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diff --git a/old/69425-0.txt b/old/69425-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index acc1600..0000000 --- a/old/69425-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,42824 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Paradisi in sole paradisus terrestris, -by John Parkinson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Paradisi in sole paradisus terrestris - A Garden of all sorts of pleasant flowers which our English ayre - will permitt to be noursed up ... - -Author: John Parkinson - -Release Date: November 26, 2022 [eBook #69425] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Fay Dunn, MWS, Carlo Traverso, Janet Blenkinship and the - Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PARADISI IN SOLE PARADISUS -TERRESTRIS *** - - - - - -Transcriber’s Note - - -This book is dedicated to the memory of David T. Jones who cared deeply -about making literature like this available to the world. - - -Words in italics are marked with _underscores_. - -Words in plain text within italics are marked with +plus signs+. - -Words in blackletter are marked with =equals signs=. - -Words in small capitals are shown in UPPER CASE. - -Variant spelling, inconsistent hyphenation, punctuation and spelling -are retained, however a few changes have been made to correct apparent -errors, these are described in the note at the end of the book. - -The characters “u”, “v”; and “i”, “j” have been left as printed, even -where they are not used consistently. “ſ” characters have been changed -to “s” throughout. - -The Errata (_Faults escaped in some Copies_), which is near the end of -the book have been applied to the text. - - - - -PARADISI IN SOLE - -PARADISUS TERRESTRIS - -BY JOHN PARKINSON - -FAITHFULLY REPRINTED -FROM THE EDITION -OF 1629 - -METHUEN & CO. - -LONDON - -1904 - - - - -THE ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS LIMITED - - - - -[Illustration: - -PARADISI IN SOLE - -Paradisus Terrestris. - -or - -A Garden of all sorts of pleasant flowers which our, English ayre -will permitt to be noursed vp: - -with - -A Kitchen garden of all manner of herbes, rootes, & fruites, for meate -or sause vsed with vs, - -and - -An Orchard of all sorte of fruitbearing Trees and shrubbes fit for our -Land - -together - -With the right orderinge planting & preseruing of them and their vses & -vertues Collected by John Parkinson Apothecary of London, 1629 - - Qui veut parangonner l’artifice a Nature - Et nos parcs a l’Eden indiscret il mesure. - - Le pas de l’Elephant par le pas du ciron, - Et de l’Aigle le vol par cil du mouscheron. -] - - - - -TO - -THE QVEENES - -MOST EXCELLENT - -MAIESTIE. - - - _Madame_, - -Knowing your Maiestie so much delighted with all the faire Flowers -of a Garden, and furnished with them as farre beyond others, as you -are eminent before them; this my Worke of a Garden, long before this -intended to be published, and but now only finished, seemed as it were -destined, to bee first offered into your Highnesse hands, as of right -challenging the proprietie of Patronage from all others. Accept, I -beseech your Maiestie, this speaking Garden, that may informe you in -all the particulars of your store, as well as wants, when you cannot -see any of them fresh vpon the ground: and it shall further encourage -him to accomplish the remainder; who, in praying that your Highnesse -may enioy the heauenly Paradise, after the many yeares fruition of this -earthly, submitteth to be - - _Your Maiesties - in all - humble deuotion_, - - IOHN PARKINSON. - - - - -TO THE COVRTEOVS READER. - - -_Although the ancient Heathens did appropriate the first inuention -of the knowledge of Herbes, and so consequently of physicke, some -vnto +Chiron+ the Centaure, and others vnto +Apollo+ or +Æsculapius+ -his sonne; yet wee that are Christians haue out of a better Schoole -learned, that God, the Creator of Heauen and Earth, at the beginning -when he created +Adam+, inspired him with the knowledge of all naturall -things (which successiuely descended to +Noah+ afterwardes, and to -his Posterity): for, as he was able to giue names to all the liuing -Creatures, according to their seuerall natures; so no doubt but hee -had also the knowledge, both what Herbes and Fruits were fit, eyther -for Meate or Medicine, for Vse or for Delight. And that +Adam+ might -exercise this knowledge, God planted a Garden for him to liue in, -(wherein euen in his innocency he was to labour and spend his time) -which hee stored with the best and choysest Herbes and Fruits the earth -could produce, that he might haue not onely for necessitie whereon -to feede, but for pleasure also; the place or garden called Paradise -importing as much, and more plainly the words set downe in +Genesis+ -the second, which are these; +Out of the ground the Lord God made to -grow euerie tree pleasant to the sight and good for meate+; and in the -24. of +Numbers+, the Parable of Balaam, mentioning the Aloe trees -that God planted; and in other places if there were neede to recite -them. But my purpose is onely to shew you, that Paradise was a place -(whether you will call it a Garden, or Orchard, or both, no doubt of -some large extent) wherein +Adam+ was first placed to abide; that God -was the Planter thereof, hauing furnished it with trees and herbes, as -well pleasant to the sight, as good for meate, and that hee being to -dresse and keepe this place, must of necessity know all the things that -grew therein, and to what vses they serued, or else his labour about -them, and knowledge in them, had been in vaine. And although +Adam+ -lost the place for his transgression, yet he lost not the naturall -knowledge, nor vse of them: but that, as God made the whole world, and -all the Creatures therein for Man, so hee may vse all things as well -of pleasure as of necessitie, to bee helpes vnto him to serue his God. -Let men therefore, according to their first institution, so vse their -seruice, that they also in them may remember their seruice to God, and -not (like our Grand-mother +Eve+) set their affections so strongly, on -the pleasure in them, as to deserue the losse of them in this Paradise, -yea and of Heauen also. For truly from all sorts of Herbes and Flowers -we may draw matter at all times not only to magnifie the Creator that -hath giuen them such diuersities of forms, sents and colours, that -the most cunning Worke-man cannot imitate, and such vertues and -properties, that although wee know many, yet many more lye hidden and -vnknowne, but many good instructions also to our selues: That as many -herbes and flowers with their fragrant sweete smels doe comfort, and -as it were reuiue the spirits, and perfume a whole house; euen so such -men as liue vertuously, labouring to doe good, and profit the Church -of God and the Common wealth by their paines or penne, doe as it were -send forth a pleasing savour of sweet instructions, not only to that -time wherein they liue, and are fresh, but being drye, withered and -dead, cease not in all after ages to doe as much or more. Many herbes -and flowers that haue small beautie or savour to commend them, haue -much more good vse and vertue: so many men of excellent rare parts and -good qualities doe lye hid unknown and not respected, vntill time and -vse of them doe set forth their properties. Againe, many flowers haue -a glorious shew of beauty and brauery, yet stinking in smell, or else -of no other vse: so many doe make a glorious ostentation, and flourish -in the world, when as if they stinke not horribly before God, and all -good men, yet surely they haue no other vertue then their outside to -commend them, or leaue behind them. Some also rise vp and appear like a -Lilly among Thornes, or as a goodly Flower among many Weedes or Grasse, -eyther by their honourable authoritie, or eminence of learning or -riches, whereby they excell others, and thereby may doe good to many. -The frailty also of Mans life is learned by the soone fading of them -before their flowring, or in their pride, or soone after, being either -cropt by the hand of the spectator, or by a sudden blast withered and -parched, or by the reuolution of time decaying of it owne nature: as -also that the fairest flowers or fruits first ripe, are soonest and -first gathered. The mutabilitie also of states and persons, by this, -that as where many goodly flowers & fruits did grow this years and -age, in another they are quite pulled or digged vp, and eyther weedes -and grasse grow in their place, or some building erected thereon, and -their place is no more known. The Ciuill respects to be learned from -them are many also: for the delight of the varieties both of formes, -colours and properties of Herbes and Flowers, hath euer beene powerfull -ouer dull, unnurtured, rusticke and sauage people, led only by Natures -instinct; how much, more powerfull is it, or should be in the mindes of -generous persons? for it may well bee said, he is not humane, that is -not allured with this obiect. The study, knowledge, and trauel in them, -as they haue been entertained of great Kings, Princes and Potentates, -without disparagement to their Greatnesse, or hinderance to their more -serious and weighty Affaires: so no doubt vnto all that are capable -thereof, it is not onely pleasant, but profitable, by comforting the -minde, spirits and senses with an harmelesse delight, and by enabling -the iudgement to conferre and apply helpe to many dangerous diseases. -It is also an Instructer in the verity of the genuine Plants of the -Ancients, and a Correcter of the many errours whereunto the world by -continuance hath bin diuerted, and almost therein fixed, by eradicating -in time, and by degrees, the pertinacious wilfulnesse of many, who -because they were brought vp in their errours, are most vnwilling to -leaue them without consideration of the good or euill, the right or -wrong, they draw on therewith. And for my selfe I may well say, that -had not mine owne paines and studies by a naturall inclination beene -more powerfull in mee then any others helpe (although some through -an euill disposition and ignorance haue so far traduced me as to say -this was rather another mans worke then mine owne, but I leaue them to -their folly) I had neuer done so much as I here publish; nor been fit -or prepared for a larger, as time may suddenly (by Gods permission) -bring to light, if the maleuolent dispositions of degenerate spirits -doe not hinder the accomplishment. But perswading my selfe there is -no showre that produceth not some fruit, or no word but worketh some -effect, eyther of good to perswade, or of reproofe to euince; I could -not but declare my minde herein, let others iudge or say what they -please. For I haue alwaies held it a thing vnfit, to conceale or bury -that knowledge God hath giuen, and not to impart it, and further others -therewith as much as is conuenient, yet without ostentation, which I -haue euer hated. Now further to informe the courteous Reader, both of -the occasion that led me on to this worke, and the other occurrences -to it. First, hauing perused many Herbals in Latine, I obserued that -most of them haue eyther neglected or not knowne the many diuersities -of the flower Plants, and rare fruits are known to vs at this time, -and (except +Clusius+) haue made mention but of a very few. In English -likewise we haue some extant, as +Turner+ and +Dodonæus+ translated, -who haue said little of Flowers, +Gerard+ who is last, hath no doubt -giuen vs the knowledge of as many as he attained vnto in his time, but -since his daies we haue had many more varieties, then he or they euer -heard of, as may be perceiued by the store I haue here produced. And -none of them haue particularly seuered those that are beautifull flower -plants, fit to store a garden of delight and pleasure, from the wilde -and vnfit: but haue enterlaced many, one among another, whereby many -that haue desired to haue faire flowers, haue not known eyther what to -choose, or what to desire. Diuers Bookes of Flowers also haue been set -forth, some in our owne Countrey, and more in others, all which are as -it were but handfuls snatched from the plentifull Treasury of Nature, -none of them being willing or able to open all sorts, and declare them -fully; but the greatest hinderance of all mens delight was, that none -of them had giuen any description of them, but the bare name only. To -satisfie therefore their desires that are louers of such Delights, I -took vpon me this labour and charge, and haue here selected and set -forth a Garden of all the chiefest for choyce, and fairest for shew, -from among all the seuerall Tribes and Kindreds of Natures beauty, and -haue ranked them as neere as I could, or as the worke would permit, -in affinity one vnto another. Secondly, and for their sakes that are -studious in Authors, I haue set down the names haue bin formerly giuen -vnto them, with some of their errours, not intending to cumber this -worke with all that might bee said of them, because the deciding of -the many controuersies, doubts, and questions that concerne them, -pertaine more fitly to a generall History: yet I haue beene in some -places more copious and ample then at the first I had intended, the -occasion drawing on my desire to informe others with what I thought -was fit to be known, reseruing what else might be said to another time -& worke; wherein (God willing) I will inlarge my selfe, the subiect -matter requiring it at my hands, in what my small ability can effect. -Thirdly, I haue also to embellish this Worke set forth the figures of -all such plants and flowers as are materiall and different one from -another: but not as some others haue done, that is, a number of the -figures of one sort of plant that haue nothing to distinguish them but -the colour, for that I hold to be superfluous and waste. Fourthly, -I haue also set down the Vertues and Properties of them in a briefe -manner, rather desiring to giue you the knowledge of a few certaine -and true, then to relate, as others haue done, a needless and false -multiplicitie, that so there might as well profit as pleasure be taken -from them, and that nothing might be wanting to accomplish it fully. -And so much for this first part, my Garden of pleasant and delightfull -Flowers. My next Garden consisteth of Herbes and Rootes, fit to be -eaten of the rich and poor as nourishment and food, as sawce or -condiment, as sallet or refreshing, for pleasure or profit; where I doe -as well play the Gardiner, to shew you (in briefe, but not at large) -the times and manner of sowing, setting, planting, replanting, and the -like (although all these things, and many more then are true, are set -down very largely in the seuerall bookes that others haue written of -this subiect) as also to shew some of the Kitchen vses (because they -are Kitchen herbes &c.) although I confesse but very sparingly, not -intending a treatise of cookery, but briefly to giue a touch thereof; -and also the Physicall properties, to shew some what that others haue -not set forth; yet not to play the Empericke, and giue you receipts of -medicines for all diseases, but only to shew in some sort the qualities -of Herbes, to quicken the minds of the studious. And lastly an Orchard -of all sorts of domesticke or forraine, rare and good fruits, fit for -this our Land and Countrey, which is at this time better stored and -furnished then euer in any age before. I haue herein endeauoured, as -in the other Gardens, to set forth the varieties of euery sort in as -briefe a manner as possibly could be, without superfluous repetitions -of descriptions, and onely with especiall notes of difference in -leaues, flowers and fruits. Some few properties also are set downe, -rather the chiefest then the most, as the worke did require. And -moreouer before euery of these parts I haue giuen Treatises of the -ordering, preparing and keeping the seuerall Gardens and Orchard, with -whatsoeuer I thought was conuenient to be known for euery of them._ - -_Thus haue I shewed you both the occasion and scope of this Worke, and -herein haue spent my time, paines and charge, which if well accepted, I -shall thinke well employed, and may the sooner hasten the fourth Part, -A Garden of Simples; which will be quiet no longer at home, then that -it can bring his Master newes of faire weather for the iourney._ - - - Thine in what he may, - - IOHN PARKINSON. - - - - -Ioanni Parkinsono _Pharmacopæo Londinensi solertissimo Botanico -consummatissimo T.D.M. S.P.D._ - - -Poema panegyricum Opus tuum indefessi laboris, vtilitatis eximiæ -postulat, & meriti iure à me extorqueret (mi Parkinsone) si -fauentibus Musis, & secundo Apolline in bicipiti somniare Parnasso, -& repentè Poetæ mihi prodire liceret. In fœtus tui bonis auibus -in lucem editi, & prolixiorem nepotum seriem promittentis laudes, -alii Deopleni Enthusiastæ carmine suos pangant elenchos; quos sub -figmentis ampullata hyperbolicarum vocum mulcedine, vates serè auribus -mentibusne insinuant. Veritas nuditatis amans, fuco natiuum candorem -obumbranti non illustranti perpetuum indixit bellum: In simplicitate, -quam assertionum neruosa breuitas exprimit, exultat. Audi quid de te -sentiam, Tu mihi sis in posterum Crateuas Brittannus; inter omnes -quotquot mihi hic innotuerunt, peritissimus, exercitatissimus, -oculatissimus, & emunctissimæ naris Botanicus: Cuius opera in fortunata -hac Insula rem herbariam tractari, emendari, augeri, & popularibus -tuis vernaculo sermone ad amussim tradi, non decentiæ modo, sed etiam -necessitatis est. Macte tua sedulitate (Vir optime) neque te laborum -tam arduis lucubrationibus datorum hactenus pœniteat, vel deinceps -impendendorum pigeat. Difficilia quæ pulchra. Leniet debitæ laudis -dulcedo vigiliarum acerbitatem, & Olympicum stadium cito pede, à -carceribus ad metas alacriter decurrentem nobile manet βραβεῖον. Sed -memento Artem longam, Vitam esse breuem. Μηδὲν ἀναβαλλόμενος. Vide -quid ad antiquum ilium, cuius si non animam, saltem genium induisti, -Crateuam scribat Hippocrates, Τέχνης πάσης ἀλλότριον ἀναβολὴ ἰητρικῆς -δὲ καὶ πάνυ, ἐν ᾗ ψυχῆς κίνδυνος ἡ ὑπέρθεσις. Nobilissimam Medicinæ -partem Botanicam esse reputa. Floræ nunc litasti & Pomonæ, Apollini -vt audio propediem HORTO MEDICO facturus. Amabò integræ Vestæ sacra -conficito, eiusque variegatum multis simplicium morbifugorum, -myriadibus sinum absolutè pandito, quem sine velo nobis exhibeas. Nulla -dies abeat sine linea. Sic tandem fructus gloriæ referes vberrimos, -quos iustè sudoribus partos, vt in cruda & viridi senectute decerpas -diu, iisque longum fruaris opto. _Vale. Datum Londini Calendas Octobris -anno salutis 1629._ - - Theodorus de Mayerne _Eques aurat. in Aula Regum Magnæ - Britanniæ Iacobi & Caroli P. & F. Archiatrorum Comes._ - - - - -❧ Ad eximium arte & vsu Pharmacopœum & Botanographum _I. Parkinsonum_. - -[Sidenote: Gu. Turnerus. M.D.] - -[Sidenote: Io. Gerardus Chirurgus.] - - _Herbarum vires, primus te (magne Britanne) - Edocuit medicas, inclytus arte sophus. - Atque cluens herbis alter, Chironis alumnus, - Descripsit plantas, neu cadat vlla salus. - Fortunate senex, sis tu nunc tertius Heros - Hortos qui referas, deliciasque soli, - Et flores Veneris lætos, herbasque virentes, - Arboreos fætus, pharmacum & arte potens. - Posteritas iustos posthac tibi solvet honores, - Laudabitque tuæ dexteritatis opus._ - - Ottuellus Meuerell. D.M. & Collegii Med. Lond. socius. - - -Amico suo _Ioanni Parkinsono_. - - _Extollunt alij quos (+Parkinsone+) labores - Da mihi iam veniam comminuisse tuos. - Extremos poteris credi migrasse per Indos: - Cum liber haud aliud quam tuus hortus hic est: - Ipse habitare Indos tecum facis, haud petis Indos - I nunc, & tua me comminuisse refer. - Est liber Effigies, tuus hic qui pingitur hortus, - Digna manu facies hæc, facieque manus! - Vidi ego splendentem varigatis vndique gemmis. - Vna fuit Salomon, turba quid ergo fuit? - Vt vario splendent Pallacia regia sumptu, - Et Procerum turbis Atria tota nitent: - Tunc cum festa dies veniam dedit esse superbis - Quosque ficus texit, nunc tria rura tegunt: - Plena tuo pariter spectatur Curia in Horto, - Hic Princeps, Dux hic, Sponsaque pulchra Ducis. - Quæque dies est festa dies, nec parcius vnquam - Luxuriant, lauta hæc; Quotidiana tamen. - Ecce velut Patriæ Paradisi haud immemor Exul, - Hunc naturali pingit amore sibi. - Pingit & ad vivum sub eodem nomine, & hic est - Fronticuli sudor quem cerebrique dedit: - Astat Adam medius Paradiso noster in isto - Et species nomen cuique dat ipse suum. - Hos cape pro meritis, qui florem nomine donas - Æternum florens tu tibi Nomen habe._ - - Guilielmus Atkins. - - -Ad Amicum _Ioannem Parkinsonum_ Pharmacopœum, & Archibotanicum -Londinensem. - - _Africa quas profert Plantas, quas India mittit, - Quas tua dat tellus, has tuus hortus habet: - Atque harum Species, florendi tempora, vires, - Et varias formas iste libellus habet: - Nescio plus librum talem mirabor, an hortum - Totus inest horto mundus; at iste libro. - Parkinsone tuus liber, & labor, & tua sit laus, - Herbas dum nobis das; datur herba tibi._ - - Guilielmus Brodus Pharmacopœus ac Philobotanicus Londinensis. - - -Ad Amicum _Ioannem Parkinsonum_ Pharmacopœum & Botanicum insignem. -Carmen. - - _Qvam magno pandis Floræ penetralia nixu - Atque facis cœlo liberiore frui? - Omnibus vt placeas, ô quam propensa voluntas, - Solicitusque labor nocte dieque premit? - Quam magno cultum studio conquirere in hortum - Herbarum quicquid mundus in orbe tenet, - Immensus sumptus, multosque extensus in annos - Te labor afficiunt? & data nulla quies. - Talia quærenti, surgit novus ardor habendi, - Nec tibi tot soli munera magna petis; - Descriptos vivâ profers sub imagine flores, - Tum profers mensæ quicquid & hortus alit, - Laudatos nobis fructus & promis honores, - Profers, quas celebrant nullibi scripta virum, - Herbarum species, quibus est quoque grata venustas: - Sic nos multiplici munere, Amice, beas. - Hoc cape pro meritis, florum dum gratia floret, - Suntque herbis vires; en tibi Nomen erit. - In serum semper tua gloria floreat ævum, - Gloria quæ in longum non peritura diem._ - - Thomas Iohnson vtriusque Societatis consors. - - - - -[Illustration: IOANNIS PARKINSONI PHARMACOPŒI LONDINENSIS EFFIGIES · -LXII ÆTATIS ANNVM AGENTIS · A NATO CHRISTO CIↃDCXXIX ✻] - - - - -THE ORDERING OF THE GARDEN OF PLEASVRE. - - - - -CHAP. I. - -_The situation of a Garden of pleasure, with the nature of soyles, -and how to amend the defects that are in many sorts of situations and -grounds._ - - -The seuerall situations of mens dwellings, are for the most part -vnauoideable and vnremoueable; for most men cannot appoint forth such -a manner of situation for their dwelling, as is most fit to auoide all -the inconueniences of winde and weather, but must bee content with -such as the place will afford them; yet all men doe well know, that -some situations are more excellent than others: according therfore -to the seuerall situation of mens dwellings, so are the situations -of their gardens also for the most part. And although diuers doe -diuersly preferre their owne seuerall places which they haue chosen, -or wherein they dwell; As some those places that are neare vnto a -riuer or brooke to be best for the pleasantnesse of the water, the -ease of transportation of themselues, their friends and goods, as -also for the fertility of the soyle, which is seldome bad neare vnto -a riuers side; And others extoll the side or top of an hill, bee it -small or great, for the prospects sake; And againe, some the plaine -or champian ground, for the euen leuell thereof: euery one of which, -as they haue their commodities accompanying them, so haue they also -their discommodities belonging vnto them, according to the Latine -Prouerbe, _Omne commodum fert suum incommodum_. Yet to shew you for -euerie of these situations which is the fittest place to plant your -garden in, and how to defend it from the iniuries of the cold windes -and frosts that may annoy it, will, I hope, be well accepted. And -first, for the water side, I suppose the North side of the water to -be the best side for your garden, that it may haue the comfort of the -South Sunne to lye vpon it and face it, and the dwelling house to bee -aboue it, to defend the cold windes and frosts both from your herbes, -and flowers, and early fruits. And so likewise I iudge for the hill -side, that it may lye full open to the South Sunne, and, the house -aboue it, both for the comfort the ground shall receiue of the water -and raine descending into it, and of defence from winter and colds. -Now for the plaine leuell ground, the buildings of the house should -be on the North side of the garden, that so they might bee a defence -of much sufficiency to safeguard it from many iniurious cold nights -and dayes, which else might spoyle the pride thereof in the bud. But -because euery one cannot so appoint his dwelling, as I here appoint -the fittest place for it to be, euery ones pleasure thereof shall be -according to the site, cost, and endeauours they bestow, to cause it -come nearest to this proportion, by such helpes of bricke or stone wals -to defend it, or by the helpe of high growne and well spread trees, -planted on the North side thereof, to keepe it the warmer. And euery -of these three situations, hauing the fairest buildings of the house -facing the garden in this manner before specified, besides the benefit -of shelter it shall haue from them, the buildings and roomes abutting -thereon, shall haue reciprocally the beautifull prospect into it, and -haue both sight and sent of whatsoeuer is excellent, and worthy to giue -content out of it, which is one of the greatest pleasures a garden can -yeeld his Master. Now hauing shewed you the best place where this your -garden should be, let me likewise aduise you where it should not be, -at least that it is the worst place wherein it may be, if it be either -on the West or East side of your house, or that it stand in a moorish -ground, or other vnwholsome ayre (for many, both fruits, herbes, and -flowers that are tender, participate with the ayre, taking in a manner -their chiefest thriuing from thence) or neare any common Lay-stalles, -or common Sewers, or else neare any great Brew-house, Dye-house, or any -other place where there is much smoake, whether it be of straw, wood, -or especially of sea-coales, which of all other is the worst, as our -Citie of London can giue proofe sufficient, wherein neither herbe nor -tree will long prosper, nor hath done euer since the vse of sea-coales -beganne to bee frequent therein. And likewise that it is much the -worse, if it bee neare vnto any Barnes or Stackes of corne or hey, -because that from thence will continually with the winde bee brought -into the garden the strawe and chaffe of the corne, the dust and seede -of the hey to choake or pester it. Next vnto the place or situation, -let mee shew you the grounds or soyles for it, eyther naturall or -artificiall. No man will deny, but the naturall blacke mould is not -only the fattest and richest, but farre exceedeth any other either -naturall or artificiall, as well in goodnesse as durability. And next -thereunto, I hold the sandy loame (which is light and yet firme, but -not loose as sand, nor stiffe like vnto clay) to be little inferiour -for this our Garden of pleasure; for that it doth cause all bulbous -and tuberous rooted plants to thriue sufficiently therein, as likewise -all other flower-plants, Roses, Trees, &c. which if it shall decay by -much turning and working out the heart of it, may soone be helped with -old stable manure of horses, being well turned in, when it is old and -almost conuerted to mould. Other grounds, as chalke, sand, grauell, -or clay, are euery of them one more or lesse fertill or barren than -other; and therefore doe require such helpes as is most fit for them. -And those grounds that are ouer dry, loose, and dustie, the manure -of stall fedde beasts and cattell being buried or trenched into the -earth, and when it is thorough rotten (which will require twice the -time that the stable soyle of horses will) well turned and mixed with -the earth, is the best soyle to temper both the heate and drinesse -of them. So contrariwise the stable dung of horses is the best for -cold grounds, to giue them heate and life. But of all other sorts of -grounds, the stiffe clay is the very worst for this purpose; for that -although you should digge out the whole compasse of your Garden, carry -it away, and bring other good mould in the stead thereof, and fill vp -the place, yet the nature of that clay is so predominant, that in a -small time it will eate out the heart of the good mould, and conuert it -to its owne nature, or very neare vnto it: so that to bring it to any -good, there must bee continuall labour bestowed thereon, by bringing -into it good store of chalke, lime, or sand, or else ashes eyther of -wood or of sea-coales (which is the best for this ground) well mixed -and turned in with it. And as this stiffe clay is the worst, so what -ground soeuer commeth nearest vnto the nature thereof, is neared vnto -it in badnesse, the signes whereof are the ouermuch moysture thereof -in Winter, and the much cleaning and chapping thereof in Summer, when -the heate of the yeare hath consumed the moysture, which tyed and bound -it fast together, as also the stiffe and hard working therein: but if -the nature of the clay bee not too stiffe, but as it were tempered and -mixed with sand or other earths, your old stable soyle of horses will -helpe well the small rifting or chapping thereof, to be plentifully -bestowed therin in a fit season. Some also do commend the casting of -ponds and ditches, to helpe to manure these stiffe chapping grounds. -Other grounds, that are ouermoist by springs, that lye too neare -the vpper face of the earth, besides that the beds thereof had need -to be laid vp higher, and the allies, as trenches and furrowes, to -lye lower, the ground it selfe had neede to haue some good store of -chalke-stones bestowed thereon, some certaine yeares, if it may be, -before it be laid into a Garden, that the Winter frosts may breake the -chalke small, and the Raine dissolue it into mould, that so they may -bee well mixed together; than which, there is not any better manure -to soyle such a moist ground, to helpe to dry vp the moysture, and -to giue heate and life to the coldnesse thereof, which doth alwayes -accompany these moist grounds, and also to cause it abide longer in -heart than any other. For the sandy and grauelly grounds, although I -know the well mollified manure of beasts and cattell to be excellent -good, yet I know also, that some commend a white Marle, and some a clay -to be well spread thereon, and after turned thereinto: and for the -chalkie ground, _è conuerso_, I commend fatte clay to helpe it. You -must vnderstand, that the lesse rich or more barren that your ground -is, there needeth the more care, labour, and cost to bee bestowed -thereon, both to order it rightly, & so to preserue it from time to -time: for no artificiall or forc’t ground can endure good any long -time, but that within a few yeares it must be refreshed more or lesse, -according as it doth require. Yet you shall likewise vnderstand, that -this Garden of pleasure stored with these Out-landish flowers; that is, -bulbous and tuberous rooted plants, and other fine flowers, that I haue -hereafter described, and assigned vnto it, needeth not so much or so -often manuring with soyle, &c. as another Garden planted with the other -sorts of English flowers, or a Garden of ordinary Kitchin herbes doth. -Your ground likewise for this Garden had neede to bee well cleansed -from all annoyances (that may hinder the well doing or prospering of -the flowers therein) as stones, weedes, rootes of trees, bushes, &c. -and all other things cumbersome or hurtfull; and therefore the earth -being not naturally fine enough of it selfe, is vsed to bee fitted to -make it the finer, and that either through a hurdle made of sticks, or -lathes, or through square or round sieues platted with fine and strong -thin stickes, or with wyers in the bottome. Or else the whole earth of -the Garden being course, may be cast in the same manner that men vse -to try or fine sand from grauell, that is, against a wall; whereby the -courser and more stony, falling downe from the fine, is to be taken -away from the foote of the heape, the finer sand and ground remaining -still aboue, and on the heape. Or else in the want of a wall to cast it -against, I haue seene earth fined by it selfe in this manner: Hauing -made the floore or vpper part of a large plat of ground cleane from -stones, &c. let there a reasonable round heape of fine earth be set -in the midst thereof, or in stead thereof a large Garden flowerpot, -or other great pot, the bottome turned vpwards, and then poure your -course earth on the top or head thereof, one shouell full after another -somewhat gently, and thereby all the course stuffe and stones will fall -downe to the bottome round about the heape, which must continually be -carefully taken away, and thus you may make your earth as fine as if -it were cast against a wall, the heape being growne great, seruing in -stead thereof. Those that will not prepare their grounds in some of -these manners aforesaid, shall soone finde to their losse the neglect -thereof: for the trash and stones shall so hinder the encrease of their -roots, that they will be halfe lost in the earth among the stones, -which else might be saued to serue to plant wheresoeuer they please. - - - - -CHAP. II. - -_The frame or forme of a Garden of delight and pleasure, with the -seuerall varieties thereof._ - - -Although many men must be content with any plat of ground, of what -forme or quantity soeuer it bee, more or lesse, for their Garden, -because a more large or conuenient cannot bee had to their habitation: -Yet I perswade my selfe, that Gentlemen of the better sort and quality, -will prouide such a parcell of ground to bee laid out for their Garden, -and in such conuenient manner, as may be fit and answerable to the -degree they hold. To prescribe one forme for euery man to follow, were -too great presumption and folly: for euery man will please his owne -fancie, according to the extent he designeth out for that purpose, -be it orbicular or round, triangular or three square, quadrangular -or foure square, or more long than broad. I will onely shew you here -the seuerall formes that many men haue taken and delighted in, let -euery man chuse which him liketh best, or may most fitly agree to that -proportion of ground hee hath set out for that purpose. The orbicular -or round forme is held in it owne proper existence, to be the most -absolute forme, containing within it all other formes whatsoeuer; -but few I thinke will chuse such a proportion to be ioyned to their -habitation, being not accepted any where I think, but for the generall -Garden to the Vniuersity at Padoa. The triangular or three square is -such a forme also, as is seldome chosen by any that may make another -choise, and as I thinke is onely had where another forme cannot be had, -necessitie constraining them to be therewith content. The foure square -forme is the most vsually accepted with all, and doth best agree to -any mans dwelling, being (as I said before) behinde the house, all the -backe windowes thereof opening into it. Yet if it bee longer than the -breadth, or broader than the length, the proportion of walkes, squares, -and knots may be soon brought to the square forme, and be so cast, as -the beauty thereof may bee no lesse than the foure square proportion, -or any other better forme, if any be. To forme it therfore with walks, -crosse the middle both waies, and round about it also with hedges, -with squares, knots and trayles, or any other worke within the foure -square parts, is according as euery mans conceit alloweth of it, and -they will be at the charge: For there may be therein walkes eyther open -or close, eyther publike or priuate, a maze or wildernesse, a rocke or -mount, with a fountaine in the midst thereof to conuey water to euery -part of the Garden, eyther in pipes vnder the ground, or brought by -hand, and emptied into large Cisternes or great Turkie Iarres, placed -in conuenient places, to serue as an ease to water the nearest parts -thereunto. Arbours also being both gracefull and necessary, may be -appointed in such conuenient places, as the corners, or else where, -as may be most fit, to serue both for shadow and rest after walking. -And because many are desirous to see the formes of trayles, knots, and -other compartiments, and because the open knots are more proper for -these Out-landish flowers; I haue here caused some to be drawne, to -satisfie their desires, not intending to cumber this worke with ouer -manie, in that it would be almost endlesse, to expresse so many as -might bee conceiued and set downe, for that euery man may inuent others -farre differing from these, or any other can be set forth. Let euery -man therefore, if hee like of these, take what may please his mind, or -out of these or his own conceit, frame any other to his fancy, or cause -others to be done as he liketh best, obseruing this _decorum_, that -according to his ground he do cast out his knots, with conuenient roome -for allies and walkes; for the fairer and larger your allies and walkes -be, the more grace your Garden shall haue, the lesse harme the herbes -and flowers shall receiue, by passing by them that grow next vnto the -allies sides, and the better shall your Weeders cleanse both the beds -and the allies. - - -[Illustration: Drawings of garden designs] - - - - -CHAP. III. - -_The many sorts of herbes and other things, wherewith the beds and -parts of knots are bordered to set out the forme of them, with their -commodities and discommodities._ - - -It is necessary also, that I shew you the seuerall materials, wherewith -these knots and trayles are set forth and bordered; which are of two -sorts: The one are liuing herbes, and the other are dead materials; -as leade, boords, bones, tyles, &c. Of herbes, there are many sorts -wherewith the knots and beds in a Garden are vsed to bee set, to shew -forth the forme of them, and to preserue them the longer in their -forme, as also to be as greene, and sweete herbes, while they grow, to -be cut to perfume the house, keeping them in such order and proportion, -as may be most conuenient for their seuerall natures, and euery mans -pleasure and fancy: Of all which, I intend to giue you the knowledge -here in this place; and first, to begin with that which hath beene -most anciently receiued, which is Thrift. This is an euerliuing greene -herbe, which many take to border their beds, and set their knots and -trayles, and therein much delight, because it will grow thicke and -bushie, and may be kept, being cut with a paire of Garden sheeres, in -some good handsome manner and proportion for a time, and besides, in -the Summer time send forth many short stalkes of pleasant flowers, to -decke vp an house among other sweete herbes: Yet these inconueniences -doe accompany it; it will not onely in a small time ouergrow the knot -or trayle in many places, by growing so thicke and bushie, that it -will put out the forme of a knot in many places: but also much thereof -will dye with the frosts and snowes in Winter, and with the drought -in Summer, whereby many voide places will be seene in the knot, which -doth much deforme it, and must therefore bee yearely refreshed: the -thicknesse also and bushing thereof doth hide and shelter snayles and -other small noysome wormes so plentifully, that Gilloflowers, and other -fine herbes and flowers being planted therein, are much spoyled by -them, and cannot be helped without much industry, and very great and -daily attendance to destroy them. Germander is another herbe, in former -times also much vsed, and yet also in many places; and because it will -grow thicke, and may be kept also in some forme and proportion with -cutting, and that the cuttings are much vsed as a strawing herbe for -houses, being pretty and sweete, is also much affected by diuers: but -this also will often dye and grow out of forme, and besides that, the -stalkes will grow too great, hard and stubby, the rootes doe so farre -shoote vnder ground, that, vpon a little continuance thereof, will -spread into many places within the knot, which if continually they be -not plucked vp, they will spoile the whole knot it selfe; and therefore -once in three or foure yeares at the most, it must be taken vp and new -set, or else it will grow too roynish and cumbersome. Hyssope hath also -been vsed to be set about a knot, and being sweete, will serue for -strewings, as Germander: But this, although the rootes doe not runne -or creep like it, yet the stalkes doe quickly grow great aboue ground, -and dye often after the first yeares setting, whereby the grace of the -knot will be much lost. Marierome, Sauorie, and Thyme, in the like -manner being sweete herbes, are vsed to border vp beds and knots, and -will be kept for a little while, with cutting, into some conformity; -but all and euery of them serve most commonly but for one yeares vse, -and will soone decay and perish: and therefore none of these, no more -than any of the former, doe I commend for a good bordering herbe for -this purpose. Lauander Cotton also being finely slipped and set, is of -many, and those of the highest respect of late daies, accepted, both -for the beauty and forme of the herbe, being of a whitish greene mealy -colour, for his sent smelling somewhat strong, and being euerliuing and -abiding greene all the Winter, will, by cutting, be kept in as euen -proportion as any other herbe may be. This will likewise soone grow -great and stubbed, notwithstanding the cutting, and besides will now -and then perish in some places, especially if you doe not strike or put -off the snow, before the Sunne lying vpon it dissolue it: The rarity -& nouelty of this herbe, being for the most part but in the Gardens -of great persons, doth cause it to be of the greater regard, it must -therfore be renewed wholly euery second or third yeare at the most, -because of the great growing therof. Slips of Iuniper or Yew are also -receiued of some & planted, because they are alwayes green, and that -the Iuniper especially hath not that ill sent that Boxe hath, which I -will presently commend vnto you, yet both Iuniper and Yew will soon -grow too great and stubbed, and force you to take vp your knot sooner, -than if it were planted with Boxe. Which lastly, I chiefly and aboue -all other herbes commend vnto you, and being a small, lowe, or dwarfe -kinde, is called French or Dutch Boxe, and serueth very well to set out -any knot, or border out any beds: for besides that it is euer greene, -it being reasonable thicke set, will easily be cut and formed into any -fashion one will, according to the nature thereof, which is to grow -very slowly, and will not in a long time rise to be of any height, -but shooting forth many small branches from the roote, will grow very -thicke, and yet not require so great tending, nor so much perish as -any of the former, and is onely receiued into the Gardens of those -that are curious. This (as I before said) I commend and hold to bee -the best and surest herbe to abide faire and greene in all the bitter -stormes of the sharpest Winter, and all the great heates and droughts -of Summer, and doth recompence the want of a good sweet sent with his -fresh verdure, euen proportion, and long lasting continuance. Yet -these inconueniences it hath, that besides the vnpleasing sent which -many mislike, and yet is but small, the rootes of this Boxe do so much -spread themselues into the ground of the knot, and doe draw from thence -so much nourishment, that it robbeth all the herbes that grow neare -it of their sap and substance, thereby making all the earth about it -barren, or at least lesse fertile. Wherefore to shew you the remedy of -this inconuenience of spreading, without either taking vp the Boxe of -the border, or the herbes and flowers in the knot, is I thinke a secret -knowne but vnto a few, which is this: You shall take a broad pointed -Iron like vnto a Slise or Chessill, which thrust downe right into the -ground a good depth all along the inside of the border of Boxe somewhat -close thereunto, you may thereby cut away the spreading rootes thereof, -which draw so much moisture from the other herbes on the inside, and -by this meanes both preserue your herbes and flowers in the knot, and -your Boxe also, for that the Boxe will be nourished sufficiently from -the rest of the rootes it shooteth on all the other sides. And thus -much for the liuing herbes, that serue to set or border vp any knot. -Now for the dead materials, they are also, as I said before diuers: -as first, Leade, which some that are curious doe border their knots -withall, causing it to be cut of the breadth of foure fingers, bowing -the lower edge a little outward, that it may lye vnder the vpper crust -of the ground, and that it may stand the faster, and making the vpper -edge either plain, or cut out like vnto the battlements of a Church: -this fashion hath delighted some, who haue accounted it stately (at the -least costly) and fit for their degree, and the rather, because it will -be bowed and bended into any round square, angular, or other proportion -as one listeth, and is not much to be misliked, in that the Leade -doth not easily breake or spoile without much iniury, and keepeth vp -a knot for a very long time in his due proportion: but in my opinion, -the Leade is ouer-hot for Summer, and ouer-cold for Winter. Others doe -take Oaken inch boords, and sawing them foure or fiue inches broad, -do hold vp their knot therewith: but in that these boordes cannot bee -drawne compasse into any small scantling, they must serue rather for -long outright beds, or such knots as haue no rounds, halfe rounds or -compassings in them. And besides, these boordes are not long lasting, -because they stand continually in the weather, especially the ends -where they are fastened together will soonest rot and perish, and so -the whole forme will be spoyled. To preuent that fault, some others -haue chosen the shanke bones of Sheep, which after they haue beene well -cleansed and boyled, to take out the fat from them, are stucke into -the ground the small end downewards, and the knockle head vpwards, and -thus being set side to side, or end to end close together, they set -out the whole knot therewith, which heads of bones although they looke -not white the first yeare, yet after they haue abiden some frosts and -heates will become white, and prettily grace out the ground: but this -inconvenience is incident to them, that the Winter frosts will raise -them out of the ground oftentimes, and if by chance the knockle head -of any doe breake, or be strucke off with any ones foot, &c. going by, -from your store, that lyeth by you of the same sort, set another in -the place, hauing first taken away the broken peece: although these -will last long in forme and order, yet because they are but bones -many mislike them, and indeed I know but few that vse them. Tyles are -also vsed by some, which by reason they may bee brought compasse into -any fashion many are pleased with them, who doe not take the whole -Tyle at length, but halfe Tyles, and other broken pieces set somewhat -deepe, into the ground, that they may stand fast, and these take vp -but little roome, and keepe vp the edge of the beds and knots in a -pretty comely manner, but they are often out of frame, in that many -of them are broken and spoiled, both with mens feete passing by, the -weather and weight of the earth beating them downe and breaking them, -but especially the frosts in Winter doe so cracke off their edges, -both at the toppes and sides that stand close one vnto another, that -they must be continually tended and repaired with fresh and sound ones -put in the place of them that are broken or decayed. And lastly (for -it is the latest inuention) round whitish or blewish pebble stones, -of some reasonable proportion and bignesse, neither too great nor too -little, haue beene vsed by some to be set, or rather in a manner but -laide vpon the ground to fashion out the traile or knot, or all along -by the large grauelly walke sides to set out the walke, and maketh a -pretty handsome shew, and because the stones will not decay with the -iniuries of any time or weather, and will be placed in their places -againe, if any should be thrust out by any accident, as also that their -sight is so conspicuous vpon the ground, especially if they be not hid -with the store of herbes growing in the knot; is accounted both for -durability, beauty of the sight, handsomnesse in the worke, and ease in -the working and charge, to be of all other dead materials the chiefest. -And thus, Gentlemen, I haue shewed you all the varieties that I know -are vsed by any in our Countrey, that are worth the reciting (but as -for the fashion of Iawe-bones, vsed by some in the Low Countries, and -other places beyond the Seas, being too grosse and base, I make no -mention of them) among which euery one may take what pleaseth him best, -or may most fitly be had, or may best agree with the ground or knot. -Moreouer, all these herbes that serue for borderings, doe serue as -well to be set vpon the ground of a leuelled knot; that is, where the -allies and foot-pathes are of the same leuell with the knot, as they -may serue also for the raised knot, that is, where the beds of the knot -are raised higher than the allies; but both Leade, Boordes, Bones, and -Tyles, are only for the raised ground, be it knot or beds. The pebble -stones againe are onely for the leuelled ground, because they are so -shallow, that as I said before, they rather lye vpon the earth than -are thrust any way into it. All this that I haue here set downe, you -must vnderstand is proper for the knots alone of a Garden. But for to -border the whole square or knot about, to serue as a hedge thereunto, -euery one taketh what liketh him best; as either Priuet alone, or -sweete Bryer, and white Thorne enterlaced together, and Roses of one, -or two, or more sorts placed here and there amongst them. Some also -take Lauander, Rosemary, Sage, Southernwood, Lauander Cotton, or some -such other thing. Some againe plant Cornell Trees, and plash them, or -keepe them lowe, to forme them into an hedge. And some againe take a -lowe prickly shrubbe, that abideth alwayes greene, described in the end -of this Booke, called in Latine _Pyracantha_, which in time will make -an euer greene hedge or border, and when it beareth fruit, which are -red berries like vnto Hawthorne berries, make a glorious shew among the -greene leaues in the Winter time, when no other shrubbes haue fruit or -leaues. - - - - -CHAP. IV. - -_The nature and names of diuers Out-landish flowers, that for their -pride, beauty, and earlinesse, are to be planted in Gardens of pleasure -for delight._ - - -Having thus formed out a Garden, and diuided it into his fit and due -proportion, with all the gracefull knots, arbours, walkes, &c. likewise -what is fit to keepe it in the same comely order, is appointed vnto -it, both for the borders of the squares, and for the knots and beds -themselues; let vs now come and furnish the inward parts, and beds -with those fine flowers that (being strangers vnto vs, and giuing -the beauty and brauery of their colours so early before many of our -home bred flowers, the more to entice vs to their delight) are most -beseeming it; and namely, with Daffodils, Fritillarias, Iacinthes, -Saffron-flowers, Lillies, Flowerdeluces, Tulipas, Anemones, French -Cowslips, or Beares eares, and a number of such other flowers, very -beautifull, delightfull, and pleasant, hereafter described at full, -whereof although many haue little sweete scent to commend them, yet -their earlinesse and exceeding great beautie and varietie doth so -farre counteruaile that defect (and yet I must tell you with all, that -there is among the many sorts of them some, and that not a few, that -doe excell in sweetnesse, being so strong and heady, that they rather -offend by too much than by too little sent, and some againe are of so -milde and moderate temper, that they scarce come short of your most -delicate and daintiest flowers) that they are almost in all places with -all persons, especially with the better sort of the Gentry of the Land, -as greatly desired and accepted as any other the most choisest, and the -rather, for that the most part of these Out-landish flowers, do shew -forth their beauty and colours so early in the yeare, that they seeme -to make a Garden of delight euen in the Winter time, and doe so giue -their flowers one after another, that all their brauery is not fully -spent, vntil that Gilliflowers, the pride of our English Gardens, do -shew themselues: So that whosoeuer would haue of euery sort of these -flowers, may haue for euery moneth seueral colours and varieties, euen -from Christmas vntill Midsommer, or after; and then, after some little -respite, vntill Christmas againe, and that in some plenty, with great -content and without forcing; so that euery man may haue them in euery -place, if they will take any care of them. And because there bee many -Gentlewomen and others, that would gladly haue some fine flowers to -furnish their Gardens, but know not what the names of those things are -that they desire, nor what are the times of their flowring, nor the -skill and knowledge of their right ordering, planting, displanting, -transplanting, and replanting; I haue here for their sakes set downe -the nature, names, times, and manner of ordering in a briefe manner, -referring the more ample declaration of them to the worke following. -And first of their names and natures: Of Daffodils there are almost -an hundred sorts, as they are seuerally described hereafter, euery -one to be distinguished from other, both in their times, formes, and -colours, some being eyther white, or yellow, or mixt, or else being -small or great, single or double, and some hauing but one flower vpon -a stalke, others many, whereof many are so exceeding sweete, that a -very few are sufficient to perfume a whole chamber, and besides, many -of them be so faire and double, eyther one vpon a stalke, or many vpon -a stalke, that one or two stalkes of flowers are in stead of a whole -nose-gay, or bundell of flowers tyed together. This I doe affirme -vpon good knowledge and certaine experience, and not as a great many -others doe, tell of the wonders of another world, which themselues -neuer saw nor euer heard of, except some superficiall relation, which -themselues haue augmented according to their owne fansie and conceit. -Againe, let me here also by the way tell you, that many idle and -ignorant Gardiners and others, who get names by stealth, as they doe -many other things, doe call some of these Daffodils Narcisses, when -as all know that know any Latine, that Narcissus is the Latine name, -and Daffodill the English of one and the same thing; and therefore -alone without any other Epithite cannot properly distinguish seuerall -things. I would willingly therefore that all would grow iudicious, and -call euery thing by his proper English name in speaking English, or -else by such Latine name as euery thing hath that hath not a proper -English name, that thereby they may distinguish the seuerall varieties -of things and not confound them, as also to take away all excuses of -mistaking; as for example: The single English bastard Daffodill (which -groweth wilde in many Woods, Groues, and Orchards in England.) The -double English bastard Daffodill. The French single white Daffodill -many vpon a stalke. The French double yellow Daffodill. The great, or -the little, or the least Spanish yellow bastard Daffodill, or the great -or little Spanish white Daffodill. The Turkie single white Daffodill, -or, The Turkie single or double white Daffodill many vpon a stalke, -&c. Of Fritillaria, or the checkerd Daffodill, there are halfe a score -seuerall sorts, both white and red, both yellow and blacke, which are a -wonderfull grace and ornament to a Garden in regard of the Checker like -spots are in the flowers. Of Iacinthes there are aboue halfe an hundred -sorts, as they are specified hereafter; some like vnto little bells -or starres, others like vnto little bottles or pearles, both white -and blew, sky-coloured and blush, and some starlike of many pretty -various formes, and all to giue delight to them that will be curious -to obserue them. Of Crocus or Saffron flowers, there are also twenty -sorts; some of the Spring time, others flowring onely in the Autume or -Fall, earlier or later than another, some whereof abide but a while, -others indure aboue a moneth in their glorious beauty. The Colchicum or -Medowe Saffron, which some call the sonne before the father, but not -properly, is of many sorts also; some flowring in the Spring of the -yeare, but the most in Autume, whereof some haue faire double flowers -very delightfull to behold, and some partly coloured both single and -double so variable, that it would make any one admire the worke of -the Creatour in the various spots and stripes of these flowers. Then -haue wee of Lillies twenty seuerall sorts and colours, among whom I -must reckon the Crowne Imperiall, that for his stately forme deserueth -some speciall place in this Garden, as also the Martagons, both white -and red, both blush and yellow, that require to be set by themselues -apart, as it were in a small round or square of a knot, without many -other, or tall flowers growing neare them. But to tell you of all the -sorts of Tulipas (which are the pride of delight) they are so many, -and as I may say, almost infinite, doth both passe my ability, and as -I beleeue the skill of any other. They are of two especiall sorts, -some flowring earlier, and others later than their fellowes, and that -naturally in all grounds, wherein there is such a wonderfull variety -and mixture of colours, that it is almost impossible for the wit of -man to descipher them thoroughly, and to giue names that may be true -& seuerall distinctions to euery flower, threescore seuerall sorts of -colours simple and mixed of each kind I can reckon vp that I haue, -and of especiall note, and yet I doubt not, but for euery one of them -there are ten others differing from them, which may be seen at seuerall -times, and in seuerall places: & besides this glory of variety in -colors that these flowers haue, they carry so stately & delightfull -a forme, & do abide so long in their brauery (enduring aboue three -whole moneths from the first vnto the last) that there is no Lady or -Gentlewoman of any worth that is not caught with this delight, or not -delighted with these flowers. The Anemones likewise or Windeflowers -are so full of variety and so dainty, so pleasant and so delightsome -flowers, that the sight of them doth enforce an earnest longing desire -in the minde of any one to be a possessour of some of them at the -least: For without all doubt, this one kinde of flower, so variable -in colours, so differing in forme (being almost as many sorts of them -double as single) so plentifull in bearing flowers, and so durable in -lasting, and also so easie both; to preserue and to encrease, is of it -selfe alone almost sufficient to furnish a garden with their flowers -for almost halfe the yeare, as I shall shew you in a fit and conuenient -place. The Beares eares or French Cowslips must not want their deserued -commendations, seeing that their flowers, being many set together -vpon a stalke, doe seeme euery one of them to bee a Nosegay alone of -it selfe: and besides the many differing colours that are to be seene -in them, as white, yellow, blush, purple, red, tawney, murrey, haire -colour, &c. which encrease much delight in all sorts of the Gentry of -the Land, they are not vnfurnished with a pretty sweete sent, which -doth adde an encrease of pleasure in those that make them an ornament -for their wearing. Flowerdeluces also are of many sorts, but diuided -into two especiall, kindes; the one bearing a leafe like a flagge whose -roots are tuberous, thicke and short (one kinde of them being the Orris -rootes that are sold at the Apothecaries, whereof sweete powders are -made to lye among garments) the other having round rootes like vnto -Onions, and narrow long leaues somewhat like grasse: Of both these -kindes there is much variety, especially in their colours. The greater -Flagge kinde is frequent enough and dispersed in this Land, and well -doth serue to decke vp both a Garden and House with natures beauties: -But the chiefe of all is your Sable flower, so fit for a mourning -habit, that I thinke in the whole compasse of natures store, there is -not a more patheticall, or of greater correspondency, nor yet among -all the flowers I know any one comming neare vnto the colour of it. -The other kinde which hath bulbous or Onion like rootes, diuersifieth -it selfe also into so many fine colours, being of a more neate shape -and succinct forme than the former, that it must not bee wanting to -furnish this Garden. The Hepatica or Noble Liuerwoort is another flower -of account, whereof some are white, others red, or blew, or purple, -somewhat resembling Violets, but that there are white threads in the -middest of their flowers, which adde the more grace vnto them; and one -kinde of them is so double, that it resembleth a double thicke Dasie -or Marigold, but being small and of an excellent blew colour, is like -vnto a Button: but that which commendeth the flower as much as the -beauty, is the earlinesse in flowring, for that it is one of the very -first flowers that open themselues after Christmas, euen in the midst -of Winter. The Cyclamen or Sowebread is a flower of rare receipt, -because it is naturally hard to encrease, and that the flowers are like -vnto red or blush coloured Violets, flowring in the end of Summer or -beginning of Autumne: the leaues likewise hereof haue no small delight -in their pleasant colour, being knotted and circled white vpon greene, -and that which most preferreth it, is the Physicall properties thereof -for women, which I will declare when I shall shew you the seuerall -descriptions of the varieties in his proper place. Many other sorts of -flowers there are fit to furnish this Garden, as Leucoium or Bulbous -Violet, both early and late flowring. Muscari or Muske Grape flower. -Starre flowers of diuers sorts. Phalangium or Spiderwort, the chiefe -of many is that sort whose flowers are like vnto a white Lilly. Winter -Crowfoote or Wolfes bane. The Christmas flower like vnto a single -white Rose. Bell flowers of many kindes. Yellow Larkes spurre, the -prettiest flower of a score in a Garden. Flower-gentle or Floramour. -Flower of the Sunne. The Maruaile of Peru or of the world. Double Marsh -Marigold or double yellow Buttons, much differing and farre exceeding -your double yellow Crowfoote, which some call Batchelours Buttons. -Double French Marigolds that smell well, and is a greater kinde than -the ordinary, and farre surpasseth it. The double red Ranunculus or -Crowfoote (farre excelling the most glorious double Anemone) and is -like vnto our great yellow double Crowfoote. Thus having giuen you -the knowledge of some of the choisest flowers for the beds of this -Garden, let me also shew you what are fittest for your borders and for -your arbours. The Iasmine white and yellow. The double Honysockle. -The Ladies Bower, both white, and red, and purple single and double, -are the fittest of Outlandish plants to set by arbours and banqueting -houses, that are open, both before and aboue to helpe to couer them, -and to giue both sight, smell, and delight. The sorts of Roses are -fittest for Standards in the hedges or borders. The Cherry Bay or -Laurocerasus. The Rose Bay or Oleander. The white and the blew Syringa -or Pipe tree, are all gracefull and delightfull to set at seuerall -distances in the borders of knots; for some of them giue beautifull and -sweete flowers. The Pyracantha or Prickly Corall tree doth remaine with -greene leaues all the yeare, and may be plashed, or laid downe, or tyed -to make a fine hedge to border the whole knot, as is said before. The -Wilde Bay or Laurus Tinus, doth chiefly desire to be sheltered vnder a -wall, where it will best thriue, and giue you his beautifull flowers -in Winter for your delight, in recompence of his fenced dwelling. The -dwarfe Bay or Mesereon, is most commonly either placed in the midst of -a knot, or at the corners thereof, and sometimes all along a walke for -the more grace. And thus to fit euery ones fancy, I haue shewed you the -variety of natures store in some part for you to dispose of them to -your best content. - - - - -CHAP. V. - -_The nature and names of those that are called vsually English flowers._ - - -Those flowers that haue beene vsually planted in former times in -Gardens of this Kingdome (when as our forefathers knew few or none of -those that are recited before) haue by time and custome attained the -name of English flowers, although the most of them were neuer naturall -of this our Land, but brought in from other Countries at one time or -other, by those that tooke pleasure in them where they first saw them: -and I doubt not, but many other sorts than here are set downe, or -now knowne to vs, haue beene brought, which either haue perished by -their negligence or want of skill that brought them, or else because -they could not abide our cold Winters; those onely remaining with vs -that haue endured of themselues, and by their encreasing haue beene -distributed ouer the whole Land. If I should make any large discourse -of them, being so well knowne to all, I doubt I should make a long -tale to small purpose: I will therefore but briefly recite them, that -you may haue them together in one place, with some little declaration -of the nature and quality of them, and so passe to other matters. -And first of Primroses and Cowslips, whereof there are many prettie -varieties; some better knowne in the West parts of this Kingdome, -others in the North, than in any other, vntill of late being obserued -by some curious louers of varieties, they haue been transplanted -diuersly, and so made more common: for although we haue had formerly -in these parts about London greene Primroses vsually, yet we neuer saw -or heard of greene Cowslips both single and double but of late dayes, -and so likewise for Primroses to be both single and double from one -roote, and diuers vpon one stalke of diuers fashions, I am sure is not -vsuall: all which desire rather to bee planted vnder some hedge, or -fence, or in the shade, than in the Sunne. Single Rose Campions, both -white, red, and blush, and the double red Rose Campion also is knowne -sufficiently, and will abide moderate Sunne as well as the shade. The -flower of Bristow or None-such is likewise another kinde of Campion, -whereof there is both white flowring plants and blush as well as Orange -colour, all of them being single flowers require a moderate Sunne and -not the shadow: But the Orange colour Nonesuch with double flowers, -as it is rare and not common, so for his brauery doth well deserue -a Master of account that will take care to keepe and preserue it. -Batchelours Buttons both white and red, are kindes of wilde Campions -of a very double forme, and will reasonably well like the Sunne but -not the shade. Wall-flowers are common in euery Garden, as well the -ordinary double as the single, and the double kinde desireth no more -shade than the single, but the greater kindes both double and single -must haue the Sunne. Stock-Gilloflowers likewise are almost as common -as Wall-flowers, especially the single kindes in euery womans Garden, -but the double kindes are much more rare, and possessed but of a few, -and those onely that will bee carefull to preserue them in Winter; for -besides that the most of them are more tender, they yeeld no seede as -the single kindes doe to preserue them, although one kinde from the -sowing of the seed yeeld double flowers: They will all require the -comfort of the Sunne, especially the double kindes, and to be defended -from cold, yet so as in the Summer they doe not want water wherein they -much ioy, and which is as it were their life. Queenes Gilloflowers -(which some call Dames Violets, and some Winter Gilloflowers, are a -kinde of Stock-Gilloflower) planted in Gardens to serue to fill vp -the parts thereof for want of better things, hauing in mine opinion -neither sight nor sent much to commend them. Violets are the Springs -chiefe flowers for beauty, smell, and vse, both single and double, the -more shadie and moist they stand the better. Snapdragon are flowers of -much more delight, and in that they are more tender to keep, and will -hardly endure the sharpe Winters, vnlesse they stand well defended, -are scarce seene in many Gardens. Columbines single and double, of -many sorts, fashions, and colours, very variable both speckled and -party coloured, are flowers of that respect, as that no Garden would -willingly bee without them, that could tell how to haue them, yet the -rarer the flowers are, the more trouble to keepe; the ordinary sorts on -the contrary part will not be lost, doe what one will. Larkes heeles, -or spurres, or toes, as in seuerall Countries they are called, exceed -in the varietie of colours, both single and double, any of the former -times; for vntill of late dayes none of the most pleasant colours -were seene or heard of: but now the single kindes are reasonable well -disperst ouer the Land, yet the double kindes of all those pleasant -colours (and some other also as beautifull) which stand like little -double Roses, are enioyed but of a few: all of them rise from seed, and -must be sowne euery yeare, the double as well as the single. Pansyes -or Hartes eases of diuers colours, and although without sent, yet not -without some respect and delight. Double Poppies are flowers of a great -and goodly proportion, adorning a Garden with their variable colours -to the delight of the beholders, wherein there is some speciall care -to be taken, lest they turne single; and that is, if you see them -grow vp too thicke, that you must pull them vp, and not suffer them -to grow within lesse than halfe a yard distance, or more one from -another. Double Daisies are flowers not to be forgotten, although they -be common enough in euery Garden, being both white and red, both blush -and speckled, or party coloured, besides that which is called Iacke -an Apes on horsebacke, they require a moist and shadowie place; for -they are scorched away, if they stand in the Sunne in any dry place. -Double Marigolds also are the most common in all Gardens. And so are -the French Marigolds that haue a strong heady sent, both single and -double, whose glorious shew for colour would cause any to beleeue there -were some rare goodnesse or vertue in them. These all are sometimes -preserued in the Winter, if they bee well defended from the cold. But -what shall I say to the Queene of delight and of flowers, Carnations -and Gilloflowers, whose brauery, variety, and sweete smell ioyned -together, tyeth euery ones affection with great earnestnesse, both to -like and to haue them? Those that were knowne, and enioyed in former -times with much acceptation, are now for the most part lesse accounted -of, except a very few: for now there are so many other varieties of -later inuention, that trebleth the other both in number, beauty, and -worth: The names of them doe differ very variably, in that names are -imposed and altered as euerie ones fancy will haue them, that carryed -or sent them into the seuerall Countries from London, where their -truest name is to be had, in mine opinion. I will here but giue you the -names of some, and referre you to the worke ensuing for your further -knowledge. The red and the gray Hulo. The old Carnation, differing from -them both. The Gran Pere. The Cambersiue. The Sauadge. The Christall. -The Prince. The white Carnation, or Delicate. The ground Carnation. The -French Carnation. The Douer. The Oxford. The Bristow. The Westminster. -The Daintie. The Granado, and many other Gilloflowers too tedious to -recite in this place, because I haue amply declared them in the booke -following. But there is another sort of great delight and varietie, -called the Orange tawny Gilloflower, which for the most part hath risen -from seed, and doth giue seed in a more plentifull manner than any of -the former sorts, and likewise by the sowing of the seed, there hath -been gained so many varieties of that excellent worth and respect, that -it can hardly be expressed or beleeued, and called by diuers names -according to the marking of the flowers; as The Infanta. The Stript -Tawny, The Speckled Tawny. The Flackt Tawny. The Griseld Tawny, and -many others, euery one to bee distinguished from others: Some also haue -their flowers more double and large than others, and some from the same -seed haue single flowers like broad single Pinkes: the further relation -of them, viz. their order to sowe, encrease and preserue them, you -shall haue in the subsequent discourse in a place by it selfe. Pinkes -likewise both single and double are of much variety, all of them very -sweete, comming neare the Gilloflowers. Sweete Williams and Sweete -Iohns, both single and double, both white, red, and spotted, as they -are kindes of wilde Pinkes, so for their grace and beauty helpe to -furnish a Garden, yet desire not to stand so open to the Sunne as the -former. Double and single Peonies are fit flowers to furnish a Garden, -and by reason of their durability, giue out fresh pleasure euery -yeare without any further trouble of sowing. And lastly, Hollihocks -both single and double, of many and sundry colours, yeeld out their -flowers like Roses on their tall branches, like Trees, to sute you with -flowers, when almost you haue no other to grace out your Garden: the -single and double doe both yeeld seed, and yet doe after their seeding -abide many yeares. Thus haue I shewed you most of the English, as well -as (I did before) the Outlandish flowers that are fit to furnish the -knots, trailes, beds, and borders of this Garden. Roses onely, as I -said before, I reserve to circle or encompasse all the rest, because -that for the most part they are planted in the outer borders or the -quarters, and sometimes by themselues in the middle of long beds, the -sorts or kindes whereof are many, as they are declared in their proper -place: but the White Rose, the Red, and the Damaske, are the most -ancient Standards in England, and therefore accounted naturall. - - - - -CHAP. VI. - -_The order and manner to plant and replant all the sorts of Out-landish -flowers spoken of before, as well those with bulbous rootes, as others -with stringie rootes._ - - -Whereas it is the vsuall custome of most in this Land, to turne vp -their Gardens, and to plant them againe in the Spring of the yeare, -which is the best time that may bee chosen for all English flowers, -yet it is not so for your Out-landish flowers. And herein indeede hath -beene not onely the errour of a great many to hinder their rootes from -bearing out their flowers as they should, but also to hinder many to -take delight in them, because as they say they will not thriue and -prosper with them, when as the whole fault is in the want of knowledge -of the fit and conuenient time wherein they should bee planted. And -because our English Gardiners are all or the most of them vtterly -ignorant in the ordering of these Out-landish flowers, as not being -trained vp to know them, I haue here taken vpon mee the forme of a new -Gardiner, to giue instructions to those that will take pleasure in -them, that they may be the better enabled with these helpes I shall -shew them, both to know how they should be ordered, and to direct -their Gardiners that are ignorant thereof, rightly to dispose them -according to their naturall qualities. And I doe wish all Gentlemen -and Gentlewomen, whom it may concerne for their owne good, to bee as -carefull whom they trust with the planting and replanting of these -fine flowers, as they would be with so many Iewels; for the rootes of -many of them being small, and of great value, may be soone conueyed -away, and a cleanly tale faire told, that such a roote is rotten, or -perished in the ground if none be seen where it should be, or else that -the flower hath changed his colour, when it hath been taken away, or -a counterfeit one hath beene put in the place thereof; and thus many -haue been deceiued of their daintiest flowers, without remedy or true -knowledge of the defect. You shall therefore, if you will take the -right course that is proper for these kindes of flowers, not set or -plant them among your English flowers; for that when the one may be -remoued, the other may not be stirred: but plant those rootes that are -bulbous, or round like Onions, eyther in knots or beds by themselues -which is the best, or with but very few English or Out-landish flower -plants that haue stringie rootes: For you must take this for a generall -rule, that all those rootes that are like Lillies or Onions, are to -bee planted in the moneths of Iuly or August, or vnto the middle or -end of September at the furthest, if you will haue them to prosper as -they should; and not in the Spring of the yeare, when other gardening -is vsed. Yet I must likewise giue you to vnderstand, that if Tulipas, -and Daffodils, and some other that are firme and hard rootes, and -not limber or spongie, being taken vp out of the ground in their fit -season, that is, in Iune, Iuly, and August, and likewise kept well -and dry, may be reserued out of the ground vntill Christmas or after, -and then (if they could not be set sooner) being set, will thriue -reasonable well, but not altogether so well as the former, being set -long before; but if you shall remoue these bulbous rootes againe, -either presently after their planting; hauing shot their small fibres -vnder the round rootes, and sprung likewise vpwards, or before they -be in flower at the soonest (yet Tulipas, Daffodils, and many other -bulbous, may be safely remoued being in flower, and transplanted into -other places, so as they be not kept too long out of the ground) you -shall much endanger them either vtterly to perish, or to be hindered -from bearing out their flowers they then would haue borne, and for -two or three years after from bearing flowers againe. For the order -of their planting there are diuers wayes, some whereof I will shew -you in this place: Your knot or beds being prepared fitly, as before -is declared, you may place and order your rootes therein thus, Eyther -many rootes of one kind set together in a round or cluster, or longwise -crosse a bed one by another, whereby the beauty of many flowers of one -kinde being together, may make a faire shew well pleasing to many; Or -else you may plant one or two in a place dispersedly ouer the whole -knot, or in a proportion or diameter one place answering another of -the knot, as your store will suffer you, or your knot permit: Or you -may also mingle these rootes in their planting many of diuers sorts -together, that they may giue the more glorious shew when they are in -flower; and that you may so doe, you must first obserue the seuerall -kindes of them, which doe flower at one and the same time, and then -to place them in such order and so neare one vnto another, that their -flowers appearing together of seuerall colours, will cause the more -admiration in the beholders: as thus, The Vernall Crocus or Saffron -flowers of the Spring, white, purple, yellow, and stript, with some -Vernall Colchicum or Medow Saffron among them, some Dens Caninus or -Dogges teeth, and some of the small early Leucoium or Bulbous Violet, -all planted in some proportion as neare one vnto another as is fit for -them, will giue such a grace to the Garden, that the place will seeme -like a peece of tapestry of many glorious colours, to encrease euery -ones delight: Or else many of one sort together, as the blew, white, -and blush Grape flowers in the same manner intermingled, doe make a -maruellous delectable shew, especially because all of them rise almost -to an equall height, which causeth the greater grace, as well neare -hand as farre of. The like order may be kept with many other things, -as the Hepatica, white, blew, purple, and red set or sowne together, -will make many to beleeue that one roote doth beare all those colours: -But aboue and beyond all others, the Tulipas may be so matched, one -colour answering and setting of another, that the place where they -stand may resemble a peece of curious needle-worke, or peece of -painting; and I haue knowne in a Garden, the Master as much commended -for this artificiall forme in placing the colours of Tulipas, as for -the goodnesse of his flowers, or any other thing. The diuers sorts and -colours of Anemones or Winde-flowers may be so ordered likewise, which -are very beautifull, to haue the seuerall varieties planted one neare -vnto another, that their seuerall colours appearing in one place will -be a very great grace in a Garden, or if they be dispersed among the -other sorts of flowers, they will make a glorious shew. Another order -in planting you may obserue; which is this, That those plants that -grow low, as the Aconitum Hyemale or Winter-wolues bane, the Vernall -Crocus or Saffron-flowers of diuers sorts, the little early Leucoium -or Bulbous Violet, and some such other as rise not vp high, as also -some Anemones may be very well placed somewhat neare or about your -Martagons, Lillies, or Crownes Imperiall, both because these little -plants will flower earlier than they, and so will bee gone and past, -before the other greater plants will rise vp to any height to hinder -them; which is a way may well be admitted in those Gardens that are -small, to saue roome, and to place things to the most aduantage. Thus -hauing shewed you diuers wayes and orders how to plant your rootes, -that your flowers may giue the greater grace in the Garden, let mee -shew you likewise how to set these kindes of rootes into the ground; -for many know not well eyther which end to set vpwards or downewards, -nor yet to what depth they should be placed in the ground. Daffodils if -they be great rootes, will require (as must bee obserued in all other -great plants) to bee planted somewhat deeper than the smaller of the -same kinde as also that the tops or heads of the rootes be about two -or three fingers breadth hid vnder ground. The Tulipas likewise if you -set them deepe, they will be the safer from frosts if your ground be -cold, which will also cause them to be a little later before they be -in flower, yet vsually if the mould be good, they are to be set a good -hand breadth deep within the ground, so that there may be three or -foure inches of earth at the least aboue the head, which is the smaller -end of the roote: for if they shall lye too neare the vpper face or -crust of the earth, the colds & frosts will pierce and pinch them -the sooner. After the same order and manner must Hyacinthes, whether -great or small, and other such great rootes be planted. Your greater -rootes, as Martagons, Lillies, and Crownes Imperiall, must be set much -deeper than any other bulbous roote, because they are greater rootes -than others, and by themselues also, as is most vsuall either in some -square, round, triangle, or other small part in the Garden, because -they spread and take vp a very great deale of ground. All of them -likewise are to be set with the broad end of the roote downewards, and -the small end vpwards, that is, both Lillies, Daffodils, Hyacinthes, -and Tulipas, and all other sorts of round rootes, which shew one end -to bee smaller than another. But the Colchicum or Medow-Saffron onely -requireth an exception to this generall rule, in regard the roote -thereof hath a small eminence or part on the one side thereof, which -must bee set or planted downeward, and not vpward; for you shall -obserue, if the roote lye a little moist out of the ground, that it -will shoote fibres out at the small long end thereof, although you may -perceiue when you take it vp, that the fibres were at the other broad -end or side of the roote. As for the Crowne Imperiall, which is a broad -round roote and flat withall, hauing a hole in the middle, for the -most part quite thorow, when it is taken vp in his due time out of the -ground, you shall perceiue the scales or cloues of the rootes to bee -a little open on the vpperside, and close and flat on the vnderside, -which will direct you which part to set vpward; as also that the hole -is bigger aboue then it is below. The Persian Lilly is almost like -unto the Crowne Imperiall, but that the roote thereof is not so flat, -and that it hath a smaller head at the one part, whereby it may be -discerned the plainer how to be set. The Fritillaria is a small white -root diuided as it were into two parts, so that many haue doubted, as -formerly in the Crowne Imperiall, what part to set vppermost; you shall -therefore marke, that the two parts of the roote are ioyned together -at the bottome, where it shooteth out fibres or small stringie rootes, -as all other sorts of bulbous rootes doe, and withall you shall see, -that betweene the two parts of the roote a small head will appeare, -which is the burgeon that will spring vp to beare leaues and flowers. -In the rootes of Anemones there are small round swelling heads, easie -enough to be obserued if you marke it, which must be set vpwards. All -other sorts of stringie rooted plants (and not bulbous or tuberous -rooted) that lose their greene leaues in Winter, will shew a head from -whence the leaues and flowers will spring, and all others that keepe -their greene leaues, are to bee planted in the same manner that other -herbes and flower-plants are accustomed to be. But yet for the better -thriuing of the stringie rooted plants, when you will plant them, let -me informe you of the best way of planting, and the most sure to cause -any plant to comprehend in the ground without failing, and is no common -way with any Gardiner in this Kingdome, that euer I heard or knew, -which is thus: Presuming that the stringie rooted plant is fresh and -not old gathered, and a plant that being remoued will grow againe, make -a hole in the ground large enough where you meane to set this roote, -and raise the earth within the hole a little higher in the middle then -on the sides, and set the roote thereon, spreading the strings all -abroad about the middle, that they may as it were couer the middle, and -then put the earth gently round about it, pressing it a little close, -and afterwards water it well, if it be in Summer, or in a dry time, or -otherwise moderately: thus shall euery seuerall string of the roote -haue earth enough to cause it to shoote forth, and thereby to encrease -farre better than by the vsuall way, which is without any great care -and respect to thrust the rootes together into the ground. Diuers other -flower plants are but annuall, to bee new sowne euery yeare; as the -Maruaile of the world, the Indian Cresses, or yellow Larkes heeles, -the Flower of the Sunne, and diuers others: they therefore that will -take pleasure in them, that they may enioy their flowers the earlier -in the yeare, and thereby haue ripe seede of them while warme weather -lasteth, must nurse vp their seedes in a bed of hot dung, as Melons and -Cowcumbers are, but your bed must be prouided earlier for these seeds, -than for Melons, &c. that they may haue the more comfort of the Summer, -which are to be carefully tended after they are transplanted from the -hotbed, and couered with straw from colds, whereby you shall not faile -to gaine ripe seed euery yeare, which otherwise if you should misse -of a very kindly & hot Summer, you should neuer haue. Some of these -seedes neede likewise to be transplanted from the bed of dung vnder a -warme wall, as the Flower of the Sunne, and the Maruaile of the world, -and some others, and that for a while after their transplanting, as -also in the heate of Summer, you water them at the roote with water -that hath stood a day or two in the Sunne, hauing first laid a round -wispe of hay or such other thing round about the roote, that so all -helpes may further their giuing of ripe seede. One or two rules more -I will giue you concerning these dainty flowers, the first whereof -is this, That you shall not bee carefull to water any of your bulbous -or tuberous rooted plants at any time; for they all of them do better -prosper in a dry ground than in a wet, onely all sorts of tuberous -rooted Flowerdeluces vpon their remouall had neede of a little water, -and some will doe so also to such Tulipas and other bulbous rootes as -they transplant, when they are in flower, and this is I grant in some -sort tolerable, if it bee not too much, and done onely to cause the -stalke and flower to abide sometime the longer before they wither, but -else in no other case to be permitted. The second rule is, That I would -aduise you to water none of your dainty flowers or herbes, with any -water that hath presently before been drawne out of a well or pumpe, -but onely with such water that hath stood open in the Sunne in some -cisterne, tubbe, or pot for a day at the least, if more the better: for -that water which is presently drawne out of a well, &c. is so cold, -that it presently chilleth & killeth any dainty plant be it younger or -elder grown, whereof I haue had sufficient proofe: and therfore I giue -you this caution by mine own experience. Thus haue I directed you from -point to point, in all the particulars of preparing & planting that -belong to this Garden, sauing only that yet I would further enforme -you of the time of the flowring of these Out-landish plants, according -to the seuerall moneths in the yeare, that euery one may know what -flowers euery moneth yeeldeth, and may chuse what them liketh best, -in that they may see that there is no moneth, but glorieth in some -peculiar sorts of rare flowers. I would likewise rather in this place -shew you, the true and best manner & order to encrease and preserue -all sorts of Gilloflowers & Carnations, then ioyne it with the Chapter -of Gilloflowers in the worke following, because it would in that place -take vp too much roome. And lastly, I must of necessity oppose three -sundry errours, that haue possessed the mindes of many both in former -and later times, which are, that any flower may be made to grow double -by art, that was but single before by nature: And that one may by art -cause any flower to grow of what colour they will: And that any plants -may be forced to flower out of their due seasons, either earlier or -later, by an art which some can vse. All which being declared, I then -suppose enough is spoken for an introduction to this worke, referring -many other things to the seuerall directions in the Chapters of the -booke. - - - - -CHAP. VII. - -_The seuerall times of the flowring of these Out-landish flowers, -according to the seuerall moneths of the yeare._ - - -I intend in this place onely to giue you briefly, the names of some of -the chiefest of these Out-landish flowers, according to the seuerall -moneths of the yeare wherein they flower, that euery one seeing what -sorts of flowers euery moneth yeeldeth, may take of them which they -like best. I begin with Ianuary, as the first moneth of the yeare, -wherein if the frosts be not extreme, you shall haue these flowers of -plants; the Christmas flower or Helleborus niger verus, Winter wolues -bane or Aconitum hyemale, Hepatica or Noble Liuer wort blew and red, -and of shrubbes, the Laurus Tinus or Wilde Bay tree, and Mesereon or -the dwarfe Bay: but because Ianuarie is oftentimes too deepe in frosts -and snow, I therefore referre the Hepaticas vnto the moneth following, -which is February, wherein the weather beginneth to be a little -milder, and then they will flower much better, as also diuers sorts of -Crocus or Saffron flower will appeare, the little early Summer foole -or Leucoium bulbosum, and towards the latter end thereof the Vernall -Colchicum, the Dogges tooth Violet or Dens Caninus, and some Anemones, -both single and double, which in some places will flower all the Winter -long. March will yeeld more varieties; for besides that it holdeth some -of the flowers of the former moneth, it will yeeld you both the double -blew Hepatica, and the white and the blush single: then also you shall -haue diuers other sorts of Crocus or Saffron flowers, Double yellow -Daffodils, Orientall Iacinths and others, the Crowne Imperiall, diuers -sorts of early Tulipas, some sorts of French Cowslips, both tawney, -murry, yellow and blush, the early Fritillaria or checkered Daffodill, -and some other sorts of early Daffodils, and many sorts of Anemones. -In Aprill commeth on the pride of these strangers; for herein you may -behold all the sorts of Auricula Vrsi or Beares Eares, many sorts -of Anemones, both single and double, both the sorts of Tulipas, the -earlier vntill the middle of the moneth, and the later then beginning; -which are of so many different colours, that it is almost impossible -to expresse them, the white, red, blacke, and yellow Fritillarias, the -Muscari or Muske Grape flower, both ash colour and yellow. Diuers other -sorts of Iacinths and Daffodils, both single and double, the smaller -sorts of Flowerdeluces, the Veluet Flowerdeluce and double Honysuckles, -with diuers others. May likewise at the beginning seemeth as glorious -as Aprill, although toward the end it doth decline, in regard the heate -of the Sunne hath by this time drawne forth all the store of natures -tenderest dainties, which are vsually spent by the end of this moneth, -and then those of stronger constitution come forward. Herein are to -bee seene at the beginning the middle flowring Tulipas, and at the -end the later sorts: some kindes of Daffodils, the Day Lillies, the -great white Starre flower, the Flowerdeluce of Constantinople or the -mourning Sable flower, the other sorts of Flowerdeluces. Single and -double white Crowfoote, and single and double red Crowfoot, the glory -of a Garden: the early red Martagon, the Persian Lilly, the yellow -Martagon, the Gladiolus or Corne flagge, both white, red, and blush: -the double yellow Rose, and some other sorts of Roses. In Iune doe -flower the white and the blush Martagon, the Martagon Imperiall, the -mountaine Lillies, and the other sorts of white and red Lillies, the -bulbous Flowerdeluces of diuers sorts, the red flowred Ladies bower, -the single and double purple flowred Ladies bower, the white Syringa -or Pipe tree, for the blew Pipe tree flowreth earlier, the white and -the yellow Iasmin. Iuly holdeth in flower some of the Ladies bowers -and Iasmines, and besides doth glory in the Female Balsame apple, the -Indian Cresses or yellow Larkes spurres, the purple Flower-gentle and -the Rose Bay. In August begin some of the Autumne bulbous flowers to -appeare, as the white and the purple Colchicum or Medow Saffron, the -purple mountaine Crocus or Saffron flower, the little Autumne Leucoium -and Autumne Iacinth, the Italian Starrewort, called of some the purple -Marigold, the Meruaile of Peru or of the world, the Flower of the -Sunne, the great blew Bell-flower, the great double French Marigold. -September flourisheth with the Flower of the Sunne, the Meruaile of -the world, the purple Marigold, and blew Bell-flower spoken of before, -and likewise the other sorts of Medow Saffron, and the double kinde -likewise, the siluer Crocus, the Autumne yellow Daffodill, Cyclamen -also or Sowbread shew their flowers in the end of this moneth. October -also will shew the flowers of Cyclamen, and some of the Medow Saffrons. -In Nouember, as also sometimes in the moneth before, the party coloured -Medow Saffron may bee seene, that will longest hold his flower, because -it is the latest that sheweth it selfe, and the ash coloured mountaine -Crocus. And euen December it selfe will not want the true blacke -Hellebor or Christmas flower, and the glorious shew of the Laurus Tinus -or wilde Bay tree. Thus haue I shewed you some of the flowers for euery -moneth, but I referre you to the more ample declarion of them and all -the others, vnto the work following. - - - - -CHAP. VIII. - -_The true manner and order to encrease and preserue all sorts of -Gilloflowers, as well by slippes as seedes._ - - -Because that Carnations and Gilloflowers bee the chiefest flowers of -account in all our English Gardens, I haue thought good to entreate -somewhat amply of them, and that a part by it selfe, as I said a little -before, in regard there is so much to be said concerning them, and -that if all the matters to be entreated of should haue beene inserted -in the Chapter of Gilloflowers, it would haue made it too tedious and -large, and taken vp too much roome. The particular matters whereof I -mean in this place to entreate are these: How to encrease Gilloflowers -by planting and by sowing, and how to preserue them being encreased, -both in Summer from noysome and hurtfull vermine that destroy them, -and in Winter from frosts, snowes, and windes, that spoile them. There -are two wayes of planting, whereby to encrease these faire flowers; -the one is by slipping which is the old and ready vsuall way, best -knowne in this Kingdome; the other is more sure, perfect, ready, and of -later inuention, _videlicet_, by laying downe the branches. The way to -encrease Gilloflowers by slipping, is so common with all that euer kept -any of them, that I think most persons may thinke me idle, to spend -time to set downe in writing that which is so well known vnto all: -Yet giue me leaue to tell them that so might imagine, that (when they -haue heard or read what I haue written thereof, if they did know fully -as much before) what I here write, was not to informe them, but such -as did not know the best, or so good a way as I teach them: For I am -assured, the greatest number doe vse, and follow the most vsuall way, -and that is not alwaies the best, especially when by good experience -a better way is found, and may be learned; and therefore if some can -doe a thing better than others, I thinke it is no shame to learne it -of them. You shall not then (to take the surest course) take any long -spindled branches, nor those branches that haue any young shootes from -the ioynts on them, nor yet sliue or teare any slippe or branch from -the roote; for all these waies are vsuall and common with most, which -causeth so many good rootes to rot and perish, and also so many slippes -to be lost, when as for the most part, not the one halfe, or with some, -not a third part doth grow and thriue of those slippes they set. And -although many that haue store of plants, doe not so much care what -hauocke they make to gaine some, yet to saue both labour and plants, -I doe wish them to obserue these orders: Take from those rootes from -whence you intend to make your encrease, those shootes onely that are -reasonable strong, but yet young, and not either too small and slender, -or hauing any shootes from the ioynts vpon them; cut these slippes or -shootes off from the stemme or roote with a knife, as conueniently as -the shoote or branch will permit, that is, either close vnto the maine -branch, if it be short, or leauing a ioynt or two behinde you, if it -be long enough, at which it may shoote anew: When you haue cut off -your slippes, you may either set them by and by, or else as the best -Gardiners vse to doe, cast them into a tubbe or pot with water for a -day or two, and then hauing prepared a place conuenient to set them -in, which had neede to bee of the finest, richest, and best mould you -can prouide, that they may thriue therein the better, cut off your -slippe close at the ioynt, and hauing cut away the lowest leaues close -to the stalke, and the vppermost euen at the top, with a little sticke -make a little hole in the earth, and put your slippe therein so deep, -as that the vpper leaues may be wholly aboue the ground, (some vse to -cleaue the stalke in the middle, and put a little earth or clay within -the cleft, but many good and skilfull Gardiners doe not vse it); put -the earth a little close to the slippe with your finger and thumbe, -and there let it rest, and in this manner doe with as many slippes as -you haue, setting them somewhat close together, and not too farre in -sunder, both to saue ground and cost thereon, in that a small compasse -will serue for the first planting, and also the better to giue them -shadow: For you must remember in any case, that these slippes new set, -haue no sight of the Sunne, vntill they be well taken in the ground, -and shot aboue ground, and also that they want not water, both vpon -the new planting and after. When these slippes are well grown vp, -they must be transplanted into such other places as you thinke meete; -that is, either into the ground in beds, or otherwise, or into pots, -which that you may the more safely doe, after you haue well watered -the ground, for halfe a day before you intend to transplant them, you -shall separate them seuerally, by putting down a broad pointed knife -on each side of the slippe, so cutting it out, take euery one by it -selfe, with the earth cleauing close vnto the root, which by reason of -the moisture it had formerly, and that which you gaue presently before, -will be sufficient with any care had, to cause it to hold fast vnto -the roote for the transplanting of it: for if the earth were dry, and -that it should fall away from the roote in the transplanting, it would -hazzard and endanger the roote very much, if it did thriue at all. You -must remember also, that vpon the remouing of these slips, you shadow -them from the heate of the Sunne for a while with some straw or other -thing, vntill they haue taken hold in their new place. Thus although -it bee a little more labour and care than the ordinary way is, yet it -is surer, and will giue you plants that will be so strongly growne -before Winter, that with the care hereafter specified, you shall haue -them beare flowers the next yeare after, and yeeld you encrease of -slippes also. To giue you any set time, wherein these slippes will -take roote, and begin to shoote aboue ground, is very hard to doe; for -that euery slip, or yet euery kinde of Gilloflower is not alike apt -to grow; nor is euery earth in like manner fit to produce and bring -forward the slippes that are set therein: but if both the slippe be apt -to grow, and the earth of the best, fit to produce, I thinke within a -fortnight or three weekes, you shall see them begin to put forth young -leaues in the middle, or else it may be a moneth and more before you -shall see any springing. The best time likewise when to plant, is a -speciall thing to be knowne, and of as great consequence as any thing -else: For if you slippe and set in September, as many vse to doe, or -yet in August, as some may thinke will doe well, yet (vnlesse they be -the most ordinary sorts, which are likely to grow at any time, and -in any place) the most of them, if not all, will either assuredly -perish or neuer prosper well: for the more excellent and dainty the -Gilloflower is, the more tender for the most part, and hard to nurse -vp will the slippes be. The best time therefore is, that you cut off -such slippes as are likely, and such as your rootes may spare, from the -beginning of May vntill the middle of Iune at the furthest, and order -them as I haue shewed you before, that so you may haue faire plants, -plenty of flowers, and encrease sufficient for new supply, without -offence or losse of your store. For the enriching likewise of your -earth, wherein you shall plant your slippes, that they may the better -thriue and prosper, diuers haue vsed diuers sorts of manure; as stable -soyle of horse, beasts or kine, of sheepe, and pigeons, all which are -very good when they are thoroughly turned to mould, to mixe with your -other earth, or being steeped in water, may serue to water the earth -at times, and turned in with it. And some haue likewise proued Tanners -earth, that is, their barke, which after they haue vsed, doth lye on -heapes and rot in their yards, or the like mould from wood-stackes or -yards; but especially, and beyond all other is commended the Willow -earth, that is, that mould which is found in the hollow of old Willow -trees, to be the most principall to mixe with other good earth for -this purpose. And as I haue now giuen you directions for the first -way to encrease them by slipping, so before I come to the other way, -let mee giue you a caueat or two for the preseruing of them, when -they are beginning to runne vtterly to decay and perish: The one -is, that whereas many are, ouer greedy to haue their plants to giue -them flowers, and therefore let them runne all to flower, so farre -spending themselues thereby, that after they haue done flowring, they -grow so weake, hauing out spent themselues, that they cannot possibly -be preserued from the iniuries of the succeeding Winter; you shall -therefore keepe the kinde of any sort you are delighted withall, if you -carefully looke that too many branches doe not runne vp and spindle for -flowers, but rather either cut some of them downe, before they are run -vp too high, within two or three ioynts of the rootes; or else pluck -away the innermost leaues where it springeth forwards, which you see -in the middle of euery branch, before it be runne vp too high, which -will cause them to breake out the faster into slips and suckers at -the ioynts, to hinder their forward luxurie, and to preserue them the -longer: The other is, If you shall perceiue any of your Gilloflower -leaues to change their naturall fresh verdure, and turne yellowish, -or begin to wither in anie part or branch thereof, it is a sure signe -that the roote is infected with some cancker or rottennesse, and will -soon shew it selfe in all the rest of the branches, whereby the plant -will quickly be lost: to preserue it therefore, you shall betime, -before it be runne too farre, (for otherwise it is impossible to saue -it) either couer all or most of the branches with fresh earth, or else -take the fairest slippes from it, as many as you can possibly, and -cast them into a pot or tubbe with water, and let them there abide for -two or three daies at the least: the first way hath recouered many, -being taken in time. Thus you shall see them recouer their former -stiffenesse and colour, and then you may plant them as you haue beene -heretofore directed; and although many of them may perish, yet shall -you haue some of them that will grow to continue the kinde againe. -The other or second way to encrease Gilloflowers by planting, is, as -I said before, by in-laying or laying downe the branches of them and -is a way of later inuention, and as frequently vsed, not onely for the -tawney or yellow Gilloflower, and all the varieties therof, but with -the other kinds of Gilloflowers, whereof experience hath shewed that -they will likewise take if they be so vsed; the manner whereof is thus: -You must choose out the youngest, likeliest, and lowest branches that -are nearest the ground (for the vpper branches will sooner breake at -the ioynt, than bend downe so low into the earth, without some pot -with earth raised vp vnto them) and cut it on the vnderside thereof -vpwards at the second ioynt next vnto the roote, to the middle of the -branch, and no more, and not quite thorough in any case, and then from -that second ioynt vnto the third; slit or cut the branch in the middle -longwise, that so it may be the more easily bended into the ground, -the cut ioynt seeming like the end of a slippe, when you haue bended -downe the branch where it is cut into the ground (which must bee done -very gently for feare of breaking) with a little sticke or two thrust -slopwise, crosse ouer it, keepe it downe within the earth, and raise vp -sufficient earth ouer it, that there it may lye and take roote, which -commonly will be effected within sixe weekes or two moneths in the -Summer time, and then (or longer if you doubt the time too short for it -to take sufficient roote) you may take or cut it away, and transplant -it where you thinke good, yet so as in any case you shadow it from the -heate of the Sunne, vntill it haue taken good hold in the ground. The -other way to encrease Gilloflowers, is by sowing the seede: It is not -vsuall with all sorts of Gilloflowers to giue seede, but such of them -as doe yeeld seede may be encreased thereby, in the same manner as is -here set downe. The Orange tawney Gilloflower and the varieties thereof -is the most vsuall kinde, (and it is a kinde by it selfe, how various -soeuer the plants be that rise from the seede) that doth giue seede, -and is sowne, and from thence ariseth so many varieties of colours, -both plaine and mixt, both single and double, that one can hardly set -them downe in writing: yet such as I haue obserued and marked, you -shall finde expressed in the Chapter of Gilloflowers in the worke -following. First therefore make choise of your seede that you intend -to sowe (if you doe not desire to haue as many more single flowers as -double) that it bee taken from double flowers, and not from single, -and from the best colours, howsoeuer some may boast to haue had double -and stript flowers from the seede of a single one; which if it were -so, yet one Swallow (as we say) maketh no Summer, nor a thing comming -by chance cannot bee reckoned for a certaine and constant rule; you -may be assured they will not vsually doe so: but the best, fairest, -and most double flowers come alwaies, or for the most part, from the -seede of those flowers that were best, fairest, and most double; and -I doe aduise you to take the best and most double: for euen from them -you shall haue single ones enow, you neede not sowe any worser sort. -And againe, see that your seede bee new, of the last yeares gathering, -and also that it was full ripe before it was gathered, lest you lose -your labour, or misse of your purpose, which is, to haue faire and -double flowers. Hauing now made choise of your seede, and prepared you -a bedde to sowe them on, the earth whereof must be rich and good, and -likewise sifted to make it the finer; for the better it is, the better -shall your profit and pleasure bee: hereon, being first made leuell, -plaine, and smooth, sowe your seede somewhat thinne, and not too thicke -in any case, and as euenly as you can, that they be not too many in one -place, and too few in another, which afterwards couer with fine sifted -earth ouer them about one fingers thicknesse; let this be done in the -middle of Aprill, if the time of the yeare be temperate, and not too -cold, or else stay vntill the end of the moneth: after they are sprung -vp and growne to be somewhat bigge, let them bee drawne forth that are -too close and neare one vnto another, and plant them in such place -where they shall continue, so that they stand halfe a yard of ground -distance asunder, which after the planting, let be shadowed for a time, -as is before specified; and this may bee done in the end of Iuly, or -sooner if there be cause. I haue not set downe in all this discourse of -planting, transplanting, sowing, setting, &c. any mention of watering -those slips or plants, not doubting but that euery ones reason will -induce them to thinke, that they cannot prosper without watering: But -let this Caueat be a sufficient remembrance vnto you, that you neuer -water any of these Gilloflowers, nor yet indeede any other fine herbe -or plant with cold water, such as you haue presently before drawne out -from a pumpe or Well, &c. but with such water as hath stood open in -the aire in a cisterne, tubbe, or pot, for one whole day at the least; -if it be two or three daies it will be neuer the worse, but rather the -better, as I haue related before: yet take especiall heede that you doe -not giue them too much to ouer-glut them at any time, but temperately -to irrorate, bedew or sprinkle them often. From the seedes of these -Gilloflowers hath risen both white, red, blush, stamell, tawny lighter -and sadder, marbled, speckled, striped, flaked, and that in diuers -manners, both single and double flowers, as you shall see them set -downe in a more ample manner in the Chapter of Gilloflowers. And thus -much for their encrease by the two wayes of planting and sowing: For as -for a third way, by grafting one into or vpon another, I know none such -to be true, nor to be of any more worth than an old Wiues tale, both -nature, reason, and experience, all contesting against such an idle -fancy, let men make what ostentation they please. It now resteth, that -we also shew you the manner how to preserue them, as well in Summer -from all noysome and hurtfull things, as in the Winter and Spring from -the sharp and chilling colds, and the sharpe and bitter killing windes -in March. The hurtfull things in the Summer are especially these, -too much heate of the Sunne which scorcheth them, which you must be -carefull to preuent, by placing boughes, boords, clothes or mats, &c. -before them, if they bee in the ground; or else if they bee in pots, -to remoue them into the shadow, to giue them refreshing from the -heate, and giue them water also for their life: too much water, or too -little is another annoyance, which you must order as you see there -is iust cause, by withholding or giuing them water gently out of a -watering pot, and not cast on by dishfuls: Some also to water their -Gilloflowers, vse to set their pots into tubbes or pots halfe full of -water, that so the water may soake in at the lower holes in each flower -pot, to giue moisture to the roots of the Gilloflowers onely, without -casting any water vpon the leaues, and assuredly it is an excellent way -to moisten the rootes so sufficiently at one time, that it doth saue a -great deale of paines many other times. Earwickes are a most infestuous -vermine, to spoyle the whole beauty of your flowers, and that in one -night or day; for these creatures delighting to creepe, into any -hollow or shadowie place, doe creepe into the long greene pods of the -Gilloflowers, and doe eate away the white bottomes of their leaues, -which are sweete, whereby the leaues of the flowers being loose, doe -either fall away of themselues before, or when they are gathered, or -handled, or presently wither within the pods before they are gathered, -and blowne away with the winde. To auoide which inconuenience, many -haue deuised many waies and inuentions to destroy them, as pots with -double verges or brimmes, containing a hollow gutter betweene them, -which being filled with water, will not suffer these small vermine to -passe ouer it to the Gilloflowers to spoile them. Others haue vsed old -shooes, and such like hollow things to bee set by them to take them in: -but the best and most vsuall things now vsed, are eyther long hollow -canes, or else beasts hoofes, which being turned downe vpon stickes -ends set into the ground, or into the pots of earth, will soone drawe -into them many Earwickes, lying hid therein from sunne, winde, and -raine, and by care and diligence may soone bee destroyed, if euery -morning and euening one take the hoofes gently off from the stickes, -and knocking them against the ground in a plain allie, shake out all -the Earwicks that are crept into them, which quickly with ones foot may -be trode to peeces. For sodain blasting with thunder and lightening, -or fierce sharp windes, &c. I know no other remedy, vnlesse you can -couer them therefrom when you first foresee the danger, but patiently -to abide the losse, whatsoeuer some haue aduised, to lay litter about -them to auoide blasting; for if any shall make tryall thereof, I am -in doubt, he shall more endanger his rootes thereby, being the Summer -time, when any such feare of blasting is, than any wise saue them from -it, or doe them any good. For the Winter preseruation of them, some -haue aduised to couer them with Bee-hiues, or else with small Willow -stickes, prickt crossewise into the ground ouer your flowers, and bowed -archwise, and with litter laid thereon, to couer the Gilloflowers -quite ouer, after they haue been sprinkled with sope ashes and lyme -mixt together: and this way is commended by some that haue written -thereof, to be such an admirable defence vnto them in Winter, that -neither Ants, nor Snailes, nor Earwickes shall touch them, because of -the sope ashes and lyme, and neyther frosts nor storms shall hurt them, -because of the litter which so well will defend them; and hereby also -your Gilloflowers will bee ready to flower not onely in the Spring -very early, but euen all the Winter. But whosoeuer shall follow these -directions, may peraduenture finde them in some part true, as they are -there set downe for the Winter time, and while they are kept close and -couered; but let them bee assured, that all such plants, or the most -part of them, will certainely perish and dye before the Summer be at an -end: for the sope ashes and lyme will burne vp and spoile any herbe; -and againe it is impossible for any plant that is kept so warme in -Winter, to abide eyther the cold or the winde in the Spring following, -or any heate of the Sun, but that both of them will scorch them, and -carry them quite away. One great hurt vnto them, and to all other -herbes that wee preserue in Winter, is to suffer the snow to lye vpon -them any time after it is fallen, for that it doth so chill them, that -the Sunne afterward, although in Winter, doth scorch them and burne -them vp: looke therefore vnto your Gilloflowers in those times, and -shake or strike off the snow gently off from them, not suffering it to -abide on them any day or night if you can; for assure your selfe, if it -doth not abide on them, the better they will be. The frosts likewise -is another great annoyance vnto them, to corrupt the rootes, and to -cause them to swell, rot, and break: to preuent which inconuenience, I -would aduise you to take the straw or litter of your horse stable, and -lay some thereof about euery roote of your Gilloflowers (especially -those of the best account) close vnto them vpon the ground, but be as -carefull as you can, that none thereof lye vpon the greene leaues, -or as little as may be, and by this onely way haue they been better -defended from the frosts that spoile them in Winter, then by any other -that I haue seen or knowne. The windes in March, and Sunneshine dayes -then, are one of the greatest inconueniences that happeneth vnto them; -for they that haue had hundreds of plants, that haue kept faire and -greene all the Winter vntill the beginning or middle of March, before -the end thereof, haue had scarce one of many, that either hath not -vtterly perished, or been so tainted, that quickly after haue not been -lost; which hath happened chiefly by the neglect of these cautions -before specified, or in not defending them from the bitter sharp windes -and sunne in this moneth of March. You shall therefore for their better -preseruation, besides the litter laid about the rootes, which I aduise -you not to remoue as yet, shelter them somewhat from the windes, with -eyther bottomlesse pots, pales, or such like things, to keep away the -violent force both of windes and sun for that moneth, and for some -time before & after it also: yet so, that they be not couered close -aboue, but open to receiue ayre & raine. Some also vse to wind withes -of hey or straw about the rootes of their Gilloflowers, and fasten -them with stickes thrust into the ground, which serue very well in the -stead of the other. Thus haue I shewed you the whole preseruation of -these worthy and dainty flowers, with the whole manner of ordering them -for their encrease: if any one haue any other better way, I shall be -as willing to learne it of them, as I haue beene to giue them or any -others the knowledge of that I haue here set downe. - - - - -CHAP. IX. - -_That there is not any art whereby any flower may be made to grow -double, that was naturally single, nor of any other sent or colour than -it first had by nature; nor that the sowing or planting of herbes one -deeper than other, will cause them to be in flower one after another, -euery moneth in the yeare._ - - -The wonderfull desire that many haue to see faire, double, and sweete -flowers, hath transported them beyond both reason and nature, feigning -and boasting often of what they would haue, as if they had it. And I -thinke, from this desire and boasting hath risen all the false tales -and reports, of making flowers double as they list, and of giuing them -colour and sent as they please, and to flower likewise at what time -they will, I doubt not, but that some of these errours are ancient, and -continued long by tradition, and others are of later inuention: and -therefore the more to be condemned, that men of wit and iudgement in -these dayes should expose themselues in their writings, to be rather -laughed at, then beleeued for such idle tales. And although in the -contradiction of them, I know I shall vndergoe many calumnies, yet -notwithstanding, I will endeauour to set downe and declare so much, as -I hope may by reason perswade many in the truth, although I cannot -hope of all, some being so strongly wedded to their owne will, and the -errours they haue beene bred in, that no reason may alter them. First -therefore I say, that if there were any art to make some flowers to -grow double, that naturally were single, by the same art, all sorts of -flowers that are single by nature, may be made to grow double: but the -sorts of flowers that are single by nature, whereof some are double, -were neuer made double by art; for many sorts abide still single, -whereof there was neuer seene double: and therefore there is no such -art in any mans knowledge to bring it to passe. If any man shall say, -that because there are many flowers double, whereof there are single -also of the same kinde, as for example, Violets, Marigolds, Daisyes, -Daffodils, Anemones, and many other, that therefore those double -flowers were so made by the art of man: _viz._ by the obseruation of -the change of the Moone, the constellations or coniunctions of Planets, -or some other Starres or celestiall bodies. Although I doe confesse -and acknowledge, that I thinke some constellations, and peraduenture -changes of the Moone, &c. were appointed by the God of nature, as -conducing and helping to the making of those flowers double, that -nature hath so produced, yet I doe deny, that any man hath or shall -euer be able to proue, that it was done by any art of man, or that any -man can tell the true causes and seasons, what changes of the Moone, -or constellations of the Planets, wrought together for the producing -of those double flowers, or can imitate nature, or rather the God of -nature, to doe the like. If it shall bee demanded, From whence then -came these double flowers that we haue, if they were not so made by -art? I answer, that assuredly all such flowers did first grow wilde, -and were so found double, as they doe now grow in Gardens, but for -how long before they were found they became double, no man can tell; -we onely haue them as nature hath produced them, and so they remaine. -Againe, if any shall say, that it is likely that these double flowers -were forced so to be, by the often planting and transplanting of them, -because it is obserued in most of them, that if they stand long in -any one place, and not be often remoued, they will grow still lesse -double, and in the end turne single. I doe confesse, that _Facilior -est descensus quàm ascensus_, and that the vnfruitfulnesse of the -ground they are planted in, or the neglect or little care had of them, -or the growing of them too thicke or too long, are oftentimes a cause -of the diminishing of the flowers doublenesse; but withall you shall -obserue, that the same rootes that did beare double flowers (and not -any other that neuer were double before) haue returned to their former -doublenesse againe, by good ordering and looking vnto: single flowers -haue only beene made somewhat fairer or larger, by being planted in -the richer and more fruitfull ground of the Garden, than they were -found wilde by nature; but neuer made to grow double, as that which -is naturally so found of it selfe: For I will shew you mine owne -experience in the matter. I haue been as inquisitiue as any man might -be, with euery one I knew, that made any such report, or that I thought -could say any thing therein, but I neuer could finde any one, that -could assuredly resolue me, that he knew certainly any such thing to -be done: all that they could say was but report, for the obseruation -of the Moone, to remoue plants before the change, that is, as some -say, the full of the Moone, others the new Moone, whereupon I haue -made tryall at many times, and in many sorts of plants, accordingly, -and as I thought fit, by planting & transplanting them, but I could -neuer see the effect desired, but rather in many of them the losse of -my plants. And were there indeed such a certaine art, to make single -flowers to grow double, it would haue beene knowne certainly to some -that would practise it, and there are so many single flowers, whereof -there were neuer any of the kinde seene double, that to produce such of -them to be double, would procure both credit and coyne enough to him -that should vse it; but _Vltra posse non est esse_: and therefore let -no man beleeue any such reports, bee they neuer so ancient; for they -are but meere tales and fables. Concerning colours and sents, the many -rules and directions extant in manie mens writings, to cause flowers -to grow yellow, red, greene, or white, that neuer were so naturally, -as also to be of the sent of Cinamon, Muske, &c. would almost perswade -any, that the matters thus set downe by such persons, and with some -shew of probability, were constant and assured proofes thereof: but -when they come to the triall, they all vanish away like smoake. I will -in a few words shew you the matters and manners of their proceedings to -effect this purpose: First (they say) if you shall steepe your seedes -in the lees of red Wine, you shall haue the flowers of those plants to -be of a purple colour. If you will haue Lillies or Gilloflowers to be -of a Scarlet red colour, you shall put Vermillion or Cynaber betweene -the rinde and the small heads growing about the roote: if you will -haue them blew, you shall dissolue Azur or Byse between the rinde and -the heads: if yellow, Orpiment: if greene, Vardigrease, and thus of -any other colour. Others doe aduise to open the head of the roote, -and poure into it any colour dissolued, so that there be no fretting -or corroding thing therein for feare of hurting the roote, and looke -what colour you put in, iust such or neare vnto it shall the colour of -the flower bee. Some againe doe aduise to water the plants you would -haue changed, with such coloured liquor as you desire the flower to be -of, and they shall grow to be so. Also to make Roses to bee yellow, -that you should graft a white Rose (some say a Damaske) vpon a Broome -stalke, and the flower will be yellow, supposing because the Broome -flower is yellow, therefore the Rose will be yellow. Some affirme the -like, if a Rose be grafted on a Barbery bush, because both the blossome -and the barke of the Barbery is yellow, &c. In the like manner for -sents, they haue set downe in their writings, that by putting Cloues, -Muske, Cinamon, Benzoin, or any other such sweete thing, bruised with -Rose water, betweene the barke and the body of trees, the fruit of -them will smell and taste of the same that is put vnto them; and if -they bee put vnto the toppe of the rootes, or else bound vnto the head -of the roote, they will cause the flowers to smell of that sent the -matter put vnto them is of: as also to steep the seeds of Roses, and -other plants in the water of such like sweet things, and then to sowe -them, and water them morning and euening with such like liquor, vntill -they be growne vp; besides a number of such like rules and directions -set downe in bookes so confidently, as if the matters were without all -doubt or question: whenas without all doubt and question I will assure -you, that they are all but meere idle tales & fancies, without all -reason or truth, or shadow of reason or truth: For sents and colours -are both such qualities as follow the essence of plants, euen as formes -are also; and one may as well make any plant to grow of what forme -you will, as to make it of what sent or colour you will; and if any -man can forme plants at his will and pleasure, he can doe as much as -God himselfe that created them. For the things they would adde vnto -the plants to giue them colour, are all corporeall, or of a bodily -substance, and whatsoeuer should giue any colour vnto a liuing and -growing plant, must be spirituall: for no solide corporeall substance -can ioyne it selfe with the life and essence of an herbe or tree, and -the spirituall part of the colour thereof is not the same with the -bodily substance, but is a meere vapour that riseth from the substance, -and seedeth the plant, whereby it groweth, so that there is no ground -or colour of reason, that a substantiall colour should giue colour to a -growing herbe or tree: but for sent (which is a meere vapour) you will -say there is more probability. Yet consider also, that what sweete sent -soeuer you binde or put vnto the rootes of herbes or trees, must be -either buried, or as good as buried in the earth, or barke of the tree, -whereby the substance will in a small time corrupt and rot, and before -it can ioyne it selfe with the life, spirit, and essence of the plant, -the sent also will perish with the substance: For no heterogeneall -things can bee mixed naturally together, as Iron and Clay; and no -other thing but homogeneall, can be nourishment or conuertible into -the substance of man or beast: And as the stomach of man or beast -altereth both formes, sents, and colours of all digestible things; so -whatsoeuer sent or colour is wholsome, and not poysonfull to nature, -being receiued into the body of man or beast, doth neither change the -bloud or skinne into that colour or sent was receiued: no more doth -any colour or sent to any plant; for the plants are onely nourished -by the moisture they draw naturally vnto them, be it of wine or any -other liquor is put vnto them, and not by any corporeal substance, or -heterogeneall vapour or sent, because the earth like vnto the stomach -doth soone alter them, before they are conuerted into the nature and -substance of the plant. Now for the last part I vndertooke to confute, -that no man can by art make all flowers to spring at what time of -the yeare hee will; although, as I haue here before shewed there are -flowers for euery moneth of the yeare, yet I hope there is not any one, -that hath any knowledge in flowers and gardening, but knoweth that the -flowers that appeare and shew themselues in the seuerall moneths of -the yeare, are not one and the same, and so made to flower by art; but -that they are seuerall sorts of plants, which will flower naturally -and constantly in the same moneths one yeare, that they vse to doe in -another, or with but little alteration, if the yeares proue not alike -kindly: As for example, those plants that doe flower in Ianuary and -February, will by no art of industry of man be caused to flower in -Summer or in Autumne; and those that flower in Aprill and May, will not -flower in Ianuary or February; or those in Iuly, August, &c. either -in the Winter or Spring: but euery one knoweth their owne appointed -naturall times, which they constantly obserue and keepe, according -to the temperature of the yeare, or the temper of the climate, being -further North or South, to bring them on earlier or later, as it doth -with all other fruits, flowers, and growing greene herbes, &c. except -that by chance, some one or other extraordinarily may be hindered in -their due season of flowring, and so giue their flowers out of time, or -else to giue their flowers twice in the yeare, by the superaboundance -of nourishment, of the mildnesse of the season, by moderate showers of -raine, &c. as it sometimes also happeneth with fruits, which chance, -as it is seldome, and not constant, so we then terme it but _Lusus -naturæ_: or else by forcing them in hot stoues, which then will perish, -when they haue giuen their flowers or fruits. It is not then, as some -haue written, the sowing of the seedes of Lillies, or any other plants -a foote deepe, or halfe a foote deepe, or two inches deepe, that will -cause them to be in flower one after, another, as they are sowne euery -moneth of the yeare; for it were too grosse to thinke, that any man of -reason and iudgement would so beleeue. Nor is it like wise in the power -of any man, to make the same plants to abide a moneth, two, or three, -or longer in their beauty of flowring, then naturally they vse to doe; -for I thinke that were no humane art, but a supernaturall worke. For -nature still bendeth and tendeth to perfection, that is, after flowring -to giue fruit or seede; nor can it bee hindered in the course thereof -without manifest danger of destruction, euen as it is in all other -fruit-bearing creatures, which stay no longer, then their appointed -time is naturall vnto them, without apparent damage. Some things I -grant may be so ordered in the planting, that according to that order -and time which is obserued in their planting, they shall shew forth -their faire flowers, and they are Anemones, which will in that manner, -that I haue shewed in the worke following, flower in seuerall moneths -of the yeare; which thing as it is incident to none or very few other -plants, and is found out but of late, so likewise is it knowne but vnto -a very few. Thus haue I shewed you the true solution of these doubts: -And although they haue not beene amplified with such Philosophicall -arguments and reasons, as one of greater learning might haue done, yet -are they truely and sincerely set downe, that they may serue _tanquam -galeatum_, against all the calumnies and obiections of wilfull and -obdurate persons, that will not be reformed. As first, that all double -flowers were so found wilde, being the worke of nature alone, and not -the art of any man, by planting or transplanting, at or before the new -or full Moone, or any other obseruation of time, that hath caused the -flower to grow double, that naturally was single: Secondly, that the -rules and directions, to cause flowers to bee of contrary or different -colours or sents, from that they were or would be naturally, are meere -fancies of men, without any ground of reason of truth. And thirdly, -that there is no power or art in man, to cause flowers to shew their -beauty diuers moneths before their naturall time, nor to abide in their -beauty longer then the appointed naturall time for euery one of them. - - - - -THE GARDEN OF PLEASANT FLOWERS. - - - - -CHAP. I. - -_Corona Imperialis._ The Crowne Imperiall. - - -Because the Lilly is the more stately flower among manie: and amongst -the wonderfull varietie of Lillies, knowne to vs in these daies, much -more then in former times, whereof some are white, others blush, some -purple, others red or yellow, some spotted, others without spots, some -standing vpright, others hanging or turning downewards, The Crowne -Imperiall for his stately beautifulness, deserueth the first place in -this our Garden of delight, to be here entreated of before all other -Lillies; but because it is so well knowne to most persons, being in a -manner euery where common, I shall neede onely to giue you a relation -of the chiefe parts thereof (as I intend in such other things) which -are these: The roote is yellowish on the outside, composed of fewer, -but much thicker scales, then any other Lilly but the Persian, and -doth grow sometimes to be as great as a pretty bigge childes head, -but somewhat flat withall, from the sides whereof, and not from the -bottome, it shooteth forth thicke long fibres, which perish euery -yeare, hauing a hole in the midst thereof, at the end of the yeare, -when the old stalke is dry and withered, and out of the which a new -stalke doth spring againe (from a bud or head to be seen within the -hollownesse on the one side) the yeare following: the stalke then -filling vp the hollownesse, riseth vp three or foure, foote high, -being great, round, and of a purplish colour at the bottome, but -greene aboue, beset from thence to the middle thereof with many long -and broad greene leaues, very like to the leaues of our ordinary white -Lilly, but somewhat shorter and narrower, confusedly without order, -and from the middle is bare or naked without leaues, for a certaine -space vpwards, and then beareth foure, sixe, or tenne flowers, more -or lesse, according to the age of the plant, and the fertility of -the soyle where it groweth: The buddes at the first appearing are -whitish, standing vpright among a bush or tuft of greene leaues, -smaller then those below, and standing aboue the flowers, after a -while they turne themselues, and hang downewards euerie one vpon his -owne footestalke, round about the great stemme or stalke, sometimes -of an euen depth, and other while one lower or higher than another, -which flowers are neare the forme of an ordinary Lilly, yet somewhat -lesser and closer, consisting of sixe leaues of an Orange colour, -striped with purplish lines and veines, which adde a great grace to -the flowers: At the bottome of the flower next vnto the stalke, euery -leafe thereof hath on the outside a certaine bunch or eminence, of a -darke purplish colour, and on the inside there lyeth in those hollow -bunched places, certaine cleare drops of water like vnto pearles, of a -very sweete taste almost like sugar: in the midst of each flower is a -long white stile or pointell, forked or diuided at the end, and sixe -white chiues tipt with yellowish pendents, standing close about it: -after the flowers are past, appeare sixe square seede vessels standing -vpright, winged as it were or welted on the edges, yet seeming but -three square, because each couple of those welted edges are ioyned -closer together, wherein are contained broad, flat, and thinne seedes, -of a pale brownish colour, like vnto other Lillies, but much greater -and thicker also. The stalke of this plant doth oftentimes grow flat, -two, three, or foure fingers broad, and then beareth many more flowers, -but for the most part smaller then when it beareth round stalkes. And -sometimes it happeneth the stalke to be diuided at the top, carrying -two or three tufts of greene leaues, without any flowers on them. And -sometimes likewise, to beare two or three rowes or crownes of flowers -one aboue another vpon one stalke, which is seldome and scarce seene, -and besides, is but meere accidentall: the whole plant and euery part -thereof, as well rootes, as leaues and flowers, doe smell somewhat -strong as it were the fauour of a Foxe, so that if any doe but come -neare it, he cannot but smell it, which yet is not vnwholsome. - -I haue not obserued any variety in the colour of this flower, more then -that it will be fairer in a cleare open ayre, and paler, or as it were -blasted in a muddy or smoakie ayre. And although some haue boasted of -one with white flowers, yet I could neuer heare that any such hath -endured in one vniforme colour. - - - The Place. - - This plant was first brought from Constantinople into these - Christian Countries, and by the relation of some that sent it, - groweth naturally in Persia. - - - The Time. - - It flowereth most commonly in the end of March, if the weather - be milde, and springeth not out of the ground vntill the end - of February, or beginning of March, so quicke it is in the - springing: the heads with seed are ripe in the end of May. - - - The Names. - - It is of some called _Lilium Persicum_, the Persian Lilly: but - because wee haue another, which is more vsually called by that - name, as shall be shewed in the next Chapter, I had rather - with Alphonsus Pancius the Duke of Florence his Physitian, - (who first sent the figure thereof vnto Mᶴʳ. Iohn de Brancion) - call it _Corona Imperialis_, the Crowne Imperiall, then by any - other name, as also for that this name is now more generally - receiued. It hath been sent also by the name _Tusai_, and - _Tuschai_, and _Turfani_, or _Turfanda_, being, as it is like, - the Turkish names. - - - The Vertues. - - For any Physicall Vertues that are in it, I know of none, nor - haue heard that any hath been found out: notwithstanding the - strong sent would perswade it might be applyed to good purpose. - - - - -CHAP. II. - -_Lilium Persicum._ The Persian Lilly. - - -The roote of the Persian Lilly is very like vnto the root of the Crowne -Imperiall, and losing his fibres in like maner euery yeare, hauing a -hole therin likewise where the old stalke grew, but whiter, rounder, -and a little longer, smaller, and not stinking at all like it, from -whence springeth vp a round whitish greene stalke, not much lower -than the Crowne Imperiall, but much smaller, beset from the bottome -to the middle thereof, with many long and narrow leaues, of a whitish -or blewish greene colour, almost like to the leafe of a Tulipa: from -the middle vpwards, to the toppe of the stalke, stand many flowers one -aboue another round about it, with leaues at the foote of euery one of -them, each whereof is pendulous or hanging downe the head, like vnto -the Crowne Imperiall, and not turning vp any of the flowers againe, -but smaller than in any other kinde of Lilly, yea not so bigge as -the flower of a Fritillaria, consisting of sixe leaues a peece, of a -dead or ouerworne purplish colour, hauing in the midst a small long -pointell, with certaine chiues tipt with yellow pendents: after the -flowers are past (which abide open a long time, and for the most part -flower by degrees, the lowest first, and so vpwards) if the weather be -temperate, come sixe square heads or seede vessels, seeming to be but -three square, by reason of the wings, very like to the heads of the -Crowne Imperiall, but smaller and shorter, wherein are contained such -like flat seed, but smaller also, and of a darker colour. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Corona Imperialis._ The Crown Imperiall. - 2 _Lilium Persicum._ The Persian Lilly. - 3 _Martagon Imperiale._ The Martagon Imperiall. -] - - - The Place. - - This was, as it is thought, first brought from Persia vnto - Constantinople, and from thence, sent vnto vs by the meanes of - diuers Turkie Merchants, and in especiall, by the procurement - of Mʳ. Nicholas Lete, a worthy Merchant, and a louer of all - faire flowers. - - - The Time. - - It springeth out of the ground very neare a moneth before - the Crowne Imperiall, but doth not flower till it bee quite - past (that is to say) not vntill the latter end of Aprill, or - beginning of May: the seed (when it doth come to perfection, as - it seldome doth) is not ripe vntill Iuly. - - - The Names. - - It hath been sent by the name of _Pennachio Persiano_, and - wee thereupon doe most vsually call it _Lilium Persicum_, - The Persian Lilly. Clusius saith it hath been sent into the - Low Countries vnder the name of Susam giul, and he thereupon - thinking it came from Susis in Persia, called it _Lilium - Susianum_, The Lilly of Susis. - - - The Vertues. - - Wee haue not yet heard, that this hath beene applyed for any - Physicall respect. - - - - -CHAP. III. - -_Martagon Imperiale, siue Lilium Montanum maius._ -The Martagon Imperiall. - - -Vnder this title of _Lilium Montanum_, or _Lilium Siluestre_, I do -comprehend only those kindes of Lillies, which carry diuers circles -of greene leaues set together at certaine distances, round about the -stalke, and not sparsedly as the two former, and as other kindes that -follow, doe. And although there bee many of this sort, yet because -their chiefest difference is in the colour of the flower, wee will -containe them all in one Chapter, and begin with the most stately of -them all, because of the number of flowers it beareth vpon one stalke. -The Imperiall Lilly hath a scaly roote, like vnto all the rest of the -Lillies, but of a paler yellow colour, closely compact or set together, -being short and small oftentimes, in comparison of the greatnesse of -the stemme growing from it. The stalke is brownish and round at the -bottome, and sometimes flat from the middle vpwards, three foote high -or more, beset at certaine distances with rondles or circles of many -broad leaues, larger and broader for the most part than any other of -this kinde, and of a darke green colour: It hath two or three, and -sometimes foure of these rondles or circles of leaues, and bare without -any leafe betweene; but aboue toward the tops of the stalkes, it hath -here and there some leaues vpon it, but smaller than any of the other -leaues: at the toppe of the stalke come forth many flowers, sometime -three or foure score, thicke thrust, or confusedly set together, and -not thinne or sparsedly one aboue another, as in the lesser of this -kinde of Mountaine Lilly. It hath been sometimes also obserued in this -kinde, that it hath borne manie flowers at three seuerall spaces of -the stalke, one aboue another, which hath made a goodly shew; each -flower whereof is pendulous, hanging downe, and each leafe of the -flower turning vp againe, being thicke or fleshy, of a fine delayed -purple colour, spotted with many blackish or brownish spots, of a very -pleasant sweet sent, which maketh it the more acceptable: in the middle -of the flower hangeth downe a stile or pointell, knobbed or buttoned at -the end with sixe yellow chiues, tipt with loose pendents of an Orient -red or Vermillion colour, which will easily sticke like dust vpon any -thing that toucheth them: the heads or seede vessels are small and -round, with small edges about them, wherein is contained flat browne -seede like other Lillies, but lesser. This root is very apt to encrease -or set of, as we call it, wherby the plant seldome commeth to so great -a head of flowers, but riseth vp with many stalkes, and then carry -fewer flowers. - -[Sidenote: _Martagon Imperiale flore non punctato._] - -Of this kinde there is sometimes one found, that beareth flowers -without any spots: the leaues whereof and stalke likewise are paler, -but not else differing. - - -_Martagon flore albo._ The White Martagon. - -We haue also some other of this kind, the first wherof hath his stalke -& leafe greener than the former, the stalke is a little higher, but not -bearing so thicke a head of flowers, although much more plentifull than -the lesser Mountaine Lilly, being altogether of a fine white colour, -without any spots, or but very few, and that but sometimes also: the -pendents in the middle of this flower are not red, as the former, but -yellow; the roote of this, and of the other two that follow, are of a -pale yellow colour, the cloues or scales of them being brittle, and -not closely compact, yet so as if two, and sometimes three scales or -cloues grew one vpon the head or vpperpart of another; which difference -is a speciall note to know these three kindes, from any other kinde -of Mountaine Lilly, as in all old rootes that I haue seene, I haue -obserued, as also in them that are reasonably well growne, but in the -young rootes it is not yet so manifest. - - -_Martagon flore albo maculato._ The White spotted Martagon. - -The second is like vnto the first in all things, saue in this, that -the flowers hereof are not altogether so white, and besides hath many -reddish spots on the inside of the leaues of the flower, and the stalke -also is not so greene but brownish. - - -_Martagon flore carneo._ The blush Martagon. - -A third sort there is of this kinde, whole flowers are wholly of a -delayed flesh colour, with many spots on the flowers, and this is the -difference hereof from the former. - - -_Lilium Montanum siue siluestre minus._ The lesser Mountaine Lilly. - -The lesser Mountaine Lilly is so like in root vnto the greater that is -first described, that it is hard to distinguish them asunder; but when -this is sprung vp out of the ground, which is a moneth after the first: -it also carrieth his leaues in rondles about the stalke, although not -altogether so great nor so many. The flowers are more thinly set on the -stalkes one aboue another, with more distance betweene each flower than -the former, and are of a little deeper flesh colour or purple, spotted -in the same manner. The buds or heads of flowers, in some of these -before they be blowne, are hoary white, or hairie, whereas in others, -there is no hoarinesse at all, but the buddes are smooth and purplish: -in other things this differeth not from the former. - -[Sidenote: _Lilium Montanum non maculatum._] - -Of this sort also there is one that hath but few spots on the flowers, -whose colour is somewhat paler than the other. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Martagon flore albo._ The white Martagon. - 2 _Martagon siue Lilium Canadense maculatum._ The spotted Martagon, - or Lilly of Canada. - 3 _Martagon Pomponeum._ The Martagon Pompony, or early red Martagon. -] - - -_Martagon Canadense maculatum._ The spotted Martagon of Canada. - -Although this strange Lilly hath not his flowers hanging downe, and -turning vp again, as the former kinds set forth in this Chapter, yet -because the green leaues stand at seuerall ioynts as they do, I must -needs insert it here, not knowing where more fitly to place it. It hath -a small scaly roote, with many small long fibres thereat, from whence -riseth vp a reasonable great stalke, almost as high as any of the -former, bearing at three or foure distances many long and narrow greene -leaues, but not so many or so broad as the former, with diuers ribbes -in them: from among the vppermost rundle of leaues breake forth foure -or fiue flowers together, euery one standing on a long slender foote -stalke, being almost as large as a red Lilly, but a little bending -downewards, and of a faire yellow colour, spotted on the inside with -diuers blackish purple spots or strakes, hauing a middle pointell, and -sixe chiues, with pendents on them. - - - The Place. - - All these Lillies haue been found in the diuers Countries of - Germany, as Austria, Hungaria, Pannonia, Stiria, &c. and are - all made Denisons in our London Gardens, where they flourish as - in their owne naturall places. The last was brought into France - from Canada by the French Colonie, and from thence vnto vs. - - - The Time. - - They flower about the later end of Iune for the most part, yet - the first springeth out of the ground a moneth at the least - before the other, which are most vsually in flower before it, - like vnto the Serotine Tulipas, all of them being early vp, and - neuer the neere. - - - The Names. - - The first is vsually called _Martagon Imperiale_, the Imperiall - Martagon, and is _Lilium Montanum maius_, the greatest - Mountaine Lilly; for so it deserueth the name, because of the - number of flowers vpon a head or stalke. Some haue called it - _Lilium Sarasenicum_, and some _Hemerocallis_, but neither of - them doth so fitly agree vnto it. - - The second is _Lilium Montanum maius flore albo_, and of some - _Martagon Imperiale flore albo_, but most vsually _Martagon - flore albo_, the white Martagon. The second sort of this second - kinde, is called _Martagon flore albo maculato_, the spotted - white Martagon. And the third, _Martagon flore carneo_, the - blush Martagon. - - The third kinde is called _Lilium Montanum_, the Mountaine - Lilly, and some adde the title _minus_, the lesser, to know it - more distinctly from the other. Some also _Lilium Siluestre_, - as Clusius, and some others, and of Matthiolus _Martagon_. Of - diuers women here in England, from the Dutch name, Lilly of - Nazareth. The last hath his title _Americanum & Canadense_, and - in English accordingly. - - - - -CHAP. IV. - -1. _Martagon Pomponeum siue Lilium rubrum præcox, vel Lilium -Macedonicum._ -The early red Martagon, or Martagon Pompony. - - -As in the former Chapter we described vnto you such Lillies, whose -flowers being pendulous, turne their leaues backe againe, and haue -their greene leaues, set by spaces about the stalke: so in this wee -will set downe those sorts, which carry their greene leaues more -sparsedly, and all along the stalke, their flowers hanging downe, -and turning vp againe as the former, and begin with that which is of -greatest beauty, or at least of most rarity. - -[Sidenote: 1. Martagon Pomponeum angusti folium praecox.] - -1. This rare Martagon hath a scaly root closely compact, with broader -and thinner scales than others, in time growing very great, and of a -more deepe yellow colour then the former, from whence doth spring vp a -round greene stalke in some plants, and flat in others, two or three -foote high, bearing a number of small, long, and narrow greene leaues, -very like vnto the leaues of Pinkes, but greener, set very thicke -together, and without order about the stalke, vp almost vnto the toppe, -and lesser by degrees vpwards, where stand many flowers, according to -the age of the plant, and thriuing in the place where it groweth; in -those that are young, but a few, and more sparsedly, and in others that -are old many more, and thicker set: for I haue reckoned threescore -flowers and more, growing thicke together on one plant with mee, and an -hundred flowers on another: these flowers are of a pale or yellowish -red colour, and not so deep red as the red Martagon of Constantinople, -hereafter set down, nor fully so large: yet of the same fashion, that -is, euery flower hanging downe, and turning vp his leaues againe. It is -not so plentifull in bearing of seede as the other Lillies, but when it -doth, it differeth not but in being lesse. - -[Sidenote: 2. Martagon angusti folium magis serotinum.] - -There is another, whose greene leaues are not so thicke set on the -stalke, but else differeth not but in flowring a fortnight later. - -[Sidenote: 3. Martagon Pomponeum latifolium praecox.] - -There is another also of this kind, so like vnto the former in root, -stalk, flower, & maner of growing, that the difference is hardly -discerned; but consisteth chiefly in these two points: First, that the -leaues of this are a little broader and shorter then the former; and -secondly, that it beareth his flowers a fortnight earlier than the -first. In the colour or forme of the flower, there can no difference -bee discerned, nor (as I said) in any other thing. All these Lillies -doe spring very late out of the ground, euen as the yellow Martagons -doe, but are sooner in flower then any others. - -[Sidenote: 4. Martagon flore phaeniceo.] - -A fourth kinde hereof hath of late been knowne to vs, whose leaues are -broader and shorter than the last, and the flowers of a paler red, -tending to yellow, of some called a golden red colour: but flowreth not -so early as they. - - -2. _Lilium rubrum Byzantinum, siue Martagon Constantinopolitanum._ -The red Martagon of Constantinople. - -1. The red Martagon of Constantinople is become so common euery where, -and so well knowne to all louers of these delights, that I shall seeme -vnto them to lose time, to bestow many lines vpon it; yet because it -is so faire a flower, and was at the first so highly esteemed, it -deserueth his place and commendations, howsoeuer encreasing the plenty -hath not made it dainty. It riseth out of the ground early in the -spring, before many other Lillies, from a great thicke yellow scaly -root, bearing a round brownish stalke, beset with many faire greene -leaues confusedly thereon, but not so broad as the common white Lilly, -vpon the toppe whereof stand one, two, or three, or more flowers, vpon -long footestalkes, which hang downe their heads, and turne vp their -leaues againe, of an excellent red crimson colour, and sometimes paler, -hauing a long pointell in the middle, compassed with sixe whitish -chiues, tipt with loose yellow pendents, of a reasonable good sent, -but somewhat faint. It likewise beareth seede in heads, like vnto the -other, but greater. - - -_Martagon Constantinopolitanum maculatum._ -The red spotted Martagon of Constantinople. - -We haue another of this kinde, that groweth somewhat greater and -higher, with a larger flower, and of a deeper colour, spotted with -diuers blacke spots, or strakes and lines, as is to be seene in the -Mountaine Lillies, and in some other hereafter to be described; but is -not so in the former of this kinde, which hath no shew of spots at all. -The whole plant as it is rare, so it is of much more beauty than the -former. - - -2. _Martagon Pannonicum, siue Exoticum flore spadiceo._ -The bright red Martagon of Hungarie. - -Although this Martagon or Lilly bee of another Countrey, yet by reason -of the neerenesse both in leafe and flower vnto the former, may more -fitly be placed next vnto them, then in any other place. It hath his -roote very like the other, but the leaues are somewhat larger, and more -sparsedly set vpon the stalke, else not much vnlike: the flowers bend -downe, and turne vp their leaues againe, but somewhat larger, and of a -bright red, tending to an Orenge colour, that is, somewhat yellowish, -and not crimson, like the other. - - -3. _Martagon Luteum punctatum._ The Yellow spotted Martagon. - -1. This Yellow Martagon hath a great scaly or cloued roote, and yellow, -like vnto all these sorts of turning Lillies, from whence springeth vp -a round greene strong stalke, three foote high at the least, confusedly -set with narrow long greene leaues, white on the edges vp to the very -toppe thereof almost, hauing diuers flowers on the head, turning vp -againe as the former doe, of a faint yellowish, or greenish yellow -colour, with many blacke spots or strakes about the middle of the leafe -of euery flower, and a forked pointell, with sixe chiues about it, tipt -with reddish pendents, of a heauie strong smell, not very pleasant to -many. It beareth seede very plentifully, in great heads, like vnto the -other former Lillies, but a little paler. - - -2. _Martagon Luteum non maculatum._ The Yellow Martagon without spots. - -The other yellow Martagon differeth in no other thing from the former, -but onely that it hath no spots at all vpon any of the leaues of the -flowers; agreeing with the former, in colour, forme, height, and all -things else. - - -3. _Martagon Luteum serotinum._ The late flowring Yellow Martagon. - -There is yet another yellow Martagon, that hath no other difference -then the time of his flowring, which is not vntill Iuly, vnlesse in -this, that the flower is of a deeper yellow colour. - - - The Place. - - The knowledge of the first kindes of these early Martagons - hath come from Italy, from whence they haue bin sent into the - Low-Countries, and to vs, and, as it seemeth by the name, - whereby they haue bin sent by some into these parts, his - originall should be from the mountaines in Macedonia. - - The second sort is sufficiently knowne by his name, being first - brought from Constantinople, his naturall place being not - farre from thence, as it is likely. But the next sort of this - second kinde, doth plainly tell vs his place of birth to be the - mountaines of Pannonia or Hungarie. - - The third kindes grow on the Pyrenæan mountains, where they - haue been searched out, and found by diuers louers of plants, - as also in the Kingdome of Naples. - - - The Time. - - The first early Martagons flower in the end of May, or - beginning of Iune, and that is a moneth at the least before - those that come from Constantinople, which is the second kinde. - The two first yellow Martagons flower somewhat more early, then - the early red Martagons, and sometimes at the same time with - them. But the third yellow Martagon, as is said, flowreth a - moneth later or more, and is in flower when the red Martagon of - Constantinople flowreth. And although the early red and yellow - Martagons, spring later then the other Martagons or Lillies, - yet they are in flower before them. - - - The Names. - - The first early red Lillies or Martagons haue beene sent vnto - vs by seuerall names, as _Martagon Pomponeum_, and thereafter - are called Martagon of Pompony, and also _Lilium_ or _Martagon - Macedonicum_, the Lilly or Martagon of Macedonia. They are also - called by Clusius _Lilium rubrum præcox_, the one _angustiore - folio_, the other _latiore folio_. And the last of this kinde - hath the title _flore phæniceo_ added or giuen vnto it, that - is, the Martagon or Lilly of Macedonia with gold red flowers. - - The Martagons of Constantinople haue beene sent by the Turkish - name _Zufiniare_, and is called _Martagon_, or _Lilium - Byzantinum_ by some, and _Hemerocallis Chalcedonica_ by others; - but by the name of the Martagon of Constantinople they are most - commonly receiued with vs, with the distinction of _maculatum_ - to the one, to distinguish the sorts. The last kinde in this - _classis_, hath his name in his title, as it hath been sent - vnto vs. - - The Yellow Martagons are distinguished in their seuerall - titles, as much as is conuenient for them. - - - - -CHAP. V. - -_Lilium Aureum & Lilium Rubrum._ The Gold and Red Lillies. - - -There are yet some other kindes of red Lillies to bee described, which -differ from all the former, and remaine to be spoken of in this place. -Some of them grow high, and some lowe, some haue small knots, which wee -call bulbes, growing vpon the stalkes, at the ioynts of the leaues or -flowers, and some haue none: all which shall be intreated of in their -seuerall orders. - - -_Lilium pumilum cruentum._ The dwarfe red Lilly. - -The dwarfe red Lilly hath a scaly roote, somewhat like vnto other -Lillies, but white, and not yellow at all, and the cloues or scales -thicker, shorter, and fewer in number, then in most of the former: the -stalke hereof is not aboue a foote and a halfe high, round and greene, -set confusedly with many faire and short greene leaues, on the toppe -of which doe stand sometimes but a few flowers, and sometimes many, of -a faire purplish red colour, and a little paler in the middle, euery -flower standing vpright, and not hanging downe, as in the former, on -the leaues whereof here and there are some blacke spots, lines or -markes, and in the middle of the flower a long pointell, with some -chiues about it, as is in the rest of these Lillies. - -[Sidenote: _Lilium rubrum multiplici flore._] - -This kinde is sometimes found to yeeld double flowers, as if all the -single flowers should grow into one, and so make it consist of many -leaues, which notwithstanding his so continuing sundry yeares, vpon -transplanting, will _redire ad ingenium_, that is, quickly come againe -to his old byas or forme. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Martagon rubrum siue luteum._ The red or the yellow Martagon. - 2 _Lilium Bulbiferum._ The red bulbed Lilly. - 3 _Lilium aureum._ The gold red Lilly. - 4 _Lilium album._ The white Lilly. -] - - -_Lilium Aureum._ The Gold red Lilly. - -The second red Lilly without bulbes groweth much higher then the first, -and almost as high as any other Lilly: the roote hereof is white and -scaly, the leaues are somewhat longer, and of a darke or sad greene -colour; the flowers are many and large, standing vpright as all these -sorts of red Lillies doe, of a paler red colour tending to an Orenge on -the inside, with many blacke spots and lines on them, as in the former, -and more yellow on the outside: the seede vessels are like vnto the -roundish heads of other Lillies, and so are the seedes in them likewise. - - -1. _Lilium minus bulbiferum._ The dwarfe bulbed Lilly. - -The first of the Lillies that carrieth bulbes on the stalke, hath a -white scaly roote like the former; from whence riseth vp a small round -stalke, not much higher then the first dwarfe Lilly, seeming to be -edged, hauing many leaues thereon of a sad green colour set about it, -close thrust together: the greene heads for flowers, will haue a kind -of woollinesse on them, before the flowers begin to open, and betweene -these heads of flowers, as also vnder them, and among the vppermost -leaues, appeare small bulbes or heads, which being ripe if they be -put into the ground, or if they fall of themselues, will shoote forth -leaues, and beare flowers within two or three yeares like the mother -plant, and so will the bulbes of the other hereafter described: the -flowers of this Lilly are of a faire gold yellow colour, shadowed ouer -with a shew of purple, but not so red as the first, or the next to bee -described. This Lilly will shoote strings vnder ground, like as the -last red Lilly will doe also, whereat will grow white bulbed roots, -like the rootes of the mother plant, thereby quickly encreasing it -selfe. - - -2. _Lilium Cruentum bulbiferum._ The Fierie red bulbed Lilly. - -The second bulbed Lilly riseth vp with his stalke as high as any of -these Lillies, carrying many long and narrow darke greene leaues about -it, and at the toppe many faire red flowers, as large or larger then -any of the former, and of a deeper red colour, with spots on them -likewise, hauing greater bulbes growing about the toppe of the stalke -and among the flowers, then any else. - - -_Lilium Cruentum flore pleno._ The Fierie red double Lilly. - -The difference of this doth chiefly consist in the flower, which is -composed of manie leaues, as if many flowers went to make one, spotted -with black spots, and without any bulbes when it thus beareth, which is -but accidentall, as the former double Lilly is said to be. - - -3. _Lilium maius bulbiferum._ The greater bulbed red Lilly. - -The third red Lilly with bulbes, riseth vp almost as high as the last, -and is the most common kinde we haue bearing bulbes. It hath many -leaues about the stalke, but not of so sad a greene colour as the -former: the flowers are of as pale a reddish yellow colour as any of -the former, and comming neerest vnto the colour of the Gold red Lilly. -This is more plentifull in bulbes, and in shooting strings, to encrease -rootes vnder ground, then the others. - - - The Place. - - These Lillies doe all grow in Gardens, but their naturall - places of growing is the Mountaines and the Vallies neere - them in Italy, as Matthiolus saith: and in many Countries of - Germany, as Hungarie, Austria, Stiria, and Bohemia, as Clusius - and other doe report. - - - The Time. - - They flower for the most part in Iune, yet the first of these - is the earliest of all the rest. - - - The Names. - - All these Lillies are called _Lilia Rubra_, Red Lillies: - Some call them _Lilium Aureum_, _Lilium Purpureum_, _Lilium - Puniceum_, _&_ _Lilium Cruentum_. Some also call them _Martagon - Chimistarum_. Clusius calleth these bulbed Lillies _Martagon - Bulbiferum_. It is thought to be _Hyacinthus Poetarum_, but I - referre the discussing thereof to a fitter time. Wee haue, to - distinguish them most fitly (as I take it) giuen their proper - names in their seuerall titles. - - - - -CHAP. VI. - -_Lilium Album._ The White Lilly. - - -Now remaineth onely the White Lilly, of all the whole family or stocke -of the Lillies, to bee spoken of, which is of two sorts. The one is our -common or vulgar White Lilly; and the other, that which was brought -from Constantinople. - - -_Lilium Album vulgare._ The ordinary White Lilly. - -The ordinary White Lilly scarce needeth any description, it is so well -knowne, and so frequent in euery Garden; but to say somewhat thereof, -as I vse to doe of euery thing, be it neuer so common and knowne; it -hath a cloued or scaly roote, yellower and bigger then any of the red -Lillies: the stalke is of a blackish greene colour, and riseth as high -as most of the Lillies, hauing many faire, broad, and long greene -leaues thereon, larger and longer beneath, and smaller vpon the stalke -vpwards; the flowers are many or few, according to the age of the -plant, fertility of the soile, and time of standing where it groweth: -and stand vpon long greene footstalkes, of a faire white colour, with a -long pointell in the middle, and white chiues tipt with yellow pendents -about it; the smell is somewhat heady and strong. - - -_Lilium Album Byzantinum._ The White Lilly of Constantinople. - -The other White Lilly, differeth but little from the former White -Lilly, either in roote, leafe, or flower, but only that this vsually -groweth with more number of flowers, then euer we saw in our ordinary -White Lilly: for I haue seene the stalke of this Lilly turne flat, of -the breadth of an hand, bearing neere two hundred flowers vpon a head, -yet most commonly it beareth not aboue a dozen, or twenty flowers, but -smaller then the ordinary, as the greene leaues are likewise. - - - The Place. - - The first groweth onely in Gardens, and hath not beene declared - where it is found wilde, by any that I can heare of. The other - hath beene sent from Constantinople, among other rootes, and - therefore is likely to grow in some parts neere thereunto. - - - The Time. - - They flower in Iune or thereabouts, but shoote forth greene - leaues in Autumne, which abide greene all the Winter, the - stalke springing vp betweene the lower leaues in the Spring. - - - The Names. - - It is called _Lilium Album_, the White Lilly, by most Writers; - but by Poets _Rosa Iunonis_, Iuno’s Rose. The other hath his - name in his title. - - - The Vertues. - - This Lilly aboue all the rest, yea, and I thinke this onely, - and none of the rest is vsed in medicines now adayes, although - in former times Empericks vsed the red; and therefore I haue - spoken nothing of them in the end of their Chapters, reseruing - what is to be said in this. This hath a mollifying, digesting, - and cleansing quality, helping to suppurate tumours, and - to digest them, for which purpose the roote is much vsed. - The water of the flowers distilled, is of excellent vertue - for women in trauell of childe bearing, to procure an easie - deliuery, as Matthiolus and Camerarius report. It is vsed also - of diuers women outwardly, for their faces to cleanse the skin, - and make it white and fresh. Diuers other properties there are - in these Lillies, which my purpose is not to declare in this - place. Nor is it the scope of this worke; this that hath been - said is sufficient: for were it not, that I would giue you some - taste of the qualities of plants (as I said in my Preface) as - I goe along with them, a generall worke were fitter to declare - them then this. - - - - -CHAP. VII. - -_Fritillaria._ The checkerd Daffodill. - - -Although diuers learned men do by the name giuen vnto this delightfull -plant, thinke it doth in some things partake with a Tulipa or -Daffodill, and haue therefore placed it betweene them; yet I, finding -it most like vnto a little Lilly, both in roote, stalke, leafe, flower, -and seede, haue (as you see here) placed it next vnto the Lillies, and -before them. Hereof there are many sorts found out of late, as white, -red, blacke, and yellow, besides the purple, which was first knowne; -and of each of them there are also diuers sorts: and first of that -which is most frequent, and then of the rest, euery one in his place -and order. - - -1. _Fritillaria vulgaris._ The common checkerd Daffodill. - -The ordinary checkerd Daffodill (as it is vsually called, but might -more properly be called the small checkerd Lilly) hath a small round -white roote, and somewhat flat, made as it were of two cloues, and -diuided in a maner into two parts, yet ioyning together at the bottome -or seate of the roote, which holdeth them both together: from betweene -this cleft or diuision, the budde for the stalke &c. appeareth, which -in time riseth vp a foote, or a foote and a halfe high, being round and -of a brownish greene colour, especially neere vnto the ground, whereon -there standeth dispersedly foure or fiue narrow long and greene leaues, -being a little hollow: at the toppe of the stalke, betweene the vpper -leaues (which are smaller then the lowest) the flower sheweth it selfe, -hanging or turning downe the head, but not turning vp againe any of his -leaues, as some of the Lillies before described doe; (sometimes this -stalke beareth two flowers, and very seldome three) consisting of sixe -leaues, of a reddish purple colour, spotted diuersly with great spots, -appearing like vnto square checkers, of a deeper colour; the inside -of the flower is of a brighter colour then the outside, which hath -some greennesse at the bottome of euery leafe: within the flower there -appeare sixe chiues tipt with yellow pendents, and a three-forked -stile or pointell compassing a greene head, which when the flower is -past, riseth vpright againe, and becommeth the seede vessell, being -somewhat long and round, yet hauing a small shew of edges, flat at the -head, like the head of a Lilly, and without any crowne as the Tulipa -hath, wherein is contained pale coloured flat seede, like vnto that of -a Lilly, but smaller. - -[Sidenote: _Fritillaria vulgaris pallidior, praecox, & serotina._] - -There is some variety to be seene in this flower; for in some the -colour is paler, and in others againe of a very high or deepe colour: -sometimes also they haue eight leaues, and sometimes ten or twelue, as -if two flowers were made one, which some thereupon haue called a Double -Fritillaria. Some of them likewise doe flower very early, euen with or -before the early flowring Tulipas; and some againe flower not vntill a -moneth or more after the former. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Fritillaria vulgaris._ The common Fritillaria. - 2 _Fritillaria flore atrorubente._ The dark red Fritillaria. - 4 _Fritillaria alba._ The white Fritillaria. - 7 _Fritillaria lutea punctata._ The yellow checkerd Fritillaria. - 8 _Fritillaria lutea Italica._ The great yellow Italian Fritillaria. - 10 _Fritillaria lutea Lusitanica._ The small yellow Fritillaria - of Portugal. - 11 _Fritillaria Pyrenæa._ The blacke Fritillaria. - 12 _Fritillaria umbellifera._ The Spanish blacke Fritillaria. -] - - -2. _Fritillaria flore atrorubente._ The bloud red Fritillaria. - -The roote of this Fritillaria is somewhat rounder and closer then the -former, from whence the stalke riseth vp, being shorter and lower then -in any other of these kindes, hauing one or two leaues thereon, and -at the top thereof two or three more set closer together, which are -broader, shorter, and whiter then any of them before, almost like vnto -the leaues of the yellow Fritillaria, from among which toppe leaues -commeth forth the flower, somewhat bending downe, or rather standing -forth, being larger then any of the former, and almost equall in -bignesse vnto the yellow Fritillaria, of a duskie gray colour all ouer -on the outside, and of a very darke red colour on the inside, diuersly -spotted or straked: this very hardly encreaseth by the roote, and as -seldome giueth ripe seede, but flowreth with the other first sorts, and -before the blacke, and abideth lesse time in flower then any. - - -3. _Fritillaria maxima purpurea siue rubra._ -The great purple or red Fritillaria. - -This great Fritillaria hath his roote equall to the bignesse of the -rest of his parts, from whence riseth vp one, & oftentimes two stalks, -hauing one, two or three flowers a peece on them, as nature and the -seasons are fitting: euery one of these flowers are larger and greater -then any of the former described, and pendulous as they are, of a sad -red or purplish colour, with many thwart lines on them, and small -long markes, which hardly seeme checkerwise, nor are so eminent or -conspicuous as in the former: the stalke is strong and high, whereon -are set diuers long whitish greene leaues, larger and broader then -those of the former. - - -4. _Fritillaria alba._ The white Fritillaria. - -The white Fritillaria is so like vnto the first, that I shall not neede -to make another description of this: it shall (I hope) be sufficient to -shew the chiefe differences, and so proceed to the rest. The stalke and -leaues of this are wholly greene, whereby it may easily be knowne from -the former, which, as is said, is brownish at the bottome. The flower -is white, without almost any shew of spot or marke in it, yet in some -the markes are somewhat more plainly to be seene, and in some againe -there is a shew of a faint kinde of blush colour to be seene in the -flower, especially in the inside, the bottomes of the leaues of euery -flower sometimes are greenish, hauing also a small list of greene, -comming downe towards the middle of each leafe: the head or seede -vessell, as also the seede and the roote, are so like vnto the former, -that the most cunning cannot distinguish them. - - -5. _Fritillaria flore duplici albicante._ -The double blush Fritillaria. - -This Fritillaria hath a round flattish white roote, very like vnto the -last Fritillaria, bearing a stalke with long greene leaues thereon, -little differing from it, or the first ordinary Fritillaria: the -flower is said to be constant, composed of many leaues, being ten at -the least, and most vsually twelue, of a pale whitish purple colour, -spotted like vnto the paler ordinary Fritillaria that is early, so that -one would verily thinke it were but an accidentall kinde thereof, -whereas it is (as is said before) held to bee constant, continuing in -this manner. - - -6. _Fritillaria flore luteo puro._ The pure yellow Fritillaria. - -The pure yellow Fritillaria hath a more round, and not so flat a -whitish roote as the former kindes, and of a meane bignesse; from the -middle riseth vp a stalke a foote and a halfe high, and sometimes -higher, whereon are set without order diuers long and somewhat broad -leaues of a whitish greene colour, like vnto the leaues of the blacke -Fritillaria, but not aboue halfe so broad: the flower is somewhat small -and long, not much vnlike to the blacke for shape and fashion, but -that the leaues are smaller and rounder pointed, of a faint yellowish -colour, without any shew of spots or checkers at all, eyther within -or without the flower, hauing some chiues and yellow pendents in the -middle, as is to be seene in all of them: the seede is like the first -kinde. - - -7. _Fritillaria flore luteo vario siue punctato._ -The checkerd yellow Fritillaria. - -This Fritillaria groweth not much lower then the former, and brownish -at the rising vp, hauing his leaues whiter, broader, and shorter then -it, and almost round pointed. The flower is greater, and larger spread -then any other before, of a faire pale yellow colour, spotted in very -good order, with fine small checkers, which adde a wonderfull pleasing -beauty thereunto: it hath also some lists of greene running downe the -backe of euery leafe. It seldome giueth seede; the roote also is like -the other, but not so flat. - - -8. _Fritillaria lutea maxima Italica._ -The great yellow Italian Fritillaria. - -This kinde of Fritillaria riseth vp with a round and browne greene -stalke, whereon are set diuers leaues somewhat broad and short, which -compasse the stalke at the bottome of them, of a darke greene colour; -at the toppe of the stalke, which bendeth a little downewards, doe most -vsually stand three or foure leaues, betweene which commeth forth most -vsually but one flower, which is longer then the last, hanging downe -the head as all the others doe, consisting of sixe leaues, of a darke -yellowish purple colour, spotted with some small red checkers. This -kinde flowreth late, and not vntill all the rest are past. - - -9. _Fritillaria Italorum polyanthos flore parno._ -The small Italian Fritillaria. - -This small Italian Fritillaria carrieth more store of flowers on the -stalke, but they are much smaller, and of a yellowish greene colour, -spotted with long and small darke red checkers or markes: the stalke -hath diuers small short greene leaues thereon, vnto the very toppe. - - -10. _Fritillaria lutea Iuncifolia Lusitanica._ -The small yellow Fritillaria of Portugall. - -The leaues of this Fritillaria are so small, narrow and long, that it -hath caused them to take the name of rushes, as if you should call it, -The rush leafed Fritillaria, which stand on a long weake round stalke, -set without order the flower is small and yellow, but thicker checkerd -with red spots then any of the other yellow Fritillaria’s; the stalk of -the flower, at the head thereof, being also of a yellowish colour. - - -11. _Fritillaria Pyrenæa siue Apenninea._ The blacke Fritillaria. - -The roote of this kinde doth often grow so great, that it seemeth like -vnto the roote of a small Crowne Imperiall: the stalke is strong, -round, and high, set without order, with broader and whiter greene -leaues then any of the former, bearing one, two, or three flowers; -sometimes at the toppe, being not so large as those of the ordinary -purple Fritillaria, but smaller, longer, and rounder, sometimes a -little turning vp the brims or edges of the leaues againe, and are of -a yellowish shining greene colour on the inside, sometimes spotted -with red spots almost through the whole inside of the flower, vnto the -very edge, which abideth of a pale yellow colour, and sometimes there -are very few spots to be seene, and those from the middle onely on -the inside (for on the outside there neuer appeareth any spots at all -in this kinde) and sometimes with no shew of spots at all, sometimes -also of a more pale greene, and sometime of a more yellow colour: the -outside of the flowers doe likewise vary, for in some the outside of -the leaues are of a darke sullen yellow, &c. else more pale yellow, and -in other of a darke purplish yellow colour, which in some is so deepe, -and so much, that it rather seemeth blacke then purple or yellow, and -this especially about the bottome of the flower, next vnto the stalke, -but the edges are still of a yellowish greene: the head of seede, and -the seede likewise is like vnto the former, but bigger in all respects. - - -12. _Fritillaria Hispanica vmbellifera._ -The Spanish blacke Fritillaria. - -This Fritillaria is no doubt of kindred to the last recited, it is -so like, but greater in all parts thereof, as if growing in a more -fruitfull soile, it were the stronger and lustier to beare more store -of flowers: the flowers grow foure or fiue from the head together, -hanging downe round about the stalke, like vnto a Crowne Imperiall, and -are of a yellowish greene colour on the inside, spotted with a few red -spots, the outside being blackish as the former. - - - The Place. - - The first of these plants was first brought to our knowledge - from France, where it groweth plentifully about Orleance; - the other sorts grow in diuers other Countries, as some in - Portugall, Spaine, Italy, &c. as their names doe import, and - as in time they haue been obserued by those that were curious - searchers of these rarities, haue been sent to vs. - - - The Time. - - The early kindes doe flower in the beginning of Aprill or - thereabouts, according to the mildenesse or sharpenesse of the - precedent Winter. The other doe flower after the first are - past, for a moneths space one after another, and the great - yellow is very late, not flowring vntill about the middle or - end of May. - - - The Names. - - This hath receiued diuers names: some calling it _Flos - Meleagridis_, the Ginny Hen Flower, of the variety of the - colours in the flower, agreeing with the feathers of that - Bird. Some call it _Narcissus Caparonius_, of the name of the - first inuentor or finder thereof, called Noel Caperon, an - Apothecary dwelling in Orleance, at the time he first found it, - and was shortly after the finding thereof taken away in the - Massacre in France. It is now generally called _Fritillaria_, - of the word _Fritillus_, which diuers doe take for the Chesse - borde or table whereon they play, whereunto, by reason of the - resemblance of the great squares or spots so like it, they did - presently referre it. It is called by Lobel _Lilionarcissus - purpureus variegatus, & sessulatus_, making it a kinde of - Tulipa; but as I said in the beginning of the Chapter, it - doth most neerely resemble a small pendulous Lilly, and might - therefore rightly hold the name of _Lilium variegatum_, or - in English, the checkerd Lilly. But because the errour which - first referred it to a Daffodill, is growne strong by custome - of continuance, I leaue to euery one their owne will, to call - it in English eyther Fritillaria, as it is called of most, or - the checkerd Daffodill, or the Ginnie Hen flower, or, as I doe, - the checkerd Lilly. I shall not neede in this place further to - explaine the seuerall names of euery of them, hauing giuen you - them in their titles. - - - The Vertues. - - I haue not found or heard by any others of any property - peculiar in this plant, to be applied either inwardly or - outwardly for any disease: the chiefe or onely vse thereof - is, to be an ornament for the Gardens of the curious louers - of these delights, and to be worne of them abroad, which for - the gallant beauty of many of them, deserueth their courteous - entertainment, among many other the like pleasures. - - - - -CHAP. VIII. - -_Tulipa._ The Turkes Cap. - - -Next vnto the Lillies, and before the Narcissi or Daffodils, the -discourse of Tulipas deserueth his place, for that it partaketh of both -their natures; agreeing with the Lillies in leaues, flowers, and seede, -and somewhat with the Daffodils in rootes. There are not onely diuers -kindes of Tulipas, but sundry diuersities of colours in them, found -out in these later dayes by many the searchers of natures varieties, -which haue not formerly been obserued: our age being more delighted in -the search, curiosity, and rarities of these pleasant delights, then -any age I thinke before. But indeede, this flower, aboue many other, -deserueth his true commendations and acceptance with all louers of -these beauties, both for the stately aspect, and for the admirable -varietie of colours, that daily doe arise in them, farre beyond all -other plants that grow, in so much, that I doubt, although I shall in -this Chapter set downe the varieties of a great many, I shall leaue -more vnspoken of, then I shall describe; for I may well say, there -is in this one plant no end of diuersity to be expected, euery yeare -yeelding a mixture and variety that hath not before been obserued, and -all this arising from the sowing of the seede. The chiefe diuision -of Tulipas, is into two sorts: _Præcoces_, early flowring Tulipas, -and _Serotinæ_, late flowring Tulipas. For that sort which is called -_Mediæ_ or _Dubiæ_, that is, which flower in the middle time betweene -them both, and may be thought to be a kinde or sort by it selfe, as -well as any of the other two: yet because they doe neerer participate -with the _Serotinæ_ then with the _Præcoces_, not onely in the colour -of the leafe, being of the same greennesse with the _Serotinæ_, and -most vsually also, for that it beareth his stalke and flower, high and -large like as the _Serotinæ_ doe; but especially, for that the seede -of a _Media Tulipa_ did neuer bring forth a _Præcox_ flower (although -I know Clusius, an industrious, learned, and painfull searcher and -publisher of these rarities, saith otherwise) so farre as euer I -could, by mine owne care or knowledge, in sowing their seede apart, or -the assurance of any others, the louers and sowers of Tulipa seede, -obserue, learne, or know: and because also that the seede of the -_Serotinæ_ bringeth forth _Medias_, and the seede of _Medias Serotinæ_, -they may well bee comprehended vnder the generall title of _Serotinæ_: -But because they haue generally receiued the name _Mediæ_, or middle -flowring Tulipas, to distinguish between them, and those that vsually -doe flower after them; I am content to set them downe, and speake of -them seuerally, as of three sorts. Vnto the place and ranke likewise -of the _Præcoces_, or early flowring Tulipas, there are some other -seuerall kinds of Tulipas to be added, which are notably differing, not -onely from the former _Præcox Tulipa_, but euery one of them, one from -another, in some speciall note or other: as the _Tulipa Boloniensis -flore rubro_, the red Bolonia Tulipa. _Tulipa Boloniensis flore luteo_, -the yellow Bolonia Tulipa. _Tulipa Persica_, Persian Tulipa. _Tulipa -Cretica_, the Candie Tulipa, and others: all which shall bee described -and entreated of, euery one apart by it selfe, in the end of the ranke -of the _Præcoces_, because all of them flower much about their time. -To begin then with the _Præcox_, or early flowring Tulipas, and after -them with the _Medias_ and _Serotinas_, I shall for the better method, -diuide their flowers into foure primary or principall colours, that is -to say, White, Purple, Red and Yellow, and vnder every one of these -colours, set downe the seuerall varieties of mixtures we haue seene -and obserued in them, that so they may be both the better described by -me, and the better conceiued by others, and euery one placed in their -proper ranke. Yet I shall in this, as I intend to doe in diuers other -plants that are variable, giue but one description in generall of the -plant, and then set downe the varietie of forme or colour afterwards -briefly by themselues. - - -_Tulipa præcox._ The early flowring Tulipa. - -The early Tulipa (and so all other Tulipas) springeth out of the ground -with his leaues folded one within another, the first or lowest leafe -riseth vp first, sharpe pointed, and folded round together, vntill -it be an inch or two aboue the ground, which then openeth it selfe, -shewing another leafe folded also in the bosome or belly of the first, -which in time likewise opening it selfe, sheweth forth a third, and -sometimes a fourth and a fifth: the lower leaues are larger then the -vpper, and are faire, thicke, broad, long, and hollow like a gutter, -and sometimes crumpled on the edges, which will hold water that falleth -thereon a long time, of a pale or whitish greene colour, (and the -_Mediæ_ and _Serotinæ_ more greene) couered ouer as it were with a -mealinesse or hoarinesse, with an eye or shew of rednesse towards the -bottome of the leaues, and the edges in this kinde being more notable -white, which are two principall notes to know a _Præcox Tulipa_ from -a _Media_ or _Serotina_: the stalke with the flower riseth vp in the -middle, as it were through these leaues, which in time stand one aboue -another, compassing it at certaine vnequall distances, and is often -obserued to bend it selfe crookedly downe to the ground, as if it would -thrust his head thereinto, but turning vp his head (which will be -the flower) againe, afterwards standeth vpright, sometimes but three -or foure fingers or inches high, but more often halfe a foote, and a -foot high, but the _Medias_, and _Serotinas_ much higher, carrying -(for the most part) but one flower on the toppe thereof, like vnto a -Lilly for the forme, consisting of sixe leaues, greene at the first, -and afterwards changing into diuers and sundry seuerall colours and -varieties, the bottomes likewise of the leaues of these sometimes, but -most especially of the _Mediæ_, being as variable as the flower, which -are in some yellow, or green, or blacke, in others white, blew, purple, -or tawnie; and sometimes one colour circling another: some of them haue -little or no sent at all, and some haue a better then others. After -it hath been blowne open three or foure dayes or more, it will in the -heate of the Sunne spread it selfe open, and lay it selfe almost flat -to the stalke: in the middle of the flower standeth a greene long head -(which will be the seed vessell) compassed about with sixe chiues, -which doe much vary, in being sometimes of one, and sometimes of -another colour, tipt with pendents diuersly varied likewise: the head -in the middle of the flower groweth after the flower is fallen, to be -long, round, and edged, as it were three square, the edges meeting at -the toppe, where it is smallest, and making as it were a crowne (which -is not seen in the head of any Lilly) and when it is ripe, diuideth -it selfe on the inside into sixe rowes, of flat, thinne, brownish, -gristly seede, very like vnto the seede of the Lillies, but brighter, -stiffer, and more transparent: the roote being well growne is round, -and somewhat great, small and pointed at the toppe, and broader, yet -roundish at the bottome, with a certaine eminence or seate on the one -side, as the roote of the Colchicum hath; but not so long, or great, it -hath also an hollownesse on the one side (if it haue borne a flower) -where the stalke grew, (for although in the time of the first springing -vp, vntill it shew the budde for flower, the stalke with the leaues -thereon rise vp out of the middle of the roote; yet when the stalke is -risen vp, and sheweth the budde for flower, it commeth to one side, -making an impression therein) couered ouer with a brownish thin coate -or skin, like an Onion, hauing a little woollinesse at the bottome; -but white within, and firme, yet composed of many coates, one folding -within another, as the roote of the Daffodils be, of a reasonable -good taste, neyther very sweete, nor yet vnpleasant. This description -may well serue for the other Tulipas, being _Medias_ or _Serotinas_, -concerning their springing and bearing, which haue not any other great -variety therein worth the note, which is not expressed here; the chiefe -difference resting in the variety of the colours of the flower, and -their seuerall mixtures and markes, as I said before: sauing onely, -that the flowers of some are great and large, and of others smaller, -and the leaues of some long and pointed, and of others broad and -round, or bluntly pointed, as shall bee shewed in the end of the -Chapter: I shall therefore onely expresse the colours, with the mixture -or composure of them, and giue you withall the names of some of them, -(for it is impossible I thinke to any man, to giue seuerall names to -all varieties) as they are called by those that chiefly delight in them -with vs. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Tulipa præcox alba siue rubra, &c. vnius coloris._ The early white - or red Tulipa, &c. being of one colour. - 2 _Tulipa, præcox purpurea oris albis._ The early purple Tulipa with - white edges, or the Prince. - 3 _Tulipa præcox variegata._ The early stript Tulipa. - 4 _Tulipa præcox rubra oris luteis._ The early red Tulipa with yellow - edges, or the Duke. -] - - -_Tulipa præcox Alba._ - -1 _Niuea tota interdum purpureis staminibus, vel saltem -luteis, fundo puro haud luteo._ - -2 _Alba siue niuea fundo luteo._ - -3 _Albida._ - -4 _Alba, venis cærulis in dorso._ - -5 _Alba purpureis oris._ {_Harum flores - {vel -6 _Alba carneis oris._ {constantes, - {vel -7 _Alba sanguineis oris._ {dispergentes._ - -8 _Alba oris magnis carneis, & venis intro respicientibus._ - -9 _Alba extra, carnei vero coloris intus, oras habens carneas -saturatiores._ - -10 _Albida, oris rubris, vel oris purpureis._ - -11 _Alba, purpurascentibus maculis extra, intus vero carnei -viuacissimi._ - -12 _Alba, purpureis maculis aspersa extra, intus vero alba -purpurantibus oris._ - -13 _Dux Alba, i. e. coceineis & albis variata flaminis, à -medio ad oras intercursantibus._ - -14 _Princessa, i.e. argentei coloris maculis -purpurascentibus._ - -15 _Regina pulcherrima, albis & sanguineis aspersa radijs & -punctis._ - - The early White Tulipa. - - 1 The flower whereof is either pure snow white, with purple - sometimes, or at least with yellow chiues, without any yellow - bottome. - - 2 Or pure white with a yellow bottome. - - 3 Or milk white that is not so pure white. - - 4 White with blew veines on the outside. - - 5 White with purple edges. {Some of these - {abiding constant, - 6 White with blush edges. {& others - {spreading - 7 White with red edges. {or running. - - 8 White with great blush edges, and some strakes running from - the edge inward. - - 9 White without, and somewhat blush within, with edges of a - deeper blush. - - 10 Whitish, or pale white with red or purple edges. - - 11 Whitish without, with some purplish veins & spots, & of a - liuely blush within. - - 12 White without, spotted with small purple spots, and white - within with purple edges. - - 13 A white Duke, that is, parted with white & crimson flames, - from the middle of each leafe to the edge. - - 14 The Princesse, that is, a siluer colour spotted with fine - deepe blush spots. - - 15 The Queen, that is, a fine white sprinkled with bloud red - spots, and greater strakes. - - -_Tulipa præcox purpurea._ - -1 _Purpurea satura rubescens, vel violacea._ - -2 _Purpurea pallida, Columbina dicta._ - -3 _Persici coloris saturi._ - -4 _Persici coloris Pallidioris._ - -5 _Paeoniæ floris coloris._ - -6 _Rosea._ - -7 _Chermesiua peramæna._ - -8 _Chermesiua parum striata._ - -9 _Princeps, i.e. purpurea saturatior vel dilutior, oris -albis magnis vel paruis, fundo luteo, vel albo orbe, quæ -multum variatur, & colore, & oris, ita vt purpurea elegans -oris magnis albis; dicta est, Princeps excellens, &_ - -10 _Princeps Columbina, purpurea dilutior._ - -11 _Purpurea Chermesina, rubicandioris coloris, albidis vel -albis oris._ - -12 _Purpurea, vel obsoleta albidis oris Princeps Brancion._ - -13 _Purpurea diluta, oris dilutioris purpurei coloris._ - -14 _Purpurea in exterioribus, carnei vero ad medium intus, -oris albis, fundo luteo._ - -15 _Purpurea albo plumata extra, oris albis, purpurascens -intus, fundo luteo, vel orbe albo._ - -16 _Alia, minus elegans plumata, minoribusq., oris albidis._ - - The early purple Tulipa. - - 1 A reddish purple, or more violet. - - 2 A pale purple, called a Doue colour. - - 3 A deep Peach colour. - - 4 A paler Peach colour. - - 5 A Peony flower colour. - - 6 A Rose colour. - - 7 A Crimson very bright. - - 8 A Crimson stript with a little white. - - 9 A Prince or Bracklar, that is, a deepe or pale purple, with - white edges, greater or smaller, and a yellow bottome, or - circled with white, which varieth much, both in the purple & - edges, so that a faire deep purple, with great white edges, - is called, The best or chiefe Prince, and - - 10 A paler purple with white edges, called a Doue coloured - Prince. - - 11 A Crimson Prince or Bracklar. - - 12 A Brancion Prince, or purple Brancion. - - 13 A purple with more pale purple edges. - - 14 Purple without, and blush halfe way within, with white - edges, and a yellow bottome. - - 15 Purple feathered with white on the out side, with white - edges, and pale purple within, the ground being a little - yellow, or circled with white. - - 16 Another very neere vnto it, but not so fairely feathered, - being more obscure, and the edges not so great or whitish. - - -_Tulipa præcox rubra._ - -1 _Rubra vulgaris fundo luteo, aliquando nigro._ - -2 _Rubra satura oris luteis paruis, dicta Roan._ - -3 _Baro, i. e. rubra magis intensa, oris luteis paruis._ - -4 _Dux maior & minor, i.e. rubra magis aut minus elegans -satura, oris luteis maximis vel minoribus, & fundo luteo -magno. Alia alijs est magis amœna, in alijs etiam fundo nigro -vel obscuro viridi._ - -5 _Ducissa, i. e. Duci similis, at plus lutei quàm rubri, -oris magnis luteis, & rubore magis aut minus intus in gyrum -acto, fundo item luteo magno._ - -6 _Testamentum Brancion i.e., rubra sanguinea satura, aut -minus rubra, oris pallidis, magnis vel paruis: alia alijs -magis aut minus elegans diuersimodo._ - -7 _Flambans, ex rubore & flauedine radiata, vel striata fundo -luteo._ - -8 _Mali Aurantij coloris, ex rubore, & flauedinè integre, non -separatim mixta, oris luteis paruis, vel absq., oris._ - -9 _Minij, siue Cinabaris coloris, i.e. ex purpurea, rubedine, -& flauedine radiata, vnguibus luteis, & aliquando oris._ - -10 _Rex Tuliparum, i.e. ex sanguineo & aureo radiatim mixta, -à flammea diuersa, fundo luteo, orbe rubro._ - -11 _Tunica Morionis, i.e. ex rubore & aureo separatim -diuersa._ - - The early red Tulipa. - - 1 An ordinary red, with a yellow, & sometimes a blacke - bottome. - - 2 A deep red, with a small edge of yellow, called a Roane. - - 3 A Baron, that is, a faire red with a small yellow edge. - - 4 A Duke, a greater and a lesser, that is, a more or less - faire deep red, with greater or lesser yellow edges, and a - great yellow bottome. Some of this sort are much more or - lesse faire then others, some also haue a blacke or darke - greene bottome. - - 5 A Dutchesse, that is like vnto the Duke, but more yellow - then red, with greater yellow edges, and the red more or - lesse circling the middle of the flower on the inside, with a - large yellow bottome. - - 6 A Testament Brancion, or a Brancion Duke, that is, a - faire deepe red, or lesse red, with a pale yellow or butter - coloured edge, some larger others smaller: and some more - pleasing then others, in a very variable manner. - - 7 A Flambant, differing from the Dutchesse; for this hath no - such great yellow edge, but streaks of yellow through the - leafe vnto the very edge. - - 8 An Orenge colour, that is, a reddish yellow, or a red and - yellow equally mixed, with small yellow edges, and sometimes - without. - - 9 A Vermillion, that is, a purplish red, streamed with - yellow, the bottome yellow, and sometimes the edges. - - 10 The Kings flower, that is, a crimson or bloud red, - streamed with a gold yellow, differing from the Flambant, the - bottome yellow, circled with red. - - 11 A Fooles coate, parted with red and yellow guardes. - - -_Tulipa præcox lutea._ - -1 _Lutea siue flaua._ - -2 _Pallida lutea siue straminea._ - -3 _Aurea, oris rubicundis._ - -4 _Straminea, oris rubris._ - -5 _Aurea, rubore perfusa extra._ - -6 _Aurea, vel magis pallida, rubore in gyrum acta simillima -Ducissæ, nisi minus rubedinis habet._ - -7 _Aurea, extremitatibus rubris, dici potest, Morionis Pilæus -præcox._ - - The early yellow Tulipa. - - 1 A faire gold yellow without mixture. - - 2 A strawe colour. - - 3 A faire yellow with reddish edges. - - 4 A strawe colour, with red edges. - - 5 A faire yellow, reddish on the out side onely. - - 6 A gold or paler yellow, circled on the inside a little with - red, very like the Dutchesse, but that it hath lesse red - therein. - - 7 A gold yellow with red toppes, and may be called, The early - Fooles Cap. - - -_Tulipa de Caffa._ The Tulipa of Caffa. - -There is another sort or kinde of early Tulipa, differing from the -former, whose pale greene leaues being as broad and large as they, and -sometimes crumpled or waued at the edges, in some haue the edges onely -of the said leaues for a good breadth, of a whitish or whitish yellow -colour, and in others, the leaues are lifted or parted with whitish -yellow and greene: the stalke riseth not vp so high as the former, -and beareth a flower at the toppe like vnto the former, in some of a -reddish yellow colour, with a russet coloured ground or bottome, and in -others, of other seuerall colours: the seede and roote is so like vnto -others of this kinde, that they cannot be distinguished. - -There is (as I doe heare) of this kinde, both _Præcoces_ and _Serotinæ_ -early flowring, and late flowring, whereof although wee haue not so -exact knowledge, as of the rest, yet I thought good to speake so much, -as I could hitherto vnderstand of them, and giue others leaue (if I doe -not) hereafter to amplifie it. - - -_Tulipa Boloniensis, siue Bombycina flore rubro major._ -The greater red Bolonia Tulipa. - -There are likewise other kindes of early Tulipas to bee spoken of, -and first of the red Bolonia Tulipa; the roote whereof is plainly -discerned, to be differing from all others: for that it is longer, and -not hauing so plaine an eminence at the bottome thereof, as the former -and later Tulipas, but more especially because the toppe is plentifully -stored with a yellowish silke-like woollinesse: the outside likewise or -skinne is of a brighter or paler red, not so easie to be pilled away, -and runneth vnder ground both downeright and sidewise (especially in -the countrey ground and ayre, where it will encrease aboundantly, but -not either in our London ayre, or forc’t grounds) somewhat like vnto -the yellow Bolonia Tulipa next following. It shooteth out of the ground -with broad and long leaues, like the former; but neither so broad, nor -of so white or mealy a greene colour as the former, but more darke then -the late flowring Tulipa, so that this may bee easily discerned by his -leafe from any other Tulipa aboue the ground, by one that is skilfull. -It beareth likewise three or foure leaues vpon the stalke, like the -former, and a flower also at the toppe of the same fashion, but that -the leaues hereof are alwayes long, and somewhat narrow, hauing a large -blacke bottome, made like vnto a cheuerne, the point whereof riseth vp -vnto the middle of the leafe, higher then any other Tulipa; the flower -is of a pale red colour, nothing so liuely as in the early or late red -Tulipas, yet sweeter for the most part then any of them, and neerest -vnto the yellow Bolonia Tulipa, which is much about the same sent. - - -_Tulipa pumilio rubra, siue Bergomensis rubra media & minor._ -The dwarfe red Bergomo Tulipa, a bigger and a lesser. - -There are two other sorts hereof, and because they were found about -Bergomo, do carry that name, the one bigger or lesser then another, yet -neither so great as the former, hauing very little other difference to -bee obserued in them, then that they are smaller in all parts of them. - - -_Tulipa Boloniensis flore luteo._ The yellow Bolonia Tulipa. - -The roote of this Tulipa may likewise bee knowne from the former red -(or any other Tulipa) in that it seldome commeth to bee so bigge, and -is not so woolly at the toppe, and the skinne or outside is somewhat -paler, harder, and sharper pointed: but the bottome is like the former -red, and not so eminent as the early or late Tulipas. This beareth -much longer and narrower leaues then any (except the Persian & dwarfe -yellow Tulipas) and of a whitish greene colour: it beareth sometimes -but one flower on a stalke, and sometimes two or three wholly yellow, -but smaller, & more open then the other kinds, and (as I said) smelleth -sweete, the head for seede is smaller then in others, and hath not that -crowne at the head thereof yet the seed is like, but smaller. - - -_Tulipa Narbonensis, siue Monspeliensis vel pumilio._ -The French or dwarfe yellow Tulipa. - -This Tulipa is very like vnto the yellow Bolonia Tulipa, both in roote, -leafe, and flower, as also in the colour thereof, being yellow: the -onely difference is, that it is in all things lesser and lower, and is -not so apt to beare, nor so plentifull to encrease by the roote. - - -_Tulipa Italica maior & minor._ -The Italian Tulipa the greater and the lesser. - -Both these kindes of Tulipas doe so neere resemble the last kinde, -that I might almost say they were the same, but that some difference -which I saw in them, maketh mee set them apart; and consisteth in these -things, the stalkes of neither of both these rise so high, as of the -first yellow Bolonia Tulipa: the leaues of both sorts are writhed in -and out at the edges, or made like a waue of the sea, lying neerer the -ground, and the flower being yellow within, is brownish or reddish on -the backe, in the middle of the three outer leaues the edges appearing -yellow. Both these kindes doe differ one from the other in nothing, but -in that one is bigger, and the other smaller then the other which I saw -with Iohn Tradescante, my very good friend often remembred. - - -_Tulipa Lusitanica, siue pumilio versicolor._ -The dwarfe stript Tulipa. - -This dwarfe Tulipa is also of the same kindred with the three last -described; for there is no other difference in this from them, then -that the flower hath some red veins running in the leaues thereof. - -There are two other sorts of dwarfe Tulipas with white flowers, whereof -Lobel hath made mention in the Appendix to his _Aduersaria_; the one -whereof is the same that Clusius setteth forth, vnder the title of -_Pumilio altera_: but because I haue not seen either of them both, I -speake no further of them. - - -_Tulipa pumilio alba._ The white dwarfe Tulipa. - -But that white flower that Iohn Tradescante shewed me, and as hee -saith, was deliuered him for a white Pumilio, had a stalke longer then -they set out theirs to haue, and the flower also larger, but yet had -narrower leaues then other sorts of white Tulipas haue. - - -_Tulipa Bicolor._ The small party coloured Tulipa. - -Vnto these kindes, I may well adde this kinde of Tulipa also, which was -sent out of Italy, whose leaues are small, long, and narrow, and of a -darke greene colour, somewhat like vnto the leaues of an Hyacinth: the -flower is small also, consisting of sixe leaues, as all other Tulipas -doe, three whereof are wholly of a red colour, and the other three -wholly of a yellow. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Tulipa Bombycina flore rubro._ The red Bolonia Tulipa. - 2 _Tulipa Boloniensis flore luteo._ The yellow Bolonia Tulipa. - 3 _Tulipa pumilio rubra siue lutea._ The red or yellow dwarfe Tulipa. - 4 _Folium Tulipa de Cassa per totum striuatum._ The leafe of the - Tulipa of Cassa striped throughout the whole leafe. - 5 _Folium Tulipa Cassa per oras striatum._ The leafe of the Tulipa of - Cassa striped at the edges onely. - 6 _Tulipa Persica._ The Persian Tulipa. - 7 _Tulipa Cretica._ The Tulipa of Candie. - 8 _Tulipa Armeniaca._ The Tulipa of Amenia. -] - - -_Tulipa Persica._ The Persian Tulipa. - -This rare Tulipa, wherewith we haue beene but lately acquainted, doth -most fitly deserue to be described in this place, because it doth so -neerely participate with the Bolonia and Italian Tulipas, in roote, -leafe, and flower: the roote hereof is small, couered with a thicke -hard blackish shell or skinne, with a yellowish woollinesse both at the -toppe, and vnder the shell. It riseth out of the ground at the first, -with one very long and small round leafe, which when it is three or -foure inches high, doth open it selfe, and shew forth another small -leafe (as long almost as the former) breaking out of the one side -thereat, and after it a third, and sometimes a fourth, and a fift; -but each shorter then other, which afterwards be of the breadth of -the dwarfe yellow Tulipa, or somewhat broader but much longer then -any other, and abiding more hollow, and of the colour of the early -Tulipas on the inside: the stalke riseth vp a foot and a halfe high -sometimes, bearing one flower thereon, composed of sixe long and -pointed leaues of the forme of other small Tulipas, and not shewing -much bigger then the yellow Italian Tulipa, and, is wholly white, both -inside and outside of all the leaues, except the three outtermost, -which haue on the backe of them, from the middle toward the edges, a -shew of a brownish blush or pale red colour, yet deeper in the midst, -and the edges remaining wholly white: the bottomes of all these leaues -are of a darke or dun tawnie colour, and the chiues and tippes of a -darkish purple or tawnie also. This doth beare seed but seldome in our -country, that euer I could vnderstand, but when it doth, it is small -like vnto the Bolonia or dwarfe yellow Tulipas, being not so plentifull -also in parting, or setting of by the roote as they, and neuer groweth -nor abideth so great as it is brought vnto vs, and seldome likewise -flowreth after the first yeare: for the rootes for the most part with -euery one grow lesse and lesse, decaying euery yeare, and so perish for -the most part by reason of the frosts and cold, and yet they haue been -set deepe to defend them, although of their owne nature they will runne -downe deep into the ground. - - -_Tulipa Byzantina duobus floribus Clusij._ -The small Tulipa of Constantinople. - -The small Tulipa of Constantinople, beareth for the most part but two -leaues on the stalke, which are faire and broad, almost like vnto the -Candy Tulipa, next hereunto to be described: the stalke it selfe riseth -not aboue a foote high, bearing sometimes but one flower, but most -commonly two thereon, one below another, and are no bigger then the -flowers of the yellow Bolonia Tulipa, but differing in colour; for this -is on the outside of a purplish colour, mixed with white and greene, -and on the inside of a faire blush colour, the bottome and chiues being -yellow, and the tippes or pendents blackish: the roote is very like the -yellow Bolonia Tulipa. - - -_Tulipa Cretica._ The Tulipa of Candie. - -This Tulipa is of later knowledge with vs then the Persian, but doth -more hardly thriue, in regard of our cold climate; the description -whereof, for so much as wee haue knowledge, by the sight of the roote -and leafe, and relation from others of the flower, (for I haue not yet -heard that it hath very often flowred in our Country) is as followeth. -It beareth faire broad leaues, resembling the leaues of a Lilly, of a -greenish colour, and not very whitish: the stalke beareth thereon one -flower, larger and more open then many other, which is either wholly -white, or of a deepe red colour, or else is variably mixed, white with -a fine reddish purple, the bottomes being yellow, with purplish chiues -tipt with blackish pendents: the roote is small, and somewhat like the -dwarfe yellow Tulipa, but somewhat bigger. - - -_Tulipa Armeniaca._ The Tulipa of Armenia. - -This small Tulipa is much differing from all the former (except the -small or dwarfe white Tulipas remembred by Lobel and Clusius, as is -before set downe) in that it beareth three or foure small, long, and -somewhat narrow greene leaues, altogether at one ioynt or place; the -stalke being not high, and naked or without leaues from them to the -toppe, where it beareth one small flower like vnto an ordinary red -Tulipa, but somewhat more yellow, tending to an Orenge colour with a -blacke bottome: the roote is not much bigger then the ordinary yellow -Bolonia Tulipa, before set downe. - -And these are the sorts of this first _Classis_ of early Tulipas. - - -_Tulipa Media._ The meaner or middle flowring Tulipa. - -For any other, or further description of this kinde of Tulipa, it shall -not neede, hauing giuen it sufficiently in the former early Tulipa, the -maine difference consisting first in the time of flowring, which is -about a moneth after the early Tulipas, yet some more some lesse; for -euen in the _Præcoces_, or early ones, some flower a little earlier, -and later then others, and then in the colours of the flowers; for wee -haue obserued many colours, and mixtures, or varieties of colours -in the _Medias_, which we could neuer see in the _Præcoces_, and so -also some in the _Præcoces_, which are not in the _Medias_: yet there -is farre greater varieties of mixture of colours in these _Medias_, -then hath been obserued in all the _Præcoces_, (although Clusius saith -otherwise) eyther by my selfe, or by any other that I haue conuersed -with about this matter, and all this hath happened by the sowing of the -seede, as I said before. I will therefore in this place not trouble -you with any further circumstance, then to distinguish them, as I haue -done in the former early Tulipas, into their foure primary colours, and -vnder them, giue you their seuerall varieties and names, for so much -as hath come to my knowledge, not doubting, but that many that haue -trauelled in the sowing of the seed of Tulipas many yeares, may obserue -each of them to haue some variety that others haue not: and therefore -I thinke no one man can come to the knowledge of all particular -distinctions. - - -_Tulipa media alba._ - -1 _Niuea, fundo albo vel luteo._ - -2 _Argentea, quasi alba cineracea fundo lutescente, purpureis -staminibus._ - -3 _Margaritina alba, carneo dilutissima._ - -4 _Alba, fundo cæruleo vel nigro._ - -5 _Albida._ - -6 _Alba, oris rubris._ {_Hæc tria genera in - {in aliquibus -7 _Alba, purpureis oris._ {constantertenent - {tenent oras, in -8 _Alba, oris coccineis._ {alijs dispergunt._ - -9 _Albida primum, deinde albidior, oris purpureis, & venis -intrò respicientibus, dicta nobis Hackquenay._ - -10 _Alba, sanguineo colore variata, fundo vel albissimo, vel -alio._ - -11 _Alba, radiatim disposita flammis, & maculis coccineis._ - -12 _Alba, purpurea rubedine plumata, diuersarum specierum, -quæ cum superiore, vel albo, vel luteo, vel paruo cæruleo -constant fundo, quæ constanter tenent punctatos colores, & -non dispergunt, sed post trium aut quatuor dierum spatium -pulchriores apparent._ - -13 _Panni argentei coloris, i.e. alba, plumata, punctata, -striata, vel diuersimodè variata, rubedine dilutiore, vel -saturatiore purpurea, interius vel exterius, vel vtrinq., -diuersarum specierum._ - -14 _Tunica morionis alba varia, i.e. ex albo & purpureo -striata diuersimodè, fundo albo vel alio._ - -15 _Holias alba vel albida, absq., fundo, vel fundo purpureo -cæruleo, vel cæruleo albo circundato, diuersè signata, vel -variata intus ad medietatem foliorum, sursum in orbem vt -plurimum, vel ad oras pertingens amplas & albas. Hæ species -tantoperè multiplicantur, vt vix sint explicabiles._ - -_Tanta est huius varietas, vel multitudine, vel striarum -paucitate & distinctione, vel fundis variantibus, vt ad -tædium esset perscribere._ - - The white meane flowring Tulipa. - - 1 A snow white, with a white or yellow bottome. - - 2 A siluer colour, that is, a very pale or whitish ashe - colour, with a yellowish bottome and purple chiues. - - 3 A Pearle colour, that is, white, with a wash or shew of - blush. - - 4 A white, with a blew or blacke bottome. - - 5 A Creame colour. - - 6 A white, with red edges. {These three sorts - {doe hold their - 7 A white, with purple edges. {their edges constant - {in some, but well - 8 A white, with crimson edges. {spread in others. - - 9 A pale or whitish yellow, which after a few dayes groweth - more white, with purplish red edges, and some streakes - running inward from the edge, which we call an Hackney. - - 10 A white mixed with a bloud red very variably, and with a - pure white, or other coloured bottome. - - 11 A white, streamed with crimson flames, and spots through - the whole flower. - - 12 A white, speckled with a reddish purple, more or lesse, of - diuers sorts, with white, yellow, or blew bottomes, all which - doe hold their markes constant, and doe not spread their - colours, but shew fairer after they haue stood blown three or - foure dayes. - - 13 A cloth of siluer of diuers sorts, that is, a white - spotted, striped, or otherwise marked with red or purple, in - some paler, in some deeper, either on the inside, or on the - outside, or on both. - - 14 A white Fooles coate of diuers sorts, that is, purple or - pale crimson, and white, as it were empaled together, eyther - with a white ground or other, whereof there is great variety. - - 15 A white Holias, that is, a faire white, or paler white, - eyther without a bottome, or with a blewish purple bottome, - or blew and white circling the bottome, and from the middle - vpwards, speckled and straked on the inside for the most - part, with bloud red or purplish spots and lines vnto the - very edges, which abide large and white. Of this kinde there - are found very great varieties, not to be expressed. - - Of this sort there is so much variety, some being larger or - fairer marked then others, their bottomes also varying, that - it is almost impossible to express them. - - - - -_Tulipa media purpurea._ - -1 _Purpurea satura._ - -2 _Purpurea dilutior, diuersarum specierum, quarum Rosea vna, -Carnea sit altera._ - -3 _Persicicoloris, duarum aut trium specierum._ - -4 _Chermesina, obscura aut pallida._ - -5 _Stamela, intensior aut remissior._ - -6 _Xerampelina._ - -7 _Purpurea, striata._ - -8 _Persici saturi, vel diluti coloris, vndulata, vel radiata._ - -9 _Columbina, oris & radijs albis._ - -10 _Purpurea rubra, oris, albis, similis Præcoci, dicta -Princeps._ - -11 _Chermesina, vel Heluola, lineis albis in medio, & versus -oras, fundo cæruleo, vel albo, itemq., albo orbe._ - -12 _Purpurea remissior, aut intensior, oris albis, paruis aut -magnis, vt in Principe præcoci, fundo vel cæruleo, orbe albo, -vel albo orbe cæruleo amplo._ - -13 _Holias Heluola, sanguineis guttis intus à medio sursum in -orbem, fundo cæruleo._ - -14 _Tunica Morionis purpurea rubra satura, albido striata, -quam in alba saturatior, fundo ex cæruleo & albo._ - -15 _Purpurea rubra satura vel diluta, albo vel albedine, -punctata vel striata diuersimodè, dicta Cariophyllata._ - - The meane flowring purple Tulipa. - - 1 A faire deep purple. - - 2 A paler purple, of many sorts, whereof a Rose colour is - one, a Blush another. - - 3 A Peach colour of two or three sorts. - - 4 A Crimson, deepe, or pale. - - 5 A Stamell, darke or light. - - 6 A Murrey. - - 7 A purple, stript and spotted. - - 8 A Peach colour, higher or paler, waued or stript. - - 9 A Doue colour, edged and straked with white. - - 10 A faire red purple, with white edges, like vnto the early - Tulipa, called a Prince. - - 11 A faire crimson, or Claret wine colour, with white lines - both in the middle, and towards the edges, most haue a blew - bottome, yet some are white, or circled with white. - - 12 A light or deepe purple, with white edges, greater or - smaller, like the early Prince, the bottomes eyther blew - circled with white, or white circled with a large blew. - - 13 A purple Holias, the colour of a pale Claret wine, marked - and spotted with bloud red spots, round about the middle of - each leafe vpward on the inside onely, the bottome being blew. - - 14 A Crimson Fooles Coate, a darke crimson, and pale white - empaled together, differing from the white Fooles Coate, the - bottome blew and white. - - 15 A deeper or paler reddish purple, spotted or striped - with a paler or purer white, of diuers sorts, called the - Gilloflower Tulipa. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Tulipa rubra & lutea varia._ The Fooles Coate red and yellow. - 2 _Tulipa Holeas alba absq. fundo._ The white Holeas without a - bottome. - 3 _Tulipa argentea, vel punctata, &c._ The cloth of siluer, or other - spotted Tulipa. - 4 _Tulipa alba flammis coccineis._ The white Fooles Coate. - 5 _Tulipa Holeas alba, &c. fundo purpureo, &c._ A white Holeas, &c. - with a purple bottome, &c. - 6 _Tulipa rubra & lutea flammea, &c._ A red and yellow flamed Tulipa, - &c. - 7 _Tulipa alba striata & punctata._ A white striped and spotted - Tulipa. - 8 _Tulipa altera variata, &c._ Another variable Tulipa. -] - - -_Tulipa media rubra._ - -1 _Rubra communis, fundo luteo, vel nigro._ - -2 _Mali Aurantij coloris._ - -3 _Cinabaris coloris._ - -4 _Lateritij coloris._ - -5 _Rubra, luteo aspersa._ - -6 _Rubra, oris luteis._ - -7 _Testamentum Brancion rubra satura, oris pallidis, -diuersarum specierum, rubore variantium, & orarum -amplitudine._ - -8 _Cinabaris radiata, magis aut minus serotina._ - -9 _Rubra purpurascens obsoleta exterioribus folijs, perfusa -luteo intus, oris pallidis luteis._ - -10 _Rubra purpurascens elegans extra & intus lutescens, oris -pallidis luteis, fundo luteo vel viridi._ - -11 _Rubra flambans coccinea, crebris maculis luteis absq. -fundo._ - -12 _Flambans elegantior rubra, i.e. radijs luteis -intercursantibus ruborem._ - -13 _Flambans remissior vtroq. colore._ - -14 _Panni aurei coloris._ - -15 _Tunica Morionis verior, seu Palto du Sot. optima, tænijs -amplis amœnis & crebris, exrubro & flauo separatim diuisis & -excurrentibus, flos constans._ - -16 _Tunica Morionis altera, tænijs minoribus & minus -frequentibus, magis aut minus alia alijs inconstans._ - -17 _Tunica Morionis pallida, i. e. tænijs vel strijs -frequentioribus in vtroq. colore pallidis, flos est constans -& elegans._ - -18 _Pileus Morionis, radijs luteis, in medio foliorum latis, -per ruborem excurrentibus, fundo luteo, apicibus luteis, & -tribus exterioribus folijs luteis oris rubris, vel absq. -oris._ - -19 _Le Suisse, tænijs radiata magnis ex rubore & pallore._ - -20 _Altera dicta Goliah à floris magnitudine, tænijs radiata -simillima le Suisse, nisi rubor & albedo sint elegantiores._ - -21 _Holias rubra, i.e. sanguinea argenteis radijs, & guttis -in orbem dispositis, præsertim interiùs, fundo viridi saturo._ - -22 _Holias coccinea, rubra coccinea, albo radiata in orbem, -circa medium foliorum interiùs, fundo albo._ - -23 _Alia huic similis, fundo albo & cæruleo._ - - The meane flowring red Tulipa. - - 1 A faire red which is ordinary, with a yellow or blacke - bottome. - - 2 A deepe Orenge colour. - - 3 A Vermillion. - - 4 A pale red, or Bricke colour. - - 5 A Gingeline colour. - - 6 A red with small yellow edges. - - 7 A Testament Brancion of diuers sorts, differing both in the - deepnesse of the red, and largenesse of the pale coloured - edges. - - 8 A Vermillion flamed, flowring later or earlier. - - 9 A dead purplish red without, and of a yellowish red within, - with pale yellow edges. - - 10 A bright Crimson red on the outside, more yellowish on - the inside, with pale yellow edges, and a bottome yellow or - greene. - - 11 A red Flambant, spotted thicke with yellow spots without - any bottome. - - 12 A more excellent red Flambant, with flames of yellow - running through the red. - - 13 A pale coloured Flambant. - - 14 A cloth of gold colour. - - 15 A true Fooles Coate, the best is a faire red & a faire - yellow, parted into guards euery one apart, varied through - euery leafe to the very edge, yet in most abiding constant. - - 16 Another Fooles Coate, not so fairely marked, nor so much, - some of these are more or lesse constant in their marks, & - some more variable then others. - - 17 A pale Fooles Coate, that is, with pale red, and pale - yellow guardes or stripes very faire and constant. - - 18 A Fooles Cappe, that is, with lists or stripes of yellow - running through the middle of euery leafe of the red, broader - at the bottome then aboue, the bottome being yellow, the - three outer leaues being yellow with red edges, or without. - - 19 A Swisse, pained with a faire red and pale white or strawe - colour. - - 20 A Goliah, so called of the bignesse of the flower, most - like to the Swisse in the marks and guardes, but that the red - and white is more liuely. - - 21 A red Holias. A bloud red stript with siluer white veines - and spots, with a darke green bottome. - - 22 A Crimson red Holias, that is, a faire purplish red, - spotted with white circlewise about the middle of the inner - leaues, and a white bottome. - - 23 Another like thereunto, with a blew and white bottome. - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Tulipa tricolor._ A Tulipa of three colours. - 2 _Tulipa Macedonica, siue de Caffa varia._ The Tulipa of Caffa - purple, with pale white stripes. - 3 _Tulipa Heluola chermesina versicolor._ A pure Claret wine colour - variable. - 4 _Tulipa Caryophyllata Wilmeri._ Mr. Wilmers Gilloflower Tulipa. - 5 _Tulipa Chermesina flammis albis._ A Crimson with white flames. - 6 _Tulipa Goliah._ A kind of Zwisser called Goliah. - 7 _Tulipa le Zwisse._ A Tulipa called the Zwisser. - 8 _Tulipa alba flammis coccineis._ Another white Flambant or Fooles - Coate. - 9 _Tulipa Cinnabarina albo flammata._ The Vermillion flamed. - 10 _Tulipa plumata rubra & lutea._ The feathered Tulipa red and - yellow. -] - - -_Tulipa media lutea._ - -1 _Lutea, siue Aurea vulgaris._ - -2 _Straminea._ - -3 _Sulphurea._ - -4 _Mali Aurantij pallidi coloris._ - -5 _Lutea dilutè purpurea striata, aurei panni pallidi instar._ - -6 _Pallidè lutea fuscedine adumbrata._ - -7 _Flaua, oris rubris magnis, aut paruis._ - -8 _Straminea oris rubris magnis intensis, vel paruis -remissis._ - -9 _Obscura & fuliginosa lutea, instar Folij decidui, ideoq. -Folium mortuum appellatur._ - -10 _Flaua, rubore perfusa, etiamque striata per totum, dorso -coccineo, oris pallidis._ - -11 _Pallidè lutea, perfusa & magis aut minus rubore striata, -fundo vel luteo, vel viridi._ - -12 _Testamentum Clusij, i.e. lutea pallida fuligine obfusca, -exteriùs & interiùs ad oras vsq. pallidas, per totum vero -floris medium, maculis interiùs aspersa instar omnium aliarum -Holias, dorso obscuriore, fundo viridi._ - -13 _Flambans lutea, diuersimodè intus magis aut minus -striata, vel in alijs extra maculata rubore, fundo vt -plurimum nigro, vel in alijs luteo._ - -14 _Flambans pallidior & elegantior._ - -15 _Holias lutea intensior vel remissior diuersimodè, in -orbem radiata interius, rubris maculis ad supremas vsq. oras, -aliquoties crebrè, aliàs parcè, fundo viridi, vel tanetto -obscuro._ - -16 _Holias straminea rubore striata & punctata, instar alba -Holias._ - -17 _Tunica Morionis lutea, alijs dicta Flammea, in qua color -flavus magis & conspicuus rubore, diuersimodè radiata._ - -_Huc reddenda esset viridarum Tuliparum classis, quæ -diuersarum etiam constat specierum. Vna viridis intensior -cuius flos semper ferè semiclausus manet staminibus -simbriatis. Altera remissior, instar Psittacipennarum -viridium, luteo variata oris albis. Tertia adhuc dilutiori -viriditate oris purpureis. Quarta, cujus folia æqualiter -purpura diluta, & viriditate diuisa sunt. Quinta, folijs -longissimis stellæmodo expansis, ex rubore & viriditate -coacta._ - - The meane flowring yellow Tulipa. - - 1 A faire gold yellow. - - 2 A Strawe colour. - - 3 A Brimstone colour pale yellowish greene. - - 4 A pale Orenge colour. - - 5 A pale cloth of gold colour. - - 6 A Custard colour a pale yellow shadowed ouer with a browne. - - 7 A gold yellow with red edges, greater or smaller. - - 8 A Strawe colour with red edges, deeper or paler, greater or - smaller. - - 9 A sullen or smoakie yellow, like a dead leafe that is - fallen, and therefore called, _Fucille mort_. - - 10 A yellow shadowed with red, and striped also through all - the leaues, the backside of them being of a red crimson, and - the edges pale. - - 11 A pale yellow, shadowed and striped with red, in some more - in some lesse, the bottomes being either yellow or green. - - 12 A _Testamentum Clusij_, that is, a shadowed pale yellow, - both within & without, spotted round about the middle on the - inside, as all other Holias are, the backe of the leaues - being more obscure or shadowed with pale yellow edges, and a - greene bottome. - - 13 A yellow Flambant of diuers sorts, that is, the whole - flower more or lesse streamed or spotted on the inside, and - in some on the outside with red, the bottome in most being - blacke, yet in some yellow. - - 14 A paler yellow Flambant more beautifull. - - 15 A yellow Holias, paler or deeper yellow very variable, - spotted on the inside round about the middle, with red - sometimes plentifully, or else sparingly with a green or dark - tawny bottome. - - 16 A strawe coloured Holias, spotted and streamed with red, - as is to bee seene in the white Holias. - - 17 A yellow Fooles coate, of some called a flame colour, - wherein the yellow is more then the red, diuersly streamed. - - Vnto these may be added the greene Tulipa which is also of - diuers sorts. One hauing a great flower of a deepe green - colour, seldome opening it selfe, but abiding alwaies as it - were halfe shut vp and closed, the chiues being as it were - feathered. Another of a paler or yellowish green, paned with - yellow, and is called, The Parret, &c. with white edges. A - third of a more yellowish green, with red or purplish edges. - A fourth, hath the leaues of the flower equally almost - parted, with greene and a light purple colour, which abiding - a long time in flower, groweth in time to be fairer marked: - for at the first it doth not shew it selfe so plainely - diuided. Some call this a greene Swisser. A fifth hath the - longest leaues standing like a starre, consisting of greene - and purple. - - -_Tulipa Serotina._ The late flowring Tulipa. - -The late flowring Tulipa hath had his description expressed in the -precedent discourse, so that I shall not neede to make a repetition of -what hath already beene set downe. The greatest matter of knowledge in -this kinde is this, That it hath no such plentifull variety of colours -or mixtures in his flowers, as are in the two former sorts, but is -confined within these limits here expressed, as farre as hath come to -our knowledge. - - -_Tulipa Serotina._ - -_Rosea intensior, aut remissior._ - -_Rubra vulgaris, aut saturatior, & quasi nigricans, fundo -luteo vel nigro orbe, aureo incluso, dicta Oculus Solis._ - -_Lutea communis._ - -_Lutea oris rubris._ - -_Lutea guttis sanguineis, fundo nigro vel vario._ - - The late flowring Tulipa. - - A Rose Colour deeper or paler. - - An ordinary red, or else a deeper red like blacke bloud, with - a blacke or yellow bottome, or blacke circled with yellow, - called the Suns eye. - - An ordinary yellow. - - A yellow with red edges. - - A yellow with red spots and veines, the bottome black or - discoloured. - -There yet remaine many obseruations, concerning these beautifull -flowers, fit to be knowne, which could not, without too much prolixity, -be comprehended within the body of the description of them; but are -reserued to bee intreated of a part by themselues. - -All sorts of Tulipas beare vsually but one stalke, and that without -any branches: but sometimes nature is so plentifull in bearing, that -it hath two or three stalkes, and sometimes two, or more branches out -of one stalke (euery stalke or branch bearing one flower at the toppe) -but this is but seldome seene; and when it doth happen once, it is -hardly seene againe in the same roote, but is a great signe, that the -roote that doth thus, being an old roote, will the same yeare part into -diuers rootes, whereof euery one, being of a reasonable greatnesse, -will beare both his stalke and flower the next yeare, agreeing with the -mother plant in colour, as all the of-sets of Tulipas doe for the most -part: for although the young of-sets of some doe vary from the maine -roote, euen while it groweth with them, yet being separated, it will -bee of the same colour with the mother plant. - -There groweth oftentimes in the _Medias_, and sometimes also in the -_Præcoces_, but more seldome, a small bulbe or roote, hard aboue the -ground, at the bottome of the stalke, and betweene it and the lower -leafe, which when the stalke is dry, and it ripe, being put into the -ground, will bring forth in time a flower like vnto the mother plant, -from whence it was taken. - -The flowers also of Tulipas consist most commonly of sixe leaues, but -sometimes they are seene to haue eight or tenne, or more leaues; but -vsually, those rootes beare but their ordinary number of sixe leaues -the next yeare: the head for seede then, is for the most part foure -square, which at all other times is but three square, or when the -flower wanteth a leafe or two, as sometimes also it doth, it then is -flat, hauing but two sides. - -The forme of the flower is also very variable; for the leaues of some -Tulipas are all sharpe pointed, or all blunt and round pointed, and -many haue the three outer leaues sharpe pointed, and the three inner -round or pointed, and some contrariwise, the three outermost round -pointed, and the three inner sharpe pointed. Againe, some haue all the -leaues of the flowers long and narrow, and some haue them broader and -shorter. Some _Præcoces_ also haue their flowers very large and great, -equall vnto eyther the _Media_, or _Serotina_, which most commonly are -the largest, and others haue them as small as the Bolonia Tulipa. - -The bottomes of the leaues of the flowers are also variably -diuersified, and so are both the chiues or threeds that stand vp about -the head, and the tips or pendents that are hanging loose on the toppes -of them; and by the difference of the bottomes or chiues, many flowers -are distinguished, which else are very like in colour, and alike also -marked. - -For the smell also there is some diuersity; for that the flowers of -some are very sweete, of others nothing at all, and some betweene both, -of a small sent, but not offensiue: and yet some I haue obserued haue -had a strong ill sent; but how to shew you to distinguish them, more -then by your owne sense, I cannot: for the seedes of sweete smelling -Tulipas doe not follow their mother plant, no more then they doe in the -colour. - -And lastly, take this, which is not the least obseruation, worth the -noting, that I haue obserued in many: When they haue beene of one -entire colour for diuers yeares, yet in some yeare they haue altered -very much, as if it had not beene the same, viz. from a purple or -stamell, it hath beene variably either parted, or mixed, or striped -with white, eyther in part, or through the whole flower, and so in a -red or yellow flower, that it hath had eyther red or yellow edges, or -yellow or red spots, lines, veines, or flames, running through the red -or yellow colour, and sometimes it hath happened, that three leaues -haue been equally parted in the middle with red yellow, the other three -abiding of one colour, and in some the red had some yellow in it, and -the yellow some red spots in it also; whereof I haue obserued, that -all such flowers, not hauing their originall in that manner, (for some -that haue such or the like markes from the beginning, that is, from the -first and second yeares flowring, are constant, and doe not change) but -as I said, were of one colour at the first, doe shew the weaknesse and -decay of the roote, and that this extraordinary beauty in the flower, -is but as the brightnesse of a light, vpon the very extinguishing -thereof, and doth plainly declare, that it can doe his Master no more -seruice, and therefore with this iollity doth bid him good night. -I know there is a common opinion among many (and very confidently -maintained) that a Tulipa with a white flower, hath changed to beare -a red or yellow, and so of the red or yellow, and other colours, that -they are likewise inconstant, as though no flowers were certaine: but I -could neuer either see or heare for certaine any such alteration, nor -any other variation, but what is formerly expressed. Let not therefore -any iudicious be carried away with any such idle conceit, but rather -suspect some deceit in their Gardeners or others, by taking vp one, and -putting in another in the place, or else their owne mistaking. - -Now for the sowing, planting, transplanting, choise, and ordering of -Tulipas, which is not the least of regard, concerning this subiect in -hand, but (as I think) would be willingly entertained; What I haue by -my best endeauours learned, by mine owne paines in almost forty yeares -trauell, or from others informations, I am willing here to set downe; -not doubting, but that some may adde what hath not come to my knowledge. - -First, in the sowing of seedes of Tulipas, I haue not obserued -(whatsoeuer others haue written) nor could of certainty learne of -others, that there doth arise from the seedes of _Præcoces_ any -_Medias_ or _Serotine_ Tulipas, (or but very seldome) nor am certainly -assured of any: but that the seedes of all _Præcoces_ (so they be -not doubtfull, or of the last flowring sorts) will bring _Præcoces_: -And I am out of doubt, that I neuer saw, nor could learne, that euer -the seede of the _Medias_ or _Serotines_ haue giuen _Præcoces_; but -_Medias_ or _Serotines_, according to their naturall kinde. But if -there should bee any degeneration, I rather incline to thinke, that -it sooner commeth to passe (_à meliore ad pelus_, for _facilis est -descensus_, that is) that _Præcoces_ may giue _Medias_, then that -_Medias_ or _Serotines_ should giue _Præcoces_. - -For the choise of your seede to sowe. First, for the _Præcoces_, -Clusius saith, that the _Præcox Tulipa_, that beareth a white flower, -is the best to giue the greatest variety of colours. Some among vs -haue reported, that they haue found great variety rise from the seede -of the red _Præcox_, which I can more hardly beleeue: but Clusius his -experience hath the greater probability, but especially if it haue -some mixture of red or purple in it. The purple I haue found to be the -best, next thereunto is the purple with white edges, and so likewise -the red with yellow edges, each of them will bring most of their owne -colours. Then the choise of the best _Medias_, is to take those colours -that are light, rather white then yellow, and purple then red; yea -white, not yellow, purple, not red: but these againe to be spotted is -the best, and the more the better; but withall, or aboue all in these, -respect the ground or bottome of the flower, (which in the _Præcox -Tulipa_ cannot, because you shall seldome see any other ground in them -but yellow) for if the flower be white, or whitish, spotted, or edged, -and straked, and the bottome blew or purple (such as is found in the -Holias, and in the Cloth of siluer), this is beyond all other the most -excellent, and out of question the choisest of an hundred, to haue the -greatest and most pleasant variety and rarity. And so in degree, the -meaner, in beauty you sowe, the lesser shall your pleasure in rarities -be. Bestowe not your time in sowing red or yellow Tulipa seede, or the -diuers mixtures of them; for they will (as I haue found by experience) -seldome be worth your paines. The _Serotina_, or late flowring Tulipa, -because it is seldome seene, with any especiall beautifull variety, you -may easily your selues ghesse that it can bring forth (euen as I haue -also learned) no raritie, and little or no diuersity at all. - -The time and manner to sowe these seedes is next to be considered. You -may not sowe them in the spring of the yeare, if you hope to haue any -good of them; but in the Autumne, or presently after they be thorough -ripe and dry: yet if you sowe them not vntill the end of October, -they will come forward neuer the worse, but rather the better; for it -is often seene, that ouer early sowing causeth them to spring out of -the ground ouer early, so that if a sharp spring chance, to follow, -it may go neere to spoile all, or the most of your seede. Wee vsually -sowe the same yeares seede, yet if you chance to keepe of your owne, -or haue from others such seed, as is two years old, they will thriue -and doe well enough especially if they were ripe and well gathered: -You must not sowe them too thicke, for so doing hath lost many a pecke -of good seede, as I can tell; for if the seede lye one vpon another, -that it hath not roome vpon the sprouting, to enter and take roote in -the earth, it perisheth by and by. Some vse to tread downe the ground, -where they meane to sowe their seede, and hauing sowne them thereon, -doe couer them ouer the thicknesse of a mans thumbe with fine sifted -earth, and they thinke they doe well, and haue good reason for it: for -considering the nature of the young Tulipa rootes, is to runne downe -deeper into the ground, euery yeare more then other, they thinke to -hinder their quicke descent by the fastnesse of the ground, that so -they may encrease the better. This way may please some, but I doe not -vse it, nor can finde the reason sufficient; for they doe not consider, -that the stiffenesse of the earth, doth cause the rootes of the young -Tulipas to bee long before they grow great, in that a stiffe ground -doth more hinder the well thriuing of the rootes, then a loose doth, -and although the rootes doe runne downe deeper in a loose earth, yet -they may easily by transplanting be holpen, and raised vp high enough. -I haue also seene some Tulipas not once remoued from their sowing to -their flowring; but if you will not lose them, you must take them vp -while their leafe or stalk is fresh, and not withered: for if you doe -not follow the stalke downe to the roote, be it neuer so deepe, you -will leaue them behinde you. The ground also must be respected; for the -finer, softer, and richer the mould is, wherein you sowe your seede, -the greater shall be your encrease and varietie: Sift it therefore from -all stones and rubbish, and let it be either fat naturall ground of it -selfe, or being muckt, that it bee thoroughly rotten: but some I know, -to mend their ground, doe make such a mixture of grounds, that they -marre it in the making. - -After the seede is thus sowne, the first yeares springing bringeth -forth leaues, little bigger then the ordinary grasse leaues; the second -yeare bigger, and so by degrees euery yeare bigger then other. The -leaues of the _Præcoces_ while they are young, may be discerned from -the _Medias_ by this note, which I haue obserued. The leaues of them -doe wholly stand vp aboue the ground, shewing the small footstalkes, -whereby euerie leafe doth stand, but the leaues of the _Medias_ or -_Serotines_ doe neuer wholly appeare out of the ground, but the lower -part which is broad, abideth vnder the vpper face of the earth. Those -Tulipas now growing to bee three yeares old, (yet some at the second, -if the ground and ayre be correspondent) are to bee taken vp out of -the ground, wherein yee shall finde they haue runne deepe, and to -be anew planted, after they haue been a little dryed and cleansed, -eyther in the same, or another ground againe, placing them reasonable -neare one vnto another, according to their greatnesse, which being -planted and couered ouer with earth againe, of about an inch or two -thicknesse, may be left vntaken vp againe for two yeare longer, if you -will, or else remoued euery yeare after, as you please; and thus by -transplanting them in their due season (which is still in the end of -Iuly, or beginning of August, or thereabouts) you shall according to -your seede and soyle, haue some come to bearing, in the fifth yeare -after the flowring, (and some haue had them in the fourth, but that -hath beene but few, and none of the best, or in a rich ground) some in -the sixth and seuenth, and some peraduenture, not vntill the eighth -or tenth yeare: but still remember, that as your rootes grow greater, -that in re-planting you giue them the more roome to be distant one from -another, or else the one will hinder, if not rot the other. - -The seede of the _Præcoces_ doe not thriue and come forward so fast as -the _Medias_ or _Serotines_, nor doe giue any of-sets in their running -downe as the _Medias_ doe, which vsually leaue a small roote at the -head of the other that is runne downe euery yeare; and besides, are -more tender, and require more care and attendance then the _Medias_, -and therefore they are the more respected. - -This is a generall and certaine rule in all Tulipas, that all the while -they beare but one leafe, they will not beare flower, whether they bee -seedlings, or the of-sets of elder rootes, or the rootes themselues, -that haue heretofore borne flowers; but when they shew a second leafe, -breaking out of the first, it is a certaine signe, that it will then -beare a flower, vnlesse some casualty hinder it, as frost or raine, to -nip or spoile the bud, or other vntimely accident befall it. - -To set or plant your best and bearing Tulipas somewhat deeper then -other rootes, I hold it the best way; for if the ground bee either -cold, or lye too open to the cold Northerne ayre, they will be -the better defended therein, and not suffer the frosts or cold to -pierce them so soone: for the deepe frosts and snowes doe pinch the -_Præcoces_ chiefly, if they bee too neare the vppermost crust of -the earth; and therefore many, with good successe, couer ouer their -ground before Winter, with either fresh or old rotten dung, and that -will maruellously preserue them. The like course you may hold with -seedlings, to cause them to come on the forwarder, so it bee after the -first yeares sowing, and not till then. - -To remoue Tulipas after they haue shot forth their fibres or small -strings, which grow vnder the great round rootes, (that is, from -September vntill they bee in flower) is very dangerous; for by remouing -them when they haue taken fast hold in the ground, you doe both hinder -them in the bearing out their flower, and besides, put them in hazzard -to perish, at least to bee put backe from bearing for a while after, -as oftentimes I haue proued by experience: But when they are now risen -to flower, and so for any time after, you may safely take them vp if -you will, and remoue them without danger, if you haue any good regard -vnto them, vnlesse it be a young bearing roote, which you shall in so -doing much hinder, because it is yet tender, by reason it now beareth -his first flower. But all Tulipa roots when their stalke and leaues are -dry, may most safely then be taken vp out of the ground, and be so kept -(so that they lye in a dry, and not in a moist place) for sixe moneths -without any great harme: yea I haue knowne them that haue had them nine -moneths out of the ground, and haue done reasonable well, but this -you must vnderstand withall, that they haue not been young but elder -rootes, and they haue been orderly taken vp and preserued. The dryer -you keep a Tulipa roote the better, so as you let it not lye in the -sunne or winde, which will pierce it and spoile it. - -Thus Gentlewomen for your delights, (for these pleasures are the -delights of leasure, which hath bred your loue & liking to them, and -although you are herein predominant, yet cannot they be barred from -your beloued, who I doubt not, wil share with you in the delight as -much as is fit) haue I taken this paines, to set downe, and bring to -your knowledge such rules of art, as my small skill hath enabled mee -withall concerning this subiect, which of all other, seemed fittest -in this manner to be enlarged, both for the varietie of matter, and -excellency of beautie herein, and also that these rules set forth -together in one place, might saue many repetitions in other places, so -that for the planting and ordering of all other bulbous rootes, and -the sowing the seedes of them, you may haue recourse vnto these rules, -(_tanquam ad normam & examen_) which may serue in generall for all -other, little diuersitie of particulars needing exception. - - - The Place. - - The greater Tulipas haue first beene sent vs from - Constantinople, and other parts of Turkie, where it is said - they grow naturally wilde in the Fields, Woods, and Mountaines; - as Thracia, Macedonia, Pontus about the Euxine Sea, Cappadocia, - Bithynia, and about Tripolis and Aleppo in Syria also: the - lesser haue come from other seuerall places, as their names doe - decipher it out vnto vs; as Armenia, Persia, Candye, Portugall, - Spaine, Italy, and France. They are all now made denizens - in our Gardens, where they yeeld vs more delight, and more - encrease for their proportion, by reason of the culture, then - they did vnto their owne naturals. - - - The Time. - - These doe flower some earlier, some later, for three whole - moneths together at the least, therein adorning out a Garden - most gloriously, in that being but one kinde of flower, it is - so full of variety, as no other (except the Daffodils, which - yet are not comparable, in that they yield not that alluring - pleasant variety) doe the like besides. Some of the _Præcoces_ - haue beene in flower with vs, (for I speake not of their owne - naturall places, where the Winters are milder, and the Spring, - earlier then ours) in the moneth of Ianuary, when the Winter - before hath beene milde, but many in February, and all the - _Præcoces_, from the beginning to the end of March, if the - yeare be kindly: at what time the _Medias_ doe begin, and abide - all Aprill, and part of May, when the _Serotines_ flower and - fade; but this, as I said, if the yeare be kindly, or else each - kinde will be a moneth later. The seede is ripe in Iune and - Iuly, according to their early or late flowring. - - - The Names. - - There haue beene diuers opinions among our moderne Writers, by - what name this plant was knowne to the ancient Authors. Some - would haue it be _Cosmosandatos_, of the Ancient. Dodonæus - referreth it to πυπῶν of Theophrastus, in his seuenth Booke - and thirteenth Chapter: but thereof he is so briefe, that - besides the bare name, wee cannot finde him to make any further - relation of forme, or quality. And Bauhinus, vpon Matthiolus - Commentaries of Dioscorides, and in his Pinax also, followeth - his opinion. Camerarius in his Hortus Medicus is of opinion, - it may be referred to the Helychrysum of Crateua. Gesner, as I - thinke, first of all, and after him Lobel, Camerarius, Clusius - and many others, referre it to the Satyrium of Dioscorides: - and surely this opinion is the most probable for many reasons. - First, for that this plant doth grow very frequent in many - places of Greece, and the lesser Asia, which were no doubt - sufficiently knowne both to Theophrastus, and Dioscorides, - and was accounted among bulbous rootes, although by sundry - names. And secondly, as Dioscorides setteth forth his Satyrium, - so this most commonly beareth three leaues vpon a stalke - (although sometimes with vs it hath foure or fiue) like vnto - a Lilly, whereof some are often seen to be both red, in the - first springing, and also vpon the decaying, especially in a - dry time, and in a dry ground: the flower likewise of some - is white, and like a Lilly; the roote is round, and as white - within as the white of an egge, couered with a browne coate, - hauing a sweetish, but not vnpleasant taste, as any man without - danger many try. This description doth so liuely set forth - this plant, that I thinke wee shall not neede to be any longer - in doubt, where to finde Dioscorides his Satyrium Triphyllum, - seeing wee haue such plenty growing with vs. And thirdly, there - is no doubt, but that it hath the same qualities, as you shall - hereafter heare further. And lastly, that plant likewise that - beareth a red flower, may very well agree with his Erythronium; - for the descriptions in Dioscorides are both alike, as are - their qualities, the greatest doubt may be in the seede, which - yet may agree vnto Lin or Flaxe as fitly, or rather more then - many other plants doe, in many of his comparisons, which yet - wee receiue for currant. For the seede of Tulipas are flat, - hard, and shining as the seede of _Linum_ or Flaxe, although - of another colour, and bigger, as Dioscorides himselfe setteth - it downe. But if there should be a mistaking in the writing - of λὶνου for κρὶνου or λεῖριου in the Greeke Text, as the - slippe is both easie and likely, it were then out of all - question the same: for the seede is very like vnto the seede - of Lillies, as any man may easily discerne that know them, - or will compare them. It is generally called by all the late - Writers, _Tulipa_, which is deriued from the name _Tulpan_, - whereby the Turkes of _Dalmatia_ doe entitle their head - Tyres, or Caps; and this flower being blowne, laide open, and - inuerted, doth very well resemble them. We haue receiued the - early kinde from Constantinople, by the name of _Cafa lale_, - and the other by the name of _Cauala lale_. Lobel and others - doe call it _Lilio-narcissus_, because it doth resemble a Lilly - in the leafe, flower, and seede, and a Daffodil in the roote. - We call it in English the Turkes Cap, but most vsually Tulipa, - as most other Christian Countries that delight therein doe. - Daleschampius calleth it Oulada. - - - The Vertues. - - Dioscorides writeth, that his first Satyrium is profitable for - them that haue a convulsion in their necke, (which wee call a - cricke in the necke) if it be drunke in harsh (which we call - red) wine. - - That the roots of Tulipas are nourishing, there is no doubt, - the pleasant, or at least the no vnpleasant taste, may hereunto - perswade; for diuers haue had them sent by their friends from - beyond Sea, and mistaking them to bee Onions, haue vsed them as - Onions in their pottage or broth, and neuer found any cause of - mislike, or any sense of euill quality produced by them, but - accounted them sweete Onions. - - Further, I haue made tryall of them my selfe in this manner. I - haue preserued the rootes of these Tulipas in Sugar, as I haue - done the rootes of Eringus, Orchis, or any other such like, and - haue found them to be almost as pleasant as the Eringus rootes, - being firme and sound, fit to be presented to the curious; but - for force of Venereous quality, I cannot say, either from my - selfe, not hauing eaten many, or from any other, on whom I haue - bestowed them: but surely, if there be any speciall propertie - in the rootes of Orchis, or some other tending to that purpose, - I thinke this may as well haue it as they. It should seeme, - that Dioscorides doth attribute a great Venereous faculty to - the seede, whereof I know not any hath made any especiall - experiment with vs as yet. - - - - -CHAP. IX. - -_Narcissus._ The Daffodill. - - -There hath beene great confusion among many of our moderne Writers of -plants, in not distinguishing the manifold varieties of Daffodils; -for euery one almost, without consideration of kinde or forme, or -other speciall note, giueth names so diuersly one from another, that -if any one shall receiue from seuerall places the Catalogues of their -names (as I haue had many) as they set them down, and compare the -one Catalogue with the other, he shall scarce haue three names in a -dozen to agree together, one calling that by one name, which another -calleth by another, that very few can tell what they meane. And this -their confusion, in not distinguishing the name of _Narcissus_ from -_Pseudonarcissus_, is of all other in this kinde the greatest and -grossest errour. To auoide therefore that gulfe, whereof I complaine -that so manie haue bin endrenched; and to reduce the Daffodils into -such a methodicall order, that euery one may know, to what _Classis_ -or forme any one doth appertaine, I will first diuide them into -two principall or primary kindes: that is, into _Narcissos_, true -Daffodils, and _Pseudonarcissos_, bastard Daffodils: which distinction -I hold to be most necessarie to be set downe first of all, that euery -one may be named without confusion vnder his owne primary kind, and -then to let the other parts of the subdiuision follow, as is proper -to them, and fittest to expresse them. Now to cause you to vnderstand -the difference betweene a true Daffodill and a false, is this; it -consisteth onely in the flower, (when as in all other parts they cannot -bee distinguished) and chiefly in the middle cup or chalice; for that -we doe in a manner onely account those to bee _Pseudonarcissos_, -bastard Daffodils, whose middle cup is altogether as long, and sometime -a little longer then the outter leaues that doe encompasse it, so -that it seemeth rather like a trunke or long nose, then a cup or -chalice, such as almost all the _Narcissi_, or true Daffodils haue; I -say almost, because I know that some of them haue their middle cup so -small, that we rather call it a crowne then a cup; and againe, some of -them haue them so long, that they may seem to be of the number of the -_Pseudonyms_, or bastard Daffodils: but yet may easily be knowne from -them, in that, although the cup of some of the true Daffodils be great, -yet it is wider open at the brim of edge, and not so long and narrow -all alike as the bastard kindes are; and this is the chiefe and onely -way to know how to seuer these kindes, which rule holdeth certaine in -all, except that kinde which is called _Narcissus Iuncifolius reflexo -flore_, whose cup is narrow, and as long as the leaues that turne vp -againe. - -Secondly, I will subdiuide each of these again apart by themselues, -into foure sorts; and first the _Narcissos_, or true Daffodils into - -_Latifolios_, broad leafed Daffodils. - -_Angustifolios_, narrow leafed Daffodils. - -_Iuncifolios_, Rushe Daffodils, and - -_Marinos_, Sea Daffodils. - -These sorts againe doe comprehend vnder them some other diuisions, -whereby they may the better be distinguished, and yet still bee -referred to one of those foure former sorts: as - -_Monanthos_, that is, Daffodils that beare but one flower, or two at -the most vpon a stalke, and - -_Polyanthos_, those that beare many flowers together vpon a stalke: as -also - -_Simplici flore_, those that beare single flowers, and - -_Multiplici flore_, or _flore pleno_, that is, haue double flowers. - -_Vernales_, those that flower in the Spring, and among them some that -are earlier; and therefore called - -_Præcoces_, early flowring Daffodils, and - -_Autumnales_, those that flower in Autumne onely. - -And lastly, with the _Pseudonarcissos_, or bastard Daffodils, I will -keepe the same order, to distinguish them likewise into their foure -seuerall sorts; and as with the true Daffodils, so with these false, -describe vnder euery sort: first, those that beare single flowers, -whether one or many vpon a stalke; and then those that beare double -flowers, one or many also. As for the distinctions of _maior_ and -_minor_, greater and lesser, and of _maximus_ and _minimus_, greatest -and least, they doe not onely belong to these Daffodils; and therefore -must be vsed as occasion permitteth, but vnto all other sort of plants. -To begin therefore, I thinke fittest with that stately Daffodill, which -for his excellency carrieth the name of None such. - - -1. _Narcissus latifolius omnium maximus, amplo calice flauo, siue -Nompareille._ -The great None such Daffodill, or Incomparable Daffodill. - -This _Narcissus Nompareille_ hath three or foure long and broad leaues, -of a grayish greene colour, among which riseth vp a stalke two foote -high at the least, at the toppe whereof, out of a thinne skinnie huske, -as all Daffodils haue, commeth forth one large single flower, and no -more vsually, consisting of sixe very pale yellow large leaues, almost -round at the point, with a large cuppe in the middle, somewhat yellower -then the leaues, the bottome whereof next vnto the stalke is narrow and -round, rising wider to the mouth, which is very large and open, and -vneuenly cut in or indented about the edges. The cup doth very well -resemble the chalice, that in former dayes with vs, and beyond the Seas -is still vsed to hold the Sacramentall Wine, that is with a narrower -bottome, and a wide mouth. After the flower is past, sometimes there -commeth (for it doth not often) a round greene head, and blacke round -seede therein, like vnto other Daffodils, but greater. The roote is -great, as other Daffodils that beare large flowers, and is couered ouer -with a brownish coate or skinne. The flower hath little or no sent at -all. - -[Sidenote: _Flore geminato._] - -This doth sometimes bring forth a flower with ten or twelue leaues, and -a cup much larger, as if it would be two, euen as the flower seemeth. - - -2. _Narcissus omnium maximus flore & calice flauo._ -The great yellow Incomparable Daffodill. - -This other kinde differeth neither in forme, nor bignesse of leafe or -flower from the former, but in the colour of the circling leaues of the -flower, which are of the same yellow colour with the cup. - -[Sidenote: _Flore geminato._] - -This doth sometimes degenerate and grow luxurious also, bringing forth -two flowers vpon a stalke, each distinct from other, and sometimes -two flowers thrust together, as if they were but one, although it be -but seldome; for it is not a peculiar kinde that is constant, yearly -abiding in the same forme. - - -3. _Narcissus maximus griseus calice flauo._ -The gray Peerlesse Daffodill. - -This Peerlesse Daffodill well deserueth his place among these kindes, -for that it doth much resemble them, and peraduenture is but a -difference raised from the seede of the former, it is so like in leafe -and flower, but that the leaues seeme to be somewhat greater, and the -sixe outer leaues of the flower to be of a glistering whitish gray -colour, and the cup yellow, as the former, but larger. - - -4. _Narcissus latifolius flauo flore amplo calice, siue Mattenesse._ -The lesser yellow Nompareille, or the Lady Mattenesses Daffodill. - -The leaues of this Daffodill, are somewhat like vnto the leaues of the -first kind, but not altogether so long or broad: the stalke likewise -riseth not vp fully so high, and beareth one flower like the former, -but lesser, and both the cuppe and the leaues are of one colour, that -is, of a pale yellow, yet more yellow then in the former: the cup of -this also is lesser, and a little differing; for it is neither fully -so small in the bottome, nor so large at the edges, nor so crumpled at -the brimmes, so that all these differences doe plainly shew it to be -another kinde, quite from the former. - - - The Place. - - The places of none of these are certainly knowne to vs where - they grow naturally, but we haue them onely in our Gardens, and - haue beene sent, and procured from diuers places. - - - The Time. - - They flower sometimes in the end of March, but chiefly in - Aprill. - - - The Names. - - The first and second haue been sent vs by the name of _Narcisse - Nompareille_, as it is called in French; and in Latine, - _Narcissus omnium maximus amplo calice flauo_, and _Narcissus - Incomparabilis_, that is, the Incomparable Daffodill, or the - greatest Daffodill of all other, with a large yellow cuppe: - but assuredly, although this Daffodill doth exceed many other, - both in length and bignesse, yet the great Spanish bastard - Daffodill, which shall be spoken of hereafter, is in my - perswasion oftentimes a farre higher and larger flower; and - therefore this name was giuen but relatiuely, we may call it - in English, The great None such Daffodill, or the Incomparable - Daffodill, or the great Peerlesse Daffodill, or the Nompareille - Daffodill, which you will: for they all doe answer either the - French or the Latine name; and because this name _Nompareille_ - is growne currant by custome, I know not well how to alter it. - The third kinde may passe with the title giuen it, without - controule. The last is very well knowne beyond the Seas, - especially in the Low Countries, and those parts, by the Lady - Mattenesse Daffodill, because Clusius receiued it from her. We - may call it in English, for the correspondency with the former, - The lesser yellow Nompareille, or Peerlesse Daffodill, or the - Lady Mattenesse Daffodill, which you will. - - -_Narcissus Indicus flore rubro, dictus Iacobæus._ -The Indian Daffodill with a red flower. - -This Indian Daffodill is so differing, both in forme, not hauing a -cuppe, and in colour being red, from the whole Family of the Daffodils -(except the next that followeth, and the Autumne Daffodils) that some -might justly question the fitnesse of his place here. But because as -all the plants, whether bulbous or other, that come from the Indies, -either East or West (although they differ very notably, from those that -grow in these parts of the world) must in a generall suruey and muster -be ranked euery one, as neere as the surueiours wit will direct him, -vnder some other growing with vs, that is of neerest likenesse; Euen so -vntill some other can direct his place more fitly, I shall require you -to accept of him in this, with this description that followeth, which -I must tell you also, is more by relation then knowledge, or sight of -the plant it selfe. This Daffodill hath diuers broad leaues, somewhat -like vnto the common or ordinary white Daffodill, of a grayish greene -colour; from the sides whereof, as also from the middle of them, rise -vp sometimes two stalkes together, but most vsually one after another -(for very often it flowreth twice in a Summer) and often also but one -stalke alone, which is of a faint reddish colour, about a foote high or -more, at the toppe whereof, out of a deepe red skinne or huske, commeth -forth one flower bending downwards, consisting of sixe long leaues -without any cup in the middle, of an excellent red colour, tending to a -crimson; three of these leaues that turne vpwards, are somewhat larger -then those three that hang downewards, hauing sixe threads or chiues in -the middle, tipt with yellow pendents, and a three forked stile longer -then the rest, and turning vp the end thereof againe: the roote is -round and bigge, of a brownish colour on the outside, and white within. -This is set forth by Aldinus, Cardinall Farnesius his Physitian, that -at Rome it rose vp with stalks of flowers before any leaues appeared. - - - The Place, Time, and Names. - - This naturally groweth in the West Indies, from whence it was - brought into Spaine, where it bore both in Iune and Iuly, and - by the Indians in their tongue named AZCAL XOCHITL, and hath - beene sent from Spaine, vnto diuers louers of plants, into - seuerall parts of Christendome, but haue not thriued long in - these transalpine colde Countries, so far as I can heare. - - -_Narcissus Trapezunticus flore luteo præcocissimus._ -The early Daffodill of Trebizond. - -Because this Daffodill is so like in flower vnto the former, although -differing in colour, I thought it the fittest place to ioyne it the -next thereunto. This early Daffodill hath three or foure short very -greene leaues, so like vnto the leaues of the Autumne Daffodill, -that many may easily bee deceiued in mistaking one for another, the -difference consisting chiefly in this, that the leaues of this are not -so broad or so long, nor rise vp in Autumne: in the midst of these -leaues riseth vp a short green stalke, an handfull high, or not much -higher vsually, (I speake of it as it hath often flowred with mee, -whether the cause be the coldnesse of the time wherein it flowreth, or -the nature of the plant, or of our climate, I am in some doubt; but I -doe well remember, that the stalkes of some plants, that haue flowred -later with me then the first, haue by the greater strength, and comfort -of the Sunne, risen a good deale higher then the first) bearing at the -top, out of a whitish thinne skinne stripped with greene, one flower a -little bending downewards, consisting of sixe leaues, laid open almost -in the same manner with the former Indian Daffodill, whereof some doe -a little turne vp their points againe, of a faire pale yellow colour, -hauing sixe white chiues within it, tipt with yellow pendents, and -a longer pointell: the roote is not very great, but blackish on the -outside, so like vnto the Autumne Daffodill, but that it is yellow -vnder the first or outermost coate, that one may easily mistake one for -another. - - - The Place. - - It was sent vs from Constantinople among other rootes, but - as wee may ghesse by the name, it should come thither from - Trapezunte or Trebizond. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth sometimes in December, if the former part of the - Winter haue been milde; but most vsually about the end of - Ianuary, or else in Februarie the beginning or the end. - - - The Names. - - Wee doe vsually call it from the Turkish name, _Narcissus - Trapezunticus_, and some also call it _Narcissus vernus - præcox_, as Clusius doth, in English, The early Daffodill of - Trebizond. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Narcissus Nonpareille._ The incomparable Daffodill. - 2 _Narcissus Mattenesse._ The lesser yellow Nompareille - Daffodill. - 3 _Narcissus Iacobæus flore rubro._ The red Indian Daffodill. - 4 _Narcissus Trapezunticus._ The early Daffodill of Trabesond. - 5 _Narcissus Montanus albus apophysibus præditus._ The white winged - Daffodill. - 6 _Narcissus Montanus, siue Nompareille totus albus._ The white - Nompareille, or Peerlesse Daffodill. - 7 _Narcissus albus oblongo calice._ The white Daffodill with a long - cup. -] - - -_Narcissus Montanus albus apophysibus præditus._ -The white Mountaine Daffodill with eares, or The white winged Daffodill. - - -This Mountaine Daffodill riseth vp with three or four broad leaues, -somewhat long, of a whitish greene colour, among which riseth vp a -stalke a foote and a halfe high, whereon standeth one large flower, -and sometimes two, consisting of sixe white leaues a peece, not very -broad, and without any shew of yellownesse in them, three whereof haue -vsually each of them on the back part, at the bottome vpon the one side -of them, and not on both, a little small white peece of a leafe like an -eare, the other three hauing none at all: the cup is almost as large, -or not much lesse then the small Nompareille, small at the bottome, and -very large, open at the brimme, of a faire yellow colour, and sometimes -the edges or brimmes of the cup will haue a deeper yellow colour about -it, like as if it were discoloured with Saffron: the flower is verie -sweete, the roote is great and white, couered with a pale coate or -skinne, not verie blacke, and is not very apt to encrease, seldome -giuing of-sets; neither haue I euer gathered seede thereof, because it -passeth away without bearing any with me. - - -_Narcissus Montanus, siue Nompareille totus albus amplo calice._ -The white Nompareille Daffodill. - -This white Nompareille Daffodill, is in roote and leafe very like vnto -the former mountain or winged Daffodill, but that they are a little -larger: the stalke from among the leaues riseth vp not much higher then -it, bearing at the top one large flower, composed of sixe long white -leaues, each whereof is as it were folded halfe way together, in the -middle whereof standeth forth a large white cup, broader at the mouth -or brims then at the bottome, very like vnto the lesser Nompareille -Daffodill before remembred, which hath caused it to be so entituled: -the sent whereof is no lesse sweete then the former. - - - The Place. - - The naturall places of these Daffodils are not certainly knowne - to vs; but by the names they carry, they should seeme to bee - bred in the Mountaines. - - - The Time. - - These flower not so early as many other kindes doe, but rather - are to bee accounted among the late flowring Daffodils; for - they shew not their flowers vntill the beginning of May, or the - latter end of Aprill, with the soonest. - - - The Names. - - The names set downe ouer the heads of either of them be such, - whereby they are knowne to vs; yet some doe call the first - _Narcissus auriculatus_, that is to say, The Daffodill with - eares: and the other, _Narcissus Nompareille totus albus_, that - is to say, The white Nompareille, or Peerlesse Daffodill. - - -1. _Narcissus albus oblongo calice luteo præcox minor._ -The small early white Daffodill with a long cup. - -The leaues of this early Daffodill are broad, very greene, and not -whitish as others, three or foure standing together, about a foote -long or better, among which riseth vp a greene stalke, not full so -high as the leaues, bearing one flower at the toppe thereof of a -reasonable bignesse, but not so great as the later kindes that follow -are, consisting of six whitish leaues, but not perfect white, hauing -a show of a Creame colour appearing in them; in the middle is a long -round yellow cup, about halfe an inch long or better. The smell of this -flower is reasonable sweete, the roote is of a reasonable bignesse, yet -lesser then the rootes of the later kindes. - - -2. _Narcissus pallidus oblongo calice flauo præcox._ -The early Strawe coloured Daffodill with a long cup. - -The leaues of this Daffodill are as greene as the former, but much -narrower; and the leaues of the flower are more enclining to yellow, -but yet very pale, as if it were a light strawe colour, and seeme to -bee a little more narrow and pointed then the former: the cup of this, -is as long and yellow as the precedent. The smell whereof is very like -the former, yet neither of them being so sweete as those that follow. - - -3. _Narcissus albus oblongo calice luteo serotinus maier._ -The great late flowring white Daffodill with a long cup. - -This later flowring Daffodill hath his leaues somewhat narrow & long, -of a grayish or whitish greene colour, among which the stalke riseth -vp a foote and a halfe high, bearing one flower at the toppe, made of -six white leaues, hauing the cup in the middle thereof as long as the -former, and of a deepe yellow: the edges of this cuppe are sometimes -plaine, and sometimes a little crumpled; they are often also circled at -the brimmes with a Saffron colour, and often also without it, the smell -whereof is very pleasant, and not heady: the roote hereof is reasonable -bigge, and couered ouer rather with a pale then blackish skinne. This -flower doth sometimes alter his forme into eight leaues, which being -narrow and long, seeme like a white starre, compassing a yellow trunke. - - -4. _Narcissus totus pallidus oblongo calice serotinus minor._ -The late pale coloured Daffodill with a long cup. - -There is another of this kinde, whose flowers is wholly of a pale -white, or yellowish colour, differing neither in leafe nor roote from -the former. - - -5. _Narcissus pallidus oblongo calice flauo serotinus._ -The Strawe coloured late flowring Daffodill with a long yellow cup. - -The chiefe difference of this Daffodill from the former, consisteth -in the colour of the cup, which is a more yellow colour, and a little -larger then the former, and the brimmes or edges of the cup of a deeper -yellow, or Saffron colour. The smell of this is no lesse sweete then in -the former. - - -6. _Narcissus albus oblongo calice flauo serotinus, duobus floribus in -caule._ -The late white Daffodill with a long cup, and two flowers on a stalke. - -This Daffodill is surely a kinde of it selfe, although it be so like -the former, abiding constant in his forme and manner of flowring, -vsually bearing without missing two flowers vpon a stalke, very like -vnto the former great white kinde, that one cannot know any greater -matter of difference betweene them, then that it beareth two flowers -on a stalke: the cuppes whereof are seldome touched with any shew of -Saffron colour on them at the brimmes or edges, as some of the former -haue. - - - The Place. - - All these Daffodils doe grow on the Pyrenæan mountaines, and - haue been sought out, and brought into these parts, by those - curious or couetous searchers of these delights, that haue made - vs partakers of them. - - - The Time. - - The former kindes flower earlier by a fortnight then the later, - the one in the later end of March, and the other not vntill the - middle of Aprill. - - - The Names. - - Their names are giuen to euery one of them in their seuerall - titles, as fitly as may best agree with their natures; and - therefore I shall not neede to speake any further of them. - - -_Narcissus medioluteus vulgaris._ -The common white Daffodill called Primrose Peerlesse. - -This Daffodill is so common in euery Country Garden almost through -England, that I doubt I shall but spend my time in vaine, to describe -that which is so well knowne, yet for their sakes that know it not, -I will set downe the description of it in this manner. It hath long -limber and broad leaues, of a grayish greene colour, among which riseth -vp a stalke, bearing at the toppe out of a skinnie huske sometimes -but one flower, but most commonly two flowers, and seldome three or -more, but larger for the most part, then any that beare many flowers -vpon a stalke, of a pale whitish Creame colour, tending somewhat neare -vnto the colour of a pale Primrose (which hath caused our Countrey -Gentlewomen, I thinke, to entitle it Primrose Peerlesse) with a small -round flat Crowne, rather then a cup in the middle, of a pale yellow -colour, with some pale chiues standing therein, being of a sweete, but -stuffing sent: the roote is reasonable great, and encreasing more then -a better plant. - - -_Narcissus mediocroceus serotinus._ The late flowring white Daffodill. - -This Daffodill hath much smaller leaues, and shorter then the last, -the stalke also riseth not so high by much, and beareth but one flower -thereon, of a pure white colour, made of six small leaues, and somewhat -narrow, standing seuerally one from another, and not so close together -as the former, but appearing like a starre: the cup is small and round, -of a pale yellow colour, but saffrony about the brims, hauing six small -pale chiues in the middle, the smell whereof is much sweeter then in -the former. - - - The Place. - - The first is thought to grow naturally in England, but I could - neuer heare of his naturall place. I am sure it is plentifull - enough in all Country Gardens, so that wee scarce giue it place - in our more curious parkes. The second liueth only with them - that delight in varieties. - - - The Time. - - The first Daffodill flowreth in the middle time, being neither - of the earliest, nor of the latest; but about the middle, or - end of April. The other flowreth with the latest in May. - - - The Names. - - I shall not neede to trouble you with further repetitions of - names, they hauing been set downe in their titles, which are - proper to them. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Narcissus vulgaris medio luteus._ The common White Daffodill, or - Primrose Peerlesse. - 2 _Narcissus medio purpureus maximus._ The great white purple ringed - Daffodill. - 3 _Narcissus medio purpureus præcox._ The early purple ringed - Daffodill. - 4 _Narcissus medio purpureus stellatus._ The starry purple ringed - Daffodill. - 5 _Narcissus Persicus._ The Persian Daffodill. - 6 _Narcissus Autumnalis minor._ The lesser Winter Daffodill. - 7 _Narcissus Autumnalis maior._ The greater Winter Daffodill. -] - - -1. _Narcissus medio purpureus præcox._ -The early purple ringed Daffodill. - -This early Daffodill hath many long grayish greene leaues, somewhat -narrower and stiffer than the former common white Daffodill, among -which riseth vp a long naked hollow stalke (as all other Daffodils -haue) bearing at the toppe one flower, and seldome two, made of sixe -long white leaues, standing close together about the stalke; the cup -is yellow, and so flat, that it might rather bee called a crowne: for -it standeth very close to the middle, and very open at the brimmes, -circled with a reddish or purple coloured ring, hauing certaine chiues -in the middle of it also. The smell hereof is very sweete, exceeding -many other. - - -2. _Narcissus medio purpureus serotinus._ -The late purple ringed Daffodill. - -The leaues of this Daffodill are alwayes broader then the former early -one, and some are very neare twice as broad: the flower is very like -the former, being large, and his leaues standing close one to the side -of another; the ring likewise that compasseth the yellow coronet, is -sometimes of a paler reddish purple, and sometimes as deep a red as the -former: so that it differeth not in any other materiall point, then -that it flowreth not vntill the other is past and gone. The sent of -this is like the former, the roote hereof is greater, as well as the -leafe and flower. - - -3. _Narcissus medio purpureus maximus._ -The great white purple ringed Daffodill. - -There is another kinde, whose flower (as well as leaues and rootes) is -larger then any other of this kinde, which only maketh it a distinct -sort from the other: it flowreth also with the later sort of these -purple ringed Daffodils. - - -4. _Narcissus medio purpureus stellaris._ -The starry purple ringed Daffodill. - -This Daffodill hath his leaues a little narrower and greener then the -former sorts, the flower also of this hath his sixe white leaues not -so broad, but narrower, and seeming longer then they, not closing -together, but standing apart one from another, making it seem like a -white starre: it hath also a yellow coronet in the middle, circled -about with purple, like the former. This doth smell nothing so sweete -as the first but yet hath a good sent. - - - The Place. - - The first, third, and fourth of these Daffodils, haue always - beene sent vs from Constantinople among other bulbous rootes, - so that wee know no further of their naturall places. - - The second groweth in many places of Europe, both in Germany, - France, and Italy, as Clusius hath noted. - - - The Time. - - The first flowreth very early in March, euen with the first - Daffodils. The second, third, and fourth, about a moneth after. - - - The Names. - - The early and starre Daffodils, haue been sent vs by the - Turkish name of _Deuebohini_, and _Serincade_. But their names, - they haue receiued since, to bee endenizond with vs, are set - downe in their seuerall titles. - - -_Narcissus Persicus._ The Persian Daffodill. - -This Persian Daffodill differeth from all other kindes of Daffodils in -his manner of growing, for it neuer hath leaues and flowers at one -time together, wherein it is like vnto a Colchicum, yet in roote and -leafe it is a Daffodill. The roote is a little blackish on the outside, -somewhat like the roote of the Autumne Daffodill, from whence riseth vp -a naked foote stalke, bearing one pale yellow flower, breaking through -a thinne skinne, which first enclosed it, composed of six leaues, the -three outermost being a little larger then the rest, in the middle of -the flower there are six small chiues, and a longer pointell. The whole -flower is of an vnpleasant sent. After the flower is past, come vp the -leaues, sometimes before Winter, but most vsually after the deepe of -Winter is past with vs, in the beginning of the yeare, which are broad, -long, and of a pale greene colour, like the leaues of other Daffodils, -but not greene as the Autumne Daffodill is, and besides they doe a -little twine themselues, as some of the Pancratium, or bastard Sea -Daffodils doe. - - -_Narcissus Autumnalis maior._ The greater Autumne or Winter Daffodill. - -The greater Autumne Daffodill riseth vp with three or foure faire broad -and short leaues at the first, but afterwards grow longer, of a very -deepe or darke greene colour, in the middle of which riseth vp a short, -stiffe, rounded footestalke, bearing one faire yellow flower on the -head thereof (inclosed at the first in a thinne skinne, or huske) and -consisteth of six leaues as the former, with certaine chiues in the -middle, as all or most other Daffodils haue, which passeth away without -shew of any seed, or head for seed, although vnder the head there is a -little greene knot, which peraduenture would beare seede, if our sharpe -Winters did not hinder it. The roote is great and round, couered ouer -with a blackish skinne or coate. - - -_Narcissus Autumnalis minor._ The lesser Autumne or Winter Daffodill. - -Clusius setteth downe, that the manner of the flowring of this lesser -Daffodill, is more like vnto the Persian Daffodill, then vnto the -former greater Autumne kind; but I doe fine that it doth in the same -sort, as the greater kinde, rise vp with his leaues first, and the -flowers a while after: the flower of this is lesser, and a little paler -then the flower of the greater kinde, but consisting in like sort of -six leaues, narrow and sharpe pointed; the greene leaues also are -almost of as deepe a green colour, as the greater kinde, but smaller -and narrower, and a little hollow in the middle. The roote is also -alike, but lesser, and couered with a blackish skinne as the former. -This hath sometimes borne blacke round seede in three square heads. - - - The Place. - - The Persian Daffodill hath beene sent sometimes, but very - seldome, among other roots from Constantinople, and it is - probable by the name whereby it was sent, that it should - naturally grow in Persia. - - The other two haue likewise beene sent from Constantinople, and - as it is thought, grow in Thracia, or thereabouts. - - - The Time. - - They all doe flower much about one time, that is, about the end - of September, and in October. - - - The Names. - - The first hath been sent by the name of _Serincade Persiana_, - and thereupon is called _Narcissus Persicus_, The Persian - Daffodill. - - The other two haue been thought by diuers to be Colchica, and - so haue they called them, vpon no other ground, but that their - flower is in forme and time somewhat like Colchicum, when as - if they had marked them better, they might plainly discerne, - that in all other things they did resemble Daffodils; but now - the names of _Colchicum luteum maius, & minus_, is quite - lost, time hauing worne them out, and they are called by most - Herbarists now adayes, _Narcissus Autumnalis maior & minor_, - The greater and the lesser Autumne Daffodill. - -Thus farre haue I proceeded with those Daffodils, that hauing broad -leaues, beare but one single flower, or two at the most vpon a stalke: -And now to proceed with the rest, that haue broad leaues, and beare -single flowers, but many vpon a stalke. - - -_Narcissus Africanus aureus maior._ -The great yellow Daffodill of Africa. - -This braue and stately Daffodill hath many very long and broad leaues, -of a better green colour, then many others that are grayish, among -which appeareth a stalke, not rising to the height of the leaues, -bearing at the toppe out of a skinnie hose many faire, goodly, and -large flowers, to the number of ten or twelue, if the roote bee well -growne, and stand in a warme place, euery one being larger then any -of the French, Spanish, or Turkie Daffodils, that beare many single -flowers vpon a stalke, and commeth neere vnto the bignesse of the -English Daffodill, called Primrose Peerlesse, before described, or that -French kinde hereafter described, that beareth the largest flowers, -many vpon a stalke (which some would make to bee a kinde of English -Daffodill, but bearing more flowers) and of a faire shining yellow -colour, hauing large, round, and open cups or boules, yellower then the -outer leaues; and is of so exceeding sweete a sent, that it doth rather -offend the senses by the aboundance thereof: the roote is great, and -couered with a blackish browne coate or skinne. - - -_Narcissus Africanus aureus minor._ The lesser Barbary Daffodill. - -This lesser kinde is very neere the same with the former, but that it -lacketh somewhat of his statlinesse of height, largenesse of flower and -cup (being a paler yellow) and beauty of colour, for it beareth neither -of these equall vnto the former, but is in them all inferiour. And thus -by this priuatiue, you may vnderstand his positive, and that shall be -sufficient at this time. - - -_Narcissus Byzantinus totus luteus._ The yellow Turkie Daffodill. - -Whereas the last described, came short of the beauty of the former, so -this lacketh of that beauty is in the last; for this, although it haue -very long leaues, and a high stalke, yet the flowers are neither so -many, as not being aboue foure or fiue, nor so large, being not much -greater then the ordinary French Daffodill hereafter described, nor the -colour so faire, but much paler, and the cup also smaller; and herein -consisteth the chiefest differences betweene this, and both the other, -but that the sent of this is also weaker. - - - The Place. - - The first and the second grow in Barbary, about Argiers, and - Fez, as by the relation of them, that haue brought them into - these parts, wee haue been enformed. - - The last hath been often brought from Constantinople among - other varieties of Daffodils, but from whence they receiued - them, I could neuer learne. - - - The Time. - - These Daffodils do flower very early, euen with the first sort - of Daffodils, I meane after they haue been accustomed vnto our - climate: for oftentimes vpon their first bringing ouer, they - flower in Ianuary or February, especially if they be preserued - from the frosts, and kept in any warme place; for they are very - tender, and will soone perish, being left abroad. - - - The Names. - - The first is called by diuers in French, _Narcisse d’ Algiers_ - and in many places of the Low Countries, _Narcissen van Heck_, - or _Narcissus Heckius_; by diuers others _Narcissus Africanus - aureus maior_, we may call it in English, The great African - Daffodill, or the great Barbary Daffodill, or the great yellow - Daffodill of Argiers, which you please. - - The second hath no other variation of name, then a diminutiue - of the former, as is set downe in the title. - - The third is no doubt the same, that Clusius setteth downe - in the twelfth Chapter of his second Booke of the History of - more rare plants, and maketh the fourth sort, which came from - Constantinople, and may also be the same, which he maketh his - fifth, which (as he saith) he receiued from Doctour _Simor - Touar_ of Seuill in Spaine. Wee call it, from the place from - whence we receiued it, _Narcissus Byzantinus_, with the - addition of _totus luteus_, to put a difference from other - sorts that come from thence also: in English, The yellow single - Daffodill of Turkie. - - -_Narcissus Sulphureus maior._ The greater Lemon coloured Daffodill. - -The greater of these Daffodils, beareth three or foure greene and very -long leaues, a foote and a halfe long at the least, among which riseth -vp a round, yet crested stalke, not so high as the leaues, bearing -fiue or sixe single flowers thereon, euery one of them being greater -then the ordinary French or Italian Daffodils, with many flowers vpon -a stalke; of a faint, but yet pleasant yellow colour at the first, -which after they haue been in flower a fortnight or thereabouts, change -into a deeper, or more sullen yellow colour: the cup in the middle is -likewise larger, then in those formerly named, and of a deeper yellow -colour then the outer leaues, hauing onely three chiues within it. The -smell is very pleasant. - - -_Narcissus Sulphureus minor._ The lesser Lemon coloured Daffodill. - -This lesser Daffodill hath broader and shorter leaues then the former, -of the colour of other Daffodils, and not greene like the former: the -stalke of this riseth vp higher then the leaues, bearing foure or -fiue flowers vpon shorter footestalkes, and no bigger then the French -Daffodill, of a pale yellow, which most doe call a Brimstone colour, -the cup or rather crowne in the middle, is small, and broad open, of a -little deeper yellow, hauing many chiues within it, and is as it were -sprinkled ouer with a kinde of mealinesse. The smell of this is not -full so pleasant as the former. - - - The Place. - - Both these haue been gathered on the Pyrenæan Mountaines, and - both likewise haue been sent out of Italy. - - - The Time. - - They both flower in the middle time of the Daffodils flowring, - that is, in Aprill. - - - The Name. - - They haue their Latine names expressed in their titles and so - are their English also, if you please so to let them passe; or - else according to the Latine, you may call them, The greater - and the lesser Brimstone coloured Daffodils; some haue called - them _Narcissus Italicus_, but the Italians themselues haue - sent them by the name of _Narcisso Solfarigno_. - - -_Narcissus totus albus polyanthos._ -The milke white Daffodill many vpon a stalke. - -The leaues of this Daffodill are of a meane size, both for length -and breadth, yet somewhat greener then in the ordinary sorts, that -haue some whitenesse in them: the flowers are many vpon the stalke, -as small for the most part, as any of these kindes that beare many -together, being wholly of a milke, or rather snow white colour, both -the cuppe, which is small, and the outer leaues that compasse it; after -which come small heads, wherein is contained round blacke seede, as -all other Daffodils doe, although some greater, and others lesser, -according to the proportion of the plants: the roote is couered ouer -with a blackish skinne or coate; the smell is very sweete. - -There are two other sorts more of this kinde, the differences whereof -are, that the one hath his leaues somewhat broader, and the flowers -greater then the former: And the other smaller leaues and flowers also, -whose cups being small, are neuer seene fully open, but as it were -halfe closed at the brimmes. - - -_Narcissus latifolius totus albus, mediocri calice reflexus._ -The milke white Daffodill with the great cup. - -There is yet another sort of these milke white Daffodils, whose leaues -are as broad as any of the former, and whose cup in the middle of the -flower, is somewhat larger then in any of the lesser sorts, and lesser -then in the greater kinde: but the leaues of the flowers doe a little -turne themselues vpwards, which maketh a chiefe difference. - - - The Place. - - These Daffodils grow in Spaine, from whence I receiued many - that flourished a while, but perished by some fierce cold - Winters: they likewise grow in France, from whence many also - haue been brought vnto vs. They haue likewise been sent from - Constantinople to vs, among other kindes of Daffodils. - - - The Time. - - They that come from Constantinople, for the most part doe - flower earlier then the other, euen after they are accustomed - to our ayre. Some of them flower notwithstanding in the end of - March, the rest in Aprill. - - - The Names. - - They are vsually called _Narcissus totus albus polyanthos_, - adding thereunto the differences of _maior_, _medius_, and - _minor_, that is, The milke white Daffodill, the greater, the - middle, and the lesser; for so some doe distinguish them. The - last, for distinction, hath his name in his title sufficient to - expresse him. - - -1. _Narcissus Narbonensis, siue medio luteus præcox._ -The early French Daffodill. - -The leaues of this Daffodill, spring vp out of the ground a moneth or -two sometimes before the other of this kinde, that follow; being also -shorter and narrower: the stalke likewise is not very high, bearing -diuers flowers at the top, breaking through a thinne skinne, as is -vsuall with all the Daffodils, euery one whereof is small, consisting -of six white leaues, and small yellow cup in the middle, which is of -a prettie small sent, nothing so strong as many others: the roote is -great and round, and seldome parteth into of-sets, euen as all the -other that follow, bearing many single flowers, doe. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Narcissus Africanus aureus maior._ The great yellow Daffodill - of Africa. - 2 _Narcissus Africanus luteus minor._ The lesser yellow Daffodill - of Africa. - 3 _Narcissus Narbonensis medio luteus._ The French Daffodill. - 4 _Narcissus Pisanus, vel totus albus._ The Italian Daffodill, or the - all white Daffodill. - 5 _Narcissus Mussart._ Mussart his Daffodill. - 6 _Narcissus Anglicus polyanthos._ The great English Daffodill. -] - - -2. _Narcissus Narbonensis vulgaris._ The ordinary French Daffodill. - -This Daffodill hath long and broad greene leaues, a little hollowish -in the middle, and edged on both sides; the stalke is a foote and a -halfe high, bearing at the toppe diuers flowers, somewhat larger then -the former, consisting of six white leaues, somewhat round; the cup is -yellow in the middle, small and round, like vnto an Acorne cuppe, or a -little fuller in the middle: this is the forme of that sort which was -first brought vnto vs: But since there is found out some, whose cup -is shorter, others flatter, some of a paler, others of a deeper yellow -colour, and some that haue their cuppe longer then the rest. The rootes -of them all are couered with a blackish skin or coate. - - -3. _Narcissus Narbonensis maior amplo flore._ -The French Daffodill with great flowers. - -The leaues of this Daffodill are somewhat like vnto the last, but -not so broad, yet full as long, and spring sooner out of the ground, -yet not so early as the first of these kindes: the stalke hereof is -flatter, and riseth higher, bearing foure or fiue flowers, much larger -then any of this kinde; for euery one of them doth equall the English -Daffodill, before described, but whiter then it, and the yellow cup -larger, and more open then in any of the rest. The roote of this is not -so great, or round, as the former, but is more plentifull in of-sets, -then any other of these French, or Italian kindes. - - -4. _Narcissus Pisanus._ The Italian Daffodill. - -This Italian Daffodill hath his leaues as large, or larger then the -second French Daffodill, and his stalke somewhat higher, bearing many -white flowers, very like vnto the common French Daffodill, but somewhat -larger also; and the yellow cup in the middle likewise is larger, and -rounder, then is vsually seen in any of the French kinds, except the -last with the greatest flowers. - - -5. _Narcissus mediocroceus polyanthos._ -The French Daffodill with Saffron coloured cups. - -This French Daffodill hath diuers leaues of a grayish greene colour, -not so broad or long as the last recited Daffodill, but comming neerer -vnto the second French kinde, the flowers likewise are white, and many -vpon a stalke, like thereunto, but the yellow cup is somewhat large, -and circled with a Saffron like brimme or edge, which maketh the -chiefest difference. - - -6. _Narcissus mediocroceus alter, dictus Mussart._ -Mussart his Daffodill. - -The affinity between this & the last, (for it is not the same to be -expressed vnder one title) hath made me ioyne it next vnto it, yet -because it hath a notable difference, it deserueth a place by himselfe. -The leaues are large and long, and the flowers, being white, are -larger also then in any other, except the greatest, but the cup hereof -is small and short, rather seeming a coronet then a cup, of a deepe -Saffron colour all about the brimmes or edges. - - -7. _Narcissus Anglicus polyanthos._ The great English Daffodill. - -This Daffodill hath his leaues not much broader or longer, then the -French kinde with great flowers, before described, the stalke with -flowers riseth not fully so high as it, bearing many flowers thereon, -not altogether so white, yet whiter then the former English Daffodill, -called Primrose Peerlesse, but nothing so large, and with short, broad, -and almost round leaues, standing close one vnto another: the yellow -cup in the middle is bowle fashion, being somewhat deeper then in any -of the former kinds, but not much greater: the smell hereof is very -sweete and pleasant. - - -8. _Narcissus Narbonensis, siue medio luteus serotinus maior._ -The greater late flowring French Daffodill. - -The roote as well as the leaues of this Daffodill, are greater, larger, -broader, and longer then in any other of the former French, or Italian -kindes; the stalke is as high as any of them, bearing at the toppe fiue -or sixe white flowers, standing open spread like a starre, and not -close together, euery one whereof is large, and round pointed, the cup -is yellow, small and short, yet not lying flat to the flower, but a -little standing out with some threads in the middle, as all the former -Daffodils haue. This is not so sweete as the earlier kindes. - - -9. _Narcissus medioluteus alter serotinus calice breui._ -The lesser late flowring French Daffodill. - -This Daffodill is of the same kinde with the last described, the onley -difference is, that it is lesser, and the yellow cuppe in the middle of -the flower, is somewhat shorter then the former, although the former be -shorter then many others, otherwise it differeth not, no not in time; -for it flowreth late as the former doth. - - - The Place. - - These Daffodils haue been brought vs from diuers places; The - first and second grow naturally in many places of Spaine, that - are open to the Sea: they grow likewise about Mompelier, and - those parts in France. They haue been likewise sent among many - other sorts of Daffodils from Constantinople, so that I may - thinke, they grow in some places neere thereunto. - - The fourth groweth plentifully in Italy, about Pisa in Tuscane, - from whence we haue had plants to furnish our Gardens. - - The seuenth is accounted beyond Sea to be naturall of our - Country, but I know not any with vs that haue it, but they haue - had it from them. - - The rest haue been brought at diuers times, but wee know no - further of their naturall places. - - - The Time. - - The first flowreth earlier then any of the rest by a moneth, - euen in the beginning of March, or earlier, if the weather - be milde. The other in Aprill, some a little before or after - another. The late kinds flower not vntill May. - - - The Names. - - There can be no more said of the names of any of them, then - hath beene set out in their titles; for they distinguish euery - sort as fitly as we can: onely some doe call the first two - sorts, by the name of _Donax Narbonensis_. - -After all these Daffodils, that hauing broad leaues beare single -flowers, either one or many vpon a stalke, I shall now goe on to set -forth those broad leafed Daffodils, that carry double flowers, either -one or many vpon a stalke together, in the same order that we haue vsed -before. - - -1. _Narcissus albus multiplex._ The double white Daffodill. - -The leaues of this Daffodill are not very broad, but rather of a meane -size, being of the same largenesse with the leaues of the purple -ringed Daffodill, the stalke riseth vp to be a foote and a halfe -high, bearing out of a thinne white skinne or hose, one flower and no -more, consisting of many leaues, of a faire white colour, the flower -is larger then any other double white Daffodill, hauing euery leafe, -especially the outermost, as large almost as any leafe of the single -Daffodill with the yellow cup, or purple ring. Sometimes it happeneth, -that the flower is very little double, and almost single, but that -is either in a bad ground, or for that it hath stood long in a place -without remouing; for then it hath such a great encrease of rootes -about it, that it draweth away into many parts, the nourishment that -should be for a few: but if you doe transplant it, taking away the -of-sets, and set his rootes single, it will then thriue, and beare his -flower as goodly and double, as I haue before described it: and is very -sweete. - - -2. _Narcissus mediopurpureus multiplex._ -The double purple ringed Daffodill. - -There is little difference in the leaues of this kinde, from the leaues -of the single purple ringed Daffodill; for it is probable it is of -the same kinde, but by natures gift (and not by any humane art) made -more plentifull, which abideth constant, and hath not that dalliance, -which oftentimes nature sheweth, to recreate the senses of men for -the present, and appeareth not againe in the same forme: the chiefest -difference is, that the flower (being but sometimes one on a stalke, -and sometimes two) consisteth of six white outer leaues, as large as -the leaues of the single kinde, hauing many small yellow peeces, edged -with purple circles round about them, instead of a cup; and in the -middle of these peeces, stand other six white leaues, lesser then the -former, and a yellow cup edged with a purple circle likewise, parted -into peeces, and they comprehend a few other white leaues, smaller than -any of the other, hauing among them some broken peeces of the cup, -with a few chiues also in the middle of the flower. The flower is very -sweete. - -There is of this kinde another, whose flower hath not so plaine a -distinction, of a triple rowe of leaues in it: but the whole flower is -confusedly set together, the outer leaues being not so large, and the -inner leaues larger then the former; the broken yellow cuppe, which is -tipt with purple, running diuersly among the leaues; so that it sheweth -a fairer, and more double flower then the former, as it is indeed. - - -3. _Narcissus medioluteus corona duplici._ -The Turkie Daffodill with a double crowne. - -This Daffodill hath three or foure leaues, as large and long almost, as -the great double Daffodill of Constantinople next following hath: the -stalke likewise is very neere as great, but as high altogether, bearing -at the toppe foure or fiue flowers, the leaues whereof are as large, -as of the first or second kinde of French Daffodils, before described, -but not altogether of so pure a white colour; and being six in number, -stand like the former single French Daffodils, but that the yellow cup -in the middle of this is thicke and double, or as it were crumpled -together, not standing very high to be conspicuous, but abiding lowe -and short, so that it is not presently marked, vnlesse one looke vpon -it precisely; yet is exceeding sweete. The roote is like vnto the roote -of the purple ringed Daffodill, or somewhat bigger. - - -4. _Narcissus Chalcedonicus flore pleno albo polyanthos._ -The double white Daffodill of Constantinople. - -This beautifull and goodly Daffodill (wherewith all Florists greatly -desire to bee acquainted, as well for the beauty of his double flowers, -as also for his superabounding sweete smell, one stalke with flowers -being instead of a nosegay) hath many very broad, and very long leaues, -somewhat greener then gray, among which riseth vp a strong round -stalke, being sometimes almost flat, and ribbed, bearing foure or -fiue, or more white flowers at the toppe, euery one being very great, -large, and double, the leaues being confusedly set together, hauing -little peeces of a yellow cup running among them, without any shew of -that purple ring that is in the former, and fall away without bearing -seed, euen as all, or most other double flowers doe: the smell is so -exceeding sweet and strong, that it will soone offend the senses of -any, that shall smell much vnto it: the roote is great and thicke, -couered with a blackish coate. - - -5. _Narcissus Chalcedonicus fimbriatus multiplex polyanthos._ -The great double purple ringed Daffodill of Constantinople. - -This Daffodill differeth very little or nothing in leafe from the -former, the onely difference is in the flowers, which although they bee -double, and beare many vpon a stalke, like vnto them, yet this hath the -peeces of the yellow cuppes tipt with purple, as if they were shred -or scattered among the white leaues, whereas the other hath only the -yellow, without any shew of purple tips vpon them: the smell of this is -as strong as of the other. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Narcissus albus multiplex._ The double white Daffodill. - 2 _Narcissus medioluteus corona duplici._ The Turkie Daffodill with a - double crowne. - 3 _Narcissus mediopurpureus multiplex._ The double purple ringed - Daffodill. - 4 _Narcissus Chalcedonicus flore pleno albo polyanthos._ The double - white Daffodill of Constantinople. -] - - -6. _Narcissus Cyprius flore pleno lutes polyanthos._ -The double yellow Daffodill of Cyprus. - -The leaues of this Daffodill are almost as broad and long as the -former, the stalke is a foot high and more, bearing foure or fiue -flowers on the top, euery one very double, and of a fine pale yellow -colour, of a strong heady sent. The root of this is also like the -former. - - - The Place. - - The first of these Daffodils, was full brought into England - by Mʳ. Iohn de Franqueuille the elder, who gathered it in his - owne Countrey of Cambray, where it groweth wild, from whose - sonne, Mʳ. Iohn de Franqueuille, now liuing, we all haue had - it. The rest haue come from Constantinople at seuerall times; - and the last is thought to come from Cyprus. Wee haue it - credibly affirmed also, that it groweth in Barbary about Fez - and Argiers. Some of the double white kindes grow in Candy, and - about Aleppo also. - - - The Time. - - The Turkie kindes doe for the most part all flower early, in - the end of March, or beginning of Aprill at the furthest, and - the first double, about the middle or end of April. - - - The Names. - - All these Daffodils, except the first, haue had diuers Turkish - names set vpon the packets, wherein they haue been sent, but - there is small regard of certainty to be expected from them; - for that the name _Serincade_, without any more addition, which - is a single Daffodill, hath beene imposed vpon that parcell of - rootes, that have borne most of them double flowers of diuers - sorts; and the name _Serincade Catamer lale_ which signifieth a - double flowered Daffodill, hath had many single white flowers, - with yellow cups, and some whose flowers have been wholly - white, cuppe and all, and some purple ringed, and double also - among them. Their names, whereby they are knowne and called - with vs, are, as fitly as may be, imposed in their titles: And - this I hope shall suffice, to have spoken of these sorts of - Daffodils. - -Hauing finished the discourse of the former sort of broad leafed -Daffodils, it is fit to proceede to the next, which are _Angustifolios -Narcissos_, those Daffodils that have narrow leaures, and first to set -down those that beare single flowers, whether one or many flowers vpon -a stalke, and then those that beare double flowers in the same manner. - - -_Narcissus Virginens._ The Virginia Daffodill. - -This plant I thought fittest to place here in the beginning of this -_Classis_, not finding where better to shroud it. It hath two or three -long, and very narrow leaues, as greene as the leaues of the great -_Leucoium bulbosum_, and shining withall, which grow sometimes reddish, -especially at the edges: the stalke riseth vp a spanne high, bearing -one flower and no more on the head thereof, standing vpright like a -little Lilly or Tulipa, made of six leaues, wholly white, both within -and without, except that at the bottome next to the stalke, and a -little on the backside of the three outer leaues, it hath a small dash -or shew of a reddish purple colour: it hath in the middle a few chiues, -standing about a small head pointed; which head groweth to bee small -and long, containing small blackish flat seede: the roote is small, -long, and round, a little blackish on the outside, and white on the -inside. - - - The Place. - - This bulbous plant was brought vs from Virginia, where they - grow aboundantly; but they hardly thriue and abide in our - Gardens to beare flowers. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth in May, and seldome before. - - - The Names. - - The Indians in Virginia do call it _Attamusco_, some among vs - do call it _Lilionarcissus Virginianus_, of the likenesse of - the flower to a Lilly, and the leaues and roote to a Daffodill. - Wee for breuity doe called it _Narcissus Virgineus_, that is, - The Daffodill of Virginia, or else you may call it according to - the former Latine name, The Lilly Daffodill of Virginia, which - you will; for both names may serue well to expresse the plant. - - -_Narcissus angustifolius albidus præcox oblongo calice._ -The early white narrow leafed Daffodill with a long cup. - -This Daffodill hath three or foure narrow, long, and very green leaues, -a foot long for the most part: the stalke riseth not vp so high as the -leaves, whereon standeth one flower, not altogether so great as the -late flowring Daffodill, with a long cuppe, described before among -the broad leafed ones, which consisteth of six pale coloured leaves, -not pure white, but hauing a wash of light yellow among the white: -the cuppe in the middle is round and long, yet not so long as to bee -accounted a bastard Daffodill, within which is a middle pointell, -compassed with six chiues, hauing yellow mealy pendents. - - - The Place. - - The Daffodill groweth with the other sorts of broad leafed - ones, on the Pyrenæan Mountaines, from whence they have beene - brought vnto vs, to furnish our Gardens. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth early, a month before the other sorts of the same - fashion, that is, in the beginning of March, if the time be - milde, which the other before spoken of the doe not. - - - The Names. - - It hath no other name that I know, then is expressed in the - title. - - -2. _Narcissus mediocroceus tenuifolius._ -The small Daffodill with a Saffron crown. - -This small Daffodill hath foure or fiue narrow leaues, about a spanne -long, among which riseth vp a stalke some nine inches high, bearing -at the toppe one small white flower, made of six leaues, with a small -yellow cup in the middle, shadowed ouer at the brimmes with a Saffron -colour: the roote is small, rounded, and little long withall, couered -with a blackish skinne or coate. - - -3. _Narcissus minimus mediopurpureus._ -The least purple ringed Daffodill. - -This little Daffodill hath small narrow leaues, shorter by much then -any of the purple ringed Daffodils, before described: the stalke and -flower keepe an equal proportion to the rest of the plant, being in -forme and colour of the flower, like vnto the Starre Daffodill before -recited, but vnlike in the greatnesse: this also is to bee obserued, -that the purple colour that circleth the brimmes of the cuppe, is so -small, that sometimes it is not well perceiued. - - -4. _Narcissus minimus Iuncifolij flore._ The least Daffodill of all. - -This least Daffodill hath two or three whitish greene leaues, narrower -then the two last recited Daffodils, and shorter by halfe, being but -aboue two or three inches long, the stalke likewise is not aboue three -or foure inches high, bearing one single flower at the toppe, somewhat -bigger then the smalnesse of the plant should seeme to beare, very like -vnto the least Rush Daffodill, and of the same bignesse, or rather -somewhat bigger, being of a faint yellow colour, both leaues, and -cup, or crowne, (if you please so to call it); for the middle part is -spread very much, euen to the middle of the leaues almost, and lyeth -flat open vpon the flower: the roote is small, euen the smallest of any -Daffodill, and couered with a blackish skinne or coate. - - - The Place. - - The first of these Daffodils haue beene brought vs from the - Pyrenæan Mountaines, among a number of other rare plants, and - the last by a French man, called Francis le Veau, the honestest - roote-gatherer that euer came ouer to vs. The second was sent - to Mʳ. Iohn de Franqueuille, before remembred, who imparted - it to mee, as hee hath done many other good things; but his - naturall place wee know not. - - - The Time. - - They all flower about the latter end of Aprill. - - - The Names. - - Being brought without names, wee haue giuen them their names - according to their face and fashion, as they are set downe in - their titles. - - -_Narcissus Autumnalis minor albus._ -The little white Autumne Daffodill. - -This little Autumne Daffodill riseth with his flowers first out of the -ground, without any leaues at all. It springeth vp with one or two -stalkes about a finger long, euery one bearing out of a small huske -one small white flower, laid open abroad like vnto the Starre white -Daffodill, before spoken of: in the middle of the flower is a small -yellow cup of a meane size, and after the flower is past, there commeth -in the same place a small head, containing small, round, blacke seede, -like vnto the Autumne Hyacinth: the leaues come vp after the seede is -ripe and gone, being small and narrow, not much bigger then the Autumne -Hyacinth: the roote is small and blackish on the outside. - - - The Place. - - This Daffodill groweth in Spaine, where Clusius saw it, and - brought it into these parts. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth in the beginning of Autumne, and his seede is ripe - in the end of October in those hot Countries, but in ours it - will scarce abide to shew a flower. - - - The Names. - - The Spaniards, as Clusius reporteth, call it _Tonada_, and he - vpon the sight thereof, _Narcissus Autumnalis minor albus_, - and wee in English thereafter, The little white Autumne - Daffodill. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Narcissus Virgineus._ The Virginian Daffodill. - 2 _Narcissus minimus Iuncifolij flore._ The least Daffodill of all. - 3 _Narcissus Autumnalis minor albus._ The little white Autumne - Daffodill. - 4 _Narcissus albus Autumnalis medio obsoletus._ The white Autumne - Daffodill with a sullen crown. - 5 _Narcissus Iuncifolius maximus amplo calice._ The great Iunquilia - with the largest flower or cup. - 6 _Narcissus totus albus flore pleno Virginianus._ The double white - Daffodill of Virginia. -] - - -_Narcissus albus Autumnalis medio obsoletus._ -The white Autumne Daffodill with a sullen crowne. - -This Autumne Daffodill hath two or three leaues at the most, and very -narrow, so that some doe reckon it among the Rush Daffodils, being -somewhat broad at the bottome, and more pointed at the toppe, betweene -these leaues commeth vp the stalke, bearing vsually two flowers and no -more at the toppe, made of sixe white leaues a peece, pointed and not -round: the cup is small and round like vnto the cup or crowne of the -least Rush Daffodill, of a yellow colour at the bottome but toward the -edge of a dunne or sullen colour. - - -_Narcissus angustifolius luteus semper florens Caccini._ -The yellow Italian Daffodill of Caccini. - -This Daffodill beareth a number of small, long, narrow, and very greene -leaues, broader then the leaues of any Rush Daffodill, among which -rise vp diuers stalkes, bearing at the head two or three flowers a -peece, each of them being small and yellow, the cup or crowne is small -also, of a deeper yellow then the flower. The Nobleman of Florence, -who first sent this plant to Christian Porret at Leyden, after the -death of Carolus Clusius, writeth that euery stalke doth beare with him -more store of flowers, then are formerly set downe, and that it neuer -ceaseth to beare flowers, but that after one or more stalkes haue been -in flower together, and are past, there succeed other in their places. - - - The Place. - - The first is naturall of Spain, the naturall place of the other - is not known to vs. - - - The Time. - - The times of the flowring, are set downe both in the title and - in the descriptions; the one to be in Autumne, the other to be - all the Summer long. - - - The Names. - - The Latine names are imposed on them, as are fittest for them, - and the last by that honourable man that sent it, which is most - fit to continue, and not to bee changed. But wee, to let it bee - knowne by an English name to English people, haue entituled it, - The yellow Italian Daffodill of Caccini: if any man can giue it - a more proper name, I shall bee therewith right well content. - - -_Narcissus angustifolius, siue Iuncifolius maximus, amplo calice._ -The great Iunquilia with the large flower or cup. - -Although this Daffodill importeth by his name, not to be of this -family, but of the next, considering it is so like vnto them, but -bigger; yet I haue thought good to place it in the end of these narrow -leafed Daffodils, as being indifferent, whether it should bee referred -to this or to that. For this carrieth diuers long green leaues, like -vnto the other Rush Daffodils, but thicker and broader, so that it -may without any great errour, bee reckoned among these narrow leafed -Daffodils, bearing at the toppe two or three very faire large flowers, -with a large and more open cuppe, then in any other of the Rush -Daffodils, both of them of a faire yellow colour, yet the cuppe a -little deeper then the flower, and a little crumpled about the edges, -and both a pretty sharpe sent: the roote is greater and longer then the -other Rush Daffodill, and couered likewise with a blackish coate. - - - The Place. - - We haue this in Gardens onely, and haue not heard of his - naturall place. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth in Aprill. - - - The Names. - - I leaue it indifferent, as I said, whether you will call it - _Narcissus angustifolius_, or _Iuncifolius magno calice_, or - _maximus_, because it is the greatest of all the rest of that - kinde. - - -_Narcissus totus albus flore pleno Virginianus._ -The double white Daffodill of Virginia. - -The roote of this Daffodill, is very like vnto the former single -Virginia Daffodill, set forth in the first place of this ranke of -narrow leafed Daffodils, but that it is a little bigger and rounder, -being a little long withall, and blackish also on the outside, as that -is: from whence riseth vp two leaues, somewhat broader then the former: -but of a like greennesse: the stalke riseth vp betweene these two -leaues, about a span high, or not much higher, bearing one faire double -snow white flower, very like in the fashion vnto the pale yellow double -Daffodill, or bastard Daffodill of Robinus, hereafter described: For -it is in the like manner laid open flat, and composed of six rowes of -leaues, euery rowe lying in order iust opposite, or one before another, -whereof those six leaues that make the first or outermost course, are -the greatest, and all the rest lying, as I said, one vpon or before -another, are euery rowe smaller then others from the middle of this -flower, thrusteth forth a small long pointed forke or horne, white as -the flower is. - - - The Place. - - The place is named to be Virginia, but in what part it is not - known to vs. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth in the end of Aprill. - - - The Names. - - It may be that this doth grow among the former single kinde, - and called by the same name Attamusco, for that the plant is - not much differing, yet hereof I am not certaine: But we, from - the forme and countenance of the plant, do call it _Narcissus - Virginianus_, The Virginian Daffodill, and because it beareth a - double flower, it hath the title of double added vnto it. - - -The third order of Daffodils, I said in the beginning was of -_Iuncifolios_, Rush Daffodils, which are now next to be entreated of, -I shall herein keepe the same order I vsed in the former; but because -I finde none of this order, that beare but one flower vpon a stalke, I -must begin with those that beare many. - - -1. _Narcissus Iuncifolius albus._ The white Iunquilia. - -This white Rush Daffodill hath small long leaues, a little broader, and -of a whiter greene colour then the ordinary yellow Rush Daffodils: the -stalke riseth vp halfe a foote high or more, bearing two or three small -white flowers vpon a stalke, yet somewhat bigger then the common yellow -Rush Daffodill, hauing a small round cuppe in the middle, white also as -the leaues are. The seede is small, blacke, and round, as other seedes -of Daffodils are: the roote is small and round, couered with a blackish -coate. - - -_Narcissus Iuncifolius albus magno calice._ -The white Iunquilia with a great cup. - -There is of this kinde another sort, that hath the cup in the middle -of the flower, a little larger then the other, but in all other things -alike. - - -2. _Narcissus Iuncifolius flore albo reflexo._ -The white turning Iunquilia, or Rush Daffodill. - -This turning white Daffodill hath foure or fiue long greene leaues, -yet shorter and broader then the ordinary yellow Iunquilia, and fully -as greene also, from among which riseth vp a slender greene stalke, a -foote high bearing out of a thinne skinnie huske, three or foure, or -more snow white flowers, standing vpon long greene foot-stalkes, euery -flower hanging downe his head, and turning vp his six narrow and long -leaues, euen to the very foot-stalk againe: from the middle of the -flower hangeth downe a long round cuppe, as white as the leaues, within -which are contained three small white chiues, tipt with yellow, and a -small long pointell, thrusting out beyond the brimmes of the cup: after -the flowers are past, there come vp in their places small three square -heads, wherein is contained very small, round, and blacke shining -seede: the roote is small, round, and a little long withall, couered -with a blackish browne coate or skin. The flower is quite without any -good sent, or indeed rather none at all. - - -3. _Narcissus Iuncifolius flore luteo reflexo._ -The yellow turning Iunquilia, or Rush Daffodill. - -The leaues of the Rush Daffodill are greater and longer then the -former, and of a paler greene colour: the stalke riseth somewhat -higher, bearing two or three flowers thereon wholly of a gold yellow -colour, both the cuppe and the leaues that turne vp againe. - - -4. _Narcissus Iuncifolius calice albo reflexis folijs luteis._ -The yellow turning Iunquilia with a white cup. - -This Daffodill hath his long rush-like leaues standing vpright as the -former, betweene which riseth vp a greene stalke, about a foote high or -more, bearing two or three flowers thereon, whose turning leaues are of -a faire pale yellow, and the cuppe pale white, and not so pure a white -as the former. - - -5. _Narcissus Iuncifolius calice luteo reflexis folijs albidis._ -The white turning Iunquilia with a yellow cup. - -As the last had the leaues of the flower that turne vp againe yellow, -and the cuppe whitish, so this hath contrariwise the turning leaues of -a whitish yellow, and the long cup yellower, else in his long green -leaues, or any other thing, there is small difference. - - -6. _Narcissus Iuncifolius luteus magno calice._ -The Iunquilia, or Rush Daffodill with a great cup. - -This Rush Daffodill hath bigger leaues, and longer then the ordinary -yellow Rush Daffodill, being a little flat on the one side, and round -on the other, but of the same greennesse with all the rest: the stalke -riseth vp two foote high, bearing two, and sometimes three flowers -thereon, being of a faire yellow colour, with a large open cup in the -middle, of a little deeper yellow colour, like vnto the great Iunquilia -with the large flower, before set downe, whereof this is a kinde, no -doubt; but that is larger and greater then this, both in leafe, flower, -cup, &c. and this onely somewhat lesse in all parts then that. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Narcissus Iuncifolius albus._ The white Iunquilia. - 2 _Narcissus Iuncifolius flore albo reflexo._ The white turning - Iunquilia. - 3 _Narcissus Iuncifolius calice luteo reflexis folijs albis._ The - yellow turning Iunquilia. - 4 _Narcissus Iuncifolius luteus magno calice._ The yellow Iunquilia - with a great cuppe. - 5 _Narcissus Iuncifolius luteus maior vulgaris._ The ordinary yellow - Iunquilia. - 6 _Narcissus Iuncifolius Autumnalis flore viridi._ The greene Autumne - Iunquilia. - 7 _Narcissus angustifolius aureus multiplex._ The golden double - narrow leafed Daffodill. - 8 _Narcissus Iuncifolius flore pleno._ The double Iunquilia. -] - - -7. _Narcissus Iuncifolius luteus vulgaris maior._ -The ordinary Iunquilia, or Rush Daffodill. - -This ordinary Rush Daffodill hath foure or fiue long greene round -leaues, like vnto Rushes, whereof it tooke the name: among these leaues -riseth vp the stalke, round and greene, a foote and a halfe high very -often, bearing at the toppe three or foure flowers all yellow, but much -smaller then the last, and so is the cup also: the seede is small and -blacke, inclosed in small cornered heads; the roote is blackish on the -outside. The smell of the flower is very sweete in all these sorts of -Rush Daffodils. - - -8. _Narcissus Iuncifolius luteus medius_. The smaller Iunquilia, or -Rush Daffodill. - -The leaues of this Daffodill are like vnto the former, but smaller and -rounder, the stalke riseth vp so high, nor are the flowers so great, -but the leaues of the flower are a little rounder, and not so pointed -as in the former, in all things else alike, sauing lesser. - - -9. _Narcissus Iuncifolius luteus minor._ -The least Iunquilia, or Rush Daffodill. - -This least Daffodill hath fiue or six small greene leaues, a little -broader, and not so long as the last, among which riseth vp a stalke -almost a foote high, bearing one or two small flowers at the toppe, of -a paler yellow colour then the former, with a yellow open cuppe, or -crowne rather in the middle, bigger then in either of the last two: the -roote is very small and blacke, like vnto the last in roundnesse and -colour. - - -10. _Narcissus Iuncifolius luteus albicantibus lineis distinctus._ -The yellow Iunquilia, or Rush Daffodill with white lines. - -This Rush Daffodill, hath round, greene, and long leaues, like vnto -the ordinary Rush Daffodill, with a stalke bearing two or three yellow -flowers, hauing leaues somewhat round at the point or end, with a -line or strake of white in the middle of euerie one of them, the cup -is short, and crowne fashion, a little crumpled about the brims: the -seede, roote, or anything else differeth not. - - -11. _Narcissus Iuncifolius Autumnalis flore viridi._ -The Autumne Rush Daffodill with a greene flower. - -This strange Rush Daffodill (I call it strange, not onely because it -differeth from all others of this kinde, but also because there are but -few in these parts that haue had it, and fewer that doe still enioy it, -in that it is perished withall that had it) hath but one onely leafe, -very long, round, and greene, in all that euer I saw growing, which -beareth no flower while that greene leafe is fresh, and to bee seene: -but afterwards the stalke riseth vp, being like vnto the former greene -leafe, round, naked, and greene vp to the toppe, where two or three -flowers breake forth out of a small thin skinne, euery one consisting -of six small and narrow greene leaues, very sharpe pointed at the -end, and as it were ending in a small pricke or thorne: in the middle -whereof is a small round cup, or rather crowne, of the same colour with -the leaues and stalke, which flower smelleth very sweete, somewhat like -vnto the rest of the Rush Daffodils: this sheweth not his flower vntill -October, and the frosts quickly following after their flowring, cause -them soone to perish. - - -12. _Narcissus angustifolius aureus multiplex._ -The golden double narrow leafed Daffodill. - -The leaues of this Daffodill are very narrow, and of a whitish greene -colour, not aboue foure or fiue inches long, from among which riseth vp -a stalke about a foote high, bearing at the top one flower, consisting -of some outer leaues, which are of a yellow colour, and of many other -leaues in the middle being smaller, and set thicke and round together -of a more yellow gold colour, but with some whiter leaues among them, -the middle part a little pointing forth; the flower standeth long -before it doth perfect his colour, and abideth long in flower before -the colour decay: the roote is in fashion almost like the ordinary -Iunquilia, or Rush Daffodill. I acknowledge this Daffodill hath not his -proper place; but because the figure is set in this table, let it thus -passe at this time. - - -13. _Narcissus Iuncifolius luteus flore pleno._ -The double Iunquilia, or Rush Daffodill. - -The double Rush Daffodill hath his long greene leaues round, like -the leaues of the common or ordinary Rush Daffodill, and of the same -bignesse, among which riseth vp a long slender greene stalke, bearing -two or three, seldome more small flowers, yellow and double, that is, -with diuers rowes of leaues, hauing the yellow cup such as is in the -single flower, broken into small threads or peeces, running among the -leaues of the flower, which peeces in some flowers are not so easily -seene, being smaller then in others, this beareth no button or head -vnder the flower for seede, his roote is round and blackish, browne on -the outside, so like vnto the common Rush Daffodill, that it is almost -impossible to know the one from the other. - -[Sidenote: _Alter minori flore._] - -There is another of this kinde, whose flowers are smaller, and not so -double, one, two, or three at the most vpon a stalke, and of lesse -beauty by much. - - - The Place. - - All these Rush Daffodils, doe for the most part grow in Spaine - and France, and on the Pyrenæan Mountaines, which are betweene - Spaine and France, which Mountains are the Nourseries of many - of the finest flowers, that doe adorne the Gardens of these - louers of natures pride, and gathered in part by industrious, - learned, generous men, inhabiting neare thereunto, and in part - by such as make a gaine of their labours, bestowed vpon these - things. Onely that with the greene flower was gathered in - Barbary, and imparted vnto vs from France. - - - The Time. - - They flower in the Spring, that is, in March and Aprill, except - such whose time is set downe to be in Autumne. - - - The Names. - - Their names are specified in their titles, and therefore I - shall not need to set downe any further repetitions. - - -To conclude therefore this discourse of true Daffodils, there remaineth -to speake of the Sea Daffodils, which (as I said in the beginning) is -but one, that is frequent, and doth abide with vs. But there bee some -others found about the Cape of good Hope, and in the West Indies, and -brought vnto these parts rather for ostentation, then continuance, -where they haue flowred onely once (if peraduenture so often) so that -being such strangers, of so remote Countries, and of so diuers natures, -I shall but shew you some of them, rather cursorily then curiously; and -but onely for your satisfaction, giue you knowledge of two or three of -them, that there haue beene seene such in flower, and that they are -scarce to bee seene againe, except they bee fetcht a new euery yeare -that they be seene. - - -_Narcissus Marinus, siue tertius Matthioli._ -The great white Sea Daffodill, or Matthiolus his third Daffodill. - -The roote of this Daffodill by long continuance, standing in one place -without being remoued, groweth to be much greater and larger, than -any other Daffodill whatsoeuer, and as bigge as any meane Squilla -or Sea Onion roote, hauing many long, thicke, and white fibres, or -long rootes, diuersly branched, and spread vnder the vpper part of -the earth beside some others that grow downward, and perish not euery -yeare, as the fibres of all, or most of the other Daffodils doe; and -therefore this plant will not thriue, and beare flowers, if it be -often transplanted, but rather desire to abide in one place without -remouing, as I said, and that not to be ouershadowed, or couered -with other herbes standing too neare it, which then will flourish, -and beare aboundantly: from this roote, which is couered with many -blackish coates, ariseth six or seuen, or more leaues, twice so broad -almost, as any of the former Daffodils, but not so long by halfe as -many of them, being but short, in comparison of the breadth, and of a -white greene colour; from the middle of which leaues, as also from the -sides sometimes, springeth vp one or two, or more stalkes, roundish -and thicke, and sometimes a little flat and cornered, a foote high or -somewhat more, bearing at the toppe, out of a skinnie huske, eight, -ten, twelue, or more very large flowers, consisting of six white leaues -a peece, spread or laid open, with a white short cuppe or crowne in the -middle, lying flat vpon the leaues, cut or diuided into six corners -(and not whole, as the cuppe or crowne of any other single Daffodill) -from euery of which edges, or corners of this cup or crowne, standeth -one white long thread, a little crooked or turning vp at the end, tipt -with a yellow pendent, and some other white threads tipt with yellow -pendents, standing also in the middle: after the flower is past, there -come vp great three square heads, wherein the seede is contained, which -is great, blacke, and round, like vnto the seede of other Daffodils, -but greater: the flower hath a reasonable good sent, but not very -strong. - - - The Place. - - It was first found by the Sea side, in the Isle of Sardinia, - and on the high Mountaines also of the same Isle, where it hath - borne by report, thirty fiue flowers vpon a stalke: it groweth - likewise about Illyricum, and in diuers other places. - - - The Time. - - It springeth later out of the ground then any other Daffodill, - that is to say, not vntill the later end of March, or beginning - of Aprill, and flowreth in the end of May, or the beginning of - Iune: the seede is ripe in the end of Iuly, or beginning of - August. - - - The Names. - - The first that hath made mention of this Daffodill, was - Matthiolus, who placed it in the third place among his - Daffodils, and is most vsually now adayes called _Narcissus - tertius Matthioli_, Matthiolus his third Daffodill, the rather, - because Clusius vpon a more mature deliberation, first referred - it thereunto, but called it at the first, _Lilionarcissus - Hemerocallidis facie_, and, as hee saith, Iacobus Plateau (who - first sent him the figure hereof, with the description) called - it _Lilionarcissus Orientalis_, but Clusius vpon certaine - information, that it grew in the places aforesaid, misliked - the name of _Orientalis_, and added _Hemerocallis_, which yet - is not fit, for that his _Hemerocallis Valentina_, is a plaine - Pancration or Sea bastard Daffodill, whose middle cup is longer - then the cup of any true Daffodill, which (as I said in the - beginning of this Chapter) is the chiefest note of difference, - betweene a true and a bastard Daffodill. I receiued the seede - of this Daffodill among many other seedes of rare plants, from - the liberality of Mʳ. Doctor Flud, one of the Physitians of the - Colledge in London, who gathered them in the Vniuersity Garden - at Pisa in Italy, and brought them with him, returning home - from his trauailes into those parts, by the name of _Martagon - rarissimum_, (and hauing sowne them, expected fourteene yeares, - before I saw them beare a flower, which the first yeare that it - did flower, bore foure stalkes of flowers, with euery one of - them eight or ten flowers on them) which of all other names, - doth least answer the forme or qualities of this plant. It may - most fitly be called _Narcissus marinus maximus_, in English, - The great Sea Daffodill, both because it is a true Daffodill, - and the greatest of all other, and also because it hath not - been found, but in Islands, or else in other places neare the - Sea. Lobelius entituleth it _Pancratium Indicum alterum vernum, - siue Narcissus Indicus alter facie Pancratij Monspeliaci_, but - all this is wide from the matter, as may easily be known, by - that that hath been said before. It is generally (as I said - before) called of all _Narcissus tertius Matthioli_, Matthiolus - his third Daffodill, which may either so passe with vs, or as - I called it, The great Sea Daffodill, which you will, & so - Clusius doth lastly entitle it. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Narcissus tertius Matthioli._ The great white Sea Daffodill. - 2 _Narcissus Indicus Autumnalis._ The Indian Autumne Daffodill. - 3 _Narcissus marinus Africanus._ The Sea Daffodill of Africa. - 4 _Narcissus marinus exoticus._ The strange Sea Daffodill. -] - - -1. _Pancratium Indicum, aut Narcissus Indicus Autumnalis quorundam -Lobelij._ The Indian Autumne Daffodill of Lobel. - -This plant hath in my opinion, a farre nearer resemblance vnto an -Hyacinthus, then vnto any Daffodill: But because Lobel hath so set it -forth, I will so publish it vnto you, leauing it to iudgement. The -roote is, as he saith, a span long, and of the thicknesse of a mans -arme, couered with many white shells, whereof the outermost are of a -darke red or Chestnut colour: the flowers rise vp in September and -October, being eight or ten in number, euery one by it selfe vpon a -small footstalke, made of six leaues a peece, somewhat long, narrow, -and pointed, like vnto the flowers of the English Colchicum, or Medowe -Saffron, of a whitish yellow dunne colour, with six long threads in the -middle: the greene leaues are long and broad, and broad pointed. - - -2. _Narcissus Marinus Africanus, siue Exoticus Lobelij._ -The Sea Daffodill of Africa. - -The roote of this strange plant (which of some likenesse is called -a Daffodill) is very great, made as it were of many scaly cloues, -from whence riseth vp a small short stalke, bearing hard aboue the -ground two faire broad greene pointed leaues, more long then broad, so -compassing the stalke at the bottome, that it seemeth to run through -them: the stalke is spotted with diuers discoloured spots, and is bare -or naked from these two leaues vnto the toppe, where it beareth one -faire double flower, like vnto a double Anemone, of a delayed reddish -colour, tending to a blush, with many threads set about the middle head. - - -3. _Narcissus Marinus Exoticus._ The strange Sea Daffodill. - -The strange Sea Daffodill, hath fiue or six large and long leaues of -a pale greene colour, from among which riseth vp a strong and bigge -stalke, bearing at the toppe, out of a thinne hose or skinne, many very -large flowers, made of six long and pointed leaues apeece, of a blewish -purple colour, with a large round open cup in the middle, of a sadder -colour then the leaues: the roote is very great, yet like vnto other -great Daffodils, the outer skins whereof are of a darke browne colour. - - - The Place. - - The Indian Daffodils grew in the vpper part of Hispaniola in - the West Indies, and brought hither, where they all soone - perished. - - The other grew neare the Cape of good Hope, and was brought - into the parts of Holland and thereabouts, from whence we had - it, & perished also. - - The last is vnknowne where it was gathered. - - - The Time. - - The first flowred in Autumne, as it is said. - - The other in the first Summer of their bringing. - - And so did the last, but the same rootes will not flower with - vs againe. - - - The Names. - - So much hath been said of their names in their titles, as hath - come to our knowledge; and therefore let that suffice. - - -Thus hauing gone through the whole Family of the true Daffodils, (for -so much as hath come to our knowledge) and set them downe euery one by -his name, and in this order; it is fit that we speake of their bastard -brethern, and shew you them also, in the same order held with the -former, as neare as the plenty of variety herein, which is not the like -with the former, will giue leaue, that when you know them both by face -and name, you may the better know to place or distinguish of others, -that haue not passed vnder this rod. - - -_Pseudonarcissus aureus Hispanicus maximus._ -The great yellow Spanish bastard Daffodill. - -The roote of this kinde of Daffodill is reasonable great, and blackish -on the outside, desiring to be deepe in the ground; and therefore -will runne downe, where it will then encrease into many of-sets, from -whence rise vp many thicke, long, and stiffe leaues, of a grayish -greene colour, among which riseth vp a round strong stalke, sometimes -three foote high or better, bearing at the toppe one onely faire great -yellow flower, standing forth right, and not pendulous, consisting of -six short and somewhat broad leaues, with a very great, large, and long -trunke, of an equall largenesse, but open at the mouth, and turning vp -the brimmes a little, which are somewhat crumpled: after the flower is -past, there commeth in the place a three square head, containing round, -blacke seede, like vnto other Daffodils. - - -_Pseudonarcissus Pyrenæus Hispanico & Anglico similis._ -The Mountaine bastard Daffodill of diuers kindes. - -There is much variety in this kinde of bastard Daffodill: For one -sort hath verie broad and whitish greene leaues, somewhat short in -comparison of others, that are of that breadth: the flower is wholly -yellow, but a little paler then the former Spanish kinde, hauing the -leaues of his flower long, and somewhat narrow, standing like wings -about the middle trunke, which is as long as the leaues, and smaller -then in many other of this kinde, but a little yellower then the wings. -Another sort hath narrower green leaues then this last, and longer, the -flower is all yellow, but the trunke is larger, wider, and more open at -the mouth then the former, and almost as large as the former Spanish, -but not so high as the last. A third hath the wings of the flower of a -Strawe colour, but the trunke is long and narrow, of a faire yellow. A -fourth hath such like flowers, but that it is shorter, both the wings -and the trunke: Some likewise haue the wings of the flower longer, then -the long trunke, and some shorter. Some also are all yellow, and some -haue their wings onely a little more pale or white, like the English -kinde: Some againe haue their trunkes long and narrow, others haue -them larger and wider open, and crumpled at the brimmes; so that it is -needlesse, to spend a great deale of time and labour vpon such smally -respected flowers, but that in the beholding of them, we may therein -admire the worke of the Creatour, who can frame such diuersity in one -thing: But this is beside the text, yet not impertinent. - - -_Pseudonarcissus pallidus præcox._ -The early Strawe coloured bastard Daffodill. - -The leaues of this Daffodill are of a meane size, betweene the broadest -and the narrower kindes, of a grayish greene colour, and not very long: -the stalke riseth vp a foot high or more, whereon standeth one large -great flower, equalling the greatest Spanish bastard Daffodill, before -described, in the largenesse of his trunke, and hauing the brimmes -turned vp a little, which maketh it seeme the larger: the wings or -outer leaues are in a manner as short, as they are in the greatest -Spanish kinde, (and not long flagging down, like vnto the Mountain -kinds) and stand straight outright: all the whole flower is of one -euen colour, that is, of a fine pale yellow, somewhat like vnto the -colour of a Lemon peele or rinde, but somewhat whiter, which vsually we -call a Strawe colour; the greatnesse of the flower, the earlinesse of -the flowring, and the difference of colour from all the rest of this -kinde, hath made me entreate of it apart by it selfe, as being no lesse -worthy. - - -_Pseudonarcissus Hispanicus flore albo maior._ -The great white Spanish bastard Daffodill. - -This bastard Daffodill hath diuers leaues rising vp together, long -and broad, somewhat like vnto the first Spanish kinde, but a little -broader, and of a whiter greene colour, yet not so white, as in the -lesser Spanish white kindes, hereafter described: among these leaues -riseth vp a round strong stalke, about two foote high, bearing one -white flower at the toppe, bending downe the head, as all these white -kindes doe, but is not of so pure a white, as the lesser kindes that -follow, yet whiter then the greatest white Spanish kinde, next of all -to be described: the whole flower, as well trunke as wings, is much -larger then the lesser white kindes, and almost equalling the first -Spanish yellow, but a little longer and narrower, a little crumpled -and turning vp at the brimmes: the head and seede are like the first; -the roote is greater and thicker then the first Spanish, and doth not -encrease so much, nor is couered with a blacke, but rather with a -whitish coate. - - -_Pseudonarcissus Hispanicus maximus albidus._ -The greatest Spanish white bastard Daffodill. - -This kinde of bastard Daffodill is very like the last mentioned -Daffodill, both in leaues and flowers, but larger in both: the flower -of this is not full so white, but hath some shew of palenesse therein, -and more vpon the first opening of the flower then afterwards, and is -as great altogether, as the great Spanish yellow, at the least with -a longer, and somewhat narrower trunke: the seede is like vnto the -former, and so is the roote also, but greater, being white on the -outside, and not blacke. - - -_Pseudonarcissus Hispanicus flore albo medius & minor._ -The two lesser white Spanish bastard Daffodils. - -There are two other of these kindes of white Spanish Daffodils, one -greater or lesser then the other, but neither of them so great as the -former. The leaues of both are of a whitish greene colour, one a little -broader then the other: the flowers of both are pure white, and bending -downe the heads, that they almost touch the stalke againe, the greater -flower hath the longer and narrower trunke; and the lesser flower, the -shorter and wider open, yet both a little crumpled at the edges or -brimmes: the rootes of both are like one vnto another, but differ in -the greatnesse. From the seede of these haue sprung much variety, few -or none keeping either colour or height with the mother plants. - - -_Pseudonarcissus Anglicus vulgaris._ -Our common English wilde bastard Daffodill. - -This bastard Daffodill is so common in all England, both in Copses, -Woods, and Orchards, that I might well forbeare the description -thereof, and especially, in that growing wilde, it is of little respect -in our Garden: but yet, lest I bee challenged of ignorance in common -plants, and in regard of some variety therein worth the marking. I will -set downe his description and variety as briefly as I may: It hath -three or foure grayish greene leaues, long and somewhat narrow, among -which riseth vp the stalke, about a span high or little higher, bearing -at the toppe, out of a skinnie huske, as all other Daffodils haue, one -flower (although sometimes I haue seene two together) somewhat large, -hauing the six leaues that stand like wings, of a pale yellow colour, -and the long trunke in the middle of a faire yellow, with the edges -or brimmes a little crumpled or vneuen: after the flower is past, it -beareth a round head, seeming three square, containing round blacke -seede; the roote is somewhat blackish on the outside. - -But there is another of this kinde like vnto the former, whose further -description you haue here before; the wings of which flower are much -more white then the former, and in a manner of a milke white colour, -the trunke remaining almost as yellow as the former, and not differing -in any thing else. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Pseudonarcissus Hispanicus maximus aureus._ The great yellow - Spanish bastard Daffodill. - 2 _Pseudonarcissus Pyrenæus variformis._ The Mountaine bastard - Daffodill of diuers kindes. - 3 _Pseudonarcissus Hispanicus maior albus._ The greater white Spanish - bastard Daffodill. - 4 _Pseudonarcissus Hispanicus minor albus._ The lesser Spanish white - bastard Daffodill. - 5 _Pseudonarcissus tubo sexangulari._ The six cornered bastard - Daffodill. - 6 _Pseudonarcissus maximus aureus, siue Roseus Tradescanti._ Iohn - Tradescants great Rose Daffodill. - 7 _Pseudonarcissus aureus Anglicus maximus._ Master Wilmers great - double Daffodill. - 8 _Pseudonarcissus Hispanicus aureus flore pleno._ The double Spanish - Daffodill, or Parkinsons double Daffodill. - 9 _Pseudonarcissus Gallicus maior flore pleno._ The greater double - French Daffodill. - 10 _Pseudonarcissus Anglicus flore pleno._ The double English - Daffodill, or Gerrards double Daffodill. -] - - -_Pseudonarcissus tubo sexangulari._ -The six cornered bastard Daffodill. - -This kinde of Daffodill hath two or three long, and somewhat broader -leaues then the last, between which commeth forth a stalke, bearing -one flower somewhat large hauing the six outer leaues of a pale yellow -colour, and the long trunke plaited or cornered all along vnto the very -edge into six parts, of a little deeper yellow then the wings. - - - The Place. - - The first great Spanish kinde was brought out of Spaine. The - rest from the Pyrenæan Mountaines, onely the last sauing one - is plentifull in our owne Country, but the white sort of that - kinde came with the rest from the same Mountaines. - - - The Time. - - The pale or third kinde, and the English bee the most early, - all the rest flower in Aprill, and the greatest yellow somewhat - earlier, then the other greater or lesser white. - - - The Names. - - Their seuerall names are expressed in their titles sufficient - to distinguish them, and therefore there needeth no more to be - said of them. - - -1. _Pseudonarcissus aureus maximus flore pleno, siue Roseus -Tradescanti._ -The greatest double yellow bastard Daffodill, or Iohn Tradescant his -great Rose Daffodill. - -This Prince of Daffodils (belongeth primarily to Iohn Tradescant, as -the first founder thereof, that we know, and may well bee entituled -the Glory of Daffodils) hath a great round roote, like vnto other -Daffodils, couered with a brownish outer skinne or peeling, from -whence riseth vp foure or fiue somewhat large and broad leaues, of a -grayish greene colour, yet not fully so long and large as the next -following Daffodill: from the middle whereof riseth vp a stalke almost -as high and great as it, bearing at the toppe (out of a skinnie huske) -one faire large great flower (the budde, before it breake open, -being shorter and thicker in the middle, and ending in a longer and -sharper point then any of the other Daffodils) very much spread open, -consisting of smaller and shorter leaues then the next, but more in -number, and thicker and rounder set together, making it seeme as great -and double as any Prouince Rose, and intermixt with diuers yellow and -pale leaues, as it were on rowes one vnder another. It abideth long in -flower, and spreadeth, by standing long, to be the broadest in compasse -of any of the Daffodils, but falleth away at the last without giuing -any seede, as all double Daffodils doe. - - -2. _Pseudonarcissus aureus Anglicus maximus._ -Mʳ. Wilmers great double Daffodill. - -The other great double Daffodill doth so neare resemble our ordinary -English double kinde, that I doe not finde therein any greater -difference, then the largenesse both of leaues and flowers, &c., and -the statelinesse of growth. It beareth three or foure large, long, -and broad leaues, somewhat longer and broader then the former, and -of a whitish greene colour: the stalke riseth to bee two foote high, -growing (in a fruitfull and fat soyle) strong, and somewhat round, -bearing at the toppe, out of a thin skinne, one great and faire double -flower, each leafe whereof is twice as large and broad as the former, -diuersly intermixt with a rowe of paler, and a rowe of deeper yellow -leaues, wholly dispersed throughout the flower, the pale colour as well -as the deeper yellow, in this as in the other small English kinde, -growing deeper by standing: sometimes the leaues hereof are scattered, -and spread wholly, making it shew a faire, broad, open flower: and -sometimes the outer leaues stand separate from the middle trunke, -which is whole and vnbroken, and very thicke of leaues: and sometimes -the middle trunke, will bee halfe broken, neither expressing a full -open double flower, nor a close double trunke, as it is likewise seene -in the small English kinde, as shall bee declared in his place: this -beareth no seede; the roote hereof is thicke and great, and encreaseth -as well as any other Daffodill. - - -3. _Pseudonarcissus aureas Hispanicus flore pleno._ -The great double yellow Spanish bastard Daffodill, or Parkinsons -Daffodill. - -This double Spanish Daffodill hath diuers leaues rising from the -roote, stiffer, narrower, and not of so whitish a greene colour as the -former, but more sullen or grayish, plainely resembling the leaues of -the single great kinde, from whence this hath risen: the stalke hereof -likewise riseth almost as high as it, and neare the height of the -last recited double, bearing one double flower at the toppe, alwayes -spread open, and neuer forming a double trunke like the former, yet -not so faire and large as it, the outermost leaues whereof being of a -greenish colour at the first, and afterward more yellow, doe a little -turne themselues backe againe to the stalke, the other leaues are some -of a pale yellow, and others of a more gold yellow colour, those that -stand in the middle are smaller, and some of them shew as if they were -hollow trunked, so that they seeme to be greenish, whitish, yellow, and -gold yellow, all mixed one among another: the root is great, round, and -whitish on the inside, couered with darke coloured skinnes or peelings. -I thinke none euer had this kinde before my selfe, nor did I my selfe -euer see it before the yeare 1618, for it is of mine own raising and -flowring first in my Garden. - - -4. _Pseudonarcissus Gallicus maior flore pleno._ -The greater double French bastard Daffodill. - -This greater double Daffodill, hath his whitish greene leaues longer -and broader then the smaller French kinde, hereafter following, to bee -described, and broader, longer, and more limber then the double English -kinde: the stalke riseth vp not much higher, then the smaller French -kinde, but a little bigger, bearing at the top one great double flower, -which when it is fully and perfectly blowne open (which is but seldome; -for that it is very tender, the leaues being much thinner, and thereby -continually subiect, vpon any little distemperature of the time, to -cleaue so fast one vnto another, that the flower cannot blow open -faire) is a faire and goodly flower, larger by halfe then the smaller -kinde, and fuller of leaues, of the same pale whitish yellow, or Lemon -colour, with the lesser, or rather a little whiter, and not set in the -same order of rowes as it is, but more confusedly together, and turning -backe the ends of the outermost leaues to the stalke againe, and hauing -the bottome of the flower on the backside somewhat greene, neither of -which is found in the lesser kinde: the roote is very like vnto the -lesser kinde, but a little bigger and longer. - - -5. _Pseudonarcissus Anglicus flore pleno._ -The double English bastard Daffodill, or Gerrards double Daffodill. - -The leaues of this double Daffodill are very like vnto the single -kinde, being of a whitish greene colour, and somewhat broad, a little -shorter and narrower, yet stiffer then the former French kinde: the -stalke riseth vp about a foote high, bearing at the toppe one very -double flower, the outermost leaues being of the same pale colour, that -is to bee seene in the wings of the single kinde; those that stand next -them are some as deepe a yellow as the trunke of the single, and others -of the same pale colour, with some greene stripes on the backe of -diuers of the leaues: thus is the whole flower variably intermixt with -pale and deepe yellow, and some greene stripes among them, when it -is fully open, and the leaues dispersed and broken. For sometimes the -flower sheweth a close and round yellow trunke in the middle, separate -from the pale outer wings, which trunke is very double, shewing some -pale leaues within it, dispersed among the yellow: And sometimes the -trunke is more open, or in part broken, shewing forth the same colours -intermixt within it: the flower passeth away without giuing any seede, -as all other bulbous rootes doe that beare double flowers: the roote is -small, very like vnto the French double kindes, especially the lesser, -that it is verie hard to know the one from the other. - - - The Place. - - The first and greatest kinde, we had first from Iohn - Tradescante (as I said before) whether raised from seed, or - gained from beyond Sea, I know not. - - The second we first had from Vincent Sion, borne in Flanders, - dwelling on the Bank side, in his liues time, but now dead; an - industrious and worthy louer of faire flowers, who cherished it - in his Garden for many yeares, without bearing of any flowers - vntill the yeare 1620, that hauing flowred with him, (and hee - not knowing of whom hee receiued it, nor hauing euer seene the - like flower before) he sheweth it to Mʳ. Iohn de Franqueuille, - of whom he supposed he had receiued it, (for from beyond Sea - he neuer receiued any) who finding it to bee a kinde neuer - seene or knowne to vs before, caused him to respect it the - more, as it is well worthy. And Mʳ. George Wilmer of Stratford - Bowe Esquire, in his liues time hauing likewise receiued it - of him (as my selfe did also) would needes appropriate it to - himselfe, as if he were the first founder thereof, and call it - by his owne name Wilmers double Daffodill, which since hath so - continued. - - The third is of mine owne fostering or raising, as I said - before; for assuredly, it is risen from the seede of the great - Spanish single kinde, which I sowed in mine owne Garden, and - cherished it, vntill it gaue such a flower as is described. - - The fourth is not certainly knowne where his originall should - be: Some thinke it to be of France, and others of Germany. - - The last is assuredly first naturall of our owne Countrey, for - Mʳ. Gerrard first discouered it to the world, finding it in - a poore womans Garden in the West parts of England, where it - grew before the woman came to dwell there, and, as I haue heard - since, is naturall of the Isle of Wight. - - - The Time. - - They doe all flower much about one time, that is, from the - middle or end of March, as the yeare is forward, vnto the - middle of Aprill. - - - The Names. - - Vpon the three first I haue imposed the names in Latine, as - they are expressed in their titles: and for the English names, - if you please, you may let them passe likewise as they are - expressed there also, that thereby euery one may be truely - distinguished, and not confounded. The fourth, besides the name - in the title, is called of some _Narcissus Germanicus_, which - whether it be of Germany, or no, I know not; but that the name - should import so much. The last doth vsually carry Mʳ. Gerrards - name, and called Gerrards double Daffodill. - - -1. _Pseudonarcissus angustifolius flore flauescente tubo quasi -abscisso._ -The narrow leafed bastard Daffodill with the clipt trunke. - -This kinde of Daffodill hath long and narrow grayish greene leaues, -bearing one single flower at the toppe of his stalke, like vnto the -former single bastard kindes, before specified, hauing his outer -leaues of a pale yellow colour, and his trunke of a deeper yellow: the -chiefe differences in this from the former, is in the leaues, being -narrow, and then in the trunke of the flower, which is not crumpled or -turned vp, as most of the other are; and that the brimmes or edges of -the flower is as if it had been clipt off, or cut euen. - - -2. _Pseudonarcissus Hispanicus medius & minor luteus._ -The two lesser Spanish yellow bastard Daffodils. - -These two lesser kindes of Spanish Daffodils, doe but differ in -greatnesse the one from the other, and not in any thing else; so that -in declaring the one, you may vnderstand the other to bee a little -greater. The lesser hath three or foure narrow short whitish greene -leaues, from among which commeth forth a short stalke, not aboue an -hand breadth, or halfe a foote high, bearing one single flower, not -fully standing outright, but a little bending downe, consisting of -six small leaues, standing as wings about a small, but long trunke, a -little crumpled at the brimmes: the whole flower, as well leaues as -trunke, are of one deepe yellow colour, like vnto the great Spanish -kinde: the roote is but small, and couered with a darkish coate. The -other is in all parts greater, and (as I said) differeth not else. - - -3. _Pseudonarcissus Hispanicus luteus minimus._ -The least Spanish yellow bastard Daffodill. - -The leaues of this small kinde are smaller and shorter then the former, -seldome exceeding the length of three inches, and very narrow withall, -but of the same grayish greene colour with the former: euery flower -standeth vpon a small and short footestalke, scarce rising aboue the -ground; so that his nose, for the most part, doth lye or touch the -ground, and is made after the same fashion, and of the same colour with -the former, but much smaller, as his roote is so likewise. - - -4. _Pseudonarcissus Gallicus minor flore pleno._ -The lesser French double bastard Daffodill. - -The rootes of this lesser French kinde (if I may lawfully call it, or -the greater kinde before specified, a bastard Daffodill; for I somewhat -doubt thereof, in that the flower of either is not made after the -fashion of any of the other bastard Daffodils, but doth more nearely -resemble the forme of the double white Daffodill, expressed before -among the true Daffodils) are like vnto the double English kinde, as -also to the former double great French kinde, and the leaues are of -the same whitish greene colour also, but narrower and not longer: the -stalke riseth a little higher then the English, and not fully so high -as the greater French, bearing one faire double flower thereon, of a -pale yellow or Lemon colour, consisting of six rowes of leaues, euery -rowe growing smaller then other vnto the middle, and so set and placed, -that euery leafe of the flower doth stand directly almost in all, one -vpon or before another vnto the middle, where the leaues are smallest, -the outermost being the greatest, which maketh the flower seeme the -more beautifull: this and the greater kinde hath no trunke, or shew -of any other thing in the middle, as all or most of the other former -double bastard Daffodils haue, but are flowers wholly composed of -leaues, standing double euen to the middle. - - - The Place. - - The first is vndoubtedly a naturall of the Pyrenæan Mountaines. - - The Spanish kindes grew in Spaine, and - - The French double kinde about Orleance in France, where it is - said to grow plentifully. - - - The Time. - - The first flowreth at the end of March. - - The Spanish kindes are the most early, flowring betimes in - March. - - The French double doth flower presently after. - - - The Names. - - More cannot bee said or added, concerning the names of any of - these Daffodils, then hath been set downe in their titles: - onely the French kinde is most vsually called Robinus his - Daffodill. - - -_Pseudonarcissus Iuncifolius albus._ -The white bastard Rush Daffodill, or Iunquilia. - -This bastard Rush Daffodill hath two or three long and very greene -leaues, very like vnto the small yellow Rush Daffodill, formerly -described, but not altogether so round, among which riseth vp a short -stalke, seldome halfe a foote high, bearing at the toppe, out of a -small skinnie huske, one small white flower, sometime declining to -a pale colour, hauing six small and short leaues, standing about -the middle of the trunke, which is long, and much wider open at the -mouth, then at the bottome: the small outer leaues or wings are a -little tending to greene, and the trunke (as I said) is either white, -or whitish, hauing the brimmes a little vneuen: the seede is small, -blacke, and round, like vnto other Rush Daffodils, but smaller. - - -_Pseudonarcissus Iuncifolia, luteus maior._ -The greater yellow Iunquilia, or bastard Daffodill. - -The leaues of this greater kinde are longer, greater, and a little -broader then the former; the stalke also is higher, and the flower -larger, more open at the mouth and crumpled, then the white, but wholly -of a yellow colour: the seede and the roots are bigger, according to -the proportion of the plant. - - -_Pseudonarcissus Iuncifolius luteus minor._ -The lesser yellow bastard Iunquilia. - -This is so like vnto the last in all things, that I shall not neede to -trouble you with repetitions of the same things formerly spoken; the -chiefest difference is the smallnesse of the plant in all parts. - - -_Pseudonarcissus Iuncifolius luteus serotinus._ -The late yellow bastard Iunquilia. - -There is likewise a third kinde, as great as the greater yellow, and in -all his parts expressing and equalling it, but is accounted the fairer, -and flowreth somewhat later. - - - The Place. - - The Pyrenæan Hils haue afforded vs all these varieties, and wee - preserue them carefully; for they are all tender. - - - The Time. - - All these flower in Aprill, except the last, which is a moneth - later. - - - The Names. - - The French and Lowe-Countrey men call them _Trompettes_, that - is, Trumpets, from the forme of the trunke; wee sometimes call - them also by that name, but more vsually bastard Iunquilia’s. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Pseudonarcissus tubo quasi abscisso._ The bastard Daffodill with - the clipt trunke. - 2 _Pseudonarcissus Hispanicus minor._ The lesser Spanish bastard - Daffodill. - 3 _Pseudonarcissus Hispanicus minimus._ The least Spanish bastard - Daffodill. - 4 _Pseudonarcissus Gallicus minor flore pleno._ The lesser double - French bastard Daffodil. - 5 _Pancratium flore albo._ The white Sea bastard Daffodil. - 6 _Pseudonarcissus Iuncifolius luteus maior._ The greater yellow - bastard Iunquilia. - 7 _Pseudonarcissus Iuncifolius luteus minor._ The lesser yellow - bastard Iunquilia. - 8 _Pseudonarcissus Iuncifolius luteus serotinus._ The late yellow - bastard Iunquilia. - 9 _Leucoium bulbosum præcox maius._ The great early bulbous Violet. - † _Leucoium bulbosum præcox minus._ The lesser early bulbous Violet. - 10 _Leucoium bulbosum autumnale._ The small Autumne bulbous Violet. - 11 _Leucoium bulbosum maius serotinum._ The great late flowring - bulbous Violet. -] - - -_Pseudonarcissus marinus albus, Pancratium vulgo._ -The white Sea bastard Daffodill. - -The Sea bastard Daffodill (to conclude this Chapter, and the discourse -of Daffodils) hath diuers broad whitish greene leaues, but not very -long, among which riseth vp a stiffe round stalke, at the top whereof -breaketh out of a great round skinny huske, fiue or six flowers, euery -one made somewhat of the fashion of the great bastard Rush Daffodill, -but greater, and wholly white; the six leaues, being larger and longer -then in the Rush kinde, and extending beyond the trunke, are tipt with -greene at the point of each leafe, and downe the middle likewise on the -backside. The trunke is longer, larger, and wider open at the mouth, -cut in or indented at the brims or edges, and small at the bottome, -with diuers white threeds in the middle, and is very sweet: vnder the -flower is a round greene head, which groweth very great, hauing within -it, when it is ripe, flat and blacke seede: the roote is great and -white. - -[Sidenote: _Flore luteo, & flore rubro._] - -It is reported, that there are found other sorts; some that beare -yellow flowers, and others that beare red: but we haue seene none such, -and therefore I can say no more of them. - - - The Place. - - This kinde groweth neare the Sea side, both in Spaine, Italy, - and France, within the Straights, and for the most part, vpon - all the Leuant shoare and Islands also, but will seldome either - flower, or abide with vs in these colder Countries, as I haue - both seene by those that I receiued from a friend, and heard by - others. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth in the end of Summer, that is, in August and - September. - - - The Name. - - Diuers doe call it _Pancratium_, as the learned of Mompeher, - and others, with the addition of _flore Lilij_, after they had - left their old errour, in taking it to be _Scylla_, and vsing - it for _Scylla_, in the _Trochisces_ that go into Andromachus - Treakle. The learned of Valentia in Spaine, as Clusius saith, - doe call it _Hemerocallis_, thinking it to be a Lilly; and - Clusius doth thereupon call it, _Hemerocallis Valentina_: but - in my opinion, all these are deceiued in this plant; for it - is neither a Lilly, to haue the name of _Hemerocallis_ giuen - vnto it, nor _Scylla_, nor _Pancratium_, as many doe yet call - it: for certainly this is a kinde of Daffodill; the forme both - of roote, leafe, and flower, doth assure me that haue seene - it, and not _Pancratium_, which (as Dioscorides testifieth) is - a kinde of _Scylla_, and in his time called _Scylla_, with a - red roote, and a leafe like a Lilly, but longer, and was vsed - both with the same preparation and quantity, and for the same - diseases that _Scylla_ was vsed, but that his force was weaker: - all which doth plainly shew the errours that many learned men - haue been conuersant in, and that all may see how necessary the - knowledge of Herbarisme is to the practice of Physicke; And - lest the roote of this Sea bastard Daffodill bee vsed in the - stead of an wholesome remedy, which (as Clusius maketh mention) - was deadly to him that did but cut his meate with that knife, - which had immediately before cut this roote, and done in malice - by him, that knew the force thereof, to kill his fellow, it - working the more forceably by the euill attracting quality of - the iron. - - - The Vertues of Daffodils in generall. - - Howsoeuer Dioscorides and others, doe giue vnto some of them - speciall properties, both for inward and outward diseases, yet - know I not any in these dayes with vs, that apply any of them - as a remedy for any griefe, whatsoeuer Gerrard or others haue - written. - - - - -CHAP. X. - -_Leucoium bulbosum._ The bulbous Violet. - - -Hauing thus set downe the whole family, both of the true and bastard -Daffodils, I should next set in hand with the Hyacinths; but because -_Leucoium bulbosum_, The bulbous Violet is a plant that doth challenge -a place next vnto the Daffodils, as most nearly partaking with them, -and a little with the Hyacinthes, I must of necessity interpose them, -and shew their descriptions and differences, whereof some are early, of -the first Spring, others later, and some of the Autumne. - - -_Leucoium bulbosum præcox maius._ The greater early bulbous Violet. - -This bulbous Violet hath three or foure very greene, broad, flat, and -short leaues, among which riseth vp a naked greene stalke, bearing -out of a small skinny hose (as the former Daffodils doe) one white -flower, hanging downe his head by a very small foot-stalke, made of six -leaues, of an equall length, euery one whereof is tipt at the end with -a small greenish yellow spot: after the flower is past, the head or -seed-vessell groweth to be reasonable great, somewhat long and round, -wherein is contained hard round seede, which being dry, is cleare, and -of a whitish yellow colour: the roote is somewhat like a Daffodill -roote, and couered with a blackish outside or skinne. - - -_Leucoium bulbosum præcox minus._ The lesser early bulbous Violet. - -This lesser kinde riseth vp with two narrow grayish greene leaues, -between which commeth forth the stalke, fiue or six inches high, -bearing one small pendulous flower, consisting of three white leaues, -which are small and pointed, standing on the outside, and hauing three -other shorter leaues, which seeme like a cup in the middle, being each -of them round at the ends, and cut in the middle, making the forme of -an heart, with a greene tippe or spot at the broad end or edge: the -seede is whitish, inclosed in long and round heads, like the former, -but lesser: the roote is like a small Daffodill, with a blackish gray -coate, and quickly diuideth into many of-sets. - -[Sidenote: _Minus Byzantinum._] - -There is another of this kinde, that came among other bulbous rootes -from Constantinople, and differeth in nothing from it, but that it is a -little greater, both in root, leafe, and flower. - - - The Place. - - The two first are found in many places of Germany, and Hungary. - The third, as I said, was brought from Constantinople. - - - The Time. - - The two lesser sorts doe most commonly flower in February, - if the weather be any thing milde, or at the furthest in the - beginning of March, but the first is seldome in flower, before - the other be well neare past, or altogether. - - - The Names. - - Lobel and Dodonæus call the lesser kinde _Leucoium triphyllum_, - and _Leuconarcissolirion triphyllum_, of the three leaues in - the flower. Some doe call it _Viola bulbosa alba_. The first - or greater kinde is called by Lobel, _Leuconarcissolirion - paucioribus floribus_; and by Dodonæus, _Leucoium bulbosum - hexaphyllum_. We doe most vsually call them, _Leucoium - bulbosum præcox maius_, & _minus_, The greater, or the lesser - early bulbous Violet. In Dutch, _Somer Sottekens_, and not - _Druiskens_, which are Grape-flowers, as some haue thought. - - -1. _Leucoium bulbosum Vernum minimum._ -The small bulbous Violet of the Spring. - -This small _Leucoium_ sendeth forth his small and long greene leaues, -like haires in Autumne, and before Winter, which abide greene vntill -Aprill, and then wither away quite, and about May there ariseth vp -a naked slender stalke, at the toppe whereof breake forth two small -white flowers, made of six leaues a peece, hanging downe their heads, -the three inner leaues being a little larger then the three outward, a -little reddish neare the stalke, and very sweete: the root is small and -round, and couered with a darke coate. - - -2. _Leucoium bulbosum Autumnale._ The small Autumne bulbous Violet. - -As the former small _Leucoium_ sprang vp with his leaues without -flowers in Autumne, so this contrariwise, riseth vp with his slender -brownish stalke of flowers in Autumne, before any greene leaues -appeare, whereon stand two or three very small snow white pendulous -flowers, consisting of six leaues a peece, and a little reddish at the -bottome of the flower next vnto the stalke, so like vnto the former, -that one would take them to be both one: after which, there grow small -browne heads, containing small, blacke, round seed; after the flower -is past, and the seede is ripening, and sometimes after the heads are -ripe, the leaues begin to spring vp, which when they are full growne, -are long, greene, and as small, or smaller then the leaues of the -Autumne Hyacinth, which abide all the Winter, and Spring following, and -wither away in the beginning of Summer: the roote is small, long, and -white. - - -3. _Leucoium maius bulbosum serotinum._ -The great late flowring bulbous Violet. - -The late bulbous Violet hath three or foure broad flat greene leaues, -very like vnto the first, but longer, among which riseth vp a flattish -stalke, being thicker in the middle then at both edges, on the toppe -whereof stand three or foure flowers, hanging downe their heads, -consisting of six leaues a peece, all of an equall length and bignesse, -wholly white, except that each leafe hath a greene tippe at the end of -them: the seede hereof is blacke and round; the roote is reasonable -great and white. - - - The Place. - - The two former small ones were first found in Spaine, and - Portugall, and sent to me by Guillaume Boel; but the first - was so tender, that scarce one of a score sprang with me, or - would abide. The greatest haue beene found wilde in Germany and - Austria. - - - The Time. - - The small ones haue their times expressed in their titles and - descriptions, the last flowreth not vntill May. - - - The Names. - - These names that are set downe in their titles, doe passe with - all Herbarists in these daies. - - - The Vertues. - - Wee haue not knowne these plants vsed Physically, either - inwardly or outwardly, to any purposes in these dayes. - - - - -CHAP. XI. - -_Hyacinthus._ The Hyacinth or Iacinth. - - -The Iacinths are next to be entreated of, whereof there are many more -kindes found out in these later times, then formerly were knowne, -which for order and method sake, I will digest vnder seuerall sorts, -as neare as I can, that auoiding confusion, by enterlacing one among -another, I may the better put euery sort vnder his owne kinde. - - -_Hyacinthus Indicus maior tuberosa radice._ -The greater Indian knobbed Iacinth. - -I haue thought fittest to begin with this Iacinth, both because it is -the greatest and highest, and also because the flowers hereof are in -some likenesse neare vnto a Daffodill, although his roote be tuberous, -and not bulbous as all the rest are. This Indian Iacinth hath a -thicke knobbed roote (yet formed into seuerall heads, somewhat like -vnto bulbous rootes) with many thicke fibres at the bottome of them; -from the diuers heads of this roote arise diuers strong and very tall -stalkes, beset with diuers faire, long, and broad leaues, ioyned at -the bottome close vnto the stalke, where they are greatest, and grow -smaller to the very end, and those that grow higher to the toppe, being -smaller and smaller, which being broken, there appeare many threeds -like wooll in them: the toppes of the stalkes are garnished with many -faire large white flowers, each whereof is composed of six leaues, -lying spread open, as the flowers of the white Daffodill, with some -short threeds in the middle, and of a very sweete sent, or rather -strong and headie. - - -_Hyacinthus Indicus minor tuberosa radice._ -The smaller Indian knobbed Iacinth. - -The roote of this Iacinth is knobbed, like the roote of Arum or Wake -Robin, from whence doe spring many leaues, lying vpon the ground, -and compassing one another at the bottome, being long and narrow, -and hollow guttered to the end, which is small and pointed, no lesse -woolly, or full of threeds then the former: from the middle of these -leaues riseth vp the stalke, being very long and slender, three or -foure foot long, so that without it be propped vp, it will bend -downe, and lye vpon the ground, whereon are set at certaine distances -many short leaues, being broad at the bottome, where they doe almost -compasse the stalke, and are smaller toward the end where it is sharpe -pointed: at the top of the stalke stand many flowers, with a small -peece of a green leafe at the bottome of euery foot-stalke, which seeme -to bee like so many white Orientall Iacinths, being composed of six -leaues, which are much thicker then the former, with six chiues or -threeds in the middle, tipt with pale yellow pendents. - - - The Place. - - They both grow naturally in the West Indies, from whence being - first brought into Spaine, haue from thence been dispersed vnto - diuers louers of plants. - - - The Time. - - They flower not in these cold Countries vntill the middle of - August, or not at all, if they bee not carefully preserued - from the iniury of our cold Winters; and then if the precedent - Summer be hot, it may be flower a moneth sooner. - - - The Names. - - Clusius calleth the lesser (for I thinke hee neuer saw the - first) _Hyacinthus Indicus tuberosa radice_, that is in - English, The Indian Iacinth with a tuberous roote: Some would - call these _Hyacinthus Eriophorus Indicus_, that is, The Indian - woolly Iacinth, because they haue much wooll in them when they - are broken; yet some doe doubt that they are not two plants - seuerall, as of greater and lesser, but that the greatnesse is - caused by the fertility of the soyle wherein it grew. - - -1. _Hyacinthus Botroides maior Moschatus, siue Muscari flore flauo._ -The great yellow Muske Grape-flower, or yellow Muscari. - -This Muske Iacinth or Grape-flower, hath fiue or six leaues spread -vpon the ground in two or three heads, which at the first budding or -shooting forth out of the ground, are of a reddish purple colour, and -after become long, thicke, hollow, or guttered on the vpper side, of -a whitish greene colour, and round and darke coloured vnderneath: in -the middle of these heads of leaues, rise vp one or two hollow weake -brownish stalkes, sometimes lying on the ground with the weight of the -flowers, (but especially of the seede) yet for the most part standing -vpright, when they are laden towards the toppe, with many bottle-like -flowers, which at their first appearing, and vntill the flowers begin -to blow open, are of a browne red colour, and when they are blowne, -of a faire yellow colour, flowring first below, and so vpwards by -degrees, euery one of these flowers is made like vnto a little pitcher -or bottle, being bigge in the belly, and small at the mouth, which is -round, and a little turned vp, very sweete in smell, like vnto Muske, -whereof it tooke the name _Muscari_; after the flowers are past, there -come three square thicke heads, puffed vp as if it were bladders, made -of a spongie substance, wherein are here and there placed blacke round -seed: the roote is long, round, and very thicke, and white on the -outside, with a little woollinesse on them, being broken, and full of a -slimie iuice, whereunto are annexed thicke, fat, and long fibres, which -perish not as most of the other Iacinths; and therefore desireth not to -bee often remoued, as the other sorts may. - - -2. _Hyacinthus Botroides maior Moschatus, seu Muscari flore -cineritio._ -The Ashcoloured Muske Grape-flower, or Muscari. - -This Muscari differeth not in rootes, or forme of leaues or flowers -from the former, the chiefe differences are these: the leaues hereof -do not appeare so red at the first budding out of the ground, nor are -so darke when they are fully growne; the stalke also most vsually hath -more store of flowers thereon, the colour whereof at the first budding -is a little duskie, and when they are full blowne, are of a bleake, yet -bright ash-colour, with a little shew of purple in them, and by long -standing change a little more gray; being as sweete, or as some thinke, -more sweete then the former: the roote (as I said) is like the former, -yet yeeldeth more encrease, and will better endure our cold clymate, -although it doth more seldome giue ripe seede. - - -3. _Hyacinthus Botroides maior Moschatus, siue Muscari flore rubro._ -The red Muske Grape-flower. - -This kinde (if there be any such, for I am in some doubt thereof) doth -chiefly differ in the colour of the flower from the first, in that this -should beare flowers when they are blowne, of a red colour tending to -yellownesse. - - -4. _Hyacinthus Botroides maior Moschatus, siue Muscari flore albo._ -The white Muske Grape-flower. - -This also is said to haue (if there bee such an one) his leaues like -vnto the second kinde, but of a little whiter greene, and the flowers -pale, tending to a white: the roots of these two last are said vsually -not to grow to be so great as of the former two. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Hyacinthus Indicus maior tuberosa radice._ The greater Indian - knobbed Iacinth. - 2 _Hyacinthus Indicus minor tuberosa radice._ The lesser Indian - knobbed Iacinth. - 3 _Muscari flore flauo._ The yellow Muscari. - 4 _Muscari flore cineritio._ The ashcoloured Muscari. - 5 _Hyacinthus Botroides cæruleus amænus._ The skie coloured - Grape-flower. - 6 _Hyacinthus Botroides flore albo._ The white Grape-flower. - † _Hyacinthus Botroides ramosus._ The branched Grape-flower. -] - - - The Place. - - The rootes of the two first sorts, haue been often sent from - Constantinople, among many other sorts of rootes, and it may - be come thither from beyond the Bosphorus in Asia; we haue them - in our Gardens. - - The other two sorts are sprung (it is probable, if they be _in - rerum natura_) from the seede of the two former; for we could - neuer get such from Constantinople, as if the Turkes had neuer - knowledge of any such. - - - The Time. - - They flower in March or Aprill, as the yeare is temperate, but - the first is soonest vp out of the ground. - - - The Names. - - The two former haue beene sent from Turkie by the name of - _Muschoromi_ and _Dipcadi_. Matthiolus calleth it _Bulbus - vomitorius_, saying that no root doth more prouoke vomit then - it. Caspar Bauhinus doth most properly call it _Hyacinthus - Moschatus_. It is most generally called _Muscari_, by all - Herbarists and Florists, yet because it doth so neerely - resemble the Grape-flower, I haue named it _Hyacinthus - Botroides maior Moschatus_, to put a difference from the - lesser Grape-flowers that follow; in English, The great Muske - Grape-flower, or Muscari. - - -_Hyacinthus Botroides minor cæruleus obscurus._ -The darke blew Grape-flower. - -This Grape-flower hath many small, fat, and weake leaues lying vpon the -ground, which are somewhat brownish at their first comming vp, and of a -sad greene afterwards, hollow on the vpperside, and round vnderneath, -among which rise vp round, smooth, weake stalkes, bearing at the -toppe many small heauie bottle-like flowers, in shape like the former -Muscari, but very thicke thrust together, smaller, and of a very darke -or blackish blew colour, of a very strong smell, like vnto Starch when -it is new made, and hot: the root is round, and blackish without, being -compassed with a number of small rootes, or of-sets round about it, so -that it will quickly choke a ground, if it be suffered long in it. For -which cause, most men doe cast it into some by-corner, if they meane to -preserue it, or cast it out of the Garden quite. - -[Sidenote: _Alter maior._] - -There is another of this kinde that is greater, both in leafe and -flower, and differeth not in colour or any thing else. - - -_Hyacinthus Botroides cæruleus amænus._ -The skie coloured Grape-flower. - -This Iacinth springeth vp with fewer leaues then the first, and not -reddish, but green at his first appearing; the leaues, when they -are full growne, are long and hollow, like the former, but greener, -shorter, and broader, standing vpright, and not lying along vpon the -ground as they doe: the flowers grow at the toppe of the stalke, more -sparsedly set thereon, and not so thicke together, but like a thinne -bunch of grapes, and bottle-like as the former, of a perfect blew or -skie colour, euery flower hauing some white spots about the brimmes -of them: this hath a very sweete smell, nothing like the former: this -roote is whiter, and doth not so much encrease as the former, yet -plentifull enough. - - -_Hyacinthus Botroides ramosus._ The branched Grape-flower. - -Of this kinde, there is another found to grow with many branches -of flowers, breaking out from the sides of the greater stalkes or -branches: the leaues as all the rest of the plant is greater then the -former. - - -_Hyacinthus Botroides flore albo._ The white Grape-flower. - -The white Grape-flower hath his green leaues a little whiter, then the -blew or skie coloured Grape-flower, his flowers are very pure white, -alike sparsedly set on the stalkes, but a little lower and smaller then -it, in all other things there is no difference. - - -_Hyacinthus Botroides flore albo rubente._ The blush Grape-flower. - -The roote of this Grape-flower groweth greater, then either the skie -coloured, or white Grape-flower, and seldome hath any small rootes or -of-sets, as the other haue: his leaues also are larger, and somewhat -broader; the flowers are of a pale, or bleake blush colour out of a -white, and are a little larger, and grow a little higher and fuller of -flowers then the white. - - - The Place. - - They naturally grow in many places both of Germany and Hungary; - in Spaine likewise, and on Mount Baldus in Italy, and Narbone - in France, about the borders of the fields: we haue them in our - Gardens for delight. - - - The Time. - - These flower from the beginning of March, or sooner sometimes, - vntill the beginning of May. - - - The Names. - - They are most commonly called _Botroides_, but more truely - _Botryodes_, of Βότρυς the Greeke word, which signifieth a - bunch or cluster of grapes: Lobelius calleth the white one, - _Dipcadi flore albo_, transferring the name _Dipcadi_, whereby - the _Muscari_ is called to this Iacinth, as if they were - both one. Their seuerall names, whereby they are knowne, and - called, are set downe in their titles. The Dutchmen call them - _Driuekens_, as I said before. Some English Gentlewomen call - the white Grape-flower Pearles of Spaine. - - -1. _Hyacinthus Comosus albus._ The white haired Iacinth. - -This Iacinth doth more neerly resemble the Grape-flowers, then the -faire haired Iacinths that follow, whereof it beareth the name, in -that it hath no haire or threeds at the toppe of the stalke or sides, -as they: and therefore I haue placed it next vnto them, and the other -to follow it, as being of another kinde. The root hereof is blackish, -a little long and round, from whence rise vp three or foure leaues, -being smooth and whitish, long, narrow, and hollow, like a trough or -gutter on the vpperside: among which the stalke riseth vp a foote high -or more, bearing at the toppe diuers small flowers, somewhat like the -former, but not so thicke set together, being a little longer, and -larger, and wider at the mouth, and as it were diuided into six edges, -of a darke whitish colour, with some blacker spots about the brimmes on -the inside: the heads or seede-vessels are three square, and somewhat -larger, then the heads of any of the former lesser Grape-flowers, -wherein is contained round blacke seede. - - -2. _Hyacinthus Comosus Byzantinus._ The Turkie faire haired Iacinth. - -This other Iacinth which came from Constantinople, is somewhat like -the former, but that it is bigger, both in roote, and leafe, and -flower, and bearing greater store of flowers on the head of the -stalke: the lower flowers, although they haue short stalkes at their -first flowring, yet afterwards the stalkes grow longer, and those -that are lower, stand out further then those that are highest, whose -foot-stalkes are short, and almost close to the stemme, and of a more -perfect purple then any below, which are of a duskie greenish purple -colour: the whole stalke of flowers seem like a Pyramis, broad belowe, -and small aboue, or as other compare it, to a water sprinkle; yet -neither of both these Iacinths haue any threeds at the tops of the -stalkes, as the other following haue. - - -3. _Hyacinthus Comosus maior purpureus._ -The great purple faire haired Iacinth. - -This faire haired Iacinth hath his leaues softer, longer, broader, and -lesse hollow then the former, lying for the most part vpon the ground: -the stalke riseth vp in the midst of the leaues, being stronger, -higher, and bearing a greater and longer head of flowers also then -they: the flowers of this stand not vpon such long foote-stalkes, but -are shorter below, and close almost to the stalke aboue, hauing many -bright purplish blew threeds, growing highest aboue the flowers, as it -were in a bush together, euery one of these threeds hauing a little -head at the end of them, somewhat like vnto one of the flowers, but -much smaller: the red of the flowers below this bush, are of a sadder -or deader purple, and not so bright a colour, and the lowest worst of -all, rather enclining to a greene, like vnto the last Turkie kinde: the -whole stalke with the flowers vpon it, doth somewhat resemble a long -Purse tassel, and thereupon diuers Gentlewomen haue so named it: the -heads and seede are like vnto the former, but greater: the roote is -great and white with some rednesse on the outside. - - -4. _Hyacinthus Comosus ramosus purpureus._ -The faire haired branched Iacinth. - -The leaues of this Iacinth are broader, shorter, and greener then of -the last, not lying so weakly on the ground, but standing somewhat -more vpright: the stalke riseth vp as high as the former, but branched -out on euery side into many tufts of threeds, with knappes, as it were -heads of flowers, at the ends of them, like vnto the head of threeds -at the toppe of the former Iacinth, but of a little darker, and not -so faire a blewish purple colour: this Iacinth doth somewhat resemble -the next Curld haire Iacinth, but that the branches are not so fairely -composed altogether of curled threeds, nor of so excellent a faire -purple or Doue colour, but more duskie by much: the roote is greater -and shorter then of the next, and encreaseth faster. - - -5. _Hyacinthus Pennatus, siue Comosus ramosus elegantior._ -The faire Curld-haire Iacinth. - -This admirable Iacinth riseth vp with three or foure leaues, somewhat -like vnto the leaues of the Muske Grape-flower, but lesser; betweene -which riseth vp the stalke about a foote high, or somewhat more, -bearing at the toppe a bush or tuft of flowers, which at the first -appearing, is like vnto a Cone or Pineapple, and afterwards opening -it selfe, spreadeth into many branches, yet still retaining the forme -of a Pyramis, being broad spread below, and narrow vp aboue: each of -these branches is againe diuided into many tufts of threeds or strings, -twisted or curled at the ends, and of an excellent purple or Doue -colour, both stalkes and haires. This abideth a great while in his -beauty, but afterwards all these flowers (if you will so call them) -do fall away without any seede at all, spending it selfe as it should -seeme in the aboundance of the flowers: the roote is not so great as -the last, but white on the outside. - - - The Place. - - The two first haue been sent diuers times from Constantinople, - the third is found wilde in many places of Europe, and as well - in Germany, as in Italy. The two last are onely with vs in - Gardens, and their naturall places are not knowne vnto vs. - - - The Time. - - The three former kindes doe flower in Aprill, the two last in - May. - - - The Names. - - The first and second haue no other names then are expressed in - their titles. The third is called of some onely _Hyacinthus - maior_ and of others _Hyacinthus comosus maior_: We call it in - English, The purple faire haired Iacinth, because of his tuft - of purple threeds, like haires at the toppe, and (as I said) - of diuers Gentlewomen, purple tassels. The fourth is called by - some as it is in the title, _Hyacinthus Comosus ramosus_, and - of others _Hyacinthus Calamistratus_. And the last or fifth is - diuersly called by diuers, Fabius Columna in his _Phytobasanos_ - the second part, calleth it _Hyacinthus Sannesius_, because - hee first saw it in that Cardinals Garden at Rome. Robin of - Paris sent to vs the former of the two last, by the name - of _Hyacinthus Pennatus_, and _Hyacinthus Calamistratus_, - when as others sent the last by the name _Pennatus_, and the - other by the name of _Calamistratus_; but I thinke the name - _Cincinnatus_ is more fit and proper for it, in that the curled - threeds which seeme like haires, are better expressed by the - word _Cincinnus_, then _Calamistrum_, this signifying but the - bodkin or instrument wherewith they vse to frisle or curle the - haire, and that the bush of haire it selfe being curled. Some - also haue giuen to both these last the names of _Hyacinthus - Comosus Parnassi_, the one fairer then the other. Of all these - names you may vse which you please; but for the last kinde, - the name _Cincinnatus_, as I said, is the more proper, but - _Pennatus_ is the more common, and _Calamistratus_ for the - former of the two last. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Hyacinthus Comosus albus._ The white haired Iacinth. - 2 _Hyacinthus Comosus Byzantinus._ The Turkie faire haired Iacinth. - 3 _Hyacinthus Comosus maior purpureus._ The purple faire haired - Iacinth, or Purse tassels. - 4 _Hyacinthus Comosus ramosus, siue Calamistratus._ The faire haired - branched Iacinth. - 5 _Hyacinthus Pennatus, siue Comosus elegantior._ The faire curld - haire Iacinth. -] - - -1. _Hyacinthus Orientalis Brumalis, siue præcox flore albo._ -The white Winter Orientall Iacinth. - -This early Iacinth riseth vp with his greene leaues (which are in -all respects like to the ordinary Orientall Iacinths, but somewhat -narrower) before Winter, and sometimes it is in flower also before -Winter, and is in forme and colour a plaine white Orientall Iacinth, -but somewhat lesser, differing onely in no other thing, then the time -of his flowring, which is alwayes certaine to be long before the other -sorts. - - -2. _Hyacinthus Orientalis Brumalis, siue præcox flore purpureo._ -The purple Winter Orientall Iacinth. - -The difference of colour in this flower causeth it to bee -distinguished, for else it is of the kindred of the Orientall Iacinths, -and is, as the former, more early then the rest that follow: Vnderstand -then, that this is the same with the former, but hauing fine blewish -purple flowers. - - -3. _Hyacinthus Orientalis maior præcox, dictus Zumbul Indi._ -The greatest Orientall Iacinth, or Zumbul Indi. - -The roote of this Orientall Iacinth, is vsually greater then any other -of his kinde, and most commonly white on the outside, from whence rise -vp one or two great round stalkes, spotted from within the ground, with -the lower part of the leaues also vpward to the middle of the stalkes, -or rather higher, like vnto the stalkes of Dragons, but darker; being -set among a number of broad, long, and somewhat hollow greene leaues, -almost as large as the leaues of the white Lilly: at the toppe of the -stalkes stand more store of flowers, then in any other of this kinde, -euery flower being as great as the greatest sort of Orientall Iacinths, -ending in six leaues, which turne at the points, of a faire blewish -purple colour, and all standing many times on one side of the stalkes, -and many times on both sides. - - -4. _Hyacinthus Orientalis vulgaris diuersorum colorum._ -The ordinary Orientall Iacinth. - -The common Orientall Iacinth (I call it common, because it is now so -plentifull in all Gardens, that it is almost not esteemed) hath many -greene leaues, long, somewhat broad and hollow, among which riseth -vp a long greene round stalke, beset from the middle thereof almost, -with diuers flowers, standing on both sides of the stalkes, one aboue -another vnto the toppe, each whereof next vnto the foote-stalke is -long, hollow, round, and close, ending in six small leaues laid open, -and a little turning at the points, of a very sweete smell: the colours -of these flowers are diuers, for some are pure white, without any shew -of other colour in them: another is almost white, but hauing a shew of -blewnesse, especially at the brims and bottomes of the flowers. Others -againe are of a very faint blush, tending towards a white: Some are of -as deepe a purple as a Violet; others of a purple tending to rednesse, -and some of a paler purple. Some againe are of a faire blew, others -more watchet, and some so pale a blew, as if it were more white then -blew: after the flowers are past, there rise vp great three square -heads, bearing round blacke seede, great and shining: the roote is -great, and white on the outside, and oftentimes purplish also, flat at -the bottome, and small at the head. - -[Sidenote: _Flore purpureo violaceo lincis albicantis in dorso._] - -There is a kinde of these Iacinths, whose flowers are of a deepe -purplish Violet colour, hauing whitish lines downe the backe of euery -leafe of the flower, which turne themselues a little backwards at the -points. - -[Sidenote: _Floribus antrorsum respicientibus._] - -There is another, whose flowers stand all opening one way, and not on -all sides, but are herein like the great Zumbul Indi, before set out. - -[Sidenote: _Serotinus erectus floribus diuersorum colorum._] - -There is againe another kinde which flowreth later then all the rest, -and the flowers are smaller, standing more vpright, which are either -white or blew, or mixt with white and purple. - - -5. _Hyacinthus Orientalis folioso caule._ -The bushy stalked Orientall Iacinth. - -This strange Iacinth hath his rootes, leaues, and flowers, like vnto -the former Orientall Iacinths: the onely difference in this is, that -his stalke is not bare or naked, but hath very narrow long leaues, -growing dispersedly, and without order, with the flowers thereon, which -are blew, and hauing for the most part one leafe, and sometimes two at -the foote, or setting on of euery flower, yet sometimes it happeneth, -some flowers to be without any leafe at the bottome, as nature, that is -very variable in this plant, listeth to play: the heads and seede are -blacke and round, like the other also. - - -6. _Hyacinthus Orientalis flore duplici._ -The bleake Orientall Iacinth once double. - -This double Iacinth hath diuers long leaues, like vnto the other -Orientall Iacinths, almost standing vpright, among which riseth vp -a stalke, brownish at the first, but growing greene afterwards, -bearing many flowers at the toppe, made like the flowers of the former -Iacinths, and ending in six leaues, greene at the first, and of a -blewish white when they are open, yet retaining some shew of greenesse -in them, the brims of the leaues being white; from the middle of each -flower standeth forth another small flower, consisting of three leaues, -of the same colour with the other flower, but with a greene line on -the backe of each of these inner leaues: in the middle of this little -flower, there stand some threeds tipt with blacke: the smell of this -flower is not so sweete as of the forme; the heads, seede, and rootes -are like the former. - - -7. _Hyacinthus Orientalis flore pleno cæruleo, vel purpuro violaceo._ -The faire double blew, or purple Orientall Iacinth. - -The leaues of these Iacinths are smaller, then the leaues of most of -the other former sorts; the stalkes are shorter, and smaller, bearing -but three or foure flowers on the heads of them for the most part, -which are not composed like the last, but are more faire, full, and -double of leaues, where they shew out their full beauties, and of -a faire blew colour in some, and purple in others, smelling pretty -sweete; but these doe seldome beare out their flowers faire; and -besides, haue diuers other flowers that will be either single, or very -little double vpon the same stalke. - - -8. _Hyacinthus Orientalis candidissimus flore pleno._ -The pure white double Orientall Iacinth. - -This double white Iacinth hath his leaues like vnto the single white -Orientall Iacinth; his stalke is likewise long, slender, and greene, -bearing at the toppe two or three flowers at the most, very double -and full of leaues, of a pure white colour, without any other mixture -therein, hanging downe their heads a little, and are reasonable sweete. -I haue this but by relation, not by sight, and therefore I can giue no -further assurance as yet. - - - The Place. - - All these Orientall Iacinths, except the last, haue beene - brought out of Turkie, and from Constantinople: but where their - true originall place is, is not as yet vnderstood. - - - The Time. - - The two first (as is said) flower the earliest, sometimes - before Christmas, but more vsually after, and abide a great - while in flower, in great beauty, especially if the weather be - milde, when as few or no other flowers at that time are able to - match them. The other greatest kinde flowreth also earlier then - the rest that follow, for the most part. The ordinary kindes - flower some in March, and some in Aprill, and some sooner also; - and so doe the double ones likewise. The bushy stalked Iacinth - flowreth much about the same time. - - - The Names. - - The former two sorts are called _Hyacinthus Orientalis - Brumalis_, and _Hyacinthus Orientalis præcox flore albo_, or - _cæruleo_. The third is called of many _Zumbul Indicum_, or - _Zumbul Indi_, and corruptly _Simboline_; of others, and that - more properly, _Hyacinthus Orientalis maior præcox_. The Turkes - doe call all Iacinths _Zumbul_, and by adding the name of - _Indi_, or _Arabi_, do shew from what place they are receiued. - In English, The greatest Orientall Iacinth; yet some doe call - it after the Turkish name _Zumbul Indi_, or _Simboline_, as - is said before. The rest haue their names set downe in their - titles, which are most fit for them. - - -_Hyacinthus Hispanicus minor Orientalis facie._ -The little Summer Orientall Iacinth. - -[Sidenote: _Flore cæruleo._] - -This little Iacinth hath foure or fiue long narrow greene leaues, lying -vpon the ground, among which riseth vp a slender smooth stalke, about -a spanne high or more, bearing at the toppe many slender bleake blew -flowers, with some white stripes and edges to be seene in most of them, -fashioned very like vnto the flowers of the Orientall Iacinth, but much -smaller: the flower hath no sent at all; the seede is like the seede of -the English Iacinth, or Hares-bels: the roote is small and white. - -[Sidenote: _Flore albo._] - -There is another of this kinde, differing in nothing but in the colour -of the flower, which is pure white. - -[Sidenote: _Flore rubente._] - -There is also another, whose flowers are of a fine delayed red colour, -with some deeper coloured veines, running along the three outer leaues -of the flower, differing in no other thing from the former. - - - The Place. - - These plants haue been gathered on the Pyrenæan Mountaines, - which are next vnto Spaine, from whence, as is often said, many - rare plants haue likewise been gathered. - - - The Time. - - They flower very late, euen after all or most of the Iacinths, - in May for the most part. - - - The Names. - - They are called eyther _Hyacinthus Hispanicus minor Orientalis - facie_, as it is in the title, or _Hyacinthus Orientalis - facie_, that is to say, The lesser Spanish Iacinth, like - vnto the Orientall: yet some haue called them, _Hyacinthus - Orientalis serotinus minor_, The lesser late Orientall Iacinth, - that thereby they may be knowne from the rest. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Hyacinthus Orientalis brumalis._ The Winter Orientall Iacinth. - 2 _Zumbul Indi._ The greatest Orientall Iacinth. - 3 _Hyacinthus Orientalis vulgaris._ The ordinary Orientall Iacinth. - 4 _Hyacinthus Orientalis folioso caule._ The bushy stalked Orientall - Iacinth. - 5 _Hyacinthus Orientalis flore duplici._ The Orientall Hyacinth once - double. - 6 _Hyacinthus Orientalis flore pleno cæruleo._ The faire double blew - Orientall Iacinth. -] - - -_Hyacinthus Hispanicus obsoletus._ The Spanish dunne coloured Iacinth. - -This Spanish Iacinth springeth very late out of the ground, bearing -foure or fiue short, hollow, and soft whitish greene leaues, with a -white line in the middle of euery one of them, among which rise vp -one or more stalkes, bearing diuers flowers at the toppes of them, -all looking one way, or standing on the one side, hanging downe their -heads, consisting of six leaues, three whereof being the outermost, lay -open their leaues, and turne back the ends a little again: the other -three which are innermost, do as it were close together in the middle -of the flower, without laying themselues open at all, being a little -whitish at the edges: the whole flower is of a purplish yellow colour, -with some white and green as it were mixed among it, of no sent at all: -it beareth blacke and flat seede in three square, great, and bunched -out heads: the roote is reasonable great, and white on the outside, -with many strong white fibres at it, which perish not yearely, as the -fibres of many other Iacinths doe, and as it springeth late, so it -holdeth his greene leaues almost vntill Winter. - -[Sidenote: _Mauritanicus._] - -There hath been another hereof brought from about Fez and Marocco in -Barbary, which in all respects was greater, but else differed little. - -[Sidenote: _Maximus Æthiopicus._] - -There was another also brought from the Cape of good Hope, whose leaues -were stronger and greener then the former, the stalke also thicker, -bearing diuers flowers, confusedly standing vpon longer foote-stalkes, -yet made after the same fashion, but that the three inner leaues were -whitish, and dented about the edges, otherwise the flowers were yellow -and greenish on the inside. - - - The Place. - - These plants grow in Spaine, Barbary, and Ethiopia, according - as their names and descriptions doe declare. - - - The Time. - - The first flowreth not vntill Iune; for, as I said, it is very - late before it springeth vp out of the ground, and holdeth his - leaues as is said, vntill September, in the meane time the - seede thereof ripeneth. - - - The Names. - - They haue their names according to the place of their growing; - for one is called _Hyacinthus Hispanicus obsoletioris coloris_. - The other is called also _Hyacinthus Mauritanicus_. And the - last, _Hyacinthus Æthiopicus obsoletus_. In English, The - Spanish, Barbary, or Ethiopian Iacinth, of a dunne or duskie - colour. - - -_Hyacinthus Anglicus Belgicus, vel Hispanicus._ -English Hares-bels, or Spanish Iacinth. - -Our English Iacinth or Hares-bels is so common euery where, that it -scarce needeth any description. It beareth diuers long and narrow -greene leaues, not standing vpright, nor yet fully lying vpon the -ground, among which springeth vp the stalke, bearing at the toppe many -long and hollow flowers, hanging downe their heads all forwards for -the most part, parted at the brimmes into six parts, turning vp their -points a little againe, of a sweetish, but heady sent, somewhat like -vnto the Grape-flower: the heads for seede are long and square, wherein -is much blacke seede; the colour of the flowers are in some of a deeper -blew, tending to a purple; in others of a paler blew, or of a bleake -blew, tending to an ash colour: Some are pure white, and some are party -coloured, blew and white; and some are of a fine delayed purplish red -or blush colour, which some call a peach colour. The rootes of all -sorts agree, and are alike, being white and very slimie; some whereof -will be great and round, others long and slender, and those that lye -neare the toppe of the earth bare, will be greene. - - -_Hyacinthus Hispanicus maior flore campanulæ instar._ -The greater Spanish bell-flowred Iacinth. - -This Spanish bell-flowred Iacinth, is very like the former English -or Spanish Iacinth, but greater in all parts, as well of leaues as -flowers, many growing together at the toppe of the stalke, with many -short greene leaues among them, hanging downe their heads, with larger, -greater, and wider open mouths, like vnto bels, of a darke blew colour, -and no good sent. - - - The Place. - - The first groweth in many places of England, the - Lowe-Countries, as we call them, and Spaine, but the last - chiefly in Spaine. - - - The Time. - - They flower in Aprill for the most part, and sometimes in May. - - - The Names. - - Because the first is more frequent in England, then in Spaine - or the Lowe-Countries, it is called with vs _Hyacinthus - Anglicus_, The English Iacinth; but it is also called as - well _Belgicus_, as _Hispanicus_: yet Dodonæus calleth it - _Hyacinthus non scriptus_, because it was not written of by any - Authour before himselfe. It is generally knowne in England by - the name of Hare-bels. The other Spanish Iacinth beareth his - name in his title. - - -_Hyacinthus Eriophorus._ The Woolly Iacinth. - -This Woolly Iacinth hath many broad, long, and faire greene leaues, -very like vnto some of the Iacinths, but stiffer, or standing more -vpright, which being broken, doe yeeld many threeds, as if a little -fine cotton wooll were drawne out: among these leaues riseth vp a long -greene round stalke, a foote and a halfe high or more, whereon is set a -great long bush of flowers, which blowing open by degrees, first below, -and so vpwards, are very long in flowring: the toppe of the stalke, -with the flowers, and their little footstalkes, are all blew, euery -flower standing outright with his stalke, and spreading like a starre, -diuided into six leaues, hauing many small blew threeds, standing about -the middle head, which neuer gaue ripe seede, as farre as I can heare -of: the root is white, somewhat like the root of a Muscari, but as full -of wooll or threeds, or rather more, then the leaues, or any other part -of it. - - - The Place. - - This hath been sent diuers times out of Turkie into England, - where it continued a long time as well in my Garden as in - others, but some hard frosty Winters caused it to perish with - me, and diuers others, yet I haue had it againe from a friend, - and doth abide fresh and greene euery yeare in my Garden. - - - The Time. - - This flowred in the Garden of Mʳ. Richard Barnesley at Lambeth, - onely once in the moneth of May, in the yeare 1606, after hee - had there preserued it a long time: but neither he, nor any - else in England that I know, but those that saw it at that - time, euer saw it beare flower, either before or since. - - - The Names. - - It is called by diuers _Bulbus Eriophorus_, or _Laniferus_, - that is, Woolly Bulbous; but because it is a Iacinth, both in - roote, leafe, and flower, and not a _Narcissus_, or Daffodill, - it is called _Hyacinthus Eriophorus_, or _Laniferus_, The - Woolly Iacinth. It is very likely, that Theophrastus in his - seuenth Book & thirteenth Chapter, did meane this plant, where - hee declareth, that garments were made of the woolly substance - of a bulbous roote, that was taken from between the core or - heart of the roote (which, as he saith, was vsed to be eaten) - and the outermost shels or peelings; yet Clusius seemeth to - fasten this woolly bulbous of Theophrastus, vpon the next - Iacinth of Spaine. - - -_Hyacinthus Stellatus Bæticus maior, vulgò Perüanus._ -The great Spanish Starry Iacinth, or of Peru. - -This Iacinth (the greatest of those, whose flowers are spread like a -starre, except the two first Indians) hath fiue or six, or more, very -broad, and long greene leaues, spread vpon the ground, round about the -roote, which being broken are woolly, or full of threeds, like the -former: in the middle of these leaues riseth vp a round short stalke, -in comparison of the greatnesse of the plant (for the stalke of the -Orientall Iacinth is sometimes twice so high, whose roote is not so -great) bearing at the toppe a great head or bush of flowers, fashioned -in the beginning, before they bee blowne or separated, very like to -a Cone or Pineapple, and begin to flower belowe, and so vpwards by -degrees, euery flower standing vpon a long blackish blew foote-stalke, -which when they are blowne open, are of a perfect blew colour, tending -to a Violet, and made of six small leaues, laid open like a starre; the -threeds likewise are blewish, tipt with yellow pendents, standing about -the middle head, which is of a deeper blew, not hauing any good sent to -be perceiued in it, but commendable only for the beauty of the flowers: -after the flowers are past, there come three square heads, containing -round blacke seede: the roote is great, and somewhat yellowish on the -outside, with a knobbe or bunch at the lower end of the roote, (which -is called the seate of the roote) like vnto the Muscari, Scylla, and -many other bulbous rootes, at which hang diuers white, thicke, and -long fibres, whereby it is fastened in the ground, which perish not -euery yeare, but abide continually, and therefore doth not desire much -remouing. - - -_Hyacinthus Stellatus Bæticus, siue Perüanus flore albo._ -The great white Spanish starry Iacinth. - -This other Spanish Iacinth is in most parts like vnto the former, but -that his leaues are not so large, nor so deep a greene: the stalks of -flowers likewise hath not so thicke a head, or bush on it, but fewer -and thinner set: the flowers themselues also are whitish, yet hauing a -small dash of blush in them: the threeds are whitish, tipt with yellow -pendents: the seede and rootes are like vnto the former, and herein -consisteth the difference betweene this and the other sorts. - - -_Hyacinthus Stellatus Bæticus, siue Perüanus flore carneo._ -The great blush coloured Spanish Starry Iacinth. - -This likewise differeth little from the two former, but onely in the -colour of the flowers; for this being found growing among both the -other, hath his head of flowers as great and large as the first, but -the buds of his flowers, before they are open, are of a deepe blush -colour, which being open, are more delayed, and of a pleasant pale -purple, or blush colour, standing vpon purplish stalkes: the heads in -the middle are whitish, and so are the threeds compassing it, tipt with -yellow. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Hyacinthus Orientalis facie._ The little Summer Orientall Iacinth. - 2 _Hyacinthus Mauritanicus._ The Barbary Iacinth. - 3 _Hyacinthus obsoletus Hispanicus._ The Spanish duskie Iacinth. - 4 _Hyacinthus Hispanicus flore campanula._ The greater Spanish - bel-flowred Iacinth. - 5 _Hyacinthus Anglicus._ The English Iacinth or Harebels. - 6 _Hyacinthus Eriophorus._ The Woolly Iacinth. - 7 _Hyacinthus Stellaris Bæticus maior, siue Peruanus._ The great - Spanish Starry Iacinth, or of Peru. -] - - - The Place. - - These doe naturally grow in Spaine, in the Medowes a little - off from the Sea, as well in the Island Gades, vsually called - Cales, as likewise in other parts along the Sea side, as one - goeth from thence to Porto Santa Maria, which when they be - in flower, growing so thicke together, seeme to couer the - ground, like vnto a tapistry of diuers colours, as I haue beene - credibly enformed by Guillaume Boel, a Freeze-lander borne, - often before and hereafter remembred, who being in search of - rare plants in Spaine, in the yeare of our Lord 1607, after - that most violent frosty Winter, which perished both the rootes - of this, and many other fine plants with vs, sent mee ouer some - of these rootes for my Garden, and affirmed this for a truth, - which is here formerly set downe, and that himselfe gathered - those he sent mee, and many others in the places named, with - his owne hands; but hee saith, that both that with the white, - and with the blush flowers, are farre more rare then the other. - - - The Time. - - They flower in May, the seede is ripe in Iuly. - - - The Names. - - This hath beene formerly named _Eriophorus Peruanus_, and - _Hyacinthus Stellatus Peruanus_, The Starry Iacinth of Peru, - being thought to haue grown in Peru, a Prouince of the West - Indies; but he that gaue that name first vnto it, eyther knew - not his naturall place, or willingly imposed that name, to - conceale it, or to make it the better esteemed. It is most - generally receiued by the name _Hyacinthus Peruanus_, from the - first imposer thereof, that is, the Iacinth of Peru: but I had - rather giue the name agreeing most fitly vnto it, and call it - as it is indeede _Hyacinthus Stellatus Bæticus_, The Spanish - Starry Iacinth; and because it is the greatest that I know - hath come from thence, I call it, The great Starry Iacinth of - Spaine, or Spanish Iacinth. - - -_Hyacinthus Stellatus vulgaris, siue Bifolius Fuchsij._ -The common blew Starry Iacinth. - -This Starry Iacinth (being longest knowne, and therefore most common) -riseth out of the ground, vsually but with two browne leaues, yet -sometimes with three, inclosing within them the stalke of flowers, -the buds appearing of a darke whitish colour, as soone as the leaues -open themselues, which leaues being growne, are long, and hollow, of -a whitish greene on the vpper side, and browne on the vnder side, and -halfe round, the browne stalke rising vp higher, beareth fiue or sixe -small starre-like flowers thereon, consisting of six leaues, of a faire -deepe blew, tending to a purple. The seede is yellowish, and round, -contained in round pointed heads, which by reason of their heauinesse, -and the weaknesse of the stalke, lye vpon the ground, and often perish -with wet and frosts, &c. The roote is somewhat long, and couered with a -yellowish coate. - - -_Hyacinthus stellatus flore albo._ The white Starry Iacinth. - -The white Starry Iacinth hath his leaues like the former, but greene -and fresh, not browne, and a little narrower also: the buddes for -flowers at the first appeare a little blush, which when they are -blowne, are white, but yet retaine in them a small shew of that blush -colour. - -[Sidenote: _Flore niueo._] - -We haue another, whose flowers are pure white, and smaller then the -other, the leaues whereof are of a pale fresh greene, and somewhat -narrower. - - -_Hyacinthus Stellatus flore rubente._ -The blush coloured Starry Iacinth. - -The difference in this from the former, is onely in the flowers, which -are of a faire blush colour, much more eminent then in the others, in -all things else alike. - - -_Hyacinthus Stellatus Martius, siue præcox cæruleus._ -The early blew Starry Iacinth. - -This Iacinth hath his leaues a little broader, of a fresher greene, -and not browne at all, as the first blew Iacinth of Fuchsius last -remembred: the buds of the flowers, while they are enclosed within the -leaues, and after, when the stalke is growne vp, doe remaine more blew -then the buds of the former: the flowers, when they are blowne open, -are like the former, but somewhat larger, and of a more liuely blew -colour: the roote also is a little whiter on the outside. This doth -more seldome beare seede then the former. - - -_Hyacinthus Stellatus præcox flore albo._ -The white early Starry Iacinth. - -There is also one other of this kinde, that beareth pure white flowers, -the green leafe thereof being a little narrower then the former, and no -other difference. - - -_Hyacinthus Stellatus præcox flore suaue rubente._ -The early blush coloured Starry Iacinth. - -This blush coloured Iacinth is very rare, but very pleasant, his -flowers being as large as the first of this last kinde, and somewhat -larger then the blush of the other kinde: the leaues and rootes differ -not from the last recited Iacinth. - - - The Place. - - All these Iacinths haue beene found in the Woods and Mountaines - of Germany, Bohemia, and Austria, as Fuchsius and Gesner doe - report, and in Naples, as Imperatus and others doe testifie. - Wee cherish them all with great care in our Gardens, but - especially the white and the blush of both kindes, for that - they are more tender, and often perish for want of due regard. - - - The Time. - - The common kindes, which are first expressed, flower about the - middle of February, if the weather bee milde, and the other - kindes sometimes a fortnight after, that is, in March, but - ordinarily much about the same time with the former. - - - The Names. - - The first is called in Latine _Hyacinthus Stellatus vulgaris_, - and _Hyacinthus Stellatus bifolius_, and _Hyacinthus Stellaris - Fuchsij_ and of some _Hyacinthus Stellatus Germanicus_; wee - might very well call the other kinde, _Hyacinthus Stellatus - vulgaris alter_, but diuers call it _Præcox_, and some - _Martius_, as it is in the title. In English they may bee - seuerally called: the first, The common; and the other, The - early Starry Iacinth (notwithstanding the first flowreth before - the other) for distinction sake. - - The _Hyacinthus_, seemeth to be called _Vacinium_ of Virgil in - his Eclogues; for hee alwayes reckoneth it among the flowers - that were vsed to decke Garlands, and neuer among fruits, - as some would haue it. But in that hee calleth it _Vacinium - nigrum_, in seuerall places, that doth very fitly answer the - common receiued custome of those times, that called all deepe - blew colours, such as are purples, and the like, blacke; for - the Violet it selfe is likewise called blacke in the same - place, where he calleth the _Vacinium_ blacke; so that it - seemeth thereby, that he reckoned them to be both of one - colour, and we know the colour of the Violet is not blacke, as - we doe distinguish of blacke in these dayes. But the colour of - this Starry Iacinth, being both of so deepe a purple sometimes, - so neare vnto a Violet colour, and also more frequent, then any - other Iacinth with them, in those places where Virgil liued, - perswadeth me to thinke, that Virgil vnderstood this Starry - Iacinth by _Vacinium_: Let others iudge otherwise, if they can - shew greater probabilitie. - - -1. _Hyacinthus Stellatus Byzantinus nigra radice._ -The Starry Iacinth of Turkie with the blacke roote. - -This Starry Iacinth of Constantinople hath three or foure fresh greene, -thinne, and long leaues, of the bignesse of the English Iacinth, but -not so long, betweene which riseth vp a slender lowe stalke, bearing -fiue or six small flowers, dispersedly set thereon, spreading open like -a starre, of a pale or bleake blew colour: the leaues of the flowers -are somewhat long, and stand as it were somewhat loosly, one off from -another, and not so compactly together, as the flowers of other kindes: -it seldome beareth ripe seede with vs, because the heads are so heauie, -that lying vpon the ground, they rotte with the wet, or are bitten with -the frosts, or both, so that they seldome come to good: the roote is -small in some, and reasonable bigge in others, round, and long, white -within, but couered with deepe reddish or purplish peelings, next vnto -it, and darker and blacker purple on the outside, with some long and -thicke white fibres, like fingers hanging at the bottome of them, as -is to be seene in many other Iacinths: the roote it selfe for the most -part doth runne downewards, somewhat deep into the ground. - - -2. _Hyacinthus Stellatus Byzantinus maior._ -The greater Starry Iacinth of Constantinople. - -This Iacinth may rightly be referred to the former Iacinth of -Constantinople, and called the greater, it is so like thereunto, that -any one that knoweth that, will soone say, that this is another of that -sort, but greater as it is in all his parts, bearing larger leaues by -much, and more store, lying vpon the ground round about the roote: it -beareth many lowe stalkes of flowers, as bleake, and standing as loosly -as the former: onely the roote of this, is not black on the outside, as -the other, but three times bigger. - - -3. _Hyacinthus Stellatus Byzantinus alter, siue flore boraginis._ -The other Starry Iacinth of Constantinople. - -This other Iacinth hath for the most part onely foure leaues, broader -and greener then the first, but not so large or long as the second: the -stalke hath fiue or six flowers vpon it, bigger and rounder set, like -other starry Iacinths, of a more perfect or deeper blew then either of -the former, hauing a whitish greene head or vmbone in the middle, beset -with six blew chiues or threeds, tipt with blacke, so closly compassing -the vmbone, that the threeds seeme so many prickes stucke into a clubbe -or head; some therefore haue likened it to the flower of Borage, and so -haue called it: after the flowers are past, come vp round white heads, -wherein is contained round and white seede: the roote is of a darke -whitish colour on the outside, and sometimes a little reddish withall. - - - The Place. - - The first and the last haue beene brought from Constantinople; - the first among many other rootes, and the last by the Lord - Zouch, as Lobel witnesseth. The second hath been sent vs out - of the Lowe-Countries, but from whence they had it, we do not - certainly know. They growe with vs in our Gardens sufficiently. - - - The Time. - - These flower in Aprill, but the first is the earliest of - the rest, and is in flower presently after the early Starry - Iacinth, before described. - - - The Names. - - The former haue their names in their titles, and are not knowne - vnto vs by any other names that I know; but as I said before, - the last is called by some, _Hyacinthus Boraginis flore_. The - first was sent out of Turkie, by the name of _Susamgiul_, by - which name likewise diuers other things haue beene sent, so - barren and barbarous is the Turkish tongue. - - -_Hyacinthus Stellatus Æstivus maior._ -The greater Summer Starry Iacinth. - -This late Iacinth hath diuers narrow greene leaues, lying vpon the -ground, somewhat like the leaues of the English Iacinth, but stiffer -and stronger; among which riseth vp a round stiffe stalke, bearing many -flowers at the toppe thereof, and at euery foote-stalke of the flowers -a small short leafe, of a purplish colour: the flowers are starre-like, -of a fine delayed purplish colour, tending to a pale blew or ash -colour, striped on the backe of euery leafe, and hauing a pointed -vmbone in the middle, with some whitish purple threeds about it, tipt -with blew: the seede is blacke, round, and shining, like vnto the seede -of the English Iacinth, but not so bigge: the roote is round and white, -hauing some long thicke rootes vnder it, besides the fibres, as is -vsuall in many other Iacinths. - - -_Hyacinthus Stellatus Æstivus minor._ -The lesser Summer Starry Iacinth. - -This lesser Iacinth hath diuers very long, narrow, and shining -greene leaues, spread vpon the ground round about the roote, among -which riseth vp a very short round stalke, not aboue two inches -high, carrying six or seuen small flowers thereon, on each side of -the stalke, like both in forme and colour vnto the greater before -described, but lesser by farre: the seede is blacke, contained in three -square heads: the roote is small and white, couered with a browne -coate, and hauing some such thicke rootes among the fibres, as are -among the other. - - - The Place. - - Both these Iacinths grow naturally in Portugall, and from - thence haue been brought, by such as seeke out for rare plants, - to make a gaine and profit by them. - - - The Time. - - They both flower in May, and not before: and their seed is ripe - in Iuly. - - - The Names. - - Some doe call these _Hyacinthus Lusitanicus_, The Portugall - Iacinth. Clusius, who first set out the descriptions of them, - called them as is expressed in their titles; and therefore we - haue after the Latine name giuen their English, according as is - set downe. Or if you please, you may call them, The greater and - the lesser Portugall Iacinth. - - -_Hyacinthus Stellaris flore cinereo._ The ash coloured Starry Iacinth. - -This ash coloured Iacinth, hath his leaues very like vnto the leaues of -the English Iacinth, and spreading vpon the ground in the same manner, -among which rise vp one or two stalkes, set at the toppe with a number -of small starre-like flowers, bushing bigger below then aboue, of a -very pale or white blew, tending to an ash colour, and very sweete -in smell: the seede is blacke and round, like vnto the seede of the -English Iacinth, and so is the roote, being great, round, and white; so -like, I say, that it is hard to know the one from the other. - - - The Place. - - The certaine originall place of growing thereof, is not knowne - to vs. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth in Aprill. - - - The Names. - - Some doe call this _Hyacinthus Someri_, Somers Iacinth, because - as Lobel saith, he brought it first into the Lowe-Countries, - eyther from Constantinople, or out of Italy. - - -_Hyacinthus Stellatus Lilifolio & radice cæruleo._ -The blew Lilly leafed Starre Iacinth. - -This Iacinth hath six or seuen broad greene leaues, somewhat like vnto -Lilly leaues, but shorter (whereof it tooke his name as well as from -the roote) spread vpon the ground, and lying close and round: before -the stalke riseth out from the middle of these leaues, there doth -appeare a deepe hollow place, like a hole, to bee seene a good while, -which at length is filled vp with the stalke, rising thence vnto a -foote or more high, bearing many starre-like flowers at the toppe, of -a perfect blew colour, neare vnto a Violet, and sometimes of paler or -bleake blew colour, hauing as it were a small cuppe in the middle, -diuided into six peeces, without any threeds therein: the seede is -blacke and round, but not shining: the roote is somewhat long, bigge -belowe, and small aboue, like vnto the small roote of a Lilly, and -composed of yellow scales, as a Lilly, but the scales are greater, and -fewer in number. - - -_Hyacinthus Stellatus Lilifolius albus._ -The white Lilly leafed Starre Iacinth. - -The likenesse of this Iacinth with the former, causeth me to be briefe, -and not to repeate the same things againe, that haue already been -expressed: You may therefore vnderstand, that except in the colour of -the flower, which in this is white, there is no difference betweene -them. - -[Sidenote: _Flore carneo._] - -I heare of one that should beare blush coloured flowers, but I haue not -yet seene any such. - - - The Place. - - These Iacinths haue been gathered on the Pyrenæan Hils, in that - part of France that is called Aquitaine, and in some other - places. - - - The Time. - - These flower in Aprill, and sometimes later. - - - The Names. - - Because the roote is so like vnto a Lilly, as the leafe is - also, it hath most properly beene called _Hyacinthus Stellatus - Lilifolio & radice_, or for breuity _Lilifolius_, that is, The - Starry Lilly leafed Iacinth. It is called _Sarahug_ by the - Inhabitants where it groweth, as Clusius maketh the report from - Venerius, who further saith, that by experience they haue found - the cattell to swell and dye, that haue eaten of the leaues - thereof. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Hyacinthus stellatus præcox cæruleus._ The early blew starry - Iacinth. - 2 _Hyacinthus stellatus præcox albus._ The early white starry - Iacinth. - 3 _Hyacinthus stellatus Byzantinus nigra radice._ The Turkie starry - Iacinth with a blacke roote. - 4 _Hyacinthus Byzantinus alter siue flore Boraginis._ The other - starry Iacinth of Constantinople. - 5 _Hyacinthus æstivus maior._ The greater Summer starry - Iacinth. - 6 _Hyacinthus stellatus flore cinereo._ The ash coloured starry - Iacinth. - 7 _Hyacinthus stellatus Lilifolius._ The Lilly leafed starre Iacinth. - 8 _Hyacinthus Autumnalis._ The Autumne Iacinth. - 9 _Scilla alba siue Hyacinthus marinus._ The Sea Onion or Squill. -] - - -_Hyacinthus Autumnalis maior._ The greater Autumne Iacinth. - -The greater Autumne Iacinth hath fiue or six very long and narrow -greene leaues, lying vpon the ground; the stalkes are set at the toppe -with many starre-like flowers, of a pale blewish purple colour, with -some pale coloured threeds, tipt with blew, standing about the head in -the middle, which in time growing ripe, containeth therein small blacke -seede, and roundish: the roote is great and white on the outside. - - -_Hyacinthus Autumnalis minor._ The lesser Autumne Iacinth. - -This lesser Iacinth hath such like long and small leaues, but narrower -then the former: the stalke is not full so high, but beareth as many -flowers on it as the other, which are of a pale or bleake purple -colour, very like vnto it also: the roote and seed are like the former, -but smaller. These both for the most part, beare their flowers and -seede before the greene leaues rise vp much aboue the ground. - -[Sidenote: _Flore albo._] - -There is a kinde hereof found that beareth white flowers, not differing -in any other thing from the smaller purple kinde last mentioned. - - - The Place. - - The first and last are onely kept in Gardens, and not knowne to - vs where their naturall place of growing wilde may be. - - The second groweth wilde in many places of England. I gathered - diuers rootes for my Garden, from the foote of a high banke by - the Thames side, at the hither end of Chelsey, before you come - at the Kings Barge-house. - - - The Time. - - The greatest flowreth in the end of Iuly, and in August. - - The other in August and September, you shall seldome see this - plant with flowers and greene leaues at one time together. - - - The Names. - - They haue their names giuen them, as they are expressed in - their titles, by all former Writers, except Daleschampius, - or hee that set forth that great worke printed at Lyons; for - hee contendeth with many words, that these plants can bee no - Iacinths, because their flowers appeare before their leaues - in Autumne, contrary to the true Iacinth, as he saith: and - therefore he would faine haue it referred to _Theophrastus - bulbus in libro primo cap. 12._ and calleth it his _Tiphyum_ - mentioned in that place, as also _Bulbus astivus Dalechampij_. - Howsoeuer these things may carry some probability in them, yet - the likenesse both of rootes, and flowers especially, hath - caused very learned Writers to entitle them as is set downe, - and therefore I may not but let them passe in the like manner. - - - The Vertues. - - Both the rootes and the leaues of the Iacinths are somewhat - cold and drying, but the seede much more. It stayeth the - loosnesse of the belly. It is likewise said to hinder young - persons from growing ripe too soone, the roote being drunke - in wine. It helpeth them also whose vrine is stopt, and is - auaileable for the yellow Iaundise; but as you heare some are - deadly to cattell, I therefore wish all to bee well aduised - which of these they will vse in any inward physicke. - - -_Scilla alba._ The Sea Onion or Squill. - -As I ended the discourse of both the true and the bastard Daffodils, -with the Sea kindes of both sorts; so I thinke it not amisse, to -finish this of the Iacinths with the description of a Sea Iacinth, -which (as you see) I take to be the _Scilla_, or Sea Onion, all his -parts so nearely resembling a Iacinth, that I know not where to ranke -him better then in this place, or rather not any where but here. You -shall haue the description thereof, and then let the iudicious passe -their sentence, as they thinke meetest. - -The Squill or Sea Onion (as many doe call it) hath diuers thicke -leaues, broad, long, greene, and hollowish in the middle, and with an -eminent or swelling ribbe all along the backe of the leafe, (I relate -it as I haue seene it, hauing shot forth his leaues in the ship by -the way, as the Mariners that brought diuers rootes from out of the -Straights, did sell them to mee and others for our vse) lying vpon -the ground, somewhat like vnto the leaues of a Lilly: these spring vp -after the flowers are past, and the seed ripe, they abiding all the -Winter, and the next Spring, vntill the heate of the Summer hath spent -and consumed them, and then about the end of August, or beginning of -September, the stalke with flowers ariseth out of the ground a foote -and a halfe high, bearing many starre-like flowers on the toppe, in a -long spike one aboue another, flowring by degrees, the lowest first, -and so vpwards, whereby it is long in flowring, very like, as well in -forme as bignesse, to the flowers of the great Starre of Bethlehem -(these flowers I haue likewise seene shooting out of some of the -rootes, that haue been brought in the like manner:) after the flowers -are past, there come vp in their places thicke and three square heads, -wherin is contained such like flat, black, and round seed, as the -Spanish duskie Iacinth before described did beare, but greater: the -root is great & white, couered with many peelings or couerings, as is -plainly enough seen to any that know them, and that sometimes wee haue -had rootes, that haue beene as bigge as a pretty childes head, and -sometimes two growing together, each whereof was no lesse then is said -of the other. - - -_Scilla rubra siue Pancratium verum._ The red Sea Onion. - -The roote of this Squill, is greater oftentimes then of the former, -the outer coates or peelings being reddish, bearing greater, longer, -stiffer, and more hollow leaues, in a manner vpright: this bringeth -such a like stalke and flowers, as the former doth, as Fabianus Ilges, -Apothecary to the Duke of Briga, did signifie by the figure thereof -drawne and sent to Clusius. - - - The Place. - - They grow alwayes neare the Sea, and neuer farre off from it, - but often on the very baich of the Sea, where it washeth ouer - them all along the coasts of Spaine, Portugal, and Italy, and - within the Straights in many places: it will not abide in any - Garden farre from the Sea, no not in Italy, as it is related. - - - The Time. - - The time wherein they flower, is expressed to be in August and - September: this seede to be ripe in October and Nouember, and - the greene leaues to spring vp in Nouember and December. - - - The Names. - - These are certainly the true kindes of _Scilla_ that should - bee vsed in medicines, although (as Clusius reporteth) the - Spaniards forbade him to taste of the red Squill, as of a - most strong and present poison. Pliny hath made more sorts - then can be found out yet to this day with vs: that _Scilla_ - that is called _Epimenidia_, because it might be eaten, is - thought to be the great _Ornithogalum_, or Starre of Bethlehem. - _Pancratium_ is, I know, and as I said before, referred to that - kinde of bastard Sea Daffodill, which is set forth before in - the end of the history of the bastard Daffodils; and diuers - also would make the _Narcissus tertius Matthioli_, which I - call the true Sea Daffodill, to be a _Pancratium_; but seeing - Dioscorides (and no other is against him) maketh _Pancratium_ - to be a kinde of Squill with reddish rootes, I dare not vphold - their opinion against such manifest truth. - - - The Vertues. - - The Squill or Sea Onion is wholly vsed physically with vs, - because wee can receiue no pleasure from the sight of the - flowers. Pliny writeth, that Pithagoras wrote a volume or booke - of the properties thereof, for the singular effects it wrought; - which booke is lost, yet the diuers vertues it hath is recorded - by others, to be effectual for the spleene, lungs, stomach, - liuer, head and heart; and for dropsies, old coughs, Iaundise, - and the wormes; that it cleareth the sight, helpeth the - tooth-ache, cleanseth the head of scurfe, and running sores; - and is an especiall Antidote against poison: and therefore is - vsed as a principall ingredient into the _Theriaca Andromachi_, - which we vsually call Venice Treakle. The Apothecaries prepare - hereof, both Wine, Vinegar, and Oxymel or Syrupe, which is - singular to extenuate and expectorate tough flegme, which is - the cause of much disquiet in the body, and an hinderer of - concoction, or digestion in the stomach, besides diuers other - wayes, wherein the scales of the rootes, being dryed, are - vsed. And Galen hath sufficiently explained the qualities and - properties thereof, in his eight Booke of Simples. - - - - -CHAP. XII. - - -_Ornithogalum._ Starre of Bethlehem. - -After the Family of the Iacinths, must needes follow the kindes of -Starre-flowers, or Starres of Bethlehem, as they are called, for that -they doe so nearely resemble them, that diuers haue named some of -them Iacinths, and referred them to that kindred: all of them, both -in roote, leafe, and flower, come nearer vnto the Iacinths, then vnto -any other plant. They shall therefore bee next described, euery one in -their order, the greatest first, and the rest following. - - -_Ornithogalum Arabicum._ The great Starre-flower of Arabia. - -This Arabian Starre-flower hath many broad, and long greene leaues, -very like vnto the leaues of the Orientall Iacinth, but lying for the -most part vpon the ground, among which riseth vp a round greene stalke, -almost two foote high, bearing at the toppe diuers large flowers, -standing vpon long foote-stalkes, and at the bottome of euery one of -them a small short pointed greene leafe: these flowers are made of six -pure white leaues a peece, laid open as large as an ordinary Daffodill, -but of the forme of a Starre Iacinth, or Starre of Bethlehem, which -close as they doe euery night, and open themselues in the day time, -especially in the Sunne, the smell whereof is pretty sweete, but weake: -in the middle of the flower is a blackish head, compassed with six -white threeds, tipt with yellow pendents: the seede hath not beene -obserued with vs: the roote is great and white, with a flat bottome, -very impatient of our cold Winters, so that it seldome prospereth or -abideth with vs; for although sometimes it doe abide a Winter in the -ground, yet it often lyeth without springing blade, or any thing else -a whole yeare, and then perisheth: or if it doe spring, yet many doe -not beare, and most after their first bearing doe decay and perish. But -if any be desirous, to know how to preserue the roote of this plant, -or of many other bulbous rootes that are tender, such as the great -double white Daffodill of Constantinople, and other fine Daffodils, -that come from hot Countries; let them keepe this rule: Let either the -roote be planted in a large pot, or tubbe of earth, and housed all the -Winter, that so it may bee defended from the frosts; Or else (which is -the easier way) keepe the roote out of the ground euery yeare, from -September, after the leaues and stalkes are past, vntill February, in -some dry, but not hot or windy place, and then plant it in the ground -vnder a South wall, or such like defended place, which will spring, and -no doubt prosper well there, in regard the greatest and deepest frosts -are past after February, so that seldome any great frosts come after, -to pierce so deepe as the roote is to be set, or thereby to doe any -great harme to it in such a place. - - - The Place. - - This hath been often sent out of Turkie, and likewise out - of Italy; I had likewise two rootes sent mee out of Spaine - by Guillaume Boel before remembred, which (as hee said) hee - gathered there, but they prospered not with me, for want of the - knowledge of the former rule. It may be likely that Arabia is - the place, from whence they of Constantinople receiue it. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth in May, if it be of the first yeares bringing; or - in Iune, if it haue been ordered after the manner before set - downe. - - - The Names. - - It hath been sent out of Italy by the name of _Lilium - Alexandrinum_, The Lilly of Alexandria, but it hath no affinity - with any Lilly. Others call it _Hyacinthus Arabicus_; and the - Italians, _Iacintho del pater nostro_; but it is no Iacinth - neither, although the flowers be like some of them. Some - also would referre it to a _Narcissus_ or Daffodill, and it - doth as little agree with it, as with a Lilly, although his - flowers in largenesse and whitenesse resemble a Daffodill. - Clusius hath most fitly referred it to the stocke or kindred - of _Ornithogala_, or Starres of Bethlehem, as wee call them in - English, and from the Turkish name, _Zumbul Arabi_, entituled - it _Ornithogalum Arabicum_, although _Zumbul_, as I haue before - declared, is with them, a Iacinth, wee may call it in English, - The Arabian Starre-flower, or Starre of Bethlehem, or the great - Starre-flower of Arabia. - - -1. _Ornithogalum maximum album._ -The greatest white Starre-flower, or Starre of Bethlehem. - -This great Starre-flower hath many faire, broad, long, and very fresh -green leaues, rising vp very early, and are greater, longer, and -greener then the leaues of any Orientall Iacinth, which doe abide -greene, from the beginning or middle of Ianuary, or before sometimes, -vntill the end of May, at which time they begin to fade, and the stalke -with the head of flowers beginneth to rise, so that it will haue either -few or no leaues at all, when the flowers are blowne: the stalke is -strong, round, and firme, rising two foote high or more, bearing at -the toppe a great bush of flowers, seeming at the first to be a great -greene eare of corne, for it is made spike-fashion, which when the -flowers are blowne, doth rise to be very high, slender or small at the -head aboue, and broad spread and bushing below, so that it is long -in flowring; for they flower below first, and so vpwards by degrees: -these flowers are snow white, without any line on the backside, and is -therein like vnto the former, as also in whitenesse, but nothing so -large, with a white vmbone or head in the middle, beset with many white -threeds, tipt with yellow: the seede is blacke and round, contained in -three square heads: the roote is great, thicke, and short, and somewhat -yellowish on the outside, with a flat bottome, both like the former, -and next that followeth. - - -2. _Ornithogalum maius spicatum album._ -The great white spiked Starre-flower. - -This spiked Starre-flower in his growing, is somewhat like vnto the -last described, but springeth not vp so early, nor hath his leaues so -greene, or large, but hath broad, long, whitish greene hollow leaues, -pointed at the end, among which riseth vp the stalke, which is strong -and high, as the former, hauing a great bush of flowers at the toppe, -standing spike-fashion, somewhat like the former, flowring in the same -maner by degrees, first below, and so vpwards; but it is not so thicke -set with flowers, nor so farre spread at the bottome as it, the flowers -also are not so white, and each of the leaues of them haue a greene -line downe the backe, leauing the edges on both sides white: after -the flowers are past, the heads for seede grow three square, like the -other, bearing such like blacke seede therein: the roote hereof is -vsually bigger then the last, and whiter on the outside. - - -3. _Ornithogalum Pannonicum._ The Hungarian Starre-flower. - -This Hungarian Starre-flower shooteth out diuers narrow, long, whitish -greene leaues, spread vpon the ground before Winter, which are very -like vnto the leaues of Gilloflowers, and so abide aboue the ground, -hauing a stalke rising in the middle of them the next Spring, about -halfe a foote high or thereabouts, bearing many white flowers at the -toppe, with greene lines downe the backe of them, very like vnto the -ordinary Starres of Bethlehem: the roote is greater, thicker, and -longer then the ordinary Starres, and for the most part, two ioyned -together, somewhat grayish on the outside. - - -4. _Ornithogalum vulgare._ The Starre of Bethlehem. - -The ordinary Starre of Bethlehem is so common, and well knowne in all -countries and places, that it is almost needlesse to describe it, -hauing many greene leaues with white lines therein, and a few white -flowers set about the toppe of the stalke, with greenish lines downe -the backe: the roote is whitish, and encreaseth aboundantly. - - -5. _Asphodelus bulbosus Galeni, siue Ornithogalum maius flore -subuirescente._ -The bulbous Asphodill, or greene Starre-flower. - -Diuers haue referred this plant vnto the Asphodils, because (as I -thinke) the flowers hereof are straked on the backe, and the leaues -long and narrow, like vnto the Asphodils; but the roote of this being -bulbous, I rather (as some others doe) ioyne it with the _Ornithogala_, -for they also haue strakes on the backe of the flowers. It hath many -whitish greene leaues, long and narrow, spread vpon the ground, which -spring vp in the beginning of the yeare, and abide vntill May, and then -they withering, the stalke springeth vp almost as high as the first, -hauing many pale yellowish greene flowers, but smaller, and growing -more sparsedly about the stalke vpon short foot-stalkes, but in a -reasonable long head spike-fashion: the seede is like vnto the second -kinde, but smaller: the roote is somewhat yellowish, like the first -great white kinde. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Ornithogalum Arabicum._ The great starre-flower of Arabia. - 2 _Ornithogalum maximum album._ The greatest white starre-flower. - 3 _Ornithogalum maius spicatum album._ The great white spiked - starre-flower. - 4 _Ornithogalum Pannonicum album._ The Hungarian starre-flower. - 5 _Asphodelus bulbosus Galeni, siue Ornithogalum maius subuirescente - flore._ The bulbed Asphodill, or greene starre-flower. - 6 _Ornithogalum Hispanicum minus._ The little starre-flower of - Spaine. - 7 _Ornithogalum luteum._ The yellow starre-flower of Bethlehem. - 8 _Ornithogalum Neapolitanum._ The starre-flower of Naples. -] - - - The Place. - - The first is onely nursed in Gardens, his originall being not - well knowne, yet some attribute it vnto _Pannonia_ or Hungary. - The second hath been found neare vnto Barcinone, and Toledo in - Spaine. The third was found in Hungary by Clusius. Our ordinary - euery where in the fields of Italy and France, and (as it is - said) in England also. And the last groweth likewise by the - corne fields in the vpper Hungary. - - - The Time. - - They flower in Aprill and May, and sometimes in Iune. - - - The Names. - - The first is called by Clusius _Ornithogalum maximum album_, - because it is greater then the next, which hee tooke formerly - for the greatest: but it might more fitly, in my iudgement, bee - called _Asphodelus bulbosus albus_ (if there be any _Asphodelus - bulbosus_ at all) because this do so nearly resemble that, both - in the early springing, and the decay of the greene leaues, - when the stalkes of flowers doe rise vp. Diuers also doe call - it _Ornithogalum Pannonicum maximum album_. - - The second hath his name in his title, as most authors doe set - it downe, yet in the great Herball referred to Dalechampius, it - is called _Ornithogalum magnum Myconi_. - - The third hath his name from the place of his birth, and the - other from his popularity, yet Dodonæus calleth it _Bulbus - Leucanthemos_. - - The last is called by diuers _Asphodelo-hyacinthinus_, and - _Hyacintho-asphodelus Galeni_. Dodonæus calleth it _Asphodelus - fæmina_, and _Asphodelus bulbosus_. But Lobel, and Gerrard - from him, and Dodonæus, doe make this to haue white flowers, - whereas all that I haue seene, both in mine owne, and in - others Gardens, bore greenish flowers, as Clusius setteth it - truely downe. Lobel seemeth in the description of this, to - confound the _Ornithogalum_ of Mompelier with it, and calleth - it _Asphodelus hyacinthinus forte Galeni_, and saith that - some would call it _Pancratium Monspeliense_, and _Asphodelus - Galeni_. But as I haue shewed, the _Ornithogalum spicatum_ and - this, doe plainly differ the one from the other, and are not - both to be called by one name, nor to be reckoned one, but two - distinct plants. - - -_Ornithogalum Æthiopicum._ The Starre-flower of Æthiopia. - -The leaues of this plant are a foote long, and at the least an inch -broad, which being broken, are no lesse woolly then the woolly Iacinth: -the stalke is a cubit high, strong and greene; from the middle whereof -vnto the toppe, stand large snow white flowers, vpon long, greene, -thicke foot-stalkes, and yellowish at the bottome of the flower; in -the middle whereof stand six white threeds, tipt with yellow chiues, -compassing the head, which is three square, and long containing the -seede: the roote is thicke and round, somewhat like the _Asphodelus -Galeni_. - - - The Place. - - This plant was gathered by some Hollanders, on the West side of - the Cape of good Hope. - - - The Time. - - It flowred about the end of August with those that had it. - - - The Names. - - Because it came from that part of the continent beyond the - line, which is reckoned a part of Æthiopia, it is thereupon so - called as it is set downe. - - -_Ornithogalum Neapolitanum._ The Starre-flower of Naples. - -This beautifull plant riseth out of the ground very early, with foure -or fiue hollow pointed leaues, standing round together, of a whitish -greene colour, with a white line downe the middle of euery leafe on the -inside, somewhat narrow, but long, (Fabius Columna saith, three foot -long in Italy, but it is not so with vs) in the middle of these leaues -riseth vp the stalke, a foote and a halfe high, bearing diuers flowers -at the toppe, euery one standing in a little cuppe or huske, which is -diuided into three or foure parts, hanging downe very long about the -heads for seede: after the flower is past, these flowers doe all hang -downe their heads, and open one way, although their little foot-stalkes -come forth on all sides of the greater stalke, being large, and -composed of six long leaues, of a pure white on the inside, and of a -blewish or whitish greene colour on the outside, leauing the edges of -euery leafe white on both sides: in the middle of these flowers stand -other small flowers, each of them also made of six small white leaues -a peece, which meeting together, seeme to make the shew of a cuppe, -within which are contained six white threeds, tipt with yellow, and a -long white pointell in the middle of them, being without any sent at -all: after the flowers are past, come vp great round heads, which are -too heauie for the stalke to beare; and therefore lye downe vpon the -leaues or ground, hauing certaine lines or stripes on the outside, -wherein is contained round, blacke, rough seede: the roote is great and -white, and somewhat flat at the bottome, as diuers of these kindes are, -and doe multiply as plentifully into small bulbes as the common or any -other. - - - The Place. - - This Starre-flower groweth in the Medowes in diuers places - of Naples, as Fabius Columna, and Ferrantes Imperatus doe - testifie, from whence they haue been sent. And Matthiolus, who - setteth out the figure thereof among his Daffodills, had (it - should seeme) seene it grow with him. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth in May, although it begin to spring out of the - ground oftentimes in Nouember, but most vsually in Ianuary: the - seede is ripe in Iuly. - - - The Names. - - Matthiolus reckoneth this (as is said) among the Daffodils, - for no other respect, as I conceiue, then that he accounted - the middle flower to bee the cuppe or trunke of a Daffodill, - which it doth somewhat resemble, and setteth it forth in the - fourth place, whereupon many doe call it _Narcissus quartus - Matthioli_, The fourth Daffodill of Matthiolus. Fabius Columna - calleth it _Hyacinthus aruorum Ornithogali flore_. Clusius - (to whom Imperatus sent it, in stead of the Arabian which hee - desired) calleth it of the place from whence he receiued it, - _Ornithogalum Neapolitanum_, and we thereafter call it in - English, The Starre-flower of Naples. - - -_Ornithogalum Hispanicum minus._ The little Starre-flower of Spaine. - -Clusius hath set forth this plant among his _Ornithogala_ or -Starre-flowers, and although it doth in my minde come nearer to a -_Hyacinthus_, then to _Ornithogalum_, yet pardon it, and let it passe -as he doth. From a little round whitish roote, springeth vp in the -beginning of the yeare, fiue or six small long green leaues, without -any white line in the middle of them, among which rise vp one or two -small stalkes, an hand length high or better, bearing seuen or eight, -or more flowers, growing as it were in a tuft or vmbell, with small -long leaues at the foote of euery stalke, the lower flowers being -equall in length with the vppermost, of a pale whitish blew or ash -colour, with a strake or line downe the backe of euery leafe of them, -with some white threeds standing about a blewish head in the middle: -these flowers passe away quickly, and giue no seed, so that it is not -knowne what seede it beareth. - - - The Place. - - This groweth in Spaine, and from thence hath been brought to vs. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth in May. - - - The Names. - - It hath no other name then is set down in the title, being but - lately found out. - - -1. _Ornithogalum album vnifolium._ -The white starre-flower with one blade. - -This little starre-flower I bring into this place, as the fittest in -my opinion where to place it, vntill my minde change to alter it. It -hath a very small round white roote, from whence springeth vp one very -long and round greene leafe, like vnto a rush, but that for about -two or three inches aboue the ground, it is a little flat, and from -thence springeth forth a small stalke not aboue three or foure inches -high, bearing at the top thereof three or foure small white flowers, -consisting of six leaues a peece, within which are six white chiues, -tipt with yellow pendents, standing about a small three square head, -that hath a white pointell sticking as it were in the middle thereof: -the flower is pretty and sweete, but not heady. - - -_Ornithogalum luteum._ The yellow Starre of Bethlehem. - -This yellow Starre-flower riseth vp at the first, with one long, round, -greenish leafe, which openeth it selfe somewhat aboue the ground, and -giueth out another small leafe, lesser and shorter then the first, -and afterward the stalke riseth from thence also, being foure or fiue -inches high, bearing at the toppe three or foure small green leaues, -and among them foure or fiue small yellow starre-like flowers, with a -greenish line or streake downe the backe of euery leafe, and some small -reddish yellow threeds in the middle: it seldome giueth seede: the -roote is round, whitish, and somewhat cleare, very apt to perish, if it -bee any little while kept dry out of the ground, as I haue twice tryed -to my losse. - - - The Place. - - The first grew in Portugall, and Clusius first of all others - desciphers it. - - The other is found in many places both of Germany and Hungary, - in the moister grounds. - - - The Time. - - The first flowreth in May: the other in Aprill, and sometimes - in March. - - - The Names. - - Carolus Clusius calleth the first _Bulbus vnifolius_, or - _Bolbine_, but referreth it not to the stocke or kindred of any - plant; but (as you see) I haue ranked it with the small sorts - of _Ornithogalum_, and giue it the name accordingly. - - The other is referred for likenesse of forme, and not for - colour, vnto the _Ornithogala_, or Starres of Bethlehem. It is - called by Tragus and Fuchsius _Bulbus siluestris_, because of - the obuiousnesse. Cordus taketh it to be _Sisyrinchium_. Lacuna - calleth it _Bulbus esculentus_. Lobel and others in these - dayes generally, _Ornithogalum luteum_, and wee thereafter in - English, The yellow Starre-flower, or Starre of Bethlehem. - - - The Vertues. - - The first kinde being but lately found out, is not knowne to be - vsed. The rootes of the common or vulgar, are (as Matthiolus - saith) much eaten by poore people in Italy, either rawe or - roasted, being sweeter in taste then any Chestnut, and seruing - as well for a necessary food as for delight. It is doubtfull - whether any of the rest may be so vsed; for I know not any in - our Land hath made any experience. - - -There are many other sorts of Starre-flowers, which are fitter for a -generall then this History; and therefore I referre them thereunto. - - - - -CHAP. XIII. - -_Moly._ Wilde Garlicke. - - -Vnto the former Starre-flowers, must needes bee ioyned another tribe -or kindred, which carry their straked flowers Starre-fashion, not -spikewise, but in a tuft or vmbell thicke thrust or set together. And -although diuers of them smell not as the former, but most of their -first Grandfathers house, yet all doe not so; for some of them are of -an excellent sent. Of the whole Family, there are a great many which I -must leaue, I will onely select out a few for this our Garden, whose -flowers for their beauty of statelinesse, forme, or colour, are fit to -bee entertained, and take place therein, euery one according to his -worth, and are accepted of with the louers of these delights. - - -1. _Moly Homericum, vel potius Theophrasti._ -The greatest Moly of Homer. - -Homers Moly (for so it is most vsually called with vs) riseth vp most -commonly with two, and sometimes with three great, thicke, long, and -hollow guttered leaues, of a whitish greene colour, very neare the -colour of the Tulipa leafe, hauing sometimes at the end of some of the -leaues, and sometimes apart by it selfe, a whitish round small button, -like vnto a small bulbe, the like whereof also, but greater, doth grow -betweene the bottome of the leaues and the stalke neare the ground, -which being planted when it is ripe, will grow into a roote of the same -kinde: among these leaues riseth vp a round, strong, and tall stalke, -a yard high or better, bare or naked vnto the toppe, where it beareth -a great tuft or vmbell of pale purplish flowers, all of them almost -standing vpon equall foot-stalkes, or not one much higher then another, -consisting of fiue leaues a peece, striped downe the backe with a small -pale line, hauing a round head or vmbone with some threeds about it in -the midst: These flowers doe abide a great while blowne before they -vade, which smell not very strong, like any Onion or Garlicke, but of a -faint smell: and after they are past come the seede, which is blacke, -wrapped in white close huskes: the roote groweth very great, sometimes -bigger then any mans closed fist, smelling strong like Garlicke, -whitish on the outside, and greene at the toppe, if it be but a while -bare from the earth about it. - - -2. _Moly Indicum siue Caucason._ The Indian Moly. - -The Indian Moly hath such like thicke large leaues, as the Homers -Moly hath, but shorter and broader, in the middle whereof riseth vp a -short weake stalke, almost flat, not hauing any flowers vpon it, but a -head or cluster of greenish scaly bulbes, inclosed at the first in a -large thinne skinne, which being open, euery bulbe sheweth it selfe, -standing close one vnto another vpon his foot-stalke, of the bignesse -of an Acorne, which being planted, will grow to bee a plant of his -owne kinde: the roote is white and great, couered with a darke coate -or skinne, which encreaseth but little vnder ground; but besides that -head, it beareth small bulbes aboue the ground, at the bottome of the -leaues next vnto the stalke, like vnto the former. - - - The Place. - - Both these doe grow in diuers places of Spaine, Italy, and - Greece; for the last hath been sent out of Turkie among - other rootes. Ferrantes Imperatus a learned Apothecary of - Naples, sent it to diuers of his friends in these parts, - and hath described it in his naturall history among other - plants, printed in the Italian tongue. It grew also with Iohn - Tradescante at Canterbury, who sent me the head of bulbes to - see, and afterwards a roote, to plant it in my Garden. - - - The Time. - - The first flowreth in the end of May, and abideth vnto the - midst of Iuly, and sometimes longer. The other beareth his head - of bulbes in Iune and Iuly. - - - The Names. - - We haue receiued them by their names expressed in their titles, - yet the last hath also been sent by the name of _Ornithogalum - Italicum_, but as all may easily see, it is not of that kindred. - - -1. _Moly montanum Pannonicum bulbiferum primum._ -The first bulbed Moly of Hungary. - -This first Hungarian Moly hath three or foure broad and long greene -leaues, folded together at the first, which after open themselues, and -are carried vp with the stalke, standing thereon one aboue another, -which is a foote high; at the toppe whereof doe grow a few sad reddish -bulbes, and betweene them long footstalkes, bearing flowers of a pale -purplish colour; after which followeth blacke seede, inclosed in -roundish heads: the roote is not great, but white on the outside, very -like vnto the roote of Serpents Moly, hereafter described, encreasing -much vnder ground, & smelling strong. - - -2. _Moly montanum Pannonicum bulbiferum secundum._ -The second bulbed Moly of Hungary. - -The second Moly hath narrower greene leaues then the former: the stalke -is about the same height, and beareth at the toppe a great cluster of -small greene bulbes, which after turne of a darker colour; from among -which come forth long foot-stalks, whereon stand purplish flowers: the -roote is couered with a blackish purple coate or skinne. - - -3. _Moly Serpentinum._ Serpents Moly. - -This Moly must also be ioyned vnto the bulbous Molyes, as of kindred -with them, yet of greater beauty and delight, because the bulbes on the -heads of the small stalkes are redder, and more pleasant to behold: the -stalke is lower, and his grassie winding leaues, which turne themselues -(whereof it tooke the name) are smaller, and of a whiter greene colour: -it beareth among the bulbes purplish flowers also, but more beautifull, -the sent whereof is nothing so strong: the roote is small, round, and -whitish, encreasing into a number of small rootes, no bigger then pease -round about the greater roote. - - -4. _Moly caule & folijs triangularibus._ The three cornered Moly. - -This three square Moly hath foure or fiue long, and somewhat broad -pale greene leaues, flat on the vpper side, and with a ridge downe the -backe of the leafe, which maketh it seeme three square: the stalke -which riseth vp a foote and a halfe high or better, is three square or -three cornered also, bearing at the toppe out of a skinnie huske diuers -white flowers, somewhat large and long, almost bell-fashion, with -stripes of greene downe the middle of euery leafe, and a few chiues -tipt with yellow in the middle about the head, wherein when it is ripe, -is inclosed small blacke seede: the roote is white on the outside, and -very like the yellow Moly; both roote, leafe, and flower hath a smacke, -but not very strong of Garlicke. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Moly Homericum vel potius Theophrasti._ The greatest Moly of - Homer. - 2 _Moly Indicum siue Caucason._ The Indian Moly. - 3 _Moly Pannonicum bulbiferum._ The bulbed Moly of Hungary. - 4 _Moly Serpentinum._ Serpents Moly. - 5 _Moly purpureum Neapolitanum._ The purplish Moly of Naples. - 6 _Moly caule & folijs triangularibus._ The three cornered Moly. - 7 _Moly latifolium flore luteo._ The yellow Moly. - 8 _Moly Dioscorideum Hispanicum._ The Spanish Moly of Dioscorides. - 9 _Moly Zibettinum vel Moschatinum._ The sweete smelling Moly of - Mompelier. - 10 _Moly serotinum Coniferum._ The late Pine apple Moly. -] - - -5. _Moly Narcissinis folijs._ Daffodill leafed Moly. - -This Moly hath many long, narrow, and flat greene leaues, very like -vnto the leaues of a Daffodill, from whence it tooke his name (or -rather of the early greater _Leucoium_ _bulbosum_, or bulbed Violet -before described, ioyned next vnto the Daffodils, because it is so like -them) among which riseth vp two or three stalkes sometimes, each of a -foot and a halfe high, bearing at the toppe, inclosed in a skinny hose, -as all the Molyes haue, a number of small purplish flowers, which doe -not long abide, but quickly fade: the seede is blacke as others are; -the roote is sometimes knobbed, and more often bulbed, hauing in the -knobs some markes of the old stalkes to be seene in them, and smelleth -somewhat like Garlicke, whereby it may be knowne. - - -6. _Moly montanum latifolium luteo flore._ The yellow Moly. - -The yellow Moly hath but one long and broad leafe when it doth not -beare flower, but when it will beare flower, it hath two long and -broad leaues, yet one alwaies longer and broader then the other, which -are both of the same colour, and neare the bignesse of a reasonable -Tulipa leafe: betweene these leaues groweth a slender stalke, bearing -at the toppe a tuft or vmbell of yellow flowers out of a skinnie hose, -which parteth three wayes, made of six leaues a peece, laid open like -a Starre, with a greenish backe or outside, and with some yellow -threeds in the middle: the seede is blacke, like vnto others: the roote -is whitish, two for the most part ioyned together, which encreaseth -quickly, and smelleth very strong of Garlicke, as both flowers and -leaues doe also. - - -7. _Moly Pyrenæum purpureum._ The purple mountaine Moly. - -This purple Moly hath two or three leaues, somewhat like the former -yellow Moly, but not so broad, nor so white: the stalke hath not so -many flowers thereon, but more sparingly, and of an vnpleasant purple -colour: the roote is whitish, smelling somewhat strongly of Garlicke, -but quickly perisheth with the extremity of our cold Winters, which it -will not abide vnlesse it be defended. - - -8. _Moly montanum latifolium purpureum Hispanicum._ -The purple Spanish Moly. - -This Moly hath two broad and very long greene leaues, like vnto the -yellow Moly, in this, that they doe compasse one another at the bottome -of them, between which riseth vp a strong round stalke, two foote high -or more, bearing at the toppe, out of a thinne huske, a number of faire -large flowers vpon long foot-stalkes, consisting of six leaues a peece, -spread open like a Starre, of a fine delayed purple or blush colour, -with diuers threeds of the same colour, tipt with yellow, standing -about the middle head: betweene the stalke and the bottome of the -leaues it hath some small bulbes growing, which being planted, will -soone spring and encrease: the roote also being small and round, with -many fibres thereat, hath many small bulbes shooting from them; but -neither roote, leafe, nor flower, hath any ill sent of Garlicke at all. - - -9. _Moly purpureum Neapolitanum._ The purple Moly of Naples. - -The Neapolitane Moly hath three of foure small long greene leaues set -vpon the stalke after it is risen vp, which beareth a round head of -very fine purple flowers, made of six leaues a peece, but so closing -together at the edge, that they seeme like vnto small cuppes, neuer -laying themselues open, as the other doe; this hath some sent of his -originall, but the roote more then any part else, which is white and -round, quickly encreasing as most of the Molyes doe. - - -10. _Moly pyxidatum argenteum Hispanicum._ -The Spanish siluer cupped Moly. - -This Spanish Moly hath two or three very long rush like leaues, which -rise vp with the stalke, or rather vanish away when the stalke is risen -vp to bee three foote high or more, bearing a great head of flowers, -standing close at the first, but afterwards spreading much one from -another, euery flower vpon a long foote-stalke, being of a white -siluer colour, with stripes or lines on euery side, and fashioned small -and hollow, like a cuppe or boxe: the seede I could neuer obserue, -because it flowreth so late, that the Winter hindereth it from bearing -seede with vs: the roote is small and round, white, and in a manner -transparent, at least so shining, as if it were so, and encreaseth -nothing so much, as many of the other sorts: this hath no ill sent at -all, but rather a pretty smell, not to bee misliked. - - -11. _Moly serotinum Coniferum._ The late Pineapple Moly. - -This late Moly that was sent me with the last described, and others -also from Spain, riseth vp with one long greene leafe, hollow and round -vnto the end, towards this end on the one side, breaketh out a head -of flowers, enclosed in a thinne skinne, which after it hath so stood -a good while, (the leafe in the meane time rising higher, and growing -harder, becommeth the stalke) breaketh, and sheweth a great bush or -head of buds for flowers, thicke thrust together, fashioned very like -vnto the forme of a Pineapple (from whence I gaue it the name) of the -bigness of a Walnut: after this head hath stood in this manner a moneth -or thereabouts, the flowers shew themselues to bee of a fine delayed -or whitish purple colour, with diuers stripes in euery of them, of -the same cup-fashion with the former, but not opening so plainly, so -that they cannot bee discerned to bee open, without good heede and -obseruation. It flowreth so late in Autume, that the early frosts doe -quickly spoile the beauty of it, and soone cause it to rotte: the roote -is small and round, and shining like the last, very tender also, as -not able to abide our sharpe Winters, which hath caused it vtterly to -perish with me. - - -12. _Moly Dioscorideum._ Dioscorides his Moly. - -The roote of this small Moly is transparent within, but couered with a -thicke yellowish skinne, of the bignesse of an Hasell Nut, or somewhat -bigger, which sendeth forth three or foure narrow grassie leaues, long -and hollow, and a little bending downwards, of a whitish greene colour, -among which riseth vp a slender weake stalke, a foot and a halfe high, -bearing at the toppe, out of a thinne skinne, a tuft of milke white -flowers, very like vnto those of Ramsons, which stand a pretty while in -their beauty, and then passe away for the most part without giuing any -seede: this hath little or no sent of Garlicke. - -We haue anothor of this sort that is lesser, and the flowers rounder -pointed. - - -13. _Moly Dioscorideum Hispanicum._ The Spanish Moly of Dioscorides. - -This Moly came vnto me among other Molyes from Spaine, and is in all -things like vnto the last described, but fairer, larger, and of much -more beauty, as hauing his white flowers twice as great as the former; -but (as it seemeth) very impatient of our Winters, which it could not -at any hand endure, but quickly perished, as some others that came with -it also. - - -14. _Moly Moschatinum vel Zibettinum Monspeliense._ -The sweete smelling Moly of Mompelier. - -This sweete Moly, which I haue kept for the last, to close vp your -senses, is the smallest, and the finest of all the rest, hauing foure -or fiue small greene leaues, almost as fine as haires, or like the -leaues of the Feather-grasse: the stalke is about a foote high, bearing -fiue or six or more small white flowers, laid open like Starres, made -of six leaues a peece, of an excellent sweete sent, resembling Muske or -Ciuet; for diuers haue diuersly censured of it. It flowreth late in the -yeare, so that if the precedent Summer bee either ouer moist, or the -Autumne ouer early cold, this will not haue that sweete sent, that it -will haue in a hot drie time, and besides must be carefully respected: -for it will hardly abide the extremity of our sharpe Winters. - - - The Place. - - The places of these Molyes, are for the most part expressed in - their titles, or in their descriptions. - - - The Time. - - The time is set downe, for the most part to bee in Iune and - Iuly, the rest later. - - - The Names. - - To make further relation of names then are expressed in their - titles, were needlesse; let these therefore suffice. - - - The Vertues. - - All these sorts of Molyes are small kindes of wilde Garlicke, - and are to be vsed for the same purposes that the great Garden - Garlicke is, although much weaker in their effects. For any - other especiall property is in any of these, more than to - furnish a Garden of variety, I haue not heard at all. - -And thus much may suffice of these kindes for our Garden, reseruing -manie others that might be spoken of, to a generall worke, or to my -Garden of Simples, which as God shall enable me, and time giue leaue, -may shew it selfe to the world, to abide the iudicious and criticke -censures of all. - - - - -CHAP. XIIII. - -_Asphodelus._ The Asphodill. - - -There remaine some other flowers, like vnto the last described, to be -specified, which although they haue no bulbous rootes, yet I thinke -them fittest to bee here mentioned, that so I may ioyne those of -neerest similitude together, vntill I haue finished the rest that are -to follow. - - -1. _Asphodelus maior albus ramosus._ -The great white branched Asphodill. - -The great white Asphodill hath many long, and narrow, hollow three -square leaues, sharpe pointed, lying vpon the ground round about the -roote: the stalke is smooth, round, and naked without leaues, which -riseth from the midst of them, diuided at the toppe into diuers -branches, if the plant bee of any long continuance, or else but into -two or three small branches, from the sides of the maine great one, -whereon doe stand many large flowers Starre-fashion, made of six leaues -a peece, whitish on the inside, and straked with a purplish line downe -the backside of euery leafe, hauing in the middle of the flowers some -small yellow threeds: the seede is blacke, and three square, greater -then the seede of Bucke wheate, contained in roundish heads, which open -into three parts: the roote is composed of many tuberous long clogges, -thickest in the middle, and smaller at both ends, fastened together at -the head, of a darke grayish colour on the outside, and yellow within. - - -2. _Asphodelus albus non ramosus._ The white vnbranched Asphodill. - -The vnbranched Asphodill is like vnto the former, both in leaues and -flowers, but that the flowers of this are whiter, and without any line -or strake on the backe side, and the stalkes are without branches: the -rootes likewise are smaller, and fewer, but made after the same fashion. - - -3. _Asphodelus maior flore carneo._ The blush coloured Asphodill. - -This Asphodill is like to the last in forme of leaues and branches, and -differeth in this, that his leaues are marked with some spots, and the -flowers are of a blush or flesh colour, in all other things alike. - - -4. _Asphodelus minimus albus._ The least white Asphodill. - -This least Asphodill hath foure or fiue very narrow long leaues, yet -seeming three square like the greatest, bearing a small stalke, of -about a foote high among them, without any branches, and at the toppe -a few white flowers, straked both within and without, with a purplish -line in the middle of euery leafe. The rootes are such like tuberous -clogges as are in the former, but much lesser. - - -5. _Asphodelus albus minor siue Fistulosus._ -The little hollow white Asphodill. - -This little white Asphodill hath a number of leaues growing thicke -together, thicker and greener then those of the small yellow Asphodill, -or Kings Speare next following, among which riseth vp diuers round -stalkes, bearing flowers from the middle to the toppe, Starre-fashion, -with small greene leaues among them, which are white on the inside, and -striped on the backe with purple lines like vnto the first described: -the seede, and heads containing them, are three square, like the seede -of the little yellow Asphodill: the rootes of this kinde are not -glandulous, as the former, but stringie, long and white: the whole -plant is very impatient of our cold Winters, and quickly perisheth, if -it be not carefully preserued, both from the cold, and much wet in the -Winter, by housing it; and then it will abide many yeares: for it is -not an annuall plant, as many haue thought. - - -6. _Asphodelus luteus minor, siue Hastula regia._ -The small yellow Asphodill, or Kings speare. - -This small yellow Asphodill, which is vsually called the Kings speare, -hath many long narrow edged leaues, which make them seeme three square, -of a bluish or whitish greene colour: the stalke riseth vp three foote -high oftentimes, beset with small long leaues vp vnto the very flowers, -which grow thicke together spike-fashion one aboue another, for a great -length, and wholly yellow, laid open like a Starre, somewhat greater -then the last white Asphodill, and smaller then the first, which when -they are past yeeld round heads, containing blacke cornered seede, -almost three square: the rootes are many long yellow strings, which -spreading in the ground, doe much encrease. - - - The Place. - - All these Asphodils doe grow naturally in Spaine and France, - and from thence were first brought vnto vs, to furnish our - Gardens. - - - The Time. - - All the glandulous rooted Asphodils doe flower some in May, - and some in Iune; but the two last doe flower, the yellow or - last, of them in Iuly, and the former white one in August and - September, and vntill the cold and winter hinder it. - - - The Names. - - Their seuerall names are giuen them in their titles, as much as - is fit for this discourse. For to shew you that the Greekes - doe call the stalke of the great Asphodill Ανθερίκη, and the - Latines _Albucum_, or what else belongeth to them, is fitter - for another worke, vnto which I leaue them. - - -The bastard Asphodils should follow next in place, if this worke were -fit for them; but because I haue tyed my selfe to expresse onely -those flowers and plants, that for their beauty, or sent, or both, -doe furnish a Garden of Pleasure, and they haue none, I leaue them -to a generall History of plants, or that Garden of Simples before -spoken of, and will describe the Lilly Asphodils, and the _Phalangia_ -or Spider-worts, which are remaining of those, that ioyne in name or -fashion, and are to be here inserted, before I passe to the rest of the -bulbous rootes. - - -1. _Liliasphodelus phœniceus._ The gold red Day Lilly. - -Because the rootes of this and the next, doe so nearely agree with the -two last recited Asphodils, I haue set them in this place, although -some doe place them next after the Lillies, because their flowers doe -come nearest in forme vnto Lillies; but whether you will call them -Asphodils with Lilly flowers, as I thinke it fittest, or Lillies with -Asphodill rootes, or Lillies without bulbous rootes, as others doe, I -will not contend. - -The red Day Lilly hath diuers broad and long fresh greene leaues, -folded at the first as it were double, which after open, and remaine a -little hollow in the middle; among which riseth vp a naked stalke three -foot high, bearing at the toppe many flowers, one not much distant from -another, and flowring one after another, not hauing lightly aboue one -flower blown open in a day, & that but for a day, not lasting longer, -but closing at night, and not opening againe; whereupon it had his -English name, The Lilly for a day: these flowers are almost as large as -the flowers of the white Lilly, and made after the same fashion, but -of a faire gold red, or Orange tawny colour. I could neuer obserue any -seede to follow these flowers; for they seeme the next day after they -haue flowred, (except the time be faire and dry) to bee so rotten, as -if they had lyen in wet to rotte them, whereby I thinke no seede can -follow: the rootes are many thicke and long yellow knobbed strings, -like vnto the small yellow Asphodill rootes, but somewhat greater, -running vnder ground in like sort, and shooting young heads round about. - - -2. _Liliasphodelus luteus._ The yellow Day Lilly. - -I shall not neede to make a repetition of the description of this -Day Lilly, hauing giuen you one so amply before, because this doth -agree thereunto so nearely, as that it might seeme the same; these -differences onely it hath, the leaues are not fully so large, nor the -flower so great or spread open, and the colour thereof is of a faire -yellow wholly, and very sweet, which abideth blowne many daies before -it fade, and hath giuen blacke round seede, growing in round heads, -like the heads of the small yellow Asphodill, but not so great. - -Clusius hath set downe, that it was reported, that there should be -another Liliasphodill with a white flower, but we can heare of none -such as yet; but I rather thinke, that they that gaue that report -might be mistaken, in thinking the Sauoye Spider-wort to be a white -Liliasphodill, which indeede is so like, that one not well experienced, -or not well regarding it, may soone take one for another. - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Asphodelus maior albus ramosus._ The great white branched - Asphodill. - 2 _Asphodelus minor albus seu fistulosus._ The little hollow white - Asphodill. - 3 _Asphodelus minor luteus, siue Hastula regia._ The small yellow - Asphodill, or Kings speare. - 4 _Liliasphodelus luteus._ The yellow Day Lilly. - 5 _Liliasphodelus phœniceus._ The gold red Day Lilly. -] - - - The Place. - - Their originall is many moist places in Germany. - - - The Time. - - They flower in May and Iune. - - - The Names. - - They are called by some _Liliago_, and _Lilium non bulbosum_, - and _Liliasphodelus_. In English we call them both Day - Lillies, but the name doth not so well agree with the last, as - with the first, for the causes aboue specified. - - - The Vertues. - - The rootes of Asphodill haue formerly beene had in great - account, but now are vtterly neglected; yet by reason of their - sharpnesse they open and cleanse, and therefore some haue of - late vsed them for the yellow Iaundise. The Day Lillies haue no - physicall vse that I know, or haue heard. - - - - -CHAP. XV. - -_Phalangium._ Spider-wort. - - -These plants doe so nearely resemble those that are last set forth, -that I thinke none that knowes them, will doubt, but that they must -follow next vnto them, being so like vnto them, and therefore of the -fairest of this kinde first. - - -1. _Phalangium Allobrogicum._ The Sauoye Spider-wort. - -The Sauoye Spider-wort springeth vp with foure or fiue greene leaues, -long and narrow, yet broader at the bottome, narrower pointed at the -end, and a little hollow in the middle; among which riseth vp a round -stiffe stalke, a foote and a halfe high, bearing at the toppe one aboue -another, seuen or eight, or more flowers, euery one as large almost -as the yellow Day Lilly last described, but much greater then in any -other of the Spider-worts, of a pure white colour, with some threeds in -the middle, tipt with yellow, and a small forked pointell: after the -flowers are past, the heads or seede vessels grow almost three square, -yet somewhat round, wherein is contained blackish seede: the rootes -are many white, round, thicke, brittle strings, ioyned together at the -head, but are nothing so long, as the rootes of the other _Phalangia_ -or Spider-worts. - - -2. _Phalangium maius Italicum album._ The great Italian Spider-wort. - -This great Spider-wort hath diuers long and narrow leaues spread vpon -the ground, and not rising vp as the former, and not so broad also as -the former, but somewhat larger then those that follow: the stalke is -bigger, but seldome riseth vp so high as the next, whereof this is a -larger kinde, hauing a long vnbranched stalke of white flowers, laid -open like starres as it hath, but somewhat greater: the rootes are long -and white, like the next, but somewhat larger. - - -3. _Phalangium non ramosum vulgare._ Vnbranched Spider-wort. - -The leaues of this Spider-wort doe seeme to bee little bigger or longer -then the leaues of grasse, but of a more grayish green colour, rising -immediately from the head or tuft of rootes; among which rise vp one or -two stalkes, sometimes two or three foote long, beset toward the toppe -with many white Starre-like flowers, which after they are past turne -into small round heads, containing blacke seede, like vnto the seed -of the little yellow Asphodill, but lesser: the rootes are long white -strings, running vnder ground. - - -4. _Phalangium ramosum._ Branched Spider-wort. - -The branched Spider-wort hath his leaues somewhat broader then the -former, and of a more yellowish greene colour: the stalke hereof is -diuersly branched at the top, bearing many white flowers, like vnto the -former, but smaller: the seedes and rootes are like the former in all -things. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Phalangium Allobrogicum._ The Sauoye Spider-wort. - 2 _Phalangium non ramosum._ Vnbranched Spider-wort. - 3 _Phalangium ramosum._ Branched Spider-wort. - 4 _Phalangium Ephemerum Virginianum._ Iohn Tradescante’s - Spider-wort. -] - - - The Place. - - The first groweth on the Hils neare vnto Sauoye, from whence - diuers, allured with the beauty of the flower, haue brought it - into these parts. - - The second came vp in my Garden, from the seede receiued out of - Italy. The others grow in Spaine, France, &c. - - - The Time. - - The vnbranched Spider-wort most commonly flowreth before all - the other, and the branched a moneth after it: the other two - about one time, that is, towards the end of May, and not much - after the vnbranched kinde. - - - The Names. - - The first (as I said before) hath beene taken to be a white - Lilliasphodill, and called _Liliasphodelus flore albo_; but - Clusius hath more properly entituled it a _Phalangium_, - and from the place of his originall, gaue him his other - denomination, and so is called of most, as is set downe in the - title. - - The other haue no other names then are expressed in their - titles, but only that Cordus calleth them _Liliago_; and - Dodonæus, _lib._ 4. _hist. plant._ would make the branched - kinde to bee _Moly alterum Plinij_, but without any good - ground. - - - The Vertues. - - The names _Phalangium_ and _Phalangites_ were imposed on - these plants, because they were found effectual, to cure the - poyson of that kinde of Spider, called _Phalangium_, as also - of Scorpions and other Serpents. Wee doe not know, that any - Physitian hath vsed them to any such, or any other purpose in - our dayes. - - -5. _Phalangium Ephemerum Virginianum Ioannis Tradescant._ -The soon fading Spider-wort of Virginia, or Tradescant his Spider-wort. - -This Spider-wort is of late knowledge, and for it the Christian world -is indebted vnto that painfull industrious searcher, and louer of all -natures varieties, Iohn Tradescant (sometimes belonging to the right -Honourable Lord Robert Earle of Salisbury, Lord Treasurer of England -in his time, and then vnto the right Honourable the Lord Wotton at -Canterbury in Kent, and lastly vnto the late Duke of Buckingham) -who first receiued it of a friend, that brought it out of Virginia, -thinking it to bee the Silke Grasse that groweth there, and hath -imparted hereof, as of many other things, both to me and others; the -description whereof is as followeth: - -From a stringie roote, creeping farre vnder ground, and rising vp -againe in many places, springeth vp diuers heads of long folded leaues, -of a grayish ouer-worne greene colour, two or three for the most part -together, and not aboue, compassing one another at the bottome, and -abiding greene in many places all the Winter; other-where perishing, -and rising anew in the Spring, which leaues rise vp with the great -round stalke, being set thereon at the ioynts, vsually but one at a -ioynt, broad at the bottome where they compasse the stalke, and smaller -and smaller to the end: at the vpper ioynt, which is the toppe of the -stalke, there stand two or three such like leaues, but smaller, from -among which breaketh out a dozen, sixteene, or twenty, or more round -green heads, hanging downe their heads by little foot-stalkes, which -when the flower beginneth to blow open, groweth longer, and standeth -vpright, hauing three small pale greene leaues for a huske, and three -other leaues within them for the flower, which lay themselues open -flat, of a deepe blew purple colour, hauing an vmbone or small head in -the middle, closely set about with six reddish, hairy, or feathered -threeds, tipt with yellow pendents: this flower openeth it selfe in -the day, & shutteth vsually at night, and neuer openeth againe, but -perisheth, and then hangeth downe his head againe; the greene huske of -three leaues, closing it selfe againe into the forme of a head, but -greater, as it was before, the middle vmbone growing to bee the seede -vessell, wherein is contained small, blackish, long seede: Seldome -shall any man see aboue one, or two at the most of these flowers blowne -open at one time vpon the stalke, whereby it standeth in flowring a -long time, before all the heads haue giuen out their flowers. - - - The Place. - - This plant groweth in some parts of Virginia, and was deliuered - to Iohn Tradescant. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth from the end of May vntill Iuly, if it haue had - greene leaues all the Winter, or otherwise, vntill the Winter - checke his luxuriousnesse. - - - The Names. - - Vnto this plant I confesse I first imposed the name, by - considering duely all the parts thereof, which vntill some can - finde a more proper, I desire may still continue, and to call - it _Ephemerum Virginianum Tradescanti_, Iohn Tradescante’s - Spider-wort of Virginia, or _Phalangium Ephemerum Virginianum_, - The soone fading or Day Spider-wort of Virginia. - - - The Vertues. - - There hath not beene any tryall made of the properties since - wee had it, nor doe we know whether the Indians haue any vse - thereof. - - - - -CHAP. XVI. - -_Colchicum._ Medowe Saffron. - - -To returne to the rest of the bulbous and tuberous rooted plants, that -remaine to bee entreated of, the _Colchica_ or Medowe Saffrons are -first to bee handled, whereof these later dayes haue found out more -varieties, then formerly were knowne; some flowring in the Spring, but -the most in Autumne, and some bearing double, but the greatest part -single flowers: whereof euery one in their order, and first of our owne -Country kindes. - - -1. _Colchicum Anglicum album._ The white English Medowe Saffron. - -It is common to all the Medowe Saffrons, except that of the Spring, and -one other, to beare their flowers alone in Autumne or later, without -any green leaues with them, and afterwards in February, their greene -leaues: So that I shall not neede to make manie descriptions, but -to shew you the differences that consist in the leaues, and colours -of the flowers; and briefly to passe (after I haue giuen you a full -description of the first) from one vnto another, touching onely those -things that are note worthy. The white English Medowe Saffron then doth -beare in Autumne three or foure flowers at the most, standing seuerally -vpon weake foote-stalkes, a fingers length or more aboue the ground, -made of six white leaues, somewhat long and narrow, and not so large as -most of the other kindes, with some threeds or chiues in the middle, -like vnto the Saffron flowers of the Spring, wherein there is no colour -of Saffron, or vertue to that effect: after the flowers are past and -gone, the leaues doe not presently follow, but the roote remaineth in -the ground without shew of leafe aboue ground, most part of the Winter, -and then in February there spring vp three or foure large and long -greene leaues, when they are fully growne vp, standing on the toppe of -a round, weake, green, and short foote-stalke, somewhat like the leaues -of white Lillies, but not so large, and in the middest of these leaues, -after they haue been vp some time, appeare two or three loose skinny -heads, standing in the middle of the leaues vpon short, thicke, greene -stalkes, and being ripe, conteine in them round small brownish seede, -that lye as it were loose therein, and when the head is dry, may bee -heard to rattle being shaken: the roote is white within, but couered -with a thicke blackish skinne or coate, hauing one side thereof at the -bottome longer then the other, with an hollownesse also on the one -side of that long eminence, where the flowers rise from the bottome, -and shooting downe from thence a number of white fibres, whereby it is -fastened in the ground: the greene leaues afterwards rising from the -top or head of the roote. - - -2. _Colchicum Anglicum purpureum._ The purple English Medowe Saffron. - -There is no difference at all in this Medowe Saffron from the former, -but only in the colour of the flowers, which as they were wholly white -in the former, so in this they are of a delayed purple colour, with a -small shew of veines therein. - - -3. _Colchicum Pannonicum album._ The white Hungary Medowe Saffron. - -The greatest difference in this _Colchicum_ from the former English -white one, is, that it is larger both in roote, leafe, and flower, and -besides, hath more store of flowers together, and continuing longer in -beauty, without fading so soone as the former, and are also somewhat of -a fairer white colour. - - -4. _Colchicum Pannonicum purpureum._ -The purple Hungary Medowe Saffron. - -This purple Medowe Saffron is somewhat like vnto the white of this -kinde, but that it beareth not so plentifully as the white, nor doth -the roote grow so great; but the flowers are in a manner as large as -they, and of the like pale delayed purple colour, or somewhat deeper, -as is in the purple English, with some veines or markes vpon the -flowers, making some shew of a checker on the out side, but not so -conspicuous, as in the true checkerd kindes. Wee haue a kinde hereof is -party coloured with white streakes and edges, which abide constant, and -hath been raised from the seede of the former. - - -5. _Colchicum Byzantinum._ Medowe Saffron of Constantinople. - -This Medowe Saffron of Constantinople hath his leaues so broad and -large, that hardly could any that neuer saw it before, iudge it to be -a _Colchicum_; for they are much larger then any Lilly leaues, and of -a darke greene colour: the flowers are correspondent to the leaues, -larger and more in number then in any of the former purple kindes, of -the same colour with the last purple kinde, but of a little deeper -purple on the inside, with diuers markes running through the flowers, -like vnto it, or vnto checkers, but yet somewhat more apparently: the -roote is in the middle greater and rounder then the others, with a -longer eminence, whereby it may easily bee knowne from all other sorts. - - -6. _Colchicum Lusitanicum Fritillaricum._ -The checkerd Medowe Saffron of Portugall. - -The flowers of this Medowe Saffron are larger and longer then the -flowers of either the English or Hungarian, and almost as large as the -last before mentioned, and of the same colour, but a little deeper, the -spots and markes whereof are somewhat more easie to be seene euen a -farre off, like vnto the flower of a Fritillaria, from whence it tooke -his significatiue name: the leaues of this Medowe Saffron doe rise vp -sooner then in any other of the Autumne kindes, for they are alwayes vp -before Winter, and are foure or fiue in number, short rather then long, -broad belowe, and pointed at the end, canaled or hollow, and standing -round aboue the ground, one encompassing another at the bottome, like -the great Spanish Starre Iacinth, called the Iacinth of Peru, but -shorter, and of a pale or grayish greene colour, differing from the -colour of all the other Medowe Saffrons: the roote is like the roote of -the English or Hungarian without any difference, but that it groweth -somewhat greater. It is one of the first Medowe Saffrons that flower in -the Autumne. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Colchicum Pannonicum._ The Hungarian Medow Saffron. - 2 _Colchicum Byzantinum._ Medowe Saffron of Constantinople. - 3 _Colchicum Lusitanicum Fritillaricum._ The checkerd Medowe Saffron - of Portugall. - 4 _Colchicum Neapolitanum Fritillaricum._ The checkerd Medowe - Saffron of Naples. - 5 _Colchicum Fritillaricum Chiense._ The Checkerd Medowe Saffron of - Chio or Sio. - 6 _Colchicum Hermodactylum._ Physicall Medowe Saffron. -] - - -7. _Colchicum Neapolitanum Fritillaricum._ -The checkerd Medowe Saffron of Naples. - -This checkerd Medowe Saffron of Naples, is very like vnto the last -recited checkerd Saffron of Portugall, but that the flower is somewhat -larger, yet sometimes very little, or not at all: the greatest marke to -distinguish them is, that the flowers of this are of a deeper colour, -and so are the spots on the flowers likewise, which are so conspicuous, -that they are discerned a great way off, more like vnto the flowers of -a deepe Fritillaria, then the former, and make a goodlier and a more -glorious shew: the leaues of this doe rise vp early after the flowers, -and are somewhat longer, of a darker greene colour, yet bending to a -grayish colour as the other, not lying so neatly or round, but stand -vp one by another, being as it were folded together: neither of both -these last named checkerd Medowe Saffrons haue giuen any seede in this -Countrey, that euer I could learne or heare of, but are encreased by -the roote, which in this is like the former, but a little bigger. - - -8. _Colchicum Fritillaricum Chiense._ -The checkerd Medowe Saffron of Chio or Sio. - -This most beautifull Saffron flower riseth vp with his flowers in the -Autumne, as the others before specified doe, although not of so large -a size, yet farre more pleasant and delightfull in the thicke, deepe -blew, or purple coloured beautifull spots therein, which make it excell -all others whatsoeuer: the leaues rise vp in the Spring, being smaller -then the former, for the most part three in number, and of a paler -or fresher greene colour, lying close vpon the ground, broad at the -bottome, a little pointed at the end, and twining or folding themselues -in and out at the edges, as if they were indented. I haue not seene any -seede it hath borne: the roote is like vnto the others of this kinde, -but small and long, and not so great: it flowreth later for the most -part then any of the other, euen not vntill Nouember, and is very hard -to be preserued with vs, in that for the most part the roote waxeth -lesse and lesse euery yeare, our cold Country being so contrary vnto -his naturall, that it will scarce shew his flower; yet when it flowreth -any thing early, that it may haue any comfort of a warme Sunne, it is -the glorie of all these kindes. - - -9. _Colchicum versicolor._ The party coloured Medowe Saffron. - -The flowers of this Medowe Saffron most vsually doe not appeare, vntill -most of the other Autumne sorts are past, except the last, which are -very lowe, scarce rising with their stalkes three fingers breadth -aboue the ground, but oftentimes halfe hid within the ground: the -leaues whereof are smaller, shorter, and rounder, then in any of the -other before specified, some being altogether white, and others wholly -of a very pale purple, or flesh colour; and some againe parted, the -one halfe of a leafe white, and the other halfe of the same purple, -and sometimes striped purple and white, in diuers leaues of one and -the same flower: and againe, some will be the most part of the leafe -white, and the bottome purple, thus varying as nature list, that -many times from one roote may bee seene to arise all these varieties -before mentioned: these flowers doe stand long before they fade and -passe away; for I haue obserued in my Garden some that haue kept their -flower faire vntill the beginning of Ianuary, vntill the extremitie -of the Winter frosts and snowes haue made them hide their heads: the -leaues therefore accordingly doe rise vp after all other, and are of -a brownish or darke greene colour at their first springing vp, which -after grow to be of a deepe greene colour: the roote is like the former -English or Hungarian kindes, but thicker and greater for the most part, -and shorter also. - - -10. _Colchicum variegatum alterum._ -Another party coloured Medowe Saffron. - -There is another, whose party coloured flowers rise a little higher, -diuersly striped and marked, with a deeper purple colour, and a pale or -whitish blush throughout all the leaues of the flower. - - -11. _Colchicum montanum Hispanicum minus._ -The little Spanish Medowe Saffron. - -The flowers of this little Medowe Saffron are narrower and smaller then -any of the former, and of a deeper reddish purple colour then either -the English or Hungarian kindes: the greene leaues also are smaller -then any other, lying on the ground, of a deepe or sad greene colour, -rising vp within a while after the flowers are past, and doe abide -greene all the Winter long: the roote is small and long, according to -the rest of the plant, and like in forme to the others. - - -12. _Colchicum montanum minus versicolore flore._ -The small party coloured Medowe Saffron. - -This little kinde differeth not from the Spanish kinde last set forth, -but in the varietie of the flower, which is as small as the former; the -three inner leaues being almost all white, and the three outer leaues -some of them pale or blush, and some party coloured, with a little -greene on the backe of some of them. - - -13. _Colchicum Hermodactilum._ Physicall Medowe Saffron. - -This Physicall Medowe Saffron springeth vp with his leaues in Autumne, -before his flowers appeare beyond the nature of all the former kindes, -yet the flower doth, after they are vp, shew it selfe in the middle of -the greene leaues, consisting of six white leaues, with diuers chiues -in the middle, and passeth away without giuing any seede that euer -I could obserue: the greene leaues abide all the Winter and Spring -following, decaying about May, and appeare not vntill September, when -(as I said) the flowers shew themselues presently after the leaues are -sprung vp. - - -14. _Colchicum atropurpureum._ The darke purple Medowe Saffron. - -The greatest difference in this kinde consisteth in the flower, which -at the first appearing is as pale a purple, as the flower of the former -Hungarian kinde: but after it hath stood in flower two or three dayes, -it beginneth to change, and will after a while become to bee of a very -deepe reddish purple colour, as also the little foote-stalke whereon it -doth stand: the flower is of the bignesse of the Hungarian purple, and -so is the greene leafe: the seede and roote is like the English purple -kinde. - - -15. _Colchicum atropurpureum variegatum._ -The party coloured darke purple Medowe Saffron. - -We haue of late gained another sort of this kinde, differing chiefly -in the flower, which is diuersly striped thorough euery leafe of the -flower, with a paler purple colour, whereby the flower is of great -beauty: this might seeme to bee a degeneration from the former, yet -it hath abiden constant with me diuers yeares, and giueth seede as -plentifully as the former. - - -16. _Colchicum flore pleno._ Double flowred Medowe Saffron. - -The double Medowe Saffron is in roote and leafe very like unto the -English kinde: the flowers are of a fine pale or delayed purple colour, -consisting of many leaues set thicke together, which are somewhat -smaller, as in the English flower, being narrow and long, and as it -were round at the points, which make a very double flower, hauing some -chiues with their yellow tips, dispersed as it were among the leaues in -the middle: it flowreth in September, a little after the first shew of -the earlier Medowe Saffrons are past. - - -17. _Colchicum variegatum pleno flore._ -The party coloured double Medowe Saffron. - -We haue another of these double kinds (if it be not the very same with -the former, varying in the flower as nature pleaseth oftentimes; for -I haue this flower in my garden, as I here set it forth, euery yeare) -whose flowers are diuersified in the partition of the colours, as is to -be seene in the single party coloured Medowe Saffron before described, -hauing some leaues white, and others pale purple, and some leaues halfe -white and halfe purple, diuersly set or placed in the double flower, -which doth consist of as many leaues as the former, yet sometime this -party coloured flower doth not shew it selfe double like the former, -but hath two flowers, one rising out of another, making each of them -to be almost but single flowers, consisting of eight or ten leaues a -peece: but this diuersity is not constant; for the same roote that this -yeare appeareth in that manner, the next yeare will returne to his -former kinde of double flowers againe. - - -18. _Colchicum Vernum._ Medowe Saffron of the Spring. - -This Medowe Saffron riseth vp very early in the yeare, that is, in the -end of Ianuarie sometimes, or beginning, or at the furthest the middle -of February, presently after the deepe Frosts and Snowes are past, -with his flowers inclosed within three greene leaues, which opening -themselues as soone almost as they are out of the ground, shew their -buds for flowers within them very white oftentimes, before they open -farre, and sometimes also purplish at their first appearing, which -neuer shew aboue two at the most vpon one roote, and neuer rise aboue -the leaues, nor the leaues much higher then they, while they last: the -flower consisteth of six leaues, long and narrow, euery leafe being -diuided, both at the bottome and toppe, each from other, and ioyned -together onely in the middle, hauing also six chiues, tipt with yellow -in the middle, euery chiue being ioyned to a leafe, of a pale red or -deepe blush colour, when it hath stood a while blowne, and is a smaller -flower then any Medowe Saffron, except the small Spanish kindes onely, -but continueth in his beauty a good while, if the extremity of sharpe -Frosts and Windes doe not spoile it: the leaues wherein these flowers -are enclosed, at their first comming vp, are of a brownish greene -colour, which so abide for a while, especially on the outside, but on -the inside they are hollow, and of a whitish or grayish greene colour, -which after the flowers are past, grow to bee of the length of a mans -longest finger, and narrow withall: there riseth vp likewise in the -middle of them the head or seede vessell, which is smaller and shorter, -and harder then any of the former, wherein is contained small round -browne seede: the roote is small, somewhat like vnto the rootes of the -former, but shorter, and not hauing so long an eminence on the one side -of the bottome. - - -19. _Colchicum vernum atropurpureum._ -Purple Medowe Saffron of the Spring. - -The flower of this Medowe Saffron, is in the rising vp of his leaues -and flowers together, and in all things else, like vnto the former, -onely the flowers of this sort are at their first appearing of a deeper -purple colour, and when they are blowne also are much deeper then the -former, diuided in like manner, both at the bottome and toppe as the -other, so that they seeme, like as if six loose leaues were ioyned in -the middle part, to make one flower, and hath his small chiues tipt -with yellow, cleauing in like manner to euery leafe. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Colchicum montanum Hispanicum._ The little Spanish Medowe - Saffron. - 2 _Colchicum montanum minus versicolore flore._ The small party - coloured Medowe Saffron. - 3 _Colchicum versicolor._ The party coloured Medowe Saffron. - 4 _Colchicum variegatum alterum._ Another party coloured Medowe - Saffron. - 5 _Colchicum atropurpureum._ The darke purple Medowe Saffron. - 6 _Colchicum atropurpureum variegatum._ The variable darke purple - Medowe Saffron. - 7 _Colchicum vernum._ Medowe Saffron of the spring. - 8 _Colchicum flore pleno._ Double Medowe Saffron. -] - - - The Place. - - All these Medowe Saffrons, or the most part of them, haue their - places expressed in their titles; for some grow in the fields - and medowes of the champion grounds, others on the mountaines - and hilly grounds. The English kindes grow in the West parts, - as about Bathe, Bristow, Warmister, and other places also. - The double kindes are thought to come out of Germany. - - - The Time. - - Their times likewise are declared in their seuerall - descriptions: those that are earliest in Autumne, flower in - August and September, the later in October, and the latest in - the end of October, and in November. The other are said to bee - of the Spring, in regard they come after the deepe of Winter - (which is most vsually in December and Ianuary) is past. - - - The Names. - - The generall name to all these plants is _Colchicum_, whereunto - some haue added _Ephemerum_, because it killeth within one - dayes space; and some _Strangulatorium_. Some haue called them - also _Bulbus Agrestis_, and _Filius ante Patrem_, The Sonne - before the Father, because (as they thinke) it giueth seede - before the flower: but that is without due consideration; - for the root of this (as of most other bulbous plants) after - the stalke of leaues and seede are dry, and past, may be - transplanted, and then it beginneth to spring and giue flowers - before leaues, (and therein onely it is differing from other - plants) but the leaues and seede follow successiuely after the - flowers, before it may be remoued againe; so that here is not - seede before flowers, but contrarily flowers vpon the first - planting or springing, and seede after, as in all other plants, - though in a diuers manner. - - The _Colchicum Hermodactilum_ may seeme very likely to bee - the _Colchicum Orientale_ of Matthiolus, or the _Colchicum - Alexandrinum_ of Lobelius: And some thinke it to be the - true _Hermodactilus_, and so call it, but it is not so. We - doe generally call them all in English Medowe Saffrons, or - _Colchicum_, according to the Latine, giuing to euery one his - other adiunct to know it by. - - The Vertues. - - None of these are vsed for any Physicall respect, being - generally held to be deadly, or dangerous at the least. Only - the true Hermodactile (if it be of this tribe, and not this - which is here expressed) is of great vse, for paines in the - ioynts, and of the hippes, as the _Sciatica_, and the like, - to be taken inwardly. Costæus in his Booke of the nature of - plants, saith, that the rootes of our common kindes are very - bitter in the Spring of the yeare, and sweet in Autumne, which - Camerarius contradicteth, saying, that he found them bitter in - Autumne, which were (as he saith) giuen by some imposters to - diuers, as an antidote against the Plague. - - - - -CHAP. XVII. - -_Crocus._ Saffron. - - -There are diuers sorts of Saffrons, whereof many doe flower in the -Spring time, and some in Autumne, among whom there is but one onely -kinde, that is called tame or of the Garden, which yeeldeth those -blades or chiues that are vsed in meates and medicines, and many wayes -profitable for other respects, none of the rest, which are all wilde -kindes, giuing any blade equall vnto those of the tame kinde, or for -any other vse, then in regard of their beautifull flowers of seuerall -varieties, and as they haue been carefully sought out, and preserued by -diuers, to furnish a Garden of dainty curiosity. To entreate therefore -of these, I must, to obserue an orderly declaration, diuide them into -two primary families: the former shall be of those that yeeld their -pleasant flowers in the Spring of the yeare, and the other that send -out their colours in the Autumne, among whom that _Rex pomarij_ (as -I may so call it) the tame or manured kinde, properly called of the -Garden, is to be comprehended, for that it giueth his pleasant flowers -at that time among others. I shall againe distribute those of the -Spring time into three chiefe colours, that is, into white, purple, and -yellow, and vnder euery one of them, comprehend the seuerall varieties -that doe belong vnto them; which course I will also hold with those of -the Autumne, that thus being rightly ranked, they may the more orderly -be described. - - -1. _Crocus Vernus albus purus minor._ -The smaller pure white Saffron flower of the Spring. - -This small Saffron flower springeth vp in the beginning of the yeare, -with three or foure small greene leaues, somewhat broader, but much -shorter then the true Saffron leaues, with a white line downe the -middle of euery leafe: betweene these leaues, out of a white skinne, -riseth vp one or two small flowers, made of six leaues a peece, as all -the rest in generall are, of a pure white colour, without any mixture -in it, which abide not in flower aboue a weeke, or rather lesse, so -sodainly is the pleasure of this, and the purple lost: it flowreth not -for the most part, vntill a moneth after the yellow Crocus appeareth -in flower, and the ordinary stript Crocus is past: the seede is -small, round, and reddish, yet not so red as the seede of the yellow, -contained in three square heads, yet seldome beareth, but encreaseth by -the roote plentifully enough, which is small, round, and flat at the -bottome, somewhat white on the outside, but whiter within, shooting out -small sprouts on euery side of the roote, which is the best note to -know this kinde and the lesser purple, which are both alike, from all -other rootes of Saffron flowers. - - -2. _Crocus albus maior multiflorus._ The great snow white Crocus. - -This greater Saffron flower riseth vp vsually with three or foure -greene leaues, larger then the former, with a white line in euery one -of them: the flowers are greater, and more in number, rising together, -but flowring one after another, of a pure snow white colour, and -abiding but little longer in flower then the former. - - -3. _Crocus albus maior alter dictus Mæsiacus._ -The great white Saffron flower or Crocus of Mesia. - -This great white Crocus of Mesia, riseth vp out of the ground, almost -as early as the first sort of the yellow, with foure or fiue leaues, -being very like vnto the leaues of the yellow Crocus, and as large, -with white lines in them: the flowers also are as large as the flowers -of the yellow, and many also rising one after another like vnto it, but -not of so pure a white colour, as the former or last described, but -rather tending to a Milky or Creame colour: the roote is not couered -with any reddish, but rather pale skinnes or coates. - - -4. _Crocus albus Mæsiacus fundo violaceo._ -The great white Crocus of Mesia with a blew bottome. - -There is another of this kinde, like vnto the former in all things, -sauing that the bottomes of the flowers of this kinde, with some part -of the stalke next the flower, are of a pale shining purple colour, -and rising vp a pretty way into the flower; whereas another also of -this kind, hath a little shew or marke of blew, and not purple, at the -bottome of the flower onely, which maketh a difference. - - -5. _Crocus albus fundo purpureo._ -The white Crocus with a purple bottome. - -This Saffron flower is of the same kinde with the first, both in roote, -leafe, and flower, in none of them differing from it, but in that the -bottome of this flower, with that part of the short foote-stalke next -vnto it, is of violet or purple colour, and sometimes hauing here -and there some purple small lines, or spots on the white leaues: it -flowreth also with the first white, or somewhat later. - - -6. _Crocus vernus albus striatus._ The white stript Crocus. - -This stript Saffron flower is likewise neare the same first kind, -or first white Crocus, hauing the like leaues and flowers, somewhat -larger, but as soone fading almost as it: but herein this flower -differeth, that it hath pale blewish lines and spots in all the leaues -thereof, and more principally in the three outer leaues: the root is -also white on the outside, like the first white, but greater, with -young ones growing round about it. - - -7. _Crocus vernus albus polyanthos versicolor._ -The greater party coloured white Crocus. - -The greater party coloured Saffron flower, hath his greene leaues -like vnto the second great white Crocus before mentioned, hauing more -flowers then any of the former, except the first great white, the -leaues whereof haue greater stripes then the last recited Crocus, but -of a purple Violet colour, making each leafe seeme oftentimes to haue -as much purple as white in them: the roote hereof is somewhat like the -second white, but of a little more duskie colour on the outside, and -not budding out on the sides at all, or very little. - - -8. _Crocus vernus albus versicolor._ -The lesser party coloured white Crocus. - -The leaues and flowers of this other party coloured Crocus, are for -bignesse in a manner equall with the last, but hath not so many flowers -rising together from the roote: the flower is finely marked with blew -strakes on the white flower, but nothing so much as in the former: the -roote also is like the last. - - -9. _Crocus Episcopalis._ The Bishops Crocus. - -This party coloured or Bishops Saffron flower, is very like both in -leaues and rootes vnto the Neapolitane blew Crocus, but somewhat -greater: the flowers doe abide not so long time blowne, and hath all -the leaues either wholly white, with blew stripes on both sides of -them, or wholly of a fine delayed blew Violet colour, and the three -innermost more blew and finely striped, both on the inside and outside -of them, and sometimes it hath been seen to haue three leaues white, -and three leaues of a pale blew. - - -10. _Crocus vernus striatus vulgaris._ The ordinary stript Crocus. - -There is another sort of stript Saffron flower, which is most common -and plentifull in most Gardens, which I must needes bring vnder the -ranke of these white kinds, although it differre very notably, both -in roote, leafe, and flower, from all of them: the leaues of this -rise vp sooner then the yellow or white Crocus, lying spread vpon the -ground for the most part, but narrower then any of the former: among -these leaues spring vp diuers flowers, almost as large as the former -great white Crocus, of a very bleake or pale purple colour, tending to -white on the inside, and in many almost white, with some small whitish -chiues tipt with yellow in the middle: the three outer leaues are of -a yellowish white colour on the backe side of them, stript euery one -of them with three broad stripes, of a darke murrey or purple colour, -and a little sprinkled with some small purple lines, on both sides of -those stripes; but on the inside, of the same pale purple or white -colour with the rest: the seede hereof is somewhat darker coloured then -of the white, and is more liberall in bearing: the roote is differing -from all the former, being rounder and bigger then any of them, except -the kindes of Misia, yet somewhat flat withall, not hauing any shootes -from the sides, but setting off into rootes plentifully, hauing a round -circle compassing the bottome of the roote, which easily falleth away, -when it is taken vp out of the ground, and couered with a browne coate, -somewhat neare the colour of the yellow Crocus, but not altogether so -bright: it flowreth vsually the first of all these sorts, or with the -first of the early yellowes. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Crocus vernus albus minor._ The small white Saffron flower of the - spring. - 2 _Crocus vernus Mæsiacus albus._ The great white Crocus of Misia. - 3 _Crocus vernus albus striatus._ The white stript Crocus. - 4 _Crocus vernus albus polyanthos versicolor._ The party coloured - white Crocus. - 5 _Crocus albus fundo purpureo._ The white Crocus with a purple - bottome. - 6 _Crocus vernus Neapolitanus._ The great blew Crocus of Naples. - 7 _Crocus vernus purpureus maximus._ The great purple Crocus. - 8 _Crocus vernus purpureus striatus._ The purple stript Crocus. - 9 _Crocus vernus purpureus Capillarifolio._ The purple Crocus with - small leaues. - 10 _Crocus vernus flavus striatus._ The yellow stript Crocus. - 11 _Crocus vernus luteus versicolor._ The cloth of gold Crocus. -] - - -11. _Crocus vernus striatus Turcitus._ The Turkie stript Crocus. - -There is another of this kinde, whose flower is a little larger, and -of a deeper purple colour, both on the inside and outside; the greene -leafe also is bigger, and of a more whitish colour. - - -12. _Crocus vernus Capillarifolio albus._ -The white Crocus with small leaues. - -This white Crocus is in all things like vnto the purple of the -same kinde, but that the flower of this is wholly white: the full -description therefore hereof, you shall haue in that purple with small -leaues, of this kinde hereafter set downe, whereunto I referre you. - - -13. _Crocus vernus purpureus minor._ The smaller purple Crocus. - -The smaller purple Saffron flower of the Spring, hath his greene leaues -so like vnto the first white flowred Saffron, that they can hardly be -distinguished, onely they seem to bee a little narrower: the flower -is also much about the same bignesse, or a little bigger, and seldome -beareth aboue one flower from a roote, euen as the first doth, of a -deepe purple Violet colour, the bottome of the flower, with the vpper -part of the stalke next thereunto, being of a deeper or blacker purple; -in the middle of the flower are some pale chiues tipt with yellow -pendents, and a longer pointell, diuided or forked at the toppe: the -roote of this is in all things so like vnto the first white, that it -is impossible for the most cunning and conuersant in them, to know the -one from the other. This beareth seede very sparingly, as the white -doth, and is reddish like vnto it, but recompenseth that defect with -a plentifull encrease by the roote: it likewise flowereth at the very -same time with the white, and endureth as small a time. - - -14. _Crocus vernus purpureus maximus._ The greatest purple Crocus. - -This great purple Crocus is of the same kinde with the next described, -as well in roote as leafe, but greater; for the greene leaues hereof -are the greatest and broadest of all other Crocus, with a large white -line in the middle of euery one: it springeth vp much later then the -former, and doth not shew his flower vntill the other bee past a good -while: the flowers also are the largest of all these Crocus of the -Spring time, and equalling, if not surpassing that purple kinde that -flowreth in Autumne, hereafter set forth, of a very faire and deepe -Violet colour, almost as deepe as the former: the seed vessels are -large also and white, wherein is contained pale reddish seede, like -vnto the next blew kinde, but somewhat greater: the roote is (as I -said before) like vnto the next, that is, flat and round, with a -duskie coloured outside, whose head for springing in it is as hardly -discerned. - -[Sidenote: _Alter Apicibus albidis._] - -We haue one of this kinde, the toppes onely of whose purple flower -are whitish, for the breadth of halfe the naile of a mans hand, which -abideth constant euery yeare in that manner, and therefore is a -difference fit to be remembred. - - -15. _Crocus vernus Neapolitanus siue cæruleus maior._ -The greater blew Crocus of Naples. - -This great blew Crocus riseth vp with diuers greene leaues, broader -then any of the former (except the last) with a white line running -downe the inside of euery leafe, as in the former, among which riseth -vp, out of diuers great long white skinnes, diuers large flowers, but -not fully so great as the former, consisting of six leaues, of a paler -blew or Violet colour then in the former, hauing in the middle of the -flowers a few pale threeds, tipt with yellow, and a longer pointell -of a gold yellow colour, forked or diuided at the toppe, smelling -sweeter then in the former, and abiding a great while longer, being in -flower vsually euen with the stript yellow Crocus, or before the former -purple, and yeelding more plenty of seede: the roote hereof is not very -great, but a little darke on the outside, being round and flat withall, -that one can hardly know which is the vpperside thereof. - -[Sidenote: _Crocus Neapolitanus præcocior._] - -This kinde differeth very little from the former, either in roote, -leafe, or flower, for the bignesse or colour, but that it seemeth to be -a little bleaker or paler blew, because it flowreth a little earlier. - - -16. _Crocus vernus purpureus striatus._ The stript purple Crocus. - -The leaues of this stript purple Saffron flower, are as large and -broad as the last, or rather a little longer: the flowers also are -as plentifull, and as large, of a fine delayed purple colour on the -outside, with three broad strakes or lines downe the backe of the three -outer leaues, and of a little deeper purple on the inside, as the other -three leaues are also of a deeper purple colour, and are striped with -the same deepe purple about the ground, or bottome of the leaues: this -sometimes yeeldeth three square heads, containing in them brownish -seede: the roote is like vnto the last, and flowreth much about the -time of the former. - - -17. _Crocus vernus purpureus versicolor._ -The siluer stript purple Crocus. - -This stript Saffron flower, is in leaues and flowers somewhat like -vnto the last stript purple, but a little smaller: the flowers are -of a little deeper purple through the whole leaues, striped with -white lines, both on the leaues, and towards the edges, which maketh -a peculiar difference from all the rest: the roote of this is not so -flat, though like it, and couered with a darke ash coloured skinne: it -flowreth about the same time. - - -18. _Crocus purpureus flammeus maior._ -The greater purple flame coloured Crocus. - -The greene leaues of this Crocus or Saffron flower, are of a reasonable -breadth and length, and of a pleasant fresh greenesse, with a faire -broad white line downe the middle of them, but rising not out of the -ground so early as the next described Crocus: the flowers are likewise -of a meane bignesse, of a pale purple on the outside, somewhat whitish, -especially the three outer leaues; but on the inside of a deeper -purple, and striped with great stripes like flames, hauing some chiues -in the middle, and a longer one also feathered a little at the toppe: -the roote is white on the outside, somewhat flat and round, but not so -flat as the Neapolitane Crocus before described. - - -19. _Crocus purpureus flammeus minor._ -The lesser purple flame coloured Crocus. - -This Crocus hath almost as broad and long greene leaues as the former, -and of the same verdure, which rise vp earlier then it, and is in -flower likewise somewhat before it, being smaller for size by a little, -but of as deepe a purple on the outside, as on the inside, flamed with -faire broad stripes from the middle of the leaues, or somewhat lower -vnto the edges: each of these giue seed that is of a pale reddish -colour: the root is very like vnto the former, but a little lesser. - - -20. _Crocus vernus purpureus Capillarifolio._ -The purple Crocus with small leaues. - -This small kinde of Saffron flower riseth out of the ground, with two -or three long and small green leaues, very like vnto the leaues of -the fine Fether-Grasse hereafter described, standing vpright at the -first, but afterwards lying vpon the ground; among which come the -flowers, sometimes three, but most vsually two vpon one stalke, if the -roote be not young, which then will beare but one on a stalke, which -is very short, so that the flowers scarce arise aboue the ground, yet -laying themselues open in the day time, if it be faire, and the Sunne -doe shine, otherwise they keepe close, and doe not open at all: and -after one flower is past, which doth not last aboue three or foure -dayes at the most, the others follow, which are of a bleake blewish -purple in the middle of the flower, and of a deeper purple towards the -ends or points or the leaues, but of a more sullen or darke purple on -the outside of them, and yellowish at the bottome, with some yellow -chiues in the middle: the seede is small and darker coloured then any -of the former Crocus, contained also in smaller heads, standing one -by another vpon the same short foote-stalke, which then riseth vp a -little higher, shewing the maner of the standing of the flowers, which -in their flowring time could not so easily bee discerned: the roote is -very small and round, hauing one side at the bottome lower then the -other, very like the roote of a _Colchicum_ or Medowe Saffron, and -somewhat neare resembling also the hoofe of an horse foote, couered -with a very thicke skinne, of a darke or blackish browne colour: this -flowreth the last of all the former sorts of Saffron flowers, euen when -they are all past. - - -21. _Crocus vernus purpureus striatus Capillarifolio._ -The stript purple Crocus with small leaues. - -This small stript purple Saffron flower hath such like leaues, as the -last described hath, betweene which riseth the flower vpon as short -a foote-stalke, consisting of six leaues like the former, of a faire -purple colour on the outside of the three outer leaues, with three -lines or strakes downe euery leafe, of a deeper purple colour, and -on the inside of a paler purple, as the other three leaues are also, -with some chiues tipt with yellow pendents, and a forked pointell in -the middle: the roote of this is somewhat bigger then the former, and -rounder, but couered with as thicke and as browne a skinne: it flowreth -about the same time with the former. - - -22. _Crocus vernus luteus siue Mæsiacus._ The yellow Crocus. - -The yellow Crocus or Saffron flower, riseth vp with three or foure -leaues out of the ground, being somewhat neare the breadth of the great -purple kindes, with a white line in them, as in most of the rest: the -flowers stand in the middle of these leaues, and are very large, of a -gold yellow colour, with some chiues, and a forked point in the middle: -the seede hereof is of a brighter colour then in any of the other: -the roote is great and round, as great or greater then a Wall Nut -sometimes, and couered with reddish skinnes or coates, yeelding more -store of flowers then most of the former, and beginning to blowe with -the first sorts, or presently after, but outlast many of them, and are -of a pleasant good sent. - -[Sidenote: _Flore aureo._] - -Of this kinde we haue some, whose flowers are of a deeper gold yellow -colour then others, so that they appeare reddish withall. - -[Sidenote: _Flore pallido._] - -And we haue also another sort, whose flowers are very pale, betweene a -white and a yellow, not differing in any thing else. - -[Sidenote: _Flore viridante luteo._] - -And another smaller, whose flower hath a shew of greennesse in the -yellow, and more greene at the bottome. - - -23. _Crocus vernus flavus striatus._ The yellow stript Crocus. - -This kinde of yellow stript Crocus or Saffron flower, riseth vp with -more store of narrower and greener leaues then the former, and after -the leaues are spread, there rise vp many yellow flowers from among -them, which are not of so faire and bright a yellow colour, but more -dead and sullen, hauing on the backside of each of the three outtermost -leaues, three small stripes, of an ouer-worne or dull purple colour, -with some chiues and a pointell in the middle: the roote of this kinde, -is very like the roote of the former yellow, but somewhat smaller -and shorter, and couered with the like reddish skinnes, but a little -sadder: it flowreth not so early as the former yellow, but abideth -almost as long as it. - - -24. _Crocus vernus luteus versicolor primus._ -The best cloth of gold Crocus. - -The fairest cloth of gold Crocus or Saffron flower, riseth vp very -early, euen with the first, or the first of all other Crocus, with -three or foure very narrow and short leaues, of a whiter colour then -any of the former, which by and by after doe shew forth the flowers, -rising from among them out of the same white skinne, which includeth -the leaues, but are not so plentifull as the former yellow, being but -two or three at the most, of a faire gold yellow colour, yet somewhat -paler then the first, hauing on the backe of euery of the three outer -leaues, three faire and great stripes, of a faire deepe purple colour, -with some small lines at the sides or edges of those purple stripes; on -the inside of these flowers, there is no signe or shew of any line or -spot, but wholly of a faire gold yellow, with chiues and a fethertopt -pointell in the middle: the seede hereof is like the former, but not -so red: the roote of this kinde is easily knowne from the roote of any -other Saffron flower, because the outer peelings or shels being hard, -are as it were netted on the outside, hauing certaine ribbes, rising -vp higher then the rest of the skinnes, diuided in the forme of a -net-worke, of a darke browne colour, and is smaller and rounder then -the former yellow, and not encreasing so plentifully by the roote. - - -25. _Crocus vernus luteus versicolor alter._ -The second cloth of gold, or Duke Crocus. - -There is no difference either in roote, leafe, or colour of flower, or -time of flowring in this sort from the last before mentioned; for the -flower of this is of the same bignesse and colour, the only note of -difference is in the marking of the three outer leaues, which haue not -three stripes like the former, but are wholly of the same deepe purple -colour on the backe of them, sauing that the edges of them are yellow, -which is the forme of a Duke Tulipa, and from thence it tooke the name -of a Duke Crocus. - - -26. _Crocus vernus versicolor pallideluteus._ -The pale cloth of gold Crocus. - -We haue a third sort of this kinde of cloth of gold Crocus, which hath -leaues and flowers like the former, but differeth in this, that the -colour of the flower is of a paler yellow by much, but stript in the -same manner as the first, but with a fainter purple colour: the roote -also is netted like them, to shew that this is but a variation of the -same kinde. - - -27. _Crocus vernus versicolor albidoluteus._ -The cloth of siluer Crocus. - -The chiefest note of difference in this Saffron flower is, that being -as large a flower as any of the former of this kinde, it is of so pale -a yellowish white, that it is more white then yellow, which some doe -call a butter colour: the three outer leaues are striped on the backe -of them, with a paler purple blew shining colour, the bottome of the -flower, and the vpper part of the stalke, being of the same purple blew -colour: the roote of this is also netted as the other, to shew it is a -variety of the same kinde. - -And thus much for those Saffron flowers that come in the Spring time; -now to those that flower in Autumne onely: and first of the true -Saffron. - - -1. _Crocus verus sativus Autumnalis._ The true Saffron. - -The true Saffron that is vsed in meates and medicines, shooteth out -his narrow long greene leaues first, and after a while the flowers in -the middle of them appeare about the end of August, in September and -October, according to the soile, and climate where they growe; these -flowers are as large as any of the other former or late sorts, composed -of six leaues a peece, of a murrey or reddish purple colour, hauing a -shew of blew in them: in the middle of these flowers there are some -small yellow chiues standing vpright, which are as vnprofitable, as -the chiues in any other of the wilde Saffrons, before or hereafter -specified; but besides these, each flower hath two, three, or foure -greater and longer chiues, hanging downe vpon or betweene the leaues, -which are of a fierie red colour, and are the true blades of Saffron, -which are vsed physically or otherwise, and no other: All these blades -being pickt from the seuerall flowers, are laid and pressed together -into cakes, and afterwards dryed very warily on a Kill to preserue -them; as they are to be seene in the shops where they are sold. I neuer -heard that euer it gaue seede with any: the roote groweth often to be -as great, or greater then a green Wall Nut, with the outer shell on it, -couered with a grayish or ash-coloured skin, which breaketh into long -haire threeds, otherwise then in any other roote of Crocus. - - -2. _Crocus Byzantium argenteus._ The siluer coloured Autumne Crocus. - -This Saffron flower springeth vp in October, and seldome before, with -three or foure short greene leaues at the first, but growing longer -afterwards, and in the midst of them, presently after they haue -appeared, one flower for the most part, and seldome two, consisting of -six leaues, the three outermost whereof are somewhat larger then the -other three within, and are of a pale bleake blew colour, almost white, -which many call a siluer colour, the three innermost being of a purer -white, with some yellow chiues in the middle, and a longer pointell -ragged or fethered at the toppe: this very seldome beareth seede, but -when the yeare falleth out to bee very milde; it is small, round, and -of a darke colour: the roote is pretty bigge, and rounder then any -other Crocus, without any flat bottome, and couered with a darke russet -skinne. - - -3. _Crocus Pyrenæus purpureus._ The purple mountaine Crocus. - -This purple Saffron flower of the Autumne, riseth vp but with one -flower vsually, yet sometimes with two one after another, without any -leaues at all, in September, or sometimes in August, standing vpon a -longer foote-stalke then any kinde of Saffron flower, either of the -Spring or Autumne, and is as large as the flower of the greatest purple -Saffron flower of the Spring, of a very deepe Violet purple colour, -which decayeth after it hath stood blowne three or foure dayes, and -becommeth more pale, hauing in the middle some yellow chiues, and a -long fether topt pointell, branched, and rising sometimes aboue the -edges of the flowers: about a moneth after the flowers are past, and -sometimes not vntill the first of the Spring, there riseth vp three or -foure long and broad greene leaues, with a white line in euery one of -them, like vnto the first purple Vernall kindes, which abide vntill -the end of May or Iune: the roote is small and white on the outside, -so like vnto the roote of the lesser Vernall purple or white Crocus, -that it cannot be distinguished, vntill about the end of August, when -it doth begin to shoot, and then by the early shooting vp a long white -sprout for flower, it may be knowne. I neuer could obserue it to giue -any seede, the Winter (as I thinke) comming on it so quickly after the -flowring, being the cause to hinder it. - - -4. _Crocus montanus Autumnalis._ The Autumne mountaine Crocus. - -The mountaine Saffron flower springeth vp later then any of the former, -and doth not appeare vntill the middle or end of October, when all the -flowers of the former are past, appearing first with three or foure -short greene leaues, like vnto the Byzantine Crocus, and afterwards -the flowers betweene them, which are of a pale or bleake blew tending -to a purple, the foote-stalkes of them being so short, that they -scarce appeare aboue ground at the first, but after two or three dayes -they grow a little higher: the roote is very great and flat bottomed, -couered with a grayish duskie coate or skinne, and encreaseth very -little or seldome. - - - The Place. - - The seuerall places of these Saffron flowers, are in part set - downe in their titles; the others haue beene found out, some - in one Countrey, and some in another, as the small purple and - white, and stript white in Spaine: the yellow in Mesia about - Belgrade, the great purple in Italy; and now by such friends - helpes as haue sent them, they prosper as well in our Gardens, - as in their naturall places. Yet I must giue you this to - vnderstand, that some of these formerly expressed, haue been - raised vp vnto vs by the sowing of their seede. - - - The Time. - - Their seuerall times are likewise expressed in their - descriptions; for some shew forth their pleasant flowers in - the Spring, wherein for the three first moneths, our Gardens - are furnished with the varietie of one sort or another: the - rest in Autumne, that so they might procure the more delight, - in yeelding their beauty both early and late, when scarce any - other flowers are found to adorne them. - - - The Names. - - I shall not neede to trouble you with an idle tale of the name - of Crocus, which were to little purpose, nor to reiterate - the former names imposed vpon them; let it suffice that the - fittest names are giuen them, that may distinguish them one - from another; onely this I must giue you to vnderstand, that - the gold yellow _Crocus_ or Saffron flower, is the true _Crocus - Mæsiacus_, as I shewed before; and that neither the yellow - stript, or cloth of gold (which wee so call after the Dutch - name _Gaud Laken_) is the true _Mæsiacus_, as some suppose; and - that the great white Saffron flower, by reason of his likenesse - vnto the gold yellow, is called _Crocus albus Mæsiaci facie_, - or _facie lutei_, that is, The white Saffron flower that is - like the _Mæsiacus_ or yellow. - - - The Vertues. - - The true Saffron (for the others are of no vse) which wee call - English Saffron, is of very great vse both for inward and - outward diseases, and is very cordiall, vsed to expell any - hurtfull or venomous vapours from the heart, both in the small - Pockes, Measels, Plague, Iaundise, and many other diseases, as - also to strengthen and comfort any cold or weake members. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Crocus vernus luteus vulgaris._ The common yellow spring Crocus. - 2 _Crocus verus sativus Autumnalis._ The true Saffron. - 3 _Crocus Byzantinus argenteus._ The siluer coloured Autumne Crocus. - 4 _Crocus Pyrenæus purpureus._ The purple mountaine Crocus. - 5 _Crocus montanus Autumnalis._ The Autumne mountaine Crocus. - 6 _Sisyrinchium maius._ The greater Spanish Nut. -] - - - - -CHAP. XVIII. - -_Sisyrinchium._ The Spanish Nut. - - -I can doe no otherwise then make a peculiar Chapter of this plant, -because it is neither a _Crocus_, although in the roote it come -somewhat neare vnto that kinde that is netted; but in no other part -agreeing with any the delineaments of a Saffron flower, and therefore -could not be thrust into the Chapter amongst them: neither can I place -it in the forefront of the Chapter of the _Iris bulbosa_, or bulbous -Flowerdeluces, because it doth not belong to that Family: and although -the flower thereof doth most resemble a Flowerdeluce, yet in that no -other parts thereof doe fitly agree thereunto, I haue rather chosen to -seate it by it selfe betweene them both, as partaking of both natures, -and so may serue in stead of a bridge, to passe from the one to the -other, that is, from the _Crocus_ or Saffron flower, to the _Iris -bulbosa_ or bulbous rooted Flowerdeluce, which shall follow in the next -Chapter by themselues. - -The Spanish Nut hath two long and narrow, soft and smooth greene -leaues, lying for the most part vpon the ground, and sometimes standing -vp, yet bending downewards; betweene these leaues riseth vp a small -stalke, halfe a foote high, hauing diuers smooth soft greene leaues -vpon it, as if they were skinnes, through which the stalke passeth; at -the toppe whereof stand diuers flowers, rising one after another, and -not all flowring at once: for seldome shall you haue aboue one flower -blowne at a time, each whereof doth so quickly passe and fade away, -that one may well say, that it is but one dayes flower, or rather the -flower of a few houres: the flower it selfe hath nine leaues, like -vnto a Flowerdeluce, whereof the three that fall downe, haue in each -of them a yellow spot: the other three, which in the Flowerdeluces are -hollow and ridged, couering the other three that fall downe, in this -stand vpright, and are parted at the ends: the three that stand vp -in the middle are small and short: the whole flower is smaller then -any Flowerdeluce, but of sundry colours; for some are of an excellent -skie colour blew, others of a Violet purple, others of a darker purple -colour, and some white, and many others mixed, either pale blew and -deepe purple, or white and blew mixed or striped together very -variably, quickly fading as I said before: the seede is enclosed in -small cods, so thinne and transparent that one may easily see, and tell -the seeds as they lye, which are of a brownish red colour: the roote is -small, blackish and round, wrapped in a thicke skinne or huske, made -like vnto a net, or somewhat like vnto the roote of the cloth of gold -Crocus: when the plant is in flower, it is found to haue two rootes -one aboue another, whereof the vppermost is firme and sound, and the -vndermost loose and spongie, in like manner as is found in the rootes -of diuers Orchides or Satyrions, Bee-flowers and the like, and without -any good taste, or sweetnesse at all, although Clusius saith otherwise. - - -_Sisyrinchium Mauritanicum._ The Barbary Nut. - -There is another of this kinde, not differing from the former in any -other notable part, but in the flower, which in this is of a delayed -purplish red colour, hauing in each of the three lower leaues a white -spot, in stead of the yellow in the former, but are as soone fading as -they. - - - The Place. - - The former doe grow very plentifully in many parts both of - Spaine and Portugall, where Guillaume Boel, a Dutch man - heretofore remembred often in this Booke, found them; of the - sundry colours specified, whereas Clusius maketh mention but of - one colour that he found. - - The other was found in that part of Barbary, where Fez and - Morocco do stand, and brought first into the Lowe-Countries: - but they are both very tender, and will hardly abide the hard - Winters of these colder regions. - - - The Time. - - The first flowreth in May and Iune, the last not vntill August. - - - The Names. - - The name _Sisyrinchium_ is generally imposed vpon this plant, - by all authors that haue written thereof, thinking it to bee - the right _Sisyrinchium_ of Theophrastus: but concerning the - Spanish name _Nozelha_, which Clusius saith it is called by in - Spaine, I haue beene credibly enformed by the aforenamed Boel, - that this roote is not so called in those parts; but that the - small or common stript Crocus is called _Nozelha_, which is - sweete in taste, and desired very greedily by the Shepheards - and Children, and that the roote of this _Sisyrinchium_ or - Spanish Nut, is without any taste, and is not eaten. And - againe, that there is not two kindes, although it grow greater, - and with more flowers, in those places that are neare the Sea, - where both the washing of the Sea water, and the moisture and - ayre of the Sea, causeth the ground to bee more fertile. This I - thought good, from the true relation of a friend, to giue the - world to vnderstand, that truth might expell errour. - - - The Vertues. - - These haue not beene knowne to bee vsed to any Physicall - purpose, but wholly neglected, vnlesse some may eate them, as - Clusius reporteth. - - - - -CHAP. XIX. - -_Iris bulbosa._ The bulbous Flowerdeluce. - - -The Flowerdeluces that haue bulbous rootes are of two sorts, the -one greater then the other: the greater bearing larger and broader -leaues and flowers, and the lesser narrower. But before I giue you -the descriptions of the vsuall greater kindes, I must needes place -one or two in the fore-front that haue no fellowes; the one is called -of Clusius, his broad leafed Flowerdeluce, and the other a Persian, -somewhat like vnto it, which although they differ notably from the -rest, yet they haue the nearest resemblance vnto those greater kindes, -that come next after them. - - -_Iris bulbosa prima latifolia Clusij._ -Clusius his first great bulbous Flowerdeluce. - -This Flowerdeluce hath diuers long and broad leaues, not stiffe, like -all the other, but soft and greenish on the vpperside, and whitish -vnderneath; among which rise vp sometimes seuerall small, short, -slender stalkes, and sometimes but one, not aboue halfe a foote -high, bearing at the top one flower a peece, somewhat like vnto a -Flowerdeluce, consisting of nine leaues, whereof those three that stand -vpright, are shorter and more closed together, then in other sorts of -Flowerdeluces; the other three that fall downe, turne vp their ends a -little, and those three, that in other Flowerdeluces doe couer them at -the bottome, stand like the vpright leaues of other Flowerdeluces, but -are parted into two ends, like vnto two small eares: the whole flower -is of a faire blew, or pale skie colour in most, with a long stripe in -the middle of each of the three falling leaues, and in some white, but -more seldome: the roote is reasonable great, round and white, vnder -the blackish coates wherewith it is couered, hauing many long thicke -white rootes in stead of fibres, which make them seeme to be Asphodill -rootes. The flower is very sweete. - - -_Iris bulbosa Persica._ The Persian bulbous Flowerdeluce. - -This Persian Flowerdeluce is somewhat like vnto the former, both in -roote and in leafe, but that the leaues are shorter and narrower, -and the flower being much about the same fashion, is of a pale blew -russetish colour, each of the three lower falling leaues are almost -wholly of a browne purple colour, with a yellow spot in the middle of -them: this as it is very rare, so it seldome beareth flowers with vs. - - - The Place. - - The first groweth in many places of Spaine and Portugall, from - whence I and others haue often had it for our Gardens, but - by reason of the tendernesse thereof, it doth hardly endure - the sharpnesse of our cold Winters, vnlesse it be carefully - preserued. - - The other is said to come from Persia, and therefore it is so - entituled, and is as tender to be kept as the other. - - - The Time. - - The first flowreth most vsually not vntill May with vs, yet - many times sooner: but in Ianuary and February, as Clusius - saith, in the naturall places thereof. - - The other is as early oftentimes when it doth flower with vs. - - - The Names. - - Because Clusius by good iudgement referreth the first to the - greater kindes of Flowerdeluces, and placeth it in the fore - ranke, calling it _Iris bulbosa latifolia prima_, that is, The - first broad leafed Flowerdeluce, and all others doe the like, - I haue (as you see) in the like manner put it before all the - other, and keepe the same name. The Spaniards, as he saith, - called it _Lirio espadanal_, and they of Corduba, _Lirios - azules_. - - The other hath no other name then as it is in the title. - - -1. _Iris bulbosa maior siue Anglica cærulea._ -The blew English bulbous Flowerdeluce. - -This bulbous Flowerdeluce riseth vp early, euen in Ianuary oftentimes, -with fiue or six long and (narrow, in comparison of any great breadth, -but in regard of the other kinde) broad whitish green leaues, crested -or straked on the backside, and halfe round, being hollow like a trough -or gutter, white all along the inside of the leafe, and blunt at the -end; among which riseth vp a stiffe round stalke, a cubit or two foot -high, at the toppe whereof, out of a skinnie huske, commeth forth one -or two flowers, consisting of nine leaues a peece, three whereof that -are turned downewards, are larger and broader then the other, hauing -in each of them a yellow spot, about the middle of the leafe, other -three are small, hollow, ridged or arched, couering the lower part -next the stalke of those falling leaues, turning vp their ends, which -are diuided into two parts, other three stand vpright, and are very -small at the bottome of them, and broader toward the toppe: the whole -flower is of a faire blew colour; after the flowers are past, come vp -three square heads, somewhat long, and lanke, or loose, containing in -them round yellowish seede, which when it is ripe, will rattle by the -shaking of the winde in the dry huskes: the roote of this kinde is -greater and longer then any of the smaller kindes with narrow leaues, -couered with diuers browne skinnes, which seeme to be fraught with long -threeds like haires, especially at the small or vpper end of the roote, -which thing you shall not finde in any of the smaller kindes. - - -2. _Iris bulbosa maior purpurea & purpuro violacea._ -The paler or deeper purple great bulbous Flowerdeluce. - -These purple Flowerdeluces differ not from the last described, either -in roote or leafe: the chiefest difference consisteth in the flowers, -which in these are somewhat larger then in the former, and in the one -of a deepe blew or Violet purple colour, and in the other of a deepe -purple colour, in all other things alike. - -[Sidenote: _Flore cinereo._] - -There is also another, in all other things like vnto the former, but -only in the flower, which is of a pale or bleake blew, which we call an -ash-colour. - - -3. _Iris bulbosa maior purpurea variegata siue striata._ -The great purple stript bulbous Flowerdeluce. - -There is another of the purple kinde, whose flower is purple, but with -some veines or stripes of a deeper Violet colour, diuersly running -through the whole leaues of the flower. - -[Sidenote: _Flore cinereo striata purpureo._] - -And another of that bleake blew or ash-colour, with lines and veines of -purple in the leaues of the flowers, some more or lesse then other. - -[Sidenote: _Flore purpureo orbe cinereo._] - -And againe another, whose flower is of a purple colour like vnto -the second, but that round about that yellow spot, in the middle of -each of the three falling leaues (as is vsuall in all the bulbous -Flowerdeluces) there is a circle of a pale blew or ash-colour, the rest -of the leafe remaining purple, as the other parts of the flower is. - - -4. _Iris bulbosa maior flore rubente._ -The great peach coloured bulbous Flowerdeluce. - -There is another of these greater kindes, more rare then any of the -former, not differing in roote, leafe, or flower, from the former, -but onely that the flower in this is of a pale reddish purple colour, -comming somewhat neare vnto the colour of a peach blossome. - - -5. _Iris bulbosa maior siue latifolia alba._ -The great white bulbous Flowerdeluce. - -The great white bulbous Flowerdeluce, riseth not vp so early out of the -ground as the blew or purple doth, but about a moneth or more after, -whose leaues are somewhat larger, and broader then of the others: the -stalke is thicker and shorter, bearing vsually two very large and great -flowers, one flowring a little before the other, yet oftentimes both -in flower together in the end, of a bleake blewish white colour, which -wee call a siluer colour, while they are in the budde, and before they -be blowne open, but then of a purer white, yet with an eye or shew of -that siluer colour remaining in them, the three falling leaues being -very large, and hauing that yellow spot in the middle of each of them: -the seedes are likewise inclosed in heads, like vnto the blew or purple -kindes, but larger, and are of a reddish yellow colour like them: the -roote likewise is not differing, but greater. - - -6. _Iris bulbosa maior alba variegata._ -The great white stript bulbous Flowerdeluce. - -This white stript Flowerdeluce, is in roote, leafe, and flower, and in -manner of growing, like vnto the former white Flowerdeluce; the onely -difference is in the marking of the flower, being diuers from it: for -this hath in the white flower great veines, stripes, or markes, of a -Violet blew colour, dispersed through the leaues of the flower very -variably, which addeth a superexcellent beauty to the flower. - - -7. _Iris bulbosa maior siue latifolia versicolor._ -The great party coloured bulbous Flowerdeluce. - -There is no difference in this from the former, but in the flower, -which is of a whitish colour in the three falling leaues, hauing a -circle of ash-colour about the yellow spot, the three rigged leaues -being likewise whitish, but ridged and edged with that ash-colour, and -the three vpright leaues of a pale blewish white colour, with some -veines therein of a blewish purple. - -[Sidenote: _Varietas._] - -There hath beene brought vnto vs diuers rootes of these kindes, with -the dryed flowers remaining on them, wherein there hath beene seene -more varieties, then I can well remember to expresse, which variety it -is very probable, hath risen by the sowing of the seeds, as is truely -obserued in the narrower leafed kinde of Flowerdeluce, in the Tulipa, -and in some other plants. - -[Sidenote: _Flore luteo._] - -Wee haue heard of one of this kinde of broad leafed Flowerdeluces, that -should beare a yellow flower, in the like manner as is to be seene in -the narrow leafed ones: but I haue not seene any such, and therefore I -dare report no further of it, vntill time hath discouered the truth or -falshood of the report. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Iris bulbosa latifolia prima Clusii._ Clusius his first great - bulbous Flowerdeluce. - 2 _Iris bulbosa maior cærulea siue Anglica._ The great blew of - English bulbous Flowerdeluce. - 3 _Iris bulbosa maior purpurea variegata._ The great purple stript - bulbous Flowerdeluce. - 4 _Iris bulbosa angustifolia maior alba._ The greater white narrow - leafed bulbous Flowerdeluce. - 5 _Iris bulbosa angustifolia versicolor._ The party coloured narrow - leafed bulbous Flowerdeluce. - 6 _Iris bulbosa angustifolia Africana._ The purple African bulbous - narrow leafed Flowerdeluce. -] - - - The Place. - - Lobelius is the first reporter, that the blew Flowerdeluce - or first kinde of these broad leafed Flowerdeluces, groweth - naturally in the West parts of England; but I am in some doubt - of the truth of that report: for I rather thinke, that some in - their trauels through Spaine, or other parts where it groweth, - being delighted with the beauty of the flower, did gather the - rootes, and bring them ouer with them, and dwelling in some of - the West parts of England, planted them, and there encreasing - so plentifully as they doe, they were imparted to many, - thereby in time growing common in all Countrey folkes Gardens - thereabouts. They grow also, and all the other, and many more - varieties, about Tholouse, from whence Plantinianus Gassanus - both sent and brought vs them, with many other bulbous rootes, - and rare plants gathered thereabouts. - - - The Time. - - These doe flower vsually in the end of May, or beginning of - Iune, and their seede is ripe in the end of Iuly or August. - - - The Names. - - Lobel calleth the first English blew Flowerdeluce, _Hyacinthus - Poetarum flore Iridis, & propter Hyacinthinum colorem, id est - violaceum dictus_: but I know not any great good ground for - it, more then the very colour; for it is neither of the forme - of a Lilly, neither hath it those mourning markes imprinted in - it, which the Poet faineth to bee in his Hyacinth. It is most - truely called an _Iris_, or Flowerdeluce (and there is great - difference betweene a Lilly and a Flowerdeluce, for the formes - of their flowers) because it answereth thereunto very exactly, - for the flower, and is therefore called vsually by most, - either _Iris bulbosa Anglica_, or _Iris bulbosa maior siue - latifolia_, for a difference betweene it, and the lesser with - narrow leaues: In English, eyther The great English bulbous - Flowerdeluce, or the great broad leafed bulbous Flowerdeluce, - which you will, adding the other name, according to the colour. - -And thus much for these broad leafed bulbous Flowerdeluces, so much -as hath come to our knowledge. Now to the seuerall varieties of the -narrow leafed bulbous Flowerdeluces, so much likewise as we haue been -acquainted with. - - -_Iris bulbosa minor siue angustifolia alba._ -The smaller white or narrow leafed bulbous Flowerdeluce. - -This first Flowerdeluce, which beareth the smaller flower of the two -white ones, that are here to bee described, springeth out of the ground -alwaies before Winter, which after breaketh forth into foure or fiue -small and narrow leaues, a foote long or more, of a whitish greene on -the inside, which is hollow and chanalled, and of a blewish greene -colour on the outside, and round withall: the stalke of this kinde is -longer and slenderer then the former, with some shorter leaues vpon -it, at the toppe whereof, out of short skinny leaues, stand one or -two flowers, smaller, shorter, and rounder then the flowers of the -former broad leafed Flowerdeluces, but made after the same proportion -with nine leaues, three falling downewards, with a yellow spot in the -middle, other three are made like a long arch, which couer the lower -part next the stalke of those falling leaues, and turne vp at the ends -of them, where they are diuided into two parts: the other three stand -vpright, betweene each of the three falling leaues, being somewhat long -and narrow: the flower is wholly, (sauing the yellow spot) of a pure -white colour, yet in some hauing a shew of some blew throughout, and -in others towards the bottome of the three vpright leaues: after the -flowers are past, there rise vp so many long cods or seede vessels, as -there were flowers, which are longer and smaller then in the former, -and a little bending like a Corner, with three round squares, and round -pointed also, which diuiding it selfe when the seede is ripe into three -parts, doe shew six seuerall cells or places, wherein is contained such -like round reddish yellow seedes, but smaller then the former: the -roote is smaller and shorter then the former, and without any haires -or threeds, couered with browne thin skinnes, and more plentifull in -giuing encrease. - - -_Iris bulbosa angustifolia alba flore maiore._ -The greater white narrow leafed bulbous Flowerdeluce. - -I shall not neede to make a seuerall description to euery one of -these Flowerdeluces that follow, for that were but to make often -repetition of one thing, which being once done, as it is, may well -serue to expresse all the rest, and but onely to adde the especiall -differences, either in leafe or flower, for bignesse, colour, or forme, -as is expedient to expresse and distinguish them seuerally. This -greater white bulbous Flowerdeluce is like vnto the last described in -all parts, sauing that it is a little larger and higher, both in leafe, -stalke, and flower, and much whiter then any of these mixed sorts that -follow, yet not so white as the former: the roote hereof is likewise a -little bigger and rounder in the middle. - - -_Albescens._ Milke white. - - There is another, whose falling leaues haue a little shew of - yellownesse in them, and so are the middle ridges of the arched - leaues, but the vpright leaues are more white, not differing in - roote or leafe from the first white. - -_Argentea._ Siluer colour. - - And another, whose falls are of a yellowish white, like the - last, the arched leaues are whiter, and the vpright leaues of a - blewish white, which we call a siluer colour. - -_Albida._ Whitish. - - Another hath the fals yellowish, and sometimes with a little - edge of white about them, and sometimes without; the vpright - leaues are whitish, as the arched leaues are, yet the ridge - yellower. - -_Albida labris luteis._ White with yellow fals. - - Another hath his fals yellow, and the vpright leaues white, - all these flowers are about the same bignesse with the first. - -_Albida angustior._ The narrow white. - - But we haue another, whose flower is smaller, and almost as - white as the second, the lower leaues are small, and doe as - it were stand outright, not hauing almost any fal at all, - so that the yellow spot seemeth to be the whole leafe, the - arched leaues are not halfe so large as in the former, and - the vpright leaues bowe themselues in the middle, so that the - tops doe as it were meete together. - - And another of the same, whose falling leaues are a little - more eminent and yellow, with a yellower spot. - -_Aurea siue lutea Hispanica._ The Spanish yellow. - - We haue another kinde that is called the Spanish yellow, which - riseth not vp so high, as ordinarily most of the rest doe, and - is wholly of a gold yellow colour. - -_Pallide lutea._ Straw colour. - - There is another, that vsually riseth higher then the former - yellow, and is wholly of a pale yellow, but deeper at the spot. - -_Albida lutea._ Pale Straw colour. - - There is also another like vnto the pale yellow, but that the - falling leaues are whiter then all the rest of the flower. - -_Mauritanica flaua serotina minor._ The small Barbary yellow. - - There is a smaller or dwarfe kinde, brought from the backe - parts of Barbary, neare the Sea, like vnto the yellow, but - smaller and lower, and in stead of vpright leaues, hath small - short leaues like haires: it flowreth very late, after all - others haue almost giuen their seede. - -_Versicolor Hispanica cærulea labris albis._ - The party coloured Spanish. - - We haue another sort is called the party coloured Spanish - bulbous Flowerdeluce, whose falling leaues are white, the - arched leaues of a whitish siluer colour, and the vpright - leaues of a fine blewish purple. - -_Diuersitas._ The diuersity or variation of this flower. - - Yet sometimes this doth vary; for the falling leaues will haue - either an edge of blew, circling the white leaues, the arched - leaues being a little blewer, and the vpright leaues more - purple. - - Or the fals will be almost wholly blew, edged with a blewer - colour, the arched leaues pale blew, and the vpright leaues of - a purplish blew Violet colour. - - Or the fals white, the arched leaues pale white, as the vpright - leaues are. - - Of not of so faire a blewish purple, as the first sort is. - - Some of them also will haue larger flowers then others, and be - more liberall in bearing flowers: for the first sort, which - is the most ordinary, seldome beareth aboue one flower on a - stalke, yet sometimes two. And of the others there are some - that will beare vsually two and three flowers, yet some againe - will beare but one. All these kindes smell sweeter then many of - the other, although the most part are without sent. - -_Cærulea siue purpurea minor Lusitanica præcox._ - The small early purple Portugall. - - There is another kinde, that is smaller in all the parts - thereof then the former, the stalke is slender, and not so - high, bearing at the toppe one or two small flowers, all wholly - of a faire, blewish purple, with a yellow spot in euery one - of the three falling leaues, this vsually flowreth early, euen - with the first bulbous Flowerdeluces. - -_Purpurea maior._ The greater purple. - - We haue another purple, whose flower is larger, and stalke - higher, and is of a very reddish purple colour, a little aboue - the ground, at the foote or bottome of the leaues and stalke: - this flowreth with the later sort of Flowerdeluces. - -_Purpurea serotina._ The late purple. - - There is another, whose flower is wholly purple, except the - yellow spot, and flowreth later then any of the other purples. - -_Purpurea rubescens labris cæruleis._ - A reddish purple with blew fals. - - There is yet another purple, whose vpright leaues are of a - reddish purple, and the falling leaues of a blew colour. - -_Purpurea rubescens labris albido cæruleis._ - A reddish purple with whitish blew fals. - - And another of a reddish purple, whose falling leaues are of a - whitish blew colour, in nothing else differing from the last. - -_Purpurea labris luteis._ Party coloured purple & yellow. - - Another hath his falling leaues of a faire gold yellow, without - any stripe, yet in some there are veines running through the - yellow leaues, and some haue an edge of a sullen darke colour - about them: the vpright leaues in euery of these, are a Violet - purple. - -_Purpurea labris ex albido cærulea & luteo mixtis._ - Party coloured purple with stript yellow fals. - - Another is altogether like this last, but that the falling - leaues are of a pale blew and yellow, trauersing one the other, - and the arched leaues of a pale purplish colour. - -_Subpurpurea labris luteis._ Pale purple with yellow fals. - - Another hath his vpright leaues of a paler purple, and the - falling leaues yellow. - -A paler purple. - - And another little differing from it, but that the arched - leaues are whitish. - -_Subcærulea labris luteis._ Party coloured blew and yellow. - - Another whose vpright leaues are of a pale blew, and the - falling leaues yellow. - - And another of the same sort, but of a little paler blew. - -_Crinis coloris elegantioris._ A faire haire colour. - - We haue another sort, whose vpright leaues are of a faire - brownish yellow colour, which some call a _Fuille mort_, and - others an haire colour; the falling leaues yellow. - -_Altera obsoletior._ A dull haire colour. - - And another of the same colour, but somewhat deader. - - -_Iris bulbosa Africana serpentriæ caule._ -The purple or murrey bulbous Barbary Flowerdeluce. - -This Flowerdeluce as it is more strange (that is, but lately knowne -and possessed by a few) so it is both more desired, and of more beauty -then others. It is in all respects, of roote, leafe, and flower, for -the forme like vnto the middle sort of these Flowerdeluces, onely the -lowest part of the leaues and stalke, for an inch or thereabouts, next -vnto the ground, are of a reddish colour, spotted with many spots, and -the flower, being of a meane size, is of a deepe purplish red or murrey -colour the whole flower throughout, except the yellow spot in the -middle of the three lower or falling leaues, as is in all others. - -_Purpurea cærulea obsoleta labris fuscis._ - The duskie party coloured purple. - - And lastly, there is another sort, which is the greatest of - all these narrow leafed Flowerdeluces, in all the parts of it; - for the roote is greater then any of the other, being thicke - and short: the leaues are broader and longer, but of the same - colour: the stalke is stronger and higher then any of them, - bearing two or three flowers, larger also then any of the rest, - whose falling leaues are of a duskie yellow, and sometimes with - veines and borders about the brimmes, of another dunne colour, - yet hauing that yellow spot that is in all: the arched leaues - are of a sullen pale purplish yellow, and the vpright leaues of - a dull or duskie blewish purple colour: the heads or hornes for - seede are likewise greater, and so is the seede also a little. - - - The Place. - - These Flowerdeluces haue had their originall out of Spaine and - Portugall, as it is thought, except those that haue risen by - the sowing, and those which are named of Africa. - - - The Time. - - These flower in Iune, and sometimes abide vnto Iuly, but - vsually not so early as the former broad leafed kindes, and are - soone spoiled with wet in their flowring. - - - The Names. - - The seuerall names, both in Latine and English, are sufficient - for them as they are set downe; for we know no better. - - - The Vertues. - - There is not any thing extant or to be heard, that any of - these kindes of Flowerdeluces hath been vsed to any Physicall - purposes, and serue onely to decke vp the Gardens of the - curious. - -And thus much for these sorts of bulbous Flowerdeluces, and yet I -doubt not, but that there are many differences, which haue risen by -the sowing of the seede, as many may obserue from their owne labours, -for that euery yeare doth shew forth some variety that is not seene -before. And now I will conuert my discourse a while likewise, to passe -through the seuerall rankes of the other kindes of tuberous rooted -Flowerdeluces, called Flagges. - - - - -CHAP. XX. - -_Iris latifolia tuberosa._ The Flagge or Flowerdeluce. - - -There are two principall kindes of tuberous or knobby rooted -Flowerdeluces, that is, the tall and the dwarfe, or the greater and -the lesser; the former called _Iris maior_ or _latifolia_, and the -other _Iris minor_, or rather _Chamæiris_; and each of these haue their -lesser or narrow leafed kindes to bee comprehended vnder them: Of all -which in their order. And first of that Flowerdeluce, which for his -excellent beautie and raritie, deserueth the first place. - - -_Iris Chalcedonica siue Susiana maior._ -The great Turkie Flowerdeluce. - -The great Turkie Flowerdeluce, hath diuers heads of long and broad -fresh greene leaues, yet not so broad as many other of those that -follow, one folded within another at the bottome, as all other of these -Flowerdeluces are: from the middle of some one of those heads (for -euery head of leaues beareth not a flower) riseth vp a round stiffe -stalke, two foote high, at the toppe whereof standeth one flower (for I -neuer obserued it to beare two) the largest almost, but rarest of all -the rest, consisting of nine leaues, like the others that follow, but -of the colour almost of a Snakes skinne, it is so diuersly spotted; -for the three lower falling leaues are very large, of a deepe or darke -purple colour, almost blacke, full of grayish spots, strakes, and -lines through the whole leaues, with a blacke thrume or freeze in the -middle of each of them: the three arched leaues that couer them, are -of the same darke purple colour, yet a little paler at the sides, the -three vpper leaues are very large also, and of the same colour with the -lower leaues, but a little more liuely and fresh, being speckled and -straked with whiter spots and lines; which leaues being laid in water, -will colour the water into a Violet colour, but if a little Allome be -put therein, and then wrung or pressed, and the iuice of these leaues -dryed in the shadow, will giue a colour almost as deepe as Indico, and -may serue for shawdowes in limming excellent well: the flower hath no -sent that can be perceiued, but is onely commendable for the beauty -and rarity thereof: it seldome beareth seedes in these cold Countries, -but when it doth, it is contained in great heads, being brownish and -round, but not so flat as in other sorts, the roots are more browne on -the outside, and growing tuberous thicke, as all other that are kept in -Gardens. - - -_Iris Chalcedonica siue Susiana minor._ -The lesser Turkie Flowerdeluce. - -There is another hereof little differing, but that the leafe is of a -more yellowish greene colour, and the flower neither so large or faire, -nor of so perspicuous markes and spots, nor the colour of that liuely -(though darke) lustre. - - - The Place. - - These haue been sent out of Turkie diuers times among other - things, and it should seeme, that they haue had their originall - from about Susis, a chiefe Citie of Persia. - - - The Time. - - They flower in May most vsually, before any of the other kindes. - - - The Names. - - They haue been sent vnto vs, and vnto diuers other in other - parts, from Constantinople vnder the name of _Alaia Susiana_, - and thereupon it hath been called, both of them and vs, either - _Iris Chalcedonica_, or _Susiana_, and for distinction _maior_ - or _minor_: In English, The Turkie Flowerdeluce, or the Ginnie - Hen Flowerdeluce, the greater or the lesser. - - -_Iris alba Florentina._ The white Flowerdeluce. - -The great white Flowerdeluce, hath many heads of very broad and flat -long leaues, enclosing or folding one within another at the bottome, -and after a little diuided one from another toward the top, thin edged, -like a sword on both sides, and thicker in the middle: from the middle -of some of these heads of leaues, riseth vp a round stiffe stalk, -two or three foot high, bearing at the top one, two, or three large -flowers, out of seuerall huskes or skins, consisting of nine leaues, -as all the other do, of a faire white colour, hauing in the middle of -each of the three falling leaues, a small long yellow frize or thrume, -as is most vsuall in all the sorts of the following Flowerdeluces, both -of the greater and smaller kindes: after the flowers are past, come -the seed, inclosed in thicke short pods, full fraught or stored with -red roundish and flat seede, lying close one vpon another: the roote -is tuberous or knobby, shooting out from euery side much like tuberous -heads, lying for the most part vpon or aboue the ground, and fastened -within the ground with long white strings or fibres, which hold them - -[Sidenote: _Flore pallido._] - -strongly, and encreaseth fast. There is another like vnto this last in -all things, sauing that the colour of the flower is of a more yellowish -white, which we vsually call a Straw colour. - - -_Iris alba maior versicolor._ The white party coloured Flowerdeluce. - -This variable Flowerdeluce is like vnto the former, but that the leaues -are not so large and broad, the flower hereof is as large almost, and -as white as the former, but it hath a faire list or line of a blewish -purple downe the backe of euery one of the three vpright leaues, and -likewise round about the edges, both of the vpper and lower leaues, and -also a little more purplish vpon the ridge of the arched leaues, that -couer the falling leaues: the roote hereof is not so great as of the -former white, but a little slenderer and browner. - - -_Iris Dalmatica maior._ The great Dalmatian Flowerdeluce. - -This greater Flowerdeluce of Dalmatia, hath his leaues as large and -broad as any of the Flowerdeluces whatsoeuer, his stalke and flower -doe equall his other proportion, onely the colour of the flower is -differing, being of a faire watchet or bleake blew colour wholly, -with the yellow frize or thrum downe the middle of the lower or -falling leaues, as before is said to be common to all these sorts of -Flowerdeluces; in all other parts it little differeth, sauing onely -this is obserued to haue a small shew of a purplish red about the -bottome of the greene leaues. - - -_Iris purpurea siue vulgaris._ The common purple Flowerdeluce. - -This Flowerdeluce, which is most common in Gardens, differeth nothing -at all from those that are formerly described, either in roote, leafe, -or flower for the forme of them, but onely that the leaues of this -are not so large as the last, and the flower it selfe is of a deep -purple or Violet colour, and sometimes a little declining to rednesse, -especially in some places. - -[Sidenote: _Purpurea pallidior versicolor._] - -Sometimes this kinde of Flowerdeluce will haue flowers of a paler -purple colour, comming neare vnto a blew, and sometimes it will haue -veines or stripes of a deeper blew, or purple, or ash-colour, running -through all the vpper and lower leaues. - -[Sidenote: _Cærulea labris purpureis._] - -There is another like vnto this, but more purple in the fals, and more -pale in the vpright leaues. - - -_Iris Asiatica cærulea._ The blew Flowerdeluce of Asia. - -This Flowerdeluce of Asia, is in largenesse of leaues like vnto the -Dalmatian, but beareth more store of flowers on seuerall branches, -which are of a deeper blew colour, and the arched leaues whitish on the -side, and purplish on the ridges, but in other things like vnto it. - -[Sidenote: _Purpurea._] - -There is another neare vnto this, but that his leaues are a little -narrower, and his flowers a little more purple, especially the vpper -leaues. - - -_Iris Damascena._ The Flowerdeluce of Damasco. - -This is likewise altogether like the Flowerdeluce of Asia, but that it -hath some white veines in the vpright leaues. - - -_Iris Lusitanica biflora._ The Portugall Flowerdeluce. - -This Portugall Flowerdeluce is very like the common purple -Flowerdeluce, but that this is not so large in leaues, or flowers, -and that it doth often flower twice in a yeare, that is, both in the -Spring, and in the Autumne againe, and besides, the flowers haue a -better or sweeter sent, but of the like purple or Violet colour as it -is, and comming forth out of purplish skins or huskes. - - -_Iris Camerarij siue purpurea versicolor maior._ -The greater variable coloured purple Flowerdeluce. - -The greater of the variable purple Flowerdeluces, hath very broad -leaues, like vnto the leaues of the common purple Flowerdeluce, and so -is the flower also, but differing in colour, for the three lower leaues -are of a deepe purple colour tending to rednesse, the three arched -leaues are of the colour with the vpper leaues, which are of a pale -or bleake colour tending to yellownesse, shadowed ouer with a smoakie -purplish colour, except the ridges of the arched leaues, which are of a -more liuely purple colour. - - -_Iris purpurea versicolor minor._ -The lesser variable purple Flowerdeluce. - -This Flowerdeluce differeth not in any thing from the last, but onely -that it hath narrower greene leaues, and smaller and narrower flowers, -else if they be both conferred together, the colours will not seeme to -varie the one from the other any whit at all. - -[Sidenote: _Altera minus fuliginea._] - -There is another somewhat neare vnto these two last kindes, whose -huskes from whence the flowers doe shoote forth, haue purple veines in -them, and so haue the falling purplish leaues, and the three vpright -leaues are not so smoakie, yet of a dun purple colour. - - -_Iris cærulea versicolor._ The blew party coloured Flowerdeluce. - -This party coloured Flowerdeluce hath his leaues of the same -largenesse, with the lesser variable purple Flowerdeluce last -described, and his flowers diuersly marked: for some haue the fals -blew at the edges, and whitish at the bottome, the arched leaues of -a yellowish white, and the vpright leaues of a whitish blew, with -yellowish edges. Some againe are of a darker blew, with brownish spots -in them. And some are so pale a blew, that we may well call it an -ash-colour: And lastly, there is another of this sort, whose vpright -leaues are of a faire pale blew, with yellowish edges, and the falling -leaues parted into two colours, sometimes equally in the halfe, each -side sutable to the other in colour: And sometimes hauing the one leafe -in that manner: And sometimes but with a diuers coloured list in them; -in the other parts both of flower and leafe, like vnto the other. - - -_Iris lutea variegata._ The yellow variable Flowerdeluce. - -This yellow variable Flowerdeluce loseth his leaues in Winter, contrary -to all the former Flowerdeluces, so that his roote remaineth vnder -ground without any shew of leafe vpon it: but in the beginning of the -Spring it shooteth out faire broad leaues, falling downwards at the -points or ends, but shorter many times then any of the former, and so -is the stalke likewise, not rising much aboue a foote high, whereon are -set two or three large flowers, whose falling leaues are of a reddish -purple colour, the three that stand vpright of a smoakie yellow, the -arched leaues hauing their ridges of a bleake colour tending to purple, -the sides being of the former smoakie yellow colour, with some purplish -veines at the foote or bottome of all the leaues: the roote groweth -somewhat more slender and long vnder ground, and of a darker colour -then manie of the other. - -Another sort hath the vpright leaues of a reasonable faire yellow, -and stand more vpright, not bowing downe as most of the other, and - -[Sidenote: _Varietas._] - -the purple fals haue pale edges. Some haue their greene leaues party -coloured, white and greene, more or lesse, and so are the huskes of -the flowers, the arched leaues yellow, as the vpright leaues are, -with purplish veines at the bottome. And some haue both the arched -and vpright leaues of so pale a yellow, that we may almost call it a -straw colour, but yellower at the bottome, with purple veines, and the -falling leaues purple, with two purple spots in them. - -And these are the sorts of the greater tuberous or Flagge Flowerdeluces -that haue come to our knowledge: the next hereunto are the lesser or -narrow leafed kindes to be described; and first of the greatest of them. - - -1. _Iris angustifolia Tripolitana aurea._ -The yellow Flowerdeluce of Tripoly. - -This Flowerdeluce I place in the forefront of the narrow leafed -Flowerdeluces, for the length of the leaues, compared with the breadth -of them; it may fitly bee called a narrow leafed Flowerdeluce, although -they be an inch broad, which is broader then any of them that follow, -or some of those are set downe before, but as I said, the length make -them seem narrow, and therefore let it take vp his roome in this place, -with the description that followeth. It beareth leaues a yard long, or -not much lesse, and an inch broad, as is said before, or more, of a sad -greene colour, but not shining: the stalke riseth vp to be foure of -fiue foote high, being strong and round, but not very great, bearing -at the toppe two or three long and narrow gold yellow flowers, of the -fashion of the bulbous Flowerdeluces, as the next to bee described is, -without any mixture or variation therein: the heads for seede are three -square, containing within them many flat cornered seedes: the roote -is long and blackish, like vnto the rest that follow, but greater and -fuller. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Iris Chalcedonica siue Susiana maior._ The great Turkie - Flowerdeluce. - 2 _Iris alba Florentina._ The white Flowerdeluce. - 3 _Iris latifolia variegata._ The variable Flowerdeluce. - 4 _Chamæiris latifolia maior._ The greater dwarfe Flowerdeluce. -] - - -2. _Iris angustifolia maior cærulea._ -The greater blew Flowerdeluce with narrow leaues. - -This kinde of Flowerdeluce hath his leaues very long and narrow, of a -whitish greene colour, but neither so long or broad as the last, yet -broader, thicker and stiffer then any of the rest with narrow leaues -that follow: the stalke riseth sometimes no higher then the leaues, -and sometimes a little higher, bearing diuers flowers at the top, -successiuely flowring one after another, and are like vnto the flowers -of the bulbous Flowerdeluces, but of a light blew colour, and sometimes -deeper: after the flowers are past, rise vp six cornered heads, which -open into three parts, wherein is contained browne seede, almost round: -the roote is small, blackish and hard, spreading into many long heads, -and more closely growing or matting together. - - -3. _Iris angustifolia purpurea marina._ -The purple narrow leafed Sea Flowerdeluce. - -This Sea Flowerdeluce hath many narrow hard leaues as long as the -former, and of a darke greene colour, which doe smell a little strong: -the stalke beareth two or three flowers like the former, but somewhat -lesse, and of a darke purple or Violet colour: in seede and roote it is -like the former. - - -4. _Iris angustifolia purpurea versicolor._ -The variable purple narrow leafed Flowerdeluce. - -The leaues of this Flowerdeluce are very like the former Sea -Flowerdeluce, and do a little stinke like them; the flowers are -differing, in that the vpper leaues are wholly purple or violet, and -the lower leaues haue white veines, and purple running one among -another: the seede and rootes differ not from the former purple Sea -kinde. - - -5. _Iris angustifolia minor Pannonica siue versicolor Clusij._ -The small variable Hungarian Flowerdeluce of Clusius. - -This Hungarian Flowerdeluce (first found out by Clusius, by him -described, and of him tooke the name) riseth vp with diuers small tufts -of leaues, very long, narrow, and greene, growing thicke together, -especially if it abide any time in a place; among which riseth vp many -long round stalkes, higher then the leaues, bearing two or three, or -foure small flowers, one aboue another, like the former, but smaller -and of greater beauty: for the lower leaues are variably striped with -white and purple, without any thrume or fringe at all; the vpper leaues -are of a blewish fine purple or Violet colour, & so are the arched -leaues, yet hauing the edges a little paler: the heads for seede are -smaller, and not so cornered as the other, containing seedes much -like the former, but smaller: the roote is blacke and small, growing -thicker and closer together then any other, and strongly fastened in -the ground, with a number of hard stringie rootes: the flowers are of a -reasonable good sent. - - -6. _Iris angustifolia maior flore duplici._ -The greater double blew Flowerdeluce. - -This Flowerdeluce, differeth not either in roote or leafe from the -first great blew Flowerdeluce of Clusius, but onely in that the leaues -grow thicker together, and that the flowers of this kinde are as it -were double with many leaues confusedly set together, without any -distinct parts of a Flowerdeluce, and of a faire blew colour with many -white veines and lines running in the leaues; yet oftentimes the stalke -of flowers hath but two or three small flowers distinctly set together, -rising as it were out of one huske. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Iris angustifolia Tripolitana._ The yellow Flowerdeluce of - Tripoli. - 2 _Iris angustifolia maior cærulea._ The greater blew Flowerdeluce - with narrow leaues. - 3 _Iris angustifolia minor Pannonica siue versicolor Clusii._ The - small variable Hungarian Flowerdeluce of Clusius. - 4 _Iris angustifolia maior flore duplici._ The greater double blew - Flowerdeluce. - 5 _Chamæiris angustifolia minor._ The lesser Grasse Flowerdeluce. - 6 _Iris tuberosa._ The veluet Flowerdeluce. -] - - -7. _Iris angustifolia minor alba Clusij._ -The small white Flowerdeluce of Hungary. - -This likewise differeth little from the former Hungarian Flowerdeluce -of Clusius, but that the leafe is of a little paler greene colour, -and the flower is of a faire whitish colour, with some purple at the -bottome of the leaues. - -Next after these narrow leafed Flowerdeluces, are the greater and -smaller sorts of dwarfe kindes to follow; and lastly, the narrow -or grasse leafed dwarfe kindes, which will finish this Chapter of -Flowerdeluces. - - -1. _Chamæiris latifolia maior alba._ -The greater white dwarfe Flowerdeluce. - -This dwarfe Flowerdeluce hath his leaues as broad as some of the lesser -kindes last mentioned, but not shorter; the stalke is very short, -not aboue halfe a foote high or thereabouts, bearing most commonly -but one flower, seldome two, which are in some of a pure white, in -others paler, or somewhat yellowish through the whole flower, except -the yellow frize or thrume in the middle of euery one of the falling -leaues: after the flowers are past, come forth great heads, containing -within them round pale seed: the roote is small, according to the -proportion of the plant aboue ground, but made after the fashion of -the greater kindes, with tuberous peeces spreading from the sides, and -strong fibres or strings, whereby they are fastened in the ground. - - -2. _Chamæiris latifolia maior purpurea._ -The greater purple dwarfe Flowerdeluce. - -There is no difference either in roote, leafe, or forme of flower in -this from the former dwarfe kinde, but onely in the colour of the -flower, which in some is of a very deepe or blacke Violet purple, both -the toppes and the fals: in others the Violet purple is more liuely, -and in some the vpper leaues are blew, and the lower leaues purple, -yet all of them haue that yellow frize or thrume in the middle of the -falling leaues, that the other kindes haue. - -[Sidenote: _Altera._] - -There is another that beareth purple flowers, that might be reckoned, -for the smalnesse and shortnesse of his stalke, to the next kinde, but -that the flowers and leaues of this are as large as any of the former -kindes of the smaller Flowerdeluces. - - -3. _Chamæiris latifolia minor alba._ -The lesser white dwarfe Flowerdeluce. - -There is also another sort of these Flowerdeluces, whose leaues and -flowers are lesse, and wherein there is much variety. The leaues of -this kinde, are all for the most part somewhat smaller, narrower, and -shorter then the former: the stalke with the flower vpon it scarce -riseth above the leaues, so that in most of them it may be rather -called a foote-stalke, such as the Saffron flowers haue, and are -therefore called of manie ἄκαυλοι, without stalkes; the flowers are -like vnto the first described of the dwarfe kindes, and of a whitish -colour, with a few purplish lines at the bottome of the vpper leaues, -and a list of greene in the falling leaues. - -[Sidenote: _Straminea._] - -Another hath the flowers of a pale yellow, called a Straw colour, with -whitish stripes and veines in the fals, and purplish lines at the -bottome of the vpper leaues. - - -4. _Chamæiris latifolia minor purpurea._ -The lesser purple dwarfe Flowerdeluce. - -The difference of this from the former, consisteth more in the colour -then forme of the flower, which is of a deep Violet purple, sometimes -paler, and sometimes so deep, that it almost seemeth blacke: And -sometimes the fals purplish, and the vpper leaues blew. Some of these -haue a sweete sent, and some none. - -[Sidenote: _Cærulea._] - -There is another of a fine pale or delayed blew colour throughout the -whole flower. - - -5. _Chamæiris latifolia minor suauerubens._ -The lesser blush coloured dwarfe Flowerdeluce. - -This Flowerdeluce hath the falling leaues of the flower of a reddish -colour, and the thrumes blew: the vpper and arched leaues of a fine -pale red or flesh colour, called a blush colour; in all other things it -differeth not, and smelleth little or nothing at all. - - -6. _Chamæiris latifolia minor lutea versicolor._ -The lesser yellow variable dwarfe Flowerdeluce. - -The falling leaues of this Flowerdeluce are yellowish, with purple -lines from the middle downewards, sometimes of a deeper, and sometimes -of a paler colour, and white thrumes in the middle, the vpper leaues -are likewise of a yellowish colour, with purple lines in them: And -sometimes the yellow colour is paler, and the lines both in the vpper -and lower leaues of a dull or dead purple colour. - - -7. _Chamæiris latifolia minor cærulea versicolor._ -The lesser blew variable dwarfe Flowerdeluce. - -The vpper leaues of this flower are of a blewish yellow colour, spotted -with purple in the broad part, and at the bottome very narrow: the -falling leaues are spread ouer with pale purplish lines, and a small -shew of blew about the brimmes: the thrume is yellow at the bottome, -and blewish aboue: the arched leaues are of a blewish white, being a -little deeper on the ridge. - -And sometimes the vpper leaues are of a paler blew rather whitish, with -the yellow: both these haue no sent at all. - - -8. _Chamæiris marina purpurea._ The purple dwarfe Sea Flowerdeluce. - -This small Flowerdeluce is like vnto the narrow leafed Sea Flowerdeluce -before described, both in roote, leafe, and flower, hauing no other -difference, but in the smalnesse and lownesse of the growing, being of -the same purple colour with it. - - -9. _Chamæiris angustifolia maior._ The greater Grasse Flowerdeluce. - -This Grasse Flowerdeluce hath many long and narrow darke greene leaues, -not so stiffe as the former, but lither, and bending their ends downe -againe, among which rise vp diuers stalkes, bearing at the toppe two -or three sweete flowers, as small as any of them set downe before, of -a reddish purple colour, with whitish yellow and purple strakes downe -the middle of the falling leaues: the arched leaues are of a horse -flesh colour all along the edges, and purple vpon the ridges and tips -that turne vp againe: vnder these appeare three browne aglets, like -vnto birds tongues: the three vpper leaues are small and narrow, of a -perfect purple or Violet colour: the heads for seede haue sharper and -harder cornered edges then the former: the seedes are somewhat grayish -like the former, and so are the rootes, being small, blacke, and hard, -growing thicke together, fastened in the ground with small blackish -hard strings, which hardly shoote againe if the roote be remoued. - - -10. _Chamæiris angustifolia minor._ The lesser Grasse Flowerdeluce. - -This Flowerdeluce is in leaues, flowers, and rootes so like the last -described, that but onely it is smaller and lower, it is not to be -distinguished from the other. And this may suffice for these sorts of -Flowerdeluces, that furnish the Gardens of the curious louers of these -varieties of nature, so farre forth as hath passed vnder our knowledge. -There are some other that may be referred hereunto, but they belong to -another history; and therefore I make no mention of them in this place. - - - The Place. - - The places of most of these are set downe in their seuerall - titles; for some are out of Turkie, others out of Hungaria, - Dalmatia, Illyria, &c. as their names doe import. Those that - grow by the Sea, are found in Spaine and France. - - - The Time. - - Some of these do flower in Aprill, some in May, and some not - vntill Iune. - - - The Names. - - The names expressed are the fittest agreeing vnto them, and - therefore it is needlesse againe to repeate them. Many of the - rootes of the former or greater kindes, being dryed are sweete, - yet some more then other, and some haue no sent at all: but - aboue all the rest, that with the white flower, called of - Florence, is accounted of all to be the sweetest root, fit to - be vsed to make sweete powders, &c. calling it by the name of - _Orris_ rootes. - - -_Iris tuberosa._ The Veluet Flowerdeluce. - -Vnto the Family of Flowerdeluces, I must needes ioyne this peculiar -kinde, because of the neare resemblance of the flower, although it -differ both in roote and leafe; lest therefore it should haue no place, -let it take vp a roome here in the end of the Flowerdeluces, with this -description following. It hath many small and foure square leaues, two -foote long and aboue sometimes, of a grayish greene colour, stiffe -at the first, but afterwards growing to their full length, they are -weak and bend downe to the ground: out of the middle, as it were of -one of these leaues, breaketh out the stalke, a foot high and better, -with some leaues thereon, at the toppe whereof, out of a huske riseth -one flower, (I neuer saw more on a stalke) consisting of nine leaues, -whereof the three that fall downe are of a yellowish greene colour -round about the edges, and in the middle of so deepe a purple, that -it seemeth to be blacke, resembling blacke Veluet: the three arched -leaues, that couer the lower leaues to the halfe, are of the same -greenish colour that the edges and backside of the lower leaues are: -the three vppermost leaues, if they may be called leaues, or rather -short peeces like eares, are green also, but wherein a glimpse of -purple may be seene in them: after the flower is past, there followeth -a round knob or whitish seede vessell, hanging downe by a small -foote-stalke, from betweene the huske, which is diuided as it were -into two leaues, wherein is contained round white seede. The roote -is bunched or knobbed out into long round rootes, like vnto fingers, -two or three from one peece, one distant from another, and one longer -then another, for the most part of a darkish gray colour, and reddish -withall on the outside, and somewhat yellowish within. - - - The Place. - - It hath beene sent out of Turkie oftentimes (as growing - naturally thereabouts) and not knowne to grow naturally any - where else. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth in Aprill or May, sometimes earlier or later, as - the Spring falleth out to be milde or sharpe. - - - The Names. - - Matthiolus contendeth to make it the true _Hermodadactylus_, - rather from the shew of the rootes, which (as is said) are - like vnto fingers, then from any other good reason: for the - rootes hereof eyther dry or greene, do nothing resemble the - true _Hermodactyli_ that are vsed in Physicke, as any that - knoweth them may easily perceiue, either in forme or vertue. It - is more truely referred to the Flowerdeluces, and because of - the tuberous rootes, called _Iris tuberosa_, although all the - Flowerdeluces in this Chapter haue tuberous rootes, yet this - much differing from them all. In English it is vsually called, - The Veluet Flowerdeluce, because the three falling leaues seeme - to be like smooth blacke Veluet. - - - The Vertues. - - Both the rootes and the flowers of the great Flowerdeluces, - are of great vse for the purging and cleansing of many inward, - as well as outward diseases, as all Authors in Physicke doe - record. Some haue vsed also the greene rootes to cleanse the - skinne, but they had neede to be carefull that vse them, lest - they take more harme then good by the vse of them. The dryed - rootes called _Orris_ (as is said) is of much vse to make - sweete powders, or other things to perfume apparrell or linnen. - The iuice or decoction of the green roots doth procure both - neezing to be snuft vp into the nostrils, and vomiting very - strongly being taken inwardly. - - - - -CHAP. XXI. - -_Gladiolus._ Corne Flagge. - - -Next vnto the Flagges or Flowerdeluces, come the _Gladioli_ or Corne -Flagges to bee entreated of, for some resemblance of the leaues with -them. There are hereof diuers sorts, some bigger and some lesser, but -the chiefest difference is in the colour of the flowers, and one in the -order of the flowers. Of them all in their seuerall orders. - - -_Gladiolus narbonensis._ The French Corne Flagge. - -The French Corne Flagge riseth vp with three or foure broad, long, -and stiffe greene leaues, one as it were out of the side of another, -being ioyned together at the bottome, somewhat like vnto the leaues -of Flowerdeluces, but stiffer, more full of ribbes, and longer then -many of them, and sharper pointed: the stalke riseth vp from among the -leaues, bearing them on it as it riseth, hauing at the toppe diuers -huskes, out of which come the flowers one aboue another, all of them -turning and opening themselues one way, which are long and gaping, -like vnto the flowers of Foxegloue, a little arched or bunching vp in -the middle, of a faire reddish purple colour, with two white spots -within the mouth thereof, one on each side, made like vnto a Lozenge -that is square and long pointed: after the flowers are past, come vp -round heads or seede vessels, wherein is contained reddish flat seede, -like vnto the seede of the Fritillaria, but thicker and fuller: the -roote is somewhat great, round, flat, and hard, with a shew as if it -were netted, hauing another short spongie one vnder it, which when it -hath done bearing, and the stalke dry, that the roote may be taken vp, -sticketh close to the bottome, but may be easily taken away, hauing -vsually a number of small rootes encreased about it, the least whereof -will quickly grow, so that if it be suffered any long time in a Garden, -it will rather choake and pester it, then be an ornament vnto it. - - -_Gladiolus Italicus binis florum ordinibus._ -The Italian Corne Flagge. - -The Italian Corne Flagge is like vnto the French in roote, leafe, and -flower, without any other difference, then that the roote is smaller -and browner, the leafe and stalke of a darker colour, and the flowers -(being of a little darker colour like the former, and somewhat smaller) -stand out on both sides of the stalke. - - -_Gladiolus Byzantinus._ Corne Flagge of Constantinople. - -This Corne Flagge that came first from Constantinople, is in all -things like vnto the French Corne Flagge last described, but that it -is larger, both in rootes, leaues, and flowers, and likewise that the -Flowers of this, which stand not on both sides, are of a deeper red -colour, and flower later, after all the rest are past: the roote hereof -being netted as plainly as any of the former, is as plentifull also to -giue encrease, but is more tender and lesse able to abide our sharpe -cold Winters. - - -_Gladiolus flore rubente._ Blush Corne Flagge. - -This blush kinde is like vnto the French Corne Flagge in all respects, -sauing onely that the flowers are of a pale red colour, tending to -whitenesse, which wee vsually call a blush colour. - - -_Gladiolus flore albo._ White Corne Flagge. - -This white Corne Flagge also differeth not from the last, but onely -that the rootes are whiter on the outside, the leaues are greener, -without any brownesse or darknesse as in the former, and the flowers -are snow white. - - -_Gladiolus purpureus minor._ The small purple Corne Flagge. - -This also differeth not from any of the former, but onely in the -smallnesse both of leafe, stalke, and flowers, which stand all on the -one side, like vnto the French kinde, and of the same colour: the roote -of this kinde is netted more then any other. - - - The Place. - - They grow in France and Italy, the least in Spaine, and the - Byzantine, as it is thought, about Constantinople, being (as - is said) first sent from thence. Iohn Tradescante assured mee, - that hee saw many acres of ground in Barbary spread ouer with - them. - - - The Time. - - They all flower in Iune and Iuly, and the Byzantine latest, as - is said before. - - - The Names. - - It hath diuers names; for the Latines call it _Gladiolus_, - of the forme of a sword, which the leafe doth resemble. The - Romanes _Segetalis_, because it groweth in the Corne fields. - Some call it _Victorialis rotunda_, to put a difference between - it, and the _longa_, which is a kinde of Garlicke. Plinie - saith, that _Gladiolus_ is _Cypirus_, but to decide that - controuersie, and many others, belongeth to another discourse, - this being intended only for pleasure. Gerrard mistaketh the - French kinde for the Italian. - - - The Vertues. - - The roote being bruised, and applyed with Frankinsense (and - often of it selfe without it) in the manner of a pultis or - plaister, is held of diuers to be singular good to draw out - splinters, thornes, and broken bones out of the flesh. Some - take it be effectuall to stirre vp Venerie, but I somewhat - doubt thereof: For Galen in his eighth Booke of Simples, giueth - vnto it a drawing, digesting and drawing faculty. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Gladiolus Narbonensis._ The French Corne Flagge. - 2 _Gladiolus Italicus._ The Italian Corne Flagge. - 3 _Gladiolus Byzantinus._ Corne Flagge of Constantinople. - 4 _Palma Christi mas._ The great male handed Satyrion. - 5 _Orchis Hermaphroditica candida._ The white Butterflie Orchis. - 6 _Orchis Melitias siue apifera._ The Bee flower or Bee Orchis. - 7 _Dens Caninus flore purpurante._ Dogges tooth Violet with a pale - purplish flower. - 8 _Dens Caninus flore albo._ Dogges tooth Violet with a white - flower. -] - - - - -CHAP. XXII. - -_Orchis siue Satyrium._ Bee flowers. - - -Although it is not my purpose in this place, to giue a generall history -of all the sorts of Orchides, Satyrions, and the rest of that kinde; -yet because many of them are very pleasant to behold, and, if they be -planted in a conuenient place, will abide some time in Gardens, so that -there is much pleasure taken in them: I shall intrude some of them -for curiosities sake, to make vp the prospect of natures beautifull -variety, and only entreate of a few, leauing the rest to a more ample -declaration. - - -1. _Satyrium Basilicum siue Palma Christi mas._ -The greater male handed Satyrion. - -This handed Satyrion hath for the most part but three faire large -greene leaues, neare vnto the ground, spotted with small blackish -markes: from among which riseth vp a stalke, with some smaller leaues -thereon, bearing at the toppe a bush or spike of flowers, thicke set -together, euery one whereof is made like a body, with the belly broader -belowe then aboue, where it hath small peeces adioyned vnto it: the -flower is of a faire purple colour, spotted with deeper purple spots, -and hauing small peeces like hornes hanging at the backes of the -flowers, and a small leafe at the bottome of the foote-stalke of euery -flower: the rootes are not round, like the other Orchides, but somewhat -long and flat, like a hand, with small diuisions belowe, hanging downe -like the fingers of a hand, cut short off by the knockles, two alwayes -growing together, with some small fibres or strings aboue the heads of -these rootes, at the bottome of the stalke. - - -2. _Satyrium Basilicum siue Palma Christi fæmina._ -The female handed Satyrion. - -This female Satyrion hath longer and narrower leaues then the former, -and spotted with more and greater spots, compassing the stalke at the -bottome like the other: this beareth likewise a bush of flowers, like -vnto the other, but that each of these haue heads like hoods, whereas -the former haue none: in some they are white with purple spots, and in -others of a reddish purple, with deepe or darke coloured spots: the -roots are alike. - - -3. _Orchis Hermaphroditica candida._ The white Butterflie Orchis. - -The rootes of this kinde take part with both the sorts of _Orchis_ -and _Satyrium_, being neither altogether round, nor fully handed, and -thereupon it tooke the name, to signifie both kindes: the leaues are -two in number, seldome more, being faire and broad, like vnto the -leaues of Lillies, without any spot at all in them: at the toppe of -the stalke stand many white flowers, not so thicke set as the first or -second, euery one being fashioned like vnto a white Butterflie, with -the wings spread abroad. - - -4. _Orchis Melitias siue apifera._ The Bee flower or Bee Orchis. - -This is a small and lowe plant for the most part, with three or foure -small narrow leaues at the bottome: the stalke is seldome above halfe -a foote high, with foure or fiue flowers thereon one aboue another, -hauing round bodies, and somewhat flat, of a kind of yellowish colour, -with purple wings aboue them, so like vnto an honey Bee, that it might -soone deceiue one that neuer had seene such a flower before: the roots -are two together, round and white, hauing a certaine _muccilaginesse_ -or clamminesse within them, without any taste almost at all, as all or -the most part of these kindes haue. - - -5. _Orchis Sphegodes._ Gnats Satyrion. - -The leaues of this Orchis are somewhat larger then of the Bee flower, -the stalke also somewhat higher: the flowers are fewer on the toppe, -but somewhat larger then of the Bee flowers, made to the resemblance -of a Gnat or great long Flie: the rootes are two round bulbes, as the -other are. - - -6. _Orchis Myodes._ Flie Orchis. - -The Flie Orchis is like vnto the last described, both in leafe and -roote, the difference is in the flower, which is neither so long as the -Gnat Satyrion, nor so great as the Bee Orchis, but the neather part of -the Flie is blacke, with a list of ash-colour crossing the backe, with -a shew of legges hanging at it: the naturall Flie seemeth so to bee in -loue with it, that you shall seldome come in the heate of the day, but -you shall finde one sitting close thereon. - - - The Place. - - These grow in many places of England, some in the Woods, as the - Butterflie, and the two former handed Satyrions: others on dry - bankes and barren balkes in Kent, and many other places. - - - The Time. - - They flower for the most part in the beginning or middle of - May, or thereabouts. - - - The Names. - - Their seuerall names are expressed in their titles, so much as - may suffice for this discourse. - - - The Vertues. - - All the kindes of Orchis are accounted to procure bodily lust, - as well the flowers distilled, as the rootes prepared. - - The rootes boyled in red Wine, and afterwards dryed, are held - to bee a singular good remedie against the bloody Flixe. - - - - -CHAP. XXIII. - -_Dens Caninus._ Dogs tooth Violet. - - -Vnto the kindes of Orchides, may fitly be ioyned another plant, which -by many is reckoned to be a _Satyrium_, both from the forme of roote -and leafe, and from the efficacy or vertue correspondent thereunto. And -although it cannot be the _Satyrium Erythronium_ of Dioscorides, as -some would entitle it, for that as I haue shewed before, his _Satyrium -tryphillum_ is the Tulipa without all doubt; yet because it differeth -very notably, and carrieth more beauty and respect in his flower then -they, I shall entreate thereof in a Chapter by it selfe, and set it -next vnto them. - - -_Dens Caninus flore albo._ Dogs tooth Violet with a white flower. - -The white Dogs tooth hath for his roote a white bulbe, long and small, -yet vsually greater then either of the other that follow, bigger belowe -then aboue, with a small peece adioyning to the bottome of it, from -whence rise vp in the beginning of the Spring, after the Winter frosts -are past, two leaues for the most part (when it will flower, or else -but one, and neuer three together that euer I saw) closed together -when they first come vp out of the ground, which inclose the flower -betweene them: the leaues when they are opened do lay themselues flat -on the ground, or not much aboue it, one opposite vnto the other, with -the stalke and the flower on it standing betweene them, which leaues -are of a whitish greene colour, long and narrow, yet broader in the -middle then at both ends, growing lesse by degrees each way, spotted -and striped all ouer the leaues with white lines and spots: the stalke -riseth vp halfe a foote high or more, bearing at the toppe one flower -and no more, hanging downe the head, larger then any of the other of -this kinde that follow, made or consisting of six white long and narrow -leaues, turning themselues vp againe, after it hath felt the comfort of -the Sunne, that they doe almost touch the stalke againe, very like vnto -the flowers of _Cyclamen_ or Sowebread: it hath in the middle of the -flower six white chiues, tipt with darke purple pendents, and a white -three forked stile in the middle of them: the flower hath no sent at -all, but commendable onely for the beauty and forme thereof: after the -flower is past, commeth in the place a round head seeming three square, -containing therein small and yellowish seede. - - -_Dens Caninus flore purpurascente._ -Dogs tooth with a pale purple flower. - -This other Dogs tooth is like vnto the former, but lesser in all parts, -the leafe whereof is not so long, but broad and short, spotted with -darker lines and spots: the flower is like the other, but smaller, and -of a delayed purple colour, very pale sometimes, and sometimes a little -deeper, turning it selfe as the other, with a circle round about the -vmbone or middle, the chiues hereof are not white, but declining to -purple: the roote is white, and like vnto the former, but lesser, as is -said before. - - -_Dens Caninus flore rubro._ Dogs tooth with a red flower. - -This is in all things like vnto the last, both for forme and bignesse -of flower and leafe: the chiefe difference consisteth in this, that -the leaues hereof are of a yellowish mealy greene colour, spotted and -streaked with redder spots and stripes, and the flower of a deeper -reddish purple colour, and the chiues also more purplish then the last, -in all other things it is alike. - - - The Place. - - The sorts _Dens Caninus_ doe growe in diuers places; some - in Italy on the Euganean Hils, others on the Apenine, and - some about Gratz, the chiefe Citie of Stiria, and also about - Bayonne, and in other places. - - - The Time. - - They flower in March most vsually, and many times in Aprill, - according to the seasonablenesse of the yeare. - - - The Names. - - Clusius did call it first _Dentali_, and Lobel, and from him - some others _Satyrium_, and _Erythronium_, but I haue said - enough hereof in the beginning of the Chapter. It is most - commonly called _Dens Caninus_, and we in English, either Dogs - tooth, or Dogs tooth Violet. Gesner called it _Hermodactylus_, - and Matthiolus _Pseudohermodactylus_. - - - The Vertues. - - The roote hereof is held to bee of more efficacy for venerous - effects, then any of the Orchides and Satyrions. - - They of Stiria vse the rootes for the falling sicknesse. - - Wee haue had from Virginia a roote sent vnto vs, that wee might - well iudge, by the forme and colour thereof being dry, to be - either the roote of this, or of an Orchis, which the naturall - people hold not onely to be singular to procure lust, but hold - it as a secret, loth to reueale it. - - - - -CHAP. XXIIII. - -_Cyclamen._ Sowebread. - - -The likenesse of the flowers, and the spotting of the leaues of the -_Dens Caninus_, with these of the _Cyclamen_ or Sowebread, maketh mee -ioyne it next thereunto: as also that after the bulbous rooted plants -I might begin with the tuberous that remaine, and make this plant the -beginning of them. Of this kinde there are diuers sorts, differing -both in forme of leaues and time of flowring: for some doe flower in -the Spring of the yeare, others afterwards in the beginning of Summer: -but the most number in the end of Summer, or beginning of Autumne or -Haruest, whereof some haue round leaues, others cornered like vnto -Iuie, longer or shorter, greater or smaller. Of them all in order, and -first of those that come in the Spring. - - -1. _Cyclamen Vernum flore purpureo._ -Purple flowred Sowebread of the Spring. - -This Sowebread hath a smaller roote then most of the others, yet round -and blackish on the outside, as all or most of the rest are (I speake -of them that I haue seene; for Clusius and others doe report to haue -had very great ones) from whence rise vp diuers round, yet pointed -leaues, and somewhat cornered withall, greene aboue, and spotted with -white spots circlewise about the leafe, and reddish vnderneath, which -at their first comming vp are folded together; among which come the -flowers, of a reddish purple colour and very sweete, euery one vpon -a small, long, and slender reddish foote-stalke, which hanging downe -their heads, turne vp their leaues againe: after the flowers are past, -the head or seede vessel shrinketh downe, winding his footestalke, and -coyling it selfe like a cable, which when it toucheth the ground, there -abideth hid among the leaues, till it be growne great and ripe, wherein -are contained a few small round seedes, which being presently sowne, -will growe first into round rootes, and afterwards from them shoote -forth leaues. - - -2. _Cyclamen Vernum flore albo._ -White flowred Sowebread of the Spring. - -The white flowring Sowebread hath his leaues like the former, but not -fully so much cornered, bearing small snow white flowers, as sweete as -the other: and herein consisteth the chiefest difference, in all other -things it is alike. - - -3. _Cyclamen Vernum Creticum flore albo._ -White Candy Sowebread of the Spring. - -This Sowebread is somewhat like the former white kinde, but that the -leaues grow much larger and longer, with more corners at the edges, -and more eminent spots on them: the flowers also somewhat longer and -larger, and herein consisteth the whole difference. - - -4. _Cyclamen Æstivum._ Summer Sowebread. - -Summer Sowebread hath round leaues like vnto the Romane Sowebread, -but somewhat cornered, yet with shorter corners then the Iuie leafed -Sowebread, full of white spots on the vpperside of the leaues, and very -purple vnderneath, sometimes they haue fewer spots, and little or no -purple vnderneath: the flowers hereof are as small, as purple, and as -sweete, as the purple Sowebread of the Spring time: the roote hereof is -likewise small, blacke, and round. - - -5. _Cyclamen Romanum rotundifolium._ -Romane Sowebread with round leaues. - -The Romane Sowebread hath round leaues, somewhat like vnto the common -Sowebread, but not fully so round pointed at the ends, a little -cornered sometimes also, or as it were indented, with white spots round -about the middle of the leaues, and very conspicuous, which make it -seeme the more beautifull: the flowers appeare in Autumne, and are -shorter, and of a deeper purplish red colour then the Iuie Sowebread, -rising vp before the leaues for the most part, or at least with them, -and little or nothing sweete: the roote is round and blacke, vsually -not so flat as it, but growing sometimes to bee greater then any other -kinde of Sowebread. There is sometimes some variety to be seene, both - -[Sidenote: _Varietas._] - -in the leaues and flowers of this kinde; for that sometime the leaues -haue more corners, and either more or lesse spotted with white; the -flowers likewise of some are larger or lesser, longer or rounder, -paler or deeper coloured one then another. This happeneth most likely -from the sowing of the seede, causing the like variety as is seene in -the Iuie leafed Sowebread. It doth also many times happen from the -diuersity of soyles and countries where they grow: the seed of this, as -of all the rest, is small and round, contained in such like heads as -the former, standing almost like the head of a Snake that is twined or -folded within the body thereof. This and the other Autumnall kindes, -presently after their sowing in Autumne, shoote forth leaues, and so -abide all the Winter, according to their kinde. - - -6. _Cyclamen folio hederæ autumnale._ Iuie leafed Sowebread. - -The Iuie leafed Sowebread groweth in the same manner that the former -doth, that is, bringeth forth flowers with the leaues sometimes, or -most commonly before them, whose flowers are greater then the common -round leafed Sowebread, somewhat longer then the former Romane or -Italian Sowebreads, and of a paler purple colour, almost bluish, -without that sweete sent as is in the first kinde of the Spring: the -greene leaues hereof are more long then round, pointed at the ends, and -hauing also one or two corners on each side, sometimes much spotted on -the vpperside with white spots and marks, and sometimes but a little or -not at all; and so likewise sometimes more or lesse purple vnderneath: -all the leaues and flowers doe stand vsually euery one seuerally by -themselues, vpon their owne slender foote-stalkes, as most of all the - -[Sidenote: _Varietas._] - -other kindes doe: but sometimes it happeneth, that both leaues and -flowers are found growing from one and the same stalke, which I rather -take to be accidentall, then naturall so to continue: the seede hereof -is like the former kindes, which being sowne produceth variety, both -in the forme of the leaues, and colour and smell of the flowers: some -being paler or deeper, and some more or lesse sweete then others: the -leaues also, some more or lesse cornered then others: the root groweth -to be great, being round and flat, and of a blackish browne colour on -the outside. - - -7. _Cyclamen autumnale hederæ folio flore albo._ -Iuie leafed Sowebread with white flowers. - -There is one of this kinde, whose leaues are rounder, and not so much -cornered as the former, flowring in Autumne as the last doth, and whose -flowers are wholly white, not hauing any other notable difference -therein. - - -8. _Cyclamen autumnale angustifolium._ Long leafed Sowebread. - -This kinde of Sowebread may easily be knowne from all the other kindes, -because his leafe is longer and narrower then others, fashioned at the -bottome thereof with points, somewhat like vnto _Arum_ or Wake Robin -leaues: the flowers are like the former sorts for forme, but of a -purple colour. There is also another of this kinde in all things like -the former, but that the flowers are white. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Cyclamen Vernum flore purpureo._ Purple flowred Sowebread of the - Spring. - 2 _Cyclamen astivum._ Summer Sowebread. - 3 _Folium Cyclaminis Cretici vernalis flore candido._ A leafe of - Candie Sowebread. - 4 _Cyclamen Romanum Autumnale._ Romane Sowebread of the Autumne. - 5 _Cyclamen hederæfolio Autumnale._ Iuie leafed Autumne Sowebread. - 6 _Folium Cyclaminis Autumnalis flore albo._ A leafe of the Autumne - Sowebread with a white flower. - 7 _Folium Cyclaminis angustifolij Autumnalis._ A leafe of the long - leafed Sowebread. - 8 _Cyclamen Antiochenum Autumnale flore amplo purpureo duplici._ The - double flowred Sowebread of Antioch. - 9 _Cyclamen vulgare folio rotundo._ The common round leafed - Sowebread. -] - - -9. _Cyclamen Antiochenum Autumnale flore purpureo duplici._ -Double flowred Sowebread of Antioch. - -This Sowebread of Antioch with double flowers, hath his leaues somewhat -round, like vnto the leaues of the Summer Sowebread, but with lesse -notches or corners, & full of white spots on them: it beareth flowers -on stalks, like vnto others, & likewise some stalks that haue two or -three flowers on them, which are very large, with ten or twelue -leaues a peece, of a faire Peach colour, like vnto the flowers of -purple Sowebread of the Spring, and deeper at the bottome. - -There are of this kinde some, whose flowers appeare in the Spring, and -are as large and double as the former, but of a pure white colour. - -There are of these Sowebreads of Antioch, that haue but single flowers, -some appearing in the Spring, and others in Autumne. - - -10. _Cyclamen vulgare folio rotundo._ The common Sowebread. - -The common Sowebread (which is most vsed in the Apothecaries Shops) -hath many leaues spread vpon the ground, rising from certaine small -long heads, that are on the greater round rootes, as vsually most of -the former sorts doe, being in the like manner folded together, and -after spread themselues into round greene leaues, somewhat like vnto -the leaues of _Asarum_, but not shining, without any white spots on -the vpperside for the most part, or but very seldome, and reddish or -purplish vnderneath, and very seldome greener: the flowers stand vpon -small foot-stalkes, and shew themselues open for the most part, before -any leaues doe appeare, being smaller and shorter then those with Iuie -leaues, and of a pale purple colour, yet sometimes deeper, hanging -downe their heads, and turning vp their leaues againe, as all others -doe, but more sweete then many other of the Autumne flowers: after the -flowers are past, come the heads turning or winding themselues downe -in like manner as the other doe, hauing such like seede, but somewhat -larger, and more vneuen, or not so round at the least: the roote is -round, and not flat, of a browner colour, and not so blacke on the -outside as many of the others. - - - The Place. - - The Sowebreads of the Spring doe both grow on the Pyrenæan - Mountaines in Italy, and in Candy, and about Mompelier in - France; Antioch in Syria also hath yeelded some both of the - Spring and Autumne. Those with round and Iuie leaues grow in - diuers places both of France and Italy: and the common in - Germany, and the Lowe-Countries. But that Autumne Sowebread - with white flowers, is reported to grow in the Kingdome of - Naples. I haue very curiously enquired of many, if euer they - found them in any parts of England, neare or further off from - the places where they dwell: but they haue all affirmed, that - they neuer found, or euer heard of any that haue found of any - of them. This onely they haue assured, that there groweth none - in the places, where some haue reported them to grow. - - - The Time. - - Those of the Spring doe flower about the end of Aprill, or - beginning of May. The other of the Summer, about the end of - Iune or in Iuly. The rest some in August, and September, others - in October. - - - The Names. - - The Common Sowebread is called by most Writers in Latine, - _Panis Porcinus_, and by that name it is knowne in the - Apothecaries shops, as also by the name _Arthanita_, according - to which name, they haue an ointment so called, which is to be - made with the iuice hereof. It is also called by diuers other - names, not pertinent for this discourse. The most vsuall name, - whereby it is knowne to most Herbarists, is _Cyclamen_ (which - is the Greeke word) or as some call it _Cyclaminus_ adding - thereunto their other seuerall titles. In English, Sowebread. - - - The Vertues. - - The leaues and rootes are very effectuall for the spleene, as - the Ointment before remembred plainly proueth, being vsed for - the same purpose, and that to good effect. It is vsed also - for women in long and hard trauels, where there is danger, - to accelerate the birth, either the roote or the leafe being - applyed. But for any amorous effects, I hold it meere fabulous. - - - - -CHAP. XXV. - -_Anemone._ Windeflower and his kindes. - - -The next tuberous rooted plants that are to follow (of right in my -opinion) are the _Anemones_ or Windeflowers, and although some tuberous -rooted plants, that is, the Asphodils, Spiderworts, and Flowerdeluces -haue beene before inserted, it was, both because they were in name -or forme of flowers sutable to them whom they were ioyned vnto, and -also that they should not be seuered and entreated of in two seuerall -places: the rest are now to follow, at the least so many of them as -be beautifull flowers, fit to furnish a Florists Garden, for natures -delightsome varieties and excellencies. To distinguish the Family of -_Anemones_ I may, that is, into the wilde kindes, and into the tame or -mannured, as they are called, and both of them noursed vp in Gardens; -and of them into those that haue broader leaues, and into those that -haue thinner or more iagged leaues: and of each of them, into those -that beare single flowers, and those that beare double flowers. But to -describe the infinite (as I may so say) variety of the colours of the -flowers, and to giue to each his true distinction and denomination, -_Hic labor, hoc opus est_, it farre passeth my ability I confesse, and -I thinke would grauell the best experienced this day in Europe (and -the like I said concerning Tulipas, it being as contingent to this -plant, as is before said of the Tulipa, to be without end in yeelding -varieties:) for who can see all the varieties that haue sprung from the -sowing of the seede in all places, seeing the variety of colours risen -from thence, is according to the variety of ayres & grounds wherein -they are sowne, skill also helping nature in ordering them aright. For -the seede of one and the same plant sowne in diuers ayres and grounds, -doe produce that variety of colours that is much differing one from -another; who then can display all the mixtures of colours in them, to -set them downe in so small a roome as this Book? Yet as I haue done -(in the former part of this Treatise) my good will, to expresse as -many of each kinde haue come to my knowledge, so if I endeauour the -like in this, I hope the courteous wil accept it, and hold me excused -for the rest: otherwise, if I were or could be absolute, I should take -from my self and others the hope of future augmentation, or addition -of any new, which neuer will be wanting. To begin therefore with the -wilde kinds (as they are so accounted) I shall first entreate of the -_Pulsatillas_ or Pasque flowers, which are certainly kindes of wilde -_Anemones_, both in leafe and flower, as may well be discerned by them -that are iudicious (although some learned men haue not so thought, as -appeareth by their writings) the rootes of them making one speciall -note of difference, from the other sorts of wilde _Anemones_. - - -1. _Pulsatilla Anglica purpurea._ The purple Pasque flower. - -The Pasque or Passe flower which is of our owne Country, hath many -leaues lying on the ground, somewhat rough or hairie, hard in feeling, -and finely cut into many small leaues, of a darke greene colour, almost -like the leaues of Carrets, but finer and smaller, from among which -rise vp naked stalkes, rough or hairie also, set about the middle -thereof with some small diuided leaues compassing them, and rising -aboue these leaues about a spanne, bearing euery one of them one -pendulous flower, made of six leaues, of a fine Violet purple colour, -but somewhat deepe withall, in the middle whereof stand many yellow -threads, set about a middle purple pointell: after the flower is past, -there commeth vp in the stead thereof a bushie head of long seedes, -which are small and hoarie, hauing at the end of euery one a small -haire, which is gray likewise: the roote is small and long, growing -downewards into the ground, with a tuft of haire at the head thereof, -and not lying or running vnder the vpper crust thereof, as the other -wilde _Anemones_ doe. - - -2. _Pulsatilla Danica._ The Passe flower of Denmarke. - -There is another that was brought out of Denmarke, very like vnto the -former, but that it is larger both in roote and leafe, and flower also, -which is of a fairer purple colour, not so deepe, and besides, will -better abide to bee mannured then our English kinde will, as my selfe -haue often proued. - -[Sidenote: _Viriusque flore albo & flore duplici._] - -Of both these sorts it is said, that some plants haue bin found, that -haue borne white flowers. And likewise one that bore double flowers, -that is, with two rowes of leaues. - - -3. _Pulsatilla flore rubro._ The red Passe flower. - -Lobel, as I take it, did first set forth this kinde, being brought him -from Syria, the leaues whereof are finer cut, the flower smaller, and -with longer leaues, and of a red colour. - - -4. _Pulsatilla flore luteo._ The yellow Passe flower. - -The yellow Passe flower hath his leaues cut and diuided, very like vnto -the leaues of the first kinde, but somewhat more hairie, greene on -the vpperside, and hairie vnderneath: the stalke is round and hoary, -the middle whereof is beset with some small leaues, as in the other, -from among which riseth vp the stalke of the flower, consisting of six -leaues of a very faire yellow colour on the inside, and of a hoary pale -yellow on the outside; after which followeth such an head of hairie -thrummes as in the former: the roote is of the bignesse of a mans -finger. - - -5. _Pulsatilla flore albo._ The white Passe flower. - -The white Passe flower (which Clusius maketh a kinde of _Anemone_, and -yet as hee saith himselfe, doth more nearely resemble the _Pulsatilla_) -hath, from amongst a tuft or head of haires, which grow at the toppe -of a long blacke roote, many leaues standing vpon long stalkes, which -are diuided as it were into three wings or parts, and each part finely -cut and diuided, like vnto the Passe flower of Denmarke, but somewhat -harder in handling, greenish on the vpperside, and somewhat gray -vnderneath, and very hairie all ouer: among these leaues rise vp the -stalkes, beset at the middle of them with three leaues, as finely cut -and diuided as those belowe, from aboue which standeth the flower, -being smaller, and not so pendulous as the former, but in the like -manner consisting of six leaues, of a snow white colour on the inside, -and a little browner on the outside, with many yellow thrums in the -middle: after the flower is past, riseth vp such a like hoary head, -composed as it were of many haires, each whereof hath a small seede -fastened vnto it, like as the former Passe flowers haue. - - - The Place. - - The first is found in many places of England, vpon dry bankes - that lye open to the Sunne. - - The second was first brought, as I take it, by Doctor Lobel - from Denmarke, & is one of the two kinds, that Clusius saith - are common in Germanie, this bearing a paler purple flower, and - more early then the other, which is the same with our English, - whose flower is so darke, that it almost seemeth blacke. - - The red kinde, as Lobel saith, came from Syria. - - The yellow Passe flower, which Clusius maketh his third wilde - _Anemone_, was found very plentifully growing at the foote of - St. Bernards Hill, neare vnto the Cantons of the Switzers. - - The white one groweth on the Alpes neare Austria, in France - likewise and other places. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Pulsatilla purpurea cum folio, semine, & radice._ The purple - Pasque flower with leafe, seed, and root. - 2 _Pulsatilla luteo flore._ The yellow Pasque flower. - 3 _Pulsatilla rubra Syriaca Lobelij._ Red Pasque flower of Lobel. - 4 _Pulsatilla rubra Swertij._ Swertz his red Pasque flower. - 5 _Pulsatilla flore albo._ White Pasque flower. - 6 _Anemone siluestris albo Matthioli._ The wilde white broad leafed - Windflower. - 7 _Anemone siluestris tenuifolia alba._ The wilde single white - Windflower. - 8 _Anemone siluestris tenuifolia luteo._ The yellow wilde thin - leafed Windflower. - 9 _Anemone siluestris trifolia Dodonæi._ The three-leafed wilde - Windflower. - 10 _Anemone siluestris flore pleno albo._ The double white wilde - Windflower. - 11 _Anemone siluestris flore pleno purpureo._ The double purple - wilde Windeflower. - * _Semen seperatim divulsum._ The seed separated. - † _Radice cum folio inferiore._ The roote with a lower leafe. -] - - - The Time. - - All of them doe flower early in the yeare, that is, in the - beginning of Aprill, about which time most commonly Easter doth - fall. - - - The Names. - - Their proper names are giuen to each in their seuerall titles, - being all of them kindes of wilde _Anemones_, as I said in the - beginning of the Chapter, and so for the most part all Authors - doe acknowledge them. We call them in English, because they - flower about Easter, Pasque flower, which is the French name - for Easter, or _Euphoniæ gratia_, Pasque flower, which may - passe currant, without any further descant on the name, or else - _Pulsatilla_, if you will, being growne old by custome. - - - The Vertues. - - The sharpe biting and exulcerating quality of this plant, - causeth it to be of little vse, notwithstanding Ioachimus - Camerarius saith in his _Hortus Medicus_, that in Borussia, - which is a place in Italy, as I take it, the distilled water - hereof is vsed with good successe, to be giuen to them that - are troubled with a Tertian Ague; for he saith that it is - _medicamentum_ ὀκφρακτικὸν, that is, a medicine of force to - helpe obstructions. - - -_Anemone siluestris latifolia alba siue tertia Matthioli._ -The white wilde broad leafed Windflower. - -This Windflower hath diuers broad greene leaues, cut into diuisions, -and dented, about, very like vnto a broad leafed Crowfoote, among which -riseth vp a stalke, hauing some such like cut leaues in the middle -thereof, as growe below, but smaller; on the toppe whereof standeth one -large white flower, consisting of fiue leaues for the most part, with -some yellow threads in the middle, standing about such a greene head -as is in the tame or garden _Anemones_, which growing greater after -the flower is past, is composed of many small seedes, wrapped in white -wooll, which as soone as they are ripe, raise themselues vp from the -bottome of the head, and flye away with the winde, as the other tame -or garden kindes doe: the roote is made of a number of long blacke -strings, encreasing very much by running vnder ground, and shooting vp -in diuers places. - - -_Anemone siluestris tenuifolia lutea._ -The yellow wilde thin leafed Windflower. - -The yellow wilde _Anemone_ riseth vp with one or two small round -naked stalkes, bearing about the middle of them, small, soft, and -tender iagged leaues, deeply cut in and indented on the edges about, -from aboue which, doth grow the stalke, bearing small yellow flowers, -standing vpon weake foote-stalks, like vnto a small Crowfoot, with some -threads in the middle: the roote is long and small, somewhat like vnto -the roote of Pollipodie, creeping vnder the vpper crust of the earth: -this kinde is lower, and springeth somewhat earlier then the other -wilde kindes that follow. - - -_Anemone siluestris tenuifolia alba simplex._ -The single white thin leafed wilde Windflower. - -This white wilde _Anemone_ riseth vp with diuers leaues vpon seuerall -long stalkes; which are somewhat like vnto the former, but that they -are somewhat harder, and not so long, nor the diuisions of the leaues -so finely snipt about the edges, but a little broader, and deeper cut -in on euery side: the flowers hereof are larger and broader then the -former, white on the inside, and a little purplish on the outside, -especially at the bottome of the flower next vnto the stalke: the -roote of this is very like vnto the last. - -[Sidenote: _Purpurea._] - -There is another of this kinde, whose flowers are purple, in all other -things it is like vnto the white. - -[Sidenote: _Coccinea siue suave rubens._] - -And likewise another, with a blush or carnation coloured flower. - -[Sidenote: _Peregrina alba._] - -There is one that is onely nursed vp with vs in Gardens, that is -somewhat like vnto these former wilde _Anemones_ in roote and leafe, -but that the flower of this, being pure white within, and a little -purplish without, consisting of eight or nine small round pointed -leaues, hath sometimes some leaues vnder the flower, party coloured -white and greene: the flower hath likewise a greene head, like a -Strawberry, compassed about with white threads, tipt with yellow -pendents. - -[Sidenote: _Peregrina viridis._] - -And another of the same kinde with the last, whose flower consisting -of eight or nine leaues, is of a greenish colour, except the foure -outermost leaues, which are a little purplish, and diuided at the -points into three parts; the middle part is of a greenish white colour, -with a greene head in the middle as the other. - - -_Anemone siluestris trifolia Dodonæi._ -The three leafed wilde Windflower. - -This wilde _Anemone_ hath his rootes very like vnto the former kindes; -the leaues are alwaies three set together at the toppe of slender -stalkes, being small and indented about, very like vnto a three leafed -Grasse, but smaller: the flower consisteth of eight small leaues, -somewhat like vnto a Crowfoote, but of a whitish purple or blush -colour, with some white threads, and a greene rough head in the middle. - - -_Anemone siluestris flore pleno albo._ -The double white wilde Windflower. - -This double kinde is very like vnto the single white kinde before -described, both in his long running rootes, and thin leaues, but -somewhat larger: the flowers hereof are very thicke and double, -although they be small, and of a faint sweete sent, very white after -it is full blowne for fiue or six dayes, but afterwards it becommeth -a little purplish on the inside, but more on the outside: this neuer -giueth seede (although it haue a small head in the middle) like as many -other double flowers doe. - - -_Anemone siluestris flore pleno purpureo._ -The double purple wilde Windflower. - -This double purple kinde hath such like iagged leaues as the last -described hath, but more hoarie vnderneath: the flower is of a fine -light purple toward the points of the leaues, the bottomes being of a -deeper purple, but as thicke, and full of leaues as the former, with a -greene head in the middle, like vnto the former: this kinde hath small -greene leaues on the stalkes vnder the flowers, cut and diuided like -the lower leaues. - - - The Place. - - The first broad leafed _Anemone_ groweth in diuers places of - Austria and Hungary. The yellow in diuers woods in Germany, - but not in this Countrey that euer I could learne. The other - single wilde kindes, some of them are very frequent throughout - the most places of England, in Woods, Groues, and Orchards. - The double kindes were found, as Clusius saith, in the - Lowe-Countries, in a Wood neare Louaine. - - - The Time. - - They flower from the end of March (that is the earliest) and - the beginning of Aprill, vntill May, and the double kindes - begin within a while after the single kinds are past. - - - The Names. - - They are called _Ranunculi siluarum_, and _Ranunculi nemorum_, - and as Clusius would haue them, _Leimonia_ of Theophrastus; - they are generally called of most Herbarists _Anemones - siluestres_, Wilde _Anemones_ or Windflowers. The Italians - call them _Gengeuo saluatico_, that is, Wilde Ginger, because - the rootes are, besides the forme, being somewhat like small - Ginger, of a biting hot and sharpe taste. - - -_Anemone Lusitanica siue hortensis latifolia flore simplici luteo._ -The single Garden yellow Windflower or Anemone. - -This single yellow Anemone or Windflower hath diuers broad round -leaues, somewhat diuided and endented withall on the edges, brownish at -the first rising vp out of the ground, and almost folded together, and -after of a sad greene on the vpperside, and reddish vnderneath; among -which rise vp small slender stalkes, beset at the middle of them with -two or three leaues, more cut and diuided then those belowe, with small -yellow flowers at the toppe of them, consisting of ten or twelue leaues -a peece, hauing a few yellow threads in the middle of them, standing -about a small greene head, which in time growing ripe hath small flat -seede, inclosed within a soft wooll or downe, which is easily blowne -away with the winde: the roote groweth downeward into the ground, -diuersly spread with branches here and there, of a brownish yellow on -the outside, and whitish within, so brittle, that it can hardly bee -touched without breaking. - - -_Anemone latifolia flore luteo duplici._ -The double yellow Anemone or Windflower. - -This double yellow Anemone hath such broad round leaues as the single -kinde hath, but somewhat larger or ranker: the stalkes are beset with -larger leaues, more deeply cut in on the edges: the flowers are of -a more pale yellow, with some purplish veines on the outside, and a -little round pointed; but they are all on the inside of a faire yellow -colour, consisting of two rowes of leaues, whereof the innermost is the -narrower, with a small greene head in the middle, compassed with yellow -threads as in the former: the roote is like the roote of the single; -neither of these haue any good sent, and this springeth vp and flowreth -later then the single kinde. - - -_Anemone latifolia purpurea stellata siue papaveracea._ -The purple Starre Anemone or Windflower. - -The first leaues of this purple Anemone, which alwayes spring vp before -Winter, (if the roote be not kept too long out of the ground,) are -somewhat like the leaues of _Sanicle_ or Selfe-heale, but the rest -that follow are more deeply cut in and iagged; among which rise vp -diuers round stalkes, beset with iagged leaues as all other Anemones -are, aboue which leaues, the stalkes rising two or three inches high, -beare one flower a peece, composed of twelue leaues or more, narrow and -pointed, of a bleake purple or whitish ash-colour, somewhat shining on -the outside, and of a fine purple colour tending to a murrey on the -inside, with many blackish blew threads or thrummes in the middle of -the flower, set about a head, whereon groweth the seede, which is small -and blacke, inclosed in soft wooll or downe, which flieth away with the -winde, carrying the seede with it, if it be not carefully gathered: the -roote is blackish on the outside, and white within, tuberous or knobby, -with many fibres growing at it. - - -_Anemone purpurea Stellata altera._ Another purple Starre Anemone. - -There is so great diuersity in the colours of the flowers of these -broad leafed kinds of Anemones or Windflowers, that they can very -hardly be expressed, although in their leaues there is but little or no -difference. I shall not neede therefore to make seuerall descriptions -of euery one that shall be set downe; but it will be sufficient, I -thinke, to giue you the distinctions of the flowers: for as I said, -therein is the greatest and chiefest difference. This other Starre -Anemone differeth not from the former in leafe or flower, but onely -that this is of a more pale sullen colour on the outside, and of a -paler purple colour on the inside. - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Anemone latifolia flore luteo simplici._ The single yellow - Anemone. - 2 _Anemone latifolia flore luteo duplici._ The double yellow - Anemone. - 3 _Anemone latifolia flore purpureo Stellato._ The purple Starre - Anemone. - 4 _Anemone latifolia purpurea dilutior._ The pale purple Starre - Anemone. - 5 _Anemone latifolia flore miniato diluto._ The pale red Anemone. - 6 _Anemone latifolia coccinea Cardinalis dicta._ The Cardinall - Anemone. - 7 _Anemone latifolia incarnata Hispanica._ The Spanish incarnate - Anemone. - 8 _Anemone latifolia Pauo simplex dicta._ The lesser Orenge tawney - Anemone. - 9 _Anemone latifolia flore carneo._ The carnation Anemone. - 10 _Anemone latifolia Arantiaca siue Pauo maior._ The double Orenge - tawney Anemone. - 11 _Anemone Superitica siue Cyparissia._ The double Anemone of Cyprus. - 12 _Anemone latifolia flore pleno albicante._ The double pale blush - Anemone. - 13 _Anemone Chalcedonica maxima._ The great Spanish Marigold Anemone. - 14 _Anemone Cacumeni siue Persica._ The double Persian Anemone. - † _Anemonis latifoliæ radice._ The roote of a great Anemone. -] - - -_Viola purpurea._ - - There is another, whose flower hath eight leaues, as many of - them that follow haue (although diuers sorts haue but six - leaues in a flower) and is of a Violet purple, and therefore is - called, The Violet purple Anemone. - -_Varietas._ - - Of all these three sorts last described, there be other that - differ only in hauing white bottomes, some smaller and some - larger. - -_Purpurea striata._ - - There is also another of the same Violet purple colour with the - former, but a little paler, tending more to rednesse, whose - flowers haue many white lines and stripes through the leaues, - and is called, The purple stript Anemone. - -_Carnea vivacissima simplex._ - - There is another, whose greene leaues are somewhat larger, and - so is the flower likewise, consisting of eight leaues, and - sometimes of more, of the colour of Carnation silke, sometimes - pale and sometimes deeper, with a whitish circle about the - bottome of the leaues, which circle in some is larger, and more - to be seene then in others, when the flower layeth it selfe - open with the heate of the Sunne, hauing blewish threads in the - middle. This may be called, the Carnation Anemone. - -_Persiciviolacea._ - - We haue another, whose flower is betweene a Peach colour and a - Violet, which is vsually called a Gredeline colour. - -_Cochenille._ - - And another of a fine reddish Violet or purple, which we call, - The Cochenille Anemone. - -_Cardinalis._ - - And another of a rich crimson red colour, and may be called, - The Cardinall Anemone. - -_Sanguinea._ - - Another of a deeper, but not so liuely a red, called, The bloud - red Anemone. - -_Cramesina._ - - Another of an ordinary crimson colour, called, The crimson - Anemone. - -_Coccinea._ - - Another of a Stamell colour, neare vnto a Scarlet. - -_Incarnata._ - - Another of a fine delayed red or flesh colour, and may bee - called, The Incarnidine Anemone. - -_Incarnata Hispanica._ - - Another whose flower is of a liuely flesh colour, shadowed with - yellow, and may be called, The Spanish Incarnate Anemone. - -_Rubescens._ - - Another of a faire whitish red, which we call, The Blush - Anemone. - - -_Moschutella._ - - Another whose flower consisteth of eight leaues, of a darke - whitish colour, stript all ouer with veines of a fine blush - colour, the bottomes being white, this may be called, The - Nutmegge Anemone. - -_Enfumata._ - - Another whose flower is of a pale whitish colour, tending to a - gray, such as the Monkes and Friers were wont to weare with vs, - and is called, A Monkes gray. - -_Pauo maior simplici flore._ - - There is another, whose leafe is somewhat broader then many or - most of the Anemones, comming neare vnto the leafe of the great - double Orenge coloured Anemone; the flower whereof is single, - consisting of eight large or broad leaues, very neare vnto the - same Orenge colour, that is in the double flower hereafter - described, but somewhat deeper. This is vsually called in - Latine, _Pauo maior simplici flore_, and we in English, The - great single Orenge tawnie Anemone. - -_Pauo minor._ - - There is likewise of this kinde another, whose flower is - lesser, and called, The lesser Orenge tawnie Anemone. - -_Varietas magna ex seminio._ - - There is besides these expressed, so great a variety of mixt - colours in the flowers of this kinde of Anemone with broad - leaues, arising euery yeare from the sowing of the seede of - some of the choisest and fittest for that purpose, that it is - wonderfull to obserue, not onely the variety of single colours, - but the mixture of two or three colours in one flower, besides - the diuersity of the bottomes of the flowers, some hauing white - or yellowish bottomes, and some none, and yet both of the same - colour; and likewise in the thrums or threads in the middle: - But the greatest wonder of beauty is in variety of double - flowers, that arise from among the other single ones, some - hauing two or three rowes of leaues in the flowers, and some so - thicke of leaues as a double Marigold, or double Crowfoote, and - of the same seuerall colours that are in the single flowers, - that it is almost impossible to expresse them seuerally, and - (as is said before) some falling out to bee double in one - yeare, which will proue single or lesse double in another, - yet very many abiding constant double as at the first; and - therefore let this briefe recitall be sufficient in stead of a - particular of all the colours. - - -_Anemone Chalcedonica maxima versicolor._ -The great double Windflower of Constantinople. - -This great Anemone of Constantinople hath broader and greener leaues -then any of the former kindes, and not so much diuided or cut in at -the edges, among which rise vp one or two stalkes, (seldome more from -one roote) hauing some leaues about the middle of the stalke, as other -Anemones haue, and bearing at the toppes of the stalkes one large -flower a peece, very double, whose outermost leaues being broadest, -are greenish at the first, but afterwards red, hauing sometimes some -greene abiding still in the leaues, and the red striped through it: the -other leaues which are within these are smaller, and of a perfect red -colour; the innermost being smallest, are of the same red colour but -turned somewhat inward, hauing no thrummes or threads in the middle, -as the former haue, and bearing no seede: the roote is blackish on the -outside, and white within, thicke and tuberous as the other kindes, but -thicker set and close together, not shooting any long slender rootes as -others doe. Some Gentlewomen call this Anemone, The Spanish Marigold. - - -_Anemone Chalcedonica altera siue Pauo maior flore duplici._ -The great double Orenge tawney Anemone. - -This other great Anemone of Constantinople hath his large leaues so -like vnto the last, that one can hardly distinguish them asunder; the -stalke hath also such like leaues set vpon it, bearing at the toppe a -faire large flower, consisting of many leaues set in two or three rowes -at the most, but not so thicke or double as the last, yet seeming to -be but one thicke rowe of many small and long leaues, of an excellent -red or crimson colour, wherein some yellow is mixed, which maketh that -colour is called an Orenge tawney; the bottomes of the leaues are red, -compassed with a whitish circle, the thrummie head in the middle being -beset with many darke blackish threads: the roote is like the former. - - -_Anemone Superitica siue Cyparissia._ The double Anemone of Cyprus. - -This Anemone (which the Dutchmen call Superitz, and as I haue beene -enformed, came from the Isle of Cyprus) hath leaues very like the last -double Anemone, but not altogether so large: the flower consisteth -of smaller leaues, of colour very neare vnto the last double Orenge -coloured Anemone, but more thicke of leaues, and as double as the -first, although not so great a flower, without any head in the middle, -or thrums about it as is in the last, and differeth not in the roote -from either of them both. - -Somewhat like vnto this kinde, or as it were betweene this and the -first kinde of these great double Anemones, we haue diuers other sorts, -bearing flowers very thicke and double; some of them being white, -or whitish, or purple, deepe or paler, and some of a reddish colour -tending to Scarlet or a Carnation colour, and some also of a blush -or flesh colour, and diuers other colours, and all of them continue -constant in their colours. - - -_Anemone Cacumeni Maringi siue Persica._ The double Persian Anemone. - -This rare Anemone, which is said to come out of Persia to -Constantinople, and from thence to vs, is in leafe and roote very like -vnto the former double Anemones before described; onely the flower -hereof is rather like vnto the second great double Orenge coloured -Anemone, vsually called _Pauo maior flore pleno_, being composed of -three rowes of leaues, the outermost rowe consisting of ten or twelue -larger leaues, and those more inward lesser and more in number, but all -of them variably mixed with white, red, and yellow, having the bottomes -of the leaues white: but instead of a middle head with thrums about it, -as the other hath, this hath a few narrow leaues, or a deepe yellow -colour in the middle of the flower, standing vpright. - -Hauing thus farre proceeded in the two parts of the kindes of Anemones -or Windflowers, it remaineth to entreate of the rest, which is those -Anemones which haue thin cut leaues, whereof some haue reckoned vp -thirty sorts with single flowers, which I confesse I haue not seene; -but so many as haue come to my knowledge, I shall here set downe. - - -_Anemone tenuifolia siue Geranifolia cærulea._ -The Watchet Anemone or Storkes bill leafed Windflower. - -This first Windflower with thin cut leaues, riseth not out of the -ground vntil the great Winter frosts be past, that is, about the middle -or end of February, and are somewhat brownish at their first appearing, -but afterwards spread into wings of greene leaues, somewhat broader -then the rest that follow, diuided into three parts, & each part into -three leaues, euery one cut in about the edges, one standing against -another vpon a long slender foote-stalke, and the end leafe by it -selfe: among these riseth vp two or three greene stalkes, garnished -with such like thin leaues as are at the bottome, from aboue which rise -the flowers, but one vpon a stalke, consisting of fourteene or fifteene -small pale blew or watchet leaues, lesser then any of the single kindes -that follow, compassing many whitish threads, and a small greene head -in the middle, somewhat like the head of the wilde Crowfoote, wherein -is contained such like seede: the roote is blackish without, thrusting -out into long tuberous peeces, somewhat like vnto some of the broad -leafed Anemones. - -[Sidenote: _Alba._] - -Of this kinde there is another, whose leaues are not browne at their -first rising, but greene, and the flowers are white, in other things -not differing. - - -_Anemone tenuifolia purpurea vulgaris._ -The ordinary purple Anemone with thin leaues. - -This purple Anemone which is most common, and therefore the lesse -regarded, hath many winged leaues standing vpon seuerall stalkes, cut -and diuided into diuers leaues, much like vnto the leaues of a Carrot; -among which rise vp stalkes with some leaues thereon (as is vsuall -to the whole Family of Anemones, both wilde and tame, as is before -said;) at the toppes whereof stand the flowers, made of six leaues -most vsually, but sometimes they will haue seuen or eight, being very -large, and of a perfect purple Violet colour, very faire and liuely: -the middle head hath many blackish thrums or threads about it, which I -could neuer obserue in my Gardens to beare seed: the roote is smaller, -and more spreading euery way into small long flat tuberous parts, then -any other kindes of single or double Anemones. - -_Carneapallida._ - - There is another very like in leafe and roote vnto the former, - but the flower is nothing so large, and is whitish, tending to - a blush colour, and of a deeper blush colour toward the bottome - of the flower, with blackish blew thrums in the middle, and - giueth no seede that I could euer obserue. - -_Carnea viuida vnguibus albis._ - - There is likewise another like vnto the last in leafe and - flower, but that the flower is larger then it, and is a of - liuely blush colour, the leaues hauing white bottomes. - -_Alba venis purpureis._ - - And another, whose flower is white, with purple coloured veines - and stripes through euery leafe, and is a lesser flower then - the other. - - -_Anemone tenuifolia coccinea simplex._ -The single Scarlet Anemone with thin leaues. - -The leaues of this Scarlet Windflower are somewhat like vnto the -former, but a little broader, and not so finely cut and diuided: the -flower consisteth of six reasonable large leaues, of an excellent -red colour, which we call a Scarlet; the bottomes of the leaues are -large and white, and the thrums or threads in the middle of a blackish -purple colour: the roote is tuberous, but consisting of thicker peeces, -somewhat like vnto the rootes of the broad leafed Anemones, but -somewhat browne and not so blacke, and most like vnto the roote of the -double Scarlet Anemone. - -_Coccinea absq; vnguibus._ - - There is another of this kinde, whose flower is neare vnto the - same colour, but this hath no white bottomes at all in his - leaues. - -_Flore holosericeo._ - - We haue another which hath as large a flower as any single, and - is of an Orient deepe red crimson Veluet colour. - - _Sanguinea._ - - There is another of a deeper red colour, and is called, The - bloud red single Anemone. - - _Rubra fundo luteo._ - - And another, whose flower is red with the bottome yellow. - - _Coccinea dilutior._ - - Another of a perfect crimson colour, whereof some haue round - pointed leaues, and others sharpe pointed, and some a little - lighter or deeper then others. - - _Alba staminibus purpureis._ - - There is also one, whose flower is pure white with blewish - purple thrums in the middle. - - _Carnea Hispanica._ - - And another, whose flower is very great, of a kinde of sullen - blush colour, but yet pleasant, with blewish threads in the - middle. - - _Alba carneis venis._ - - And another with blush veines in euery leafe of the white - flower. - - _Alba purpureis vnguibus._ - - And another, the flower whereof is white, the bottomes of the - leaues being purple. - - _Purpurascens._ - - Another whose flower consisteth of many small narrow leaues, - of a pale purple or blush colour on the outside, and somewhat - deeper within. - -_Facie florum pomi simplex._ - - There is another like in leafe and roote vnto the first Scarlet - Anemone, but the flower hereof consisteth of seuen large leaues - without any bottomes, of a white colour, hauing edges, and some - large stripes also of a carnation or flesh colour to bee seene - in them, marked somewhat like an Apple blossome, and thereupon - it is called in Latine, _Anemone tenuifolia simplex alba - instar florum pomi_, or _facie florum pomi_, that is to say in - English, The single thin leafed Anemone with Apple blossome - flowers. - -_Multiplex._ - - I haue heard that there is one of this kinde with double - flowers. - - -1. _Anemone tenuifolia flore coccineo pleno vulgaris._ -The common double red or Scarlet Anemone. - -The leaues of this double Anemone are very like vnto the leaues of the -single Scarlet Anemone, but not so thin cut and diuided as that with -the purple flower: the flower hereof when it first openeth it selfe, -consisteth of six and sometimes of seuen or eight broad leaues, of a -deepe red, or excellent Scarlet colour, the middle head being thick -closed, and of a greenish colour, which after the flower hath stood -blowne some time, doth gather colour, and openeth it selfe into many -small leaues, very thicke, of a more pale red colour, and more Stamell -like then the outer leaues: the root of this is thicke and tuberous, -very like vnto the root of the single Scarlet Anemone. - - -2. _Anemone tenuifolia flore coccineo pleno variegata._ -The party coloured double Crimson Anemone. - -We haue a kinde hereof, varying neither in roote, leafe, or forme of -flower from the former, but in the colour, in that this will haue -sometimes the outer broad leaues party coloured, with whitish or blush -coloured great streakes in the red leaues both inside and outside; as -also diuers of the middle or inner leaues striped in the same manner: -the roote hereof giueth fairer flowers in some yeares then in others, -and sometimes giue flowers all red againe. - - -3. _Anemone tenuifolia flore coccineo saturo pleno._ -The double crimson Veluet Anemone. - -Wee haue another also, whose flower is of a deepe Orenge tawny crimson -colour, neare vnto the colour of the outer leaues, of the lesser French -Marigold, and not differing from the former in any thing else. - - -4. _Anemone tenuifolia flore pleno suauerubente._ -The greater double blush Anemone. - -There is small difference to be discerned, either in the roote or -leaues of this from the former double Scarlet Anemone, sauing that -the leaues hereof are a little broader, and seeme to bee of a little -fresher greene colour: the flower of this is as large almost, and as -double as the former, and the inner leaues likewise almost as large as -they, being of a whitish or flesh colour at the first opening of them, -but afterwards become of a most liuely blush colour; the bottomes of -the leaues abiding of a deeper blush, and with long standing, the tops -of the leaues will turne almost wholly white againe. - - -5. _Anemone tenuifolia flore albo pleno._ The double white Anemone. - -This double white Anemone differeth little from the former blush -Anemone, but in that it is smaller in all the parts thereof, and also -that the flower hereof being wholly of a pure white colour, without -any shew of blush therein, hath the middle thrummes much smaller and -shorter then it, and not rising vp so high, but seeme as if they were -chipped off euen at the toppes. - - -6. _Anemone tenuifolia flore pleno albicante._ -The lesser double blush Anemone. - -This small double blush Anemone differeth very little from the double -white last recited, but onely in the colour of the flower: for they are -both much about the bignesse one of another, the middle thrums likewise -being as small and short, and as euen aboue, onely the flower at the -first opening is almost white, but afterwards the outer leaues haue a -more shew of blush in them, and the middle part a little deeper then -they. - - -7. _Anemone tenuifolia flore pleno purpureo violaceo._ -The double purple Anemone. - -This double purple Anemone is also of the same kindred with the first -double red or Scarlet Anemone for the form or doublenesse of the -flower, consisting but of six or seuen leaues at the most in this our -Country, although in the hotter it hath ten or twelue, or more as large -leaues for the outer border, and as large small leaues for the inner -middle also, and almost as double, but of a deepe purple tending toward -a Violet colour, the outer leaues being not so deepe as the inner: the -roote and leafe commeth neare vnto the single purple Anemone before -described, but that the roote spreadeth not so small and so much. - - -8. _Anemone tenuifolia flore pleno purpureo cæruleo._ -The double blew Anemone. - -This Anemone differeth not in any thing from the former double purple, -but onely that the flower is paler, and more tending to a blew colour. - - -9. _Anemone tenuifolia flore pleno roseo._ -The double Rose coloured Anemone. - -The double Rose coloured Anemone differeth also in nothing from the -former double purple, but onely in the flower, which is somewhat -smaller, and not so thicke and double, and that it is of a reddish -colour, neare vnto the colour of a pale red Rose, or of a deepe -coloured Damaske. - - -10. _Anemone tenuifolia flore pleno carneo viuacissimo._ -The double Carnation Anemone. - -This Anemone, both in roote, leafe, and flower, commeth nearest vnto -the former double white Anemone, for the largenesse and doublenesse of -the flower, and in the smalnesse of the middle thrums, and euennesse at -the toppes of them, being not so large and great a flower as the double -purple, either in the inner or outer leaues, but yet is very faire, -thicke and double, and of a most liuely Carnation silke colour, very -deepe, both the outer leaues and middle thrums also so bright, that it -doth as it were amaze, and yet delight the minde of the beholder, but -by long standing in the Sun, waxe a little paler, and so passe away as -all the most beautifull flowers doe. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Anemone tenuifolia simplex purpurea._ The single purple Anemone - with thin cut leaues. - 2 _Anemone tenuifolia simplex alba pura._ The single pure white - Anemone. - 3 _Anemone tenuifolia simplex chermesina._ The single bright Crimson - Anemone. - 4 _Anemone tenuifolia simplex sanguinea._ The single bloud red - Anemone. - 5 _Anemone tenuifolia simplex facie florum pomi._ The single Apple - bloome Anemone. - 6 _Anemone tenuifolia simplex purpurascens._ The single purplish - blush Anemone. - 7 _Anemone tenuifolia simplex alba vnguibus carneis._ The single - white Anemone with blush bottomes. - 8 _Anemone tenuifolia flore pleno coccineo._ The double red or - ordinary Scarlet Anemone. - 9 _Anemone tenuifolia flore pleno rubrofusca coma Amarantina._ - The double purple Veluet Anemone. - 10 _Anemone tenuifolia flore pleno purpura violaceo._ The double - blewish purple Anemone. - 11 _Anemone tenuifolia flore pleno incarnedini coloris sericei - vivacissimi._ The double Carnation Anemone, or of a liuely - Carnation silke colour. -] - - -11. _Anemone tenuifolia flore rubrofusco pleno coma Amarantina._ -The double purple Veluet Anemone. - -This double Veluet Anemone is in all things like the last described -Carnation Anemone, but somewhat larger, the difference consisteth in -the colour of the flower, which in this is of a deep or sad crimson -red colour for the outer leaues and of a deep purple Veluet colour in -the middle thrums, resembling the colour of the lesser _Amaranthus -purpureus_, or Purple flower gentle hereafter described, whereof it -tooke the name, which middle thrums are as fine and small, and as euen -at the toppes as the white or last Carnation Anemones. - - -12. _Anemone tenuifolia flore pleno tricolor._ -The double purple Veluet Anemone of three colours. - -This double Anemone also is very like the last described Anemone, but -that in the middle of the purple thrums, there thrusteth forth a tuft -of threads or leaues of a more light crimson colour. - -And thus much for the kindes of Anemones or Windflowers, so farre forth -as haue hitherto come to our knowledge; yet I doubt not, but that more -varieties haue beene elsewhere collected, and will be also in our -Countrey daily and yearly obserued by diuers, that raise them vp from -sowing the seede, wherein lyeth a pretty art, not yet familiarly knowne -to our Nation, although it be very frequent in the Lowe-Countries, -where their industry hath bred and nourished vp such diuersities and -varieties, that they haue valued some Anemones at such high rates, -as most would wonder at, and none of our Nation would purchase, as I -thinke. And I doubt not, if wee would be as curious as they, but that -both our ayre and soyle would produce as great variety, as euer hath -been seene in the Lowe-Countries; which to procure, if any of our -Nation will take so much paines in sowing the seedes of Anemones, as -diuers haue done of Tulipas: I will set them downe the best directions -for that purpose that I haue learned, or could by much search and -tryall attaine vnto; yet I must let them vnderstand thus much also, -that there is not so great variety of double flowers raised from the -seede of the thin leafed Anemones, as from the broad leafed ones. - -First therefore (as I said before) concerning Tulipas, there is some -speciall choice to be made of such flowers, whose seed is fittest to be -taken. Of the _Latifolias_, the double Orenge tawney seede being sowne, -yeeldeth pretty varieties, but the purples, and reds, or crimsons, -either _Latifolias_ or _Tenuifolias_, yeeld small variety, but such as -draw nearest to their originall, although some be a little deeper or -lighter then others. But the light colours be they which are the chiefe -for choice, as white, ash-colour, blush or carnation, light orenge, -simple or party coloured, single or double, if they beare seede, which -must bee carefully gathered, and that not before it bee thorough -ripe, which you shall know by the head; for when the seede with the -wollinesse beginneth to rise a little of it selfe at the lower end, it -must bee then quickly gathered, lest the winde carry it all away. After -it is thus carefully gathered, it must be laid to dry for a weeke or -more, which then being gently rubbed with a little dry sand or earth, -will cause the seede to be somewhat better separated, although not -thoroughly from the woollinesse or downe that compasseth it. - -Within a moneth at the most after the seede is thus gathered and -prepared, it must be sowne; for by that meanes you shall gaine a yeare -in the growing, ouer that you should doe if you sowed it in the next -Spring. - -If there remaine any woollinesse in the seede, pull it in sunder as -well as you can, and then sowe your seede reasonable thin, and not too -thicke, vpon a plaine smooth bed of fine earth, or rather in pots or -tubbes, and after the sowing, sift or gently straw ouer them some fine -good fresh mould, about one fingers thicknesse at the most for the -first time: And about a moneth after their first springing vp, sift -or straw ouer them in like manner another fingers thicknesse of fine -earth, and in the meane time if the weather proue dry, you must water -them gently and often, but not to ouerglut them with moisture; and thus -doing, you shall haue them spring vp before Winter, and grow pretty -strong, able to abide the sharpe Winter in their nonage, in vsing some -little care to couer them loosely with some fearne, or furse, or beane -hame, or straw, or any such, which yet must not lye close vpon them, -nor too farre from them neither. - -The next Spring after the sowing, if you will, but it is better if you -stay vntill August, you may then remoue them, and set them in order by -rowes, with sufficient distance one from another, where they may abide, -vntill you see what manner of flower each plant will beare, which you -may dispose of according to your minde. - -Many of them being thus ordered (if your mould be fine, loose, and -fresh, not stonie, clayish, or from a middin) will beare flowers the -second yeare after the sowing, and most or all of them the third yeare, -if the place where you sowe them, be not annoyed with the smoake of -Brewers, Dyers, or Maultkils, which if it be, then will they neuer -thriue well. - -Thus much haue I thought good to set downe, to incite some of our owne -Nation to be industrious; and to helpe them forward, haue giuen such -rules of directions, that I doubt not, but they will vpon the tryall -and view of the variety, proceede as well in the sowing of Anemones as -of Tulipas. - -I cannot (Gentlewomen) withold one other secret from you, which is -to informe you how you may so order Anemones, that after all others -ordinarily are past, you may haue them in flower for two or three -moneths longer then are to be seene with any other, that vseth not this -course I direct you. - -The ordinary time to plant Anemones, is most commonly in August, which -will beare flower some peraduenture before Winter, but most vsually in -February, March, and Aprill, few or none of them abiding vntill May; -but it you will keepe some roots out of the ground vnplanted, vntill -February, March, and Aprill, and plant some at one time, and some at -another, you shall haue them beare flower according to their planting, -those that shall be planted in February, will flower about the middle -or end of May, and so the rest accordingly after that manner: And -thus may you haue the pleasure of these plants out of their naturall -seasons, which is not permitted to be enioyed in any other that I know, -Nature being not so prone to bee furthered by art in other things as in -this. Yet regard, that in keeping your Anemone rootes out of the ground -for this purpose, you neither keep them too dry, nor yet too moist, for -sprouting or rotting; and in planting them, that you set them not in -too open a sunny place, but where they may be somewhat shadowed. - - - The Place. - - I shall not need to spend much time in relating the seuerall - places of these Anemones, but onely to declare that the - most of them that haue not beene raised from seed, haue - come from Constantinople to vs; yet the first broad leafed - or yellow Anemone, was first found in Portugall, and from - thence brought into these parts. And the first purple Starre - Anemone in Germanie, yet was the same sent among others from - Constantinople also. And the first thin cut leafed Anemone - came first out of Italy, although many of that sort haue come - likewise from Constantinople. And so haue the double red or - Scarlet Anemones, and the great double blush, which I first - had by the gift of Mʳ. Humfrey Packington of Worcestershire - Esquire, at Haruington. - - - The Time. - - The times of their flowring are sufficiently expressed in the - descriptions, or in the rules for planting. - - - The Names. - - The Turkish names whereby the great double broad leafed kindes - haue beene sent vnto vs, were _Giul Catamer_, and _Giul Catamer - lale_; And _Binizade_, _Binizante_, and _Galipoli lale_ for - the thinne cut leafed Anemones. All Authors haue called them - _Anemones_, and are the true _Herbæ venti_. Wee call them in - English eyther Anemones, after the Greeke name, or Windflowers, - after the Latine. - - - The Vertues. - - There is little vse of these in Physicke in our dayes, eyther - for inward or outward diseases; onely the leaues are vsed in - the Ointment called _Marciatum_, which is composed of many - other hot herbes, and is vsed in cold griefes, to warme and - comfort the parts. The roote, by reason of the sharpenesse, is - apt to drawe downe rheume, if it be tasted or chewed in the - mouth. - - - - -CHAP. XXVI. - -_Aconitum._ Wolfebane. - - -There be diuers sorts of Wolfebanes which are not fit for this booke, -but are reserued for a generall History or Garden of Simples, yet among -them there are some, that notwithstanding their euill quality, may for -the beauty of their flowers take vp a roome in this Garden, of whom I -meane to entreate in this place: And first of the Winter Wolfesbane, -which for the beauty, as well as the earlinesse of his flowers, being -the first of all other, that shew themselues after Christmas, deserueth -a prime place; and therefore for the likenesse of the rootes vnto the -Anemones, I ioyne it next vnto them. - - -1. _Aconitum Hyemale._ The Winters Wolfesbane. - -This little plant thrusteth vp diuers leaues out of the ground, in the -deepe of Winter oftentimes, if there be any milde weather in Ianuary, -but most commonly after the deepe frosts, bearing vp many times the -snow vpon the heads of the leaues, which like vnto the Anemone, doe -euery leafe rise from the roote vpon seuerall short foote-stalkes, -not aboue foure fingers high, some hauing flowers in the middle of -them, (which come vp first most vsually) and some none, which leaues -stand as it were round, the stalke rising vp vnder the middle of the -leafe, deeply cut in and gashed to the middle stalke almost, of a -very faire deepe greene colour, in the middle whereof, close vnto the -leafe, standeth a small yellow flower, made of six leaues, very like -a Crowfoote, with yellow threads in the middle: after the flower is -fallen, there rise vp diuers small hornes or cods set together, wherein -are contained whitish yellow round seede. The roote is tuberous, so -like both for shape and colour vnto the rootes of Anemones, that they -will easily deceiue one not well experienced, but that it is browner -and smooth without, and yellow within, if it be broken. - - -2. _Aconitum flore albido, siue Aconitum luteum Ponticum._ -The whitish yellow Wolfesbane. - -This Wolfesbane shooteth not out of the ground vntill the Spring be -well begun, and then it sendeth forth great broad greene leaues, deeply -cut in about the edges, not much vnlike the leaues of the great wilde -Crowfoote, but much greater; from among which leaues riseth vp a strong -stiffe stalke, three foote high, hauing here and there leaues set -vpon it, like vnto the lowest, but smaller; the toppe of the stalke -is diuided into three or foure branches, whereon are set diuers pale -yellow flowers, which turne at the last to be almost white, in fashion -like almost vnto the flowers of the Helmet flower, but much smaller, -and not gaping so wide open: after the flowers are past come vp diuers -short poddes, wherein is contained blacke seede: the roote is made of -a number of darke browne strings, which spread and fasten themselues -strongly in the ground. - - -3. _Napellus verus flore cæruleo._ Blew Helmet flower or Monkes hood. - -The Helmet flower hath diuers leaues of a fresh greene colour on the -vpperside, and grayish vnderneath, much spread abroad and cut into many -slits and notches, more then any of the Wolfebanes; the stalke riseth -vp two or three foot high, beset to the top with the like leaues, but -smaller: the toppe is sometimes diuided into two or three branches, -but more vsually without, whereon stand many large flowers one aboue -another, in forme very like vnto a Hood or open Helmet, being composed -of fiue leaues, the vppermost of which and the greatest, is hollow, -like vnto an Helmet or Headpeece, two other small leaues are at the -sides of the Helmet, closing it like cheekes, and come somewhat vnder, -and two other which are the smallest hang down like labels, or as if -a close Helmet were opened, and some peeces hung by, of a perfect or -faire blew colour, (but grow darker, hauing stood long) which causeth -it be so nourished vp in Gardens, that their flowers, as was vsuall in -former times, and yet is in many Countrey places, may be laid among -greene herbes in windowes and roomes for the Summer time: but although -their beauty may be entertained for the vses aforesaid, yet beware they -come not neare your tongue or lippes, lest they tell you to your cost, -they are not so good as they seeme to be: in the middest of the flower, -when it is open and gapeth wide, are seene certaine small threads like -beards, standing about a middle head, which when the flower is past, -groweth into three or foure, or more small blackish pods, containing in -them blacke seede: the rootes are brownish on the outside, and white -within, somewhat bigge and round aboue, and small downewards, somewhat -like vnto a small short Carrot roote, sometimes two being ioyned at the -head together. But the name _Napellus_ anciently giuen vnto it, doth -shew they referred the forme of the roote vnto a small Turnep. - - -_Anthora._ The wholsome Helmet flower, or counterpoison Monkes hood. - -This wholsome plant I thought good to insert, not onely for the forme -of the flower, but also for the excellent properties thereof, as you -shall haue them related hereafter. The rootes hereof are small and -tuberous, round and somewhat long, ending for the most part in a long -fibre, and with some other small threads from the head downeward: from -the head whereof riseth vp diuers greene leaues, euery one seuerally -vpon a stalke, very much diuided, as finely almost as the leaues of -Larkes heeles or spurres: among which riseth vp a hard round stalke, a -foote high and better, with some such leaues thereon as grow belowe, at -the toppe whereof stand many small yellowish flowers, formed very like -vnto the former whitish Wolfesbane, bearing many blacke seedes in pods -afterwards in the like manner. - -Many more sorts of varieties of these kindes there are, but these -onely, as the most specious, are noursed vp in Florists Gardens for -pleasure; the other are kept by such as are Catholicke obseruers of all -natures store. - - - The Place. - - All these grow naturally on Mountaines, in many shadowie places - of the Alpes, in Germany, and elsewhere. - - - The Time. - - The first flowreth (as is said) in Ianuary, and February, and - sometimes vntill March be well spent, and the seede soone ripe - after. - - The other three flower not vntill Iune and Iuly. - - - The Names. - - The first is vsually called _Aconitum hyemale Belgarum_. - Lobelius, calleth it _Bulbosus vnifolius Batrachoides_, - _Aconitum Elleboraceum_, and _Ranunculus Monophyllos_, and some - by other names. Most Herbarists call it _Aconitum hyemale_, - and we in English thereafter, Winters Wolfesbane; and of some, - Yellow Aconite. - - The second is called by most Writers, _Aconitum luteum - Ponticum_: Some also _Lupicida_, _Luparia_ and _Canicida_, of - the effect in killing Wolues and Dogs: And some, because the - flower is more white then yellow, doe call it _Aconitum flore - albido_, we call it in English, The whitish yellow Aconite, - or Wolfesbane, but some after the Latine name, The yellow - Wolfesbane. - - The third is called generally _Napellus_, and _Verus_, because - it is the true _Napellus_ of the ancient Writers, which they so - termed from the forme of a Turnep, called _Napus_ in Latine. - - The fourth is called _Aconitum Salutiferum_, _Napellus Moysis_, - _Antora_ and _Anthora, quasi Antithora_, that is, the remedy - against the poisonfull herbe _Thora_, in English according to - the title, eyther wholsome Helmet flower, or counterpoison - Monkes hood. - - - The Vertues. - - Although the first three sorts of plants be very poisonfull - and deadly, yet there may bee very good vse made of them for - sore eyes (being carefully applyed, yet not to all sorts of - sore eyes neither without discretion) if the distilled water be - dropped therein. - - The rootes of the counterpoison Monkes hood are effectuall not - onely against the poison of the poisonfull Helmet flower, and - all others of that kinde, but also against the poison of all - venemous beasts, the plague or pestilence, and other infectious - diseases, which raise spots, pockes, or markes in the outward - skinne, by expelling the poison from within, and defending - the heart as a most soueraigne Cordiall. It it vsed also with - good successe against the wormes of the belly, and against the - paines of the Wind collick. - - - - -CHAP. XXVII. - -_Ranunculus._ The Crowfoote. - - -Next vnto the Aconites, of right are to follow the _Ranunculi_ or -Crowfeete, for the nearenesse both of forme, of leaues, and nature of -the plants, although lesse hurtfull, yet all of them for the most part -being sharpe and exulcerating, and not without some danger, if any -would be too bold with them. The whole Family of the _Ranunculi_ is of -a very large extent, and I am constrained within the limits of a Garden -of Pleasure; I must therefore select out onely such as are fit for -this purpose, and set them here downe for your knowledge, leauing the -rest for that other generall worke, which time may perfect and bring -to light, if the couetous mindes of some that should be most affected -towards it, doe not hinder it: or if the helpe of generous spirits -would forward it. - - -1. _Ranunculus montanus albus humilior._ -The lowe white mountaine Crowfoot. - -This lowe Crowfoote hath three or foure broad and thicke leaues, -almost round, yet a little cut in and notched about the edges, of a -fine greene and shining colour on the vpperside, and not so green -vnderneath, among which riseth a small short stalke, bearing one snow -white flower on the toppe, made of fiue round pointed leaues, with -diuers yellow threads in the middle, standing about a greene head, -which in time groweth to be full of seede, in forme like vnto a small -greene Strawberry: the roote is composed of many white strings. - -[Sidenote: _Duplici flore._] - -There is another of this lowe kinde, whose leaues are somewhat more -deeply cut in on the edges, and the flower larger, and sometimes a -little double, as it were with two rowes of leaues, in other things not -differing from the former. - - -2. _Ranunculus montanus albus maior vel elatior._ -The great single white mountaine Crowfoote. - -The leaues of this Crowfoote are large and greene, cut into three, -and sometimes into fiue speciall diuisions, and each of them besides -cut or notched about the edges, somewhat resembling the leaues of the -Globe Crowfoote, but larger: the stalke is two foote and a halfe high, -hauing three small leaues set at the ioynt of the stalke, where it -brancheth out into flowers, which stand foure or fiue together vpon -long foote-stalkes, made of fiue white leaues a peece, very sweete, and -somewhat larger then the next white Crowfoote, with some yellow threads -in the middle compassing a greene head, which bringeth seede like vnto -other wilde Crowfeete: the roote hath many long thicke whitish strings, -comming from a thicke head. - - -3. _Ranunculus montanus albus minor._ -The lesser single white Crowfoote. - -This Crowefoote hath faire large spread leaues, cut into fiue -diuisions, and somewhat notched about the edges, greene on the -vpperside, and paler vnderneath, hauing many veines running through the -leaues: the stalke of this riseth not so high as the former, although -this be reasonable tall, as being neare two foote high, spread into -many branches, bearing such like white flowers, as in the former, but -smaller: the seede of this is like the former, and so are the rootes -likewise. - - -4. _Ranunculus albus flore pleno._ The double white Crowfoote. - -The double white Crowfoote is of the same kinde with the last single -white Crowfoote, hauing such like leaues in all respects: the onely -difference is in the flowers, which in this are very thicke and double. -Some doe make mention of two sorts of double white Crowfeete, one -somewhat lower then another, and the lower likewise bearing more store -of flowers, and more double then the higher: but I confesse, I haue -neuer seene but one sort of double, which is the same here expressed, -not growing very high, and reasonably well stored with flowers. - - -5. _Ranunculus præcox Rutæfolio siue Coriandrifolio._ -The early Coriander leafed Crowfoote. - - -This Crowfoote hath three or foure very greene leaues, cut and diuided -into many small peeces, like vnto the wing of leaues of Rue, or rather -like the lower leaues of the Coriander (for they well resemble either -of them) euery of them standing vpon a long purplish stalke, at the -toppe whereof groweth the flower alone, being composed or made of -twelue small white leaues, broad pointed, and a little endented at -the ends, somewhat purplish on the outside, and white on the inside, -sustained by diuers small greene leaues, which are in stead of a cup or -huske: in the middle of the flower are many small white threads, tipt -with yellow pendents, standing about a small greene head, which after -groweth to bee full of seedes like a Strawberry, which knobs giue small -blackish seede: the roote is white and fibrous. - - -6. _Ranunculus Thalictrifolio maior._ -The great colombine leafed Crowfoot. - -The lower leaues of this Crowfoote haue long stalkes, and are very -like vnto the smaller leaues of Colombines, or the great Spanish -_Thalictrum_, which hath his leaues very like vnto a Colombine, foure -or fiue rising from the roote: the stalke riseth about a foote and -a halfe high, somewhat reddish, beset here and there with the like -leaues, at the toppe whereof stand diuers small white flowers, made of -fiue leaues a peece, with some pale white threads in the middle: the -seede is round and reddish, contained in small huskes or hornes: the -roote is made of a bush or tuft of white strings. - - -7. _Ranunculus Thalictrifolio minor Asphodeli radice._ -The small white Colombine leafed Crowfoote. - -This small Crowfoote hath three or foure winged leaues spread vpon the -ground, standing vpon long stalkes, and consisting of many small leaues -set together, spreading from the middle ribbe, euery leafe somewhat -resembling both in shape and colour the smallest and youngest leaues -of Colombines: the flowers are white, standing at the toppe of the -stalkes, made of fiue round leaues: the root hath three or foure thick, -short, and round yellowish clogs hanging at the head, like vnto the -Asphodill roote. The great Herball of Lyons, that goeth vnder the name -of _Daleschampius_, saith, that Dʳ. Myconus found it in Spaine, and -sent it vnder the name of Oenanthe; and therefore Ioannes Molineus who -is thought to haue composed that booke, set it among the vmbelliferous -plants, because the Oenanthes beare vmbels of flowers and seede, and -haue tuberous or cloggy rootes; but with what iudgement, let others -say, when they haue compared the vmbels of flowers and seede of the -Oenanthes, with the flowers and seede of this plant, and whether I haue -not more properly placed it among the _Ranunculi_ or Crowfeete, and -giuen it a denomination agreeable to his forme. - - -8. _Ranunculus Globosus._ The Globe Crowfoot. - -This Crowfoote (which in the Northerne countries of England where it -groweth plentifully, is called Locker goulons) hath many faire, broad, -darke greene leaues next the ground, cut into fiue, sixe, or seuen -diuisions, and iagged besides at the edges; among which riseth vp a -stalke, whereon are set such like leaues as are belowe, but smaller, -diuided toward the toppe into some branches, on the which stand -seuerall large yellow flowers, alwayes folded inward, or as a close -flower neuer blowing open, as other flowers doe, consisting of eleuen -leaues for the most part, set or placed in three rowes, with many -yellow threads in the middle, standing about a greene rough head, which -in time groweth to be small knops, wherein are contained blacke seede: -the roote is composed of many blackish strings. - - -9. _Ranunculus pratensis flore multiplici._ -The double yellow field Crowfoot. - -There is little or no difference in the leaues of this double Crowfoot, -from those of the single kindes that growe in euery medowe, being large -and diuided into foure or fiue parts, and indented about the edges, but -they are somewhat smaller, and of a fresher greene: the flowers stand -on many branches, much diuided or separated, being not very great, but -very thicke and double: the roote runneth and creepeth vnder ground -like as the single doth. - - -10. _Ranunculus Anglicus maximus multiplex._ -The Garden double yellow Crowfoot or Batchelours buttons. - -This great double Crowfoote, which is common in euery Garden through -England, hath many great blackish greene leaues, iagged and cut into -three diuisions, each to the middle ribbe: the stalkes haue some -smaller leaues on them, and those next vnder the branches long and -narrow: the flowers are of a greenish yellow colour, very thicke and -double of leaues, in the middle whereof riseth vp a small stalke, -bearing another double flower, like to the other, but smaller: the -roote is round, like vnto a small white Turnep, with diuers other -fibres annexed vnto it. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Aconitum Hyemale._ Winter Wolfesbane. - 2 _Aconitum flore albido siue luteum Ponticum._ The whitish yellow - Wolfesbane. - 3 _Napellus verus._ Blew Helmets or Monkes hood. - 4 _Anthora._ The counterpoison Monkes hood. - 5 _Ranunculus humilis albus simplex._ The single white low Crowfoot. - 6 _Ranunculus humilis albus duplici flore._ The double lowe white - Crowfoot. - 7 _Ranunculus Coriandrifolio._ The early Coriander leafed Crowfoot. - 8 _Ranunculus montanus elatior albus._ The great single white - mountain Crowfoot. - 9 _Ranunculus montanus albus flore pleno._ The double white mountain - Crowfoot. - 10 _Ranunculus Thalictrifolio minor._ The lesser Colombine leafed - Crowfoot. - 11 _Ranunculus globosus._ The globe Crowfoot. -] - - -11. _Ranunculus Gramineus._ Grasse leafed Crowfoot - -The leaues of this Crowfoote are long and narrow, somewhat like vnto -Grasse, or rather like the leaues of single Gilloflowers or Pinckes, -being small and sharpe pointed, a little hollow, and of a whitish -greene colour; among these leaues rise vp diuers slender stalkes, -bearing one small flower at the toppe of each, consisting of fiue -yellow leaues, with some threads in the middle: the roote is composed -of many thicke, long, round white strings. - -There is another of this kinde that beareth flowers with two rowes of -leaues, as if it were double, differing in nothing else. - - -12. _Ranunculus Lusitanicus Autumnalis._ -The Portugall Autumne Crowfoot. - -This Autumne Crowfoote hath diuers broad round leaues lying on the -ground, set vpon short foote-stalkes, of a faire greene colour aboue, -and grayish vnderneath, snipt all about the edges, hauing many veines -in them, and sometimes swelling as with blisters or bladders on them; -from among which rise vp two or three slender and hairy stalkes, -bearing but one small yellow flower a peece, consisting of fiue and -sometimes of six leaues, and sometimes of seuen or eight, hauing a few -threads in the middle, set about a small greene head, like vnto many of -the former Crowfeete, which bringeth small blacke seede: the roote is -made of many thicke short white strings, which seeme to be grumous or -kernelly rootes, but that they are somewhat smaller, and longer then -any other of that kinde. - - -13. _Ranunculus Creticus latifolius._ -The broad leafed Candy Crowfoot. - -This Crowfoote of Candy, hath the greatest and broadest leaues of all -the sorts of Crowfeete, being almost round, and without any great -diuisions, but onely a few notches about the edges here and there, -as large or larger sometimes then the palme of a mans hand; among -which riseth vp the stalke, not very high when it doth first flower, -but afterwards, as the other flowers doe open themselues, the stalke -groweth to be a foote and a halfe high, or thereabouts, hauing some -leaues on it, deeply cut in or diuided, and bearing many faire yellow -flowers, consisting of fiue leaues a peece, being somewhat whitish in -the middle, when the flower hath stood blowne a little time: the roote -is composed of a number of small kernelly knobs, or long graines, set -thicke together. This flowreth very early, being vsually in flower -before the end of March, and oftentimes about the middle thereof. - - -14. _Ranunculus Creticus albus._ The white Candy Crowfoote. - -The leaues of this Crowfoote are very like vnto the leaues of the red -Crowfoote of Tripoli or Asia, hereafter set downe, being somewhat -broad and indented about the edges, some of the leaues being also cut -in or gashed, thereby making it as it were three diuisions, of a pale -greene colour, with many white spots in them: the stalke riseth vp a -foote high, with some leaues on it, more diuided then the lower, and -diuided at the toppe into two and sometimes into three branches, each -of them bearing a faire snow white flower, somewhat large, included at -the first in a brownish huske or cup of leaues, which afterwards stand -vnder the flowers, consisting of fiue white large round pointed leaues, -in the middle whereof is set many blackish purple thrums, compassing -a small long greene head, composed of many scales or chaffie whitish -huskes, when they are ripe, which are the seede, but vnprofitable in -all that euer I could obserue: the rootes are many small graines or -kernels, set together as in the former, and much about the same colour, -that is, of a darke or duskie grayish colour, but much smaller. - -[Sidenote: _Alba purpureis oris & venis._] - -There is another of this kinde, whose flowers haue purple edges, and -sometimes some veines of the same purple in the leaues of the flowers, -not differing in any other thing from the former. - -[Sidenote: _Alba oris rubris._] - -And another, whose edges of the flowers are of a bright red colour. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Ranunculus gramineus flore simplici & duplici._ The single and - the double grasse Crowfoot. - 2 _Ranunculus Lusitanicus Autumnalis._ The Portugall Autumne - Crowfoot. - 3 _Ranunculus Creticus latifolius._ The broad leafed Candy Crowfoot. - 4 _Ranunculus Anglicus maximus multiplex._ The double English - Crowfoot. - 5 _Ranunculus pratensis flore multiplici._ The double yellow field - Crowfoot. - 6 _Ranunculus Creticus albus._ The white Candy Crowfoot. - 7 _Ranunculus Asiaticus flore albo vel pallido vario._ The white or - the straw coloured Crowfoot with red tops or edges. - 8 _Ranunculus Tripolitanus flore rubro simplici._ The single red - Crowfoot of Tripoli. - 9 _Ranunculus Asiaticus flore rubro amplo._ The large single red - Crowfoot of Asia. - 10 _Ranunculus Asiaticus flore rubro pleno._ The double red Crowfoot - of Asia. - 11 _Caltha palustris flore pleno._ Double Marsh Marigold or - Batchelours buttons. -] - - -15. _Ranunculus Creticus flore argenteo._ -The Argentine, or cloth of siluer Crowfoot. - -The greene leaues of this Crowfoote are as small and thinne, cut in -or diuided on the edges, as the last two sorts; the stalke riseth -vp somewhat higher, and diuided into some branches, bearing at the -toppe of euery of them one flower, somewhat smaller then the former, -composed of six, seuen, and sometimes of eight small round pointed -leaues, of a whitish yellow blush colour on the inside wholly, except -sometimes a little stript about the edges: but the outside of euery -leafe is finely stript with crimson stripes, very thicke, somewhat -like vnto a Gilloflower: in the middle riseth vp a small blacke head, -compassed about with blackish blew threads or thrums, which head is as -vnfruitfull for seede in our Countrey as the former. This flower hath -no such greene leaues vnder it, or to enclose it before it be blowne -open as the former: the rootes are in all things like the former. - - -16. _Ranunculus Asiaticus siue Tripolitanus flore rubro._ -The single red Crowfoote of Asia or Tripoli. - -The lower leaues of this red Crowfoote are alwayes whole without -diuisions, being onely somewhat deeply indented about the edges, but -the other that rise after them are more cut in, sometimes into three, -and sometimes into fiue diuisions, and notched also about the edges: -the stalke riseth higher then any of the former, and hath on it two or -three smaller leaues, more cut in and diuided then those belowe: at the -toppe whereof standeth one large flower, made of fiue leaues, euery one -being narrower at the bottome then at the toppe, and not standing close -and round one to another, but with a certaine distance betweene, of a -duskie yellowish red colour on the outside, and of a deepe red on the -inside, the middle being set with many thrums of a darke purple colour: -the head for seede is long, and scaly or chaffie, and idle in like -manner as the rest: the roote is made of many graines or small kernels -set together, and closing at the head, but spreading it selfe, if it -like the ground, vnder the vpper crust of the earth into many rootes, -encreasing from long strings, that runne from the middle of the small -head of graines, as well as at the head it selfe. - - -17. _Ranunculus Asiaticus flore amplo rubro._ -The large single red Crowfoot of Asia. - -There hath come to vs out of Turkie, together with the former, among -many other rootes, vnder the same title, a differing sort of this -Crowfoote, whose leaues weare broader, and much goaler; the flower also -larger, and the leaues thereof broader, sometimes eight in a flower, -standing round and close one to another, which maketh the fairer shew: -in all other things it is like the former. - - -18. _Ranunculus Asiaticus flore rubro vario simplici._ -The red stript single Crowfoote of Asia. - -This party coloured Crowfoote differeth not eyther in roote or leafe -from the former, the chiefest difference is in the flower, which being -red, somewhat like the former, hath yet some yellow stripes or veines -through euery leafe, sometimes but little, and sometimes so much, that -it seemeth to bee party coloured red and yellow: this sort is very -tender; for we haue twice had it, and yet perished with vs. - - -19. _Ranunculus Asiaticus flore luteo vario simplici._ -The yellow stript single Crowfoote of Asia. - -There is little difference in the roote of this Crowfoote from the last -described, but the leaues are much different, being very much diuided, -and the flower is large, of a fine pale greenish yellow colour, -consisting of six and seuen, and sometimes of eight or nine round -leaues; the toppes whereof haue reddish spots, and the edges sometimes -also, with such purplish thrums in the middle that the other haue. None -of these former Crowfeete with kernelly rootes, haue euer beene found -to haue giuen so good seed in England, as that being sowne, any of them -would spring vp; for hereof tryall hath been often made, but all they -haue lost their labour, that haue bestowed their paines therein, as -farre as I know. - - -20. _Ranunculus Asiaticus flore rubro pleno._ -The double red Crowfoote of Asia. - -The double red Crowfoote hath his rootes and leaues so like vnto the -single red kinde, that none can perceiue any difference, or know the -one from the other, vntill the budde of the flower doe appeare, which -after it is any thing forward, may be perceiued to be greater and -fuller then the budde of the single kinde. This kinde beareth most -vsually but one faire large double flower on the toppe of the stalke, -composed of many leaues, set close together in three or foure rowes, of -an excellent crimson colour, declining to Scarlet, the outter leaues -being larger then the inner; and instead of thrummes, hath many small -leaues set together: it hath likewise six small narrow greene leaues on -the backside of the flower, where the stalke is fastened to the flower. - -[Sidenote: _Prolifero flore._] - -There is of this double kinde another sort, whose flower is of the same -colour with the former, but out of the middle of the flower ariseth -another double flower, but smaller. - - - The Place. - - These plants grow naturally in diuers Countries; some in - France, and Germany, and some in England, some in Spaine, - Portugall, and Italy, and some haue been sent out of Turkie - from Constantinople, and some from other parts, their titles - for the most part descrying their Countries. - - - The Time. - - Some of them flower early, as is set downe in their - descriptions, or titles. The others in Aprill and May. The - white Candy Crowfoote, and the other single and double sorts - of Asia, about the same time, or somewhat later, and one in - Autumne, as it is set downe. - - - The Names. - - The names that are giuen seuerally to them may well serue - this worke, that thereby they may bee distinguished one from - another: For to set downe any further controuersie of names, - how fitly or vnfitly they haue beene called, and how variably - by diuers former Writers, is fitter for a generall History, - vnto which I leaue what may be said, both concerning these - and the rest: Onely this I would giue you to vnderstand, that - the Turkie kindes haue been sent to vs vnder the names of - _Terobolos_ for the single, and _Terobolos Catamer lale_ for - the double, and yet oftentimes, those that haue been sent for - double, haue proued single, so little fidelity is to bee found - among them. - - - The Vertues. - - All or most of these plants are very sharpe and exulcerating, - yet the care and industry of diuers learned men haue found many - good effects in many of them. For the rootes and leaues both of - the wilde kindes, and of some of these of the Garden, stamped - and applyed to the wrists, haue driuen away the fits in Feuers. - The roote likewise of the double English kinde is applyed for - pestilent sores, to helpe to breake them, by drawing the venome - to the place. They helpe likewise to take away scarres and - markes in diuers places of the body. - - - - -CHAP. XXVIII. - - -_Caltha palustris flore pleno._ Double Marsh Marigold. - -As an appendix to the Crowfeete, I must needes adde this plant, yet -seuerally by it selfe, because both it and his single kinde are by -most adioyned thereunto, for the neare resemblance both in shape and -sharpnesse of quality. The single kinde I leaue to the Ditch sides, and -moist grounds about them, as the fittest places for it, and onely bring -the double kinde into my Garden, as fittest for his goodly proportion -and beauty to be entertained, and haue place therein. - -The double Marsh Marigold hath many broad and round greene leaues, a -little endented about the edges, like vnto the single kinde, but not -altogether so large, especially in a Garden where it standeth not very -moist: the stalkes are weake, round, hollow, and greene, diuided into -three or foure branches at the toppe, with leaues at the seuerall -ioynts, whereon stand very double flowers, of a gold yellow colour: -the fiue outer leaues being larger then any of the rest that are -encompassed by them, which fall away after they haue stood blowne a -great while (for it endureth in flower a moneth or more, especially if -it stand in a shadowie place) without bearing any seed: the rootes are -composed of many thicke, long, and round whitish strings, which runne -downe deep into the ground, and there are fastened very strongly. - - - The Place. - - This plant groweth naturally in diuers Marshes, and moist - grounds in Germany, yet in some more double then in others; it - hath long agoe beene cherished in our Gardens. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth in Aprill or May, as the yeare proueth earlier or - later: all his leaues doe in a manner quite perish in Winter, - and spring anew in the end of February, or thereabouts. - - - The Names. - - There is great controuersie among the learned about the single - kinde, but thereof I shall not neede to speake in this place; - if God permit I may in a fitter. This is called generally in - Latine, _Caltha palustris multiplex_, or _flore pleno_. And - wee in English (after the Latine, which take _Caltha_ to be - that which wee vsually call _Calendula_, a Marigold) The double - Marsh Marigold. - - - The Vertues. - - The roote hereof is sharpe, comming neare vnto the quality of - the Crowfeete, but for any speciall property, I haue not heard - or found any. - - - - -CHAP. XXIX. - - -_Hepatica nobilis siue trifolia._ Noble Liuerwort. - -Next vnto the Crowfeete are to follow the Hepaticas, because of the -likenesse with them, seeming to be small Crowfeete in all their -parts, but of another and more wholsome kinde. Their diuersity among -themselues consisteth chiefly in the colour of the flowers, all of them -being single, except one which is very thicke and double. - - -1. _Hepatica flore cæruleo simplici maior._ -The great single blew Hepatica or noble Liuerwort. - -The flowers of this Hepatica doe spring vp, blow open, and sometimes -shed and fall away, before any leaues appeare or spread open. The -rootes are composed of a bush of blackish things, from the seuerall -heads or buttons whereof, after the flowers are risen and blowne, arise -many fresh greene leaues, each seuerally standing vpon his foot-stalke, -folded together, and somewhat browne and hairy at their first comming, -which after are broad, and diuided at the edges into three parts: the -flowers likewise stand euery one vpon his owne seuerall foote-stalke, -of the same height with the leaues for the most part, which is about -foure or fiue fingers breadth high, made of six leaues most vsually, -but sometimes it will haue seuen or eight, of a faire blew colour, with -many white chiues or threads in the middle, standing about a middle -green head or vmbone, which after the flower is fallen groweth greater, -and sheweth many small graines or seede set close together (with three -small greene leaues compassing them vnderneath, as they did the flower -at the bottome) very like the head of seed of manie Crowfeete. - - -2. _Hepatica minor flore pallido cæruleo._ The small blew Hepatica. - -The leaues of this Hepatica are smaller by the halfe then the former, -and grow more aboundantly, or bushing thicke together: the flowers -(when it sheweth them, for I haue had the plant halfe a score yeares, -and yet neuer saw it beare flower aboue once or twice) are of a pale or -bleake blew colour, not so large as the flowers of the former. - - -3. _Hepatica flore purpureo._ Purple Hepatica or noble Liuerwort. - -This Hepatica is in all things like vnto the first, but onely the -flowers are of a deeper blew tending to a Violet purple: and therefore -I shall not neede to reiterate the former description. - - -4. _Hepatica flore albo minor._ The lesser white Hepatica. - -The flowers of this Hepatica are wholly white, of the bignesse of the -red or purple, and the leaues somewhat smaller, and of a little whiter -of paler greene colour, else in all other things agreeing with the -former. - - -5. _Hepatica alba magno flore._ The great white Hepatica. - -There is no other difference herein from the last, but that the flower -being as white, is as large as the next. - - -6. _Hepatica albida siue argentea._ -Ash-coloured of Argentine Hepatica. - -Both the leaues and the flowers of this Hepatica are larger then any of -the former, except the last: the flowers hereof at the first opening -seeme to bee of a blush ash-colour, which doe so abide three or foure -dayes, decaying still vntill it turne almost white, hauing yet still a -shew of that blush ash-colour in them, till the very last. - - -7. _Hepatica alba straminibus rubris._ -White Hepatica with red threads. - -There is no difference between this Hepatica and the first white one, -sauing that the threads in the middle of the flower, being white, as in -the former, are tipt at the ends with a pale reddish colour, which adde -a great beauty to the flowers. - - -8. _Hepatica flore rubro._ Red Hepatica or noble Liuerwort. - -The leaues of this Hepatica are of a little browner red colour, both at -their first comming vp, and afterwards, especially in the middle of the -leafe more then any of the former: the flowers are in forme like vnto -the rest, but of a bright blush, or pale red colour, very pleasant to -behold, with white threads or chiues in the middle of them. - - -9. _Hepatica flore purpureo multiplici siue pleno._ -The double purple Hepatica. - -The double Hepatica is in all things like vnto the single purple -kinde, sauing onely that the leaues are larger, and stand vpon longer -foote-stalkes, and that the flowers are small buttons, but very thicke -of leaues, and as double as a flower can be, like vnto the double white -Crowfoote before described, but not so bigge, of a deepe blew or purple -colour, without any threads or head in the middle, which fall away -without giuing any seede. - - -10. _Hepatica flore cæruleo pleno._ The double blew Hepatica. - -In the colour of this flower, consisteth the chiefest difference from -the last, except one may say it is a little lesse in the bignesse of -the flower, but not in doublenesse of leaues. - - - The Place. - - All these plants with single flowers grow naturally in the - Woods, and shadowie Mountaines of Germany in many places, and - some of them in Italy also. The double kinde likewise hath been - sent from Alphonsus Pantius out of Italy, as Clusius reporteth, - and was also found in the Woods, neare the Castle of Starnbeg - in Austria, the Lady Heusenstains possession, as the same - Clusius reporteth also. - - - The Time. - - These plants doe flower very early, and are of the first - flowers that shew themselues presently after the deepe frosts - in Ianuary, so that next vnto the Winter Wolfesbane, these - making their pride appeare in Winter, are the more welcome - early guests. The double kinde flowreth not altogether so - early, but sheweth his flower, and abideth when the others are - past. - - - The Names. - - They haue obtained diuers names; some calling them _Hepatica_, - _Hepatica nobilis_, _Hepaticum trifolium_, _Trifolium - nobile_, _Trifolium aureum_, and some _Trinitas_, and _Herba - Trinitatis_. In English you may call them either Hepatica, - after the Latine name, as most doe, or Noble Liuerwort, which - you please. - - - The Vertues. - - These are thought to coole and strengthen the liuer, the name - importing as much; but I neuer saw any great vse of them by any - the Physitians of our London Colledge, or effect by them that - haue vsed them in Physicke in our Country. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Hepatica flore albo amplo simplici._ The large white Hepatica. - 2 _Hepatica flore rubro simplici._ The red Hepatica. - 3 _Hepatica flore purpureo pleno._ The double purple Hepatica. - 4 _Geranium tuberosum._ Knobbed Cranes bill. - 5 _Geranium Batrachoides flore albo vel cæruleo._ The blew or white - Crowfoote Cranes bill. - 6 _Geranium Hematodes._ The red Rose Cranes bill. - 7 _Geranium Romanum striatum._ The variable stript Cranes bill. - 8 _Geranium Creticum._ Candy Cranes bill. -] - - - - -CHAP. XXX. - -_Geranium._ Storkes bill or Cranes bill. - - -As was said before concerning the Crowfeet, of their large extent and -restraint, the like may be said of the Storkes bils or Cranes bils; -for euen of these as of them, I must for this worke set forth the -descriptions but of a few, and leaue the rest to a generall worke. - - -1. _Geranium tuberosum vel bulbosum._ Bulbous or knobbed Cranes bill. - -The knobbed Cranes hath three or foure large leaues spread vpon the -ground, of a grayish or rather dusty greene colour, euery one of them -being as it were of a round forme, but diuided or cut into six or -seuen long parts or diuisions, euen vnto the middle, which maketh it -seeme to be so many leaues, each of the cuts or diuisions being deeply -notched or indented on both sides; among which riseth vp a stalke a -foote high or better, bearing thereon diuers pale but bright purple -flowers, made of fiue leaues a peece, after which come small heads with -long pointed beakes, resembling the long bill of a Storke or Crane, or -such like bird, which after it is ripe, parteth at the bottome where -it is biggest, into foure or fiue seedes, euery one whereof hath a -peece of the beake head fastened vnto it, and falleth away if it bee -not gathered: the roote is tuberous and round, like vnto the roote of -the _Cyclamen_ or ordinary Sowbread almost, but smaller, and of a darke -russet colour on the outside, and white within, which doth encrease -vnder ground, by certaine strings running from the mother root into -small round bulbes, like vnto the rootes of the earth Chesnut, and will -presently shoote leaues, and quickly grow to beare flowers, but will -not abide to be kept long dry out of the ground, without danger to be -vtterly spoiled. - - -2. _Geranium Batrachoides flore cæruleo._ -The blew Crowfoote Cranes bill. - -This Crowfoote Cranes bill hath many large leaues, cut into fiue or -fix parts or diuisions, euen to the bottome, and iagged besides on the -edges, set vpon very long slender foote-stalkes, very like the leaues -of the wilde Crowfoot; from among which rise vp diuers stalkes with -great ioynts, somewhat reddish, set with leaues like the former: the -toppes of the stalkes are spread into many branches, whereon stand -diuers flowers, made of fiue leaues a peece, as large as any of the -wilde or field Crowfeete, round pointed, of a faire blew or watchet -colour, which being past, there doe arise such heads or bils, as other -of the Cranes bils haue: the roote is composed of many reddish strings, -spreading in the ground, from a head made of diuers red heads, which -lye oftentimes eminent aboue the ground. - - -3. _Geranium Batrachoides flore albo._ -The white Crowfoote Cranes bill. - -This Cranes bill is in leafe and flower altogether like the former, the -onely difference betweene them consisteth in the colour of the flower, -which in this is wholly white, and as large as the former: but the -roote of this hath not such red heads as the other hath. - - -4. _Geranium Batrachoides flore albo & cæruleo vario._ -The party coloured Crowfoote Cranes bill. - -The flowers of this Cranes bill are variably striped and spotted, and -sometimes diuided, the one halfe of euery leafe being white, and the -other halfe blew, sometimes with lesser or greater spots of blew in the -white leafe, very variably, and more in some years then in others, that -it is very hard to expresse all the varieties that may be obserued in -the flowers, that blow at one time. In all other parts of the plant, it -is so like vnto the former, that vntill it be in flower, the one cannot -be knowne from the other. - - -5. _Geranium Batrachoides alterum flore purpureo._ -Purple Crowfoote Cranes bill. - -This purple Cranes bill hath many leaues rising from the roote, set -vpon long foot-stalkes, somewhat like vnto the other, yet not so broad, -but more diuided or cut, that is, into seuen or more slits, euen to -the middle, each whereof is likewise cut in on the edges more deeply -then the former; the stalkes are somewhat knobbed at the ioynts, set -with leaues like vnto the lower, and bearing a great tuft of buds at -the toppes of the branches, which breake out into faire large flowers, -made of fiue purple leaues, which doe somewhat resemble the flower of -a Mallow, before it be too full blowne, each whereof hath a reddish -pointell in the middle, and many small threads compassing it, this -vmbell or tuft of buds doe flower by degrees, and not all at once, and -euery flower abideth open little more then one day, and then sheddeth, -so that euery day yeeldeth fresh flowers, which because they are so -many, are a long while before they are all past or spent: after the -flowers are past, there arise small beake heads or bils, like vnto the -other Cranes bils, with small turning seede: the roote is composed of a -great tuft of strings, fattened to a knobby head. - - -6. _Geranium Romanum versicolor siue striatum._ -The variable stript Cranes bill. - -This beautifull Cranes bill hath many broad yellowish greene leaues -arising from the roote, diuided into fiue or six parts, but not vnto -the middle as the first kindes are: each of these leaues hath a -blackish spot at the bottome corners of the diuisions, the whole leafe -as well in forme as colour and spots, is very like vnto the leafe of -the _Geranium fuscum_, or spotted Cranes bill, next following to be -described, but that the leaues of this are not so large as the other: -from among these leaues spring vp sundry stalkes a foote high and -better, ioynted and knobbed here and there, bearing at the tops two -or three small white flowers, consisting of fiue leaues a peece, so -thickly & variably striped with fine small reddish veines, that no -green leafe that is of that bignesse can shew so many veines in it, -nor so thick running as euery leafe of this flower doth: in the middle -of the flower standeth a small pointell, which when the flower is part -doth grow to be the seed vessell, whereon is set diuers small seeds, -like vnto the small seedes of other Cranes bils: the root is made of -many small yellow threads or strings. - - -7. _Geranium fuscum siue maculatum._ -Swart tawny or spotted Cranes bill. - -The leaues of this Cranes bill are in all points like the last -described, as well in the forme and diuisions as colour of the leaues, -being of a yellowish greene colour, but larger and stronger by much: -the stalkes of this rise much higher, and are ioynted or knobbed with -reddish knees or ioynts, on the tops whereof stand not many although -large flowers, consisting of fiue leaues a peece, each whereof is round -at the end, and a little snipt round about, and doe bend or turne -themselues backe to stalkewards, making the middle to be highest or -most eminent; the colour of the flower is of a darke or deepe blackish -purple, the bottome of euery leafe being whiter than the rest; it hath -also a middle pointell standing out, which afterwards bring forth seede -like vnto others of his kinde: the roote consisteth of diuers great -strings, ioyned to a knobby head. - - -8. _Geranium Hematodes._ The red Rose Cranes bill. - -This Cranes bill hath diuers leaues spread vpon the ground, very much -cut in or diuided into many parts, and each of them againe slit or cut -into two or three peeces, standing vpon slender long foote-stalkes, -of a faire greene colour all the Spring and Summer, but reddish in -Autumne: among these leaues spring vp slender and weake stalkes, beset -at euery ioynt (which is somewhat reddish) with two leaues for the most -part, like vnto the lower: the flowers grow seuerally on the toppe of -the stalkes, and not many together in bunches or branches, as in all -other Cranes bils, euery flower being as large as a single Rose Campion -flower, consisting of fiue large leaues, of a deeper red colour then -in any other Cranes bill at the first opening, and will change more -blewish afterwards: when the flower is past, there doth arise such like -beakes as are in others of the same kinde, but small: the roote is -hard, long, and thicke, with diuers branches spreading from it, of a -reddish yellow colour on the outside, and whitish within, which abideth -and perisheth not, but shooteth forth some new greene leaues, which -abide all the Winter, although those that turne red doe fall away. - - -_Geranium Creticum._ Candy Cranes bill. - -Candy Cranes bill beareth long and tender stalkes, whereon growe diuers -broad and long leaues, cut in or iagged on the edges: the toppes of -the stalkes are branched into many flowers, made of fiue leaues of a -reasonable bignesse, and of a faire blew or watchet colour, with a -purplish pointell in the middle, which being past, there follow beake -heads like other Cranes bils, but greater, containing larger, greater, -and sharper pointed seede, able to pierce the skinne, if one be not -warie of it: the roote is white and long, with some fibres at it, and -perisheth when it hath perfected his seede, and will spring of it owne -sowing many times, if the Winter be not too sharpe, otherwise (being -annuall) it must be sowne in the Spring of the yeare. - - - The Place. - - Most of these Cranes bils are strangers vnto vs by nature, - but endenizond in our English Gardens. It hath beene reported - vnto mee by some of good credit, that the second or Crowfoot - Cranes bill hath been found naturally growing in England, but - yet I neuer saw it, although I haue seen many sorts of wilde - kindes in many places. Matthiolus saith that the first groweth - in Dalmatia and Illyria very plentifully. Camerarius, Clusius, - and others, that most of the rest grow in Germany, Bohemia, - Austria, &c. The last hath his place recorded in his title. - - - The Time. - - All these Cranes bils doe for the most part flower in Aprill, - and May, and vntill the middle of Iune. The variable or stript - Cranes bill is vsually the latest of all the rest. - - - The Names. - - The first is vsually called _Geranium tuberosum_, of some - _Geranium bulbosum_, of the likenesse of the roote vnto - a bulbe: It is without controuersie _Geranium primum_ of - Dioscorides. The second is called _Geranium Gratia Dei_, of - others, _Geranium cæruleum_. The blew Cranes bill Lobel calleth - it _Batrachoides_, because both leafe and flower are like vnto - a Crowfoote; and the affinity with the Cranes bils in the - seede causeth it rather to be referred to them then to the - Crowfeete. The stript Cranes bill is called by some _Geranium - Romanum_. The last sauing one is called _Geranium Hæmatodes_, - or _Sanguineum_, of Lobel _Geranium Gruinale Hæmatodes supinum - radice repente_. In English it may be called after the Greek - and Latine, The bloudy Cranes bill, but I rather call it, The - Rose Cranes bill, because the flowers are as large as single - Roses, or as the Rose Campion. Some of them are called in many - places of England Bassinets. - - - The Vertues. - - All the kindes of Cranes bils are accounted great wound herbes, - and effectuall to stay bleedings, yet some more than others. - The Emperickes of Germanie, as Camerarius saith, extoll it - wonderfully, for a singular remedie against the Stone, both in - the reines and bladder. - - - - -CHAP. XXXI. - -_Sanicula guttata maior._ Spotted Sanicle. - - -Hauing long debated with my selfe, where to place this & the other -plants that follow in the two next Chapters, I haue thought it not -amisse for this worke to set them downe here, both before the Beares -eares, which are kindes of Sanicle, as the best Authors doe hold, and -after the Cranes bils, both for some qualities somewhat resembling -them, and for some affinity of the flowers with the former. - -The spotted Sanicle hath many small round leaues, bluntly endented -about the edges, somewhat like vnto the leaues of our white Saxifrage, -of a full greene colour aboue, and whitish hairy, and somewhat reddish -withall vnderneath: the stalkes are set here and there with the like -leaues, rising a foote and a halfe high or more, very much diuided at -the toppe into sundry small branches, bearing many very small white -flowers, consisting of fiue small leaues, wherein are many small red -spots to be seene, as small as pins points, of a pretty sweete sent, -almost like Hawthorne flowers, in the middle whereof are many small -threads compassing a head, which when it is ripe containeth small -blacke seede: the roote is scaly, or couered with a chaffie matter, -hauing many small white fibres vnderneath, whereby it is fastened in -the ground. - -[Sidenote: _Minor non guttata._] - -There is another of this kinde, like both in roote, leafe, and flower -to the former, the onely difference is, that this is lesser then the -former, and hath no spots in the flower, as the other hath. - -[Sidenote: _Minus guttata._] - -We haue also another smaller kinde then the last, both in leafe and -flower, the leaues whereof are smaller, but rounder, and more finely -snipt or indented about the edges, like the teeth of a fine sawe: the -stalke is little aboue a span high, hauing many small white flowers -spotted as the first, but with fewer spots. - - - The Place. - - These growe in the shadowie Woods of the Alpes, in diuers - places, and with vs they more delight in the shade then the - sunne. - - - The Time. - - All these Sanicles doe flower in May, and continue flowring - vntill Iune, and the seede soone ripeneth after: the rootes - abide all the Winter, with some leaues on them, springing a - fresh in the beginning of the yeare. - - - The Names. - - The former two are called by Clusius _Sanicula montana_, and by - others _Sanicula guttata_: by Lobel _Geum Alpinum_. The third - or last hath been sent vs vnder the name of _Sanicula montana - altera minor_. - - - The Vertues. - - The name imposed on these plants doe certainly assure vs of - their vertues, from the first founders, that they are great - healers, and from their taste, that they are great binders. - - - - -CHAP. XXXII. - - -_Cotyledon altera Matthioli._ Spotted Nauelwort. - -This spotted Nauelwort, as many doe call it, hath many thicke small -leaues, not so broad as long, of a whitish greene colour, lying on the -ground in circles, after the manner of the heads of Houseleeke, and -dented about the edges; from the middle whereof sometimes (for it doth -not flower euery yeare in many places) ariseth vp a stalke, scarce a -foote high, beset with such like leaues as are belowe, but somewhat -longer: from the middle of the stalke vp to the top it brancheth forth -diuersly, with a leafe at euery ioynt, bearing three or foure flowers -on euery branch, consisting of fiue white leaues, spotted with small -red spots, like vnto the spotted Sanicle, but with fewer and greater -spots, hauing a yellowish circle or eye in the bottome of euery flower, -and many whitish threads with yellowish tips in it: the seede is small -and blacke, contained in small round heads: the roote is small, long, -and threadie, shooting out such heads of leaues, which abide all the -Winter, those that beare flower perishing. - - -_Cotyledon altera minor._ Small dented Nauelwort. - -There is another like vnto that before described in most things, the -differences be these: It hath shorter leaues then the former, and -dented about the edges in the like manner: the flowers hereof are -white, but greater, made of six leaues, and most vsually without any -spots at all in them, some are seene to haue spots also: the heads or -seede vessels are more cornered then the former. - - -_Cotyledon altera flore rubro stellato._ Small red flowred Nauelwort. - -This hath also many heads of leaues, but more open, which are longer, -greener, and sharper pointed then eyther of the former, somewhat -reddish also, and not dented about the edges, but yet a little rough -in handling: the stalke ariseth from among the leaues, being somewhat -reddish, and the leaues thereon are reddish pointed, diuided at the -toppe into many branches, with diuers flowers thereon, made of twelue -small long leaues, standing like a starre, of a reddish purple colour, -with many threads therein, set about the middle head, which is diuided -at the toppe into many small ends, like pods or hornes, containing -therein very small seede: the roote is small like the former. - - -_Sedum serratum flore rubente maculato._ The Princes Feather. - -This kinde of Sengreene is composed of heads of larger, broader, and -thinner leaues then any of the former, of a sadder greene colour, -somewhat vneuenly endented about the edges, and not so close set -together, but spreading forth into seuerall heads like as the former -sorts doe, although not so plentifully; from the middle of diuers of -which heads rise vp brownish or reddish stalkes, set with smaller -leaues thereon to the middle thereof, and then brancheth forth into -seuerall sprigs, set with diuers small reddish flowers consisting of -fiue leaues a peece, the innerside of which are of a pale red, somewhat -whitish, spotted with many small bloud red spots, as small almost as -pins points, with some small threads in the middle, standing about a -small greene head, which turneth into the seede vessell, parted foure -wayes at the head, wherein is contained small blackish seede: the -rootes are small threads, which spread vnder the ground, and shoote vp -seuerall heads round about it. - - - The Place. - - All these growe in Germany, Hungarie, Austria, the Alpes, and - other such like places, where they cleaue to the rocke it - selfe, that hath but a crust of earth on it to nourish them. - They will abide in Gardens reasonable well, if they be planted - in shadowie places, and not in the sun. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Sanicula guttata._ Spotted Sanicle. - 2 _Cotyledon altera Matthioli._ Spotted Nauelwort. - 3 _Cotyledon altera minor._ Small dented Nauelwort. - 4 _Cotyledon altera flore rubro stellato._ Small red flowred - Nauelwort. - 5 _Sedum serratum flore rubente maculato._ The Princes Feather. - 6 _Soldanella Alpina._ Blew Moonwort. -] - - - The Time. - - They flower for the most part in the end of May, and sometimes - sooner or later, as the yeare falleth out. - - - The Names. - - The first is called by Matthiolus, _Cotyledon altera - Dioscoridis_, and _Vmbilicus alter_, but it is not the true - _Cotyledon altera_ of Dioscorides; for _Sedum vulgare maius_, - Our common Houseleeke, by the consent of the best moderne - Writers, is the true _Cotyledon altera_ of Dioscorides, or - _Vmbilicus Veneris alter_. I hold it rather to bee a kinde of - small Houseleeke, as the other two likewise are. The second is - called by some _Aizoum_ or _Sedum minus serratum_. The third - hath his name in his title. Wee doe call them Nauelworts in - English rather then Houseleekes, _Euphoniæ gratia_. The last - may be called dented Sengreene with reddish spotted flowers, - but some of our English Gentlewomen haue called it, The Princes - Feather, which although it be but a by-name, may well serve for - this plant to distinguish it, and whereby to be knowne. - - - The Vertues. - - They are all held to be cold and moist, like vnto other - Houseleekes. - - - - -CHAP. XXXIII. - -_Soldanella Alpina._ Mountaine Soldanella or blew Moonewort. - - -This beautifull plant hath many round and hard leaues, set vpon long -foote-stalkes, a little vneuenly cut about the edges, greene on the -vpperside, and of a grayish greene vnderneath, and sometime reddish -like the leaues of Sowbread, which because they doe somewhat resemble -the leaues of _Soldanella marina_, which is the Sea Bindweede, tooke -the name thereof: the stalkes are slender, small, round, and reddish, -about a span high, bearing foure or fiue flowers at the toppe, euery -one hanging downe their heads, like vnto a Bell flower, consisting but -of one leafe (as most of the Bindweeds doe) plated into fiue folds, -each of them ending in a long point, which maketh the flower seem to -haue fiue leaues, each whereof is deeply cut in on the edges, and -hauing a round greene head in the middle, with a pricke or pointell at -the end thereof: the flower is of a faire blew colour, sometimes deeper -or paler, or white, as nature listeth without any smell at all: the -middle head, after the flower is fallen, riseth to be a long round pod, -bearing that pricke it had at the end thereof, wherein is contained -small greenish seede: the roote hath many fibres shooting from a long -round head or roote. - - - The Place. - - This groweth on the Alpes, which are couered with snow the - greatest part of the yeare, and will hardly abide transplanting. - - - The Time. - - In the naturall places it flowreth not vntill the Summer - moneths, Iune, Iuly, and August, after the snow is melted from - the Hils, but being brought into Gardens, it flowreth in the - beginning of Aprill or thereabouts. - - - The Names. - - This plant, by reason of the likenesse of leaues with - _Soldanella_, as was before said, is called by many - _Soldanella_, but yet is no Bindweede; and therefore I rather - call it in English a Mountaine Soldanella, then as Gerrard - doth, Mountaine Bindweede. It is likewise called by some, - _Lunaria minor cærulea_, The lesser blew Lunary or Moonwort, - and so I would rather haue it called. - - - The Vertues. - - They that imposed the name of _Lunaria_ vpon this plant, seeme - to referre it to the wound or consolidating herbes, but because - I haue no further relation or experience, I can say no more - thereof vntill tryall hath taught it. Some also from the name - _Soldanella_, which is giuen it, because of the likenesse of - the leaues, haue vsed it to help the Dropsie, for which the Sea - plant is thought to be effectuall. - - - - -CHAP. XXXIIII. - -_Auricula Vrsi._ Beares eares. - - -There are so many sundry and seuerall sorts of Beares eares, the -variety consisting as well in the differing colours of the flowers, as -the forme and colour of the leaues, that I shall not comprehend and set -downe vnto you all the diuersities by many, that are risen vp to those -that haue beene industrious in the sowing of the seedes of the seuerall -sorts of them; yet if you accept of these that I doe here offer vnto -you, I shall giue you the knowledge of others, as time, occasion, and -the view of them shall enable me. And because they are without all -question kinds of Cowslips, I haue set them downe before them in the -first place, as being of more beautie and greater respect, or at the -least of more rarity vnto vs. To dispose them therefore into order, I -shall ranke them vnder three principall colours, that is to say, Red or -Purple, White, and Yellow, and shew you the varieties of each of them -(for so many as are come to my knowledge) apart by themselues, and not -promiscuously as many others haue done. - - -1. _Auricula Vrsi flore purpureo._ -Purple Beares eare, or The Murrey Cowslip. - -This purple Beares eare or Cowslip hath many greene leaues, somewhat -long and smooth, narrow from the bottome of the leafe to the middle, -and broad from thence to the end, being round pointed, and somewhat -snipt or endented about the edges; in the middle of these leaues, and -sometimes at the sides also, doe spring round greene stalkes foure or -fiue fingers high, bearing at the top many flowers, the buds whereof, -before they are blowne, are of a very deepe purple colour, and being -open, are of a bright, but deepe purple, vsually called a Murrey -colour, consisting of fiue leaues a peece, cut in at the end as it were -into two, with a whitish ring or circle at the bottome of each flower, -standing in small greene cups, wherein after the flowers are fallen, -are contained very small heads, not rising to the height of the cups, -bearing a small pricke or pointell at the toppe of them, wherein is -little blackish seede: the roote hath many whitish strings fastened to -the maine long roote, which is very like vnto a Primrose or Cowslip -roote, as it is in all other parts besides. - - -2. _Auricula Vrsi purpurea absque orbe._ -The murrey Cowslip without eyes. - -There is another of this kinde, whose leafe is somewhat lesse, as the -flower is also, but of the same colour, and sometimes somewhat redder, -tending to a Scarlet, without any circle at the bottome of the flower, -in no other things differing from it. - - -3. _Auricula Vrsi minor flore tannetto._ Tawney Beares eares. - -The leaues of this kinde haue a greater shew of mealinesse to be seene -in them, and not much smaller then the former, yet snipt or endented -about the ends like vnto them: the flowers are many, of the same -fashion with the former, but smaller, each whereof is of as deepe a -murrey or tawnie colour when it is blowne, as the buds of the former -are before they are blowne, hauing a white circle at the bottome of the -flower, and yellowish in the middle belowe the circle. - - -4. _Auricula Vrsi flore rubro saturo orbe luteo._ -Deepe or bloud red Beares eares with eyes. - -This kinde hath small and long greene leaues, nothing mealy, but snipt -about the edges, from the middle of the leaues forwards to the ends: -the flowers hereof are of a deepe red colour, tending to a bloud red, -with a deepe yellow circle, or rather bottome in the middle. - -[Sidenote: _Auricula Vrsi flore rubro saturo absque orbe._] - -There is another of this kinde, whose leaues are somewhat mealy, and -smaller then any (that I haue seene) that haue mealy leaues: the -flowers are of the same deepe red colour with the last described, yet -hath no circle or bottome of any other colour at all. - - -5. _Auricula Vrsi flore purpuro cæruleo._ -The Violet coloured Beares eare. - -We haue another, whose leaues are somewhat mealy and large; the flowers -whereof are of a paler purple then the first, somewhat tending to a -blew. - - -6. _Auricula Vrsi flore obsoleto magno._ -The Spaniards blush Beares eare. - -This great Beares eare hath as large leaues as any other of this -kindred whatsoeuer, and whitish or mealy withall, somewhat snipt -about the edges, as many other of them are: the flowers stand at the -toppe of a strong and tall stalke, larger then any of the other that -I haue seene, being of a duskie blush colour, resembling the blush of -a Spaniard, whose tawney skinne cannot declare so pure a blush as the -English can; and therefore I haue called it the Spaniards blush. - - -7. _Auricula Vrsi flore rubello._ Scarlet or light red Beares eares. - -The leaues of this kinde are very like the leaues of the first purple -kinde, but that they are not so thicke; of a little paler greene -colour, and little or nothing snipt about the edges: the flowers are -of a bright, but pale reddish colour, not halfe so deepe as the two -last with white circles in the bottomes of them, in other things this -differeth not from others. - - -8. _Auricula Vrsi roseo colore._ The Rose coloured Beares eare. - -We haue another, whose leafe is a little mealy, almost as large as any -of the former, whose flowers are of a light red colour, very neare the -colour of an ordinary Damaske Rose, with a white eye at the bottome. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Auricula Vrsi flore purpureo._ Purple Cowslips or Beares eares. - 2 _Auricula Vrsi flore tannetto._ Tawney Beares eare. - 3 _Auricula Vrsi flore & folio Boraginis._ Blew Beares eares with - Borage leaues. - 4 _Auricula Vrsi flore carneo._ Blush Beares eare. - 5 _Auricula Vrsi maxima lutea flore eleganti._ The greatest faire - yellow Beares eares with eyes. - 6 _Auricula Vrsi altera flore luteo._ The yellow Beares eare. - 7 _Auricula Vrsi crinis coloris siue flore fusco._ The haire - coloured Beares eare. - 8 _Cortusa Matthioli._ Beares eare Sanicle. -] - - -9. _Auricula Vrsi flore cæruleo folio Boraginis._ -Blew Beares eares with Borage leaues. - -This plant is referred to the kindred or family of the Beares eares, -onely for the forme of the flower sake, which euen therein it doth not -assimilate to the halfe; but because it hath passed others with that -title, I am content to insert it here, to giue you the knowledge -thereof, and rather to satisfie others then my selfe with the place -thereof: the description whereof is as followeth: It hath diuers broad -rough hairy leaues spread vpon the ground, somewhat like vnto the -leaues of Borage for the roughnesse, but not for the largenesse; the -leaues hereof being somewhat rent in some places at the edges: from -among these leaues rise vp one, or two, or more brownish, round, and -hairy stalkes, a span high or thereabouts, bearing at the toppes three -or foure flowers a peece, consisting of fiue large pointed leaues, of a -faire blew or light azur colour, with some small yellow threads in the -middle, standing in small greene cups: the roote is long and brownish, -hauing many small fibres annexed vnto it. - - -10. _Auricula Vrsi maior flore albo._ The great white Beares eare. - -This white Beares eare hath many faire whitish greene leaues, somewhat -paler then the leaues of any of the kindes of Beares eares, and a -little snipt about the ends, as manie other are: among these leaues -rise vp stalkes foure or fiue inches high, bearing at the toppe many -flowers like vnto the small yellow Beares eare hereafter set downe, -of a pale whitish colour, tending to yellow at the first opening of -the flower, which after two or three dayes change into a faire white -colour, and so continue all the while it flowreth: the roote is like -the purple kinde, as all or most of the rest are, or very little -differing. - - -11. _Auricula Vrsi minor flore albo._ The lesser white Beares eare. - -The lesser Beares eare hath smaller leaues, of a little darker green -colour: the stalke and flowers are likewise lesser then the former, and -haue no shew of yellownesse at all, eyther in budde or flower, but is -pure white, differing not in other things from the rest. - - -12. _Auricula Vrsi maxima lutea flore eleganti._ -The greatest faire yellow Beares eare with eyes. - -This yellow Beares eare hath many faire large thicke leaues, somewhat -mealy or hoary vpon the greennesse, being larger then any other kinde, -except the sixth, and the next yellow that followeth, smooth about the -edges, and without any endenting at all: the stalke is great, round, -and not higher then in other of the former, but bearing manie more -flowers thereon then in any other kinde, to the number of thirty many -times, standing so round and close together, that they seeme to be a -Nosegay alone, of the same fashion with the former, but that the leaues -are shorter and rounder, yet with a notch in the middle like the rest, -of a faire yellow colour, neither very pale nor deepe, with a white -eye or circle in the bottome, about the middle of euery flower, which -giueth it the greater grace: the seede is of a blackish browne colour, -like vnto others, but contained in greater round heads then any other, -with a small pointell sticking in the middle: the roote is greater and -thicker then any other, with long strings or fibres like vnto the other -sorts, but greater. - - -13. _Auricula Vrsi maior lutea folio incano._ -The greater yellow Beares eare. - -This greater yellow Beares eare hath his leaues larger, and more mealy -or hoarie then the last, or any other of these kindes: the flowers are -not so many, but longer, and not so thicke thrusting together as the -first, but of a deeper yellow colour, without any eye or circle in the -middle. - - -14. _Auricula Vrsi maior flore pallido._ -The great Straw coloured Beares eare. - -This hath almost as mealy leaues as the last, but nothing so large; -the flowers are of a faire strawe colour, with a white circle at the -bottome of them, these three last haue no shew or shadow of any other -colour in any part of the edge, as some others that follow haue. - - -15. _Auricula Vrsi minor flore pallente._ -The lesser straw coloured Beares eare. - -We haue another, whose leafe is lesse mealy, or rather pale green, -and a little mealy withall; the flowers whereof are of a paler yellow -colour then the last, and beareth almost as many vpon a stalke as the -first great yellow. - - -16. _Auricula Vrsi minor lutea._ The lesser yellow Beares eares. - -The leaues of this Beares eare are nothing so large as either of the -three former yellow kindes, but rather of the bignesse of the first -white kinde, but yet a little larger, thicker, and longer then it, -hauing vnder the greennesse a small shew of mealinesse, and somewhat -snipt about the edges: the flowers are of a pale yellow colour, with -a little white bottome in them: the seed and rootes are like vnto the -other kindes. - - -17. _Auricula Vrsi flore flauo._ -The deepe yellow or Cowslip Beares eare. - -This kinde hath somewhat larger leaues then the last, of a yellowish -greene colour, without any mealinesse on them, or endenting about the -edges, but smooth and whole: the flowers are not larger but longer, and -not laide open so fully as the former, but of as deepe a yellow colour -as any Cowslip almost, without any circle in the bottome: neither of -these two last haue any shew of other colour then yellow in them, -sauing the white in the eye. - - -18. _Auricula Vrsi versicolor prima siue flore rubescente._ -The blush Beares eare. - -The blush Beares eare hath his leaues as large, and as hoary or mealy -as the third greater yellow, or straw coloured Beares eare; among -which riseth vp a stalke about foure inches high, bearing from six -to twelue, or more faire flowers, somewhat larger then the smaller -yellow Beares eare before described, hauing the ground of the flower -of a darke or dunne yellow colour, shadowed ouer a little with a shew -of light purple, which therefore we call a blush colour, the edges of -the flower being tipt with a little deeper shew of that purple colour, -the bottome of the flower, abiding wholly yellow, without any circle, -and is of very great beauty, which hath caused me to place it in the -forefront of the variable coloured Beares eares. And although some -might thinke it should be placed among the first ranke of Beares eares, -because it is of a blush colour, yet seeing it is assuredly gained from -some of the yellow kindes by sowing the seede, as many other sorts are, -as may be seene plainly in the ground of the flower, which is yellow, -and but shadowed ouer with purple, yet more then any of the rest that -follow; I thinke I haue giuen it his right place: let others of skill & -experience be iudges herein. - - -19. _Auricula Vrsi crinis coloris._ Haire coloured Beares eares. - -The leaues of this kinde are more mealy like then the last blush kinde, -but somewhat longer and larger, and snipt about the edges in the same -manner, from the middle of the leafe forwards: the flower is vsually of -a fine light browne yellow colour, which wee doe vsually call an Haire -colour, and sometimes browner, the edges of the flower haue a shew or -shadow of a light purple or blush about them, but more on the outside -then on the inside. - - -20. _Auricula Vrsi versicolor lutea._ -The yellow variable Beares eare. - -This variable Beares eare hath his greene leaues somewhat like vnto the -deepe yellow, or Cowslip Beares eare before described, but somewhat of -a fresher greene, more shining and smaller, and snipt about the edges -towards the ends, as many of those before are: the flowers are of a -faire yellow colour, much laid open when it is full blowne, that it -seemeth almost flat, dasht about the edges onely with purple, being -more yellow in the bottome of the flower, then in any other part. - - -21. _Auricula Vrsi versicolor lutescente viridi flore._ -The variable greene Beares eare. - -This kinde of Beares eare hath greene leaues, very like vnto the last -described, and snipt in the like manner about the edges, but in this -it differeth, that his leaues do turne or fold themselues a little -backwards: the flowers are of a yellowish greene colour, more closed -then the former, hauing purplish edges, especially after they haue -stood blowne some time, and haue little or none at the first opening: -these haue no circles at all in them. - -Many other varieties are to be found, with those that are curious -conseruers of these delights of nature, either naturally growing on the -mountaines in seuerall places, from whence they (being searched out by -diuers) haue been taken and brought, or else raised from the seede of -some of them, as it is more probable: for seuerall varieties haue beene -obserued (and no doubt many of these before specified) to bee gotten -by sowing of the seedes, euery yeare lightly shewing a diuersity, not -obserued before, either in the leafe, diuers from that from whence it -was taken, or in the flowers. I haue onely set downe those that haue -come vnder mine owne view, and not any by relation, euen as I doe with -all or most of the things contained in this worke. - - - The Place. - - Many of these goodly plants growe naturally on mountaines, - especially the Alpes, in diuers places; for some kindes that - growe in some places, doe not in others, but farre distant one - from the other. There hath likewise some beene found on the - Pyrenæan mountaines, but that kinde with the blew flower and - Borage leafe, hath beene gathered on the mountaines in Spaine, - and on the Pyrenæans next vnto Spaine. - - - The Time. - - They all flower in Aprill and May, and the seede is ripe in - the end of Iune, or beginning of Iuly, and sometimes they will - flower againe in the end of Summer, or in Autumne, if the yeare - proue temperate, moist, and rainie. - - - The Names. - - It is very probable, that none of these plants were euer knowne - vnto the ancient Writers, because we cannot be assured, that - they may be truely referred vnto any plant that they name, - vnlesse we beleeue Fabius Columna, that it should be _Alisma_ - of Dioscorides, for thereunto hee doth referre it. Diuers of - the later Writers haue giuen vnto them diuers names, euery one - according to his owne conceit. For Gesner calleth it _Lunaria - arthritica_, and _Paralytica Alpina_. Matthiolus accounteth it - to bee of the kindred of the Sanicles, and saith, that in his - time it was called by diuers Herbarists, _Auricula Vrsi_, which - name hath since bin receiued as most vsuall. We in English call - them Beares eares, according to the Latine, or as they are - called by diuers women, French Cowslips; they may be called - Mountaine Cowslips, if you will, for to distinguish betweene - them and other Cowslips, whereof these are seuerall kindes. - - -_Sanicula Alpina siue Cortusa Matthioli._ Beares eare Sanicle. - -I cannot chuse but insert this delicate plant in the end of the Beares -eares, for that it is of so neare affinity, although it differ much in -the forme of the leaues, the description whereof is in this manner: -The leaues that spring vp first are much crumpled, and as it were -folded together, which afterwards open themselues into faire, broad, -and roundish leaues, somewhat rough or hairy, not onely cut into fine -diuisions, but somewhat notched also about the edges, of a darke -greene colour on the vpperside, and more whitish greene vnderneath; -amongst these leaues riseth vp one or two naked round stalkes, fiue or -six inches high, bearing at the toppes diuers small flowers, somewhat -sweete, like vnto the first purple Beares eare, hanging downe their -heads, consisting of fiue small pointed leaues a peece, of a darke -reddish purple colour, with a white circle or bottome in the middle, -and some small threads therein: after the flowers are past, there -come small round heads, somewhat longer then any of the Beares eares, -standing vpright vpon their small foot-stalkes, wherein is contained -small round and blackish seede: the roote consisteth of a thicke tuft -of small whitish threads, rather then rootes, much enterlaced one among -another: the leaues of this plant dye downe euery yeare, and spring vp -a new in the beginning of the yeare, whereas all the Beares eares doe -hold their leaues greene all the Winter, especially the middlemost, -which stand like a close head, the outermost for the most part -perishing after seed time. - - - The Place. - - This groweth in many shadowie Woods both of Italy and Germany; - for both Clusius hath described it, finding it in the Woods of - Austria and Stiria; and Matthiolus setteth it downe, hauing - receiued it from Anthonius Cortusus, who was President of - the Garden at Padua, and found it in the woody mountaines of - Vicenza, neare vnto Villestagna; whereon (as Matthiolus saith) - there is found both with white flowers as well as with blew, - but such with white flowers or blew we neuer could see or heare - further of. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth much about the time of the Beares eares; or rather - a little later, and the seede is ripe with them. - - - The Names. - - Clusius calleth it _Sanicula montana_, and _Sanicula Alpina_, - and referreth it to the _Auricula Vrsi_, or Beares eare, which - it doth most nearly resemble: but Matthiolus referreth it to - the _Cariophyllata_ or _Auens_, making it to be of that tribe - or family, and calleth it _Cortusa_ of him that first sent it - him. Wee may call it eyther _Cortusa_, as for the most part all - Herbarists doe, or Beares eare Sanicle as Gerrard doth. - - - The Vertues. - - All the sorts of Beares eares are Cephalicall, that is, - conducing helpe for the paines in the head, and for the - giddinesse thereof, which may happen, eyther by the sight - of steepe places subiect to danger, or otherwise. They are - accounted also to be helping for the Palsey, and shaking of the - ioynts; and also as a Sanicle or wound-herbe. The leaues of - the _Cortusa_ taste a little hot, and if one of them bee laide - whole, without bruising, on the cheeke of any tender skind - woman, it will raise an orient red colour, as if some _fucus_ - had beene laide thereon, which will passe away without any - manner of harme, or marke where it lay: This is Cortusus his - obseruation Camerarius in his _Hortus Medicus_ saith, that an - oyle is made thereof, that is admirable for to cure wounds. - - - - -CHAP. XXXV. - -_Primula veris & Paralysis._ Primroses and Cowslips. - - -We haue so great variety of Primroses and Cowslips of our owne Country -breeding, that strangers being much delighted with them, haue beene -often furnished into diuers Countries, to their good content: And -that I may set them downe in some methodicall manner, as I haue done -other things, I will first set downe all the sorts of those we call -Primroses, both single and double, and afterwards the Cowslips with -their diuersities, in as ample manner as my knowledge can direct me. -And yet I know, that the name of _Primula veris_ or Primrose, is -indifferently conferred vpon those that I distinguish for _Paralyses_ -or Cowslips. I doe therefore for your better vnderstanding of my -distinction betweene Primroses and Cowslips, call those onely Primroses -that carry but one flower vpon a stalke, be they single or double, -except that of Master Hesket, and that with double flowers many vpon -a stalke, set out in Gerards Herball, which is his onely, not found -(as I thinke) _in rerum natura_, I am sure, such a one I could neuer -heare of: And those Cowslips, that beare many flowers vpon a stalke -together constantly, be they single or double also. I might otherwise -distinguish them also by the leafe; that all the Primroses beare their -long and large broad yellowish greene leaues, without stalkes most -vsually; and all the Cowslips haue small stalkes vnder the leaues, -which are smaller, and of a darker greene, as vsually, but that this -distinction is neither so certaine and generall, nor so well knowne. - - -1. _Primula veris flore albo._ The single white Primrose. - -The Primrose that groweth vnder euery bush or hedge, in all or most -of the Woods, Groues, and Orchards of this Kingdome, I may well leaue -to his wilde habitation, being not so fit for a Garden, and so well -knowne, that I meane not to giue you any further relation thereof: But -we haue a kinde hereof which is somewhat smaller, and beareth milke -white flowers, without any shew of yellownesse in them, and is more -vsually brought into Gardens for the rarity, and differeth not from the -wilde or ordinary kinde, either in roote or leafe, or any thing else, -yet hauing those yellow spots, but smaller, and not so deepe, as are in -the other wilde kinde. - - -2. _Primula veris flore viridi simplici._ The single greene Primrose. - -The single greene Primrose hath his leaues very like vnto the greater -double Primrose, but smaller, and of a sadder greene colour: the -flowers stand seuerally vpon long foot-stalkes, as the first single -kinde doth, but larger then they, and more laide open, of the same, -or very neare the same yellowish greene colour that the huske is of, -so that at the first opening, the huske and the flower seeme to make -one double greene flower, which afterwards separating themselues, the -single flower groweth aboue the huske, and spreadeth it selfe open much -more then any other single Primrose doth, growing in the end to be of a -paler greene colour. - - -3. _Primula veris flore viridante & albo simplici._ -The single greene and white Primrose. - -The leaues of this differ in a manner nothing from the former, neither -doth the flower but only in this, that out of the large yellowish green -huskes, which contain the flowers of the former, there commeth forth -out of the middle of each of them either a small peece of a whitish -flower, or else a larger, sometimes making vp a whole flower, like an -ordinary Primrose. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Primula veris flore albo._ The white Primrose. - 2 _Primula veris flore viridi & albo simplici._ The green and white - Primrose. - 3 _Primula veris flore viridi duplici._ The double green Primrose. - 4 _Primula veris Hesketi._ Master Heskets double Primrose. - 5 _Primula veris flore pleno vulgaris._ The ordinary double - Primrose. - 6 _Paralysis veris flore viridante simplici._ The single green - Cowslip. - 7 _Paralysis flore geminato odorato._ Double Cowslips or hose in - hose. - 8 _Paralysis inodora flore geminato._ Double Oxelips hose in hose. - 9 _Paralysis hortensis flore & calice crispo._ Curld Cowslips or - Gaskins. - 10 _Paralysis minor angustifolia flore rubro._ Red Birds eyen. - 11 _Paralysis hortensis flore pleno vulgaris._ Double Paigles. - 12 _Paralysis fatuo._ The foolish Cowslip or Iacke an Apes on horse - backe. - 13 _Paralysis flore viridi roseo calamistrato._ The double greene - feathered Cowslip. -] - - -4. _Primula veris flore viridi duplici._ The double greene Primrose. - -This double Primrose is in his leaues so like the former single greene -kindes, that the one cannot be knowne from the other vntill it come -to flower, and then it beareth vpon euery stalke a double green flower, -of a little deeper green colour then the flower of the former single -kinde consisting but of two rowes of short leaues most vsually, and -both of an equall height aboue the huske, abiding a pretty time in -flower, especially if it stand in any shadowed place, or where the Sun -may come but a while vnto it. - - -5. _Primula veris Hesketi flore multiplici separatim diviso._ -Master Heskets double Primrose. - -Master Heskets double Primrose is very like vnto the small double -Primrose, both in leafe, roote, and height of growing, the stalke not -rising much higher then it, but bearing flowers in a farre different -manner; for this beareth not only single flowers vpon seuerall stalkes, -but sometimes two or three single flowers vpon one stalk, and also at -the same time a bigger stalke, and somewhat higher, hauing one greene -huske at the toppe thereof, sometimes broken on the one side, and -sometimes whole, in the middle whereof standeth sometimes diuers single -flowers, thrust together, euery flower to be seene in his proper forme, -and sometimes there appeare with some whole flowers others that are but -parts of flowers, as if the flowers were broken in peeces, and thrust -into one huske, the leaues of the flowers (being of a white or pale -Primrose Colour, but a little deeper) seldome rising aboue the height -of the very huske it selfe; and sometimes, as I haue obserued in this -plant, it will haue vpon the same stalke, that beareth such flowers -as I haue here described vnto you, a small flower or two, making the -stalke seeme branched into many flowers, whereby you may perceiue, that -it will vary into many formes, not abiding constant in any yeare, as -all the other sorts doe. - - -6. _Primula hortensis flore pleno vulgaris._ -The ordinary double Primrose. - -The leaues of this Primrose are very large, and like vnto the single -kind, but somewhat larger, because it growth in gardens: the flowers -doe stand euery one seuerally vpon slender long footestalkes, as the -single kinde doth, in greenish huskes of a pale yellow colour, like -vnto the field Primrose, but very thicke and double, and of the same -sweete sent with them. - - -7. _Primula veris flore duplici._ The small double Primrose. - -This Primrose is both in leafe, roote, and flower, altogether like -vnto the last double Primrose, but that it is smaller in all things; -for the flower riseth not aboue two or three fingers high, and but -twice double, that is, with two rowes of leaues, yet of the very same -Primrose colour that the former is of. - - -8. _Paralysis vulgaris pratensis flore flauo simplici odorato._ -The Common field Cowslip. - -The common fielde Cowslip I might well forbeare to set downe, being -so plentifull in the fields: but because many take delight in it, and -plant it in their gardens, I will giue you the description of it here. -It hath diuers green leaues, very like vnto the wilde Primrose, but -shorter, rounder, stiffer, rougher, more crumpled about the edges, and -of a sadder greene colour, euery one standing vpon his stalke, which -is an inch or two long: among the leaues rise vp diuers round stalkes, -a foote or more high, bearing at the toppe many faire yellow single -flowers, with spots of a deeper yellow, at the bottome of each leafe, -smelling very sweete. The rootes are like to the other Primroses, -hauing many fibres annexed to the great roote. - - -9. _Paralysis altera odorata flore pallido polyanthos._ -The Primrose Cowslip. - -The leaues of this Cowslip are larger then the ordinary fielde Cowslip, -and of a darke yellowish greene colour; the flowers are many, standing -together, vpon the toppes of the stalkes, to the number of thirty -sometimes vpon one stalke, as I haue counted them in mine owne Garden, -and sometimes more, euery one hauing a longer foote stalke then -the former, and of as pale a yellowish colour almost as the fielde -Primrose, with yellow spots at the bottome of the leaues, as the -ordinary hath, and of as sweet a sent. - - -10. _Paralysis flore viridante simplici._ The single greene Cowslip. - -There is little difference in leafe or roote of this from the first -Cowslip, the chiefest varietie in this kinde is this, that the leaues -are somewhat greener, and the flowers being in all respects like in -forme vnto the first kinde, but somewhat larger, are of the same colour -with the greene huskes, or rather a little yellower, and of a very -small sent; in all other things I finde no diuersitie, but that it -standeth much longer in flower before it fadeth, especially if it stand -out of the Sunne. - - -11. _Paralysis flore & calice crispo._ -Curl’d Cowslips or Gallegaskins. - -There is another kinde, whose flowers are folded or crumpled at the -edges, and the huskes of the flowers bigger than any of the former, -more swelling out in the middle, as it were ribbes, and crumpled on the -sides of the huskes, which doe somewhat resemble mens hose that they -did weare, and tooke the name of Gallegaskins from thence. - - -12. _Paralysis flore geminato odorato._ -Double Cowslips one within another, or Hose in Hose. - -The only difference of this kinde from the ordinary field Cowslip is, -that it beareth one single flower out of another, which is as a greene -huske, of the like sent that the first hath, or somewhat weaker. - - -13. _Paralysis flore flauo simplici inodoro absque calicibus._ -Single Oxe lippes. - -This kinde of Cowslip hath leaues much like the ordinary kinde, but -somewhat smaller: the flowers are yellow like the Cowslip, but smaller, -standing many vpon a stalke, but bare or naked, that is, without any -huske to containe them, hauing but little or no sent at all; not -differing in any thing else from the ordinary Cowslip. - - -14. _Paralysis flore geminato inodora._ Double Oxelips Hose in Hose. - -As the former double Cowslip had his flowers one within another, in the -very like manner hath this kinde of Cowslip or Oxelippe, sauing that -this hath no huske to containe them, no more then the former single -Oxelippe hath, standing bare or naked, of the very same bignesse each -of them, and of the same deepe yellow colour with it, hauing as small a -sent as the former likewise. - -[Sidenote: _Flore pallidiora._] - -Wee haue another of this kinde, whose leaues are somewhat larger, and -so are the flowers also, but of a paler yellow colour. - - -15. _Paralysis inodora calicibus dissectis._ -Oxelips with iagged huskes. - -This kinde differeth not from the first Oxelip in the smalnesse of the -greene leaues, but in the flower, which standing many together on a -reasonable high stalke, and being very small and yellow, scarce opening -themselues or layde abroade as it, hath a greene huske vnder each -flower, but diuided into sixe seuerall small long peeces. - - -16. _Paralysis flore fatuo._ -The Franticke, or Foolish Cowslip: Or Iacke an apes on horse backe. - -Wee haue in our gardens another kinde, not much differing in leaues -from the former Cowslip, and is called Fantasticke or Foolish, because -it beareth at the toppe of the stalke a bush or tuft of small long -greene leaues, with some yellow leaues, as it were peeces of flowers -broken, and standing among the greene leaues. And sometimes some -stalkes among those greene leaues at the toppe (which are a little -larger then when it hath but broken peeces of flowers) doe carry whole -flowers in huskes like the single kinde. - - -17. _Paralysis minor flore rubro._ Red Birds eyes. - -This little Cowslippe (which will hardly endure in our gardens, for -all the care and industrie we can vse to keepe it) hath all the -Winter long, and vntill the Spring begin to come on, his leaues so -closed together, that it seemeth a small white head of leaues, which -afterwards opening it selfe, spreadeth round vpon the ground, and -hath small long and narrow leaues, snipt about the edges, of a pale -greene colour on the vpperside, & very white or mealy vnderneath, -among these leaues rise vp one or two stalks, small & hoary, halfe a -foot high, bearing at the top a bush or tuft of much smaller flowers, -standing vpon short foot stalkes, somewhat like vnto Cowslips, but more -like vnto the Beares eares, of a fine reddish purple colour, in some -deeper, in others paler, with a yellowish circle in the bottomes of the -flowers, like vnto many of the Beares eares, of a faint or small sent: -the seede is smaller than in any of the former kindes, and so are the -rootes likewise, being small, white and threddy. - - -18. _Paralysis minor flore albo._ White Birds eyes. - -This kinde differeth very little or nothing from the former, sauing -that it seemeth a little larger both in leafe and flower, and that the -flowers hereof are wholly white, without any great appearance of any -circle in the bottome of them, vnlesse it be well obserued, or at least -being nothing so conspicuous, as in the former. - -[Sidenote: _Flore geminato._] - -These two kindes haue sometimes, but very seldome, from among the -middle of the flowers on the stalke, sent out another small stalke, -bearing flowers thereon likewise. - - -19. _Paralysis hortensis flore pleno._ Double Paigles or Cowslips. - -The double Paigle or Cowslip hath smaller and darker greene leaues -then the single kinde hath, and longer stalkes also whereon the leaues -doe stand: it beareth diuers flowers vpon a stalke, but not so many as -the single kinde, euery one whereof is of a deeper and fairer yellow -colour then any of the former, standing not much aboue the brimmes of -the huskes that hold them, consisting of two or three rowes of leaues -set round together, which maketh it shew very thicke and double, of a -prettie small sent, but not heady. - - -20. _Paralysis flore viridante pleno._ Double greene Cowslips. - -This double greene Cowslip is so like vnto the single greene kinde -formerly expressed, that vntill they be neare flowring, they can hardly -be distinguished; but when it is in flower, it hath large double -flowers, of the same yellowish greene colour with the single, and more -laid open then the former double Paigle. - - -21. _Paralysis flore viridante siue calamistrato._ -The greene Rose Cowslip, or double greene feathered Cowslip. - -There is small difference in the leaues of this double kinde from -the last, but that they are not of so darke a greene: the chiefest -difference consisteth in the flowers, which are many, standing together -at the toppes of the stalkes, but farre differing from all other of -these kindes: for euery flower standing vpon his owne stalke, is -composed of many very small and narrow leaues, without any huske -to containe them, but spreading open like a little Rose, of a pale -yellowish greene colour, and without any sent at all, abiding in -flower, especially if it stand in a shadowie place out of the sunne, -aboue two moneths, almost in as perfect beauty, as in the first weeke. - - - The Place. - - All those kindes as they haue been found wilde, growing in - diuers places in England, so they haue been transplanted into - Gardens, to be there nourished for the delight of their louers, - where they all abide, and grow fairer then in their naturall - places, except the small Birds eyes, which will (as I said) - hardly abide any culture, but groweth plentifully in all the - North Countries, in their squally or wet grounds. - - - The Time. - - These doe all flower in the Spring of the yeare, some earlier - and some later, and some in the midst of Winter, as they are - defended from the colds and frosts, and the mildnesse of the - time will permit; yet the Cowslips doe alwayes flower later - then the Primroses, and both the single and double greene - Cowslips latest, as I said in their descriptions, and abide - much after all the rest. - - - The Names. - - All these plants are called most vsually in Latine, _Primulæ - veris_, _Primulæ pratenses_, and _Primulæ siluarum_, because - they shew by their flowring the new Spring to bee comming on, - they being as it were the first Embassadours thereof. They haue - also diuers other names, as _Herba Paralysis_, _Arthritica_, - _Herba Sancti Petri_, _Claues Sancti Petri_, _Verbasculum - odoratum_, _Lunaria arthritica_, _Phlomis_, _Alisma siluarum_, - and _Alismatis alterum genus_, as Fabius Columna calleth them. - The Birds eyes are called of Lobel in Latine, _Paralytica - Alpina_, _Sanicula angustifolia_, making a greater and a - lesser. Others call them _Sanicula angustifolia_, but generally - they are called _Primula veris minor_. I haue (as you see) - placed them with the Cowslips, putting a difference betweene - Primroses and Cowslips. And some haue distinguished them, - by calling the Cowslips, _Primula veris Elatior_, that is, - the Taller Primrose, and the other _Humilis_, Lowe or Dwarfe - Primroses. In English they haue in like manner diuers names, - according to seuerall Countries, as Primroses, Cowslips, - Oxelips, Palsieworts, and Petty Mulleins. The first kindes, - which are lower then the rest, are generally called by the name - of Primroses (as I thinke) throughout England. The others are - diuersly named; for in some Countries they call them Paigles - or Palsieworts, or Petty Mulleins, which are called Cowslips - in others. Those are vsually called Oxelips, whose flowers are - naked, or bare without huskes to containe them, being not so - sweete as the Cowslip, yet haue they some little sent, although - the Latine name doth make them to haue none. The Franticke, - Fantasticke, or Foolish Cowslip, in some places is called by - Country people, Iacke an Apes on horse-backe, which is an - vsuall name with them, giuen to many other plants, as Daisies, - Marigolds, &c. if they be strange or fantasticall, differing - in the forme from the ordinary kinde of the single ones. The - smallest are vsually called through all the North Country, - Birds eyen, because of the small yellow circle in the bottomes - of the flowers, resembling the eye of a bird. - - - The Vertues. - - Primroses and Cowslips are in a manner wholly vsed in - Cephalicall diseases, either among other herbes or flowers, - or of themselues alone, to ease paines in the head, and - is accounted next vnto Betony, the best for that purpose. - Experience likewise hath shewed that they are profitable - both for the Palsie, and paines of the ioynts, euen as the - Beares eares are, which hath caused the name of _Arthritica_, - _Paralysis_, and _Paralytica_ to bee giuen them. The iuice of - the flowers is commended to cleanse the spots or marks of the - face, whereof some Gentlewomen haue found good experience. - - - - -CHAP. XXXVI. - -_Pulmonaria._ Lungwort, or Cowslips of Ierusalem. - - -Although these plants are generally more vsed as Pot-herbes for the -Kitchen, then as flowers for delight, yet because they are both called -Cowslips, and are of like forme, but of much lesse beauty, I haue -ioyned them next vnto them, in a distinct Chapter by themselues, and so -may passe at this time. - - -1. _Pulmonaria maculosa._ Common spotted Cowslips of Ierusalem. - -The Cowslip of Ierusalem hath many rough, large, and round leaues, but -pointed at the ends, standing vpon long foot-stalkes, spotted with many -round white spots on the vppersides of the sad greene or browne leaues, -and of a grayer greene vnderneath: among the leaues spring vp diuers -browne stalkes, a foote high, bearing many flowers at the toppe, very -neare resembling the flowers of Cowslips, being of a purple or reddish -colour while they are buds, and of a darke blewish colour when they -are blowne, standing in brownish greene huskes, and sometimes it hath -beene found with white flowers: when the flowers are past, there come -vp small round heads, containing blacke seed: the roote is composed of -many long and thicke blacke strings. - - -2. _Pulmonaria altera non maculosa._ Vnspotted Cowslips of Ierusalem. - -The leaues of this other kinde are not much vnlike the former, being -rough as they are, but smaller, of a fairer greene colour aboue, and of -a whiter greene vnderneath, without any spots at all vpon the leaues: -the flowers also are like the former, and of the same colour, but a -little more branched vpon the stalkes then the former: the rootes also -are blacke like vnto them. - - -3. _Pulmonaria angustifolia._ Narrow leafed Cowslips of Ierusalem. - -The leaues hereof are somewhat longer, but not so broad, and spotted -with whitish spots also as the former: the stalke hereof is set with -the like long hairy leaues, but smaller, being a foote high or better, -bearing at the toppe many flowers, standing in huskes like the first, -being somewhat reddish in the bud, and of a darke purplish blew colour -when they are blowne open: the seede is like the former, all of them -doe well resemble Buglosse and Comfrey in most parts, except the roote, -which is not like them, but stringie, like vnto Cowslips, yet blacke. - - - The Place. - - The Cowslips of Ierusalem grow naturally in the Woods of - Germany, in diuers places, and the first kinde in England - also, found out by Iohn Goodier, a great searcher and louer of - plants, dwelling at Maple-durham in Hampshire. - - - The Time. - - They flower for the most part very early, that is, in the - beginning of Aprill. - - - The Names. - - They are generally called in Latine, _Pulmonaria_, and - _maculosa_, or _non maculosa_, is added for distinctions sake. - Of some it is called _Symphitum maculosum_, that is, spotted - Comfrey. In English it is diuersly called, as spotted Cowslips - of Ierusalem, Sage of Ierusalem, Sage of Bethlehem, Lungwort, - and spotted Comfrey, and it might bee as fitly called spotted - Buglosse, whereunto it is as like as vnto Comfrey, as I said - before. - - - The Vertues. - - It is much commended of some, to bee singular good for vlcered - lungs, that are full of rotten matter. As also for them that - spit bloud, being boyled and drunke. It is of greatest vse for - the pot, being generally held to be good, both for the lungs - and the heart. - - - - -CHAP. XXXVII. - -1. _Buglossum & Borrago._ Buglosse and Borage. - - -Although Borage and Buglosse might as fitly haue been placed, I -confesse, in the Kitchen Garden, in regard they are wholly in a manner -spent for Physicall properties, or for the Pot, yet because anciently -they haue been entertained into Gardens of pleasure, their flowers -hauing been in some respect; in that they haue alwaies been enterposed -among the flowers of womens needle-worke, I am more willing to giue -them place here, then thrust them into obscurity, and take such of -their tribe with them also as may fit for this place, either for beauty -or rarity. - -The Garden Buglosse and Borage are so well knowne vnto all, that I -shall (I doubt) but spend time in waste to describe them; yet not -vsing to passe ouer any thing I name and appropriate to this Garden -so sleightly, they are thus to bee knowne: Buglosse hath many long, -narrow, hairy, or rough sad greene leaues, among which rise vp two -or three very high stalks, branched at the top, whereon stand many -blew flowers, consisting of fiue small round pointed leaues, with a -small pointell in the middle, which are very smooth, shining, and of a -reddish purple while they are buds, and not blowne open, which being -fallen, there groweth in the greene huske, wherein the flower stood, -three or foure roundish blacke seedes, hauing that thread or pointell -standing still in the middle of them: the roote is blacke without, and -whitish within, long, thicke, and full of slimie iuice (as the leaues -are also) and perisheth not euery yeare, as the roote of Borage doth. - - -2. _Borrago._ Borage. - -Borage hath broader, shorter, greener, and rougher leaues then -Buglosse, the stalkes hereof are not so high, but branched into many -parts, whereon stand larger flowers, and more pointed at the end then -Buglosse, and of a paler blew colour for the most part (yet sometimes -the flowers are reddish, and sometimes pure white) each of the flowers -consisting of fiue leaues, standing in a round hairy whitish huske, -diuided into fiue parts, and haue a small vmbone of fiue blackish -threads in the middle, standing out pointed at the end, and broad -at the bottome: the seed is like the other: the root is thicker and -shorter then the roote of Buglosse, somewhat blackish without also, and -whitish within, and perisheth after seede time, but riseth of it owne -seede fallen, and springeth in the beginning of the yeare. - - -3. _Borrago semper virens._ Euerliuing Borage. - -Euerliuing Borage hath many broad greene leaues, and somewhat rough, -more resembling Comfrey then Borage, yet not so large as either; the -stalkes are not so high as Borage, and haue many small blew flowers on -them, very like to the flowers of Buglosse for the forme, and Borage -for the colour; the rootes are blacke, thicker then either of them, -somewhat more spreading, and not perishing, hauing greene leaues all -the Winter long, and thereupon tooke his name. - - -4. _Anchusa._ Sea Buglosse or Alkanet. - -The Sea Buglosse or Alkanet hath many long, rough, narrow, and darke -greene leaues, spread vpon the ground (yet some that growe by the -Sea side are rather hoarie and whitish) among these leaues riseth vp -a stalke, spread at the toppe into many branches, whereon stand the -flowers in tufts, like vnto the Garden Buglosse, or rather Comfrey, but -lesser; in some plants of a reddish blew colour, and in others more red -or purplish, and in others of a yellowish colour: after which come the -seedes, very like vnto Buglosse, but somewhat longer and paler: the -roote of most of them being transplanted, are somewhat blackish on the -outside, vntill the later end of Summer, and then become more red: for -those that grow wilde, will be then so red, that they will giue a very -deepe red colour to those that handle them, which being dryed keepe -that red colour, which is vsed to many purposes; the roote within being -white, and hauing no red colour at all. - - -5. _Limonium Rauwolfij._ Marsh Buglosse. - -This Limonium (which I referre here to the kindes of Buglosse, -presuming it is the fittest place where to insert it) hath many long -narrow, and somewhat rough leaues lying vpon the ground, waued or -cut in on both sides, like an Indenture, somewhat like the leaues -of Ceterach or Miltwast, among which rise vp two or three stalkes, -somewhat rough also, and with thin skinnes like wings, indented on both -sides thereof also, like the leaues, hauing three small, long, rough, -and three square leaues at euery ioynt, where it brancheth forth; at -the toppe whereof stand many flowers vpon their foote stalkes, in such -a manner, as is not seene in any other plant, that I know; for although -that some of the small winged foot stalkes are shorter, and some -longer, standing as it were flatwise, or all on one side, and not round -like an vmbell, yet are they euen at the toppe, and not one higher than -another; each of which small foote stalkes doe beare foure or fiue -greenish heads or huskes, ioyned together, out of each of which doe -arise other pale or bleake blew stiffe huskes, as if they were flowers, -made as it were of parchment, which hold their colour after they -are dry a long time; and out of these huskes likewise, doe come (at -seuerall times one after another, and not all at one time or together) -white flowers, consisting of fiue small round leaues, with some white -threds in the middle: after these flowers are past, there come in their -places small long seede, inclosed in many huskes, many of those heads -being idle, not yeelding any goode seede, but chaffe, especially in out -Countrey, for the want of sufficient heate of the Sunne, as I take it: -the roote is small, long, and blackish on the outside, and perisheth at -the first approach of Winter. - - - The Place. - - Borage and Buglosse grow onely in Gardens with vs, and so doth - the _Semper virens_, his originall being vnknowne vnto vs. - Alkanet or Sea Buglosse groweth neare the Sea, in many places - of France, and Spaine, and some of the kindes also in England. - But the Limonium or Marshe Buglosse groweth in Cales, and - Malacca in Spaine, and is found also in Syria, as Rauwolfius - relateth: and in other places also no doubt; for it hath beene - sent vs out of Italie, many yeares before eyther Guillaume Boel - found it in Cales, or Clusius in Malacca. - - - The Time. - - Borage and Buglosse doe flower in Iune, and Iuly, and sometimes - sooner, and so doth the euer-liuing or neuer-dying Borage, but - not as Gerrard saith, flowring Winter and Summer, whereupon - it should take his name, but leaueth flowring in Autumne, and - abideth greene with his leaues all the Winter, flowring the - next Spring following. The other flower not vntill Iuly, and so - continue, especially the Marshe Buglosse vntill September bee - well spent, and then giueth seede, if early frosts ouertake it - not; for it seldome commeth to be ripe. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Pulmonaria latifolia maculosa._ Cowslips of Ierusalem. - 2 _Pulmonaria angustifolia._ Narrow leafed Cowslips of Ierusalem. - 3 _Borrago._ Borage. - 4 _Borrago semper virens._ Euerliuing Borage. - 5 _Anchusa._ Sea Buglosse or Alkanet. - 6 _Limonium Rauwolfij._ Marsh Buglosse. -] - - - The Names. - - Our ordinary Borage by the consent of all the best moderne - Writers, is the true _Buglossum_ of Dioscorides, and that our - Buglosse was vnknowne to the ancients. The _Borago semper - virens_, Lobel calleth _Buglossum semper virens_, that is, - Euer-liuing, or Greene Buglosse: but it more resembleth Borage - then Buglosse; yet because Buglosse abideth greene, to auoyde - that there should not be two _Buglossa semper virentia_, I - had rather call it Borage then Buglosse. Anchusa hath diuers - names, as Dioscorides setteth downe. And some doe call it - _Fucus herba_, from the Greeke word, because the roote giuing - so deepe a colour, was vsed to dye or paint the skinne. Others - call it _Buglossum Hispanicum_, in English Alkanet, and of some - Orchanet, after the French. Limonium was found by Leonhartus - Rauwolfius, neere vnto Ioppa, which he setteth downe in the - second Chapter of the third booke of his trauayles, and from - him first knowne to these parts: I haue, as you see, referred - it to the kindes of Buglosse, for that the flowers haue some - resemblance vnto them, although I know that _Limonium genuinum_ - is referred to the Beetes. Let it therefore here finde a place - of residence, vntill you or I can finde a fitter; and call it - as you thinke best, eyther Limonium as Rauwolfius doth, or - Marshe Buglosse as I doe, or if you can adde a more proper - name, I shall not be offended. - - - The Vertues. - - Borage and Buglosse are held to bee both temperate herbes, - beeing vsed both in the pot and in drinkes that are cordiall, - especially the flowers, which of Gentlewomen are candid for - comfitts. The Alkanet is drying, and held to be good for - wounds, and if a peece of the roote be put into a little oyle - of Peter or Petroleum, it giueth as deepe a colour to the oyle, - as the Hypericon doth or can to his oyle, and accounted to be - singular good for a cut or greene wound. - - The Limonium hath no vse that wee know, more then for a Garden; - yet as Rauwolfius saith, the Syrians vse the leaues as sallats - at the Table. - - - - -CHAP. XXXVIII. - -_Lychnis._ Campions. - - -There bee diuers sorts of Campions, as well tame as wilde, and although -some of them that I shall here entreate of, may peraduenture be found -wilde in our owne Countrey, yet in regard of their beautifull flowers, -they are to bee respected, and noursed vp with the rest, to furnish -a garden of pleasure; as for the wilde kindes, I will leaue them for -another discourse. - - -1. _Lychnis Coronaria rubra simplex._ The single red Rose Campion. - -The single red Rose Campion hath diuers thicke, hoary, or woolly long -greene leaues, abiding greene all the winter, and in the end of the -spring or beginning of summer, shooteth forth two or three hard round -woolly stalkes, with some ioynts thereon, and at euery ioynt two such -like hoary greene leaues as those below, but smaller, diuersly branched -at the toppe, hauing one flower vpon each seuerall long foot stalke, -consisting of fiue leaues, somewhat broade and round pointed, of a -perfect red crimson colour, standing out of a hard long round huske, -ridged or crested in foure or fiue places; after the flowers are fallen -there come vp round hard heads, wherein is contained small blackish -seed: the roote is small, long and wooddy, with many fibres annexed -vnto it, and shooteth forth anew oftentimes, yet perisheth often also. - - -2. _Lychnis Coronaria alba simplex._ The white Rose Campion. - -The white Rose Campion is in all things like the red, but in the colour -of the flower, which in this is of a pure white colour. - - -3. _Lychnis Coronaria albescens siue incarnata maculata & non -maculata._ The blush Rose Campion spotted and not spotted. - -Like vnto the former also are these other sorts, hauing no other -difference to distinguish them, but the flowers, which are of a pale or -bleake whitish blush colour, especially about the brims, as if a very -little red were mixed with a great deale of white, the middle of the -flower being more white; the one being spotted all ouer the flower, -with small spots and streakes, the other not hauing any spot at all. - - -4. _Lychnis Coronaria rubra multiplex._ The double red Rose Campion. - -The double red Rose Campion is in all respects like vnto the single red -kinde, but that this beareth double flowers, consisting of two or three -rowes of leaues at the most, which are not so large as the single, and -the whole plant is more tender, that is, more apt to perish, then any -of the single kindes. - - -5. _Lychnis Chalcedonica flore simplici miniato._ -Single Nonesuch, or Flower of Bristow, or Constantinople. - -This Campion of Constantinople hath many broad and long greene leaues, -among which rise vp sundry stiffe round hairy ioynted stalks three foot -high, with two leaues euery ioynt: the flowers stand at the toppes of -them, very many together, in a large tuft or vmbell, consisting of fiue -small long leaues, broade pointed, and notched-in in the middle, of a -bright red orenge colour, which being past, there come in their places -small hard whitish heads or seede vessels, containing blacke seede, -like vnto the seede of sweet Williams, and hauing but a small sent; the -roote is very stringie, fastening it selfe very strongly in the ground, -whereby it is much encreased. - -[Sidenote: _Flore albo. Et carneo. Versicolor._] - -Of the single kinde there is also two or three other sorts, differing -chiefly in the colour of the flowers. The one is pure white. Another -is of a blush colour wholly, without variation. And a third is very -variable; for at the first it is of a pale red, and after a while -groweth paler, vntill in the end it become almost fully white; and all -these diuersities of the flowers are sometimes to bee seene on one -stalke at one and the same time. - - -6. _Lychnis Chalcedonica flore miniato pleno._ -Double Flower of Bristow, or Nonesuch. - -This glorious flower being as rare as it is beautifull, is for rootes -beeing stringie, for leaues and stalkes being hairy and high, and for -the flowers growing in tufts, altogether like the first single kinde; -but herein consisteth the chiefest difference, that this beareth a -larger vmbell or tuft of flowers at the toppe of the stalke, euery -flower consisting of three or foure rowes of leaues, of a deeper orenge -colour then it, which addeth the more grace vnto it, but passeth -away without bearing seede, as most other double flowers doe, yet -recompenceth that defect with encrease from the roote. - - -7. _Lychnis plumaria siluestris simplex & multiplex._ -The featherd wilde Campion single and double. - -The leaues of this wilde Campion are somewhat like the ordinary white -wilde Campion, but not so large, or rather resembling the leaues of -sweete Williams, but that they grow not so close, nor so many together: -the stalkes haue smaller leaues at the ioynts then those belowe, and -branched at the toppe, with many pale, but bright red flowers, iagged -or cut in on the edges, like the feathered Pinke, whereof some haue -taken it to be a kinde, and some for a kinde of wilde William, but yet -is but a wilde Campion, as may be obserued, both by his huske that -beareth the flowers, and by the greyish roundish seede, being not of -the Family of Pinkes and Gillowers, but (as I said) of the Campions: -the roote is full of strings or fibres. - -[Sidenote: _Flore pleno._] - -The double kinde is very like vnto the single kinde, but that it is -lower and smaller, and the flowers very double. - - -8. _Lychnis siluestris flore pleno rubro._ Red Batchelours buttons. - -The double wilde Campion (which of our Countrey Gentlewomen is called -Batchelours buttons) is very like both in rootes, leaues, stalkes, and -flowers vnto the ordinary wilde red Campion, but somewhat lesser, his -flowers are not iagged, but smooth, and very thicke and double, so that -most commonly it breaketh his short huske, wherein the flower standeth -on the one side, seldome hauing a whole huske, and are of a reddish -colour. - - -9. _Lychnis siluestris flore albo pleno._ White Batchelours buttons. - -As the leaues of the former double Campion was like vnto the single -kinde that had red flowers, so this hath his leaues like vnto the -single white kinde, differing in no other thing from it, but in the -doublenesse of the flowers, which by reason of the multiplicity of -leaues in them thrusting forth together, breaketh his huskes wherein -the flowers doe stand, as the other doth, and hath scarce one flower in -many that is whole. - - -10. _Ocymoides arborea semper virens._ Strange Bassil Campion. - -This Strange Campion (for thereunto it must bee referred) shooteth -forth many round, whitish, wooddy, but brittle stalkes, whereon stand -diuers long, and somewhat thicke leaues, set by couples, narrow at -the bottome, and broader toward the point, of a very faire greene and -shining colour, so that there is more beauty in the greene leaues, -which doe so alwaies abide, then in the flowers, which are of a pale -red or blush colour, consisting of fiue small long broad pointed -leaues, notched in the middle, which doe not lye close, but loosly as -it were hanging ouer the huskes: after the flowers are past, there come -heads that containe blackish seede: the roote is small, hard, white, -and threadie. - - -11. _Muscipula Lobelij siue Ben rubrum Monspeliensium._ -Lobels Catch Flie. - -I must needes insert this small plant, to finish this part of the -Campions, whereunto it belongeth, being a pretty toye to furnish and -decke out a Garden. It springeth vp (if it haue beene once sowne and -suffered to shed) in the later end of the yeare most commonly, or else -in the Spring with fiue or six small leaues, very like vnto the leaues -of Pinkes, and of the same grayish colour, but a little broader and -shorter, and when it beginneth to shoote vp for flower, it beareth -smaller leaues on the clammy or viscous stalkes (fit to hold any small -thing that lighteth on it); being broad at the bottome compassing them, -and standing two at a ioynt one against another: the toppes of the -stalkes are diuersly branched into seuerall parts, euery branch hauing -diuers small red flowers, not notched, but smooth, standing out of -small, long, round, stript huskes, which after the flowers are past, -containe small grayish seede: the roote is small, and perisheth after -it hath giuen seede; but riseth (as is before said) of its owne seede, -if it be suffered to shed. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Lychnis Coronaria simplex._ Single Rose Campion. - 2 _Lychnis Coronaria rubra multiplex._ The double red Rose Campion. - 3 _Lychnis Chalcedonica simplex._ Single None such, or flower of - Bristow. - 4 _Lychnis Chalcedonica flore pleno._ Double None such, or flower of - Bristow. - 5 _Lychnis plumaria multiplex._ Pleasant in sight. - 6 _Lychnis siluestris flore pleno rubro._ Red Batchelours Buttons. - 7 _Lychnis siluestris flore pleno albo._ White Batchelours Buttons. - 8 _Muscipula Lobelij._ Lobels Catch Flie. -] - - - The Place. - - The Rose Campions, Flowers of Bristow, or Nonesuch, the Bassil - Campion, and the Catch Flie, haue been sent vs from beyond - the Seas, and are onely noursed vp in Gardens with vs; the - other Campions that are double, haue been naturally so found - double wilde (for no art or industry of man, that euer I could - be assured of to be true, be it by neuer so many repetitions of - transplantations, and planeticall obseruations (as I haue said - in the beginning of this worke) could bring any flower, single - by nature, to become double, notwithstanding many affirmations - to that purpose, but whatsoeuer hath been found wilde to be - double, nature her selfe, and not art hath so produced it) and - being brought into Gardens, are there encreased by slipping, - and parting the roote, because they giue no seede. - - - The Time. - - All of them doe flower in the Summer, yet none before May. - - - The Names. - - The first kindes are called _Lychnides satiuæ_, and - _coronariæ_, in English generally Rose Campions. The next is - called _Lychnis Chalcedonica_, and _Byzantina_; in English, - of some Nonesuch, and of others Flower of Bristow, and after - the Latine, Flower of Constantinople, because it is thought - the seede was first brought from thence; but from whence the - double of this kinde came, we cannot tell. The names of the - others of this kinde, both single and double, are set downe - with their descriptions. The feathered Campions are called - _Armoraria pratensis_, and _Flos Cuculi_, and of Clusius and - others thought to be _Odontitis Plinij_. Some call them in - English Crowflowers, and Cuckowe-Flowers; and some call the - double hereof, The faire Maide of France. The Bassil Campions - were sent ouer among many other seedes out of Italy, by the - name of _Ocimoides arborea semper virens_. _Arborea_, because - the stalke is more wooddy and durable then other Campions: And - _semper virens_, because the leaues abide greene Winter and - Summer. Clusius calleth it _Lychnis semper virens_, because - it is certainly a Campion. The last is diuersly called of - Authors; Lobel calleth it _Muscipula_: Others _Armoraria - altera_: Dodonæus _Armerius flos quartus_. Clusius _Lychnis - siluestris altera_, in his Spanish obseruations, and _prima_ - in his History of plants, and saith, the learned of Salmantica - in Spaine called it, _Ben rubrum_, as Lobel saith, they of - Mompelier doe also: and by that name I receiued it first out - of Italy. It hath the name of Catch Flie, of _Muscipula_ the - Latine word, because the stalkes in the hot Summer dayes haue a - certaine viscous or clammy humour vpon them, whereby it easily - holdeth (as I said before) whatsoeuer small thing, as Flies, - &c. lighteth vpon it. - - - The Vertues. - - We know none in these dayes, that putteth any of these to any - Physicall vse, although some haue in former times. - - - - -CHAP. XXXIX. - - -_Keiri siue Leucoium luteum._ Wall-flowers, or Wall Gilloflowers. - -There are two sorts of Wall-flowers, the one single, the other double, -and of each of them there is likewise some differences, as shall be -shewed in their description. - - -1. _Keiri siue Leucoium luteum simplex vulgare._ -Common single Wall-flowers. - -The common single Wall-flower which groweth wilde abroad, and yet is -brought into Gardens, hath sundry small, narrow, long, and darke greene -leaues, set without order vpon small round whitish wooddy stalkes, -which beare at the tops diuers single yellow flowers one aboue another, -euery one hauing foure leaues a peece, and of a very sweete sent: after -which come long pods, containing reddish seede: the roote is white, -hard and thready. - - -2. _Keiri siue Leucoium luteum simplex maius._ -The great single Wall-flower. - -There is another sort of single Wall-flower, whose leaues as well as -flowers are much larger then the former: the leaues being of a darker -and shining greene colour, and the flowers of a very deepe gold yellow -colour, and vsually broader then a twentie shilling peece of gold can -couer: the spike or toppe of flowers also much longer, and abiding -longer in flower, and much sweeter likewise in sent: the pods for seede -are thicker and shorter, with a small point at the end: this is slower -to encrease into branches, as also to be encreased by the branches, -and more tender to be preserued; for the hard frosts doe cause it to -perish, if it be not defended from them. - - -3. _Keiri simplex flore albo._ White Wall-flower. - -This Wall-flower hath his leaues as greene as the great kinde, but -nothing so large: the flowers stand at the toppe, but not in so long -a spike, and consisteth of foure leaues, of a very white colour, not -much larger then the common kinde, and of a faint or weaker sent: the -pods are nothing so great as the former great one: this is more easie -to be propagated and encreased also, but yet will require some care in -defending it from the colds of the Winter. - - -4. _Keiri siue Leucoium luteum vulgare flore pleno._ -Common double Wall-flowers. - -This ordinary double Wall-flower is in leaues and stalke very like vnto -the first single kinde, but that the leaues hereof are not of so deepe -a greene colour: the flowers stand at the top of the stalkes one aboue -another, as it were a long spike, which flower by degrees, the lowest -first, and so vpwards, by which it is a long time in flowring, and is -very double, of a gold yellow colour, and very sweete. - - -5. _Keiri siue Leucoium luteum alterum flore pleno._ -Pale double Wall-flowers. - -Wee haue another sort of this kinde of double Wall-flower, whose double -flowers stand not spike-fashion as the former, but more open spread, -and doe all of them blowe open at one time almost, and not by degrees -as the other doth, and is of a paler yellow colour, not differing in -any thing else, except that the greene leaues hereof are of a little -paler greene then it. - - -6. _Keiri siue Leucoium luteum maius flore pleno ferrugineo._ -Double red Wall-flowers. - -We haue also another sort of double Wall-flower, whose leaues are as -greene, and almost as large as the great single yellow kinde, or full -as bigge as the leaues of the white Wall-flower: the flowers hereof are -not much larger then the ordinary, but are of a darker yellow colour -then the great single kinde, and of a more brownish or red colour on -the vnderside of the leaues, and is as it were striped. - - -7. _Keiri siue Leucoium maximum luteum flore pleno._ -The greatest double yellow Wall-flower. - -This great double Wall-flower is as yet a stranger in England, and -therefore what I here write is more vpon relation (which yet I beleeue -to be most true) then vpon sight and speculation. The leaues of this -Wall-flower are as greene and as large, if not larger then the great -single kinde: the flowers also are of the same deepe gold yellow colour -with it, but much larger then any of the former double kindes, and of -as sweet a sent as any, which addeth delight vnto beauty. - - - The Place. - - The first single kind is often found growing vpon old wals of - Churches, and other houses in many places of England, and also - among rubbish and stones. The single white and great yellow, as - well as all the other double kindes, are noursed vp in Gardens - onely with vs. - - - The Time. - - All the single kindes doe flower many times in the end of - Autumne, and if the Winter be milde all the Winter long, but - especially in the moneths of February, March, and Aprill, and - vntill the heate of the Spring doe spend them: but the other - double kindes doe not continue flowring in that manner the - yeare throughout, although very early sometimes, and very late - also in some places. - - - The Names. - - They are called by diuers names, as _Viola lutea_, _Leucoium - luteum_, and _Keiri_, or _Cheiri_, by which name it is chiefly - knowne in our Apothecaries shops, because there is an oyle made - thereof called _Cheirinum_: In English they are vsually called - in these parts, Wall-flowers: Others doe call them Bee-flowers; - others Wall-Gilloflowers, Winter-Gilloflowers, and yellow - Stocke-Gilloflowers; but we haue a kinde of Stocke-Gilloflower - that more fitly deserueth that name, as shall be shewed in the - Chapter following. - - - The Vertues. - - The sweetnesse of the flowers causeth them to be generally - vsed in Nosegayes, and to decke vp houses; but physically they - are vsed in diuers manners: As a Conserue made of the flowers, - is vsed for a remedy both for the Appoplexie and Palsie. The - distilled water helpeth well in the like manner. The oyle made - of the flowers is heating and resoluing, good to ease paines of - strained and pained sinewes. - - - - -CHAP. XL. - - -_Leucoium._ Stocke-Gilloflower. - -There are very many sorts of Stocke-Gilloflowers, both single and -double, some of the fields and mountaines, others of the Sea marshes -and medowes; and some noursed vp in Gardens, and there preserued by -seede or slippe, as each kinde is aptest to bee ordered. But because -some of these are fitter for a generall History then for this our -Garden of Pleasure, both for that diuers haue no good sent, others -little or no beauty, and to be entreated of onely for the variety, I -shall spare so many of them as are not fit for this worke, and onely -set downe the rest. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Keiri siue Leucoium luteum vulgare._ Common Wall-flowers. - 2 _Keiri siue Leucoium luteum maius simplex._ The great single - Wall-flower. - 3 _Keiri siue Leucoium luteum flore pleno vulgare._ Ordinary double - Wall-flowers. - 4 _Keiri maius flore pleno ferrugineo._ The great double red - Wall-flower. - 5 _Leucoium sativum simplex._ Single Stocke Gilloflowers. - 6 _Leucoium sativum simplex flore striato._ Single stript - Stocke-Gilloflowers. -] - - -1. _Leucoium simplex sativum diversorum colorum._ -Garden Stocke-Gilloflowers single of diuers colours. - -These single Stocke-Gilloflowers, although they differ in the colour of -their flowers, yet are in leafe and manner of growing, one so like -vnto another, that vntill they come to flower, the one cannot be well -knowne that beareth red flowers, from another that beareth purple; and -therefore one description of the plant shall serue, with a declaration -of the sundry colours of the flowers. It riseth vp with round whitish -woody stalkes, two, three, or foure foot high, whereon are set many -long, and not very broad, soft, and whitish or grayish greene leaues, -somewhat round pointed, and parted into diuers branches, at the toppes -whereof grow many flowers, one aboue another, smelling very sweet, -consisting of foure small, long, and round pointed leaues, standing in -small long huskes, which turne into long and flat pods, sometimes halfe -a foote long, wherein is contained flat, round, reddish seedes, with -grayish ringes or circles about them, lying flat all along the middle -rib of the pod on both sides: the roote is long, white, and woody, -spreading diuers wayes. There is great variety in the colours of the -flowers: for some are wholly of a pure white colour, others of a most -excellent crimson red colour, others againe of a faire red colour, -but not so bright or liuely as the other, some also of a purplish or -violet colour, without any spot, marke, or line in them at all. There -are againe of all these colours, mixed very variably, as white mixed -with small or great spottes, strakes or lines of pure or bright red, or -darke red, and white with purple spots and lines; and of eyther of them -whose flowers are almost halfe white, and halfe red, or halfe white, -and halfe purple. The red of both sorts, and the purple also, in the -like manner spotted, striped, and marked with white, differing neyther -in forme, nor substance, in any other point. - - -2. _Leucoium satiuum albido luteum simplex._ -The single pale yellow Stocke-Gilloflower. - -There is very little difference in this kind from the former, for the -manner of growing, or forme of leaues or flower. Only this hath greener -leaues, and pale yellow almost white flowers, in all other things -alike: this is of no great regard, but only for rarity, and diuersity -from the rest. - - -3. _Leucoium Melancholicum._ The Melancholick Gentleman. - -This wilde kinde of stocke gilloflower hath larger, longer and greener -leaues then any of the former kindes, vneuenly gashed or sinuated on -both edges lying on the ground, and a little rough or hairy withall: -from among which rise vp the stalkes, a yard high or more, and hairy -likewise, bearing thereon here and there some such like leaues as -are below, but smaller, and at the top a great number of flowers, -as large or larger then any of the former single kindes, made of 4. -large leaues a peece also, standing in such like long huskes, but of a -darke or sullen yellowish colour: after which come long roundish pods, -wherein lye somewhat long but rounder and greater seede then any stocke -gilloflower, and nearer both in pod and seede vnto the _Hesperis_ or -Dames Violet: this perisheth not vsually after seede bearing, although -sometimes it doth. - - -4. _Leucoium marinum Syriacum._ Leuant stocke gilloflowers. - -This kind of stocke gilloflower riseth vp at the first with diuers long -and somewhat broad leaues, a little vneuenly dented or waued on the -edges, which so continue the first yeare after the sowing: the stalke -riseth vp the next yeare to bee two foot high or more, bearing all -those leaues on it that it first had, which then do grow lesse sinuated -or waued then before: at the top whereof stand many flowers, made of -foure leaues a peece, of a delayed purple colour, but of a small sent -which turne into very long and narrow flat pods, wherein are contained -flat seed like the ordinary stocke gilloflowers, but much larger and -of a darke or blackish browne colour: the root is white, and groweth -deepe, spreading in the ground, but growing woody when it is in seede, -and perisheth afterwards. - - -5. _Leucoij alterum genus, flore tam multiplici quam simplici ex -feminio oriundum._ -Another sort of Stocke gilloflowers bearing as well double as single - flowers from seede. - -This kinde of Stocke gilloflower differeth neyther in forme of leaues, -stalkes, nor flowers from the former, but that it oftentimes groweth -much larger and taller; so that whosoeuer shall see both these growing -together, shall scarce discerne the difference, onely it beareth -flowers, eyther white, red or purple, wholly or entire, that is, of -one colour, without mixture of other colour in them (for so much as -euer I haue obserued, or could vnderstand by others) which are eyther -single, like vnto the former, or very thicke and double, like vnto the -next that followeth; but larger, and growing with more store of flowers -on the long stalke. But this you must vnderstand withall, that those -plants that beare double flowers, doe beare no seede at all, and is -very seldome encreased by slipping or cutting, as the next kinde of -double is: but the onely way to haue double flowers any yeare, (for -this kinde dyeth euery winter, for the most part, after it hath borne -flowers, and seldome is preserued) is to saue the seedes of those -plants of this kinde that beare single flowers, for from that seede -will rise, some that will beare single, and some double flowers, which -cannot bee distinguished one from another, I meane which will be single -and which double, vntill you see them in flower, or budde at the least. -And this is the only way to preserue this kinde: but of the seed of the -former kinde was neuer known any double flowers to arise, and therefore -you must be carefull to marke this kinde from the former. - - -6. _Leucoium flore pleno diuersorum colorum._ -Double Stocke Gillowflowers of diuers colours. - -This other kinde of Stock gilloflower that beareth onely double -flowers, groweth not so great, nor spreadeth his branches so farre, -nor are his leaues so large, but is in all things smaller, and lower, -and yet is woody, or shrubby, like the former, bearing his flowers -in the like manner, many vpon a long stalke, one aboue another, and -very double, but not so large as the former double, although it grow -in fertile soyle, which are eyther white, or red, or purple wholly, -without any mixture, or else mixed with spots and stripes, as the -single flowers of the first kinde, but more variably, and not in all -places alike, neuer bearing seede, but must be encreased, only by the -cutting of the young sproutes or branches, taken in a fit season: this -kinde perisheth not, as the former double kinde doth, so as it bee -defended in the winter from the extreame frosts, but especially from -the snow falling, or at the least remaining vpon it. - - -7. _Leucoium satiuum luteum flore pleno._ -The double yellow Stocke Gilloflower. - -This double yellow Stock gilloflower is a stranger in England, as far -as I can learne, neyther haue I any further familiaritie with him, then -by relation from Germany, where it is affirmed to grow only in some -of their gardens, that are curious louers of these delights, bearing -long leaues somewhat hoary or white, (and not greene like vnto the -Wallflower, whereunto else it might be thought to be referred) like -vnto the Stock gilloflowers, as the stalkes and branches also are, and -bearing faire double flowers, of a faire, but pale yellow colour. The -whole plant is tender, as the double Stock gilloflowers are, and must -be carefully preserued in the winter from the coldes, or rather more -then the last double, lest it perish. - - - The Place. - - The single kindes, especially some of them, grow in Italie, - and some in Greece, Candy, and the Isles adiacent, as may - be gathered out of the verses in Plutarches Booke _De Amore - fraterno_: - - _Inter Echinopodas velut asperam, & inter Ononim, - Inter dum crescunt mollia Leucoia._ - - Which sheweth, that the soft or gentle stocke gilloflowers doe - sometimes grow among rough or prickely Furse and Cammocke. The - other sorts are only to be found in gardens. - - - The Time. - - They flower in a manner all the yeare throughout in some - places, especially some of the single kindes, if they stand - warme, and defended from the windes and cold: the double kindes - flower sometimes in Aprill, and more plentifully in May, and - Iune; but the double of seed, flowreth vsually late, and - keepeth flowring vnto the winter, that the frostes and colde - mistes doe pull it downe. - - - The Names. - - It is called _Leucoium_, _&_ _Viola alba_: but the name - Leucoium (which is in English the white Violet) is referred - to diuers plants; we call it in English generally, Stocke - gilloflower, (or as others doe, Stocke gillouer) to put a - difference betweene them, and the Gilloflowers and Carnations, - which are quite of another kindred, as shall be shewne in place - conuenient. - - - The Vertues. - - These haue no great vse in Physick that I know: only some haue - vsed the leaues of the single white flowred kinde with salt, to - be laid to the wrests of them that haue agues, but with what - good successe I cannot say, if it happen well I thinke in one - (as many such things else will) it will fayle in a number. - - - - -CHAP. XLI. - - -1. _Hesperis, siue Viola Matronalis._ -Dames Violets, or Queenes Gilloflowers. - -The ordinary Dames Violets, or Queene Gilloflowers, hath his leaues -broader, greener, and sharper pointed, then the Stock gilloflowers, -and a little endented about the edges: the stalkes grow two foot -high, bearing many greene leaues vpon them, smaller then those at the -bottome, and branched at the toppe, bearing many flowers, in fashion -much like the flowers of stocke gilloflowers, consisting of foure -leaues in like manner, but not so large, of a faint purplish colour -in some, and in others white, and of a pretty sweet sent, especially -towards night, but in the day time little or none at all: after the -flowers are past, there doe come small long and round pods, wherein -is contained, in two rowes, small and long blacke seede: the roote is -wholly composed of stringes or fibres, which abide many yeares, and -springeth fresh stalks euery yeare, the leaues abiding all the Winter. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Leucoium Melancholicum._ Sullen Stocke-Gilloflowers. - 2 _Leucoium sativum flore pleno._ Double Stocke-Gilloflowers. - 3 _Leucoium sativum flore pleno vario._ Party coloured - Stocke-Gilloflowers. - 4 _Leucoium marinum Syriacum._ Leuant Stocke-Gilloflowers. - 5 _Hesperis vulgaris._ Dames Violets or Winter Gilloflowers. - 6 _Lysimachia lutea siliquosa Virginiana._ The tree Primrose of - Virginia. - 7 _Viola lunaris siue Bolbonach._ The white Sattin flower. -] - - -2. _Hesperis Pannonica._ Dames Violets of Hungary. - -The leaues of this Violet are very like the former, but smoother and -thicker, and not at all indented, or cut in on the edges: the flowers -are like the former, but of a sullen pale colour, turning themselues, -and seldome lying plaine open, hauing many purple veines, and streakes -running through the leaues of the flowers, of little or no sent in the -day time, but of a very sweete sent in the euening and morning; the -seedes are alike also, but a little browner. - - -3. _Lysimachia lutea siliquosa Virginiana._ -The tree Primrose of Virginia. - -Vnto what tribe or kindred I might referre this plant, I haue stood -long in suspence, in regard I make no mention of any other _Lysimachia_ -in this work: lest therefore it should lose all place, let me ranke it -here next vnto the Dames Violets, although I confesse it hath little -affinity with them. The first yeare of the sowing the seede it abideth -without any stalke or flowers lying vpon the ground, with diuers long -and narrow pale greene leaues, spread oftentimes round almost like a -Rose, the largest leaues being outermost, and very small in the middle: -about May the next yeare the stalke riseth, which will be in Summer -of the height of a man, and of a strong bigge size almost to a mans -thumbe, round from the bottome to the middle, where it groweth crested -vp to the toppe, into as many parts as there are branches of flowers, -euery one hauing a small leafe at the foote thereof: the flowers stand -in order one aboue another, round about the tops of the stalks, euery -one vpon a short foot-stalke, consisting of foure pale yellow leaues, -smelling somewhat like vnto a Primrose, as the colour is also (which -hath caused the name) and standing in a greene huske, which parteth it -selfe at the toppe into foure parts or leaues, and turne themselues -downewards, lying close to the stalke: the flower hath some chiues -in the middle, which being past, there come in their places long and -cornered pods, sharpe pointed at the vpper end, and round belowe, -opening at the toppe when it is ripe into fiue parts, wherein is -contained small brownish seed: the roote is somewhat great at the head, -and wooddy, and branched forth diuersly, which perisheth after it hath -borne seede. - - - The Place. - - The two first grow for the most part on Hils and in Woods, but - with vs in Gardens onely. - - The last, as may be well vnderstood by the title, came out of - Virginia. - - - The Time. - - They flower in May, Iune, and Iuly. - - - The Names. - - The name of _Hesperis_ is imposed by most Herbarists vpon the - two first plants, although it is not certainly knowne to be the - same that Theophrastus doth make mention of, in his sixth Booke - and twenty fiue Chapter _de causis plantarum_: but because - this hath the like effects to smell best in the euening, it - is (as I said) imposed vpon it. It is also called _Viola - Marina Matronalis_, _Hyemalis_, _Damascena_ and _Muschatella_: - In English, Dames Violets, Queens Gilloflowers, and Winter - Gilloflowers. - - The last hath his Latine name in the title as is best agreeing - with it, and for the English, although it be too foolish I - confesse, yet it may passe for this time till a fitter be - giuen, vnlesse you please to follow the Latine, and call it - Virginia Loose-strife. - - - The Vertues. - - I neuer knew any among vs to vse these kindes of Violets in - Physicke, although by reason of the sharpe biting taste, - Dodonæus accounteth the ordinary sort to be a kinde of Rocket, - and saith it prouoketh sweating, and vrine: and others affirme - it to cut, digest, and cleanse tough flegme. The Virginian hath - not beene vsed by any that I know, either inwardly or outwardly. - - - - -CHAP. XLII. - - -_Viola Lunaris siue Bolbonach._ The Sattin flower. - -Vnto the kindes of Stocke-Gilloflowers I thinke fittest to adioyne -these kindes of Sattin-flowers, whereof there are two sorts, one -frequent enough in all our Countrie, the other is not so common. - - -1. _Viola Lunaris vulgaris._ The common white Sattin flower. - -The first of these Sattin flowers, which is the most common, hath his -leaues broad belowe, and pointed at the end, snipt about the edges, -and of a darke greene colour: the stalkes are round and hard, two -foot high, or higher, diuided into many branches, set with the like -leaues, but smaller: the tops of the branches are beset with many -purplish flowers, like vnto Dames Violets, or Stocke Gilloflowers, but -larger, being of little sent: after the flowers are past, there come in -their places round flat thin cods, of a darke colour on the outside, -but hauing a thinne middle skinne, that is white and cleare shining, -like vnto very pure white Sattin it selfe, whereon lye flat and round -brownish seede, somewhat thicke and great: the rootes perish when they -haue giuen their seede, and are somewhat round, long, and thicke, -resembling the rootes of _Lilium non bulbosum_, or Day Lilly, which -are eaten (as diuers other rootes are) for Sallets, both in our owne -Country, and in many places beside. - - -2. _Viola Lunaris altera seu peregrina._ Long liuing Sattin flower. - -This second kinde hath broader and longer leaues then the former, the -stalkes also are greener and higher, branching into flowers, of a -paler purple colour, almost white, consisting of foure leaues in like -manner, and smelling pretty sweete, bearing such like pods, but longer -and slenderer then they: the rootes are composed of many long strings, -which dye not as the former, but abide, and shoot out new stalkes euery -yeare. - - - The Place. - - The first is (as is said) frequent enough in Gardens, and is - found wilde in some places of our owne Country, as Master - Gerard reporteth, whereof I neuer could be certainly assured, - but I haue had it often sent mee among other seedes from Italy, - and other places. The other is not so common in Gardens, but - found about Watford, as he saith also. - - - The Time. - - They flower in Aprill or May, and sometimes more early. - - - The Names. - - It hath diuers names, as well in English as in Latine; for it - is called most vsually _Bolbonach_, and _Viola Lunaris_: Of - some _Viola latifolia_, and of others _Viola Peregrina_, and - _Lunaria Græca_, _Lunaria maior_, and _Lunaria odorata_, and is - thought to be _Thlaspi Crateuæ_: In English, White Satten, or - Satten flower: Of some it is called Honesty, and Penny-flower. - - - The Vertues. - - Some doe vse to eate the young rootes hereof, before they runne - vp to flower, as Rampions are eaten with Vinegar and Oyle; but - wee know no Physicall vse they haue. - - - - -CHAP. XLIII. - - -_Linum siluestre & Linaria._ Wilde Flaxe and Tode Flaxe. - -Although neither the manured Line or Flaxe is a plant fit for our -Garden, nor many of the wilde sorts, yet there are some, whose pleasant -and delightfull aspect doth entertaine the beholders eyes with good -content, and those I will set downe here for varietie, and adioyne vnto -them some of the _Linarias_, or Tode Flaxe, for the neare affinity with -them. - - -1. _Linum siluestre flore albo._ Wilde Flaxe with a white flower. - -This kinde of wilde Flaxe riseth vp with diuers slender branches, a -foote high or better, full of leaues, standing without order, being -broader and longer then the manured Flaxe: the tops of the branches -haue diuers faire white flowers on them, composed of fiue large leaues -a peece, with many purple lines or strikes in them: the seede vessell -as well as the seede, is like vnto the heads and seede of the manured -Flaxe: the rootes are white strings, and abide diuers yeares, springing -fresh branches and leaues euery yeare, but not vntill the Spring of the -yeare. - - -2. _Linum siluestre luteum._ Wilde Flaxe with a yellow flower. - -This wilde Flaxe doth so well resemble a kinde of St. Iohns wort, that -it will soone deceiue one that doth not aduisedly regard it: For it -hath many reddish stalkes, and small leaues on them, broader then the -former wilde Flaxe, but not so long, which are well stored with yellow -flowers, as large as the former, made of fiue leaues a peece, which -being past, there come small flattish heads, containing blackish seede, -but not shining like the former: the rootes hereof dye not euery yeare, -as many other of the wilde kindes doe, but abide and shoote out euery -yeare. - - -3. _Linaria purpurea._ Purple Tode Flaxe. - -This purple Tode Flaxe hath diuers thicke, small, long, and somewhat -narrowish leaues, snipt about the edges, of a whitish greene colour, -from among which rise vp diuers stalkes, replenished at the tops with -many small flowers, standing together one aboue another spike-fashion, -which are small and somewhat sweete, while they are fresh, fashioned -somewhat like the common Tode flaxe that groweth wilde abroad almost -euery where, but much smaller, with a gaping mouth, but without any -crooked spurre behinde, like vnto them, sometimes of a sad purple neare -vnto a Violet, and sometimes of a paler blew colour, hauing a yellow -spot in the middle or gaping place: after the flowers are past, there -come small, hard, round heads, wherein are contained small, flat, and -grayish seede: the roote is small and perisheth for the most part euery -yeare, and will spring againe of it owne sowing, if it be suffered to -shed it selfe, yet some hard Winters haue killed the seede it should -seeme, in that sometimes it faileth to spring againe, and therefore had -neede to be sowne anew in the Spring. - - -4. _Linaria purpurea odorata._ Sweete purple Tode Flaxe. - -The lower leaues of this purple Tode Flaxe are nothing like any of -the rest, but are long and broad, endented about the edges, somewhat -resembling the leaues of the greater wilde white Daisie: the stalke is -set at the bottome with such like leaues, but a little more diuided and -cut in, and still smaller and smaller vpward, so that the vppermost -leaues are very like the common Tode Flaxe, the toppe whereof is -branched, hauing diuers small flowers growing along vpon then, in -fashion and colour almost like the last described Tode Flaxe, but not -altogether so deepe a purple: the heads and seedes are very like the -former, but that the seede of this is reddish; the flowers in their -naturall hot Countries haue a fine sent, but in these colder, little or -none at all: the rootes are small and threadie, and perish after they -haue flowred and seeded. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Linum siluestre flore albo._ Wilde Flaxe with a white flower. - 2 _Linaria purpurea siue cærulea._ Purple Tode Flaxe. - 3 _Linaria purpurea odorata._ Sweete purple Tode Flaxe. - 4 _Scoparia siue Beluidere Italorum._ Broome Tode Flaxe. - 5 _Antirrhinum maius._ The greater Snapdragon. - 6 _Chamænerium flore delphinij._ The willowe flower. -] - - -5. _Linaria Valentina._ Tode Flaxe of Valentia. - -This Spanish Tode Flaxe hath three or foure thicker and bigger stalkes -then the former, bearing small broad leaues, like vnto the small -Centory, two or three together at a ioynt, round about the lower end -of the stalkes, but without any order vpwards, at the toppes whereof -stand many flowers, in fashion like vnto the common kinde, and almost -as large, of a faire yellow colour, but the gaping mouth is downie, and -the spurre behinde of a purplish colour. - - -6. _Scoparia siue Beluidere Italorum._ Broome Tode Flaxe. - -Although this plant haue no beautifull flowers, yet because the greene -plant full of leaues is so delightfull to behold, being in Italy and -other places planted not onely in their Gardens, but set likewise in -pots to furnish their Windowes, and euen with vs also hath growne to -be so dainty a greene bush, that I haue thought it worthy to be among -the delights of my Garden; the description whereof is as followeth: -This pleasant Broome Flaxe riseth vp most vsually with one straight -vpright square stalke, three foote and a halfe high or better in our -Gardens, branching it selfe out diuers waies, bearing thereon many long -narrow leaues, like the Garden Line or Flaxe, very thicke set together, -like vnto a bush, or rather like vnto a faire greene Cypresse tree, -growing broad belowe, and spire-fashion vpwards, of a very faire greene -colour: at the seuerall ioynts of the branches, towards the tops, and -among the leaues, there come forth small reddish flowers, not easily -seene nor much regarded, being of no beauty, which turne into small -round blackish gray seede: the rootes are a number of blackish strings -set together, and the whole plant perisheth euery yeare at the first -approach of any cold ayre, as if it neuer had beene so faire a greene -bush. - - - The Place. - - These kindes of wilde Flaxe doe growe naturally in diuers - places, some in Germany, some in Spaine, and some in Italy. - Those that delight in the beauty of natures variety, doe - preserue them, to furnish vp the number of pleasant aspects. - - - The Time. - - They all flower in the Summer moneths, and soone after perfect - their seede. - - - The Names. - - Their names are sufficiently expressed in their titles, yet I - must giue you to vnderstand that the last is called of some - _Linaria magna_, and of others _Osyris_. - - - The Vertues. - - The wilde Flaxe hath no medecinable vertue appropriate vnto - it that is knowne. The Tode Flaxe is accounted to be good, to - cause one to make water. - - - - -CHAP. XLIIII. - -_Antirrhinum._ Snapdragon. - - -There is some diuersity in the Snapdragons, some being of a larger, and -others of a lesser stature and bignesse; and of the larger, some of -one, and some of another colour, but because the small kindes are of no -beautie, I shall at this time onely entreate of the greater sorts. - - -1. _Antirrhinum album._ White Snapdragon. - -The leaues of these Snapdragons (for I doe vnder one description -comprehend the rest) are broader, longer, and greener then the leaues -of the Garden Flaxe, or of the wilde Flaxe set confusedly vpon the -tender greene branches, which are spread on all sides, from the very -bottome, bearing at the toppes many flowers, somewhat resembling the -former Tode Flaxe, but much larger, and without any heele or spurre, of -a faire white colour, with a yellow spot in the mouth or gaping place: -after the flowers are past, there come vp in their places hard round -seede vessels, fashioned somewhat like vnto a Calues head, the snout -being cut off, wherein is contained small blacke seede: the rootes are -many white strings, which perish in most places after they haue giuen -seede, notwithstanding any care or paines taken with them to preserue -them aliue, and yet they will abide in some places where they are -defended in the Winter. - - -2. _Antirrhinum purpureum siue roseum._ Purple Snapdragon. - -The purple Snapdragon is in stalkes, leaues, and flowers altogether -like the former, and as large and great in euery part, or greater; the -only difference is, that this beareth pale Stammell or Rose coloured -flowers, with a yellow spot in the mouth, and sometimes of a paler -colour, almost blush. - - -3. _Antirrhinum variegatum._ Variable Snapdragon. - -This variable kinde is somewhat lesse, and tenderer then the last -described, hauing also a reddish or blush coloured flower, lesser then -the former, but much bigger then the middle kinde of Snapdragon (which -is not set downe in this worke) the yellow spot in the mouth of it hath -some white about it, and extending to both sides of the spot: the heads -and seede are like the former: the rootes are smaller, but neuer will -abide after they haue giuen flowers and seede. - - -4. _Antirrhinum luteum._ Yellow Snapdragon. - -There is likewise another of these kindes, that beareth leaues as large -as any of the former, & very faire yellow flowers, as large likewise -as they, not differing in any thing else from the first; let not any -therefore imagine this to be a _Linaria_ or Tode Flaxe: for all parts -are answerable vnto the Snapdragons. - - - The Place. - - All these are nourished with vs in our Gardens, although in - Spaine and Italy they are found growing wilde. - - - The Time. - - They flower for the most part the second yeare after the - sowing, from Aprill vntill Iuly, and the seede is quickly ripe - after. - - - The Names. - - The name _Antirrhinum_ is vsually giuen to this plant, - although it fully agreeth not eyther with the description of - Dioscorides, or Theophrastus: It hath also diuers other names - in Latine, as _Orontium_, _Canis cerebrum Os Leonis_, _Leo - herba_, _&c._ In English Calues snout, from the forme of the - seede vessels, and Snapdragon, or Lyons mouth, from the forme - of the flowers. - - - The Vertues. - - They are seldome or neuer vsed in Physicke by any in our dayes. - - - - -CHAP. XLV. - -_Chamænerium flore delphinij._ The Willowe flower. - - -This plant riseth vp with many strong, woddy, round, brownish great -stalkes, three or foure foote high, beset here and there without order, -with one broad and long whitish greene leafe at a ioynt, somewhat like -vnto a _Lysimachia_, or Willowe herbe, as also vnto a Peach leafe, but -larger and longer: at the toppe of the branches stand many flowers -one aboue another, of a pale reddish purple colour, consisting of -fiue leaues, spread open with an heele or spurre behinde them, with -many yellow threads in the middle, much larger then any flower of the -Larkes spurres, and smelling somewhat sweete withall; it beareth a -shew of long pods with seede, but I could neuer obserue the seede: the -rootes are like the rootes of _Lysimachia_, or the ordinary yellow -Loose-strife, or Willowe herbe, but greater: running and spreading -vnder ground, and shooting vp in many places, whereby it filleth a -ground that it likes quickly: the stalkes dye downe euery yeare, and -spring againe in many places farre asunder. - - - The Place. - - Wee haue not knowne where this Willowe flower groweth - naturally, but we haue it standing in an out corner of our - Gardens, to fill vp the number of delightfull flowers. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth not vntill May, and abideth a long while flowring. - - - The Names. - - It may seeme to diuers, that this is that plant that Dodonæus - called _Pseudolysimachium purpureum minus_, and Lobel seemeth - by the name of _Delphinium buccinum_ to aime at this plant, - but withall calleth it _Chamænerium Gesneri_, and giueth the - same figure that Dodonæus hath for his _Pseudolysimachium_: - But that is one kinde of plant (which hath smaller and shorter - stalkes, and very narrow long leaues, whose flowers stand vpon - long slender cods, full of downe, with reddish seede, like vnto - the _Lysimachia siliquosa siluestris_, and rootes that abide - many yeares, but creepe not) and this is another, much greater, - whose true figure is not extant in any Author that I know. It - is vsually called _Chamænerium flore delphinij_; but the name - of _Delphinium buccinum_ in my minde may not so conueniently be - applyed vnto it. It is called in English, The Willowe flower, - for the likenesse of the leaues, and the beauty and respect of - the flowers. - - - The Vertues. - - There is no vse hereof in Physicke that euer I could learne, - but is onely cherished among other sorts of flowers, that serue - to decke and set forth a Garden of varieties. - - - - -CHAP. XLVI. - -_Aquilegia._ Colombines. - - -There are many sorts of Colombines, as well differing in forme as -colour of the flowers, and of them both single and double carefully -noursed vp in our Gardens, for the delight both of their forme and -colours. - - -1. _Aquilegia vulgaris flore simplici._ Single Colombines. - -Because the whole difference of these Colombines standeth in the -varieties of the forme, and colour of the flowers, and little in the -leaues, I shall not neede to make anie repetitions of the description -of them, seeing one onely shall suffice for each peculiar kinde. The -Colombine hath diuers large spread leaues, standing on long stalkes: -euery one diuided in seuerall partitions, and roundly endented about -the edges, in colour somewhat like the leaues of Celondine, that is, -of a darke blewish greene colour: the stalkes rise vp sometimes two -or three foote high, diuided vsually into many branches, bearing one -long diuided leafe at the lower ioynt, aboue which the flowers growe, -euery one standing on a long stalke, consisting of fiue hollow leaues, -crooked or horned at the ends, turning backward, the open flower -shewing almost like vnto a Cinquefoile, but more hollow: after the -flowers are past, there arise small long cods, foure or fiue together, -wherein are contained blacke shining seede: the rootes are thicke -and round, for a little space within the ground, and then diuided -into branches, ending in many small fibres, abiding many yeares, and -shooting a fresh euery Spring from the round heads, that abide all the -Winter. The variety of the colours of these flowers are very much, for -some are wholly white, some of a blew or violet colour, others of a -blush or flesh colour, or deepe or pale red, or of a dead purple, or -dead murrey colour, as nature listeth to shew it selfe. - - -2. _Aquilegia vulgaris flore pleno._ Double Colombines. - -The double Colombines differ not in leafe or manner of growing from the -single, so that vntill they come to flower, they cannot bee discerned -one from another; the onely difference is, it beareth very thicke and -double flowers, that is, many horned or crooked hollow leaues set -together, and are not so large as the leaues of the single flowers. The -variety of colours in this double kinde is as plentifull, or rather -more then in the single; for of these is party coloured, blew and -white, and spotted very variably, which are not in the single kinde, -and also a very deepe red, very thicke and double, but a smaller -flower, and lesse plentifull in bearing then many of the other double -sorts. These double kindes doe giue as good seede as the single kindes -doe, which is not obserued in many other plants. - - -3. _Aquilegia inuersis corniculis._ Double inuerted Colombines. - -These Colombines are not to be distinguished eyther in roote, leaues, -or seed from the former, the flowers onely make the difference, which -are as double as the former, but that the heeles or hornes of these are -turned inward, and stand out in the middle of the flowers together: -there is not that plentifull variety of colours in this kinde, as there -is in the former: for I neuer saw aboue three of foure seuerall colours -in this kinde, that is, white, purplish, reddish, and a dun or darke -ouerworne purplish colour. These double flowers doe likewise turne into -pods, bearing seede, continuing his kind, and not varying into the -former. - - -4. _Aquilegia Rosea._ Rose Colombines. - -The leaues and other parts of this kinde of Colombine, differ little -or nothing from the former, the diuersitie consisteth likewise in the -flowers, which although they stand in the same manner seuerally vpon -their small stalkes, somewhat more sparingly then the former doe, -yet they haue no heeles or hornes, eyther inward or outward, or very -seldome, but stand sometimes but with eight or tenne smooth small -plaine leaues, set in order one by one in a compasse, in a double rowe, -and sometimes with foure or fiue rowes of them, euery one directly -before the other, like vnto a small thick double Rose layd open, or a -spread Marigold: yet sometimes it happeneth, that some of these flowers -will haue two or three of the first rowes of leaues without any heele, -and the rest that are inward with each of them a peece of a small horne -at them, as the former haue: the colours of these flowers are almost -as variable, and as variably mixed as the former double kindes. This -likewise giueth seede, preseruing his owne kinde for the most part. - - -5. _Aquilegia degener._ Degenerate Colombines. - -This kinde of Colombine might seeme to some, to bee but a casuall -degeneration, and no true naturall kinde, happening by some cause of -transplanting, or otherwise by the art of man: but I haue not so found -it, in that it keepeth, and holdeth his own proper forme, which is like -vnto the double Rose Colombine, but that the outermost row of leaues -are larger then any of the rest inwardes, and is of a greenish, or else -of a purplish greene colour, and is not altogether so apt to giue good -seed like the former. - - - The Place. - - The single kindes haue beene often found in some of the wooddy - mountaines of Germany, as Clusius saith, but the double kindes - are chiefly cherished in gardens. - - - The Time. - - They flower not vntill May, and abide not for the most part - when Iune is past, and in the meane time perfecteth their - seede. - - - The Names. - - Costæus doth call this plant _Pothos_ of Theophrastus, which - Gaza translateth _Desiderium_. Dalechampius vpon Athenæus, - calleth it _Diosanthos_, or _Iouis flos_ of Theophrastus, who - in his sixth Booke and seuenth Chapter reckoneth them both, - that is, _Diosanthos_ and _Pothos_, to be Summer flowers, but - seuerally. Dodonæus _Leoherba_, and Gesner _Leontostomium_. - Fabius Columna in his Phytobasanos, vnto whom Clusius giueth - the greatest approbation, referreth it to the _Isopyrum_ of - Dioscorides. All later Writers doe generally call it, eyther - _Aquileia_, _Aquilina_, or _Aquilegia_; and we in English, - generally (I thinke) through the whole Countrey, Colombines. - Some doe call the _Aquilegia rosea_, _Aquilegia stellata_, The - starre Colombine; because the leaues of the flowers doe stand - so directly one by another, besides the doublenesse, that they - somewhat represent eyther a Rose or a Starre, and thereupon - they giue it the name eyther of a Starre or Rose. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Aquilegia simplex._ The single Colombine. - 2 _Aquilegia flore multiplici._ The double Colombine. - 3 _Aquilegia versicolor._ The party coloured Colombine. - 4 _Aquilegia inuersis corniculis._ The double inuerted Colombine. - 5 _Aquilegia Rosea siue Stellata._ The Rose or the Starre Colombine. - 6 _Thalictrum Hispanicum album._ White Spanish tufts. -] - - - The Vertues. - - Some in Spaine, as Camerarius saith, vse to eate a peece of - the roote hereof fasting, many dayes together, to helpe them - that are troubled with the stone in the kidneyes. Others vse - the decoction, of both herbe and roote in wine, with a little - Ambargrise, against those kinds of swounings, which the Greekes - call ἀδυναμία. The seede is vsed for the iaundise, and other - obstructions of the liuer. Clusius writeth from the experience - of Franciscus Rapard, a chiefe Physician of Bruges in Flanders, - that the seede beaten and drunke is effectuall to women in - trauell of childe, to procure a speedy deliuerie, and aduiseth - a second draught thereof should be taken if the first succeede - not sufficiently. - - - - -CHAP. XLVII. - -_Thalictrum Hispanicum._ Spanish Tufts, Or Tufted Columbines. - - -From among the diuersities of this plant, I haue selected out two sorts -for this my garden, as hauing more beautie then all the rest; leauing -the other to be entreated of, where all in generall may be included. I -haue in this place inserted them, for the likenesse of the leaues only, -being in no other part correspondent, and in a Chapter by themselues, -as it is most fit. - - -_Thalictrum Hispanicum album._ White Spanish tufted Colombines. - -These plants haue both one forme, in roote, leafe and flower, and -therefore neede but one description. The leaues are both for colour -and forme so like vnto Colombines leaues (although lesser and darker, -yet more spread, and on larger stalkes) that they may easily deceiue -one, that doth not marke them aduisedly; for the leaues are much more -diuided, and in smaller parts, and not so round at the ends: the -stalkes are round, strong, and three foote high at the least, branching -out into two or three parts, with leaues at the seuerall ioynts of -them, at the toppes whereof stand many flowers, which are nothing but -a number of threads, made like vnto a small round tuft, breaking out -of a white skinne, or leafe, which incloseth them, and being vnblowne, -shew like vnto little buttons: the colour of these threds or tufts in -this are whitish with yellow tips on them, and somewhat purplish at the -bottome, hauing a strong but no good sent, and abiding in their beautie -(especially if they grow in the shade, and not too hot in the sun) a -great while, and then fall away, like short downe or threds: the seed -vessels are three square, containing small, long, and round seede; the -rootes are many long yellow fringes, which endure and encrease much. - - -_Thalictrum Montanum purpureum._ Purple tufted Colombines. - -This purple tufted Colombine differeth onely from the former, in that -it is not so high nor so large, and that the colour of the flower or -tuft is of a blewish purple colour with yellow tips, and is much more -rare then the other. - - - The Place. - - These grow both in Spaine and Italie. - - - The Time. - - They flower in the end of May, or in Iune, and sometimes later. - - - The Names. - - Some doe call them _Thaliotrum_, and some _Thalictrum_. Others - _Ruta palustris_, and _Ruta pratensis_, and some _Rhabarbarum - Monachorum_, or _Pseudo-rhabarbarum_, by reason that the - rootes being yellow, haue an opening qualitie, and drying as - Rubarbe. In English what other fit Names to giue these then I - haue expressed in the titles, I know not. - - - The Vertues. - - They are a little hot and drying withall, good for old Vlcers, - as Dioscorides saith, to bring them to cicatrising: in Italy - they are vsed against the Plague, and in Saxonye against the - Iaundise, as Camerarius saith. - - - - -CHAP. XLVIII. - -_Radix caua._ Hollow roote. - - -The likenesse of the leaues likewise of this plant with Colombines, -hath caused mee to insert it next the other, and although some of this -kinde bee of small respect, being accounted but foolish, yet let it -fill vp a waste corner, that so no place be vnfurnished. - - -1. _Radix Caua maior flore albo._ The white Hollow roote. - -The leaues of this hollow roote breake not out of the ground, vntill -the end of March, or seldome before, and are both for proportion and -colour somewhat like vnto the leaues of Colombines, diuided into fiue -parts, indented about the edges, standing on small long footestalkes -of a whitish greene colour, among which rise vp the stalkes, without -any leaues from the bottome to the middle, where the flowers shoote -forth one aboue another, with euery one a small short leafe at the -foote thereof, which are long and hollow, with a spurre behinde it, -somewhat like vnto the flowers of Larckes spurres, but hauing their -bellies somewhat bigger, and the mouth not so open, being all of a pure -white colour: after the flowers are past, arise small long and round -cods, wherein are contained round blackish seede: the roote is round -and great, of a yellowish browne colour on the outside, and more yellow -within, and hollow vnderneath, so that it seemeth but a shell: yet -being broken, euery part will grow: it abideth greene aboue ground but -a small time. - - -2. _Radix Caua maior flore carneo._ Blush colourd Hollow roote. - -The blush Hollow roote is in all things like vnto the former, but onely -that the flowers hereof are of a delayed red or purple colour, which -we call blush: and sometimes of a very deepe red or purple colour; but -very rare to meete with. - -3. _Radix Caua minor, seu Capnos fabacea radice._ Small hollow roote. - -This small kinde hath his leaues of a blewish greene colour, yet -greener and smaller then the former, growing more thicke together: the -flowers are like in proportion vnto the former in all respects, but -lesser, hauing purplish backes, and white bellyes: standing closer and -thicker together vpon the short stalkes: the roote is solid or firme, -round and a little long withall, two being vsually ioyned together, -yellowish both within and without: but I haue seene the dry roots that -came from beyond Sea hither, that haue beene as small as hasell nuts, -and somewhat flat with the roundnesse, differing from those that growe -with vs, whether the nature thereof is to alter by manuring I know not. - - - The Place. - - The greater kindes Clusius reporteth he found in many places of - Hungarie, and the other parts neare thereunto: the lesser in - the lower Germany, or Low Countries, as we call them. - - - The Time. - - These are most truely to bee reckoned Vernall plants, for that - they rise not out of the ground vntill the Spring bee come in, - and are gone likewise before it be past, remaining vnder ground - all the rest of the yeare, yet the lesser abideth longer aboue - ground then the greater. - - - The Names. - - Concerning the former of these, there is a controuersie among - diuers, whether it should be _Thesium_ of Theophrastus, or - _Eriphium_ of Galen, but here is no fit place to trauerse those - opinions. Some would haue it to bee _Corydalis_, and some - referre it to Plinie his _Capnos Chelidonia_, for the likenesse - it hath both with Fumeterie and Celandine. It is generally - called of all moderne Writers, _Radix Caua_, and we in English - thereafter, Hollow roote. The lesser for the firmnesse of his - round roote, is vsually called, _Capnos fabacea radice_, and - the Dutch men thereafter, =Boonkens Hollwortell=: we of the - likenesse with the former, doe call it the lesse Hollow roote. - - - The Vertues. - - Some by the bitternesse doe coniecture (for little proofe hath - beene had thereof, but in outward cases) that it clenseth, - purgeth, and dryeth withall. - - - - -CHAP. XLIX. - -_Delphinium._ Larkes heeles. - - -Of Larkes heeles there are two principall kindes, the wilde kinde, and -the tame or garden; the wilde kinde is of two sorts, one which is with -vs noursed vp chiefly in gardens, and is the greatest; the other which -is smaller and lower, often found in our plowed landes, and elsewhere: -of the former of these wilde sorts, there are double as well as single: -and of the tame or more vpright, double also and single: and of each of -diuers colours, as shall be set downe. - - -1. _Delphinium maius siue vulgare._ The ordinary Larkes heeles. - -The common Larkes heele spreadeth with many branches much more ground -then the other, rather leaning or bending downe to the ground, then -standing vpright, whereon are set many small long greene leaues, finely -cut, almost like Fennell leaues: the branches end in a long spike of -hollow flowers, with a long spurre behinde them, very like vnto the - -[Sidenote: _Varietas._] - -flowers of the Hollow roote last described, and are of diuers seuerall -colours, as of a blewish purple colour, or white, or ash colour or red, -paler or deeper, as also party coloured of two colours in a flower; -after the flowers are past, (which in this kinde abide longer then in -the other) there come long round cods, containing very blacke seede: -the root is hard after it groweth vp to seede, spreading both abroad -and deepe, and perisheth euery yeare, vsually raising it selfe from it -own sowing, as well as from the seede sowen in the spring time. - - -2. _Delphinium vulgare flore pleno._ Double common Larkes heeles. - -Of this vulgar kinde there is some difference in the flower, although -in nothing else: the flowers stand many vpon a stalke like the former, -but euery one of them are as if three or foure small flowers were -ioyned together, with euery one his spurre behinde, the greatest flower -being outermost, and as it were containing the rest, which are of a -pale red, or deepe blush colour: Another of this kinde will beare his -flowers with three or foure rowes of leaues in the middle, making a -double flower with one spurre behinde onely: and of this kinde there is -both with purple, blew, blush, and white flowers, and party coloured -also; these doe all beare seed like the single, wherby it is increased -euery yeare. - - -3. _Delphinium aruense._ Wilde Larkes spurres. - -This wilde Larkes spurre hath smaller and shorter leaues, smaller and -lower branches, and more thinly or sparsedly growing vpon them, then -any of the former: the flowers likewise are neyther so large as any -of the former, nor so many growing together, the cods likewise haue -smaller seede, and is harder to grow in gardens then any of the former, -the most vsuall colour hereof is a pale reddish or blush colour, yet -sometimes they are found both white and blew, and sometimes mixt of -blew and blush, variably disposed, as nature can when she listeth; but -are much more rare. - - -4. _Delphinium elatius flore simplici diuersorum colorum._ -Single vpright bearing Larkes heeles of many colours. - -The difference betweene this and the last is, that the leaues of this -are not fully so greene, nor so large; the stalkes grow vpright, -to the height of a man, and sometimes higher, hauing some branches -thereon, but fewer then the former, and standing likewise vpright, and -not leaning downe as the former: the toppes of the stalkes are better -stored with flowers then the other, being sometimes two foote long -and aboue, of the same fashion, but not altogether so large, but of -more diuers and seueral colours, as white, pale, blush, redde deeper -or paler, ashcoloured, purple or violet, and of an ouerworne blewish -purple, or iron colour: for of all these we haue simple, without any -mixture or spot: but we haue other sorts, among the simple colours, -that rise from the same seede, and will haue flowers that wil be halfe -white, and halfe blush or purple, or one leafe white, and another blush -or purple, or else variably mixed and spotted: the seede and seede -vessels are like the former but larger and harder. - - -5. _Delphinium elatius flore pleno diuersorum colorum._ -Double vpright Larkes heeles of many colours. - -These double Larkes heeles cannot bee knowne from the single of the -same kinde, vntill they come towards flowring; for there appeare many -flowers vpon the stalkes, in the same manner, and of as many colours -almost as of the single, except the party coloured, which stand like -little double Roses, layd or spread broade open, as the Rose Colombine -without any heeles behinde them, very delightfull to behold, consisting -of many small leaues growing together, and after they are fallen there -come vp in their places three or foure small cods set together, wherein -is contained here and there (for all are not full of seede, as the -single kindes) blacke seede, like vnto all the rest, but smaller, which -being sowen will bring plants that will beare both single and double -flowers againe, and it often happeneth, that it variably altereth in -colours from it owne sowing: for none of them hold constantly his owne -colour, (so farre as euer I could obserue) but fall into others; as -nature pleaseth. - - -6. _Delphinium Hispanicum paruum._ Spanish wilde Larkes spurres. - -This small Larkes spurre of Spaine, hath diuers long and broad leaues -next the ground, cut-in on both sides, somewhat like vnto the leafe -of a Scabious, or rather that kinde of Stœbe, which Lobel calleth -Crupina, for it doth somewhat neerly resemble the same, but that this -is smooth on the edges, and not indented besides the cuts, as the -_Crupina_ is, being of a whitish greene colour, and somewhat smooth and -soft in handling: among the leaues riseth vp a whitish greene stalke, -hauing many smaller leaues vpon it that grow belowe, but not diuided, -branching out into many small stalkes, bearing flowers like vnto the -wilde Larkes heeles, but smaller, and of a bleake blewish colour, which -being past, there come vp two or three small cods ioyned together, -wherein is blacke seede, smaller and rounder then any of the former: -the roote is small and thready, quickly perishing with the first cold -that ouertaketh the plant. - - - The Place. - - The greatest or first wilde kindes growe among corne in many - countries beyond the Seas, and where corne hath beene sowne, - and for his beauty brought and nourished in our Gardens: the - lesser wilde kinde in some fields of our owne Country. The - Spanish kinde likewise in the like places, which I had among - many seedes that Guillaume Boel brought mee out of Spaine. The - first double and single haue been common for many yeares in all - countries of this Land, but the tall or vpright single kindes - haue been entertained but of late yeares. The double kindes are - more rare. - - - The Time. - - These flower in the Summer onely, but the Spanish wilde kinde - flowreth very late, so that oftentimes in our Country, the - Winter taketh it before it can giue ripe seede: the double - kindes, as well the vpright as the ordinary or wilde, are very - choise and dainty many times, not yeelding good seede. - - - The Names. - - They are called diuersly by diuers Writers, as _Consolida - regulis_, _Calcaris flos_; _Flos regius_, _Buccinum Romanorum_, - and of Matthiolus, _Cuminum siluestre alterum Dioscoridis_: but - the most vsuall name with vs is _Delphinium_: but whether it be - the true _Delphinium_ of Dioscorides, or the Poets Hyacinth, or - the flower of Aiax, another place is fitter to discusse then - this. Wee call them in English Larkes heeles, Larkes spurres, - Larkes toes, or clawes, and Monkes hoods. The last or Spanish - kinde came to mee vnder the name of _Delphinium latifolium - trigonum_, so stiled eyther from the diuision of the leaues, - or from the pods, which come vsually three together. Bauhinus - vpon Matthiolus calleth it, _Consolida regalis peregrina paruo - flore_. - - - The Vertues. - - There is no vse of any of these in Physicke in these dayes that - I know, but are wholly spent for their flowers sake. - - - - -CHAP. L. - -_Balsamina fœmina._ The Female Balsam Apple. - - -I haue set this plant in this place, for some likenesse of the flower, -rather then for any other comparison, euen as I must also with the -next that followeth. This plant riseth vp with a thicke round reddish -stalke, with great and bunched ioynts, being tender and full of iuice, -much like to the stalke of Purslane, but much greater, which brancheth -it selfe forth from the very ground, into many stalkes, bearing thereon -manie long greene leaues, snipt about the edges, very like vnto the -Almond or Peach tree leaues; among which from the middle of the -stalkes vpwards round about them, come forth vpon seuerall small short -foot-stalkes many faire purplish flowers, of two or three colours in -them, fashioned somewhat like the former Larkes heeles, or Monks hoods, -but that they are larger open at the mouth, and the spurres behinde -crooke or bend downewards: after the flowers are past, there come in -their places round rough heads, pointed at the end, greene at the -first, and a little yellower when they bee ripe, containing within them -small round blackish seede, which will soone skippe out of the heads, -if they be but a little hardly pressed betweene the fingers: the rootes -spread themselues vnder ground very much from the toppe, with a number -of small fibres, annexed thereunto: this is a very tender plant, dying -euery yeare, and must bee sowne carefully in a pot of earth, and tended -and watered in the heate of Summer, and all little enough to bring it -to perfection. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Radix Caua maior flore albo._ The white flowred Hollow roote. - 2 _Capnos fabacea radice._ The small Hollow roote. - 3 _Delphinium flore simplici._ Single Larkes spurs. - 4 _Delphinium vulgare flore medio duplici._ Larkes spurs double in - the middle. - 5 _Delphinium vulgare flore pleno._ Common Larks spurs double. - 6 _Delphinium elatius flore pleno._ Double vpright Larkes spurs. - 7 _Delphinium Hispanicum parvum._ Small Spanish Larkes spurs. - 8 _Balsamina fœmina._ The Female Balsam apple. - 9 _Nasturtium Indicum._ Indian Cresses, or yellow Larkes spurs. -] - - - The Place. - - Wee haue alwaies had the seede of this plant sent vs out of - Italy, not knowing his originall place. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth from the middle of Iuly, to the end of August: the - seed doth seldome ripen with vs, especially if the Summer be - backward, so that wee are oftentimes to seeke for new and good - seede from our friends againe. - - - The Names. - - Some vse to call it _Charantia fœmina_, _Balsamina fœmina_, - _Balsamella_, and _Anguillara_, _Herba Sanctæ Katharinæ_. We - haue no other English name to call it by, then the Female - Balsame Apple, or _Balsamina_. - - - The Vertues. - - Some by reason of the name, would attribute the property of - Balme vnto this plant, but it is not sufficiently knowne to - haue any such; yet I am well perswaded, there may bee some - extraordinary quality in so beautifull a plant, which yet lyeth - hid from vs. - - - - -CHAP. LI. - -_Nasturtium Indicum._ Indian Cresses, or yellow Larkes heeles. - - -The likenesse (as I said before) of this flower likewise, hauing -spurres or heeles maketh me ioyne it with the rest, which is of so -great beauty and sweetnesse withall, that my Garden of delight cannot -bee vnfurnished of it. This faire plant spreadeth it selfe into very -many long trayling branches, enterlaced one within another very -confusedly (yet doth it not winde it selfe with any claspers about -either pole or any other thing, but if you will haue it abide close -thereunto, you must tye it, or else it will lye vpon the ground) foure -or fiue foot in length at the least, wherby it taketh vp a great deale -of ground: the leaues are smooth, greene, and as round as the Penniwort -that groweth on the ground, without any cut or incisure therein at all -in any part, the stalkes whereof stand in the middle of each leafe and -stand at euery ioynt of the stalke, where they are a little reddish, -and knobbed or bunched out: the flowers are of an excellent gold yellow -colour, and grow all along these stalkes, almost at euery ioynt with -the leaues, vpon pretty long foote-stalkes, which are composed of fiue -leaues, not hollow or gaping, but standing open each leafe apart by it -selfe, two of them, that be larger and longer then the other, stand -aboue and the other two that are lesser belowe, which are a little -iagged or bearded on both sides, and the first lowest: in the middle of -each of the three lower leaues (yet sometimes it is but in two of them) -there is a little long spot or streake, of an excellent crimson colour, -with a long heele or spurre behinde hanging downe: the whole flower -hath a fine small sent, very pleasing, which being placed in the middle -of some Carnations or Gilloflowers (for they are in flower at the same -time) make a delicate Tussimussie, as they call it, or Nosegay, both -for sight and sent: After the flower is past, come the seede, which -are rough or vneuen, round, greenish yellow heads, sometimes but one, -and sometimes two or three standing together vpon one stalke, bare -or naked of themselues, without any huske, containing a white pulpy -kernell; the rootes are small, and spreading vnder ground, which perish -with the first frosts, and must be sowne a new euery yeare; yet there -needeth no bed of horse-dung for the matter: the naturall ground will -be sufficient, so as you defend it a little from those frosts, that may -spoile it when it is newly sprung vp, or being yet tender. - - - The Place. - - This goodly plant was first found in the West Indies, and from - thence sent into Spaine vnto Monardus and others, from whence - all other parts haue receiued it. It is now very familiar in - most Gardens of any curiosity, where it yearly giueth ripe - seed, except the yeare be very vnkindly. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth sometimes in Iune, but vsually in Iuly (if it - be well defended and in any good ground) and so continueth - flowring, vntill the cold frosts and mistes in the middle or - end of October, doe checke the luxurious nature thereof, and in - the meane time the seede is ripe, which will quickly fall downe - on the ground, where for the most part the best is gathered. - - - The Names. - - Some doe reckon this plant among the _Clematides_ or - _Convolvuli_, the Clamberers or Bindweedes; but (as I said) it - hath no claspers, neither doth it winde it selfe: but by reason - of the number of his branches, that run one within another, it - may seeme to climbe vp by a pole or sticke, which yet doth but - onely close it, as hauing something whereon to leane or rest - his branches. Monardus and others call it _Flos sanguineus_, - of the red spots in the flowers, as also _Mastuerzo de las - Indias_, which is _Nasturtium Indicum_, by which name it is now - generally knowne and called, and wee thereafter in English, - Indian Cresses, yet it may bee called from the forme of the - flowers onely, Yellow Larkes heeles. - - - The Vertues. - - The Spaniards and others vse the leaues hereof in stead of - ordinary Cresses, because the taste is somewhat sharpe agreeing - thereunto, but other Physicall properties I haue heard of none - attributed to it. - - - - -CHAP. LII. - -_Viola._ Violets. - - -The Garden Violets (for the Wilde I leaue to their owne place) are so -well knowne vnto all, that either keepe a Garden, or hath but once come -into it, that I shall (I thinke) but lose labour and time to describe -that which is so common. Yet because it is not onely a choise flower -of delight, notwithstanding the popularity, and that I let not passe -anything without his particular description, I must also doe so by -this. And hereunto I must adde that kinde of Violet, which, although -it want that smell of the other, goeth beyond it in variety of dainty -colours, called _Viola tricolor_ _&_ _flammea_, or Harts eases. - - -1. _Viola simplex Martia._ Single March Violets. - -The single Garden Violet hath many round greene leaues, finely snipt -or dented about the edges, standing vpon seuerall small stalkes, set -at diuers places of the many creeping branches, which as they runne, -doe here and there take roote in the ground, bearing thereon many -flowers seuerally at the ioynts of the leaues, which consist of fiue -small leaues, with a short round tayle or spurre behinde, of a perfect -blew purple colour, and of a very sweete sent, it bringeth forth round -seede vessels, standing likewise vpon their seuerall small stalkes, -wherein is contained round white seede: but these heads rise not from -where the flowers grew, as in all other plants that I know, but apart -by themselues, and being sowne, will produce others like vnto it selfe, -whereby there may be made a more speedy encrease to plant a Garden (as -I haue done) or any other place, then by slipping, as is the vsuall -manner: the rootes spread both deepe and wide, taking strong hold in -the ground. - -[Sidenote: _Flore albo._] - -Of this kinde there is another that beareth white flowers, not -differing in smell or any thing else from the former. - -[Sidenote: _Flore obsoleto._] - -And also another, that beareth flowers of a dead or sad reddish colour, -in all other things alike, sauing that this hath not altogether so good -a sent as the other. - - -2. _Viola Martia flore multiplici._ Double March Violets. - -There is no difference betweene this Violet and the former, in any -other thing then in the doublenesse of the flowers, which haue so many -leaues set and thrust together, that they are like vnto hard buttons. -There is of this double kinde both white and purple, as in the single; -but the white sort is seldome so thicke and double as the purple: but -of the red colour to be double I neuer heard. - - -3. _Viola flammea siue tricolor._ Harts eases or Pansies. - -The Harts ease hath his leaues longer, and more endented or cut in -on the edges then the Violet hath, and somewhat round withall: the -stalkes are vpright, yet weake, and ready to fall downe, and lye vpon -the ground, set here and there with the like leaues, from whence come -forth the flowers, of little or no sent at all, made like vnto a -Violet, yet more open, and with larger leaues; but so variably mixed -with blew or purple, white and yellow, that it is hard to set downe all -the varieties; For some flowers will be more white, and but some spots -of purple or blew in the two vpper leaues, and the lower leaues with -some stripes of yellow in the middle: others will haue more purple in -them then any other colour, both in the vpper and lower leaues, the -side leaues blew, and the middle yellow, and others white and blew with -yellow stripes, as nature listeth to distribute their colours: the -seede is small, whitish, and round, contained in small round heads: the -roote perisheth euery yeare, and raiseth it selfe vp plentifully by it -owne sowing, if it be suffered. - - -4. _Viola tricolor flore duplici._ Double Harts ease. - -We haue in our Gardens another sort, that beareth flowers with more -leaues then the former, making it seeme to be twice double, and that -onely in Autumne; for the first flowers are single that come in -Summer: This is of that sort that beareth purple flowers: And it is -to be obserued, that the seed of this kinde will not all bring double -flowers, but only some, if the ground be fit and liking, so that if you -haue once had of this double kinde, you shall seldome misse to haue -double flowers againe euery yeare of it owne growing or sowing. - - -5. _Viola flammea lutea maxima._ The great yellow Pansie. - -There is one other kinde of Harts ease, that decketh vp our Gardens not -to be forgotten, whose leaues and flowers are like the former, but more -plentifull in stalkes and branches, and better abideth our Winters; -the flowers are larger then any of the former, of a faire pale yellow -colour, with some yellower stripes now and then about the middle; for -it is sometimes without any stripes; and also of a little deeper yellow -colour: this is to bee encreased by slips, which will soone comprehend -in a moist or moistened ground, for that I neuer could obserue that it -bore seede. - - - The Place. - - These plants were first wilde, and by manuring brought to be - both fairer in colour, and peraduenture of a better sent then - when they grew wilde. - - - The Time. - - The Violets flower in March, and sometimes earlier, and if the - yeare be temperate and milde, in Autumne againe. The double - Violets, as they are later before they flower then the single, - so they hold their flowers longer. The Harts ease flowreth - seldome vntill May; but then some will abide to flower vntill - the end of Autumne almost, especially if the frosts be not - early. - - - The Names. - - The Violet is called _Viola nigra_, _purpurea_, and _Martia_: - In English, Violets, March Violets, and purple Violets. The - Harts ease is called _Viola flammea_, _Viola tricolor_, _Viola - multicolor_, and of some, _Iacea_, _Flos trinitatis_, and - _Herba clauellata_: In English, Harts ease, and Pansies, of - the French name Pensees. Some giue it foolish names, as Loue - in idlenesse, Call mee to you, and Three faces in a hood. The - great yellow Harts ease is so called, because it is like in - forme, and is the greatest of all other, although it haue not - that diuersity of colours in it that the other haue. - - - The Vertues. - - The properties of Violets are sufficiently knowne to all, to - coole and moisten: I shall forbeare to recite the many vertues - that may be set downe, and onely let you knowe, that they haue - in them an opening or purging quality, being taken either fresh - and greene, or dryed, and made into powder, especially the - flowers; the dryed leaues will doe the like, but in greater - quantity. Costæus in his booke of the nature of all plants - saith, that the distilled water of Harts ease, is commended - in the French disease, to be profitable, being taken for nine - dayes or more, and sweating vpon it, which how true it is, I - know not, and wish some better experience were made of it, - before we put any great confidence in that assertion. - - - - -CHAP. LIII. - -_Epimedium._ Barrenwort. - - -This pretty plant riseth vp out of the ground with vpright, hard, -round, small stalkes, a foote and a halfe high, or not two foote high -at the highest, diuided into three branches for the most part, each -branch whereof is againe diuided for the most part into three other -branches, and each of them beare three leaues (seldome either more or -lesse) set together, yet each vpon his owne foote-stalke, each leafe -being broad, round, and pointed at the end, somewhat hard or dry in -feeling, hayrie, or as it were prickly about the edges, but very -tenderly, without harme, of a light greene colour on the vpperside, and -a little whiter vnderneath: from the middle of the stemme or stalke of -leaues doth likewise come forth another long stalke, not much higher -then those with the leaues on them, diuided into other branches, each -whereof hath likewise three flowers, each vpon his owne footestalke, -consisting of eight small leaues a peece, yet seeming to be but of -foure leaues spread or layd open flat, for that the foure vppermost, -which are the smaller and being yellow, doe lye so close on the foure -vndermost, which are a little broader and red, that they shew as if -they were yellow flowers with red edges, hauing yellow threds tipt with -greene, standing in the middle of the flowers: the vnderside of the -lower leaues are of a pale yellowish red, striped with white lines: -after the flowers are past, there come small long pods, wherin are -contained flat reddish seede: the rootes are small, reddish and hard, -spreading, branching and enterlacing themselues very much, and is fit -to be placed on some shady side of a garden: the whole plant is rather -of a strong then any good sent, yet is cherished for the pleasant -varietie of the flowers. - - - The Place. - - Cæsalpinus saith it groweth on the mountaines of Liguria, that - is nigh vnto Ligorne, in the Florentine Dominion. Camerarius - saith, nigh vnto Vicenza in Italie. Bauhinus on the Euganian - hils, nigh vnto Padoa, and in Romania in shadowie wet grounds. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth from Iune vntill the end of Iuly, and to the middle - of August, if it stand, as I said it is fittest, in a shadowie - place. - - - The Names. - - It is of most Writers accepted for the true _Epimedium_ of - Dioscorides, though he saith it is without flower or seede, - being therein eyther mistaken, or mis-informed, as he was also - in _Dictamnus_ of Candy, and diuers other plants. From the - triple triplicitie of the standing of the stalkes and leaues, - and quadriplicitie of the flowers, it might receiue another - name in English then is already imposed vpon it: but lest I - might be thought to be singular or full of noueltie, let it - passe with the name Barrenwort, as it is in the title. - - - The Vertues. - - It is thought of diuers to agree in the propertie of causing - barrennesse, as the ancients doe record of _Epimedium_. - - - - -CHAP. LIIII. - -_Papauer satiuum._ Garden Poppies. - - -Of Poppies there are a great many sorts, both wilde and tame, but -because our Garden doth entertaine none, but those of beautie and -respect, I wil onely giue you here a few double ones, and leaue the -rest to a general suruey. - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Viola Martia simplex._ Single March Violets. - 2 _Viola Martia multiplex._ Double March Violets. - 3 _Viola flammea siue tricolor._ Ordinary garden Pansies or Harts - ease. - 4 _Viola flammea lutea magna._ Great yellow Pansies. - 5 _Viola tricolor duplex._ Double Pansies or Harts eases. - 6 _Epimedium._ Barrenwort. - 7 _Papauer sativum flore pleno._ Double garden Poppies. - 8 _Papauer sativum flore pleno laciniata._ Double feathered Poppies. - 9 _Nigella Hispanica flore amplo._ Spanish Nigella or Fenell flower. - 10 _Nigella multiplex cærulea._ Double blew Nigella or Fenell flower. - 11 _Nigella duplex flore albo._ Double white Nigella. - 12 _Ptarmica flore pleno._ Double wilde Pelletory. -] - - -1. _Papauer multiplex album._ Double white Poppies. - -The double white Poppy hath diuers broade, and long whitish greene -leaues, giuing milke (as all the rest of the plant aboue ground doth, -wheresoeuer it is broken) very much rent or torne in on the sides, -and notched or indented besides, compassing at the bottome of them a -hard round brittle whitish greene stalke, branched towards the toppe, -bearing one faire large great flower on the head of euery branch, which -before it breaketh out, is contained within a thin skinne, and being -blowne open is very thick of leaues, and double, somewhat iagged at the -ends, and of a white colour, in the middle whereof standeth a round -head or bowle, with a striped crowne on the heade of it, very like a -starre, compassed about with some threds, wherein when it is ripe, is -contained small, round, white seede, disposed into seuerall cels: the -roote is hard wooddy, and long, perishing euery yeare, and must bee new -sowne euery Spring, if they doe not spring of their own sowing, which -if it doe, the flowers are seldome so faire and double as they that are -sowne in the Spring: the whole plant is of a strong heady smell. - - -2. _Papauer multiplex rubescens._ Double red or blush Poppies. - -This other kind of double Poppy differeth not in any other thing from -the former, but only in the colour of the flowers, which are of a -bright red, tending to a blush colour, parted, paned or striped in many -places with white, and exceedingly more iagged then the former, almost -like a feather at the ends, the bottomes of all the leaues being white: -the seede hereof is white as the former, which is not so in any other -Poppie, that beareth not a full white flower. - - -3. _Papauer multiplex nigrum siue purpureum._ -Double purple or murry Poppies. - -This kinde varyeth both in flowers and seede, although neyther in -leaues or any other thing from the first: the flowers are thicke and -double, and some what iagged at the ends, in some more, in some lesse, -eyther red or blush, or purplish red, more or lesse, or of a sad murrey -or tawney, with browne, or blacke, or tawny bottomes: the seede is -eyther of a grayish blew colour, or in others more blackish. - - -4. _Papauer Rhæas flore multiplici._ The double red field Poppie. - -This double Poppie is like the wilde or fielde Poppie, which is well -knowne to all to haue longer, narrower, and more iagged greene leaues -then the former, the stalkes more hairy, and the flower of a deepe -yellowish red colour, knowne to all. Now this differeth in nothing from -it, but in the doublenesse of the flower, which is very thicke and -double, but not so large as the former. This riseth of seede in the -like manner as they doe, and so to bee preserued. - - - The Place. - - From what place they haue beene first gathered naturally I - cannot assure you, but we haue had them often and long time - in our gardens, being sent from Italie and other places. The - double wilde kindes came from Constantinople, which whether it - groweth neere vnto it or further off, we cannot tell as yet. - - - The Time. - - They flower in the beginning or middle of Iune at the furthest, - the seede is ripe within a small while after. - - - The Names. - - The generall knowne name to all, is _Papauer_, Poppie: the - seuerall distinctions are according to their colours. Yet our - English Gentlewomen in some places, call it by a by-name, Ione - siluer pinne: _subauditur_, Faire without and fowle within. - - - The Vertues. - - It is not vnknowne, I suppose to any, that Poppie procureth - sleepe, for which cause it is wholly and onely vsed as I - thinke: but the water of the wilde Poppies, besides that - it is of great vse in Pleurisies, and Rheumatick, or thinne - Distillations, is found by daily experience, to bee a - soueraigne remedy against surfeits; yet some doe attribute this - propertie to the water of the wilde Poppies. - - - - -CHAP. LV. - -_Nigella._ The Fenell flower, or Nigella. - - -Among the many sorts of Nigella, both wilde and tame, both single -and double, I will onely set downe three sorts, to be noursed vp in -this garden, referring the rest to a Physicke garden, or a generall -Historie, which may comprehend all. - - -1. _Nigella Hispanica flore simplici._ The great Spanish Nigella. - -Spanish Nigella riseth vp with diuers greene leaues, so finely cut, -and into so many parts, that they are finer then Fenell, and diuided -somewhat like the leaues of Larkes heeles, among which rise vp stalkes, -with many such like leaues vpon them, branched into three or foure -parts, at the toppe of each whereof standeth one faire large flower, -like vnto other single Nigella’s, consisting of fiue or six leaues -sometimes, of a bleake blew, or of a purplish blew colour, with a -greene head in the middle, compassed about with seuen or eight small -blewish greene flowers, or peeces of flowers rather, made like gaping -hoodes, with euery of them a yellowish line thwart or crosse the middle -of them, with some threds also standing by them: after the flower is -past the head groweth greater, hauing sixe, seuen or eight hornes -as it were at the toppe, greater and longer, and standing closer -together then any other Nigella, spreading very like a starre, or the -crowne of the Poppy head, but larger and longer, each whereof being -folded together, openeth a little when the head is ripe, which is -greater aboue, and smaller below, and not so round as the others are, -containing within them small yellowish greene seede, or not so blacke -as the other sorts: the rootes are small and yellow, perishing euery -yeare as the others likewise doe. - - -2. _Nigella Damascena flore multiplici._ -Double blew Nigella, or The Fenell flower. - -The double Nigella is in leaues, stalkes and rootes, very like vnto -the former Nigella, so that the one can very hardly bee discerned -from the other before this rise vp to flower, except it be that the -leaues hereof are not fully so large as they: the flower consisteth of -three or foure rowes of leaues, layde one vpon another, of a pale blew -colour, with a greene round head compassed with diuers short threads -in the middle, and hauing fiue or sixe such small greene Fenell-like -leaues vnder the flower, to beare it vp (as it were) below, which adde -a greater grace to the flowers, which at the first sheweth sometimes -white, but changeth quickely after: the horned heads hereof are like -vnto the heads of the other wilde kinde, which are somewhat rounder and -greater, hauing within: them blacke vneuen seedes, but without any sent. - - -3. _Nigella Citrina flore albo multiplici._ Double white Nigella. - -This double white Nigella hath such like leaues as the last hath, but -somewhat larger, of a yellower greene colour, and not so finely cut -and iagged: the flowers are somewhat lesse, and lesser double then -the former, and in colour white, hauing no greene leaues vnder the -flower, as the former hath, the head whereof in the middle is very -like the head of the last double kinde, but not great, wherein is -contained black seede for the most part, and sweete like the Romane -Nigella, which only is sweet besides this: yet sometimes it is not so -blacke, but a little more white or yellowish: the roote is yellow, and -perisheth as the others euery yeare. - - - The Place. - - All these, and the rest be found wilde in diuers Countreyes, as - France, Spaine, Italie, &c. but wee onely cherish them in our - Gardens for our delight. - - - The Time. - - They flower in the end of Iune, and in Iuly, or thereabouts. - - - The Names. - - They are called _Melanthium_, _Gith_, and _Nigella_, and of - some _Flos Diuæ Catherinæ_. We may either call them _Nigella_ - according to the Latine name, or the Fenell flower, as some - doe, because the double blew Nigella hath small Fenell-like - leaues bearing vp the flower, as I shewed before in the - description. - - - The Vertues. - - These Nigella’s are nothing so hot in qualitie as the single - Romane kind is, as may well be knowne by the smell of the seede - thereof, and therefore are not fit to be vsed in the steed of - it, as many ignorant persons vse to doe: for the single Romane - seede is vsed to helpe paines, and cold distillations in the - head, and to dry vp the rheume. Pena saith, that the pressed - oyle of the seede as well taken inwardly as vsed outwardly - is an excellent remedy for the hardnesse and swelling of the - spleene. - - - - -CHAP. LVI. - -_Ptarmica siluestris flore pleno._ Double wilde Pelletory. - - -The double wilde Pelletorie hath straight and slender stalkes, beset -with long and narrow leaues, snipt round about the edges, in all -points like vnto the single wilde kinde, that groweth common with vs -almost euery where: on the toppes of the stalkes stand foure or fiue, -or more white flowers, one aboue another, with a greene leafe at the -bottome of the footestalke of euery one of them, beeing small, thicke, -and very double, with a little yellowishnesse in the middle of euery -flower, like both for forme and colour vnto the flower of the double -Featherfew, but smaller: the rootes are many long strings, running here -and there in the ground: this hath no smell at all, but is delightsome -only for the double white flowers. - - - The Place. - - It is only cherished in some few Gardens, for it is very rare. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth in the end of Iune or thereabouts. - - - The Names. - - It is called of most _Ptarmica_, or _Sternutamentoria_, of his - qualitie to prouoke neesing: and some _Pyrethrum_, of the hot - biting taste. We vsually call it double wilde Pelletorie, and - some Sneesewort, but _Elleborus albus_ is vsually so called, - and I would not two things should be called by one name, for - the mistaking and mis-using of them. - - - The Vertues. - - The properties hereof, no doubt, may well bee referred to the - single kinde, beeing of the same qualitie, yet as I take it, a - little more milde and temperate. - - - - -CHAP. LVII. - -_Parthenium flore pleno._ Double Featherfew. - - -Featherfew that beareth double flowers is so like vnto the single -kinde, that the one cannot be discerned from the other, vntill it come -to flower, bearing broad, pale or fresh greene leaues, much cut in on -the sides: the stalkes haue such like leaues on them as grow below, -from the toppes whereof come forth many double white flowers, like vnto -the flowers of the former wilde Pelletory, but larger, and like also -vnto the flowers of the double Camomill: the sent whereof is as strong -as of the single. - - - The Place. - - We haue this kinde only in Gardens, and as it is thought by - others, is peculiar only to our owne Countrey. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth in the end of May, and in Iune and Iuly. - - - The Names. - - It is called diuersly by diuers: Some thinke it to be - _Parthenium_ of Dioscorides, but not of Galen; for his - _Parthenium_ is a sweet herbe, and is thought to bee - _Amaracus_, that is Marierome: others call it _Matricaria_; and - some _Amarella_. Gaza translateth it _Muraleum, Theoph. lib. 7. - cap. 7_. It is generally in these parts of our Country called - Double Feaverfew, or Featherfew. - - - The Vertues. - - It is answerable to all the properties of the single kinde - which is vsed for womens diseases, to procure their monthly - courses chiefly. It is held to bee a speciall remedy to helpe - those that haue taken _Opium_ too liberally. In Italy some - vse to eate the single kinde among other greene herbes, as - Camerarius saith, but especially fryed with egges, and so it - wholly loseth his strong and bitter taste. - - - - -CHAP. LVIII. - -_Chamæmælum._ Camomill. - - -Ovr ordinary Camomill is well knowne to all, to haue many smal trayling -branches, set with very fine small leaues, bushing and spreading thicke -ouer the ground, taking roote still as it spreadeth: the toppes of the -branches haue white flowers, with yellow thrummes in the middle, very -like vnto the Featherfew, before described, but somewhat greater, not -so hard, but more soft and gentle in handling, and the whole herbe to -be of a very sweet sent. - - -1. _Chamæmælum nudum._ Naked Camomill. - -We haue another sort of Camomill in some Gardens, but very rare, -like vnto the former, but that it is whiter, finer, and smaller, and -raiseth it selfe vp a little higher, and beareth naked flowers; that -is, without that border of white leaues that is in the former, and -consisteth onely of a yellow round thrummie head, smelling almost as -sweete as the former. - - -2. _Chamæmælum flore pleno._ Double flowred Camomill. - -The double Camomill groweth with his leaues vpon the ground, as the -other single kinde doth, but of a little fresher greene colour, and -larger withall: the stalkes with the flowers on them, doe raise -themselues vp a little higher then the ordinary, and bearing one or -two flowers vpon a stalk, which are composed of many white leaues -set together in diuers rowes, which make a fine double flower, with -a little yellow spot in the middle for the most part of euery one, -and are much larger then any single kinde, smelling better, and more -pleasing then the ordinary: this doth creepe vpon the ground as the -other, but is more tender to be kept in the Winter. Yet if you saue the -flowers hereof (and so will the double Featherfew also) when they haue -stood long, and ready to fade, and keepe them dry vntill the Spring, -and then breaking them or pulling them to peeces, sowe them, there will -spring vp from them Camomill, and also Featherfew, that will againe -beare double flowers. - - - The Place. - - Our ordinary Camomill groweth wilde in many places of our - Country, and as well neare London as in other places. The - others are onely found in our Gardens, where they are - cherished. Bauhinus saith, that the double flowred Camomill is - found wilde about Orleance in France. - - - The Time. - - The double kinde is vsually in flower in Iune, before the - ordinary kinde, and most commonly past before it flowreth, - which is not vntill Iuly or August. The naked Camomill flowreth - betweene them both, or later. - - - The Names. - - Camomill is called _Anthemis_, _Leucanthemis_, and - _Leucanthemum_, of the whitenesse of the flowers; and - _Chamæmælum_ of the corrupted Italian name _Camomilla_. - Some call the naked Camomill, _Chrysanthemum odoratum_. The - double Camomill is called by some _Chamæmælum Romanum flore - multiplici_. - - - The Vertues. - - Camomill is put to diuers and sundry vses, both for pleasure - and profit, both for inward and outward diseases, both for the - sicke and the sound, in bathings to comfort and strengthen - the sound, and to ease paines in the diseased, as also in - many other formes applyed outwardly. The flowers boyled in - Posset drinke prouoke sweat, and helpe to expell colds, aches, - and other griefes. A Syrupe made of the iuice of the double - Camomill, with the flowers and white wine, as Bauhinus saith, - is vsed by some against the Iaundise and Dropsie, caused by the - euill disposition of the splene. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Parthenium flore pleno._ Double Featherfew. - 2 _Chamæmælum nudum._ Naked Camomill. - 3 _Chamæmælum flore pleno._ Double Camomill. - 4 _Pyrethrum officinarum._ Pelletory of Spaine. - 5 _Flos Adonis flore rubro & flore lutea._ Adonis flower both red & - yellow. - 6 _Helleborus niger ferulaceus siue Buphthalmum._ The great Oxe eye - or the great yellow Anemone. - 7 _Buphthalmum vulgare._ The common yellow Oxe eye. -] - - - - -CHAP. LIX. - -_Pyrethrum officinarum._ Pelletory of Spaine. - - -I must needes adioyne vnto the Camomils this fine and tender plant, -for some neare resemblance it hath with them in face, though not in -quality. It is a small and lowe plant, bearing many fine greene leaues -vpon his slender branches, which leane or lye down vpon the ground, -diuided into many parts, yet somewhat larger and broader then Camomill, -the stalkes whereof are bigger, and more iuicie then it: the flowers -that stand at the toppes of the stalkes are single, but much larger -then any Camomill flower, hauing a pale or border of many leaues, white -on the vpperside, and reddish vnderneath, set about the yellow middle -thrumme; but not standing so close together ioyning at the bottome, -as the Camomill flowers doe, but more seuered one from another: it -beareth small whitish seede, which is hardly found and discerned from -the chaffe: the roote is long, and growing downe right, of the bignesse -of a mans finger or thumbe in our Countrey, but not half so great where -it groweth naturally, with some fibres and branches from the sides -thereof, of a very hot, sharpe, and biting taste, drawing much water -into the mouth, after it hath been chewed a while: the plant with vs -is very tender, and will hardly or not at all endure the hardnesse and -extremities of our Winters, vnlesse it be very carefully preserued. - - - The Place. - - It groweth in Spaine wilde in many places, and in other hot - Countries, where it may feele no frosts to cause it perish. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth so late with vs, that it is not vntill August, that - oftentimes we cannot gather ripe seedes from it, before it - perish. - - - The Names. - - The name _Pyrethrum_ (taken from πὺρ, that is, _ignis_, fire) - is giuen to this plant, because of the heate thereof, and - that the roote is somewhat like in shew, but specially in - property vnto the true _Pyrethrum_ of Dioscorides, which is an - vmbelliferous plant, whose rootes are greater, and more feruent - a great deale, and haue a hayrie bush or toppe as _Meum_, and - many other vmbelliferous plants haue. It is also called in - Latin, _Salinaris_, of the effect in drawing much moisture into - the mouth, to be spit out. We doe vsually call it Pelletory of - Spaine. - - - The Vertues. - - It is in a manner wholly spent to draw rheume from the teeth, - by chewing it in the mouth, thereby to ease the tooth-ach, and - likewise from the head, in the paines thereof. - - - - -CHAP. LX. - -_Flos Adonis flore rubro._ Red Adonis flower. - - -Adonis flower may well be accounted a kinde of Camomill, although it -hath some especiall differences, hauing many long branches of leaues -lying vpon the ground, and some rising vp with the stalke, so finely -cut and iagged, that they much resemble the leaues of Mayweed, or of -the former _Nigella_: at the top of the stalkes, which rise a foote -high or better, stand small red flowers, consisting of six or eight -round leaues, hauing a greene head in the middle, set about with many -blackish threads, without any smell at all: after the flowers are past, -there grow vp heads with many roundish white seedes at the toppes of -them, set close together, very like vnto the heads of seede of the -great Oxe eye, set downe in the next Chapter, but smaller: the rootes -are small and thready, perishing euery yeare, but rising of his owne -seede againe, many times before Winter, which will abide vntill the -next yeare. - -[Sidenote: _Flore luteo._] - -Yellow Adonis flower is like vnto the red, but that the flower is -somewhat larger, and of a faire yellow colour. - - - The Place. - - The first groweth wilde in the corn fields in many places of - our own country, as well as in others, and is brought into - Gardens for the beauties sake of the flower. The yellow is a - stranger, but noursed in our Gardens with other rarities. - - - The Time. - - They flower in May or Iune, as the yeare falleth out to be - early or late: the seed is soone ripe after, and will quickly - fall away, if it be not gathered. - - - The Names. - - Some haue taken the red kinde to be a kinde of Anemone; other - to be _Eranthemum_ of Dioscorides: the most vsuall name now - with vs is _Flos Adonis_, and _Flos Adonidis_: In English, - where it groweth wilde, they call it red Maythes, as they - call the Mayweede, white Maythes; and some of our English - Gentlewomen call it Rosarubie: we vsually call it Adonis flower. - - - The Vertues. - - It hath been certainly tryed by experience, that the seed of - red Adonis flower drunke in wine, is good to ease the paines of - the Collicke and Stone. - - - - -CHAP. LXI. - -_Buphthalmum._ Oxe eye. - - -Vnder the name _Buphthalmum_, or Oxe eye, are comprehended two or three -seueral plants, each differing from other, both in face and property, -yet because they all beare one generall name, I thinke fittest to -comprise them all in one Chapter, and first of that which in leafe & -seed commeth nearest to the Adonis flower. - - -1. _Buphthalmum maius siue Helleborus niger ferulaceus._ -Great Oxe eye, or the yellow Anemone. - -This great Oxe eye is a beautifull plant, hauing many branches of -greene leaues leaning or lying vpon the ground for the most part, yet -some standing vpright, which are as fine, but shorter then Fenell; some -of them ending in a small tuft of green leaues, and some hauing at the -toppes of them one large flower a peece, somewhat reddish or brownish -on the outside, while they are in bud, and a while after, and being -open, shew themselues to consist of twelue or fourteene long leaues, of -a faire shining yellow colour, set in order round about a greene head, -with yellow thrums in the middle, laying themselues open in the sunne, -or a faire day, but else remaining close: after the flower is past, the -head growing greater, sheweth it selfe compact of many round whitish -seede, very like vnto the head of seede of the Adonis flower last -described, but much greater: the rootes are many long blackish fibres -or strings, set together at the head, very like vnto the rootes of the -lesser blacke Hellebor or Bearefoote, but somewhat harder, stiffer, or -more brittle, and seeming without moisture in them, which abide and -encrease euery yeare. - - -2. _Buphthalmum minus, seu Anthemis flore luteo._ Small Oxe eye. - -This plant might seeme to be referred to the Camomils, but that it is -not sweete, or to the Corne-Marigolds, but that the stalkes and leaues -are not edible: it is therefore put vnder the Oxe eyes, and so we will -describe it; hauing many weake branches lying vpon the ground, beset -with winged leaues, very finely cut and iagged, somewhat like vnto -Mayweede, but a little larger; the flowers are like vnto the Corne -Marigold, and larger then any Camomill, being wholly yellow, as well -the pale or border of leaues, as the middle thrummes: the rootes are -somewhat tough and long. - - -3. _Buphthalmum vulgare._ Common Oxe eye. - -This Oxe eye riseth vp with hard round stalkes, a foote and a halfe -high, hauing many winged leaues vpon them, made of diuers long and -something broad leaues, snipt about the edges, set together somewhat -like vnto Tansie, but smaller, and not so much winged: the flowers -stand at the toppes of the stalkes, of a full yellow colour, both the -outer leaues and the middle thrum, and not altogether so large as the -last: the rootes of this kinde perish euery yeare, and require a new -sowing againe. - - - The Place. - - The first groweth in diuers places of Austria, Bohemia, and - those parts, it hath beene likewise brought out of Spaine. - The second in Prouence, a country in France. The last in - diuers places, as well of Austria as Morauia, and about Mentz - and Norimberg, as Clusius setteth downe. We haue them in our - Gardens, but the first is of the greatest respect and beauty. - - - The Time. - - The first flowreth betimes, oftentimes in March, or at the - furthest in Aprill; the seede is ripe in May, and must be - quickly gathered, lest it bee lost. The other two flower not - vntill Iune. - - - The Names. - - The first is called _Buphthalmum_ of Dodonæus, - _Pseudohelleborus_ of Matthiolus, _Helleborus niger ferulaceus - Theophrasti_ by Lobel, of some others _Elleborus niger verus_, - vsing it for the true blacke Ellebor, but it is much differing, - as well in face as properties. Of others _Sesamoides minus_. - Some haue thought it to be a yellow Anemone, that haue looked - on it without further iudgement, and by that name is most - vsually knowne to most of our English Gentlewomen that know it. - But it may most fitly be called a _Buphthalmum_, as Dodonæus - doth, and _Hispanicum_ or _Austriacum_, for distinctions sake. - We doe most vsually call it _Helleborus niger ferulaceus_, as - Lobel doth: Bauhinus calleth it _Helleborus niger tenuifolius - Buphthalmi flore_. The second is called _Buphthalmum - Narbonense_: In English, The French, or lesser Oxe eye, as the - first is called, The great Oxe eye. The last, The common Oxe - eye. - - - The Vertues. - - The first hath been vsed in diuers places for the true blacke - Ellebor, but now is sufficiently knowne to haue been an errour; - but what Physicall property hath, other then Matthiolus hath - expressed, to be vsed as Setterwort for cattell, when they - rowell them, to put or draw the rootes hereof through the hole - they make in the dewe lappe, or other places, for their coughes - or other diseases, I know not, or haue heard or read of any. - The others likewise haue little or no vse in Physicke now a - dayes that I know. - - - - -CHAP. LXII. - -_Chrysanthemum._ Corne Marigold. - - -Although the sorts of Corne Marigolds, which are many, are fitter for -another then this worke, and for a Catholicke Garden of Simples, then -this of Pleasure and Delight for faire Flowers; yet giue me leaue to -bring in a couple: the one for a corner or by-place, the other for your -choisest, or vnder a defenced wall, in regard of his statelinesse. - - -1. _Chrysanthemum Creticum._ Corne Marigold of Candy. - -This faire Corne Marigold hath for the most part one vpright stalke, -two foote high, whereon are set many winged leaues, at euery ioynt one, -diuided and cut into diuers parts, and they againe parted into seuerall -peeces or leaues: the flowers growe at the toppes of the stalkes, -rising out of a scaly head, composed of ten or twelue large leaues, -of a faire, but pale yellow colour, and more pale almost white at the -bottome of the leaues, round about the yellow thrumme in the middle, -being both larger and sweeter then any of the other Corne Marigolds: -the seede is whitish and chaffie: the roote perisheth euery yeare. - - -2. _Chrysanthemum Perüuianum, siue Flos Solis._ -The golden flower of Peru, or the Flower of the Sunne. - -This goodly and stately plant, wherewith euery one is now a dayes -familiar, being of many sorts, both higher and lower (with one stalke, -without branches, or with many branches, with a blacke, or with a -white seede, yet differing not in forme of leaues or flowers one from -another, but in the greatnesse or smalnesse) riseth vp at the first -like vnto a Pompion with two leaues, and after two, or foure more -leaues are come forth, it riseth vp into a great stalke, bearing the -leaues on it at seuerall distances on all sides thereof, one aboue -another vnto the very toppe, being sometimes, and in some places, -seuen, eight, or ten foote high, which leaues standing out from the -stemme or stalke vpon their seuerall great ribbed foote-stalkes, are -very large, broad belowe, and pointed at the end, round, hard, rough, -of a sad greene colour, and bending downewards: at the toppe of the -stalke standeth one great, large, and broad flower, bowing downe the -head vnto the Sunne, and breaking forth from a great head, made of -scaly greene leaues, like vnto a great single Marigold, hauing a border -of manie long yellow leaues, set about a great round yellow thrumme, as -it were in the middle, which are very like vnto short heads of flowers, -vnder euery one whereof there is a seede, larger then any seede of the -Thistles, yet somewhat like, and lesser, and rounder then any Gourd -seede, set in so close and curious a manner, that when the seede is -taken out, the head with the hollow places or cels thereof seemeth very -like vnto an hony combe; which seede is in some plants very blacke, in -the hotter countries, or very white, and great, or large, but with -vs is neither so large, blacke, or white; but sometimes blackish or -grayish. Some sort riseth not vp halfe the height that others doe, -and some againe beare but one stemme or stalke, with a flower at the -toppe thereof; and others two or three, or more small branches, with -euery one his flower at the end; and some so full of branches from the -very ground almost, that I haue accounted threescore branches round -about the middle stalke of one plant, the lowest neare two yards long, -others aboue them a yard and a halfe, or a yard long, with euery one -his flower thereon; but all smaller then those that beare but one or -two flowers, and lesser also for the most part then the flower on the -middle stalke it selfe. The whole plant, and euery part thereof aboue -ground hath a strong resinous sent of Turpentine, and the heads and -middle parts of the flowers doe oftentimes (and sometimes the ioynts of -the stalke where the leaues stand) sweat out a most fine thin & cleare -Rossin or Turpentine, but in small quantity, and as it were in drops, -in the heate and dry time of the year, so like both in colour, smell, -and taste vnto cleare Venice Turpentine, that it cannot be knowne -from it: the roote is strongly fastened in the ground by some greater -roots branching out, and a number of small strings, which growe not -deepe, but keepe vnder the vpper crust of the earth, and desireth much -moisture, yet dyeth euery yeare with the first frosts, and must be new -sowne in the beginning of the Spring. - - - The Place. - - Their places are set downe in their titles, the one to come out - of Candy, the other out of Peru, a Prouince in the West Indies. - - - The Time. - - The first flowreth in Iune, the other later, as not vntill - August, and sometimes so late, that the early frosts taking it, - neuer suffer it to come to ripeness. - - - The Names. - - The first hath his name in his title. The second, besides the - names set downe, is called of some _Planta maxima_, _Flos - maximus_, _Sol Indianus_, but the most vsuall with vs is, _Flos - Solis_: In English, The Sunne Flower, or Flower of the Sunne. - - - The Vertues. - - There is no vse of either in Physicke with vs, but that - sometimes the heads of the Sunne Flower are dressed, and eaten - as Hartichokes are, and a accounted of some to be good meate, - but they are too strong for my taste. - - - - -CHAP. LXIII. - -_Calendula._ Marigolds. - - -Some haue reckoned vp many sorts of Marigolds, I had rather make but -two, the single and the double; for doubtlesse, those that be most -double, rise from the best seede, which are the middlemost of the great -double, and some would be lesse double, whose seede is greater then the -rest, according to the ground where it groweth; as also those that be -of a paler colour, doe come of the seed of the yellower sort. - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Chrysanthemum Creticum._ Corne Marigolds of Candy. - 2 _Flos Solis._ The Flower of the Sunne. - 3 _Calendula._ Marigolds. - 4 _Aster Atticus siue Italorum._ The Purple Marigold. - 5 _Pilosella maior._ Golden Mouse-eare. - 6 _Scorsonera Hispanica._ Spanish Vipers grasse. - 7 _Tragopogon._ Goates beard, or goe to bed at noone. -] - - -1. _Calendula maxima._ The great Garden Marigold. - -Garden Marigold hath round greene stalkes, branching out from the -ground into many parts, whereon are set long flat greene leaues, -broader and rounder at the point then any where else, and smaller -also at the setting to of the stalke, where it compasseth it about: the -flowers are sometimes very thicke and double (breaking out of a scaly -clammy greene head) composed of many rowes of leaues, set so close -together one within another, that no middle thrume can bee seene, and -sometimes lesse double, hauing a small browne spot of a thrume in the -middle: and sometimes but of two or three rowes of leaues, with a large -browne thrume in the middle; euery one whereof is somewhat broader -at the point, and nicked into two or three corners, of an excellent -faire deepe gold yellow colour in some, and paler in others, and of a -pretty strong and resinous sweete sent: after the flowers are past, -there succeede heads of crooked seede, turning inward, the outermost -biggest, and the innermost least: the roote is white, and spreadeth in -the ground, and in some places will abide after the seeding, but for -the most part perisheth, and riseth againe of his owne seede. Sometimes -this Marigold doth degenerate, and beareth many small flowers vpon -short stalkes, compassing the middle flower: but this happeneth but -seldome, and therefore accounted but _lusus naturæ_, a play of nature, -which she worketh in diuers other plants besides. - - -2. _Calendula simplex._ The single Marigold. - -There is no difference betweene this and the former, but that the -flowers are single, consisting of one rowe of leaues, of the same -colour; eyther paler or deeper yellow, standing about a great browne -thrumme in the middle: the seed likewise is alike, but for the most -part greater then in the double kindes. - - - The Place. - - Our Gardens are the chiefe places for the double flowers to - grow in; for we know not of any other naturall place: but the - single kinde hath beene found wilde in Spaine, from whence I - receiued seede, gathered by Guillaume Boel, in his time a very - curious, and cunning searcher of simples. - - - The Time. - - They flower all the Summer long, and sometimes euen in winter, - if it be milde, and chiefly at the beginning of those monethes, - as it is thought. - - - The Names. - - They are called _Caltha_ of diuers, and taken to be that - _Caltha_, whereof both Virgil and Columella haue written. - Others doe call them _Calendula_, of the Kalendes, that is the - first day of the monthes, wherein they are thought chiefly to - flower; and thereupon the Italians call them _Fiori di ogni - mese_, that is, The Flowers of euery moneth: We cal them in - English generally, eyther Golds, or Marigolds. - - - The Vertues. - - The herbe and flowers are of great vse with vs among other - pot-herbes, and the flowers eyther greene or dryed, are often - vsed in possets, broths, and drinkes, as a comforter of the - heart and spirits, and to expel any malignant or pestilential - quality, gathered neere thereunto. The Syrupe and Conserue made - of the fresh flowers are vsed for the same purposes to good - effect. - - - - -CHAP. LXIIII. - -_Aster._ Starre-wort. - - -Dioscorides and other of the ancient Writers, haue set forth but one -kinde of Starre-wort, which they call _Aster Atticus_, of the place no -doubt, where the greatest plentie was found, which was the Countrey of -Athens: the later Writers haue found out many other plants which they -referre to this kinde, calling them by the same name. It is not my -purpose to entreate of them all, neyther doth this garden fitly agree -with them; I shall therefore select out one or two from the rest, and -giue the knowledge of them, leauing the rest to their proper place. - - -1. _Aster Atticus flore luteo._ Yellow Starre-wort. - -This Starre-wort riseth vp with two or three rough hairy stalkes, a -foote and a halfe high, with long, rough or hairie, brownish, darke -greene leaues on them, diuided into two or three branches: at the toppe -of euery one whereof standeth a flat scaly head, compared vnderneath -with fiue or sixe long, browne, rough greene leaues, standing like a -Starre, the flower it selfe standing in the middle thereof, made as a -border of narrow, long, pale yellow leaues, set with a brownish yellow -thrume: the roote dyeth euery yeare, hauing giuen his flower. - - -2. _Aster Atticus Italorum flore purpureo._ -Purple Italian Starre-wort. - -This Italian Starre-wort hath many wooddy, round brittle stalkes, -rising from the roote, somewhat higher then the former, sometimes -standing vpright, and otherwhiles leaning downewards, whereon are set -many somewhat hard, and rough long leaues, round pointed, without order -vp to the toppe, where it is diuided into seuerall branches, whereon -stand the flowers, made like vnto a single Marigold, with a border of -blewish purple leaues, set about a browne middle thrume, the heads -sustaining the flowers are composed of diuers scaly greene leaues, as -is to be seene in the Knapweedes or Matfelons, which after the flowers -are past yeelde a certaine downe, wherein lye small blacke and flat -seedes, somewhat like vnto Lettice seede, which are carried away with -the winde: the roote is composed of many white strings, which perisheth -not as the former, but abideth, and springeth afresh euery yeare. - - - The Place. - - The first is found in Spaine, as Clusius, and in France, - as Lobel say. The other hath beene found in many places in - Germany, and Austria: in Italie also, and other places; we haue - it plentifully in our Gardens. - - - The Time. - - The first flowreth in Summer. And the other not vntill August - or September. - - - The Names. - - The first is called _Aster Atticus flore luteo_, _Bubonium_, - _&_ _Inguinalis_, and of many is taken to be the true _Aster - Atticus_ of Dioscorides: yet Matthiolus thinketh not so, for - diuers good reasons, which hee setteth downe in the Chapter - of _Aster Atticus_, as any man may vnderstand, if they will - but reade the place, which is too long to bee inserted here. - The other is thought by Matthiolus, to bee the truer _Aster - Atticus_, (vnto whom I must also consent) and constantly also - affirmed to be the _Amellus Virgilij_, as may be seene in - the same place: but it is usually called at this day, _Aster - Italorum flore cæruleo_ or _purpureo_. Their English names are - sufficiently expressed in their titles, yet some call the last, - The purple Marigold, because it is so like vnto one in form. - - - The Vertues. - - They are held, if they bee the right, to bee good for the - biting of a mad dogge, the greene herbe being beaten with old - hogs grease, and applyed; as also for swolne throats: It is - likewise vsed for botches that happen in the groine, as the - name doth import. - - - - -CHAP. LXV. - -_Pilosella maior._ Golden Mouse-eare. - - -Some resemblance that the flowers of this plant hath with the former -Golds, maketh me to insert it in this place, although I know it agreeth -not in any other part, yet for the pleasant aspect thereof, it must -bee in this my garden, whose description is as followeth: It hath many -broade greene leaues spread vpon the ground, spotted with pale spots, -yet more conspicuous at sometimes then at other; somewhat hairy both -on the vpper and vnderside, in the middle of these leaues rise vp one, -two or more blackish hairy stalkes, two foote high at the least, bare -or naked vp to the top, where it beareth an vmbell, or short tuft of -flowers, set close together vpon short stalkes, of the forme or fashion -of the Haukeweedes, or common Mouse-eare, but somewhat smaller, of a -deep gold yellow, or orenge tawney colour, with some yellow threds in -the middle, of little or no sent at all: after the flowers are past, -the heads carry small, short, blacke seede, with a light downie matter -on them, ready to bee carried away with the winde, as many other plants -are, when they be ripe: the rootes spread vnder ground, and shoote vp -in diuers other places, whereby it much encreaseth, especially if it be -set in any moist or shadowie place. - - - The Place. - - It groweth in the shadowie woods of France, by Lions, and - Mompelier, as Lobell testifieth: we keepe it in our gardens, - and rather in a shadowie then sunnie place. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth in Somer, and sometimes againe in September. - - - The Names. - - It is called by Lobell, _Pulmonaria Gallorum Hieratij - facie_: and the Herbarists of France take it to be the true - _Pulmonaria_ of Tragus. Others call it _Hieratium flore aureo_. - Pelleterius _Hieratium Indicum_. Some _Pilosella_, or _Auricula - muris maior flore aureo_. And some _Chondrilla flore aureo_. - Dalechamptus would haue it to bee _Corchorus_, but farre - vnfitly. The fittest English name we can giue it, is Golden - Mouse-eare, which may endure vntill a fitter bee imposed on it: - for the name of Grim the Collier, whereby it is called of many, - is both idle and foolish. - - - The Vertues. - - The French according to the name vse it for the defects of the - lunges, but with what good successe I know not. - - - - -CHAP. LXVI. - -_Scorsonera._ Vipers grasse. - - -Although there be foure or fiue sorts of _Scorsonera_, yet I shall here -desire you to be content with the knowledge only of a couple. - - -1. _Scorsonera Hispanica maior._ The greater Spanish Vipers grasse. - -This Spanish Vipers grasse hath diuers long, and somewhat broad leaues, -hard and crumpled on the edges, and sometimes vneuenly cut in or -indented also, of a blewish greene colour: among which riseth vp one -stalke, and no more for the most part, two foote high or thereabouts, -hauing here and there some narrower long leaues thereon then those -below: the toppe of the stalke brancheth it selfe forth into other -parts, euery one bearing a long scaly head, from out of the toppe -whereof riseth a faire large double flower, of a pale yellow colour, -much like vnto the flower of yellow Goates beard, but a little lesser, -which being past, the seede succeedeth, being long, whitish and rough, -inclosed with much downe, and among them many other long smooth seedes, -which are limber and idle, and are carryed away at the will of the -winde: the roote is long, thicke and round, brittle and blacke, with -a certaine roughnesse on the outside: but very white within, yeelding -a milkie liquor being broken, as euery other part of the plant doth -besides, yet the roote more then any other part, and abideth many -yeares without perishing. - - -2. _Scorsonera Pannonica purpurea._ Purple flowred Vipers grasse. - -This purple flowred Vipers grasse hath long and narrow leaues, of -the same blewish greene colour with the former: the stalke riseth vp -a foote and a halfe high, with a few such like leaues, but shorter -thereon, breaking at the toppe into two or three parts, bearing on each -of them one flower, fashioned like the former, and standing in the like -scaly knoppe or head, but of a blewish purple colour, not fully so -large, of the sweetest sent of any of this kinde, comming neerest vnto -the smell of a delicate perfume. - - - The Place. - - The first is of Spaine. The other of Hungarie and Austrich: - which now furnish our gardens. - - - The Time. - - They flower in the beginning of May: the seede is soone ripe - after, and then perishing downe to the roote for that yeare, - springeth afresh before Winter againe. - - - The Names. - - They are called after the Spanish name _Scorsonera_, which is - in Latine _Viperaria_, of some _Viperina_, and _Serpentina_: - Wee call them in English Vipers grasse, or _Scorsonera_. - - - The Vertues. - - Manardus as I thinke first wrote hereof, and saith that it hath - been found to cure them that are bitten of a Viper, or other - such like venemous Creature. The rootes hereof being preserued - with sugar, as I haue done often, doe eate almost as delicate - as the Eringus roote, and no doubt is good to comfort and - strengthen the heart, and vitall spirits. Some that haue vsed - the preserued roote haue found it effectuall to expelling winde - out of the stomacke, and to helpe swounings and faintnesse of - the heart. - - - - -CHAP. LXVII. - -_Tragopogon._ Goates beard. - - -I must in this place set downe but two sorts of Goates beards; the -one blew or ash-colour, the other red or purple, and leaue the other -kindes: some to bee spoken of in the Kitchin Garden, and others in a -Physicall Garden. - - -1. _Tragopogon flore cæruleo._ Blew Goates beard. - -All the Goates beards haue long, narrow, and somewhat hollow whitish -greene leaues, with a white line downe the middle of euery one on the -vpperside: the stalke riseth vp greater and stronger then the Vipers -grasse, bearing at the toppe a great long head or huske, composed of -nine or ten long narrow leaues, the sharpe points or ends whereof rise -vp aboue the flower in the middle, which is thicke and double, somewhat -broad and large spread, of a blewish ash-colour, with some whitish -threads among them, shutting or closing it selfe within the greene -huske euery day, that it abideth blowing, vntill about noone, and -opening not it selfe againe vntill the next morning: the head or huske, -after the flower is past, and the seede neare ripe, openeth it selfe; -the long leaues thereof, which closed not before now, falling downe -round about the stalke, and shewing the seede, standing at the first -close together, and the doune at the toppe of them: but after they haue -stood a while, it spreadeth it selfe round, and is ready to be carried -away with the winde, if it be not gathered: the seede it selfe is long, -round, and rough, like the seede of the Vipers grasse, but greater and -blacker: the roote is long, and not very great, but perisheth as soone -as it hath borne seede, and springeth of the fallen seede, that yeare -remaining greene all Winter, and flowring the next yeare following: -the whole yeeldeth milke as the former, but somewhat more bitter and -binding. - - -2. _Tragopogon purpureum._ Purple Goates beard. - -There is little difference in this kind from the former, but that it -is a little larger, both in the leafe, and head that beareth the seed: -the flowers also are a little larger, and spread more, of a darke -reddish purple colour, with some yellow dust as it were cast vpon it, -especially about the ends: the roote perisheth in the like manner as -the other. - - - The Place. - - Both these haue been sent vs from the parts beyond the Seas, I - haue had them from Italy, where no doubt they grow naturally - wilde, as the yellow doth with vs: they are kept in our Gardens - for their pleasant flowers. - - - The Time. - - They flower in May and Iune: the seede is ripe in Iuly. - - - The Names. - - Their generall name is after the Greeke word _Tragopogon_, - which is in Latine, _Barbahirci_: In English, Goates beard; - the head of seede when it is readie to bee carried away with - the winde, causing that name for the resemblance: and because - the flower doth euery day close it selfe at noone (as I said - before) and openeth not againe vntill the next Sunne, some haue - fitly called it, Goe to bed at noone. - - - The Vertues. - - The rootes of these kindes are a little more bitter and more - binding also then the yellow kinde expressed in the Kitchin - Garden; and therefore fitter for medicine then for meate, but - yet is vsed as the yellow kinde is, which is more fit for meate - then medicine. The distilled water is good to wash old sores - and wounds. - - - - -CHAP. LXVIII. - -_Flos Africanus._ The French Marigold. - - -Of the French or African Marigolds there are three kindes as -principall, and of each of them both with single and double flowers: -of these, some diuersity is obserued in the colour of the flowers, as -well as in the forme or largenesse, so that as you may here see, I -haue expressed eight differences, and Fabius Columna nine or ten, in -regard hee maketh a diuersity of the paler and deeper yellow colour: -and although the lesser kinde, because of its euill sent, is held -dangerous, yet for the beauty of the flower it findeth roome in Gardens. - - -1. _Flos Africanus maior siue maximus multiplex._ -The great double French Marigold. - -This goodly double flower, which is the grace and glory of a Garden -in the time of his beauty, riseth vp with a straight and hard round -greene stalke, hauing some crests or edges all along the stalke, beset -with long winged leaues, euery one whereof is like vnto the leafe of -an Ash, being composed of many long and narrow leaues, snipt about -the edges, standing by couples one against another, with an odde one -at the end, of a darke or full greene colour: the stalke riseth to -be three or foure foote high, and diuideth it selfe from the middle -thereof into many branches, set with such like leaues to the toppes -of them, euery one bearing one great double flower, of a gold yellow -colour aboue, and paler vnderneath, yet some are of a pale yellow, and -some betweene both, and all these rising from one and the same seede: -the flower, before it be blowne open, hath all the leaues hollow; but -when it is full blowne open, it spreadeth it selfe larger then any -Prouince Rose, or equall vnto it at the least, if it be in good earth, -and riseth out of a long greene huske, striped or furrowed, wherein -after the flower is past, (which standeth in his full beauty a moneth, -and oftentimes more, and being gathered, may be preserued in his full -beauty for two moneths after, if it be set in water) standeth the -seede, set thicke and close together vpright, which is blacke, somewhat -flat and long: the roote is full of small strings, whereby it strongly -comprehendeth in the ground: the flower of this, as well as the single, -is of the very smell of new waxe, or of an honie combe, and not of that -poisonfull sent of the smaller kindes. - - -2. _Flos Africanus maior simplex._ The great single French Marigold. - -This single Marigold is in all things so like vnto the former, that it -is hard to discerne it from the double, but by the flowers, onely the -stalke will be browner then the double; and to my best obseruation, -hath and doth euery yeare rise from the seede of the double flower: -so that when they are in flower, you may see the difference (or not -much before, when they are in bud) this single flower euer appearing -with thrums in the middle, and the leaues, which are the border or -pale standing about them, shewing hollow or fistulous, which after lay -themselues flat and open (and the double flower appearing with all his -leaues folded close together, without any thrum at all) and are of a -deeper or paler colour, as in the double. - - -3. _Flos Africanus fistuloso flore simplex_ & _multiplex_. Single and -double French Marigolds with hollow leafed flowers. - -As the former two greatest sorts haue risen from the seede of one -and the same (I meane the pod of double flowers) so doe these also, -not differing from it in anything, but that they are lower, and haue -smaller greene leaues, and that the flower also being smaller, hath -euery leafe abiding hollow, like vnto an hollow pipe, broad open at -the mouth, and is of as deepe a yellow colour for the most part as the -deepest of the former, yet sometimes pale also. - - -4. _Flos Africanus minor multiplex._ -The lesser double French Marigold. - -The lesser double French Marigold hath his leaues in all things like -vnto the former, but somewhat lesser, which are set vpon round browne -stalkes, not so stiffe or vpright, but bowing and bending diuers -wayes, and sometimes leaning or lying vpon the ground: the stalkes are -branched out diuersly, whereon are set very faire double flowers like -the former, and in the like greene huskes, but smaller, and in some the -outermost leaues will be larger then any of the rest, and of a deeper -Orenge colour, almost crimson, the innermost being of a deepe gold -yellow colour, tending to crimson; the whole flower is smaller, and of -a stronger and more vnpleasant sauour, so that but for the beautifull -colour, and doublenesse of the flower, pleasant to the eye, and not -to any other sense, this kinde would finde roome in few Gardens: the -rootes and seedes are like the former, but lesser. - - -5. _Flos Africanus minor simplex._ The small single French Marigold. - -This single kinde doth follow after the last in all manner of -proportion, both of stalkes, leaues, seedes, and rootes: the flowers -onely of this are single, hauing fiue or six broad leaues, of a deepe -yellow crimson colour, with deepe yellow thrummes in the middle, and of -as strong a stinking sent, or more then the last. - - - The Place. - - They growe naturally in Africa, and especially in the parts - about Tunis, and where old Carthage stood, from whence long - agoe they were brought into Europe, where they are onely kept - in Gardens, being sowne for the most part euery yeare, vnlesse - in some milde Winters. The last single and double kindes (as - being more hardy) haue sometimes endured: but that kinde with - hollow leafed flowers, as Fabius Columna setteth it downe, is - accounted to come from Mexico in America. - - - The Time. - - They flower not vntill the end of Summer, especially the - greater kindes: but the lesser, if they abide all the Winter, - doe flower more early. - - - The Names. - - They haue been diuersly named by diuers men: Some calling - them _Caryophyllus Indicus_, that is, Indian Gilloflowers, - and _Tanacetum Perüvianum_, Tansie of Peru, as if it grew in - Peru, a Prouince of America; and _Flos Indicus_, as a flower of - the Indies; but it hath not been knowne to haue beene brought - from thence. Others would haue it to be _Othonna_ of Plinie, - and others; some to be _Lycopersicum_ of Galen. It is called, - and that more truely, _Flos Tunetensis_, _Flos Africanus_, - and _Caltha Africana_, that is, the flower of Tunis, the - flower of Africa, the Marigold of Africa, and peraduenture - _Pedna Pænorum_. We in English most vsually call them, French - Marigolds, with their seuerall distinctions of greater or - smaller, double or single. To that with hollow leafed flowers, - Fabius Columna giueth the name of _Fistiloso flore_, and I so - continue it. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Flos Africanus maximus multiplex_. The greatest double French - Marigold. - 2 _Flos Africanus maior multiplex_. The greater double French - Marigold. - 3 _Flos Africanus maximus simplex_. The greatest single French - Marigold. - 4 _Flos Africanus multiplex fistulosus_. The double hollow French - Marigold. - 5 _Flos Africanus simplex fistulosus_. The single hollow French - Marigold. - 6 _Flos Africanus minor multiplex_. The smaller double French - Marigold. - 7 _Flos Africanus minor multiplex alter_. Another sort of the lesser - double French Marigold. - 8 _Flos Africanus minor simplex_. The lesser single French Marigold. -] - - - The Vertues. - - We know no vse they haue in Physicke, but are cherished in - Gardens for their beautifull flowers sake. - - - - -CHAP. LXIX. - -_Caryophyllus hortensis._ Carnations and Gilloflowers. - - -To auoide confusion, I must diuide Gilloflowers from Pinkes, and -intreate of them in seuerall Chapters. Of those that are called -Carnations or Gilloflowers, as of the greater kinde, in this Chapter; -and of Pinkes, as well double as single, in the next. But the number of -them is so great, that to giue seuerall descriptions to them all were -endlesse, at the least needlesse: I will therefore set downe onely the -descriptions of three (for vnto these three may be referred all the -other sorts) for their fashion and manner of growing, and giue you the -seuerall names (as they are vsually called with vs) of the rest, with -their variety and mixture of colours in the flowers, wherein consisteth -a chiefe difference. I account those that are called Carnations to -be the greatest, both for leafe and flower, and Gilloflowers for the -most part to bee lesser in both; and therefore will giue you each -description apart, and the Orenge tawnie or yellow Gilloflower likewise -by it selfe, as differing very notably from all the rest. - - -1. _Caryophyllus maximus Harwicensis siue Anglicus._ -The great Harwich or old English Carnation. - -I take this goodly great old English Carnation, as a president for the -description of all the rest of the greatest sorts, which for his beauty -and statelinesse, is worthy of a prime place, hauing beene alwayes -very hardly preserued in the Winter; and therefore not so frequent as -the other Carnations or Gilloflowers. It riseth vp with a great thicke -round stalke, diuided into seuerall branches, somewhat thickly set with -ioynts, and at euery ioynt two long greene rather then whitish leaues, -somewhat broader then Gilloflower leaues, turning or winding two or -three times round (in some other sorts of Carnations they are plaine, -but bending the points downewards, and in some also of a darke reddish -greene colour, and in others not so darke, but rather of a whitish -greene colour:) the flowers stand at the toppes of the stalkes in long, -great, and round greene huskes, which are diuided into fiue points, -out of which rise many long and broad pointed leaues, deeply iagged at -the ends, set in order round and comely, making a gallant great double -flower, of a deepe Carnation colour, almost red, spotted with many -blush spots and strakes, some greater and some lesser, of an excellent -soft sweete sent, neither too quicke as many others of these kinds are, -nor yet too dull, and with two whitish crooked threads like hornes in -the middle: this kinde neuer beareth many flowers, but as it is slow in -growing, so in bearing, not to be often handled, which sheweth a kinde -of statelinesse, fit to preserue the opinion of magnificence: the roote -is branched into diuers great, long, wooddy rootes, with many small -fibres annexed vnto them. - - -2. _Caryophyllus hortensis flore pleno rubro._ -The red or Cloue Gilloflower. - -The red Cloue Gilloflower, which I take as a president for the second -sort, which are Gilloflowers, grow like vnto the Carnations, but not -so thicke set with ioynts and leaues: the stalkes are more, the leaues -are narrower and whiter for the most part, and in some doe as well a -little turne: the flowers are smaller, yet very thicke and double in -most, and the greene huskes wherein they stand are smaller likewise -then the former: the ends of the leaues in this flower, as in all the -rest, are dented or iagged, yet in some more then in others; some also -hauing two small white threads, crooked at the ends like hornes,in the -middle of the flower, when as diuers other haue none. These kindes, -and especially this that hath a deepe red crimson coloured flower, doe -endure the cold of our winters, and with lesse care is preserued: these -sorts as well as the former doe very seldome giue any seede, as far as -I could euer obserue or learne. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Caryophyllus maximus rubro varius._ The great old Carnation or - gray Hulo. - 2 _Caryophyllus maior rubro & albo varius._ The white Carnation. - 3 _Caryophyllus albo rubens._ The Cambersine or the Poole flower. - 4 _Caryophyllus Cantij striatus._ The faire made of Kent. - 5 _Caryophyllus Sabaudicus carneus._ The blush Sauadge. - 6 _Caryophyllus Xerampelinus._ The Gredeline Carnation. - 7 _Caryophyllus dictus Grimelo._ The Grimelo or Prince. - 8 _Caryophyllus albus maior._ The great white Gilloflower. - 9 _Elegans Heroina Bradshawij._ Master Bradshawes dainty Lady. -] - - -3. _Caryophyllus Silesiacus flore pleno miniato._ -The yellow or Orenge tawny Gilloflower. - -This Gilloflower hath his stalkes next vnto the ground, thicker set, -and with smaller or narrower leaues then the former for the most part: -the flowers are like vnto the Cloue Gilloflowers, and about the same -bignesse and doublenesse most vsually, yet in some much greater then -in others; but of a pale yellowish Carnation colour, tending to an -Orenge, with two small white threds, crooked at the ends in the middle, -yet some haue none, of a weaker sent then the Cloue Gilloflower: this -kinde is more apt to beare seede then any other, which is small, black, -flat, and long, and being sowen, yeelde wonderfull varieties both of -single and double flowers: some being of a lighter or deeper colour -then the mother plants: some with stripes in most of the leaues: Others -are striped or spotted, like a speckled Carnation or Gilloflower, in -diuers sorts, both single and double: Some againe are wholly of the -same colour, like the mother plant, and are eyther more or lesse double -then it, or else are single with one row of leaues, like vnto a Pinck; -and some of these likewise eyther wholly of a crimson red, deeper or -lighter, or variably spotted, double or single as a Pinck, or blush -eyther single or double, and but very seldome white: yet all of them in -their greene leaues little or nothing varying or differing. - - -_Caryophylli maximi._ - - CARNATIONS. - -_Caryophyllus maximus dictus Hulo rubro-varius._ - - The gray _Hulo_ hath as large leaues as the former old - Carnation, and as deepely iagged on the edges: it hath a great - high stalke, whereon stand the flowers, of a deepe red colour, - striped and speckled very close together with a darkish white - colour. - -_Caryophyllus maximus dictus Hulo ruber non variatus._ - - The red _Hulo_ is also a faire great flower, of a stamell - colour, deeply iagged as the former, and groweth very comely - without any spot at all in it, so that it seemeth to bee but a - stamell Gilloflower, saue that it is much greater. - -_Caryophyllus maximus dictus Hulo cæruleo purpureus._ - - The blew _Hulo_ is a goodly faire flower, being of a faire - purplish murrey colour, curiously marbled with white, but so - smally to be discerned, that it seemeth only purple, it hath so - much the Mastrie in it; it resembleth the Brassill, but that it - is much bigger. - -_Caryophyllus maximus dictus Grimelo siue Princeps._ - - The _Grimelo_ or Prince is a faire flower also, as large as any - Chrystall or larger, being of a faire crimson colour, equally - for the most part striped with white, or rather more white then - red, thorough euery leafe from the bottome, and standeth comely. - -_Caryophyllus maximus Incarnadinus albus._ - - The white Carnation or Delicate, is a goodly delightfull fair - flower in his pride and perfection, that is, when it is both - marbled and flaked, or striped and speckled with white vpon - an incarnate crimson colour, beeing a very comely flower, but - abideth not constant, changing oftentimes to haue no flakes or - strakes of white, but marbled or speckled wholly. - -_Caryophyllus maximus Incarnadinus Gallicus._ - - The French Carnation is very like vnto the white Carnation, but - that it hath more specks, and fewer stripes or flakes of white - in the red, which hath the mastrie of the white. - -_Caryophyllus maximus Incarnadinus grandis._ - - The ground Carnation (if it be not the same with the graund - or great old Carnation first set downe, as the alteration but - of one letter giueth the coniecture) is a thicke flower, but - spreadeth not his leaues abroade as others doe, hauing the - middle standing higher then the outer leaues, and turning vp - their brimmes or edges; it is a sad flower, with few stripes - or spots in it: it is very subiect to breake the pod, that the - flower seldome commeth faire and right; the greene leaues are - as great as the _Hulo_ or Lombard red. - -_Caryophyllus maximus Chrystallinus._ - - The Chrystall or Chrystalline (for they are both one, howsoeuer - some would make them differ) is a very delicate flower when - it is well marked, but it is inconstant in the markes, being - sometimes more striped with white and crimson red, and - sometimes lesse or little or nothing at all, and changing also - sometimes to be wholly red, or wholly blush. - -_Caryophyllus maximus flore rubro._ - - The red Chrystall, which is the red hereof changed, is the most - orient flower of all other red Gilloflowers, because it is both - the greatest, as comming from the Chrystall, as also that the - red hereof is a most excellent crimson. - -_Caryophyllus maximus dictus Fragrans._ - - The Fragrant is a faire flower, and thought to come from the - Chrystall, being as large, but of a blush red colour, spotted - with small speckes, no bigger then pinnes points, but not so - thicke as in the Pageant. - -_Caryophyllus maximus Sabaudicus varius._ - - The stript Sauadge is for forme and bignesse equall with the - Chrystall or White Carnation, but as inconstant as eyther of - them, changing into red or blush, so that few branches with - flowers containe their true mixtures, which are a whitish - blush, fairely striped with a crimson red colour, thicke and - short, with some spots also among. - -_Caryophyllus maximus Sabaudicus carneus._ - - The blush Sauadge is the same with the former, the same root of - the stript Sauadge, as I said before, yeelding one side or part - whose flowers will be eyther wholly blush, or hauing some small - spots, or sometimes few or none in them. - -_Caryophyllus maximus Sabaudicus ruber._ - - The red Sauadge is as the blush, when the colour of the flower - is wholly red without any stripes or spots in them, and so - abideth long; yet it is sometimes seene, that the same side, or - part, or roote being separate from the first or mother plant, - will giue striped and well marked flowers againe. - -_Caryophyllus maximus Oxoniensis._ - - The Oxeford Carnation is very like vnto the French Carnation, - both for forme, largenesse and colour; but that this is of a - sadder red colour, so finely marbled with white thereon, that - the red hauing the maistry, sheweth a very sad flower, not - hauing any flakes or stripes at all in it. - -_Caryophyllus maximus Regius, siue Bristoliensis maior._ - - The Kings Carnation or ordinary Bristow, is a reasonable great - flower, deepely iagged, of a sad red, very finally striped and - speckled with white: some of the leaues of the flower on the - one side will turne vp their brimmes or edges: the greene leafe - is very large. - -_Caryophyllus maximus Granatensis._ - - The greatest _Granado_ is a very faire large flower, bigger - then the Chrystall, and almost as bigge as the blew _Hulo_; it - is almost equally diuided and stript with purple and white, - but the purple is sadder then in the ordinary _Granado_ - Gilloflower, else it might bee said it were the same, but - greater. Diuers haue taken this flower to bee the _Gran Pere_, - but you shall haue the difference shewed you in the next - ensuing flower. - -_Caryophyllus maximus Gran Pere dictus._ - - The _Gran Pere_ is a fair great flower, and comely for the - forme, but of no great beautie for colour, because although it - be stript red and white like the Queenes gilloflower, yet the - red is so sad that it taketh away all the delight to the flower. - -_Caryophyllus maximus Cambersine dictus._ - - The Cambersine is a great flower and a faire, beeing a redde - flower, well marked or striped with white, somewhat like vnto - a Sauadge, say some, but that the red is not crimson as the - Sauadge; others say the Daintie, but not so comely: the leaues - of the flowers are many, and thrust together, without any due - forme of spreading. - -_Caryophyllus maximus Longobardicus ruber._ - - The great Lombard red is a great sad red flower, so double and - thick of leaues, that it most vsually breaketh the pod, and - seldome showeth one flower among twenty perfect: the blades or - greene leaues are as large as the _Hulo_. - - -_Carophylli majores._ - - GILLOFLOWERS. - -_Caryophyllus maior Westminsteriensis._ - - The lustie Gallant or Westminster (some make them to be one - flower, and others to bee two, one bigger then the other) - at the first blowing open of the flower sheweth to be of a - reasonable size and comelinesse, but after it hath stood blowen - some time it sheweth smaller and thinner: it is of a bright red - colour, much striped and speckled with white. - -_Caryophyllus maior Bristoliensis purpureus._ - - The Bristow blew hath greene leaues, so large, that it would - seeme to bring a greater flower then it doth, yet the flower - is of a reasonable size, and very like vnto the ordinary - _Granado_ Gilloflower, striped and flaked in the same manner, - but that the white of this is purer then that, and the purple - is more light, and tending to a blew: this doth not abide - constant, but changeth into purple or blush. - -_Caryophyllus maior Bristoliensis carneus._ - - The Bristow blush is very like the last both in leafe and - flower, the colour only sheweth the difference, which seldome - varyeth to be spotted, or change colour. - -_Caryophyllus maior Doroborniensis ruber._ - - The red Douer is a reasonable great Gilloflower and constant, - being of a faire red thicke poudered with white spots, and - seemeth somewhat like vnto the ground Carnation. - -_Caryophyllus maior Doroborniensis dilutus siue albus._ - - The light or white Douer is for forme and all other things more - comely then the former, the colour of the flower is blush, - thicke spotted with very small spots, that it seemeth all gray, - and is very delightfull. - -_Caryophyllus maior Cantii._ - - The faire maide of Kent, or Ruffling Robin is a very beautiful - flower, and as large as the white Carnation almost: the flower - is white, thicke poudered with purple, wherein the white hath - the mastrie by much, which maketh it the more pleasant. - -_Caryophyllus maior Regineus._ - - The Queenes Gilloflower is a reasonable faire Gilloflower - although very common, striped red and white, some great and - some small with long stripes. - -_Caryophyllus maior elegans._ - - The Daintie is a comely fine flower, although it be not great, - and for the smallnesse and thinnesse of the flower being red so - finely marked, striped and speckled, that for the liuelinesse - of the colours it is much desired, beeing inferiour to very few - Gilloflowers. - -_Caryophyllus maior Brasiliensis._ - - The Brassill Gilloflower is but of a meane size, being of a - sad purple colour, thicke poudered and speckled with white, - the purple herein hath the mastrie, which maketh it shew the - sadder, it is vnconstant, varying much and often to bee all - purple: the greene leaues lye matting on the ground. - -_Caryophyllus maior Granatensis._ - - The _Granado_ Gilloflower is purple and white, flaked and - striped very much: this is also much subiect to change purple. - There is a greater and a lesser of this kinde, besides the - greatest that is formerly described. - -_Caryophyllus Turcicus._ - - The Turkie Gilloflower is but a small flower, but of great - delight, by reason of the well marking of the flower, being - most vsually equally striped with red and white. - -_Caryophyllus Cambrensis Poole._ - - The Poole flower, growing naturally vpon the rockes neare - Cogshot Castle in the Isle of Wight, is a small flower, but - very pleasant to the eye, by reason of the comely proportion - thereof; it is of a bright pale red, thicke speckled, and - very small with white, that it seemeth to bee but one colour, - the leaues of the flower are but smally iagged about: it is - constant. - -_Caryophyllus Pegma dilutior._ - - The light or pale Pageant is a flower of a middle size, very - pleasant to behold, and is both constant and comely, and but - that it is so common, would be of much more respect then it is: - the flower is of a pale bright purple, thicke poudered, and - very euenly with white, which hath the mastery, and maketh it - the more gracefull. - -_Caryophyllus Pegma saturatior._ - - The sad Pageant is the same with the former in forme and - bignesse, the difference in colour is, that the purple hath - the mastery, which maketh it so sad, that it doth resemble the - Brassill for colour, but is not so bigge by halfe. - -_Caryophyllus Heroina dictus elegans Magistri Bradshawij._ - - Master Bradshawe his dainty Lady may be well reckoned among - these sorts of Gilloflowers, and compare for neatenesse with - most of them: the flower is very neate, though small, with a - fine small iagge, and of a fine white colour on the vnderside - of all the leaues, as also all the whole iagge for a pretty - compasse, and the bottome or middle part of the flower on the - vpperside also: but each leafe is of a fine bright pale red - colour on the vpperside, from the edge to the middle, which - mixture is of wonderfull great delight. - -_Caryophyllus albus optimus maior Londinensis & alius._ - - The best white Gilloflower groweth vpright, and very double, - the blades growe vpright also, and crawle not on the ground. - - The London white is greater and whiter then the other ordinary - white, being wholly of one colour. - -_Caryophyllus maior rubens & minor._ - - The stamell Gilloflower is well knowne to all, not to differ - from the ordinary red or cloue Gilloflower, but only in being - of a brighter or light red colour: there is both a greater and - a lesser of this kinde. - -_Caryophyllus purpureus maior & minor._ - - The purple Gilloflower a greater and a lesse: the stalke is so - slender, and the leaues vpon them so many and thicke, that they - lye and traile on the ground: the greatest is almost as bigge - as a Chrystall, but not so double: the lesse hath a smaller - flower. - -_Caryophyllus Persico violaceus._ - - The Gredeline Gilloflower is a very neate and handsome flower, - of the bignesse of the Cloue red Gilloflower, of a fine pale - reddish purple or peach colour, enclining to a blew or violet, - which is that colour is vsually called a gredeline colour: it - hath no affinity with eyther Purple, Granado, or Pageant. - -_Caryophyllus purpuro cæruleus._ - - The blew Gilloflower is neither very double nor great, yet - round and handsome, with a deepe iagge at the edge, and is of - an exeeding deepe purple colour, tending to a tawnie; this - differeth from all other sorts, in that the leafe is as greene - as grasse, and the stalkes many times red or purple: by the - greene leaues it may be knowne in the Winter, as well as in the - Summer. - -_Caryophyllus carneus._ - - The blush Gilloflower differeth not from the red or stamell, - but only in the colour of the flower, which is blush. - -_Caryophyllus Silefiacus maximus Wittin._ - - Iohn Wittie his great tawny Gilloflower is for forme of - growing, in leafe and flower altogether like vnto the ordinary - tawny, the flower onely, because it is the fairest and greatest - that any other hath noursed vp, maketh the difference, as also - that it is of a faire deepe scarlet colour. - - There are also diuers other Tawnies, either lighter or sadder, - either lesse or more double, that they cannot be numbered, and - all rising (as I said before) from sowing the seede of some of - them: besides the diuersities of other colours both simple and - mixed, euery yeare and place yeelding some variety was not seen - with them before: I shall neede but onely to giue you the names - of some of them we haue abiding with vs, I meane such as haue - receiued names, and leaue the rest to euery ones particular - denomination. - - Of Blushes there are many sorts, as the deepe blush, the pale - blush, the Infanta blush, a blush enclining to a red, a great - blush, the fairest and most double of all the other blushes, - and many others both single and double. - - Of Reds likewise there are some varieties, but not so many as - of the other colours; for they are most dead or deepe reds, and - few of a bright red or stamell colour; and they are single like - Pinkes, either striped or speckled, or more double striped and - speckled variably, or else. - - There are neither purple nor white that rise from this seede - that I haue obserued, except one white in one place. - - _Caryophyllus Silesiacus striatus._ - - The striped Tawny are either greater or lesser, deeper or - lighter flowers twenty sorts and aboue, and all striped with - smaller or larger stripes, or equally diuided, of a deeper or - lighter colour: and some also for the very shape or forme will - bee more neate, close, and round; others more loose, vnequall, - and sparsed. - - _Caryophyllus Silesiacus marmor-amulus._ - - The marbled Tawny hath not so many varieties as the striped, - but is of as great beauty and delight as it, or more: the - flowers are greater or smaller, deeper or lighter coloured one - then another, and the veines or markes more conspicuous, or - more frequent in some then in others: but the most beautifull - that euer I did see was with Master Ralph Tuggie, which I must - needes therefore call - - _Heroina Rodolphi florum Imperatoris._ - - Master Tuggies Princesse, which is the greatest and fairest of - all these sorts of variable tawnies, or seed flowers, being as - large fully as the Prince or Chrystall, or something greater, - standing comely and round, not loose or shaken, or breaking - the pod as some other sorts will; the marking of the flower is - in this manner: It is of a stamell colour, striped and marbled - with white stripes and veines quite through euery leafe, which - are as deeply iagged as the Hulo: sometimes it hath more red - then white, and sometimes more white then red, and sometimes - so equally marked, that you cannot discerne which hath the - mastery; yet which of these hath the predominance, still the - flower is very beautifull, and exceeding delightsome. - - _Caryophyllus Silesiacus assulosus._ - - The Flaked Tawny is another diuersity of these variable or mixt - coloured flowers, being of a pale reddish colour, flaked with - white, not alwaies downeright, but often thwart the leaues, - some more or lesse then others; the marking of them is much - like vnto the Chrystall: these also as well as others will be - greater or smaller, and of greater or lesse beauty then others. - -_Caryophyllus Silesiacus plumatus._ - - The Feathered Tawny is more rare to meete with then many of the - other; for most vsually it is a faire large flower and double, - equalling the Lumbard red in his perfection: the colour hereof - is vsually a scarlet, little deeper or paler, most curiously - feathered and streamed with white through the whole leafe. - -_Caryophyllus Silesiacus punctatus._ - - The Speckled Tawny is of diuers sorts, some bigger, some - lesse, some more, and some lesse spotted then others: Vsually - it is a deepe scarlet, speckled or spotted with white, hauing - also some stripes among the leaues. - -_Caryophyllus roseus rotundus Magistri Tuggie._ - - Master Tuggie his Rose Gilloflower is of the kindred of these - Tawnies, being raised from the seede of some of them, and onely - possessed by him that is the most industrious preseruer of - all natures beauties, being a different sort from all other, - in that it hath round leaues, without any iagge at all on the - edges, of a fine stamell full colour, without any spot or - strake therein, very like vnto a small Rose, or rather much - like vnto the red Rose Campion, both for forme, colour, and - roundnesse, but larger for size. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Heroina Rodolphi florum Imperatoris Princessa dictus._ Master - Tuggie his Princesse. - 2 _Caryophyllus Oxoniensis._ The French or Oxford Carnation. - 3 _Caryophyllus Westmonasteriensis._ The Gallant or Westminster - Gilloflower. - 4 _Caryophyllus Bristoliensis._ The Bristow. - 5 _Caryophyllus Chrystallinus._ The Chrystall or Chrystalline. - 6 _Caryophyllus Sabaudicus striatus._ The stript Sauadge. - 7 _Caryophyllus Granatensis maximus._ The Granpere or greatest - Granado. - 8 _Caryophyllus peræmanus._ The Dainty. - 9 _Caryophyllus Silesiacus maximus Ingonij Ioannis._ Iohn Witty his - great tawny Gilloflower. - 10 _Caryophyllus Silesiacus striatus._ The stript Tawny. - 11 _Caryophyllus marmor-amulus._ The marbled Tawny. - 12 _Caryophyllus roseus rotundas magistri Tuggie._ Master Tuggie his - Rose Gilloflower. -] - - - The Place. - - All these are nourished with vs in Gardens, none of their - naturall places being knowne, except one before recited, and - the yellow which is _Silesia_; many of them being hardly - preserued and encreased. - - - The Time. - - They flower not vntill the heate of the yeare, which is in - Iuly (vnlesse it be an extraordinary occasion) and continue - flowring, vntill the colds of the Autumne checke them, or - vntill they haue wholly out spent themselues, and are vsually - encreased by the slips. - - - The Names. - - Most of our later Writers doe call them by one generall name, - _Caryophyllus sativus_, and _flos Caryophylleus_, adding - thereunto _maximus_, when wee meane Carnations, and _maior_ - when we would expresse Gilloflowers, which name is taken from - Cloues, in that the sent of the ordinary red Gilloflower - especially doth resemble them. Diuers other seuerall names - haue beene formerly giuen them, as _Vetonica_, or _Betonica - altera_, or _Vetonica altilis_, and _coronaria_. _Herba Tunica, - Viola Damascena, Ocellus Damascenus_, and _Barbaricus_. Of - some _Cantabrica Plinij_. Some thinke they were vnknowne to - the Ancients, and some would haue them to be _Iphium_ of - Theophrastus, wherof he maketh mention in his sixth and seuenth - Chapters of his sixth booke, among Garland and Summer flowers; - others to be his _Dios anthos_, or _Iouis flos_, mentioned in - the former, and in other places. We call them in English (as I - said before) the greatest kindes, Carnations, and the others - Gilloflowers (_quasi_ Iuly flowers) as they are seuerally - expressed. - - - The Vertues. - - The red or Cloue Gilloflower is most vsed in Physicke in our - Apothecaries shops, none of the other being accepted of or vsed - (and yet I doubt not, but all of them might serue, and to good - purpose, although not to giue so gallant a tincture to a Syrupe - as the ordinary red will doe) and is accounted to be very - Cordiall. - - - - -CHAP. LXX. - -_Caryophylli siluestres._ Pinkes. - - -There remaine diuers sorts of wilde or small Gilloflowers (which wee -vsually call Pinkes) to be entreated of, some bearing single, and some -double flowers, some smooth, almost without any deepe dents on the -edges, and some iagged, or as it were feathered. Some growing vpright -like vnto Gilloflowers, others creeping or spreading vnder the toppe -or crust of the ground, some of one colour, some of another, and many -of diuers colours: As I haue formerly done with the Gilloflowers, so -must I doe with these that are entertained in our Gardens, onely giue -you the descriptions of some three or foure of them, according to their -variety, and the names of the rest, with their distinctions. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Caryophyllus siluestris simplex._ The vsuall single Pinke. - 2 _Caryophyllus multiplex siluestris._ Double Pinkes. - 3 _Caryophyllus siluestris plumarius._ Feathered or iagged Pinkes. - 4 _Caryophyllus Stellatus._ Starre Pinkes. - 5 _Caryophyllus repens._ Matted Pinkes. - 6 _Caryophyllus mediterraneus._ The great Thistle or Sea - Gilloflower. - 7 _Caryophyllus marinus._ The ordinary Thistle or Sea Cushion. -] - - -1. _Caryophyllus minor siluestris multiplex & simplex._ -Double and single Pinkes. - -The single and double Pinkes are for forme and manner of growing, in -all parts like vnto the Gilloflowers before described, sauing onely -that their leaues are smaller and shorter, in some more or lesse then -in others, and so are the flowers also: the single kindes consisting of -fiue leaues vsually (seldome six) round pointed, and a little snipt for -the most part about the edges, with some threads in the middle, either -crooked or straight: the double kindes being lesser, and lesse double -then the Gilloflowers, hauing their leaues a little snipt or endented -about the edges, and of diuers seuerall colours, as shall hereafter be -set downe, and of as fragrant a sent, especially some of them as they: -the rootes are long and spreading, somewhat hard and wooddy. - - -2. _Caryophyllus plumarius._ Feathered or iagged Pinkes. - -The iagged Pinkes haue such like stalkes and leaues as the former haue, -but somewhat shorter and smaller, or grasse-like, and of a whitish or -grayish greene colour likewise: the flowers stand in the like manner -at the toppes of the stalkes, in long, round, slender, greene huskes, -consisting of fiue leaues, very much cut in on the edges, and iagged -almost like a feather, of a light red, or bright purple colour, with -two white threads standing in the middle, crooked like a horne at the -end, and are of a very good sent. Some of these haue not those two -crooked threads or hornes in the middle, but haue in their stead many -small threads, not crooked at all: the seedes of them all are like -vnto the seedes of Gilloflowers, or the other Pinkes, that is, small, -blacke, long, and flat: the rootes are small and wooddy likewise. - - -3. _Caryophyllus plumarius albus orbe rubro siue Stellatus._ -Starre Pinkes. - -Of this kinde there is another sort, bearing flowers almost as deeply -cut or iagged as the former, of a faire white colour, hauing a ring or -circle of red about the bottome or lower part of the leaues, and are -as sweete as the former: this being sowne of seede doth not giue the -starre of so bright a red colour, but becommeth more dunne. - - -4. _Caryophyllus plumarius Austriacus siue Superba Austriaca._ -The feathered Pinke of Austria. - -This kinde of Pinke hath his first or lower leaues, somewhat broader -and greener then any of the former Pinkes, being both for breadth and -greennesse more like vnto the Sweete Iohns, which shall bee described -in the next Chapter: the leaues on the stalkes are smaller, standing -by couples at euery ioynt, at the toppes whereof stand such like -iagged flowers as the last described, and as large, but more deeply -cut in or iagged round about, some of them of a purplish colour, but -the most ordinary with vs are pure white, and of a most fragrant sent, -comforting the spirits and senses a farre off: the seedes and rootes -are like vnto the former. Some haue mistaken a kinde of wilde Campion, -growing in our Woods, and by the paths sides in Hornsie Parke, and -other places, to be this feathered Pinke: but the flowers declare the -difference sufficiently. - - -5. _Caryophyllus minor repens simplex & multiplex._ -Single and double matted Pinkes. - -The matted Pinke is the smallest, both for leafe and flower of all -other Pinkes that are nourished in Gardens, hauing many short and -small grassie greene leaues vpon the stalkes, which as they grow and -lye vpon the ground (and not standing so vpright as the former) doe -take roote againe, whereby it quickly spreadeth, and couereth a great -deale of ground in a little space: the flowers are small and round, a -little snipt about the edges, whereof some are white, and some red, -and some are white spotted with red, and some red spotted with white, -all of them being single flowers. But there is another of this kinde, -not differing in leafe, but in flower: for that the first flowers are -but once double, or of two rowes of leaues, of a fine reddish colour, -spotted with siluer spots: but those that follow, are so thicke and -double, that they oftentimes doe breake the pod or huske; being not -altogether of so deepe a red colour, but more pale. - - -6. _Caryophyllus Mediterraneus siue Marinus maior._ -Great Sea Gilloflower or Great Thrift. - -Vnto these kindes of Pinkes I must needs adde, not only our ordinary -Thrift (which is more frequent in gardens, to empale or border a knot, -because it abideth greene Winter and Summer, and that by cutting, it -may grow thick, and be kept in what form one list, rather then for any -beautie of the flowers) but another greater kinde, which is of as great -beautie and delight almost as any of the former Pinkes, as well for -that the leaues are like vnto Gilloflowers, being longer and larger -then any Pinkes, and of a whitish greene colour like vnto them, not -growing long or by couples vpon the stalkes as Pinkes and Gilloflowers -doe, but tufting close vpon the ground, like vnto the common Thrift: as -also that the stalkes, rising from among the leaues (being sometimes -two foote high (as I haue obserued in my garden) are yet so slender and -weake, that they are scarce able to beare the heads of flowers, naked -or bare, both of leaues and ioynts, failing only in one place, where -at the ioynt each stalke hath two small and very short leaues, not -rising vpwards as in all other Gilloflowers, Pinkes, and other herbes, -but growing downewards) and doe beare each of them a tuft or vmbell -of small purplish, or blush coloured flowers, at the toppes of them -standing somewhat like vnto sweete Williams, but more roundly together, -each flower consisting of fiue small, round, stiffe or hardish leaues, -as if they were made of paper, the bottome or middle being hollow, not -blowing all at once as the ordinary Thrift, but for the most part one -after another, not shewing vsually aboue foure or fiue flowers open -at one time (so farre as I could obserue in the plants that I kept) -so that it was long before the whole tuft of flowers were past; but -yet the hoter and dryer the time was, the sooner it would be gone: -the seede I haue not perfectly obserued, but as I remember, it was -somewhat like vnto the seede of Scabious; I am sure nothing like vnto -Gilloflowers or Pinkes: the roote is somewhat great, long and hard, and -not so much spreading in the ground as Gilloflowers or Pinkes. - - -7. _Caryophyllus Marinus._ Thrift, or Sea Cushion. - -Our common Thrift is well knowne vnto all, to haue many short and -hard greene leaues, smaller then many of the grasses, growing thicke -together, and spreading vpon the ground: the stalkes are naked of -leaues a spanne high, bearing a small tuft of light purple, or blush -coloured flowers, standing round and close thrusting together. - - -Double Pinkes. - -The double white Pinke is onely with more leaues in it then -the single which maketh the difference. - -The double red Pinke is in the same manner double, differing -from the single of the same colour. - -The double purple Pinke differeth not from the single purple -for colour, but only in the doublenesse of the flower. - -The _Granado_ Pinke differeth not from the Gilloflower of -the same name, but in the smalnesse both of leaues and flower. - -The double Matted Pinke is before described. - -The double blush Pinke is almost as great as the ordinary -blush Gilloflower, and some haue taken it for one, but the -greene leaues are almost as small as Pinks, and therefore I -referre it to them. - - Single Pinkes. - - The single white ordinary Pinke hath a single white flower of - fiue leaues, finely iagged about the edges. - - The single red pink is like the white, but that the leaues - are not so much iagged, and the flower is of a pale purplish - red colour, - - The single purple Pinke is of a faire purple colour, like - almost vnto the purple Gilloflower. - - The great blush Pinke hath broader and larger leaues in the - flower then any other Pinke, and of a faire blush colour. - - The white Featherd Pinke hath the edges of the flower more - finely and deeply cut in then the former. - - The red or light purple featherd Pinke is like the former - featherd Pinke, but only differeth in colour. - - The Starre Pinke is a faire flower, finely iagged on the - edges, with a faire red circle at the lower end of the leaues - on the inside. - - The white featherd Pinke of Austria is described before. - The purple featherd Pinke of Austria is so likewise. The - single matted Pinke is before described. The speckled Pinke - is a small flower hauing small spots of red here and there - dispersed ouer the white flower. - - Those single flowers being like vnto Pinkes that rise from - the sowing of the orenge tawney, I bring not into this - _classis_, hauing already spoken of them in the precedent - Chapter. - - - The Place. - - These are all like as the former, nourished in Gardens with - vs, although many of them are found wilde in many places of - Austria, Hungarie, and Germany, on the mountaines, and in many - other places, as Clusius recordeth. The ordinary Thrift groweth - in the salt Marshes at Chattam by Rochester, and in many other - places in England: but the great kinde was gathered in Spaine, - by Guillaume Boel that painefull searcher of simples, and the - seede thereof imparted to me, from whence I had diuers plants, - but one yeare after another they all perished. - - - The Time. - - Many of these Pinkes both single and double, doe flower before - any Gilloflower, and so continue vntill August, and some, most - of the Summer and Autumne. - - - The Names. - - The seuerall titles that are giuen to these Pinkes, may - suffice for their particular names: and for their generall - they haue beene expressed in the former Chapter, beeing of the - same kindred, but that they are smaller, and more frequently - found wilde. The two sorts of Thrift are called _Caryophyllus - Marinus_. The greater, _Maior & Mediterraneus_; In English, - The greater or Leuant Thrift, or Sea Gilloflower. The lesser - _Minimus_, and is accounted of some to be a grasse, and - therefore called _Gramen Marinum & Polyanthemum_; In English, - Thrift, Sea grasse, and our Ladies Cushion, or Sea Cushion. - - - The Vertues. - - It is thought by diuers, that their vertues are answerable to - the Gilloflowers, yet as they are of little vse with vs, so I - thinke of as small effect. - - - - -CHAP. LXXI. - -_Armerius._ Sweet Iohns, and sweet Williams. - - -These kindes of flowers as they come neerest vnto Pinkes and -Gilloflowers, though manifestly differing, so it is fitted to place -them next vnto them in a peculiar Chapter. - - -1. _Armerius angustifolius rubens simplex._ Single red sweete Iohns. - -The sweete Iohn hath his leaues broader, shorter, and greener then any -of the former Gilloflowers, but narrower then sweete Williams, set by -couples, at the ioynts of the stalkes, which are shorter then most of -the former, and not aboue a foote and a halfe high, at the tops whereof -stand many small flowers, like vnto small Pinkes, but standing closer -together, and in shorter huskes, made of fiue leaues, smaller then most -of them, and more deeply iagged then the Williams, of a red colour in -the middle, and white at the edges, but of a small or soft sent, and -not all flowring at once, but by degrees: the seede is blacke, somewhat -like vnto the seede of Pinkes, the roote is dispersed diuersly, with -many small fibres annexed vnto it. - - -2. _Armerius angustifolius albus simplex._ Single white sweet Iohns. - -This white Iohn differeth not in any thing from the former, but onely -that the leafe doth neuer change brownish, and that the flower is of a -faire white colour, without any mixture. - - -3. _Armerius angustifolius duplex._ Double sweet Iohns. - -There is of both those former kindes, some whose flowers are once -double, that is, consisting of two or three rowes of leaues, and the -edges not so deeply iagged; not differing in any thing else. - - -4. _Armerius latifolius simplex flore rubro._ -Single red sweet Williams. - -The sweet Williams doe all of them spread into many very long traylng -branches, with leaues lying on the ground, in the very like manner -that the sweete Iohns doe: the chiefe differences betweene them are, -that these haue broader, and darker greene leaues, somewhat brownish, -especially towards the points, and that the flowers stand thicker and -closer, and more in number together, in the head or tuft, hauing many -small pointed leaues among them, but harmlesse, as all men know; the -colour of the flower is of a deep red, without any mixture or spot at -all. - - -5. _Armerius latifolius flore rubro multiplici._ -Double red sweete Williams. - -The double kinde differeth not from the single kinde of the same -colour, but only in the doublenesse of the flowers, which are with two -rowes of leaues in euery flower. - - -6. _Armerius latifolius variegatus siue versicolor._ -Speckled sweete Williams, or London pride. - -These spotted Williams are very like the first red Williams, in -the forme or maner of growing, hauing leaues as broade, and browne -sometimes as they, the flowers, stand as thicke or thicker, clustring -together, but of very variable colours: for some flowers will be of a -fine delayed red, with few markes or spots vpon them, and others will -bee full speckled or sprinkled with white or siluer spots, circlewise -about the middle of the flowers, and some will haue many specks or -spots vpon them dispersed: all these flowers are not blowne at one -time, but some are flowring, when others are decaying, so that abiding -long in their pride, they become of the more respect: The seede is -blacke, as all the rest, and not to be distinguished one from another: -the roots are some long, and some small and threddy, running vnder the -vpper crust of the earth. - - -7. _Armerius latifolius flore rubro saturo holofericeo._ -Sweet Williams of a deepe red or murrey colour. - -The leaues of this kinde seeme to be a little larger, and the ioints -a little redder then the former, but in the flower consisteth the -chiefest difference, which is of a deepe red, or murrey purple colour, -like vnto veluet of that colour, without any spots, but smooth, and as -it were soft in handling, hauing an eye or circle in the middle, at the -bottome of the leaues. - - -8. _Armerius latifolius simplex flore albo._ -Single white sweete Williams. - -The white kinde differeth not in forme, but in colour from the former, -the leaues are not browne at all, but of a fresh greene colour, and the -flowers are wholly white, or else they are all one. - - - The Place. - - These for the most part grow wilde in Italie, and other places: - we haue them in our Gardens, where they are cherished for their - beautifull varietie. - - - The Time. - - They all generally doe flower before the Gilloflowers or - Pinkes, or with the first of them: their seede is ripe in Iune - and Iuly, and doe all well abide the extremitie of our coldest - winters. - - - The Names. - - They all generally are called _Armerius_, or _Armeria_, as some - doe write, and distinguished as they are in their titles: Yet - some haue called them _Vetonica agrestis_, and others _Herba - Tunica_, _Scarlatea_, & _Caryophyllus siluestris_: Wee doe - in English in most places, call the first or narrower leafed - kindes, Sweet Iohns, and all the rest Sweete Williams; yet in - some places they call the broader leafed kindes that are not - spotted, Tolmeiners, and London tufts: but the speckled kinde - is termed by our English Gentlewomen, for the most part, London - pride. - - - The Vertues. - - We haue not knowne any of these vsed in Physicke. - - - - -CHAP. LXXII. - -_Bellis._ Daisie. - - -There be diuers sorts of Daisies, both great and small, both single and -double, both wilde growing abroade in the fieldes, and elsewhere, and -manured growing only in Gardens: of all which I intend not to entreate, -but of those that are of most beautie and respect, and leaue the rest -to their proper place. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Armerius angustifolius simplex._ Single sweete Iohns. - 2 _Armerius angustifolius multiplex._ Double sweet Iohns. - 3 _Armerius latifolius simplex._ Single sweete Williams. - 4 _Armerius latifolius versicolor._ Spotted sweet Williams or - pride of London. - 5 _Armerius latifolius multiplex._ Double sweet Williams. - 6 _Bellis hortensis minor multiplex._ Double Garden Daisies. - 7 _Bellis minor hortensis flore vario._ Double red Daisies stript. - 8 _Bellis minor hortensis prolifera._ Double fruitfull Daisies or - Iacke an Apes on horsebacke. - 9 _Bellis cærulea siue Globularia._ Double blew Daisies or blew - Globeflower. - 10 _Bellis lutea montana siue Globularia lutea montana._ Double - yellow Daisies or yellow Globeflower. -] - - -1. _Bellis maior flore albo pleno._ The great double white Daisie. - -The great Daisie with the double white flower, is in all things so -like vnto the great single kinde, that groweth by the high wayes, and -in diuers medowes and fields, that there is no difference but in the -flower, which is double. It hath many long, and somewhat broad leaues -lying vpon the ground, deepely cut in on both sides, somewhat like -vnto an oaken leafe; but those that are on the stalkes are shorter, -narrower, and not so deeply cut in, but onely notched on the edges: -the flowers at the toppe are (as I said) white and double, consisting -of diuers rowes of leaues, being greater in compasse then any of the -double Daisies that follow, but nothing so double of leaues. - - -2. _Bellis minor flore rubro simplici._ Single red Daisies. - -This single Daisie (like as all the rest of the small Daisies) hath -many smooth, greene, round pointed leaues lying on the ground, a -little snipt about the edges; from among which rise many slender round -foote-stalkes, rather then stalkes or stems, about an hand breadth high -at the most, and oftentimes not halfe so high, bearing one flower a -peece, consisting of many small leaues, as a pale or border set about a -middle thrumme: the leaues of this kinde are almost wholly red, whereas -in the wilde they are white or whitish, enclining to red on the edges, -the middle being yellow in both sorts: the rootes are many small white -threads or strings. - - -3. _Bellis minor hortensis flore pleno variorum colorum._ -Double Garden Daisies of diuers colours. - -The leaues of all the double Daisies are in forme like vnto the single -ones, but that they are smaller, and little or nothing snipt or notched -about the edges: the small stalkes like wise are smaller and lower, -but bearing as double flowers as any that growe on the ground, being -composed of many small leaues, thicke thrust together, of diuers -colours; for some are wholly of a pure white, others haue a little red, -either dispersed vpon the white leaues, or on the edges, and sometimes -on the backes of the leaues: some againe seeme to be of a whitish red, -or more red then white, when as indeede they are white leaues dispersed -among the red; others of a deepe or darke red colour, and some are -speckled or striped with white and red through the whole flower: and -some the leaues will bee red on the vpperside, and white vnderneath; -and some also (but those are very rare) are of a greenish colour. - - -4. _Bellis minor hortensis prolifera._ -Double double Daisies or childing Daisies. - -There is no difference either in leafe or roote in this kinde from the -former double Daisies: the chiefest variety consisteth in this, that -it beareth many small double flowers, standing vpon very short stalkes -round about the middle flower, which is vsually as great and double as -any of the other double kindes, and is either wholly of a deepe red -colour, or speckled white and red as in some of the former kindes, or -else greenish, all the small flowers about it being of the same colour -with the middlemost. - - -5. _Bellis cærulea siue Globularia._ Blew Daisies. - -The likenesse and affinity that this plant hath with the former, both -in the forme of leafe and flower, as also in the name, hath caused me -to insert it, and another rare plant of the same kinde, in this place, -although they be very rare to be met with in our English Gardens. This -beareth many narrower, shorter, and blacker greene leaues then the -former, lying round about vpon the ground; among which rise vp slender, -but stiffe and hard stalks, halfe a foot high or more, set here and -there with small leaues, and at the top a small round head, composed of -many small blew leaues, somewhat like vnto the head of a Scabious: It -hath bin found likewise with a white head of flowers: the roote is hard -and stringie: the whole plant is of a bitter taste. - - -6. _Globularia lutea montana._ Yellow Daisies. - -This mountaine yellow Daisie or Globe-flower hath many thicke, smooth, -round pointed leaues, spread vpon the ground like the former; among -which spring diuers small round rushie stalkes, a foote high, bearing -about the middle of them two small leaues at the ioynts, and at the -toppes round heads of flowers thrust thicke together, standing in -purplish huskes, euery of which flowers do blow or spread into fiue -leaues, starre-fashion, and of a faire yellow colour, smelling like -vnto broome flowers, with many small threads in the middle compassing a -flat pointell, horned or bended two wayes: after the flowers are past -rise vp the seede vessels, which are round, swelling out in the middle, -and diuided into foure parts at the toppes, containing within them -round, flat, blacke seede, with a small cut or notch in them: the roote -is a finger long, round and hard, with a thicke barke, and a woddy pith -in the middle, of a sharpe drying taste and strong sent: the leaues are -also sharpe, but bitter. - - - The Place. - - The small Daisies are all planted, and found onely in Gardens, - and will require to be replanted often, lest they degenerate - into single flowers, & at least into lesse double. The - blew Daisie is naturall of Mompelier in France, and on the - mountaines in many places of Italy, as also the yellow kinde in - the Kingdome of Naples. - - - The Time. - - The Daisies flower betimes in the Spring, and last vntill May, - but the last two flower not vntill August or September. - - - The Names. - - They are vsually called in Latine _Bellides_, and in English - Daisies. Some call them _Herba Margarita_, and _Primula veris_, - as it is likely after the Italian names, of _Marguerite_, - and _Flor di prima vera gentile_. The French call them - _Pasquettes_, and _Marguerites_, and the Fruitfull sort, - or those that beare small flowers about the middle one, - _Margueritons_: our English women call them Iacke an Apes on - horse-backe, as they doe Marigolds before recited, or childing - Daisies: but the Physitians and Apothecaries doe in generall - call them, especially the single or Field kindes, _Consolida - minor_. The blew Daisie is called _Bellis cærulea_, and - _Globularia_, of some _Scabiosæ pumilum genus_. The Italians - call it _Botanaria_, because the heads are found like buttons. - The yellow, _Globularia montana_, is onely described by Fabius - Columna, in his last part of _Phytobasanos_, and by him - referred vnto the former _Globularia_, although it differ in - some notable points from it. - - - The Vertues. - - The properties of Daisies are certainly to binde, and the roote - especially being dryed, they are vsed in medicines to that - purpose. They are also of speciall account among those herbes, - that are vsed for wounds in the head. - - - - -CHAP. LXXIII. - -_Scabiosa._ Scabious. - - -The sorts of Scabious being many, yeeld not flowers of beauty or -respect, fit to bee cherished in this our Garden of delight; and -therefore I leaue them to the Fields and Woods, there to abide. I haue -onely two or three strangers to bring to your acquaintance, which are -worthy this place. - - -1. _Scabiosa flore albo._ White flowred Scabious. - -This white Scabious hath many long leaues, very much iagged or gasht in -on both sides, of a meane bignesse, being neither so large as many of -the field, nor so small as any of the small kindes: the stalkes rise -about a foote and a halfe high, or somewhat higher, at the tops whereof -grow round heads, thicke set with flowers, like in all points vnto the -field Scabious, but of a milke white colour. - - -2. _Scabiosa rubra Austriaca._ Red Scabious of Austria. - -This red Scabious hath many leaues lying vpon the ground, very like -vnto Deuils bit, but not so large, being shorter and snipt, not gashed -about the edges, of a light greene colour; yet (there is another of -a darker greene colour, whose flower is of a deeper red) the stalkes -haue diuers such leaues on them, set by couples at the ioynts as grow -belowe, and at the tops small heads of flowers, each consisting of -fiue leaues, the biggest flowers standing round about in the outer -compasse, as is vsuall almost in all the kinds of Scabious, of a fine -light purple or red colour: after the flowers are past, come the seede, -which is somewhat long and round, set with certaine haires at the head -thereof, like vnto a Starre: the roote is composed of a number of -slender strings, fastened at the head. - - -3. _Scabiosa rubra Indica._ Red flowred Indian Scabious. - -This (reputed Indian) Scabious hath many large faire greene leaues -lying on the ground, iagged or cut in on both sides to the middle -ribbe, euery peece whereof is narrower then that at the end, which -is the broadest: among these leaues rise vp sundry slender and weake -stalkes, yet standing vpright for the most part, set with smaller and -more iagged leaues at certaine distances, two or three at euery ioynt, -branching forth at the toppe into other smaller branches, bearing euery -one head of flowers, like in forme vnto other Scabiouses, but of an -excellent deepe red crimson colour (and sometimes more pale or delayed) -of no sent at all; after which doe come small roundish seede, like vnto -the field Scabious: the roote is long and round, compassed with a great -many small strings, and perisheth vsually as soone as it hath borne -out his flowers and seede: otherwise if it doe not flower the first -yeare of the sowing, if it be carefully defended from the extremity of -Winter, it will flower the sooner the next yeare, as I my selfe haue -often found by experience. - - - The Place. - - The first is sometimes found wilde in our owne Countrey, but it - is very geason, and hath been sent among other rare seedes from - Italy. - - The second was first found and written of by Clusius, in - Pannonia and Austria, where it is very plentifull. - - The third hath been sent both from Spaine & Italy, and is - verily thought to grow naturally in both those parts. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Scabiosa flore albo._ White flowred Scabious. - 2 _Scabiosa rubra Austriaca._ Red Scabious of Austria. - 3 _Scabiosa rubra Indica._ Red flowred Indian Scabious. - 4 _Cyanus vulgaris minor._ Corn-flower of diuers colours. - 5 _Cyanus Bæticus._ Spanish Corn-flower. - 6 _Cyanus floridus Turcicus._ The braue Sultans flower. - 7 _Carthamus sativus._ Spanish Saffron. -] - - - The Time. - - The first and second flower earlier then the last, for that it - flowreth not vntill September or October, (vnlesse it be not - apt to beare the first yeare as I before said) so that many - times (if none be more forward) it perisheth without bearing - ripe seede, whereby we are oftentimes to seeke new seede from - our friends in other parts. - - - The Names. - - They haue all one generall name of Scabious, distinguished - eyther by their flower, or place of growing, as in their - titles: yet the last is called of diuers _Scabiosa exotica_, - because they thinke the name _Indica_, is not truely imposed - vpon it. - - - The Vertues. - - Whether these kindes haue any of the vertues of the other wilde - kinds, I know none haue made any experience, and therefore I - can say no more of them. - - - - -CHAP. LXXIIII. - -_Cyanus._ Corne flower, or blew Bottles. - - -Vnder the name of _Cyanus_ are comprehended, not onely those plants -which from the excellent blew colour of their flowers (furnishing or -rather pestering the Corne fieldes) haue peculiarly obtained that name, -and which doth much vary also, in the colour of the flowers, as shall -be shewed; but some other plants also for their neere resemblance, but -with seuerall distinctions. The _Cyanus maior_, _Ptarmica Austriaca_, -_Ptarmica Imperati_, and many others which may be adioyned vnto them, -do more fitly belong to the Garden of Simples, whereunto I leaue them, -and will here only entreate of those that may most please the delight -of our Gentle Florists, in that I labour and striue, to furnish this -our garden, with the chiefest choyse of natures beauties and delights. - - -1. _Cyanus vulgaris diuersorum colorum._ -Corne flower of diuers colours. - -All these sorts of Corne flowers are for the most part alike, both -in leaues and flowers one vnto another for the forme: the difference -betweene them consisteth in the varying colour of the flowers: For the -leaues are long, and of a whitish greene colour, deeply cut in on the -edges in some places, somewhat like vnto the leaues of a Scabious: the -stalkes are two foote high or better, beset with such like leaues but -smaller, and little or nothing cut in on the edges: the toppes are -branched, bearing many small greene scaly heads, out of which rise -flowers, consisting of fiue or sixe, or more long and hollow leaues, -small at the bottome, and opening wider and greater at the brims, -notched or cut in on the edges, and standing round about many small -threds in the middle: the colours of these flowers are diuers, and very -variable; for some are wholly blew, or white, or blush, or of a sad, -or light purple, or of a light or dead red, or of an ouerworne purple -colour, or else mixed of these colours, as some, the edges white, and -the rest blew or purple, or the edges blew or purple, and the rest of -the flower white, or striped, spotted, or halfed, the one part of one -colour, and the other of another, the threds likewise in the middle -varying in many of them; for some will haue the middle thrume of a -deeper purple then the outer leaues, and some haue white or blush -leaues, the middle thrume being reddish, deeper or paler. After the -flowers are past, there come small, hard, white and shining seede in -those heads, wrapped or set among a deale of flockie matter, as is -most vsuall, in all plants that beare scaly heads: the rootes are long -and hard, perishing euery yeare when it hath giuen seede. - - -2. _Cyanus floridus Turcicus._ The Sultans flower. - -As a kinde of these Corne flowers, I must needes adioyne another -stranger, of much beautie, and but lately obtained from Constantinople, -where, because (as it is said) the great Turke, as we call him, saw it -abroade, liked it, and wore it himselfe; all his vassals haue had it -in great regard, and hath been obtained from them, by some that haue -sent it into these parts. The leaues whereof are greener, and not only -gashed, but finely snipt on the edges: the stalkes are three foote -high, garnished with the like leaues as are below, and branched as the -former, bearing large scaly heads, and such like flowers but larger, -hauing eight or nine of those hollow gaping leaues in euery flower, -standing about the middle threds (if it be planted in good and fertile -ground and be well watered, for it soone starueth and perisheth with -drought) the circling leaues are of a fine delayed purple or blush -colour, very beautifull to behold; the seede of this is smaller and -blacker, and not enclosed in so much dounie substance, as the former -(yet in our Countrey the seede is not so blacke, as it came vnto vs, -but more gray) the roote perisheth likewise euery yeere. - - -3. _Cyanus Bæticus supinus._ The Spanish Corne-flower. - -This Spanish kinde hath many square low bending or creeping stalkes, -not standing so vpright as the former, but branching out more diuersly; -so that one plant will take vp a great deale of ground: the leaues -are broader then any of the rest, softer also, of a pale or whitish -greene colour, and not much gashed on the edges: the flowers stand in -bigger heads, with foure or fiue leaues vnder euery head, and are of a -light pale purple or blush colour; after which come seede, but not so -plentifully, yet wrapped in a great deale of flockie matter, more then -any: the roote groweth downe deepe into the ground, but perisheth euery -yeare as they doe. - - - The Place. - - The first or former kindes, grow many times in the Corne fields - of our own Countrey, as well as of others, especially that sort - with a blew flower: but the other sorts or colours are not so - frequent, but are nourished in gardens, where they will vary - wonderfully. - - The second as is before set downe, groweth in Turkie: and - the last in Spaine, found out and first sent to vs by that - industrious searcher of simples, Guillaume Boel before - remembred. - - - The Time. - - The first doe flower in the end of Iune, and in Iuly, and - sometimes sooner. The other two later, and not vntill August - most commonly, and the seede is soone ripe after. - - - The Names. - - The first is generally called _Cyanus_, and some following - the Ditch name, call it _Flos frumenti_. The olde Writers - gaue it the name of _Bapti sæcuba_, which is almost worne - out. We doe call them in English, Blew Bottles, and in some - places, Corne flowers, after the Ditch names. The second hath - beene sent by the name of _Ambreboi_, which whether it be a - Turkie or Arabian name, I know not. I haue called it from the - place, from whence we had it, _Turcicus_, and for his beauty, - _Floridus_. The Turkes themselues as I vnderstand, doe call it - The Sultans flower, and I haue done so likewise, that it may - bee distinguished from all the other kindes, or else you may - call it, The Turkey blush Corne flower, which you please. The - last was sent by the name of _Iacea Bætica_, but I had rather - to referre it to the _Cyanus_, or Corne flowers, because the - flowers are like vnto the Corne flowers, and not vnto the - Iaceas or Knapweedes. - - - The Vertues. - - These had no vse in Physicke in Galen and Dioscorides time, in - that (as it is thought) they haue made no mention of them: We - in these dayes doe chiefly vse the first kindes (as also the - greater sort) as a cooling Cordiall, and commended by some to - be a remedy, not onely against the plague and pestilentiall - diseases, but against the poison of Scorpions and Spiders. - - - - -CHAP. LXXV. - -_Iacea Marina Bætica._ Spanish Sea Knapweede. - - -There are a great many sorts of Knapweedes, yet none of them all fit -for this our Garden, but this only stranger, which I haue beene bold -to thrust in here, for that it hath such like gaping or open flowers, -as the former Corne flowers haue, but notably differing, and therefore -deserueth a peculiar Chapter, as partaking both with _Cyanus_ and -_Iacea_. It hath many long and narrow leaues vneuenly dented or waued -on both edges (and not notched, gashed or indented, as many other -herbes are) being thicke, fleshie and brittle, a little hairy, and of -an ouerworne darke greene colour, among which rise lowe weake stalkes, -with such like leaues as grow at the bottome, but smaller, bearing -but here and there a flower, of a bright reddish purple colour, like -in forme vnto the Corne flowers, but much larger, with many threds or -thrumes in the middle of the same colour, standing vp higher then any -of the former: this flower riseth out of a large scaly head, all set -ouer with small sharpe (but harmelesse) white prickles: the seedes are -blackish, like vnto the Knapweedes, and larger then any of the former -Corne flowers: the roote is great and thicke, growing deepe into the -ground, fleshie and full of a slimie or clammy iuice, and easie to bee -broken, blackish on the outside, and whitish within, enduring many -yeares, like as the other Knapweedes, or Matfelons doe, growing in time -to be very thicke and great. - - - The Place. - - It groweth naturally by the Sea side in Spaine, from whence I - receiued the seedes of Guillaume Boel, and did abide well in my - garden a long time, but is now perished. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth in the beginning of Iuly, or thereabouts, and - continueth not long in flower: but the head abideth a great - while, and is of some beauty after the flower is past; yet - seldome giueth good seed with vs. - - - The Names. - - It hath no other name then is set down in the title, being - altogether a Nouelist, and not now to be seene with any sauing - my selfe. - - - The Vertues. - - We haue not yet known any use hereof in Physick. - - - - -CHAP. LXXVI. - -_Cnicus siue Carthamus sativus._ Bastard or Spanish Saffron. - - -There are two or three sorts of _Cnicus_ or bastard Saffrons which -I passe ouer, as not fit for this Garden, and onely set downe this -kinde, whose flowers are of a fairer and more liuely colour in our -Country, then any hath come ouer from Spaine, where they manure it -for the profit they make thereof, seruing for the dying of Silke -especially, and transporting great quantities to diuers Countries. It -hath large broad leaues, without any prickes at all vpon them in our -Country, growing vpon the stalke, which is strong, hard, and round, -with shorter leaues thereon vp to the toppe, where they are a little -sharpe pointed, and prickly about the edges sometimes, which stalke -riseth three or foure foote high, and brancheth it selfe toward the -toppe, bearing at the end of euery branch one great open scaly head, -out of which thrusteth out many gold yellow threads, of a most orient -shining colour, which being gathered in a dry time, and kept dry, will -abide in the same delicate colour that it bare when it was fresh, for -a very long time after: when the flowers are past, the seede when it -is come to maturity, which is very seldome with vs, is white and hard, -somewhat long, round, and a little cornered: the roote is long, great, -and wooddy, and perisheth quickly with the first frosts. - - - The Place. - - It groweth in Spaine, and other hot Countries, but not wilde, - for that it is accounted of the old Writers, Theophrastus and - Dioscorides, to be a manured plant. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth with vs not vntill August, or September sometimes, - so that it hardly giueth ripe seede (as I said) neither is - it of that force to purge, which groweth in these colder - Countries, as that which commeth from Spaine, and other places. - - - The Names. - - The name _Cnicus_ is deriued from the Greekes, and _Carthamus_ - from the Arabians, yet still _sativus_ is added vnto it, to - shew it is no wilde, but a manured plant, and sowne euery where - that wee know. Of some it is called _Crocus hortensis_, and - _Sarasenicus_,from the Italians which so call it. We call it in - English Bastard Saffron, Spanish Saffron, and Catalonia Saffron. - - - The Vertues. - - The flowers are vsed in colouring meates, where it groweth - beyond Sea, and also for the dying of Silkes: the kernels of - the seede are onely vsed in Physicke with vs, and serueth well - to purge flegmaticke humours. - - - - -CHAP. LXXVII. - -_Carduus._ Thistles. - - -You may somewhat maruaile, to see mee curious to plant Thistles in -my Garden, when as you might well say, they are rather plagues then -pleasures, and more trouble to weede them out, then to cherish them -vp, if I made therein no distinction or choise; but when you haue -viewed them well which I bring in, I will then abide your censure, if -they be not worthy of some place, although it be but a corner of the -Garden, where something must needes be to fill vp roome. Some of them -are smooth, and without prickes at all, some at the heads onely, and -some all ouer; but yet not without some especiall note or marke worthy -of respect: Out of this discourse I leaue the Artichoke, with all his -kindes, and reserue them for our Kitchin Garden, because (as all know) -they are for the pleasure of the taste, and not of the smell or sight. - - -1. _Acanthus sativus._ Garden Beares breech. - -The leaues of this kinde of smooth thistle (as it is accounted) are -almost as large as the leaues of the Artichoke, but not so sharp -pointed, very deeply cut in and gashed on both edges, of a sad green & -shining colour on the vpperside, and of a yellowish green vnderneath, -with a great thicke rib in the middle, which spread themselues about -the root, taking vp a great deale of ground. After this plant hath -stood long in one place, and well defended from the iniury of the -cold, it sendeth forth from among the leaues one or more great and -strong stalkes, three or foure foote high, without any branch at all, -bearing from the middle to the top many flowers one aboue another, -spike-fashion round about the stalke, with smaller but not diuided -greene leaues at euery flower, which is white, and fashioned somewhat -like vnto a gaping mouth; after which come broad, flat, thicke, round, -brownish yellow seede (as I haue well obserued by them haue beene sent -me out of Spaine, and which haue sprung vp, and doe grow with me; for -in our Countrey I could neuer obserue any seede to haue growne ripe) -the rootes are composed of many great and thicke long strings, which -spread farre in and vnder the ground, somewhat darkish on the outside, -and whitish within, full of a clammy moisture (whereby it sheweth to -haue much life) and doe endure our Winters, if they be not too much -exposed to the sharpe violence thereof, which then it will not endure, -as I haue often found by experience. - - -2. _Acanthus siluestris._ Wilde or prickly Beares breech. - -This prickly Thistle hath diuers long greenish leaues lying on the -ground, much narrower then the former, but cut in on both sides, thicke -set with many white prickes and thornes on the edges: the stalke riseth -not vp so high, bearing diuers such like thornie leaues on them, with -such a like head of flowers on it as the former hath: but the seede -hereof (as it hath come to vs from Italy and other places, for I neuer -saw it beare seed here in this Country) is blacke and round, of the -bignesse of a small pease: the roote abideth reasonable well, if it be -defended somewhat from the extremity of our Winters, or else it will -perish. - - -3. _Eryngium Pannonicum siue Montanum._ Hungary Sea Holly. - -The lower leaues of this Thistle that lye on the ground, are somewhat -large, round, and broad, hard in handling, and a little snipt about -the edges, euery one standing vpon a long foote-stalke: but those that -growe vpon the stalke, which is stiffe, two or three foote high, haue -no foote-stalke, but encompasse it, two being set at euery ioynt, the -toppe whereof is diuided into diuers branches, bearing small round -rough heads, with smaller and more prickly leaues vnder them, and more -cut in on the sides then those belowe: out of these heads rise many -blew flowers, the foote-stalkes of the flowers, together with the -toppes of the branches, are likewise blew and transparent, or shining. - -[Sidenote: _Flore albo._] - -We haue another of this kinde, the whole toppes of the stalkes with the -heads and branches, are more white then blew: the seede contained in -these heads are white, flat, and as it were chaffie: the roote is great -and whitish, spreading farre into many branches, and somewhat sweete in -taste, like the ordinary Sea Holly rootes. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Acanthus sativus._ Garden Beares breech. - 2 _Acanthus siluetris._ Wilde Beares breech. - 3 _Eryngium Pannonicum._ Mountaine Sea Holly. - 4 _Carlina humilis._ The lowe Carline Thistle. - 5 _Carduus sphærocephalus maior._ The greater Globe-Thistle. - 6 _Carduus sphærocephalus minor._ The lesser Globe-Thistle. - 7 _Carduus Eriocephalus._ The Friers crowne. - 8 _Fraxinella._ Bastard Dittanie. -] - - -4. _Carduus mollis._ The gentle Thistle. - -The leaues of this soft and gentle Thistle that are next vnto the -ground, are greene on the vpperside, and hoary vnderneath, broad -at the bottome, somewhat long pointed, and vneuenly notched about -the edges, with some soft hairie prickles, not hurting the handler, -euery one standing vpon a short foote-stalke; those that growe about -the middle stalke are like the former, but smaller and narrower, and -those next the toppe smallest, where it diuideth it selfe into small -branches, bearing long and scaly heads, out of which breake many -reddish purple threads: the seede is whitish and hard, almost as great -as the seede of the greater Centory: the roote is blackish, spreading -vnder the ground, with many small fibres fastened vnto it, and abideth -a great while. - - -5. _Carlina humilis._ The lowe Carline Thistle. - -This lowe Thistle hath many iagged leaues, of a whitish greene Colour, -armed with small sharp white prickles round about the edges, lying -round about the root vpon the ground, in the middle whereof riseth vp -a large head, without any stalke vnder it, compassed about with many -small and long prickly leaues, from among which the flower sheweth -it selfe, composed of many thin, long, whitish, hard shining leaues, -standing about the middle, which is flat and yellow, made of many -thrums or threads like small flowers, wherein lye small long seede, of -a whitish or siluer colour: the roote is somewhat aromaticall, blackish -on the outside, small and long, growing downewards into the ground. -There is another of this kinde that beareth a higher stalke, and a -redder flower, but there is a manifest difference betweene them. - - -6. _Carduus Sphærocephalus siue Globosus maior._ -The greater Globe Thistle. - -The greatest of these beautifull Thistles, hath at the first many large -and long leaues lying on the ground, very much cut in and diuided in -many places, euen to the middle ribbe, set with small sharpe (but not -very strong) thornes or prickles at euery corner of the edges, greene -on the vpperside, and whitish vnderneath: from the middle of these -leaues riseth vp a round stiffe stalke, three foote and a halfe high, -or more, set without order with such like leaues, bearing at the toppe -of euery branch a round hard great head, consisting of a number of -sharpe bearded huskes, compact or set close together, of a blewish -greene colour, out of euery one of which huskes start small whitish -blew flowers, with white threads in the middle of them, and rising -aboue them, so that the heads when they are in full flower, make a -fine shew, much delighting the spectators: after the flowers are past, -the seede encreaseth in euery one, or the most part of the bearded -huskes, which doe still hold their round forme, yntill that being ripe -it openeth it selfe, and the huskes easily fall away one from another, -containing within them a long whitish kernell: the roote is great and -long, blackish on the outside, and dyeth euery yeare when it hath borne -seede. - - -7. _Carduus Globosus minor._ The lesser Globe Thistle. - -The lesser kinde hath long narrow leaues, whiter then the former, but -cut in and gashed on the edges very much with some small prickes on -them; the stalke is not halfe so long, nor the heads halfe so great, -but as round, and with as blew flowers as the greater: this seldome -giueth ripe seede, but recompenseth that fault, in that the roote -perisheth not as the former, but abideth many yeares. - - -8. _Carduus Eriocephalus siue Tomentosus._ The Friers Crowne. - -This woolly Thistle hath many large and long leaues lying on the -ground, cut in on both sides into many diuisions, which are likewise -somewhat vnequally cut in or diuided againe, hauing sharpe white -prickles at euery corner of the diuisions, of a dead or sad greene -colour on the vpperside, and somewhat woolly withall, and grayish -vnderneath: the stalke is strong and tall, foure or fiue foote high -at the least, branching out into diuers parts, euery where beset with -such like leaues as growe below; at the toppe of euery branch there -breaketh out a great whitish round prickly head, flattish at the toppe, -so thicke set with wooll, that the prickles seeme but small spots -or haires, and doth so well resemble the bald crowne of a Frier, -not onely before it be in flower, but especially after it hath done -flowring, that thereupon it deseruedly receiued the name of the Friers -Crowne Thistle: out of these heads riseth forth a purple thrumme, such -as is to be seene in many other wilde Thistles, which when they are -ripe, are full of a flockie or woolly substance, which breake at the -toppe shedding it, and the seede which is blackish, flat, and smooth: -the roote is great and thicke, enduring for some yeares, yet sometimes -perishing, if it be too much exposed to the violence of the frosts in -Winter. - - - The Place. - - The first groweth naturally in Spaine, Italy, and France, and - in many other hot Countries, and growe onely in Gardens in - these colder climates, and there cherished for the beautifull - aspect both of the greene plants, and of the stalkes when they - are in flower. The Carline Thistle is found both in Germany and - Italy in many places, and as it is reported, in some places of - the West parts in England. The others are found some in France, - some in Hungary, and on the Alpes, and the last in Spaine. - - - The Time. - - They doe all flower in the Summer moneths, some a little - earlier or later then others. - - - The Names. - - The first is called _Acanthus sativus_ (because the other that - is prickly, is called _siluestris_ or _spinosus_) and _Branea - vrsina_; In English, Branck vrsine, and Beares breech. The - third is called _Eryngium montanum_, _Alpinum_, and _Pannonicum - latifolium_: In English, Mountaine or Hungary Sea Holly. - The fourth is called _Carduus mollis_, The gentle Thistle, - because it hath no harmfull prickles, although it seeme at - the first shew to be a Thistle. The fifth is called of diuers - _Chamæleo albus_, and _Carlina_, as if they were both but one - plant; but Fabius Columna hath in my iudgement very learnedly - descided that controuersie, making _Carlina_ to be _Ixine_ - of Theophrastus, and _Chamæleo_ another differing Thistle, - which Gaza translateth _Vernilago_. We call it in English, The - Carline Thistle. The other haue their names in their titles, as - much as is conuenient for this discourse. - - - The Vertues. - - The first hath alwaies been vsed Physically, as a mollifying - herbe among others of the like slimie matter in Glisters, to - open the body; yet Lobel seemeth to make no difference in the - vse of them both (that is, the prickly as well as the smooth.) - The Carline Thistle is thought to bee good against poysons and - infection. The rest are not vsed by any that I know. - - - - -CHAP. LXXVIII. - -_Fraxinella._ Bastard Dittany. - - -Hauing finished those pleasing Thistles, I come to other plants of more -gentle handling, and first bring to your consideration this bastard -Dittany, whereof there are found out two especiall kindes, the one with -a reddish, the other with a whitish flower, and each of these hath his -diuersity, as shall be presently declared. - - -1. _Fraxinella flore rubente._ Bastard Dittany with a reddish flower. - -This goodly plant riseth vp with diuers round, hard brownish stalkes, -neare two foote high, the lower parts whereof are furnished with many -winged leaues, somewhat like vnto Liquerice, or a small young Ashe -tree, consisting of seuen, nine, or eleuen leaues set together, which -are somewhat large and long, hard and rough in handling, of a darkish -greene colour, and of an vnpleasant strong resinous sent: the vpper -parts of the stalkes are furnished with many flowers, growing spike -fashion, at certaine distances one aboue another, consisting of fiue -long leaues a peece, whereof foure that stand on the two sides, are -somewhat bending vpwards, and the fift hanging downe, but turning vp -the end of the leafe a little againe, of a faint or pale red colour, -striped through euery leafe with a deeper red colour, and hauing in the -middle a tassell of fiue or six long purplish threds, that bowe downe -with the lower leafe, and turne vp also the ends againe, with a little -freese or thrume at the ends of euery one: after the flowers are past, -arise hard, stiffe, rough, clammy huskes, horned or pointed at the end, -foure or fiue standing together, somewhat like the seede vessels of the -Wolfes-banes, or Colombines, but greater, thicker and harder, wherein -is contained round shining blacke seede, greater then any Colombine -seede by much, and smaller then Peony seede: the roote is white, large, -and spreading many wayes vnder ground, if it stand long: the whole -plant, as well roots as leaues and flowers, are of a strong sent, not -so pleasing for the smell, as the flowers are beautifull to the sight. - - -2. _Fraxinella flore rubro._ Bastard Dittaine with a red flower. - -This differeth not from the former eyther in roote, leafe or flower -for the forme but that the stalkes and leaues are of a darker greene -colour, and that the flowers are of a deeper red colour, (and growing -in a little longer spike), wherein the difference chiefly consisteth, -which is sufficient to distinguish them. - - -3. _Fraxinella flore albo._ Bastard Dittanie with a white flower. - -The white flowred _Fraxinella_ hath his leaues and stalkes of a fresher -greene colour then any of the former; and the flowers are of a pure -white colour, in forme differing nothing at all from the other. - - -4. _Fraxinella flore albo cæruleo._ -Bastard Dittanie with an ash coloured flower. - -The colour of the flower of this _Fraxinella_ onely putteth the -difference betweene this, and the last recited with a white flower: for -this beareth a very pale, or whitish blew flower, tending to an ash -colour. - - - The Place. - - All these kindes are found growing naturally, in many places - both of Germany, and Italie: and that with the white flower, - about Franckford, which being sent me, perished by the way by - long and euill carriage. - - - The Time. - - They flower in Iune and Iuly, and the seede is ripe in August. - - - The Names. - - The name _Fraxinella_ is most generally imposed on those - plants, because of the resemblance of them vnto young Ashes, in - their winged leaues. Yet some doe call them _Dictamus albus_, - or _Dictamnus albus_, and _Diptamus albus_, as a difference - from the _Dictamnus Creticus_, which is a farre differing - plant. Some would haue it to be _Tragium_ of Dioscorides, but - beside other things wheaten this differeth from _Tragium_, this - yeeldeth no milkie iuice, as Dioscorides saith _Tragium_ doth: - We in English doe eyther call it _Fraxinella_, or after the - other corrupted name of _Dictamus_, Bastard Dittanie. - - - The Vertues. - - It is held to be profitable against the stingings of Serpents, - against contagious and pestilent diseases, to bring downe the - feminine courses, for the paines of the belly and the stone, - and in Epilepticall diseases, and other cold paines of the - braines: the roote is the most effectual for all these, yet the - seede is sometimes vsed. - - - - -CHAP. LXXIX. - -_Legumina._ Pulse. - - -If I should describe vnto you all the kindes of Pulse, I should vnfold -a little world of varieties therein, more knowne and found out in these -dayes, then at any time before, but that must bee a part of a greater -worke, which will abide a longer time before it see the light. I shall -only select those that are fit for this garden, and set them downe -for your consideration. All sorts of Pulse may be reduced vnder two -generall heads, that is, of Beanes and Pease, of each whereof there -is both tame and wilde: Of Beanes, besides the tame or vsuall garden -Beane, and the French or Kidney Beane, (whereof I meane to entreate -in my Kitchen garden, as pertinent thereto) there is the Lupine or -flat Beane, whereof I meane to entreate here, and the blacke Beane and -others which must bee reserued for the Physicke Garden. And of the -kindes of Pease some are fit for this Garden; (whereunto I will adioyne -two or three other plants as neerest of affinitie, the flowers of -some, and the fruit of others being delightfull to many, and therefore -fit for this garden) some for the Kitchen, the rest for the Physicke -garden. And first of Lupines or flat Beanes, accepted as delightfull to -many, and therefore fit for this garden. - - -1. _Lupinus sativus albus._ The white garden Lupine. - -The garden Lupine riseth vp with a great round stalke, hollow and -somewhat woolly, with diuers branches, whereon grow vpon long -footestalkes many broade leaues, diuided into seuen or nine parts, -or smaller leaues, equally standing round about, as it were in a -circle, of a whitish greene colour on the vpperside, and more woolly -vnderneath: the flowers stand many together at seuerall ioynts, both of -the greater stalke, and the branches, like vnto beanes, and of a white -colour in some places, and in others of a very bleake blew tending to -white: after the flowers are past, there come in their places, long, -broade, and flat rough cods, wherein are contained round and flat -seede, yellowish on the inside, and couered with a tough white skin, -and very bitter in taste: the rootes are not very great, but full of -small fibres, whereby it fasteneth it selfe strongly in the ground, yet -perisheth euery yeare, as all the rest of these kindes doe. - - -2. _Lupinus cæruleus maximus._ The greater blew Lupine. - -The Stemme or stalke of this Lupine is greater then the last before -recited, as also the leaues more soft and woolly, and the flowers are -of a most perfect blew colour, with some white spots in the middle: -the long rough greenish cods are very great and large, wherein are -contained hard, flat and round seede, not so white on the outside as -the former, but somewhat yellower, greater also, and more rough or hard -in handling. - - -3. _Lupinus cæruleus minor._ The lesser blew Lupine. - -This kinde of wilde Lupine differeth not in the forme of leafe or -flower from the former, but only that it is much smaller, the leaues -are greener, and haue fewer diuisions in them: the flower is of as -deepe a blew colour as the last; the cods likewise are small and long, -containing small round seede, not so flat as the former, but more -discoloured or spotted on the outside, then the greater kinde is. - -[Sidenote: _Minimus._] - -There is a lesser kind then this, not differing in any thing from this, -but that it is lesser. - - -4. _Lupinus flore luteo._ The yellow Lupine. - -The yellow Lupine groweth not vsually so high, but with larger leaues -then the small blew Lupine; the flowers grow in two or three rundles -or tufts, round about the stalke and the branches at the ioynts, of a -delicate fine yellow colour, like in fashion vnto the other kindes, -being larger then the last, but nothing so large as the greater kindes, -and of a fine small sent: the seede is round, and not very flat, but -much about the forme and bignesse of the small blew, or somewhat -bigger, of a whitish colour on the outside, spotted with many spots. - - - The Place. - - The first groweth in many places of Greece, and the Easterne - Countries beyond it, where it hath beene anciently cherished - for their foode, being often watered to take away the - bitternesse. It groweth also in these Western parts, but still - where it is planted. The great blew Lupine is thought to come - from beyond the parts of Persia, in Caramania. The lesser blew - is found very plentifully wilde, in many places both of Spaine - and Italy. The last hath beene brought vs likewise out of - Spaine, whereas it is thought it groweth naturally. They all - grow now in the gardens of those, that are curious louers of - these delights. - - - The Time. - - They flower in Summer, and their seede is ripe quickly after. - - - The Names. - - They are generally called _Lupini_. Plautus in his time saith, - they were vsed in Comedies in stead of money, when in any Scene - thereof there was any shew of payment, and therefore he calleth - them _Aurum Comicum_. And Horace hath this Verse, - - _Nec tamen ignorant, quid distent æra Lupinis_, - - to shew that counterfeit money (such as counters are with vs, - or as these Lupines were vsed in those times) was easily knowne - from true and currant coine. In English wee vsually call them - after the Latine name, Lupines; and some after the Dutch name, - Figge-beanes, because they are flat and round as a Figge that - is pressed; and some Flat-beanes for the same reason. Some haue - called the yellow Lupine, Spanish Violets: but other foolish - names haue beene giuen it, as Virginia Roses, and the like, - by knauish Gardiners and others, to deceiue men, and make - them beleeue they were the finders out, or great preseruers - of rarities, of no other purpose, but to cheate men of their - money: as you would therefore auoyde knaues and deceiuers, - beware of these manner of people, whereof the skirts of our - towne are too pitifully pestered. - - - The Vertues. - - The first or ordinary Lupine doth scoure and cleanse the skin - from spots, morphew, blew markes, and other discolourings - thereof, beeing vsed eyther in a decoction or pouther. Wee - seldome vse it in inward medicines, not that it is dangerous, - but of neglect, for formerly it hath beene much vsed for the - wormes, &c. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Lupinus maior._ The great Lupine. - 2 _Lupinus luteus._ The yellow Lupine. - 3 _Lathyrus latifolius seu Pisum perenne._ Pease euerlasting. - 4 _Pisum quadratum._ The crimson blossomd or square Pease. - 5 _Medica cochleata vulgaris._ Snailes or Barbary buttons. - 6 _Medica spinosa._ Prickly Snailes. - 7 _Medica spinosa altera._ Another sort of prickly Snailes. - 8 _Medica folliculo lata._ Broad buttons or Snailes. - 9 _Medica lunata._ Halfe Moons. - 10 _Hedysarum clypeatum._ The red Sattin flower or French - Honeysuckle. - 11 _Scorpioides minus._ The lesser Caterpillar. - 12 _Scorpioides maius._ The greater Caterpillar. - 13 _Orobus Venetus._ Blew vpright Pease euerlasting. -] - - -1. _Lathyrus latifolius, siue Pisum perenne._ Pease euerlasting. - -This kinde of wilde Pease that abideth long, and groweth euery yeare -greater then other, springeth vp with many broade trayling branches, -winged as it were on both the sides, diuersly diuided into other -smaller branches, at the seuerall ioynts whereof stand two hard, not -broad, but somewhat long greene leaues, and diuers twining claspers, -in sundry places with the leaues, from betweene the branches and the -leaues, at the ioynts towards the toppes, come forth diuers purplish -pease like blossomes, standing on a long stemme or stalke, very -beautifull to behold, and of a pretty sent or smell: after which come -small, long, thin, flat, hard skind cods, containing small round -blackish seede: the roote is great and thicke, growing downe deepe into -the ground, of the thicknesse sometimes of a mans arme, blackish on -the outside, and whitish within, with some branches and a few fibres -annexed thereunto. - - -2. _Orobus Venetus._ Blew vpright euerlasting Pease. - -This pretty kinde of Pease blossome beareth diuers slender, but vpright -greene branches somewhat cornered, two foote high or thereabouts, -hauing at seuerall distances on both sides of them certaine winged -leaues, set together vpon long footestalkes one against another, -consisting of six or eight leaues, somewhat broade and pointed, and -without any odde one at the end: at the ioynts toward the toppes, -between the leaues and the stalkes, come forth many flowers set -together at the end of a pretty long footestalke, of the fashion of the -former Pease blossome, but somewhat smaller, and of a purplish violet -colour: after which come slender and long pointed pods rounder then -they, wherein is contained small round grayish pease: the roote is -blacke, hard or woody, abiding after seede bearing as the former doth, -and shooting afresh euery yeare. - - -3. _Lathyrus annuus filiquis orobi._ Partie coloured Cichelings. - -This small Pulse or wild Pease, hath two or three long slender winged -branches, with smaller leaues thereon then the former, and without -any claspers at all on them: the flowers stand single, euery one by -it selfe, or two at the most together, the middle leaues whereof that -close together are white, and the vpper leaues of a reddish purple -colour: after which come long round flattish cods, bunched out in the -seuerall places where the seedes lye, like vnto the cods of _Orobus_ or -the bitter Vetch, but greater: the roote is small and dyeth euery yeare. - - -4. _Pisum quadratum._ The crimson blossomd or square codded Pease. - -This pretty kinde of Pulse might very well for the forme of the leaues, -be referred to the kindes of _Lotus_ or Trefoiles: but because I haue -none of that kindred to entreate of in this Worke, I haue thought -fittest to place it here before the Medica’s, because both pods and -seedes are like also. It hath three or foure small weake stalkes, -diuided into many branches, hauing two stalkes of leaues at euery -ioynt, and three small soft leaues standing on a very small stalke, -comming from the ioynts: the flowers stand for the most part two -together, of a perfect red or crimson colour, like in forme almost vnto -a Pease blossome; after which come long thicke and round cods, with two -skinnes or filmes, running all along the cod at the backe or vpperside -and two other such like filmes, all along the belly or vnder side, -which make it seeme foure square, wherein there lye round discoloured -Pease, somewhat smaller and harder then ordinary Pease: the roote is -small and perisheth euery yeare. - - -5. _Medica Cochleata vulgaris._ Snailes or Barbary buttons. - -The plant that beareth these pretty toyes for Gentlewomen, is somewhat -like vnto a Three leafed grasse or Trefoile, hauing many long trayling -branches lying vpon the ground, whereon at diuers places are three -small greene leaues, set together at the end of a little footestalke, -each of them a little snipt about the edges: at seuerall distances, -from the middle of these branches to the ends of them, come forth -the flowers, two for the most part standing together vpon a little -footstalke, which are of a pale yellow colour, very small, and of the -forme of a Pease blossome: after which come smooth heads, which are -turned or writhen round, almost like a Snaile, hard and greene at the -first, somewhat like a greene button (from the formes of both which -came their names) but afterwards growing whiter, more soft and open, -wherein lyeth yellowish round and flat seede, somewhat like vnto the -Kidney beane: the roote is small and stringie, dying downe euery yeare, -and must be new sowne in the spring, if you desire to haue it. - - -6. _Medica spinosa maior._ Prickly or thorny Snailes, or Buttons. - -This kinde of _Medica_ is in all things very like vnto the former, both -in the long trayling branches, & three leaues alwaies growing together, -but a little greater pale yellow flowers, and crooked or winding heads: -but herein chiefly consisteth the difference, that this kinde hath his -heads or buttons harder, a little greater, more closed together, and -set with short and somewhat hard prickles, all the head ouer, which -being pulled open, haue those prickles standing on each side of the -filme or skinne, whereof the head consisteth, somewhat like vnto a fish -bone, and in this kinde goeth all one way; in which are contained such -like seedes for the forme, as are in the former, but great and blacke, -and shining withall. - - -7. _Medica spinosa altera._ Small thorney Buttons, or Snailes. - -This other kinde is also like vnto the last described in all other -things, except in the heads or buttons, which are a little smaller, but -set with longer and softer prickes vpon the filmes, and may easily bee -discerned to goe both forwards and backewards, one enterlacing within -another, wherein are contained such like flat and blacke shining seede, -made after the fashion of a kidney, as are in the former, but somewhat -smaller: the roote perisheth in like manner euery yeare. - - -8. _Medica lata._ Broade Buttons. - -This kinde differeth not from the first in leafe or flower, the fruite -onely hereof is broade and flat, and not so much twined as it. - - -9. _Medica Lunata._ Halfe Moones. - -This is also a kinde of these Medicke fodders, hauing a trefoyle leafe -and yellow flowers like the former sorts, but both somewhat larger, the -chiefest difference consisteth in the head or fruite, which is broade -and flat, and not twined like the rest, but abideth halfe closed, -resembling a halfe Moone (and thereupon hath assumed both the Latine -and English name) wherein is contained flat seede, kidney fashion like -the former. - - -10. _Hedysarum clypeatum._ The red Sattin flower. - -This red flowred Fitchling, hath many stalkes of winged faire greene -leaues, that is, of many set on both sides a middle ribbe, whereof -that at the end is the greatest of the rest: from the ioynts where the -leaues stand, come forth pretty long small stalkes, bearing on them -very many flowers, vp to the toppe one aboue another, of an excellent -shining red or crimson colour, very like vnto Sattin of that colour, -and sometimes of a white colour, (as Master William Coys, a Gentleman -of good respect in Essex, a great and ancient louer and cherisher of -these delights, and of all other rare plants, in his life time assured -me; he had growing in his garden at Stubbers by North Okenden) which -are somewhat large, and more closed together, almost flat and not -open, as in most of the other sorts: after the flowers are past, there -come rough, flat, round huskes, somewhat like vnto the old fashioned -round bucklers without pikes, three or foure standing one vpon or -aboue another, wherein are contained small brownish seede: the roote -perisheth the same yeare it beareth seede, for oftentimes it flowreth -not the first yeare it is sowne. - - -11. _Scorpioides maius & minus._ Great and small Caterpillers. - -Vnder one description I comprehend both these sorts of Scorpions -grasse, or Caterpillers, or Wormes, as they are called by many, -whereof the greater hath been known but of late yeares; and ioyne them -to these pulses, not hauing a fitter place where to insert them. It -is but a small low plant, with branches lying vpon the ground, and -somewhat long, broad, and hard leaues thereon, among which come forth -small stalkes, bearing at the end for the most part, two small pale -yellowish flowers, like vnto Tares or Vetches, but smaller, which turne -into writhed or crooked tough cods; in the greater sort they are much -thicker, rounder and whiter, and lesser wound or turned together then -in the smaller, which are slenderer, more winding, yet not closing -like vnto the Snailes, and blacker more like vnto a Caterpiller then -the other, wherein are contained brownish yellow seede, much like vnto -a _Medica_: the rootes of both are small and fibrous, perishing euery -yeare. - - - The Place. - - These are found seuerally in diuers and seuerall places, but - wee sow and plant them vsually to furnish our Gardens. - - - The Time. - - They doe all flower about the moneths of Iune and Iuly, and - their seede is ripe soone after: but the second is earlier then - the rest. - - - The Names. - - The first is called _Clymenum_ of Matthiolus, and _Lathyris_ of - Lobel and others: but _Lathyris_ in Greeke is _Cataputia_ in - Latine, which is our Spurge, farre differing from this Pulse; - and therefore _Lathyrus_ is more proper to distinguish them - asunder, that two plants so farre vnlike should not bee called - by one name: this is also called _Lathyrus latifolius_, because - there is another called _angustifolius_, that differeth from it - also: It is most vsually called with vs, _Pisum perenne_, and - in English Pease blossome, or Pease euerlasting. The second is - called by Clusius, _Orobus venetus_, because it was sent him - from Venice, with another of the same kinde that bore white - flowers; yet differeth but little or nothing from that kinde he - found in Hungary, that I thinke the seuerall places of their - growing only cause them to bear seuerall names, and to be the - same in deede. Although I yeeld vnto Clusius the Latine name - which doth not sufficiently content mee; yet I haue thought - good to giue it a differing English name, according as it is - in the title. The third, because I first receiued it among - other seeds from Spaine, I haue giuen it the name, as it is - entituled. The fourth is called of some _Sandalida Cretica_, - & _Lotus filiquosus flore rubello_, _Lotus tetragonolobus_, - _Pisum rubrum_, & _Pisum quadratum_: We vsually call it in - English, Crimson Pease, or square Pease. The _Medica Cochleata_ - is called of Dodonæus _Trifolium Cochleatum_, but not iudged to - be the true _Medica_. Wee call it in English, Medick fodder, - Snailes Clouer, or as it is in the title, and so the rest - of the Medica’s accordingly. The _Hedysarum clypeatum_ or - _Securidaca_ is called of Dodonæus _Onobrichis altera_, and we - in English for the likenesse, The red Sattin flower, although - some foolishly call it, the red or French Honysuckle. The last - is called by Lobel, _Scorpioides bupleurifolio_, I haue called - it _minus_, because the greatest sort which came to me out of - Spaine was not knowne vnto him; in English they are generally - called Caterpillers. - - - The Vertues. - - The Medica’s are generally thought to feede cattell fat much - more then the Medow Trefoile, or Clouer grasse, and therefore - I haue known diuers Gentlemen that haue plowed vp some of - their pasture grounds, and sowen them with the seedes of some - Medica’s to make the experience. All the other sorts are - pleasures to delight the curious, and not any way profitable in - Physicke that I know. - - - - -CHAP. LXXX. - -_Pæonia._ Peonie. - - -There are two principall kindes of Peonie, that is to say, the Male and -the Female. Of the male kinde, I haue onely known one sort, but of the -Female a great many; which are thus to be distinguished. The male his -leafe is whole, without any particular diuision, notch or dent on the -edge, & his rootes long & round, diuided into many branches, somewhat -like to the rootes of Gentian or Elecampane, and not tuberous at all. -The Female of all sorts hath the leaues diuided or cut in on the edges, -more or lesse, and hath alwaies tuberous rootes, that is, like clogs -or Asphodill rootes, with many great thick round peeces hanging, or -growing at the end of smaller strings, and all ioyned to the toppe of -the maine roote. - - -1. _Pæonia mas._ The Male Peonie. - -The Male Peonie riseth vp with many brownish stalkes, whereon doe -grow winged leaues, that is, many faire greene, and sometimes reddish -leaues, one set against another vpon a stalke, without any particular -diuision in the leafe at all: the flowers stand at the toppes of the -stalkes, consisting of fiue or six broade leaues, of a faire purplish -red colour, with many yellow threds in the middle, standing about the -head, which after riseth to be the seede vessels, diuided into two, -three or foure rough crooked pods like hornes, which when they are ful -ripe, open and turn themselues down one edge to another backeward, -shewing within them diuers round black shining seede, which are the -true seede, being full and good, and hauing also many red or crimson -graines, which are lancke and idle, intermixed among the blacke, as if -they were good seede, whereby it maketh a very pretty shew: the roots -are great, thick and long, spreading in the ground, and running downe -reasonable deepe. - - -2. _Pæonia fæmina vulgaris flore simplici._ -The ordinary single Female Peonie. - -This ordinary Female Peonie hath many stalkes, with more store of -leaues on them then the Male kinde hath, the leaues also are not so -large, but diuided or nicked diuersly on the edges, some with great -and deepe, and others with smaller cuts or diuisions, and of a darke -or dead greene colour: the flowers are of a strong heady sent, most -vsually smaller then the male, and of a more purple tending to a murrey -colour, with yellow thrumes about the head in the middle, as the male -kinde hath: the heads or hornes with seed are like also but smaller, -the seede also is blacke, but lesse shining: the rootes consist, as I -said, of many thicke and short tuberous clogs, fastened at the ends of -long strings, and all from the head of the roote, which is thicke and -short, and tuberous also, of the same or the like sent with the male. - - -3. _Pæonia fæmina vulgaris flore pleno rubro._ The double red Peonie. - -This double Peonie as well as the former single, is so frequent in -euerie Garden of note, through euery Countrey, that it is almost labour -in vaine to describe it: but yet because I vse not to passe ouer any -plant so slightly, I will set down the description briefly, in regard -it is so common. It is very like unto the former single female Peony, -both in stalkes and leaues, but that it groweth somewhat higher, and -the leaues are of a fresher greene colour: the flowers at the tops of -the stalkes are very large, thicke and double (no flower that I know -so faire, great, and double; but not abiding blowne aboue eight or ten -daies) of a more reddish purple colour then the former female kinde, -and of a sweeter sent: after these flowers are past, sometimes come -good seed, which being sowne, bring forth some single flowers, and some -double: the rootes are tuberous, like vnto the former female. - - -4. _Pæonia fæmina flore carneo simplici._ The single blush Peony. - -The single blush Peony hath his stalkes higher, and his leaues of a -paler or whiter greene colour then the double blush, and more white -vnderneath (so that it is very probable it is of another kinde, and not -risen from the seede of the double blush, as some might thinke) with -many veines, that are somewhat discoloured from the colour of the leafe -running through them: the flowers are very large and single, consisting -of fiue leaues for the most part, of a pale flesh or blush colour, with -an eye of yellow dispersed or mixed therewith, hauing many whitish -threads, tipt with yellow pendents standing about the middle head: the -rootes are like the other female Peonies. - - -5. _Pæonia fæmina flore pleno albicante._ The double blush Peony. - -The double blush Peony hath not his stalkes so high as the double red, -but somewhat lower and stiffer, bearing such like winged leaues, cut -in or diuided here and there in the edges, as all these female kindes -are, but not so large as the last: the flowers are smaller, and lesse -double by a good deale then the former double red, of a faint shining -crimson colour at the first opening, but decaying or waxing paler euery -day: so that after it hath stood long (for this flower sheddeth not his -leaues in a great while) it will change somewhat whitish; and therefore -diuers haue ignorantly called it, the double white Peony: the seedes, -which sometimes it beareth, and rootes, are like vnto the former female -kindes, but somewhat longer, and of a brighter colour on the outside. - - -6. _Pæonia fæmina Byzantina._ The single red Peony of Constantinople. - -This red Peony of Constantinople is very like in all things vnto the -double red Peonie, but that the flowers hereof are single, and as -large as the last, and that is larger then either the single female, -or the male kinde, consisting of eight leaues, of a deeper red colour -then either the single or double Peonies, and not purplish at all, but -rather of the colour of an ordinary red Tulipa, standing close and -round together: the roots of this kinde haue longer clogs, and not so -short as of the ordinary female kinde, and of a paler colour on the -outside. - - - The Place. - - All these Peonies haue beene sent or brought from diuers parts - beyond the Seas; they are endenized in our Gardens, where - wee cherish them for the beauty and delight of their goodly - flowers, as well as for their Physicall vertues. - - - The Time. - - They all flower in May, but some (as I said) abide a small - time, and others many weekes. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Pæonia mas cum semine._ The male Peony & the seed. - 2 _Pæonia fæmina Byzantina._ The female red Peony of Constantinople. - 3 _Pæonia fæmina flore pleno vulgaris._ The ordinary double Peony. - 4 _Pæonia flore pleno albicante._ The double white Peony. - 5 _Helleborus vernus atrorubente flore._ The early white Ellebor - with a darke red flower. - 6 _Helleborus niger verus._ The Christmas flower. - 7 _Calceolus Mariæ._ Our Ladies Slipper. -] - - - The Names. - - The name _Pæonia_ is of all the later Writers generally - giuen to these plants, although they haue had diuers other - names giuen by the elder Writers, as _Rosa fatuina_, _Idæus - dactylus_, _Aglaophotis_, and others, whereof to set downe - the causes, reasons, and errours, were to spend more time then - I intend for this worke. Wee call them in English, Peonie, and - distinguish them according to their titles. - - - The Vertues. - - The male Peony roote is farre aboue all the rest a most - singular approued remedy for all Epilepticall diseases, in - English, The falling sicknesse (and more especially the greene - roote then the dry) if the disease be not too inueterate, to - be boyled and drunke, as also to hang about the neckes of the - younger sort that are troubled herewith, as I haue found it - sufficiently experimented on many by diuers. The seede likewise - is of especiall vse for women, for the rising of the mother. - The seede of the female kinde, as well as the rootes, are most - vsually sold, and may in want of the other be (and so are - generally) vsed. - - - - -CHAP. LXXXI. - -_Helleborus niger._ Beares foote. - - -There are three sorts of blacke Hellebor or Beares foote, one that -is the true and right kinde, whose flowers haue the most beautifull -aspect, and the time of his flowring most rare, that is, in the deepe -of Winter about Christmas, when no other can bee seene vpon the ground: -and two other that are wilde or bastard kindes, brought into many -Gardens for their Physicall properties; but I will only ioyne one of -them with the true kinde in this worke, and leaue the other for -another. - - -1. _Helleborus niger verus._ -The true blacke Hellebor, or Christmas flower. - -The true blacke Hellebor (or Beare foote as some would call it, but -that name doth more fitly agree with the other two bastard kindes) -hath many faire greene leaues rising from the roote, each of them -standing on a thicke round fleshly stiffe greene stalke, about an -hand breadth high from the ground, diuided into seuen, eight, or nine -parts or leaues, and each of them nicked or dented, from the middle -of the leafe to the pointward on both sides, abiding all the Winter, -at which time the flowers rise vp on such short thicke stalkes as the -leaues stand on, euery one by it selfe, without any leafe thereon for -the most part, or very seldome hauing one small short leafe not much -vnder the flower, and very little higher then the leaues themselues, -consisting of fiue broad white leaues, like vnto a great white single -Rose (which sometimes change to be either lesse or more purple about -the edges, as the weather or time of continuance doth effect) with many -pale yellow thrummes in the middle, standing about a greene head, which -after groweth to haue diuers cods set together, pointed at the ends -like hornes, somewhat like the seede vessels of the _Aconitum hyemale_, -but greater & thicker, wherein is contained long, round, and blackish -seede, like the seede of the bastard kindes: the rootes are a number of -brownish strings running downe deepe into the ground, and fastened to a -thicke head, of the bignesse of a finger at the toppe manie times, and -smaller still downewards. - - -2. _Helleboraster minor._ -The lesser bastard blacke Hellebor, or Beare foote. - -The smaller Beare foote is in most things like vnto the former true -blacke Hellebor; for it beareth also many leaues vpon short stalkes, -diuided into many leaues also, but each of them are long and narrow, -of a blacker greene colour, snipt or dented on both edges, which feele -somewhat hard or sharpe like prickes, and perish euery yeare, but rise -againe the next Spring: the flowers hereof stand on higher stalkes, -with some leaues on them also, although but very few, and are of a -pale, greene colour, like in forme vnto the flowers of the former, -but smaller, hauing also many greenish yellow threads or thrums in the -middle, and such like heads or seede vessels, and blackish seed: the -rootes are stringie and blackish like the former. - - - The Place. - - The first groweth onely in the Gardens of those that are - curious, and delight in all sorts of beautifull flowers in our - Countrey, but wilde in many places of Germany, Italy, Greece, - &c. - - The other groweth wilde in many places of England, as well - as the other greater sort, which is not here described; for - besides diuers places within eight or ten miles from London, - I haue seen it in the Woods of Northamptonshire, and in other - places. - - - The Time. - - The first of these plants doth flower in the end of December, - and beginning of Ianuary most vsually, and the other a moneth - or two after, and sometime more. - - - The Names. - - The first is called _Helleborus_, or _Elleborus niger verus_, - and is the same that both Theophrastus and Dioscorides haue - written of, and which was called _Melampodion_, of Melampus - the Goateheard, that purged and cured the mad or melancholicke - daughters of Prætus with the rootes thereof. Dodonæus calleth - it _Veratrum nigrum primum_, and the other _secundum_: Wee - call it in English, The true blacke Hellebor, or the Christmas - flower, because (as I said) it is most commonly in flower at - or before Christmas. The second is a bastard or wilde kinde - thereof, it so nearely resembleth the true, and is called of - most of the later Writers, _Pseudoelleborus niger minor_, or - _Helleboraster minor_, for a distinction betweene it and the - greater, which is not here described: and is called in English, - The smaller or lesser Beare foote, and most vsed in Physicke, - because it is more plentifull, yet it is more churlish and - strong in operation then the true or former kinde. - - - The Vertues. - - The rootes of both these kindes are safe medecines, being - rightly prepared, to be vsed for all Melancholicke diseases, - whatsoeuer others may feare or write, and may be without danger - applied, so as care and skill, and not temerary rashnesse doe - order and dispose of them. - - The powder of the dryed leaues, especially of the bastard - kinde, is a sure remedy to kill the wormes in children, - moderately taken. - - - - -CHAP. LXXXII. - -_Elleborus albus._ White Ellebor or Neesewort. - - -There are two sorts of great white Ellebors or Neeseworts, whereas -there was but one kinde knowne to the Ancients; the other being found -out of later dayes: And although neither of both these haue any beauty -in their flowers, yet because their leaues, being faire and large, haue -a goodly prospect, I haue inserted them in this place, that this Garden -should not be vnfurnished of them, and you not vnacquainted with them. - - -1. _Elleborus albus vulgaris._ White Ellebor or Neesing roote. - -The first great white Ellebor riseth at the first out of the ground, -with a whitish greene great round head, which growing vp, openeth it -selfe into many goodly faire large greene leaues, plaited or ribbed -with eminent ribbes all along the leaues, compassing one another at -the bottome, in the middle whereof riseth vp a stalke three foot -high or better, with diuers such like leaues thereon, but smaller to -the middle thereof; from whence to the toppe it is diuided into many -branches, hauing many small yellowish, or whitish greene starre-like -flowers all along vpon them, which after turne into small, long, three -square whitish seede, standing naked, without any huske to containe -them, although some haue written otherwise: the roote is thicke and -reasonable great at the head, hauing a number of great white strings -running downe deepe into the ground, whereby it is strongly fastened. - - -2. _Elleborus albus præcox siue atrorubente flore._ -The early white Ellebor with reddish flowers. - -This other Ellebor is very like the former, but that it springeth vp -a moneth at the least before it, and that the leaues are not fully -so thicke or so much plaited, but as large or larger, and doe sooner -perish and fall away from the plant: the stalke hereof is as high -as the former, bearing such like starry flowers, but of a darke or -blackish red colour: the seede is like the other: the roote hath no -such head as the other (so farre as I haue obserued, both by mine own -and others plants) but hath many long white strings fastened to the -top, which is as it were a long bulbous scaly head, out of which spring -the leaues. - - - The Place. - - The first groweth in many places of Germany, as also in some - parts of Russia, in that aboundance, by the relation of that - worthy, curious, and diligent searcher and preseruer of all - natures rarities and varieties, my very good friend, Iohn - Tradescante, often heretofore remembred, that, as hee said, a - good ship might be loaden with the rootes hereof, which hee saw - in an Island there. - - The other likewise groweth in the vpland wooddy grounds of - Germanie, and other the parts thereabouts. - - - The Time. - - The first springeth vp in the end or middle of March, and - flowreth in Iune. The second springeth in February, but - flowreth not vntill Iune. - - - The Names. - - The first is called _Elleborus albus_, or _Helleborus albus_, - the letter _H_, as all Schollers know, being but _aspirationis - nota_: and _Veratrum album flore viridante_, of some _Sanguis - Herculis_. The other is called _Elleborus albus præcox_, and - _flore atrorubente_, or _atropurpurante_. We call the first in - English, White Ellebor, Neesewort, or Neesing roote, because - the powder of the roote is vsed to procure neesing; and I call - it the greater, in regard of those in the next Chapter. The - other hath his name according to the Latine title, most proper - for it. - - - The Vertues. - - The force of purging is farre greater in the roote of this - Ellebor, then in the former; and therefore is not carelessly - to bee vsed, without extreame danger; yet in contumatious - and stubborne diseases it may bee vsed with good caution - and aduice. There is a Syrupe or Oxymel made hereof in the - Apothecaries shops, which as it is dangerous for gentle and - tender bodies, so it may be very effectuall in stronger - constitutions. Pausanias _in Phocicis_, recordeth a notable - stratagem that Solon vsed in besieging the Citie of Cirrheus, - _viz._ That hauing cut off the riuer Plistus from running into - the Citie, he caused a great many of these rootes to be put - into a quantity thereof, which after they had steeped long - enough therein, and was sufficiently infected therewith, he let - passe into the Citie againe: whereof when they had greedily - drunke, they grew so weake and feeble by the superpurgation - thereof, that they were forced to leaue their wals vnmand, - and not guarded, whereby the Amphyctions their enemies became - masters of their Citie. The like stratagems are set downe by - diuers other Authors, performed by the helpe of other herbes. - - - - -CHAP. LXXXIII. - -_Elleborine._ Small or wilde white Ellebor. - - -The likenesse of the leaues of these plants, rather then any other -faculty with the former white Ellebor, hath caused them to be called -_Elleborine_, as if they were smaller white Ellebors. And I for the -same cause haue ioyned them next, whereof there are found many sorts: -One which is the greater kinde, is of greatest beauty; the other which -are lesser differ not much one from another, more then in the colour -of the flowers, whereof I will onely take three, being of the most -beautie, and leaue the rest to another worke. - - -1. _Helleborine vel Elleborine maior, siue Calceolus Mariæ._ -Our Ladies Slipper. - -This most beautifull plant of all these kindes, riseth vp with diuers -stalkes, a foote and a halfe high at the most, bearing on each side -of them broad greene leaues, somewhat like in forme vnto the leaues -of the white Ellebor, but smaller and not so ribbed, compassing the -stalke at the lower end; at the tops of the stalkes come forth one, or -two, or three flowers at the most, one aboue another, vpon small short -foote-stalkes, with a small leafe at the foote of euery stalke: each -of these flowers are of a long ouall forme, that is, more long then -round, and hollow withall, especially at the vpper part, the lower -being round and swelling like a belly: at the hollow part there are two -small peeces like eares or flippets, that at the first doe couer the -hollow part, and after stand apart one from another, all which are of a -fine pale yellow colour, in all that I haue seene (yet it is said there -are some found, that are more browne or tending to purple) there are -likewise foure long, narrow, darke coloured leaues at the setting on of -the flower vnto the stalke, wherein as it were the flower at the first -standeth: the whole flower is of a pretty small sent: the seede is very -small, very like vnto the seede of the _Orchides_ or Satyrions, and -contained in such like long pods, but bigger: the roots are composed of -a number of strings enterlacing themselues one within another, lying -within the vpper crust of the earth, & not spreading deep, of a darke -brownish colour. - - -2. _Elleborine minor flore albo._ -The small or wilde white Ellebor with a white flower. - -This smaller wilde white Ellebor riseth vp in the like manner vnto the -former, and not much lower, bearing such like leaues, but smaller, and -of a winter greene colour, almost of the colour and fashion of the -leaues of Lilly Conually; the top of the stalke hath many more flowers, -but lesser, growing together, spike-fashion, with small short leaues -at the stalke of euery flower, which consisteth of fiue small white -leaues, with a small close hood in the middle, without any sent at all; -the seede and seede vessels are like vnto the former, but smaller: the -rootes are many small strings, dispersing themselues in the ground. - - -3. _Elleborine minor flore purpurante._ -The small or wilde white Ellebor with blush flowers. - -The leaues of this kinde are like vnto the last described, but somewhat -narrower: the stalkes and flowers are alike, but smaller also, and of a -pale purplish or blush colour, which causeth the difference. - - - The Place. - - The first groweth in very many places of Germany, and in other - Countries also. It groweth likewise in Lancashire, neare vpon - the border of Yorkeshire, in a wood or place called the Helkes, - which is three miles from Ingleborough, the highest Hill in - England, and not farre from Ingleton, as I am informed by a - courteous Gentlewoman, a great louer of these delights, called - Mistris Thomasin Tunstall, who dwelleth at Bull-banke, neare - Hornby Castle in those parts, and who hath often sent mee vp - the rootes to London, which haue borne faire flowers in my - Garden. The Second groweth in many places of England, and with - the same Gentlewoman also before remembred, who sent me one - plant of this kinde with the other. The last I haue not yet - knowne to growe in England; but no doubt many things doe lye - hid, and not obserued, which in time may bee discouered, if - our Country Gentlemen and women, and others, in their seuerall - places where they dwell, would be more carefull and diligent, - and be aduertised either by themselues, or by others capable - and fit to be imployed, as occasion and time might serue, to - finde out such plants as growe in any the circuits or limits of - their habitations, or in their trauels, as their pleasures or - affaires leade them. And because ignorance is the chiefe cause - of neglect of many rare things, which happen to their view at - sometimes, which are not to be seene againe peraduenture, or - not in many yeares after, I would heartily aduise all men of - meanes, to be stirred vp to bend their mindes, and spend a - little more time and trauell in these delights of herbes and - flowers, then they haue formerly done, which are not onely - harmlesse, but pleasurable in their time, and profitable in - their vse. And if any would be better enformed, and certified - of such things they know not, I would be willing and ready to - my best skill to aduertise them, that shall send any thing vp - to me where I dwell in London. Thus farre I haue digressed from - the matter in hand, and yet not without some good vse I hope, - that others may make of it. - - - The Time. - - The two first flower earlier then the last, and both the first - about one time, that is, in the end of Aprill, or beginning of - May. The last in the end of May, or in Iune. - - - The Names. - - The first is called _Elleborine recentiorum maior_, and - _Calceolus Mariæ_: Of some thought to be _Cosmosandalos_, - because it is _Sandali forma_. In English we call it our Ladies - Slipper, after the Dutch name. The other two lesser kinds haue - their names in their titles: I haue thought it fit to adde the - title of small white Ellebors vnto these, for the forme sake, - as is before said. - - - The Vertues. - - There is no vse of these in Physicke in our dayes that I know. - - - - -CHAP. LXXXIIII. - -_Lilium Conuallium._ Lilly Conually. - - -The remembrance of the Conuall Lilly, spoken of in the precedent -Chapter, hath caused me to insert these plants among the rest, although -differing both in face and properties; but lest it should lose all -place, let it keepe this. It is of two sorts, differing chiefly in the -colour of the flowers, the one being white, and the other reddish, as -shall be shewed in their descriptions following. - - -1. _Lilium Conuallium flore albo._ The white Lilly Conually. - -The white Conuall or May Lilly, hath three or foure leaues rising -together from the roote, one enclosed within another, each whereof -when it is open is long and broad, of a grayish shining greene colour, -somewhat resembling the leaues of the former wilde Neesewort, at the -side whereof, and sometime from the middle of them, riseth vp a small -short naked foote-stalke, an hand breadth high or somewhat more, -bearing at the toppe one aboue another many small white flowers, like -little hollow bottles with open mouths, nicked or cut into fiue or -six notches, turning all downewards one way, or on one side of the -stalke, of a very strong sweete sent, and comfortable for the memory -and senses, which turne into small red berries, like vnto Asparagus, -wherein is contained hard white seede: the rootes runne vnder ground, -creeping euery way, consisting of many small white strings. - - -2. _Lilium Conuallium flore rubente._ May Lillies with red flowers. - -This other May Lilly differeth neither in roote, leafe, nor forme of -flower from that before, but onely in the colour of the flower, which -is of a fine pale red colour, being in my iudgement not altogether so -sweet as the former. - - - The Place. - - The first groweth aboundantly in many places of England. The - other is a stranger, and groweth only in the Gardens of those - that are curious louers of rarities. - - - The Time. - - They both flower in May, and the berries are ripe in August. - - - The Names. - - The Latines haue no other name for this plant but _Lilium - Conuallium_, although some would haue it to be _Lilium vernum_ - of Theophrastus, and others _Oenanthe_ of the same Author. - Gesner thinketh it to be _Callionymus_. Lonicerus to be - _Cacalia_, and Fuchsius to be _Ephemerum non lethale_: but they - are all for the most part mistaken. We call it in English Lilly - Conually, May Lilly, and of some Liriconfancie. - - - The Vertues. - - The flowers of the white kinde are often vsed with those things - that help to strengthen the memory, and to procure ease to - Apoplecticke persons. Camerarius setteth downe the manner of - making an oyle of the flowers hereof, which he saith is very - effectuall to ease the paines of the Goute, and such like - diseases, to be vsed outwardly, which is thus: Hauing filled a - glasse with the flowers, and being well stopped, set it for a - moneths space in an Ants hill, and after being drayned cleare, - set it by to vse. - - - - -CHAP. LXXXV. - -_Gentiana._ Gentian or Fell-wort. - - -There are diuers sorts of Gentians or Fell-wortes, some greater, others -lesser, and some very small; many of them haue very beautifull flowers, -but because some are very suddenly past, before one would thinke they -were blowne open, and others will abide no culture and manuring, I will -onely set forth vnto you two of the greater sorts, and three of the -lesser kindes, as fittest, and more familiarly furnishing our gardens, -leauing the rest to their wilde habitations, and to bee comprehended in -a generall Worke. - - -1. _Gentiana maior flore flauo._ The great Gentian. - -The great Gentian riseth vp at the first, with a long, round and -pointed head of leaues, closing one another, which after opening -themselues, lye vpon the ground, and are faire, long and broad, -somewhat plaited or ribbed like vnto the leaues of white Ellebor or -Neeseworte, but not so fairely or eminently plaited, neyther so stiffe, -but rather resembling the leaues of a great Plantane: from among which -riseth vp a stiffe round stalke, three foote high or better, full of -ioynts, hauing two such leaues, but narrower and smaller at euery -ioynt, so compassing about the stalke at the lower end of them, that -they will almost hold water that falleth into them: from the middle of -the stalke to the toppe, it is garnished with many coronets or rundles -of flowers, with two such greene leaues likewise at euery ioynt, -and wherein the flowers doe stand, which are yellow, layd open like -starres, and rising out of small greenish huskes, with some threds in -the middle of them, but of no sent at all, yet stately to behold, both -for the order, height and proportion of the plant: the seede is browne -and flat, contained in round heads, somewhat like vnto the seede of -the _Fritillaria_, or checkerd Daffodill, but browner: the rootes are -great, thicke and long, yellow, and exceeding bitter. - - -2. _Gentiana maior folio Asclepiadis._ Swallow-wort Gentian. - -This kinde of Gentian hath many stalkes rising from the roote, neere -two foote high, whereon grow many faire pale greene leaues, set by -couples, with three ribs in euery one of them, and doe somewhat -resemble the leaues of _Asclepias_ or Swallow-wort, that is, broade at -the bottome, and sharpe at the point: the flowers grow at the seuerall -ioynts of the stalkes, from the middle vpwards, two or three together, -which are long and hollow, like vnto a bell flower, ending in fiue -corners, or pointed leaues, and folded before they are open, as the -flowers of the Bindeweedes are, of a faire blew colour, sometimes -deeper, and sometimes paler: the heads or seede vessels haue two points -or hornes at the toppes, and containe within them flat grayish seed, -like vnto the former, but lesse: the rootes hereof are nothing so great -as the former, but are yellow, small and long, of the bignesse of a -mans thumbe. - - -3. _Gentiana minor Cruciata._ Crosse-wort Gentian. - -This small Gentian hath many branches lying vpon the ground, scarce -lifting themselues vpright, and full of ioynts, whereat grow vsually -foure leaues, one opposite vnto another, in manner of a Crosse, from -whence it tooke his name, in shape very like vnto _Saponaria_ or -Sopewort, but shorter, and of a darker greene colour: at the tops of -the stalkes stand many flowers, thick thrusting together, and likewise -at the next ioynt vnderneath, euery one of them standing in a darke -blewish greene huske, and consisting of fiue small leaues, the points -or ends whereof only appeare aboue the huskes wherein they stand, and -are hardly to be seene, but that they are of a fine pale blew colour, -and that many grow together: the seed is small and brown, hard, and -somewhat like vnto the seed of the Marian Violets, or Couentry bels: -the roots are small and whitish, dispersing themselues diuersly in the -ground, of as bitter a taste almost as the rest - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Lilium Conuallium._ Liricon fancy or Lilly Conually. - 2 _Gentiana maior._ The great Gentian. - 3 _Gentianella verna._ Small Gentian of the Spring. - 4 _Gentiana Cruciata._ Crossewort Gentian. - 5 _Pneumonanthe seu Gentiana Autumnalis._ Autumne Gentian. - 6 _Saponaria flore duplici._ Double flowred Sopewort. - 7 _Plantago Rosea._ Rose Plantane. -] - - -4. _Gentianella Verna._ Small Gentian of the Spring. - -The small Gentian of the Spring hath diuers small hard greene leaues, -lying vpon the ground, as it were in heads or tufts, somewhat broade -below, and pointed at the end, with fiue ribs or veines therein, as -conspicuous as in the former Gentians, among which riseth vp a small -short stalke, with some smaller leaues thereon, at the toppe whereof -standeth one faire, large, hollow flower, made bell fashion, with -wide open brimmes, ending in fiue corners or diuisions, of the most -excellent deepe blew colour that can be seene in any flower, with some -white spots in the bottome on the inside: after the flower is past, -there appeare long and round pods, wherein are contained small blackish -seede: the rootes are small, long, pale yellow strings, which shoot -forth here and there diuers heads of leaues, and thereby encrease -reasonable well, if it finde a fit place, and ground to grow, or else -will not be noursed vp, with all the care and diligence can be vsed: -the whole plant is bitter, but not so strong as the former. - - -5. _Gentiana Autumnalis siue Pneumonanthe._ -Calathian Violet or Autumne Gentian. - -This Gentian that flowreth in Autumne, hath in some places higher -stalkes then in others, with many leaues thereon, set by couples as -in other Gentians, but long and narrow, yet shewing the three ribbes -or veines that are in each of them: the toppes of the stalkes are -furnished euery one with a flower or two, of an excellent blew purple -colour, ending in fiue corners, and standing in long huskes: the rootes -are somewhat great at the top, and spreading into many small yellow -strings, bitter as the rest are. - - -6. _Saponaria flore duplici._ Double flowred Sopeworte. - -Vnto these kindes of Gentians, I must needes adde these following -plants, for that the former is of some neere resemblance in leafe with -some of the former. And because the ordinary Sopeworte or Bruiseworte -with single flowers is often planted in Gardens, and the flowers serue -to decke both the garden and the house; I may vnder the one describe -them both: for this with double flowers is farre more rare, and of -greater beautie. It hath many long and slender round stalkes, scarce -able to sustaine themselues, and stand vpright, being ful of ioynts -and ribbed leaues at them, euery one somewhat like a small Gentian -or Plantane leafe: at the toppes of the stalkes stand many flowers, -consisting of two or three rowes of leaues, of a whitish or pale purple -colour, and of a strong sweet sent, somewhat like the smell of Iasmin -flowers, standing in long and thicke pale greene huskes, which fall -away without giuing any seede, as most other double flowers doe that -encrease by the roote, which spreadeth within the ground, and riseth vp -in sundry distant places like the single. - - -7. _Plantago Rosea._ Rose Plantane. - -This other plant is in all things like vnto the ordinary Plantane or -Ribworte, that groweth wilde abroade in many places, whose leaues are -very large: but instead of the long slender spike, or eare that the -ordinary hath, this hath eyther a thicke long spike of small greene -leaues vpon short stalkes, or else a number of such small greene leaues -layd round-wise like vnto a Rose, and sometimes both these may be seene -vpon one and the same roote, at one and the same time, which abide a -great while fresh vpon the roote, and sometimes also giueth seede, -especially from the more long and slender spikes. - - - The Place. - - Some of these Gentians grow on the toppes of hils, and some on - the sides and foote of them in Germany and other Countreyes: - some of them also vpon barren heaths in those places, as also - in our owne Countrey, especially the Autumne Gentian, and as - it is reported, the Vernall likewise. The single or ordinary - Sopeworte is found wilde in many places with vs, but the double - came to vs from beyond the Sea, and is scarce known or heard of - in England. The Rose Plantaine hath beene long in England, but - whether naturall thereof or no, I am not assured. - - - The Time. - - They flower for the most part in Iune and Iuly, but the small - Gentian of the Spring flowreth somewhat earlier, and that of - the Autumne in August and September. - - - The Names. - - _Gentiana_ is the generall name giuen to the Gentians. We call - them in English Gentian, Fellworte, Bitterwort, and Baldmoney. - _Saponaria_ taketh his name from the scouring qualitie it hath: - Wee call it in English Sopewort, and in some places Bruisewort. - Some haue thought it to bee _Struthium_ of Dioscorides, or - at least haue vsed it for the same causes, but therein they - are greatly deceiued, as Matthiolus hath very well obserued - thereon, and so is Dodonæus, that thought it to be _Alisma_. - The Rose Plantaine is so called of the double spikes it - carrieth. - - - The Vertues. - - The wonderfull wholsomnesse of Gentian cannot bee easily knowne - to vs, by reason our daintie tastes refuse to take thereof, - for the bitternesse sake: but otherwise it would vndoubtedly - worke admirable cures, both for the liuer, stomacke and lunges. - It is also a speciall counterpoison against any infection, as - also against the violence of a mad dogges tooth: wilde Sopewort - is vsed in many places, to scoure the countrey womens treen, - and pewter vessels, and physically some make great boast to - performe admirable cures in Hydropicall diseases, because it - is diureticall, and in _Lue Veneria_, when other Mercuriall - medicines haue failed. The Rose Plantaine no doubt hath the - same qualities that the ordinary hath. - - - - -CHAP. LXXXVI. - -_Campanula._ Bell-flowers. - - -Under the title of Bell-flowers are to bee comprehended in this -Chapter, not only those that are ordinarily called _Campanula_, but -_Viola Mariana_, and _Trachelium_ also, whereof the one is called -Couentry, the other Canterbury Bells. - - -1. _Campanula Persicifolia alba, vel cærulea._ -Peach-leafed Bell-flowers white or blew. - -The Peach-leafed Bell-flower hath many tufts, or branches of leaues -lying vpon the ground, which are long and narrow, somewhat like vnto -the leafe of an Almond or Peach tree, being finely nicked about the -edges, and of a sad greene colour, from among which rise vp diuers -stalkes, two foote high or more, set with leaues to the middle, and -from thence vpwards, with many flowers standing on seuerall small -foote-stalkes, one aboue another, with a small leafe at the foote of -euery one; the flowers stand in small greene huskes, being small and -round at the bottome, but wider open at the brimme, and ending in fiue -corners, with a three forked clapper in the middle, set about with some -small threds tipt with yellow, which flowers in some plants are pure -white, and in others of a pale blew or watchet colour, hauing little or -no sent at all: the seede is small, and contained in round flat heads, -or seede vessels: the roote is very small, white and threddy, creeping -vnder the vpper crust of the ground, so that oftentimes the heat and -drought of the Summer will goe near to parch and wither it vtterly: it -requireth therefore to be planted in some shadowie place. - - -2. _Campanula maior, siue Pyramidalis._ -The great or steeple Bell-flower. - -This great Bell-flower hath diuers stalkes, three foote high or -better, whereon grow diuers smooth, darke, greene leaues, broade at -the bottome, and small at the point, somewhat vneuenly notched about -the edges, and standing vpon longer footestalkes below then those -aboue: the flowers are blew, and in some white, not so great or large -as the former, but neare of the same fashion, growing thicker and more -plentifully together, with smaller leaues among them, burning thicke -below, and rising smaller and thinner vp to the toppe, in fashion of a -_Pyramis_ or speere Steeple: the roote is thicke and whitish, yeelding -more store of milke being broken (as the leaues and stalks also doe) -then any other of the Bell-flowers, euery one whereof doe yeelde milke, -some more and some lesse. - - -3. _Viola Mariana flore albido vel purpureo._ -Couentry Bels white or purple. - -The leaues of Couentry Bels are of a pale or fresh greene colour, -long, and narrow next vnto the bottome, and broader from the middle -to the end, and somewhat round pointed, a little hairy all ouer, and -snipt about the edges: the stalkes rise vp the yeare after the sowing, -being somewhat hairy also, and branching forth from the roote, into -diuers parts, whereon stand diuers leaues, smaller then the former, -and of a darker greene colour: at the end of euery branch stand the -flowers, in greene huskes, from whence come large, round, hollow Bels, -swelling out in the middle, and rising somewhat aboue it, like the -necke of a pot, and then ending in fiue corners, which are either of a -faire or faint white, or of a pale blew purplish colour, and sometimes -of a deeper purple or violet: after the flowers are past, there rise -vp great square, or cornered seede vessels, wherein is contained in -diuers diuisions, small, hard, shining, browne, flat seeds: the roote -is white, and being young as in the first yeares sowing, is tender, -and often eaten as other Rampions are; but the next yeare, when it -runneth vp to seede, it groweth hard, and perisheth: so that it is to -be continued by euery other yeares sowing. - - -4. _Trachelium maius flore albo vel purpureo._ -Great Canterbury Bels white or purple. - -The greater Canterbury Bels, or Throateworte, hath many large rough -leaues, somewhat like vnto Nettle leaues, being broad and round at the -bottome, and pointed at the end, notched or dented on the edges, and -euery one standing on a long footstalk: among these leaues rise vp -diuers square rough stalkes, diuided at the toppe into diuers branches, -whereon grow the like leaues as grow below, but lesser; toward the ends -of the branches stand the flowers, mixed with some longer leaues, euery -one in his seuerall huske, which are hollow, long and round, like a -bell or cup, wide open at the mouth, and cut at the brimme into fiue -corners, or diuisions, somewhat lesser then the Couentry Bels, in some -of a pure white, and others of a faire deepe purple violet colour, and -sometimes paler: after the flowers are past, come smaller and rounder -heades then in the former, containing flat seede, but blacker, and -not so redde as the last: the roote is hard and white, dispersing it -selfe into many branches vnder ground, not perishing euery yeare as the -former (although it loseth all the leaues in winter) but abiding many -yeares, and encreasing into diuers heades or knobs, from whence spring -new leaues and branches. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Campanula persicifolia._ Peach leafed Bell-flower. - 2 _Trachelium maius simplex._ Canterbury Bels. - * _Trachelium flore duplici._ Double Canterbury Bels. - 3 _Viola Mariana._ Couentry Bels. - 4 _Trachelium Giganteum._ Giants Throatewort. - 5 _Trachelium minus._ The lesser Throatewort. - 6 _Trachelium Americanum siue Cardinalis planta._ The rich crimson - Cardinals flower. -] - - -5. _Trachelium maius flore duplici albo & cæruleo._ -Canterbury Bels with double flowers both white and blew. - -Of this kinde of Throateworte or Canterbury Bels, there is another -sort, not differing in any thing from the former, but in the -doublenesse of the flower: For there is of both the kindes, one that -beareth double white flowers, and the other blew: Of each whereof I -receiued plants from friends beyond the Sea, which grow well with me. - - -6. _Trachelium Giganteum flore purpurante._ -Pale purple Giants Throateworte. - -This Bell-flower, although it hath a Gigantine name, yet did I neuer -perceiue it in my garden, to rise vp higher then the former, the -epithite beeing in my perswasion, only giuen for difference sake: the -leaues whereof are not so rough, but as large, and dented about the -edges, somewhat larger pointed, and of a fresher greene colour: the -stalkes beare such like leaues on them, but more thinly or dispersedly -set, hauing a flower at the setting on of euery one of the leaues, -from the middle vpwards, and are somewhat like the great Throateworte -in forme, but of a pale or bleake reddish purple colour, turning the -brims or corners a little backwards, with a forked clapper in the -middle, sufficient eminent and yellow: the seede hereof is white, and -plentifull in the heads, which will abide all the winter vpon the -stalkes, vntill all the seede being shed, the heads remaining seeme -like torne rags, or like thin peeces of skin, eaten with wormes: the -roote is great, thicke and white, abiding long without perishing. - -[Sidenote: _Flore albo._] - -There is another which differeth not any thing but in the flower, which -is white. - - -7. _Trachelium minus flore albo & purpureo._ -Small Throateworte or Canterbury Bells both white and purple. - -The lesser Throateworte hath smaller leaues, nothing so broade or hard -as the former great kinde, but long, and little or nothing dented about -the edges: the stalkes are square and brownish, if it beare purple -flowers, and greene if it beare white flowers, which in forme are -alike, and grow in a bush or tuft, thicke set together, more then any -of the former, and smaller also, being not much bigger then the flowers -of the fielde, or garden Rampions: the roote is lasting, and shooteth -afresh euery yeare. - - -8. _Trachelium Americanum flore ruberrimo, siue Planta Cardinalis._ -The rich crimson Cardinals flower. - -This braue plant, from a white roote spreading diuers wayes vnder -ground, sendeth forth many greene leaues, spread round about the head -thereof, each whereof is somewhat broade and long, and pointed at -the end, finely also snipt about the edges; from the middle whereof -ariseth vp a round hollow stalke, two foote high at the least, beset -with diuers such leaues as grow below, but longer below then aboue, and -branching out at the toppe aboundantly, euery branch bearing diuers -greene leaues on them, and one at the foote of euery of them also, -the toppes whereof doe end in a great large tuft of flowers, with a -small greene leafe at the foote of the stalke of euery flower, each -footestalke being about an inch long, bearing a round greene huske, -diuided into fiue long leaues or points turned downwards, and in the -midst of euery of them a most rich crimson coloured flower, ending in -fiue long narrow leaues, standing all of them foreright, but three of -them falling downe, with a long vmbone set as it were at the backe of -them, bigger below, and smaller aboue, and at the toppe a small head, -being of a little paler colour then the flower, but of no sent or smell -at all, commendable only for the great bush of so orient red crimson -flowers: after the flowers are past, the seede commeth in small heads, -closed within those greene husks that held the flowers, which is very -like vnto the seede vessels of the _Viola Mariana_, or Couentry Bels, -and is small and brownish. - - - The Place. - - All these Bell-flowers do grow in our Gardens, where they are - cherished for the beautie of their flowers. The Couentry Bels - doe not grow wilde in any of the parts about Couentry, as I am - credibly informed by a faithfull Apothecary dwelling there, - called Master Brian Ball, but are noursed in Gardens with them, - as they are in other places. The last groweth neere the riuer - of Canada, where the French plantation in America is seated. - - - The Time. - - They flower from May vntill the end of Iuly or August, and - in the mean time the seed is ripe: But the Peache-leafed - Bell-flowers, for the most part, flower earlier then the other. - - - The Names. - - The first is generally called _Campanula Perficifolia_, - in English Peach-leafed Bell-flower. The second is called - _Campanula maior_, _Campanula lactescens Pyramidalis_, and - _Pyramidalis Lutetiana_ of Lobel, in English, Great or Steeple - Bell-flower. The third is vsually called _Viola Mariana_, and - of some _Viola Marina_. Lobel putteth a doubt whether it be not - _Medium_ of Dioscorides, as Matthiolus and others doe thinke; - but in my opinion the thicknesse of the roote, as the text hath - it, contradicteth all the rest. We call it generally in English - Couentry Bels. Some call it Marian, and some Mercuries Violets. - The fourth and fift are called _Trachelium_ or _Cervicaria_, - of some _Vvularia_, because many haue vsed it to good purpose, - for the paines of the _Vvula_, or Throate: Yet there is another - plant, called also by some _Vvularia_, which is _Hippoglossum_, - Horse tongue, or Double tongue. The sixt hath his title to - descipher it out sufficiently, as is declared. The seuenth is - called _Trachelium minus_, and _Ceruicaria minor_, of some - _Saponaria altera_; in English, Small Throateworte, or Small - Canterbury Bels. The last hath his name in the title, as it is - called in France, from whence I receiued plants for my Garden - with the Latine name: but I haue giuen it in English. - - - The Vertues. - - The Peach-Bels as well as the others may safely bee vsed in - gargles and lotions for the mouth, throate, or other parts, as - occasion serueth. The rootes of many of them, while they are - young, are often eaten in sallets by diuers beyond the Seas. - - - - -CHAP. LXXXVII. - -_Campana Cærulea siue Convolvulus Cæruleus._ -Blew Bell flowers, or blew Bindeweede. - - -There are two other kindes of Bell-flowers, much differing from the -Tribe or Familie of the former, because of their climbing or winding -qualitie, which I must needes place next them, for the likenesse of the -flowers, although otherwise they might haue beene placed with the other -clamberers that follow. Of these there is a greater, and a lesser, and -of each likewise some difference, as shall be declared. - - -1. _Convolvulus cæruleus maior rotundifolius._ -The greater blew Bindweede, or Bell-flower with round leaues. - -This goodly plant riseth vp with many long and winding branches, -whereby it climbeth and windeth vpon any poles, herbes, or trees, -that stand neare it within a great compasse, alwaies winding it selfe -contrary to the course of the Sunne: on these branches doe growe many -faire great round leaues, and pointed at the end, like vnto a Violet -leafe in shape, but much greater, of a sad greene colour: at the ioynts -of the branches, where the leaues are set, come forth flowers on pretty -long stalkes, two or three together at a place, which are long, and -pointed almost like a finger, while they are buds, and not blowne -open, and of a pale whitish blew colour, but being blowne open, are -great and large bels, with broad open mouths or brims ending in fine -corners, and small at the bottome, standing in small greene huskes of -fine leaues: these flowers are of a very deepe azure or blew colour, -tending to a purple, very glorious to behold, opening for the most part -in the euening, abiding so all the night and the next morning, vntill -the Sunne begin to growe somewhat hot vpon them, and then doe close, -neuer opening more: the plant carrieth so many flowers, if it stand in -a warme place, that it will be replenished plentifully, vntill the cold -ayres and euenings stay the luxury thereof: after the flowers are past, -the stalkes whereon the flowers did stand, bend downwards, and beare -within the huskes three or foure blacke seedes, of the bignesse of a -Tare or thereabouts: the rootes are stringy, and perish euery yeare. - - -2. _Convolvulus trifolius siue hederaceus purpureus._ -The greater purple Bindeweede, or Bell-flower with cornered leaues. - -The growing and forme of this Bindeweede or Bell-flower, is all one -with the former, the chiefest differences consisting in the forme of -the leafe, which in this is three cornered, like vnto an Iuie leafe -with corners; and in the flower, which is of a deeper blew, tending -more to a deepe purple Violet, and somewhat more reddish in the fiue -plaites of each flower, as also in the bottomes of the flowers. - - -3. _Convolvulus tenuifolius Americanus._ -The red Bell-flower of America. - -Although this rare plant (because wee seldome haue it, and can as -hardly keepe it) be scarce knowne in these cold Countries, yet I could -not but make mention of it, to incite those that haue conueniencie to -keepe it, to be furnished of it. It springeth vp at the first from -the seede with two leaues, with two long forked ends, which abide a -long time before they perish, betweene which riseth vp the stalke or -stemme, branching forth diuers waies, being of a brownish colour, which -windeth it selfe as the former great Bell-flower doth, whereon are set -at seuerall ioynts diuers winged leaues, that is to say, many small -narrow and long leaues set on both sides of the middle ribbe, and one -at the end: from these ioynts arise long stalkes, at the ends whereof -stand two or three small, long, hollow flowers, fashioned very like -vnto the flowers of a Bindeweede, or the flowers of Tabacco, and ending -in the like manner in fiue points, but not so much laide open, being of -a bright red colour, plaited as the Bindeweedes or Bell-flowers before -they be open, with some few threads in the middle, which turne into -long pointed cods, wherein is contained long and blacke seede, tasting -hot like Pepper: the roote is small and stringy, perishing euery yeare, -and with vs will seldome come to flower, because our cold nights and -frosts come so soone, before it can haue comfort enough of the Sun to -ripen it. - - -4. _Convolvulus cæruleus minor Hispanicus._ -The Spanish small blew Bindeweede. - -This small Bindeweede hath small long leaues, somewhat broader then the -next that followeth, and not so broad as the common small Bindeweede -(that groweth euery where wilde on the bankes of fields abroad) set -vpon the small trayling branches, which growe aboue two or three foote -high: from the middle of these branches, and so vnto the toppes of -them, come forth the flowers at the ioynts with the leaues, folded -together at the first into fiue plaites, which open into so many -corners, of a most excellent faire skie coloured blew (so pleasant to -behold, that often it amazeth the spectator) with white bottomes, and -yellowish in the middle, which turne into small round white heads, -wherein are contained small blackish cornered seede, somewhat like the -former, but smaller: the roote is small and threddy, perishing as the -former euery yeare: this neuer windeth it selfe about any thing, but -leaneth by reason of the weaknesse of the branches, and dyeth euery -yeare after seede time, and not to be sowne againe vntill the next -Spring. - - -5. _Convolvulus purpureus Spicæfolius._ Lauander leafed Bindeweede. - -This small purple Bindeweede, where it naturally groweth, is rather a -plague then a pleasure, to whatsoeuer groweth with it in the fields; -yet the beauty of the flower hath caused it to be receiued into -Gardens, bearing longer and smaller leaues then the last, and such like -small Bell-flowers, but of a sad purple colour: the roote is liuing, -as the common kinds are, and springeth againe where it hath been once -sowne, without feare of perishing. - - - The Place. - - The first two greater kindes haue beene sent vs out of Italy, - but whether they had them from the East Indies, or from some - of the Easterne Countries on this side, wee know not: but - they thriue reasonable well in our Country, if the yeare be - any thing kindly. The next came out of America, as his name - testifieth. The lesser blew kinde groweth naturally in many - places both of Spaine and Portugall (from whence I first - receiued seedes from Guillaume Boel, heretofore remembred.) The - last groweth wilde in the fields, about Dunmowe in Essex, and - in many other places of our owne Countrey likewise. - - - The Time. - - The three first greater kindes flower not vntill the end of - August, or thereabouts, and the seede ripeneth in September, - if the colds and frosts come not on too speedily. The lesser - kindes flower in Iune and Iuly. - - - The Names. - - The first is called of some _Campana Lazura_, as the Italians - doe call it, or _Campana cærulea_, of others _Convolvulus - cæruleus maior_, _siue Indicus_, and _Flos noctis_. Of some - _Nil Auicennæ_. The second, is called _Convolvulus trifolius_, - or _hederaceus_, for the distinction of the leaues. In English - wee call them eyther Great blew Bell flowers, or more vsually, - Great blew Bindeweedes. That of America is diuersly called by - diuers. It is called _Quamoclit_ of the Indians, and by that - name it was sent to Ioachinus Camerarius out of Italy, where - it is so called still, as Fabius Columna setteth it downe, and - as my selfe also can witnesse it, from thence being so sent - vnto mee: but Andræas Cæsalpinus calleth it, _Iasminum folio - Millefolij_, supposing it to be a Iasmine. Camerarius saith, it - may not vnfitly be called _Convolvulus tenuifolius_, accounting - it a kinde of Bindeweede. Columna entituleth it _Convolvulus - pennatus exoticus rarior_, and saith it cannot bee referred - to any other kinde of plant then to the Bindeweede. Hee that - published the _Curæ posteriores_ of Clusius, giueth it the - name of _Iasminum Americanum_, which I would doe also, if I - thought it might belong to that Family; but seeing the face - and forme of the plant better agreeing with the Bindeweedes or - Bell-flowers, I haue (as you see) inserted it among them, and - giuen it that name may bee most fit for it, especially because - it is but an annuall plant. The lesser kindes haue their names - sufficiently expressed in their titles. - - - The Vertues. - - We know of no vse these haue in Physicke with vs, although - if the first be _Nil_ of Auicen, both he and Serapio say it - purgeth strongly. - - - - -CHAP. LXXXVIII. - -_Stramonium._ Thorne-Apple. - - -Vnto the Bell-flowers, I must adioyne three other plants, in the three -seuerall Chapters following, for some affinity of the flowers: and -first of the Thorne-Apples, whereof there are two especiall kindes, -that is, a greater and a lesser, and of each some diuersity, as shall -be set downe. - - -1. _Stramonium maius album._ The great white flowred Thorne-Apple. - -The greater Thorne-Apple hath a great, strong, round greene stalke, as -high as any man, if it be planted in good ground, and of the bignesse -of a mans wrest almost at the bottome, spreading out at the toppe into -many branches, whereon stand many very large and broad darke greene -leaues, cut in very deeply on the edges, and hauing manie points or -corners therein: the flowers come forth at the ioynts, betweene two -branches towards the toppe of them, being very large, long, and wide -open, ending in fiue points or corners, longer and larger then any -other Bell-flowers whatsoeuer: after the flowers are past, come the -fruit, which are thorny long heads, more prickly and greene then the -lesser kindes, which being ripe openeth it selfe into three or foure -parts, hauing a number of flat blackish seede within them: the roote is -aboundant in fibres, whereby it strongly taketh hold in the ground, but -perisheth with the first frosts; yet the seede that is shed when the -fruit is ripe, commeth vp the next yeare. - - -2. _Stramonium maius purpureum._ -The great purple flowred Thorne-Apple. - -This purple Thorne-Apple is in largenesse of leaues, thicknesse and -height of stalke, greatnesse and forme of flowers and fruit, euery -way equall and correspondent vnto the former, the chiefe differences -be these: the stalke is of a darke purple colour; the leaues are of a -darker greene, somewhat purplish, and the flowers are of light purple -or pale Doue colour, enclining to white, and whiter at the bottome. - - -3. _Stramonium minus seu Nux Metel flore albo._ -The smaller Thorne-Apple with a white flower. - -The smaller Thorne-Apple riseth vp with one round stalke, of the -bignesse of a mans finger, and neuer much aboue two foote high with vs, -bearing a few large, broad, smooth leaues thereon, without any branches -at all, which are vneuenly rent or torne about the edges, with many -ribs, and smaller veines running through them, yet lesser by much then -the greater kinde: at the ioynts where the leaues stand, come forth -long and large white flowers, with broad or wide open brims, folded -together before their opening, as the other former Bell-flowers or -Bindeweedes, but hauing their fiue corners more pointed or horned then -either they, or the former Thorne-Apples: after the flowers are past, -succeed small fruit, rounder and harder, set with harder, but blunt -prickes then the former, wherein is contained brownish yellow flat -seede, sticking to the inward pulpe; the roote is not very great, but -full of strings, and quickly perisheth with the first frosts. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Convolvulus maior cæruleus._ The greater blew Bindweed or - Bell flower. - 2 _Convolvulus trifolius seu hederaceus._ The great purple - Bindeweed. - 3 _Convolvulus minor cæruleus Hispanicus._ The Spanish small blew - Bindweed. - 4 _Stramonium maius seu Pomum spinosum._ The great Thorne-Apple. - 5 _Datura seu Stramonium minus._ The small Thorne-Apple. - 6 _Stramonium flore duplici._ The double flowred Thorne-Apple. - 7 _Stramonium flore geminato._ Double Thorne-Apple one out of - another. - 8 _Tabacco latifolium._ Broad-leafed Tabacco. - 9 _Mirabilia Peruana._ The Meruaile of the world. -] - - -4. _Stramonium minus flore geminato purpurante._ -The small double flowred purple Thorne-Apple. - -In the flower of this plant, consisteth the chiefest difference from -the former, which is as large as the last, pointed into more hornes or -corners, and beareth two flowers, standing in one huske, one of them -rising out from the middle of the other, like vnto those kindes of -Cowslips and Oxelips, called double, or Hose in hose, before described, -which are of a pale purplish colour on the outside, and almost white -within: the fruit is round like the last, and beareth such like seede, -so that vntill it bee in flower, their difference can hardly bee -discerned: this is more tender then the last, although euen it is so -tender, that it seldome beareth ripe seede with vs. - -[Sidenote: _Flore duplici._] - -Sometimes (for I think it is not another kind) the flower will haue as -it were double rowes of leaues, close set together, and not consisting -of two, rising so distinctly one aboue another. - - - The Place. - - All these kindes haue been brought or sent vs out of Turkie - and Egypt; but Garcias, and Christopherus Acosta, with others, - affirme that they grow in the East Indies. The lesser kindes - are very rare with vs, because they seldome come to maturity; - and therefore we are still to seeke of new seede to sowe. The - greater kindes are plentifull enough in our Gardens, and will - well abide, and giue ripe fruit. - - - The Time. - - The smaller kindes flower later then the greater; and therefore - their fruit are the sooner spoyled with the cold ayres, dewes, - and frosts, that come at the latter end of the yeare: but the - greater kinds neuer misse lightly to ripen. - - - The Names. - - Both the greater and smaller kindes are generally called - _Stramonium_, _Stramonia_, _Pomum spinosum_, and _Datura_. - Bauhinus vpon Matthiolus his Comentaries on Dioscorides, - calleth it _Solanum fætidum spinosum_. Some learned men haue - referred it to _Nux Metel_, of the Arabian Authors. Wee call - them generally, in English, Thorne-Apples, and distinguish them - by their titles of greater and letter, single and double. - - - The Vertues. - - The East Indian lasciuious women performe strange acts with - the seed (of the smaller kinde, as I suppose, or it may be of - either) giuing it their husbands to drinke. The whole plant, - but especially the seed, is of a very cold and soporiferous - quality, procuring sleep and distraction of senses. A few of - the seeds steeped and giuen in drinke, will cause them that - take it to seem starke drunke or dead drunke, which fit will - within a few houres weare away, and they recouer their senses - againe, as a drunken man raysed after sleep from his wine. - It may therefore (in my opinion) be of safe and good vse to - one, that is to haue a legge or an arme cut off, or to be cut - for the stone, or some other such like cure to be performed, - to take away the sense of paine for the time of doing it; - otherwise I hold it not fit to be vsed without great caution. - But the greene leaues of the greater kindes (as also the - lesser, but that with vs they are not so plentifull) are by - tryed experience, found to be excellent good for any scalded or - burned part, as also to take away any hot inflammations, being - made vp into a salue or ointment with suet, waxe, and rossin, - &c. or with _Axungia_, that is, Hogs larde. - - - - -CHAP. LXXXIX. - -_Tabacco._ Indian Henbane, or Tabacco. - - -There hath beene formerly but three kindes of Tabacco knowne vnto vs, -two of them called Indian, and the third English Tabacco. In these -later yeares, we haue had in our gardens about London (before the -suppressing of the planting) three or foure other sorts at the least, -and all of the Indian kinde, hauing some especiall difference, eyther -in leafe, or flower, or both: And in regard the flowers of some of -these carry a pretty shew, I shall only entreate of them, and not of -the English kind. - - -_Tabacco latifolium._ Broade leafed Tabacco. - -The great Indian Tabacco hath many very large, long, thicke, fat -and faire greene leaues, standing foreright for the most part, and -compassing the stalkes at the bottome of them, being somewhat pointed -at the end: the stalke is greene and round, sixe or seuen foote high -at sometimes, and in some places, in others not past three or foure -foote high, diuided towards the toppe into many branches, with leaues -at euery ioynt, and at the toppes of the branches many flowers, the -bottomes hereof are long and hollow, and the toppes plaited or folded -before they are open, but being open, are diuided sometimes into foure, -or more vsually into fiue corners, somewhat like vnto other of the -Bell-flowers, but lying a little flatter open, of a light carnation -colour. The seede is very small and browne, contained in round heads, -that are clammy while they are greene, and pointed at the end: the -roote is great, whitish, and woody at the head, dispersing many long -branches, and small fibres vnder the ground, whereby it is strongly -fastened, but perisheth with our violent frosts in the winter, if it be -left abroad in the garden, but if it be housed, or safely prouided for -against the frostes, the rootes will liue, and spring afresh the next -yeare. - -There is of this kinde another sort, whose leaues are as large and long -as the former, but thicker, and of a more dead greene colour, hanging -downe to the ground-ward, and scarce any standing forth-right, as the -former, vnlesse they bee very young: the flowers of this kinde are -almost whole, without any great shew of corners at the brims or edges, -in all other things there is no difference. - -There is another, whose large and thicke flat leaues doe compasse the -stalke at the bottome, and are as it were folded together one side vnto -another: the flowers are of a deeper blush, or carnation colour, and -with longer points and corners then in any of the former; and in these -two things consisteth the difference from the others, and is called -Verines Tabacco. - -Another hath his leaues not so large and long as the first, and these -haue short footestalkes, whereon they stand, and doe not compasse the -stalke as the other doe: the flower hereof is like the first, but -smaller, and of a little paler colour. - - -_Tabacco angustifolium._ Narrow leafed Tabacco. - -This kinde of Tabacco hath somewhat lower, and smaller stalkes, then -any of the former: the leaues hereof are smaller and narrower, and not -altogether so thicke, but more pointed, and euery one standing vpon a -footstalke, an inch and a halfe long at the least: the flowers hereof -stand thicker together, vpon the small branches, somewhat larger, of a -deeper blush colour, and more eminent corners then in any the former; -the seed and roots are alike, and perish in like manner, vnlesse it -be brought into a cellar, or other such couert, to defend it from the -extremitie of the Winter. - - - The Place. - - America or the West Indies is the place where all these kindes - doe grow naturally, some in one place, and some in another, as - in Peru, Trinidado, Hispaniola, and almost in euery Iland and - Countrey of the continent thereof: with vs they are cherished - in gardens, as well for the medicinable qualities, as for the - beauty of the flowers. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth in August, seldome before, and the seede is ripe - quickly after. If it once sowe it selfe in a Garden, it will - giue next year after young plants: but for the most part they - will spring vp late, and therefore they that would haue them - more early, haue sowen the seede vpon a bed of dung, and - transplanted them afterwards. - - - The Names. - - This plant hath gotten many names. The Indians call it in some - places _Petum_, in others, _Picielt_, and _Perebecenuc_, as - Ouiedus and others doe relate. The Spaniards in the Indies - first called it _Tabacco_, of an Iland where plenty of it - grew. It hath in Christendome receiued diuers other names, - as _Nicotiana_, of one Nicot a French man, who seeing it - in Portugall, sent it to the French Queene, from whom it - receiued the name of _Herba Regina_. Lobel calleth it _Sancta - herba_, & _Sanasancta Indorum_. Some haue adiudged it to be - an _Hioscyamus_, and therefore call it _Peruvianus_. The most - vsuall name wherby we call it in English, is Tabacco. - - - The Vertues. - - The herbe is, out of question, an excellent helpe and remedy - for diuers diseases, if it were rightly ordered and applyed, - but the continuall abuse thereof in so many, doth almost - abolish all good vse in any. Notwithstanding if men would apply - their wits to the finding out of the vertues, I make no doubt - but many strange cures would bee performed by it, both inward - and outward. For outward application, a Salue made hereof (as - is before recited of the Thorne apple leaues) cureth vlcers, - and wounds of hard curation: And for inward helpes, a Syrupe - made of the iuice and sugar, or honey, procureth a gentle - vomit (but the dryed leafe infused in wine much more) and is - effectuall in astmaticall diseases, if it bee carefully giuen. - And likewise cleanseth cankers and fistulaes admirably, as hath - beene found by late experience. The ashes of Tabacco is often - vsed, and with good successe, for cuts in the hands, or other - places, and for other small greene wounds. - - - - -CHAP. XC. - -_Mirabilia Peruviana._ The Meruaile of Peru. - - -This plant yeeldeth in our Gardens fiue or sixe seuerall varieties of -beautifull flowers, as pure white, pure yellow, pure red, white and red -spotted, and red and yellow spotted. But besides these, I haue had some -other sorts, among which was one, of a pale purple or peach colour: -all which, comming vnto mee out of Spaine with many other, seedes in -an vnkindly yeare (an early winter following a cold summer) perished -with mee; yet I plainely might discerne by their leaues, and manner of -growing, to be diuers from them that we now haue and keepe. I shall -need therefore (because the chiefest difference consisteth almost in -the flowers) to giue only one description of the plant, and therein -shew the varieties as is before declared. - - -_Admirabilis._ The Meruaile of the World. - -The stalke of this meruellous plant is great and thick, bigger then -any mans thumbe, bunched out or swelling at euery ioynt, in some the -stalkes will bee of a faire greene colour, and those will bring white, -or white and red flowers: in others they will bee reddish; and more at -the ioynts, and those giue red flowers; and in some of a darker greene -colour, which giue yellow flowers; the stalkes and ioynts of those that -will giue red and yellow flowers spotted, are somewhat brownish, but -not so red as those that giue wholly red flowers: vpon these stalkes -that spread into many branches, doe grow at the ioynts vpon seuerall -footestalkes, faire greene leaues, broad at the stalke, and pointed at -the end: at the ioynts likewise toward the vpper part of the branches, -at the foote of the leaues, come forth seuerall flowers vpon short -footestalkes, euery one being small, long and hollow from the bottome -to the brimme, which is broade spread open, and round, and consist -but of one leafe without diuision, like vnto a Bell flower, but not -cornered at all: which flowers, as I said, are of diuers colours, and -diuersly marked and spotted, some being wholly white, without any spot -in them for the most part, through all the flowers of the plant; so -likewise some being yellow, and some wholly red; some plants againe -being mixed and spotted, so variably either white and red, or purple, -(except here and there some may chance to be wholly white, or red or -purple among the rest) or red and yellow through the whole plant, -(except as before some may chance in this kinde to be eyther wholly -red, or wholly yellow) that you shall hardly finde two or three flowers -in a hundred, that will bee alike spotted and marked, without some -diuersitie, and so likewise euery day, as long as they blow, which -is vntill the winters, or rather autumnes cold blastes do stay their -willing pronenesse to flower: And I haue often also obserued, that -one side of a plant will giue fairer varieties then another, which is -most commonly the Easterne, as the more temperate and shadowie side. -All these flowers doe open for the most part, in the euening, or in -the night time, and so stand blowne open, vntill the next mornings sun -beginne to grow warme vpon them, which then close themselues together, -all the brims of the flowers shrinking into the middle of the long -necke, much like vnto the blew Bindeweede, which in a manner doth so -close vp at the sunnes warme heate: or else if the day be temperate -and milde, without much sunne shining vpon them, the flowers will not -close vp for the most part of that day, or vntill toward night: after -the flowers are past, come seuerall seedes, that is, but one at a place -as the flowers stood before, of the bignesse (sometimes) of pease, but -not so round, standing within the greene huskes, wherein the flowers -stood before, being a little flat at the toppe, like a crowne or head, -and round where it is fastened in the cup, of a blacke colour when it -is ripe, but else greene all the while it groweth on the stalke, and -being ripe is soone shaken downe with the wind, or any other light -shaking: the roote is long and round, greater at the head, and smaller -downwards to the end, like vnto a Reddish, spreading into two or three, -or more branches, blackish on the outside and whitish within. These -rootes I haue often preserued by art a winter, two or three (for they -will perish if they be left out in the garden, vnlesse it be vnder a -house side) because many times, the yeare not falling out kindely, -the plants giue not ripe seede, and so we should be to seeke both of -seede to sow, and of rootes to set, if this or the like art to keep -them, were not vsed; which is in this manner: Within a while after the -first frosts haue taken the plants, that the leaues wither and fall, -digge vp the rootes whole, and lay them in a dry place for three or -foure dayes, that the superfluous moysture on the outside, may be spent -and dryed, which done, wrap them vp seuerally in two or three browne -papers, and lay them by in a boxe, chest or tub, in some conuenient -place of the house all the winter time, where no winde or moist ayre -may come vnto them; and thus you shall haue these rootes to spring a -fresh the next yeare, if you plant them in the beginning of March, as -I haue sufficiently tryed. But some haue tryed to put them vp into a -barrell or firkin of sand, or ashes, which is also good if the sand and -ashes be thorough dry, but if it bee anything moist, or if they giue -againe in the winter, as it is vsuall, they haue found the moisture of -the rootes, or of the sand, or both, to putrefie the rootes, that they -haue beene nothing worth, when they haue taken them forth. Take this -note also for the sowing of your seede, that if you would haue variable -flowers, and not all of one colour, you must choose out such flowers -as be variable while they grow, that you may haue the seede of them: -for if the flowers bee of one entire colour, you shall haue for the -most part from those seedes, plants that will bring flowers all of that -colour, whether it be white, red or yellow. - - - The Place. - - These plants grow naturally in the West Indies, where there is - a perpetuall summer, or at the least no cold frosty winters, - from whence the seede hath been sent into these parts of - Europe, and are dispersed into euery garden almost of note. - - - The Time. - - These plants flower from the end of Iuly sometimes, or August, - vntill the frosts, and cold ayres of the euenings in October, - pull them down, and in the meane time the seed is ripe. - - - The Names. - - Wee haue not receiued the seedes of this plant vnder any other - name, then _Mirabilia Peruvians_, or _Admirabilis planta_. In - English wee call them, The meruaile of Peru, or the meruaile - of the world: yet some Authors haue called it _Gelseminum_, - or _Iasminum rubrum_, _&_ _Indicum_: and Bauhinus _Solanum - Mexicanum flore magno_. - - - The Vertues. - - We haue not knowne any vse hereof in Physicke. - - - - -CHAP. XCI. - -_Malua._ Mallowes. - - -Of the kindred of Mallowes there are a great number, some of the -gardens, others wilde, some with single flowers, others with double, -some with whole leaues, others with cut or diuided: to entreate of -them all is not my purpose, nor the scope of this worke, but onely of -such whose flowers, hauing beautie and respect, are fit to furnish -this garden, as ornaments thereunto. And first of those single kindes, -whose flowers come neerest vnto the fashion of the former Bell-flowers, -and after to the double ones, which for their brauery, are entertained -euery where into euery Countrey womans garden. - - -1. _Malua Hispanica flore carneo amplo._ The Spanish blush Mallow. - -The Spanish Mallow is in forme and manner of growing, very like vnto -our common fielde Mallow, hauing vpright stalkes two or three foote -high, spread into diuers branches, and from the bottome to the toppe, -beset with round leaues, like vnto our Mallowes, but somewhat smaller, -rounder, and lesse diuided, yet larger below then aboue: the flowers -are plentifully growing vpon the small branches, folding or writhing -their leaues one about another before they bee blowne, and being open -consist of fiue leaues, with a long forked clapper therein, of the -same colour with the flower: the chiefest difference from the common -consisteth in this, that the leaues of these flowers are longer, and -more wide open at the brimmes (almost like a Bell flower) and of a -faire blush or light carnation colour, closing at night, and opening -all the day: after the flowers are past, there come such like round -heads, with small blacke seede, like vnto the common kinde, but -somewhat smaller: the roote is small and long, and perisheth euery -yeare. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Malua Hispanica flore carneo amplo._ The Spanish Mallow. - 2 _Alcea Veneta._ The Venice Mallow. - 3 _Alcea Americana._ Thorney Mallow. - 4 _Alcea Ægyptia._ The Mallow of Egypt. - 5 _Althea frutex._ The shrubbe Mallow. - 6 _Malua hortensis simplex._ Single Hollihockes. - 7 _Malua rosea multiplex._ Double Hollihockes. -] - - -2. _Alcea vulgaris flore carneo._ Vervaine Mallow with blush flowers. - -There is a Mallow that hath long stalkes, and flowers like vnto the -common wilde Mallow, and of the same deepe colour with it, so that -you can hardly know it from the ordinary kinde, which is found growing -wilde together with it, but onely by the leafe, which is as round and -as large as the former, but cut into many fine diuisions, euen to the -stalke that vpholdeth it, that it seemeth to consist onely of ragges, -or peeces of leaues: Of this kinde I take a plante for this garden, -growing in all respects like vnto it, but differing onely in the colour -of the flowers, which are of the same blush or light carnation colour, -or not much differing from the former Spanish kinde, with some veines -therein of a deeper colour: the root hereof liueth, as the root of the -common wilde kinde doth. - - -3. _Alcea peregrina siue vesicaria._ -Venice Mallow, or Good night at noone. - -The Venice Mallow hath long and weake stalkes, most vsually lying or -leaning vpon the ground, hauing here and there vpon them long leaues -and somewhat broad, cut in or gashed very deepely on both edges, -that it seemeth as if they were diuers leaues set together, euery -one standing on a long footestalke: at the ioynts of these stalkes, -where the leaues are set, come forth seuerall flowers, standing vpon -long footstalkes, which are somewhat larger then any of the former -flowers, consisting of fiue leaues, small at the bottome, and wide at -the brimmes, of a whitish colour tending to a blush, and sometimes all -white, with spots at the bottomes of the leaues on the inside, of a -very deepe purple or murrey colour, which addeth a great grace to the -flower, and hauing also a long pestle or clapper in the middle, as -yellow as gold: these flowers are so quickly faded and gone, that you -shall hardly see any of them blowne open, vnlesse it bee betimes in the -morning before the Sunne doe grow warme vpon them, for as soone as it -feeleth the Sunnes warme heate, it closeth vp and neuer openeth againe, -so that you shall very seldome see a flower blowne open in the day -time, after nine a clocke in the morning: after these flowers are past, -there rise vp in their places thinne, round, shining or transparent -bladders, pointed at the toppe, and ribbed down all along, wherein are -contained small, round, blackish seede: the roote is long and small, -and perisheth euery yeare. - - -4. _Alcea fruticosa pentaphyllea._ Cinquefoile Mallow. - -The stalkes of this Mallow are very long, hard or wooddy, more then of -any of the other Mallowes: at the lower part whereof, and vp to the -middle, stand diuers leaues vpon long footestalkes, parted or diuided -into fiue parts or leaues, and dented about the edges; but vpwards from -the middle to the toppe, the leaues haue but three diuisions: among -these leaues stand large wide open flowers, of the colour of the common -Mallow: the seede is smaller then in any other Mallow, but the rootes -are great and long, spreading in the ground like vnto the rootes of -Marsh Mallowes, and springeth vp afresh euery yeare from the roote. - - -5. _Sabdarifa seu Alcea Americana._ Thorney Mallowe. - -This Thorney Mallowe hath greene leaues next vnto the ground, that -are almost round, but pointed at the end, and dented very much about -the edges; the other leaues that growe vpon the stalke are diuided -into three parts, like vnto a trefoile, and some of them into fiue -diuisions, all of them dented about the edges: the stalke is reddish, -with some harmelesse prickles in sundry places thereon, and riseth vp -three or foure foote high in a good ground, a fit place, and a kindly -yeare, bearing plenty of flowers vpon the stalkes, one at the foote -of euery leafe, the toppe it selfe ending in a long spike, as it were -of buddes and leaues together: the flowers are of a very pale yellow, -tending to a white colour, spotted in the bottome of each of the fiue -leaues, with a deepe purple spot, broad at the lower part, and ending -in a point about the middle of the leafe, which are quickly fading, and -not abiding aboue one day, with a long pestle in the middle diuided at -the toppe: after the flower is past, commeth vp a short prickly podde, -set within a small greene huske or cup that bore the flower, wherein is -contained whitish, or rather brownish yellow seede, flat and somewhat -round, like vnto the seedes of Hollyhocke: the roote is stringie, and -quickly perisheth; for it will hardly endure in our cold Country to -giue flowers, much lesse seede, vnlesse (as I said before) it happen in -a kindly yeare, and be well planted and tended. - - -6. _Bamia seu Alcea Ægyptia._ The Mallow of Egypt. - -This Mallow is also as tender to nourse vp as the last, hauing the -lower leaues broad like a Marsh Mallow, and of a fresh greene colour; -but those that growe vpon the stalke, and vp to the toppe, are diuided -into fiue parts or points, but are not cut in to the middle ribbe, like -the former Thorney Mallow, yet dented about the edges like vnto them: -the flowers growe at the setting to of the leaues, like vnto a Mallow -for forme, but of a whitish colour; after which come long fiue square -pointed pods, with hard shels, wherein are contained round blackish -gray seede, as bigge as a Vetch or bigger: the roote perisheth quickly -with vs, euen with the first frosts. - - -7. _Althæa frutex flore albo vel purpureo._ -Shrubbe Mallow with a white or purple flower. - -There are diuers sorts of shrubbe Mallowes, whereof some that haue -their stemmes or stalkes lesse wooddy, dye downe to the ground euery -yeare, and others that abide alwayes, are more wooddy: Of the former -sorts I intend not to speake, referring them to a fitter place; and -of the other, I will onely giue you the knowledge of one or two in -this place, although I doe acknowledge their fitted place had been to -be among the shrubbes; but because they are Mallowes, I pray let them -passe with the rest of their kindred, and their descriptions in this -manner: These wooddy kindes of shrub Mallowes haue somewhat large, -long, and diuided leaues, of a whitish greene colour, soft also, and -as it were woolly in handling, set dispersedly on the whitish hard or -wooddy stalkes: their flowers are large, like vnto a single Rose or -Hollyhocke, in the one being white with purple spots in the bottome; -in the other either of a deepe red colour, or else of a paler purple, -with a deeper bottome, and with veines running in euery leafe: they -are somewhat tender, and would not be suffered to be vncouered in the -Winter time, or yet abroad in the Garden, but kept in a large pot or -tubbe, in the house or in a warme cellar, if you would haue them to -thriue. - - -8. _Malua hortensis rosea simplex & multiplex diuersorum colorum._ -Hollihockes single and double of seuerall colours. - -I shall not neede to make many descriptions of Hollihockes, in regard -the greatest difference consisteth in the flowers, which are in some -single, in some double, in some of one colour, and in others of other -colours: for the lowest leaues of Hollihockes are all round, and -somewhat large, with many corners, but not cut in or diuided, soft in -handling; but those that growe vp higher are much more diuided into -many corners: the stalkes sometimes growe like a tree, at the least -higher then any man, with diuers such diuided leaues on them, and -flowers from the middle to the toppe, where they stand as it were a -long spike of leaues and buds for flowers together: the flowers are -of diuers colours, both single and double, as pure white, and pale -blush, almost like a white, and more blush, fresh and liuely, of a Rose -colour, Scarlet, and a deeper red like a crimson, and of a darke red -like blacke bloud; these are the most especiall colours both of single -and double flowers that I haue seene: the single flowers consist of -fiue broad and round leaues, standing round like vnto single Roses, -with a middle long stile, and some chiues aboue them: the double -flowers are like vnto double Roses, very thicke, so that no stile or -vmbone is seene in the middle, and the outermost rowe of leaues in -the flowers are largest, the innermost being smaller and thicke set -together: after the flowers are past, there come vp as well in the -double as single, flat round heads, like flat cakes, round about the -bottomes whereof growe flat whitish seede: the roote is long and great -at the head, white and tough, like the roote of the common Mallowes, -but greater, and will reasonably well abide the Winter. - - - The Place. - - The first groweth wilde in Spaine. The second in our owne - Countrey. The third is thought to growe in Italy and Venice; - but Lobel denieth it, saying, that it is there onely in - Gardens, and is more plentifull in these parts then with them. - The fourth Clusius saith he found in many places of Germany. - The fifth is supposed to be first brought out of the West - Indies, but an Arabicke name being giuen it, maketh me somewhat - doubtfull how to beleeue it. The sixth groweth in Egypt, where - it is of great vse, as Prosper Alpinus hath let downe in his - Booke of Egyptian plants. The seuenth groweth in some parts - both of Spaine and France. The last is not found but in Gardens - euery where. - - - The Time. - - The first, second, third, fourth, and last, doe flower from - Iune vntill the end of Iuly and August. The rest flower very - late, many times not vntill September or October. - - - The Names. - - The first and second haue their names sufficiently expressed in - their titles. The third is diuersly called, as _Malua horaria_, - _Alcea versicaria_, _Alcea Veneta_, _Alcea Peregrina_, and of - Matthiolus, _Hypecoum_. The most vsuall English name is Venice - Mallow. The fourth is called _Alcea fruticosa pentaphyllea_, - and _Cannabinifolio_, or _Pentaphyllifolio_: In English, - Cinquefoile Mallow. The fifth hath been sent vnder the name of - _Sabdarifa_, and _Sabdariffa_, and (as I said) is thought to be - brought from America, and therefore it beareth the name of that - Country. The sixth is called in Egypt, _Bamia_, or _Bammia_, - and by that name sent with the addition _del Cayro_ vnto it: - In English, Egyptian Mallow, or Mallow of Egypt. The seuenth - is called _Althæa frutex_, and of some _Althæa arborea_: In - English, Shrubbe Mallow, because his stemme is wooddie, and - abideth as shrubbes and trees doe. The eight and last is called - _Malua hortensis_, _Malua Rosea_, and of some _Rosa vltra - marina_: In English, of some Hockes, and vsually Hollihockes. - - - The Vertues. - - All sorts of Mallowes, by reason of their viscous or slimie - quality, doe helpe to make the body soluble, being vsed - inwardly, and thereby helpe also to ease the paines of the - stone and grauell, causing them to be the more easily voided: - being outwardly applyed, they mollifie hard tumours, and helpe - to ease paines in diuers parts of the body; yet those that - are of most vse, are most common. The rest are but taken vpon - credit. - - - - -CHAP. XCII. - -_Amaranthus._ Flower-gentle. - - -We haue foure or fiue sorts of Flower-gentle to trimme vp this our -Garden withall, which doe differ very notably one from another, as -shall be declared in their seuerall descriptions; some of which are -very tender, and must be carefully regarded, and all little enough to -cause them beare seede with vs, or else wee shall bee to seeke euery -yeare: others are hardy enough, and will hardly be lost out of the -Garden. - - -1. _Amaranthus purpureus minor._ The small purple Flower-gentle. - -This gallant purple Veluet flower, or Flower-gentle, hath a crested -stalke two foote high or more, purplish at the bottome, but greene to -the toppe, whereout groweth many small branches, the leaues on the -stalkes and branches are somewhat broad at the bottome, and sharpe -pointed, of a full greene colour, and often somewhat reddish withall, -like in forme vnto the leaues of Blites (whereof this and the rest are -accounted _species_, or sorts) or small Beetes: the flowers are long, -spikie, soft, and gentle tufts of haires, many as it were growing -together, broad at the bottome, and small vp at the toppe, pyramis or -steeple-fashion, of so excellent a shining deepe purple colour, tending -to a murrey, that in the most excellent coloured Veluet, cannot be -seene a more orient colour, (and I thinke from this respect, the French -call it _Passe velours_, that is to say, passing Veluet in colour) -without any smell at all, which being bruised giueth the same excellent -purple colour on paper, and being gathered in his full strength and -beauty, will abide a great time (if it be kept out of the winde and -sunne in a dry place) in the same grace and colour: among these tufts -lye the seede scattered, which is small, very blacke, and shining: the -rootes are a few threddy strings, which quickly perish, as the whole -plant doth, at the first approach of Winter weather. - - -2. _Amaranthus Coccineus._ Scarlet Flower-gentle. - -The leaues of this Flower-gentle are longer, and somewhat narrower then -the former; the stalke groweth somewhat higher, bearing his long tufts -at seuerall leaues, as also at the toppe of the stalkes, many being set -together, but separate one from another, and each bowing or bending -downe his head, like vnto a Feather, such as is worn in our Gallants -and Gentlewomens heads, of an excellent bloudy Scarlet colour: the -seede is blacke, like vnto the former: the roote perisheth quicklier, -because it is more tender. - - -3. _Amaranthus tricolor._ Spotted or variable Flower-gentle. - -The chiefest beauty of this plant consisteth in the leaues, and not in -the flowers; for they are small tufts growing along the stalke, which -is nothing so high as the former, especially with vs, and at the ioynts -with the leaues: the leaues hereof are of the same fashion that the -former are, and pointed also; but euery leafe is to be seene parted -into greene, red, and yellow, very orient and fresh (especially if it -come to his full perfection, which is in hot and dry weather) diuided -not all alike, but in some leaues, where the red or yellow is, there -will be greene, and so varying, that it is very pleasant to behold: the -seede hereof is blacke and shining, not to bee knowne from the former. - - -4. _Amaranthus Carnea spica._ Carnation Flower-gentle. - -There is another more rare then all the rest, whose leaues are somewhat -longer, and narrower then the first, and like vnto the second kinde: -the spikes are short, many set together, like branches full of heads or -eares of corne, euery one whereof hath some long haires sticking out -from them, of a deep blush, tending to a carnation colour. - - -5. _Amaranthus purpureus maior paniculis sparsis._ -Great Floramour, or purple Flower-gentle. - -The great Floramour hath one thicke, tall, crested, browne red stalke, -fiue or six foote high, from whence spring many great broad leaues, -like vnto the former for the forme, but much larger & redder for the -most part, especially the lowest, which brancheth forth into diuers -parts, & from between these leaues, & the stalks or branches, as also -at the tops of them, stand long, spikie, round, & somewhat flat tufts, -of a more reddish purple colour then the first, and diuided also into -seuerall parts, wherin when they are full ripe, are to be seen an -innumerable company of white seed, standing out among the short thrums, -and do then easily fall away with a little touching; euery one of these -white seed hath as it were an hole halfe bored through therin: the root -is a great bush of strings, spreading in the ground, whereby it is -strongly fastened, yet perisheth euery yeare, after it hath giuen his -seede. - - - The Place. - - All these plants growe in the Easterne Countries, as Persia, - Syria, Arabia, &c. except the greatest, which hath been brought - out of the West Indies, where it is much vsed, especially the - seede: they are all, noursed vp with much care in our Gardens, - and yet in a backward or cold yeare they will not thriue, for - that they desire much heate: but the greatest doth alwayes giue - ripe seede euery yeare. - - - The Time. - - They beare their gallant tufts or spikes for the most part in - August, and some not vntill September. - - - The Names. - - The name _Amaranthus_ is giuen to all these plants, taken - from the Greeke word ἀμαραντίνος, _non marcescens_, or _non - senescens_, that is, neuer waxing old, and is often also - imposed on other plants, who haue the same property, that - is, that their flowers being gathered in a fit season, will - retaine their natiue colour a long time, as shall be shewed - in the Chapter following. Diuers do thinke the first to be - _Phlox_, or _Flamma_ of Theophrastus. The third is called - _Gelosia_, or _Celosia_ of Tragus. Spigelius in his _Isagoges_ - saith, it is generally taken to be _Sophonia_, whereof Plinie - maketh mention; and Lobel, to bee the Persians _Theombroton_ - of Plinie. The Italians, from whom I had it (by the meanes of - Mʳ. Doctor Iohn More, as I haue had many other rare simples) - call it, _Blito di tre colori_, A three coloured Blite. The - fifth, which is the greatest, hath been sent from the West - Indies by the name of _Quinüa_, as Clusius reporteth. The name - Flower-gentle in English, and _Floramour_, which is the French, - of _Flos amoris_, and _Passe velours_, as is before said, - or Veluet flower, according to the Italian, _Flor veluto_, - are equally giuen to all these plants, with their seuerall - distinctions, as they are expressed in their titles. - - - The Vertues. - - Diuers suppose the flowers of these plants doe helpe to stay - the fluxe of bloud in man or woman, because that other things - that are red or purple doe performe the same. But Galen - disproueth that opinion very notably, _in lib. 2. & 4. de - simpl. medicament. facultatibus_. - - - - -CHAP. XCIII. - -_Helichrysum, siue Amaranthus luteus._ -Golden Flower-gentle, Goldilockes, or Gold-flower. - - -The propinquity of property (as I before said) hath caused the affinity -in name, and so in neighbourhood in these plants, wherein there are -some diuersity; and although they differ from them before in many -notable points, yet they all agree with themselues in the golden, or -siluer heads or tufts they beare; and therefore I haue comprised them -in one Chapter, and will begin with that which commeth nearest vnto the -_Helichrysum_ of Dioscorides, or _Aurelia_ (as Gaza translateth it) of -Theophrastus. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Amaranthus purpureus maior._ The great purple Flower gentle. - 2 _Amaranthus purpureus minor._ The lesser purple Flower gentle. - 3 _Amaranthus tricolor._ Variable Flower gentle. - 4 _Amaranthus Coccineus._ Scarlet Flower gentle. - 5 _Amaranthus carnea spica._ Carnation Flower gentle. - 6 _Chrysocome._ Golden Cassidonie. - 7 _Heliochrysum Creticum._ Candy Goldilockes. - 8 _Gnaphalium Americanum._ Liuelong or Life euerlasting. - 9 _Gnaphalium montanum._ Cats foote. - 10 _Gnaphalium roseum._ The Cotton Rose. -] - - -1. _Helichrysum._ The Golden flower of life. - -This first Golden tuft riseth vp with many hard, round, white stalkes, -a foote and a halfe high, whereon at certaine distances stand many -fine cut leaues, or rather one leafe cut into many small fine parts, -almost as small as Fenell, but grayish, like vnto the Cud-weedes or -Cotton-weedes (whereof certainly these are speciall kindes) at the -toppes of the stalkes stand many round flowers, of a pale gold colour, -in an vmbell close together, yet euery flower vpon his owne stalke, and -all of an euen height, which will keepe the colour, being gathered, -and kept dry for a long time after, and are of a hot and quicke sent: -the roote is small and wooddy, spreading vnder the vpper crust of the -earth, and liueth long in his owne naturall place, but very hardly -endureth the cold of our Winters, vnlesse they be milde, or it be well -defended. - - -2. _Helichrysum Creticum._ Candy Goldilockes. - -Candy Goldilockes hath two or three small slender white branches, set -here and there very scatteringly, with small, long, and narrow hoary -leaues, hauing yellow heads of flowers at the tops made into vmbels -or tufts, not so round and euen as the former, but longwise one aboue -another, the heads being made as it were of scales, loosly, and not so -closely set together, as in the next following, which when they are -full ripe, doe passe into doune, and are blowne away with the winde, -hauing a small reddish seede at the end; but will abide a long time, as -the other in his beauty, being gathered in time, as the rest will doe. - - -3. _Helichrysum Orientale siue Amaranthus luteus._ -Golden Flower-gentle. - -This most beautifull plant is very like vnto the former Candy -Goldilockes last described, but growing vp higher, with many more -branches, and more hoary, white, and woolly, hauing also long and -narrow white leaues, but somewhat broader, and thicker set on the -branches: the tufts of flowers or vmbels likewise doe consist of -longer and larger heads, more scaly, and closer compact together, of -an excellent pale gold yellow colour, and shining, with some yellow -threads or thrummes in the middle: the roote dyeth not euery yeare, but -liueth long, especially in the South and East Countries, where no colds -or frosts are felt; but will require extraordinary care and keeping, -and yet scarce sufficient to preserue it in these cold Countries. - - -4. _Chrysocome siue Stæchas Citrina._ -Golden tufts or Golden Cassidony. - -This Golden flower is somewhat like the former of these two last -described, hauing hoary stalkes and leaues, standing confusedly on -them, being long, and narrower then any of the former: the tops of the -stalkes are diuided into many parts, each bearing a small long yellow -head or flower at the toppe, with some yellow thrummes in them, which -heads being many, are diffusedly set together, like a loose or sparsed -vmbell, keeping their colour long before they wither, and when they -are ripe, haue thinne small reddish seede, like Mariorome seede, but -smaller; the roote is small and blacke: the whole plant, as well leaues -and flowers, as rootes, are of a strong sharpe sent, yet pleasant. - - -5. _Argyrocome siue Gnaphalium Americanum._ -Liue long or Life euerlasting. - -This siluer tuft or Indian Cotton weede, hath many white heads of -leafes at their first springing out of the ground, couered with a hoary -woollinesse like cotton, which rising into hard, thicke round stalkes, -containe still the same hoarinesse vpon them, as also vpon the long and -narrow leaues which are set thereon, especially on the vnder side, for -the vpper sides are of a darke shining greene colour: the stalkes are -diuided at the toppe into many small branches, each whereof haue many -scaly tufted heads set together, couered ouer with cotton before their -opening, and then diffeuering one from another, abiding very white on -the outside, when they are fully growne, but with a small yellow thrume -in the midde of euery flower, which in time turne into yellow doune, -apt to be blowne away with euery winde: the roots are long and black on -the outside, creeping vnder ground very much. - - -6. _Gnaphalium montanum flore albo & flore purpureo._ -White and purple Cats foote. - -This small Cudweede or Cottonweede, hath many small white woolly leaues -growing from the roote, which is composed of a few small blackish -threds, and lying vpon the ground somewhat like vnto the leaues of -a small Mouse eare, but smaller; from among which riseth vp a small -stalke of halfe a foote high or thereabouts, beset here and there with -some few leaues, at the top whereof commeth forth a tuft of small -flowers, set close together, in some of a pure white, in others of a -purple or reddish colour, in some of a pale red or blush, and in others -of a white and purple mixt together, which for the beauty is much -commended and desired, but will hardly abide to be kept in Gardens, so -vnwilling they are to leaue their naturall abiding. - - -7. _Gnaphalium Roseum._ The Cotton Rose. - -This little rose Cotton weede hath many such like woolly leaues, -growing as the former from the roote vpon small short branches, not -full an hand breadth high, in fashion somewhat like vnto Daysie leaues, -but lesser, and round pointed: at the toppe of euery stalke or branch, -standeth one flower, composed of two rowes of small white leaues, layd -open like a Starre or a Rose, as it beareth the name, hauing a round -head in the middle made of many yellow threds or thrumes, which falling -away, there riseth vp a small round head, full of small seedes: the -root is small, long and threddy. - - - The Place. - - The foure first plants doe grow naturally in many of the hot - Countries of Europe, as Spaine, Italie, and Prouince in France; - as also in Candy, Barbary, and other places, and must be - carefully kept with vs in the winter time. The Liue long was - brought out of the West Indies, and groweth plentifully in our - gardens. The two last doe grow as well in the colder Countries - of Germany, as in France and other places. - - - The Time. - - They all flower in the end of September, if they will shew out - their beauty at all with vs, for sometimes it is so late, that - they haue no faire colour at all, especially the foure first - sorts. - - - The Names. - - Variable and many are the names that seuerall Writers do - call these foure first sorts of plants, as _Helichrysum_, - _Heliochrysum_, or _Elichrysum_, _Eliochrysum_, _Chrysocome_, - _Coma aurea_, _Amaranthus luteus_, _Stoechas Citrina_, and - _Aurelia_, with others, needlesse here to be recited: it is - sufficient for this worke, to giue you knowledge that their - names are sufficient as they are expressed in their titles: - The fift is called _Gnaphalium_ by Carolus Clusius, from the - likenesse of the vmbels or tufts of heads, though greater and - white: for as I said before, the Cotton weedes are of kindred - with the golden tufts: It hath been called by our English - Gentlewomen, Liue long, and Life euerlasting, because of the - durabilitie of the flowers in their beautie. The two last are - called _Gnaphalium_, according to their titles; and in English - they may passe vnder those names are set downe with them. - - - The Vertues. - - The foure first are accounted to bee hot and dry, and the three - last to bee cold and dry: yet all of them may to some good - purpose bee applyed to rheumaticke heads. The former foure are - likewise vsed to cause vrine, and in baths to comfort and heate - cold parts. They are also layd in chests and wardrobes, to - keepe garments from moths; and are worne in the heads and armes - of Gentiles and others, for their beautifull aspect. - - - - -CHAP. XCIIII. - -_Canna Indica._ The Indian flowring Reede. - - -There are two kindes or sorts of this beautifull plant, the one with a -red flower, the other with a yellow, spotted with reddish spots, both -which in some kindly yeares haue borne their braue flowers, but neuer -any ripe seede, and doth not abide the extremities of our winters, -eyther abroade or vnder couert, vnlesse it meete with a stoue or -hot-house, such as are vsed in Germany, or such other like place: For -neyther house nor cellar will preserue it, for want of heate. - - -_Canna Indica flore rubro._ Red flowred Indian Reede. - -This beautifull plant riseth vp with faire greene, large, broade -leaues, euery one rising out of the middle of the other, and are folded -together, or writhed like vnto a paper Coffin (as they call it) such as -Comfitmakers and Grocers vse, to put in their Comfits and Spices, and -being spread open, another riseth from the bottome thereof, folded in -the same manner, which are set at the ioynts of the stalke when it is -risen vp, like vnto our water Reede, and growing (if it runne vp for -flower) to be three or foure foote high, as I haue obserued in mine -owne garden: the flowers grow at the toppe of the stalke one aboue -another, which before their opening are long, small, round, and pointed -at the end, very like vnto the claw of a Crauise or Sea-Crab, and of -the same red or crimson colour, but being open, are very like vnto the -flower of _Gladiolus_ or Corne-flagge, but of a more orient colour -then at the first, and standing in a rough huske, wherein afterwards -standeth a three square head, containing therein round blacke seede, of -the bignesse of a pease: the roote is white and tuberous, growing into -many knobs, from whence arise such other leaues and stalkes, whereby it -encreaseth very much, if it be rightly kept and defended. - - -_Canna Indica flore flauo punctato._ Yellow spotted Indian Reede. - -This Reede groweth vp with leaues and flowers, in all points so like -vnto the former, that it cannot bee knowne from it, vntill it come -to flower, which is of a yellow colour, spotted with reddish spots, -without any other difference. - - - The Place. - - These plants grow naturally in the West Indies, from whence - they were first sent into Spaine, and Portugall, where Clusius - saith he saw them planted by the houses sides, flowring in - winter, which might be in those warme Countreyes. We preserue - them with great care in our gardens, for the beautifull aspect - of their flowers. - - - The Time. - - They flower not with vs vntill the end, or middle of August, at - the soonest. - - - The Names. - - They are called of some _Canna Indica_, and _Arundo Indica_, - of others _Cannacorus_, and of some _Flos Cancri_, because the - colour of the flowers, as well as the forme of the buds, are so - like vnto a Sea-Crabs cle, or claw. - - - The Vertues. - - There is not any vse of these in Physicke that I know. - - - - -CHAP. XCV. - -_Mandragoras._ Mandrake. - - -The Mandrake is distinguished into two kindes, the male and the female; -the male hath two sorts, the one differing from the other, as shall be -shewed; but of the female I know but one: The male is frequent in many -gardens, but the female, in that it is more tender and rare, is noursed -vp but in a few. - - -_Mandragoras mas._ The male Mandrake. - -The male Mandrake thrusteth vp many leaues together out of the ground, -which being full growne, are faire, large and greene lying round about -the roote, and are larger and longer then the greatest leaues of any -Lettice, whereunto it is likened by Dioscorides and others: from the -middle, among these leaues, rise vp many flowers, euery one vpon a -long slender stalke, standing in a whitish greene huske, consisting of -fiue pretty large round pointed leaues, of a greenish white colour, -which turne into small round apples, greene at the first, and of a -pale red colour when they are ripe, very smooth and shining on the -outside, and of a heady or strong stuffing smell, wherein is contained -round whitish flat seede: the roote is long and thicke, blackish on -the outside, and white within, consisting many times but of one long -roote, and sometimes diuided into two branches a little below the -head, and sometimes into three or more, as nature listeth to bestow -vpon it, as my selfe haue often seene, by the transplanting of many, -as also by breaking and cutting off of many parts of the rootes, but -neuer found harme by so doing, as many idle tales haue beene set downe -in writing, and deliuered also by report, of much danger to happen to -such, as should digge them vp or breake them; neyther haue I euer seene -any forme of man like or woman-like parts, in the rootes of any: but -as I said, it hath oftentimes two maine rootes running down right into -the ground, and sometimes three, and sometimes but one, as it likewise -often happeneth to Parsneps, Carrots, or the like. But many cunning -counterfeit rootes haue bin shaped to such formes, and publickly -exposed to the view of all that would see them, and haue been tolerated -by the chiefe Magistrates of the Citie, notwithstanding that they haue -beene informed that such practices were meere deceit, and vnsufferable; -whether this happened through their ouer-credulitie of the thing, or -of the persons, or through an opinion that the information of the -truth rose vpon enuy, I know not, I leaue that to the searcher of all -hearts: But this you may bee bold to rest vpon, and assure your selues, -that such formes as haue bin publickly exposed to be seene, were neuer -so formed by nature, but only by the art and cunning of knaues and -deceiuers, and let this be your _Galeatum_ against all such vaine, idle -and ridiculous toyes of mens inuentions. - -There is likewise another sort of these male Mandrakes, which I -first saw at Canterbury; with my very louing and kinde friende Iohn -Tradescante, in the garden of the Lord Wotton, whose gardiner he was -at that time; the leaues whereof were of a more grayish greene colour, -and somewhat folded together, when as the former kind that grew hard by -it, was of the same forme that is before described, and ordinary in all -others: but whether the apples were differing from the other, I know -not, nor did they remember that euer it had borne any. - - -_Mandragoras fæmina._ The female Mandrake. - -The female Mandrake doth likewise put vp many leaues together, from -the head of the roote, but they are nothing so large, and are of a -darker greene colour, narrower also and shining, more crumpled, and of -a stronger sent: the flowers are many, rising vp in the middle of the -leaues, vpon slender stalkes, as in the male kind, but of a blewish -purple colour, which turne into small round fruite or apples, and not -long like a peare (as Clusius reporteth that saw them naturally growing -in Spaine) greene at the first, and of a pale yellowish colour, when -they are full ripe; of a more pleasing, or if you will, of a lesse -heady sent then the apples of the male, wherein is contained such like -seede, but smaller and blacker: the rootes are like the former, blacke -without and white within, and diuided in the same manner as the male -is, sometimes with more, and sometimes with fewer parts or branches. - - - The Place. - - They grow in many places of Italie, as Matthiolus reporteth, - but especially on Mount Garganus in Apulia. Clusius saith hee - found the female in many wet grounds of Spaine, as also in the - borders of those medowes that lye neere vnto riuers and water - courses. The male is cherished in many Gardens, for pleasure as - well as for vse; but the female as is said, is both very rare, - and farre more tender. - - - The Time. - - The Male flowreth in March, and the fruit is ripe in Iuly. The - Female, if it be well preserued, flowreth not vntill August, or - September; so that without extraordinary care, we neuer see the - fruite thereof in our gardens. - - - The Names. - - _Mandragoras mas_ is called _albus_, as the _Fæmina_ is called - _niger_, which titles of blacke and white, are referred - vnto the colour of the leaues: the female is called also - _Thridacias_, from the likenesse of Lettice, whereunto they - say in forme it doth carry some similitude. Dioscorides saith, - that in his time the male was called _Morion_, and both of them - _Antimelum_, and _Circæa_. Wee call them in English, The male, - and the female Mandrake. - - - The Vertues. - - The leaues haue a cooling and drying qualitie, fit for the - oyntment _Populeon_, wherein it is put. But the Apples haue - a soporiferous propertie, as Leuinus Lemnius maketh mention - in his Herball to the Bible, of an experiment of his owne. - Besides, as Dioscorides first, and then Serapio, Auicen, Paulus - Ægineta, and others also do declare, they conduce much to the - cooling and cleansing of an hot _matrix_. And it is probable, - that Rachel knowing that they might be profitable for her hot - and dry body, was the more earnest with Leah for her Sonne - Rubens Apples, as it is set downe _Genesis 30. verse 14_. The - strong sent of these apples is remembred also, _Cant. 7. 13._ - although some would diuert the signification of the Hebrew - word, דודאים, vnto Violets, or some other sweet flowers, in - the former place of _Genesis_, and the fruit of _Musa_, or - Adams Apples in this place of the _Canticles_. Hamilcar the - Carthaginian Captaine is said to haue infected the wine of the - Lybians (his enemies against whom he fought) with the apples - of Mandrake, whereby they being made exceeding drowsie, he - obtained a famous victory ouer them. - - - - -CHAP. XCVI. - -_Pomum Amoris._ Loue Apples. - - -Although the beautie of this plant consisteth not in the flower, but -fruit, yet giue me leaue to insert it here, lest otherwise it haue no -place: whereof there are two especiall sorts, which wee comprehend in -one Chapter, and distinguish them by _maius_ and _minus_, greater and -smaller: yet of the greater kinde, we haue noursed vp in our Gardens -two sorts, that differ only in the colour of the fruite, and in nothing -else. - - -_Pomum Amoris maius fructu rubro._ -Great Apple of Loue the ordinary red sort. - -This greater kinde of Loue Apples, which hath beene most frequently -cherished with vs, hath diuers long and trayling branches, leaning or -spreading vpon the ground, not able to sustaine themselues, whereon doe -grow many long winged leaues, that is, many leaues set on both sides, -and all along a middle ribbe, some being greater, and others lesse, -iagged also and dented about the edges, of a grayish ouer-worne greene -colour, somewhat rough or hairy in handling; from among the leaues and -the branches come forth long stalkes, with diuers flowers set thereon, -vpon seuerall short footstalks, consisting of sixe, and sometimes of -eight small long yellow leaues, with a middle pricke or vmbone, which -after the flowers are fallen, riseth to be the fruite, which are of the -bignesse of a small or meane Pippin, vneuenly bunched out in diuers -places, and scarce any full round without bunches, of a faire pale -reddish colour, or somewhat deeper, like vnto an Orenge, full of a -slimie iuice and watery pulpe, wherein the seede lyeth, which is white, -flat and somewhat rough: the roote shooteth with many small strings and -bigger branches vnder ground, but perisheth at the first feeling of -our winter weather. The fruite hereof by often sowing it in our Land, -is become much smaller then I haue here described it: but was at the -first, and so for two or three yeares after, as bigge as I haue related -it. - - -_Pomum Amoris maius fructu luteo._ Yellow Amorous Apples. - -Of the same kinde is this other sort of Amorous Apples, differing in -nothing but the colour of the fruite, which is of a pale yellow colour, -hauing bunches or lobes in the same manner, and seede also like the -former. - - -_Pomum Amoris minus, siue Mala Ethiopica parua._ Small Loue Apples. - -The small Apples of Loue in the very like manner, haue long weake -trayling branches, beset with such like leaues as the greater kinde -hath, but smaller in euery part: the flowers also stand many together -on a long stalke, and yellow as the former, but much smaller: the -fruite are small, round, yellowish red berries, not much bigger -then great grapes, wherein are contained white flat seede, like the -other, but smaller: the roote perisheth in like manner euery yeare, -and therefore must bee new sowen euery spring, if you will haue the -pleasure of their sight in the garden; yet some yeares I haue known -them rise of their owne sowing in my garden. - - - The Place. - - They growe naturally in the hot Countries of Barbary, and - Ethiopia; yet some report them to be first brought from Peru, a - Prouince of the West Indies. Wee onely haue them for curiosity - in our Gardens, and for the amorous aspect or beauty of the - fruit. - - - The Time. - - They flower in Iuly and August, and their fruit is ripe in the - middle or end of September for the most part. - - - The Names. - - The first is named diuersly by diuers Authors; for Lobel, - Camerarius, and others, call them _Poma amoris_. Dodonæus - _Aurea Mala_. Gesnerus first, and Bauhinus after him, make it - to be a kinde of _Solanum Pomiferum_. Anguillara taketh it to - be _Lycopersicum_ of Galen. Others thinke it to bee _Glaucium_ - of Dioscorides. The last is called _Mala Æthiopica parua_, and - by that title was first sent vnto vs, as if the former were of - the same kinde and country. We call them in English, Apples of - Loue, Loue-Apples, Golden Apples, or Amorous Apples, and all as - much to one purpose as another, more then for their beautifull - aspect. - - - The Vertues. - - In the hot Countries where they naturally growe, they are much - eaten of the people, to coole and quench the heate and thirst - of their hot stomaches. The Apples also boyled, or infused in - oyle in the sunne, is thought to be good to cure the itch, - assuredly it will allay the heate thereof. - - - - -CHAP. XCVII. - -_Digitalis._ Foxegloue. - - -There are three principall sorts of Foxegloues, a greater, a middle or -meane sort, and a lesser, and of them, three especiall colours, that -is, purple, white, and yellow; the common purple kinde that groweth -abroad in the fields, I leaue to his wilde habitation: and of the rest -as followeth. - - -1. _Digitalis maxima ferruginea._ Dun coloured Foxegloues. - -The leaues of this Foxegloue are long and large, of a grayish green -colour, finely cut or dented about the edges, like the teeth of a fine -sawe; among which commeth vp a strong tall stalke, which when it was -full growne, and with ripe seede thereon, I haue measured to be seuen -foot high at the least, whereon grow an innumerable company (as I may -so say, in respect of the aboundance) of flowers, nothing so large as -the common purple kinde, that groweth wilde euery where in our owne -Countrey, and of a kinde of browne or yellowish dunne colour, with a -long lippe at euery flower; after them come seede, like the common -kinde, but in smaller heads: the rootes are stringie like the ordinary, -but doe vsually perish, or seldome abide after it hath giuen seed. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Canna Indica._ The Indian Reed. - 2 _Mandragoras mas._ The male Mandrake. - 3 _Pomum amoris maius._ Great Apples of loue. - 4 _Digitalis maior flore luteo amplo._ The great yellow Foxegloue. - 5 _Digitalis media flore luteo rubente._ Orenge tawny Foxegloues. - 6 _Digitalis maxima ferruginea._ Dun coloured Foxegloues. -] - - -2. _Digitalis maior flore carneo._ Blush coloured Foxegloues. - -This kinde of Foxegloues hath reasonable large leaues, yet not -altogether so large as the common field kinde: the flowers are also -smaller then the common sort, but of a blush colour. - - -3. _Digitalis media flore luteo rubente._ Orenge tawnie Foxegloue. - -As this Foxegloue is none of the greatest, so also is it none of the -smallest; but a sort betweene both, hauing leaues in some proportion -correspondent to the lesser yellow Foxegloue, but not so large as -the lesser white: the flowers are long and narrow, almost as large -as the last white, but nothing so large as the first white, of a -faire yellowish browne colour, as if the yellow were ouershadowed -with a reddish colour, and is that colour wee vsually call an Orenge -tawnie colour: the seede is like the former: the rootes perish euery -yeare that they beare seede, which is vsually the second yeare of the -springing. - - -4. _Digitalis maior alba._ The greater white Foxegloue. - -This white Foxegloue is in all things so like vnto the purple wilde -kinde, that it can hardly be distinguished from it, vnlesse it be in -the fresher greennesse and largenesse of the leaues: the flowers are as -great in a manner as the purple, but wholly white, without any spot in -them: the seed and other things agree in all points. - - -5. _Digitalis alba altera seu minor._ The lesser white Foxegloue. - -We haue in our Gardens another sort of white Foxegloue, whose leaues -are like vnto the last described, but not altogether so long or large, -and of a darker greene colour: the stalke groweth not so high, as not -full three foote: the flowers are pure white, fashioned like vnto the -former, but not so great or large, in all other things alike: the -rootes hereof did abide sometime in our Gardens, but since perished, -and the seede also, since when we neuer could obtaine from any our -friends of that kinde againe. - - -6. _Digitalis maior lutea flore amplo._ The great yellow Foxegloue. - -The leaues of this greater yellow Foxegloue, are in forme somewhat -like vnto the common purple kinde, but not altogether so large: the -stalke groweth to bee three or foure foote high, whereon stand many -long hollow pendulous flowers, in shape like the ordinary purple: but -somewhat shorter, and more large and open at the brimmes, of a faire -yellow colour, wherein are long threads, like as in the others: the -roote hereof is greater at the head, and more wooddy then any of the -rest, with many smaller fibres, spreading themselues in the ground, and -abideth almost as well as our common purple kinde. - - -7. _Digitalis minor lutea siue pallida._ -The small pale yellow Foxegloue. - -This small pale yellow Foxegloue hath somewhat short, broad, smooth and -darke greene leaues, snipt or dented about the edges very finely: the -stalke is two foot high, beset with such like leaues, but lesser: the -flowers are more in number then in any of the rest, except the first -and greatest, and growe along the vpper part of the stalke, being long -and hollow, like the other, but very small, and of a pale yellow colour -almost white: the seede vessels are small like the former, wherein are -contained seede like the rest, but smaller: the rootes are stringy, but -durable, and seldome perish with any iniury of the extreamest frosts. - - - The Place. - - The great white kinde hath been often, and in many places found - wilde in our owne Country, among or hard by the common purple - kinde. All the rest are strangers, but cherished in our Gardens. - - - The Time. - - They flower in Iune and Iuly, and some in August, their seede - becomming ripe quickly after. - - - The Names. - - Onely the name _Digitalis_, is of all Writers giuen vnto these - plants; for it is not knowne to bee remembred of any of the old - Authors. Wee call them generally in English, Foxegloue; but - some (as thinking it to bee too foolish a name) doe call them - Finger-flowers, because they are like vnto the fingers of a - gloue, the ends cut off. - - - The Vertues. - - Foxegloues are not vsed in Physicke by any iudicious man that I - know; yet some Italians of Bononia, as Camerarius saith, in his - time vsed it as a wound herbe. - - - - -CHAP. XCVIII. - -_Verbascum._ Mullein. - - -There be diuers kindes of Mullein, as white Mullein, blacke Mullein, -wooddy Mullein, base Mullein, Moth Mullein, and Ethiopian Mullein, -all which to distinguish or to describe, is neither my purpose, nor -the intent of this worke, which is to store a Garden with flowers of -delight, and sequester others not worthy of that honour. Those that -are fit to bee brought to your consideration in this place, are first, -the _Blattarias_, or Moth Mulleins, and then the wooddy Mullein, which -otherwise is called French Sage, and lastly, the Ethiopian Mullein, -whose beauty consisteth not in the flower, but in the whole plant; yet -if it please you not, take it according to his Country for a Moore, an -Infidell, a Slaue, and so vse it. - - -1. _Blattaria lutea odorata._ Sweete yellow Moth Mullein. - -The yellow Moth Mullein whose flower is sweete, hath many hard grayish -greene leaues lying on the ground, somewhat long and broad, and pointed -at the end: the stalks are two or three foot high, with some leaues on -them, & branching out from the middle vpwards into many long branches, -stored with many small pale yellow flowers, of a pretty sweete sent, -somewhat stronger then in the other sorts, which seldome giueth seede, -but abideth in the roote, during many yeares, which few or none of the -others doe. - - -2. _Blattaria lutea maior siue Hispanica._ -The great yellow Moth Mullein. - -This Spanish kinde hath larger and greener leaues then the former, and -rounder and larger then the next that followeth: the stalke is higher -than in any of the Moth Mulleins, being for the most part foure or fiue -foote high, whereon toward the toppe growe many goodly yellow flowers, -consisting of fiue leaues, as all the rest doe, not so thicke set as -the former, but much larger, with some small purplish threads in the -middle: the ends whereof are fashioned somewhat like as if a Flie were -creeping vp the flower, which turne into round heads, sometimes two or -three or more standing together, but vsually one, wherein lye small -duskie seed: the roote is not great nor full of threads, and doth -perish most vsually hauing giuen seede, except the Winter bee very -milde. - - -3. _Blattaria lutea altera vulgatior._ -The ordinary yellow Moth Mullein. - -This yellow Moth Mullein (which is the most frequent in our Gardens) -hath longer, and narrower leaues then any of the former, and roundly -notched or dented on the edges, of a darke greene colour: the stalke is -sometimes branched, but most vsually single, whereon stand many gold -yellow flowers, not fully so large as the Spanish kinde, but with the -like purple threads in the middle: the seede is small, and contained -in the like round heads, but alwaies euery one single by it selfe: the -roote perisheth euery yeare that it beareth seede. - - -4. _Blattaria flore luteo purpurascente._ Cloth of gold Moth Mullein. - -The greatest point of difference betweene this and the last described, -consisteth chiefly in the colour of the flower, which in this is of the -colour of cloth of gold, that is, the ground yellow, and ouershadowed -with a bright crimson colour, which is a fine colour of much delight: -the threads in the middle are not so purple red as in the former, but -much about the colour of the flower: this is not so willing to giue -seede, and will as hardly abide in the roote, and hath out of question -risen from the seede of the former. - - -5. _Blattaria flore albo._ White Moth Mullein. - -The leaues of the white Moth Mullein are somewhat like vnto the yellow, -yet not altogether so much roundly notched about the edges, but rather -a little dented, with sharper notches: the stalke riseth as high as -the yellow, and hath now and then some branches about it: the flowers -hereof are pure white, as large and great as the ordinary yellow, or -somewhat larger, with the like purple threads in the middle, as are -in the yellow: the seed is like the other; the root perisheth in like -manner, and will not endure. - - -6. _Blattaria flore purpureo._ Purple Moth Mullein. - -The Purple Moth Mullein hath his leaues lying on the ground, broader -and shorter then any of the other, of a more grayish greene colour, and -without any denting for the most part about the edges, sharpe pointed -also at the end of the leafe; among the leaues riseth vp the stalke, -not so high as either the white or the yellow, and many times branched, -bearing many flowers thereon, of the same fashion, and no whit smaller, -of a faire deepe blewish colour tending to rednesse, the threads in -the middle of the flowers being yellow: the seede vessels hereof are -somewhat smaller then any of the former, except the first sweete yellow -kinde: the roote hereof is long, thicke, and blackish on the outside, -abiding very well from yeare to yeare, and riseth well also from the -sowing of the seede. - - -7. _Blattaria flore cæruleo._ Blew Moth Mullein. - -This blew Moth Mullein is in all respects like vnto the former purple -kinde, sauing onely in the colour of the flower, which is of a blewish -violet colour, and is not much inferiour either in greatnesse of the -plant, or in the largenesse of the flower, vnto the former purple -kinde, and endureth many yeares in the like manner. And these be all -the sorts of this kinde of Moth Mullein, that I haue seene and noursed -vp for this my Garden, without interposing any vnknowne, not seene, or -vnworthy. - - -8. _Verbascum siluestre siue quartum Matthioli._ -Wooddy Mullein or French Sage. - -Wooddy Mullein or French Sage, hath diuers wooddy branches two or -three foot high, very hoary or white, whereon at seuerall ioynts stand -diuers thicke leaues, white also and hoary, long, somewhat broad, round -pointed, and rough, somewhat resembling the leaues of Sage in the -forme and roughnesse, but not in the sent, whereof our people gaue -it the name of Sage, calling it French Sage (when as it is as great a -stranger in France as in England, yet they doe with this as with many -other things, calling them French, which come from beyond the Seas; -as for example, all or most of our bulbous flowers, they call French -flowers, &c.) at the toppes of the stalkes and branches, at certaine -distances, are placed round about them many gaping flowers, like vnto -the flowers of Sage, but yellow: after which now and then come seede, -somewhat bigger then the Moth Mulleins, and lesse then the next Mullein -of Ethiopia: the roote is wooddy at the toppe, with diuers blackish -strings growing from it, and endureth as well aboue ground with his -leaues, as vnder it with his rootes. - - -9. _Æthiopis._ Ethiopian Mullein. - -This Mullein of Ethiopia hath many great, broad, and large leaues -lying on the ground, rent or torne in diuers of them very much on the -sides, of so hoary a white greene colour, that it farre passeth any of -the white Mulleins, that growe wilde abroad in our owne Country; for -they are of a yellowish white hoarinesse, nothing so pleasant to looke -on as this: in the middle of these leaues riseth vp a square strong -stalke, foure or fiue foote high, set full of such like leaues as growe -belowe, but much lesser, and lesser still vp to the toppe, all hoary -and woolly, as the rest, and diuided into manie branches, spreading -farre, and taking vp a great compasse of ground, more then any one -roote of Garden Clary, or other such like plant: at each of the stalkes -and branches are set two small leaues, and with them, round about the -stalkes, stand many small gaping flowers, of a pale bleake blew colour: -the seede is almost as large as Garden Clary seede, and of the same -forme and colour: the roote is wooddy, and perisheth as soone as it -hath borne seede, which is vsually the second yeare after the sowing; -for the first yeare it seldome runneth vp to flower. - - -10. _Lamium Pannonicum siue Galeopsis Pannonica._ -Hungary dead Nettle or the Dragon flower. - -Let mee thrust this plant into this place, rather then make a peculiar -Chapter, because I haue no other of the same stocke or kindred to -be ioyned with it, and is a pretty ornament in a Garden. The leaues -whereof are very large, round, and great, rough or full of veines, -which make it seeme crumpled, dented or deepely notched about the -edges, and of a very darke greene colour, and some times brownish, -or of a darke reddish colour withall, euery one standing on a long -foote-stalke, very like in forme vnto the great white Arch-Angell -leaues, but farre larger and blacker: the stalkes are great and foure -square, hauing leaues and flowers standing round about them at the -ioynts like coronets, which flowers are very great, long, and wide -gaping open, of a darke red or purple colour, with some whitenesse or -spots in the iawes, and some hairinesse also on the sides, which stand -in full flower two or three moneths most vsually, and sometimes longer, -after which come brownish seede: the roote is a great tuft or bush -of long whitish strings, and encreaseth euery yeare, not fearing the -greatest iniuries of our coldest and extreamest Winters. - - - The Place. - - All these plants are strangers in our Countrey, and onely - preserued in Gardens, to furnish them with variety; but (as I - said) the cloth of gold Moth Mullein hath been raised from seed - in our owne Country. - - - The Time. - - The last flowreth first, before all the rest, beginning in - Aprill. The Moth Mulleins in May and Iune. The French Sage in - Iuly. - - - The Names. - - All the sorts of _Blattaria_ may bee comprehended vnder the - kindes of _Verbascum nigrum_, as any one but meanely exercised - in the knowledge of plants, may discerne. And although Plinie - saith, that Moths doe most frequently haunt where _Blattaria_ - either groweth, or is laid, yet it is not obserued sufficiently - in our Country so to doe, notwithstanding the name of Moth - Mullein is generally giuen them. The last is generally called - with vs _Lamium Pannonicum_, but certainely it is the _Galeosis - maxima Pannonica_ of Clusius. - - - The Vertues. - - Other qualities I haue not found hath been alloted vnto the - _Blattaria_ or Moth Mullein, then those of Plinie, to engender - Moths. Wee vse none of these plants in Physicke in these daies. - - - - -CHAP. XCIX. - -_Valeriana._ Valerian. - - -The many sorts of Valerian (or Set-wall as many doe call them) are -fitter for a generall worke, or a generall Physicall Garden of Simples, -then this of delightfull flowers. I will therefore select out a few, -worthy of the place, and offer them to your considerations. - - -1. _Valeriana rubra Dodonæi._ Red Valerian. - -This Valerian hath diuers hard, but brittle whitish greene stalkes, -rising from the roote, full of tuberous or swelling ioynts, whereat -stand two leaues, on each side one, and now and then some small leaues -from betweene them, which are somewhat long and narrow, broadest in the -middle, and small at both ends, without either diuision or incisure on -the edges, of a pale greene colour: the stalkes are branched at the top -into diuers parts, at the ends whereof stand many flowers together, as -it were in an vmbell or tuft, somewhat like vnto the flowers of our -ordinary Valerian, but with longer neckes, and of a fine red colour, -very pleasant to behold, but of no sent of any Valerian: after these -flowers haue stood blowne a very great while, they sodainely fall away, -and the seede is ripe very quickly after, which is whitish, standing -vpon the branches naked, as the Valerians doe, and very like vnto them, -with a little white doune at the end of euery one of them, whereby they -are soone carried away with the winde: the roote is great, thicke, and -white, continuing long, and shooting out new branches euery yeare, and -smelling somewhat like a Valerian. - - -2. _Nardus Montana tuberosa._ Knobbed Mountaine Valerian. - -This kinde of Valerian or Spiknard, if you will so call it, hath his -first leaues lying on the ground, without any diuision in them at -all, being smooth, and of a darke greene colour, which so abide all -the winter; but those that spring vp after, and when it runneth vp to -flower, are cut in on the edges, very like vnto the iagged leaues of -the great garden Valerian, and so the elder they grow, the more cut and -iagged they are: the stalke and flowers are very like the stalke with -flowers of the garden Valerian, but of a darke or deepe red colour, and -more store of them thrust together, by double the number almost: the -seede is like the seede of the great Valerian: the root is tuberous, -or knobbed in many parts, round about, aboue and below also, with some -fibres shooting from them, whereby it is encreased, and smelleth very -like the roote of the garden Setwall, or not altogether so strong. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Blattaria flore albo._ Moth Mullein with a white flower. - 2 _Blattaria flore purpureo._ Moth Mullein with a purple flower. - 3 _Verbascum quartum Matthioli._ French Sage. - 4 _Æthiopis._ Ethiopian Mullein. - 5 _Valeriana rubro Dodonæi_. Red Valerian. - 6 _Valeriana Græca._ Greek Valerian. - 7 _Lamium Pannonicum._ Hungary dead Nettle. - 8 _Cardamine flore pleno._ Double Cuckowe flower or Ladies smocks. -] - - -3. _Valeriana Græca._ Greeke Valerian. - -The Greek Valerian hath many winged leaues lying vpon the ground, that -is, many small leaues set on both sides of a middle ribbe, very like -vnto the wilde Valerian, that groweth by the ditch sides, but much -smaller and tenderer, among which rise vp one or two round brittle -stalkes, two foote high or thereabouts, whereon are set at the ioynts, -such like leaues as grow below, but smaller: the toppes of the stalkes -are diuided into many small branches, thicke set together, full with -flowers, consisting of fiue small round leaues a peece, layd open like -vnto the Cinquefoile flower, with some white threds in the middle, tipt -with yellow pendents: the colour of these flowers in some plants, is of -a faire bleake blew colour, and in others pure white: And I doe heare -of one beyond the Seas (if the report bee true, for I haue not seene -such a one) which should beare red flowers: after the flowers are past, -there come vp in their places small hard huskes or heads, containing -small blackish seedes: the roote is composed of a number of small long -blackish threds, fastened together at the head, without any sent at all -of a Valerian, eyther in roote or leafe; and why it should bee called -a Valerian I see no great reason, for it agreeth with none of them, in -flower or seede, and but onely with the wilde Valerian in leafe, as I -said before: but as it is, we so giue it you, and for the flowers sake -is receiued into our gardens, to helpe to fill vp the number of natures -rarities and varieties. - - - The Place. - - All these Valerians are strangers, but endenizond for their - beauties sake in our Gardens. The Mountaine Valerian I had of - the liberalitie of my louing friend Iohn Tradescante, who in - his trauaile, and search of natures varieties, met with it, and - imparted thereof vnto me. - - - The Time. - - They flower in the Summer moneths, and seed quickly after. - - - The Names. - - The first is generally called of most, _Valeriana rubra - Dodonæi_, who saith also that some would haue it to be _Behen - rubrum_. Some call it _Valerianthon_, others make it a kinde of - _Ocimastrum_, and some _Saponaria altera_, with other names, - which are to no great purpose to set downe in this place, - it beeing fitter for a generall worke to discusse of names, - wherein both reading, knowledge and iudgement must bee shewen, - to correct errours, and set downe the truth, that one may rest - thereon. The others haue their names in their titles sufficient - to distinguish them. - - - The Vertues. - - The Mountaine Valerian is of all the rest here set downe of - most vse in Physicke, the rest hauing little or none that I - know, although it be much weaker then the great garden kinde, - or the Indian Nardus, in whose steed anciently it was vsed, in - oyles, oyntments, &c. - - - - -CHAP. C. - -_Cardamine._ Cuckow flowers, or Ladies smockes. - - -Of the common sorts of Cuckow flowers that grow by ditch-sides, or in -moist medowes, & wet grounds, it is not my purpose here to write, but -of one or two other, the most specious or faire of all the tribe, that -doe best befit this garden. - - -1. _Cardamine flore pleno._ Double Cuckow flowers. - -The double _Cardamine_ hath a few winged leaues, weake and tender, -lying on the ground, very like vnto the single medow kinde; from among -which riseth vp a round greene stalke, set here and there, with the -like leaues that grow below, the top whereof hath a few branches, -whereon stand diuers flowers, euery one vpon a small footestalk, -consisting of many small whitish round leaues, a little dasht ouer -with a shew of blush, set round together, which make a double flower: -the roote creepeth vnder ground, sending forth small white fibres, and -shooteth vp in diuers places. - - -2. _Cardamine trifolia._ Trefoile Ladies smockes. - -This small plant hath diuers hard, darke round greene leaues, somewhat -vneuen about the edges, alwayes three set together on a blackish small -footstalke, among which rise vp small round blackish stalkes, halfe a -foote high, with three small leaues at the ioynts, where they branch -forth; at the toppes whereof stand many flowers, consisting of foure -leaues a peece, of a whitish or blush colour very pale: after which -come vp small, thicke and long pods, wherein is contained small round -seede: the root is composed of many white threds, from the heads -whereof runne out small strings, of a dark purple colour, whereby it -encreaseth. - - - The Place. - - The first with the double flower is found in diuers places - of our owne Countrey, as neere Micham about eight miles from - London; also in Lancashire, from whence I receiued a plant, - which perished, but was found by the industrie of a worthy - Gentlewoman, dwelling in those parts heretofore remembred, - called Mistresse Thomasin Tunstall, a great louer of these - delights. The other was sent me by my especiall good friend - Iohn Tradescante, who brought it among other dainty plants from - beyond the Seas, and imparted thereof a roote to me. - - - The Time. - - The last most vsually flowreth before the former, yet not much - differing, that is, in the end of Aprill or in May. - - - The Names. - - The first is a double kinde of that plant, that growing wilde - abroade, is vsually called _Cardamine altera_, and _Sisymbrium - alterum_ of Dioscorides, and of some _Flos cuculi_, but not - fitly; for that name is more vsually giuen vnto the wilde - featherd Campion, both single and double, as is before - expressed: yet for want of a fitter name, wee may call it in - English, eyther Cuckowe flower, or Ladyes smockes which you - will. The second hath beene sent vnder the name of _Sanicula - trifolia_, but the most frequent name now receiued, is - _Cardamine trifolia_, and in English Trefoile Ladies smockes. - - - The Vertues. - - The double Ladies smockes are of the same qualitie with the - single, and is thought to be as effectuall as Watercresses. The - propertie of the other I thinke is not much knowne, although - some would make it a wound herbe. - - - - -CHAP. CI. - -_Thlaspi Creticum._ Candy Tufts. - - -Of the many sorts of _Thlaspi_ it is not the scope of this worke to -relate, I will select but onely two or three, which for their beautie -are fit to bee inserted into this garden. - - -_Thlaspi Creticum vmbellatum flore albo & purpureo._ -Candy Tufts white and purple. - -This small plant riseth seldome aboue a foote and a halfe high, hauing -small, narrow, long and whitish greene leaues, notched or dented -with three or foure notches on each side, from the middle to the -point-wards; from among which rise vp the stalkes, branched from the -bottome almost into diuers small branches, at the toppes whereof stand -many small flowers, thick thrust together in an vmbell or tuft, making -them seeme to be small, round, double flowers of many leaues, when as -euery flower is single, and standeth a part by it selfe, of a faire -white colour in some plants, without any spot, and in others with a -purplish spot in the centre or middle, as if some of the middle leaues -were purple; in others agane the whole flower is purplish all ouer, -which make a pretty shew in a garden: the seede is contained in many -small and flat seed vessels, which stand together in an vmbell, as the -flowers did, in which are contained somewhat reddish seede, like vnto -some other sorts of _Thlaspi_, called Treakle Mustards: the roote is -small and hard, and perisheth euery yeare hauing giuen seede. - -[Sidenote: _Thlaspi Marinum Bæticum._] - -We haue another sort, whose leaues before it sendeth forth any stalke, -are a little toothed, or finely dented about the edges, and brancheth -not so much out, but carryeth an vmbell of purplish flowers like vnto -the former, and paler yellow seede. - - - The Place. - - These doe grow in Spaine and Candie, not farre from the Sea - side. - - - The Time. - - These _Thlaspi_ giue not their flowers vntill the end of Iune, - or beginning of Iuly, and the seed is ripe soone after. - - - The Names. - - The first is named by some, _Draba_, or _Arabis_, as Dodonæus, - but _Draba_ is another plant differing much from this. Wee call - one sort, _Thlaspi Creticum_, and the other _Thlaspi Bæticum - marinum_, because the one came from Spaine, and the other from - Candy; we giue it in English, the name of Tufts, because it - doth fit the forme of the flowers best, although ordinarily all - the _Thlaspi_ are Englished Wilde Mustardes. - - - The Vertues. - - Candy, or Spanish Tufts, is not so sharpe biting in taste, - as some other of the Thlaspies are, and therefore is not to - be vsed in medicines, where _Thlaspi_ should be in the stead - thereof. - - - - -CHAP. CII. - -_Clematis._ Clamberers, or Creepers. - - -Hauing shewed you all my store of herbes bearing fine flowers, let -mee now bring to your consideration the rest of those plants, be they -Shrubs or Trees, that are cherished in our garden, for the beauty of -their flowers chiefly, or for some other beautifull respect: and first -I will begin with such as creepe on the ground, without climing, and -then such as clime vp by poles, or other things, that are set or grow -neere them, fit to make Bowers, and Arbours, or else are like them in -forme, in name, or some other such qualitie or propertie. - - -1. _Clematis Daphnoides, siue Vinca peruinca simplex minor diuersorum -colorum._ Single Perwinkle of diuers colours. - -The smaller Perwinkle which not onely groweth wilde in many places, but -is most vsuall in our Gardens, hath diuers creeping branches, trayling -or running vpon the ground, shooting out small fibres at the ioynts, as -it creepeth, taking thereby hold in the ground, and rooteth in diuers -places: at the ioynts of these branches stand two small darke greene -shining leaues, somewhat like vnto small Baye leaues, but smaller, and -at the ioynts likewise with the leaues, come forth the flowers, one at -a ioynt, standing vpon a tender footestalke, being somewhat long and -hollow, parted at the brims, sometimes into foure leaues, and sometimes -into fiue, the most ordinary sort is of a pale or bleake blew colour, -but some are pure white, and some of a darke reddish purple colour: the -root is in the body of it, little bigger then a rush, bushing in the -ground, and creeping with his branches farre about, taking roote in -many places, whereby it quickely possesseth a great compasse; and is -therefore most vsually planted vnder hedges, or where it may haue roome -to runne. - - -2. _Vinca peruinca flore duplici purpureo._ Double purple Perwinkle. - -The double Perwinkle is like vnto the former single kinde, in all -things except in the flower, which is of that darke reddish purple -colour that is in one of the single kindes; but this hath another row -of leaues within the flower, so that the two rowes of leaues causeth -it to be called double, but the leaues of these are lesser then the -single. I haue heard of one with a double white flower, but I haue not -yet seene it. - - -3. _Clematis Daphnoides siue Peruinca maior._ The greater Perwinkle. - -This greater Perwinkle is somewhat like the former, but greater, yet -his branches creepe not in that manner, but stand more vpright, or -lesse creeping at the least: the leaues also hereof stand by couples at -the ioynts, but they are broader and larger by the halfe: the flowers -are larger, consisting of fiue leaues that are blew, a little deeper -then the former blew: this plant is farre tenderer to keepe then the -other, and therefore would stand warme, as well as in a moist shadowie -place. - - -4. _Clematis altera siue vrens flore albo._ -Burning Clamberer, or Virgins Bower. - -This Causticke or burning Climer, hath very long and climing tender -branches, yet somewhat woody below, which winde about those things that -stand neere it, couered with a brownish greene barke, from the ioynts -whereof shoote forth many winged leaues, consisting for the most part -of fiue single leaues, that is two and two together, and one at the -end, which are a little cut in or notched on the edges here and there, -but euery part of them is lesser then the leaues of the next following -Climer, without any clasping tendrels to winde about any thing at -all: towards the vpper part of the branches, with the said leaues, -come forth long stalks, whereon stand many white flowers clustering -together, opening the brims into sixe or eight small leaues, spreading -like a starre, very sweet of smell, or rather of a strong heady sent, -which after turne into flattish and blackish seede, plumed at the head, -which plume or feather flyeth away with the winde after it hath stood -long, and leaueth the seede naked or bare: the roote is white and -thicke, fleshie and tender, or easie to be broken, as my selfe can well -testifie, in that desiring to take a sucker from the roote, I could -not handle it so tenderly, but that it broke notwithstanding all my -care. Master Gerard in his Herball maketh mention of one of this kinde -with double white flowers, which hee saith he recouered from the seede -was sent him from Argentine, that is Strasborough, whereof hee setteth -forth the figure with double flowers: but I neuer saw any such with -him, neither did I euer heare of any of this kinde with double flowers. -Clusius indeed saith, that hee receiued from a friend some seede vnder -the name of _Clematis flore albo pleno_: but he doubteth whether there -bee any such: the plants that sprang with him from that seede, were -like vnto the vpright kinde called _Flammila Matthioli_, or _Iouis -cresta_, as he there saith: but assuredly I haue beene informed from -some of my especiall friends beyond Sea, that they haue a double white -_Clematis_, and haue promised to send it; but whether it will be of the -climing or vpright sort, I cannot tell vntill I see it: but surely I -doe much doubt whether the double will giue any good seede. - - -5. _Clematis altera siue peregrina flore rubro._ Red Ladies Bower. - -This Climer hath many limber and weake climing branches like the -former, couered with a browne thin outer barke, and greene vnderneath: -the leaues stand at the ioynts, consisting but of three leaues or -parts, whereof some are notched on one side, and some on both, without -any clasping tendrels also, but winding with his branches about any -thing standeth next vnto it: the flowers in like manner come from the -same ioynts with the leaues, but not so many together as the former -vpon long footstalkes, consisting of foure leaues a peece, standing -like a crosse, of a darke red colour; the seed is flat and round, and -pointed at the end, three or foure or more standing close together vpon -one stalk, without any doune vpon them at all, as in the former: the -roots are a bundell of brownish yellow strong strings, running down -deep into the ground, from a bigge head aboue. - - -6. _Clematis peregrina flore purpureo simplici._ -Single purple Ladies Bower. - -This Ladies Bower differeth in nothing from the last described, but -onely in the colour of the flower, which is of a sad blewish purple -colour; so that the one is not possible to be known from the other, -vntill they be in flower. - - -7. _Clematis peregrina flore purpurea pleno._ -Double flowred purple Ladies Bower. - -This double _Clematis_ hath branches and leaues so neere resembling the -single kinds, that there can be knowne no difference, vnlesse it be, -that this groweth more goale and great, and yeeldeth both more store -of branches from the ground, and more spreading aboue: the chiefest -marke to distinguish it is the flower, which in this is very thicke and -double, consisting of a number of smaller leaues, set close together -in order in the middle, the foure outermost leaues that encompasse -them, being much broader and larger then any of the inward, but all of -a dull or sad blewish purple colour, the points or ends of the leaues -seeming a little darker then the middle of them: this beareth no seede -that euer I could see, heare of, or learne by any of credit, that haue -noursed it a great while; and therefore the tales of false deceitfull -gardiners, and others, that diliuer such for truth, to deceiue persons -ignorant thereof, must not bee credulously entertained. - - -[Sidenote: _Clematis peregrina flore carneo pleno._] - -In the great booke of the Garden of the Bishop of Eystot (which place -is neere vnto Noromberg) in Germany, I reade of a _Clematis_ of this -former kinde, whose figure is thereto also annexed, with double flowers -of an incarnate, or pale purple tending to a blush colour, whereof I -haue not heard from any other place. - - -8. _Flammula Iouis erecta._ Vpright Virgins Bower. - -This kinde of _Clematis_ hath diuers more vpright stalkes then any -of the foure last described, sometimes foure or fiue foote high, or -more: yet leaning or bending a little, so that it had some neede of -sustaining, couered with a brownish barke; from whence come forth on -all sides diuers winged leaues, consisting of fiue or seuen leaues, -set on both sides of a middle ribbe, whereof one is at the end: the -tops of the stalkes are diuided into many branches, bearing many white -sweet smelling flowers on them, like in fashion vnto the white Virgins -Bower; after which come such like feather topt seede, which remaine and -shew themselues, being flat like the other, when the plumes are blowne -abroad: the roote spreadeth in the ground from a thicke head, into many -long strings, and fasteneth it selfe strongly in the earth; but all the -stalkes dye downe euery yeare, and spring afresh in the beginning of -the next. - - -9. _Clematis cærulea Pannonica._ The Hungarian Climer. - -The stalks of this plant stand vpright, & are foure square, bearing at -euery ioynt two leaues, which at the first are closed together, and -after they are open, are somewhat like vnto the leaues of _Asclepias_, -or Swallow-wort: from the tops of the stalks, and sometimes also from -the sides by the leaues commeth forth one flower, bending the head -downward, consisting of foure leaues, somewhat long & narrow, standing -like a crosse, and turning vp their ends a little againe, of a faire -blew or skie colour, with a thicke pale yellow short thrumme, made -like a head in the middle: after the flower is past, the head turneth -into such a like round feather topt ball, as is to be seene in the -Trauellers ioy, or _Viorna_ (as it is called) that groweth plentifully -in Kent, and in other places by the way sides, and in the hedges, -wherein is included such like flat seede. These stalkes (like as the -last) dye downe to the ground euery yeare, and rise againe in the -Spring following, shooting out new branches, and therby encreaseth in -the root. - - -10. _Maracoc siue Clematis Virginiana._ The Virginia Climer. - -Because this braue and too much desired plant doth in some things -resemble the former Climers, so that vnto what other family or kindred -I might better conioyne it I know not; let me I pray insert it in the -end of their Chapter, with this description. It riseth out of the -ground (very late in the yeare, about the beginning of May, if it be a -plant hath risen from the seed of our owne sowing, and if it be an old -one, such as hath been brought to vs from Virginia, not till the end -thereof) with a round stalke, not aboue a yard and a halfe high (in any -that I haue seene) but in hotter Countries, as some Authors haue set it -downe, much higher, bearing one leafe at euery ioynt, which from the -ground to the middle thereof hath no claspers, but from thence vpwards -hath at the same ioynt with the leafe both a small twining clasper, -like vnto a Vine, and a flower also: euery leafe is broad at the stalke -thereof, and diuided about the middle on both sides, making it somewhat -resemble a Figge leafe, ending in three points, whereof the middlemost -is longest: the bud of the flower, before it doe open, is very like -vnto the head or seede vessell of the ordinary single _Nigella_, hauing -at the head or top fiue small crooked hornes, which when this bud -openeth, are the ends or points of fiue leaues, that are white on the -inside, and lay themselues flat, like vnto an Anemone, and are a little -hollow like a scoope at the end, with fiue other smaller leaues, and -whiter then they lying betweene them, which were hid in the bud before -it opened, so that this flower being full blowne open, consisteth of -ten white leaues, laide in order round one by another: from the bottome -of these leaues on the inside, rise diuers twined threads, which spread -and lay themselues all ouer these white leaues, reaching beyond the -points of them a little, and are of a reddish peach colour: towards the -bottomes likewise of these white leaues there are two red circles, -about the breadth of an Oten strawe, one distant from another (and in -some flowers there is but one circle seen) which adde a great grace -vnto the flower; for the white leaues shew their colour through the -peach coloured threads, and these red circles or rings vpon them being -also perspicuous, make a tripartite shew of colours most delightfull: -the middle part of this flower is hollow, and yellowish; in the bottome -whereof riseth vp an vmbone, or round stile, somewhat bigge, of a -whitish greene colour, spotted with reddish spots like the stalkes of -Dragons, with fiue round threads or chiues, spotted in the like manner, -and tipt at the ends with yellow pendents, standing about the middle -part of the said vmbone, and from thence rising higher, endeth in three -long crooked hornes most vsually (but sometimes in foure, as hath beene -obserued in Rome by Dʳ. Aldine, that set forth some principall things -of Cardinall Farnesius his Garden) spotted like the rest, hauing three -round greene buttons at their ends: these flowers are of a comfortable -sweete sent, very acceptable, which perish without yeelding fruit with -vs, because it flowreth so late: but in the naturall place, and in hot -Countries, it beareth a small round whitish fruit, with a crowne at the -toppe thereof, wherein is contained (while it is fresh, and before it -be ouer dried) a sweet liquor, but when it is dry, the seede within it, -which is small, flat, somewhat rough and blacke, will make a ratling -noise: the rootes are composed of a number of exceeding long and round -yellowish browne strings, spreading farre abroad vnder the ground (I -haue seene some rootes that haue beene brought ouer, that were as long -as any rootes of _Sarsaparilla_, and a great deale bigger, which to be -handsomely laid into the ground, were faine to be coyled like a cable) -and shooting vp in seuerall places a good distance one from another, -whereby it may be well encreased. - -[Illustration: The Iesuites Figure of the Maracoc. - -GRANADILLVS FRVTEX INDICVS CHRISTI PASSIONIS IMAGO.] - - - The Place. - - The first blew Perwinkle groweth in many Woods and Orchards, - by the hedge sides in England, and so doth the white here - and there, but the other single and double purple are in our - Gardens onely. The great Perwinkle groweth in Prouence of - France, in Spaine, and Italy, and other hot Countries, where - also growe all the twining Clamberers, as well single as - double: but both the vpright ones doe growe in Hungary and - there abouts. The surpassing delight of all flowers came from - Virginia. Wee preserue them all in our Gardens. - - - The Time. - - The Perwinkles doe flower in March and Aprill. The Climers not - vntill the end of Iune, or in Iuly, and sometimes in August. - The Virginian somewhat later in August; yet sometimes I haue - knowne the flower to shew it selfe in Iuly. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Thlaspi Creticum._ Candy tufts. - 2 _Vinca peruinca flore simplici._ Single Perwinkle. - 3 _Vinca peruinca flore duplici._ Double Perwinkle. - 4 _Flammula Matthioli._ Vpright Virgins Bower. - 5 _Clematis peregrina flore simplici._ The single Ladies Bower. - 6 _Clematis peregrina flore pleno purpureo._ Double flowred Ladies - Bower. - 7 _Maracoc siue Clematis Virginiana._ The Virginian Climer. -] - - - The Names. - - The first is out of question the first _Clematis_ of - Dioscorides, and called of many _Clematis Daphnoides_ (but - not that plant that is simply called _Daphnoides_, for that - is _Laureola_) and is vsually called _Vinca pervinca_: but it - is not _Chamædaphne_, for that is another plant, as shall be - shewed in his place; some call it _Centunculus_: In English - wee call it Perwinkle. The other is _Clematis altera_ of - Dioscorides, and is called also _Clematis peregrina_, whose - distinctions are set downe in their titles: In English, Ladies - Bower, or Virgins Bower, because they are fit to growe by - Arbours, to couer them. The first vpright Clamberer is called, - and that rightly of some, _Clematis erecta_, or _surrecta_. - Of others, _Flammula frutex_, and _Flammula Iouis_, or - _surrecta_: In English, Vpright Virgins Bower. The next is - called by Clusius, _Clematis Pannonica cæulea_, who thought - it to be _Climeni species_, by the relation of others, at the - first, but after entituled it, _Clematis_: In English, the - Hungarian Climer. The last may be called in Latine, _Clematis - Virginiana_: In English, The Virgin or Virginian Climer; - of the Virginians, _Maracoc_: of the Spaniards in the West - Indies _Granadillo_, because the fruit (as is before said) - is in some fashion like a small Pomegranate on the outside; - yet the seede within is flattish, round, and blackish. Some - superstitious Iesuite would faine make men beleeue, that in - the flower of this plant are to be seene all the markes of our - Sauiours Passion; and therefore call it _Flos Passionis_: and - to that end haue caused figures to be drawne, and printed, with - all the parts proportioned out, as thornes, nailes, speare, - whippe, pillar, &c. in it, and all as true as the Sea burnes, - which you may well perceiue by the true figure, taken to the - life of the plant, compared with the figures set forth by the - Iesuites, which I haue placed here likewise for euery one to - see: but these bee their aduantagious lies (which with them - are tolerable, or rather pious and meritorious) wherewith - they vse to instruct their people; but I dare say, God neuer - willed his Priests to instruct his people with lyes: for they - come from the Diuell, the author of them. But you may say I - am beside my Text, and I am in doubt you will thinke, I am in - this besides my selfe, and so nothing to be beleeued herein - that I say. For, for the most part, it is an inherent errour - in all of that side, to beleeue nothing, be it neuer so true, - that any of our side shall affirme, that contrarieth the - assertions of any of their Fathers, as they call them: but I - must referre them to God, and hee knoweth the truth, and will - reforme or deforme them in his time. In regard whereof I could - not but speake (the occasion being thus offered) against such - an erroneous opinion (which euen Dʳ. Aldine at Rome, before - remembred, disproued, and contraried both the said figures and - name) and seek to disproue it, as doth (I say not almost, but I - am affraid altogether) leade many to adore the very picture of - such things, as are but the fictions of superstitious brains: - for the flower it selfe is farre differing from their figure, - as both Aldine in the aforesaid booke, and Robinus at Paris in - his _Theatrum Floræ_, doe set forth; the flowers and leaues - being drawne to the life, and there exhibited, which I hope may - satisfie all men, that will not be perpetually obstinate and - contentious. - - - The Vertues. - - Costæus saith hee hath often seene, that the leaues of - Perwinkle held in the mouth, hath stayed the bleeding at the - nose. The French doe vse it to stay the menstruall fluxes. The - other are causticke plants, that is, fiery hot, and blistering - the skinne; and therefore (as Dioscorides saith) is profitable - to take away the scurfe, leprye, or such like deformities of - the skin. What property that of Virginia hath, is not knowne to - any with vs I thinke, more then that the liquor in the greene - fruit is pleasant in taste; but assuredly it cannot be without - some speciall properties, if they were knowne. - - - - -CHAP. CIII. - -_Chamælæa._ Dwarfe Spurge Oliue, or Dwarfe Baye. - - -I haue three sorts of _Chamælæa_ to bring to your consideration, euery -one differing notably from other; two of them of great beauty in their -flowers, as well as in the whole plant: the third abiding with greene -leaues, although it haue no beauty in the flower, yet worthy of the -place it holds. And vnto these I must adioyne another plant, as comming -nearest vnto them in the brauery of the flowers. - - -1. _Chamælæa Germanica siue Mezereon floribus dilutioris coloris & -saturatioris._ Dwarfe Bay, or flowring Spurge Oliue. - -We haue two sorts of this Spurge Oliue or Dwarfe Baye, differing onely -in the colour of the flowers. They both rise vp with a thicke wooddy -stemme, fiue or six foot high sometimes, or more, and of the thicknesse -(if they be very old) of a mans wrest at the ground, spreading into -many flexible long branches, couered with a tough grayish barke, -beset with small long leaues, somewhat like vnto Priuet leaues, but -smaller and paler, and in a manner round pointed: the flowers are -small, consisting of foure leaues, many growing together sometimes, and -breaking out of the branches by themselues: in the one sort of a pale -red at the first blowing, and more white afterwards; the other of a -deeper red in the blossome, and continuing of a deeper red colour all -the time of the flowring, both of them very sweete in smell: after the -flowers are past, come the berries, which are greene at the first, and -very red afterwards, turning blackish red, if they stand too long vpon -the branches: the rootes spread into many tough long branches, couered -with a yellowish barke. - - -2. _Chamælæa Alpina._ Mountaine Spurge Oliue. - -This Mountaine Laurell riseth vp with a small wooddy stemme, three or -foure foot high, or more, branching forth towards the vpper parts into -many slender and tough branches, couered with a rough hoary greene -barke, beset at the ends thereof with flatter, fuller, and smaller -round pointed leaues then the former, of a grayish greene colour on the -vpperside, and hoary vnderneath, which abide on the branches in Winter, -and fall not away as the former: the flowers are many set together -at the ends of the branches, greater then the former, and consisting -of foure leaues a peece, of a light blush colour, standing in small -grayish huskes, of little or no sent at all: the fruit followeth, which -are small long graines or berries, of an excellent red colour, which -afterwards turne blacke: the roote is long, and spreadeth about vnder -the vpper part of the earth. - - -3. _Chamælæa tricoccos._ Widowe Wayle. - -This three berried Spurge Oliue hath no great stemme at all, but the -whole plant spreadeth from the ground into many flexible tough greene -branches, whereon are set diuers narrow, long, darke greene leaues all -along the branches, which abide greene all the Winter: the flowers are -very small, scarce to be seene, and come forth between the leaues and -the stalke, of a pale yellow colour, made of three leaues; after which -come small blackish berries, three vsually set together; the roote -spreadeth it selfe in the ground not very farre, being hard and wooddy, -and often dyeth, if it bee not well defended from the extremity of our -sharpe Winters. - - -4. _Cneorum Matthioli._ Small Rocke Roses. - -I was long in doubt in what place I should dispose of this plant, -whether among the Campions, as Bauhinus, or among these, as Clusius -doth; but lest my Garden should want it wholly, let it take vp roome -for this time here. This gallant plant hath diuers long, weake, -slender, but yet tough branches lying vpon the ground, diuided vsually -into other smaller branches, whereon growe many, small, long, and -somewhat thicke leaues, somewhat like vnto the leaues of the former -_Mezereon_, set without any order to the very tops, from whence doe -come forth a tuft of many small flowers together, made or consisting -of foure leaues a peece, of a bright red or carnation colour, and very -sweete withall, which turne into small round whitish berries, wherein -is contained small round seede, couered with a grayish coate or skinne: -the roote is long and yellowish, spreading diuers wayes vnder the -ground, and abideth many yeares shooting forth new branches. - -[Sidenote: _Flore albo._] - -It hath beene obserued in some of these plants, to bring forth white -flowers, not differing in any thing else. - - - The Place. - - The first sorts growe plentifully in many places of Germany. - The second in the mountaines by Sauoye. The third in Prouence - and Spaine. The last in diuers parts of Germany, Bohemia, and - Austria, and about Franckford. - - - The Time. - - The two first sorts are most vsually in flower about Christmas, - or in Ianuary, if the weather be not violent, and sometimes not - vntill February. The second flowreth not vntill Aprill. The - third in May. The berries of them ripen some in Iune and Iuly; - some in August and September, as their flowring is earlier or - later. The last flowreth as well in the Spring as in Autumne, - so apt and plentifull it is in bearing, and the seede at both - times doth ripen soone after. - - - The Names. - - The first is called of some _Chamælæa_, with this addition - _Germanica_, that it may differ from the third, which is the - true _Chamælæa_ of Dioscorides, as all the best Authors doe - agree, and is also called _Piper montanum_ of the Italians. - It is generally called _Mezereon_, and is indeede the true - _Mezereon_ of the Arabians, and so vsed in our Apothecaries - shops, wheresoeuer the Arabians _Mezereon_ is appointed, - although the Arabians are so intricate and vncertaine in the - descriptions of their plants, confounding _Chamælæa_ and - _Thymælæa_ together. Matthiolus maketh it to be _Daphnoides_ - of Dioscorides; but in my opinion he is therein mistaken: for - all our best moderne Writers doe account our _Laureola_, which - hath blacke berries, to bee the true _Daphnoides_: the errour - of his Countrey might peraduenture drawe him thereunto; but if - hee had better considered the text of Dioscorides, that giueth - black berries to _Daphnoides_, and red to _Chamædaphne_, he - would not so haue written; and truly, I should thinke (as Lobel - doth) with better reason, that this _Chamælæa_ were Dioscorides - _Chamædaphne_, then hee to say it were _Daphnoides_: for the - description of _Chamædaphne_, may in all parts be very fitly - applyed to this _Chamælæa_: and euen these words, _Semen - annexum folijs_, wherein may be the greatest doubt in the - description, may not vnfitly bee construed, that as is seene in - the plant, the berries growe at the foote of the leaues, about - the branches: the faculties indeede that Dioscorides giueth to - _Chamædaphne_, are (if any repugnancie be) the greatest let - or hinderance, that this _Chamælæa_ should not be it: but I - leaue the discussing of these and others of the like nature, to - our learned Physitians; for I deale not so much with vertues - as with descriptions. The second is called of Lobel _Chamælæa - Alpine incana_, of Clusius _Chamælæa secunda_, and saith hee - had it out of Italy. Wee may call it in English, Mountaine - Spurge Oliue, as it is in the description, or Mountaine - Laurell, which you will. The last hath the name of _Cneorum_, - first giuen it by Matthiolus, which since is continued by all - others. Bauhinus (as I said) referreth it to the Mountaine - Campions, but Clusius (as I doe) to the kindes of _Chamælæa_ - or _Thymælæa_. For want of an English name I haue (as you see, - and that is according to the name the Germane women, as Clusius - saith, doe call it) entituled it the Small Rocke Rose; which - may abide vntill a fitter may be conferred vpon it. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Chamælæa Germanica seu Mezereon._ Mezereon or Dwarfe Bay. - 2 _Chamælæa Alpina._ Mountain or Spurge Oliue. - 3 _Cneorum Matthioli._ Small Rocke Roses. - 4 _Laurus Tinus siue siluestris._ The wild Bay tree. - 5 _Oleander siue Laurus Rosea._ The Rose Bay tree. - 6 _Laurocerasus._ The Bay Cherrie tree. -] - - - The Vertues. - - All these plants except the last, as well leaues as berries, - are violent purgers, and therefore great caution is to bee had - in the vse of them. The last hath not beene applyed for any - disease that I know. - - - - -CHAP. CIIIA. - -_Laurus._ The Bay Tree. - - -My meaning is not to make any description of our ordinary Bayes in -this place (for as all may very well know, they may be for an Orchard -or Courtyard, and not for this Garden) but of two or three other -kindes, whose beautifull aspect haue caused them to be worthy of a -place therein: the one is called _Laurus Tinus_, The wilde Baye: the -other _Laurus Rosea_ or _Oleander_, The Rose Bay: and a third is -_Laurocerasus_, The Cherry Bay; which may haue not onely some respect -for his long bush of sweet smelling flowers, but especially for the -comely statelinesse of his gallant euer fresh greene leaues; and the -rather, because with vs in most places, it doth but _frutescere_, vse -to bee Shrub high, not _arborescere_, Tree high, which is the more fit -for this Garden. - - -1. _Laurus Tinus siue siluestris._ The wilde Bay tree. - -This wilde Baye groweth seldome to bee a tree of any height, but -abideth for the most part low, shooting forth diuers slender branches, -whereon at euery ioynt stand two leaues, long, smooth, and of a darke -greene colour, somewhat like vnto the leaues of the Female Cornell -tree, or between that and Baye leaues: at the toppes of the branches -stand many small white sweete smelling flowers, thrusting together, as -it were in an vmbell or tuft, consisting of fiue leaues a peece, the -edges whereof haue a shew of a wash purple, or light blush in them, -which for the most part fall away without bearing any perfect ripe -fruit in our Countrey: Yet sometimes it hath small black berries, as if -they were good, but are not. In his naturall place it beareth small, -round, hard and pointed berries, of a shining blacke colour, for such -haue come often to my hands (yet Clusius writeth they are blew); but -I could neuer see any spring that I put into the ground. This that I -here describe, seemeth to me to be neither of both those that Clusius -saw growing in Spain and Portugall, but that other, that (as he saith) -sprang in the low Countreyes of Italian seede. - - -2. _Laurus Rosea siue Oleander._ The Rose Bay. - -Of the Rose Bay there are two sorts, one bearing crimson coloured -flowers, which is more frequent, and the other white, which is more -rare. They are so like in all other things, that they neede but one -description for both. The stemme or trunke is many times with vs, as -bigge at the bottome as a good mans thumbe, but growing vp smaller, -it diuideth it selfe into branches, three for the most part comming -from one ioynt or place, and those branches againe doe likewise diuide -themselues into three other, and so by degrees from three to three, -as long as it groweth: the lowest of these are bare of leaues, hauing -shed or lost them by the cold of winters, keeping onely leaues on -the vppermost branches, which are long, and somewhat narrow, like in -forme vnto Peach leaues, but thicker, harder, and of a darke greene -colour on the vpperside, and yellowish greene vnderneath: at the tops -of the young branches come forth the flowers, which in the one sort -before they are open, are of an excellent bright crimson colour, and -being blowen, consist of foure long and narrow leaues, round pointed, -somewhat twining themselues, of a paler red colour, almost tending -to blush, and in the other are white, the greene leaues also being -of a little fresher colour: after the flowers are past, in the hot -countries, but neuer in ours, there come vp long bending or crooked -flat pods, whose outward shell is hard, almost woody, and of a browne -colour, wherein is contained small flat brownish seede, wrapped in -a great deale of a brownish yellow doune, as fine almost as silke, -somewhat like vnto the huskes of _Asclepias_, or _Periploca_, but -larger, flatter and harder; as my selfe can testifie, who had some of -the pods of this Rose bay, brought mee out of Spaine, by Master Doctor -Iohn More, the seedes whereof I sowed, and had diuers plants that I -raised vp vnto a reasonable height, but they require, as well old as -young, to bee defended from the colde of our winters. - - -3. _Laurocerasus._ The Bay Cherry. - -This beautifull bay in his naturall place of growing, groweth to bee a -tree of a reasonable bignesse and height, and oftentimes with vs also -if it bee pruined from the lower branches; but more vsually in these -colder Countries, it groweth as a shrub or hedge bush, shooting forth -many branches, whereof the greater and lower are couered with a darke -grayish greene barke, but the young ones are very greene, whereon are -set many goodly, faire, large, thicke and long leaues, a little dented -about the edges, of a more excellent fresh shining greene colour, and -farre larger then any Bay leafe, and compared by many to the leaues of -the _Pomeritron_ tree (which because wee haue none in our Countrey, -cannot be so well known) both for colour and largenesse, which yeeld a -most gracefull aspect: it beareth long stalkes of whitish flowers, at -the ioynts of the leaues both along the branches and towards the ends -of them also, like vnto the Birds Cherry or _Padus Theophrasti_, which -the French men call _Putier & Cerisier blanc_, but larger and greater, -consisting of fiue leaues with many threds in the middle: after which -commeth the fruite or berries, as large or great as Flanders Cherries, -many growing together one by another on a long stalke, as the flowers -did, which are very blacke and shining on the outside, with a little -point at the end, and reasonable sweete in taste, wherein is contained -a hard round stone, very like vnto a Cherry stone, as I haue obserued -as well by those I receiued out of Italie, as by them I had of Master -Iames Cole a Merchant of London lately deceased, which grew at his -house in Highgate, where there is a faire tree which hee defended from -the bitternesse of the weather in winter by casting a blanket ouer the -toppe thereof euery yeare, thereby the better to preserue it. - - - The Place. - - The first is not certainly knowne from whence it came, and is - communicated by the suckers it yeeldeth. The second groweth in - Spaine, Italie, Grece, and many other places: that with white - flowers is recorded by Bellonius, to grow in Candy. The last, - as Matthiolus, and after him Clusius report, came first from - Constantinople: I had a plant hereof by the friendly gift of - Master Iames Cole, the Merchant before remembred, a great louer - of all rarities, who had it growing with him at his countrey - house in Highgate aforesaid, where it hath flowred diuers - times, and borne ripe fruit also. - - - The Time. - - The first flowreth many times in the end of the yeare before - Christmas, and often also in Ianuary, but the most kindly time - is in March and Aprill, when the flowers are sweetest. The - second flowreth not vntill Iuly. The last in May, and the fruit - is ripe in August and September. - - - The Names. - - The first is called _Laurus siluestris_, and _Laurus Tinus_: in - English Wilde Bay, or Sweete flowring Bay. The second is called - _Laurus Rosea_, _Oleander_, _Nerium_, and _Rhododendros_: - in English The Rose Bay, and Oleander. The last was sent by - the name of _Trebezon Curmasi_, that is to say, _Dactylus - Trapezuntina_, but not hauing any affinitie with any kinde of - Bay. Bellonius as I thinke first named it _Laurocerasus_, and - _Cerasus Trapezuntina_. Dalechampius thinketh it to bee _Lotus - Aphricana_, but Clusius refuteth it. Those stones or kernels - that were sent me out of Italie, came by the name of _Laurus - Regia_, The Kings Bay. Wee may most properly call it according - to the Latine name in the title, The Cherry bay, or Bay Cherry, - because his leaues are like vnto Bay-leaues, and both flowers - and fruit like vnto the Birdes Cherry or Cluster Cherry, for - the manner of the growing; and therefore I might more fitly - I confesse haue placed it in my Orchard among the sorts of - Cherries: but the beautifulnesse of the plant caused mee rather - to insert it here. - - - The Vertues. - - The wilde Bay hath no propertie allotted vnto it in Physicke, - but that it is not to be endured, the berries being chewed - declare it to be so violent hot and choking. The Rose Bay is - said by Dioscorides, to be death to all foure footed beasts, - but contrariwise to man it is a remedie against the poison of - Serpents, but especially if Rue bee added vnto it. The Cherry - Bay is not knowne with vs to what physicke vse it may be - applyed. - - - - -CHAP. CIIII. - -_Cerasus flore multiplici._ The Rose or double blossomd Cherry. -_Malus flore multiplici._ The double blossomd Apple tree. And -_Malus Persica flore multiplici._ The double blossomd Peach tree. - - -The beautifull shew of these three sorts of flowers, hath made me -to insert them into this garden, in that for their worthinesse I am -vnwilling to bee without them, although the rest of their kindes I haue -transferred into the Orchard, where among other fruit trees, they shall -be remembred: for all these here set downe, seldome or neuer beare any -fruite, and therefore more fit for a Garden of flowers, then an Orchard -of fruite. - - -_Cerasus flore pleno vel multiplici._ -The Rose Cherry, or Double blossomd Cherry. - -The double blossomed Cherry tree is of two sorts for the flower, but -not differing in any other part, from the ordinary English or Flanders -Cherry tree, growing in very like manner: the difference consisteth in -this, that the one of these two sorts hath white flowers lesse double, -that is, of two rowes or more of leaues, and the other more double, or -with more rowes of leaues, and besides I haue obserued in this greater -double blossomd Cherry, that some yeares most of the flowers haue had -another smaller and double flower, rising vp out of the middle of the -other, like as is to bee seene in the double English Crow-foote, and -double redde _Ranunculus_ or Crowfoote, before described: this I say -doth not happen euery yeare, but sometimes. Sometimes also these trees -will giue a few berries, here and there scattered, and that with lesse -double flowers more often, which are like vnto our English Cherries -both for taste and bignesse. These be very fit to be set by Arbours. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Cerasus flore pleno._ The double blossomd Cherry tree. - 2 _Malus flore multiplici._ The double blossomd Apple tree. - 3 _Malus Persica flore pleno._ The double blossomd Peach tree. - 4 _Periclymenum perfoliatum._ Double Honisuckle. - 5 _Periclymenum rectum._ Vpright Honisuckle. -] - - -_Malus flore multiplici._ The double blossomd Apple tree. - -This double blossomd Apple tree is altogether like vnto our ordinary -Pippin tree in body, branch and leafe, the only difference is in the -flower, which is altogether whitish, sauing that the inner leaues -towards the middle are more reddish, but as double and thicke as our -double Damaske Roses, which fall away without bearing fruit. - - -_Malus Persica flore multiplici._ The double blossomd Peach tree. - -This Peach tree for the manner of growing, is so like vnto an ordinary -Peach tree, that vntill you see it in blossome you can perceiue no -difference: the flower is of the same colour with the blossomes of the -Peach, but consisting of three or foure, or more rowes of leaues, which -fall often away likewise without bearing any fruite; but after it hath -abiden some yeares in a place doth forme into fruite, especially being -planted against a wall. - - - The Place. - - Both the Cherry trees are frequent in many places of England, - noursed for their pleasant flowers. The Apple is as yet a - stranger. And the Peach, hath not been seen or knowne, long - before the writing hereof. - - - The Time. - - They all flower in April & May, which are the times of their - other kinds. - - - The Names. - - Their names are also sufficiently expressed to know them by. - - - The Vertues. - - Cherries, Peaches and Apples, are recorded in our Orchard, and - there you shall finde the properties of their fruit: for in - that these beare none or very few, their blossomes are of most - vse to grace and decke the persons of those that will weare or - beare them. - - - - -CHAP. CV. - -_Periclymenum._ Honysuckles. - - -The Honisuckle that groweth wilde in euery hedge, although it be very -sweete, yet doe I not bring into my garden, but let it rest in his owne -place, to serue their senses that trauell by it, or haue no garden. I -haue three other that furnish my Garden, one that is called double, -whose branches spreade far, and being very fit for an arbour will soone -couer it: the other two stand vpright, and spreade not any way far, yet -their flowers declaring them to be Honisuckles, but of lesse delight, I -consort them with the other. - - -_Periclymenum perfoliatum siue Italicum._ The double Honisuckle. - -The truncke or body of the double Honisuckle, is oftentimes of the -bignesse of a good staffe, running out into many long spreading -branches, couered with a whitish barke, which had neede of some thing -to sustaine them, or else they will fall down to the ground (and -therefore it is vsually planted at an arbour, that it may run thereon, -or against a house wall, and fastened thereto in diuers places with -nailes) from whence spring forth at seuerall distances, and at the -ioynts, two leaues, being like in forme vnto the wilde Honisuckles, and -round pointed for the most part; these branches diuiding themselues -diuers wayes, haue at the toppes of them many flowers, set at certaine -distances one aboue another, with two greene leaues at euery place, -where the flowers doe stand, ioyned so close at the bottome, and so -round and hollow in the middle, that it seemeth like a hollow cuppe or -sawcer of flowers: the flowers stand round about the middle of these -cuppes or sawcers, being long, hollow, and of a whitish yellow colour, -with open mouthes dasht ouer with a light shew of purple, and some -threds within them, very sweet in smell, like both in forme and colour -vnto the common Honisuckles, but that these cuppes with the flowers -in them are two or three standing one aboue another (which make a far -better shew then the common, which come forth all at the heade of the -branches, without any greene leaues or cuppes vnder them) and therefore -these were called double Honisuckles. - - -_Periclymenum rectum fructu rubro._ Red Honisuckles. - -This vpright Woodbinde hath a straight woody stemme, diuided into -seuerall branches, about three or foure foote high, couered with a very -thinne whitish barke, whereon stand two leaues together at the ioynts, -being lesser then the former, smooth and plaine, and a little pointed: -the flowers come forth vpon slender long footstalks at the ioynts where -the leaues stand, alwayes two set together, and neuer more, but seldome -one alone, which are much smaller then the former, but of the same -fashion, with a little button at the foote of the flower; the buds of -the flowers before they are open are very reddish, but being open are -not so red, but tending to a kinde of yellowish blush colour: after -which come in their places two small red berries, the one withered for -the most part, or at least smaller then the other, but (as Clusius -saith) in their naturall places they are both full and of one bignesse. - - -_Periclymenum rectum fructu cæruleo._ Blew berried Honisuckles. - -This other vpright Woodbinde groweth vp as high as the former, or -rather somewhat higher, couered with a blackish rugged barke, chapping -in diuers places, the younger branches whereof are somewhat reddish, -and couered with an hoary doune: the leaues stand two together at the -ioints, somewhat larger then the former, and more whitish vnderneath: -the flowers are likewise two standing together, at the end of a slender -footestalke, of a pale yellowish colour when they are blowne, but more -reddish in the bud: the berries stand two together as the former, of -a darke blewish colour when they are fully ripe, and full of a red -liquour or iuice, of a pleasant taste, which doth not only dye the -hands of them that gather them, but serueth for a dying colour to the -inhabitants where they grow plentifully, wherein are contained many -flat seede: The roote is woody as the former is. - - - The Place. - - The first groweth in Italie, Spaine, and Prouence of France, - but not in the colder countreyes, vnlesse it be there planted, - as is most frequent in our countrey. The others grow in - Austria, and Stiria, as Clusius saith, and are entertained into - their gardens onely that are curious. - - - The Time. - - The first flowreth vsually in Aprill, the rest in May. - - - The Names. - - The first is called _Periclymenum_, _Caprifolium perfoliatum_, - and _Italicum_, as a difference from the common kinde: In - English Double Woodbinde, or double Honisuckles. The others, - as they are rare, and little knowne, so are their names also: - yet according to their Latine, I haue giuen them English names. - - - The Vertues. - - The double Honisuckle is as effectuall in all things, as the - single wilde kinde, and besides, is an especiall good wound - herbe for the head or other parts. I haue not knowne the - vpright kindes vsed in Physicke. - - - - -CHAP. CVI. - -_Iasminum siue Gelseminum._ Iasmine or Gesmine. - - -We haue but one sort of true Iasmine ordinarily in our Gardens -throughout the whole Land; but there is another greater sort, which -is farre more tender, brought out of Spaine, and will hardly endure -any long time with vs, vnlesse it be very carefully preserued. Wee -haue a third kinde called a yellow Iasmine, but differeth much from -their tribe in many notable points: but because the flowers haue some -likenesse with the flowers of the true Iasmine, it hath been vsually -called a Iasmine; and therefore I am content for this Garden to -conioyne them in one Chapter. - - -1. _Iasminum album._ The white Iasmine. - -The white Iasmine hath many twiggy flexible greene branches, comming -forth of the sundry bigger boughes or stems, that rise from the roote, -which are couered with a grayish darke coloured barke, hauing a white -pith within it like the Elder, but not so much: the winged leaues stand -alwaies two together at the ioynts, being made of manie small and -pointed leaues, set on each side of a middle ribbe, six most vsually -on both sides, with one at the end, which is larger, more pointed then -any of the rest, and of a darke greene colour: at the toppes of the -young branches stand diuers flowers together, as it were in an vmbell -or tuft, each whereof standeth on a long greene stalke, comming out of -a small huske, being small, long, and hollow belowe, opening into fiue -white small, pointed leaues, of a very strong sweete smell, which fall -away without bearing any fruit at all, that euer I could learne in our -Country; but in the hot Countries where it is naturall, it is said to -beare flat fruit, like Lupines: the rootes spread farre and deepe, and -are long and hard to growe, vntill they haue taken strong hold in the -ground. - - -2. _Iasminum Catalonicum._ The Spanish Iasmine. - -This Catalonia Iasmine groweth lower then the former, neuer rising -halfe so high, and hath slender long greene branches, rising from the -toppe of the wooddy stemme, with such like leaues set on them as the -former, but somewhat shorter and larger: the flowers also are like vnto -the former, and stand in the same manner at the end of the branches, -but are much larger, being of a blush colour before they are blowne, -and white with blush edges when they are open, exceeding sweete of -smell, more strong then the former. - - -3. _Iasminum luteum, siue Trifolium fruticans alijs Polemonium._ -The yellow Iasmine. - -This that is called the yellow Iasmine, hath many long slender twiggy -branches rising from the roote, greene at the first, and couered with a -darke grayish barke afterwards, whereon are set at certaine distances, -three small darke greene leaues together, the end leafe being alwaies -the biggest: at the ioynts where the leaues come forth, stand long -stalkes, bearing long hollow flowers, ending in fiue, and some in six -leaues, very like vnto the flowers of the first Iasmine, but yellow, -whereupon it is vsually called the Yellow Iasmine: after the flowers -are past, there come in their places round blacke shining berries, of -the bignesse of a great Pease, or bigger, full of a purplish iuyce, -which will dye ones fingers that bruise them but a little: the roote is -tough, and white, creeping farre about vnder the ground, shooting forth -plentifully, whereby it greatly encreaseth. - - - The Place. - - The first is verily thought to haue been first brought to - Spaine out of Syria, or thereabouts, and from Spaine to vs, and - is to be seene very often, and in many of our Country Gardens. - The second hath his breeding in Spaine also, but whether it be - his originall place we know not, and is scarce yet made well - acquainted with our English ayre. The third groweth plentifully - about Mompelier, and will well abide in our London Gardens, and - any where else. - - - The Time. - - The first flowreth not vntill the end of Iuly. The second - somewhat earlier. The third in Iuly also. - - - The Names. - - The first is generally called _Iasminum album_, and _Gelseminum - album_: In English, The white Iasmine. The second hath his - name in his title, as much as may be said of it. The third - hath been taken of some to be a _Cytisus_, others iudge it to - be _Polemonium_, but the truest name is _Trifolium fruticans_, - although many call it _Iasminum luteum_: In English most - vsually, The yellow Iasmine, for the reasons aforesaid; or else - after the Latine name, Shrubbie Trefoile, or Make-bate. - - - The Vertues. - - The white Iasmines haue beene in all times accepted into - outward medicines, eyther for the pleasure of the sweete sent, - or profit of the warming properties. And is in these dayes - onely vsed as an ornament in Gardens, or for sent of the - flowers in the house, &c. The yellow Iasmine, although some - haue adiudged it to be the _Polemonium_ of Dioscorides, yet it - is not vsed to those purposes by any that I know. - - - - -CHAP. CVII. - -_Syringa._ The Pipe tree. - - -Vnder the name of _Syringa_, is contained two speciall kinds of -Shrubs or Trees, differing one from another; namely, the _Lilac_ of -Matthiolus, which is called _Syringa cærulea_, and is of two or three -sorts: And the _Syringa alba_, which also is of two sorts, as shall bee -declared. - - -1. _Lilac siue Syringa cærulea._ The blew Pipe tree. - -The blew Pipe tree riseth sometimes to be a great tree, as high and -bigge in the bodie as a reasonable Apple tree (as I haue in some places -seene and obserued) but most vsually groweth lower, with many twigs -or branches rising from the roote, hauing as much pith in the middle -of them as the Elder hath, couered with a grayish greene barke, but -darker in the elder branches, with ioynts set at a good distance one -from another, and two leaues at euery ioynt, which are large, broad, -and pointed at the ends, many of them turning or folding both the -sides inward, and standing on long foote stalkes: at the toppes of -the branches come forth many flowers, growing spike-fashion, that is, -a long branch of flowers vpon a stalke, each of these flowers are -small, long, and hollow belowe, ending aboue in a pale blewish flower, -consisting of foure small leaues, of a pretty small sent: after the -flowers are past, there come sometimes (but it is not often in our -Country, vnlesse the tree haue stood long, and is grown great, the -suckers being continually taken away, that it may growe the better) -long and flat cods, consisting as it were of two sides, a thin skinne -being in the midst, wherein are contained two long flattish red seede: -the rootes are strong, and growe deepe in the ground. - - -2. _Syringa flore lacteo siue argenteo._ -The siluer coloured Pipe tree. - -This Pipe tree differeth not from the former blew Pipe tree, either in -stemme or branches, either in leaues or flowers, or manner of growing, -but onely in the colour of the flower, which in this is of a milke, or -siluer colour, which is a kinde of white, wherein there is a thinne -wash, or light shew of blew shed therein, comming somewhat neare vnto -an ash-colour. - - -3. _Lilac lacimatis folijs._ The blew Pipe tree with cut leaues. - -This Pipe tree should not differ from the first in any other thing then -in the leaues, which are said to be cut in on the edges into seuerall -parts, as the relation is giuen _à viris fide dignis_; for as yet I -neuer saw any such; but I here am bold to set it downe, to induce and -prouoke some louer of plants to obtaine it for his pleasure, and others -also. - - -4. _Syringa flore albo simplici._ The single white Pipe tree. - -The single white Pipe tree or bush, neuer commeth to that height of the -former, but abideth alwaies like a hedge tree or bush, full of shootes -or suckers from the roote, much more then the former: the young shootes -hereof are reddish on the outside, and afterward reddish at the ioynts, -and grayish all the rest ouer: the young as well as the old branches, -haue some pith in the middle of them, like as the Elder hath: the -leaues stand two at a ioynt, somewhat like the former, but more rugged -or crumpled, as also a little pointed, and dented about the edges: the -flowers growe at the toppes of the branches, diuers standing together, -consisting of foure white leaues, like vnto small Muske Roses, and of -the same creame colour, as I may call it, with many small yellowish -threads in the middle, and are of a strong, full, or heady sent, not -pleasing to a great many, by reason of the strange quicknesse of the -sent: the fruit followeth, being flat at the head, with many leafie -shels or scales compassing it, wherein is enclosed small long seede: -the rootes runne not deepe, but spread vnder the ground, with many -fibres annexed vnto them. - - -5. _Syringa Arabica flore albo duplici._ The double white Pipe tree. - -This Pipe tree hath diuers long and slender branches, whereon growe -large leaues, somewhat like vnto the leaues of the former single white -kinde, but not so rough or hard, and not at all dented about the edges, -two alwaies standing one against another at euery ioynt of the stalke, -but set or disposed on contrary sides, and not all vpon one side; at -the ends whereof come forth diuers flowers, euery one standing on his -owne foote-stalke, the hose or huske being long and hollow, like vnto -the white Iasmine, and the flowers therein consisting of a double rowe -of white and round pointed leaues, fiue or six in a rowe, with some -yellownesse in the middle, which is hollow, of a very strong and heady -sweet sent, and abiding a long time flowring, especially in the hotter -Countries, but is very tender, and not able to abide any the least cold -weather with vs; for the cold windes will (as I vnderstand) greatly -molest it: and therefore must as charily be kept as Orenge trees with -vs, if wee will haue it to abide. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Iasminum album vulgare._ The ordinary white Iasmine. - 2 _Iasminum Americanum siue Convolvulus Americanus._ The Iasmine or - Bindweed of America. - 3 _Iasminum luteum vulgare._ The yellow Iasmine. - 4 _Lilac seu Syringa cærulea._ The blew Pipe tree. - 5 _Syringa alba vulgaris._ The single white Syringa or Pipe tree. - 6 _Syringa flore albo duplici._ The double white Syringa. - 7 _Sambucus rosea._ The Elder or Gelder Rose. -] - - - The Place. - - The first groweth in Arabia (as Matthiolus thinketh, that had - it from Constantinople.) We haue it plentifully in our Gardens. - The second and third are strangers with vs as yet. The fourth - is as frequent as the first, or rather more, but his originall - is not knowne. The last hath his originall from Arabia, as his - name importeth. - - - The Time. - - The first, second, and third flower in Aprill, the other two - not vntill May. - - - The Names. - - The first is called of Matthiolus _Lilac_, and by that name is - most vsually called in all parts. It is also called _Syringa - cærulea_, because it commeth nearest vnto those woods, which - for their pithy substance, were made hollow into pipes. It - is called of all in English, The blew Pipe tree. It seemeth - likely, that Petrus Bellonius in his third Booke and fiftieth - Chapter of his obseruations (making mention of a shrubbe that - the Turkes haue, with Iuie leaues alwaies greene, bearing - blew or violet coloured flowers on a long stalke, of the - bignesse and fashion of a Foxe taile, and thereupon called - in their language a Foxe taile) doth vnderstand this plant - here expressed. The certainty whereof might easily be knowne, - if any of our Merchants there residing, would but call for - such a shrubbe, by the name of a Foxe taile in the Turkish - tongue, and take care to send a young roote, in a small tubbe - or basket with earth by Sea, vnto vs here at London, which - would be performed with a very little paines and cost. The - second and third, as kindes thereof, haue their names in their - titles. The fourth is called by Clusius and others, _Frutex - Coronarius_; some doe call it _Lilac flore albo_, but that name - is not proper, in that it doth confound both kindes together. - Lobel calleth it _Syringa Italica_. It is now generally called - of all _Syringa alba_, that is in English, The white Pipe - tree. Some would haue it to bee _Ostrys_ of Theophrastus, - but Clusius hath sufficiently cleared that doubt. Of others - _Ligustrum Orientale_, which it cannot be neither; for the - _Cyprus_ of Plinie is Dioscorides his _Ligustrum_, which - may be called _Orientale_, in that it is most proper to the - Easterne Countries, and is very sweete, whose seede is like - vnto Coriander seede. The last is called by diuers _Syringa - Arabica flore albo duplici_, as most fitly agreeing thereunto. - Of Basilius Beslerus that set forth the great booke of the - Bishop of Eystot in Germany his Garden, _Syringa Italica - flore albo pleno_, because, as it is likely, hee had it from - Italy. It is very likely, that Prosper Alpinus in his booke of - Egyptian plants, doth meane this plant, which hee there calleth - _Sambach, siue Iasminum Arabicum_. Matthæus Caccini of Florence - in his letter to Clusius entituleth it _Syringa Arabica, - siue Iasminum Arabicum, siue Iasminum ex Gine_, whereby hee - declareth that it may not vnfitly be referred to either of them - both. We may call it in English as it is in the title, The - double white Pipe tree. - - - The Vertues. - - We haue no vse of these in Physicke that I know, although - Prosper Alpinus saith, the double white Pipe tree is much vsed - in Egypt to help women in their trauailes of childbirth. - - - - -CHAP. CVIII. - -_Sambucus Rosea._ The Elder or Gelder Rose. - - -Although there be diuers kindes of Elders, yet there is but one kinde -of Elder Rose, whereof I meane to intreate in this Chapter, being of -neare affinity in some things vnto the former Pipe trees, and which -for the beauty of it deserueth to be remembred among the delights of a -Garden. - - -_Sambucus Rosea._ The Gelder Rose. - -The Gelder Rose (as it is called) groweth to a reasonable height, -standing like a tree, with a trunke as bigge as any mans arme, couered -with a darke grayish barke, somewhat rugged and very knotty: the -younger branches are smooth and white, with a pithy substance in the -middle, as the Elders haue, to shew that it is a kind thereof, whereon -are set broad leaues, diuided into three parts or diuisions, somewhat -like vnto a Vine leafe, but smaller, and more rugged or crumpled, -iagged or cut also about the edges: at the toppes of euery one of the -young branches, most vsually commeth forth a great tuft, or ball as it -were, of many white flowers, set so close together, that there can be -no distinction of any seuerall flower seene, nor doth it seeme like -the double flower of any other plant, that hath many rowes of leaues -set together, but is a cluster of white leaued flowers set together -vpon the stalke that vpholdeth them, of a small sent, which fall away -without bearing any fruit in our Country, that euer I could obserue -or learne: The roote spreadeth neither farre nor deepe, but shooteth -many small rootes and fibres, whereby it is fastened in the ground, and -draweth nourishment to it, and sometimes yeeldeth suckers from it. - - - The Place. - - It should seeme, that the naturall place of this Elder is wet - and moist grounds, because it is so like vnto the Marsh Elder, - which is the single kind hereof. It is onely noursed vp in - Gardens in all our Country. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth in May, much about the time of the double Peony - flower, both which being set together, make a pleasant variety, - to decke vp the windowes of a house. - - - The Names. - - It is generally called _Sambucus Rosea_: In English, The Elder - Rose, and more commonly after the Dutch name, the Gelder Rose. - Dalechampius seemeth to make it _Thraupalus_ of Theophrastus, - or rather the single Marsh Elder; for I thinke this double - kinde was not knowne in Theophrastus his time. - - - The Vertues. - - It is not applyed to any Physicall vse that I know. - - - - -CHAP. CIX. - -_Rosa._ The Rose tree or bush. - - -The great varietie of Roses is much to be admired, beeing more then -is to bee seene in any other shrubby plant that I know, both for -colour, forme and smell. I haue to furnish this garden thirty sorts -at the least, euery one notably differing from the other, and all fit -to be here entertained: for there are some other, that being wilde -and of no beautie or smell, we forbeare, and leaue to their wilde -habitations. To distinguish them by their colours, as white, red, -incarnate, and yellow, were a way that many might take, but I hold -it not so conuenient for diuers respects: for so I should confound -those of diuers sorts one among another, and I should not keepe that -methode which to me seemeth most conuenient, which is, to place and -ranke euery kinde, whether single or double, one next vnto the other, -that so you may the better vnderstand their varieties and differences: -I will therefore beginne with the most ancient, and knowne Roses to -our Countrey, whether naturall or no I know not, but assumed by our -precedent Kings of all others, to bee cognisances of their dignitie, -the white Rose and the red, whom shall follow the damaske, of the -finest sent, and most vse of all the other sorts, and the rest in their -order. - - -1. _Rosa Anglica alba._ The English white Rose. - -The white Rose is of two kindes, the one more thicke and double then -the other: The one riseth vp in some shadowie places, vnto eight or ten -foote high, with a stocke of a great bignesse for a Rose. The other -growing seldome higher then a Damaske Rose. Some doe iudge both these -to be but one kinde, the diuersitie happening by the ayre, or ground, -or both. Both these Roses haue somewhat smaller and whiter greene -leaues then in many other Roses, fiue most vsually set on a stalke, -and more white vnderneath, as also a whiter greene barke, armed with -sharpe thornes or prickles, whereby they are soone known from other -Roses, although the one not so easily from the other: the flowers in -the one are whitish, with an eye or shew of a blush, especially towards -the ground or bottome of the flower, very thicke double, and close -set together, and for the most part not opening it selfe so largely -and fully as eyther the Red or Damaske Rose. The other more white, -lesse thicke and double, and opening it selfe more, and some so little -double as but of two or three rowes, that they might be held to be -single, yet all of little or no smell at all. To describe you all the -seuerall parts of the Rose, as the bud, the beards, the threds &c. were -needlesse, they are so conuersant in euery ones hand, that I shall not -neede but to touch the most speciall parts of the varieties of them, -and leaue a more exact relation of all things incident vnto them, vnto -a generall worke. - - -2. _Rosa Incarnata._ The Carnation Rose. - -The Carnation Rose is in most things like vnto the lesser white rose, -both for the growing of the stocke, and bignesse of the flower, but -that it is more spreade abroade when it is blown then the white is, and -is of a pale blush colour all the flower thoroughout, of as small a -sent as the white one is almost. - -[Sidenote: _Rosa Belgica siue Vitrea._] - -This kinde of Rose is not very great, but very thicke and double, and -is very variable in the flowers, in that they will be so different -one from another: some being paler then others, and some as it were -blasted, which commeth not casually, but naturally to this rose: but -the best flowers (whereof there will bee still some) will be of a -bright pale murrey colour, neere vnto the Veluet rose, but nothing so -darke a colour. - - -3. _Rosa Anglica rubra._ The English red Rose. - -The red Rose (which I call English not only for the reason before -expressed, but because (as I take it) this Rose is more frequent and -vsed in England, then in other places) neuer groweth so high as the -damaske Rose bush, but most vsually abideth low, and shooteth forth -many branches from the roote (and is but seldome suffered to grow vp as -the damaske Rose into standards) with a greene barke, thinner set with -prickles, and larger and greener leaues on the vpperside then in the -white, yet with an eye of white vpon them, fiue likewise most vsually -set vpon a stalke, and grayish or whitish vnderneath. The Roses or -Flowers doe very much vary, according to their site and abiding; for -some are of an orient, red or deepe crimson colour, and very double -(although neuer so double as the white) which when it is full blowne -hath the largest leaues of any other Rose; some of them againe are -paler, tending somewhat to a damaske; and some are of so pale a red, -as that it is rather of the colour of the canker Rose, yet all for -the most part with larger leaues then the damaske, and with many more -yellow threds in the middle: the sent hereof is much better then in the -white, but not comparable to the excellencie of the damaske Rose, yet -this Rose being well dryed and well kept, will hold both colour and -sent longer then the damaske, bee it neuer so well kept. - - -4. _Rosa Damascena._ The Damaske Rose. - -The Damaske Rose bush is more vsually noursed vp to a competent height -to stand alone, (which we call Standards) then any other Rose: the -barke both of the stocke and branches, is not fully so greene as the -red or white Rose: the leaues are greene with an eye of white vpon -them, so like vnto the red Rose, that there is no great difference -betweene them, but that the leaues of the red Rose seeme to bee of a -darker greene. The flowers are of a fine deepe blush colour, as all -know, with some pale yellow threds in the middle, and are not so thicke -and double as the white, not being blowne, with so large and great -leaues as the red, but of the most excellent sweet pleasant sent, far -surpassing all other Roses or Flowers, being neyther heady nor too -strong, nor stuffing or vnpleasant sweet, as many other flowers. - - -5. _Rosa Prouincialis siue Hollandica Damascena._ -The great double Damaske Prouince or Holland Rose. - -This Rose (that some call _Centifolia Batauica incarnata_) hath his -barke of a reddish or browne colour, whereby it is soone discerned from -other Roses. The leaues are likewise more reddish then in others, and -somewhat larger, it vsually groweth very like the Damaske rose, and -much to the same height: the flowers or roses are of the same deepe -blush colour that the damaske roses are, or rather somewhat deeper, -but much thicker, broader, and more double, or fuller of leaues by -three parts almost, the outer leaues turning themselues backe, when the -flower hath stood long blowne, the middle part it selfe (which in all -other roses almost haue some yellow threds in them to be seene) being -folded hard with small leaues, without any yellow almost at all to be -seene, the sent whereof commeth neerest vnto the damaske rose, but yet -is short of it by much, howsoeuer many doe thinke it as good as the -damask, and to that end I haue known some Gentlewomen haue caused all -their damaske stockes to bee grafted with prouince Roses, hoping to -haue as good water, and more store of them then of damask Roses; but in -my opinion it is not of halfe so good a sent as the water of damaske -Roses: let euery one follow their own fancie. - - -6. _Rosa Prouincialis rubra._ The red Prouince Rose. - -As the former was called _incarnata_, so this is called _Batauica -centifolia rubra_, the difference being not very great: the stemme or -stocke, and the branches also in this, seeming not to be so great but -greener, the barke being not so red; the leaues of the same largenesse -with the former damaske Prouince. The flowers are not altogether so -large, thicke and double, and of a little deeper damaske or blush -colour, turning to a red Rose, but not comming neere the full colour -of the best red Rose, of a sent not so sweete as the damaske Prouince, -but comming somewhat neere the sent of the ordinary red rose, yet -exceeding it. This rose is not so plentifull in bearing as the damaske -Prouince. - - -7. _Rosa Prouincialis alba._ The white Prouince Rose. - -It is said of diuers, that there is a white Prouince Rose, whereof I -am not _oculatus testis_, and therefore I dare not giue it you for -a certaintie, and indeed I haue some doubt, that it is the greater -and more double white rose, whereof I gaue you the knowledge in the -beginning: when I am my selfe better satisfied, I shall bee ready to -satisfie others. - - -8. _Rosa versicolor._ -The party coloured Rose, of some Yorke and Lancaster. - -This Rose in the forme and order of the growing, is neerest vnto the -ordinary damaske rose, both for stemme, branch, leafe and flower: the -difference consisting in this, that the flower (being of the same -largenesse and doublenesse as the damask rose) hath the one halfe of -it, sometimes of a pale whitish colour, and the other halfe, of a paler -damaske colour then the ordinary; this happeneth so many times, and -sometimes also the flower hath diuers stripes, and markes in it, as -one leafe white, or striped with white, and the other halfe blush, or -striped with blush, sometimes also all striped, or spotted ouer, and -other times little or no stripes or markes at all, as nature listeth -to play with varieties, in this as in other flowers: yet this I haue -obserued, that the longer it abideth blowen open in the sun, the paler -and the fewer stripes, markes or spots will be seene in it: the smell -whereof is of a weake damaske rose sent. - - -9. _Rosea Chrystallina._ The Chrystall Rose. - -This Rose is very like vnto the last described, both for stocke, branch -and leafe: the flower hereof is not much different from it, being no -great large or double Rose, but of a meane size, striped and marked -with a deeper blush or red, vpon the pale coloured leafe, that it -seemeth in the marking and beauty thereof, to bee of as much delight as -the Chrystall Gilloflower: this, euen like the former, soone fadeth and -passeth away, not yeelding any great store of flowers any yeare. - - -10. _Rosa rubra humilis siue pumilio._ -The dwarfe red Rose, or Gilloflower Rose. - -This Rose groweth alwayes low and small, otherwise in most respects -like vnto the ordinary redde Rose, and with few or no thornes vpon -it: the Flowers or Roses are double, thicke, small and close, not so -much spread open as the ordinary red, but somewhat like vnto the first -double white Rose before expressed; yet in some places I haue seene -them more layde open then these, as they grew in my garden, being so -euen at the toppes of the leaues, as if they had been clipt off with -a paire of sheeres, and are not fully of so red a colour as the red -Prouince Rose, and of as small or weak sent as the ordinary red Rose, -or not so much. - - -11. _Rosa Francafurtensis._ The Franckford Rose. - -The young shootes of this Rose are couered with a pale purplish barke, -set with a number of small prickes like haires, and the elder haue but -very few thornes: the flower or rose it selfe hath a very great bud or -button vnder it, more then in any other rose, and is thicke and double -as a red rose, but so strongly swelling in the bud, that many of them -breake before they can be full blowen, and then they are of a pale red -rose colour, that is, betweene a red and a damaske, with a very thicke -broade and hard vmbone of short yellow threds or thrumes in the middle, -the huske of the flower hauing long ends, which are called the beards -of the rose, which in all other are iagged in some of them, in this -hath no iagge at all; the smell is neerest vnto a red Rose. - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Rosa Damascena._ The Damaske Rose. - 2 _Rosa Prouincialis siue Hollandica._ The great Prouince Rose. - 3 _Rosa Francafurtensis._ The Franckford Rose. - 4 _Rosa rubra humilis._ The dwarfe red Rose. - 5 _Rosa Hungarica._ The Hungarian Rose. - 6 _Rosa lutea multiplex._ The great double yellow Rose. -] - - -12. _Rosa Hungarica._ The Hungarian Rose. - -The Hungarian Rose hath greene shootes slenderly set with prickes, and -seldome groweth higher then ordinarily the red Rose doth; the stemme or -stocke being much about that bignesse: the flower or rose is as great, -thicke and double, as the ordinary red Rose, and of the same fashion, -of a paler red colour, and beeing neerely looked vpon is finely spotted -with faint spots, as it were spreade ouer the red; the smell wherof is -somewhat better then the smell of the ordinary red Rose of the best -kinde. - - -13. _Rosa Holoserica simplex & multiplex._ -The Veluet Rose single and double. - -The old stemme or stock of the veluet Rose is couered with a dark -coloured barke, and the young shootes of a sad greene with very few or -no thornes at all vpon them: the leaues are of a sadder greene colour -then in most sorts of Roses, and very often seuen on a stalke, many -of the rest hauing but fiue: the Rose is eyther single or double: the -single is a broade spread flower, consisting of fiue or sixe broade -leaues with many yellow threds in the middle: the double hath two -rowes of leaues, the one large, which are outermost, the other smaller -within, of a very deepe red crimson colour like vnto crimson veluet, -with many yellow threds also in the middle; and yet for all the double -rowe of leaues, these Roses stand but like single flowers: but there -is another double kinde that is more double then this last, consisting -oftentimes of sixteene leaues or more in a flower, and most of them -of an equall bignesse, of the colour of the first single rose of this -kinde, or somewhat fresher; but all of them of a smaller sent then the -ordinary red Rose. - - -14. _Rosa siue spinis simplex & multiplex._ -The Rose without thornes single and double. - -The Rose without thornes hath diuers greene smooth shootes, rising -from the root, without any pricke or thorne at all vpon them, eyther -young or old: the leaues are not fully so large as of the red rose: the -flowers or roses are not much bigger then those of the double Cinamon -Rose, thicke set together and short, of a pale red Rose colour, with -diuers pale coloured veines through euery leafe of the flower, which -hath caused some to call it The marbled Rose, and is of a small sent, -not fully equall to the red Rose. The single of this kinde differeth -not in any other thing from the former, then in the doublenesse or -singlenesse of the flowers which in this are not halfe so double, nor -yet fully single, and are of a paler red colour. - -[Sidenote: _Rosa siue spina flore albo._] - -I haue heard likewise of a white Rose of this kinde, but I haue seene -none such as yet, therefore I can say no more thereof. - - -15. _Rosa Cinamomea simplex & multiplex._ -The Cinamon Rose single and double. - -The single Cinamon Rose hath his shootes somewhat red, yet not so red -as the double kinde, armed with great thornes, like almost vnto the -Eglantine bush thereby showing, as well by the multiplicitie of his -shootes as the quicknesse and height of his shooting, his wilde nature: -On the stemme and branches stand winged leaues, sometimes seuen or more -together, which are small and greene, yet like vnto other Roses. The -Roses are single, of fiue leaues a peece, somewhat large, and of a pale -red colour, like vnto the double kinde, which is in shootes redder, and -in all other things like vnto the single, but bearing small, short, -thicke and double Roses, somewhat like vnto the Rose without thornes, -but a little lesser, of a paler red colour at the end of the leaues, -and somewhat redder and brighter toward the middle of them, with many -yellow short thrumes; the small sent of Cinamon that is found in the -flowers hath caused it to beare the name. - - -16. _Rosa lutea simplex._ The single yellow Rose. - -This single yellow Rose is planted rather for variety then any other -good vse. It often groweth to a good height, his stemme being great and -wooddy, with few or no prickes vpon the old wood, but with a number of -small prickes like haires, thicke set, vpon the younger branches, of a -darke colour somewhat reddish, the barke of the young shootes being of -a sad greene reddish colour: the leaues of this Rose bush are smaller, -rounder pointed, of a paler greene colour, yet finely snipt about the -edges, and more in number, that is, seuen or nine on a stalke or ribbe, -then in any other Garden kinde, except the double of the same kinde -that followeth next: the flower is a small single Rose, consisting -of fiue leaues, not so large as the single Spanish Muske Rose, but -somewhat bigger then the Eglantine or sweete Briar Rose, of a fine pale -yellow colour, without any great sent at all while it is fresh, but a -little more, yet small and weake when it is dryed. - - -17. _Rosa lutea multiplex siue flore pleno._ The double yellow Rose. - -The double yellow Rose is of great account, both for the rarity, and -doublenesse of the flower, and had it sent to the rest, would of all -other be of highest esteeme. The stemme or stocke, the young shoots or -branches, the small hairy prickes, and the small winged leaues, are in -all parts like vnto the former single kinde; the chiefest difference -consisteth in the doublenesse of the flower or Rose, which is so thicke -and double, that very often it breaketh out on one side or another, -and but a few of them abiding whole and faire in our Countrey, the -cause whereof wee doe imagine to bee the much moisture of our Countrey, -and the time of flowring being subiect to much raine and showers; -many therefore doe either plant it against a wall, or other wayes -defend it by couering: againe, it is so plentifull in young shootes or -branches, as also in flowers at the toppe or euery branch, which are -small and weake for the most part, that they are not able to bring all -the flowers to ripenesse; and therefore most of them fall or wither -away without comming to perfection (the remedy that many doe vse for -this inconuenience last recited is, that they nippe away most of the -buds, leauing but some few vpon it, that so the vigour of the plant -may be collected into a few flowers, whereby they may the better come -to perfection, and yet euen thus it is hardly effected) which are of -a yellowish greene colour in the bud, and before they be blowne open, -but then are of a faire yellow colour, very full of leaues, with many -short haires rather then leaues in the middle, and hauing short, round, -greene, smooth buttons, almost flat vnder them: the flower being faire -blowne open, doth scarce giue place for largenesse, thicknesse, and -doublenesse, vnto the great Prouence or Holland Rose. This Rose bush or -plant is very tender with vs here about London, and will require some -more care and keeping then the single of this kinde, which is hardy -enough; for I haue lost many my selfe, and I know but a few about this -towne that can nourse it vp kindly, to beare or scarce to abide without -perishing; but abideth well in euery free aire of all or the most parts -of this Kingdome: but (as I heare) not so well in the North. - - -18. _Rosa Moschata simplex & multiplex._ -The Muske Rose single and double. - -The Muske Rose both single and double, rise vp oftentimes to a very -great height, that it ouergroweth any arbour in a Garden, or being set -by an house side, to bee ten or twelue foote high, or more, but more -especially the single kinde, with many green farre spread branches, -armed with a few sharpe great thornes, as the wilder sorts of Roses -are, whereof these are accounted to be kindes, hauing small darke -greene leaues on them, not much bigger then the leaues of Eglantine: -the flowers come forth at the toppes of the branches, many together -as it were in an vmbell or tuft which for the most part doe flower -all at a time, or not long one after another, euery one standing on a -pretty long stalke, and are of a pale whitish or creame colour, both -the single and the double; the single being small flowers, consisting -of fiue leaues, with many yellow threads in the middle: and the double -bearing more double flowers, as if they were once or twice more double -then the single, with yellow thrummes also in the middle, both of them -of a very sweete and pleasing smell, resembling Muske: some there be -that haue auouched, that the chiefest sent of these Roses consisteth -not in the leaues, but in the threads of the flowers. - - -19. _Rosa Moschata multiplex altera: alijs Damascena alba, vel -verisimilior Cinamomea flore pleno albo._ -The double white Damaske Muske Rose. - -This other kinde of Muske Rose (which with some is called the white -Damaske Muske, but more truely the double white Cinamon Rose) hath -his stemme and branches also shorter then the former, but as greene: -the leaues are somewhat larger, and of a whiter greene colour; the -flowers also are somewhat larger then the former double kinde, but -standing in vmbels after the same manner, or somewhat thicker, and of -the same whitish colour, or a little whiter, and somewhat, although but -a little, neare the smell of the other, but nothing so strong. This -flowreth at the time of other Roses, or somewhat later, yet much before -the former two sorts of Muske Roses, which flower not vntill the end -of Summer, and in Autumne; both which things, that is, the time of the -flowring, and the sent being both different, shew plainly it cannot be -of the tribe of the Muske Roses. - - -20. _Rosa Hispanica Moschata simplex._ The Spanish Muske Rose. - -This Spanish Rose riseth to the height of the Eglantine, and sometimes -higher, with diuers great greene branches, the leaues whereof are -larger and greener then of the former kindes: the flowers are single -Roses, consisting of fiue whiter leaues then in any of the former Muske -Roses, and much larger, hauing sometimes an eye of a blush in the -white, of a very sweete smell, comming nearest vnto the last recited -Muske Rose, as also for the time of the flowring. - - -21. _Rosa Pomifera maior._ The great Apple Rose. - -The stemme or stocke of this Rose is great, couered with a darke -grayish barke, but the younger branches are somewhat reddish, armed -here and there with great and sharpe thornes, but nothing so great -or plentifull as in the Eglantine, although it be a wilde kinde: the -leaues are of a whitish greene colour, almost like vnto the first white -Rose, and fiue alwaies set together, but seldome seuen: the flowers -are small and single, consisting of fiue leaues, without any sent, or -very little, and little bigger then those of the Eglantine bush, and of -the very same deepe blush colour, euery one standing vpon a rough or -prickly button, bearded in the manner of other Roses, which when the -flowers are fallen growe great, somewhat long and round, peare-fashion, -bearing the beards on the tops of them; and being full ripe are very -red, keeping the small prickles still on them, wherein are many white, -hard, and roundish seedes, very like vnto the seede of the Heppes or -Eglantine Berries, lying in a soft pulpe, like vnto the Hawthorne -berries or Hawes: the whole beauty of this plant consisteth more in the -gracefull aspect of the red apples or fruit hanging vpon the bushes, -then in the flowers, or any other thing. It seemeth to be the same that -Clusius calleth _Rosa Pumila_, but that with me it groweth much higher -and greater then he saith his doth. - - -22. _Rosa siluestris odora siue Eglenteria simplex._ -The single Eglantine or sweete Briar bush. - -The sweete Briar or Eglantine Rose is so well knowne, being not onely -planted in Gardens, for the sweetenesse of the leaues, but growing -wilde in many woods and hedges, that I thinke it lost time to describe -it; for that all know it hath exceeding long greene shootes, armed with -the cruellest sharpe and strong thornes, and thicker set then is in -any Rose either wilde or tame: the leaues are smaller then in most of -those that are noursed vp in Gardens, seuen or nine most vsually set -together on a ribbe or stalke, very greene and sweete in smell, aboue -the leaues of any other kinde of Rose: the flowers are small single -blush Roses, of little or no sent at all, which turne into reddish -berries, stuffed within with a dounie or flock matter or substance, -wherein doth lye white hard seede. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Rosa siue spinis multiplex._ The double Rose without thorns. - 2 _Rosa Cinamomea flore plena._ The double Cinamon Rose. - 3 _Rosa Holoserica simplex._ The single Veluet Rose. - 4 _Rosa Holoserica duplex._ The double Veluet Rose. - 5 _Rosa Moschata multiplex._ The double Muske Rose. - 6 _Rosa Moschata Hispanica simplex._ The single Spanish Muske Rose. - 7 _Rosa Pomifera maior._ The great Apple Rose. - 8 _Rosa siluestris siue Eglanteria duplex._ The double Eglantine - Rose. -] - - -23. _Rosa siluestris odora siue Eglenteria flore duplici._ -The double Eglantine. - -The double Eglantine is in all the places that I haue seene it a -grafted Rose, (but I doubt not, but that his originall was naturall, -and that it may be made naturall againe, as diuers other Roses are.) -It groweth and spreadeth very well, and with a great head of branches, -whereon stand such like leaues as are in the single kinde, but a little -larger, not smelling fully so sweete as it: the flowers are somewhat -bigger then the single, but not much, hauing but one other rowe of -leaues onely more then the former, which are smaller, and the outer -leaues larger, but of the same pale reddish purple colour, and smelleth -somewhat better then the single. - - -24. _Rosa semper virens._ The euer greene Rose bush. - -This Rose or bush is very like vnto a wilde single Eglantine bush in -many respects, hauing many very long greene branches, but more slender -and weake, so that many times they bend downe againe, not able to -sustaine themselues without some helpe, and armed with hooked thornes -as other Roses be; the winged leaues consist of seuen for the most -part, whereof those two that are lowest and opposite, are smallest, the -next two bigger then they, the third couple bigger then any of the rest -belowe, and the end leafe biggest of all: this proportion generally it -holdeth in euery winged leafe through the whole plant, which at the -first comming forth are somewhat reddish, with the young branch that -shooteth out with them, but being full growne, are of a deepe greene -colour, and somewhat shining, dented about the edges, and fall not away -from the branches as other Roses doe, but abide thereon for the most -part all the Winter: the flowers stand foure or fiue together at the -tops of the branches, being single Roses, made of fiue leaues a peece, -of a pure white colour, much larger then the ordinary Muske Rose, and -of a fine sent, comming nearest thereunto, with many yellow chiues or -threads in the middle. - - - The Place. - - Some of these Roses had their originall, as is thought in - England, as the first and second; for these dryed red Roses - that come ouer to vs from beyond the Seas, are not of the kinde - of our red Rose, as may well be perceiued by them that will - compare our English dryed leaues with those. Some in Germany, - Spaine, and Italy. Some againe in Turkie, as the double yellow - Rose, which first was procured to be brought into England, by - Master Nicholas Lete, a worthy Merchant of London, and a great - louer of flowers, from Constantinople, which (as wee heare) - was first brought thither from Syria; but perished quickly - both with him, and with all other to whom hee imparted it: - yet afterwards it was sent to Master Iohn de Franqueuille, a - Merchant also of London, and a great louer of all rare plants, - as well as flowers, from which is sprung the greatest store, - that is now flourishing in this Kingdome. - - - The Time. - - The Cinamon Rose is the earliest for the most part, which - flowreth with vs about the middle of May, and sometimes in the - beginning. The ordinary Muske Roses both single and double - flower latest, as is said. All the other flower much about one - time, in the beginning of Iune, or thereabouts, and continue - flowring all that moneth, and the next throughout for the most - part, and the red vntill August be halfe past. - - - The Names. - - The seuerall names, whereby they are most commonly knowne vnto - vs in this Countrey, are expressed in their titles; but they - are much differing from what they are called in other Countries - neare vnto vs, which to compare, conferre, and agree together, - were a worke of more paines then vse: But to proportion them - vnto the names set downe by Theophrastus, Pliny, and the rest - of the ancient Authors, were a worke, wherein I might be - sure not to escape without falling into errour, as I verily - beleeue many others haue done, that haue vndertaken to doe - it: I will therefore for this worke desire that you will rest - contented, with so much as hath already been deliuered, and - expect an exact definition and complete satisfaction by such a - methodicall course as a generall History will require, to be - performed by them that shall publish it. - - - The Vertues. - - The Rose is of exceeding great vse with vs; for the Damaske - Rose (besides the superexcellent sweete water it yeeldeth - being distilled, or the perfume of the leaues being dryed, - seruing to fill sweete bags) serueth to cause solublenesse of - the body, made into a Syrupe, or preserued with Sugar moist - or dry candid. The Damaske Prouince Rose, is not onely for - sent nearest of all other Roses vnto the Damaske, but in the - operation of solubility also. The red Rose hath many Physicall - vses much more then any other, seruing for many sorts of - compositions, both cordiall and cooling, both binding and - loosing. The white Rose is much vsed for the cooling of heate - in the eyes: diuers doe make an excellent yellow colour of the - iuyce of white Roses, wherein some Allome is dissolued, to - paint or colour flowers or pictures, or any other such things. - There is little vse of any other sort of Roses; yet some - affirme, that the Muske Roses are as strong in operation to - open or loosen the belly as the Damaske Rose or Prouince. - - - - -CHAP. CXI. - -_Cistus._ The Holly Rose or Sage Rose. - - -There are three principall kindes of _Cistus_, the male, the female, -and the gumme or sweete smelling _Cistus_ bearing _Ladanum_, called -_Ledon_. Of each of these three there are also diuers sorts: Of them -all to intreate in this Worke is not my minde, I will onely select out -of the multitude some few that are fit for this our Garden, and leaue -the rest to a greater. - - -1. _Cistus mas._ The male Holly Rose or Sage Rose. - -The male _Cistus_ that is most familiar vnto our Countrey, I meane -that will best abide, is a small shrubby plant, growing seldome aboue -three or foure foote high with vs, hauing many slender brittle wooddy -branches, couered with a whitish barke, whereon are set many whitish -greene leaues, long and somewhat narrow, crumpled or wrinckled as it -were with veines, and somewhat hard in handling, especially the old -ones; for the young ones are softer, somewhat like vnto Sage leaues -for the forme and colour, but much smaller, two alwaies set together -at a ioynt: the flowers stand at the toppe of the branches, three or -foure together vpon seuerall slender footstalkes, consisting of fiue -small round leaues a peece, somewhat like vnto a small single Rose, of -a fine reddish purple colour, with many yellow threads in the middle, -without any sent at all, and quickly fading or falling away, abiding -seldome one whole day blowne at the most: after the flowers are past, -there come vp round hard hairie heads in their places, containing -small brownish seede: the roote is wooddy, and will abide some yeares -with vs, if there be some care had to keepe it from the extreamity of -our Winters frostes, which both this, and many of the other sorts and -kinds, will not abide doe what we can. - - -2. _Cistus fæmina._ The female Holly Rose. - -The female Holly Rose groweth lower, and smaller then the former male -kinde, hauing blackish branches, lesse woody, but not lesse brittle -then it: the leaues are somewhat rounder and greener, but a little -hard or rough withall, growing in the same manner vpon the branches -by couples: the flowers grow at the toppes of the branches, like vnto -the former, consisting of fiue leaues, but somewhat lesser, and wholly -white, with yellow threds in the middle, as quickly fading, and of as -little sent as the former: the heads and seede are somewhat bigger then -in the former. - - -3. _Chamæcistus Frisicus._ The dwarfe Holly Rose of Friseland. - -This dwarfe Cistus is a small low plant, hauing diuers shootes from -the rootes, full of leaues that are long and narrow, very like vnto -the leaues of the French Spikenard or _Spica Celtica_; from among -which leaues shoote forth short stalkes, not aboue a span high, with -a few smaller leaues thereon; and at the toppes diuers small flowers -one aboue another, consisting of six small round leaues, of a yellow -colour, hauing two circles of reddish spots round about the bottome of -the leaues, a little distant one from another, which adde much grace -to the flower: after the flowers are past, there come in their places -small round heads, being two forked at the end containing within them -small brownish chaffie seede: the roote is small and slender, with many -fibres thereat creeping vnder ground, and shooting forth in diuers -places, whereby it much encreaseth: the whole plant, and euery part of -it, smelleth strong without any pleasant sent. - - -4. _Cistus annuus._ The Holly Rose of a yeare. - -This small Cistus that endureth but a year (and will require to be -sowne euery year, if ye will haue it) riseth vp with straight, but -slender hard stalkes, set here and there confusedly with long and -narrow greenish leaues, very like vnto the leaues of the Gum Cistus -or Ledon, being a little clammy withall: at the toppe of the stalkes, -and at the ioynts with the leaues, stand two or three pale yellow -flowers, consisting of fiue leaues a peece, with a reddish spot neere -the bottome of euery leafe of the flower, as quickely fading as any of -the former: after which follow small three square heades, containing -small seede, like vnto the first female kinde, but somewhat paler or -yellower: the root is small and woody, and perisheth as soone as it -hath borne seede. - - -5. _Cistus Ledon._ The Gum Cistus, or Sweete Holly Rose. - -This sweete Holly Rose or Gum Cistus, riseth higher, and spreadeth -larger then the former male kind doth, with many blackish woody -branches, whereon are set diuers long and narrow darke greene leaues, -but whitish vnderneath, two alwayes standing together at a ioint, both -stalks and leaues bedeawed as it were continually with a clammy sweete -moisture (which in the hot Countries is both more plentifull, and more -sweet then in ours) almost transparent, and which being gathered by the -inhabitants, with certaine instruments for that purpose (which in some -places are leather thongs, drawne ouer the bushes, and after scraped -off from the thongs againe, and put together) is that kind of blacke -sweet gum, which is called _Ladanum_ in the Apothecaries shops; at -the tops of the branches stand single white flowers, like vnto single -Roses, being larger then in any of the former kindes, consisting of -fiue leaues, whereof euery one hath at the bottome a dark purplish -spot, broad below, and small pointed vpwards, with some yellow threds -in the middle: after which are past, there arise cornered heads, -containing such small brownish seede as is in the former male kinde: -the roote is woody, and spreadeth vnder ground, abiding some yeares, if -it be placed vnder a wall, where it may bee defended from the windes -that often breake it, and from the extremitie of our winters, and -especially the snow, if it lye vpon it, which quickly causeth it to -perish. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Cistus mas._ The male Holly Rose. - 2 _Chamæcistus Frisicus._ The dwarfe Holly Rose of Frisia. - 3 _Cistus Ledon._ The sweet Holly Rose or gumme Cistus. - 4 _Ledum Alpinum._ The mountaine Holly Rose. - 5 _Ledum Silesiacum._ The sweet Mary Rose of Silesia. - 6 _Rosmarinum aureum._ Gilded Rosemary. -] - - -6. _Ledum Alpinum seu Rosa Alpina._ The Mountaine sweet Holly Rose. - -The fragrant smell with properties correspondent of two other plants, -causeth me to insert them in this Chapter, and to bring them to your -knowledge, as well worthy a fit place in our Garden. The first of them -hath diuers slender woody branches, two foote high or thereabouts, -couered with a grayish coloured barke, and many times leaning downe to -the ground, whereby it taketh roote againe: vpon these branches grow -many thicke, short, hard greene leaues, thicke set together, confusedly -without order, sometimes whitish vnderneath, and sometimes yellowish: -the toppes of the branches are loden with many flowers, which cause -them to bend downwards, being long, hollow and reddish, opening into -fiue corners, spotted on the outside with many white spots, and of a -paler red colour on the inside, of a fine sweet sent: after the flowers -are past, there follow small heads, containing small brownish seede: -the root is long, hard and woody, abiding better if it comprehend in -the ground, then some of the former, because his originall is out of a -colder country. - - -7. _Ledum Silesiacum._ -The sweete Mary Rose, or Rosemary of Silesia. - -This other sweete plante riseth vp with woody ash-coloured branches two -foote high or more, which shoote forth other branches, of a reddish or -purplish colour, couered with a brownish yellow hoarinesse, on which -are set many narrow long greene leaues, like vnto Rosemary leaues, but -couered with the like hoarinesse as the stalks are (especially in the -naturall places, but not so much being transplanted) and folding the -sides of the leaues so close together, that they seeme nothing but -ribbes, or stalkes, of an excellent sweet and pleasant sent; at the -ends of the branches there grow certaine brownish scaly heads, made of -many small leaues set thicke together, out of which breake forth many -flowers, standing in a tuft together, yet seuerally euery one vpon his -owne footstalke, consisting of fiue white leaues, with certaine white -threds in the middle, smelling very sweete: after which rise small -greene heads, spotted with brownish spots, wherein is contained very -small, long, yellowish seede: the roote is hard and woodie. - - - The Place. - - The first, second, fourth and fifth, grow in the hot Countries, - as Italie, Spaine, &c. The third, and the two last in the - colder Countries, as Friseland, Germanie, Bohemia. - - - The Time. - - They do all flower in the Summer moneths of Iune, Iuly and - August, and their seede is ripe quickly after. - - - The Names. - - The first, second, fourth and fift, haue their names - sufficiently expressed in their descriptions. The third was - sent vnto Clusius, vnder the name of _Hirculus Frisicus_, - because of the strong sent: but he referreth it to the kinds - of _Chamæcistus_, that is, dwarfe or low _Cistus_, both for - the low growth, and for the flowers and seede sake. The sixt - is diuersly called; for Clusius calleth it _Ledum Alpinum_: - others, _Nerium Alpinum_, making it to bee a Rose Bay. Gesner - according to the Countrey peoples name, _Rosa Alpina_, and - _Rosa Montana_. Lobel calleth it _Balsamum Alpinum_, of the - fragrant smell it hath, and _Chamærhododendros Chamælææfolio_. - And some haue called it _Euonymus_, without all manner of - iudgement. In English wee may call it, The Mountaine Rose, - vntill a fitter name be giuen it. The last is called of - Matthiolus, _Rosmarinum siluestre_, but of Clusius _Ledum_, - referring it to their kindred; and _Silesiacum_, because he - found it in that Countrey; or for distinction sake, as he - saith, it may bee called, _Ledum folijs Rosmarini_, or _Ledum - Bohemicum_. Cordus, as it seemeth in his History of Plants, - calleth it _Chamæpeuce_, as though he did account it a kinde of - low Pine, or Pitch tree. - - - The Vertues. - - The first, second, and fift, are very astringent, effectuall - for all sorts of fluxes of humours. The sweet Gum called - _Ladanum_, made artificially into oyle, is of singular vse for - _Alopecia_, or falling of the haire. The seed of the fourth is - much commended against the stone of the Kidneyes. The sweete - Rosemary of Silesia is vsed of the inhabitants, where it - naturally groweth, against the shrinking of sinewes, crampes, - or other such like diseases, whereof their daily experience - makes it familiar, being vsed in bathing or otherwise. - - - - -CHAP. CXII. - -_Rosmarinum._ Rosemary. - - -There hath beene vsually knowne but one sort of Rosemary, which is -frequent through all this Country: but there are some other sorts not -so well known; the one is called Gilded Rosemary; the other broade -leafed Rosemary; a third I will adioyne, as more rare then all the -other, called Double flowred Rosmary, because few haue heard thereof, -much lesse seene it, and my selfe am not well acquainted with it, but -am bold to deliuer it vpon credit. - - -1. _Libanotis Coronaria siue Rosmarinum vulgare._ Our Common Rosmary. - -This common Rosemary is so well knowne through all our Land, being -in euery womans garden, that it were sufficient but to name it as an -ornament among other sweete herbes and flowers in our Garden, seeing -euery one can describe it: but that I may say something of it, It is -well obserued, as well in this our Land (where it hath been planted -in Noblemens, and great mens gardens against bricke wals, and there -continued long) as beyond the Seas, in the naturall places where it -groweth, that it riseth vp in time vnto a very great height, with a -great and woody stemme (of that compasse, that (being clouen out into -thin boards) it hath serued to make lutes, or such like instruments, -and here with vs Carpenters rules, and to diuers other purposes) -branching out into diuers and sundry armes that extend a great way, -and from them againe into many other smaller branches, whereon are set -at seueral distances, at the ioynts, many very narrow long leaues, -greene aboue, and whitish vnderneath; among which come forth towards -the toppes of the stalkes, diuers sweet gaping flowers, of a pale or -bleake blewish colour, many set together, standing in whitish huskes; -the seed is small and red, but thereof seldome doth any plants arise -that will abide without extraordinary care; for although it will spring -of the seede reasonable well, yet it is so small and tender the first -yeare, that a sharpe winter killeth it quickly, vnlesse it be very well -defended: the whole plant as well leaues as flowery smelleth exceeding -sweete. - - -2. _Rosmarinum striatum, siue aureum._ Gilded Rosemary. - -This Rosemary differeth not from the former, in forme or manner of -growing, nor in the forme or colour of the flower, but only in the -leaues, which are edged, or striped, or pointed with a faire gold -yellow colour, which so continueth all the yeare throughout, yet -fresher and fairer in Summer then in Winter; for then it will looke of -a deader colour, yet so, that it may be discerned to be of two colours, -green & yellow. - - -3. _Rosmarinum latifolium._ Broade leafed Rosemary. - -This broad leafed Rosemary groweth in the same manner that the former -doth, but that we haue not seene it in our Countrey since we had it to -grow so great, or with such woody stemmes: the leaues stand together -vpon the long branches after the same fashion, but larger, broader and -greener then the other, and little or nothing whitish vnderneath: the -flowers likewise are of the same forme and colour with the ordinary, -but larger, and herein consisteth the difference. - - -4. _Rosmarinum flore duplici._ Double flowred Rosmary. - -The double flowred Rosmary thus far differeth from the former, that -it hath stronger stalkes, not so easie to breake, fairer, bigger and -larger leaues, of a faire greene colour, and the flowers are double, as -the Larkes heele or spurre: This I haue onely by relation, which I pray -you accept, vntill I may by sight better enforme you. - - - The Place. - - Our ordinary Rosmary groweth in Spaine, and Prouence of France, - and in others of those hot Countryes, neere the Sea side. It - will not abide (vnlesse kept in stoues) in many places of - Germany, Denmarke, and those colder Countries. And in some - extreame hard winters, it hath well neere perished here in - England with vs, at the least in many places: but by slipping - it is vsually, and yearly encreased, to replenish any garden. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth oftentimes twice in the yeare; in the Spring first, - from April vntill the end of May or Iune, and in August and - September after, if the yeare before haue been temperate. - - - The Names. - - Rosmary is called of the ancient Writers, _Libanotis_, but - with this distinction, _Stephanomatica_, that is, _Coronaria_, - because there were other plants called _Libanotis_, that were - for other vses, as this for garlands, where flowers and sweete - herbes were put together. The Latines call it _Rosmarinum_. - Some would make it to be _Cneorum nigrum_ of Theophrastus, - as they would make Lauander to bee his _Cneorum album_, but - Matthiolus hath sufficiently confuted that errour. - - - The Vertues. - - Rosmary is almost of as great vse as Bayes, or any other herbe - both for inward and outward remedies, and as well for ciuill as - physicall purposes. Inwardly for the head and heart; outwardly - for the sinewes and ioynts: for ciuill vses, as all doe know, - at weddings, funerals, &c. to bestow among friends: and the - physicall are so many, that you might bee as well tyred in the - reading, as I in the writing, if I should set down all that - might be said of it. I will therefore onely giue you a taste - of some, desiring you will be content therewith. There is an - excellent oyle drawne from the flowers alone by the heate - of the Sunne, auaileable for many diseases both inward and - outward, and accounted a soueraigne Balsame: it is also good - to helpe dimnesse of sight, and to take away spots, markes - and scarres from the skin; and is made in this manner. Take a - quantitie of the flowers of Rosemary, according to your owne - will eyther more or lesse, put them into a strong glasse close - stopped, set them in hot horse dung to digest for fourteene - dayes, which then being taken forth of the dung, and vnstopped, - tye a fine linnen cloth ouer the mouth, and turne downe the - mouth thereof into the mouth of another strong glasse, which - being set in the hot Sun, an oyle will distill downe into the - lower glasse; which preserue as precious for the vses before - recited, and many more, as experience by practice may enforme - diuers. - - There is another oyle Chymically drawne, auaileable in the like - manner for many the same inward and outward diseases, _viz._ - for the heart, rheumaticke braines, and to strengthen the - memory, outwardly to warme and comfort cold benummed sinewes, - whereof many of good iudgement haue had much experience. - - - - -CHAP. CXIII. - -_Myrtus._ The Mirtle tree or bush. - - -In the hot Countreyes, there haue been many sorts of Mirtles found out, -naturally growing there, which will not fructifie in this of ours, nor -yet abide without extraordinary care, and conueniencie withall, to -preserue them from the sharpenesse of our winters. I shall only bring -you to view three sorts in this my Garden, the one with a greater, the -other two with lesser leaues, as the remainder of others which wee haue -had, and which are preserued from time to time, not without much paine -and trouble. - - -1. _Myrtus latifolia._ The greater leafed Mirtle. - -The broader leafed Mirtle riseth vp to the height of foure or fiue -foote at the most with vs, full of branches and leaues growing like a -small bush, the stemme and elder branches whereof are couered with a -dark coloured bark, but the young with a green, and some with a red, -especially vpon the first shooting forth, whereon are set many fresh -greene leaues, very sweet in smell, and very pleasant to behold, so -neer resembling the leaues of the Pomegranate tree that groweth with -vs, that they soone deceiue many that are not expert therein, being -somewhat broade and long, and pointed at the ends, abiding alwaies -green: at the ioynts of the branches where the leaues stand, come forth -the flowers vpon small footestalkes, euery one by it selfe consisting -of fiue small white leaues, with white threds in the middle, smelling -also very sweet; after the flowers are past, there doe arise in the hot -Countries, where they are naturall, round blacke berries, when they are -ripe, wherein are contained many hard white crooked seedes, but neuer -in this Countrey, as I said before: the roote disperseth it selfe into -many branches, with many fibres annexed thereto. - - -2. _Myrtus minor, seu minore folio._ The smaller leafed Mirtle. - -The smaller leafed Mirtle is a low shrub or bush, like vnto the former, -but scarce rising so high, with branches spreading about the stemme, -much thicker set with leaues then the former, smaller also, and pointed -at the ends, of a little deeper greene colour, abiding greene also -winter and summer, and very sweete likewise: the flowers are white like -vnto the former, and as sweete, but shew not themselues so plentifull -on the branches: the fruit is blacke in his naturall places, with -seedes therein as the former. - - -3. _Myrtus minor rotundiore folio._ Boxe Mirtle. - -Wee haue another sort of this small kinde of Mirtle, so like vnto the -former both for smalnesse, deepe greene colour of the leaues, and -thicke growing of the branches, that it will be thought of most, -without good heede, and comparing the one with the other, to be the -very same with the former: but if it bee well viewed, it will shew, by -the roundnesse at the ends of the leaues very like vnto the small Boxe -leaues, to be another differing kinde, although in nothing else. Wee -nourse them with great care, for the beautifull aspect, sweete sent and -raritie, as delights and ornaments for a garden of pleasure, wherein -nothing should be wanting that art, care and cost might produce and -preserue: as also to set among other euer greene plants to sort with -them. - - - The Place. - - These, and many other sorts of Mirtles grow in Spaine, - Portugall, Italie, and other hot Countries in great aboundance, - where they make their hedges of them: wee (as I said) keepe - them in this Countrey, with very great care and diligence. - - - The Time. - - The Mirtles doe flower very late with vs, not vntill August at - the soonest, which is the cause of their not fructifying. - - - The Names. - - They are called in Latine _Myrtus_, and in English Mirtle - tree, without any other diuersitie of names, for the generall - title. Yet the seuerall kindes haue had seuerall denominations, - in Plinies time, and others, as _Romana_, _Coniugala_, - _Tarentina_, _Egyptia_, _alba_, _nigra_, _&c._ which haue noted - the differences, euen then well obserued. - - - The Vertues. - - The Mirtle is of an astringent qualitie, and wholly vsed for - such purposes. - - - - -CHAP. CXIIII. - -_Malus Punica siue Granata._ The Pomegranet tree. - - -There are two kindes of Pomegranet trees, The one tame or manured, -bearing fruit, which is distinguished of some into two sorts, of -others into three, that is, into sower, and sweet, and into sower -sweete. The other wilde, which beareth no fruite, because it beareth -double flowers, like as the Cherry, Apple, and Peach tree with double -blossomes, before described, and is also distinguished into two sorts, -the one bearing larger, the other lesser flowers. Of the manured kinde -wee haue onely one sort (so farre as we know, for it neuer beareth -ripe fruit in this our Countrey) which for the beautifull aspect, both -of the greene verdure of the leaues, and faire proportion and colour -of the flowers, as also for the raritie, are noursed in some few of -their gardens that delight in such rarities: for in regard of the -tendernesse, there is neede of diligent care, that is, to plant it -against a brick wall, and defend it conueniently from the sharpenesse -of our winters, to giue his Master some pleasure in seeing it beare -flowers: And of the double kinde we haue as yet obtained but one sort, -although I shall giue you the knowledge and description of another. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Myrtus latifolia maior._ The broad leaded Myrtle. - 2 _Myrtus angustifolia minor._ The small leafed Myrtle. - 3 _Myrtus buxifolia minor._ The Boxe leafed Myrtle. - 4 _Malus Granatus simplici flore._ The ordinary Pomegranet tree. - 5 _Balaustium Romanum seu minus._ The lesser double flowred - Pomegranet tree. - 6 _Balaustium maius siue Cyprium._ The greater double flowred - Pomegranet. - 7 _Pseudocapsicum seu Amomum Plinij._ The Winter Cherry tree. - 8 _Ficus Indica cum suo fructu._ The Indian Figgetree and his fruit. -] - - -1. _Malus Punica satiua._ The tame Pomegranet tree. - -This Pomegranet tree groweth not very high in his naturall places, and -with vs somtimes it shooteth forth from the roote many brownish twigges -or branches, or if it bee pruned from them, and suffered to grow vp, it -riseth to bee seuen or eight foote high, spreading into many small -and slender branches, here and there set with thornes, and with many -very faire greene shining leaues, like in forme and bignesse vnto the -leaues of the larger Myrtle before described, euery one hauing a small -reddish foote-stalke vpon these branches: among the leaues come forth -here and there, long, hard, and hollow reddish cups, diuided at the -brimmes, wherein doe stand large single flowers, euery one consisting -of one whole leafe, smaller at the bottome then at the brimme, like -bels, diuided as it were at the edges into fiue or six parts, of an -orient red or crimson colour in the hotter Countries; but in this it is -much more delayed, and tendeth neare vnto a blush, with diuers threads -in the middle. The fruit is great and round, hauing as it were a crowne -on the head of it, with a thicke tough hard skinne or rinde, of a -brownish red colour on the outside, and yellow within, stuffed or packt -full of small graines, euery one encompast with a thin skin, wherein -is contained a clear red iuyce or liquor, either of a sweet (as said -before) or sower taste, or betweene them both of a winie taste: the -roote disperseth it selfe very much vnder ground. - - -2. _Balaustium maius siue Malus Punica siluestris maior._ -The greater wilde or double blossomd Pomegranet tree. - -The wilde Pomegranet is like vnto the tame in the number of purplish -branches, hauing thornes, and shining faire greene leaues, somewhat -larger then the former: from the branches likewise shoote forth -flowers, farre more beautifull then those of the same or manured sort, -because they are double, and as large as a double Prouince Rose, or -rather more double, of an excellent bright crimson colour, tending to a -silken carnation, standing in brownish cups or huskes, diuided at the -brims vsually into foure or fiue seuerall points, like vnto the former, -but that in this kinde there neuer followeth any fruit, no not in the -Country, where it is naturally wilde. - - -3. _Balaustium minus._ The smaller wilde Pomegranet tree. - -This smaller kinde differeth from the former in his leaues, being -of a darker greene colour, but not in the height of the stemme, or -purplishnesse of his branches, or thorns vpon them; for this doth shew -it selfe more like vnto a wilde kind then it: the flowers hereof are -much smaller, and not so thicke and double, of a deeper or sadder red -Orenge tawny colour, set also in such like cups or huskes. - - - The Place. - - The tame or manured kinde groweth plentifully in Spaine, - Portugall, and Italy, and other in other warme and hot - countries. Wee (as I said before) preserue it with great care. - The wilde I thinke was neuer seene in England, before Iohn - Tradescante my very louing good friend brought it from the - parts beyond the Seas, and planted it in his Lords Garden at - Canterbury. - - - The Time. - - They flower very late with vs, that is, not vntill the middle - or end of August, and the cold euenings or frosts comming so - soone vpon it, doth not onely hinder it from bearing, but many - times the sharpe winters so pinch it, that it withereth it - downe to the ground, so that oftentimes it hardly springeth - againe. - - - The Names. - - The name _Malus Punica_ for the tree, and _Malum Punicum_ for - the fruit, or _Malus Granata_, and _Malum Granatum_, is the - common name giuen vnto this tree, which is called in English - the Pomegarnet or Pomegranet tree. The flowers of the tame - kinde are called _Cytini_, as Dioscorides saith, although - Plinie seemeth either to make _Cytinus_ to be the flower of - the wilde kinde, or _Balaustium_ to be the flower of both - tame and wilde kinde: but properly, as I take it, _Cytinus_ - is the cup wherein the flower as well of the tame as wilde - kinde doth stand; for vnto the similitude of them, both the - flowers of _Asarum_, and the seede vessels of _Hyosciamus_ are - compared and resembled, and not vnto the whole flower: the - barke or rinde of the fruit is called of diuers _Sidion_, and - in the Apothecaries shops _Psidium_, and _cortex Granatorum_. - The wilde kinde is called _Malus Punica siluestris_: In - English, The wilde Pomegranet tree; the flower thereof is - properly called _Balaustium_. The lesser kind is vsually called - _Balaustium Romanum_, as the greater is called _Creticum_ and - _Cyprium_, because they growe in Candy and Cyprus. - - - The Vertues. - - The vse of all these Pomegranets is very much in Physicke, to - coole and binde all fluxibility both of body and humours: they - are also of singular effect in all vlcers of the mouth, and - other parts of the body, both of man and woman. There is no - part of them but is applyed for some of these respects. The - rinde also of the Pomegranet is vsed of diuers in stead of - Gaules, to make the best sort of writing Inke, which is durable - to the worlds end. - - - - -CHAP. CXV. - -_Amomum Plinij seu Pseudocapsicum._ -Tree Night shade or the Winter Cherry tree. - - -I haue adioyned this plant, for the pleasurable beauty of the greene -leaues, and red berries. It groweth vp to be a yard or foure foote -high at the most, hauing a small wooddy stemme or stocke, as bigge as -ones finger or thumbe, couered with a whitish greene barke, set full -of greene branches, and faire greene leaues, somewhat vneuen sometimes -on the edges, narrower then any Night shade leaues, and very neare -resembling the leaues of the _Capsicum_, or Ginny pepper, but smaller -and narrower, falling away in the Winter, and shooting fresh in the -Spring of the yeare: the flowers growe often two or three together, -at the ioynts of the branches with the leaues, being white, opening -starre-fashion, and sometimes turning themselues backe, with a yellow -pointell in the middle, very like vnto the flowers of Night shade: -after the flowers are past, come forth in their stead small greene -buttons, which after turne to be pleasant round red berries, of the -bignesse of small Cherries when they are ripe, which with vs vsually -ripen not vntill the Winter, or about Christmas, wherein are contained -many small whitish seede that are flat: all the whole plant, as well -leaues and flowers as seede, are without either smell or taste: the -roote hath many yellowish strings and fibres annexed vnto it. - - - The Place. - - The originall place hereof is not well knowne, but is thought - to bee the West Indies. It hath been planted of long time in - most of these Countries, where it abideth reasonable well, so - that some care bee had thereof in the extreamity of the Winter. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth sometimes it Iune but vsually in Iuly and August, - and the fruit is not ripe (as is said) vntill the Winter. - - - The Names. - - This plant hath diuers names; for it is thought to be that - kinde of _Amomum_ that Plinie setteth downe. Dodonæus calleth - it _Pseudocapsicum_, for some likenesse in the leafe and - fruit vnto the small _Capsicum_ or Ginnie Pepper, although - much vnlike in the taste and property. Others doe call it - _Strichnodendron_, that is, _Solanum arborescens_, and wee - in English according thereunto, Tree Night shade. But some - Latin asses corrupting the Latine word _Amomum_, doe call it - the Mumme tree. Dalechampius calleth it _Solanum Americum, - seu Indicum_, and saith the Spaniards call it in their - tongue, _Guindas de las Indias_, that is, _Cerasa Indiana_, - Indian Cherries, which if any would follow, I would not bee - much against it: but many Gentlewomen, doe call them Winter - Cherries, because the fruit is not throughly ripe vntill Winter. - - - The Vertues. - - I finde no physicall property allotted vnto it, more then that - by reason of the insipidity, it is held to be cooling. - - - - -CHAP. CXVI. - -_Ficus Indica minor._ The smaller Indian Figge tree. - - -This Indian Figge tree, if you will call it a tree (because in our -Country it is not so, although it groweth in the naturall hot Countries -from a wooddy stemme or body into leaues) is a plant consisting only of -leaues, one springing out of another, into many branches of leaues, and -all of them growing out of one leafe, put into the ground halfe way, -which taking roote, all the rest rise out thereof, those belowe for -the most part being larger then those aboue; yet all of them somewhat -long, flat, and round pointed, of the thicknesse of a finger vsually, -and smallest at the lower end, where they are ioyned or spring out of -the other leaues, hauing at their first breaking out a shew of small, -red, or browne prickes, thicke set ouer all the vpper side of the -leaues, but with vs falling away quickly, leauing onely the markes -where they stood: but they haue besides this shew of great prickes, a -few very fine, and small, hard, white, and sharpe, almost insensible -prickes, being not so bigge as haires on the vnderside, which will -often sticke in their fingers that handle them vnaduisedly, neither are -they to be discerned vnlesse one look precisely for them: the leaues -on the vnderside hauing none of those other great pricks or marks at -all, being of a faire fresh pale green colour: out of the vppermost -leaues breake forth certaine greene heads, very like vnto leaues (so -that many are deceiued, thinking them to be leaues, vntill they marke -them better, and be better experienced in them) but that they growe -round and not flat, and are broad at the toppe; for that out of the -tops of euery of them shooteth out a pale yellow flower, consisting of -two rowes of leaues, each containing fiue leaues a peece, laid open -with certaine yellow threads, tipt with red in the middle: this greene -head, vntill the flower be past, is not of halfe that bignesse that -it attaineth vnto after, yet seldome or neuer commeth vnto perfection -with vs, being long and round, like vnto a Figge, small belowe, and -greater aboue, bearing vpon the flat or broad head the marke of the -flower; some holding still on them the dryed leaues, and others hauing -lost them shew the hollownesse which they haue in the toppe or middle -of the head, the sides round about being raised or standing vp higher: -this head or figge in our Country abideth greene on the outside, and -little or nothing reddish within (although it abide all the Winter, and -the Summer following, as sometimes it doth) for want of that heate and -comfort of the Sunne it hath in his naturall place, where it groweth -reddish on the outside, and containing within it a bloudy red clammy -iuyce, making the vrine of them that eate of them as red as bloud, -which many seeing, were in doubt of themselues, lest their vrine were -not very bloud; of what sweetnesse, like a figge, in the naturall -places, I am not well assured, yet affirmed: but those that haue beene -brought vnto me, whose colour on the outside was greenish, were of a -reddish purple within, and contained within them round, small, hard -seede, the taste was flat, waterish, or insipide: the roote is neither -great, nor disperseth it selfe very deepe or farre, but shooteth many -small rootes vnder the vpper crust of the earth. - -There is a greater kinde hereof, whose leaues are twice or thrice as -bigge, which hauing been often brought vs, will seldome abide more then -one Summer with vs, our Winters alwaies rotting the leaues, that it -could not be longer kept. - - - The Place. - - This Indian Figge tree groweth dispersedly in many places of - America, generally called the West Indies: The greater kinde in - the more remote and hot Countries, as Mexico, Florida, &c. and - in the Bermudas or Summer Islands, from whence wee haue often - had it. The lesser in Virginia, and those other Countries that - are nearer vnto vs, which better endureth with vs. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth with vs sometimes in May, or Iune; but (as I said) - the fruit neuer commeth to perfection in this Country. - - - The Names. - - Diuers doe take it to bee _Opuntia Plinij_, whereof hee - speaketh in the 21. Booke and 17. Chapter of his Naturall - History: but he there saith, _Opuntia_ is an herbe, sweete - and pleasant to be eaten, and that it is a wonder that the - roote should come from the leafe, and so to growe; which words - although they descipher out the manner of the growing of this - plant, yet because this is a kinde of tree, and not an herbe, - nor to be eaten, it cannot bee the same: but especially because - there is an herbe which groweth in the same manner, or very - neare vnto it, one leafe standing on the toppe or side of - another, being a Sea plant, fit to be eaten with vinegar and - oyle (as many other herbes are that growe in the salt marshes, - or neare the Sea, whereof Sea Purslane is one) which Clusius - calleth _Lychen Marinus_, and (as Clusius saith) Cortusus very - fitly called _Opuntia marina_, and out of doubt is the verie - same _Opuntia_ that Theophrastus maketh mention of, and Plinie - out of him. Our English people in Virginia, and the Bermuda - Island, where it groweth plentifully, because of the form of - the fruit, which is somewhat like to a Peare, & not being so - familiarly acquainted with the growing of Figs, sent it vnto - vs by the name of the prickly Peare, from which name many haue - supposed it to be a Peare indeede, but were therein deceiued. - - - The Vertues. - - There is no other especiall property giuen hereunto, by any - that haue written of the West Indies, then of the colouring of - the vrine, as is before said. - - - - -CHAP. CXVII. - -_Yuca siue Iucca._ The supposed Indian Iucca. - - -This rare Indian plant hath a great thicke tuberous roote (spreading -in time into many tuberous heads) from the head whereof shooteth forth -many long, hard, and guttured leaues, very sharpe pointed, compassing -as it were one another at the bottome, of a grayish greene colour, -which doe not fall away, but abide euer greene on the plant; from the -middle whereof springeth forth (now and then, but not euery yeare) -a strong round stalke, diuided into diuers branches, whereon stand -diuers white, and somewhat large flowers, hanging downe their heads, -consisting of six leaues, with diuers veines, of a weake reddish or -blush colour, spread on the backe of the three outer leaues, especially -from the middle of the leaues to the bottome, and not rising to the -edge of the leafe of any flower, which fall away without bearing any -seede in our Country, as farre as euer could be obserued either in -the plant that Master Gerard kept a long time by him, or by Robinus -at Paris his plant, which Master Gerard sent vnto him, or yet by that -plant, that Vespasian Robin the sonne of old Robin sent vnto Master -Iohn de Franqueuille, and now abideth and flourisheth in my Garden. - - - The Place. - - It was first brought into England (as Master Gerard saith) - from the West Indies, by a seruant of Master Thomas Edwards, - an Apothecary of Exeter, and imparted to him, who kept it vnto - his death: but perished with him that got it from his widow, - intending to send it to his Country house. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth not vntill Iuly, and the flowers fall away - sodainely, after they haue beene blowne open a while. - - - The Names. - - Master Gerard first as I thinke called it _Iucca_, supposing it - to bee the true _Yuca_ of _Theuet_, wherewith the Indians make - bread, called _Cassaua_: but the true _Iucca_ is described to - haue a leafe diuided into seuen or nine parts, which this hath - not: Yet not knowing by what better name to call it, let it - hold still his first imposition, vntill a fitter may be giuen - it. - - - The Vertues. - - Wee haue not heard of any, that hath either read, heard, or - experimented the faculties hereof, nor yet whether it hath good - or euill taste; for being rare, and possessed but by a few, - they that haue it are loth to cut any thereof, for feare of - spoiling and losing the whole roote. - - Some haue affirmed, that in some parts of Turkie, where as they - say this plant groweth, they make a kinde of cloth from the - threads are found running through the leaues; but I finde the - threads are so strong and hard, that this cannot be that plant - the relators meane is vsed in that manner. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Yuca siue Iucca._ The Indian Iucca. - 2 _Arbor vitæ._ The tree of life. - 3 _Arbor Iudæ._ Iudas tree. - 4 _Laburnum._ Beane Trefoile. - 5 _Cytisus._ Tree Trefoile. -] - - - - -CHAP. CXVIII. - -_Arbor vitæ._ The tree of life. - - -The tree of life riseth vp in some places where it hath stood long, -to be a tree of a reasonable great bignesse and height, couered -with a redder barke then any other tree in our Country that I know, -the wood whereof is firme and hard, and spreadeth abroad many armes -and branches, which againe send forth many smaller twigges, bending -downewards; from which twiggy or slender branches, being flat -themselues like the leaues, come forth on both sides many flat winged -leaues, somewhat like vnto Sauine, being short and small, but not -pricking, seeming as if they were brayded or folded like vnto a lace -or point, of a darke yellowish greene colour, abiding greene on the -branches Winter and Summer, of a strong resinous taste, not pleasing -to most, but in some ready to procure casting, yet very cordiall -and pectorall also to them that can endure it: at the toppes of the -branches stand small yellowish dounie flowers, set in small scaly -heads, wherein lye small, long, brownish seede, which ripen well in -many places, and being sowne, doe spring and bring forth plants, which -with some small care will abide the extreamest Winters we haue. - - - The Place. - - The first or originall place where it naturally groweth, as - farre as I can learne or vnderstand, is that part of America - which the French doe inhabite, about the riuer of Canada, which - is at the backe of Virginia Northward, and as it seemeth, first - brought by them from thence into Europe, in the time of Francis - the first French King, where it hath so plentifully encreased, - and so largely beene distributed, that now few Gardens of - respect, either in France, Germany, the Lowe Countries, or - England, are without it. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth in the end of May, and in Iune; the fruit is ripe - in the end of August and September. - - - The Names. - - All the Writers that haue written of it, since it was first - knowne, haue made it to be _Thuyæ genus_, a kinde of Thuya, - which Theophrastus compareth vnto a Cypresse tree, in his fifth - Book and fifth Chapter: but _Omne simile non est idem_, and - although it haue some likenesse, yet I verily beleeue it is - _proprium sui genus_, a proper kinde of it owne, not to bee - paralleld with any other. For wee finde but very few trees, - herbes, or plants in America, like vnto those that growe in - Europe, the hither part of Africa, or in the lesser Asia, as - experience testifieth. Some would make it to be _Cedrus Lycia_, - but so it cannot be. The French that first brought it, called - it _Arbor vitæ_, with what reason or vpon what ground I know - not; but euer since it hath continued vnder the title of the - Tree of life. - - - The Vertues. - - It hath beene found by often experience, that the leaues hereof - chewed in the morning fasting, for some few dayes together, - haue done much good to diuers, that haue beene troubled with - shortnesse of breath, and to helpe to expectorate thinne - purulentous matter stuffing the lungs. Other properties I haue - not heard that it hath; but doubtlesse, the hot resinous smell - and taste it hath, both while it is fresh, and after it hath - beene long kept dry, doth euidently declare his tenuity of - parts, a digesting and cleansing quality it is possessed with, - which if any industrious would make tryall, hee should finde - the effects. - - - - -CHAP. CXIX. - -_Arbor Iudæ._ Iudas tree. - - -Iudas tree riseth vp in some places, where it standeth open from a -wall, and alone free from other trees (as in a Garden at Batthersey, -which sometimes agoe belonged to Master Morgan, Apothecary to the late -Queene Elizabeth of famous memory) to be a very great and tall tree, -exceeding any Apple tree in height, and equall in bignesse of body -thereunto (as my selfe can testifie, being an eye witnesse thereof) -when as it had many stalkes of flowers, being in the bud, breaking -out of the body of the tree through the barke in diuers places, when -as there was no bough or branch near them by a yard at the least, or -yet any leafe vpon the tree, (which they gathered to put among other -flowers, for Nosegayes) and in other places it groweth to bee but -an hedge bush, or plant, with many suckers and shootes from belowe, -couered with a darke reddish barke, the young branches being more red -or purplish: the flowers on the branches come forth before any shew -or budding of leaues, three or foure standing together vpon a small -foote-stalke, which are in fashion like vnto Pease blossomes, but of -an excellent deepe purplish crimson colour: after which come in their -places so many long, flat, large, and thinne cods, of a brownish -colour, wherein are contained small, blackish browne, flat, and hard -seede: the roote is great, and runneth both deepe, and farre spreading -in the earth: the leaues come forth by themselues, euery one standing -on a long stalke, being hard & very round, like vnto the leafe of the -largest _Asarum_, but not so thick, of a whitish green on the vpper -side, and grayish vnderneath, which fall away euery yeare, and spring -a fresh after the Spring is well come in, and the buds of flowers are -sprung. - -[Sidenote: _Flore albo._] - -There is another of this kinde, growing in some places very high, -somewhat like the former, and in other places also full of twiggy -branches, which are greener then the former, as the leaues are -likewise: the flowers of this kinde are wholly white, and the cods -nothing so red or browne, in all other things agreeing together. - - - The Place. - - The former groweth plentifully in many places of Spaine, Italy, - Prouence in France, and in many other places. The other hath - beene sent vs out of Italy many times, and the seede hath - sprung very well with vs, but it is somewhat tender to keepe in - the Winter. - - - The Time. - - The flowers (as I said) appeare before the leaues, and come - forth in Aprill and May, and often sooner also, the leaues - following shortly after; but neither of them beareth perfect - seede in our Country, that euer I could learne, or know by mine - owne or others experience. - - - The Names. - - Some would referre this to _Cercis_, whereof Theophrastus - maketh mention in his first Booke and eighteenth Chapter, among - those trees that beare their fruit in cods, like as Pulse doe: - and hee remembreth it againe in the fourteenth Chapter of his - third Booke, and maketh it not vnlike the white Poplar tree, - both in greatnesse and whitenesse of the branches, with the - leafe of an Iuie, without corners on the one part, cornered - on the other, and sharpe pointed, greene on both sides almost - alike, hauing so slender long footestalkes that the leaues - cannot stand forthright, but bend downwards, with a more rugged - barke then the white Poplar tree. Clusius thinketh this large - description is but an ample description of the third kinde of - Poplar, called _Lybica_, the Aspen tree, which Gaza translateth - _Alpina_: but who so will well consider it, shall finde it - neyther answerable to any Poplar tree, in that it beareth not - cods as _Cercis_ doth; nor vnto this _Arbor Iudæ_, because - it beareth not white branches. Clusius saith also, that the - learned of Mompelier in his time, referred it to _Colytea_ - of Theophrastus in his third booke and seuenteenth chapter, - where he doth liken it to the leaues of the broadest leafed - Bay tree, but larger and rounder, green on the vpperside, and - whitish vnderneath, and whereunto (as he saith) Theophrastus - giueth cods in the fourteenth chapter of the same third booke: - and by the contracting of their descriptions both together, - saith, they agree vnto this Iudas tree. But I find some doubts - and differences in these places: for the _Colutæa_ that - Theophrastus mentioneth in the said fourteenth chapter of his - third booke, hath (as he saith there) a leafe like vnto the - Willow, and therefore cannot bee the same _Colutæa_ mentioned - in the seuenteenth chapter of the same third book, which hath - a broade Bay leafe: indeede hee giueth seede in cods: but that - with broade Bay leaues is (as he saith) without eyther flower - or fruite; and besides all this, he saith the rootes are very - yellow, which is not to bee found in this _Arbor Iudæ_, or - Iudas tree: let others now iudge if these things can bee well - reconciled together. Some haue for the likenesse of the cods - vnto Beane cods, called it _Fabago_. And Clusius called it - _Siliqua siluestris_. It is generally in these dayes called - _Arbor Iudæ_, and in English after the Latine name, vntill a - fitter may be had, Iudas tree. - - - The Vertues. - - There is nothing extant in any Author of any Physicall vse it - hath, neyther hath any later experience found out any. - - - - -CHAP. CXX. - -_Laburnum._ Beane Trefoile. - - -There be three sorts of these codded trees or plants, one neere -resembling another, whereof _Anagyris_ of Dioscorides is one. The -other two are called _Laburnum_; the larger whereof Matthiolus calleth -_Anagyris altera_, and so doe some others also: the third is of the -same kinde with the second, but smaller. I shall not for this our -Garden trouble you or my selfe with any more of them then one, which -is the lesser of the two _Laburnum_, in that it is more frequent, and -that it will far better abide then the _Anagyris_, which is so tender, -that it will hardly endure the winters of our Countrey: and the greater -_Laburnum_ is not so easily to be had. - - -_Laburnum._ Beane Trefoile. - -This codded tree riseth vp with vs like vnto a tall tree, with a -reasonable great body, if it abide any long time in a place, couered -with a smooth greene barke; the branches are very long, greene, pliant, -and bending any way, whereon are set here and there diuers leaues, -three alwaies standing together vpon a long stalk, being somewhat long, -and not very narrow, pointed at the ends, greene on the vpperside, and -of a siluer shining colour vnderneath, without any smell at all: at -the ioynts of these branches, where the leaues stand, come forth many -flowers, much like vnto broome flowers, but not so large or open, -growing about a very long branch or stalke, sometimes a good span or -more in length, and of a faire yellow colour, but not very deepe; after -which come flat thin cods, not very long or broade, but as tough and -hard as the cods of Broome; wherein are contained blackish seede, like, -but much lesse then the seede of _Anagyris vera_ (which are as big as -a kidney beane, purplish and spotted): the roote thrusteth down deepe -into the ground, spreading also farre, and is of a yellowish colour. - - - The Place. - - This tree groweth naturally in many of the woods of Italie, and - vpon the Alpes also, and is therefore still accounted to be - that _Laburnum_ that Plinie calleth _Arbor Alpina_. It groweth - in many gardens with vs. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth in May, the fruit or cods, and the seedes therein - are ripe in the end of August, or in September. - - - The Names. - - This tree (as I said before) is called of Matthiolus _Anagyris - altera_, _siue secunda_, of Cordus, Gesner and others, - especially of most now adayes, _Laburnum_. It is probable in my - opinion, that this should bee that _Colutæa_ of Theophrastus, - mentioned in the fourteenth Chapter of his third book with the - leafe of a Willow; for if you take any one leafe by it selfe, - it may well resemble a Willow leafe both for forme and colour, - and beareth small seed in cods like vnto pulse as that doth. - Of some it hath beene taken for a kinde of _Cytisus_, but not - truely. We call it in English, Beane Trefoile, in regard of his - cods and seede therein, somewhat like vnto Kidney Beanes, and - of the leaues, three alwayes standing together, vntill a more - proper name may bee giuen it. - - - The Vertues. - - There is no vse hereof in Physicke with vs, nor in the naturall - place of the growing, saue only to prouoke a vomit, which it - will doe very strongly. - - - - -CHAP. CXXI. - -_Cytisus._ Tree Trefoile. - - -There are so many sorts of _Cytisus_ or Tree trefoiles, that if I -should relate them all, I should weary the Reader to ouerlooke them, -whereof the most part pertaine rather to a generall worke then to this -abstract. I shall not therefore trouble you with any superfluous, but -only with two, which we haue noursed vp to furnish waste places in a -garden. - - -_Cytisus Maranthe._ Horned Tree Trefoile. - -This Tree Trefoile which is held of most Herbarists to bee the true -_Cytisus_ of Dioscorides, riseth vp to the height of a man at the most, -with a body of the bignesse of a mans thumbe, couered with a whitish -bark, breaking forth into many whitish branches spreading farre, beset -in many places with small leaues, three alwayes set together vpon a -small short footestalke, which are rounder, and whiter then the leaues -of Beane Trefoile: at the ends of the branches for the most part, come -forth the flowers three or foure together, of a fine gold colour, and -of the fashion of Broome flowers, but not so large: after the flowers -are past, there come in their places crooked flat thinne cods, of the -fashion of a halfe moone, or crooked horne, whitish when they are ripe, -wherein are contained blackish seede: the roote is hard and woody, -spreading diuers wayes vnder the ground: the whole plant hath a pretty -small hot sent. - - -_Cytisus vulgatior._ The common Tree Trefoile. - -This _Cytisus_ is the most common in this Land, of any the other sorts -of tree trefoiles, hauing a blackish coloured barke, the stemme or -body whereof is larger then the former, both for height and spreading, -bearing also three leaues together, but smaller and greener then the -former: the flowers are smaller, but of the same fashion and colour: -the cods blackish and thin, and not very long, or great, but lesser -then Broome cods, wherein there lyeth small blackish hard seede: the -roote is diuersly dispersed in the ground. - - - The Place. - - The first groweth in the kingdome of Naples, and no doubt in - many other places of Italie, as Matthiolus saith. The other - groweth in diuers places of France. - - - The Time. - - They flower for the most part in May or Iune: the seede is ripe - in August or September. - - - The Names. - - The first (as I said) is thought of most to be the true - _Cytisus_ of Dioscorides, and as is thought, was in these later - dayes first found by Bartholomæus Maranta of Naples, who sent - it first to Matthiolus, and thereupon hath euer since beene - called after his name, _Cytisus Maranthæ_. Some doe call it - _Cytisus Lunatus_, because the cods are made somewhat like vnto - an halfe Moone. We call it in English, Horned Tree Trefoile. - The other is called _Cytisus vulgaris_ or _vulgatior_; in - English, The common Tree Trefoile, because we haue not any - other so common. - - - The Vertues. - - The chiefest vertues that are appropriate to these plants, are - to procure milke in womens breasts, to fatten pullen, sheep &c. - and to be good for bees. - - - - -CHAP. CXXII. - -_Colutæa._ The Bastard Sena Tree. - - -Wee haue in our Gardens two or three sorts of the Bastard Sena tree; a -greater as I may so call it, and two lesser: the one with round thin -transparent skins like bladders, wherein are the seede: the other with -long round cods, the one bunched out or swelling in diuers places, like -vnto a Scorpions tale, wherein is the seede, and the other very like -vnto it, but smaller. - - -1. _Colutæa Vesicaria._ The greater Bastard Sena with bladders. - -This shrub or tree, or shrubby tree, which you please to call it, -riseth vp to the height of a pretty tree, the stemme or stock being -sometimes of the bignesse of a mans arme, couered with a blackish -greene rugged barke, the wood whereof is harder then of an Elder, -but with an hollownesse like a pith in the heart or middle of the -branches, which are diuided many wayes, and whereon are set at seuerall -distances, diuers winged leaues, composed of many small round pointed, -or rather flat pointed leaues, one set against another, like vnto -Licoris, or the Hatchet Fitch; among these leaues come forth the -flowers, in fashion like vnto Broome flowers, and as large, of a very -yellow colour: after which appeare cleare thinne swelling cods like -vnto thinne transparent bladders, wherein are contained blacke seede, -set vpon a middle ribbe or sinew in the middle of the bladder, which if -it be a little crushed betweene the fingers, will giue a cracke, like -as a bladder full of winde. The roote groweth branched and woody. - - -2. _Colutæa Scorpioides maior._ -The greater Scorpion podded Bastard Sena. - -This Bastard Sena groweth nothing so great or tall, but shooteth out -diuersly, like vnto a shrub, with many shoots springing from the root: -the branches are greener, but more rugged, hauing a white barke on -the best part of the elder growne branches; for the young are greene, -and haue such like winged leaues set on them as are to be seen in -the former, but smaller, greener, and more pointed: the flowers are -yellow, but much smaller, fashioned somewhat like vnto the former, -with a reddish stripe downe the backe of the vppermost leafe: the long -cods that follow are small, long and round, distinguished into many -diuisions or dents, like vnto a Scorpions tayle, from whence hath risen -the name: in these seuerall diuisions lye seuerall blacke seede, like -vnto the seede of Fenigrecke: the roote is white and long, but not so -woody as the former. - - -3. _Colutæa Scorpioides minor._ The lesser Scorpion Bastard Sena. - -This lesser Bastard Sena is in all things like the former, but somewhat -lower, and smaller both in leafe, flower, and cods of seede, which haue -not such eminent bunches on the cods to be seene as the former. - - - The Place. - - They grow as Matthiolus saith about Trent in Italie, and in - other places: the former is frequent enough through all our - Countrey, but the others are more rare. - - - The Time. - - They flower about the middle or end of May, and their seede is - ripe in August. The bladders of the first will abide a great - while on the tree, if they be suffered, and vntill the winde - cause them to rattle, and afterwards the skins opening, the - seede will fall away. - - - The Names. - - The name _Colutæa_ is imposed on them, and by the iudgement - of most writers, the first is taken to bee that _Colutæa_ - of _Lipara_ that Theophrastus maketh mention of, in the - seuenteenth chapter of his third booke. But I should rather - thinke that the _Scorpioides_ were the truer _Colutæa_ of - Theophrastus, because the long pods thereof are more properly - to bee accounted _filiquæ_, then the former which are _vesicæ - tumentes_, windy bladders, and not _filiquæ_: and no doubt - but Theophrastus would haue giuen some peculiar note of - difference if he had meant those bladders, and not these cods. - Let others of iudgement be vmpeeres in this case; although I - know the currant of writers since Matthiolus, doe all hold the - former _Colutæa vesicaria_ to be the true _Colutæa Liparæ_ - of Theophrastus. Wee call it in English, Bastard Sena, from - Ruellius, who as I thinke first called it Sena, from the forme - of the leaues. The second and third (as I said before) from - the forme of the cods receiued their names, as it is in the - titles and descriptions; yet they may as properly be called - _Siliquosæ_, for that their fruite are long cods. - - - The Vertues. - - Theophrastus saith it doth wonderfully helpe to fatten sheepe: - But sure it is found by experience, that if it be giuen to man - it causeth strong purgings both vpwards and downwards; and - therefore let euery one beware that they vse not this in steede - of good Sena, lest they feele to their cost the force thereof. - - - - -CHAP. CXXIII. - -_Spartum Hispanicum frutex._ Spanish Broome. - - -Although Clusius and others haue found diuers sorts of this shrubby -Spartum or Spanish Broome, yet because our Climate will nourse vp none -of them, and euen this very hardly, I shall leaue all others, and -describe vnto you this one only in this manner: Spanish Broome groweth -to bee fiue or sixe foote high, with a woody stemme below, couered with -a darke gray, or ash-coloured barke, and hauing aboue many pliant, long -and slender greene twigs, whereon in the beginning of the yeare are set -many small long greene leaues, which fall away quickly, not abiding -long on; towards the tops of these branches grow the flowers, fashioned -like vnto Broom flowers, but larger, as yellow as they, and smelling -very well; after which come small long cods, crested at the backe, -wherein is contained blackish flat seede, fashioned very like vnto the -Kidney beanes: the roote is woody, dispersing it selfe diuers waies. - - - The Place. - - This groweth naturally in many places of France, Spaine and - Italie, wee haue it as an ornament in our Gardens, among other - delightfull plants, to please the senses of sight and smelling. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth in the end of May, or beginning of Iune, and - beareth seede, which ripeneth not with vs vntill it be late. - - - The Names. - - It is called _Spartium Græcorum_, and _Spartum frutex_, to - distinguish it from the sedge or rush, that is so called also. - Of some it is called _Genista_, and thought not to differ from - the other _Genista_, but they are much deceiued; for euen in - Spaine and Italie, the ordinary _Genista_ or Broome groweth - with it, which is not pliant, and fit to binde Vines, or such - like things withall as this is. - - - The Vertues. - - There is little vse hereof in Physicke, by reason of the - dangerous qualitie of vomiting, which it doth procure to them - that take it inwardly: but being applyed outwardly, it is found - to helpe the _Sciaticæ_ or paine of the hippes. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Colutæa vulgaris._ Ordinary bastard Sene. - 2 _Periploca recta Virginiana._ Virginian Silke. - 3 _Colutæa Scorpioides._ Scorpion bastard Sene. - 4 _Spartum Hispanicum._ Spanish Broome. - 5 _Ligustrum._ Priuet. - 6 _Saluia variegata._ Party coloured Sage. - 7 _Maiorana aurea._ Guilded Marierome. -] - - - - -CHAP. CXXIIII. - -_Periploca recta Virginiana._ Virginian Silke. - - -Lest this stranger should find no hospitality with vs, being so -beautifull a plant, or not finde place in this Garden, let him be here -receiued, although with the last, rather then not at all. It riseth vp -with one or more strong and round stalkes, three or foure foote high, -whereon are set at the seuerall ioynts thereof two faire, long, and -broad leaues, round pointed, with many veines therein, growing close to -the stemme, without any foote-stalke: at the tops of the stalkes, and -some times at the ioynts of the leaues, groweth forth a great bush of -flowers out of a thinne skinne, to the number of twenty, and sometimes -thirty or forty, euery one with a long foote-stalke, hanging downe -their heads for the most part, especially those that are outermost, -euery one standing within a small huske of greene leaues, turned to -the stalkeward, like vnto the Lysimachia flower of Virginia before -described, and each of them consisting of fiue small leaues a peece, -of a pale-purplish colour on the vpperside, and of a pale yellowish -purple vnderneath, both sides of each leafe being as it were folded -together, making them seeme hollow and pointed, with a few short chiues -in the middle: after which come long and crooked pointed cods standing -vpright, wherein are contained flat brownish seede, dispersedly lying -within a great deale of fine, soft, and whitish browne silke, very -like vnto the cods, seede, and silke of _Asclepias_, or Swallow-wort, -but that the cods are greater and more crooked, and harder also in -the outer shell: the roote is long and white, of the bignesse of a -mans thumbe, running vnder ground very far, and shooting vp in diuers -places, the heads being set full of small white grumes or knots, -yeelding forth many branches, if it stand any time in a place: the -whole plant, as well leaues as stalkes, being broken, yeeld a pale -milke. - - - The Place. - - It came to me from Virginia, where it groweth aboundantly, - being raised vp from the seede I receiued. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth in Iuly, and the seede is ripe in August. - - - The Names. - - It may seeme very probable to many, that this plant is the same - that Prosper Alpinus in the twenty fift Chapter of his Booke - of Egyptian plants, nameth _Beidelsar_; and Honorius Bellus - in his third and fourth Epistles vnto Clusius (which are at - the end of his History of plants) calleth _Ossar frutex_: And - Clusius himselfe in the same Booke calleth _Apocynum Syriacum_, - _Palæstinum_, and _Ægyptiacum_, because this agreeth with - theirs in very many and notable parts; yet verily I thinke this - plant is not the same, but rather another kinde of it selfe: - First, because it is not _frutex_, a shrub or wooddy plant, - nor keepeth his leaues all the yeare, but loseth both leaues - and stalks, dying down to the ground euery yeare: Secondly, - the milke is not causticke or violent, as Alpinus and Bellus - say _Ossar_ is: Thirdly, the cods are more crooked then those - of Clusius, or of Alpinus, which Honorius Bellus acknowledgeth - to be right, although greater then those he had out of Egypt: - And lastly, the rootes of these doe runne, whereof none of them - make any mention. Gerard in his herball giueth a rude figure of - the plant, but a very true figure of the cods with seede, and - saith the Virginians call it _Wisanck_, and referreth it to the - _Asclepias_, for the likenesse of the cods stuffed with silken - doune. But what reason Caspar Bauhinus in his _Pinax Theatri - Botanici_ had, to call it (for it is Clusius his _Apocynum - Syriacum_) by the name of _Lapathum Ægyptiacum lactescens - siliqua Asclepiadis_, I know none in the world: for but that he - would shew an extreame singularity in giuing names to plants, - contrary to all others (which is very frequent with him) how - could he thinke, that this plant could haue any likenesse or - correspondencie, with any of the kindes of Dockes, that euer - he had seene, read, or heard of, in face, or shew of leaues, - flowers, or seede; but especially in giuing milke. I haue you - see (and that not without iust and euident cause) giuen it a - differing Latine name from Gerard, because the _Asclepias_ - giueth no milke, but the _Periploca_ or _Apocymum_ doth; and - therefore fitter to be referred to this then to that. And - because it should not want an English name answerable to some - peculiar property thereof, I haue from the silken doune called - it Virginian Silke: but I know there is another plant growing - in Virginia, called Silke Grasse, which is much differing from - this. - - - The Vertues. - - I know not of any in our Land hath made any tryall of the - properties hereof. Captaine Iohn Smith in his booke of the - discouery and description of Virginia, saith, that the - Virginians vse the rootes hereof (if his be the same with this) - being bruised and applyed to cure their hurts & diseases. - - - - -CHAP. CXXV. - -_Ligustrum._ Primme or Priuet. - - -Because the vse of this plant is so much, and so frequent throughout -all this Land, although for no other purpose but to make hedges or -arbours in Gardens, &c. whereunto it is so apt, that no other can be -like vnto it, to bee cut, lead, and drawne into what forme one will, -either of beasts, birds, or men armed, or otherwise: I could not -forget it, although it be so well knowne vnto all, to be an hedge bush -growing from a wooddy white roote, spreading much within the ground, -and bearing manie long, tough, and plyant sprigs and branches, whereon -are set long, narrow, and pointed sad greene leaues by couples at euery -ioynt: at the tops whereof breake forth great tufts of sweete smelling -white flowers, which when they are fallen, turne into small blacke -berries, hauing a purple iuyce within them, and small seede, flat on -the one side, with an hole or dent therein: this is seene in those -branches that are not cut, but suffered to beare out their flowers and -fruit. - - - The Place. - - This bush groweth as plentifully in the Woods of our owne - Countrey, as in any other beyond the Seas. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth sometimes in Iune,and in Iuly; the fruit is ripe in - August and September. - - - The Names. - - There is great controuersie among the moderne Writers - concerning this plant, some taking it to be κύπρος of - Dioscorides, other to be _Phillyrea_ of Dioscorides, which - followeth next after _Cyprus_. Plinie maketh mention of - _Cyprus_ in two places; in the one he saith _Cyprus_ hath - the leafe of _Ziziphus_, or the Iuiube tree: in the other - he saith, that certain do affirme, that the _Cyprus_ of the - East Country, and the _Ligustrum_ of Italy is one and the same - plant: whereby you may plainly see, that our Priuet which is - _Ligustrum_, cannot be that _Cyprus_ of Plinie with Iuiube - leaues: Besides, both Dioscorides & Plinie say, that _Cyprus_ - is a tree; but all know that _Ligustrum_, Priuet, is but an - hedge bush: Againe, Dioscorides saith, that the leaues of - _Cyprus_ giue a red colour, but Priuet giueth none. Bellonius - and Prosper Alpinus haue both recorded, that the true _Cyprus_ - of Dioscorides groweth plentifully in Egypt, Syria, and those - Easterne Countries, and noursed vp also in Constantinople, - and other parts of Greece, being a merchandise of much worth, - in that they transport the leaues, and young branches dryed, - which laid in water giue a yellow colour, wherewith the Turkish - women colour the nailes of their hands, and some other parts - of their bodies likewise, delighting much therein: and that it - is not our _Ligustrum_, or Priuet, because _Cyprus_ beareth - round white seede, like Coriander seede, and the leaues abide - greene alwaies vpon the tree, which groweth (if it bee not - cut or pruined) to the height of the Pomegranet tree. I haue - (I confesse) beyond the limits I set for this worke spoken - concerning our Priuet, because I haue had the seede of the true - _Cyprus_ of Dioscorides sent mee, which was much differing from - our Priuet, and although it sprang vp, yet would not abide any - time, whereas if it had beene our Priuet, it would haue beene - familiar enough to our Countrey. - - - The Vertues. - - It is of small vse in physicke, yet some doe vse the leaues in - Lotions, that serue to coole and dry fluxes or sores in diuers - parts. - - - - -CHAP. CXXVI. - -_Saluia variegata._ Party coloured Sage. And -_Maiorana versicolor siue aurea._ Yellow or golden Marierome. - - -Vnto all these flowers of beauty and rarity, I must adioyne two other -plants, whose beauty consisteth in their leaues, and not in their -flowers: as also to separate them from the others of their tribe, to -place them here in one Chapter, before the sweete herbes that shall -follow, as is fittest to furnish this our Garden of pleasure. This -kinde of Sage groweth with branches and leaues, very like the ordinary -Sage, but somewhat smaller, the chiefest difference consisteth in the -colour of the leaues, being diuersly marked and spotted with white and -red among the greene: for vpon one branch you shall haue the leaues -seuerally marked one from another, as the one halfe of the leafe white, -and the other halfe greene, with red shadowed ouer them both, or more -white then greene, with some red in it, either parted or shadowed, or -dasht here and there, or more greene then white, and red therein eyther -in the middle or end of the leafe, or more or lesse parted or striped -with white and red in the greene, or else sometimes wholly greene the -whole branch together, as nature listeth to play with such varieties: -which manner of growing rising from one and the same plant, because it -is the more variable, is the more delightfull and much respected. - -There is another speckled Sage parted with white and greene, but it -is nothing of that beauty to this, because this hath three colours -euidently to bee discerned in euery leafe almost, the red adding a -superaboundant grace to the rest. - - -_Maiorana aurea siue versicolor._ Yellow or golden Marierome. - -This kinde of Marierome belongeth to that sort is called in Latine -_Maiorana latifolia_, which Lobel setteth forth for _Hyssopus Græcorum -genuina_: In English Winter Marierome, or pot Marierome: for it hath -broader and greater leaues then the sweete Marierome, and a different -vmbell or tuft of flowers. The difference of this from that set forth -in the Kitchin Garden, consisteth chiefly in the leaues, which are in -Summer wholly yellow in some, or but a little greene, or parted with -yellow and greene more or lesse, as nature listeth to play: but in -Winter they are of a darke or dead greene colour, yet recouering it -selfe againe: the sent hereof is all one with the pot Marierome. - -Wee haue another parted with white and greene, much after the manner -with the former. - - - The Place, Time, Names, and Vertues of both these plants, - shall be declared where the others of their kindes are - specified hereafter, and in the Kitchen Garden; for they differ - not in properties. - - - - -CHAP. CXXVII. - -_Lauendula._ Lauender Spike. - - -After all these faire and sweete flowers before specified, I must -needes adde a few sweete herbes, both to accomplish this Garden, and to -please your senses, by placing them in your Nosegays, or else where, as -you list. And although I bring them in the end or last place, yet are -they not of the least account. - - -1. _Lauendula maior._ Garden Lauender. - -Our ordinary Garden Lauender riseth vp with a hard wooddy stemme aboue -the ground, parted into many small branches, whereon are set whitish, -long, and narrow leaues, by couples one against another; from among -which riseth vp naked square stalkes, with two leaues at a ioynt, and -at the toppe diuers small huskes standing round about them, formed in -long and round heads or spikes, with purple gaping flowers springing -out of each of them: the roote is wooddy, and spreadeth in the ground: -The whole plant is of a strong sweete sent, but the heads of flowers -much more, and more piercing the senses, which are much vsed to bee put -among linnen and apparrell. - -[Sidenote: _Flore albo._] - -There is a kinde hereof that beareth white flowers, and somewhat -broader leaues, but it is very rare, and seene but in few places with -vs, because it is more tender, and will not so well endure our cold -Winters. - - -2. _Lauendula minor seu Spica._ Small Lauender or Spike. - -The Spike or small Lauender is very like vnto the former, but groweth -not so high, neither is the head or spike so great and long, but -shorter and smaller, and of a more purplish colour in the flower: the -leaues also are a little harder, whiter, and shorter then the former; -the sent also is somewhat sharper and stronger. This is not so frequent -as the first, and is nourished but in some places that are warme, and -where they delight in rare herbes and plants. - - - The Place. - - Lauender groweth in Spaine aboundantly, in many places so - wilde, and little regarded, that many haue gone, and abiden - there to distill the oyle thereof whereof great quantity now - commeth ouer from thence vnto vs: and also in Lanquedocke, and - Prouence in France. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth early in those hot Countries, but with vs not - vntill Iune and Iuly. - - - The Names. - - It is called of some _Nardus Italica_, and _Lauendula_, the - greater is called _Fæmina_, and the lesser _Mas_. We doe call - them generally Lauender, or Lauender Spike, and the lesser - Spike, without any other addition. - - - The Vertues. - - Lauender is little vsed in inward physicke, but outwardly; the - oyle for cold and benummed parts, and is almost wholly spent - with vs, for to perfume linnen, apparrell, gloues, leather, &c., - and the dryed flowers to comfort and dry vp the moisture of a - cold braine. - - - - -CHAP. CXXVIII. - -_Stœchas._ Sticadoue, Cassidony, or French Lauender. - - -Cassidony that groweth in the Gardens of our Countrey, may peraduenture -somewhat differ in colour, as well as in strength, from that which -groweth in hotter Countries; but as it is with vs, it is more tender -a great deale then Lauender, and groweth rather like an herbe then a -bush or shrub, not aboue a foote and a halfe high, or thereabouts, -hauing many narrow long greene leaues like Lauender, but softer and -smaller, set at seuerall distances together about the stalkes, which -spread abroad into branches: at the tops whereof stand long and round, -and sometimes foure square heads, of a darke greenish purple colour, -compact of many scales set together; from among which come forth the -flowers, of a blewish purple colour, after which follow seede vessels, -which are somewhat whitish when they are ripe, containing blackish -browne seede within them: the roote is somewhat wooddy, and will hardly -abide the iniuries of our cold Winters, except in some places onely, or -before it haue flowred: The whole plant is somewhat sweete, but nothing -so much as Lauender. - - - The Place. - - Cassidony groweth in the Islands Stæchades, which are ouer - against Marselles, and in Arabia also: we keep it with great - care in our Gardens. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth the next yeare after it is sowne, in the end of - May, which is a moneth before any Lauender. - - - The Names. - - It is called of some _Lauendula siluestris_, but most vsually - _Stæchas_ in English, of some Stichadoue, or French Lauender; - and in many parts of England, Cassidony. - - - The Vertues. - - It is of much more vse in physicke then Lauender, and is much - vsed for old paines in the head. It is also held to be good - for to open obstructions, to expell melancholy, to cleanse - and strengthen the liuer, and other inward parts, and to be a - Pectorall also. - - - - -CHAP. CXXIX. - -_Abrotanum fæmina siue Santolina._ Lauender Cotton. - - -This Lauender Cotton hath many wooddy, but brittle branches, hoary or -of a whitish colour, whereon are set many leaues, which are little, -long, and foure square, dented or notched on all edges, and whitish -also: at the tops of these branches stand naked stalkes, bearing on -euery one of them a larger yellow head or flower, then eyther Tansie or -Maudeline, whereunto they are somewhat like, wherein is contained small -darke coloured seede: the roote is hard, and spreadeth abroad with many -fibres: the whole plant is of a strong sweete sent, but not vnpleasant, -and is in many places planted in Gardens, to border knots with, for -which it will abide to be cut into what forme you thinke best; for it -groweth thicke and bushy, very fit for such workes, besides the comely -shew the plant it selfe thus wrought doth yeeld, being alwayes greene, -and of a sweet sent; but because it quickly groweth great, and will -soone runne out of forme, it must be euery second or third yeare taken -vp, and new planted. - - - The Place. - - It is onely planted in Gardens with vs, for the vses aforesaid - especially. - - - The Time. - - It flowreth in Iuly, and standeth long in the hot time of the - yeare in his colour, and so will doe, if it be gathered before - it haue stood ouer long. - - - The Names. - - Diuers doe call it as Matthiolus doth, _Abrotanum fæmina_, and - _Santolina_; and some call it _Chamæcyparissus_, because the - leaues thereof, are somewhat like the leaues of the Cypresse - tree: Wee call it in English generally Lauender Cotton. - - - The Vertues. - - This is vsually put among other hot herbes, eyther into bathes, - ointments, or other things, that are vsed for cold causes. The - seede also is much vsed for the wormes. - - - - -CHAP. CXXX. - -_Ocimum._ Bassill. - - -Bassill is of two sorts (besides other kindes) for this our Garden, the -one whereof is greater, the other lesse in euery part thereof; as shall -be shewed. - - -1. _Ocimum Citratum._ Common Bassill. - -Our ordinary Garden Bassill hath one stalke rising from the root, -diuersly branched out, whereon are set two leaues alwayes at a ioynt, -which are broad, somewhat round, and pointed, of a pale greene colour, -but fresh, a little snipt or dented about the edges, and of a strong or -heady sent, somewhat like a Pomecitron, as many haue compared it, and -thereof call it _Citratum_: the flowers are small and white, standing -at the tops of the branches, with two smal leaues at euery ioynt vnder -them, in some plants green, in others browne vnder them: after which -commeth blacke seede: the roote perisheth at the first approach of -winter weather, and is to be new sowen euery yeare. - - -2. _Ocimum minimum siue Gariophyllatum._ Bush Basill. - -The bush Basill groweth not altogether so high, but is thicker spreade -out into branches, whereon grow smaller leaues, and thicker set then -the former, but of a more excellent and pleasant smell by much: the -flowers are white like the former, and the seede blacke also like -it, and perisheth as suddenly, or rather sooner then it, so that it -requireth more paines to get it, and more care to nourse it, because we -seldome or neuer haue any seede of it. - - -_Ocimum Indicum._ Indian Basill. - -The Indian Basill hath a square reddish greene stalke, a foote high -or better, from the ioynts whereof spreade out many branches, with -broade flat leaues set thereon, two alwayes together at the ioynt, one -against another, as other Basils haue, but somewhat deepely cut in on -the edges, and oftentimes a little crumpled, standing vpon long reddish -footestalkes, of a darke purple colour, spotted with deeper purple -spots, in some greater, in others lesser: the flowers stand at the tops -of the stalkes spike-fashion, which are of a white colour, with reddish -stripes and veines running through them, set or placed in darke purple -coloured huskes: the seede is greater and rounder then the former, and -somewhat long withall: the roote perisheth in like manner as the other -former doe. The whole plant smelleth strong, like vnto the other Basils. - - - The Place. - - The two last sorts of Basils are greater strangers in our - Country then the first which is frequent, and only sowen and - planted in curious gardens. The last came first out of the West - Indies. - - - The Time. - - They all flower in August, or Iuly at the soonest, and that but - by degrees, and not all at once. - - - The Names. - - The first is vsually called _Ocimum vulgare_, or _vulgatius_, - and _Ocimum Citratum_. In English, Common or Garden Basill. - The other is called _Ocimum minimum_, or _Gariophyllatum_, - Cloue Basill, or Bush Basill. The last eyther of his place, - or forme of his leaues, being spotted and curled, or all, is - called _Ocimum Indicum maculatum_, _latifolium_ & _crispum_. In - English according to the Latine, Indian Basill, broade leafed - Basill, spotted or curled Basill, which you please. - - - The Vertues. - - The ordinary Basill is in a manner wholly spent to make sweet, - or washing waters, among other sweet herbes, yet sometimes it - is put into nosegayes. The Physicall properties are, to procure - a cheerefull and merry heart, whervnto the seede is chiefly - vsed in pouder, &c. and is most vsed to that, and to no other - purpose. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Santolina._ Lauender Cotton. - 2 _Lauendula._ Lauender Spike. - 3 _Stœchas._ Cassidony. - 4 _Chamædrys._ Germander. - 5 _Ocimum minus._ Fine Bassill. - 6 _Marum._ Herbe Masticke. - 7 _Maiorana._ Sweete Marierome. -] - - - - -CHAP. CXXXI. - -_Maiorana._ Sweete Marierome. - - -Wee haue many sorts of Marierome; some that are sweete, and but Summer -plants; others that are greater and not so sweet; and some also that -are wilde. Of all these I will onely select some of the choisest that -are fit for this place, and leaue the other for the next garden, and -the garden of simples, or a generall worke: yet hereunto I will adioyne -another sweete plant called Masticke, as participating neerer with them -then with Time, whereunto many doe referre it. - - -1. _Maiorana maior æstiua._ Common sweet Marierome. - -The sweet Marierome that is most frequently sowen in our Country, is a -low herbe little aboue a foote high when it is at the highest, full of -branches, and small whitish soft roundish leaues, smelling very sweet: -at the toppes of the branches stand diuers small scaly heads, like vnto -knots, (and therefore of some called knotted Marierome) of a whitish -greene colour, out of which come here and there small white flowers, -and afterwards small reddish seede: the roote is composed of many small -threds or strings, which perish with the whole plant euery yeare. - - -2. _Maiorana tenuifolia._ Marierome gentle. - -This Marierome hath likewise diuers small branches, growing low, and -not higher then the former, but hauing finer and smaller leaues, hoary -and soft, but much sweeter: the heads are like vnto the former, and so -are the flowers and seede, and the whole plant abiding but a Summer in -the like manner. - - -3. _Marum._ Herbe Masticke. - -The neerer resemblance that this herbe hath with Marierome then with -Tyme (as I said before) hath made me place it next vnto the small sweet -Marierome. It riseth vp with a greater, and a more woody stalke then -Marierome, two foote high or better in some places, where it liketh -the ground and ayre, branching out on all sides towards the vpper -part, leauing the stemme bare below, if it bee old, otherwise being -young, thinly furnishing the branches from the bottome with small -greene leaues, bigger then the leaues of any Tyme, and comming neere -vnto the bignesse and forme of the last recited finer Marierome, but -of a greener colour: at the toppes of the branches stand small white -flowers on a head, which afterwards turne into a loose tuft of a long -white hoary matter, like vnto soft doune, with some leaues vnderneath -and about it, which abide not long on the stalkes, but are blowne away -with the winde: the seede is so small if it haue any, that I haue not -obserued it: the roote is threddy: the whole plant is of a sweete -resinous sent, stronger then the Marierome, and abideth our winters, if -it be carefully planted and regarded. - - - The Place. - - The sweete Marieromes grow naturally in hot Countreyes: the - first in Spaine &c. the second is thought to come out of Syria, - or Persia first into Italie, where they much esteeme it, and - plant it curiously and carefully in pots, and set them in their - windowes, beeing much delighted therewith for the sweet sent it - hath. The first is vsually sowen euery yeare in most gardens - with vs: but the second is very rare and daintie, and must as - daintely be preserued being more tender then the former. The - herbe Masticke is thought to be first brought out of Candie, - Clusius saith he found it in Spaine: It is planted by slippes, - (and not sowen) in many gardens, and is much replanted for - increase, but prospereth onely, or more frequently, in loamie - or clay grounds then in any other soyle. - - - The Time. - - The sweete Marieromes beare their knots or scaly heads in the - end of Iuly, or in August. Herbe Masticke in Iune many times, - or in the beginning of Iuly. - - - The Names. - - The first of the two sweet Marieromes called _Maiorana_ in - Latine _à maiore cura_, is taken of most writers to be the - _Amaracus_ or _Sampsuchum_ of Dioscorides, Theophrastus and - Plinie, although Galen doth seem a little to dissent therefrom. - The other sweet Marierome hath his name in his title as much - as can be said of it. The next is thought by the best of the - moderne Writers to be the true _Marum_ that Galen preferreth - for the excellent sweetnesse, before the former Marierome in - making the _Oleum_, or _vnguentum Amaricinum_, and seemeth to - incline to their opinion that thought _Amaracus_ was deriued - from _Marum_. It is the same also that Galen and others of the - ancient Writers make mention of, to go into the composition - of the _Trochisci Hedychroi_, as well as _Amaracus_ among the - ingredients of the _Theriaca Andromachi_. In English we call it - Masticke simply, or Herbe Mastick, both to distinguish it from - that Tyme that is called Masticke Tyme, and from the Masticke - Tree, or Gum, so called. Some of later times, and Clusius with - them, haue thought this to be Dioscorides his _Tragoriganum_, - which doth somewhat resemble it: but there is another plant - that Matthiolus setteth forth for _Marum_, that in Lobels - opinion and mine is the truest _Tragoriganum_, and this the - truest _Marum_. - - - The Vertues. - - The sweete Marieromes are not onely much vsed to please the - outward senses in nosegayes, and in the windowes of houses, - as also in sweete pouders, sweete bags, and sweete washing - waters, but are also of much vse in Physicke, both to comfort - the outward members, or parts of the body, and the inward also: - to prouoke vrine being stopped, and to ease the paines thereof, - and to cause the feminine courses. Herbe Masticke is of greater - force to helpe the stopping of vrine, then the Marierome, and - is put into Antidotes, as a remedie against the poyson of - venemous Beasts. - - - - -CHAP. CXXXI. - -_Thymum._ Tyme. - - -There are many kindes of Tyme, as they are vsually called, with vs, -some are called of the garden, and others wilde, which yet for their -sweetnesse are brought into gardens, as Muske Tyme, and Lemon Tyme; and -some for their beauty, as embroidered or gold yellow Tyme, and white -Tyme. But the true Tyme of the ancient Writers, called _Capitatum_, as -a speciall note of distinction from all other kindes of Tyme, is very -rare to be seene with vs here in England, by reason of the tendernesse, -that it will not abide our Winters. And all the other sorts that with -vs are called garden Tymes, are indeede but kindes of wilde Tyme, -although in the defect or want of the true Tyme, they are vsed in the -stead of it. With the Tymes I must doe as I did with the Marieromes in -the Chapter before, that is, reserue the most common in vse, for the -common vse of the Kitchen, and shew you only those here, that are not -put to that vse: and first with the true Tyme, because it is knowne but -to a few. - - -1. _Thymum legitimum capitatum._ The true Tyme. - -The true Tyme is a very tender plant, hauing hard and hoary brittle -branches, spreading from a small wooddy stemme, about a foote and a -halfe high, whereon are set at seuerall ioynts, and by spaces, many -small, long, whitish, or hoary greene leaues, of a quicke sent and -taste: at the tops of the branches stand small long whitish greene -heads, somewhat like vnto the heads of _Stæchas_, made as it were of -many leaues or scales, out of which start forth small purplish flowers -(and in some white, as Bellonius saith) after which commeth small -seede, that soone falleth out, and if it be not carefully gathered, -is soone lost, which made (I thinke) Theophrastus to write, that this -Tyme was to be sowne of the flowers, as not hauing any other seede: the -root is small and wooddy. This holdeth not his leaues in Winter, no -not about Seuill in Spaine, where it groweth aboundantly, as Clusius -recordeth, finding it there naked or spoiled of leaues. And will not -abide our Winters, but perisheth wholly, roote and all. - - -2. _Serpillum hortense siue maius._ Garden wilde Tyme. - -The wilde Tyme that is cherished in gardens groweth vpright, but yet -is lowe, with diuers slender branches, and small round greene leaues, -somewhat like vnto small fine Marierome, and smelling somewhat like -vnto it: the flowers growe in roundels at the toppes of the branches, -of a purplish colour: And in another of this kinde they are of a pure -white colour. - -There is another also like hereunto, that smelleth somewhat like vnto -Muske; and therefore called Muske Tyme, whose greene leaues are not so -small as the former, but larger and longer. - - -3. _Serpillum Citratum._ Lemon Tyme. - -The wilde Tyme that smelleth like vnto a Pomecitron or Lemon, hath many -weake branches trayling on the ground, like vnto the first described -wilde Tyme, with small darke greene leaues, thinly or sparsedly set -on them, and smelling like vnto a Lemon, with whitish flowers at the -toppes in roundels or spikes. - - -4. _Serpillum aureum siue versicolor._ Guilded or embroidered Tyme. - -This kinde of wilde Tyme hath small hard branches lying or leaning -to the ground, with small party coloured leaues vpon them, diuided -into stripes or edges, of a gold yellow colour, the rest of the leafe -abiding greene, which for the variable mixture or placing of the -yellow, hath caused it to be called embroidered or guilded Tyme. - - - The Place. - - The first groweth as is said before, about Seuill in Spaine, in - very great aboundance as Clusius saith; and as Bellonius saith, - very plentifully on the mountaines through all Greece. The - others growe some in this Country, and some in others: but wee - preserue them with all the care wee can in our gardens, for the - sweete and pleasant sents and varieties they yeeld. - - - The Time. - - The first flowreth not vntill August; the rest in Iune and Iuly. - - - The Names. - - Their names are seuerally set downe in their titles, as is - sufficient to distinguish them; and therefore I shall not neede - to trouble you any further with them. - - - The Vertues. - - The true Tyme is a speciall helpe to melancholicke and - spleneticke diseases, as also to flatulent humours, either - in the vpper or lower parts of the body. The oyle that is - Chimically drawne out of ordinary Tyme, is vsed (as the whole - herbe is, in the stead of the true) in pils for the head and - stomach. It is also much vsed for the toothach, as many other - such like hot oyles are. - - - - -CHAP. CXXXII. - -_Hyssopus._ Hyssope. - - -There are many varieties of Hyssope, beside the common or ordinary, -which I reserue for the Kitchen garden, and intend onely in this place -to giue you the knowledge of some more rare: _viz._ of such as are -noursed vp by those that are curious, and fit for this garden: for -there are some other, that must be remembred in the Physicke garden, or -Garden of Simples, or else in a generall worke. - - -1. _Hyssopus folijs niueis._ White Hyssope. - -This white Hyssope is of the same kinde and smell with the common -Hyssope; but differeth, in that this many times hath diuers leaues, -that are wholly of a white colour, with part of the stalke also: others -are parted, the one halfe white, the other halfe greene, and some -are wholly greene, or with some spots or stripes of white within the -greene, which makes it delightfull to most Gentlewomen. - - -2. _Hyssopus folijs cinereis._ Russet Hyssope. - -As the last hath party coloured leaues, white and greene, so this hath -his leaues of an ash-colour, which of some is called russet; and hath -no other difference either in forme or smell. - - -3. _Hyssopus aureus._ Yellow or golden Hyssope. - -All the leaues of this Hyssope are wholly yellow, or but a little -greene in them, and are of so pleasant a colour, especially in Summer, -that they prouoke many Gentlewomen to weare them in their heads, and on -their armes, with as much delight as many fine flowers can giue: but -in Winter their beautifull colour is much decayed, being of a whitish -greene, yet recouer themselues againe the next Summer. - - -4. _Hyssopus surculis densis._ Double Hyssope. - -As this kinde of Hyssope groweth lower then the former or ordinary -kinde, so it hath more branches, slenderer, and not so wooddy, leaning -somewhat downe toward the ground, so wonderfully thicke set with -leaues, that are like vnto the other, but of a darker greene colour, -and somewhat thicker withall, that it is the onely fine sweete herbe, -that I know fittest (if any be minded to plant herbes) to set or border -a knot of herbes or flowers, because it will well abide, and not growe -too wooddy or great, nor be thinne of leaues in one part, when it is -thicke in another, so that it may be kept with cutting as smooth and -plaine as a table. If it be suffered to growe vp of it selfe alone, it -riseth with leaues as before is specified, and flowreth as the common -doth, and of the same sent also, not differing in any thing, but in the -thicknesse of the leaues on the stalkes and branches, and the aptnesse -to be ordered as the keeper pleaseth. - - -_Chamædrys._ Germander. - -Lest Germander should be vtterly forgotten, as not worthy of our -Garden, seeing many (as I said in my treatise or introduction to this -Garden) doe border knots therewith: let me at the least giue it a -place, although the last, being more vsed as a strewing herbe for the -house, then for any other vse. It is (I thinke) sufficiently knowne to -haue many branches, with small and somewhat round endented leaues on -them, and purplish gaping flowers: the rootes spreading far abroad, and -rising vp againe in many places. - - - The Place. - - These Hyssopes haue beene most of them noursed vp of long time - in our English Gardens, but from whence their first originall - should be, is not well knowne. The Germander also is onely in - Gardens, and not wilde. - - - The Time. - - They flower in Iune and Iuly. - - - The Names. - - The seuerall names whereby they are knowne to vs, are set - forth in their titles; and therefore I neede not here say - more of them then onely this, that neyther they here set - downe, nor the common or ordinary sort, nor any of the rest - not here expressed, are any of them the true Hyssope of the - ancient Greeke Writers, but _supposititiæ_, vsed in the stead - thereof. The Germander, from the forme of the leaues like vnto - small oaken leaues, had the name _Chamædrys_ giuen it, which - signifieth a dwarfe Oake. - - - The Vertues. - - The common Hyssope is much vsed in all pectorall medicines, - to cut fleagme, and to cause it easily to be auoided. It is - vsed of many people in the Country, to be laid vnto cuts or - fresh wounds, being bruised, and applyed eyther alone, or with - a little Sugar. It is much vsed as a sweet herbe, to be in - the windowes of an house. I finde it much commended against - the Falling Sicknesse, especially being made into Pils after - this manner: Of Hyssope, Horhound, and Castor, of each halfe - a dramme, of Peony rootes (the male kinde is onely fit to be - vsed for this purpose) two drams, of _Assafætida_ one scruple: - Let them be beaten, and made into pils with the iuyce of - Hyssope; which being taken for seuen dayes together at night - going to bed, is held to be effectual to giue much ease, if - not thoroughly to cure those that are troubled with that - disease. The vse of Germander ordinarily is as Tyme, Hyssope, - and other such herbes, to border a knot, whereunto it is often - appropriate, and the rather, that it might be cut to serue (as - I said) for a strewing herbe for the house among others. For - the physicall vse it serueth in diseases of the splene, and the - stopping of vrine, and to procure womens courses. - - * * * * * - -Thus haue I led you through all my Garden of Pleasure, and shewed you -all the varieties of nature noursed therein, pointing vnto them, and -describing them one after another. And how lastly (according to the vse -of our old ancient Fathers) I bring you to rest on the Grasse, which -yet shall not be without some delight, and that not the least of all -the rest. - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Thymum legitimum._ The true Tyme. - 2 _Serpillum maius hortense._ Garden wilde Tyme. - 3 _Serpillum Citratum._ Lemon Tyme. - 4 _Hyssopus versicolor siue aureus._ Golden Hyssope. - 5 _Chamædrys._ Germander. - 6 _Spartum Austriacum siue Gramen plumarium minus._ The lesser - feather Grasse. - 7 _Gramen striatum vel sulcatum._ Painted Grasse or Ladies Laces. -] - - - - -CHAP. CXXXIII. - -_Gramina._ Grasses. - - -There are among an infinite number (as I may so say) of Grasses, a few -onely which I thinke fit to be planted in this Garden, both for the -rarity of them, and also for your delight, and the excellent beauty -that is in them aboue many other plants. One of them hath long agoe bin -respected, and cherished in the country gardens of many Gentlewomen, -and others. The others are knowne but vnto a few. - - -1. _Gramen striatum._ Painted Grasse or Ladies laces. - -This kinde of Grasse hath many stiffe, hard, round stalkes, full of -ioynts, whereon are set at euery ioynt one long leafe, somewhat broad -at the bottome, where it compasseth the stalke, and smaller to the end, -where it is sharpe pointed, hard or rough in handling, and striped all -the length of the leafe with white streakes or lines, that they seeme -party coloured laces of white and greene: the tops of the stalkes are -furnished with long spikie tufts, like vnto the tufts of Couch Grasse: -the rootes are small, white, and threddy, like the rootes of other -Grasses. - - -2. _Gramen Plumarium minus._ The lesser Feather-Grasse. - -This lesser Feather-Grasse hath many small, round, and very long -leaues or blades, growing in tufts, much finer and smaller then any -other Grasse that I know, being almost like vnto haires, and of a -fresh greene colour in Summer, but changing into gray, like old hay in -Winter, being indeede all dead, and neuer reuiuing; yet hardly to be -plucked away vntill the Spring, and then other greene leaues or rushes -rise vp by them, and in their stead, and are aboue a foote in length: -from the middle of these tufts come forth rounder and bigger rushes, -which are the stalkes, and which haue a chaffie round eare about the -middle thereof, which when it is full growne, is somewhat higher then -the toppes of the leaues or rushes, opening it selfe (being before -close) at the top, and shewing forth three or foure long ayles or -beards, one aboue another, which bend themselues a little downewards -(if they stand ouer long before they are gathered, and will fall off, -and be blowne away with the winde) being so finely feathered on both -sides, all the length of the beard, and of a pale or grayish colour, -that no feather in the taile of the Bird of Paradise can be finer, -or to be compared with them, hauing sticking at the end of euery one -of them, within the eare, a small, long, whitish, round, hard, and -very sharpe pointed graine, like vnto an oaten graine, that part of -the stalke of the feather that is next vnder it, and aboue the seede -for some two or three inches, being stiffe and hard, and twining or -curling it selfe, if it be suffered to stand too long, or to fall away, -otherwise being straight as the feather it selfe: the roote is composed -of many long, hard, small threddy strings, which runne deepe and far, -and will not willingly be remoued, in that it gaineth strength euery -yeare by standing. - - -3. _Gramen Plumarium maius._ The greater Feather-Grasse. - -The greater Feather-Grasse is like vnto the lesser, but that both the -leaues and the feathers, are greater, and nothing so fine, grosser -also, and of lesse beauty and respect, though whiter then it; and -therefore is not so much regarded: for I haue knowne, that many -Gentlewomen haue vsed the former lesser kinde, being tyed in tufts, to -set them in stead of feathers about their beds, where they haue lyen -after childe-bearing, and at other times also, when as they haue been -much admired of the Ladies and Gentles that haue come to visit them. - - - The Place. - - The first of these Grasses, as Lobel saith, groweth naturally - in the woods and hils of Sauoy. It hath long agoe beene - receiued into our English gardens. The second, as Clusius - saith, in Austria, from whence also (as I take it) the greater - came, and are both in the gardens of those, that are curious - obseruers of these delights. - - - The Time. - - The first is in its pride for the leaues all the Spring and - Summer, yeelding his bush in Iune. The other giue their - feather-like sprigs in Iuly and August, and quickly (as I said) - are shed, if they be not carefully gathered. - - - The Names. - - The first is called by Lobel _Gramen sulcatum_, or _striatum - album_; of others _Gramen pictum_. The French call it - _Aiguellettes d’armes_, of the fashion that their Ensignes, - Pennons, or Streamers vsed in wars were of, that is, like vnto - a party coloured curtaine. In English vsually Ladies laces, - and Painted Grasse. The first of the other two is called - _Gramen plumarium_ or _plumosum_, and _minus_ is added for the - distinction of it. Clusius calleth it _Spartum Austriacum_, - of the likenesse and place where he found it. The last is, - called _Gramen plumarium_, or _plumosum maius_, The greater - Feather-Grasse. - - - The Vertues. - - These kindes of Grasses are not in any time or place that I doe - heare of applyed to any Physicall vse; and therefore of them I - will say no more: but here I will end the prime part of this - worke. - - - - -THE ORDERING OF THE KITCHEN GARDEN. - - - - -CHAP. I. - -_The situation of a Kitchen Garden, or Garden of Herbes, and what sort -of manure is fittest to helpe the decaying of the soyle thereof._ - - -Hauing giuen you the best rules and instructions that I can for your -flower Garden, and all the flowers that are fit to furnish it, I now -proceede to your herbe garden, which is not of the least respect -belonging to any mans house, nor vtterly to bee neglected for the -many vtilities are to be had from it, both for the Masters profit -and pleasure, and the meynies content and nourishment: all which if -I should here set down, I had a large field to wander in, and matter -sufficient to entreat of, but this worke permitteth not that libertie: -and I thinke there are but few but eyther know it already, or conceiue -it sufficiently in their minds. Passing therefore no further in such -discourses, I come to the matter in hand, which is to shew you where -the fittest place is for an herbe garden. As before I shewed you that -the beautie of any worthy house is much the more commended for the -pleasant situation of the garden of flowers, or of pleasure, to be in -the sight and full prospect of all the chiefe and choisest roomes of -the house; so contrariwise, your herbe garden should bee on the one -or other side of the house, and those best and choyse roomes: for the -many different sents that arise from the herbes, as Cabbages, Onions, -&c. are scarce well pleasing to perfume the lodgings of any house; and -the many ouertures and breaches as it were of many of the beds thereof, -which must necessarily bee, are also as little pleasant to the sight. -But for priuate mens houses, who must like their habitations as they -fall vnto them, and cannot haue time or meanes to alter them, they must -make a vertue of necessity, and conuert their places to their best -aduantage, by making their profit their chiefest pleasure, and making -one place serue for all vses. The choyce of ground for this Garden, is -(as I said before) where it is fat, fertill and good, there needeth -the lesse labour and cost; and contrariwise, where it is cold, wet, -dry or barren, there must bee the more helpes still added to keepe -it in heart. For this Garden by reason of the much and continuall -stirring therein, the herbes and rootes drawing out the substance of -the fertilitie thereof more aboundantly then in the former, must be -continually holpen with soyle, or else few things of goodnesse or worth -will come forward therein. The stable soyle of horses is best and most -proper for any colde grounds, for being the hottest, it will cause any -the seedes for this Garden to prosper well, and be more forward then in -any other ground that is not so holpen. The stable soyle of Cattell is -of a colder and moister nature, and is therefore more proper for the -hot sandy or grauelly grounds, and although it bee longer before it bee -brought to mould then that of horses, yet it will outlast it more then -twice so long. Let euery one therefore take according to the nature -of the ground such helpes as are most fit and conuenient, as I haue -here and before shewed. But I doe here ingenuously confesse my opinion -of these forcings and helpings of ground, that howsoeuer it doth much -good to some particular things, which because they delight in heate, -and cannot be brought to perfection without it in this our Countrey, -which is colder then their naturall from whence they are brought, must -therefore haue artificiall helpes to forward them; yet for many other -things the compost doth much alter and abate the naturall vigour, and -quickenesse of taste, that is perceiued in them that grow in a naturall -fat or sandy soile that is not so holpen. - - - - -CHAP. II. - -_The forme of a Garden of herbes for necessary vses, with the ordering -thereof._ - - -As our former Garden of pleasure is wholly formable in euery part with -squares, trayles, and knots, and to bee still maintained in their due -forme and beautie: so on the contrary side this Garden cannot long -conserue any forme, for that euery part thereof is subiect to mutation -and alteration. For although it is conuenient that many herbes doe grow -by themselues on beds, cast out into some proportion fit for them, as -Tyme, Hissope, Sage, &c. yet many others may bee sowen together on a -plot of ground of that largenesse that may serue euery mans particular -vse as he shall haue occasion to employ it, as Reddish, Lettice and -Onions, which after they are growne vp together may be drawne vp and -taken away, as there is occasion to spend them: but Carrots or Parsneps -being sowen with others must bee suffered to grow last, because -they require a longer time before they be fit to be taken vp. Other -herbes require some large compasse of ground whereon they may grow of -themselues without any other herbes growing among them, as Artichokes, -Cowcumbers, Melons, Pompions. And some will doe so with their Cabbages -also, but the best and most frugall way now vsed, is to plant them -round about the border of your plot or ground whereon you plant -Cowcumbers, Pompions, or other things, in that by this meanes so much -ground will be well saued, and the other things be no whit hindered -thereby, which else a great deale of ground must be employed for them -apart. So that by this that I haue here said, you may perceiue the -forme of this Garden is for the most part, to bee still out of forme -and order, in that the continuall taking vp of the herbes and rootes -that are sowen and planted, causeth the beds or parts of this Garden -to lye broken, dismembered, and out of the order that at the first it -was put into. Remember herewithall that (as I said before) this Garden -requireth the continuall helpe of soyle to be brought into it, in that -the plenty of these manner of herbes and rootes doe so much waste -the fertilitie and fatnesse of the ground, that without continuall -refreshing it would quickly become so poore and barren, that it would -not yeelde the worth of the seede. The ordinary time to soyle a Garden, -is to bring in manure or dung before Christmas, and eyther bury at some -small depth, not too deepe, or else to lay it vpon the ground that the -winter frostes may pierce it, and then turne it shallow into the ground -to sow your seeds in the Spring. - - - - -CHAP. III. - -_How to order diuers Garden herbes, both for their sowing, spending, -and gathering of the seede._ - - -Ovr chiefest and greatest Gardiners now adaies, doe so prouide for -themselues euery yeare, that from their owne grounds they gather the -seede of many herbes that they sowe againe: for hauing gained the -best kind of diuers herbes, they will be still furnished with the -same, and be not to seeke euery yeare for new that oftentimes will not -yeelde them halfe the profit that their choyce seede will: I say of -many herbes, but not of all; for the best of them all hath not ground -sufficient for all sorts, nor will our climate bring some to that -perfection that other forraine doth, and therefore the seede of some -things are continually brought from beyond Sea vnto vs. And againe -although our chiefe Gardiners doe still prouide their owne seede of -diuers things from their owne ground, because as I said it is of the -best kinde, yet you must vnderstand also, that good store of the same -sortes of seeds are brought from beyond the Seas, for that which is -gathered in this Land is not sufficient to serue euery mans vse in the -whole Kingdome by many parts; yet still it is true, that our English -seede of many things is better then any that commeth from beyond the -Seas: as for example, Reddish, Lettice, Carrots, Parsneps, Turneps, -Cabbages, and Leekes, of all which I intend to write in this place; -for these are by them so husbanded, that they doe not sow their owne -grounds with any other seede of these sorts but their owne: which -that you may know the manner how to doe, I will here set it downe, -that euery one may haue the best directions if they will follow them. -Of Reddish there are two sorts, one more early then the other: they -vse therefore to sow their early Reddish first, that they may haue -the earliest profit of them, which is more worth in one fortnight, -then in a moneth after. And to effect this they haue some artificiall -helps also; which are these: They vse to digge vp a large plot of -ground where they intend to sow their seede a little before or after -Christmas, casting it into high bankes or ridges fiue or sixe foote -asunder, which they suffer to lye and take all the extreame frosts -in Ianuary to mellow the earth, and when the frostes are past, they -then beginne to bring into it good store of fresh stable dung, which -they laye neyther too deepe nor too thicke, and couer it with the -mould a hand breadth thicknesse aboue the dung, which doth giue such -a warmth and comfort to whatsoeuer is sowen thereon, that it forceth -it forward much sooner then any other way can doe: And to preuent -both the frostes, and the cold bitter windes which often spoyle their -seede new sprung vp, they vse to set great high and large mattes made -of reedes, tyed together, and fastened vnto strong stakes, thrust -into the ground to keepe them vp from falling, or being blowne down -with the winde; which mattes they place on the North and East side to -breake the force of these winds, and are so sure and safe a defence, -that a bricke wall cannot better defend anything vnder it, then this -fence will. In this manner they doe euery yeare to bring forward their -seede to gaine the more by them, and they that will haue Reddish -early, must take the same course. The other sort of Reddish for the -most part is sowen in Februarie, a fortnight after the other at the -least, and likewise euery moneth after vnto September, that they may -haue young continually. For the blacke Reddish, although many in many -places doe sowe it in the same time, and in the same manner that the -ordinary is sowen, yet the nature thereof is to runne vp to seede more -speedily then the other, if it haue so rich ground to grow vpon, and -therefore the best time to sow it is in August, that so it may abide -all winter, therein is the chiefest time for the spending thereof, and -to keepe it vntill the beginning of the next yeare from running vp to -seed: the gathering whereof, as also of the other sort, is all after -one manner, that is, to be pulled vp when the pods change whitish, and -then hanged vpon bushes, pales, or such other thing, vntill they bee -thorough dry, and then beaten or thrashed out vpon a smooth plancher, -or vpon clothes, as euery ones store is, and their conueniencie. -Lettice is sowen oftentimes with the early Reddish, in the same manner -before said, that they may haue Lettice likewise as early as the time -of the year will permit them, which they pull vp where they grow -too thicke, spending them first, and so taking vp from time to time, -vntill they stand two foote in sunder one from another, and beginne -to spindle and shoote vp for seede. In this is vsed some arte to make -the plants strong to giue the better seede without danger of rotting -or spoyling with the wet, which often happeneth to those about whom -this caution is not obserued: Before your Lettice is shot vp, marke -out the choysest and strongest plantes which are fittest to grow for -seede, and from those when they are a foote high, strippe away with -your hand the leaues that grow lowest vpon the stalke next the ground, -which might rot, spoyle or hinder them from bearing so good seede; -which when it is neere to be ripe, the stalkes must be cut off about -the middle, and layde vpon mats or clothes in the Sunne, that it may -there fully ripen and be gathered; for it would be blowne away with the -winde if it should be suffered to abide on the stalkes long. Parsneps -must be sowen on a deep trenched mellow ground, otherwise they may run -to seede the first yeare, which then are nothing worth: or else the -rootes will be small staruelings and short, and runne into many spires -or branches, whereby they will not bee of halfe the worth. Some vse to -sow them in August and September, that so they may bee well growne to -serue to spend in Lent following, but their best time is in February, -that the Summers growth may make them the fairer and greater. When -they runne vp to seede you shall take the principall or middle heades, -for those carry the Master seede, which is the best, and will produce -the fairest rootes againe. You shall hardly haue all the seede ripe at -one instant, for vsually the chiefest heads will be fallen before the -other are ripe: you must therefore still looke them ouer, and cut them -as they ripen. Carrots are vsually sowen in March and Aprill, and if -it chance that some of them doe runne vp for seede the same year, they -are to be weeded out, for neyther the seed nor roots of them are good: -You must likewise pull them vp when they are too thicke, if you will -haue them grow fair, or for seed, that they may grow at the least three -or foure foot in sunder: the stalkes of Carrots are limber, and fall -downe to the ground; they must therefore be sustained by poles layde -acrosse on stalkes thrust into the ground, and tyed to the poles and -stalkes to keepe them vp from rotting or spoyling vpon the ground: the -seed hereof is not all ripe at once, but must be tended and gathered -as it ripeneth, and layd to dry in some dry chamber or floore, and -then beaten out with a stick, and winnowed from the refuse. Turneps -are sowne by themselues vpon a good ground in the end of Iuly, and -beginning of August, to haue their rootes best to spend in winter; for -it often happeneth that those seedes of Turneps that are sowen in the -Spring, runne vp to seede the same yeare, and then it is not accounted -good. Many doe vse to sow Turneps on those grounds from whence the same -yeare they haue taken off Reddish and Lettice, to make the greater -profit of the ground, by hauing two crops of increase in one yeare. -The stalkes of Turneps will bend downe to the ground, as Carrots doe, -but yet must not be bound or ordered in that manner, but suffered to -grow without staking or binding, so as they grow of some good distance -in sunder: when the seede beginneth to grow ripe, be very carefull to -preserue it from the birds, which will be most busie to deuour them. -You shall vnderstand likewise that many doe account the best way to -haue the fairest and most principall seede from all these fore-recited -herbes, that after they are sowen and risen to a reasonable growth, -they be transplanted into fresh ground. Cabbages also are not only -sowen for the vse of their heads to spend for meat, but to gather their -seede likewise, which howsoeuer some haue endeauoured to doe, yet few -haue gained good seede, because our sharpe hard frostes in winter haue -spoyled and rotted their stockes they preserued for the purpose; but -others haue found out a better and a more sure way, which is, to take -vp your stocks that are fittest to be preserued, and bring them into -the house, and there wrap them eyther in clothes, or other things to -defend them from the cold, and hang them vp in a dry place, vntill the -beginning of March following, then planting them in the ground, and -a little defend them at the first with straw cast ouer them from the -cold nights, thereby you may be sure to haue perfect good seede, if -your kinde be of the best: Sowe your seed in the moneths of February or -March, and transplant them in May where they may stand to grow for your -vse, but be carefull to kill the wormes or Caterpillers that else will -deuoure all your leaues, and be carefull also that none of the leaues -bee broken in the planting, or otherwise rubbed, for that oftentimes -hindereth the well closing of them. Leekes are for the most part -wholly noursed vp from the seede that is here gathered; and because -there is not so much store of them either sowne or spent, as there -is of Onions by the twentieth part, we are still the more carefull -to be prouided from our owne labours; yet there be diuers Gardiners -in this Kingdome, that doe gather some small quantity of Onion seede -also for their owne or their priuate friends spending. The sowing of -them both is much about one time and manner, yet most vsually Leeks -are sowne later then Onions, and both before the end of March at the -furthest; yet some sowe Onions from the end of Iuly to the beginning -of September, for their Winter prouision. Those that are sowne in the -Spring, are to be taken vp and transplanted on a fresh bed prepared -for the purpose, or else they will hardly abide a Winter; but hauing -taken roote before Winter, they will beare good seede in the Summer -following: You must stake both your Leekes and your Onion beds, and -with poles laid a crosse, binde your lopple headed stalkes vnto them, -on high as well as belowe, or else the winde and their owne weight -will beare them downe to the ground, and spoile your seede. You must -thinne them, that is, pull vp continually after they are first sprung -vp those that growe too thicke, as you doe with all the other herbes -before spoken of, that they may haue the more roome to thriue. Of all -these herbes and rootes before spoken of, you must take the likeliest -and fairest to keepe for your seede; for if you should not take the -best, what hope of good seede can you expect? The time for the spending -of these herbes and rootes, not particularly mentioned, is vntill they -begin to runne vp for seede, or vntill they are to be transplanted for -seede, or else vntill Winter, while they are good, as euery one shall -see cause. - - - - -CHAP. IIII. - -_How to order Artichokes, Melons, Cowcumbers, and Pompions._ - - -There are certaine other herbes to be spoken of, which are wholly -noursed vp for their fruit sake, of whom I shall not need to say much, -being they are so frequent in euery place. Artichokes being planted of -faire and large slips, taken from the roote in September and October -(yet not too late) will most of them beare fruit the next yeare, so -that they be planted in well dunged ground, and the earth raised vp -like vnto an Anthill round about each roote, to defend them the better -from the extreame frosts in Winter. Others plant slips in March and -Aprill, or sooner, but although some of them will beare fruit the -same yeare, yet all will not. And indeede many doe rather choose to -plant in the spring then in the fall, for that oftentimes an extreame -hard Winter following the new setting of slips, when they haue not -taken sufficient heart and roote in the ground, doth vtterly pierce -and perish them, when as they that are set in the Spring haue the -whole Summers growth, to make them strong before they feele any sharpe -frosts, which by that time they are the better able to beare. Muske -Melons haue beene begun to bee noursed vp but of late dayes in this -Land, wherein although many haue tryed and endeauoured to bring them to -perfection, yet few haue attained vnto it: but those rules and orders -which the best and skilfullest haue vsed, I will here set downe, that -who so will, may haue as good and ripe Melons as any other in this -Land. The first thing you are to looke vnto, is to prouide you a peece -of ground fit for the purpose, which is either a sloping or sheluing -banke, lying open and opposite to the South Sunne, or some other fit -place not sheluing, and this ground also you must so prepare, that all -the art you can vse about it to make it rich is little enough; and -therefore you must raise it with meere stable soyle, thorough rotten & -well turned vp, that it may be at the least three foote deepe thereof, -which you must cast also into high beds or balkes, with deepe trenches -or furrowes betweene, so as the ridges may be at the least a foot and -a halfe higher then the furrowes; for otherwise it is not possible to -haue good Melons growe ripe. The choise of your seede also is another -thing of especiall regard, and the best is held to be Spanish, and -not French, which hauing once gained, be sure to haue still of the -same while they last good, that you may haue the seede of your owne -ripe Melons from them that haue eaten them, or saue some of the best -your selfe for the purpose. I say while they last good; for many are -of opinion, that no seede of Muske Melons gathered in England, will -endure good to sowe againe here aboue the third yeare, but still they -must be renewed from whence you had your choisest before. Then hauing -prepared a hot bed of dung in Aprill, set your seedes therein to raise -them vp, and couer them, and order them with as great care or greater -then Cowcumbers, &c. are vsed, that when they are ready, they may be -transplanted vpon the beds or balkes of that ground you had before -prepared for them, and set them at the least two yards in sunder, euery -one as it were in a hole, with a circle of dung about them, which vpon -the setting being watered with water that hath stood in the Sunne a day -or two, and so as often as neede is to water, couer them with strawe -(some vse great hollow glasses like vnto bell heads) or some such other -things, to defend them both from the cold euenings or dayes, and the -heate of the Sunne, while they are young and new planted. There are -some that take vpon them great skill, that mislike of the raising vp -of Melons, as they doe also of Cowcumbers, on a hot bed of horse dung, -but will put two or three seedes in a place in the very ground where -they shall stand and growe, and thinke without that former manner of -forcing them forwards, that this their manner of planting will bring -them on fast and sure enough, in that they will plucke away some of the -worst and weakest, if too many rise vp together in a place; but let -them know for certaine, that howsoeuer for Cowcumbers their purpose and -order may doe reasonable well, where the ground is rich and good, and -where they striue not to haue them so early, as they that vse the other -way, for Muske Melons, which are a more tender fruit, requiring greater -care and trouble in the noursing, and greater and stronger heate for -the ripening, they must in our cold climate haue all the art vsed vnto -them that may be, to bring them on the more early, and haue the more -comfort of the Sunne to ripen them kindly, or else they will not bee -worth the labour and ground. After you haue planted them as aforesaid, -some of good skill doe aduise, that you be carefull in any dry season, -to giue them water twice or thrice euery weeke while they are young, -but more afterward when they are more growne, and that in the morning -especially, yea and when the fruit is growne somewhat great, to water -the fruit it selfe with a watering pot in the heate of the day, is of -so good effect, that it ripeneth them much faster, and will giue them -the better taste and smell, as they say. To take likewise the fruit, -and gather it at the full time of his ripenesse is no small art; for if -it be gathered before his due time to be presently eaten, it will be -hard and greene, and not eate kindly; and likewise if it be suffered -too long, the whole goodnesse will be lost: You shall therefore know, -that it is full time to gather them to spend presently, when they begin -to looke a little yellowish on the outside, and doe smell full and -strong; but if you be to send them farre off, or keepe them long vpon -any occasion, you shall then gather them so much the earlier, that -according to the time of the carriage and spending, they may ripen in -the lying, being kept dry, and couered with woollen clothes: When you -cut one to eate, you shall know it to be ripe and good, if the seede -and pulpe about them in the middle be very waterish, and will easily -be separated from the meate, and likewise if the meate looke yellow, -and be mellow, and not hard or greene, and taste full and pleasant, -and not waterish: The vsuall manner to eate them is with pepper and -salt, being pared and sliced, and to drowne them in wine, for feare of -doing more harme. Cowcumbers and Pompions, after they are noursed vp -in the bed of hot dung, are to be seuerally transplanted, each of them -on a large plot of ground, a good distance in sunder: but the Pompions -more, because their branches take vp a great deale more ground, & -besides, will require a great deale more watering, because the fruit is -greater. And thus haue you the ordering of those fruits which are of -much esteeme, especially the two former, with all the better sort of -persons; and the third kinde is not wholly refused of any, although it -serueth most vsually for the meaner and poorer sort of people, after -the first early ripe are spent. - - - - -CHAP. V. - -_The ordering of diuers sorts of herbes for the pot, for meate, and for -the table._ - - -Tyme, Sauory, and Hyssope, are vsually sowne in the Spring on beds by -themselues, euerie one a part; but they that make a gaine by selling to -others the young rootes, to set the knots or borders of Gardens, doe -for the most part sowe them in Iuly and August, that so being sprung -vp before Winter, they will be the fitter to be taken vp in the Spring -following, to serue any mans vse that would haue them. Sage, Lauender, -and Rosemary, are altogether set in the Spring, by slipping the old -stalkes, and taking the youngest and likeliest of them, thrusting them -either twined or otherwise halfe a foote deepe into the ground, and -well watered vpon the setting; if any seasonable weather doe follow, -there is no doubt of their well thriuing: the hot Sunne and piercing -drying Windes are the greatest hinderances to them; and therefore I -doe aduise none to set too soone in the Spring, nor yet in Autumne, -as many doe practise: for I could neuer see such come to good, for -the extremity of the Winter comming vpon them so soone after their -setting, will not suffer their young shootes to abide, not hauing taken -sufficient strength in the ground, to maintain themselues against such -violence, which doth often pierce the strongest plants. Marierome and -Bassill are sowne in the Spring, yet not too early; for they are tender -plants, and doe not spring vntill the weather bee somewhat warme: but -Bassill would bee sowne dry, and not haue any water of two or three -daies after the sowing, else the seede will turne to a gelly in the -ground. Some vse to sowe the seed of Rosemary, but it seldome abideth -the first Winter, because the young plants being small, and not of -sufficient strength, cannot abide the sharpnesse of some Winters, -notwithstanding the couering of them, which killeth many old plants; -but the vsuall way is to slippe and set, and so they thriue well. -Many doe vse to sowe all or the most sorts of Pot-herbes together on -one plot of ground, that they neede not to goe farre to gather all -the sorts they would vse. There are many sorts of them well knowne -vnto all, yet few or none doe vse all sorts, but as euery one liketh; -some vse those that others refuse, and some esteem those not to bee -wholesome and of a good rellish, which others make no scruple of. The -names of them are as followeth, and a short relation of their sowing or -planting. - -Rosemary, Tyme, and Sauorie are spoken of before, and Onions, and -Leekes. - -Mints are to bee set with their rootes in some by-place, for that their -rootes doe creepe so farre vnder ground, that they quickly fill vp the -places neare adioyning, if they be not puld vp. - -Clarie is to be sowne, and seedeth and dyeth the next yeare, the herbe -is strong, and therefore a little thereof is sufficient. - -Nep is sowne, and dyeth often after seeding, few doe vse it, and that -but a little at a time: both it and Clarie are more vsed in Tansies -then in Broths. - -Costmarie is to be set of rootes, the leaues are vsed with some in -their Broths, but with more in their Ale. - -Pot Marierome is set of rootes, being separated in sunder. - -Penniroyall is to be set of the small heads that haue rootes, it -creepeth and spreadeth quickly. - -Allisanders are to be sowne of seede, the tops of the rootes with the -greene leaues are vsed in Lent especially. - -Parsley is a common herbe, and is sowne of seede, it seedeth the next -yeare and dyeth: the rootes are more vsed in broths then the leaues, -and the leaues almost with all sorts of meates. - -Fennell is sowne of seede, and abideth many yeares yeelding seede; the -rootes also are vsed in broths, and the leaues more seldome, yet serue -to trimme vp many fish meates. - -Borage is sowne of seede, and dyeth the next yeare after, yet once -being suffered to seede in a Garden, will still come of it owne -shedding. - -Buglosse commeth of seede, but abideth many yeares after it hath giuen -seede, if it stand not in the coldest place of the Garden. - -Marigolds are sowne of seede, and may be after transplanted, they abide -two or three yeares, if they be not set in too cold a place: the leaues -and flowers are both vsed. - -Langedebeefe is sowne of seede, which shedding it selfe will hardly be -destroyed in a Garden. - -Arrach is to be sowne of seede, this likewise will rise euery yeare of -it owne seed, if it be suffered to shed it selfe. - -Beetes are sowne of seede, and abideth some yeares after, still giuing -seede. - -Blites are vsed but in some places, for there is a generall opinion -held of them, that they are naught for the eyes: they are sowne euery -yeare of seede. - -Bloodwort once sowne abideth many yeares, if the extremity of the -frosts kill it not, and seedeth plentifully. - -Patience is of the same nature, and vsed in the same manner. - -French Mallowes are to be sowne of seede, and will come of it owne -sowing, if it be suffered to shed it selfe. - -Ciues are planted onely by parting the rootes; for it neuer giueth any -seede at all. - -Garlicke is ordered in the same manner, by parting and planting the -rootes euerie yeare. - -These be all the sorts are vsed with vs for that purpose, whereas I -said before, none vseth all, but euery one will vse those they like -best: and so much shall suffice for pot-herbes. - - - - -CHAP. VI. - -_The manner and ordering of many sorts of herbes and rootes for -Sallets._ - - -If I should set downe all the sorts of herbes that are vsually gathered -for Sallets, I should not onely speake of Garden herbes, but of many -herbes, &c. that growe wilde in the fields, or else be but weedes in -a Garden; for the vsuall manner with many, is to take the young buds -and leaues of euery thing almost that groweth, as well in the Garden -as in the Fields, and put them all together, that the taste of the one -may amend the rellish of the other: But I will only shew you those -that are sown or planted in gardens for that purpose. Asparagus is a -principall & delectable Sallet herbe, whose young shootes when they -are a good handfull high aboue the ground, are cut an inch within the -ground, which being boyled, are eaten with a little vinegar and butter, -as a Sallet of great delight. Their ordering with the best Gardiners -is on this wise: When you haue prouided seede of the best kinde, you -must sowe it either before Christmas, as most doe, or before the end -of February; the later you sowe, the later and the more hardly will -they spring: after they are growne vp, they are to be transplanted in -Autumne on a bed well trenched in with dung; for else they will not bee -worth your labour, and set about a foote distance in sunder, and looke -that the more carefull you are in the replanting of them, the better -they will thriue, and the sooner growe great: after fiue or six yeares -standing they vsually doe decay; and therefore they that striue to haue -continually faire and great heads, doe from seede raise vp young for -their store. You must likewise see that you cut not your heads or young -shoote too nigh, or too much, that is, to take away too many heads from -a roote, but to leaue a sufficient number vncut, otherwise it will kill -the heart of your rootes the sooner, causing them to dye, or to giue -very small heads or shootes; for you may well consider with your selfe, -that if the roote haue not head enough left it aboue the ground to -shoote greene this yeare, it will not, nor cannot prosper vnder ground -to giue encrease the next yeare. The ordering of Lettice I haue spoken -of before, and shall not neede here to repeate what hath beene already -said, but referre you thereunto for the sowing, planting, &c. onely I -will here shew you the manner of ordering them for Sallets. There are -some sorts of Lettice that growe very great, and close their heads, -which are called Cabbage Lettice, both ordinary and extraordinary, and -there are other sorts of great Lettice that are open, and close not, -or cabbage not at all, which yet are of an excellent kinde, if they be -vsed after that especiall manner is fit for them, which is, That when -they are planted (for after they are sowne, they must be transplanted) -of a reasonable distance in sunder, and growne to be of some bignesse, -euery one of them must bee tyed together with bast or thread toward -the toppes of the leaues, that by this meanes all the inner leaues may -growe whitish, which then are to be cut vp and vsed: for the keeping -of the leaues close doth make them taste delicately, and to bee very -tender. And these sorts of Lettice for the most part are spent after -Summer is past, when other Lettice are not to be had. Lambes Lettice -or Corne Sallet is an herbe, which abiding all Winter, is the first -Sallet herbe of the yeare that is vsed before any ordinarie Lettice is -ready; it is therefore vsually sowne in August, when the seede thereof -is ripe. Purslane is a Summer Sallet herbe, and is to be sowne in the -Spring, yet somewhat late, because it is tender, and ioyeth in warmth; -and therefore diuers haue sowne it vpon those beddes of dung, whereon -they noursed vp their Cowcumbers, &c. after they are taken away, which -being well and often watered, hath yeelded Sallet vntill the end of the -yeare. Spinach is sowne in the Spring, of all for the most part that -vse it, but yet if it be sowne in Summer it will abide greene all the -Winter, and then seedeth quickly: it is a Sallet that hath little or -no taste at all therein, like as Lettice and Purslane, and therefore -Cookes know how to make many a good dish of meate with it, by putting -Sugar and Spice thereto. Coleworts are of diuers kinds, and although -some of them are wholly spent among the poorer sort of people, yet some -kindes of them may be dressed and ordered as may delight a curious -palate, which is, that being boyled tender, the middle ribs are taken -cold, and laid in dishes, and vinegar and oyle poured thereon, and so -eaten. Coleflowers are to be had in this Countrey but very seldome, -for that it is harde to meete with good seede: it must bee sowne on -beds of dung to force it forward, or else it would perish with the -frost before it had giuen his head of flowers, and transplanted into -verie good and rich ground, lest you lose the benefit of your labours. -Endiue is of two sorts, the ordinary, and another that hath the edges -of the leaues curld or crumpled; it is to be whited, to make it the -more dainty Sallet, which is vsually done in this manner: After they -are grown to some reasonable greatnesse (but in any case before they -shoote forth a stalke in the midst for seede) they are to be taken vp, -and the rootes being cut away, lay them to dry or wither for three -or foure houres, and then bury them in sand, so as none of them lye -one vpon another, or if you can, one to touch another, which by this -meanes will change whitish, and thereby become verie tender, and is a -Sallet both for Autumne and Winter. Succorie is vsed by some in the -same manner, but because it is more bitter then Endiue, it is not so -generally vsed, or rather vsed but of a verie few: and whereas Endiue -will seede the same yeare it is sowne, and then dye, Succorie abideth -manie yeares, the bitternesse thereof causing it to be more Physicall -to open obstructions; and therefore the flowers pickled vp, as diuers -other flowers are vsed to be now adaies, make a delicate Sallet at all -times when there is occasion to vse them. Of red Beetes, the rootes are -onely vsed both boyled and eaten cold with vinegar and oyle, and is -also vsed to trimme vp or garnish forth manie sorts of dishes of meate: -the seede of the best kinde will not abide good with vs aboue three -yeares, but will degenerate and growe worse; and therefore those that -delight therein must be curious, to be prouided from beyond Sea, that -they may haue such as will giue delight. Sorrell is an herbe so common, -and the vse so well knowne, both for sawce, and to season broths and -meates for the sound as well as sicke persons, that I shall not neede -to say anie more thereof. Cheruill is a Sallet herbe of much vse, both -with French and Dutch, who doe much more delight in herbes of stronger -taste then the English doe: it is sowne early, and vsed but a while, -because it quickly runneth vp to seede. Sweete Cheruill,or as some call -it, Sweete Cis, is so like in taste vnto Anise seede, that it much -delighteth the taste among other herbes in a Sallet: the seede is long, -thicke, blacke, and cornered, and must be sowne in the end of Autumne, -that it may lye in the ground all the Winter, and then it will shoote -out in the Spring, or else if it be sowne in the Spring, it will not -spring vp that yeare vntill the next: the leaues (as I said before) are -vsed among other herbes: the rootes likewise are not onely cordiall, -but also held to be preseruatiue against the Plague, either greene, -dryed, or preserued with sugar. Rampion rootes are a kinde of Sallet -with a great many, being boyled tender, and eaten cold with vinegar -and pepper. Cresses is an herbe of easie and quick growth, and while -it is young eaten eyther alone, or with parsley and other herbes: it -is of a strong taste to them that are not accustomed thereunto, but it -is much vsed of strangers. Rocket is of the same nature and qualitie, -but somewhat stronger in taste: they are both sowen in the Spring, -and rise, seede and dye the same yeare. Tarragon is an herbe of as -strong a taste as eyther Rocket or Cresses, it abideth and dyeth not -euery yeare, nor yet giueth ripe seede (as far as euer could bee found -with vs) any yeare, but maketh sufficient increase within the ground, -spreading his roots all abroad a great way off. Mustard is a common -sawce both with fish and flesh, and the seede thereof (and no part of -the plant besides) is well knowne how to be vsed being grownded, as -euery one I thinke knoweth. The rootes of horse Radish likewise beeing -grownd like Mustard, is vsed both of strangers and our owne nation, -as sawce for fish. Tansie is of great vse, almost with all manner of -persons in the Spring of the yeare: it is more vsually planted of the -rootes then otherwise; for in that the rootes spread far and neere they -may be easily taken away, without any hurt to the rest of the rootes. -Burnet, although it be more vsed in wine in the Summer time then any -way else, yet it is likewise made a sallet herbe with many, to amend -the harm or weak rellish of some other herbs. Skirrets are better to -be sowen of the seed then planted from the roots, and will come on -more speedily, and be fairer rootes: they are as often eaten cold as a -Sallet, being boyled and the pith taken out, as stewed with butter and -eaten warme. Let not Parsley and Fenell be forgotten among your other -Sallet herbes, whereof I haue spoken before, and therefore need say no -more of them. The flowers of Marigolds pickt cleane from the heads, and -pickled vp against winter, make an excellent Sallet when no flowers -are to be had in a garden. Cloue Gilloflowers likewise preserued or -pickled vp in the same manner (which is _stratum super stratum_, a lay -of flowers, and then strawed ouer with fine dry and poudered Sugar, and -so lay after lay strawed ouer, vntill the pot bee full you meane to -keepe them in, and after filled vp or couered ouer with vinegar) make -a Sallet now adayes in the highest esteeme with Gentles and Ladies of -the greatest note: the planting and ordering of them both is spoken of -seuerally in their proper places. Goates bearde that groweth in Gardens -only, as well as that which groweth wilde in Medowes, &c. bearing a -yellow flower, are vsed as a Sallet, the rootes beeing boyled and pared -are eaten cold with vinegar, oyle and pepper; or else stewed with -butter and eaten warme as Skirrets, Parsneps &c. And thus haue you here -set downe all those most vsuall Sallets are vsed in this Kingdome: I -say the most vsuall, or that are noursed vp in Gardens; for I know -there are some other wilde herbes and rootes, as Dandelion &c. but they -are vsed onely of strangers, and of those whose curiositie searcheth -out the whole worke of nature to satisfie their desires. - - - - -CHAP. VII. - -_Of diuers Physicall herbes fit to be planted in Gardens, to serue for -the especiall vses of a familie._ - - -Hauing thus shewed you all the herbes that are most vsually planted in -Kitchen Gardens for ordinary vses, let mee also adde a few other that -are also noursed vp by many in their Gardens, to preserue health, and -helpe to cure such small diseases as are often within the compasse of -the Gentlewomens skils, who, to helpe their owne family, and their -poore neighbours that are farre remote from Physitians and Chirurgions, -take much paines both to doe good vnto them, and to plant those herbes -that are conducing to their desires. And although I doe recite some -that are mentioned in other places, yet I thought it meete to remember -them altogether in one place. Angelica, the garden kinde, is so good -an herbe, that there is no part thereof but is of much vse, and all -cordiall and preseruatiue from infectious or contagious diseases, -whether you will distill the water of the herbe, or preserue or candie -the rootes or the greene stalkes, or vse the seede in pouder or in -distillations, or decoctions with other things: it is sowen of seede, -and will abide vntill it giue seede, and then dyeth. Rue or Herbe -grace is a strong herbe, yet vsed inwardly against the plague as an -Antidote with Figs and Wall-nuts, and helpeth much against windy -bodies: outwardly it is vsed to bee layde to the wrestes of the hands, -to driue away agues: it is more vsually planted of slips then raised -from seede, and abideth long if sharpe frostes kill it not. Dragons -being distilled are held to be good to expell any euill thing from the -heart: they are altogether planted of the rootes. Setwall, Valerian, -or Capons tayle, the herbe often, but the roote much better, is vsed -to prouoke sweating, thereby to expell euill vapours that might annoy -the heart: it is only planted of the rootes when they are taken vp, and -the young replanted. Asarabacca, the leaues are often vsed to procure -vomiting being stamped, and the strained iuice to a little quantitie, -put into a draught of ale and drunke, thereby to ease the stomacke of -many euill and grosse humours that there lye and offend it; diuers -also take the leaues and rootes a little boyled in wine, with a little -spice added thereunto, to expell both tertian and quartan agues: the -rootes of our English growing is more auaileable for these purposes -then any outlandish: it is planted by the roote; for I could neuer see -it spring of seede. Masterwort commeth somewhat neere in propertie vnto -Angelica, and besides very effectuall to disperse winde in the bodie, -whether of the colicke or otherwise; as also very profitable to comfort -in all cold causes: it yeeldeth seede, but yet is more vsually planted -from the rootes being parted. Balme is a cordiall herbe both in smell -and taste, and is wholly vsed for those purposes, that is, to comfort -the heart being distilled into water either simple or compound, or the -herbe dryed and vsed: it is set of the rootes being parted, because it -giueth no seede that euer I could obserue. Camomill is a common herbe -well knowne, and is planted of the rootes in alleyes, in walkes, and -on bankes to sit on, for that the more it is troden on, and pressed -downe in dry weather, the closer it groweth, and the better it will -thriue: the vse thereof is very much, both to warme and comfort, and to -ease paines being applyed outwardly after many fashions: the decoction -also of the flowers prouoketh sweat, and they are much vsed against -agues. Featherfew is an herbe of greater vse for women then for men, -to dissolue flatulent or windy humours, which causeth the paines of -the mother: some vse to take the iuice thereof in drinke for agues: -it is as well sowen of the seede as planted of the rootes. Costmary -is vsed among those herbes that are put into ale to cause it haue a -good rellish, and to be somewhat physicall in the moneth of May, and -doth helpe to prouoke vrine: it is set of the rootes being parted. -Maudlin is held to be a principall good herbe to open and cleanse the -liuer, and for that purpose is vsed many wayes, as in ale, in tansies, -and in broths &c. the seed also is vsed, and so is the herbe also -sometimes, to kill the wormes in children: it is sowen of the seede, -and planted also of the separated rootes. Cassidonie is a small kinde -of Lauender, but differing both in forme and qualitie: it is much vsed -for the head to ease paines thereof, as also put among other things to -purge melancholicke diseases: it is sowen of seede, and abideth not a -winter vnlesse it bee well defended, and yet hardly giueth ripe seede -againe with vs. Smallage is a great opening herbe, and much more then -eyther Parsley or Fenell, and the rootes of them all are often vsed -together in medicines: it is sowen of seede, and will not bee wanting -in a Garden if once you suffer it to sow it selfe. Cardus Benedictus, -or the Blessed Thistle, is much vsed in the time of any infection or -plague, as also to expell any euill symptome from the heart at all -other times. It is vsed likewise to be boyled in posset drink, & giuen -to them that haue an ague, to help to cure it by sweating or otherwise. -It is vsually sowen of seed, and dyeth when it hath giuen seed. Winter -Cherries are likewise nursed vp in diuers gardens, for that their -propertie is to giue helpe to them that are troubled eyther with the -stopping or heate or their vrine: the herbe and berries are often -distilled, but the berries alone are more often vsed: after it is once -planted in a garden it will runne vnder ground, & abide well enough. -Celondine is held to bee good for the iaundise, it is much vsed for to -cleere dim eyes, eyther the iuice or the water dropped into them: it is -sowen of seede, and being once brought into a garden, will hardly be -weeded out; the seede that sheddeth will so sow it selfe, and therefore -some corner in a garden is the fittest place for it. Tabacco is of two -sorts, and both vsed to be planted in Gardens, yet the English kinde -(as it is called) is more to be found in our Countrey Gardens then the -Indian sort: the leaues of both sorts indifferently, that is, of eyther -of which is next at hand, being stamped and boyled eyther by it selfe, -or with other herbes in oyle or hogs suet, doe make an excellent salue -for greene wounds, and also to clense old vlcers or sores; the iuice of -the greene leaues drunke in ale, or a dryed leafe steeped in wine or -ale for a night, and the wine or ale drunke in the morning, prouoketh -to cast, but the dryed leafe much stronger then the greene: they are -sowen of seede, but the Indian kinde is more tender, and will not abide -a winter with vs abroade. Spurge that vsually groweth in Gardens, is -a violent purger, and therefore it is needfull to be very carefull -how it is vsed: the seede is more ordinarily vsed then any other part -of the plant, which purgeth by vomiting in some, and both vpwards and -downwards in many; the iuice of the herbe, but especially the milke -thereof, is vsed to kill wartes: it is sowen of seede, and when it doth -once shed it selfe, it will still continue springing of the fallen -seede. Bearefoote is sowen of seed, and will hardly abide transplanting -vnlesse it bee while it is young; yet abideth diuers yeares, if it -stand not in too cold a place. This I speake of the greater kinde; -for the lower small wilde kinde (which is the most ordinary in this -land) will neuer decay: the leaues are sometimes vsed greene, but most -vsually dryed and poudered, and giuen in drinke to them that haue -the wormes: it purgeth melancholy, but especially the roots. In many -Countries of this Land, and elsewhere, they vse to thrust the stalk -of the great kinde through the eare or dewlap of Kine and Cattell, -to cure them of many diseases. Salomons Seale, or (as some call it) -Ladder to heauen, although it doth grow wilde in many places of this -Land, yet is planted in Gardens: it is accounted an excellent wound -herbe to consolidate, and binde, insomuch that many vse it with good -successe to cure ruptures, and to slay both the white and the red fluxe -in women: it is planted altogether of the rootes, for I could neuer -finde it spring from the seede, it is so strong. Comfry likewise is -found growing wilde in many places by ditch sides, and in moist places, -and therefore requireth some moist places of the garden: it is wholly -vsed for knitting, binding, and consolidating fluxes and wounds, to be -applyed either inwardly or outwardly: The rootes are stronger for those -purposes then any other parts of the plant. Licoris is much vsed now -adaies to bee planted in great quantitie, euen to fill many acres of -ground, whereof riseth a great deale of profit to those that know how -to order it, and haue fit grounds for it to thriue in; for euery ground -will not be aduantagious: It will require a very rich, deepe and mellow -ground, eyther naturall or artificiall; but for a priuate house where -a small quantitie will serue, there needeth not so much curiositie: it -is vsually planted of the top heads, when the lower rootes (which are -the Licoris that is vsed) and the runners are cut from them. Some vse -to make an ordinary drinke or beuerage of Licoris, boyled in water as -our vsuall ale or beere is with malt, which fermented with barme in the -same manner, and tunned vp, serueth in stead thereof, as I am credibly -informed: It is otherwise in a manner wholly spent for colds, coughes -and rheumes, to expectorate flegme, but vsed in diuers formes, as in -iuice, in decoctions, syrrups, roules, trochisces, and the greene or -dryed roote of it selfe. - -And these are the most ordinary Physicall herbes that are vsed to be -planted in gardens for the vse of any Country familie, that is (as I -said before) farre remote from Physitians or Chirurgions abidings, that -they may vse as occasion serueth for themselues or their neighbours, -and by a little care and paines in the applying may doe a great deale -of good, and sometimes to them that haue not wherewith to spend on -themselues, much lesse on Physitians or Chirurgions, or if they haue, -may oftentimes receiue lesse good at their hands then at others that -are taught by experience in their owne families, to be the more able to -giue helpe to others. - - - - -THE KITCHEN GARDEN. - -THE SECOND PART, - - -Containing as well all sorts of herbes, as rootes and fruits, that -are vsually planted in Gardens, to serue for the vse of the Table -whether of the poore or rich of our Countrey: but herein I intend not -to bring any fruite bearing trees, shrubbes, or bushes; for I reserue -them for my Orchard, wherin they shal be set forth. So that in these -three parts, I suppose the exquisite ornament of any worthy house -is consummate for the exteriour bounds, the benefit of their riches -extending also to the furnishing of the most worthy inward parts -thereof: but because many take pleasure in the sight and knowledge of -other herbes that are Physicall, and much more in their properties and -vertues, if vnto these three I should adde a Physicke Garden, or Garden -of Simples, there would be a quadripartite complement, of whatsoeuer -arte or nature, necessitie or delight could affect: which to effect -(as many my friends haue, intreated it at my hands) will require more -paines and time then all this worke together: yet to satisfie their -desires and all others herein, that would bee enformed in the truth, -and reformed of the many errours and slips set forth and published -heretofore of plants by diuers, I shall (God assisting and granting -life) labour to performe, that it may shew it selfe to the light in due -conueniencie, if these bee well and gratefully accepted. And because -I ended with some sweete herbes in the former part, I will in this -part beginne with the rest, which I reserued for this place, as fitter -for the pot and kitchen then for the hand or bosome, and so descend -to other herbes that are for meat or sallets: and after them to those -rootes that are to be eaten, as meate or as sallets: and lastly the -fruits that grow neere, or vpon the ground, or not much aboue it; as -the Artichoke, &c. in which I make a shorter description then I did in -the former, rather endeauouring to shew what they are, and whereunto -they are vsed, then the whole varietie or any exact declaration: which -methode, although in some sort it may bee fitting for this purpose, -yet it is not for an history or herball: I shall therefore require -their good acceptance for whose sake I doe it, not doubting, but that -I, or others, if they write againe of this subiect, may polish and -amende what formerly hath beene eyther mis set, or not so thoroughly -expressed, besides some additions of new conceits; seeing I treade out -a new path, and therefore those that follow may the easilier see the -Meanders, and so goe on in a direct line. - - - - -CHAP. I. - -_Maiorana latifolia, siue maior Anglica._ Winter, or pot Marierome. - - -Winter Marierome is a small bushie herbe like vnto sweete Marierome, -being parted or diuided into many branches, whereon doe grow broader -and greener leaues, set by couples, with some small leaues likewise at -the seuerall ioynts all along the branches: at the tops whereof grow a -number of small purplish white flowers set together in a tuft, which -turne into small and round seed, bigger then sweet Marierome seede: -the whole plant is of a small and fine sent, but much inferiour to the -other, and is nothing so bitter as the sweete Marierome, and thereby -both the fitter and more willingly vsed for meates: the roote is white -and threddy, and perisheth not as the former, but abideth many yeares. - - - The Vse of winter Marierome. - - The vse of this Marierome is more frequent in our Land then - in others, being put among other pot-herbes and farsing (or - faseting herbes as they are called) and may to good profit bee - applyed in inward as well as outward griefes for to comfort the - parts, although weaker in effect then sweete Marieromes. - - - - -CHAP. II. - -_Thymum vulgatius siue durius._ Ordinary Garden Tyme. - - -The ordinary Garden Tyme is a small low wooddy plant with brittle -branches, and small hard greene leaues, as euery one knoweth, hauing -small white purplish flowers, standing round about the tops of the -stalkes: the seed is small and browne, darker then Marierome seed: the -root is woody, and abideth well diuers Winters. - - -_Thymum latifolium._ Masticke Tyme. - -This Tyme hath neyther so wooddy branches, nor so hard leaues, but -groweth lower, more spreading, and with somewhat broader leaues; the -flowers are of a purplish white colour, standing in roundles round -about the stalkes, at the ioynts with leaues at them likewise. This -Tyme endureth better and longer then the former, and by spreading -it selfe more then the former, is the more apt to bee propagated by -slipping, because it hath beene seldome seene to giue seede: It is not -so quicke in sent or taste as the former, but is fitter to set any -border or knot in a garden, and is for the most part wholly employed to -such vses. - - - The Vse of Tyme. - - To set downe all the particular vses whereunto Tyme is applyed, - were to weary both the Writer and Reader; I will but only note - out a few: for besides the physicall vses to many purposes, - for the head, stomacke, splene, &c. there is no herbe almost - of more vse, in the houses both of high and low, rich and - poore, both, for inward and outward occasions; outwardly for - bathings among other hot herbes, and among other sweete herbes - for strewings: inwardly in most sorts of broths, with Rosmary, - as also with other faseting (or rather farsing) herbes, and to - make sawce for diuers sorts both fish and flesh, as to stuffe - the belly of a Goose to bee rosted, and after put into the - sawce, and the pouder with breade to strew on meate when it is - rosted, and so likewise on rosted or fryed fish. It is held by - diuers to bee a speedy remedy against the sting of a Bee, being - bruised and layd thereon. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Maiorana maior Anglica._ Pot Marierome. - 2 _Thymum vulgatius._ Garden Tyme. - 3 _Satureia._ Sauorie. - 4 _Hyssopus._ Hyssope. - 5 _Pulegium._ Penniroyall. - 6 _Saluia maior._ Common Sage. - 7 _Saluia minor primata._ Sage of vertue. -] - - - - -CHAP. III. - -_Satureia siue Thymbra._ Sauorie. - - -There are two sorts of Sauory, the one called Summer, and the other -Winter Sauorie: The Summer Sauory is a small tender herbe, growing not -aboue a foote and a halfe high, or thereabouts, rising vp with diuers -brittle branches, slenderly or sparsedly set with small long leaues, -soft in handling, at euery ioynt a couple, one against another, of a -pleasant strong and quicke sent and taste: the flowers are small and -purplish, growing at the toppes of the stalkes, with two small long -leaues at the ioynts vnder them: the seede is small, and of a darke -colour, bigger then Tyme seede by the halfe: the roote is wooddy, and -hath many strings, perishing euery yeare wholly, and must bee new sowen -againe, if any will haue it. - -The Winter Sauorie is a small low bushie herbe, very like vnto Hyssope, -but not aboue a foote high, with diuers small hard branches, and hard -darke green leaues thereon, thicker set together then the former by -much, and as thicke as common Hyssope, sometimes with foure leaues or -more at a ioynt, of a reasonable strong sent, yet not so strong or -quicke as the former: the flowers are of a pale purplish colour, set -at seuerall distances at the toppes of the stalkes, with leaues at the -ioynts also with them, like the former: the roote is woody, with diuers -small strings thereat, and abideth all the winter with his greene -leaues: it is more vsually encreased by slipping or diuiding the roote, -and new setting it seuerally againe in the Spring, then by sowing the -seed. - - - The Vse of Sauorie. - - The Summer Sauorie is vsed in other Countryes much more then - with vs in their ordinary diets, as condiment or sawce to their - meates, sometimes of it selfe, and sometimes with other herbes, - and sometimes strewed or layde vpon the dishes as we doe - Parsley, as also with beanes and pease, rise and wheate; and - sometimes the dryed herbe boyled among pease to make pottage. - - The Winter Sauorie is one of the (farsing) faseting herbes as - they call them, and so is the Summer Sauorie also sometimes. - This is vsed also in the same manner that the Summer Sauorie - is, set downe before, and to the same purposes: as also to put - into puddings, sawsages, and such like kindes of meates. Some - doe vse the pouder of the herbe dryed (as I sayd before of - Tyme) to mixe with grated bread, to breade their meate, be it - fish or flesh, to giue it the quicker rellish. They are both - effectuall to expell winde. - - - - -CHAP. IIII. - -_Hyssopus._ Hyssope. - - -Garden Hyssope is so well knowne to all that haue beene in a Garden, -that I shall but _actum agere_, to bestow any time thereon, being -a small bushie plant, not rising aboue two foote high, with many -branches, woody below, and tender aboue, whereon are set at certaine -distances, sundry small, long and narrow greene leaues: at the toppe of -euery stalke stand blewish purple gaping flowers, one aboue another in -a long spike or eare: after which followeth the seede, which is small -and blackish: the rootes are composed of many threddy strings; the -whole plant is of a strong sweet sent. - - - The Vse of Hyssope. - - Hyssope is much vsed in Ptisans and other drinkes, to help - to expectorate flegme. It is many Countrey peoples medicine - for a cut or greene wound, being bruised with sugar and - applyed. I finde it is also much commended against the falling - sickenesse, especially being made into pils after the manner - before rehearsed. It is accounted a speciall remedy against - the sting or biting of an Adder, if the place be rubbed - with Hyssope, bruised and mixed with honey, salt and cummin - seede. A decoction thereof with oyle, and annointed, taketh - away the itching and tingling of the head, and vermine also - breeding therein. An oyle made of the herbe and flowers, being - annointed, doth comfort benummed sinewes and ioynts. - - - - -CHAP. V. - -_Pulegium._ Pennyroyall. - - -Pennyroyall also is an herbe so well knowne, that I shall not neede -to spend much time in the description of it: hauing many weake round -stalkes, diuided into sundry branches, rather leaning or lying vpon -the ground then standing vpright, whereon are set at seuerall ioynts, -small roundish darke greene leaues: the flowers are purplish that grow -in gardens, yet some that grow wilde are white, or more white then -purple, set in roundles about the tops of the branches; the stalkes -shoote forth small fibres or rootes at the ioynts, as it lyeth vpon the -ground, thereby fastening it selfe therein, and quickly increaseth, and -ouer-runneth any ground, especially in the shade or any moist place, -and is replanted by breaking the sprouted stalkes, and so quickely -groweth. - -Other sorts of Pennyroyall are fit for the Physicke Garden, or Garden -of Simples. - - - The Vse of Pennyroyall. - - It is very good and wholesome for the lunges, to expell cold - thin flegme, and afterwards to warme and dry it vp: and is also - of the like propertie as Mintes, to comfort the stomacke, and - stay vomiting. It is also vsed in womens baths and washings: - and in mens also to comfort the sinewes. It is yet to this - day, as it hath beene in former times, vsed to bee put into - puddings, and such like meates of all sorts, and therefore in - diuers places they know it by no other name then - Pudding-grasse. - - The former age of our great Grandfathers, had all these hot - herbes in much and familiar vse, both for their meates and - medicines, and therewith preserued themselues in long life - and much health: but this delicate age of ours, which is not - pleased with any thing almost, be it meat or medicine, that is - not pleasant to the palate, doth wholly refuse these almost, - and therefore cannot be partaker of the benefit or them. - - - - -CHAP. VI. - -_Salvia._ Sage. - - -There are two especiall kindes of Sage noursed vp in our Gardens, for -our ordinary vse, whereof I intend to write in this place, leauing the -rest to his fitter place. Our ordinary Sage is reckoned to bee of two -sorts, white and red, both of them bearing many foure square wooddy -stalkes, in some whiter, in others redder, as the leaues are also, -standing by couples at the ioynts, being long, rough, and wrinkled, -of a strong sweete sent: at the tops of the stalkes come forth the -flowers, set at certaine spaces one aboue another, which are long and -gaping, like vnto the flowers of Clary, or dead Nettles, but of a -blewish purple colour; after which come small round seede in the huske -that bore the flower: the roote is wooddy, with diuers strings at it: -It is more vsually planted of the slips, pricked in the Spring time -into the ground, then of the seed. - - -_Saluia minor siue pinnata._ Small Sage or Sage of vertue. - -The lesser Sage is in all things like vnto the former white Sage, but -that his branches are long and slender, and the leaues much smaller, -hauing for the most part at the bottome of each side of the leafe a -peece of a leafe, which maketh it shew like finns or eares: the flowers -also are of a blewish purple colour, but lesser. Of this kinde there is -one that beareth white flowers. - - - The Vse of Sage. - - Sage is much vsed of many in the moneth of May fasting, with - butter and Parsley, and is held of most much to conduce to the - health of mans body. - - It is also much vsed among other good herbes to bee tund vp - with Ale, which thereupon is termed Sage Ale, whereof many - barrels full are made, and drunke in the said moneth chiefly - for the purpose afore recited: and also for teeming women, to - helpe them the better forward in their childebearing, if there - be feare of abortion or miscarrying. - - It is also vsed to be boyled among other herbes, to make - Gargles or waters to wash sore mouths and throates: As also - among other herbes, that serue as bathings, to wash mens legs - or bodies in the Summer time, to comfort nature, and warme and - strengthen aged cold sinewes, and lengthen the strength of the - younger. - - The Kitchen vse is either to boyle it with a Calues head, and - being minced, to be put with the braines, vinegar and pepper, - to serue as an ordinary sawce thereunto: Or being beaten and - iuyced (rather then minced as mannie doe) is put to a rosted - Pigges braines, with Currans for sawce thereunto. It is in - small quantity (in regard of the strong taste thereof) put - among other fasting herbes, to serue as sawce for peeces of - Veale, when they are farsed or stuffed therewith, and rosted, - which they call Olliues. - - For all the purposes aforesaid, the small Sage is accounted to - be of the more force and vertue. - - - - -CHAP. VII. - -_Horminum sativum._ Garden Clary. - - -There is but one sort of Garden Clary, though many wilde, which hath -foure square stalks, with broad rough wrinkled whitish leaues, somewhat -vneuenly cut in on the edges, and of a strong sweete sent, growing -some next the ground, & some by couples vpon the stalkes: the flowers -growe at certaine distances, with two small leaues at the ioynts vnder -them, somewhat like vnto the flowers of Sage, but lesser, and of a -very whitish or bleake blew colour: the seede is of a blackish browne -colour, somewhat flat, and not so round as the wilde: the rootes spread -not farre, and perish euery yeare that they beare flowers and seede. It -is altogether to bee sowne of seed in the Spring time, yet sometimes it -will rise of it owne sowing. - - - The Vse of Clary. - - The most frequent and common vse of Clary, is for men or women - that haue weake backes, to helpe to comfort and strengthen the - raines, being made into Tansies and eaten, or otherwise. The - seede is vsed of some to be put into the corner of the eye, if - any mote or other thing haue happened into it: but assuredly - although this may peraduenture doe some good, yet the seede of - the wilde will doe much more. The leaues taken dry, and dipped - into a batter made of the yolkes of egges, flower, and a little - milke, and then fryed with butter vntill they be crispe, serue - for a dish of meate accepted with manie, vnpleasant to none. - - - - -CHAP. VIII. - -_Nepeta._ Nep. - - -Although those that are Herbarists do know three sorts of Nep, a -greater & two lesser, yet because the lesser are not vsuall, but in -the Gardens of those that delight in natures varieties, I do not here -shew you them. That which is vsuall (and called of manie Cat Mint) -beareth square stalkes, but not so great as Clarie, hauing two leaues -at euery ioynt, somewhat like vnto Balme or Speare Mintes, but whiter, -softer, and longer, and nicked about the edges, of a strong sent, but -nothing so strong as Clary: the flowers growe at the toppes of the -stalkes, as it were in long spikes or heads, somewhat close together, -yet compassing the stalkes at certaine ioynts, of a whitish colour, -for forme and bignesse like vnto Balme, or somewhat bigger: the rootes -are composed of a number of strings, which dye not, but keepe greene -leaues vpon them all the Winter, and shoote anew in the Spring. It is -propagated both by the seede, and by slipping the rootes. - - - The Vse of Nep. - - Nep is much vsed of women either in baths or drinkes to procure - their feminine courses: as also with Clarie, being fryed into - Tansies, to strengthen their backes. It is much commended of - some, if the iuyce thereof be drunke with wine, to helpe those - that are bruised by some fall, or other accident. A decoction - of Nep is auaileable to cure the scabbe in the head, or other - places of the body. - - - - -CHAP. IX. - -_Melissa._ Baulme. - - -The Garden Baulme which is of common knowne vse, hath diuers square -blackish greene stalkes, and round, hard, darke, greene pointed leaues, -growing thereon by couples, a little notched about the edges, of a -pleasant sweete sent, drawing nearest to the sent of a Lemon or Citron; -and therefore of some called _Citrago_: the flowers growe about the -toppes of the stalkes at certaine distances, being small and gaping, -of a pale carnation colour, almost white: the rootes fasten themselues -strongly in the ground, and endure many yeares, and is encreased by -diuiding the rootes; for the leaues dye downe to the ground euery -yeare, leauing no shew of leafe or stalke in the Winter. - - - The Vse of Baulme. - - Baulme is often vsed among other hot and sweete herbes, to make - baths and washings for mens bodies or legges, in the Summer - time, to warme and comfort the veines and sinewes, to very good - purpose and effect, and hath in former ages beene of much more - vse then now adaies. It is also vsed by diuers to be stilled, - being steeped in Ale, to make a Baulme water, after the manner - they haue beene taught, which they keepe by them, to vse in - the stead of _Aqua vitæ_, when they haue any occasion for - their owne or their neighbours Families, in suddaine qualmes - or passions of the heart: but if they had a little better - direction (for this is somewhat too rude) it would doe them - more good that take it: For the herbe without all question is - an excellent helpe to comfort the heart, as the very smell - may induce any so to beleeue. It is also good to heale greene - wounds, being made into salues: and I verily thinke, that our - forefathers hearing of the healing and comfortable properties - of the true naturall Baulme, and finding this herbe to be so - effectuall, gaue it the name of Baulme, in imitation of his - properties and vertues. It is also an herbe wherein Bees doe - much delight, as hath beene found by experience of those that - haue kept great store; if the Hiues bee rubbed on the inside - with some thereof, and as they thinke it draweth others by the - smell thereof to resort thither. Plinie saith, it is a present - remedy against the stinging of Bees. - - - - -CHAP. X. - -_Mentha._ Mintes. - - -There are diuers sorts of Mints, both of the garden, and wilde, of the -woods, mountaines, and standing pooles or waters: but I will onely in -this place bring to your remembrance two or three sorts of the most -vsuall that are kept in gardens, for the vses whereunto they are proper. - -Red Mint or browne Mint hath square brownish stalkes, with somewhat -long and round pointed leaues, nicked about the edges, of a darke -greene colour, set by couples at euery ioynt, and of a reasonable good -sent: the flowers of this kinde are reddish, standing about the toppes -of the stalkes at distances: the rootes runne creeping in the ground, -and as the rest, will hardly be cleared out of a garden, being once -therein, in that the smallest peece thereof will growe and encrease -apace. - -Speare Mint hath a square greene stalke, with longer and greener leaues -then the former, set by couples, of a better and more comfortable sent, -and therefore of much more vse then any other: the flowers hereof growe -in long eares or spikes, of a pale red or blush colour: the roots -creepe in the ground like the other. - -Party coloured or white Mint hath square greene stalkes and leaues, -somewhat larger then Speare Mint, and more nicked in the edges, whereof -many are parted, halfe white and halfe greene, and some more white then -greene, or more green then white, as nature listeth: the flowers stand -in long heads close set together, of a blush colour: the rootes creepe -as the rest doe. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Horminum sativum._ Garden Clary. - 2 _Nepeta._ Nep. - 3 _Melissa._ Baulme. - 4 _Mentha satiua._ Garden Mintes. - 5 _Balsamita mas, seu Costus hortorum._ Costmary. - 6 _Ageratum._ Maudeline. -] - - - The Vse of Mintes. - - Mintes are oftentimes vsed in baths, with Baulme and other - herbes, as a helpe to comfort and strengthen the nerues and - sinewes. - - It is much vsed either outwardly applyed, or inwardly drunke, - to strengthen and comfort weake stomackes, that are much giuen - to casting: as also for feminine fluxes. It is boyled in milke - for those whose stomackes are apt to cause it to curdle. And - applyed with salt, is a good helpe for the biting of a mad - dogge. - - It is vsed to be boyled with Mackarell, and other fish. - - Being dryed, is often and much vsed with Penniroyall, to bee - put into puddings: as also among pease that are boyled for - pottage. - - Where Dockes are not ready at hand, they vse to bruise Mintes, - and lay them vpon any place that is stung with Bees, Waspes, or - such like, and that to good purpose. - - - - -CHAP. XI. - -_Balsamita mas & fæmina, seu Costus hortorum maior & minor._ -Costmary and Maudeline. - - -Costmary or Alecoast is a sweet herbe, bearing many broad and long -pale green leaues, snipped about the edges, euery one vpon a long -foote-stalke; among which rise vp many round greene stalkes, with such -like leaues on them, but lesser vp to the toppe, where it spreadeth it -selfe into three or foure branches, euery one bearing an vmbell or tuft -of gold yellow flowers, somewhat like vnto Tansie flowers, but lesser, -which turne into small heads, containing small flat long seede: the -roote is somewhat hard and stringy, and being diuided, is replanted in -the Spring of the yeare for increase. - -Maudeline hath somewhat long and narrow leaues, snipt about the edges: -the stalks are two foot high, bearing many yellow flowers on the tops -of the branches, in an vmbell or tuft like vnto Tansie: the whole herbe -is sweete, and somewhat bitter, and is replanted by slipping. - - - The Vse of Costmary and Maudeline. - - Costmary is of especiall vse in the Spring of the yeare, among - other such like herbes, to make Sage Ale, and thereupon I - thinke it tooke the name of Alecoast. - - It is also vsed to be put among other sweete herbes, to make - sweete washing water, whereof there is great store spent. - - The leaues haue an especiall vertue to comfort both the - stomack and heart, and to warme and dry a moist braine. The - seede is much vsed in the Country, to be giuen to children for - the wormes, in the stead of wormseed, and so is the seede of - Maudeline also. - - Maudeline is much vsed with Costmary and other sweet herbes, to - make sweete washing water: the flowers also are tyed vp with - small bundels of Lauender toppes, these being put in the middle - of them, to lye, vpon the toppes of beds, presses, &c. for the - sweete sent and sauour it casteth. It is generally accounted - of our Apothecaries to be the true _Eupatorium_ of Auicen, and - the true _Ageratum_ of Dioscorides; but Dodonæus seemeth to - contradict both. - - - - -CHAP. XII. - -_Tanacetum vulgare & crispum._ Tansie. - - -Ovr Garden Tansie hath many hard greene leaues, or rather wings of -leaues; for they are many small ones, set one against another all along -a middle ribbe or stalke, and snipt about the edges: in some the leaues -stand closer and thicker, and somewhat crumpled, which hath caused -it to be called double or curld Tansie, in others thinner and more -sparsedly: It riseth vp with many hard stalks, whereon growe at the -tops vpon the seuerall small branches gold yellow flowers like buttons, -which being gathered in their prime, will hold the colour fresh a long -time: the seede is small, and as it were chaffie: the roote creepeth -vnder ground, and shooteth vp againe in diuers places: the whole herbe, -both leaues and flowers, are of a sharpe, strong, bitter smell and -taste, but yet pleasant, and well to be endured. - - - The Vse of Tansie. - - The leaues of Tansie are vsed while they are young, either - shred small with other herbes, or else the iuyce of it and - other herbes fit for the purpose, beaten with egges, and fryed - into cakes (in Lent and the Spring of the yeare) which are - vsually called Tansies, and are often eaten, being taken to - be very good for the stomack, to helpe to digest from thence - bad humours that cleaue thereunto: As also for weak raines and - kidneyes, when the vrine passeth away by drops: This is thought - to be of more vse for men then for women. The seed is much - commended against all sorts of wormes in children. - - - - -CHAP. XIII. - -_Pimpinella siue Sanguisorba._ Burnet. - - -Burnet hath many winged leaues lying vpon, the ground, made of many -small, round, yet pointed greene leaues, finely nicked on the edges, -one set against another all along a middle ribbe, and one at the end -thereof; from among which rise vp diuers round, and sometimes crested -browne stalkes, with some few such like leaues on them as growe belowe, -but smaller: at the toppes of the stalkes growe small browne heads or -knaps, which shoote forth small purplish flowers, turning into long and -brownish, but a little cornered seede: the roote groweth downe deepe, -being small and brownish: the whole plant is of a stipticke or binding -taste or quality, but of a fine quicke sent, almost like Baulme. - - - The Vse of Burnet. - - The greatest vse that Burnet is commonly put vnto, is to put a - few leaues into a cup with Claret wine, which is presently to - be drunke, and giueth a pleasant quicke taste thereunto, very - delightfull to the palate, and is accounted a helpe to make - the heart merrie. It is sometimes also while it is young, put - among other Sallet herbes, to giue a finer rellish thereunto. - It is also vsed in vulnerary drinkes, and to stay fluxes and - bleedings, for which purposes it is much commended. It hath - beene also much commended in contagious and pestilentiall agues. - - - - -CHAP. XIIII. - -_Hippolapathum sativum, siue Rhabarbarum Monachorum._ -Monkes Rubarbe or Patience. - - -Garden Patience is a kinde of Docke in all the parts thereof, but that -it is larger and taller then many others, with large and long greene -leaues, a great, strong, and high stalke, with reddish or purplish -flowers, and three square seede, like as all other Dockes haue: the -roote is great and yellow, not hauing any shew of flesh coloured veines -therein, no more then the other kinde with great round thin leaues, -commonly called _Hippolapathum rotundifolium_, Bastard Rubarbe, or -Monkes Rubarbe, the properties of both which are of very weake effect: -but I haue a kinde of round leafed Dock growing in my Garden, which was -sent me from beyond Sea by a worthy Gentleman, Mʳ. Dʳ. Matth. Lister, -one of the Kings Physitians, with this title, _Rhaponticum verum_, -and first grew with me, before it was euer seen or known elsewhere in -England, wᶜʰ by proof I haue found to be so like vnto the true Rubarbe, -or the Rha of Pontus, both for forme and colour, that I dare say it -is the very true Rubarbe, our climate only making it lesse strong in -working, lesse heauy, and lesse bitter in taste: For this hath great -and thicke rootes, as diuersly discoloured with flesh coloured veines -as the true Rubarbe, as I haue to shew to any that are desirous to see -and know it; and also other smaller sprayes or branches of rootes, -spreading from the maine great roote, which smaller branches may well -be compared to the _Rhaponticum_ which the Merchants haue brought vs, -which we haue seene to be longer and slenderer then Rubarbe, but of the -very same colour: this beareth so goodly large leaues, that it is a -great beauty in a garden to behold them: for I haue measured the stalke -of the leafe at the bottome next the roote to bee of the bignesse of -any mans thumbe; and from the roote to the leafe it selfe, to bee two -foote in length, and sometimes more; and likewise the leafe it selfe, -from the lower end where it is ioyned to the stalke, to the end or -point thereof, to bee also two foote in length, and sometimes more; and -also in the broadest part of the leafe, to be two foote or more ouer -in breadth: it beareth whitish flowers, contrary to all other Dockes, -and three square brownish seede as other Dockes doe, but bigger, -and therefore assuredly it is a Docke, and the true Rubarbe of the -Arabians, or at the least the true _Rhaponticum_ of the Ancients. The -figure of the whole plant I haue caused to be cut, with a dryed roote -as it grew in my garden by it selfe, and haue inserted it here, both -because Matthiolus giueth a false figure of the true Rubarbe, and that -this hath not been expressed and set forth by any before. - - - The Vse of Patience, and of the Rubarbe. - - The leaues of Patience are often, and of many vsed for a - pot-herbe, and seldome to any other purpose: the roote is - often vsed in Diet-beere, or ale, or in other drinkes made by - decoction, to helpe to purge the liuer, and clense the blood. - The other Rubarbe or _Rhaponticum_, whereof I make mention, and - giue you here the figure, I haue tryed, and found by experience - to purge gently, without that astriction that is in the true - Rubarbe is brought vs from the East Indies, or China, and is - also lesse bitter in taste; whereby I coniecture it may bee - vsed in hot and feauerish bodies more effectually, because it - doth not binde after the purging, as the East India Rubarbe - doth: but this must bee giuen in double quantitie to the other, - and then no doubt it will doe as well: The leaues haue a fine - acide taste: A syrrupe therefore made with the iuice and sugar, - cannot but be very effectuall in deiected appetites, and hot - fits of agues; as also to helpe to open obstructions of the - liuer, as diuers haue often tryed, and found auaileable by - experience. - - - - -CHAP. XV. - -_Lapathum sanguineum._ Blood-wort. - - -Among the sorts of pot-herbes Bloode-worte hath alwayes beene accounted -a principall one, although I doe not see any great reason therein, -especially seeing there is a greater efficacie of binding in this -Docke, then in any of the other: but as common vse hath receiued it, -so I here set it downe. Blood-worte is one of the sorts of Dockes, and -hath long leaues like vnto the smaller yellow Dock, but striped with -red veines, and ouer-shadowed with red vpon the greene leafe, that it -seemeth almost wholly red sometimes: the stalke is reddish, bearing -such like leaues, but smaller vp to the toppe, where it is diuided -into diuers small branches, whereon grow purplish flowers, and three -square darke red seede, like vnto others: the roots are not great, but -somewhat long, and very red, abiding many yeares, yet sometimes spoiled -with the extremitie of winter. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Tanacetum._ Tansie. - 2 _Pimpinella._ Burnet. - 3 _Rhaponticum verum seu potius Rhabarbarum verum._ True Raponticke - or rather true Rubarbe. - 4 _Lapathum sativum seu Patientiæ._ Monkes Rubarbe or Patience. - 5 _Lapathum sanguineum._ Bloudwort. - 6 _Acetosa._ Sorrell. -] - - - The Vse of Blood-worte. - - The whole and onely vse of the herbe almost, serueth for the - pot, among other herbes, and, as I said before, is accounted a - most especiall one for that purpose. The seede therof is much - commended for any fluxe in man or woman, to be inwardly taken, - and so no doubt is the roote, being of a stipticke qualitie. - - - - -CHAP. XVI. - -_Oxalis siue Acetosa._ Sorrell. - - -Sorrell must needes bee reckoned with the Dockes, for that it is so -like vnto them in all things, and is of many called the sower Docke. -Of Sorrels there are many sorts, but I shall not trouble you with any -other in this place, then the common Garden Sorrell, which is most -knowne, and of greatest vse with vs; which hath tender greene long -leaues full of iuice, broade, and bicorned as it were, next vnto the -stalke, like as Arrach, Spinach, and our English Mercurie haue, of a -sharpe sower taste: the stalkes are slender, bearing purplish long -heads, wherein lye three square shining browne seede, like, but lesser -then the other: the root is smaller then any of the other Dockes, but -browne, and full of strings, and abideth without decaying, hauing -greene leaues all the winter, except in the very extremitie thereof, -which often taketh away all or most of his leaues. - - - The Vse of Sorrell. - - Sorrell is much vsed in sawces, both for the whole, and the - sicke, cooling the hot liuers, and stomackes of the sicke, - and procuring vnto them an appetite vnto meate, when their - spirits are almost spent with the violence of their furious or - fierie fits; and is also of a pleasant relish for the whole, - in quickning vp a dull stomacke that is ouer-loaden with euery - daies plenty of dishes. It is diuers waies dressed by Cooks, to - please their Masters stomacks. - - - - -CHAP. XVII. - -_Buglossum luteum, siue Lingua Bouis._ Langdebeefe. - - -Vnto this place may well bee referred our ordinary Borage and Buglosse, -set forth in the former Booke, in regard of the properties whereunto -they are much employed, that is, to serue the pot among other herbes, -as is sufficiently knowne vnto all. And yet I confesse, that this herbe -(although it bee called _Buglossum luteum_, as if it were a kind of -Buglosse) hath no correspondency with Buglosse or Borage in any part, -sauing only a little in the leafe; & our Borage or Buglosse might -more fitly, according to the Greeke name, bee called Oxe tongue or -Langdebeefe; and this might in my iudgement more aptly be referred to -the kinds of _Hieratium_ Hawkeweed, whereunto it neerest approacheth: -but as it is commonly receiued, so take it in this place, vntill it -come to receiue the place is proper for it. It hath diuers broad and -long darke green leaues, lying vpon the ground, very rough in handling, -full of small haires or prickes, ready to enter into the hands of any -that handle it; among which riseth vp a round greene hairy or prickly -stalk, bearing at the toppe, among a few small green leaues, diuers -small yellow flowers in rough heads, which turne into doune, containing -within them browne yellowish small long seedes, somewhat like vnto the -seede of Hawkeweede: the roote is wooddy, which perisheth quickly after -it hath borne seed; but is tender while it is young. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Lingua bouis siue Buglossum luteum._ Langdebeefe. - 2 _Atriplex siue Olus aureum._ Arrach. - 3 _Blitum._ Blites. - 4 _Beta._ Beetes. - 5 _Hipposelinum siue Olus atrum._ Allisanders. - 6 _Selinum dulce._ Sweete Parsley. -] - - - The Vse of Langdebeefe. - - The leaues are onely vsed in all places that I know, or euer - could learne, for an herbe for the pot among others, and is - thought to bee good to loosen the belly. - - - - -CHAP. XVIII. - -_Atriplex siue Olus Aureum._ Arrach. - - -There be diuers kindes of Arrach, or Orach, as some doe call them; -some of the Garden, whereof I meane to entreate in this place; others -wilde of the Fieldes, &c. and others of the Sea, which are not to bee -spoken of in this worke, but referred to a generall historie. The -white garden Arrach, or Orach, hath diuers leaues, standing vpon their -seuerall footestalkes, broade at the bottome, ending in two points -like an arrow, with two feathers at the head, and small pointed at the -end of the leafe, of a whitish yellow greene colour, and as it were -strewed ouer with flower or meale, especially while they are young: -the stalke like wise is mealy, bearing many branches with small yellow -flowers on them, which turne into small leafie seeds: the roote groweth -somewhat deepe in the ground, with many small threds fastened thereto: -it quickly springeth vp of the seede, groweth great, and fadeth away as -soon as it hath borne seede. - -The purple Arrach is in all things like vnto the white, sauing onely in -the colour of the leafe, stalke, seede, &c. which are all of a mealy -dusty purplish colour. - - - The Vse of Arrach. - - Arrach is cold and moist, and of a lubricke or slippery - qualitie, whereby it quickely passeth through the stomacke and - belly, and maketh it soluble, and is of many vsed for that - purpose, being boyled and buttered, or put among other herbes - into the pot to make pottage. - - There are many dishes of meate made with them while they are - young, for being almost without sauour of themselues, they are - the more conuertible into what rellish any one will make them - with Sugar, Spice &c. - - - - -CHAP. XIX. - -_Blitum._ Blites. - - -There be diuers sorts of Blites, some whereof I haue entreated in -the former part of this worke, vnder the titled _Amaranthus_, Flower -gentle: others that are noursed vp in Gardens, I will set forth in -this place, which are onely two, that haue come to my knowledge, that -is, the white and the red, and are of a qualitie as neere vnto Arrach -as vnto Beetes, participating of both, and therefore I haue placed -them betwixt them. The white Blite hath leaues somewhat like vnto -Beetes, but smaller, rounder, and of a whitish greene colour, euery -one standing vpon a small long footestalke: the stalke riseth vp two -or three foote high, with many such like leaues thereon: the flowers -grow at the top in long round tufts or clusters, wherein are contained -small round seede: the roote is very full of threds or strings. - -The red Blite is in all things like the white, but that his leaues and -tufted heades are exceeding red at the first, and after turne more -purplish. - - - The Vse of Blites. - - Blites are vsed as Arrach, eyther boyled of it selfe or stewed, - which they call Loblolly, or among other herbes to bee put into - the pot; and yet some doe vtterly refuse it, because in diuers - it prouoketh castings. It is altogether insipide or without - taste, but yet by reason of the moist slipperie qualitie it - hath, it helpeth to loosen the belly. The vnsauorinesse whereof - hath in many Countries growne into a prouerbe, or by-word, - to call dull, slow, or lazie persons by that name: They are - accounted more hurtfull to the stomacke, and so to the head and - eyes, then other herbes, and therefore they are the lesse vsed. - - - - -CHAP. XX. - -_Beta._ Beetes. - - -There are many diuersities of Beetes, some growing naturally in our -own Country, others brought from beyond Sea; whereof some are white, -some greene, some yellow, some red: the leaues of some are of vse only, -and the root not vsed: others the roote is only vsed, and not the -leaues: and some againe, both roote and leafe. The ancient Authors, as -by their workes appeare, knew but two sorts, the white and the blacke -Beete, whereof the white is sufficiently known, and was of them termed -_Sicula_, of the later Physitians, _Sicla_, because it was thought -first to be brought from Sicilie: the blacke abideth some controuersie; -some thinking that our common greene Beete, because it is of a darke -greene colour, was that they called the blacke Beete; others that our -small red Beete, which is of a darke red colour, was their black Beete, -which in my opinion is the more likely: But to come to the matter in -hand, and giue you the descriptions of them which are in vse with vs, -and leaue controuersies to such a worke as is fit for them, wherein all -such matters may be discussed at large. - -The common white Beete hath many great leaues next the ground (in some -hot Countries growing to be three foote long, and very broade, in our -Countrey they are very large, but nothing neere that proportion) of -a whitish greene colour; the stalke is great, strong, and ribbed or -crested, bearing great store of leaues vpon it vp to the very toppe -almost: the flowers grow in very long tufts, small at the ends, and -turning down their heads, which are small pale greenish yellow burres, -giuing cornered prickly seede: the roote is great, long and hard, when -it hath giuen seede, of no vse at all, but abideth a former winter with -his leaues vpon it, as all other sorts following doe. - -The common red Beet differeth not from the white Beete, but only that -it is not so great, and both the leaues and rootes are somewhat red: -the leaues bee in some more red then in others, which haue but red -veines or strakes in them, in some also of a fresh red, in others very -darke red: the roote hereof is red, spongy, and not vsed to bee eaten. - -The common greene Beete is also like vnto the white Beete, but of a -darke greene colour. This hath beene found neere the salt Marshes by -Rochester, in the foote-way going from the Lady Levesons house thither, -by a worthy, diligent and painefull obseruer and preseruer both of -plants and all other natures varieties, often remembred before in this -worke, called Iohn Tradescante, who there finding it, gaue me the -knowledge thereof, and I haue vpon his report set it here down in this -manner: - -The Romane red Beete, called _Beta raposa_, is both for leafe and roote -the most excellent Beete of all others: his rootes bee as great as the -greatest Carrot, exceeding red both within and without, very sweete and -good, fit to bee eaten: this Beete groweth higher then the last red -Beete, whose rootes are not vsed to bee eaten: the leaues likewise are -better of taste, and of as red a colour as the former red Beete: the -roote is sometimes short like a Turnep, whereof it took the name of -_Rapa_ or _raposa_; and sometimes as I said before, like a Carrot and -long: the seede is all one with the lesser red Beete. - -The Italian Beete is of much respect, whose faire greene leaues are -very large and great, with great white ribbes and veines therein: the -stalke in the Summer time, when it is growen vp to any height, is six -square in shew, and yellowish withall, as the heades with seede vpon -them seeme likewise. - -The great red Beete that Master Lete a Merchant of London gaue vnto -Master Gerrard, as he setteth it downe in his Herball, seemeth to bee -the red kinde of the last remembred Beete, whose great ribbes as he -saith, are as great as the middle ribbe of the Cabbage leafe, and as -good to bee eaten, whose stalke rose with him to the height of eight -cubits, and bore plenty of seede. - - - The Vse of Beetes. - - Beetes, both white, greene and red, are put into the pot among - other herbes, to make pottage, as is commonly known vnto all, - and are also boyled whole, both in France vsually with most - of their boyled meates, and in our Countrey, with diuers that - delight in eating of herbes. - - The Italian Beete, and so likewise the last red Beete with - great ribbes, are boyled, and the ribbes eaten in sallets with - oyle, vinegar and pepper, and is accounted a rare kinde of - sallet, and very delicate. - - The roote of the common red Beete with some, but more - especially the Romane red Beete, is of much vse among Cookes - to trimme or set out their dishes of meate, being cut out into - diuers formes and fashions, and is grown of late dayes into a - great custome of seruice, both for fish and flesh. - - The rootes of the Romane red Beete being boyled, are eaten of - diuers while they are hot with a little oyle and vinegar, and - is accounted a delicate sallet for the winter; and being cold - they are so vsed and eaten likewise. - - The leaues are much vsed to mollifie and open the belly, being - vsed in the decoction of Glisters. The roote of the white kinde - scraped, and made vp with a little honey and salt, rubbed on - and layd on the belly, prouoketh to the stoole. The vse of - eating Beetes is likewise held to bee helpefull to spleneticke - persons. - - - - -CHAP. XXI. - -_Hipposelinum, siue Olus atrum._ Alisanders. - - -Alisanders hath beene in former times thought to be the true Macedonian -Parsley, and in that errour many doe yet continue: but this place -giueth not leaue to discusse that doubt: but I must here only shew -you, what it is, and to what vse it is put ordinarily for the Kitchen. -The leaues of Alisanders are winged or cut into many parts, somewhat -resembling Smallage, but greater, broader, and more cut in about the -edges: the stalkes are round and great, two foote high or better, -bearing diuers leaues on them, and at the toppe spokie roundles of -white flowers on seuerall small branches, which turne into blacke -seede, somewhat cornered or crested, of an aromaticall bitter taste; -the roote is blacke without, and white within, and abideth well the -first year of the sowing, perishing after it hath borne seed. - - - The Vse of Alisanders. - - The tops of the rootes, with the lower part of the stalkes of - Alisanders, are vsed in Lent especially, and Spring of the - yeare, to make broth, which although it be a little bitter, yet - it is both wholsome and pleasing to a great many, by reason - of the aromaticall or spicie taste, warming and comforting - the stomack, and helping it digest the many waterish and - flegmaticke meates are in those times much eaten. The rootes - also either rawe or boyled are often eaten with oyle and - vinegar. The seede is more vsed physically then the roote, or - any other part, and is effectuall to prouoke plenty of vrine - in them that pisse by drops, or haue the Strangury: It helpeth - womens courses, and warmeth their benummed bodies or members, - that haue endured fierce cold daies and nights, being boyled - and drunke. - - - - -CHAP. XXII. - -_Selinum dulce._ Sweete Parsley or sweete Smallage. - - -This kinde of sweete Parsley or Smallage, which soeuer you please to -call it, for it resembleth Smallage as well in the largenesse of the -leaues, as in the taste, yet sweeter and pleasanter, is (as I take it) -in this like vnto sweete Fennell (that hath his sweetnesse from his -naturall soyle and clymate; for howsoeuer it bee reasonable sweete -the first yeare it is sowne with vs, yet it quickly doth degenerate, -and becommeth no better then our ordinarie Fennell afterwards). The -first yeare it is sowne and planted with vs (and the first that euer I -saw, was in a Venetian Ambassadours Garden in the Spittle yard, neare -Bishops gate streete) is so sweete and pleasant, especially while it is -young, as if Sugar had beene mingled with it: but after it is growne vp -high and large, it hath a stronger taste of Smalladge, and so likewise -much more the next yeare; that it groweth from the seed was gathered -here: the leaues are many, spreading farre about the roote, broader and -of a fresher greene colour then our ordinary Smalladge, and vpon longer -stalkes: the seed is as plentifull as Parsley, being small and very -like vnto it, but darker of colour. - - - The Vse of sweete Parsley. - - The Venetians vse to prepare it for meate many waies, both the - herbe and the roote eaten rawe, as many other herbes and rootes - are, or boyled or fryed to be eaten with meate, or the dryed - herbe poudered and strewed vpon meate; but most vsually either - whited, and so eaten rawe with pepper and oyle, as a dainty - Sallet of it selfe, or a little boyled or stewed: the taste - of the herbe being a little warming, but the seede much more, - helpeth cold windy stomackes to digest their meate, and to - expell winde. - - - - -CHAP. XXIII. - -_Petrosolinum & Apium._ Parsley and Smalledge. - - -We haue three sorts of Parsley in our Gardens, and but one of -Smalladge: Our common Parsley, Curld Parsley, and Virginia Parsley; -which last, although it be but of late knowne, yet it is now almost -growne common, and of as good vse as the other with diuers. Our common -Parsley is so well knowne, that it is almost needlesse to describe it, -hauing diuers fresh greene leaues, three alwaies placed together on -a stalke, and snipt about the edges, and three stalkes of leaues for -the most part growing together: the stalkes growe three or foure foote -high or better, bearing spikie heads of white flowers, which turne into -small seede, somewhat sharpe and hot in taste: the roote is long and -white. - -Curld Parsley hath his leaues curled or crumpled on the edges, and -therein is the onely difference from the former. - -Virginia Parley is in his leafe altogether like vnto common Parsley -for the forme, consisting of three leaues set together, but that the -leaues are as large as Smallage leaues, but of a pale or whitish greene -colour, and of the same taste of our common Parsley: the seede hereof -is as the leaues, twice if not thrice as bigge as the ordinary Parsley, -and perisheth when it hath giuen seede, abiding vsually the first yeare -of the sowing. - -Smallage is in forme somewhat like vnto Parsley, but greater and -greener, and lesse pleasant, or rather more bitter in taste: the seede -is smaller, and the root more stringy. - - - The Vse of Parsley. - - Parsley is much vsed in all sorts of meates, both boyled, - roasted, stewed, &c. and being greene it serueth to lay vpon - sundry meates, as also to draw meate withall. It is also shred - and stopped into poudered beefe, as also into legges of Mutton, - with a little beefe suet among it, &c. - - The rootes are often vsed to be put into broth, to helpe to - open obstructions of the liuer, reines, and other parts, - helping much to procure vrine. - - The rootes likewise boyled or stewed with a legge of Mutton, - stopped with Parsley as aforesaid, is very good meate, and - of very good rellish, as I haue proued by the taste; but the - rootes must bee young, and of the first yeares growth, and they - will haue their operation to cause vrine. - - The seed also is vsed for the same cause, when any are troubled - with the stone, or grauell, to open the passages of vrine. - - Although Smallage groweth in many places wilde in moist - grounds, yet it is also much planted in Gardens, and although - his euill taste and sauour doth cause it not to be accepted - into meates as Parsley, yet it is not without many speciall - good properties, both for outward and inward diseases, to helpe - to open obstructions, and prouoke vrine. The iuyce cleanseth - vlcers; and the leaues boyled with Hogs grease, healeth felons - on the ioynts of the fingers. - - - - -CHAP. XXIIII. - -_Fœniculum._ Fenell. - - -There are three sorts of Fenell, whereof two are sweete. The one -of them is the ordinary sweete Fenell, whose seedes are larger and -yellower then the common, and which (as I said before in the Chapter -of sweete Parsley) doth soone degenerate in this our Country into the -common. The other sweete Fenell is not much knowne, and called Cardus -Fenell by those that sent it out of Italy, whose leaues are more thicke -and bushie then any of the other. Our common Fenell, whereof there is -greene and red, hath many faire and large spread leaues, finely cut -and diuided into many small, long, greene, or reddish leaues, yet the -thicker tufted the branches be, the shorter are the leaues: the stalkes -are round, with diuers ioynts and leaues at them, growing fiue or six -foot high, bearing at the top many spoakie rundels of yellow flowers; -the Common, I meane, doth turne into a darke grayish flat seede, and -the Sweete into larger and yellower: the roote is great, long, and -white, and endureth diuers yeares. - - - The Vse of Fenell. - - Fenell is of great vse to trimme vp, and strowe vpon fish, as - also to boyle or put among fish of diuers sorts, Cowcumbers - pickled, and other fruits, &c. The rootes are vsed with - Parsley rootes, to be boyled in broths and drinkes to open - obstructions. The seed is of much vse with other things to - expell winde. The seede also is much vsed to be put into Pippin - pies, and diuers other such baked fruits, as also into bread, - to giue it the better rellish. The sweete Cardus Fenell being - sent by Sir Henry Wotton to Iohn Tradescante, had likewise a - large direction with it how to dresse it; for they vse to white - it after it hath been transplanted for their vses, which by - reason of the sweetnesse by nature, and the tendernesse by art, - causeth it to be the more delightfull to the taste, especially - with them that are accustomed to feede on greene herbes. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Petrofolinum._ Parsley. - 2 _Apium._ Smallage. - 3 _Fœniculum._ Fenell. - 4 _Anethum._ Dill. - 5 _Myrrhis siue Cerefolium magnum._ Sweete Cheruill. - 6 _Cerefolium vulgare._ Common Cheruill. -] - - - - -CHAP. XXV. - -_Anethum._ Dill. - - -Dill doth much growe wilde, but because in many places it cannot -be had, it is therefore sowne in Gardens for the vses whereunto it -serueth. It is a smaller herbe then Fenell, but very like, hauing fine -cut leaues, not so large, but shorter, smaller, and of a stronger and -quicker taste: the stalke is smaller also, and with few ioynts and -leaues on them, bearing spoakie tufts of yellow flowers, which turne -into thinne, small, and flat seedes: the roote perisheth euery yeare, -and riseth againe for the most part of it owne sowing. - - - The Vse of Dill. - - The leaues of Dill are much vsed in some places with Fish, as - they doe Fenell; but because it is so strong many doe refuse it. - - It is also put among pickled Cowcumbers, wherewith it doth very - well agree, giuing vnto the cold fruit a pretty spicie taste or - rellish. - - It being stronger then Fenell, is of the more force to expell - winde in the body. Some vse to eate the seed to stay the - Hickocke. - - - - -CHAP. XXVI. - -_Myrrhis siue Cerefolium maius & vulgare._ -Sweet Cheruill and ordinary Cheruill. - - -The great or sweete Cheruill (which of some is called Sweete Cicely) -hath diuers great and faire spread winged leaues, consisting of many -leaues set together, deeply cut in the edges, and euery one also dented -about, very like, and resembling the leaues of Hemlockes, but of so -pleasant a taste, that one would verily thinke, he chewed the leaues or -seedes of Aniseedes in his mouth: The stalke is reasonable great, and -somewhat cornered or crested about three or foure foote high, at the -toppe whereof stand many white spoakie tufts of flowers, which change -into browne long cornered great seede, two alwaies ioyned together: the -roote is great, blackish on the outside, and white within, with diuers -fibres annexed vnto it, and perisheth not, but abideth many yeares, and -is of a sweete, pleasant, and spicie hot taste, delightfull vnto many. - -The common Cheruill is a small herbe, with slender leaues, finely cut -into long peeces, at the first of a pale yellowish greene colour, but -when the stalke is growne vp to seede, both stalkes and leaues become -of a darke red colour: the flowers are white, standing vpon scattered -or thin spread tufts, which turne into small, long, round, and sharpe -pointed seedes, of a brownish blacke colour: the roote is small, with -diuers long slender white strings, and perisheth euery yeare. - - - The Uses of these Cheruils. - - The common Cheruill is much vsed of the French and Dutch - people, to bee boyled or stewed in a pipkin, eyther by it - selfe, or with other herbes, whereof they make a Loblolly, and - so eate it. It is vsed as a pot-herbe with vs. - - Sweete Cheruill, gathered while it is young, and put among - other herbes for a sallet, addeth a meruellous good rellish to - all the rest. Some commend the greene seedes diced and put in a - sallet of herbes, and eaten with vinegar and oyle, to comfort - the cold stomacke of the aged. The roots are vsed by diuers, - being boyled, and after eaten with oyle and vinegar, as an - excellent sallet for the same purpose. The preserued or candid - rootes are of singular good vse to warme and comfort a cold - flegmaticke stomack, and is thought to be a good preseruatiue - in the time of the plague. - - - - -CHAP. XXVII. - -_Malua Crispa._ French Mallowes. - - -The curld or French Mallow groweth vp with an vpright greene round -stalke, as high vsually as any man, whereon from all sides grow forth -round whitish greene leaues, curld or crumpled about the edges, like a -ruffe, else very like vnto an ordinary great Mallow leafe: the flowers -grow both vpon the stalke, and on the other branches that spring from -them, being small and white; after which come small cases with blacke -seede like the other Mallowes: the roote perisheth when it hath borne -seede, but abideth vsually the first yeare, and the second runneth vp -to flower and seede. - - - The Vse of French Mallowes. - - It is much vsed as a pot-herbe, especially when there is cause - to moue the belly downward, which by his slippery qualitie it - doth helpe forward. It hath beene in times past, and so is to - this day in some places, vsed to be boyled or stewed, eyther by - it selfe with butter, or with other herbes, and so eaten. - - - - -CHAP. XXVIII. - -_Imtubum._ Succorie and Endiue. - - -I put both Succorie and Endiue into one chapter and description, -because they are both of one kindred; and although they differ a little -the one from the other, yet they agree both in this, that they are -eaten eyther greene or whited, of many. - -Endiue, the smooth as well as the curld, beareth a longer and a larger -leafe then Succorie, and abideth but one yeare, quickely running vp to -stalke and seede, and then perisheth: whereas Succorie abideth many -years, and hath long and narrower leaues, somewhat more cut in, or -torne on the edges: both of them haue blew flowers, and the seede of -the smooth or ordinary Endiue is so like vnto the Succorie, that it is -very hard to distinguish them asunder by sight; but the curld Endiue -giueth blackish and flat seede, very like vnto blacke Lettice seede: -the rootes of the Endiue perish, but the Succorie abideth. - - - The Vse of Succory and Endiue. - - Although Succorie bee somewhat more bitter in taste then the - Endiues, yet it is oftentimes, and of many eaten greene, - but more vsually being buried a while in sand, that it may - grow white, which causeth it to lose both some part of the - bitternesse, as also to bee the more tender in the eating; and - Horace sheweth it to be vsed in his time, in the 32. Ode of his - first Book, where he saith, - - _Me pascunt Oliuæ, me Cithorea leuesqe Maluæ_. - - Endiue being whited in the same, or any other manner, is much - vsed in winter, as a sallet herbe with great delight; but the - curld Endiue is both farre the fairer, and the tenderer for - that purpose. - - - - -CHAP. XXIX. - -_Spinachia, siue Olus Hispanicum._ Spinach. - - -Spinach or Spinage is of three sorts (yet some doe reckon of foure, -accounting that herbe that beareth no seede to be a sort of it selfe, -when it is but an accident of nature, as it falleth out in Hempe, -Mercury, and diuers other herbes) two that bear prickly seed, the one -much greater then the other: the third that beareth a smooth seede, -which is more daintie, and noursed vp but in few Gardens: The common -Spinach which is the lesser of the two prickly sorts, hath long greene -leaues, broad at the stalke, and rent, or torne as it were into foure -corners, and sharpe pointed at the ends: it quickly runneth vp to -stalke, if it be sowen in the Spring time; but else, if at the end -of Summer, it will abide all the winter green, and then suddenly in -the very beginning of the Spring, runne vp to stalke, bearing many -leaues both below and at the toppe, where there doth appeare many smal -greenish flowers in clusters, and after them prickly seede: The other -greater sort that hath prickly seede, is in all things like the former -but larger both in stalke, leafe and seede. The smooth Spinach hath -broader, and a little rounder pointed leaues then the first, especially -the lower leaues; for those that grow vpwards vpon the stalke, are more -pointed, and as it were three square, of as darke a greene colour as -the former: at the seuerall ioynts of the stalkes and branches, stand -clustering many small greenish flowers, which turne into clusters of -round whitish seede, without any prickles at all vpon them: the roote -is long, white and small, like vnto the other, with many fibres at it: -If it be often cut, it will grow the thicker, or else spindle vp very -thinly, and with but few leaues vpon the stalke. - - - The Vse of Spinage. - - Spinage is an herbe fit for sallets, and for diuers other - purposes for the table only; for it is not knowne to bee vsed - physically at all. Many English that haue learned it of the - Dutch people, doe stew the herbe in a pot or pipkin, without - any other moisture then it owne, and after the moisture is a - little pressed from it, they put butter, and a little spice - vnto it, and make therewith a dish that many delight to eate - of. It is vsed likewise to be made into Tartes, and many other - varieties of dishes, as Gentlewomen and their Cookes can better - tell than my selfe; vnto whom I leaue the further ordering of - these herbes, and all other fruits and rootes of this Garden: - For I intend only to giue you the knowledge of them, with some - briefe notes for their vse, and no more. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Malua crispa._ French Mallowes. - 2 _Endiuia._ Endiue. - 3 _Cichorium._ Succory. - 4 _Spinachia._ Spinach. - 5 _Lactuca crispa._ Curld Lettice. - 6 _Lactuca patula._ An open Lettice. - 7 _Lactuca capitata vulgaris._ Ordinary cabbage Lettice. - 8 _Lactuca capitata Romana._ The great Romane cabbage Lettice. - 9 _Lactuca agueno._ Corne Sallet or Lambes Lettice. -] - - - - -CHAP. XXX. - -_Lactuca._ Lettice. - - -There are so many sorts, and so great diuersitie of Lettice, that I -doubt I shall scarce be beleeued of a great many. For I doe in this -Chapter reckon vp into you eleauen or twelue differing sorts; some of -little vse, others of more, being more common and vulgar; and some that -are of excellent vse and seruice, which are more rare, and require more -knowledge and care for the ordering of them, as also for their time of -spending, as some in the spring, some in summer, others in autumne, -and some being whited for the winter. For all these sorts I shall not -neede many descriptions, but only shew you which doe cabbage, and which -are loose, which of them are great or small, white, greene or red, and -which of them beare white seeds, and which of them blacke. And lastly -I haue thought good to adde another Sallet herbe, which because it is -called Lambes Lettice of many, or Corne Sallet of others, is put in -only to fill vp a number in this Chapter, and that I must speake of it, -and not that I thinke it to be any of the kindes of Lettice. - -All sorts of Lettice, after a while that they haue closed themselues, -if they bee of the Cabbage kindes, or otherwise being loose, and neuer -closing, send forth from among the middle of their leaues a round -stalke (in some greater, in others lesser, according to their kinde) -full of leaues like vnto the lower, branching at the toppe into sundry -parts, whereon grow diuers small star-like flowers, of a pale yellowish -colour; after which come seede, eyther white or blackish, as the -plant yeeldeth, whereat hangeth some small peece of a cottony doune, -wherewith the whole head is stored, and is carried away with the winde, -if it be not gathered in time: the roote is somewhat long and white, -with some fibres at it, and perisheth quickely after the seede is ripe. - -The Romane red Lettice is the best and greatest of all the rest. For -Iohn Tradescante that first, as I thinke, brought it into England, and -sowed it, did write vnto mee, that after one of them had been bound -and whited, when the refuse was cut away, the rest weighed seuenteene -ounces: this hath blacke seede. - -The white Romane Lettice is like vnto it, hauing long leaues like a -Teasell, it is in goodnesse next vnto the red, but must be whited, that -it may eate kindly: the seede hereof is white. - -The Virginia Lettice hath single and very broade reddish leaues, and is -not of any great regard, and therefore is kept but of a few: it beareth -blacke seede. - -The common Lumbard Lettice that is loose, and another kinde thereof -that doth somewhat cabbage, haue both white seedes. - -The Venice Lettice is an excellent Cabbage Lettice, and is best to bee -sowen after Midsummer for lateward Lettice; they be sometimes as great -as the crowne of a mans hatt: the seede hereof is white, and groweth to -be of a meane height. - -Our common Cabbage Lettice is well known, and beareth blacke seede. - -The curld Lettice which is open, and differeth but little from Endiue, -beareth black seede. - -Another sort of curld Lettice doth cabbage, and is called Flanders -Cropers, or Cropers of Bruges; this groweth lowest, and hath the -smallest head, but very hard and round, and white while it groweth: the -seed is blacke. - -A kinde of Romane Lettice is of a darke green colour, growing as low as -the Venice Lettice, and is an excellent kinde, bearing blacke seede. - -And lastly our winter Lettice is wonderfull hardy to endure our cold: -It is but single, and must be sowen at Michaelmas, but will be very -good, before any of the other good sorts sowen in the Spring, will be -ready to be vsed, and beareth white seed. - -To instruct a nouice (for I teach not a Gardiner of knowledge) how to -gather his seede that it may be good, is in this manner: Let him marke -out those plants that hee meaneth shall run vp for seede, which must -be the most likely; & after they haue begun to shoote forth stalkes, -strip away the lowest leaues, for two or three hands breadth aboue the -ground, that thereby in taking away the lowest leaues, the stalke doe -not rot, nor the seed be hindered in the ripening. - -There are two manner of wayes to whiten Lettice to make them eate the -more tender: the one is by raysing vp earth like moale hils, round -about the plants while they are growing, which will make them grow -white: the other is by tying vp all the loose leaues round together -while it groweth, that so the close tying may make it grow white, and -thereby be the more tender. - -Lambes Lettice or Corne Sallet is a small plant while it is young, -growing close vpon the ground, with many whitish greene, long and -narrow, round pointed leaues, all the winter, and in the beginning of -the spring (if it bee sowen in autumne, as it is vsuall to serue for an -early sallet) riseth vp with small round stalkes, with two leaues at -euery ioynt, branching forth at the toppe, and bearing tufts of small -bleake blew flowers, which turne into small round whitish seede: the -roote is small and long, with some small threds hanging thereat: the -whole plant is of a waterish taste, almost insipide. - - - The Vse of Lettice. - - All sorts of Lettice are spent in sallets, with oyle and - vinegar, or as euery one please, for the most part, while they - are fresh and greene, or whited, as is declared of some of - the sorts before, to cause them to eate the more delicate and - tender. They are also boyled, to serue for many sorts of dishes - of meate, as the Cookes know best. - - They all coole a hot and fainting stomacke. - - The iuice of Lettice applyed with oyle of Roses to the - foreheads of the sicke and weake wanting sleepe, procureth - rest, and taketh away paines in the head: bound likewise to the - cods, it helpeth those that are troubled with the Colts euill. - If a little camphire be added, it restraineth immoderate lust: - but it is hurtfull to such as are troubled with the shortnesse - of breath. - - Lambes Lettice is wholly spent for sallets, in the beginning of - the yeare, as I said, before any almost of the other sorts of - Lettice are to be had. - - - - -CHAP. XXXI. - -_Portulaca._ Purslane. - - -Purslane hath many thicke round shining red stalkes, full of iuice, -lying vpon the ground for the most part; whereon are set diuers long, -thicke, pale green leaues, sometimes alone by themselues, and sometimes -many small ones together with them; among which grow small yellow -flowers, which stand in little greene huskes, containing blacke seede: -the roote is small, and perisheth euery yeare, and must be new sowen in -Aprill, in the alleyes of the Garden betweene the beds, as some haue -heretofore vsed, where it may haue the more moisture, or, as I haue -seene in some Gardens, vpon those beds of dung that Gardiners haue vsed -to nourse vp their Cowcumbers, Melons, and Pompions, whereon after they -haue been taken away, they haue sowen Purslane, where if it be much -watered, the warmth of the dung, and the water giuen it, the Purslane -hath grown great and large, and continued vntill winter. - - - The Vse of Purslane. - - It is vsed as Lettice in sallets, to coole hot and faint - stomackes in the hot time of the yeare, but afterwards if only - for delight, it is not good to bee too prodigall in the vse - thereof. - - The seede of Purslane doth coole much any inflammation inward - or outward, and doth a little binde withall. - - - - -CHAP. XXXII. - -_Dracoherba siue Tarchon & Dracunculus hortensis._ Tarragon. - - -Tarragon hath long and narrow darke greene leaues, growing on slender -and brittle round stalkes, two or three foote high, at the tops whereof -grow forth long slender spikes of small yellowish flowers, which -seldome giue any good seede, but a dustie or chaffie matter, which -flieth away with the winde: the roote is white, and creepeth about -vnder ground, whereby it much encreaseth: the whole herbe is of a hot -and biting taste. - - - The Vse of Tarragon. - - It is altogether vsed among other cold herbes, to temper their - coldnesse, and they to temper its heate, so to giue the better - rellish vnto the Sallet; but many doe not like the taste - thereof, and so refuse it. - - There are some Authors that haue held Tarragon not to be an - herbe of it owne kinde, but that it was first produced, by - putting the seede of Lin or Flaxe into the roote of an Onion, - being opened and so set into the ground, which when it hath - sprung, hath brought forth this herbe Tarragon, which absurd - and idle opinion, Matthiolus by certaine experience saith, hath - been found false. - - - - -CHAP. XXXIII. - -_Nasturtium hortense._ Garden Cresses. - - -Garden Cresses growe vp to the height of two foote or thereabouts, -hauing many small, whitish, broad, endented, torne leaues, set together -vpon a middle ribbe next the ground, but those that growe higher vpon -the stalkes are smaller and longer: the tops of the stalkes are stored -with white flowers, which turne into flat pods or pouches, like vnto -Shepheard purse, wherein is contained flat reddish seede: the roote -perisheth euery yeare: the taste both of leaues and seedes are somewhat -strong, hot, and bitter. - - - The Vse of Cresses. - - The Dutchmen and others vse to eate Cresses familiarly with - their butter and bread, as also stewed or boyled, either alone - or with other herbes, whereof they make a Hotch potch, and so - eate it. Wee doe eate it mixed among Lettice or Purslane, and - sometimes with Tarragon or Rocket, with oyle and vinegar and a - little salt, and in that manner it is very sauoury to some mens - stomackes. - - The vse of Cresses physically is, it helpeth to expectorate - tough flegme, as also for the paines of the breast; and as it - is thought taketh away spots, being laid to with vinegar. The - seede is giuen of many to children for the wormes. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Portulaca._ Purslane. - 2 _Dracho herba seu Tarchon._ Tarragon. - 3 _Eruca satiua._ Garden Rocket. - 4 _Nasturtium sativum._ Garden Cresses. - 5 _Sinapi._ Mustard. - 6 _Asparagus._ Asparagus or Sperage. -] - - - - -CHAP. XXXIIII. - -_Eruca satiua._ Garden Rocket. - - -Ovr Garden Rocket is but a wilde kinde brought into Gardens; for the -true Romane Rocket hath larger leaues; this hath many long leaues, much -torne or rent on the edges, smaller and narrower then the Romane kinde: -the flowers hereof are of a pale yellowish colour, whereas the true -is whitish, consisting of foure leaues: the seede of this is reddish, -contained in smaller and longer pods then the true, which are shorter -and thicker, and the seede of a whitish yellow colour: the rootes of -both perish as soone as they haue giuen seede. Some haue taken one sort -of the wilde kinde for Mustard, and haue vsed the seede for the same -purpose. - - - The Vse of Rocket. - - It is for the most part eaten with Lettice, Purslane, or such - cold herbes, and not alone, because of its heate and strength; - but that with the white seede is milder. The seede of Rocket is - good to prouoke vrine, and to stirre vp bodily lust. - - The seede bruised, and mixed with a little vinegar, and of the - gall of an Oxe, cleanseth the face of freckles, spots, and blew - markes, that come by beatings, fals, or otherwaies. - - Matthiolus saith, that the leaues boyled, and giuen with some - Sugar to little children, cureth them of the cough. - - The seede is held to be helpfull to spleneticke persons; as - also to kill the wormes of the belly. - - - - -CHAP. XXXV. - -_Sinapi sativum._ Garden Mustard. - - -The Mustard that is most vsuall in this Country, howsoeuer diuers -doe for their priuate vses sowe it in their Gardens or Orchards, in -some conuenient corner, yet the same is found wilde also abroad in -many places. It hath many rough long diuided leaues, of an ouerworne -greene colour: the stalke is diuided at the toppe into diuers branches, -whereon growe diuers pale yellow flowers, in a great length, which -turne into small long pods, wherein is contained blackish seede, -inclining to rednesse, of a fiery sharpe taste: the roote is tough and -white, running deepe into the ground, with many small fibres at it. - - - The Vse of Mustard. - - The seede hereof grownd between two stones, fitted for the - purpose, and called a Querne, with some good vinegar added vnto - it, to make it liquid and running, is that kinde of Mustard - that is vsually made of all sorts, to serue as sawce both for - fish and flesh. - - The same liquid Mustard is of good vse, being fresh, for - Epilepticke persons, to warme and quicken those dull spirits - that are sopite and scarce appeare, if it be applyed both - inwardly and outwardly. - - It is with good successe also giuen to those that haue short - breathes, and troubled with a cough in the lungs. - - - - -CHAP. XXXVI. - -_Asparagus._ Sperage or Asparagus. - - -Asparagus riseth vp at the first with diuers whitish greene scaly -heads, very brittle or easie to breake while they are young, which -afterwards rise vp into very long and slender greene stalkes, of -the bignesse of an ordinary riding wand at the bottome of most, or -bigger or lesser, as the rootes are of growth, on which are set diuers -branches of greene leaues, shorter and smaller then Fennell vp to -the toppe, at the ioynts whereof come forth small mossie yellowish -flowers, which turne into round berries, greene at the first, and of an -excellent red colour when they are ripe, shewing as if they were beades -of Corrall, wherein are contained exceeding hard and blacke seede: the -rootes are dispersed from a spongious head into many long, thicke, and -round strings, whereby it sucketh much nourishment out of the ground, -and encreaseth plentifully thereby. - -We haue another kinde hereof that is of much greater account, because -the shootes are larger, whiter, and being dressed taste more sweete and -pleasant, without any other difference. - - - The Vse of Asparagus. - - The first shootes or heads of Asparagus are a Sallet of as much - esteeme with all sorts of persons, as any other whatsoeuer, - being boyled tender, and eaten with butter, vinegar, and - pepper, or oyle and vinegar, or as euery ones manner doth - please; and are almost wholly spent for the pleasure of the - pallate. It is specially good to prouoke vrine, and for those - that are troubled with the stone or grauell in the reines or - kidneyes, because it doth a little open and cleanse those parts. - - - - -CHAP. XXXVII. - -_Brassica._ Cabbages and Coleworts. - - -There is greater diuersity in the forme and colour of the leaues of -this plant, then there is in any other that I know groweth vpon the -ground. But this place requireth not the knowledge of all sorts which -might be shewen, many of them being of no vse with vs for the table, -but for delight, to behold the wonderfull variety of the workes of -God herein. I will here therefore shew you onely those sorts that are -ordinary in most Gardens, and some that are rare, receiued into some -especiall Gardens: And first of Cabbages, and then of Coleworts. - -Our ordinary Cabbage that closeth hard and round, hath at the first -great large thicke leaues, of a grayish greene colour, with thicke -great ribbes, and lye open most part of the Summer without closing, but -toward the end of Summer, being growne to haue many leaues, it then -beginneth to growe close and round in the middle, and as it closeth, -the leaues growe white inward; yet there be some kindes that will -neuer be so close as these, but will remaine halfe open, which wee doe -not account to be so good as the other: in the middle of this head, -the next yeare after the sowing, in other Countries especially, and -sometimes in ours, if the Winter be milde, as may be seene in diuers -Gardens (but to preuent the danger of our Winter frosts, our Gardiners -now doe vse to take vp diuers Cabbages with their rootes, and tying a -cloth or some such thing about the rootes, doe hang them vp in their -houses, where they may be defended from cold, and then set them againe -after the frosts are past) and then there shooteth out a great thicke -stalke, diuided at the toppe into many branches, bearing thereon diuers -small flowers, sometime white, but most commonly yellow, made of foure -leaues, which turne into long, round, and pointed pods, containing -therein small round seede, like vnto Turnep seede: the roote spreadeth -not farre nor deepe, and dyeth vsually in any great froste; for a small -frost maketh the Cabbage eate the tenderer. - -The red Cabbage is like vnto the white, last spoken of, but differing -in colour and greatnesse; for it is seldome found so great as the -white, and the colour of the leaues is very variable, as being in some -stript with red, in others more red, or very deepe red or purple. - -The sugar loafe Cabbage, so called because it is smaller at the toppe -then it is at the bottome, and is of two sorts, the one white, the -other greene. - -The Sauoy Cabbadge, one is of a deepe greene coloured leafe, and curld -when it is to be gathered; the other is yellowish: neyther of both -these doe close so well as the first, but yet are vsed of some, and -accounted good. - -The Cole flower is a kinde of Coleworte, whose leaues are large, and -like the Cabbage leaues, but somewhat smaller, and endented about the -edges, in the middle wherof, sometimes in the beginning of Autumne, -and sometimes much sooner, there appeareth a hard head of whitish -yellow tufts of flowers, closely thrust together, but neuer open, nor -spreading much with vs, which then is fittest to be vsed, the green -leaues being cut away close to the head: this hath a much pleasanter -taste then eyther the Coleworte, or Cabbage of any kinde, and is -therefore of the more regard and respect at good mens tables. - -The ordinary Coleworte is sufficiently knowne not to close or cabbage, -and giueth seede plentifully enough. - -The other Colewortes that are noursed vp with those that delight in -curiosities, besides the aforesaid ordinary greene, which is much vsed -of Dutchmen, and other strangers, are these: The Curld Coleworte eyther -wholly of a greene colour, or of diuers colours in one plant, as white, -yellow, red, purple or crimson, so variably mixed, the leaues being -curld on the edges, like a ruffe band, that it is very beautifull to -behold. - -There is also another curld Colewort of lesse beauty and respect, being -but a little curld on the edges, whose leaues are white, edged with -red, or green edged with white. - -Two other there are, the one of a popingaye greene colour: the other of -a fine deepe greene, like vnto the Sauoyes. - -Then there is the Cole rape, which is also a kinde of Coleworte, that -beareth a white heade, or headed stalke aboue the ground, as bigge as -a reasonable Turnep, but longer, and from the toppe thereof springeth -out diuers great leaues, like vnto Colewortes; among which rise diuers -stalkes that beare yellow flowers, and seede in pods, almost as small -as Mustard seede: the roote is somewhat long, and very bushie with -threds. - - - The Vse of Cabbages and Colewortes. - - They are most vsually boyled in poudered beefe broth vntil they - be tender, and then eaten with much fat put among them. - - The great ribs of the Popingay, and deepe greene Colewortes, - beeing boyled and layde into dishes, are serued to the table - with oyle and vinegar in the Lent time for very good sallets. - - In the cold Countries of Russia and Muscouia, they pouder vp - a number of Cabbages, which serue them, especially the poorer - sort, for their most ordinary foode in winter; and although - they stinke most grieuously, yet to them they are accounted - good meate. - - It is thought, that the vse of them doth hinder the milke - in Nurses breasts, causing it to dry vp quickely: but many - women that haue giuen sucke to my knowledge haue denyed that - assertion, affirming that they haue often eaten them, and found - no such effect. How it might proue in more delicate bodies then - theirs that thus said, I cannot tell but Matthiolus auerreth - it to encrease milke in Nurses breastes; so differing are the - opinions of many. The seede grossely bruised and boyled a - little in flesh broth, is a present remedie for the Collicke; - the seede and the broth being taken together, easing them that - are troubled therewith of all griping paines: as also for - the stone in the kidneyes. A Lohoc or licking Electuary made - of the pulpe of the boyled stalkes, and a little honey and - Almond milke, is very profitable for shortnesse of breath, and - those that are entering into a Consumption of the lunges. It - hath beene formerly held to be helpefull in all diseases: for - Crisippus, an ancient Physitian, wrote a whole Volume of the - vertues, applying it to all the parts of the body: which thing - neede not seeme wonderfull, in that it is recorded by writers, - that the old Romanes hauing expelled Physitians out of their - Common-wealth, did for many hundred of yeares maintaine their - health by the vse of Cabbages, taking them for euery disease. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Brassica capitata._ Close Cabbage. - 2 _Brassica patula._ Open Cabbage. - 3 _Brassica Sabaudica crispa._ Curld Sauoye. Colewort. - 4 _Caulis florida._ Cole flower. - 5 _Caulis crispa._ Curld Colewort. - 6 _Caulis crispa variata._ Changeable Curld Colewort. - 7 _Rapocaulis._ Cole rape. -] - - - - -CHAP. XXXVIII. - -_Sisarum._ Skirrets. - - -After all the herbes before rehearsed, fit for sallets, or otherwise -to bee eaten, there must follow such rootes as are vsed to the same -purpose: and first, Skirrets haue many leaues next the ground, composed -of many small smooth green leaues, set each against other vpon a middle -ribbe, and euery one snipt about the edges: the stalke riseth vp two or -three foote high, set with the like leaues, hauing at the toppe spoakie -tufts of white flowers, which turne into small seede, somewhat bigger -and darker then Parsley seede: the rootes be many growing together -at one head, beeing long, slender, & rugged or vneuen, of a whitish -colour on the outside, and more white within, hauing in the middle of -the roote a long small hard pith or string: these heads are vsually -taken vp in February and March, or sooner if any so please, the greater -number of them being broken off to bee vsed, the rest are planted -againe after the heads are separated, and hereby they are encreased -euery yeare by many; but it is now adayes more sowen of the seed, which -come forwards well enough if the ground be fat and good. - - - The Vse of Skirrets. - - The rootes being boyled, peeled and pithed, are stewed with - butter, pepper and salt, and so eaten; or as others vse them, - to roule them in flower, and fry them with butter, after they - haue beene boyled, peeled and pithed: each way, or any way that - men please to vse them, they may finde their taste to be very - pleasant, far beyond any Parsnep, as all agree that taste them. - - Some doe vse also to eate them as a sallet, colde with vinegar, - oyle, &c. being first boyled and dressed as before said. They - doe helpe to prouoke vrine, and as is thought, to procure - bodily lust, in that they are a little windy. - - - - -CHAP. XXXIX. - -_Pastinaca satiua latifolia._ Parsneps. - - -The common garden Parsnep hath diuers large winged leaues lying vpon -the ground, that is, many leaues set one by another on both sides of -a middle stalk, somewhat like as the Skirret hath, but much larger, -and closer set: the stalke riseth vp great and tall, fiue or six foot -high sometimes, with many such leaues thereon at seuerall ioynts; the -top whereof is spread into diuers branches, whereon stand spoakie -rundles of yellow flowers, which turne into brownish flat seede: the -root is long, great and white, very pleasant to bee eaten, and the more -pleasant if it grow in a fat sandy soyle. - -There is another sort of garden Parsnep, called the Pine Parsnep, that -is not common in euery Garden, and differeth from the former in three -notable parts. The root is not so long, but thicker at the head and -smaller below; the stalke is neither so bigge, nor so high; and the -seede is smaller: yet as Iohn Tradescante saith (who hath giuen me the -relation of this, and many other of these garden plants, to whom euery -one is a debtor) the roote hereof is not altogether so pleasant as the -other. - -Moreouer the wilde kinde, which groweth in many places of England (and -wherof in some places there might be gathered a quarter sacke full of -the seede) if it be sowen in Gardens, and there well ordered, will -proue as good as the former kinde of Garden Parsneps. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Sisarum._ Skirrets. - 2 _Pastinaca latifolia._ Parsneps. - 3 _Pastinaca tenuifolia._ Carrets. - 4 _Rapum._ Turneps. - 5 _Napus sativus._ Navewes. - 6 _Raphanus niger._ Blacke Raddish. - 7 _Raphanus vulgaris._ Common Raddish. -] - - - The Vse of Parsneps. - - The Parsnep root is a great nourisher, and is much more vsed in - the time of Lent, being boyled and stewed with butter, then in - any other time of the yeare; yet it is very good all the winter - long. The seede helpeth to dissolue winde, and to prouoke vrine. - - - - -CHAP. XL. - -_Pastina satiua tenuifolia._ Carrots. - - -The Carrot hath many winged leaues, rising from the head of the roote, -which are much cut and diuided into many other leaues, and they also -cut and diuided into many parts, of a deepe greene colour, some whereof -in Autumne will turne to be of a fine red or purple (the beautie -whereof allureth many Gentlewomen oftentimes to gather the leaues, -and sticke them in their hats or heads, or pin them on their armes in -stead of feathers): the stalke riseth vp among the leaues, bearing -many likewise vpon it, but nothing so high as the Parsnep, being about -three foote high, bearing many spoakie tufts of white flowers, which -turne into small rough seede, as if it were hairy, smelling reasonable -well if it bee rubbed: the roote is round and long, thicke aboue and -small below, eyther red or yellow, eyther shorter or longer, according -to his kinde; for there is one kinde, whose roote is wholly red quite -thoroughout; another whose roote is red without for a pretty way -inward, but the middle is yellow. - -Then there is the yellow, which is of two sorts, both long and short: -One of the long yellow sorts, which is of a pale yellow, hath the -greatest and longest roote, and likewise the greatest head of greene, -and is for the most part the worst, being spongy, and not firme. - -The other is of a deepe gold yellow colour, and is the best, hauing a -smaller head, or tuft of greene leaues vpon it. - -The shorte rootes are likewise distinguished, into pale and deepe -yellow colours. - - - The Vse of Carrots. - - All these sorts being boyled in the broth of beefe, eyther - fresh or salt, but more vsually of salted beefe, are eaten with - great pleasure, because of the sweetenesse of them: but they - nourish lesse then Parsneps or Skirrets. - - I haue not often knowne the seede of this Garden kinde to bee - vsed in Physicke: but the wilde kinde is often and much vsed to - expell winde, &c. - - - - -CHAP. XLI. - -_Rapum hortense._ Turneps. - - -There are diuers sorts of Turneps, as white, yellow, and red: the white -are the most common, and they are of two kinds, the one much sweeter -then the other. - -The yellow and the red are more rare, and noursed vp only by those that -are curious: as also the Navewe, which is seene but with very few. - -The ordinary Garden Turnep hath many large, and long rough greene -leaues, with deepe and vneuen gashes on both sides of them: the stalke -riseth vp among the leaues about two foote high, spread at the toppe -into many branches, bearing thereon yellow flowers, which turne into -long pods, with blackish round seede in them: the roote is round and -white, some greater, some smaller; the best kinde is knowne to be -flat, with a small pigges tale-like roote vnderneath it; the worser -kinde which is more common in many places of this land, both North and -West, is round, and not flat, with a greater pigges tayle-like roote -vnderneath. - -The yellow kinde doth often grow very great, it is hardly discerned -from the ordinary kinde while it groweth, but by the greatnesse and -spreading of the leaues beeing boyled, the roote changeth more yellow, -somewhat neare the colour of a Carrot. - -The red Turnep groweth vsually greater then any of the other, -especially in a good ground, being of a faire red colour on the -outside, but being pared, as white as any other on the inside. This, -as Matthiolus saith, doth grow in the Countrey of Anania, where hee -hath seene an infinite number of them that haue waighed fifty pound -a peece, and in some places hee saith, a hundred pound a peece, both -which we would thinke to be incredible, but that we see the kind is -greatly giuen to grow, and in warme Countries they may so thriue, that -the bulke or bignesse of the roote may so farre passe the growth of our -Countrey, as that it may rise to that quantity aboue specified. - -The Navew gentle is of two kindes, a smaller and a greater; the smaller -is vsually called in France, _Naveau de Cane_, the roote is somewhat -long with the roundnesse; this kinde is twice as bigge as a mans -thumbe, and many of them lesse: The other is long and great, almost as -big as the short Carrot, but for the most part of an vneuen length, and -roundnesse vnto the very end, where it spreadeth into diuers small long -fibres: neyther of them doth differ much from the Turnep, in leafe, -flower or seed. - - - The Vse of Turneps. - - Being boyled in salt broth, they all of them eate most kindly, - and by reason of their sweetnesse are much esteemed, and often - seene as a dish at good mens tables: but the greater quantitie - of them are spent at poore mens feasts. They nourish much, and - engender moist and loose flesh, and are very windy. The seede - of the Navew gentle is (as I take it) called of Andromachus - in the composition of his Treakle, _Bunias dulcis_: for - Dioscorides and Plinie doe both say, that the seede of the tame - Bunias or Napus is put into Antidotes, and not the seede of - the wilde, which is more sharpe and bitter; neyther the seede - of the Turnep, which is called in Greeke γογγύλη, in Latine - _Rapum_, because the seede is not sweete. - - - - -CHAP. XLII. - -_Raphanus._ Raddish. - - -There are two principall kindes of Garden Raddish, the one is blackish -on the outside, and the other white; and of both these there is some -diuision againe, as shall be shewed. Dittander and horse Raddish be -reckoned kinds thereof. - -The ordinary Raddish hath long leaues, vneuenly gashed on both sides, -the stalke riseth vp to the height of three or foure foote, bearing -many purplish flowers at the top, made of foure leaues a peece, which -turne into thicke and short pods, wherein are contained round seede, -greater then Turnep or Coleworte seede, and of a pale reddish colour: -the roote is long, white, and of a reddish purple colour on the outside -toward the toppe of it, and of a sharpe biting taste. - -There is a small kind of Raddish that commeth earlier then the former, -that we haue had out of the low Countries, not differing in any thing -else. - -The blacke Raddish I haue had brought me out of the lowe Countries, -where they sell them in some places by the pound, and is accounted with -them a rare winter sallet: the roote of the best kinde is blackish on -the outside (and yet the seede gathered from such an one, hath after -the sowing againe, giuen rootes, whereof some haue beene blacke, but -the most part white on the outside) and white within, great and round -at the head, almost like a Turnep, but ending shorter then a Raddish, -and longer then a Turnep, almost peare-fashion, of a firmer and harder -substance then the ordinary Raddish, but no lesse sharpe and biting, -and somewhat strong withall; the leaues are somewhat smaller, and with -deeper gashes, the flower and seede are like the former, but smaller. - -Another sort of blacke Raddish is like in leafe and seede to the -former, but the flower is of a lighter purple colour: the roote is -longer and smaller, and changeth also to bee white as the former doth, -so that I thinke they haue both risen from one kinde. - -The Horse Raddish is a kinde of wilde Raddish, but brought into Gardens -for the vse of it, and hath great large and long greene leaues, which -are not so much diuided, but dented about the edges: the roote is long -and great, much stronger in taste then the former, and abideth diuers -yeares, spreading with branches vnder ground. - -Dittander is likewise a wilde kinde hereof, hauing long pointed blewish -greene leaues, and a roote that creepeth much vnder ground: I confesse -this might haue bin placed among the herbes, because the leaues and not -the rootes are vsed; but let it passe now with the kindes of Raddish. - - - The Vse of these Raddishes. - - Raddishes doe serue vsually as a _stimulum_ before meat, giuing - an appetite thereunto; the poore eate them alone with bread and - salt. Some that are early sowen, are eaten in Aprill, or sooner - if the season permit; others come later; and some are sowen - late to serue for the end of Summer: but (as of all things - else) the earlier are the more accepted. - - The blacke Raddishes are most vsed in the winter, (yet some in - their naturall and not forc’d grounds, haue their rootes good - most part of the Summer) and therefore must bee sowen after - Midsomer; for if they should bee sowen earlier, they would - presently runne vp to stalke and seed, and so lose the benefit - of the roote. The Physicall propertie is, it is often vsed in - medicines that helpe to breake the stone, and to auoyde grauell. - - The Horse Raddish is vsed Physically, very much in - Melancholicke, Spleneticke and Scorbuticke diseases. And some - vse to make a kinde of Mustard with the rootes, and eate it - with fish. - - Dittander or Pepperworte is vsed of some cold churlish - stomackes, as a sawce or sallet sometimes to their meate, but - it is too hot, bitter and strong for weake and tender stomackes. - - Our Gardiners about London vse great fences of reede tyed - together, which seemeth to bee a mat set vpright, and is as - good as a wall to defend the cold from those things that would - be defended, and to bring them forwards the earlier. - - - - -CHAP. XLIII. - -_Cepæ._ Onions. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Raphanus rusticanus._ Horse Raddish. - 2 _Lepidium siue Piperitis._ Dittander. - 3 _Cepæ rotunda._ Round Onions. - 4 _Cepæ longæ._ Long Onions. - 5 _Porrum._ Leekes. - 6 _Allium._ Garlicke. - 7 _Rapunculus._ Rampions. - 8 _Tragopogon._ Goates beard. -] - - -Wee haue diuers sorts of Onions, both white and red, flat, round and -long, as shall be presently shewed: But I will doe with these as I -doe with the rest, only giue you one description for them all, and -afterwards their seuerall names and varieties, as they are to be known -by. - -Our common Garden Onion hath diuers long greene hollow leaues, seeming -halfe flat; among which riseth vp a great round hollow stalke, bigger -in the middle then any where else, at the toppe whereof standeth a -close round head, couered at the first with a thin skinne, which -breaketh when the head is growne, and sheweth forth a great vmbell of -white flowers, which turne into blacke seede: but then the head is so -heauie that the stalke cannot sustaine it, but must be vpheld from -falling to the ground, lest it rot and perish: the roote as all know -is round, in some greater, in others lesser, or flat, in some red on -the outside only, in others quite thorough out, in some white, and -very sharpe and strong, in others milder, and more pleasant, and some -so pleasant that they may be eaten as an Apple: All these kinds of -Onions, contrary to the nature of all other bulbous rootes, haue no -off-set, or other roote growing to it, but are euery one alone single -by themselues; and therefore it seemeth, the Latines, as Columella -recordeth, haue giuen it the name _Vnio_, and the French it should -seeme following the Latine, and the English the French, do call it -_Oignon_ and _Onion_, as an vnite, or as if they were but one and one, -and dye euery yeare after seed bearing. - -The red flat kinde is most vsually with vs the strongest of them all, -yet I haue had a great red Onion brought mee from beyond Sea, that was -as great almost as two mens fistes, flat and red quite thoroughout, -and very pleasant both to smell vnto, and to eate, but did quickly -degenerate; so that we plainly see, that the soyle and climate doth -giue great alteration to plants of all sorts. - -The long kinde wee call St. Omers Onions, and corruptly among the -vulgar, St. Thomas Onions. - -The other red kinde we call Strasborough Onions, whose outside onely is -red, and are very sharpe and fierce. - -The white Onions both long and flat, are like vnto Chalke-stones lying -vpon the ground, when they are ripe and fit to be gathered. - -And lastly, there is the Spanish Onion, both long and flat, very -sweete, and eaten by many like an apple, but as Iohn Tradescante saith, -who hath beene in Spaine, that the Spaniards themselues doe not eate -them so familiarly, as they doe those white Onions that come out of our -owne Countrey, which they haue there more plentifully then their sweete -Onions. - - - The Vse of Onions. - - Onions are vsed many wayes, as sliced and put into pottage, or - boyled and peeled and layde in dishes for sallets at supper, - or sliced and put into water, for a sawce for mutton or - oysters, or into meate roasted being stuffed with Parsly, and - so many waies that I cannot recount them, euery one pleasing - themselues, according to their order, manner or delight. - - Onions boyled or rosted vnder the embers, and mixed with sugar - and butter, are good for those that are troubled with coughes, - shortnesse of breath, and wheesing. An Onion made hollow at the - bottome, and some good Treakle put into it, with a little iuyce - of Citrons (or Lemons in the stead thereof) being well baked - together vnder the embers, after the hole is stopped againe, - and then strained forth, and giuen to one that hath the plague, - is very helpefull, so as hee be laid to sweate vpon it. - - The iuice of Onions is much vsed to be applyed to any burnings - with fire, or with Gun-pouder, or to any scaldings with water - or oyle, and is most familiar for the Country, where vpon such - sudden occasions they haue not a more fit or speedy remedie at - hand: The strong smell of Onions, and so also of Garlicke and - Leekes, is quite taken away from offending the head or eyes, by - the eating of Parsley leaues after them. - - - - -CHAP. XLIIII. - -_Porrum._ Leekes. - - -There be likewise sundry sorts of Leekes, both great and small. Leekes -are very like vnto Onions, hauing long green hollow-like leaues, -flattish on the one side, and with a ridge or crest on the backe side: -if they bee suffered to grow vncut, then in the second or third yeare -after the sowing, they will send forth a round and slender stalke, -euen quite throughout, and not swollen or bigger in the middle like -the Onion, bearing at the toppe a head of purplish flowers, and blacke -seede after them, very like vnto Onion seede, that it is hard to -distinguish them: the root is long and white, with a great bush of -fibres hanging at it, which they call the beards. - -The vnset Leeke hath longer and slenderer roots then the other, which -being transplanted, groweth thicker and greater. - -The French Leeke, which is called the Vine Leeke, is the best of all -others. - -Our common kinde is of two sorts, one greater then another. - -Another sort encreaseth altogether by the roote, as Garlicke doth. - -And then Ciues, which are the smallest, and encrease aboundantly only -by the root. - -Some doe account Scalions to be rather a kinde of Onions then Leekes, -and call them _Cepa Ascalonica_, or _Ascalonitides_, which will quickly -spend it selfe, if it be suffered to be vncut; but all Authors affirme, -that there is no wilde kinde of Onion, vnlesse they would haue it to be -_Gethyum_, whereof Theophrastus maketh mention, saying, that it hath -a long necke (and so these Scalions haue) and was also of some called -_Gethyllides_, which antiquity accounted to be dedicated to Latona, the -mother of Apollo, because when she was bigge with childe of Apollo, she -longed for these Leekes. - - - The Vse of Leekes. - - The old World, as wee finde in Scripture, in the time of the - children of Israels being in Egypt, and no doubt long before, - fed much vpon Leekes, Onions, and Garlicke boyled with flesh; - and the antiquity of the Gentiles relate the same manner - of feeding on them, to be in all Countries the like, which - howsoeuer our dainty age now refuseth wholly, in all sorts - except the poorest; yet Muscouia and Russia vse them, and the - Turkes to this day, (as Bellonius writeth) obserue to haue - them among their dishes at their tables, yea although they - be _Bashas_, _Cades_, or _Vaiuodas_, that is to say, Lords, - Iudges, or Gouernours of countries and places. They are vsed - with vs also sometimes in Lent to make pottage, and is a great - and generall feeding in Wales with the vulgar Gentlemen. - - Ciues are vsed as well to be shred among other herbes for the - pot, as to be put into a Sallet among other herbs, to giue it a - quicker relish. - - Leekes are held to free the chest and lungs from much - corruption and rotten flegme, that sticketh fast therein, and - hard to be auoided, as also for them that through hoarsenesse - haue lost their voice, if they be eyther taken rawe, or boyled - with broth of barley, or some such other supping, fit and - conducing thereunto. And baked vnder hot embers is a remedy - against a surfeit of Mushromes. - - The greene blades of Leekes being boyled and applyed warme to - the _Hemorrhoides_ or piles, when they are swolne and painfull, - giue a great deale of ease. - - - - -CHAP. XLV. - -_Allium._ Garlicke. - - -I Haue spoken of diuers sorts of Garlicke called Moly, in the former -booke: I shall neede in this place to shew onely those kindes, that -this Garden nourseth vp, and leaue the rest to his fit time and place. - -Garlicke hath many long greene leaues, like vnto Onions, but much -larger, and not hollow at all as Onions are; the stalke riseth vp to -be about three foote high, bearing such a head at the toppe thereof as -Onions and Leekes doe, with purplish flowers, and blacke seede like -Leekes: the roote is white within, couered ouer with many purplish -skins, and is diuided into many parts or cloues, which serue both to -set againe for increase, and also to vse as neede shall require, and is -of a very strong smell and taste, as euery one knoweth, passing either -Onions or Leekes, but exceeding wholsome withall for them that can take -it. - - -_Allium Vrsinum._ Ramsons. - -Ramsons are another kinde of Garlicke, and hath two or three faire -broade leaues, of a fresh or light greene colour, pointed at the end: -the stalke groweth about an hand length high, bearing many small and -pure white starre-like flowers at the toppe, and afterwards small, -blacke, and smooth round seede: the roote is also diuided into many -parts, whereby it is much encreased, and is much milder then the -former, both in smell and taste. - - - The Vse of Garlicke. - - It being well boyled in salt broth, is often eaten of them - that haue strong stomackes, but will not brooke in a weake and - tender stomacke. - - It is accounted, and so called in diuers Countries, The poore - mans Treakle, that is, a remedy for all diseases. It is neuer - eaten rawe of any man that I know, as other of the rootes - aforesaid, but sodden alwaies and so taken. - - Ramsons are oftentimes eaten with bread and butter, and - otherwise also, as euery mans affection and course of life - leadeth him to vse. - - - - -CHAP. XLVI. - -_Rapunculus siue Rapuntium._ Rampions. - - -Garden Rampions are of two sorts, the one greater, the other lesser: -the leaues of Rampions are in the one somewhat broad like a Beete, in -the other somewhat long and narrow, and a little broader at the end, of -a light greene colour, lying flat vpon the ground all the first winter, -or yeare of the springing, and the next Spring shooteth forth stalkes -two or three foote high, bearing at the toppe, in the bigger sort, a -long slender spike of small horned or crooked flowers, which open their -brimmes into foure leaues; in the lesser many small purplish bels, -standing vpon seuerall small foote-stalkes, which turne into heads, -bearing small blackish seede: the root is white, branched into two or -three rootes, of the bignesse and length of a mans finger or thumbe. - - - The Vse of Rampions. - - The rootes of both are vsed for Sallets, being boyled, and then - eaten with oyle and vinegar, a little salt and pepper. - - - - -CHAP. XLVII. - -_Tragopogon._ Goates beard. - - -Goates beard hath many long and narrow leaues, broader at the bottome, -and sharper at the end, with a ridge downe the backe of the leafe, and -of a pale greene colour; among which riseth vp a stalke of two or three -foote high, smooth and hollow, bearing thereon many such like leaues, -but smaller and shorter, and at the toppe thereof on euery branch a -great double yellow flower, like almost vnto the flower of a Dandelion, -which turneth into a head, stored with doune, and long whitish seede -therein, hauing on the head of euery one some part of the doune, and -is carried away with the winde if it bee neglected: the roote is long -and round, somewhat like vnto a Parsnep, but farre smaller, blackish on -the outside, and white within, yeelding a milkie iuyce being broken, as -all the rest of the plant doth, and of a very good and pleasant taste. -This kinde, as also another with narrower leaues, almost like grasse, -growe wilde abroad in many places, but are brought into diuers Gardens. -The other two kindes formerly described in the first part, the one with -a purple flower, and the other with an ash-coloured, haue such rootes -as these here described, and may serue also to the same purpose, being -of equall goodnesse, if any will vse them in the same manner; that is, -while they are young, and of the first yeares sowing, else they all -growe hard, in running vp to seede. - - - The Vse of Goates beard. - - If the rootes of any of these kindes being young, be boyled and - dressed as a Parsnep, they make a pleasant dish of meate, farre - passing the Parsnep in many mens iudgements, and that with - yellow flowers to be the best. - - They are of excellent vse being in this manner prepared, or - after any other fit and conuenient way, to strengthen those - that are macilent, or growing into any consumption. - - - - -CHAP. XLVIII. - -_Carum._ Carawayes. - - -Carawayes hath many very fine cut and diuided leaues lying on the -ground, being alwaies greene, somewhat resembling the leaues of -Carrots, but thinner, and more finely cut, of a quicke, hot, and spicie -taste: the stalke riseth not much higher then the Carrot stalke, -bearing some leaues at the ioynts along the stalke to the toppe, where -it brancheth into three or foure parts, bearing spoakie vmbels of white -flowers, which turne into small blackish seede, smaller then Aniseede, -and of a hotter and quicker taste: the roote is whitish, like vnto a -Parsnep, but much smaller, more spreading vnder ground, and a little -quicke in taste, as all the rest of the plant is, and abideth long -after it hath giuen seede. - - - The Vse of Carawayes. - - The rootes of Carawayes being boyled may be eaten as Carrots, - and by reason of the spicie taste doth warme and comfort a cold - weake stomacke, helping to dissolue winde (whereas Carrots - engender it) and to prouoke vrine, and is a very welcome - and delightfull dish to a great many, yet they are somewhat - stronger in taste then Parsneps. - - The seede is much vsed to bee put among baked fruit, or into - bread, cakes, &c. to giue them a rellish, and to helpe to - digest winde in them are subiect thereunto. - - It is also made into Comfits, and put into _Trageas_, or as we - call them in English, Dredges, that are taken for the cold and - winde in the body, as also are serued to the table with fruit. - - - - -CHAP. XLIX. - -_Pappas siue Battatas._ Potatoes. - - -Three sorts of Potatoes are well knowne vnto vs, but the fourth I rest -doubtfull of, and dare not affirme it vpon such termes as are giuen -vnto it, vntill I may be better informed by mine owne sight. - -The Spanish kinde hath (in the Islands where they growe, either -naturally, or planted for increase, profit, and vse of the Spaniards -that nourse them) many firme and verie sweete rootes, like in shape and -forme vnto Asphodill rootes, but much greater and longer, of a pale -browne on the outside, and white within, set together at one head; from -whence rise vp many long branches, which by reason of their weight and -weaknesse, cannot stand of themselues, but traile on the ground a yard -and a halfe in length at the least (I relate it, as it hath growne with -vs, but in what other forme, for flower or fruit, we know not) whereon -are set at seuerall distances, broad and in a manner three square -leaues, somewhat like triangled Iuie leaues, of a darke greene colour, -the two sides whereof are broad and round, and the middle pointed at -the end, standing reasonable close together: thus much we haue seene -growe with vs, and no more: the roote rather decaying then increasing -in our country. - -The Potatoes of Virginia, (Bauhinus vpon Matthiolus calleth it, -_Solanum tuberosum esculentum_ which some foolishly call the Apples -of youth) is another kinde of plant, differing much from the former, -sauing in the colour and taste of the roote, hauing many weake and -somewhat flexible branches, leaning a little downwards, or easily borne -downe with the winde or other thing, beset with many winged leaues, -of a darke grayish greene colour, whereof diuers are smaller, and -some greater then others: the flowers growe many together vpon a long -stalke, comming forth from betweene the leaues and the great stalkes, -euery one seuerally vpon a short foot-stalke, somewhat like the flower -of Tabacco for the forme, being one whole leafe six cornered at the -brimmes, but somewhat larger, and of a pale blewish purple colour, -or pale doue colour, and some almost white, with some red threads in -the middle, standing about a thicke gold yellow pointell, tipped with -greene at the end: after the flowers are past, there come vp in their -places small round fruit, as bigge as a Damson or Bulleis, greene at -the first, and somewhat whitish afterwards, with many white seedes -therein, like vnto Nightshade: the rootes are rounder and much smaller -then the former, and some much greater then others, dispersed vnder -ground by many small threads or strings from the rootes, of the same -light browne colour on the outside, and white within, as they, and -neare of the same taste, but not altogether so pleasant. - -The Potatos of Canada, (which hath diuers names giuen it by diuers -men, as Pelleterius of Middleborough in his _Plantarum Synonimia_, -calleth it _Heliotropium Indicum tuberosum_, Fabius Columna in the -second part of his _Phytobasanos_, _Flos Solis Farnesianus_, _siue -Aster Peruanus tuberosus_: We in England, from some ignorant and idle -head, haue called them Artichokes of Ierusalem, only because the roote, -being boyled, is in taste like the bottome of an Artichoke head: but -they may most fitly be called, Potatos of Canada, because their rootes -are in forme, colour and taste, like vnto the Potatos of Virginia, -but greater, and the French brought them first from Canada into these -parts) riseth vp with diuers stiffe, round stalkes, eight or tenne -foote high in our Country, where they haue scarce shewed their flowers, -whereas the very head of flowers in other Countries, as Fabius Columna -expresseth it, being of a Pyramis or Sugar loafe fashion, broade -spreading below, and smaller pointed vpwards towards the toppe, is -neere of the same length, whereon are set large and broade rough greene -leaues, very like vnto the leaues of the flower of the Sunne, but -smaller, yet growing in the very same manner, round about the stalkes: -at the very later end of Summer, or the beginning of Autumne, if the -roote bee well planted and defended, it will giue a shew of a few -small yellow flowers at the top, like vnto the flowers of _Aster_ or -Starre-worte, and much smaller then any flower of the Sunne, which come -to no perfection with vs: the roote, while the plant is growing aboue -ground, encreaseth not to his full growth, but when the Summer is well -spent, and the springing of the stalk is past, which is about the end -of August, or in September, then the root is perceiued to be encreased -in the earth, and will before Autumne be spent, that is, in October, -swell like a mound or hillocke, round about the foote of the stalkes, -and will not haue his rootes fit to be taken vp, vntill the stalkes be -halfe withered at the soonest; but after they be withered, and so all -the winter long vntill the Spring againe, they are good, and fit to bee -taken vp and vsed, which are a number of tuberous round rootes, growing -close together; so that it hath beene obserued, that from one roote, -being set in the Spring, there hath been forty or more taken vp againe, -and to haue ouer-filled a pecke measure, and are of a pleasant good -taste as many haue tryed. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Carum._ Carawayes. - 2 _Battatas Hispanorum._ Spanish Potatoes. - 3 _Papas seu Battatas Virginianorum._ Virginia Potatoes. - 4 _Battatas de Canada._ Potatoes Of Canada, or Artichokes of - Ierusalem. -] - - - The Vse of all these Potato’s. - - The Spanish Potato’s are roasted vnder the embers, and being - pared or peeled and sliced, are put into sacke with a little - sugar, or without, and is delicate to be eaten. - - They are vsed to be baked with Marrow, Sugar, Spice, and other - things in Pyes, which are a daintie and costly dish for the - table. - - The Comfit-makers preserue them, and candy them as diuers other - things, and so ordered, is very delicate, fit to accompany such - other banquetting dishes. - - The Virginia Potato’s being dressed after all these waies - before specified, maketh almost as delicate meate as the former. - - The Potato’s of Canada are by reason of their great increasing, - growne to be so common here with vs at London, that euen the - most vulgar begin to despise them, whereas when they were first - receiued among vs, they were dainties for a Queene. - - Being put into seething water they are soone boyled tender, - which after they bee peeled, sliced and stewed with butter, - and a little wine, was a dish for a Queene, beeing as pleasant - as the bottome of an Artichoke: but the too frequent vse, - especially being so plentifull and cheape, hath rather bred a - loathing then a liking of them. - - - - -CHAP. L. - -_Cinara._ Artichokes. - - -The fruits that grow vpon or neere the ground, are next to be entreated -of, and first of Artichokes, whereof there be diuers kindes, some -accounted tame and of the Garden, others wilde and of late planted in -Gardens, Orchards or Fieldes, of purpose to be meate for men. - -The Artichoke hath diuers great, large, and long hollowed leaues, much -cut in or torne on both edges, without any great shew of prickles on -them, of a kinde of whitish greene, like vnto an ash colour, whereof it -tooke the Latin name _Cinara_: the stalke is strong, thicke and round, -with some skins as it were downe all the length of them, bearing at the -toppe one scaly head, made at the first like a Pine-apple, but after -growing greater, the scales are more separate, yet in the best kindes -lying close, and not flaring, as some other kindes doe, which are -eyther of a reddish browne, whitish, or greenish colour, and in some -broade at the ends, in others sharpe or prickly: after the head hath -stoode a great while, if it bee suffered, and the Summer proue hot and -kindly, in some there will breake forth at the toppe thereof, a tuft of -blewish purple thrumes or threds, vnder which grow the seede, wrapped -in a great deale of dounie substance: but that roote that yeeldeth -flowers will hardly abide the next winter; but else being cut off when -it is well growne, that dounie matter abideth close in the middle of -the head, hauing the bottome thereof flat and round, which is that -matter or substance that is vsed to be eaten: the roote spreadeth it -selfe in the ground reasonable well, yeelding diuers heads of leaues -or suckers, whereby it is increased. - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Cinara satiua rubra._ The red Artichoke. - 2 _Cinara satiua alba._ The white Artichoke. - 3 _Cinara patula._ The French Artichoke. - 4 _Cinara siluestris._ The Thistle Artichoke. - 5 _Carduus esculentus._ The Chardon. -] - -The white Artichoke is in all things like the red, but that the head -is of a whitish ashe colour, like the leaues, whereas the former is -reddish. - -We haue also another, whose head is greene, and very sharpe vpwards, -and is common in many places. - -Wee haue had also another kinde in former times that grew as high as -any man, and branched into diuers stalkes, euery one bearing a head -thereon, almost as bigge as the first. - -There is another kinde, called the Muske Artichoke, which groweth like -the French kinde, but is much better in spending, although it haue a -lesser bottome. - -The French Artichoke hath a white head, the scales whereof stand -staring far asunder one from another at the ends, which are sharpe: -this is well known by this qualitie, that while it is hot after it is -boyled, it smelleth so strong, that one would verily thinke it had bin -boyled in stinking water, which was brought ouer after a great froste -that had well nigh consumed our best kindes, and are now almost cleane -cast out again, none being willing to haue it take vp the roome of -better. - -There is a lowe kinde that groweth much about Paris, which the French -esteeme more then any other, and is lower then the former French kinde, -the head whereof as well as the leaues, is of a fresher greene colour, -almost yellowish. - -Then there is the Thistle Artichoke, which is almost a wilde kinde, -and groweth smaller, with a more open and prickly head then any of the -former. - -And lastly, the Chardon as they call it, because it is almost of the -forme and nature of a Thistle, or wilde Artichoke. This groweth high, -and full of sharpe prickles, of a grayish colour. Iohn Tradescante -assured mee, hee saw three acres of Land about Brussels planted with -this kinde, which the owner whited like Endiue, and then sold them in -the winter: Wee cannot yet finde the true manner of dressing them, that -our Countrey may take delight therein. - -All these kindes are encreased by slipping the young shootes from the -root, which being replanted in February, March, or Aprill, haue the -same yeare many times, but the next at the most, borne good heads. - -Wee finde by dayly experience, that our English red Artichoke is in our -Countrey the most delicate meate of any of the other, and therefore -diuers thinking it to bee a seuerall kinde, haue sent them into Italie, -France, and the Lowe Countries, where they haue not abode in their -goodnesse aboue two yeare, but that they haue degenerated; so that it -seemeth, that our soyle and climate hath the preheminence to nourish vp -this plant to his highest excellencie. - - - The Vse of Artichokes. - - The manner of preparing them for the Table is well knowne to - the youngest Housewife I thinke, to bee boyled in faire water, - and a little salt, vntill they bee tender, and afterwardes a - little vinegar and pepper, put to the butter, poured vpon them - for the sawce, and so are serued to the Table. - - They vse likewise to take the boyled bottomes to make Pyes, - which is a delicate kinde of baked meate. - - The Chardon is eaten rawe of diuers, with vinegar and oyle, - pepper and salt, all of them, or some, as euery one liketh for - their delight. - - - - -CHAP. LI. - -_Fabæ & Phaseoli._ Garden and French Beanes. - - -The Garden Beane is of two colours, red or blacke, and white, yet both -rise from one; the small or fielde Beanes I make no mention of in this -place; but the French or Kidney Beane is almost of infinite sorts and -colours: we doe not for all that intend to trouble you in this place, -with the knowledge or relation of any more then is fit for a Garden of -that nature, that I haue propounded it in the beginning. - -Our ordinary Beanes, seruing for foode for the poorer sort for the -most part, are planted as well in fieldes as in gardens, because the -quantity of them that are spent taketh vp many acres of land to be -planted in, and rise vp with one, two or three stalks, according to -the fertilitie of the soyle, being smooth and square, higher then -any man oftentimes, whereon are set at certaine distances, from the -very bottome almost to the toppe, two long smooth fleshy and thicke -leaues almost round, one standing by another at the end of a small -footestalke: betweene these leaues and the stalke, come forth diuers -flowers, all of them looking one way for the most part, which are -close a little turned vp at the brimmes, white and spotted with a -blackish spot in the middle of them, and somewhat purplish at the foot -or bottome, of the forme almost of Broome or Pease flowers, many of -which that grow vpward toward the toppe, doe seldome beare fruit, and -therefore are gathered to distill, and the toppes of the stalkes cut -off, to cause the rest to thriue the better; after which grow vp long -great smooth greene pods, greater then in any other kinde of Pulse, -which grow blacke when they are ripe, and containe within them two, -three or foure Beanes, which are somewhat flat and round, eyther white -or reddish, which being full ripe grow blackish: the roote hath diuers -fibres annexed vnto the maine roote, which dyeth euery yeare. - -The French or Kidney Beane riseth vp at the first but with one stalke, -which afterwards diuideth it selfe into many armes or branches, euery -one of them being so weak, that without they be sustained with stickes -or poles, whereon with their winding and claspers they take hold, they -would lye fruitlesse vpon the ground: vpon these branches grow forth -at seuerall places long footestalkes, with euery of them three broade, -round and pointed greene leaues at the end of them, towards the tops -whereof come forth diuers flowers, made like vnto Pease blossomes, of -the same colour for the most part that the fruit will be of, that is to -say, eyther white, or yellow, or red, or blackish, or of a deepe purple -&c. but white is most vsuall for our Garden; after which come long and -slender flat pods, some crooked, and some straight, with a string as it -were running downe the backe thereof, wherein are contained flattish -round fruit, made to the fashion of a kidney: the roote is long, and -spreadeth with many fibres annexed vnto it, perishing euery yeare. - - - The Vse of these Beanes. - - The Garden Beanes serue (as I said before) more for the vse of - the poore then of the rich: I shall therefore only shew you - the order the poore take with them, and leaue curiosity to - them that will bestow time vpon them. They are only boyled in - faire water and a little salt, and afterwards stewed with some - butter, a little vinegar and pepper being put vnto them, and so - eaten: or else eaten alone after they are boyled without any - other sawce. The water of the blossomes distilled, is vsed to - take away spots, and to cleer the skin. The water of the greene - huskes or cods is good for the stone. - - The Kidney Beanes boyled in water huske and all, onely the ends - cut off, and the string taken away, and stewed with butter &c. - are esteemed more sauory meate to many mens pallates, then the - former, and are a dish more oftentimes at rich mens Tables then - at the poore. - - - - -CHAP. LII. - -_Pisum._ Pease. - - -There is a very great variety of manured Pease known to vs, and I -think more in our Country then in others, whereof some prosper better -in one ground and country, and some in others: I shall giue you the -description of one alone for all the rest, and recite vnto you the -names of the rest. - -Garden Pease are for the most part the greatest and sweetest kinds, -and are sustained with stakes or bushes. The Field Pease are not so -vsed, but growe without any such adoe. They spring vp with long, -weake, hollow, and brittle (while they are young and greene) whitish -greene stalkes, branched into diuers parts, and at euery ioynt where -it parteth one broad round leafe compassing the stalke about, so that -it commeth as it were thorough it: the leaues are winged, made of -diuers small leaues set to a middle ribbe, of a whitish greene colour, -with claspers at the ends of the leaues, whereby it taketh hold of -whatsoeuer standeth next vnto it: betweene the leaues and the stalkes -come forth the flowers, standing two or three together, euery one by it -selfe on his owne seuerall stalke, which are either wholly white, or -purple, or mixed white and purple, or purple and blew: the fruit are -long, and somewhat round cods, whereof some are greater, others lesser, -some thicke and short, some plaine and smooth, others a little crooked -at the ends; wherein also are contained diuers formes of fruit or -pease; some being round, others cornered, some small, some great, some -white, others gray, and some spotted: the roote is small, and quickly -perisheth. - - - The kindes of Pease are these: - - The Rounciuall. - - The greene Hasting. - - The Sugar Pease. - - The spotted Pease. - - The gray Pease. - - The white Hasting. - - The Pease without skins. - - The Scottish or tufted Pease, which some call the Rose Pease, - is a good white Pease fit to be eaten. - - The early or French Pease, which some call Fulham Pease, - because those grounds thereabouts doe bring them soonest - forward for any quantity, although sometimes they miscarry by - their haste and earlinesse. - - -_Cicer Arietinum._ Rams Ciches. - -This is a kinde of Pulse, so much vsed in Spaine, that it is vsually -one of their daintie dishes at all their feasts: They are of two -sorts, white and red; the white is onely vsed for meate, the other for -medicine. It beareth many vpright branches with winged leaues, many -set together, being small, almost round, and dented about the edges: -the flowers are either white or purple, according to the colour of the -Pease which follow, and are somewhat round at the head, but cornered -and pointed at the end, one or two at the most in a small roundish cod. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Faba satiua._ Garden Beanes. - 2 _Phaseoli satiui._ French Beanes. - 3 _Pisum vulgare._ Garden Pease. - 4 _Pisum vmbellatum siue Roseum._ Rose Pease or Scottish Pease. - 5 _Pisum Saccharatum._ Sugar Pease. - 6 _Pisum maculatum._ Spotted Pease. - 7 _Cicer Arietinum._ Rams Ciches or Cicers. -] - - - The Vse of Pease. - - Pease of all or the most of these sorts, are either vsed when - they are greene, and be a dish of meate for the table of the - rich as well as the poore, yet euery one obseruing his time, - and the kinde: the fairest, sweetest, youngest, and earliest - for the better sort, the later and meaner kindes for the - meaner, who doe not giue the deerest price: Or - - Being dry, they serue to boyle into a kinde of broth or - pottage, wherein many doe put Tyme, Mints, Sauory, or some - other such hot herbes, to giue it the better rellish, and is - much vsed in Towne and Countrey in the Lent time, especially - of the poorer sort of people. - - It is much vsed likewise at Sea for them that goe long voyages, - and is for change, because it is fresh, a welcome diet to most - persons therein. - - The Rams Ciches the Spaniards call _Grauancos_, and - _Garauancillos_, and eate them boyled and stewed as the most, - dainty kinde of Pease that are, they are of a very good - rellish, and doe nourish much; but yet are not without that - windy quality that all sorts of Pulse are subiect vnto: they - increase bodily lust much more then any other sorts, and as it - is thought, doth helpe to encrease seede. - - - - -CHAP. LIII. - -_Cucumer._ The Cowcumber. - - -Of Cowcumbers there are diuers sorts, differing chiefly in the forme -and colour of the fruit, and not in the forme of the plant; therefore -one description shall serue in stead of all the rest. - -The Cowcumber bringeth forth many trailing rough greene branches -lying on the ground, all along whereof growe seuerall leaues, which -are rough, broad, vneuen at the edges, and pointed at the ends, with -long crooked tendrils comming forth at the same ioynt with the leafe, -but on the other side thereof: between the stalks & the leaues at the -ioynts come forth the flowers seuerally, euery one standing on a short -foot-stalke, opening it selfe into fiue leaues, of a yellowish colour, -at the bottome whereof groweth the fruit, long and greene at the first, -but when it is thorough ripe, a little yellowish, hauing many furrowes, -and vneuen bunches all the length of it, wherein is a white firme -substance next vnto the skin, and a cleare pulpe or watery substance, -with white flat seede lying dispersed through it: the roote is long and -white, with diuers fibres at it. - - - The kindes. - - The first described is called, The long greene Cowcumber. - - There is another is called, The short Cowcumber, being short, - and of an equall bignesse in the body thereof, and of an - vnequall bignesse at both ends. - - The long Yellow, which is yellowish from the beginning, and - more yellow when it is ripe, and hath beene measured to - be thirteene inches long: but this is not that small long - Cowcumber, called of the Latines, _Cucumis anguinus_. - - Another kinde is early ripe, called The French kinde. - - The Dantsicke kinde beareth but small fruit, growing on short - branches or runners: the pickled Cowcumbers that are vsually - sold are of this kind. - - The Muscouie kinde is the smallest of all other, yet knowne, - and beareth not aboue foure or fiue at the most on a roote, - which are no bigger then small Lemons. - - - The Vse of Cowcumbers. - - Some vse to cast a little salt on their sliced Cowcumbers, and - let them stand halfe an houre or more in a dish, and then poure - away the water that commeth from them by the salt, and after - put vinegar, oyle, &c. thereon, as euery one liketh: this is - done, to take away the ouermuch waterishnesse and coldnesse of - the Cowcumbers. - - In many countries they vse to eate Cowcumbers as wee doe Apples - or Peares, paring and giuing slices of them, as we would to our - friends of some dainty Apple or Peare. - - The pickled Cowcumbers that come from beyond Sea, are much - vsed with vs for sawce to meate all the Winter long. Some - haue striuen to equall them, by pickling vp our Cowcumbers at - the later end of the yeare, when they are cheapest, taking the - little ones and scalding them thoroughly well, which after they - put in brine, with some Dill or Fenell leaues and stalkes: but - these are nothing comparable to the former, wee either missing - of the right and orderly pickling of them, or the kinde it - selfe differing much from ours (as I said of the Dantsicke - kinde) for ours are neither so tender and firme, nor so sauoury - as the other. - - The rawe or greene Cowcumbers are fittest for the hotter time - of the yeare, and for hot stomackes, and not to be vsed in - colder weather or cold stomackes, by reason of the coldnesse, - whereby many haue been ouertaken. - - The seede is vsed physically in many medicines that serue to - coole, and a little to make the passages of vrine slippery, and - to giue ease to hot diseases. - - - - -CHAP. LIIII. - -_Melo._ Milions or Muske Melons. - - -There bee diuers sorts of Melons found out at this day, differing much -in the goodnesse of taste one from another. This Countrey hath not had -vntill of late yeares the skill to nourse them vp kindly, but now there -are many that are so well experienced therein, and haue their ground so -well prepared, as that they will not misse any yeare, if it be not too -extreme vnkindly, to haue many ripe ones in a reasonable time: yet some -will be later then others alwayes. - -The Melon is certainly a kinde of Cowcumber, it doth so neere resemble -it, both in the manner of his growing, hauing rough trailing branches, -rough vneuen leaues, and yellow flowers: after which come the fruit, -which is rounder, thicker, bigger, more rugged, and spotted on the -outside then the Cowcumber, of a russet colour, and greene vnderneath, -which when it groweth full ripe, will change a little yellowish, being -as deepe furrowed and ribbed as they, and besides hauing chaps or rifts -in diuers places of the rinde: the inward hard substance is yellow, -which onely is eaten: the seede which is bigger, and a little yellower -then the Cowcumber, lying in the middle onely among the moister pulpe: -the smell and changing of his colour, fore-shew their ripenesse to them -that are experienced: the roote is long, with many fibres at it. The -fruit requireth much watering in the hot time of the day, to cause them -to ripen the sooner, as I haue obserued by diuers of the best skill -therein. - - - The Vse of the kindes of Melons. - - The best Melon seede doe come to vs out of Spaine, some haue - come out of Turkie, but they haue been nothing so good and - kindly. - - Some are called Sugar Melons, others Peare Melons, and others - Muske Melons. - - They haue beene formerly only eaten by great personages, - because the fruit was not only delicate but rare; and therefore - diuers were brought from France, and since were noursed vp by - the Kings or Noblemens Gardiners onely, to serue for their - Masters delight: but now diuers others that haue skill and - conueniencie of ground for them, doe plant them and make them - more common. - - They paire away the outer rinde, and cut out the inward pulpe - where the seede lyeth, slice the yellow firme inward rinde or - substance, & so eate it with salt and pepper (and good store of - wine, or else it will hardly digest) for this is firmer, & hath - not that moisture in it that the Cowcumbers haue. It is also - more delicate, and of more worth, which recompenseth the paine. - - The seed of these Melons are vsed as Cowcumbers physically, and - together with them most vsually. - - - - -CHAP. LV. - -_Pepo._ Pompions. - - -We haue but one kinde of Pompion (as I take it) in all our Gardens, -notwithstanding the diuersities of bignesse and colour. - -The Pompion or great Melon (or as some call it Milion) creepeth vpon -the ground (if nothing bee by it whereon it may take hold and climbe) -with very great, ribbed, rough, and prickly branches, whereon are set -very large rough leaues, cut in on the edges with deepe gashes, and -dented besides, with many claspers also, which winde about euery thing -they meete withall: the flowers are great and large, hollow and yellow, -diuided at the brims into fiue parts, at the bottome of which, as it -is in the rest, groweth the fruit, which is very great, sometimes of -the bignesse of a mans body, and oftentimes lesse, in some ribbed or -bunched, in others plaine, and either long or round, either greene or -yellow, or gray, as Nature listeth to shew her selfe; for it is but -waste time, to recite all the formes and colours may be obserued in -them: the inner rinde next vnto the outer is yellowish and firme: the -seede is great, flat, and white, lying in the middle of the watery -pulpe: the roote is of the bignesse of a mans thumbe or greater, -dispersed vnder ground with many small fibres ioyned thereunto. - -Gourds are kindes of Melons; but because wee haue no vse of them, wee -leaue them vnto their fit place. - - - The Vse of Pompions. - - They are boyled in faire water and salt, or in powdered beefe - broth, or sometimes in milke, and so eaten, or else buttered; - They vse likewise to take out the inner watery substance with - the seedes, and fill vp the place with Pippins, and hauing laid - on the couer which they cut off from the toppe, to take out the - pulpe, they bake them together, and the poore of the Citie, as - well as the Country people, doe eate thereof, as of a dainty - dish. - - The seede hereof, as well as of Cowcumbers and Melons, are - cooling, and serue for emulsions in the like manner for Almond - milkes, &c. for those are troubled with the stone. - - - - -CHAP. LVI. - -_Fragaria._ Strawberries. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Cucumis longus vulgaris._ The ordinary Cowcumber. - 2 _Cucumis Hispanicus._ The long yellow Spanish Cowcumber. - 3 _Melo vulgaris._ The ordinary Melon. - 4 _Melo maximus optimus._ The greatest Muske Melon. - 5 _Pepo._ The Pompion. - 6 _Fragari vulgaris._ Common Strawberries. - 7 _Fragari Bohemica maxima._ The great Bohemia Strawberries. - 8 _Fragari aculeata._ The prickly Strawberry. -] - - -There be diuers sorts of Strawberries, whereof those that are noursed -vp in Gardens or Orchards I intend to giue you the knowledge in this -place, and leaue the other to a fitter; yet I must needs shew you of -one of the wilde sorts, which for his strangenesse is worthy of this -Garden: And I must also enforme you, that the wilde Strawberry that -groweth in the Woods is our Garden Strawberry, but bettered by the -soyle and transplanting. - -The Strawberry hath his leaues closed together at the first springing -vp, which afterwards spread themselues into three diuided parts or -leaues, euery one standing vpon a small long foote-stalke, greene on -the vpperside, grayish vnderneath, and snipped or dented about the -edges; among which rise vp diuers small stalkes, bearing foure or fiue -flowers at the tops, consisting of fiue white round pointed leaues, -somewhat yellowish in the bottome, with some yellow threads therein; -after which come the fruit, made of many small graines set together, -like vnto a small Mulberry or Raspis, reddish when it is ripe, and of a -pleasant winy taste, wherein is enclosed diuers small blackish seede; -the roote is reddish and long, with diuers small threads at it, and -sendeth forth from the head thereof long reddish strings running vpon -the ground, which shoot forth leaues in many places, whereby it is much -encreased. - -The white Strawberry differeth not from the red, but in the colour of -the fruite, which is whiter then the former when it is thorough ripe, -enclining to rednesse. - -The greene Strawberry likewise differeth not, but that the fruit is -green on all sides when it is ripe, saue on that side the Sun lyeth -vpon it, and there it is somewhat red. - -The Virginia Strawberry carryeth the greatest leafe of any other, -except the Bohemian, but scarce can one Strawberry be seene ripe among -a number of plants; I thinke the reason thereof to be the want of -skill, or industry to order it aright. For the Bohemia, and all other -Strawberries will not beare kindly, if you suffer them to grow with -many strings, and therefore they are still cut away. - -There is another very like vnto this, that Iohn Tradescante brought -with him from Brussels long agoe, and in seuen yeares could neuer see -one berry ripe on all sides, but still the better part rotten, although -it would euery yeare flower abundantly, and beare very large leaues. - -The Bohemia Strawberry hath beene with vs but of late dayes, but is -the goodliest and greatest, both for leafe next to the Virginian, and -for beauty farre surpassing all; for some of the berries haue beene -measured to bee neere fiue inches about. Master Quester the Postmaster -first brought them ouer into our Country, as I vnderstand, but I know -no man so industrious in the carefull planting and bringing them to -perfection in that plentifull maner, as Master Vincent Sion who dwelt -on the Banck side, neer the old Paris garden staires, who from seuen -rootes, as hee affirmed to me, in one yeare and a halfe, planted halfe -an acree of ground with the increase from them, besides those he gaue -away to his friends, and with him I haue seene such, and of that -bignesse before mentioned. - -One Strawberry more I promised to shew you, which although it be -a wilde kinde, and of no vse for meate, yet I would not let this -discourse passe, without giuing you the knowledge of it. It is in -leafe much like vnto the ordinary, but differeth in that the flower, -if it haue any, is greene, or rather it beareth a small head of greene -leaues, many set thicke together like vnto a double ruffe, in the -midst whereof standeth the fruit, which when it is ripe, sheweth to -be soft and somewhat reddish, like vnto a Strawberry, but with many -small harmlesse prickles on them, which may be eaten and chewed in the -mouth without any maner of offence, and is somewhat pleasant like a -Strawberry: it is no great bearer, but those it doth beare, are set at -the toppes of the stalks close together, pleasant to behold, and fit -for a Gentlewoman to weare on her arme, &c. as a raritie instead of a -flower. - - - The Vse of Strawberries. - - The leaues of Strawberries are alwaies vsed among other herbes - in cooling drinkes, as also in lotions, and gargles for the - mouth and throate: the rootes are sometimes added to make it - the more effectuall, and withall somwhat the more binding. - - The berries themselues are often brought to the Table as a - reare seruice, whereunto claret wine, creame or milke is added - with sugar, as euery one liketh; as also at other times, both - with the better and meaner sort, and are a good cooling and - pleasant dish in the hot Summer season. - - The water distilled of the berries, is good for the passions - of the heart, caused by the perturbation of the spirits, being - eyther drunke alone, or in wine; and maketh the heart merry. - - Some doe hold that the water helpeth to clense the face from - spots, and to adde some cleerenesse to the skinne. - - - - -CHAP. LVII. - -_Angelica._ Garden Angelica. - - -Hauing thus furnished you out a Kitchen Garden with all sorts of -herbes, roots & fruits fit for it, and for any mans priuate vse, as I -did at the first appropriate it; let me a little transcend, and for the -profit & vse of Country Gentlewomen and others, furnish them with some -few other herbes, of the most especiall vse for those shall need them, -to be planted at hand in their Gardens, to spend as occasion shall -serue, and first of Angelica. - -Angelica hath great and long winged leaues, made of many broade greene -ones, diuided one from another vpon the stalk, which is three foot -long or better somtimes, among which rise vp great thicke and hollow -stalkes with some few ioynts, whereat doth alwayes stand two long -leaues compassing the stalke at the bottome, in some places at the -ioynts spring out other stalkes or branches, bearing such like leaues -but smaller, and at the tops very large vmbels of white flowers, that -turne into whitish seede somewhat thicke: the roote groweth great with -many branches at it, but quickly perisheth after it hath borne seede: -to preserue the roote therefore the better, they vse to cut it often in -the yeare, thereby to hinder the running vp to seede: the whole plant, -both leafe, roote and seede, is of an excellent comfortable sent, -sauour and taste. - - - The Vse of Angelica. - - The distilled water of Angelica, eyther simple or compound, is - of especiall vse _in deliquium animi, vel cordis tremores & - passiones_, that is, swounings, when the spirits are ouercome - and faint, or tremblings and passions of the heart, to expell - any windy or noysome vapours from it. The green stalkes or the - young rootes being preserued or candied, are very effectuall to - comfort and warme a colde and weake stomacke: and in the time - of infection is of excellent good vse to preserue the spirits - and heart from infection. The dryed roote made into pouder, - and taken in wine or other drinke, will abate the rage of lust - in young persons, as I haue it related vnto me vpon credit: - A Syrupe made thereof in this manner, is very profitable to - expectorate flegme out of the chest and lunges, and to procure - a sweete breath. Into the greene stalke of Angelica as it - standeth growing, make a great gashe or incision, wherein put a - quantitie of fine white Sugar, letting it there abide for three - dayes, and after take it forth by cutting a hole at the next - ioynt vnder the cut, where the Syrupe resteth, or cut off the - stalke, and turne it downe, that the Syrrupe may drayne forth; - which keepe for a most delicate medicine. - - - - -CHAP. LVIII. - -_Dracunculus hortensis siue Serpentaria._ Dragons. - - -Dragons riseth out of the ground with a bare or naked round whitish -stalke, spotted very much with purplish spots and strakes, bearing at -the toppe therof a few greene leaues very much diuided on all sides, -standing vpon long foote-stalkes, in the middle whereof (if the roote -be old enough) commeth forth a great long huske or hose, green on the -outside, and of a darke purplish colour on the inside, with a slender -long reddish pestell or clapper in the middle: the roote is great, -round, flat and whitish on the outside, and whiter within, very like -vnto the rootes of _Arum_, or Wakerobin, and tasting somewhat sharpe -like it. - - - The Vse of Dragons. - - The chiefe vse whereunto Dragons are applyed, is, that - according to an old receiued custome and tradition (and not the - iudgement of any learned Author) the distilled water is giuen - with Mithridatum or Treakle to expell noysome and pestilentiall - vapours from the heart. - - - - -CHAP. LIX. - -_Ruta._ Garden Rue, or Herbe Grace. - - -Garden Rue or Herbe Grace groweth vp with hard whitish wooddy stalkes, -whereon are set diuers branches of leaues, being diuided into many -small ones, which are somewhat thicke and round pointed, of a blewish -greene colour: the flowers stand at the tops of the stalkes consisting -of foure small yellow leaues, with a greene button in the middle, and -diuers small yellow threds about it, which growing ripe, containe -within them small blacke seede: the roote is white and wooddy, -spreading farre in the ground. - - - The Vse of Rue. - - The many good properties whereunto Rue serueth, hath I thinke - in former times caused the English name of Herbe Grace to be - giuen vnto it. For without doubt it is a most wholesome herbe, - although bitter and strong, and could our dainty stomackes - brooke the vse thereof, it would worke admirable effects being - carefully and skilfully applyed, as time and occasion did - require: but not vndiscreetly or hand ouer head, as many vse to - doe that haue no skill. Some doe rippe vp a beade rowle of the - vertues of Rue, as Macer the Poet and others, in whom you shall - finde them set downe, to bee good for the head, eyes, breast, - liuer, heart, spleene, &c. In some places they vse to boyle the - leaues of Rue, and keep them in pickle, to eate them as Sampire - for the helpe of weake eyes. It is very auaileable in glisters - or drinkes against the winde or the collicke, and to procure - vrine that is stayed by the paines therof. The distilled water - is often vsed for the same purposes aforesaid: but beware of - the too frequent or ouermuch vse thereof, because it heateth - exceedingly, and wasteth nature mightily. - - - - -CHAP. LX. - -_Carduus Benedictus._ The Blessed Thistle. - - -Carduus benedictus or the blessed Thistle, hath many weake tender -branches lying for the most part on the ground, whereon are set long -and narrow leaues, much cut in or waued about the edges, hairy or rough -in handling, yet without any hard or sharpe thornes or prickles at all, -that the tenderest hand may touch them without harme: but those that -grow toward the toppes of the stalkes are somewhat more prickly, and -the heads which grow on the tops of the seuerall branches are somewhat -sharpe, set with prickles like a Thistle: the flower is yellow, and -the seede lying within the woolly or flocky doune like to all other -thistles, are blackish, long and round, with a few haires on the head -of them: the roote is white, and perisheth euery yeare after it hath -giuen seede. - - - The Vse of the blessed Thistle. - - The distilled water hereof is much vsed to be drunke against - agues of all sortes, eyther pestilentiall or humorall, of long - continuance or of lesse: but the deception of the herbe giuen - in due time, hath the more forcible operation: it helpeth to - expell wormes, because of the bitternesse, and is thereby also - a friend to the stomack ouercharged with chollar, and to clense - the liuer: it prouoketh sweate and vrine, is helpefull to them - are troubled with the stone, and to ease paines in the sides. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Angellica._ Angellica. - 2 _Dracunculus hortensis._ Dragons. - 3 _Ruta hortensis._ Garden Rue, or Herbegrace. - 4 _Carduus benedictus._ The blessed Thistle. - 5 _Alkakengi siue Solanum Halicacabum & Vesicarium._ Winter Cherries. - 6 _Asarum._ Asarabacca - 7 _Liqueritia._ Licoris. -] - - - - -CHAP. LXI. - -_Solarium vesicarium, siue Alkakengi._ Winter Cherries. - - -The Winter Cherry hath a running or creeping roote in the ground, -of the bignesse many times of ones little finger, shooting forth at -seuerall ioynts in seuerall places, whereby it quickly spreadeth a -great compasse of ground: the stalke riseth not aboue a yard high, -whereon are set many broade and long greene leaues, somewhat like vnto -the leaues of Nightshade, but larger: at the ioynts whereof come forth -whitish flowers made of fiue leaues a peece, which after turne into -green berries, inclosed with thin skins or bladders, which change to -bee reddish when they grow ripe, the berry likewise being reddish, and -as large as a Cherry, wherein are contained many flat and yellowish -seed lying within the pulpe: which being gathered and strung vp, are -kept all the yeare to be vsed vpon occasion. - - - The Vse of Winter Cherries. - - The distilled water of the herbe and fruit together, is - often taken of them that are troubled with the sharpnesse or - difficultie of vrine, and with the stone in the kidneyes, or - grauel in the bladder: but the berries themselues either greene - or dryed boyled eyther in broth, in wine, or in water, is much - more effectuall: It is likewise conducing to open obstructions - of the liuer, &c. and thereby to helpe the yellow Iaundise. - - - - -CHAP. LXII. - -_Asarum._ Asarabacca. - - -Asarabacca, from a small creeping roote set with many fibres, shooteth -forth diuers heads, and from euery of them sundry leaues, euery one -standing vpon a long greene stalke, which are round, thicke, and of a -very sad or darke greene colour, and shining withall: from the rootes -likewise spring vp short stalkes, not fully foure fingers high, at the -toppe of euery one of which standeth the flower, in fashion very like -the seede vessell of Henbane seede, of a greenish purple colour, which -changeth not his forme, but groweth in time to containe therein small -cornered seed: the greene leaues abide all the winter many times, but -vsually sheddeth them in winter, and recouereth fresh in the spring. - - - The Vse of Asarabacca. - - The leaues are much and often vsed to procure vomits, fiue or - seuen of them bruised, and the iuice of them drunke in ale or - wine. An extract made of the leaues with wine artificially - performed, might bee kept all the yeare thorough, to bee vsed - vpon any present occasion, the quantitie to bee proportioned - according to the constitution of the patient. The roote worketh - not so strongly by vomit, as the leaues, yet is often vsed for - the same purpose, and besides is held auaileable to prouoke - vrine, to open obstructions in the liuer and spleene, and is - put among diuers other simples, both into Mithridatum and - Andromachus Treakle, which is vsually called Venice Treakle. A - dram of the dryed roots in pouder giuen in white wine a little - before the fit of an ague, taketh away the shaking fit, & - therby cause the hot fit to be the more remisse, and in twice - taking expell it quite. - - - - -CHAP. LXIII. - -_Glycyrrhiza siue Liqueritia._ Licorice. - - -Although there are two sorts of Licorice set downe by diuers Authors, -yet because this Land familiarly is acquainted but with one sort, I -shall not neede for this Garden, to make any further relation of that -is vnknowne, but onely of that sort which is sufficiently frequent with -vs. It riseth vp with diuers wooddy stalks, whereon are set at seuerall -distances many winged leaues, that is to say, many narrow long greene -leaues set together on both sides of the stalke, and an odde one at the -end, very well resembling a young Ashe tree sprung vp from the seede: -this by many yeares continuance in a place without remouing, and not -else, will bring forth flowers many standing together spike-fashion one -aboue another vpon the stalkes, of the forme of Pease blossomes, but -of a very pale or bleake blew colour, which turne into long somewhat -flat and smooth cods, wherein is contained small round harde seede: the -roote runneth downe exceeding deep into the ground, with diuers other -smaller roots and fibres growing with them, and shoote out suckers from -the maine rootes all about, whereby it is much encreased, of a brownish -colour on the outside, and yellow within, of a farre more weake sweete -taste, yet far more pleasing to vs then that Licorice that is brought -vs from beyond Sea; because that, being of a stronger sweet taste hath -a bitternesse ioyned with it, which maketh it the lesse pleasing and -acceptable to most. - - - The Vse of Licorice. - - Our English Licorice is now adaies of more familiar vse (as I - said before) then the outlandish, and is wholly spent and vsed - to helpe to digest and expectorate flegme out of the chest and - lunges, and doth allay the sharpenesse or saltnesse thereof. - It is good also for those are troubled with shortnesse of - breath, and for all sorts of coughes. The iuice of Licorice - artificially made with Hyssope water, serueth very well for all - the purposes aforesaid. It being dissolued with Gum Tragacanth - in Rose water, is an excellent Lohoc or licking medicine to - breake flegme, and to expectorate it, as also to avoyde thin - frothy matter, or thin salt flegme, which often fretteth the - lungs. It doth also lenisie exulcerated kidneyes, or the - bladder, and helpeth to heale them. It is held also good for - those that cannot make their water but by drops, or a small - deale at a time. - - The dryed root finely minced, is a speciall ingredient into all - Trageas or Dredges, seruing for the purposes aforesaid, but the - vse of them is almost wholly left now adaies with all sorts. - -Thus haue I shewed you not only the herbes, rootes and fruites, noursed -vp in this Garden, but such herbes as are of most necessary vses for -the Country Gentlewomens houses: And now I will shew you the Orchard -also. - - - - -THE ORDERING OF THE ORCHARD. - -The third part, or ORCHARD. - - - - -CHAP. I. - -_The situation of an Orchard for fruit-bearing trees, and how to amend -the defects of many grounds._ - - -As I haue done in the two former parts of this Treatise, so I meane to -proceede in this; first to set downe the situation of an Orchard, and -then other things in order: And first, I hold that an Orchard which is, -or should bee of some reasonable large extent, should be so placed, -that the house should haue the Garden of flowers iust before it open -vpon the South, and the Kitchen Garden on the one side thereof, should -also haue the Orchard on the other side of the Garden of Pleasure, for -many good reasons: First, for that the fruit trees being grown great -and tall, will be a great shelter from the North and East windes, -which may offend your chiefest Garden, and although that your Orchard -stand a little bleake vpon the windes, yet trees rather endure these -strong bitter blasts, then other smaller and more tender shrubs and -herbes can doe. Secondly, if your Orchard should stand behinde your -Garden of flowers more Southward, it would shadow too much of the -Garden, and besides, would so binde in the North and East, and North -and West windes vpon the Garden, that it would spoile many tender -things therein, and so much abate the edge of your pleasure thereof, -that you would willingly wish to haue no Orchard, rather then that -it should so much annoy you by the so ill standing thereof. Thirdly, -the falling leaues being still blowne with the winde so aboundantly -into the garden, would either spoile many things, or haue one daily -and continuall attending thereon, to cleanse and sweepe them away. -Or else to auoide these great inconueniences, appoint out an Orchard -the farther off, and set a greater distance of ground betweene. For -the ground or soile of the Orchard, what I haue spoken concerning the -former Garden for the bettering of the seuerall grounds, may very well -serue and be applyed to this purpose. But obserue this, that, whereas -your Gardens before spoken of may be turned vp, manured, and bettered -with soile if they growe out of heart, your Orchard is not so easily -done, but must abide many yeares without altering; and therefore if the -ground be barren, or not good, it had the more neede to bee amended, -or wholly made good, before you make an Orchard of it; yet some there -be that doe appoint, that where euery tree should bee set, you onely -digge that place to make it good: but you must know, that the rootes -of trees runne further after a little times standing, then the first -compasse they are set in; and therefore a little compasse of ground -can maintaine them but a little while, and that when the rootes are -runne beyond that small compasse wherein they were first set, and that -they are come to the barren or bad ground, they can thriue no better -then if they had beene set in that ground at the first, and if you -should afterwards digge beyond that compasse, intending to make the -ground better further off, you should much hurt the spreading rootes, -and put your trees in danger: the situation of hils in many places -is grauelly or chalky, which is not good for trees, because they are -both too stonie, and lacke mellow earth, wherein a tree doth most -ioy and prosper, and want moisture also (which is the life of all -trees) because of the quicke descent of raine to the lower grounds: -and besides all these inconueniences there is one more; your trees -planted either on hils or hill sides, are more subiect to the fury and -force of windes to be ouerturned, then those that growe in the lower -grounds; for the strongest and most forcible windes come not vsually -out of the North East parts, where you prouide best defence, but from -the South and West, whence you looke for the best comfort of the Sunne. -To helpe therefore manie of the inconueniences of the hils sides, it -were fit to cause manie leauels to bee made thereon, by raising the -lower grounds with good earth, and sustaining them with bricke or stone -wals, which although chargeable, will counteruaile your cost, beside -the pleasure of the walkes, and prospect of so worthy a worke. The -plaine or leuell grounds as they are the most frequent, so they are the -most commendable for an Orchard, because the moulds or earths are more -rich, or may better and sooner be made so; and therefore the profits -are the more may be raised from them. A stiffe clay doth nourish trees -well, by reason it containeth moisture; but in regard of the coldnesse -thereof, it killeth for the most part all tender and early things -therein: sea-cole ashes therefore, bucke ashes, streete soyle, chaulke -after it hath lyen abroad and been broken with many yeares frosts and -raine, and sheepes dung, are the most proper and fittest manure to -helpe this kinde of soyle. The dry sandy soile, and grauelly ground -are on the contrary side as bad, by reason of too much heate and lacke -of moisture: the dung of kine or cattell in good quantity bestowed -thereon, will much helpe them. The amending or bettering of other sorts -of grounds is set down toward the end of the first Chapter of the -first part of this worke, wherevnto I will referre you, not willing to -repeate againe the same things there set downe. The best way to auoide -and amend the inconueniences of high, boisterous, and cold windes, is -to plant Walnut trees, Elmes, Oakes or Ashes, a good distance without -the compasse of your Orchard, which after they are growne great, will -bee a great safeguard thereunto, by breaking the violence of the windes -from it. And if the soyle of your Orchard want moisture, the conueying -of the sinke of the house, as also any other draine of water thereinto, -if it may be, will much helpe it. - - - - -CHAP. II. - -_The forme of an Orchard, both ordinary, and of more grace and rarity._ - -[Illustration: Diagram of a rectangle of dots, arranged in a diagonal -grid.] - - -According to the situation of mens grounds, so must the plantation of -them of necessitie be also; and if the ground be in forme, you shall -haue a formall Orchard: if otherwise, it can haue little grace or -forme. And indeed in the elder ages there was small care or heede taken -for the formality; for euery tree for the most part was planted without -order, euen where the master or keeper found a vacant place to plant -them in, so that oftentimes the ill placing of trees without sufficient -space betweene them, and negligence in not looking to vphold them, -procured more waste and spoile of fruit, then any accident of winde or -weather could doe. Orchards in most places haue not bricke or stone -wals to secure them, because the extent thereof being larger then of a -Garden, would require more cost, which euery one cannot vndergoe; and -therefore mud wals, or at the best a quicke set hedge, is the ordinary -and most vsuall defence it findeth almost in all places: but with those -that are of ability to compasse it with bricke or stone wals, the -gaining of ground, and profit of the fruit trees planted there against, -will in short time recompense that charge. If you make a doubt how to -be sure that your Orchard wall shall haue sufficient comfort of the -Sunne to ripen the fruits, in regard the trees in the Orchard being so -nigh thereunto, and so high withall, will so much shadow the wall, that -nothing will ripen well, because it will want the comfort of the Sunne: -you may follow this rule and aduice, to remedy those inconueniences. -Hauing an Orchard containing one acre of ground, two, three, or more, -or lesse, walled about, you may so order it, by leauing a broad and -large walke betweene the wall and it, containing twenty or twenty foure -foote (or yards if you will) that the wall shall not be hindered of -the Sun, but haue sufficient comfort for your trees, notwithstanding -the height of them, the distance betweene them and the wall being a -sufficient space for their shadow to fall into: and by compassing your -Orchard on the inside with a hedge (wherein may bee planted all sorts -of low shrubs or bushes, as Roses, Cornellian, Cherry trees plashed -lowe, Gooseberries, Curran trees, or the like) you may enclose your -walke, and keepe both it and your Orchard in better forme and manner, -then if it lay open. For the placing of your trees in this Orchard, -first for the wals: Those sides that lye open to the South & Southwest -Sunne, are fittest to bee planted with your tenderest and earliest -fruits, as Apricockes, Peaches, Nectarius, and May or early Cherries: -the East, North and West, for Plums and Quinces, as you shall like best -to place them. And for the Orchard it selfe, the ordinary manner is to -place them without regard of measure or difference, as Peares among -Apples, and Plums among Cherries promiscuously; but some keepe both a -distance and a diuision for euery sort, without intermingling: yet the -most gracefull Orchard containeth them all, with some others, so as -they be placed that one doe not hinder or spoile another; and therefore -to describe you the modell of an Orchard, both rare for comelinesse in -the proportion, and pleasing for the profitablenesse in the vse, and -also durable for continuance, regard this figure is here placed for -your direction, where you must obserue, that your trees are here set -in such an equall distance one from another euery way, & as is fittest -for them, that when they are grown great, the greater branches shall -not gall or rubbe one against another; for which purpose twenty or -sixteene foot is the least to be allowed for the distance euery way of -your trees, & being set in rowes euery one in the middle distance, will -be the most gracefull for the plantation, and besides, giue you way -sufficient to passe through them, to pruine, loppe, or dresse them, as -need shall require, and may also bee brought (if you please) to that -gracefull delight, that euery alley or distance may be formed like an -arch, the branches of either side meeting to be enterlaced together. -Now for the seuerall sorts of fruit trees that you shall place in -this modell, your best direction is to set Damsons, Bulleis, and your -taler growing Plums on the outside, and your lower Plums, Cherries, -and Apples on the inside, hauing regard, that you place no Peare tree -to the Sunward, or any other tree, lest it ouershadow them: Let your -Peare trees therefore be placed behinde, or on the one side of your -lower trees, that they may be as it were a shelter or defence on the -North & East side. Thus may you also plant Apples among Plums and -Cherries, so as you suffer not one to ouer-growe or ouer-toppe another; -for by pruning, lopping, and shredding those that growe too fast for -their fellowes, you may still keepe your trees in such a conformity, -as may be both most comely for the sight, and most profitable for the -yeelding of greater and better store of fruit. Other sorts of fruit -trees you may mixe among these, if you please, as Filberds, Cornellian -Cherries in standerds, and Medlers: but Seruice trees, Baye trees, -and others of that high sort, must be set to guard the rest. Thus -haue I giuen you the fairest forme could as yet be deuised; and from -this patterne, if you doe not follow it precisely, yet by it you may -proportion your Orchard, be it large or little, be it walled or hedged. - - - - -CHAP. III. - -_Of a noursery for trees, both from sowing the kernels, and planting -fit stockes to graft vpon._ - - -Although I know the greater sort (I meane the Nobility and better part -of the Gentrie of this Land) doe not intend to keepe a Nursery, to -raise vp those trees that they meane to plant their wals or Orchards -withall, but to buy them already grafted to their hands of them that -make their liuing of it: yet because many Gentlemen and others are much -delighted to bestowe their paines in grafting themselues, and esteeme -their owne labours and handie worke farre aboue other mens: for their -incouragement and satisfaction, I will here set downe some conuenient -directions, to enable them to raise an Orchard of all sorts of fruits -quickly, both by sowing the kernels or stones of fruit, and by making -choise of the best sorts of stockes to graft on: First therefore to -begin with Cherries; If you will make a Nursery, wherein you may bee -stored with plenty of stockes in a little space, take what quantitie -you thinke good of ordinarie wilde blacke Cherrie stones, cleansed -from the berries, and sowe them, or pricke them in one by one on a -peece of ground well turned vp, and large enough for the quantitie -of stones you will bestowe thereon, from the midst of August vnto -the end of September, which when they are two or three yeares old, -according to their growth, you may remoue them, and set them anew in -some orderly rowes, hauing pruned their tops and their rootes, which -at the next yeares growth after the new planting in any good ground, -or at the second, will be of sufficient bignesse to graft vpon in -the bud what sorts of Cherries you thinke best: and it is fittest to -graft them thus young, that pruning your stockes to raise them high, -you may graft them at fiue or six foote high, or higher, or lower, as -you shall see good, and being thus grafted in the bud, will both more -speedily and safely bring forward your grafts, and with lesse danger -of losing your stockes, then by grafting them in the stocke: for if -the bud take not by inoculating the first yeare, yet your tree is not -lost, nor put in any hazzard of losse; but may be grafted anew the -yeare following, if you will, in an other place thereof, whereas if -you graft in the stocke, and it doe not take, it is a great chance -if the stocke dye not wholly, or at least be not so weakened both in -strength and height, that it will not bee fit to bee grafted a yeare -or two after. In the same manner as you doe with the blacke, you may -deale with the ordinary English red Cherrie stones, or kernels, but -they are not so apt to growe so straight and high, nor in so short -a time as the blacke Cherrie stones are, and besides are subiect in -time to bring out suckers from the rootes, to the hinderance of the -stockes and grafts, or at the least to the deformitie of your Orchard, -and more trouble to the Gardiner, to pull or digge them away. Plumme -stones may bee ordered in this manner likewise, but you must make -choise of your Plums; for although euery Plumme is not so fit for this -purpose, as the white Peare Plumme, because it groweth the goalest and -freest, the barke being smooth and aptest to be raised, that they may -be grafted vpon; yet diuers other Plummes may be taken, if they be -not at hand, or to be had, as the blacke and red Peare Plumme, the -white and red Wheate Plumme, because they are nearest in goodnesse -vnto it. Peach stones will be soone raised vp to graft other sorts of -Peaches or Nectorins vpon, but the nature of the Peach roote being -spongie, is not to abide long. As for Almonds, they will be raised from -their stones to be trees of themselues; but they will hardly abide -the remouing, and lesse to bee grafted vpon. Apricocke stones are the -worst to deale withall of any sort of stone fruit; for although the -Apricocke branches are the fittest stockes to graft Nectorins of the -best sorts vpon, yet those that are raised from the kernels or stones -will neuer thriue to be brought on for this purpose; but will starue -and dye, or hardly grow in a long time to be a straight and fit stocke -to be grafted, if it be once remoued. Your Cornellian Cherrie trees are -wholly, or for the most part raised from the stones or kernels; yet I -know diuers doe increase them, by laying in their lowest branches to -take roote: and thus much for stone fruits. Now for Apples and Peares, -to be dealt withall in the same manner as aforesaid. They vse to take -the pressing of Crabs whereas Veriuyce is made, as also of Cidar and -Perry where they are made, and sowing them, doe raise vp great store -of stockes; for although the beating of the fruit doth spoile many -kernels, yet there will bee enough left that were neuer toucht, and -that will spring: the Crabbe stockes some preferre for the fittest, but -I am sure, that the better Apple and Peare kernels will growe fairer, -straighter, quicklier, and better to be grafted on. You must remember, -that after two or three yeares you take vp these stockes, and when you -haue pruned both toppe and roote, to set them againe in a thinner and -fitter order, to be afterwards grafted in the bud while they are young, -as I shall shew you by and by, or in the stocke if you will suffer them -to growe greater. Now likewise to know which are the fittest stockes of -all sorts to choose, thereon to graft euery of these sorts of fruits, -is a point of some skill indeede; and therefore obserue them as I doe -here set them downe: for bee you assured, that they are certaine rules, -and knowne experiences, whereunto you may trust without being deceiued. -Your blacke Cherrie stockes (as I said before) are the fittest and -best for all sorts of Cherries long to abide and prosper, and euen -May or early Cherry will abide or liue longer, being grafted thereon, -either in the budde or in the stocke, then on the ordinary red Cherry -stocke; but the red Cherry stocke is in a manner the onely tree that -most Nursery men doe take to graft May Cherries on in the stocke (for -it is but a late experience of many, to graft May Cherries in the bud) -many also doe graft May Cherries on Gascoigne Cherry stockes, which -doe not onely thriue well, but endure longer then vpon any ordinary -Cherry stocke: For indeede the May Cherries that are grafted vpon -ordinary red Cherrie stockes, will hardly hold aboue a dozen yeares -bearing well, although they come forwarder at the first, that is, doe -beare sooner then those that are grafted on Gascoigne or blacke Cherry -stockes; but as they are earlier in bearing, so they are sooner spent, -and the Gascoigne and blacked Cherry stockes that are longer in comming -forward, will last twice or thrice their time; but many more grafts -will misse in grafting of these, then of those red Cherry stockes, and -besides, the natures of the Gascoigne and blacke Cherry stockes are -to rise higher, and make a goodlier tree then the ordinary red stocke -will, which for the most part spreadeth wide, but riseth not very high. -The English red Cherry stocke will serue very well to graft any other -sort of Cherry vpon, and is vsed in most places of this Land, and I -know no other greater inconuenience in it, then that it shooteth out -many suckers from the roote, which yet by looking vnto may soone bee -remoued from doing any harme, and that it will not last so long as the -Gascoigne or blacke Cherry stocke will. May Cherries thus grafted lowe -doe most vsually serue to be planted against a wall, to bring on the -fruit the earlier; yet some graft them high vpon standards, although -not many, and it is, I thinke, rather curiosity (if they that doe -it haue any wals) then anie other matter that causeth them thus to -doe: for the fruit is naturally small, though early, and the standard -Cherries are alwaies later then the wall Cherries, so that if they can -spare any roome for them at their wals, they will not plant many in -standards. Now concerning Plummes (as I said before) for the sowing or -setting of the stones, so I say here for their choise in grafting of -them, either in the budde or stocke. The white Peare Plumme stocke, -and the other there mentioned, but especially the white Peare Plumme -is the goodliest, freest and fittest of all the rest, as well to graft -all sort of Plummes vpon, as also to graft Apricockes, which can be -handsomely, and to any good purpose grafted vpon no other Plum stocke, -to rise to bee worth the labour and paine. All sorts of Plums may be -grafted in the stocke, and so may they also in the bud; for I know none -of them that will refuse to be grafted in the bud, if a cunning hand -performe it well, that is, to take off your bud cleanely and well, when -you haue made choice of a fit cyon: for, as I shal shew you anon, it is -no small peece of cunning to chuse your cyon that it may yeeld fit buds -to graft withall, for euery plum is not of a like aptnes to yeeld them: -But Apricocks cannot be grafted in the stock for any thing that euer -I could heare or learne, but only in the bud, and therefore let your -Plum stocke bee of a reasonable size for Apricockes especially, and not -too small, that the graft ouergrow not the stocke, and that the stocke -bee large enough to nourish the graft. As your Plum stockes serue to -graft both Apricockes and Plummes, so doe they serue also very well -to graft Peaches of all sorts; and although Peach stockes will serue -to be grafted with Peaches againe, yet the Peach stocke (as I said -before) will not endure so long as the Plumme stocke, and therefore -serueth but for necessity if Plum stocks be not ready, or at hand, or -for the present time, or that they afterwards may graft that sort of -Peach on a Plumme stocke: for many might lose a good fruit, if when -they meete with it, and haue not Plumme stockes ready to graft it on, -they could not be assured that it would take vpon another Peach stocke -or branch, or on the branch of an Apricocke eyther. Plumme stockes will -serue likewise very well for some sorts of Nectorins; I say, for some -sorts, and not for all: the greene and the yellow Nectorin will best -thriue to be grafted immediately on a Plumme stocke; but the other two -sorts of red Nectorins must not be immediately grafted on the Plumme -stocke, but vpon a branch of an Apricocke that hath beene formerly -grafted on a Plumme stocke, the nature of these Nectorins being found -by experience to be so contrary to the Plum stocke, that it will sterue -it, and both dye within a yeare, two or three at the most: Diuers haue -tryed to graft these red Nectorins vpon Peach stockes, and they haue -endured well a while; but seeing the Peach stocke will not last long it -selfe, being ouerweake, how can it hold so strong a nature as these red -Nectorins, which will (as I said before) sterue a Plum stocke that is -sufficient durable for any other Plumme? - -Apricocke stockes from the stones are hardly nursed vp, and worse to be -remoued, and if a red Nectorin should be grafted on an Apricock raysed -from the stone, and not remoued, I doubt it might happen with it as -it doth with many other trees raised from stones or kernels, and not -remoued, that they would hardly beare fruit: for the nature of most -trees raised from stones or kernels, and not remoued, is to send great -downe-right rootes, and not to spread many forwards; so that if they -be not cut away that others may spreade abroad, I haue seldome seene -or known any of them to beare in any reasonable time; and therefore in -remouing, these great downe-right rootes are alwayes shred away, and -thereby made fit to shoote others forwards. Hereby you may perceiue, -that these red Nectorins will not abide to bee grafted vpon any other -stocke well, then vpon an Apricocke branch, although the green and the -yellow (as I said before) will well endure and thriue vpon Plums. The -suckers or shootes both of Plums and Cherries that rise from their -rootes, eyther neare their stockes, or farther off, so that they bee -taken with some small rootes to them, will serue to bee stockes, and -will come forward quickly; but if the suckers haue no small roots -whereby they may comprehend in the ground, it is almost impossible it -should hold or abide. There is another way to rayse vp eyther stockes -to graft on, or trees without grafting, which is, by circumcising a -faire and fit branch in this manner: About Midsomer, when the sappe is -thoroughly risen (or before if the yeare be forward) they vse to binde -a good quantity of clay round about a faire and straight branch, of a -reasonable good size or bignesse, with some conuenient bands, whether -it be ropes of hey, or of any other thing, about an handfull aboue the -ioynt, where the branch spreadeth from the tree, and cutting the barke -thereof round about vnder the place where the clay is bound, the sap -is hereby hindered from rising, or descending further then that place -so circumcised, whereby it will shoote out small knubs and rootes -into the clay, which they suffer so to abide vntill the beginning of -winter, whenas with a fine Sawe they cut off that branch where it was -circumcised, and afterwardes place it in the ground where they would -haue it to grow, and stake it, and binde it fast, which will shoote -forth rootes, and will become eyther a faire tree to beare fruite -without grafting, or else a fit stocke to graft on according to the -kinde: but oftentimes this kinde of propagation misseth, in that it -sendeth not forth rootes sufficient to cause it to abide any long time. -Let me yet before I leaue this narration of Plummes, giue you one -admonition more, that vpon whatsoeuer Plumme stocke you doe graft, yet -vpon a Damson stocke that you neuer striue to graft, for it (aboue all -other sorts of Plumme stockes) will neuer giue you a tree worth your -labour. It remaineth only of stone fruit, that I speake of Cornelles, -which as yet I neuer saw grafted vpon any stocke, being as it should -seeme vtterly repugnant to the nature thereof, to abide grafting, but -is wholly raysed vp (as I said before) eyther from the stones, or -from the suckers or layers. For Peares and Apples your vsuall stockes -to graft on are (as I said before, speaking of the nursing vp of -trees from the kernels) your Crabbe stockes, and they bee accepted in -euery Countrey of this Land as they may conueniently be had, yet many -doe take the stockes of better fruit, whether they bee suckers, or -stockes raysed from the kernels (and the most common and knowne way of -grafting, is in the stocke for all sorts of them, although some doe -vse whipping, packing on, or incising, as euery one list to call it: -but now we doe in many places begin to deale with Peares and Apples as -with other stone fruit, that is, graft them all in the bud, which is -found the most compendious and safest way both to preserue your stocke -from perishing, and to bring them the sooner to couer the stock, as -also to make the goodlier and straighter tree, being grafted at what -height you please:) for those stockes that are raysed from the kernels -of good fruit (which are for the most part easily knowne from others, -in that they want those thornes or prickles the wilde kindes are armed -withall:) I say for the most part; for I know that the kernels of -some good fruite hath giuen stockes with prickles on them (which, as -I thinke, was because that good fruite was taken from a wilde stocke -that had not beene long enough grafted to alter his wilde nature; for -the longer a tree is grafted, the more strength the fruite taketh -from the graft, and the lesse still from the stocke) being smoother -and fairer then the wilde kinds, must needes make a goodlier tree, -and will not alter any whit the taste of your fruit that is grafted -thereon, but rather adde some better rellish thereunto; for the Crabbe -stockes yeelding harsh fruite, must giue part of their nature to the -grafts are set thereon, and therefore the taste or rellish, as well as -some other naturall properties of most fruits, are somewhat altered -by the stocke. Another thing I would willingly giue you to vnderstand -concerning your fruits and stockes, that whereas diuers for curiosity -and to try experiments haue grafted Cherries vpon Plumme stockes, or -Plums on Cherry stockes, Apples vpon Peare stockes, and Peares vpon -Apple stockes, some of these haue held the graft a yeare, two or three -peraduenture, but I neuer knew that euer they held long, or to beare -fruite, much lesse to abide or doe well: bestow not therefore your -paines and time on such contrary natures, vnlesse it be for curiositie, -as others haue done: Yet I know that they that graft peares on a white -thorne stocke haue had their grafts seeme to thriue well, and continue -long, but I haue seldome seene the fruite thereof answerable to the -naturall wilde Peare stocke; yet the Medlar is knowne to thriue best -on a white thorne. And lastly, whereas diuers doe affirme that they -may haue not only good stockes to graft vpon, but also faire trees to -bear store of fruit from the kernels of Peares or Apples being prickt -into the ground, and suffered to grow without remouing, and then eyther -grafted or suffered to grow into great trees vngrafted; and for their -bearing of fruite, assigne a dozen or twenty yeares from the first -setting of the kernels, and abiding vngrafted, I haue not seene or -heard that experience to hold certaine, or if it should be so, yet it -is too long time lost, and too much fruit also, to waite twenty yeares -for that profit may be gained in a great deale of lesse time, and with -more certainty. Vnto these instructions let mee adde also one more, -which is not much known and vsed, and that is, to haue fruit within -foure or fiue years from the first sowing of your stones or kernels in -this manner: After your stockes raysed from stones or kernels are two -or three yeares old, take the fairest toppe or branch, and graft it as -you would doe any other cyon taken from a bearing tree, and looke what -rare fruite, eyther Peare or Apple, the kernell was of that you sowed, -or Peach or Plum &c. the stone was set, such fruite shall you haue -within two or three yeares at the most after the grafting, if it take, -and the stocke be good. And thus may you see fruit in farre lesse time -then to stay vntill the tree from a kernell or stone beareth fruit of -it selfe. - - - - -CHAP. IIII. - -_The diuers manners of grafting all sorts of fruits vsed in our Land._ - - -The most vsuall manner of grafting in the stocke is so common and well -known in this Land to euery one that hath any thing to doe with trees -or an Orchard, that I think I shall take vpon mee a needlesse worke -to set downe that is so well knowne to most; yet how common soeuer -it is, some directions may profit euery one, without which it is not -easily learned. And I doe not so much spend my time and paines herein -for their sakes that haue knowledge, but for such as not knowing would -faine be taught priuately, I meane, to reade the rules of the arte -set downe in priuate, when they would refuse to learne of a Gardiner, -or other by sight: and yet I discommend not that way vnto them to -learne by sight; for one may see more in an instant by sight, then he -shall learn by his own practice in a great while, especially if he be -a little practised before he see a cunning hand to doe it. There are -many other kindes of grafting, which shall be spoken of hereafter, and -peraduenture euen they that know it well, may learne something they -knew not before. - -1. The grafting in the stocke, is, to set the sprigge of a good fruit -into the body or stocke of another tree, bee it wilde or other, bee it -young or old, to cause that tree to bring forth such fruit as the tree -bore from whence you took the sprigge, and not such as the stocke or -tree would haue borne, if it had not beene grafted, and is performed in -this manner: Looke what tree or stocke you will chuse to graft on, you -must with a small fine sawe and very sharpe, whip off, or cut off the -head or toppe thereof at what height you eyther thinke best for your -purpose, or conuenient for the tree: for if you graft a great tree, -you cannot without endangering the whole, cut it downe so low to the -ground, as you may without danger doe a small tree, or one that is of -a reasonable size; and yet the lower or neerer the ground you graft a -young tree, the safer it is both for your stocke and graft, because -the sappe shall not ascend high, but soone giue vigour to the graft -to take and shoote quickly: After you haue cut off the toppe of your -stocke, cut or smooth the head thereof with a sharpe knife, that it may -be as plaine and smooth as you can, and then cleaue it with a hammer -or mallet, and with a strong knife, cleauer or chessell, either in the -middle of it if it be small, or of a reasonable size, or on the sides -an inch or more within the barke, if it be great: into both sides of -the cleft put your grafts, or into one if the stocke bee smaller; which -grafts must bee made fit for the purpose on this fashion: Hauing made -choise of your grafts from the toppe branches especially, or from the -sides of that tree whereof you would haue the fruit, and that they be -of a reasonable good size, not too small or too great for your stockes, -and of one or the same yeares shoote; (and yet many doe cut an inch or -more of the olde wood with the sprigge of the last yeares growth, and -so graft the old and young together, but both are good, and the old -wood no better then the young) cut your graft not too long, but with -two, three or foure eyes or buds at the most, which at the lower or -bigger end for an inch long or more (for the greater stockes, and an -inch or lesse for the lesser sort) must be so cut, that it be very thin -on the one side from the shoulders downward, and thicker on the other, -and thin also at the end, that it may goe downe close into the cleft, -and rest at the shoulders on the head of the stocke: but take heede -that in cutting your grafts your knife bee very sharpe that you doe -not rayse any of the barke, eyther at the sides or the end, for feare -of losing both your paines and graft, and stocke too peraduenture; and -let not your grafts bee made long before you set them, or else put the -ends of them in water to keepe them fresh and cleane: when you set -them you must open the cleft of your stocke with a wedge or chessell -as most doe, that the graft may goe easily into it, and that the -barke of both graft and stocke may ioyne close the one to the other, -which without stirring or displacing must bee so left in the cleft, -and the wedge or chessell gently pulled forth; but because in the -doing hereof consisteth in a manner the whole losse or gaine of your -paines, graft and stocke, to preuent which inconuenience I doe vse an -iron Instrument, the forme whereof is showne in the following page, -marked with the letter A, crooked at both ends, and broade like vnto -a chessell, the one bigger, and the other lesser, to fit all sorts of -stockes, and the iron handle somewhat long betweene them both, that -being thrust or knocked downe into the cleft, you may with your left -hand open it as wide as is fit to let in your graft, without strayning, -which being placed, this iron may bee pulled or knocked vp againe -without any mouing of your graft: when you haue thus done, you must -lay a good handfull or more (according to the bignesse of your stocke) -of soft and well moistned clay or loame, well tempered together with -short cut hey or horse dung, vpon the head of your stocke, as lowe or -somewhat lower then the cleft, to keepe out all winde, raine or ayre -from your graft vntill Midsomer at the least, that the graft be shot -forth somewhat strongly, which then if you please may be remoued, and -the cleft at the head only filled with a little clay to keepe out -earewigs, or other things that may hurt your graft. - -[Illustration: - -A. The Iron Instrument with chessels at each end, the one bigger and - the other lesser, to keepe the cleft of the Tree open vntill the - graft bee placed in the stocke, which with a knock vpwards will be - easily taken away. - -B. The small Penne-knife with a broad and thinne ended hafte, to raise - the sides both of the bud and the down-right slit in the body or arme - of a Tree to be grafted in the bud. - -C. A pen or quil cut halfe round to take off a bud from the branch. - -D. An Iuory Instrument made to the same fashion. - -E. A shielde of brasse made hollow before to be put into the slit, to - keepe it open vntill the bud be put into its place. - -F. The manner of grafting called incising or splicing. - -G. A Ladder made with a stoole at the toppe, to serue both to graft - higher or lower, and also to gather fruit without spoyling or hurting - any buddes or branches of Trees. - -1. The first slit in the body or arme of a Tree to be grafted in the - bud with the crosse cut at the head. - -2. The same slit opened on both sides, ready to receiue the budde - should be put therein: these small peeces serue as well as trees to - shew the manner and order of the grafting. - -3. The branch of a Tree with one budde cut ready to be taken off, and - another not yet touched. - -4. The bud cleane taken off from the branch, both the foreside and - backside. - -5. The graft or bud now put into the stocke or tree you intend to be - grafted: but the binding thereof is omitted. -] - -2. Inarching is another manner of grafting in the stocke, and is more -troublesome, and more casuall also then the former, and is rather -a curiosity then any way of good speede, certainety or profit, and -therefore vsed but of a few. Yet to shew you, the manner thereof, it -is thus: Hauing a tree well growne, bee it high or low, yet the lower -the better, with young branches well spread, they vse to set stockes -round about it, or on the one side as you please; into which stockes -they ingraft the young branches of the well growne tree as they are -growing (before they cut them from the tree) by bowing downe the branch -they intend to graft, and putting it into the stocke, hauing first -cut off the head thereof, and cut a notch in the middle of the head -a little slope on both sides, wherein the branch must be fitted: let -the branch be cut thinne on the vnderside, only of that length as may -suffice to fit the notch in the stocke, leauing about halfe a yarde -length of the branch, to rise aboue or beyond the stocke, which beeing -bound on, and clayed ouer or couered with red or greene soft waxe, they -let so abide, that if it take in the stocke they cut off the branch a -little below the grafting place in Nouember following, and remouing -the stocke, they haue thus gained a grafted and growne tree the first -yeare: but it is vsually seene, that where one branch taketh, three doe -misse: yet this manner of grafting was much in vse for May Cherries, -when they were first known to vs, and the way thought to be a rare -manner of grafting to encrease them, vntill a better way was found -out, which now is so common and good also, that this is not now scarce -thought vpon. - -3. Another kinde of grafting in the stocke is called of some whipping, -of some splicing, of others incising, and of others packing on (and as -I heare, is much vsed in the West parts especially, and also in the -North parts of this Land) and is performed in this manner: Take and -slice the branch of a tree (so as the branch be not too bigge) or else -a young tree of two, or three, or foure yeares growth at the most, -quite off slope wise, about an inch and a halfe long or more, and cut -a deep notch in the middle thereof, then fit into it a graft iust of -that size or bignesse, cut on both sides with shoulders, and thin at -the end, that it may ioyne close in the notch, and neyther bigger or -lesser, but that the barke of the one may bee fitted iust to the barke -of the other, the figure wherof is expressed at the letters E.F. which -shew the one to be with a shoulder & the other without; binde them -gently together with bast, and put clay or waxe ouer the place, vntill -it be taken: this is much vsed of late dayes for such young trees as -are risen of stones or kernels after the second or third yeares growth, -and thriue very well in that it not only saueth much time, but diuers -checks by remouing and grafting. - -4. Inoculating or grafting in the budde is another manner of grafting, -which is the taking of a budde from one tree, and putting it into the -barke of another tree, to the end, that thereby you may haue of the -same kinde of fruit the tree bare from whence the budde was taken; and -although it bee sufficiently knowne in many places of this Land, yet -as I vnderstand, good Gardiners in the North parts, and likewise in -some other places, can scarce tell what it meaneth, or at the least -how to doe it well. It is performed after a different fashion from the -former, although they all tend vnto one end, which is the propagating -of trees. You must for this purpose obserue, that for those trees you -would graft, either with, or vpon, you choose a fit time in Summer, -when the sappe is well risen, and your graft well shot, that the barke -will rise easily and cleanly, both of stocke and graft, which time I -cannot appoint, because both the years doe differ in earlinesse, and -the seuerall parts or countries of this Land likewise one from another, -but most vsually in these Southerne parts, from the beginning of Iune -vnto the end of it, or to the middle of Iuly, or either somewhat before -or after. First (as I said) hauing taken the fitted time of the yeare, -you must take especiall care, that your grafts be well growne, and of -the same yeares shoote, and also that the buds or eyes haue but single -leaues at them, as neere as you can: for I would vtterly refuse those -buds that haue aboue two leaues as vnprofitable, either in Peaches -or any other fruit; and therefore see that your grafts or cyons bee -taken from the chiefest place of the tree, that is, either from the -toppe, or from a sunnie side thereof, and not from the contrarie side -if you may otherwise, nor from any vnder-boughes; for seeing your -graft is so small a thing, you had neede take the more care that it be -the best and fairest. You must to take off this eye or budde from the -sprigge, haue a small sharpe pen-knife, the end of the haft being made -flat and thinne, like a chessell or wedge, the figure whereof is set -forth at the letter B, and a pen or goose quill cut, to be lesse then -halfe round, and to be broad at the end, but not sharpe pointed like a -penne, or else such a peece of bone or Iuorie made in that fashion as -the quill is, to bee thinne, hollow, or halfe round, the figures of -both which are marked with the letters C, D, with your knife cut the -barke of the bud (hauing first cut off the leafe, leauing onely the -short foote-stalke thereof at the bud) about a strawes breadth aboue -the eye thereof halfe round, and then from that round or ouerthwart -cut, with your knife cut it downe on both sides of the eye, close to -the bud slopewise about an inch long or thereabouts, that it bee broad -at the head aboue the eye, and pointing at the end like a sheild or -scutcheon; and then cutting away the rest of the barke from about it, -with the thinne flat end of the haft of your knife raise vp both sides -of your bud a little, and with your quill or bone put vnder the barke, -raise your budde, and thrust it quite off, beginning at the toppe or -head of your eye; but see that you thrust it off close to the wood of -the branch or sprigge, and that you doe not leaue the eye of the budde -behinde sticking vpon the branch; for if that eye be left or lost, your -bud is worth nothing; you must cast it away, and cut another that may -haue that eye abiding within the budde on the inside: you may perceiue -if that eye be wanting, if you see an emptie hole in the place where -the eye should be, to fill it vp on the inside thereof; thus hauing -taken off your bud well and cleanly, which is set forth vnto you at -the figures, 3 and 4. presently set it on the tree you would graft -(for your small budde can abide no delay, lest by taking the ayre too -long it become dry, and nothing worth) in this manner: Cut the barke -of your tree you would graft in a smooth place, at what height you -please, first aboue or ouerthwart, and then downe right in the middle -thereof, more then an inch long, the figure whereof you shall haue at -the figure 1. and then raise vp both sides of the barke, first one, -and then another, with the flat and thinne haft end of your knife, a -prettie way inwards (for if the barke will not rise easily, the stocke -is not then fit to graft vpon) put in your budde into the cleft with -the point downewards, holding the stalke of the leafe that is with the -budde betweene your fingers of the one hand, and opening the cleft -with the flat end of your knife with the other hand, that the head of -your bud may be put close vnder the ouerthwart cut in the stocke or -tree (which must not be raised or stirred as the sides are) & the eye -of the bud stand iust in the middle of the slit that is downeright, -and then closing the barke of the stocke or tree softly vnto the bud -thus put in with your fingers, let it be bound gently with a small -long peece of baste, or other such like soft thing, first aboue the -eye, & then compassing it belowe as close as you can, but not too -hard in any case, vntil you haue bound it all ouer the slit you made, -especially the lower end, lest any winde get in to dry and spoile it; -and hauing tyed both ends thereof fast, leaue it so for a fortnight -or somewhat more, in which space it will take and hold, if it be well -done, which you shall perceiue, if the bud abide green, and turne not -blacke, when you haue vnloosed the tying; for if it hold fast to the -tree, and be fresh and good, tye it vp gently againe, and so leaue it -for a fortnight longer, or a moneth if you will, and then you may take -away your binding cleane: this budde will (if no other mischance happen -vnto it) spring and shoote forth the next yeare, (and sometimes the -same yeare, but that is seldome) and therefore in the beginning of the -yeare, cut off the head of the grafted tree about an handfull aboue the -grafted place, vntill the graft be growne strong, and then cut it off -close, that the head may be couered with the graft, and doe not suffer -any buds to sprout besides the graft, either aboue or belowe it. If -you graft diuers buds vpon one stocke (which is the best way) let that -onely remaine and abide that shooteth best forth, and rubbe off, or -take away the other: the seuerall parts of this grafting I haue caused -to be expressed for your further information. - -5. Grafting in the scutcheon is accounted another kinde of grafting, -and differeth verie little from grafting in the budde: the difference -chiefly consisteth in this, that in stead of the downe right slit, and -that aboue ouerthwart, they take away iust so much barke of the great -tree, as your budde is in bignesse, which vsually is a little larger -then the former, and placing it therein, they binde it as formerly -is said: some vse for this purpose a paire of compasses, to giue the -true measure both of bud and stocke; this manner of grafting is most -vsed vpon greater trees, whose young branches are too high to graft -vpon in the former maner, and whose tops they cut off (for the most -part) at the latter end of the next yeare after the bud is taken: both -these waies were inuented to saue the losse of trees, which are more -endangered by grafting in the stocke, then any of these waies; and -besides, by these waies you may graft at a farre greater height without -losse. - - - - -CHAP. V. - -_Of the manner of grafting and propagating all sorts of Roses._ - - -Hauing now spoken of the grafting of trees, let mee adioyne the -properties of Roses, which although they better fit a Garden then an -Orchard, yet I could not in a fitter place expresse them then here, -both for the name and affinity of grafting, & because I do not expresse -it in the first part. All sorts of Roses may be grafted (although all -sorts are not, some seruing rather for stockes for others to be grafted -on) as easily as any other tree, & is only performed, by inoculating -in the same maner I haue set downe in the former Chapter of grafting -trees in the bud; for both stocke and budde must bee dealt with after -the same fashion. And although some haue boasted of grafting Roses -by dicing or whipping, as they call it, or in the stocke, after the -first manner, set downe in the former Chapter, yet I thinke it rather -a bragge, not hauing seene or heard any true effect proceede from that -relation. The sweete Briar or Eglantine, the white and the Damaske -Roses, are the chiefest stockes to graft vpon. And if you graft lowe or -neare the ground, you may by laying downe that graft within the ground, -after it hath bin shot out well, and of a years growth, by pinning it -fast downe with short stickes, a thwart or acrosse, cause that grafted -branch, by taking roote, to become a naturall Rose, such as the graft -was, which being separated and transplanted after it hath taken root -wel, will prosper as well as any naturall sucker. And in this maner, -by laying downe branches at length into the ground, if they be full of -spreading small branches, you may increase all sorts of Roses quickly -and plentifully; for they will shoote forth rootes at the ioynts of -euery branch: But as for the manner of grafting white Roses or Damaske -vpon Broome stalkes or Barbary bushes, to cause them to bring forth -double yellow Roses, or vpon a Willowe, to beare greene Roses, they -are all idle conceits, as impossible to be effected, as other things, -whereof I haue spoken in the ninth Chapter of my first part, concerning -a Garden of flowers, vnto which I referre you to be satisfied with the -reasons there alledged. And it is the more needlesse, because we haue -a naturall double yellow Rose of it owne growing. The sowing of the -seedes of Roses (which are sometimes found vpon most sorts of Roses, -although not euery yeare, and in euerie place) hath bin formerly much -vsed; but now the laying downe of the young shootes is a way for -increase so much vsed, being safe and verie speedie to take, especially -for those Roses that are not so apt to giue suckers, that it hath -almost taken quite away the vse of sowing of the seedes of Roses, which -yet if anie one be disposed to make the triall, they must gather the -seede out of the round heads, from amongst the doune, wherein they lye -verie like vnto the berries of the Eglantine or sweete Briar bush, and -especially of those Roses that bee of the more single kindes, which -are more apt to giue berries for seed then the more double, although -sometimes the double Roses yeeld the like heads or berries. Their time -of sowing is in the end of September (yet some reserue them vntill -February) and their manner of noursing is to bee transplanted, after -the first or second yeares growth, and tended carefully, that while -they are young they be not lost for want of moisture in the dry time of -Summer. - - - - -CHAP. VI. - -_Certaine rules and obseruations in and after grafting, not remembred -in the former Chapter._ - - -The time of some manners of grafting being not mentioned before, must -here be spoken of. For the grafting of all sorts of trees in the -stocke, the most vsuall time is from the middle of February vntill -the middle of March, as the yeare and the countrie is more forward -or backward, with vs about London wee neuer passe midde March: but -because the May Cherrie is first ripe, and therefore of a very forward -nature, it doth require to be grafted somewhat sooner then others. -The time of gathering likewise, or cutting your grafts for grafting -in the stocke, is to be obserued, that they bee not long gathered -before they bee grafted, for feare of being too dry, which I commend, -howsoeuer diuers say, if they be long kept they are not the worse; and -therefore if you be forced to haue your grafts from farre, or by some -other chance to keepe them long, be carefull to keepe them moist, by -keeping their ends stucke in moist clay; but if neare hand, neglect no -time I say after the cutting of them for their grafting, but either -the same, or the next day, or verie speedily after, in the meane time -being put into the ground to keepe them fresh. The grafts taken from -old trees, because they are stronger, and shoote forth sooner, are to -bee sooner grafted then those that are taken from younger trees: of a -good branch may bee made two, and sometimes three grafts sufficient -for anie reasonable stocke. For whipping, the time is somewhat later -then grafting in the stocke, because it is performed on younger trees, -which (as I said before) doe not so early bud or shoote forth as the -elder. Inarching likewise is performed much about the later end of the -grafting time in the stocke; for being both kindes thereof they require -the same time of the yeare. The times of the other manners of graftings -are before expressed, to bee when they haue shot forth young branches, -from whence your buds must be taken; and therefore need not here againe -to be repeated. If a graft in the stocke doth happen not to shoote -forth when others do (so as it holdeth green) it may perchance shoot -out a moneth or two after, & do well, or else after Midsummer, when a -second time of shooting, or the after Spring appeareth: but haue an -especiall care, that you take not such a graft that shal haue nothing -but buds for flowers vpon it, and not an eye or bud for leaues (which -you must be carefull to distinguish) for such a graft after it hath -shot out the flowers must of necessitie dye, not hauing wherewith to -maintaine it selfe. Also if your good graft doe misse, and not take, -it doth hazzard your stocke at the first time, yet manie stockes doe -recouer to be grafted the second time; but twice to faile is deadly, -which is not so in the inoculating of buds in the greene tree: for -if you faile there in three, or three times three, yet euerie wound -being small, and the tree still growing greene, will quickly recouer -it, and not be afterwards seen. Some vse to graft in the stocke the -same yeare they remoue the stocke, to saue time, & a second checke by -grafting; but I like better both in grafting in the stocke, and in -the bud also, that your trees might be planted in the places where -you would haue them growe, for a yeare or two at the least before you -graft them, that after grafting there should be no remouall, I neede -not be tedious, nor yet I hope verie sollicitous to remember many other -triuiall, or at the least common knowne things in this matter. First, -for the time to remoue trees, young or old, grafted or vngrafted, to -be from a fortnight after Michaelmas vntill Candlemas, or if neede be, -somewhat after, yet the sooner your remoue is, the better your trees -will thriue, except it be in a very moist ground. For the manner or way -to set them: _viz._ in the high and dry grounds set them deeper, both -to haue the more moisture, and to be the better defended from windes; -and in the lower and moister grounds Shallower, and that the earth be -mellow, well turned vp, and that the finer earth bee put among the -small rootes, wherein they may spread, and afterwards gently troden -downe, that no hollownesse remaine among the rootes: as also that after -setting (if the time be not ouermoist) there may be some water powred -to the rootes, to moisten and fasten them the better; and in the dry -time of Summer, after the setting, let them not want moisture, if you -will haue them thriue and prosper; for the want thereof at that time, -hath often killed manie a likely tree. To stake and fence them also if -neede bee after they are new set, and so to continue for two or three -yeares after, is verie expedient, lest windes or other casualties -spoile your paines, and ouerthrow your hopes. And likewise to defend -your grafts from birds lighting on them, to breake or displace them, to -sticke some prickes or sharpe pointed stickes longer then your graft -into your clay, that so they may be a sure defence of it: As also to -tye some woollen cloathes about the lower end of your stockes, or -thrust in some thornes into the ground about the rootes, to defend them -from hauing their barkes eaten by Conies, or hurt by some other noisome -vermine. - - - - -CHAP. VII. - -_Obseruations for the dressing and well keeping of Trees and an Orchard -in good order._ - - -There are two manner of waies to dresse and keepe trees in good -order, that they may bee both gracefull and fruitfull; the one is -for wall-trees, the other is for standards: for as their formes are -different, so is their keeping or ordering. Wall trees, because they -are grafted lowe, and that their branches must be plasht or tackt vnto -the wall to fasten them, are to be so kept, that all their branches -may be suffered to growe, that shoote forth on either side of the -bodie, and led either along the wall, or vpright, and one to lappe ouer -or vnder another as is conuenient, and still with peeces of lists, -parings of felt, peeces of soft leather, or other such like soft thing -compassing the armes or branches, fastened with small or great nailes, -as neede requireth, to the wals, onely those buds or branches are to -be nipped or cut off, that shoot forward, and will not so handsomely -be brought into conformity, as is fitting; yet if the branches growe -too thicke, to hinder the good of the rest, or too high for the wall, -they may, nay they must be cut away or lopped off: and if anie dead -branches also happen to be on the trees, they must be cut away, that -the rest may haue the more libertie to thriue. Diuers also by carefully -nipping away the waste and superfluous buds, doe keepe their trees in -conformity, without much cutting. The time to pruine or plash, or tye -vp wall trees, is vsually from the fall of the leafe, to the beginning -of the yeare, when they begin to blossome, and most especially a little -before or after Christmas: but in any case not too late, for feare of -rubbing off their buds. Some I know doe plash and tye vp their wall -trees after bearing time, while the leaues are greene, and their reason -is, the buds are not so easie or apt to bee rubbed from the branches -at that time, as at Christmas, when they are more growne: but the -leaues must needes be very cumbersome, to hinder much both the orderly -placing, and close fastening of them to the wall. This labour you must -performe euery yeare in its due time; for if you shall neglect and -ouerslip it, you shall haue much more trouble, to bring them into a -fit order againe, then at the first. The standard trees in an Orchard -must be kept in another order; for whereas the former are suffered to -spread at large, these must be pruined both from superfluous branches -that ouerload the trees, & make them lesse fruitfull, as well as lesse -sightly, and the vnder or water boughes likewise, that drawe much -nourishment from the trees and yet themselues little the better for -it, I meane to giue fruit. If therefore your Orchard consist of young -trees, with a little care and paines it may bee kept in that comely -order and proportion it was first defined vnto; but if it consist of -old growne trees, they will not without a great deale of care and -paines be brought into such conformitie, as is befitting good, and -comely trees: for the marke of those boughes or branches that are cut -off from young trees, will quickly be healed againe, the barke growing -quickly ouer them, whereby they are not worse for the cutting, but an -old tree if you cut off a bough, you must cut it close and cleanly, and -lay a searcloth of tallow, waxe, and a little pitch melted together -vpon the place, to keepe off both the winde, sunne, and raine, untill -the barke haue couered it ouer againe: and in this manner you must -deale with all such short stumps of branches, as are either broken -short off with the winde, or by carelesnesse or want of skill, or else -such armes or branches as are broken off close, or sliued from the -body of the tree: for the raine beating and falling into such a place, -will in short time rotte your tree, or put it in danger, besides the -deformity. Some vse to fill vp such an hole with well tempered clay, -and tacke a cloth or a peece of leather ouer it vntill it be recouered, -and this is also not amisse. Your young trees, if they stand in anie -good ground, will bee plentifull enough in shooting forth branches; -bee carefull therefore if they growe too thicke, that you pruine away -such as growe too close (and will, if they be suffered, spoile one -another) as they may be best spared, that so the sunne, ayre, and raine -may haue free accesse to all your branches, which will make them beare -the more plentifully, and ripen them the sooner and the more kindly. -If anie boughes growe at the toppe too high, cut them also away, that -your trees may rather spread then growe too high. And so likewise for -the vnder boughes, or anie other that by the weight of fruit fall or -hang downe, cut them off at the halfe, and they will afterwards rise -and shoote vpwards. You shall obserue, that at all those places where -anie branches haue been cut away, the sappe will euer bee readie to -put forth: if therefore you would haue no more branches rise from that -place, rubbe off or nippe off such buddes as are not to your minde when -they are new shot: and thus you may keep your trees in good order with -a little paines, after you haue thus pruined and dressed them. One -other thing I would aduertise you of, and that is how to preserue a -fainting or decaying tree which is readie to perish, if it be not gone -too farre or past cure, take a good quantitie of oxe or horse bloud, -mixe therewith a reasonable quantitie of sheepe or pigeons dung, which -being laid to the roote, will by the often raines and much watering -recouer it selfe, if there bee anie possibilitie; but this must bee -done in Ianuarie or Februarie at the furthest. - - - - -CHAP. VIII. - -_Diuers other obseruations to be remembred in the well keeping of an -Orchard._ - - -There be diuers other things to be mentioned, whereof care must be -had, either to doe or auoide, which I thinke fit in this Chapter -promiscuously to set down, that there may be nothing wanting to furnish -you with sufficient knowledge of the care, paines, and casualties that -befall an Orchard: for it hath many enemies, and euery one laboureth -as much as in them lye, to spoile you of your pleasure, or profit, or -both, which must bee both speedily and carefully preuented and helped; -and they are these: Mosse, Caterpillars, Ants, Earwigs, Snailes, -Moales, and Birds. If Mosse begin to ouergrowe your trees, looke to -it betimes, lest it make your trees barren: Some vse to hacke, and -crossehacke, or cut the barke of the bodies of their trees, to cause -it fall away; but I feare it may endanger your trees. Others do either -rubbe it off with a haire cloth, or with a long peece of wood formed -like a knife, at the end of a long sticke or pole, which if it bee vsed -cauteiously without hurting the buds, I like better. Caterpillars, some -smoake them with burning wet strawe or hay, or such like stuffe vnder -the trees; but I doe not greatly like of that way: others cut off the -boughes whereon they breed, and tread them vnder their feete, but that -will spoile too manie branches; and some kill them with their hands, -but some doe vse a new deuised way, that is, a pompe made of lattin or -tin, spout-fashion, which being set in a tubbe of water vnder or neare -your trees, they will cause the water to rise through it with such a -force, and through the branches, that it will wash them off quickly. -To destroy Ants, that eate your fruit before and when it is ripe, some -vse to annoint the bodies of their trees with tarre, that they may not -creepe vp on the branches; but if that doe not helpe, or you will not -vse it, you must be careful to finde out their hill, and turne it vp, -pouring in scalding water, either in Summer, but especially if you can -in Winter, and that will surely destroy them. I haue spoken of Earwigs -in the first part of this worke, entreating of the annoyances of -Gilloflowers, and therefore I referre you thereunto: yet one way more -I will here relate which some doe vse, and that is with hollow canes -of halfe a yard long or more, open at both ends for them to creepe in, -and stucke or laid among the branches of your trees, will soone drawe -into them many Earwigs, which you may soone kill, by knocking the cane -a little vpon the ground, and treading on them with your foote. Snailes -must be taken with your hands, and that euerie day, especially in the -morning when they will be creeping abroad. Moales by running vnder -your trees make them lesse fruitfull, and also put them in danger to -be blowne downe, by leauing the ground hollow, that thereby the rootes -haue not that strength in the ground, both to shoote and to hold, that -otherwise they might haue. Some haue vsed to put Garlicke, and other -such like things into their holes, thinking thereby to driue them away, -but to no purpose: others haue tryed manie other waies; but no way -doth auaile anie thing, but killing them either with a Moale spade, -or a trappe made for the purpose as manie doe know: and they must bee -watched at their principall hill, and trenched round, and so to be -caught. Birds are another enemie both to your trees and fruit; for the -Bullfinch will destroy all your stone fruit in the budde, before they -flower, if you suffer them, and Crowes, &c. when your Cherries are -ripe: for the smaller birds, Lime twigs set either neare your trees, -or at the next water where they drinke, will helpe to catch them and -destroy them. And for the greater birds, a stone bowe, a birding or -fowling peece will helpe to lessen their number, and make the rest more -quiet: or a mill with a clacke to scarre them away, vntill your fruit -be gathered. Some other annoyances there are, as suckers that rise -from the rootes of your trees, which must be taken away euerie yeare, -and not suffered to growe anie thing great, for feare of robbing your -trees of their liuelihood. Barke bound, is when a tree doth not shoote -and increase, by reason the barke is as it were drie, and will not -suffer the sappe to passe vnto the branches: take a knife therefore, -and slit the barke downe almost all the length of the tree in two or -three places, and it will remedy that euill, and the tree will thriue -and come forward the better after. Barke pilled is another euill that -happeneth to some trees, as well young as old, either by reason of -casuall hurts, or by the gnawing of beasts, howsoeuer it bee, if it -bee anie great hurt, lay a plaister thereon made of tallow, tarre, -and a little pitch, and binde it thereto, letting it so abide vntill -the wound bee healed: yet some doe only apply a little clay or loame -bound on with ropes of hay. The Canker is a shrewd disease when it -happeneth to a tree; for it will eate the barke round, and so kill the -very heart in a little space. It must be looked vnto in time before -it hath runne too farre; most men doe wholly cut away as much as is -fretted with the Canker, and then dresse it, or wet it with vinegar or -Cowes pisse, or Cowes dung and vrine, &c. vntill it be destroyed, and -after healed againe with your salue before appointed. There are yet -some other enemies to an Orchard: for if your fence be not of bricke -or stone, but either a mudde wall, or a quicke set or dead hedge, then -looke to it the more carefully, and preuent the comming in of either -horse, or kine, sheepe, goates, or deere, hare, or conie; for some of -them will breake through or ouer to barke your trees, and the least -hole almost in the hedge will giue admittance to hares and conies to -doe the like. To preuent all which, your care must be continuall to -watch them or auoide them, and to stoppe vp their entrance. A dogge is -a good seruant for many such purposes, and so is a stone bowe, and a -peece to make vse of as occasion shall serue. But if you will take that -medicine for a Canker spoken of before, which is Cowes dung and vrine -mixed together, and with a brush wash your trees often to a reasonable -height, will keepe hares and conies from eating or barking your trees. -Great and cold windes doe often make a great spoile in an Orchard, but -great trees planted without the compasse thereof, as Wall-nuts, Oakes, -Elmes, Ashes, and the like, will stand it in great stead, to defend -it both early and late. Thus haue I shewed you most of the euils that -may happen to an Orchard, and the meanes to helpe them, and because -the number is great and daily growing, the care and paines must be -continuall, the more earnest and diligent, lest you lose that in a -moment that hath been growing many yeares, or at the least the profit -or beauty of some yeares fruit. - - - - -CHAP. IX. - -_The manner and way how to plant, order, and keepe other trees that -beare greene leaues continually._ - - -The way to order those trees that beare their leaues greene -continually, is differing from all others that doe not so: for neyther -are they to bee planted or remoued at the time that all other trees -are set, nor doe they require that manner of dressing, pruining and -keeping, that others doe. And although many ignorant persons and -Gardiners doe remoue Bay trees, and are so likewise perswaded that all -other trees of that nature, that is, that carry their greene leaues -continually, may bee remoued in Autumne or Winter, as well as all other -trees may bee, yet it is certaine it is a great chance if they doe -thriue and prosper that are set at that time, or rather it is found by -experience, that scarce one of ten prospereth well that are so ordered. -Now in regard that there be diuers trees and shrubs mentioned here in -this booke that beare euer greene leaues, wherein there is very great -beauty, and many take pleasure in them; as the ordinary Bay, the Rose -Bay, and the Cherry Bay trees, the Indian Figge, the Cypresse, the Pine -tree, the Mirtle and dwarfe Boxe, and many others; I will here shew you -how to plant and order them, as is fittest for them. For in that they -doe not shed their greene leaues in winter as other trees doe, you may -in reason be perswaded that they are of another nature; and so they are -indeede: for seeing they all grow naturally in warme Countries, and -are from thence brought vnto vs, we must both plant them in a warmer -place, and transplant them in a warmer time then other trees be, or -else it is a great hazzard if they doe not perish and dye, the cold -and frosts in the winter being able to pierce them through, if they -should bee transplanted in winter, before they haue taken roote. You -must obserue and take this therefore for a certaine rule, that you -alwaies remoue such trees or shrubbes as are euer greene in the spring -of the yeare, and at no time else if you will doe well, that is, from -the end of March, or beginning of Aprill, vnto the middle or end of -May, especially your more dainty and tender plants, shadowing them -also for a while from the heate of the Sun, and giuing them a little -water vpon their planting or transplanting; but such water as hath not -perfectly been drawn from a Well or Pumpe, for that will go neer to -kill any plant, but such water as hath stood in the open ayre for a day -at the least, if not two or three. Yet for dwarfe Boxe I confesse it -may endure one moneth to be earlier planted then the rest, because it -is both a more hardy and lowe plant, and thereby not so much subiect to -the extremitie of the colde: but if you should plant it before winter, -the frosts would raise it out of the ground, because it cannot so soone -at that time of the yeare take roote, and thereby put it in danger to -be lost. Moreouer all of them will not abide the extremitie of our -winter frosts, and therefore you must of necessity house some of them, -as the Rose Bay, Mirtle, and some others, but the other sorts being set -where they may bee somewhat defended from the cold windes, frostes, -and snow in winter, with some couering or shelter for the time, will -reasonably well endure and beare their fruit, or the most of them. If -any be desirous to be furnished with store of these kinds of trees -that will be noursed vp in our Country, he may by sowing the seed of -them in square or long woodden boxes or chests made for that purpose, -gaine plenty of them: but hee must be carefull to couer them in winter -with some straw or fearne, or beane hame, or such like thing layd vpon -crosse sticks to beare it vp from the plants, and after two or three -yeares that they are growne somewhat great and strong, they may bee -transplanted into such places you meane they shall abide: yet it is -not amisse to defend them the first yeare after they are transplanted, -for their more securitie: the seedes that are most vsually sowen with -vs, are, the Cypresse tree, the Pine tree, the Baye, the Pyracantha -or prickly Corall tree, and the Mirtle: the Rose Bay I haue had also -risen from the seede that was fresh, and brought me from Spaine. But -as for Orenge trees, because they are so hardly preserued in this our -cold climate (vnlesse it bee with some that doe bestow the housing -of them, besides a great deale more of care and respect vnto them) -from the bitternesse of our cold long winter weather (although their -kernels being put into the ground in the Spring or Summer, and if care -bee had of them and conuenient keeping, will abide, and by grafting the -good fruite on the crab stocke they may bee in time nursed vp) I doe -not make any other especiall account of them, nor giue you any further -relation of their ordering. Now for the ordering of these trees after -they are eyther planted of young sets, or transplanted from the seede, -it is thus: First for Bay trees, the most vsuall way is to let them -grow vp high to bee trees, and many plant them on the North or East -side of their houses that they may not bee scorched with the Sunne; -but the bitter winters which we often haue, doe pinch them shrewdly, -insomuch that it killeth euen well growne trees sometimes downe to the -roote: but some doe make a hedge of them being planted in order, and -keep them low by lopping of them continually, which will make them bush -and spread. The Cypresse tree is neuer lopped, but suffered to grow -with all the branches from a foote aboue the ground, if it may be, -straight vpright; for that is his natiue grace and greatest beautie, -and therefore the more branches doe dye that they must bee cut away, -the more you deforme his propertie. The Pine tree may be vsed in the -same manner, but yet it wil better endure to sustaine pruining then the -Cypresse, without any such deformitie. The Laurocerasus or Cherry Bay -may be diuersly formed, that is, it may be either made to grow into -a tall tree by shredding still away the vnder branches, or else by -suffering all the branches to grow to be a low or hedge bush, and both -by the suckers and by laying downe the lower branches into the earth, -you may soone haue much increase; but this way will cause it to bee the -longer before it beare anie fruit. The Rose Baye will verie hardlie bee -encreased either by suckers or by layers, but must bee suffered to grow -without lopping, topping or cutting. The Pyracantha or Prickly Corall -tree may bee made to grow into a reasonable tall tree by shredding away -the lower branches, or it may be suffered to grow lowe into an hedge -bush, by suffering all the branches to grow continually, you may also -propagate it by the suckers, or by laying downe the lower branches. -The Myrtle of all sorts abideth a low bush spreading his branches full -of sweete leaues and flowers, without anie great encrease of it selfe, -yet sometimes it giueth suckers or shootes from the rootes: but for the -more speedie propagating of them, some doe put the cuttings of them -into the earth, and thereby increase them. There are some other trees -that are not of any great respect, as the Yew tree, and the Savine -bush, both which may be encreased by the cuttings, and therefore I need -not make any further relation or amplification of them, and to say thus -much of them all, is (I thinke) sufficient for this Worke. - - - - -CHAP. X. - -_The ordering, curing, and propagating Vines of all sorts._ - - -In most places of this countrie there is small care or paines taken -about the ordering of Vines: it sufficeth for the most part with them -that haue anie, to make a frame for it to spread vpon aboue a mans -height, or to tacke it to a wall or window, &c. and so to let it -hang downe with the branches and fruit, vntill the weight thereof, -and the force of windes doe teare it downe oftentimes, and spoile -the grapes: and this way doth somewhat resemble that course that the -Vineyard keepers obserue in the hot countries of Syria, Spaine, and -Italy, and in the farthest parts of France as I hear likewise: for -in most of these hot countries they vse to plant an Oliue betweene -two Vines, and let them runne thereupon. But manie of the other parts -of France, &c. doe not suffer anie trees to growe among their Vines; -and therefore they plant them thicke, and pruine them much and often, -and keepe them lowe in comparison of the other way, fastening them to -pearches or poles to hold them vp. And according to that fashion may -haue aduentured to make Vineyards in England, not onely in these later -daies, but in ancient times, as may wel witnesse the sundrie places -in this Land, entituled by the name of Vineyards; and I haue read -that manie Monasteries in this Kingdome hauing Vineyards, had as much -wine made therefrom, as sufficed their conuents yeare by yeare: but -long since they haue been destroyed, and the knowledge how to order -a Vineyard is also vtterly perished with them. For although diuers, -both Nobles and Gentlemen, haue in these later times endeauoured to -plant and make Vineyards, and to that purpose haue caused French men, -being skilfull in keeping and dressing of Vines, to be brought ouer to -performe it, yet either their skill failed them, or their Vines were -not good, or (the most likely) the soile was not fitting, for they -could neuer make anie wine that was worth the drinking, being so small -and heartlesse, that they soone gaue ouer their practice. And indeede -the soile is a maine matter to bee chiefly considered to seate a -Vineyard vpon: for euen in France and other hot countries, according to -the nature of the soile, so is the rellish, strength, and durabilitie -of the wine. Now although I think it a fruitlesse labour for any man -to striue in these daies to make a good Vineyard in England, in regard -not only of the want of knowledge, to make choise of the fitted ground -for such Vines as you would plant thereupon but also of the true maner -of ordering them in our country; but most chiefly & aboue all others, -that our years in these times do not fal out to be so kindly and hot, -to ripen the grapes, to make anie good wine as formerly they haue done; -yet I thinke it not amisse, to giue you instructions how to order such -Vines as you may nourse vp for the pleasure of the fruit, to eate the -grapes being ripe, or to preserue and keepe them to bee eaten almost -all the winter following: And this may be done without any great or -extraordinarie paines. Some doe make a lowe wall, and plant their Vines -against it, and keepe them much about the height thereof, not suffering -them to rise much higher: but if the high bricke or stone wals of -your Garden or Orchard haue buttresses thereat, or if you cause such -to bee made, that they bee somewhat broade forwards, you may the more -conueniently plant Vines of diuers sorts at them, and by sticking down -a couple of good stakes at euery buttresse, of eight or ten foot high -aboue ground, tacking a few lathes acrosse vpon those stakes, you may -thereunto tye your Vines, & carry them theron at your pleasure: but you -must be carefull to cut them euery year, but not too late, and so keepe -them downe, and from farre spreading, that they neuer runne much beyond -the frame which you set at the buttresses: as also in your cutting -you neuer leaue too many ioynts, nor yet too few, but at the third or -fourth ioint at the most cut them off. I doe aduise you to these frames -made with stakes and lathes, for the better ripening of your grapes: -for in the blooming time, if the branches of your vines bee too neare -the wall, the reflection of the Sunne in the day time, and the colde in -the night, doe oftentimes spoile a great deale of fruit, by piercing -and withering the tender footstalkes of the grapes, before they are -formed, whereas when the blossomes are past, and the fruit growing of -some bignesse, then all the heate and reflection you can giue them is -fit, and therefore cut away some of the branches with the leaues, to -admit the more Sunne to ripen the fruit. For the diuers sorts of grapes -I haue set them downe in the Booke following, with briefe notes vpon -euerie of them, whether white or blacke, small or great, early or late -ripe; so that I neede not here make the same relation again. There doth -happen some diseases to Vines sometimes, which that you may helpe, I -thinke it conuenient to informe you what they are, and how to remedy -them when you shall be troubled with any such. The first is a luxurious -spreading of branches and but little or no fruit: for remedie whereof, -cut the branches somewhat more neere then vsuall, and bare the roote, -but take heed of wounding or hurting it, and in the hole put either -some good old rotten stable dung of Horses, or else some Oxe blood new -taken from the beasts, and that in the middle of Ianuarie or beginning -of Februarie, which being well tempered and turned in with the earth, -let it so abide, which no doubt, when the comfort of the blood or dung -is well soaked to the bottome by the raines that fall thereon, will -cause your Vine to fructifie againe. Another fault is, when a Vine doth -not bring the fruit to ripenesse, but either it withereth before it -be growne of any bignesse, or presently after the blooming: the place -or the earth where such a Vine standeth, assuredly is too cold, and -therefore if the fault bee not in the place, which cannot bee helped -without remouing to a better, digge out a good quantity of that earth, -and put into the place thereof some good fresh ground well heartned -with dung, and some sand mixed therewith (but not salt or salt water, -as some doe aduise, nor yet vrine as others would haue) and this will -hearten and strengthen your Vine to beare out the fruit vnto maturitie. -When the leaues of a Vine in the end of Summer or in Autumne, vntimely -doe turne either yellow or red, it is a great signe the earth is too -hot and drie; you must therefore in stead of dung and sand, as in the -former defect is said, put in some fresh loame or short clay, well -mixed together with some of the earth, and so let them abide, that the -frosts may mellow them. And lastly, a Vine sometimes beareth some store -of grapes, but they are too many for it to bring to ripenesse; you -shall therefore helpe such a Vine (which no doubt is of some excellent -kinde, for they are most vsually subiect to this fault) by nipping away -the blossomes from the branches, and leauing but one or two bunches at -the most vpon a branch, vntill the Vine be growne older, and thereby -stronger, and by this meane inured to beare out all the grapes to -ripenesse. These be all the diseases I know doe happen to Vines: for -the bleeding of a Vine it seldome happeneth of it selfe, but commeth -either by cutting it vntimely, that is, too late in the yeare, (for -after Ianuarie, if you will be well aduised, cut not any Vine) or by -some casuall or wilfull breaking of an arme or a branch. This bleeding -in some is vnto death, in others it stayeth after a certaine space of -it selfe: To helpe this inconuenience, some haue seared the place where -it bleedeth with an hot iron, which in many haue done but a little -good; others haue bound the barke close with packe-thred to stay it; -and some haue tied ouer the place, being first dried as well as may -bee, a plaister made with waxe rossen and turpentine while it is warme. -Now for the propagating of them: You must take the fairest and goalest -shot branches of one yeares growth, and cut them off with a peece of -the old wood vnto it, and these being put into the ground before the -end of Ianuarie at the furthest, will shoote forth, and take roote, and -so become Vines of the same kinde from whence you tooke them. This is -the most speedy way to haue increase: for the laying downe of branches -to take roote, doth not yeelde such store so plentifully, nor doe -suckers rise from the rootes so aboundantly; yet both these waies doe -yeelde Vines that being taken from the old stockes will become young -plants, fit to bee disposed of as any shall thinke meete. - - - - -CHAP. XI. - -_The way to order and preserue grapes, fit to be eaten almost all the -Winter long, and sometimes vnto the Spring._ - - -Although it bee common and vsuall in the parts beyond the Sea to dry -their grapes in the Sunne, thereby to preserue them all the year, as -the Raisins of the Sunne are, which cannot bee done in our Countrie -for the want of sufficient heate thereof at that time: or otherwise to -scald them in hot water (as I heare) and afterwards to dry them, and so -keepe them all the yeare, as our Malaga Raisins are prepared that are -packed vp into Frayles: yet I doe intend to shew you some other waies -to preserue the grapes of our Countrie fresh, that they may be eaten -in the winter both before and after Christmas with as much delight and -pleasure almost, as when they were new gathered. One way is, when you -haue gathered your grapes you intend to keepe, which must be in a dry -time, and that all the shrunke, dried, or euill grapes in euery bunch -be picked away, and hauing prouided a vessell to hold them, be it of -wood or stone which you will, and a sufficient quantitie of faire and -cleane drie sand; make _stratum super stratum_ of your grapes and the -sand, that is, a lay of sand in the bottome first, and a lay of grapes -vpon them, and a lay or strowing againe of sand vpon those grapes, -so that the sand may couer euery lay of grapes a fingers breadth in -thicknesse, which being done one vpon another vntill the vessell be -full, and a lay of sand vppermost, let the vessell be stopped close, -and set by vntill you please to spend them, being kept in some drie -place and in no sellar: let them bee washed cleane in faire water to -take away the sand from so many you will spend at a time. Another way -is (which Camerarius setteth downe he was informed the Turkes vse to -keepe grapes all the winter vnto the next summer) to take so much meale -of Mustard seede, as will serue to strow vpon grapes, vntill they haue -filled their vessels, thereon afterwards they poure new wine before it -hath boiled, to fill vp their vessels therwith, and being stopped vp -close, they keepe them a certaine time, and selling them with their -liquour to them that will vse them, they doe wash the seedes or meale -from them when they vse them. Another way is, that hauing gathered -the fairest ripe grapes, they are to be cast vpon threds or strings -that are fastened at both ends to the side walls of a chamber, neere -vnto the seeling thereof, that no one bunch touch another, which will -bee so kept a great while, yet the chamber must be well defended from -the frosts, and cold windes that pierce in at the windowes, lest they -perish the sooner: and some will dippe the ends of the branches they -hang vp first in molten pitch, thinking by searing vp the ends to keepe -the bunches the better; but I doe not see any great likelihood therein. -Your chamber or closet you appoint out for this purpose must also bee -kept somewhat warme, but especially in the more cold and frostie time -of the yeare, lest it spoile all your cost and paines, and frustrate -you of all your hopes: but although the frosts should pierce and spoile -some of the grapes on a bunch, yet if you be carefull to keepe the -place warme, the fewer will be spoiled. And thus haue I shewed you the -best directions to order this Orchard rightly, and all the waies I -know are vsed in our Countrie to keep grapes good anie long time after -the gathering, in regard wee haue not that comfort of a hotter Sun to -preserue them by its heate. - -The fruits themselues shall follow euerie one in their order; the lower -shrubbes or bushes first, and the greater afterwards. - - - - -THE THIRD PART CALLED THE ORCHARD, - - -Containing all sorts of trees bearing fruit for mans vse to eate, -proper and fit for to plant an Orchard in our climate and countrie: I -bound it with this limitation, because both Dates, Oliues, and other -fruits, are planted in the Orchards of Spaine, Italy, and other hot -countries, which will not abide in ours. Yet herein I will declare -whatsoeuer Art, striuing with Nature, can cause to prosper with vs, -that whosoeuer will, may see what can bee effected in our countrie. And -first to begin with the lower shrubbes or bushes, and after ascend to -the higher trees. - - - - -CHAP. I. - -_Rubus Idæus._ Raspis. - - -The Raspis berrie is of two sorts, white and red, not differing in the -forme either of bush, leafe, or berry, but onely in the colour and -taste of the fruit. The Raspis bush hath tender whitish stemmes, with -reddish small prickes like haires set round about them, especially at -the first when they are young; but when they grow old they become more -wooddy and firme, without any shew of thornes or prickles vpon them, -and hath onely a little hairinesse that couereth them: the leaues are -somewhat rough or rugged, and wrinkled, standing three or fiue vpon a -stalke, somewhat like vnto Roses, but greater, and of a grayer greene -colour: the flowers are small, made of fine whitish round leaues, with -a dash as it were of blush cast ouer them, many standing together, yet -euery one vpon his owne stalke, at the tops of the branches; after -which come vp small berries, somewhat bigger then Strawberries, and -longer, either red or white, made of many graines, more eminent then -in the Strawberry, with a kinde of douninesse cast ouer them, of a -pleasant taste, yet somewhat sowre, and nothing so pleasant as the -Strawberrie. The white Raspis is a little more pleasant then the red, -wherein there is small seede inclosed: the rootes creepe vnder ground -verie farre, and shoote vp againe in many places, much encreasing -thereby. - -There is another whose stemme and branches are wholly without prickles: -the fruit is red, and somewhat longer, and a little more sharpe. - - - The Vse of Raspis. - - The leaues of Raspis may be vsed for want of Bramble leaues - in gargles, and other decoctions that are cooling and drying, - although not fully to that effect. - - The Conserue or Syrupe made of the berries, is effectuall to - coole an hot stomacke, helping to refresh and quicken vp those - that are ouercome with faintnesse. - - The berries are eaten in the Summer time, as an afternoones - dish, to please the taste of the sicke as well as the sound. - - The iuyce and the distilled water of the berries are verie - comfortable and cordiall. - - It is generally held of many, but how true I know not, that the - red wine that is vsually sold at the Vintners, is made of the - berries of Raspis that grow in colder countries, which giueth - it a kinde of harshnesse: And also that of the same berries - growing in hotter climates, which giueth vnto the wine a more - pleasant sweetnesse, is made that wine which the Vintners call - Alligant: but we haue a Vine or Grape come to vs vnder the - name of the Alligant Grape, as you shall finde it set downe - hereafter among the Grapes; and therefore it is likely to be - but an opinion, and no truth in this, as it may be also in the - other. - - - - -CHAP. II. - -_Ribes rubra, alba, nigra._ Currans red, white, and blacke. - - -The bushes that beare those berries, which are vsually called red -Currans, are not those Currans either blew or red, that are sold at -the Grocers, nor any kind thereof; for that they are the grapes of a -certaine Vine, as shall be shewed by and by: but a farre differing -kinde of berry, whereof there are three sorts, red, white, and blacke. - -The red Curran bush is of two sorts, and groweth to the height of a -man, hauing sometimes a stemme of two inches thicknesse, and diuers -armes and branches, couered with a smooth, darke, brownish barke, -without anie pricke or thorne at all vpon anie part thereof, whereon -doe growe large cornered blackish greene leaues, cut in on the edges, -seeming to be made of fiue parts, almost like a Vine leafe, the ends a -little pointing out, and standing one aboue another on both sides of -the branches: the flowers are little and hollow, comming forth at the -ioynts of the leaues, growing many together on a long stalke, hanging -downe aboue a fingers length, and of an herbie colour: after which come -small round fruit or berries, greene at the first, and red as a Cherry -when they are ripe, of a pleasant and tart taste: the other differeth -not in anie other thing then in the berries, being twice as bigge as -the former: the roote is wooddy, and spreadeth diuersly. - -The white Curran bush riseth vsually both higher then the red, and -straighter or more vpright, bigger also in the stemme, and couered with -a whiter barke: the leaues are cornered, somewhat like the former, but -not so large: the flowers are small and hollow like the other, hanging -downe in the same manner on long stalkes, being of a whiter colour: -the berries likewise growe on the long stalkes, somewhat thicker set -together, and of a cleare white colour, with a little blacke head, so -transparent that the seedes may be easily seene thorough them, and of a -more pleasant winie taste then the red by much. - -The blacke Curran bush riseth higher then the white, with more -plentifull branches, and more pliant and twiggie: the stemme and the -elder branches being couered with a brownish barke, and the younger -with a paler: the flowers are also like vnto little bottles as the -others be, of a greenish purple colour, which turne into blacke -berries, of the bignesse of the smaller red Currans: the leaues are -somewhat like vnto the leaues of the red Currans, but not so large: -both branches, leaues, and fruit haue a kind of stinking sent with -them, yet they are not vnwholsome, but the berries are eaten of many, -without offending either taste or smell. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Rubus Idæus._ The raspis. - 2 _Ribes fructu rubro vel albo._ White or red Currans. - 3 _Grossularia vulgaris._ The ordinary Gooseberry. - 4 _Grossularia fructu rubro._ The great red Gooseberry. - 5 _Grossularia aculeata._ The prickly Gooseberry. - 6 _Oxyacantha seu Berberis._ The Barbary bush. - 7 _Auellana Byzantina._ The Filberd of Constantinople. - 8 _Auellana rubra nostras._ The best red Filberd. -] - - - The Vse of Currans. - - The red Currans are vsually eaten when they are ripe, as a - refreshing to an hot stomacke in the heate of the yeare, which - by the tartnesse is much delighted. Some preserue them, and - conserue them also as other fruits, and spend them at neede. - - The white Currans, by reason of the more pleasant winie taste, - are more accepted and desired, as also because they are more - daintie, and lesse common. - - Some vse both the leaues and berries of the blacke Currans in - sawces, and other meates, and are well pleased both with the - sauour and taste thereof, although many mislike it. - - - - -CHAP. III. - -_Vua Crispa siue Grossularia._ Gooseberries or Feaberries. - - -Wee haue diuers sorts of Gooseberries, besides the common kinde, which -is of three sorts, small, great, and long. For wee haue three red -Gooseberries, a blew and a greene. - -The common Gooseberrie, or Feaberrie bush, as it is called in diuers -Countries of England, hath oftentimes a great stemme, couered with a -smooth darke coloured bark, without anie thorne thereon, but the elder -branches haue here and there some on them, and the younger are whitish, -armed with verie sharpe and cruell crooked thorns, which no mans hand -can well auoide that doth handle them, whereon are set verie greene -and small cornered leaues cut in, of the fashion almost of Smallage, -or Hawthorne leaues, but broad at the stalke: the flowers come forth -single, at euerie ioynt of the leafe one or two, of a purplish greene -colour, hollow and turning vp the brims a little: the berries follow, -bearing the flowers on the heads of them, which are of a pale greene -at the first, and of a greenish yellow colour when they are ripe, -striped in diuers places, and cleare, almost transparent, in which -the seede lyeth. In some these berries are small and round; in others -much greater; a third is great, but longer then the other: all of them -haue a pleasant winie taste, acceptable to the stomacke of anie (but -the long kinde hath both the thicker skin, and the worser taste of the -other) and none haue been distempered by the eating of them, that euer -I could heare of. - -The first of the red Gooseberries is better knowne I thinke then the -rest, and by reason of the small bearing not much regarded; the stemme -is somewhat bigge, and couered with a smooth darke coloured barke, the -younger branches are whiter, and without anie thorne or pricke at all, -so long, weake, small, and slender, that they lye vpon the ground, -and will there roote againe: the leaues are like vnto the former -Gooseberries, but larger: the flowers and berries stand single, and -not manie to bee found anie yeare vpon them, but are somewhat long, -and are as great as the ordinarie Gooseberry, of a darke brownish red -colour, almost blackish when they are ripe, and of a sweetish taste, -but without any great delight. - -The second red Gooseberry riseth vp with a more straight stemme, -couered with a brownish barke; the young branches are straight -likewise, and whitish, and grow not so thicke vpon it as the former red -kinde, and without any thorne also vpon them: the leaues are like vnto -the former red, but smaller: the berries stand singly at the leaues as -Gooseberries doe, and are of a fine red colour when they are ripe, but -change with standing to be of a darker red colour, of the bignesse of -the small ordinary Gooseberry, of a pretty tart taste, and somewhat -sweete withall. - -The third red Gooseberry which is the greatest, and knowne but vnto -few, is so like vnto the common great Gooseberry, that it is hardly -distinguished: the fruit or berries grow as plentifully on the branches -as the ordinary, and are as great & round as the great ordinary kinde, -but reddish, and some of them paler, with red stripes. - -The blew Gooseberry riseth vp to bee a bush like vnto the red Curran, -and of the same bignesse and height, with broader and redder leaues at -the first shooting out, then the second red Gooseberry: the berries are -more sparingly set on the branches, then on the small red, and much -about the same bignesse, or rather lesser, of the colour of a Damson, -with an ouershadowing of a blewish colour vpon them, as the Damson -hath, before it be handled or wiped away. - -The greene prickly Gooseberry is very like vnto the ordinary Gooseberry -in stemme and branches, but that they are not stored with so many -sharpe prickles; but the young shootes are more plentifull in small -prickles about, and the greene leafe is a little smaller: the flowers -are alike, and so are the berries, being of a middle size, and not -very great, greene when they are thorough ripe as well as before, but -mellower, and hauing a few small short prickles, like small short -haires vpon them, which are harmlesse, and without danger to anie the -most dainty and tender palate that is, and of a verie good pleasant -taste. The seede hereof hath produced bushes bearing berries, hauing -few or no prickles vpon them. - - - The Vse of Gooseberries. - - The berries of the ordinary Gooseberries, while they are small, - greene, and hard, are much vsed to bee boyled or scalded to - make sawce, both for fish and flesh of diuers sorts, for the - sicke sometimes as well as the sound, as also before they bee - neere ripe, to bake into tarts, or otherwise, after manie - fashions, as the cunning of the Cooke, or the pleasure of his - commanders will appoint. They are a fit dish for women with - childe to stay their longings, and to procure an appetite vnto - meate. - - The other sorts are not vsed in Cookery that I know, but serue - to bee eaten at pleasure; but in regard they are not so tart - before maturity as the former, they are not put to those vses - they be. - - - - -CHAP. IIII. - -_Oxyacantha, sed potius Berberis._ Barberries. - - -The Barberry bush groweth oftentimes with very high stemmes, almost two -mens height, but vsually somewhat lower, with manie shootes from the -roote, couered with a whitish rinde or barke, and yellow vnderneath, -the wood being white and pithy in the middle: the leaues are small, -long, and very greene, nicked or finely dented about the edges, with -three small white sharpe thornes, for the most part set together at the -setting on of the leaues: the flowers doe growe vpon long clustering -stalkes, small, round, and yellow, sweete in smell while they are -fresh, which turne into small, long, and round berries, white at the -first, and very red when they are ripe, of a sharpe sowre taste, fit to -set their teeth on edge that eate them: the roote is yellow, spreading -far vnder the vpper part of the ground, but not very deepe. - -There is (as it is thought) another kinde, whose berries are thrice as -bigge as the former, which I confesse I haue not seene, and know not -whether it be true or no: for it may peraduenture be but the same, the -goodnesse of the ground and ayre where they growe, and the youngnesse -of the bushes causing that largenesse, as I haue obserued in the same -kinde, to yeeld greater berries. - -There is said to be also another kinde, whose berries should be without -stones or seede within them, not differing else in anie thing from the -former: but because I haue long heard of it, and cannot vnderstand by -all the inquirie I haue made, that any hath seene such a fruit, I rest -doubtfull of it. - - The Vse of Barberries. - - Some doe vse the leaues of Barberries in the stead of Sorrell, - to make sawce for meate, and by reason of their sowrenesse are - of the same quality. - - The berries are vsed to be pickled, to serue to trimme or - set out dishes of fish and flesh in broth, or otherwise, as - also sometime to bee boyled in the broth, to giue it a sharpe - rellish, and many other wayes, as a Master Cooke can better - tell then my selfe. - - The berries are preserued and conserued to giue to sicke - bodies, to helpe to coole any heate in the stomacke or mouth, - and quicken the appetite. - - The depurate iuyce is a fine menstrue to dissolue many things, - and to verie good purpose, if it be cunningly handled by an - Artist. - - The yellow inner barke of the branches, or of the rootes, are - vsed to be boyled in Ale, or other drinkes, to be giuen to - those that haue the yellow iaundise: As also for them that haue - anie fluxes of choller, to helpe to stay and binde. - - Clusius setteth downe a secret that hee had of a friend, of - a cleane differing propertie, which was, that if the yellow - barke were laid in steepe in white wine for the space of - three houres, and afterwards drunke, it would purge one very - wonderfully. - - - - -CHAP. V. - -_Nux Auellana._ The Filberd. - - -The Filberd tree that is planted in Orchards, is very like vnto the -Hasell nut tree that groweth wilde in the woods, growing vpright, -parted into many boughes and tough plyable twigges, without knots, -couered with a brownish, speckled, smooth, thinne rinde, and greene -vnderneath: the leaues are broad, large, wrinkled, and full of veines, -cut in on the edges into deepe dents, but not into any gashes, of a -darke greene colour on the vpperside, and of a grayish ash colour -vnderneath: it hath small and long catkins in stead of flowers, that -come forth in the Winter, when as they are firme and close, and in the -Spring open themselues somewhat more, growing longer, and of a brownish -yellow colour: the nuts come not vpon those stalkes that bore those -catkins, but by themselues, and are wholly inclosed in long, thicke, -rough huskes, bearded as it were at the vpper ends, or cut into diuers -long iagges, much more then the wood nut: the nut hath a thinne and -somewhat hard shell, but not so thicke and hard as the wood nut, in -some longer then in other, and in the long kinde, one hath the skinne -white that couereth the kernels, and another red. - -There is another sort of the round kinde that came from Constantinople, -whose huske is more cut, torne, or iagged, both aboue and belowe, then -any of our country; the barke also is whiter, and more rugged then -ours, and the leaues somewhat larger. - -We haue had from Virginia Hasell nuts, that haue beene smaller, -rounder, browner, thinner sheld, and more pointed at the end then ours: -I know not if any hath planted of them, or if they differ in leafe or -any thing else. - - The Vse of Filberds. - - Filberds are eaten as the best kinde of Hasell nuts, at bankets - among other dainty fruits, according to the season of the - yeare, or otherwise, as euery one please: But Macer hath a - Verse, expressing prettily the nature of these nuts, which is, - - _Ex minimis nucibus nulli datur esca salubris._ - - that is, There is no wholsome food or nourishment had from - these small kinde of nuts. - - Yet they are vsed sometime physically to be rosted, and made - into a Lohoc or Electuary, that is vsed for the cough or cold. - And it is thought of some, that Mithridates meant the kernels - of these nuts, to be vsed with Figs and Rue for his Antidote, - and not of Walnuts. - - - - -CHAP. VI. - -_Vitis._ The Vine. - - -There is so great diuersities of Grapes, and so consequently of -Vines that bear them, that I cannot giue you names to all that here -grow with vs: for Iohn Tradescante my verie good friend, so often -before remembred, hath assured me, that he hath twentie sorts growing -with him, that hee neuer knew how or by what name to call them. One -description therefore shall serue (as I vse to doe in such varieties) -for all the rest, with the names afterwards, of as many as we can giue, -and the seuerall formes, colours and proportions of the grapes. - -The manured Vine, in the places where it hath abiden long time, groweth -to haue a great bodie, stemme or trunke, sometimes of the bignesse of -a mans arme, sleeue and all, spreading branches if it bee suffered -without end or measure, but vsually stored with many armes or branches, -both old and new, but weake, and therefore must bee sustained; whereof -the old are couered with a thin scaly rinde, which will often chap and -peele off of it selfe; the youngest being of a reddish colour, smooth -and firme, with a hollownesse or pith in the middle: from the ioints of -the young branches, and sometimes from the bodie of the elder, breake -out on euerie side broade greene leaues, cut on the edges into fiue -diuisions for the most part, and besides notched or dented about: right -against the leafe, and likewise at other ioynts of the branches, come -forth long twining or clasping tendrels, winding themselues about any -thing standeth next vnto them: at the bottome of these leaues come -forth clusters of small greenish yellow bloomes or flowers, and after -them the berries, growing in the same manner in clusters, but of diuers -formes, colours, tastes and greatnesse. For some grapes are great, -others lesse, some very small (as the Currans that the Grocers sell) -some white, some red, blew, blacke, or partie-coloured, some are as it -were square, others round: some the clusters are close, others open, -some are sweete, others sower or harsh, or of some other mixed taste; -euerie one differing from others, verie notably either in taste, colour -or forme; within euerie one of which grapes, (and yet there is a grape -without stones) are contained one, two, or more kernels or stones, some -of them being smal, others greater: the rootes spread far and deepe. -They that keepe their Vines in the best order, doe cut them low, not -suffering them to grow high, or with too many branches, whereby they -grow the better, take vp the lesser roome, and bring their grapes -fairer and sweeter. - - - The kindes of Vines and Grapes. - - Our ordinarie Grape both white and red, which excelleth Crabs - for veriuice, and is not fit for wine with vs. - - The white Muscadine Grape is a verie great Grape, sweete and - firme, some of the bunches haue weighed sixe pound, and some of - the grapes halfe an ounce. - - The redde Muscadine is as great as the white, and chiefly - differeth in colour. - - The Burlet is a very great white Grape, but fitter for - veriuice; then wine for the most part; yet when a hot yeare - happeneth fit for it, the Grape is pleasant. - - The little blacke Grape that is ripe very early. - - The Raisin of the Sunne Grape is a very great Grape, and very - great clusters, of a reddish colour when it is ripe with vs, - yet in an extraordinarie hot yeare, it hath got a little - blewnesse cast ouer by the best: but naturally verie blew. - - The Curran Grape (or the Grape of Corinth) is the least Grape - of all, and beareth both few, and verie seldome with vs, but in - reasonable great clusters, and of a blackish blew colour, when - they are ripe with vs, and very sweete. There is another sort - of them that are red or browne, and of a sower taste, nothing - so sweete. - - The Greeke wine Grape is a blackish Grape, and very sweete. - - The Frontignack is a white Grape, of a verie sweete and - delicate taste, as the wine declareth, that smelleth as it were - of Muske. - - The square Grape is reported to bear a Grape not fully round, - but sided, or as it were square, whereby it became so called. - - The Damasco Grape is a great white grape, very sweete, and is - the true _Vva Zibeba_, that the Apothecaries should vse in the - _Trochisci Ciphi_: and such wee haue had in former times come - ouer vnto vs in great, long and round white boxes, containing - halfe an hundred weight a peece. - - The Russet Grape is a reasonable faire grape, exceeding sweet - and whitish, with a thicke skinne, crusted ouer with a shew of - ash colour. - - The white long Grape is like vnto a Pigeons egge, or as it were - pointed pendent like a Pearle. - - The partie-coloured Grape is a reasonable great Grape, and - discoloured when it is ripe, sometimes the whole bunches, and - sometimes but some of the grapes being parted whitish, and - blacke halfe through, verie variably. - - The Rhenish wine Grape is a white Grape, and endureth the cold - of winter when it commeth earely, more then the Muscadine - before set downe, and is nothing so sweete. - - The White wine Grape is verie like vnto the Rhine Grape, the - soile only and climate adding more sweetnesse vnto the one then - to the other. - - The Claret wine Grape is altogether like the white Grape, but - that it is not white, but of a reddish colour, which lying - bruised vpon the skins before they are pressed, giue that - Claret tincture to the wine. - - The Teint is a Grape of a deeper or darker colour, whose iuice - is of so deepe a colour, that it serueth to colour other wine. - - The Bursarobe is a faire sweete white Grape of much esteeme - about Paris. - - The Alligant is a verie sweete Grape, giuing so deep and liuely - a coloured red wine, that no other whatsoeuer is comparable to - it, and therefore vsually called Spaniards blood. - - The blew or blacke Grape of Orleans is another blacke Grape, - giuing a darke coloured sweete wine much commended in those - parts. - - The Grape without stones is also a kinde by it selfe, and - groweth naturally neere Ascalon, as Brochard affirmeth, the - wine whereof is redde, and of a good taste. - - The Virginia Vine, whereof I must needes make mention among - other Vines, beareth small Grapes without any great store of - iuice therein, and the stone within it bigger then in any other - Grape: naturally it runneth on the ground, and beareth little. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Vuæ nigræ minores._ The small blacke Grape. - 2 _Vuæ cæruleæ maiores._ The great blew Grape. - 3 _Vuæ Moschatellinæ._ The Muscadine Grape. - 4 _Vuæ Burletenses._ The Burlet Grape. - 5 _Vuæ insolatæ._ The Ray sins of the sunne Grape. - 6 _Ficus._ The Figge Tree. -] - - - The Vse of Vines, Grapes, and other parts that come of them. - - The greene leaues of the Vine are cooling and binding, and - therefore good to put among other herbes that make gargles and - lotions for sore mouthes. - - And also to put into the broths and drinke of those that haue - hot burning feauers, or any other inflammation. - - They stay (as it is held for true) womens longings, if they be - either taken inwardly, or applyed outwardly. - - Wine is vsually taken both for drinke and medicine, and is - often put into sawces, broths, cawdles, and gellies that are - giuen to the sicke. As also into diuers Physicall drinkes, to - be as a _vehiculum_ for the properties of the ingredients. - - It is distilled likewise after diuers manners, with diuers - things, for diuers & sundry waters to drinke, & for diuers - purposes both inward and outward. - - Also distilled of it selfe, is called Spirit of wine, which - serueth to dissolue, and to draw out the tincture of diuers - things, and for many other purposes. - - The iuice or veriuice that is made of greene hard grapes, - before they be ripe, is vsed of the Apothecaries to be made - into a Syrupe, that is very good to coole and refresh a faint - stomacke. - - And being made of the riper grapes is the best veriuice, farre - exceeding that which is made of crabs, to be kept all the - yeare, to be put both into meates and medicines. - - The grapes of the best sorts of Vines are pressed into wine by - some in these dayes with vs, and much more as I verily beleeue - in times past, as by the name of Vineyard giuen to many places - in this Kingdome, especially where Abbies and Monasteries - stood, may bee coniectured: but the wine of late made hath - beene but small, and not durable, like that which commeth from - beyond Sea, whether our vnkindly yeares, or the want of skill, - or a conuenient place for a Vineyard be the cause, I cannot - well tell you. - - Grapes of all sorts are familiarly eaten when they are ripe, of - the sicke sometimes as well as the sound. - - The dryed grapes which we call great Raysins, and the Currans - which we call small Raysins, are much vsed both for meates, - broths, and sawces, in diuers manners, and this Countrey in - generall aboue any other, wherein many thousands of Frailes - full, Pipes, Hogs-heads, and Buts full are spent yearly, that - it breedeth a wonder in them of those parts where they growe - and prouide them, how we could spend so many. - - The Raysins of the Sunne are the best dryed grapes, next vnto - the Damasco, and are very wholsome to eate fasting, both to - nourish, and to helpe to loosen the belly. - - The dryed Lees of wine called Argoll or Tartar, is put to the - vse of the Goldsmith, Dyer, and Apothecary, who doe all vse it - in seuerall manners, euery one in his art. - - Of it the Apothecaries make _Cremor Tartari_, a fine medicine - to bee vsed, as the Physitian can best appoint, and doth helpe - to purge humours by the stoole. - - Thereof likewise they make a kinde of water or oyle, fit to bee - vsed, to take away freckles, spots, or any such deformities of - the face or skinne, and to make it smooth. It causeth likewise - haire to growe more aboundantly in those places where it - naturally should growe. - - The liquor of the Vine that runneth forth when it is cut, is - commended to be good against the stone wheresoeuer it be; but - that liquor that is taken from the end of the branches when - they are burnt, is most effectuall to take away spots and - markes, ring-wormes and tetters in any place. - - - - -CHAP. VII. - -_Ficus._ The Figge tree. - - -The Figge trees that are noursed vp in our country are of three sorts, -whereof two are high; the one bearing against a wall goodly sweete -and delicate Figs, called Figs of Algarua, and is blewish when it is -ripe: the other tall kinde is nothing so good, neither doth beare ripe -Figges so kindly and well, and peraduenture may be the white ordinary -kinde that commeth from Spaine. The third is a dwarfe kinde of Figge -tree, not growing much higher then to a mans body or shoulders, bearing -excellent good Figges and blew, but not so large as the first kinde. - -The Figge trees of all these three kindes are in leaues and growing -one like vnto another, sauing for their height, colour, and sweetnesse -of the fruit, hauing many armes or branches, hollow or pithy in the -middle, bearing large leaues, and somewhat thicke, diuided sometimes -into three, but vsually into fiue sections, of a darke greene colour -on the vpperside, and whitish vnderneath, yeelding a milkie iuyce -when it is broken, as the branches also or the figges when they are -greene: the fruit breaketh out from the branches without anie blossome, -contrary to all other trees of our Orchard, being round and long, -fashioned very like vnto a small Peare, full of small white grains or -kernels within it, of a very sweete taste when it is ripe, and very -mellow or soft, that it can hardly be carried farre without bruising. - -The other two sorts you may easily know and vnderstand, by so much as -hath been said of them. Take only this more of the Figge tree, That if -you plant it not against a bricke wall, or the wall of an house, &c. it -will not ripen so kindly. The dwarfe Figge tree is more tender, and is -therefore planted in great square tubs, to be remoued into the sunne in -the Summer time, and into the house in Winter. - - - The Vse of Figges. - - Figges are serued to the table with Raysins of the Sunne, and - blanched Almonds, for a Lenten dish. - - The Figs that growe with vs when they are ripe, and fresh - gathered, are eaten of diuers with a little salt and pepper, as - a dainty banquet to entertaine a friend, which seldome passeth - without a cup of wine to wash them downe. - - In Italy (as I haue beene enformed by diuers Gentlemen that - haue liued there to study physicke) they eate them in the same - manner, but dare not eate many for feare of a feuer to follow, - they doe account them to be such breeders of bloud, and heaters - of it likewise. - - The Figges that are brought vs from Spaine, are vsed to make - Ptisan drinkes, and diuers other things, that are giuen them - that haue coughes or colds. - - It is one of the ingredients also with Nuts and Rue, into - Mithridates counterpoison. - - The small Figges that growe with vs, and will not ripen, are - preserued by the Comfitmakers, and candid also, to serue as - other moist or candid banquetting stuffe. - - - - -CHAP. VIII. - -_Sorbus._ The Seruice tree. - - -There are two kindes of Seruice trees that are planted in Orchards -with vs, and there is also a wilde kinde like vnto the later of them, -with Ashen leaues, found in the woods growing of it selfe, whose fruit -is not gathered, nor vsed to bee eaten of any but birds. And there is -another kinde also growing wilde abroad in many places, taken by the -Country people where it groweth, to be a Seruice tree, and is called in -Latine, _Aria Theophrasti_, whose leaues are large, somewhat like Nut -tree leaues, but greene aboue, and grayish vnderneath: some doe vse the -fruit as Seruices, and for the same purposes to good effect, yet both -of these wilde kindes wee leaue for another worke, and here declare -vnto you onely those two sorts are noursed vp in our Orchards. - -The more common or ordinary Seruice tree with vs, is a reasonable -great tree, couered with a smooth barke, spread into many great armes, -whereon are set large leaues, very much cut in on the edges, almost -like vnto a Vine leafe, or rather like vnto that kinde of Maple, that -is vsually called the Sycomore tree with vs: the flowers are white, and -growe many clustering together, which after bring forth small browne -berries when they are ripe, of the bignesse almost of Hasell nuts, with -a small tuft, as if it were a crowne on the head, wherein are small -blacke kernels. - -The other kinde, which is more rare with vs, and brought into this Land -by Iohn Tradescante, heretofore often remembered, hath diuers winged -leaues, many set together like vnto an Ashen leafe, but smaller, and -euery one endented about the edges: the flowers growe in long clusters, -but nothing so many, or so close set as the wilde kinde: the fruit -of this tree is in some round like an Apple, and in others a little -longer like a Peare, but of a more pleasant taste then the ordinarie -kinde, when they are ripe and mellowed, as they vse to doe with both -these kindes, and with Medlars. - - - The Vse of Seruices. - - They are gathered when they growe to be neare ripe (and that - is neuer before they haue felt some frosts) and being tyed - together, are either hung vp in some warme roome, to ripen them - thoroughly, that they may bee eaten, or (as some vse to doe) - lay them in strawe, chaffe, or branne, to ripen them. - - They are binding, fit to be taken of them that haue any - scouring or laske, to helpe to stay the fluxe; but take heed, - lest if you binde too much, more paine and danger may come - thereof then of the scouring. - - - - -CHAP. IX. - -_Mespilus._ The Medlar tree. - - -There are three sorts of Medlars: The greater and the lesser English, -and the Neapolitan. - -The great and the small English Medlar differ not one from the other -in any thing, but in the size of the fruit, except that the small -kinde hath some prickes or thornes vpon it, which the great one hath -not, bearing diuers boughes or armes, from whence breake forth diuers -branches, whereon are set long and somewhat narrow leaues, many -standing together; in the middle whereof, at the end of the branch, -commeth the flower, which is great and white, made of fiue leaues, -broad at the ends, with a nicke in the middle of euery one; after which -commeth the fruit, being round, and of a pale brownish colour, bearing -a crowne of those small leaues at the toppe, which were the huske of -the flower before, the middle thereof being somewhat hollow, and is -harsh, able to choake any that shall eate it before it be made mellow, -wherein there are certaine flat and hard kernels. - -The Medlar of Naples groweth likewise to bee a reasonable great tree, -spreading forth armes and branches, whereon are set many gashed leaues, -somewhat like vnto Hawthorne leaues, but greater, and likewise diuers -thornes in many places: the flowers are of an herbie greene colour, -and small, which turne into smaller fruit then the former, and rounder -also, but with a small head or crowne at the toppe like vnto it, and is -of a more sweete and pleasant taste then the other, with three seeds -only therein ordinarily. - - - The Vse of Medlars. - - Medlars are vsed in the same manner that Seruices are, that - is, to be eaten when they are mellowed, and are for the same - purposes to binde the body when there is a cause: yet they as - well as the Seruices, are often eaten by them that haue no - neede of binding, and but onely for the pleasant sweetnesse of - them when they are made mellow, and sometimes come as a dish of - ripe fruit at their fit season, to be serued with other sorts - to the table. - - - - -CHAP. X. - -_Lotus._ The Lote or Nettle tree. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Sorbus legitima._ The true Seruice tree. - 2 _Sorbus vulgaris siue Terminalis._ The ordinary Seruice tree. - 3 _Mespilus vulgaris._ The common Medlar tree. - 4 _Mespilus Aronia._ The Medlar of Naples. - 5 _Lotus arbor._ The Nettle tree. - 6 _Lotus Virginiana._ The Pishamin or Virginia Plumme. - 7 _Cornus mas._ The Cornell Cherry tree. -] - - -The first kinde of Lote tree, whereof Dioscorides maketh mention, -is but of one kinde; but there are some other trees spoken of -by Theophrastus, that may be referred thereunto, which may bee -accounted as bastard kindes thereof, of which I meane to entreate in -this Chapter, hauing giuen you before the description of another -kinde hereof (by the opinion of good Authors) vnder the name of -_Laurocerasus_. - -The first or true Lote tree groweth to be a tree of a great height, -whose bodie and elder branches are couered with a smooth darke greene -barke, the leaues are somewhat rough in handling, of a darke greene -colour, long pointed, and somewhat deepe dented about the edges, -somewhat like vnto a Nettle leafe, and oftentimes growe yellow toward -Autumne: the flowers stand here and there scattered vpon the branches, -after which come round berries like vnto Cherries, hanging downewards -vpon long footstalkes, greene at the first, and whitish afterwards; but -when they are ripe they become reddish, and if they be suffered to hang -too long on the branches, they grow blackish, of a pleasant austere -taste, not to be misliked, wherein is a hard round stone. - -The second, which is a bastard kinde, and called _Guaiacum Patauinum_, -groweth to bee a faire tree, with a smooth darke greene barke, shooting -out many faire great boughes, and also slender greene branches, beset -with faire broad greene leaues, almost like vnto the leaues of the -Cornell tree, but larger: the flowers growe along the branches close -vnto them, without any or with a very short foote-stalke consisting -of foure greene leaues, which are as the huske, containing within it -a purplish flower, made of foure leaues somewhat reddish: the fruit -standeth in the middle of the green huske, greene at the first, and -very harsh, but red and round when it is ripe, and somewhat like a -Plumme, with a small point or pricke at the head thereof, and of a -reasonable pleasant taste or rellish, wherein are contained flat and -thicke browne seeds or kernels, like vnto the kernels of _Cassia -Fistula_, somewhat hard, and not so stonie, but that it may somewhat -easily be cut with a knife. - -The third is called in Virginia _Pishamin_, The Virginia Plumme (if it -be not all one with the former Guaiacana, whereof I am more then halfe -perswaded) hath growne with vs of the kernels that were sent out of -Virginia, into great trees, whose wood is very hard and brittle, and -somewhat white withall: the branches are many, and grow slender to the -end, couered with a very thinne greenish bark, whereon doe grow many -faire broad greene leaues, without dent or notch on the edges, and so -like vnto the former _Guaiacum_, that I verily thinke it (as I before -said) to bee the same. It hath not yet borne flower or fruit in our -Countrey that I can vnderstand: but the fruit, as it was sent to vs, is -in forme and bignesse like vnto a Date, couered with a blackish skinne, -set in a huske of foure hard leaues, very firme like vnto a Date, and -almost as sweete, with great flat and thicke kernels within them, very -like vnto the former, but larger. - - - The Vse of these Lote trees. - - The first sort is eaten as an helper to coole and binde the - body: the last, as Captaine Smith relateth in the discouery - of Virginia, if the fruit be eaten while it is greene, and - not ripe, is able by the harsh and binding taste and quality - to draw ones mouth awry (euen as it is said of the former - Guaiacana) but when it is thorough ripe it is pleasant, as I - said before. - - - - -CHAP. XI. - -_Cornus mas._ The Cornell tree. - - -The Cornell tree that is planted in Orchards, being the male (for the -female is an hedge bush) is of two sorts, the one bearing red, the -other whiter berries, which is very rare yet in our country, and not -differing else. - -It groweth to a reasonable bignesse and height, yet neuer to any great -tree, the wood whereof is very hard, like vnto horne, and thereof it -obtained the name: the body and branches are couered with a rugged -barke, and spreadeth reasonable well, hauing somewhat smooth leaues, -full of veines, plaine, and not dented on the edges: the flowers are -many small yellow tufts, as it were of short haires or threads set -together, which come forth before any leafe, and fall away likewise -before any leafe bee much open: the fruit are long and round berries, -of the bignesse of small Oliues, with an hard round stone within them, -like vnto an Oliue stone, and are of a yellowish red when they are -ripe, of a reasonable pleasant taste, yet somewhat austere withall. - -The white (as I said) is like vnto the red, but onely that his fruit is -more white when it is ripe. - - - The Vse of the Cornelles. - - They helpe to binde the body, and to stay laskes, and by reason - of the pleasantnesse in them when they are ripe, they are much - desired. - - They are also preserued and eaten, both for rarity and delight, - and for the purpose aforesaid. - - - - -CHAP. XII. - -_Cerasus._ The Cherry tree. - - -There are so many varieties and differences of Cherries, that I know -not well how to expresse them vnto you, without a large relation of -their seuerall formes. I will therefore endeauour after one generall -description (as my custome is in many other the like variable fruits) -to giue as briefe and short notes vpon all the rest, as I can both for -leafe and fruit, that so you may the better know what the fruit is, -when you haue the name. - -The English Cherrie tree groweth in time to be of a reasonable bignesse -and height, spreading great armes, and also small twiggy branches -plentifully; the leaues whereof are not verie large or long, but nicked -or dented about the edges: the flowers come forth two or three or foure -at the most together, at a knot or ioynt, euerie one by it selfe, vpon -his owne small and long footestalke, consisting of fiue white leaues, -with some threds in the middle; after which come round berries, greene -at the first, and red when they are through ripe, of a meane bignesse, -and of a pleasant sweete taste, somewhat tart withall, with a hard -white stone within it, whose kernell is somewhat bitter, but not -vnpleasant. - -The Flanders Cherrie differeth not from the English, but that it is -somewhat larger, and the Cherry somewhat greater and sweeter, and not -so sower. - -The early Flanders Cherry is more rathe or early ripe, almost as soone -as the May Cherry, especially planted against a wall, and of many false -knaues or Gardiners are sold for May Cherrie trees. - -The May Cherrie in a standard beareth ripe fruite later then planted -against a wall, where the berries will be red in the verie beginning of -May sometimes. - -The Arch-Dukes Cherrie is one of the fairest and best cherries wee -haue, being of a very red colour when it is ripe, and a little long -more then round, and somewhat pointed at the end, of the best rellish -of any Cherrie whatsoeuer, and of a firme substance; scarce one of -twentie of our Nurserie men doe sell the right, but giue one for -another: for it is an inherent qualitie almost hereditarie with most of -them, to sell any man an ordinary fruit for whatsoeuer rare fruit he -shall aske for: so little they are to be trusted. - -The ounce Cherrie hath the greatest and broadest leafe of any other -cherrie, but beareth the smallest store of cherries euerie yeare that -any doth, and yet blossometh well: the fruit also is nothing answerable -to the name being not verie great, of a pale yellowish red, neere the -colour of Amber, and therefore some haue called it, the Amber Cherrie. - -The great leafed Cherrie is thought of diuers to bee the Ounce Cherrie, -because it hath almost as great a leafe as the former: but the fruit of -this also doth not answer the expectation of so great a leafe, being -but of a meane bignesse, and a small bearer, yet of a pale reddish -colour. - -The true Gascoign Cherry is known but to a few; for our Nursery men do -so change the names of most fruits they sell, that they deliuer but -very few true names to any: In former times before our wilde blacke -Cherrie was found to grow plentifully in our owne woods in many places -of this Land, the French continually stored vs with wilde stockes -to graft vpon, which then were called Gascoigne stocks, but since -they haue so termed another red Cherrie, and obtruded it vpon their -customers: but the true is one of our late ripe white Cherries, euen -as Gerard saith, it is a great cherrie and spotted: and this is that -Cherrie I so commend to be a fit stocke to graft May cherries vpon. - -The Morello Cherrie is of a reasonable bignesse, of a darke red colour -when they are full ripe, and hang long on, of a sweetish sower taste, -the pulpe or substance is red, and somewhat firme: if they be dryed -they will haue a fine sharpe or sower taste very delectable. - -The Hartlippe Cherrie is so called of the place where the best of this -kinde is noursed vp, being betweene Sittingbourne and Chattam in Kent, -and is the biggest of our English kindes. - -The smaller Lacure or Hart Cherrie is a reasonable faire Cherrie, full -aboue, and a little pointing downward, after the fashion of an heart, -as it is vsually painted, blackish when it is full ripe, and lesser -then the next. - -The great Lacure or Hart Cherrie differeth not in forme, but in -greatnesse, being vsually twice as great as the former, and of a -reddish blacke colour also: both of them are of a firme substance, and -reasonable sweete. Some doe call the white cherrie, the White hart -cherrie. - -The Luke Wardes Cherrie hath a reasonable large leafe, and a larger -flower then many other: the cherries grow with long stalkes, and a -stone of a meane size within them, of a darke reddish colour when they -are full ripe, of a reasonable good rellish, and beareth well. - -The Corone Cherrie hath a leafe little differing from the Luke Wardes -cherrie; the fruit when it is ripe, is of a faire deepe red colour, of -a good bignesse, and of a verie good taste, neither verie sweete or -sower: the pulpe or iuice will staine the hands. - -The Vrinall Cherrie in a most fruitfull yeare is a small bearer, hauing -many yeares none, and the best but a few; yet doth blossome plentifully -euery yeare for the most part: the cherrie is long and round, like vnto -an Vrinall, from whence it tooke his name; reddish when it is full -ripe, and of an indifferent sweete rellish. - -The Agriot Cherrie is but a small Cherrie, of a deepe redde colour when -it is ripe, which is late; of a fine sharpe taste, most pleasant and -wholsome to the stomacke of all other cherries, as well while they are -fresh as being dryed, which manner they much vse in France, and keepe -them for the vse both of the sicke and sound at all times. - -The Biguarre Cherrie is a fair cherrie, much spotted with white spots -vpon the pale red berry, and sometimes discoloured halfe white and -halfe reddish, of a reasonable good rellish. - -The Morocco Cherrie hath a large white blossome, and an indifferent big -berrie, long and round, with a long stalke of a darke reddish purple -colour, a little tending to a blew when it is full ripe, of a firme -substance: the iuice is of a blackish red, discolouring the hands -or lips, and of a pleasant taste: Some doe thinke that this and the -Morello be both one. - -The Naples Cherrie is also thought to bee all one with the Morello or -Morocco. - -The white Spanish Cherrie is an indifferent good bearer, the leafe and -blossome somewhat large, and like the Luke Wardes cherrie: the cherries -are reasonable faire berries, with long stalkes and great stones, -white on the outside, with some rednesse, on the one side of a firme -substance, and reasonable sweet, but with a little aciditie, and is one -of the late ripe ones: But there is another late ripe white Cherry, -which some call the Gascoigne, before remembred. - -The Flanders cluster Cherrie is of two sorts, one greater then another: -the greater kinde hath an indifferent large leafe; the blossomes haue -many threds within them, shewing as it were many parts, which after -turne into clusters of berries, foure, fiue or sixe together, and but -with one stalke vnder them, as if they grew one out of another, and -sometimes they will beare but two or three, and most of them but one -cherry on a stalke, which are red when they are ripe, very tender, and -waterish sweete in eating. - -The lesser is in all things like the greater, but smaller, which maketh -the difference. - -The wilde cluster or birds cluster Cherry beareth many blossomes set -all along the stalkes, and cherries after them in the same maner, like -a long thinne bunch of grapes, and therefore called of some the Grape -cherry: there are of them both red and blacke. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Cerasus præcox._ The May Cherry. - 2 _Cerasus Batauica._ The Flanders Cherry. - 3 _Cerasus Hispanica siue alba._ The white Cherry. - 4 _Cerasus platophyllos._ The great leafed Cherry. - 5 _Cerasus Luca Wardi._ Luke Wards Cherry. - 6 _Cerasus Neapolitana._ The Naples Cherry. - 7 _Cerasus Cordata._ The Heart Cherry. - 8 _Cerasus maculata._ The bignarre or spotted Cherry. - 9 _Cerasus auium racemosa._ The wilde cluster Cherry. - 10 _Cerasus Corymbisera._ The Flanders cluster Cherry. - 11 _Cerasus Archiducis._ The Archdukes Cherry. - 12 _Chamacerasus._ The dwarfe Cherry. -] - - -The soft sheld Cherrie is a small red cherrie when it is ripe, hauing -the stone within it so soft and tender, that it may easily be broken in -the eating of the cherrie. - -Iohn Tradescantes Cherrie is most vsually sold by our Nursery -Gardiners, for the Archdukes cherrie, because they haue more plenty -thereof, and will better be increased, and because it is so faire and -good a cherrie that it may be obtruded without much discontent: it is -a reasonable good bearer, a faire great berrie, deepe coloured, and a -little pointed. - -The Baccalaos or New-found-land Cherrie hath a shining long leafe, -most like vnto a Peach leafe, the blossomes come very many together as -it were in an vmbell, which is such a cluster as is neither like the -Flanders cluster, nor the wilde cluster cherrie blossome: it bringeth -forth berries standing in the same manner euerie one vpon his own -footestalke, being no bigger then the largest berrie of the red Curran -tree or bush, of a pale or waterish red colour when it is ripe. - -The strange long cluster Cherrie, or _Padus Theophrasti Dalechampio_ -is reckoned by the Author of that great Herball that goeth vnder his -name, among the sorts of cherries; and so must I vntill a fitter place -be found for it. It groweth in time to be a great tree, with a sad -coloured barke both on the bodie and branches, whereon doe grow many -leaues, somewhat broade, shorter, harder, and a little more crumpled -then any cherrie leafe: the blossomes are very small, and of a pale or -whitish colour, smelling very sweete and strong, or rather heady, like -Orenge flowers, growing on small long branches, very like the toppe of -flowers vpon the Laburnum or Beane trefoile trees: after which come -small blacke berries, growing together all along the long stalke, like -vnto the wilde cluster or birds cherrie mentioned before, but not much -bigger then tares, with small stones within them, and little or no -sustance vpon them: the French call the tree _Putier_, because the wood -thereof stinketh, and make it to be wonderfull that the blossomes of -the tree mould be so sweete, and the wood so stinking. - -The Cullen Cherrie is a darke red cherrie like the Agriot, which they -of those parts neere Cullen and Vtrecht &c. vse to put into their -drinke, to giue it the deeper colour. - -The great Hungarian Cherrie of Zwerts is like both in leafe and fruite -vnto the Morello cherrie, but much greater and fairer, and a far -better bearer: for from a small branch hath beene gathered a pound of -cherries, and this is vsuall continually, and not accidentally, most -of them foure inches in compasse about, and very many of them more of -a faire deepe red colour, and very sweete, excelling the Arch-Dukes -cherry, or any other whatsoeuer. - -The Cameleon or strange changeable Cherry deseruedly hath this name, -although of mine owne imposition, not only because it beareth vsually -both blossomes, greene and ripe fruit at one time thereupon, but that -the fruit will be of many formes; some round, some as it were square, -and some bunched forth on one side or another, abiding constant in no -fashion, but for the most part shewing forth all these diuersities -euerie yeare growing vpon it: the fruit is of a very red colour, and -good taste. - -The great Rose Cherry, or double blossomd Cherry differeth not in any -thing from the English Cherrie, but only in the blossomes, which are -very thicke of white leaues, as great and double as the double white -Crowfoote, before remembred, and sometimes out of the middle of them -will spring another smaller flower, but double also; this seldome -beareth fruit, but when it doth I suppose it commeth from those -blossomes are the least double, and is red, no bigger then our ordinary -English cherrie. - -The lesser Rose or double blossomd Cherrie beareth double flowers also, -but not so thicke and double as the former; but beareth fruit more -plentifully, of the same colour and bignesse with the former. - -The Dwarfe Cherrie is of two sorts; one whose branches fall downe low, -round about the body of it, with small greene leaues, and fruit as -small, of a deep red colour. - -The other, whose branches, although small, grow more vpright, hauing -greener shining leaues: the fruit is little bigger then the former, red -also when it is ripe, with a litle point at the end: both of them of a -sweetish rellish, but more sower. - -The great bearing Cherry of Master Millen is a reasonable great red -cherry, bearing very plentifully, although it bee planted against a -North wall, yet it will bee late ripe, but of an indifferent sweet and -good rellish. - -The long finger Cherry is another small long red one, being long & -round like a finger, wherof it took the name: this is not the Vrinall -cherry before, but differing from it. - - - The Vse of Cherries. - - All these sorts of Cherries serue wholly to please the palate, - and are eaten at all times, both before and after meales. - - All Cherries are cold, yet the sower more then the sweete; and - although the sweete doe most please, yet the sower are more - wholsome, if there bee regard taken in the vsing. - - The Agriot or sower Cherries are in France much vsed to bee - dryed (as is said before) as Pruines are, and so serue to be - ministred to the sicke in all hot diseases, as feuers &c. - being both boyled in their drinkes, and taken now and then of - themselues, which by reason of their tartnesse, doe please the - stomacke passing well. - - The Gum of the Cherrie tree is commended to bee good for those - are troubled with the grauell or stone. It is also good for the - cough being dissolued in liquour, and stirreth vp an appetite. - The distilled water of the blacke Cherries, the stones being - broken among them, is vsed for the same purpose, for the - grauell, stone, and winde. - - - - -CHAP. XIII. - -_Prunus._ The Plumme tree. - - -There are many more varieties of Plummes then of Cherries, so that I -must follow the same order with these that I did with them, euen giue -you their names apart, with briefe notes vpon them, and one description -to serue for all the rest. And in this recitall I shall leaue out -the Apricockes which are certainly a kind of Plum, of an especiall -difference, and not of a Peach, as Galen and some others haue thought, -and set them in a chapter by themselues, and only in this set down -those fruits are vsually called Plums. - -The Plum tree (especially diuers of them) riseth in time to bee a -reasonable tall and great tree, whose bodie and greater armes are -couered with a more rugged barke, yet in some more or lesse, the -younger branches being smooth in all, the leaues are somewhat rounder -then those of the Cherrie tree, and much differing among themselues, -some being longer, or larger, or rounder then others, and many that are -exercised herein, can tell by the leafe what Plum the tree beareth (I -speake this of many, not of all) as in many Cherries they can doe the -like: the flowers are white, consisting of fiue leaues: the fruit is -as variable in forme, as in taste or colour, some being ovall or Peare -fashion or Almond like, or sphericall or round, some firme, some soft -and waterish, some sweete, some sower or harsh, or differing from all -these tastes: and some white, others blacke, some red, others yellow, -some purple, others blew, as they shall bee briefly set downe vnto you -in the following lines, where I meane not to insert any the wilde or -hedge fruit, but those only are fit for an Orchard, to be stored with -good fruit: and of all which sorts, the choysest for goodnesse, and -rarest for knowledge, are to be had of my very good friend Master Iohn -Tradescante, who hath wonderfully laboured to obtaine all the rarest -fruits hee can heare off in any place of Christendome, Turky, yea or -the whole world; as also with Master Iohn Millen, dwelling in Olde -streete, who from Iohn Tradescante and all others that haue had good -fruit, hath stored himselfe with the best only, and he can sufficiently -furnish any. - -The Amber Primordian Plumme is an indifferent faire Plumme, early ripe, -of a pale yellowish colour, and of a waterish taste, not pleasing. - -The red Primordian Plumme is of a reasonable size, long and round, -reddish on the outside, of a more dry taste, and ripe with the first -sorts in the beginning of August. - -The blew Primordian is a small plumme, almost like the Damascene, and -is subiect to drop off from the tree before it be ripe. - -The white Date Plum is no very good plum. - -The red Date plumme is a great long red pointed plumme, and late ripe, -little better then the white. - -The blacke Mussell plumme is a good plumme, reasonable drye, and -tasteth well. - -The red Mussell Plumme is somewhat flat as well as round, of a very -good taste, and is ripe about the middle of August. - -The white Mussell plumme is like the redde, but somewhat smaller, and -of a whitish greene colour, but not so well tasted. - -The Imperiall plum is a great long reddish plum, very waterish, and -ripeneth somewhat late. - -The Gaunt plum is a great round reddish plum, ripe somewhat late, and -eateth waterish. - -The red Pescod plum is a reasonable good plum. - -The white Pescod plum is a reasonable good rellished plumme, but -somewhat waterish. - -The greene Pescod plum is a reasonable big and long pointed plum, and -ripe in the beginning of September. - -The Orenge plum is a yellowish plum, moist, and somewhat sweetish. - -The Morocco plumme is blacke like a Damson, well tasted, and somewhat -drye in eating. - -The Dine plum is a late ripe plum, great and whitish, speckled all ouer. - -The Turkie plum is a large long blackish plum, and somewhat flat like -the Mussell plum, a well rellished dry plum. - -The Nutmeg plumme is no bigger then a Damson, and is of a greenish -yellow colour when it is ripe, which is with vs about Bartholmew tide, -and is a good plum. - -The Perdigon plumme is a dainty good plumme, early blackish, and well -rellished. - -The Verdoch plum is a great fine greene shining plum fit to preserue. - -The Ienua plum is the white Date plum, before remembred. - -The Barberry plum is a great early blacke plum, and well tasted. - -The Pruneola plum is a small white plum, of a fine tart taste: it was -wont to bee vsually brought ouer in small round boxes, and sold most -commonly at the Comfitmakers, (cut in twaine, the stone cast away) at a -very deere rate: the tree groweth and beareth well with vs. - -The Shepway Bulleis is of a darke blewish brown colour, of a larger -size then the ordinary, and of a sharpe taste, but not so good as the -common. - -The white and the blacke Bulleis are common in most Countries, being -small round plums, lesser then Damsons, sharper in taste, and later -ripe. - -The Flushing Bulleis groweth with his fruite thicke clustring together -like grapes. - -The Winter Creke is the latest ripe plum of all sorts, it groweth -plentifully about Bishops Hatfield. - -The white Peare plum early ripe, is of a pale yellowish greene colour. - -The late ripe white Peare plum is a greater and longer plum, greenish -white, and is not ripe vntill it be neere the end of September, both -waterish plums. - -The blacke Peare plum is like vnto the white Peare plumme, but that the -colour is blackish when it is ripe, and is of a very good relish, more -firme and drye then the other. - -The red Peare plumme is of the same fashion and goodnesse, but is the -worst of the three. - -The white Wheate plum is a waterish fulsome plum. - -The red Wheate plum is like the other for taste. - -The Bowie plum is flat and round, yet flatter on the one side then on -the other, which caused the name, and is a very good rellished blacke -plum. - -The Friars plumme is a very good plum, well tasted, and comming cleane -from the stone, being blacke when it is ripe, and some whitish spots -vpon it. - -The Catalonia plum is a very good plum. - -The Don Alteza is also a very good plum. - -The Muscadine plum, some call the Queene mother plumme, and some the -Cherry plum, is a faire red plum, of a reasonable bignesse, and ripe -about Bartholmew tide. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Prunum Imperiale._ The Imperiall Plum. - 2 _Prunum Turcicum._ The Turkey Plum. - 3 _Prunum præcox rubrum._ The red Primordian Plum. - 4 _Prunum Mytellinum._ The Mussell Plum. - 5 _Prunum Ambariuum._ The Amber Plum. - 6 _Prunum Regineum._ The Queen mother Plum. - 7 _Prunum viride._ The green Oysterly Plum. - 8 _Prunum Arantiacum._ The Orenge Plum. - 9 _Prunum Myristicum._ The Nutmeg Plum. - 10 _Prunum Siliquosum._ The Pescod Plum. - 11 _Prunum Gandauense._ The Gaunt Plum. - 12 _Prunum Dactylites._ The Date Plum. - 13 _Prunum Pyrinum præcox._ The early Peare Plum. -] - - -The Christian plum, called also the Nutmeg plum; the tree groweth very -shrubby, and will abide good for six weekes at the least after it is -gathered, and after all other plums are spent. - -The Cherry plum remembred before, speaking of the Muscadine plum, is a -very good plum, but small. - -The Amber plum is a round plum, as yellow on the outside almost as -yellow waxe, of a sowre vnpleasant taste that which I tasted, but I -thinke it was not the right; for I haue seene and tasted another of the -same bignesse, of a paler colour, farre better rellished, and a firmer -substance, comming cleane from the stone like an Apricocke. - -The Apricocke plum is a good plum when it is in its perfection, but -that is seldome; for it doth most vsually cracke, thereby diminishing -much of its goodnesse, and besides yeeldeth gumme at the crackes. - -The Eason plum is a little red plum, but very good in taste. - -The Violet plum is a small and long blackish blew plum, ripe about -Bartholmew tide, a very good dry eating fruit. - -The Grape plum is the Flushing Bulleis before remembred. - -The Dennie plum is called also the Cheston, or the Friars plum before -remembred. - -The Damaske Violet plum, or Queen mother plum spoken of before. - -The blacke Damascene plum is a very good dry plum, and of a darke blew -colour when it is ripe. - -The white Damson is nothing so well rellished as the other. - -The great Damson or Damaske plum is greater then the ordinary Damson, -and sweeter in taste. - -The blew Damson well knowne, a good fruit. - -The Coserers plum is flat, like vnto a Peare plum, it is early ripe and -blacke, of a very good rellish. - -The Margate plum the worst of an hundred. - -The green Oysterly plum is a reasonable great plum, of a whitish green -colour when it is ripe, of a moist and sweete taste, reasonable good. - -The red Mirobalane plum groweth to be a great tree quickly, spreading -very thicke and farre, very like the blacke Thorne or Sloe bush: the -fruit is red, earlier ripe, and of a better taste then the white. - -The white Mirobalane plum is in most things like the former red, but -the fruit is of a whitish yellow colour, and very pleasant, especially -if it be not ouer ripe: both these had need to be plashed against a -wall, or else they will hardly beare ripe fruit. - -The Oliue plum is very like a greene Oliue, but for colour and -bignesse, and groweth lowe on a small bushing tree, and ripeneth late, -but is the best of all the sorts of greene plums. - -The white diapred plum of Malta, scarce knowne to any in our Land -but Iohn Tradescante, is a very good plum, and striped all ouer like -diaper, and thereby so called. - -The blacke diapred plum is like the Damascene plum, being blacke with -spots, as small as pins points vpon it, of a very good rellish. - -The Peake plum is a long whitish plum, and very good. - -The Pishamin or Virginia plum is called a plum, but vtterly differeth -from all sorts of plums, the description whereof may truely enforme -you, as it is set downe in the tenth Chapter going before, whereunto I -referre you. - - - The Vse of Plums. - - The great Damaske or Damson Plummes are dryed in France in - great quantities, and brought ouer vnto vs in Hogs-heads, and - other great vessels, and are those Prunes that are vsually sold - at the Grocers, vnder the name of Damaske Prunes: the blacke - Bulleis also are those (being dryed in the same manner) that - they call French Prunes, and by their tartnesse are thought to - binde, as the other, being sweet, to loosen the body. - - The Bruneola Plumme, by reason of his pleasant tartnesse, is - much accounted of, and being dryed, the stones taken from them, - are brought ouer to vs in small boxes, and sold deere at the - Comfitmakers, where they very often accompany all sorts of - banquetting stuffes. - - Some of these Plums, because of their firmnesse, are - vndoubtedly more wholsome then others that are sweete and - waterish, and cause lesse offence in their stomackes that eate - them; and therefore are preserued with Sugar, to be kept all - the yeare. None of them all is vsed in medicines so much as - the great Damson or Damaske Prune, although all of them for - the most part doe coole, lenifie, and draw forth choller, and - thereby are fittest to be vsed of such as haue chollericke - Agues. - - - - -CHAP. XIIII. - -_Mala Armeniaca siue Præcocia._ Apricockes. - - -The Apricocke (as I said) is without question a kinde of Plumme, rather -then a Peach, both the flower being white, and the stone of the fruit -smooth also, like a Plumme, and yet because of the excellencie of -the fruit, and the difference therein from all other Plummes, I haue -thought it meete to entreate thereof by it selfe, and shew you the -varieties haue been obserued in these times. - -The Apricocke tree riseth vp to a very great height, either standing -by it selfe (where it beareth not so kindly, and very little in our -country) or planted against a wall, as it is most vsuall, hauing a -great stemme or body, and likewise many great armes or branches, -couered with a smooth barke: the leaues are large, broad, and almost -round, but pointed at the ends, and finely dented about the edges: -the flowers are white, as the Plumme tree blossomes, but somewhat -larger, and rounder set: the fruit is round, with a cleft on the one -side, somewhat like vnto a Peach, being of a yellowish colour as well -on the inside as outside, of a firme or fast substance, and dry, not -ouermoist in the eating, and very pleasant in taste, containing within -it a broad and flat stone, somewhat round and smooth, not rugged as the -Peach stone, with a pleasant sweete kernell (yet some haue reported, -that there is such as haue their kernels bitter, which I did neuer see -or know) and is ripe almost with our first or earliest Plummes, and -thereof it tooke the name of _Præcox_; and it may bee was the earliest -of all others was then knowne, when that name was giuen. - -The great Apricocke, which some call the long Apricocke, is the -greatest and fairest of all the rest. - -The smaller Apricocke, which some call the small round Apricocke, is -thought to be small, because it first sprang from a stone: but that -is not so; for the kinde it selfe being inoculated, will bee alwaies -small, and neuer halfe so faire and great as the former. - -The white Apricocke hath his leaues more folded together, as if it were -halfe double: it beareth but seldome, and very few, which differ not -from the ordinary, but in being more white, without any red when it is -ripe. - -The Mascoline Apricocke hath a finer greene leafe, and thinner then the -former, and beareth very seldome any store of fruit, which differeth in -nothing from the first, but that it is a little more delicate. - -The long Mascoline Apricocke hath his fruit growing a little longer -then the former, and differeth in nothing else. - -The Argier Apricocke is a smaller fruit then any of the other, and -yellow, but as sweete and delicate as any of them, hauing a blackish -stone within it, little bigger then a Lacure Cherry stone: this with -many other sorts Iohn Tradescante brought with him returning from the -Argier voyage, whither hee went voluntary with the Fleete, that went -against the Pyrates in the yeare 1620. - - - The Vse of Apricockes. - - Apricockes are eaten oftentimes in the same manner that other - dainty Plummes are, betweene meales of themselues, or among - other fruit at banquets. - - They are also preserued and candid, as it pleaseth Gentlewomen - to bestowe their time and charge, or the Comfitmaker to sort - among other candid fruits. - - Some likewise dry them, like vnto Peares, Apples, Damsons, and - other Plummes. - - Matthiolus doth wonderfully commend the oyle drawne from the - kernels of the stones, to annoint the inflamed _hæmorrhoides_ - or piles, the swellings of vlcers, the roughnesse of the tongue - and throate, and likewise the paines of the eares. - - - - -CHAP. XV. - -_Mala Persica._ Peaches. - - -As I ordered the Cherries and Plummes, so I intend to deale with -Peaches, because their varieties are many, and more knowne in these -dayes then in former times: but because the Nectorin is a differing -kinde of Peach, I must deale with it as I did with the Apricocke among -the Plummes, that is, place it in a Chapter by it selfe. - -The Peach tree of it selfe groweth not vsually altogether so great, or -high as the Apricocke, because it is lesse durable, but yet spreadeth -with faire great branches, from whence spring smaller and slenderer -reddish twigges, whereon are set long narrow greene leaues, dented -about the edges: the blossomes are greater then of any Plumme, of a -deepe blush or light purple colour: after which commeth the fruit, -which is round, and sometimes as great as a reasonable Apple or Pippin -(I speake of some sorts; for there be some kindes that are much -smaller) with a furrow or cleft on the one side, and couered with a -freese or cotton on the outside, of colour either russet, or red, -or yellow, or of a blackish red colour; of differing substances and -tastes also, some being firme, others waterish, some cleauing fast to -the stone on the inside, others parting from it more or lesse easily, -one excelling another very farre, wherein is contained a rugged stone, -with many chinkes or clefts in it, the kernell whereof is bitter: the -roots growe neither deepe nor farre; and therefore are subiect to the -winds, standing alone, and not against a wall. It sooner waxeth old and -decayeth, being sprung of a stone, then being inoculated on a Plumme -stocke, whereby it is more durable. - -The great white Peach is white on the outside as the meate is also, and -is a good well rellished fruit. - -The small white Peach is all one with the greater, but differeth in -size. - -The Carnation Peach is of three sorts, two are round, and the third -long; they are all of a whitish colour, shadowed ouer with red, and -more red on the side is next the sunne: the lesser round is the more -common, and the later ripe. - -The grand Carnation Peach is like the former round Peach, but greater, -and is as late ripe, that is, in the beginning of September. - -The red Peach is an exceeding well rellished fruit. - -The russet Peach is one of the most ordinary Peaches in the Kingdome, -being of a russet colour on the outside, and but of a reasonable -rellish, farre meaner then many other. - -The Island Peach is a faire Peach, and of a very good rellish. - -The Newington Peach is a very good Peach, and of an excellent good -rellish, being of a whitish greene colour on the outside, yet halfe -reddish, and is ripe about Bartholmew tide. - -The yellow Peach is of a deepe yellow colour; there be hereof diuers -sorts, some good and some bad. - -The St. Iames Peach is the same with the Queenes Peach, here belowe set -downe, although some would make them differing. - -The Melocotone Peach is a yellow faire Peach, but differing from the -former yellow both in forme and taste, in that this hath a small -crooked end or point for the most part, it is ripe before them, and -better rellished then any of them. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Malus Armeniaca siue Præcocia._ The Apricocke. - 2 _Malus Persica Melocotonea._ The Melocotone Peach. - 3 _Persica Moschatellina._ The Nutmeg Peach. - 4 _Persica nigra._ The blacke Peach. - 5 _Persica Carnea longa._ The long Carnation Peach. - 6 _Persica Reginea._ The Queenes Peach. - 7 _Amygdalus._ The Almond. - 8 _Persica du Troas._ The Peach du Troas. - 9 _Nucipersica rubra optima._ The best Romane red Nectorin. - 10 _Nucipersica rubra altera._ The bastard red Nectorin with a - pincking blossome. -] - - -The Peach _du Troas_ is a long and great whitish yellow Peach, red on -the outside, early ripe, and is another kinde of Nutmeg Peach. - -The Queenes Peach is a faire great yellowish browne Peach, shadowed as -it were ouer with deepe red, and is ripe at Bartholmew tide, of a very -pleasant good taste. - -The Romane Peach is a very good Peach, and well rellished. - -The Durasme or Spanish Peach is of a darke yellowish red colour on the -outside, and white within. - -The blacke Peach is a great large Peach, of a very darke browne colour -on the outside, it is of a waterish taste, and late ripe. - -The Alberza Peach is late ripe, and of a reasonable good taste. - -The Almond Peach, so called, because the kernell of the stone is -sweete, like the Almond, and the fruit also somewhat pointed like the -Almond in the huske; it is early ripe, and like the Newington Peach, -but lesser. - -The Man Peach is of two sorts, the one longer then the other, both of -them are good Peaches, but the shorter is the better rellished. - -The Cherry Peach is a small Peach, but well tasted. - -The Nutmeg Peach is of two sorts, one that will be hard when it is -ripe, and eateth not so pleasantly as the other, which will bee soft -and mellow; they are both small Peaches, hauing very little or no -resemblance at all to a Nutmeg, except in being a little longer then -round, and are early ripe. - -Many other sorts of Peaches there are, whereunto wee can giue no -especiall name; and therefore I passe them ouer in silence. - - - The Vse of Peaches. - - Those Peaches that are very moist and waterish (as many of - them are) and not firme, doe soone putrefie in the stomacke, - causing surfeits oftentimes; and therefore euery one had neede - bee carefull, what and in what manner they eate them: yet they - are much and often well accepted with all the Gentry of the - Kingdome. - - The leaues, because of their bitternesse, serue well being - boyled in Ale or Milke, to be giuen vnto children that haue - wormes, to help to kill them, and doe gently open the belly, if - there be a sufficient quantity vsed. - - The flowers haue the like operation, that is, to purge the body - somewhat more forceably then Damaske Roses; a Syrupe therefore - made of the flowers is very good. - - The kernels of the Peach stones are oftentimes vsed to be giuen - to them that cannot well make water, or are troubled with the - stone; for it openeth the stoppings of the vritory passages, - whereby much ease ensueth. - - - - -CHAP. XVI. - -_Nucipersica._ Nectorins. - - -I presume that the name _Nucipersica_ doth most rightly belong vnto -that kinde of Peach, which we call Nectorins, and although they haue -beene with vs not many yeares, yet haue they beene knowne both in Italy -to Matthiolus, and others before him, who it seemeth knew no other -then the yellow Nectorin, as Dalechampius also: But we at this day doe -know fiue seuerall sorts of Nectorins, as they shall be presently set -downe; and as in the former fruits, so in this, I will giue you the -description of one, and briefe notes of the rest. - -The Nectorin is a tree of no great bignesse, most vsually lesser then -the Peach tree, his body and elder boughes being whitish, the younger -branches very red, whereon grow narrow long greene leaues, so like -vnto Peach leaues, that none can well distinguish them, vnlesse it be -in this, that they are somewhat lesser; the blossomes are all reddish, -as the Peach, but one of a differing fashion from all the other, as I -shall shew you by and by: the fruit that followeth is smaller, rounder, -and smoother then Peaches, without any cleft on the side, and without -any douny cotton or freeze at all; and herein is like vnto the outer -greene rinde of the Wallnut, whereof as I am perswaded it tooke the -name, of a fast and firme meate, and very delicate in taste, especially -the best kindes, with a rugged stone within it, and a bitter kernell. - -The Muske Nectorin, so called, because it being a kinde of the best red -Nectorins, both smelleth and eateth as if the fruit were steeped in -Muske: some thinke that this and the next Romane Nectorin are all one. - -The Romane red Nectorin, or cluster Nectorin, hath a large or great -purplish blossome, like vnto a Peach, reddish at the bottome on the -outside, and greenish within: the fruit is of a fine red colour on the -outside, and groweth in clusters, two or three at a ioynt together, of -an excellent good taste. - -The bastard red Nectorin hath a smaller or pincking blossome, more -like threads then leaues, neither so large nor open as the former, and -yellowish within at the bottome: the fruit is red on the outside, and -groweth neuer but one at a ioynt; it is a good fruit, but eateth a -little more rawish then the other, euen when it is full ripe. - -The yellow Nectorin is of two sorts, the one an excellent fruit, -mellow, and of a very good rellish; the other hard, and no way -comparable to it. - -The greene Nectorin, great and small; for such I haue seene abiding -constant, although both planted in one ground: they are both of one -goodnesse, and accounted with most to be the best rellished Nectorin of -all others. - -The white Nectorin is said to bee differing from the other, in that it -will bee more white on the outside when it is ripe, then either the -yellow or greene: but I haue not yet seene it. - - - The Vse of Nectorins. - - The fruit is more firme then the Peach, and more delectable in - taste; and is therefore of more esteeme, and that worthily. - - - - -CHAP. XVII. - -_Amygdala._ Almonds. - - -The Almond also may be reckoned vnto the stock or kindred of the -Peaches, it is so like both in leafe and blossome, and somewhat also in -the fruit, for the outward forme, although it hath onely a dry skinne, -and no pulpe or meate to bee eaten: but the kernell of the stone or -shell, which is called the Almond, maketh recompense of that defect, -whereof some are sweete, some bitter, some great, some small, some -long, and some short. - -The Almond tree groweth vpright, higher and greater then any Peach; and -is therefore vsually planted by it selfe, and not against a wall, whose -body sometime exceedeth any mans fadome, whereby it sheweth to be of -longer continuance, bearing large armes, and smaller branches also, but -brittle, whereon are set long and narrow leaues, like vnto the Peach -tree: the blossomes are purplish, like vnto Peach blossoms, but paler: -the fruit is somewhat like a Peach for the forme of the skinne or -outside, which is rough, but not with any such cleft therein, or with -any pulpe or meate fit to bee eaten, but is a thicke dry skinne when it -is ripe, couering the stone or shell, which is smooth and not rugged, -and is either long and great, or small, or thicke and short, according -as the nut or kernell within it is, which is sweete both in the greater -and smaller, and onely one smaller kinde which is bitter: yet this I -haue obserued, that all the Almond trees that I haue seene growe in -England, both of the sweete and bitter kindes, beare Almonds thicke and -short, and not long, as that sort which is called the Iorden Almond. - - - The Vse of Almonds. - - They are vsed many ways, and for many purposes, either eaten - alone with Figges, or Raysins of the Sunne, or made into paste - with Sugar and Rosewater for Marchpanes, or put among Floure, - Egges, and Sugar, to make Mackerons, or crusted ouer with - Sugar, to make Comfits, or mixed with Rosewater and Sugar, to - make Butter, or with Barley water, to make Milke, and many - other waies, as euery one list, that hath skill in such things. - - The oyle also of Almonds is vsed many waies, both inwardly - and outwardly, for many purposes; as the oyle of sweete - Almonds mixt with poudered white Sugar Candy, for coughes and - hoarsenesse, and to be drunk alone, or with some other thing - (as the Syrupe of Marsh Mallowes) for the stone, to open and - lenifie the passages, and make them slipperie, that the stone - may passe the easier. And also for women in Child bed after - their sore trauell. And outwardly either by it selfe, or with - oyle of Tartar to make a creame, to lenifie the skin, parched - with the winde or otherwise, or to annoint the stomacke either - alone, or with other things to helpe a cold. - - The oyle of bitter Almonds is much vsed to be dropped into - their eares that are hard of hearing, to helpe to open them. - And as it is thought, doth more scoure and cleanse the skin - then the sweet oyle doth, and is therefore more vsed of many - for that purpose, as the Almonds themselues are. - - - - -CHAP. XVIII. - -_Mala Arantia._ Orenges. - - -I bring here to your consideration, as you see, the Orenge tree -alone, without mentioning the Citron or Lemmon trees, in regard of -the experience we haue seen made of them in diuers places: For the -Orenge tree hath abiden with some extraordinary looking and tending of -it, when as neither of the other would by any meanes be preserued any -long time. If therefore any be desirous to keepe this tree, he must -so prouide for it, that it be preserued from any cold, either in the -winter or spring, and exposed to the comfort of the sunne in summer. -And for that purpose some keepe them in great square boxes, and lift -them to and fro by iron hooks on the sides, or cause them to be rowled -by trundels, or small wheels vnder them, to place them in an house, or -close gallerie for the winter time: others plant them against a bricke -wall in the ground, and defend them by a shed of boardes, couered ouer -with seare-cloth in the winter, and by the warmth of a stoue, or other -such thing, giue them some comfort in the colder times: but no tent or -meane prouision will preserue them. - -The Orenge tree in the warme Countries groweth very high, but with vs -(or else it is a dwarfe kinde thereof) riseth not very high: the barke -of the elder stemmes being of a darke colour, and the young branches -very greene, whereon grow here and there some few thornes: the leaues -are faire, large, and very greene, in forme almost like a Bay leafe, -but that it hath a small eare, or peece of a leafe, fashioned like vnto -an heart vnder euery one of them, with many small holes to be seene in -them, if you hold them vp betweene you and the light, of a sweet but -strong smell, naturally not falling away, but alwaies abiding on, or -vntill new be come vp, bearing greene leaues continually: the flowers -are whitish, of a very strong and heady sent; after which come small -round fruit, greene at the first, while they are small, and not neere -maturitie, but being grown and ripe, are (as all men know) red on the -out side, some more pale then others, and some kindes of a deeper -yellowish red, according to the climate, and as it receiueth the -heate of the sunne, wherein is contained sower or sweete iuice, and -thicke white kernels among it: it beareth in the warme Countries both -blossomes and greene fruit continually vpon it, and ripe fruit also -with them for the best part of the yeare, but especially in Autumne and -Winter. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Malus Arantia._ The Orenge tree. - 2 _Malus._ The Apple tree. - 3 _Malum Carbonarium._ The Pomewater. - 4 _Malum Curtipendulum._ The golden Pippin. - 5 _Melapium._ The Pearmaine. - 6 _Malum Regineum._ The Queene Apple. - 7 _Malum primis maturum._ The Genneting. - 8 _Malum Regale._ The pound Royall. - 9 _Malum Kentij ad seruescendum._ The Kentish Codlin. - 10 _Malum Regineum spurium._ The Bardfield Quining. -] - - - The Vse of Orenges. - - Orenges are vsed as sawce for many sorts of meates, in respect - of their sweete sowernesse, giuing a rellish of delight, - whereinsoeuer they are vsed. - - The inner pulpe or iuice doth serue in agues and hot diseases, - and in Summer to coole the heate of deiected stomackes, or - fainting spirits. - - The dryed rinde, by reason of the sweete and strong sent, - serueth to bee put among other things to make sweet pouthers. - - The outer rindes, when they are clensed from all the inner - pulpe and skins, are preserued in Sugar, after the bitternesse - by often steepings hath been taken away, & do serue either as - Succots, and banquetting stuffes, or as ornaments to set out - dishes for the table, or to giue a rellish vnto meats, whether - baked or boyled: Physically they helpe to warme a cold stomack, - and to digest or breake winde therein: or they are candid with - Sugar, and serue with other dryed Iunquets. - - The water of Orange flowers is oftentimes vsed as a great - perfume for gloues, to washe them, or in stead of Rose-water to - mixe with other things. - - It is vsed to bee drunke by some, to preuent or to helpe any - pestilentiall feuer. - - The oyntment that is made of the flowers, is very comfortable - both for the stomache, against the could or cough, or for the - head, for paines and disinesse. - - The kernels or seede beeing cast into the ground in the spring - time, will quickely grow vp, (but will not abide the winter - with vs, to bee kept for growing trees) and when they are of - a finger length high, being pluckt vp, and put among sallets, - will giue them a maruellous fine aromaticke or spicy taste, - very acceptable. - - The seed or kernels are a little cordiall, although nothing so - much as the kernels of the Pomecitron. - - - - -CHAP. XIX. - -_Poma._ Apples. - - -The sorts of Apples are so many, and infinite almost as I may say, -that I cannot giue you the names of all, though I haue endeauoured -to giue a great many, and I thinke it almost impossible for any one, -to attaine to the full perfection of knowledge herein, not onely in -regard of the multiplicitie of fashions, colours and tastes, but in -that some are more familiar to one Countrey then to another, being of -a better or worse taste in one place then in another, and therefore -diuersly called: I will therefore as I haue done before, giue you the -description of the Tree in generall, as also of the Paradise or dwarfe -Apple, because of some especiall difference, and afterwards the names -of as many, with their fashions, as haue come to my knowledge, either -by sight or relation: for I doe confesse I haue not seene all that I -here set downe, but vse the helpe of some friends, and therefore if it -happen that the seuerall names doe not answer vnto seuerall sorts, but -that the same fruit may bee called by one name in one Country, that -is called by another elsewhere, excuse it I pray you; for in such a -number, such a fault may escape vnknowne. - -The Apple tree for the most part is neyther very high, great or -straight, but rather vsually boweth and spreadeth (although in some -places it groweth fairer and straighter then in others) hauing long and -great armes or boughes, and from them smaller branches, whereon doe -grow somewhat broade, and long greene leaues, nicked about the edges: -the flowers are large and white, with blush coloured sides, consisting -of fiue leaues: the fruit (as I said) is of diuers formes, colours and -tastes, and likewise of a very variable durabilitie; for some must be -eaten presently after they are gathered, and they are for the most part -the earliest ripe; others will abide longer vpon the trees, before -they bee fit to be gathered; some also will be so hard when others are -gathered, that they will not be fit to be eaten, for one, two or three -months after they bee gathered; and some will abide good but one, two -or three moneths, and no more; and some will be best, after a quarter -or halfe a yeares lying, vnto the end of that yeare or the next. - -The Paradise or dwarfe Apple tree groweth nothing so high as the -former, and many times not much higher then a man may reach, hauing -leaues and flowers altogether like the other, the fruit is a faire -yellow Apple, and reasonable great, but very light and spongy or loose, -and of a bitterish sweet taste, nothing pleasant. And these faults -also are incident vnto this tree, that both bodie and branches are -much subiect vnto cancker, which will quickely eate it round, and kill -it; besides it will haue many bunches, or tuberous swellings in many -places, which grow as it were scabby or rough, and will soone cause it -to perish: the roote sendeth forth many shootes and suckers, whereby it -may be much increased. But this benefit may be had of it, to recompence -the former faults, That being a dwarfe Tree, whatsoeuer fruit shall be -grafted on it, will keepe the graft low like vnto it selfe, and yet -beare fruit reasonable well. And this is a pretty way to haue Pippins, -Pomewaters, or any other sort of Apples (as I haue, had my selfe, and -also seene with others) growing low, that if any will, they may make a -hedge rowe of these low fruits, planted in an Orchard all along by a -walke side: but take this Caueat, if you will auoide the danger of the -cancker and knots, which spoile the tree, to graft it hard vnto the -ground, that therby you may giue as little of the nature of the stock -thereunto as possibly you can, which wil vndoubtedly help it very much. - - -The kindes or sorts of Apples. - - The Summer pippin is a very good apple first ripe, and therefore to - bee first spent, because it will not abide so long as the other. - - The French pippin is also a good fruit and yellow. - - The Golding pippin is the greatest and best of all sorts of pippins. - - The Russet pippin is as good an apple as most of the other sorts of - pippins. - - The spotted pippin is the most durable pippin of all the other sorts. - - The ordinary yellow pippin is like the other, and as good; for indeed - I know no sort of pippins but are excellent good well rellished - fruites. - - The great pearemaine differeth little either in taste or durabilitie - from the pippin, and therefore next vnto it is accounted the best of - all apples. - - The summer pearemaine is of equall goodnesse with the former, or - rather a little more pleasing, especially for the time of its eating, - which will not bee so long lasting, but is spent and gone when the - other beginneth to be good to eate. - - The Russetting is also a firme and a very good apple, not so waterish - as the pippin or pearemaine, and will last the best part of the year, - but will be very mellow at the last, or rather halfe dryed. - - The Broading is a very good apple. - - The Pomewater is an excellent good and great whitish apple, full - of sap or moisture, somewhat pleasant sharpe, but a little bitter - withall: it will not last long, the winter frosts soone causing it to - rot, and perish. - - The Flower of Kent is a faire yellowish greene apple both good and - great. - - The Gilloflower apple is a fine apple, and finely spotted. - - The Marligo is the same, that is called the Marigold apple, it is a - middle sized apple, very yellow on the outside, shadowed ouer as it - were with red, and more red on one side, a reasonable well rellished - fruit. - - The Blandrill is a good apple. - - The Dauie Gentle is a very good apple. - - The Gruntlin is somewhat a long apple, smaller at the crowne then at - the stalke, and is a reasonable good apple. - - The gray Costerd is a good great apple, somewhat whitish on the - outside, and abideth the winter. - - The greene Costerd is like the other, but greener on the outside - continually. - - The Haruy apple is a faire great goodly apple, and very well - rellished. - - The Dowse apple is a sweetish apple not much accounted of. - - The Pome-paris is a very good apple. - - The Belle boon of two sorts winter and summer, both of them good - apples, and fair fruit to look on, being yellow and of a meane - bignesse. - - The pound Royall is a very great apple, of a very good and sharpe - taste. - - The Doues Bill a small apple. - - The Deusan or apple Iohn is a delicate fine fruit, well rellished - when it beginneth to be fit to be eaten, and endureth good longer - then any other apple. - - The Master William is greater then a pippin, but of no very good - rellish. - - The Master Iohn is a better tasted apple then the other by much. - - The Spicing is a well tasted fruite. - - _Pome de Rambures_} - } all faire and good apples - _Pome de Capandu_ } - } brought from France. - _Pome de Calual_ } - - The Queene apple is of two sorts, both of them great faire red - apples, and well rellished, but the greater is the best. - - The Bastard Queene apple is like the other for forme and colour, but - not so good in taste: some call this the bardfield Queening. - - The Boughton or greening is a very good and well tasted apple. - - The Leather coate apple is a good winter apple, of no great bignesse, - but of a very good and sharpe taste. - - The Pot apple is a plaine Country apple. - - The Cowsnout is no very good fruit. - - The Gildiling apple is a yellow one, not much accounted. - - The Cats head apple tooke the name of the likenesse, and is a - reasonable good apple and great. - - The Kentish Codlin is a faire great greenish apple, very good to eate - when it is ripe; but the best to coddle of all other apples. - - The Stoken apple is a reasonable good apple. - - The Geneting apple is a very pleasant and good apple. - - The Worcester apple is a very good apple, as bigge as a Pomewater. - - _Donime Couadis_ is a French apple, and of a good rellish. - - The French Goodwin is a very good apple. - - The old wife is a very good, and well rellished apple. - - The towne Crab is an hard apple, not so good to be eaten rawe as - roasted, but excellent to make Cider. - - The Virgilling apple is a reasonable good apple. - - The Crowes egge is no good rellished fruit, but noursed vp in some - places of the common people. - - The Sugar apple is so called of the sweetnesse. - - Sops in wine is so named both of the pleasantnesse of the fruit, and - beautie of the apple. - - The womans breast apple is a great apple. - - The blacke apple or pippin is a very good eating apple, and very like - a Pearemaine, both for forme and bignesse, but of a blacke sooty - colour. - - Tweenty sorts of Sweetings and none good. - - The Peare apple is a small fruit, but well rellished being ripe, and - is for shape very like vnto a small short Peare, and greene. - - The Paradise apple is a faire goodly yellow apple, but light and - spongy, and of a bitterish sweet taste, not to be commended. - - The apple without blossome, so called because although it haue a - small shew of a blossome, yet they are but small threds rather then - leaues, neuer shewing to bee like a flower, and therefore termed - without blossome: the apple is neyther good eating nor baking fruit. - - Wildings and Crabs are without number or vse in our Orchard, being - to be had out of the woods, fields and hedges rather then any where - else. - - - The Vse of Apples. - - The best sorts of Apples serue at the last course for the - table, in most mens houses of account, where, if there grow any - rare or excellent fruit, it is then set forth to be seene and - tasted. - - Diuers other sorts serue to bake, either for the Masters - Table, or the meynes sustenance, either in pyes or pans, or - else stewed in dishes with Rosewater and Sugar, and Cinamon or - Ginger cast vpon. - - Some kinds are fittest to roast in the winter time, to warme a - cup of wine, ale or beere; or to be eaten alone, for the nature - of some fruit is neuer so good, or worth the eating, as when - they are roasted. - - Some sorts are fittest to scald for Codlins, and are taken to - coole the stomacke, as well as to please the taste, hauing - Rosewater and Sugar put to them. - - Some sorts are best to make Cider of, as in the West Countrey - of England great quantities, yea many Hogsheads and Tunnes full - are made, especially to bee carried to the Sea in long voyages, - and is found by experience to bee of excellent vse, to mixe - with water for beuerage. It is vsually seene that those fruits - that are neither fit to eate raw, roasted, nor baked, are - fittest for Cider, and make the best. - - The iuice of Apples likewise, as of pippins, and pearemaines, - is of very good vse in Melancholicke diseases, helping to - procure mirth, and to expell heauinesse. - - The distilled water of the same Apples is of the like effect. - - There is a fine sweet oyntment made of Apples called _Pomatum_, - which is much vsed to helpe chapt lips, or hands, or for the - face, or any other part of the skinne that is rough with winde, - or any other accident, to supple them, and make them smooth. - - - - -CHAP. XX. - -_Cydonia._ Quinces. - - -Wee haue some diuersities of Quinces, although not many, yet more then -our elder times were acquainted with, which shall be here expressed. - -The Quince tree groweth oftentimes to the height and bignesse of a good -Apple tree, but more vsually lower, with crooked and spreading armes -and branches farre abroad, the leaues are somewhat round, and like the -leaues of the Apple tree, but thicker, harder, fuller of veines, and -white on the vnderside: the blossomes or flowers are white, now and -then dasht ouer with blush, being large and open, like vnto a single -Rose: the fruit followeth, which when it is ripe is yellow, and couered -with a white cotton or freeze, which in the younger is thicker and -more plentifull, but waxeth lesse and lesse, as the fruit ripeneth, -being bunched out many times in seuerall places, and round, especially -about the head, some greater, others smaller, some round like an -Apple, others long like a Peare, of a strong heady sent, accounted not -wholsome or long to be endured, and of no durabilitie to keepe, in the -middle