. - -Cleistopholis, 206. - -Clematis, 198. - -Cleome, 215. - -_Cleome_, 215. - -Cleomodendron, 215. - -Cleonia, 477. - -Clerodendron, 470, pl. 133. - -_Clerodendron_, 470. - -Clethra, 415. - -CLETHRACEAE, 40, 414. - -Cliffortia, 241. - -Clinogyne, 149, pl. 25. - -_Clinogyne_, 149. - -_Clinopodium_, 479. - -Clitandra, 436, pl. 129. - -Clitoria, 276, 281, 285. - -_Clitoria_, 276. - -Clivia, 136. - -Cloiselia, 552. - -_CLUSIACEAE_, 360. - -Cluytia, 317. - -Cluytiandra, 323. - -Clypeola, 218. - -_Cnemidostachys_, 318. - -CNEORACEAE, 30, 295. - -_Cneorum_, 295. - -Cnestis, 244. - -Cnicus, 549. - -_Cnicus_, 551. - -Cnidium, 409. - -Coccinia, 536, 539. - -_Coccobryon_, 161. - -_Coccosperma_, 416. - -Cocculus, 201, pl. 47. - -_Cocculus_, 201. - -Cochlanthus, 444. - -_Cochlearia_, 227. - -COCHLOSPERMACEAE, 25, 38, 366. - -Cochlospermum, 366. - -Cockburnia, 502. - -Cocos, 112. - -Codon, 462. - -Codonostigma, 416. - -_Codonura_, 435. - -Coelachne, 101. - -Coelachyrum, 92. - -Coelanthum, 189. - -Coelidium, 263. - -Coelocarpus, 468. - -Coelocaryon, 207. - -Coffea, 520. - -Cogniauxia, 539. - -Cohnia, 134. - -_Coilostigma_, 416. - -Coinochlamys, 428. - -Coix, 83. - -Cola, 354. - -_COLCHICACEAE_, 125. - -Colchicum, 125. - -Coldenia, 464. - -Colea, 497. - -Coleonema, 297. - -Coleotrype, 123. - -Coleus, 475. - -_Colobachne_, 84. - -Colobanthus, 195. - -Colocasia, 116. - -_Colocynthis_, 541. - -Colpias, 491. - -_Colpodium_, 97. - -Colpoon, 172. - -Colubrina, 345. - -Colutea, 287. - -_Coluteastrum_, 285. - -Colvillea, 250. - -COMBRETACEAE, 16, 44, 389, pl. 113. - -_COMBRETACEAE_, 211. - -Combretum, 390, pl. 113. - -_Combretum_, 390. - -Cometes, 192. - -Cometia, 321. - -Commelina, 122. - -COMMELINACEAE, 4, 122, pl. 16. - -Commidendron, 574. - -Commiphora, 301. - -COMPOSITAE, 7, 9, 15, 64, 544, pl. 150. - -Conchopetalum, 341. - -_Coniandra_, 538. - -_CONIFERAE_, 70. - -Conium, 407. - -CONNARACEAE, 20, 42, 52, 64, 243, pl. 66. - -Connarus, 243, pl. 66. - -Conocarpus, 390. - -Conomitra, 447. - -Conopharyngia, 439. - -Conopodium, 406. - -_Conopodium_, 407. - -_Conosapium_, 318. - -Conringia, 223. - -CONVOLVULACEAE, 51, 52, 56, 59, 60, 61, 64, 457, pl. 131. - -Convolvulus, 460. - -_Convolvulus_, 460, 461. - -Conyza, 572. - -_Copaiba_, 252. - -Copaifera, 252. - -_Coptosperma_, 526. - -Corallocarpus, 537. - -_Corbularia_, 136. - -Corchorus, 350. - -Cordeauxia, 254. - -Cordia, 463, pl. 132. - -Cordyla, 249. - -_Cordyline_, 134. - -Cordylocarpus, 221. - -Cordylogyne, 451. - -Corema, 325. - -Coreopsis, 581. - -Coriandrum, 406. - -Coriaria, 325. - -CORIARIACEAE, 41, 325. - -Coridothymus, 480. - -Coris, 419. - -CORNACEAE, 46, 47, 414. - -_CORNACEAE_, 389. - -_Cornicina_, 260. - -Cornulaca, 180. - -Cornus, 414. - -Coronilla, 260. - -Coronopus, 226. - -Corrigiola, 193. - -Corycium, 150. - -Corydalis, 212. - -Corylus, 162. - -_Corymbis_, 155. - -Corymbium, 569. - -Corymborchis, 155. - -Corymbostachys, 512. - -Corynanthe, 531. - -_Corynanthe_, 531. - -Corynephorus, 100. - -Cosmos, 581. - -Cossignia, 341. - -Cossonia, 222, 224. - -Costularia, 108. - -Costus, 146. - -Cotoneaster, 239. - -Cottsia, 306. - -Cotula, 565, 566, 567, 578, 579, 580. - -Cotyledon, 233. - -Cotylodiscus, 340. - -Cotylonychia, 355. - -Coula, 174. - -Courbonia, 214. - -_Courrantia_, 578. - -Courtoisia, 109. - -Crabbea, 508. - -_Cracca_, 272. - -Craibia, 609. - -Crambe, 225. - -_Cranzia_, 298. - -Craspedorhachis, 91. - -Craspidosperma, 437. - -_Crassocephalum_, 572. - -Crassula, 232. - -CRASSULACEAE, 41, 42, 64, 232, pl. 59. - -_Crassuvia_, 233. - -_Crataegus_, 240. - -Crataeva, 215. - -Craterispermum, 519. - -Craterosiphon, 382. - -Craterostemma, 457. - -Craterostigma, 494. - -Cremaspora, 517. - -Cremocarpus, 523. - -Crepis, 546, 547. - -Cressa, 459. - -Crinum, 138, pl. 19. - -Crioceras, 439. - -Crithmum, 410. - -_Crocodiloides_, 548. - -_Crocosmia_, 142. - -Crocus, 140. - -Crocyllis, 523. - -Crossandra, 509. - -Crossandrella, 508. - -Crossonephelis, 337. - -Crossopteryx, 526. - -Crossostemma, 375. - -Crossotropis, 102. - -Crotalaria, 263. - -Croton, 310. - -Crotonogyne, 311, 610. - -_Crotonogyne_, 610. - -Crotonogynopsis, 314. - -Crucianella, 521. - -CRUCIFERAE, 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30, 31, 35, 36, 216, -pl. 53. - -Crudia, 255. - -Crupina, 550. - -Crypsis, 83. - -Cryptadenia, 382. - -Cryptocarya, 210. - -Cryptogyne, 422. - -Cryptolepis, 445. - -_Cryptolepis_, 445. - -Cryptopus, 159. - -Cryptosepalum, 252, 255. - -Cryptostegia, 444. - -_Cryptostemma_, 548. - -Cryptostephanus, 135. - -Cryptotaenia, 412. - -Ctenium, 91. - -_Ctenolepis_, 537. - -_Ctenomeria_, 313. - -Ctenophrynium, 148. - -_Ctenopsis_, 93. - -Ctenorchis, 159. - -_Cubeba_, 161. - -Cucubalus, 196. - -Cucumeropsis, 537. - -Cucumis, 537, 541. - -Cucurbita, 538. - -CUCURBITACEAE, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 65, 66, 67, 535, pl. 148. - -Culcasia, 117. - -Cullumia, 549. - -Cullumiopsis, 563. - -Cuminum, 404. - -Cunonia, 235. - -CUNONIACEAE, 33, 39, 235, pl. 62. - -_Cupania_, 339, 340. - -Cuphea, 384. - -_Cuphocarpus_, 401. - -Cupressus, 71. - -_CUPULIFERAE_, 162, 163. - -Curculigo, 139. - -Curcuma, 146. - -Curroria, 445. - -Curtisia, 414. - -Cuscuta, 458. - -Cussonia, 400, pl. 118. - -Cutandia, 102. - -Cuviera, 519. - -Cyamopsis, 281, 284. - -CYANASTRACEAE, 6, 124. - -Cyanastrum, 124. - -Cyanella, 139. - -_Cyanopis_, 570. - -_Cyanothyrsus_, 256, 608. - -Cyanotis, 123. - -_Cyatanthus_, 167. - -Cyathogyne, 322. - -Cyathula, 185. - -CYCADACEAE, 1, 69, pl. 1. - -Cycas, 69. - -Cyclamen, 419. - -Cyclantheropsis, 535. - -Cyclocampe, 108. - -Cyclocarpa, 269. - -Cyclocheilon, 470. - -Cyclocotyla, 437. - -_Cyclonema_, 470. - -Cyclopia, 257. - -Cycloptychis, 220. - -Cyclostemon, 322. - -Cycniopsis, 485. - -Cycnium, 485. - -Cydonia, 239. - -Cylicodiscus, 247. - -Cylicomorpha, 377. - -Cylindrocline, 556. - -Cylindrolepis, 109. - -_Cylindropsis_, 436. - -Cylista, 279, 282. - -Cymbalaria, 490. - -Cymbidium, 159. - -_Cymbopogon_, 87. - -Cymbosepalum, 253. - -Cymodocea, 74. - -_Cymodocea_, 74. - -Cynanchum, 449. - -_Cynanchum_, 446, 448, 449. - -Cynara, 551. - -_Cynaropsis_, 551. - -CYNOCRAMBACEAE, 15, 187. - -Cynocrambe, 187. - -_Cynoctonum_, 449. - -Cynodon, 91. - -Cynoglossum, 466. - -Cynometra, 254. - -_Cynometra_, 253, 608. - -CYNOMORIACEAE, 15, 400. - -Cynomorium, 400. - -Cynorchis, 152. - -_Cynosorchis_, 152. - -Cynosurus, 102. - -CYPERACEAE, 2, 106, pl. 9. - -Cyperus, 109. - -_Cyperus_, 109. - -Cyphia, 542. - -Cyphocarpa, 185. - -_Cyphocarpa_, 185. - -Cyphochlaena, 85. - -_Cypholepis_, 92. - -Cypselodontia, 559. - -_CYRTANDREAE_, 500. - -Cyrtanthus, 138. - -Cyrtogonone, 610. - -_Cyrtopera_, 157. - -Cyrtopodium, 157. - -Cyrtosperma, 115. - -_Cyrtoxiphus_, 247. - -_Cysticapnos_, 212. - -Cystistemon, 465. - -_CYTINACEAE_, 177. - -Cytinus, 177. - -Cytisus, 266. - - -Daboecia, 416. - -Dactyliandra, 540. - -Dactylis, 104. - -Dactyloctenium, 93. - -Dactylopetalum, 388. - -Daemia, 448. - -Daïs, 382. - -Dalbergia, 273, 286. - -Dalechampia, 313. - -Dalhousiea, 257. - -_Damapana_, 269. - -Damasonium, 76. - -_Damatris_, 548. - -Danais, 531. - -Daniellia, 255, 608. - -_Daniellia_, 256, 608. - -Danthonia, 99, 105. - -_Danthonia_, 99. - -Daphne, 383. - -_Daphniphyllum_, 319, 610. - -Dasylepis, 368. - -_Dasylepis_, 368. - -Dasysphaera, 186. - -Dasystachys, 131. - -Datura, 481. - -Daubenya, 126. - -Daucus, 405. - -_Daucus_, 404, 405. - -_Debesia_, 131. - -Debregeasia, 170. - -Decabelone, 454. - -Decaceras, 457. - -_Decalepis_, 108. - -Decanema, 447. - -Decanemopsis, 447. - -_Decaneurum_, 570. - -Deckenia, 113. - -_Deckera_, 546. - -Deeringia, 186. - -_Deguelia_, 286. - -Deidamia, 375. - -Deinbollia, 340, 341, pl. 85. - -_Deinbollia_, 340. - -Dekindtia, 426. - -Delamerea, 558. - -Delognaea, 538. - -Delphinium, 199. - -Delpydora, 422. - -Demeusea, 136. - -_Demidium_, 558. - -Dendrocalamus, 88. - -Dendrosicyos, 537. - -Denekia, 558. - -Dermatobotrys, 492. - -_Deroemeria_, 153. - -Derris, 286, 287, 288. - -_Derris_, 609. - -Desbordesia, 301. - -Deschampsia, 100. - -Descurainia, 217. - -Desmanthus, 245. - -Desmazeria, 104. - -_Desmochaeta_, 185. - -Desmodium, 271, 273, 276, 280, 281. - -_Desmodium_, 261. - -Desmonema, 201, 202. - -_Desmophyllum_, 295. - -Desmostachya, 93. - -Desmostachys, 334. - -Desplatzia, 349. - -_Desplatzia_, 611. - -Detarium, 252. - -_Detris_, 567. - -_Deverra_, 413. - -Dewevrea, 288. - -Dewevrella, 433. - -Dewildemania, 568. - -Dewindtia, 252. - -_Deyeuxia_, 96. - -Dialiopsis, 342. - -Dialium, 251. - -_Dialium_, 608. - -Dialypetalum, 541. - -Dianella, 131. - -_Dianthella_, 195. - -_Dianthera_, 215, 512. - -Dianthoseris, 547. - -Dianthus, 196. - -Diapedium, 514. - -_Diaphycarpus_, 412. - -Diascia, 490, 492. - -Diaspis, 307. - -_Diastella_, 607. - -Diberara, 238. - -Dicellandra, 395. - -Diceratella, 216. - -Dichaelia, 457. - -_Dichaelia_, 457. - -Dichaetanthera, 394. - -DICHAPETALACEAE, 31, 33, 47, 55, 56, 61, 67, 309, pl. 79. - -Dichapetalum, 309, pl. 79. - -Dicheranthus, 192. - -Dichilus, 264. - -Dichondra, 458. - -Dichostemma, 310. - -_Dichroanthus_, 217. - -Dichrocephala, 571. - -Dichrostachys, 246. - -Dicliptera, 514. - -_Dicliptera_, 514. - -Diclis, 491. - -Dicoma, 553. - -Dicoryphe, 238. - -Dicraea, 231. - -_Dicraea_, 231. - -Dicraeanthus, 231. - -Dicraeopetalum, 258. - -Dicranolepis, 382. - -_Dicranotaenia_, 158. - -Dictyandra, 529. - -Dictyochloa, 101. - -Dictyosperma, 114. - -Didelotia, 254. - -_Didelotia_, 254. - -Didelta, 548, 551. - -_Didesmus_, 224. - -Didierea, 335. - -_DIDIEREACEAE_, 335. - -Didymocarpus, 501. - -_Didymodoxa_, 168. - -Dierama, 142. - -_Dietes_, 144. - -Digera, 183. - -Digitalis, 488. - -_Digitaria_, 82. - -Dignathia, 607. - -Dilatris, 135. - -Dillenia, 358. - -DILLENIACEAE, 41, 42, 358, pl. 96. - -Dilobeia, 170. - -Dimorphochlamys, 540. - -Dimorphotheca, 557, 561, 564, 576, 584. - -_Dinacria_, 232. - -_Dineba_, 93. - -Dinebra, 93. - -Dinklagea, 244. - -Dinophora, 393. - -Dintera, 493. - -Dioclea, 268. - -Diodia, 522. - -Dioncophyllum, 371. - -Dionychia, 394. - -Dioscorea, 140, pl. 21. - -DIOSCOREACEAE, 6, 140, pl. 21. - -Dioscoreophyllum, 200. - -Diosma, 297. - -Diospyros, 425. - -Diotis, 576. - -Dipcadi, 127. - -_Diphaca_, 273. - -Diphasia, 298. - -Dipidax, 129. - -Diplachne, 103. - -_Diplachne_, 93, 102. - -_Diplacrum_, 106. - -Diplanthemum, 349. - -Diplanthera, 74. - -_Diplochonium_, 189. - -_Diplocrater_, 527. - -Diplocyathus, 455. - -Diplolophium, 411. - -_Diplopappus_, 567. - -Diplorrhynchus, 438. - -_Diplospora_, 527. - -Diplostigma, 448. - -Diplotaxis, 221, 223. - -DIPSACACEAE, 65, 534, pl. 147. - -Dipsacus, 535. - -_Dipteracanthus_, 507. - -DIPTEROCARPACEAE, 33, 363. - -_DIPTEROCARPACEAE_, 378. - -Dipteropeltis, 459. - -Dipterygium, 215. - -Dirachma, 289. - -Dirichletia, 531. - -Disa, 151. - -_Disa_, 151. - -Dischisma, 489. - -_Dischistocalyx_, 506, 507. - -_Discocapnos_, 212. - -_Discoclaoxylon_, 610. - -Discoglypremna, 610. - -Discopodium, 482, pl. 135. - -Disparago, 561, 562. - -Disperis, 150. - -Disperma, 505. - -Dissomeria, 368. - -Dissotis, 394, pl. 115. - -Distemonanthus, 251. - -Distichocalyx, 507. - -_Dittelasma_, 337. - -Dobera, 332. - -_Dobrowskya_, 542. - -Dodonaea, 341. - -Dolichandrone, 496. - -_Dolichandrone_, 496. - -_Dolicholus_, 272. - -Dolichometra, 532. - -Dolichos, 277, 278. - -_Dolichos_, 278. - -Dombeya, 357, pl. 94. - -Donaldsonia, 375. - -_Donax_, 101, 149. - -Dopatrium, 493. - -_Doratanthera_, 488. - -Doratoxylon, 342. - -_Doria_, 568. - -Doronicum, 575. - -Dorstenia, 165, pl. 31. - -Doryalis, 372. - -Doryanthes, 138. - -Dorycnium, 262. - -_Dorycnopsis_, 260. - -Dovea, 120. - -_Dovyalis_, 372. - -Draba, 219, 227. - -Dracaena, 134, pl. 18. - -Dracunculus, 118. - -Drake-Brockmania, 607. - -_Dregea_, 454. - -Drepanocarpus, 286. - -Drimia, 128. - -Drimiopsis, 126. - -Droguetia, 168. - -Droogmansia, 261. - -Drosera, 230, pl. 56. - -DROSERACEAE, 22, 25, 230, pl. 56. - -Drosophyllum, 230. - -Drusa, 402. - -Drymaria, 194. - -Drypetes, 322. - -_Drypetes_, 611. - -Duboscia, 349. - -_Duboscia_, 611. - -Ducrosia, 409. - -Dumasia, 279. - -Dumoria, 421, 612. - -Duparquetia, 251, 257. - -Duranta, 468. - -Duvalia, 455. - -Duvernoia, 513. - -Dyerophyton, 420, pl. 123. - -_Dypsidium_, 114. - -Dypsis, 113. - -Dyschoriste, 506. - - -EBENACEAE, 57, 61, 62, 424, pl. 125. - -Ebenus, 284. - -_Ebermaiera_, 503. - -_Ecastaphyllum_, 273. - -Ecballium, 541. - -Ecbolium, 515. - -_Ecbolium_, 514. - -_Echeveria_, 233. - -Echidnopsis, 454. - -Echinaria, 100. - -Echinodorus, 76. - -_Echinolaena_, 82. - -Echinophora, 405. - -Echinops, 549. - -_Echinopsilon_, 182. - -Echinopteris, 306. - -_Echinospermum_, 466. - -_Echinothamnus_, 376. - -_Echinus_, 315. - -Echiochilon, 464. - -Echium, 464. - -_Ecklonia_, 108. - -Eclipta, 582. - -Ecpoma, 530. - -Ectadiopsis, 445. - -Ectadium, 444. - -_Ectinocladus_, 435. - -Edithcolea, 455. - -_Edwardia_, 354. - -Eenia, 553. - -_Egassea_, 358. - -Ehretia, 464. - -Ehrharta, 94. - -Eichhornia, 124. - -Ekebergia, 305. - -ELAEAGNACEAE, 10, 383. - -Elaeagnus, 383. - -Elaeis, 112. - -ELAEOCARPACEAE, 33, 37, 347. - -Elaeocarpus, 347. - -Elaeodendron, 331, pl. 82. - -_Elaeodendron_, 331. - -Elaeophorbia, 310. - -Elaeoselinum, 404. - -_Elaeoselinum_, 404. - -ELATINACEAE, 63, 393, pl. 100. - -Elatine, 363. - -Elatinoides, 490. - -Elatostema, 169. - -Elegia, 120. - -_Eleocharis_, 109. - -Elephantopus, 569. - -Elephantorrhiza, 247. - -Elettaria, 147. - -_Eleusine_, 93. - -Eleusine, 93. - -Eliaea, 361. - -_Elichrysum_, 553. - -Elionurus, 87. - -Ellertonia, 441. - -Elsholtzia, 476. - -Elymus, 91. - -_Elynanthus_, 107. - -Elytraria, 503. - -Elytropappus, 563. - -Elytrophorus, 101. - -Embelia, 418. - -Emex, 178. - -Emicocarpus, 450. - -_Emilia_, 576. - -_Emiliomarcelia_, 328. - -Eminia, 278. - -EMPETRACEAE, 12, 26, 325. - -Empetrum, 325. - -Emplectanthus, 457. - -Empleuridium, 296. - -Empleurum, 296. - -Empogona, 526. - -Enalus, 78. - -Enantia, 204. - -Enarthrocarpus, 222. - -Encephalartos, 69, pl. 1. - -_Enchysia_, 542. - -Endacanthus, 333. - -Endodesmia, 362. - -Endonema, 380. - -_Endonema_, 380. - -Endosiphon, 507. - -Endostemon, 472. - -_Endotropis_, 449. - -_Endymion_, 127. - -Englerastrum, 475. - -Engleria, 572. - -Englerodaphne, 382. - -Englerodendron, 255. - -Enicostemma, 432. - -_Enneapogon_, 96. - -Entada, 247. - -Entandrophragma, 303. - -Enteropogon, 92. - -Enterospermum, 527. - -Entoplocamia, 93. - -Enydra, 582. - -Epallage, 583. - -Epaltes, 558. - -Ephedra, 72. - -Ephippiandra, 209. - -_Epiclastopelma_, 506. - -Epilobium, 398. - -_Epilobium_, 398. - -Epimedium, 199. - -Epinetrum, 200, 202. - -Epipactis, 154. - -_Epiphora_, 156. - -_Epipogon_, 155. - -_Epischoenus_, 107. - -Epitaberna, 527. - -Epithema, 501. - -Eragrostis, 103. - -_Eragrostis_, 92, 93. - -Eranthemum, 504. - -_Eranthemum_, 509. - -_Erblichia_, 374. - -Erechthites, 575. - -Eremia, 416. - -_Eremiopsis_, 416. - -Eremobium, 217. - -Eremochlaena, 348. - -_Eremolaena_, 348. - -_Eremomastax_, 504. - -_Eremopyrum_, 90. - -Eremospatha, 112. - -Eremothamnus, 558, 568. - -_Eriander_, 297, 608, 609. - -Eriandrostachys, 340. - -Erianthus, 86. - -_Eribroma_, 354. - -Erica, 417. - -_Erica_, 417. - -ERICACEAE, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 68, 415, pl. 120. - -_ERICACEAE_, 415. - -Ericinella, 417. - -Erigeron, 567, 572, 574. - -Erinacea, 267. - -Erinus, 488. - -Eriobotrya, 240. - -ERIOCAULACEAE, 3, 121 pl. 15. - -Eriocaulon, 121. - -Eriocephalus, 564. - -_Eriocephalus_, 564. - -Eriochloa, 81. - -Eriocoelum, 339. - -_Eriodendron_, 353. - -_Erioglossum_, 337. - -Eriophorum, 109. - -Eriosema, 272, 274, 279, 282. - -Eriospermum, 131. - -Eriosphaera, 562. - -_Eriospora_, 106. - -Eriospora, 106. - -Eriothrix, 575. - -Eritrichium, 466. - -Erlangea, 570. - -_Ernestimeyera_, 516. - -Erodium, 290. - -_Erophaca_, 270. - -_Erophila_, 219. - -Eruca, 224, 225. - -Erucaria, 222. - -_Erucaria_, 221. - -Erucastrum, 221. - -Ervatamia, 440. - -_Ervum_, 269. - -Eryngium, 403. - -Erysimum, 217. - -Erythraea, 430, 432. - -Erythrina, 281. - -Erythrocephalum, 552. - -Erythrochlamys, 473. - -Erythrococca, 316. - -Erythrophloeum, 249. - -Erythrophysa, 341. - -_Erythropyxis_, 358. - -Erythroselinum, 612. - -Erythrospermum, 368. - -_Erythrostictus_, 129. - -ERYTHROXYLACEAE, 19, 21, 29, 34, 292, pl. 71. - -Erythroxylon, 293, pl. 71. - -_Ethanium_, 147. - -Ethulia, 569. - -Euadenia, 214. - -Eucalyptus, 391. - -Euchaetis, 297. - -Euchlaena, 83. - -Euchlora, 264. - -_Euclaste_, 87. - -Euclea, 425. - -Euclidium, 219. - -Eucomis, 126. - -_Eudianthe_, 196. - -_Eufragia_, 484. - -Eugenia, 392, pl. 114. - -_Eugenia_, 392. - -_Eulalia_, 86. - -Eulenburgia, 540. - -Eulophia, 157. - -_Eulophia_, 156, 159, 160. - -Eulophidium, 160. - -Eulophiella, 157. - -Eulophiopsis, 159. - -Eumorphia, 577. - -Eupatorium, 571. - -_Euphorbia_, 310. - -Euphorbia, 310. - -EUPHORBIACEAE, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 27, 34, 55, 61, 309, pl. 80. - -_EUPHORBIACEAE_, 324. - -Euphoria, 339. - -_Euphoria_, 338. - -Euphrasia, 484. - -Eureiandra, 539. - -Eurotia, 608. - -_Euryandra_, 539. - -Eurylobium, 467. - -Euryops, 575. - -Eurypetalum, 253. - -Eustegia, 450. - -Euthystachys, 468. - -_Euxolus_, 183. - -_Evacidium_, 555. - -Evax, 555. - -Evodia, 296. - -Evolvulus, 459. - -Evonymus, 330. - -Exacum, 430. - -Excoecaria, 318. - -_Excoecaria_, 611. - -_Excoecariopsis_, 317, 610. - -Exechostylus, 517. - -Exocarpus, 172. - -_Exochaenium_, 430. - -Exomis, 181. - -Eylesia, 485. - - -_Faba_, 269. - -_FABACEAE_, 245. - -_Fabricia_, 273. - -_Fadogia_, 518. - -FAGACEAE, 17, 163. - -Fagara, 296. - -Fagelia, 283. - -Fagonia, 294. - -Fagopyrum, 178. - -Faguetia, 327. - -Falcaria, 412. - -Falkia, 458. - -Fanninia, 451. - -Faroa, 431. - -Farquharia, 612. - -Farsetia, 217, 219. - -_Farsetia_, 217, 219. - -Faujasia, 575. - -Faurea, 171. - -Fedia, 534. - -Feeria, 544. - -Fegimanra, 326. - -Felicia, 567, 574. - -_Ferdinandia_, 496. - -Feretia, 527. - -Fernandia, 496. - -Fernelia, 526. - -Ferraria, 144. - -Ferula, 408. - -_Ferula_, 409. - -Ferulago, 409. - -Festuca, 93, 96, 105. - -_Festuca_, 105. - -Fibigia, 219. - -Ficalhoa, 416. - -_Ficaria_, 198. - -Ficinia, 109. - -_Ficinia_, 109. - -_FICOIDEAE_, 188. - -Ficus, 167. - -_Fidelia_, 546. - -Filago, 556. - -Filetia, 510. - -Filicium, 336. - -Filipendula, 241. - -Fillaea, 249. - -Fillaeopsis, 247. - -Fimbristylis, 109. - -Fingerhuthia, 94, 101. - -Fintelmannia, 106. - -Firmiana, 354. - -Flabellaria, 307. - -Flacourtia, 373, pl. 104. - -FLACOURTIACEAE, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 21, 23, 25, 45, 367, pl. 104. - -_FLACOURTIACEAE_, 424. - -Flagellaria, 119. - -FLAGELLARIACEAE, 4, 119. - -Flagenium, 528. - -Flanagania, 448. - -Flaveria, 584. - -Flemingia, 274, 275. - -Fleurya, 169, pl. 32. - -Floscopa, 123. - -Flueggea, 323. - -Fockea, 452. - -Foeniculum, 410. - -Foetidia, 386. - -_Folotsia_, 612. - -Forcipella, 510. - -Forficaria, 151. - -Forgesia, 235. - -Forrestia, 123. - -Forskohlea, 168. - -Forsythiopsis, 506. - -Fourcroya, 138. - -_Fournaea_, 610. - -_Fradinia_, 577. - -Fragaria, 242. - -_Franchetella_, 411. - -Franchetia, 238. - -_Francoeuria_, 560. - -Frankenia, 364. - -_Frankenia_, 364. - -FRANKENIACEAE, 25, 363. - -Fraxinus, 426. - -Freesia, 141. - -Fresenia, 572. - -Freylinia, 492. - -Fritillaria, 129. - -_Fropiera_, 391. - -Fuchsia, 398. - -_Fugosia_, 353. - -Fuirena, 110. - -_Fuirena_, 109. - -Fumana, 365. - -Fumaria, 212. - -_FUMARIACEAE_, 212. - -Funtumia, 435. - -_Furcraea_, 138. - - -Gabunia, 439, 441. - -Gaertnera, 524. - -_Gaertnera_ 308. - -Gagea, 125, 129. - -Gagnebina, 246. - -Gaillardia, 583. - -Gaillonia, 521. - -Galactia, 279. - -Galactites, 551. - -Galaxia, 140. - -_Galedupa_, 287. - -Galega, 268, 284. - -Galenia, 190. - -Galeola, 154. - -Galera, 155. - -_Galilea_, 109. - -Galiniera, 527. - -Galinsoga, 580. - -Galium, 521. - -Galopina, 523. - -Galphimia, 306. - -Galpinia, 384. - -Galtonia, 128. - -Gamolepis, 584. - -_Gamopoda_, 203. - -Garcinia, 362. - -Gardenia, 526. - -Garuleum, 564, 565. - -Gasteria, 133. - -Gastonia, 401. - -Gastridium, 96. - -_Gastridium_, 97. - -Gastrocotyle, 466. - -Gastrodia, 154. - -Gaudinia, 90, 99. - -Gazania, 549. - -_Geaya_, 608. - -Geigeria, 554. - -_Geigeria_, 558. - -Geissaspis, 269. - -Geissoloma, 379. - -GEISSOLOMATACEAE, 14, 379. - -Geissorhiza, 142. - -Gelonium, 318. - -_Gendarussa_, 512. - -Geniosporum, 473. - -Geniostoma, 428. - -_Genipa_, 526, 528. - -Genista, 266. - -Genlisea, 501. - -_Gennaria_, 153. - -GENTIANACEAE, 53, 54, 58, 59, 429, pl. 128. - -_Gentilia_, 319. - -Genyorchis, 160. - -_Geocaryum_, 406. - -Geopanax, 401. - -Geophila, 524. - -Geosiris, 143. - -GERANIACEAE, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 289, pl. 68. - -_GERANIACEAE_, 290, 291, 343. - -Geranium, 290. - -_Gerardianella_, 486. - -Gerardiina, 487. - -_Gerardiopsis_, 488. - -Gerbera, 552. - -_Germanea_, 474. - -_Geropogon_, 545. - -Gerrardanthus, 536. - -_Gerrardanthus_, 535. - -Gerrardina, 371. - -GESNERACEAE, 53, 500, pl. 140. - -Gesnouinia, 168. - -Gethyllis, 137. - -Geum, 242. - -Ghikaea, 486. - -_Gibbaria_, 557. - -Giesekia, 188. - -_Gigalobium_, 247. - -_Giganthemum_, 258. - -Gigasiphon, 248. - -Gilgia, 311. - -Gilletiella, 503. - -Girardinia, 169. - -_Githago_, 196. - -Givotia, 317. - -Gladiolus, 141. - -Glaucium, 213. - -Gleditschia, 250. - -_Glia_, 413. - -Glinus, 189. - -Glischrocolla, 380. - -Globularia, 502. - -_Globularia_, 502. - -GLOBULARIACEAE, 50, 502. - -Gloriosa, 130. - -Glossocalyx, 208, pl. 50. - -Glossochilus, 508. - -Glossolepis, 337. - -Glossonema, 447. - -_Glossonema_, 447. - -_Glossopholis_, 201. - -_Glossostelma_, 450. - -Glossostephanus, 451. - -Glumicalyx, 488. - -Gluta, 326. - -Glyceria, 105. - -_Glyceria_, 105. - -Glycideras, 573. - -Glycine, 275, 279, 280, 284. - -Glycosmis, 298. - -Glycyrrhiza, 268. - -Glyphaea, 350. - -Gnaphalium, 562. - -GNETACEAE, 1, 71. - -Gnetum, 72. - -Gnidia, 381, 382. - -_Gomphia_, 359. - -Gomphocalyx, 521. - -Gomphocarpus, 449. - -Gomphostigma, 427. - -Gomphrena, 183. - -Gonatopus, 115. - -Gongrothamnus, 568. - -Goniolimon, 421. - -Gonioma, 441. - -_Gonocrypta_, 443. - -Gonospermum, 577. - -GOODENIACEAE, 66, 544. - -Goodyera, 155. - -Gorteria, 549. - -Gosela, 489. - -Gossweilera, 569. - -Gossypium, 353. - -Gouania, 345. - -Graderia, 487. - -GRAMINEAE, 2, 79, pl. 8. - -Grammangis, 160. - -Grammanthes, 233. - -Grammatophyllum, 159. - -Grammatotheca, 542. - -_GRANATEAE_, 386. - -Grandidiera, 369. - -Grangea, 571. - -Grangeria, 242. - -_Grantia_, 560. - -Graptophyllum, 511. - -Gravesia, 397. - -_Greenovia_, 232. - -Grevea, 234. - -_Grevellina_, 305. - -Grewia, 349, pl. 91. - -Grewiella, 349. - -_Grewiopsis_, 349. - -Greyia, 342. - -Grielum, 239. - -Griffonia, 248. - -_Griffonia_, 243. - -_Grisebachia_, 416. - -Grisollea, 334. - -Grossera, 312, 610. - -_Grossularia_, 234. - -_GROSSULARIACEAE_, 233. - -_Groutia_, 173. - -Grubbia, 173. - -GRUBBIACEAE, 16, 173. - -Grumilea, 525. - -Guaduella, 89. - -_Guaduella_, 89. - -Guarea, 304, 306. - -Guazuma, 355. - -_Guerkea_, 435. - -Guettarda, 518. - -_Guettarda_, 518. - -_Guidonia_, 372. - -Guiera, 390. - -_Guilandina_, 251. - -Guizotia, 581. - -Gundelia, 549. - -Gunnera, 399. - -_Gussonia_, 159. - -Gutenbergia, 569. - -Guthriea, 376. - -GUTTIFERAE, 9, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 33, 35, 38, 40, 360, pl. 99. - -Guya, 373. - -Guyonia, 394. - -_Guyonia_, 394. - -Gymnadenia, 153. - -Gymnarrhena, 555. - -Gymnema, 452. - -Gymnocarpos, 193. - -Gymnochilus, 155. - -Gymnodiscus, 566. - -Gymnolaema, 442. - -Gymnopentzia, 578. - -Gymnopogon, 92. - -Gymnosiphon, 149. - -Gymnosporia, 330. - -Gymnostephium, 565. - -_Gymnothrix_, 81. - -Gynandropsis, 215. - -_Gynopogon_, 438. - -Gynura, 572, 576. - -Gypsophila, 195. - -Gyrocarpus, 211. - - -Habenaria, 152. - -_Habenaria_, 151, 152, 153. - -_Hackelochloa_, 85. - -Haemanthus, 136. - -Haematostaphis, 329. - -Haematoxylon, 251, 254. - -_Haemax_, 446. - -HAEMODORACEAE, 4, 5, 134. - -_HAEMODORACEAE_, 124. - -Hagenia, 241. - -Halimium, 365. - -_Halimus_, 189. - -_Hallackia_, 153. - -Halleria, 492. - -Hallia, 271. - -Halocnemum, 181. - -_Halodule_, 74. - -Halogeton, 180. - -_Halogeton_, 180. - -Halopegia, 149. - -Halopeplis, 180. - -Halophila, 77. - -Halopyrum, 103. - -HALORRHAGACEAE, 16, 17, 43, 46, 399, pl. 117. - -_HALORRHAGIDACEAE_, 324. - -Haloxylon, 179. - -HAMAMELIDACEAE, 12, 27, 46, 238, pl. 64. - -_HAMAMELIDACEAE_, 173, 236. - -Hamilcoa, 610. - -Hammatolobium, 262. - -Hannoa, 300. - -_Haplocarpha_, 548. - -Haplocoelum, 337. - -Haplodypsis, 114. - -Haplophloga, 114. - -_Haplophyllum_, 295. - -_Hardwickia_, 252. - -_Hariota_, 379. - -Harmsia, 357. - -Haronga, 361. - -Harpachne, 102. - -Harpagophytum, 499. - -_Harpagophytum_, 498. - -Harpanema, 443. - -Harpechloa, 92. - -Harpephyllum, 329. - -Harpullia, 341. - -Harrisonia, 299. - -Hartogia, 331. - -_Harungana_, 361. - -Harveya, 485. - -Haselhoffia, 506. - -Hasskarlia, 316. - -_Haworthia_, 133. - -Haworthia, 133. - -Haya, 193. - -Haynaldia, 90. - -Hebenstreitia, 489. - -Heberdenia, 418. - -_Heckeldora_, 304. - -Heckeria, 161. - -Hedera, 400. - -Hedychium, 140. - -_Hedyotis_, 533. - -Hedypnois, 547. - -Hedysarum, 285. - -Heeria, 327. - -_Heinekenia_, 260. - -Heinsenia, 517. - -Heinsia, 529. - -Heisteria, 174. - -Hekistocarpa, 532. - -Heleocharis, 109. - -Heleochloa, 95. - -Helianthemum, 365. - -_Helianthemum_, 365. - -Helianthus, 583. - -Helichrysum, 553, 556, 563. - -Heliconia, 145. - -Helicophyllum, 607. - -_Helictonema_, 332. - -Helinus, 345. - -Heliophila, 220, pl. 53. - -Heliotropium, 463. - -Helipterum, 553, 562. - -_Helleborine_, 154. - -_Helminthia_, 546. - -Helminthocarpum, 260. - -_Helophytum_, 232. - -_Helosciadium_, 413. - -Hemandradenia, 244. - -_Hemarthria_, 85. - -Hemerocallis, 134. - -_Hemicarex_, 107. - -Hemicarpha, 108. - -Hemichlaena, 109. - -Hemicrambe, 221. - -Hemigraphis, 506. - -Hemimeris, 490. - -_Hemiperis_, 152. - -Hemizygia, 473. - -_Hemprichia_, 301. - -Henonia, 186. - -Henophyton, 222. - -Henricia, 574. - -_Heptacyclum_, 201. - -_Heptapleurum_, 400. - -Heracleum, 408. - -_Heracleum_, 408. - -Herderia, 569. - -Heritiera, 354. - -Hermannia, 356. - -Hermas, 402. - -Hermbstaedtia, 186. - -Herminiera, 269. - -Herminium, 153. - -Hermodactylus, 144. - -Hernandia, 211. - -HERNANDIACEAE, 15, 43, 211. - -Herniaria, 193. - -_Herpestis_, 494. - -Herschelia, 151. - -Hertia, 568. - -Herya, 331. - -Hesperantha, 143. - -Hessea, 136. - -Hetaeria, 155. - -_Heterachaena_, 547. - -_Heteractis_, 565. - -Heteradelphia, 506. - -Heteranthera, 123. - -_Heteranthoecia_, 607. - -Heterochaenia, 544. - -_Heterochloa_, 87. - -Heteroderis, 546. - -Heterolepis, 561. - -Heteromma, 572. - -Heteromorpha, 411. - -_Heterophragma_, 496. - -_Heteropogon_, 87. - -Heteropteris, 307. - -Heteropyxis, 391. - -_Heterosicyos_, 539. - -Heurnia, 455. - -Heurniopsis, 454. - -Hevea, 314. - -Hewittia, 460. - -Hexaglottis, 144. - -Hexalobus, 205. - -_Hexastemon_, 416. - -Heywoodia, 319. - -Hibbertia, 358. - -Hibiscus, 352. - -Hieracium, 547. - -Hiernia, 486. - -Hierochloë 94, 99. - -Hildebrandtia, 459. - -Hilleria, 187. - -Himantochilus, 514. - -Himantoglossum, 152. - -_Hinterhubera_, 219. - -Hippeastrum, 136, 138. - -Hippia, 566. - -_Hippion_, 432. - -_Hippobromus_, 341. - -Hippobromus, 342. - -Hippocratea, 332. - -HIPPOCRATEACEAE, 30, 36, 332, pl. 83. - -Hippocrepis, 260. - -Hippomarathrum, 407. - -Hiptage, 308. - -Hirpicium, 549. - -_Hirschfeldia_, 221. - -Hirtella, 243. - -_Hitzeria_, 301. - -_Hochstetteria_, 553. - -Hoehnelia, 569. - -Hoffmannseggia, 250. - -Hohenackeria, 411. - -Holalafia, 435. - -Holarrhena, 441. - -Holcus, 99. - -Holmskioldia, 470. - -_Holmskioldia_, 470. - -_Holocarpa_, 518. - -Holosteum, 194. - -Holothrix, 153. - -Holstia, 312, 610. - -Holubia, 499. - -Homalium, 371. - -_Homalocenchrus_, 80. - -Homeria, 144. - -Homochaete, 560. - -Homochroma, 566. - -_Homocnemia_, 200. - -_Homopogon_, 87. - -Honckenya, 350. - -Hoodia, 454. - -Hoplestigma, 424. - -HOPLESTIGMATACEAE, 54, 424. - -Hoplophyllum, 570. - -Hordeum, 91. - -Hornea, 341. - -_Hornungia_, 219. - -Hoslundia, 474. - -Hounea, 370. - -Hua, 355. - -_Huernia_, 455. - -_Huerniopsis_, 454. - -_Hufelandia_, 210. - -Hugonia, 292, pl. 70. - -Humbertia, 460. - -Humblotia, 323. - -Humea, 612. - -_Humiria_, 292. - -HUMIRIACEAE, 29, 292. - -Humulus, 166. - -Hunnemannia, 212. - -Hunteria, 438. - -Hura, 317. - -_Hussonia_, 222. - -Hutchinsia, 219, 220, 228. - -Huttonaea, 153. - -Hyacinthus, 128. - -_Hyaenanche_, 321. - -Hyalocalyx, 374. - -Hyalocystis, 460. - -Hybanthus, 367. - -Hybophrynium, 148. - -Hydnora, 177. - -HYDNORACEAE, 16, 177. - -Hydrangea, 234. - -Hydranthelium, 494. - -Hydrilla, 77. - -_HYDROCARYACEAE_, 397. - -Hydrocharis, 78. - -HYDROCHARITACEAE, 5, 6, 77, pl. 7. - -Hydrocotyle, 402. - -_Hydrocotyle_, 402. - -Hydrolea, 462. - -_Hydropeltis_, 197. - -Hydrophylax, 521. - -HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 59, 462. - -_Hydrosme_, 117, 607. - -HYDROSTACHYACEAE, 7, 231, pl. 58. - -Hydrostachys, 232, pl. 58. - -Hydrotriche, 493. - -Hygrocharis, 458. - -Hygrophila, 504. - -_Hygrophila_, 504. - -Hylodendron, 254. - -_Hymenaea_, 256. - -Hymenocallis, 136. - -Hymenocardia, 322. - -Hymenocarpos, 260. - -Hymenocnemis, 524. - -Hymenodictyon, 531. - -_Hymenolepis_, 577. - -Hymenostegia, 253. - -Hyobanche, 484. - -Hyophorbe, 113. - -Hyoscyamus, 482. - -Hyoseris, 547. - -_Hypaelyptum_, 108. - -Hypecoum, 212. - -Hyperaspis, 472. - -_HYPERICINEAE_, 360. - -_Hypericophyllum_, 584. - -Hypericum, 361, 363. - -Hyperstelis, 189. - -Hyphaene, 111. - -Hypobathrum, 528. - -Hypocalyptus, 267, 274. - -Hypochoeris, 545. - -Hypodaphnis, 210. - -Hypodematium, 522. - -Hypodiscus, 120. - -Hypoestes, 511. - -Hypolaena, 120. - -Hypolytrum, 108. - -_HYPOXIDEAE_, 135. - -Hypoxis, 139. - -Hyptis, 474. - -Hyssopus, 479. - - -_Ianthe_, 139. - -Iatrorrhiza, 200. - -Iberis, 226. - -_Iboga_, 436. - -Iboza, 612. - -Icacina, 334. - -ICACINACEAE, 11, 21, 51, 333, pl. 84. - -_Icacorea_, 418. - -_Icomum_, 474. - -_Idaneum_, 433. - -Ifloga, 555. - -_Ignatia_, 429. - -Ilex, 329. - -_ILICINEAE_, 329. - -_ILLECEBRACEAE_, 192. - -Illecebrum, 193. - -Illigera, 211. - -Ilysanthes, 493. - -_Imbricaria_, 421. - -_Imhofia_, 137. - -Impatiens, 343, pl. 87. - -Imperata, 86. - -_Imperatoria_, 409. - -Indigofera, 270, 272, 273, 275, 278, 280, 282, 285, 288. - -_Indigofera_, 262. - -Indokingia, 401. - -Intsia, 255. - -_Intsia_, 255. - -Inula, 560. - -_Iocaste_, 580. - -Iodes, 333. - -_Ionidium_, 367. - -Ionopsidium, 228. - -Iphigenia, 128. - -Iphiona, 560. - -_Iphiona_, 560. - -Ipomoea, 462. - -_Ipomoea_, 461, 462. - -Iresine, 183. - -IRIDACEAE, 5, 140, pl. 22. - -Iris, 145. - -Irvingella, 609. - -Irvingia, 301, pl. 74. - -_Irvingia_, 301. - -Isachne, 82, 98. - -Isatis, 222, 226. - -Ischaemum, 86. - -Ischnolepis, 444. - -Ischnurus, 89. - -Iseilema, 87. - -_Ismelia_, 565. - -_Isnardia_, 398. - -Isoberlinia, 608. - -Isochoriste, 510. - -Isoglossa, 513. - -_Isolepis_, 110. - -_Isolobus_, 542. - -Isolona, 204. - -Isonema, 433. - -_Isothylax_, 231. - -Isotoma, 542. - -Ixanthus, 430. - -Ixia, 142. - -Ixianthes, 491. - -Ixora, 520. - - -_Jacaratia_, 377. - -Jacquemontia, 461, pl. 131. - -_Jaeggia_, 376. - -_Jagera_, 340. - -Jambosa, 392. - -_Jamesbrittenia_, 493. - -_Jardinea_, 85. - -Jasione, 543. - -_JASMINEAE_, 425. - -Jasminum, 426. - -Jasonia, 560. - -Jatropha, 316. - -_Jatrorrhiza_, 200. - -Jaumea, 584. - -_Jaundea_, 244. - -Jollydora, 243. - -JUGLANDACEAE, 15, 43, 162. - -Juglans, 162. - -JUNCACEAE, 3, 124, pl. 17. - -_JUNCAGINACEAE_, 75. - -_Juncago_, 75. - -_Juncellus_, 109. - -Juncus, 124. - -Juniperus, 71. - -_Junodia_, 319, 608, 611. - -Jurinea, 552. - -Jussieua, 398, pl. 116. - -Justenia, 529. - -Justicia, 512, pl. 142. - -_Justicia_, 512, 513. - - -Kaempfera, 146. - -Kalaharia, 470. - -Kalanchoë 233, pl. 59. - -_Kalanchoe_, 233. - -_Kalbfussia_, 546. - -Kalidium, 180. - -Kaliphora, 414. - -Kanahia, 450. - -_Karlea_, 343. - -Katafa, 609. - -Kedrostis, 538. - -Keitia, 144. - -Kelleronia, 294. - -_Kentrophyllum_, 550. - -Kentrosphaera, 186. - -_Keramanthus_, 376. - -Keraudrenia, 355. - -Kernera, 227. - -_Kerneria_, 581. - -Kerstingia, 517. - -Kerstingiella, 279. - -Khaya, 303. - -_Kibera_, 224. - -_Kickxia_, 435. - -Kigelia, 497, pl. 137. - -Kigelianthe, 496. - -_Kigelkeia_, 497. - -Kiggelaria, 369. - -Kirkia, 300. - -Kissenia, 377. - -Kitchingia, 233. - -Klaineanthus, 611. - -Klainedoxa, 301. - -Klattia, 143. - -Kleinhofia, 356. - -_Kleinia_, 576. - -Knautia, 535. - -Kniphofia, 133. - -_Knowltonia_, 198. - -Kochia, 182. - -_Kochia_, 182. - -Koeleria, 97, 103, 104. - -Koelpinia, 548. - -Kolobopetalum, 201, 202. - -_Kompitsia_, 443. - -_Koniga_, 219. - -Korthalsella, 175. - -Kosteletzkya, 352. - -_Kotschya_, 269. - -Kralikia, 90. - -_Kralikiella_, 90. - -_Kraussia_, 527. - -_Krebsia, 449._ - -_Kremeria_, 224. - -_Krubera_, 408. - -Kundmannia, 411. - -Kyllinga, 109, pl. 9. - - -LABIATAE, 60, 63, 470, pl. 134. - -Lablab, 278. - -Labourdonnesia, 421. - -_Labramia_, 421. - -Laccodiscus, 340. - -Laccosperma, 112. - -_Lachanodes_, 576. - -Lachenalia, 127. - -Lachnaea, 382, pl. 109. - -Lachnocapsa, 218. - -Lachnospermum, 553, 563. - -Lachnostylis, 320. - -Lactuca, 546. - -Lafuentea, 488. - -_Lagarinthus_, 451. - -Lagarosiphon, 78. - -Lagenaria, 539. - -Lagenias, 430. - -_Lagenocarpus_, 416. - -Lagenophora, 565. - -Laggera, 568. - -Lagoecia, 403. - -_Lagoseris_, 546. - -_Lagunaea_, 352. - -Laguncularia, 389. - -Lagurus, 96. - -Lamarckia, 95. - -Lamellisepalum, 343. - -Lamium, 478. - -_Lamprocaulos_, 120. - -Lamprothamnus, 517. - -_Lampsana_, 548. - -Lanaria, 139. - -Landolphia, 436. - -_Landolphia_, 436. - -_Landtia_, 548. - -Lankesteria, 505. - -Lannea, 329, pl. 81. - -_Lanneoma_, 329. - -Lantana, 468. - -Lapeyrousia, 141, pl. 22. - -Lapiedra, 137. - -Laportea, 169. - -_Lappa_, 551. - -Lappula, 466. - -Lapsana, 548. - -Lasianthera, 335. - -Lasianthus, 524. - -Lasiochloa, 104. - -_Lasiochloa_, 103. - -Lasiocladus, 511. - -Lasiocoma, 564. - -_Lasiocorys_, 478. - -Lasiodiscus, 345. - -Lasiopogon, 562. - -_Lasiosiphon_, 381. - -Lasiospermum, 577. - -Lasiostelma, 457. - -_Lasiostelma_, 457. - -Latania, 111. - -Lathriogyne, 263. - -Lathyrus, 259, 261, 269, 271, 273, 285. - -Latipes, 84. - -Launaea, 547. - -LAURACEAE, 10, 15, 209, pl. 51. - -_LAURACEAE_, 211. - -Laurembergia, 399, pl. 117. - -Laurentia, 542. - -Lauridia, 331. - -Laurophyllus, 327. - -Laurus, 209. - -Lautembergia, 314. - -_Lavalleopsis_, 174. - -Lavandula, 472. - -Lavatera, 352. - -Lavigeria, 334. - -Lawsonia, 385. - -Lebeckia, 264, 265. - -Lecaniodiscus, 338. - -Lecanthus, 169. - -_Lecontea_, 523. - -LECYTHIDACEAE, 18, 48, 49, 68, 386, pl. 111. - -Ledermanniella, 231. - -Leea, 346. - -Leersia, 80. - -_Lefeburia_, 409. - -_Legendrea_, 461. - -LEGUMINOSAE, 11, 18, 19 20, 21, 23, 52, 245, pl. 67. - -Leidesia, 315. - -_Leiocarpodicraea_, 231. - -Leiochilus, 520. - -Leioclusia, 363. - -Leiophaca, 612. - -_Leioptyx_, 303. - -Leiothylax, 231. - -Leiphaimos, 429. - -Lemna, 119. - -_Lemna_, 119. - -LEMNACEAE, 2, 119. - -_Lemurorchis_, 159, 607. - -Lens, 269, 285. - -LENTIBULARIACEAE, 52, 501, pl. 141. - -Leocus, 475. - -Leonotis, 477. - -Leontice, 199. - -Leontodon, 546. - -_Leontodon_, 547. - -Leontonyx, 563. - -Leonurus, 478. - -_Lepervenchea_, 158. - -Lepidagathis, 508. - -Lepidium, 226. - -Lepidobotrys, 292. - -_Lepidopironia_, 92. - -Lepidostephium, 579. - -Lepidoturus, 314. - -_Lepigonum_, 194. - -Lepironia, 107. - -Lepistemon, 461. - -Lepistemonopsis, 461. - -Leptactinia, 527, 529. - -Leptadenia, 456. - -Leptaleum, 217. - -Leptaspis, 80. - -Leptaulus, 335. - -_Lepterica_, 416. - -Leptocarpus, 120. - -Leptocarydium, 93. - -Leptochlaena, 347, pl. 90. - -Leptochloa, 92, 93. - -_Leptochloa_, 93. - -_Leptocodon_, 543. - -Leptoderris, 286, 609. - -Leptodesmia, 272, 278. - -_Leptolaena_, 347. - -Leptonemea, 324. - -Leptonychia, 356. - -_Leptopaetia_, 443. - -_Leptothamnus_, 571. - -_Lepturella_, 607. - -Lepturus, 90. - -_Lerchia_, 179. - -_Lereschia_, 412. - -Lessertia, 285, 287. - -_Lestibudesia_, 186. - -Leucadendron, 171. - -_Leucadendron_, 171. - -Leucaena, 245. - -_Leucanthemum_, 566. - -Leucas, 478. - -_Leucobarleria_, 507. - -Leucoium, 137. - -Leucomphalus, 257. - -_Leucophae_, 477. - -Leucophrys, 82. - -Leucosalpa, 487. - -Leucosidea, 240. - -Leucospermum, 171, pl. 33. - -Leucosphaera, 185. - -Leurocline, 464. - -_Leuzea_, 550. - -Leycesteria, 533. - -Leyssera, 555, 561. - -_Libanotis_, 410. - -Lichtensteinia, 411. - -_Lichtensteinia_, 413. - -Lidbeckia, 580. - -_Liebrechtsia_, 278. - -Lifago, 612. - -Lightfootia, 544, pl. 149. - -Ligusticum, 409. - -Ligustrum, 426. - -LILIACEAE, 4, 125, pl. 18. - -Lilium, 129. - -_Limacia_, 201. - -Limaciopsis, 203. - -Limeum, 188. - -Limnanthemum, 429. - -Limnophila, 494. - -Limnophyton, 76, pl. 6. - -Limodorum, 154. - -Limonia, 298. - -Limoniastrum, 420. - -_Limonium_, 421. - -Limosella, 494. - -LINACEAE, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 291, pl. 70. - -_LINACEAE_, 292. - -Linaria, 490. - -_Linaria_, 490, 491. - -Linariopsis, 498. - -Linconia, 237. - -Lindackeria, 369. - -Lindauea, 508. - -Lindenbergia, 494. - -Lindernia, 494. - -Lingelsheimia, 323. - -Linnaeopsis, 501. - -Linociera, 426. - -_Linosyris_, 567. - -Lintonia, 607. - -Linum, 291. - -_Linum_, 291. - -Liparia, 263, 271. - -Liparis, 156. - -_Liparis_, 156. - -Lipocarpha, 108. - -_Lipotriche_, 583. - -Lippia, 468. - -_Liraya_, 502. - -Lissochilus, 157. - -Listia, 265. - -Listrostachys, 159, pl. 26. - -Litanthus, 127. - -Litchi, 338. - -Lithospermum, 465. - -_Litogyne_, 558. - -Litorella, 516. - -Litsea, 210. - -Littonia, 130. - -Lloydia, 129. - -LOASACEAE, 46, 48, 377. - -Lobelia, 542. - -_Lobelia_, 542. - -_LOBELIACEAE_, 541. - -Lobostemon, 464. - -_Lobostemon_, 464. - -_Lobostephanus_, 450. - -Lobularia, 219. - -Lochia, 193. - -Lochnera, 440. - -Loddigesia, 267, 274. - -Lodoicea, 111. - -Loeflingia, 194. - -Loesenera, 253. - -Loewia, 374. - -LOGANIACEAE, 53, 56, 57, 58, 62, 427, pl. 127. - -_Logfia_, 556. - -Lolium, 90. - -Lomatophyllum, 133. - -Lonas, 577. - -Lonchocarpus, 280, 287. - -Lonchophora, 216. - -Lonchostoma, 237. - -Lonicera, 533. - -Lophacme, 102. - -_Lophiocarpus_, 76, 188. - -Lophira, 359. - -Lopholaena, 575. - -_Lophospermum_, 493. - -_Lophostephus_, 457. - -_Lophostylis_, 308. - -Lophotocarpus, 76. - -Lopriorea, 608. - -LORANTHACEAE, 15, 16, 43, 64, 175, pl. 34. - -Loranthus, 175, pl. 34. - -Lortia, 310. - -_Lotea_, 260. - -Lotononis, 264, 265. - -_Lotononis_, 609. - -Lotus, 260. - -_Lotus_, 260. - -Lovoa, 303. - -Loxostylis, 327. - -_Lubinia_, 419. - -_Ludia_, 373. - -_Ludovicia_, 262. - -Ludwigia, 398. - -Luffa, 541. - -_Lugoa_, 577. - -Lumnitzera, 389. - -Lupinus, 266. - -_Lupsia_, 551. - -_Luteola_, 229. - -Luzula, 124. - -Lyallia, 193. - -_Lychnis_, 196. - -Lychnodiscus, 339. - -Lycium, 482. - -_Lycopersicum_, 483. - -Lycopus, 480. - -Lygeum, 79, 98. - -_Lyperia_ 493. - -Lysimachia 419. - -Lytanthus 502. - -LYTHRACEAE 11, 14, 22, 36, 37, 39, 383, pl. 110. - -_LYTHRACEAE_ 380, 385, 386. - -Lythrum 384. - - -Maba 424, pl. 125. - -Macaranga 312, 316. - -Macarisia 388. - -Machadoa 375. - -Mackaya 509. - -_Mackenia_ 451. - -Maclura 165. - -Macnabia 417. - -Macowania 556. - -Macphersonia 340. - -Macrocalyx 352. - -_Macrochaetium_ 107. - -_Macrochloa_ 95. - -Macrolobium 253, 255, 256. - -_Macrolotus_ 264. - -_Macropelma_ 442. - -Macropetalum 453. - -Macroplectrum 158. - -_Macroplectrum_ 159. - -Macropodandra 324. - -Macrorhamnus 344. - -_Macrorungia_ 513, 514. - -Macrosphyra 526. - -Macrostylis 297. - -Maerua 214. - -Maesa 418, pl. 121. - -Maesobotrya 322, 611. - -_Maesobotrya_ 322. - -Maesopsis 343, 344. - -_Maesosphaerum_ 474. - -_Mafekingia_ 443. - -Magnistipula 243. - -Magydaris 407. - -_Mahernia_ 356. - -_Mahya_ 475. - -Maillardia 165. - -Mairia 566, 573. - -_Majidea_ 341. - -Majorana 480. - -_Makokoa_ 381. - -Malabaila 408. - -Malacantha 422. - -_Malache_ 351. - -Malachra 351. - -Malcolmia 217. - -_Malcolmia_ 217. - -Mallotus 315. - -Malope 351. - -Malouetia 433. - -MALPIGHIACEAE 27, 28, 29, 306, pl. 77. - -Maltebrunia 80. - -_Malus_ 240. - -Malva 351. - -MALVACEAE 26, 29, 33, 34, 38, 40, 60, 62, 63, 350, pl. 92. - -_MALVACEAE_ 353. - -Malvastrum 351. - -_Mamboga_ 530. - -Mammea 362. - -Mandragora 482. - -Mangifera 326. - -_Mangifera_ 326. - -Manihot 318. - -Manisuris 85. - -Mannia 300. - -_Mannia_ 609. - -Manniella 155. - -Manniophyton 311, 609. - -Manotes 244. - -_Manotes_ 608. - -Manulea 493. - -Mapania 107. - -_Mappa_ 312. - -Maprounea 317. - -Maranta 148. - -MARANTACEAE 5, 148, pl. 25. - -_Marantochloa_ 149. - -Marasmodes 579. - -Marcellia 185. - -_Marcellia_ 185, 186. - -_Maresia_ 217. - -Mareya 313. - -Margaretta 450. - -Margotia 404. - -Marica 144. - -_Marignia_ 302. - -_Mariscus_ 109. - -Markhamia 496. - -_Marlea_ 389. - -Marlothia 345. - -Marlothiella 612. - -Marquesia 371. - -Marrubium 477. - -Marsdenia 454. - -_Marsdenia_ 453. - -_Marsea_ 572. - -Martretia 318. - -Martynia 500. - -MARTYNIACEAE 53, 500. - -Mascarenhasia 435. - -Maschalocephalus 121. - -Massonia 126. - -Mathurina 373. - -Matricaria 578, 580. - -Matthiola 216. - -_Mattia_ 467. - -Mauloutchia 207. - -Maurandia 493. - -Maurocenia 331. - -_Maximilianea_ 366. - -Mayaca 120. - -MAYACACEAE 4, 120. - -_Mayepea_ 426. - -Mechowia 184. - -Mecomischus 577. - -Medemia 111. - -Medicago 283. - -Medinilla 396. - -Medusagyne 360. - -_Megabaria_ 320. - -Megalochlamys 514. - -Megalopus 524. - -_Megastoma_ 466. - -_Meibomia_ 271. - -Meiocarpidium 206. - -Melandryum 196. - -Melanocenchris 92. - -Melanodendron 574. - -Melanodiscus 337. - -_Melanoloma_ 550. - -Melanophylla 414. - -Melanoselinum 404. - -_Melanosinapis_ 221. - -_Melanosticta_ 250. - -Melanthera 583. - -_Melanthesiopsis_ 324. - -Melasma 486. - -Melasphaerula 142. - -Melastoma 394. - -MELASTOMATACEAE 37, 44, 48, 392, pl. 115. - -_MELASTOMATACEAE_ 380. - -Melhania 357. - -Melia 305. - -_Melia_ 304. - -MELIACEAE 24, 26, 29, 31, 32, 36, 54, 61, 302, pl. 76. - -MELIANTHACEAE 26, 35, 37, 342, pl. 86. - -Melianthus 342. - -Melica 97, 103. - -_Melicocca_ 342. - -_Melicope_ 296. - -Melilotus 283. - -Melinis 82. - -Melissa, 479. - -Melissea, 483. - -Melittacanthus, 513. - -Mellera, 504. - -Melocanna, 88. - -Melochia, 356. - -Melolobium, 264. - -Melothria, 537. - -Memecylon, 393. - -Menabea, 451. - -_Mendoncia_, 502. - -_Meniocus_, 218. - -MENISPERMACEAE, 14, 19, 41, 50, 199, pl. 47. - -Menodora, 425. - -Mentha, 480. - -Merciera, 543. - -Mercurialis, 315. - -Merendera, 125. - -Meriandra, 475. - -_Meridiana_, 549. - -_Meringurus_, 90. - -Merremia, 461. - -_Merremia_, 461. - -Mesanthemum, 121, pl. 15. - -_MESEMBRIACEAE_, 188. - -Mesembrianthemum., 190. - -_Mesogramma_, 576. - -Mesogyne, 165. - -_Mespilodaphne_, 210. - -Mespilus, 240. - -_Messerchmiedia_, 463. - -Metalasia, 563. - -_Methyscophyllum_, 330. - -Metrosideros, 391. - -Metroxylon, 111. - -_Metzleria_, 542. - -_Meum_, 409. - -_Mezierea_, 378. - -Mezoneurum, 251. - -Mibora, 94. - -Micractis, 582. - -Micranthus, 141. - -_Micranthus_, 505. - -Micrargeria, 486. - -_Micraster_, 457. - -Microbambus, 89. - -Microcala, 431. - -Microcalamus, 88. - -Microcharis, 271. - -Microchloa, 91. - -Micrococca, 315. - -Microcodon, 542. - -_Microderis_, 546. - -Microdesmis, 317. - -Microdon, 489. - -Microdracoides, 106. - -Microglossa, 571. - -Microlecane, 581. - -Microloma, 445. - -_Microlonchus_, 550. - -_Micromeria_, 479. - -Micronychia, 327. - -Micropus, 555. - -_Microrhynchus_, 547. - -Microsteira, 307. - -_Microstephanus_, 446. - -_Microstephium_, 548. - -Microstylis, 156. - -Microtea, 188. - -Microtrichia, 571. - -_Miersiophyton_, 202. - -Mikania, 571. - -Mildbraedia, 317. - -_Mildbraedia_, 610. - -Mildbraediodendron, 608. - -Milium, 95. - -_Milla_, 125. - -Millettia, 287, 288, 289. - -_Millina_, 546. - -Mimetes, 171. - -Mimosa, 245. - -_MIMOSACEAE_, 245. - -Mimulopsis, 506. - -Mimulus, 494. - -Mimusops, 421, pl. 124. - -_Minuartia_, 195. - -Minurothamnus, 560. - -Mirabilis, 187. - -Mitolepis, 444. - -Mitracarpus, 522. - -Mitragyne, 530. - -Mitratheca, 533. - -_Mitriostigma_, 528. - -Mniothamnea, 237. - -Mocquerysia, 370. - -Modecca, 376. - -Modiola, 352. - -Moehringia, 195. - -Moenchia, 195. - -_Moghania_, 274. - -_Mohlana_, 187. - -Molinaea, 340. - -Molinera, 98. - -Molinia, 103. - -Mollera, 559. - -_Mollinedia_, 209. - -Mollugo, 189. - -Moluccella, 478. - -Momordica, 537, 540, pl. 148. - -Monachochlamys, 503. - -_Monachyron_, 82. - -Monadenia, 151. - -Monadenium, 310. - -_Monadenium_, 310. - -Monanthes, 232. - -Monanthotaxis, 205. - -Monarrhenus, 557, 559. - -_Monechma_, 512. - -Monelytrum, 84. - -_Monenteles_, 555. - -Monerma, 89. - -_Monetia_, 332. - -_Moniera_, 494. - -Monimia, 209. - -MONIMIACEAE, 10, 14, 208, pl. 50. - -_Monixus_, 158. - -_Monizia_, 404. - -_Monochilus_, 155. - -Monochoria, 124. - -Monodora, 203. - -_Monodora_, 204. - -Monopetalanthus, 252. - -Monoporus, 418. - -Monopsis, 542. - -_Monoptera_, 566. - -Monotes, 363. - -Monothecium, 511. - -_Monotris_, 153. - -Monsonia, 290, pl. 68. - -_Monsonia_, 290. - -_Montbretia_, 142. - -Montia, 191. - -Montinia, 234. - -MORACEAE, 7, 8, 10, 15, 164, pl. 31. - -Moraea, 144. - -Morelia, 529. - -Morettia, 217. - -Moricandia, 221, 222, 223. - -Morinda, 520. - -Moringa, 229. - -MORINGACAE, 23, 229. - -_Morphixia_, 142. - -Morus, 166. - -Moschosma, 473. - -_Moschosma_, 612. - -Mostuea, 428. - -_Mostuea_, 428. - -Motandra, 435. - -Msuata, 569. - -Mucizonia, 233. - -Mucuna, 268. - -_Mukia_, 537. - -Mundia, 309. - -_Mundtia_, 309. - -Mundulea 261. - -Muraltia, 308. - -Muricaria, 224. - -Murraya, 299. - -Musa, 145. - -MUSACEAE, 6, 145, pl. 23. - -Musanga, 166. - -Muscari, 127. - -Mussaenda, 530, 532. - -Musschia, 542. - -Myagrum, 225. - -_Myaris_, 299. - -_Myconia_, 566. - -Myonima, 520. - -MYOPORACEAE, 56, 57, 60, 515. - -Myoporum, 515. - -Myosotis, 465. - -_Myosurandra_, 236. - -Myosurus, 198. - -Myrianthemum, 396. - -Myrianthus, 166. - -Myrica, 162, pl. 29. - -MYRICACEAE, 7, 8, 162, pl. 29. - -Myricaria, 364. - -_Myriogyne_, 579. - -Myriophyllum, 399. - -Myristica, 207. - -_Myristica_, 208. - -MYRISTICACEAE, 10, 206, pl. 49. - -_Myrosma_, 148. - -MYROTHAMNACEAE, 8, 236. - -Myrothamnus, 236. - -MYRSINACEAE, 22, 52, 65, 417, pl. 121. - -Myrsine, 418. - -_Myrsine_, 418. - -_Myrsiphyllum_, 129. - -_Myrstiphyllum_, 525. - -MYRTACEAE, 36, 37, 46, 48, 49, 68, 391, pl. 114. - -_MYRTACEAE_, 386. - -Myrtus, 392. - -Mystacidium, 159. - -_Mystacidium_, 159. - -Mystropetalon, 176. - -Mystroxylon, 331. - - -_Nageia_, 70. - -NAIADACEAE, 2, 3, 75. - -_NAIADACEAE_, 73, 75. - -Naias, 75. - -Nanolirion, 131. - -Nanostelma, 448. - -Napoleona, 386. - -Narcissus, 136. - -_Nardurus_, 93. - -Nardus, 89. - -Naregamia, 304. - -_Nasturtiopsis_, 224. - -Nasturtium, 223, 227. - -Nastus, 89. - -_Natalia_, 342. - -_Nathusia_, 426. - -Nauclea, 525. - -_Nauclea_, 530. - -_Navaea_, 352. - -_Nazia_, 84. - -_Nebelia_, 608. - -Necepsia, 314. - -Nectaropetalum, 292. - -_Nectaropetalum_, 300. - -_Negria_, 607. - -_Nelanaregam_, 304. - -_Nelsia_, 608. - -Nelsonia, 503. - -Nematostylis, 516. - -Nemesia, 491. - -_Nemia_, 493. - -Nenax, 522. - -_Neobaronia_, 270. - -Neobenthamia, 156. - -Neobolusia, 153. - -Neoboutonia, 314. - -Neocentema, 608. - -_Neochevaliera_, 320, 611. - -Neodregea, 607. - -Neodypsis, 114. - -Neogoetzea, 319. - -Neojatropha, 316. - -Neoluederitzia, 294. - -Neomanmophyton, 610. - -Neomuellera, 475. - -Neophloga, 114. - -Neopycnocoma, 315. - -Neorautanenia, 279. - -Neoschimpera, 523. - -Neoschumannia, 456. - -Neotinea, 152. - -NEPENTHACEAE, 13, 229. - -Nepenthes, 230. - -Nepeta, 476. - -Nephelium, 338. - -_Nephelium_, 338, 339. - -_Nephrophyllum_, 458. - -Nephrosperma, 113. - -Nephthytis, 117. - -Neptunia, 246. - -Nerine, 137. - -Nerium, 434. - -Nerophila, 394. - -Nertera, 522. - -Nervilia, 155. - -Nesaea, 385, pl. 110. - -Nesiota, 345. - -Neslia, 218. - -_Nesodaphne_, 210. - -Nesogenes, 469. - -Nesogordonia, 360. - -Nestlera, 561. - -Neumannia, 373. - -Neuracanthus, 507. - -Neurada, 239. - -_Neurocarpaea_, 532. - -Neuropeltis, 459. - -Neurotheca, 431. - -Newbouldia, 496. - -Newtonia, 246. - -_Newtonia_, 568. - -_Neyraudia_, 101. - -Nicandra, 481. - -Nicodemia, 428. - -_Nicolaia_, 147. - -Nicolasia, 559. - -Nicoteba, 513. - -Nicotiana, 482. - -Nidorella, 572. - -_Niebuhria_, 214. - -_Niedenzua_, 313. - -Nigella, 199. - -Nirarathamnus, 411. - -Nitraria, 293. - -Nivenia, 143. - -_Nivenia_, 171. - -Noaea, 180. - -Nolletia, 571. - -Noltia, 344. - -_Nomaphila_, 504. - -Nonnea, 465. - -Nopalea, 379. - -_Normania_, 483. - -Noronhia, 426. - -Northea, 421. - -Notelaea, 426. - -Nothosaerua, 184. - -Nothoscordum, 125. - -Nothospondias, 329. - -_Notobasis_, 551. - -Notobuxus, 324. - -_Notobuxus_, 611. - -Notoceras, 216. - -_Notonia_, 576. - -Notosceptrum, 132. - -Nucularia, 180. - -Nuphar, 197. - -Nuxia, 427, pl. 127. - -NYCTAGINACEAE, 9, 10, 50, 186, pl. 42. - -Nymania, 305. - -Nymphaea, 197. - -_Nymphaea_, 197. - -NYMPHAEACEAE, 14, 38, 39, 40, 49, 197. - - -Oberonia, 156. - -Obetia, 169. - -_Obione_, 181. - -Ochna, 359, pl. 97. - -OCHNACEAE, 22, 24, 28, 40, 359, pl. 97. - -_Ochocoa_, 207. - -Ochradenus, 229. - -Ochrocarpus, 362. - -Ochronerium, 435. - -Ochrosia, 437. - -_Ochthocosmus_, 292. - -Ochthodium, 226. - -Ocimum, 473. - -_Ocimum_, 472, 473. - -Ocotea, 210, pl. 51. - -_Ocotea_, 210. - -_Octodon_, 522. - -Octoknema, 175. - -OCTOKNEMATACEAE, 16, 175. - -Octolepis, 381. - -Octolobus, 354. - -_Odina_, 329. - -Odontelytrum, 81. - -Odontites, 484. - -Odontospermum, 554. - -Odyendea, 300. - -Oedera, 577. - -Oenanthe, 410. - -Oenothera, 399. - -_Oenothera_, 398, 399. - -OENOTHERACEAE, 18, 45, 46, 48, 397, pl. 116. - -Oeonia, 159. - -Oftia, 515. - -OLACACEAE, 11, 21, 22, 29, 44, 47, 52, 66, 173, pl. 37. - -_OLACACEAE_, 173, 175, 333, 357. - -Olax, 174, pl. 37. - -Oldenburgia, 553. - -Oldenlandia, 533. - -_Oldenlandia_, 533. - -Oldfieldia, 321. - -Olea, 427. - -OLEACEAE, 8, 13, 30, 55, 56, 58, 425, pl. 126. - -Oligocarpus, 557, 563. - -_Oligodora_, 578. - -_Oligogynium_, 117. - -Oligomeris, 229, pl. 55. - -_Oligostemon_, 251. - -Oligothrix, 575. - -Olinia, 380. - -OLINIACEAE, 47, 380. - -Olyra, 80. - -_Ommatodium_, 150. - -Omphalea, 317. - -Omphalocarpum, 423. - -Omphalodes, 466. - -Omphalogonus, 444. - -Omphalopappus, 569, 583. - -Onagra, 399. - -_ONAGRACEAE_, 397. - -_Oncinema_, 451. - -Oncinotis, 434. - -Oncoba, 369. - -_Oncoba_, 369. - -Oncocalamus, 112. - -Oncostemma, 452. - -Oncostemon, 418. - -Ondetia, 554. - -Ongokea, 174. - -Onobrychis, 285. - -Ononis, 259, 266, 268, 271, 281. - -Onopordon, 551. - -Onosma, 465. - -Operculina, 461. - -Ophiobotrys, 372. - -_Ophiocaulon_, 376. - -Ophiurus, 85. - -Ophrys, 152. - -Opilia, 173, pl. 36. - -OPILIACEAE, 20, 173, pl. 36. - -Oplismenus, 82. - -Opuntia, 379. - -_Opuntia_, 379. - -ORCHIDACEAE, 5, 150, pl. 26. - -_Orchipeda_, 439. - -Orchis, 152. - -_Orchis_, 152. - -Oreacanthus, 511. - -Oreobambus, 89. - -Oreobliton, 182. - -_Oreodaphne_, 210. - -Oreograstis, 109. - -Oreosyce, 536. - -Orestia, 156. - -_Orfilea_, 314. - -Oricia, 298. - -Origanum, 480. - -_Origanum_, 480. - -Orlaya, 404. - -_Ormenis_, 577. - -Ormocarpum, 273, 281, 286. - -Ormosia, 257. - -Ornithogalum, 127. - -Ornithoglossum, 128. - -Ornithopus, 262. - -OROBANCHACEAE, 53, 500, pl. 139. - -Orobanche, 500. - -_Orobus_, 259. - -Oropetium, 89. - -_Orothamnus_, 171. - -Orphium, 432. - -Ortegia, 194. - -Orthanthera, 455. - -_Orthochilus_, 157. - -Orthogoneuron, 396. - -Orthogynium, 201. - -_Orthopenthea_, 607. - -Orthosiphon, 473. - -_Orthosiphon_, 473. - -Orygia, 189. - -Oryza, 80. - -Oryzopsis, 95. - -Osbeckia, 395. - -_Osbeckia_, 394. - -Osmites, 555. - -Osmitopsis, 555. - -Osteospermum, 557, 563. - -_Osterdamia_, 84. - -Ostryocarpus, 288. - -Ostryoderris, 609. - -Osyridicarpus, 172. - -Osyris, 172, pl. 35. - -Othonna, 568. - -_Othonnopsis_, 568. - -Otiophora, 523. - -_Otocarpus_, 224. - -Otochlamys, 579. - -Otomeria, 532. - -Otoptera, 277. - -_Otospermum_, 578. - -Otostegia, 479. - -Ottelia, 78, pl. 7. - -Oubangia, 358. - -_Oudneya_, 222. - -Ouratea, 359. - -_Ouret_, 184. - -_Ourouparia_, 525. - -_Ouvirandra_, 75. - -OXALIDACEAE, 29, 34, 39, 60, 62, 63, 290, pl. 69. - -Oxalis, 291. - -_Oxalis_, 291. - -Oxyanthus, 528. - -Oxygonum, 178, pl. 39. - -Oxygyne, 150. - -_Oxymitra_, 204, 206. - -Oxystelma, 446, 451. - -Oxystigma, 252. - -Oxytenanthera, 88. - - -Pachira, 353. - -Pachites, 151. - -_Pachycarpus_, 449. - -Pachylobus, 302, pl. 75. - -_Pachylobus_, 302. - -Pachypodanthium, 206. - -Pachypodium, 433. - -Pachyrhynchus, 563. - -Pachyrrhizus, 277. - -Pachystela, 422. - -Pachystigma, 518. - -_Pachystoma_, 157. - -Pachytrophe, 166. - -_Pacourea_, 436. - -Paederia, 523. - -Paeonia, 198. - -Paepalanthus, 121. - -_Paepalanthus_, 121. - -Paivaeusa, 321. - -Palaquium, 423. - -Palisota, 122. - -Palissya, 315. - -Paliurus, 344. - -Pallenis, 554. - -PALMAE, 3, 4, 110, pl. 10, 11. - -Palmstruckia, 220. - -_Panax_, 401. - -Pancovia, 337. - -Pancratium, 136. - -Panda, 289. - -PANDACEAE, 27, 289. - -PANDANACEAE, 2, 73, pl. 3. - -Pandanus, 73, pl. 3. - -_Pandiaka_, 184. - -_Pandorea_, 496. - -Panicum, 82. - -_Panicum_, 82. - -Papaver, 213. - -PAPAVERACEAE, 19, 21, 24, 211, pl. 52. - -_Papaya_, 377. - -_PAPAYACEAE_, 377. - -_PAPILIONACEAE_, 245. - -Pappea, 338. - -_Pappea_, 408. - -Pappophorum, 96, 100. - -Paracaryum, 467. - -Paracephaëlis, 525. - -Paracolea, 497. - -Paradaniella, 608. - -_Paradenocline_, 315. - -Paragenipa, 528. - -Paragophyton, 518. - -Paranomus, 171. - -Parapodium, 447. - -_Parapodium_, 447. - -_Parasia_, 430. - -_Parastranthus_, 542. - -Parasystasia, 510. - -Parentucellia, 484. - -Parietaria, 168. - -_Parinari_, 243. - -Parinarium, 243, pl. 65. - -_Paritium_, 352. - -Parkia, 245. - -_Parkia_, 247. - -Parkinsonia, 249. - -Parochetus, 262, 275. - -Parolinia, 216. - -Paronychia, 193. - -_PARONYCHIEAE_, 192. - -Paropsia, 370. - -_Paropsia_, 370. - -Paropsiopsis, 370. - -_Parquetina_, 442. - -Parthenium, 564. - -Pasaccardoa, 552. - -_Paschanthus_, 376. - -Paspalum, 82. - -Passerina, 383. - -Passiflora, 375. - -PASSIFLORACEAE, 12, 23, 26, 374, pl. 106. - -_PASSIFLORACEAE_, 376, 377. - -Pastinaca, 408. - -_Pastorea_, 228. - -_Pattara_, 418. - -Paullinia, 336. - -Paulowilhelmia, 504. - -_Paulowilhelmia_, 506. - -Pauridia, 135. - -Pauridiantha, 529. - -Pausynistalia, 531. - -Pavetta, 520, pl. 144. - -Pavonia, 351, pl. 92. - -Paxia, 244. - -_Paxiodendron_, 208. - -Payena, 423. - -Payera, 530. - -Pearsonia, 609. - -Pechuel-Loeschea, 559. - -Pectinaria, 454. - -_Pectinaria_, 159. - -PEDALIACEAE, 51, 56, 57, 58, 61, 62, 498, pl. 138. - -_PEDALIACEAE_, 500. - -Pedaliophytum, 499. - -Pedalium, 499. - -_Pedalium_, 499. - -Peddiea, 381. - -Pedicellaria, 215. - -Pedicularis, 484. - -Pedilanthus, 310. - -_Pedrosia_, 260. - -Peganum, 294. - -Peglera, 300. - -Pegolettia, 552, 560. - -Peireskia, 378. - -Pelargonium, 290. - -Pelea, 296. - -Peliostomum, 489. - -Pelletiera, 419. - -Peltophorum, 250. - -_Peltophorum_, 250. - -Pemphis, 385. - -Penaea, 380. - -PENAEACEAE, 14, 379, pl. 108. - -_PENAEACEAE_, 379. - -Penianthus, 201, 202. - -_Penicillaria_, 81. - -Pennisetum, 81. - -_Pentabrachium_, 320. - -Pentacarpaea, 531. - -Pentaclethra, 245. - -Pentadesma, 362. - -Pentadiplandra, 349. - -_Pentagonia_, 481. - -Pentaloncha, 530. - -Pentameris, 99. - -Pentanisia, 518. - -_Pentanopsis_, 533. - -_Pentapera_, 417. - -Pentarrhinum, 448. - -Pentas, 532. - -Pentaschistis, 99. - -Pentasticha, 109. - -_Pentatrichia_, 560. - -Pentatropis, 448. - -_Penthea_, 151. - -Pentheriella, 572. - -Pentodon, 533. - -Pentopetia, 445. - -_Pentopetia_, 444. - -Pentopetiopsis, 444. - -Pentzia, 578. - -Peperomia, 161. - -Peplidium, 493. - -Peplis, 384. - -_Peponia_, 539. - -Peponium, 539. - -_Perdicium_, 552. - -_Pergularia_, 448, 453. - -Perianthostelma, 448. - -_Periblema_, 507. - -_Perichasma_, 200. - -Perichlaena, 496. - -_Perideraea_, 577. - -Periestes, 511. - -_Periglossum_, 451. - -_Perinerion_, 435. - -Peripeplus, 524. - -Periploca, 442, 443. - -_PERIPLOCACEAE_, 442. - -Peristrophe, 514. - -Peristylus, 151. - -_Perithrix_, 443. - -Perotis, 84. - -Perotriche, 562. - -Perralderia, 560. - -Perriera, 300. - -Persea, 211. - -_Persea_, 211. - -_Persica_, 242. - -Pervillaea, 453. - -Petalacte, 556. - -Petalactella, 556. - -_Petalidium_, 505. - -Petalidium, 505. - -Petalodiscus, 320. - -Petalonema, 396. - -Petasites, 567. - -Petersia, 387. - -Petrobium, 564. - -_Petrophyes_, 232. - -Petroselinum, 413. - -_Petroselinum_, 414. - -Peucedanum, 409. - -_Peucedanum_, 408, 409, 612. - -Peyrousea, 578. - -_Phaca_, 270. - -Phaenocoma, 557. - -Phaenohoffmannia, 265, 274. - -Phaeocephalus, 584. - -Phaeomeria, 147. - -Phaeoneuron, 396. - -_Phaeopappus_, 550. - -Phaeoptilon, 187. - -Phagnalon, 562, 575, 583. - -Phaius, 157. - -_Phalangium_, 132. - -Phalaris, 94. - -_Pharbitis_, 462. - -Pharnaceum, 189. - -Phaseolus, 277. - -Phaulopsis, 505. - -_Phaylopsis_, 505. - -_Phelipaea_, 500. - -Phellolophium, 410. - -Phenax, 169 - -Phialodiscus, 338. - -Philippia, 417, pl. 120. - -_Phillipsia_, 506. - -Phillyrea, 426. - -_Philoxerus_, 183. - -Philyrophyllum, 554. - -Phleum, 95. - -Phloga, 114. - -Phlogella, 114. - -Phlomis, 478. - -_Phoberos_, 371. - -Phoebe, 211. - -Phoenicophorium, 113. - -Phoenix, 110. - -Phormium, 134. - -Phornothamnus, 396. - -_Photinia_, 240. - -Phragmites, 101. - -Phrynium, 149. - -_Phrynium_, 148. - -_Phycagrostis_, 74. - -Phygelius, 492. - -Phylica, 345. - -_Phyllactinia_, 552. - -Phyllanthus, 323, pl. 80. - -Phyllarthron, 497. - -Phyllis, 523. - -Phyllobotryum, 370. - -Phylloclinium, 370. - -Phyllocomos, 120. - -Phyllocosmus, 292. - -Phylloctenium, 497. - -_Phyllodes_, 148. - -Phyllopodium, 493. - -Phyllorhachis, 80. - -Phyllosma, 297. - -Phylloxylon, 270. - -Phymaspermum, 580. - -_Physacanthus_, 506. - -Physalis, 483. - -_Physaloides_, 483. - -_Physanthyllis_, 260. - -Physedra, 539. - -Physena, 372. - -Physocaulis, 406. - -Physospermum, 407. - -Physostigma, 277. - -Physotrichia, 410. - -Phytolacca, 188. - -PHYTOLACCACEAE, 9, 12, 14, 187. - -Piaranthus, 454. - -_Picconia_, 426. - -_Picnomon_, 551. - -Picralima, 437. - -_Picralima_, 440. - -_Picridium_, 547. - -Picris, 546. - -Pierreodendron, 300. - -Pierrina, 358. - -Pilea, 169. - -_Pilogyne_, 537. - -Pilostyles, 177. - -Pimenta, 392. - -Pimpinella, 412. - -PINACEAE, 1, 10, pl. 2. - -_Pinardia_, 566. - -Pinus, 71. - -Piper, 161, pl. 27. - -_Piper_, 161. - -PIPERACEAE, 7, 161, pl. 27 - -Piptadenia, 247. - -_Piptatherum_, 95. - -_Piptolaena_, 439. - -Piptostigma, 204. - -Pipturus, 170. - -_Pircunia_, 188. - -Piriqueta, 374. - -Pirus, 240. - -Pisonia, 186, pl. 42. - -Pisosperma, 537. - -Pistacia, 326. - -Pistaciopsis, 337. - -Pistia, 115. - -_Pistorinia_, 233. - -Pisum, 261, 269. - -Pithecolobium, 248. - -PITTOSPORACEAE, 24, 53, 235, pl. 61. - -Pittosporum, 235, pl. 61. - -Pituranthos, 413. - -Placodiscus, 338. - -Placopoda, 532. - -_Placus_, 557. - -_Pladaroxylon_, 576. - -Plagioscyphus, 337. - -Plagiosiphon, 253, 256. - -Plagiostyles, 321, 610. - -_Plagius_, 566. - -PLANTAGINACEAE, 50, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 62, 515, pl. 143. - -Plantago, 516, pl. 143. - -PLATANACEAE, 41, 64, 238. - -Platanthera, 153. - -_Platanthera_, 151, 153. - -Platanus, 238. - -Platostoma, 473. - -_Platycalyx_, 416. - -_Platycapnos_, 212. - -Platycarpha, 549. - -Platycelephium, 259. - -_Platycoryne_, 152. - -Platykeleba, 447. - -Platylepis, 155. - -Platylophus, 235. - -_Platymitium_, 332. - -Platysepalum, 288. - -Platytinospora, 201. - -_Plecospermum_, 165. - -Plectaneia, 440. - -Plectranthus, 474, 475, pl. 134. - -_Plectranthus_, 474, 475. - -Plectronia, 519. - -Pleiocarpa, 438. - -Pleioceras, 433. - -Pleiomeris, 418. - -_Pleiospora_, 265. - -_Pleiostemon_, 323. - -Pleiotaxis, 553. - -_Pleuroblepharis_, 509. - -Pleurocoffea, 520. - -Pleuropterantha, 183. - -Pleurostelma, 448. - -_Pleurostelma_, 442. - -Pleurostylia, 331. - -Plinthus, 189. - -Plocama, 524. - -_Plocandra_, 432. - -Pluchea, 557, 559. - -_Pluchea_, 559. - -Plukenetia, 313. - -_Plukenetia_, 610. - -PLUMBAGINACEAE, 50, 420, pl. 123. - -Plumbago, 420. - -_Plumeria_, 440. - -Plumiera, 440. - -Poa, 105. - -_Poa_, 105. - -Poagrostis, 97. - -Podalyria, 257. - -_Podandria_, 152. - -_Podanthes_, 455. - -Podocarpus, 70. - -Podococcus, 113. - -Podogynium, 253. - -_Podonosma_, 465. - -Podorungia, 510. - -_Podospermum_, 545. - -Podostelma, 446. - -Podostemon, 231. - -_Podostemon_, 231. - -PODOSTEMONACEAE, 10, 13, 230, pl. 57. - -_PODOSTEMONACEAE_, 232. - -Podranea, 496. - -Poecilostachys, 94, 104. - -Poga, 387. - -Poggea, 369. - -Poggeophyton, 316. - -Pogonarthria, 93. - -_Pogonia_, 155. - -_Pogonostigma_, 272. - -Pogostemon, 476. - -Poinciana, 250. - -_Poivrea_, 390. - -Polanisia, 215, pl. 54. - -Polemannia, 410. - -_Polia_, 194. - -Pollia, 122. - -Pollichia, 193. - -_Pollichia_, 466. - -Pollinia, 86. - -Polpoda, 188. - -Polyadoa, 440. - -Polyalthia, 206. - -Polycardia, 330. - -Polycarena, 492. - -Polycarpaea, 194, pl. 45. - -_Polycarpia_, 194. - -Polycarpon, 194. - -Polycephalium, 333. - -Polyceratocarpus, 204. - -Polycline, 553. - -Polycnemum, 182. - -Polygala, 309. - -POLYGALACEAE, 19, 28, 51, 55, 59, 308, pl. 78. - -POLYGONACEAE, 8, 177, pl. 39. - -Polygonum, 179. - -_Polygonum_, 178. - -Polypogon, 87. - -Polyscias, 401. - -Polyspatha, 122. - -Polysphaeria, 517. - -Polystachya, 156. - -_Polystachya_, 160. - -Polystemonanthus, 256. - -Polyxena, 127. - -_POMACEAE_, 239. - -Pongamia, 287. - -PONTEDERIACEAE, 4, 123. - -_PONTEDERIACEAE_, 124. - -Popowia, 205. - -Populina, 513. - -Populus, 161. - -Porana, 459. - -_Porphyranthus_, 289. - -Porphyrostemma, 559. - -Portulaca, 190. - -PORTULACACEAE, 18, 22, 35, 44, 52, 65, 190, pl. 44. - -_PORTULACACEAE_, 191. - -Portulacaria, 191. - -Posidonia, 74. - -Poskea, 463. - -Potameia, 210. - -Potamogeton, 74, pl. 4. - -POTAMOGETONACEAE, 2, 73, pl. 4. - -_Potamophila_, 80. - -Potentilla, 242. - -Poterium, 241. - -_Poterium_, 241. - -Pothos, 115. - -Pouchetia, 526. - -Poupartia, 329. - -Pouzolzia, 170. - -_Prageluria_, 453. - -Prasium, 471. - -_Preauxia_, 566. - -Premna, 470. - -Prenanthes, 547. - -Preslia, 480. - -Pretrea, 499. - -Pretreothamnus, 499. - -Preussiella, 396. - -Prevostea, 460. - -Priestleya, 263, 271. - -Primula, 420. - -PRIMULACEAE, 22, 52, 65, 419, pl. 122. - -Pringlea, 220. - -Printzia, 559. - -Prionachne, 92, 98. - -_Prionanthium_, 92. - -Prionium, 124, pl. 17. - -Priotropis, 263. - -Prismatocarpus, 543. - -Priva, 469. - -Probletostemon, 528. - -Prockiopsis, 368. - -Procris, 169. - -_Prolongea_, 566. - -Prosopis, 246. - -Prosopostelma, 447. - -Protarum, 116. - -Protea, 171. - -PROTEACEAE, 9, 10, 19, 50, 51, 170, pl. 33. - -Protium, 302. - -Protomegabaria, 611. - -Protorhus, 328. - -_Prunella_, 477. - -Prunus, 242. - -_Psamma_, 96. - -Psammotropha, 189. - -Psathura, 524. - -Psednotrichia, 572. - -Pseudagrostistachys, 610. - -Pseudarthria, 280. - -Pseuderanthemum, 509. - -Pseudobaeckea, 237. - -Pseudobarleria, 505. - -Pseudoblepharis, 509. - -Pseudobromus, 96. - -Pseudocadia, 258. - -Pseudocalyx, 503. - -Pseudocedrela, 303. - -Pseudocinchona, 531. - -Pseudogaltonia, 128. - -Pseudohydrosme, 118. - -Pseudolachnostylis, 323. - -Pseudoprosopis, 247. - -Pseudopteris, 339. - -Pseudosopubia, 486. - -Pseudospondias, 328. - -_Pseudotragia_, 315, 610. - -Psiadia, 567. - -Psidium, 392. - -Psilanthus, 517. - -_Psilostachys_, 184. - -Psilotrichum, 184. - -Psiloxylon, 391. - -Psilurus, 90. - -Psophocarpus, 272, 276. - -Psoralea, 262, 263, 265, 268, 272, 274, 275, 281, 282, 288. - -Psorospermum, 361. - -Psychine, 227. - -Psychotria, 525. - -_Psychotria_, 525. - -_PTAEROXYLEAE_, 302. - -Ptaeroxylon, 302. - -Pteleopsis, 390. - -Ptelidium, 331. - -Pteranthus, 192. - -Pterocarpus, 273, 286, 289. - -Pterocaulon, 555. - -Pterocelastrus, 330. - -Pterocephalus, 535. - -Pterodiscus, 499. - -Pteroglossaspis, 157. - -Pterolobium, 250. - -Pteronia, 572. - -_Pteropetalum_, 214. - -Pterorhachis, 304. - -_Pterota_, 296. - -Pterotaberna, 439. - -Pterotheca, 546. - -Pterothrix, 562. - -_Pterygocarpus_, 454. - -Pterygodium, 150. - -Pterygota, 354. - -Ptilotrichum, 219. - -Ptychopetalum, 174. - -Ptychotis, 414. - -_Ptychotis_, 413. - -Puelia, 88. - -Pueraria, 276. - -Pulicaria, 560. - -Punica, 386. - -PUNICACEAE, 49, 386. - -Pupalia, 185. - -_Pusactha_, 247. - -Putoria, 523. - -Putterlickia, 330. - -Pycnanthus, 208, pl. 49. - -Pycnobotrya, 434. - -Pycnocoma, 313. - -Pycnocomon, 534. - -Pycnocycla, 405. - -Pycnoneurum, 449. - -Pycnosphaera, 431. - -Pycnostachys, 474. - -_Pycnostylis_, 202. - -_Pycreus_, 109. - -Pygeum, 242. - -_Pynaertia_, 303, 609, 611. - -Pyramidocarpus, 368. - -Pyrenacantha, 333. - -_Pyrethrum_, 566. - -Pyrostria, 519. - -_Pyrus_, 239, 240. - - -Quamoclit, 462. - -_Quartinia_, 384. - -Quassia, 300. - -_Quassia_, 300. - -Quercus, 163. - -Queria, 194. - -Quisqualis, 390. - -_Quivisia_, 305. - -Quivisianthe, 305. - - -Radamaea, 487. - -_Radinocion_, 158. - -Radiola, 291. - -Radlkofera, 337. - -_Raffenaldia_, 222. - -RAFFLESIACEAE, 16, 17, 44, 177. - -Rafnia, 264. - -_Raimannia_, 611. - -_Rameya_, 202. - -Randia, 528. - -_Randia_, 529. - -Randonia, 229. - -RANUNCULACEAEA, 14, 23, 40, 41, 42, 197, pl. 46. - -Ranunculus, 198. - -Rapanea, 418. - -RAPATEACEAE, 4, 121. - -_Raphanistrocarpus_, 540. - -_Raphanocarpus_, 540. - -_Raphanopsis_, 178. - -_Raphanus_, 222. - -Raphia, 111, pl. 10, 11. - -Raphiacme, 443, 444. - -_Raphidiocystis_, 538. - -_Raphidophora_, 115. - -_Raphionacme_, 443. - -_Raphispermum_, 487. - -_Rapistrella_, 224. - -Rapistrum, 224. - -_Rapistrum_, 221. - -Rapona, 458. - -Raspalia, 237, pl. 63. - -_Ratonia_, 340. - -Rautanenia, 76. - -Rauwolfia, 438. - -Ravenala, 145. - -Ravenea, 114. - -Ravensara, 209. - -Rawsonia, 368. - -Reaumuria, 364. - -Reboudia, 221. - -Reichardia, 547. - -Reinwardtia, 291. - -Relhania, 555. - -Remirea, 108. - -Remusatia, 116. - -Renealmia, 147. - -Renschia, 478. - -_Requienia_, 272. - -Reseda, 229. - -RESEDACEAE, 11, 25, 41, 42, 228, pl. 55. - -Restio, 120, pl. 13. - -RESTIONACEAE, 3, 119, pl. 13. - -_Retama_, 266. - -Retzia, 428. - -_Reutera_, 412. - -Rhabdia, 463. - -Rhabdostigma, 517. - -_Rhabdotheca_, 547. - -Rhadamanthus, 128. - -Rhagadiolus, 548. - -RHAMNACEAE, 12, 17, 18, 27, 45, 343, pl. 88. - -_RHAMNACEAE_, 380. - -Rhamnus, 344. - -Rhamphicarpa, 485. - -Rhanterium, 554. - -Rhaphanistrocarpus, 540. - -Rhaphanocarpus, 540. - -Rhaphanus, 222, 224. - -Rhaphidanthe, 424. - -Rhaphidiocystis, 538. - -_Rhaphidorhynchus_, 158. - -Rhaphidospora, 513. - -Rhaphiostyles, 334. - -Rhaphispermum, 487. - -_Rhaponticum_, 550. - -Rhaptonema, 203. - -Rhaptopetalum, 358, pl. 95. - -_RHAPTOPETALACEAE_, 357. - -Rheedia, 362. - -Rhektophyllum, 117. - -_Rhetinolepis_, 577. - -Rhigiocarya, 202. - -Rhigiophyllum, 543. - -Rhigozum, 495. - -Rhinacanthus, 514. - -Rhinopteryx, 306. - -Rhipsalis, 379. - -Rhizophora, 388. - -RHIZOPHORACEAE, 32, 33 44, 45, 47, 387, pl. 112. - -Rhodochlaena, 348. - -_Rhodoclada_, 360. - -Rhodocodon, 127. - -Rhodocolea, 497. - -_Rhodolaena_, 348. - -_Rhodorrhiza_, 460. - -Rhodosepala, 394. - -Rhoeo, 123. - -Rhoicissus, 346. - -_Rhoiocarpus_, 172. - -Rhombonema, 447. - -Rhopalocarpus, 372. - -Rhopalopilia, 173. - -Rhus, 327. - -_Rhyacophila_, 384. - -_Rhynchelytrum_, 82. - -Rhynchocalyx, 385. - -_Rhynchocarpa_, 538. - -Rhynchosia, 272, 279, 282. - -_Rhynchosia_, 278. - -Rhynchospora, 108. - -Rhynchostigma, 453. - -Rhynchotropis, 262, 272. - -_Rhynea_, 556. - -Rhyssolobium, 452. - -Rhytachne, 85. - -Rhyticarpus, 414. - -_Rhytidachne_, 85. - -_Rhytiglossa_, 512. - -Ribes, 234. - -_Richardia_, 117, 521. - -Richardsonia, 521. - -Ricinodendron, 317. - -Ricinus, 313. - -Ricotia, 226, 227. - -Ridolfia, 413. - -Rindera, 467. - -Rinorea, 367, pl. 103. - -Riocreuxia, 456. - -Ritchiea, 215. - -Rivea, 461. - -_Rivea_, 461. - -Rivina, 187. - -_Robbairea_, 194. - -Robinia, 268, 287. - -Rochea, 233. - -Rochelia, 464. - -Rochonia, 573. - -Roëlla, 543. - -Roemeria, 213. - -Roeperocharis, 151. - -_Roettlera_, 501. - -Rogeria, 499. - -Romulea, 141. - -_Ropalandria_, 200. - -_Ropalocarpus_, 372. - -Roridula, 359. - -_Roripa_, 223. - -Rosa, 240. - -ROSACEAE, 9, 10, 14, 18, 20, 21, 27, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 239, -pl. 65. - -Roscheria, 113. - -Rosenia, 555. - -Rosmarinus, 471. - -Rotala, 384. - -_Rotantha_, 385. - -Rothia, 274. - -Rottboellia, 85. - -_Rottboellia_, 85. - -_Roubieva_, 182. - -_Roupellia_, 434. - -Rourea, 244. - -_Rourea_, 244. - -Roureopsis, 608. - -Roussea, 234. - -Rousseauxia, 397. - -Royena, 424. - -Rubia, 521. - -RUBIACEAE, 17, 54, 65, 66, 67, 516, pl. 144. - -Rubus, 242. - -Ruckeria, 567, 574. - -Ruelingia, 356. - -Ruellia, 507. - -Ruelliola, 506. - -Ruelliopsis, 507. - -Ruizia, 357. - -Rumex, 178. - -Rungia, 513. - -Ruppia, 74. - -Ruscus, 130. - -Ruspolia, 509. - -Russelia, 492. - -Ruta, 295. - -RUTACEAE, 11, 21, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 37, 38, 40, 42, 295. pl. 73. - -_RUTACEAE_, 299. - -Ruthea, 413. - -Rutidea, 519. - -Ruttya, 511. - -_Ruttya_, 500. - -_Rynchospora_, 108. - -_Rytidocarpus_, 224. - -_Rytilix_, 607. - - -Sabicea, 530. - -_Sabina_, 71. - -Saccharum, 86. - -_Saccidium_, 153. - -_Sacciolepis_, 82. - -Saccocalyx, 479. - -Saccoglottis, 292. - -Saccolabium, 158. - -_Saccolabium_, 158. - -_Sacleuxia_, 442. - -Sageretia, 344. - -Sagina, 195. - -_Sagittaria_, 76. - -_Sagus_, 111. - -Saintpaulia, 501. - -Sakersia, 395. - -Salacia, 332, pl. 83. - -Salaxis, 416. - -_Saldania_, 609. - -Saldinia, 524. - -SALICACEAE, 7, 161, pl. 28. - -Salicornia, 181. - -Salix, 161, pl. 28. - -Salsola, 179. - -_SALSOLACEAE_, 179. - -Salvadora, 332. - -SALVADORACEAE, 18, 30, 50, 332. - -Salvia, 476. - -Salviacanthus, 512. - -Samadera, 300. - -_Samara_, 418. - -Sambucus, 533. - -Samolus, 419. - -_SAMYDACEAE_, 367. - -Sandersonia, 130. - -Sanguisorba, 241. - -Sanicula, 403. - -_Sanseverinia_, 134. - -Sansevieria, 134. - -SANTALACEAE, 8, 16, 172, Pl. 35. - -_SANTALACEAE_, 173. - -Santalina, 526. - -_Santaloides_, 608. - -_Santiria_, 302. - -Santiriopsis, 302. - -Santulina, 578. - -SAPINDACEAE, 9, 12, 13, 18, 26, 28, 31, 32, 40, 335, pl. 85. - -_SAPINDACEAE_, 335, 342. - -Sapindus, 337, 340. - -_Sapindus_, 338, 339, 340. - -Sapium, 318. - -_Sapium_, 610. - -Saponaria, 196. - -_Saponaria_, 196. - -_Sapota_, 423. - -SAPOTACEAE, 54, 60, 421, pl. 124. - -Sarcocapnos, 212. - -Sarcocaulon, 290. - -Sarcocephalus, 525. - -Sarcochlaena, 347. - -Sarcocolla, 380, pl. 108. - -_Sarcocolla_, 380. - -_Sarcocyphula_, 447. - -_Sarcolaena_, 347. - -Sarcophrynium, 148. - -Sarcophyte, 176. - -_Sarcopoterium_, 241. - -Sarcostemma, 447, 448. - -_Sarothamnus_, 266. - -Satanocrater, 505. - -Satureia, 479. - -_Satureia_, 479. - -_Satyridium_, 151. - -Satyrium, 151. - -Sauromatum, 118. - -Sauvagesia, 359. - -_Savia_, 319, 320. - -Savignya, 227. - -_Saviniona_, 352. - -Saxifraga, 233. - -SAXIFRAGACEAE, 16, 36, 39, 44, 45, 49, 62, 68, 233, pl. 60. - -_SAXIFRAGACEAE_, 235, 236. - -Scabiosa, 535. - -_Scabiosa_, 534, 535. - -Scaevola, 544. - -Scaligeria, 407. - -Scandix, 405. - -Scaphopetalum, 356. - -_Schanginia_, 179. - -Schaueria, 515. - -Schefflera, 400. - -Schefflerodendron, 288. - -_Schepperia_, 214. - -SCHEUCHZERIACEAE, 3, 75. - -Schimpera, 225. - -Schinus, 328. - -Schinziella, 431. - -Schismatoclada, 531. - -Schismus, 104. - -Schistostephium, 578, 579. - -Schizobasis, 126. - -_Schizochilus_, 153. - -Schizochlaena, 348. - -Schizodium, 151. - -Schizoglossum, 451. - -_Schizoglossum_, 450. - -_Schizogyne_, 560. - -_Schizolaena_, 348. - -Schizostachyum, 88. - -Schizostephanus, 449. - -Schizostylis, 143. - -Schizozygia, 439. - -Schlechterella, 442. - -Schlechteria, 218, 225. - -Schlechterina, 375. - -_Schmidelia_, 336. - -Schmidtia, 100. - -_Schoberia_, 179. - -Schoenefeldia, 91. - -_Schoenlandia_, 124. - -Schoenodendron, 106. - -_Schoenoplectus_, 110. - -Schoenoxiphium, 107. - -Schoenus, 107. - -_Schoenus_, 108. - -Schotia, 254, 256. - -Schouwia, 227. - -Schranckia, 245. - -Schrebera, 426, pl. 126. - -_Schrebera_, 331. - -Schubea, 311. - -Schultesia, 430. - -Schumanniophyton, 529. - -Schwabea, 514. - -_Schwarzkopffia_, 153. - -Schweinfurthia, 490. - -Schwenkia, 481. - -Sciadopanax, 401. - -_Sciadophyllum_, 400. - -Sciaphila, 79. - -Scilla, 127. - -Scirpus, 110. - -_Scirpus_, 108. - -_SCITAMINEAE_, 145, 146, 147, 148. - -Scleranthus, 192. - -Scleria, 106. - -_Scleria_, 106. - -Sclerocarpus, 582. - -Sclerocarya, 329. - -Sclerocephalus, 193. - -Sclerochiton, 509. - -_Sclerochiton_, 509. - -Sclerochloa, 105. - -Sclerodactylon, 607. - -_Sclerodictyon_, 436. - -_Sclerolaena_, 348. - -Scleropoa, 105. - -_Sclerosciadium_, 408. - -Sclerosperma, 113. - -Scolopia, 371. - -Scolymus, 545. - -Scoparia, 488. - -_Scopularia_, 153. - -Scorodophloeus, 253. - -Scorpiurus, 260. - -Scorzonera, 545. - -Scottellia, 368. - -Scrophularia, 491. - -SCROPHULARIACEAE, 50, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 483, pl. 136. - -Scutellaria, 472. - -Scutia, 344. - -Scyphocephalium, 207. - -Scyphochlamys, 519. - -Scyphogyne, 416. - -Scyphosyce, 167. - -_Scytanthus_, 510. - -SCYTOPETALACEAE, 33, 38, 62, 63, 68, 357, pl. 95. - -Scytopetalum, 358. - -_Scytophyllum_, 330. - -Sebaea, 430. - -_Sebaea_, 430. - -Sebastiania, 318. - -_Sebastiania_, 610. - -Secale, 91. - -Secamone, 451. - -_Secamone_, 453. - -Secamonopsis, 451. - -Sechium, 536. - -Securidaca, 308, pl. 78. - -_Securidaca_, 260. - -Securigera, 260. - -Securinega, 323. - -_Securinega_, 323. - -Seddera, 459. - -Sedum, 232. - -_Seemannaralia_, 400. - -Seetzenia, 294. - -Seidelia, 315. - -Seidlitzia, 608. - -_SELAGINEAE_, 483, 502. - -Selago, 489. - -_Selinopsis_, 412. - -_Selinum_, 409. - -Semele, 130. - -_Semonvillea_, 188. - -Sempervivum, 232. - -_Senebiera_, 226. - -Senecio, 576. - -_Senecio_, 572. - -Senra, 352. - -Serapias, 152. - -Sericocoma, 184, 185. - -_Sericocoma_, 184, 185, 186. - -Sericocomopsis, 185. - -_Sericocomopsis_, 185. - -Sericorema, 186. - -Sericostachys, 185. - -Sericostoma, 465. - -_Seriola_, 545. - -Serissa, 522. - -Serjania, 336. - -_Serpicula_, 399. - -Serratula, 550. - -Serruria, 171. - -Sersalisia, 422, 423. - -Sesamothamnus, 498. - -Sesamum, 499, pl. 138. - -Sesbania, 267, 270. - -Seseli, 410, 411. - -_Seseli_, 414. - -Sesuvium, 189. - -Setaria, 81. - -_Sevada_, 179. - -_Seychellaria_, 79. - -Seymeria, 487. - -Sherardia, 521. - -_Sherbournia_, 527. - -_Shutereia_, 460. - -Shuteria, 279. - -Sibangea, 322. - -Sibthorpia, 488. - -Sicyos, 536. - -Sida, 351. - -Sideritis, 477. - -Sideroxylon, 423. - -_Sideroxylon_, 422. - -Siegesbeckia, 582. - -Sigmatosiphon, 498. - -_SILENACEAE_, 192. - -Silene, 196. - -Silybum, 551. - -SIMARUBACEAE, 28, 29, 40, 41, 42, 299, pl. 74. - -_SIMARUBACEAE_, 295. - -Simarubopsis, 609. - -_Simbuleta_, 491. - -Simethis, 132. - -Simochilus, 416. - -Sinapidendron, 224. - -Sinapis, 221, 224. - -Siphocodon, 542. - -Siphocolea, 497. - -_Siphomeris_, 523. - -_Siphonantha_, 470. - -_Siphonia_, 314. - -_Siphonochilus_, 607. - -Siphonoglossa, 512. - -_Siphonoglossa_, 512. - -Sison, 413. - -Sisymbrium, 224. - -_Sisymbrium_, 217, 218, 223. - -Sisyndite, 294. - -Sisyranthus, 456. - -Sisyrinchium, 144. - -Sium, 412. - -Sloetiopsis, 164. - -Smeathmannia, 370. - -Smelophyllum, 339. - -_SMILACEAE_, 125. - -Smilax, 131. - -Smithia, 269, 284, 286. - -Smodingium, 328. - -Smyrnium, 407. - -_Socotora_, 442. - -_Socotranthus_, 444. - -SOLANACEAE, 57, 58, 59, 62, 481, pl. 135. - -Solanum, 483. - -Solenanthus, 466. - -_Solenixora_, 520. - -Solenostemma, 446. - -Solenostemon, 475. - -Solidago, 573. - -Soliva, 566. - -_Somalia_, 507. - -Sonchus, 547. - -Sonneratia, 385. - -SONNERATIACEAE, 39, 385. - -Sophora, 258, 259. - -Sopubia, 486. - -_Sorbus_, 240. - -_Sorghum_, 87. - -Sorindeia, 327. - -Sorocephalus, 171. - -Soulamea, 300. - -Soyauxia, 369. - -_Spallanzania_, 530. - -Sparaxis, 142. - -SPARGANIACEAE, 2, 73. - -Sparganium, 73. - -Sparganophorus, 569. - -Sparmannia, 350. - -Spartina, 81. - -Spartium, 266. - -_Spartocytisus_, 266. - -Spatalla, 171. - -Spatallopsis, 171. - -Spathionema, 261. - -Spathodea, 495. - -Spathulopetalum, 612. - -Specularia, 543. - -Speirostyla, 349. - -Spergula, 194. - -Spergularia, 194. - -Spermacoce, 522. - -_Spermacoce_, 522. - -_Spermacoceoides_, 522. - -Sphacele, 475. - -Sphacophyllum, 554. - -Sphaeralcea, 352. - -Sphaeranthus, 558. - -_Sphaerocephalus_, 549. - -Sphaerocodon, 456. - -Sphaerocoma, 193. - -_Sphaeroma_, 352. - -Sphaerosepalum, 366. - -Sphaerosicyos, 540. - -Sphaerostylis, 312. - -Sphaerothylax, 231. - -Sphedamnocarpus, 307. - -_Sphedamnocarpus_, 307. - -Sphenandra, 492. - -Sphenocentrum, 202. - -Sphenoclea, 542. - -_SPHENOCLEACEAE_, 541. - -_Sphenogyne_, 580. - -Sphenopus, 102. - -Sphenostylis, 278. - -Spilanthes, 582. - -Spinacia, 181. - -_Spiraeea_, 241. - -Spiranthes, 155. - -Spirodela, 119. - -Spiropetalum, 244. - -Spirospermum, 201. - -Spirostachys, 610. - -_Spitzelia_, 546. - -Spondianthus, 328, 611. - -Spondias, 328. - -_Spondias_, 328, 329. - -Spondiopsis, 328. - -_Sponia_, 164. - -Sporobolus, 95. - -Staavia, 237. - -Staberoha, 120. - -Stachyanthus, 333. - -Stachyothyrus, 250. - -Stachys, 479. - -Stachytarpheta, 468. - -Stadmannia, 338. - -Staehelina, 551. - -Stangeria, 69. - -Stapelia, 455. - -_Stapfiola_, 93. - -_Staphylosyce_, 539. - -_Staphysora_, 322, 611. - -Stathmostelma, 449. - -Statice, 421. - -Staudtia, 207. - -Staurogyne, 503. - -_Stearodendron_, 361. - -Steirodiscus, 565. - -Stellaria, 194. - -Stellularia, 485. - -Stemodia, 494. - -_Stemodiacra_, 494. - -Stemodiopsis, 495. - -Stemonocoleus, 252. - -Stenadenium, 310. - -Stenandriopsis, 509. - -Stenanthera, 204. - -Stenocline, 562, 563. - -Stenoglottis, 153. - -_Stenolirion_, 138. - -Stenolobium, 496. - -Stenonia, 319. - -Stenophragma, 218. - -_Stenosemis_, 409. - -Stenostelma, 450. - -Stenotaphrum, 80. - -Stephania, 200. - -_Stephanocoma_, 548. - -Stephanodaphne, 381. - -_Stephanolepis_, 570. - -Stephanorossia, 611. - -Stephanostegia, 441. - -Stephanostema, 433. - -Stephanotis, 453. - -_Stephegyne_, 530. - -Sterculia, 354. - -_Sterculia_, 354. - -STERCULIACEAE, 13, 14, 19, 20, 26, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, -42, 51, 61, 62, 63, 354, pl. 94. - -_STERCULIACEAE_, 353. - -_Stereochlaena_, 81. - -Stereospermum, 496. - -Sternbergia, 137. - -_Stevensonia_, 113. - -Stiburus, 103. - -Stichorchis, 156. - -Stictocardia, 461. - -Stilbe, 468. - -Stillingia, 318. - -Stilpnogyne, 575. - -Stilpnophytum, 579. - -Stipa, 95. - -Stipularia, 530. - -_Stironeurum_, 423. - -_Stizolobium_, 268. - -_Stobaea_, 548. - -Stoebe, 562. - -Stolidia, 174. - -Stomatostemma, 445. - -_Stomotechium_, 466. - -_Streblocarpus_, 214. - -Strelitzia, 145, pl. 23. - -Strephonema, 389. - -Streptanthera, 142. - -Streptocarpus, 501, pl. 140. - -Streptogyne, 92, 101. - -Streptopetalum, 374. - -Striga, 485. - -Strigina, 485. - -Strobilanthes, 506. - -Strobilanthopsis, 506. - -_Strombosia_, 174. - -Strombosiopsis, 174. - -Strongylodon, 280, 281. - -Strophanthus, 434. - -Strumaria, 136. - -Struthiola, 381. - -Strychnopsis, 203. - -Strychnos, 429. - -Stuhlmannia, 253. - -_Stupa_, 95. - -_Styasasia_, 510. - -_Stylapterus_, 380. - -_Stylarthropus_, 505. - -_Stylidium_, 389. - -Stylochiton, 115. - -_Stylocoryne_, 528. - -Stylosanthes, 268. - -STYRACACEAE, 22, 425. - -Suaeda, 179. - -Subularia, 228. - -Succisa, 535. - -Succowia, 226. - -_Suffrenia_, 384. - -_Suregada_, 318. - -Suriana, 299. - -Sutera, 493. - -_Sutera_, 492, 493. - -Sutherlandia, 287. - -Swartzia, 249. - -Sweertia, 430. - -_Swietenia_, 393. - -Swynnertonia, 452. - -Sylitra, 271, 275. - -Symmeria, 178. - -Symphonia, 362. - -_Symphostemon_, 474. - -Symphyochlamys, 353. - -Symphytonema, 443. - -Symphytosiphon, 304. - -Symphytum, 465. - -Sympieza, 416. - -Symplectochilus, 513. - -Synadenium, 310. - -Synaptolepis, 381. - -Syncephalum, 562. - -Synchodendron, 556. - -Synchoriste, 510. - -Synclisia, 202. - -Syncolostemon, 473. - -_Syndesmanthus_ 416. - -Synedrella, 581. - -Syngonanthus, 121. - -Synnema, 504. - -Synnotia, 142. - -Synsepalum, 423. - -_Syntherisma_, 82. - -Syntriandrium, 200. - -Syringodea, 140. - -Syrrheonema, 202. - -Syzygium, 392. - - -_Tabebuia_, 497. - -_Tabernaemontana_, 437, 439, 440. - -Tabernanthe, 436. - -Tacazzea, 443, pl. 130. - -_Tacazzea_, 442, 444, 445. - -Tacca, 139. - -TACCACEAE, 6, 139. - -Tachiadenus, 430. - -_Taenosapium_, 318. - -Tagetes, 584. - -Talinella, 190. - -Talinum, 191, pl. 44. - -Talisiopsis, 342. - -TAMARICACEAE, 22, 25, 364, pl. 101. - -Tamarindus, 256. - -Tamarix, 364, pl. 101. - -_Tamatavia_, 528. - -Tambourissa, 209. - -_Tamnus_, 140. - -Tamus, 140. - -_Tanacetum_, 566, 578. - -Tanghinia, 437. - -Tannodia, 312, 610. - -_Tannodia_, 610. - -Tanulepis, 443. - -Tapeinanthus, 135. - -Tapeinostelma, 457. - -Tapura, 309. - -Taraxacum, 546. - -Tarchonanthus, 556. - -_Tardavel_, 522. - -Tarenna, 526, 528. - -_Tavaresia_, 454. - -Taverniera, 271, 281. - -TAXACEAE, 1, 70. - -Taxus, 70. - -Teclea, 297. - -_Tecmarsis_, 557. - -_Tecoma_, 495, 496. - -Tecomaria, 495. - -Tectona, 470. - -Teedia, 492. - -Teesdalia, 228. - -_Telanthera_, 183. - -Telephium, 194. - -Telfairia, 536. - -_Teline_, 266. - -Telosma, 453. - -Temnolepis, 582. - -Temnopteryx, 530. - -Tenagocharis, 77. - -Tenaris, 457. - -_Tenaris_, 457. - -Tephrosia, 272, 273, 275, 276, 282, 284, 287. - -_Tephrothamnus_, 264. - -Teramnus, 267. - -_TEREBINTHACEAE_, 301, 325. - -Terminalia, 391. - -_TERNSTROEMIACEAE_, 347, 360. - -Tessmannia, 256. - -_Testudinaria_, 140. - -Tetracarpidium, 312. - -Tetracera, 358, pl. 96. - -Tetrachaete, 84. - -Tetrachne, 93. - -_Tetrachne_, 93. - -_Tetraclinis_, 71. - -Tetraclis, 424. - -Tetradenia, 476. - -Tetradiclis, 293. - -Tetragonia, 190. - -Tetragonolobus, 260. - -_Tetranthera_, 210. - -Tetraphyllaster, 395. - -Tetrapleura, 246. - -Tetrapogon, 92. - -_Tetraria_, 107. - -Tetraria, 108. - -Tetraspidium, 485. - -Tetrastemma, 205. - -_Tetrastigma_, 529. - -Tetrataxis, 385. - -_Tetratelia_, 215. - -Teucrium, 471. - -Thalassia, 78. - -Thalia, 148. - -Thalictrum, 198. - -Thaminophyllum, 580. - -Thamnea, 236. - -Thamnochortus, 120. - -_Thamnochortus_, 120. - -Thamnosma, 295. - -_Thamnus_, 416. - -Thapsia, 404. - -_Thapsia_, 404. - -Thaumatococcus, 148. - -Thea, 360. - -THEACEAE, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 63, 360, pl. 98. - -Thecacoris, 320, 322, 611. - -_Thecacoris_, 611. - -Thelepogon, 86. - -_THELIGONACEAE_, 187. - -_Theligonum_, 187. - -Themeda, 87. - -Theobroma, 356. - -_Theodora_, 254. - -Thesidium, 172. - -Thesium, 172. - -Thespesia, 353. - -_Thespesocarpus_, 425. - -Thevetia, 437. - -_Thiegemella_, 421. - -_Thiegemopanax_, 401. - -_Thismia_, 150. - -Thlaspi, 228. - -Thomandersia, 510. - -Thomassetia, 360. - -Thonnera, 205. - -Thonningia, 176. - -_Thoracosperma_, 416. - -_Thoracostachyum_, 107. - -Thorncroftia, 612. - -_Thrincia_, 546. - -Thuarea, 80. - -Thunbergia, 503. - -_Thunbergia_, 503. - -Thunbergianthus, 486. - -Thylachium, 213. - -Thymelaea, 383. - -THYMELAEACEAE, 10, 12, 19, 29, 51, 380, pl. 109. - -Thymus, 480. - -_Thymus_, 480. - -Thyrsodium, 327. - -Thysanolaena, 83. - -Thysanurus, 558. - -_Tieghemella_, 421. - -TILIACEAE, 13, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 41, 348, pl. 91. - -_TILIACEAE_, 347. - -Tiliacora, 201, 202, 203. - -_Tillaea_, 232. - -Timonius, 518. - -Tina, 340. - -_Tinea_, 152. - -Tinguarra, 406. - -_Tinnaea_, 478. - -Tinnea, 471. - -Tinopsis, 339. - -Tinospora, 201. - -_Tinospora_, 201. - -Tisonia, 373. - -_Tissa_, 194. - -Tittmannia, 236. - -Todaroa, 410. - -Toddalia, 298. - -_Toddalia_, 297, 298. - -Toddaliopsis, 298. - -Tolpis, 547. - -Tordylium, 408. - -Torenia, 494. - -Torilis, 404. - -Tornabenea, 404. - -_Torulinium_, 109. - -_Tounatea_, 249. - -Tournefortia, 463. - -_Tournesolia_, 311, 609. - -Tourneuxia, 545. - -Toxanthera, 538. - -Toxicodendron, 321. - -_Toxicophloea_, 437. - -_Toxocarpus_, 451, 453. - -Trachelium, 543. - -_Trachelium_, 544. - -Trachydium, 407. - -Trachylobium, 256. - -Trachyphrynium, 149. - -_Trachyphrynium_, 148. - -Trachypogon, 87. - -Trachyspermum, 413. - -_Trachystigma_, 501. - -Traganum, 179, pl. 40. - -Tragia, 313. - -_Tragiopsis_, 413. - -Tragopogon, 545. - -Tragus, 84. - -Trapa, 397. - -Traunia, 453. - -Treculia, 168. - -Treichelia, 543. - -Trema, 164, pl. 30. - -Trematosperma, 333. - -_Triachyrium_, 95. - -_Triadenia_, 361. - -Triainolepis, 525. - -Trianoptiles, 108. - -_Trianosperma_, 538. - -Trianthema, 189, pl. 43. - -Triaspis, 307. - -Tribulus, 294. - -Tricalysia, 527, 528. - -Trichilia, 305, pl. 76. - -Trichocalyx, 512. - -Trichocaulon, 454. - -Trichocladus, 238, pl. 64. - -Trichodesma, 466. - -Trichodypsis, 113. - -_Trichogyne_, 555. - -Tricholaena, 82. - -_Trichonema_, 141. - -_Trichoneura_, 607. - -_Trichoon_, 101. - -Trichopteryx, 98. - -Trichosandra, 452. - -Trichosanthes, 538. - -Trichoscypha, 328. - -Trichostachys, 525. - -Trichostephanus, 372. - -Triclisia, 202, 203. - -Tricomariopsis, 307. - -Tridax, 580. - -Tridesmostemon, 423. - -Tridianisia, 334. - -Trifolium, 261, 275, 281. - -Triglochin, 75. - -Trigonella, 283. - -Trigonocapnos, 212, pl. 52. - -Triguera, 482. - -Trimeria, 371. - -_Trimorphopetalum_, 343. - -Triodia, 102. - -Triphasia, 298. - -_Triphlebia_, 103. - -Triplachne, 97. - -Triplocephalum, 559. - -Triplochiton, 355. - -_TRIPLOCHITONACEAE_, 354. - -_Tripodandra_, 203. - -Tripogon, 92. - -Tripteris 557, 563. - -Triraphis, 100. - -Trisetaria, 96. - -Trisetum, 100. - -Tristachya, 98. - -Tristellateia, 308. - -Tristemma, 395. - -Tristicha, 231, pl. 57. - -Triticum, 90. - -Tritonia, 142. - -_Tritonixia_, 142. - -Triumfetta, 349. - -TRIURIDACEAE, 4, 78. - -_Trixago_, 484. - -Trochetia, 357. - -Trochomeria, 539. - -Trochomeriopsis, 537. - -TROPAEOLACEAE, 28, 291. - -Tropaeolum, 291. - -Trymatococcus, 165. - -_Tryphia_, 153. - -Tryphostemma, 376. - -_Tsimatimia_, 362. - -Tuberaria, 365. - -_Tubiflora_, 503. - -Tulbaghia, 130. - -Tulipa, 129. - -_Tumboa_, 72. - -Tunica, 195. - -_Turgenia_, 404. - -Turnera, 374. - -_Turnera_, 374. - -TURNERACEAE, 25, 373, pl. 105. - -Turraea, 305, 609. - -Turraeanthus, 305. - -Turritis, 218, 223. - -Tussilago, 567. - -Tylophora, 453, 456. - -_Tylophora_, 446. - -Tylophoropsis, 446. - -Tylostemon, 210. - -_Tylostemon_, 210. - -Typha, 72. - -TYPHACEAE, 3, 72. - -_TYPHACEAE_, 73. - -Typhonodorum, 116. - -Tysonia, 467. - -_Tzellemtinia_, 611. - - -Uapaca, 321. - -Ubochea, 468. - -Uebelinia, 196. - -Ulex, 265. - -ULMACEAE, 10, 163, pl. 30. - -_ULMACEAE_, 164. - -_Ulmaria_, 241. - -Ulmus, 163. - -UMBELLIFERAE, 17, 43, 46, 401, pl. 119. - -_Umbilicus_, 233. - -Umtiza, 253. - -Uncaria, 525. - -_Uncaria_, 499. - -Uncarina, 498. - -Uncinia, 107. - -Unona, 206. - -_Unona_, 206. - -_Uragoga_, 524, 525. - -Uraria, 285. - -Urelytrum, 85. - -Urena, 351. - -Urera, 169. - -Urginea, 126. - -Urobotrya, 173. - -Urochlaena, 101. - -Urophyllum, 529. - -Urospermum, 546. - -Urotheca, 397. - -Ursinia, 580. - -Urtica, 168. - -URTICACEAE, 7, 8, 15, 168, pl. 32. - -_URTICACEAE_, 163, 164, 187. - -_Urticastrum_, 169. - -Usteria, 428. - -Utricularia, 501, pl. 141. - -Uvaria, 206. - -_Uvaria_, 206. - -Uvariastrum, 206. - -Uvariopsis, 205. - - -Vaccaria, 196. - -_VACCINIACEAE_, 415. - -Vaccinium, 415. - -_Vachellia_, 247. - -Vahadenia, 436. - -_Vahea_, 436. - -Vahlia, 233. - -Vaillantia, 521. - -Valeriana, 534, pl. 146. - -VALERIANACEAE, 65, 66, 534, pl. 146. - -Valerianella, 534. - -_Valerianodes_, 468. - -Vallisneria, 78. - -Vallota, 138. - -_Vandellia_, 494. - -Vangueria, 519. - -Vanilla, 154. - -Varangevillea, 469. - -Varthemia, 560. - -Vateria, 363. - -_Vatica_, 363. - -Vausagesia, 359. - -Velezia, 196. - -Vella, 225. - -_Vellozia_, 139. - -VELLOZIACEAE, 6, 139, pl. 20. - -Veltheimia, 127. - -_Velvitsia_, 486. - -_Venana_, 234. - -_Venindium_, 548. - -Ventenata, 99. - -Ventilago, 345, pl. 88. - -Veprecella, 397. - -Vepris, 298. - -Verbascum, 489. - -Verbena, 469. - -VERBENACEAE, 50, 52, 54, 55, 60, 467, pl. 133. - -Verbesina, 582. - -Verdickia, 131. - -Vernonia, 570, pl. 150. - -_Vernonia_, 568. - -Veronica, 487. - -Verschaffeltia, 113. - -_Viborgia_, 265. - -Vibernum, 533, pl. 145. - -Vicia, 269, 270. - -_Vicoa_, 560. - -_Vieusseuxia_, 144. - -_Vigineixia_, 546. - -Vigna, 278. - -_Vigna_, 278. - -Vignopsis, 277. - -_Vilfa_, 95. - -Villarsia, 429. - -Vinca, 440. - -_Vinca_, 440. - -_Vincetoxicum_, 449. - -Viola, 367. - -VIOLACEAE, 24, 366, pl. 103. - -Viraea, 560. - -_Viraea_, 546. - -Virecta, 532. - -Virgilia, 258. - -Virola, 207. - -Viscum, 175. - -Vismia, 361. - -Visnea, 360, pl. 98. - -VITACEAE, 30, 60, 345, pl. 89. - -Vitex, 470. - -Vitis, 346. - -_Vitis_, 346. - -Voacanga, 439. - -Voandzeia, 277. - -_Vogelia_, 218, 420. - -_Voharanga_, 612. - -Vohemaria, 446. - -Volkensia, 570. - -Volkensiella, 612. - -_Volkensiophyton_, 508. - -_Volutarella_, 550. - -_Vonitra_, 114. - -Vossia, 85. - -_Vouacapoua_, 289. - -_Vouapa_, 253. - -_Voyria_, 429. - -_Vulpia_, 93. - - -Wachendorfia, 135. - -Wahlenbergia, 544. - -_Wahlenbergia_, 544. - -_Walafrida_, 489. - -Walleria, 139. - -_Wallinia_, 188. - -Walpersia, 263. - -Waltheria, 356. - -Wangenheima, 93. - -Warburgia, 366. - -Warionia, 552. - -Warneckea, 393. - -Warpuria, 508. - -Watsonia, 141. - -_Webbia_, 572. - -_Webera_, 526. - -Wedelia, 582, 583. - -Weihea, 388, pl. 112. - -_Weingaertneria_, 607. - -Weinmannia, 235, pl. 62. - -Wellstedia, 463. - -Welwitschia, 72. - -Welwitschiella, 583. - -_Welwitschiina_, 202. - -Werneria, 575. - -Whiteheadia, 127. - -Whitefieldia 505. - -Wiborgia, 265. - -_Widdringtonia_, 71. - -Wielandia, 319. - -Wiesnera, 76. - -Wikstroemia, 383. - -Willdenowia, 120. - -Willkommia, 91. - -_Willugbaeya_, 571. - -Winklerella, 231. - -WINTERANCEAE, 23, 54, 366. - -_Wisneria_, 76. - -Wissadula, 352. - -Withania, 483. - -Witsenia, 143. - -Wolffia, 119. - -_Wolffiella_, 119. - -Woodfordia, 385. - -Woodia, 450. - -_Wormia_, 358. - -Wormskioldia, 374, pl. 105. - -_Wormskioldia_, 374. - -Wrightia, 433. - -_Wrightia_, 433. - -Wulfhorstia, 303. - -Wurmbea, 128. - - -Xanthium, 564. - -Xanthocercis, 270. - -_Xanthochymus_, 362. - -Xanthosoma, 116. - -_XANTHOXYLEAE_, 295. - -_Xanthoxylum_, 296. - -_Xenisma_, 557. - -Xeranthemum, 550. - -Xerochlamys, 347. - -Xerocladia, 246. - -_Xeropetalum_, 357. - -_Xerophyta_, 139. - -Xeroplana, 467. - -_Xerotium_, 556. - -_Ximenesia_, 582. - -Ximenia, 174. - -Xylia, 247. - -Xylocalyx, 486. - -Xylocarpus, 303, 305. - -Xylochlaena, 348. - -_Xyloolaena_, 348. - -Xylopia, 204. - -_Xylopia_, 204. - -_Xylopicrum_, 204. - -Xylopleurum, 398. - -Xylotheca, 369. - -Xymalos, 208. - -XYRIDACEAE, 4, 121, pl. 14. - -Xyris, 121, pl. 14. - -Xysmalobium, 450. - - -Yaundea, 244. - -Yucca, 134. - - -Zaa, 497. - -Zaluzianskia, 492. - -Zamioculcas, 115. - -Zanha, 342. - -Zannichellia, 74. - -Zantedeschia, 117. - -_ZANTHOXYLEAE_, 295. - -_Zanthoxylum_, 296. - -_Zapania_, 468. - -Zea, 83. - -_Zehneria_, 537. - -Zenkerella, 253. - -_Zenkerina_, 503. - -Zeuxine, 155. - -Zilla, 227. - -Zimmermannia, 323. - -Zingiber, 147. - -ZINGIBERACEAE, 5, 146, pl. 24. - -Zinnia, 581. - -Ziziphora, 479. - -Zizyphus, 344. - -Zoegea, 550. - -_Zollikoferia_, 547. - -Zombiana, 515. - -Zornia, 266. - -Zostera, 73. - -_ZOSTERACEAE_, 73. - -Zoysia, 84. - -Zozimia, 408. - -_Zyganthera_, 118. - -_Zygia_, 248. - -Zygodia, 435. - -_Zygonerion_, 434. - -Zygoon, 527. - -ZYGOPHYLLACEAE, 12, 27, 29, 30, 32, 36, 37, 293, pl. 72. - -Zygophyllum, 295. - -Zygoruellia, 505. - - -BRISTOL: BURLEIGH LTD., AT THE BURLEIGH PRESS. - - -Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber: - -Petals tranversely folded=> Petals transversely folded {pg 205} - -(_Plumeria_ Willd.) =Plumeria==> (_Plumeria_ Willd.) =Plumiera= {pg 440} - -(_Huerniopsis_ N. E. Brown). =Huerniopsis==> (_Huerniopsis_ N. E. -Brown). =Heurniopsis= {pg 454} - -tranverse crest at the base=> transverse crest at the base {pg 454} - -(_Huernia_ R. Br.) =Huernia==> (_Huernia_ R. Br.) =Heurnia= {pg 455} - -FAMILY 215. GOBULARIACEAE=> FAMILY 215. GLOBULARIACEAE {pg 502} - -Madeira amd Canary Islands.=> Madeira and Canary Islands. {pg 523} - -conspicuous tranverse veins=> conspicuous transverse veins {pg 524} - -latter has posionous=> latter has poisonous {pg 533} - -Outer fruits tranversely=> Outer fruits transversely {pg 547} - -solitary or in facsicles=> solitary or in fascicles {pg 569} - -expecially one with=> especially one with {pg 591} - -Lettuce--Lattuca=> Lettuce--Lactuca {pg 604} - -Rosmary--Rosmarinus=> Rosemary--Rosmarinus {pg 605} - -Diparago, 561, 562.=> Disparago, 561, 562. {pg 623} - -Ochiosia, 437.=> Ochrosia, 437. {pg 635} - -Orhthodium, 226.=> Ochthodium, 226. {pg 635} - -Trypyhostemma, 376.=> Tryphostemma, 376. {pg} - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF -AFRICA *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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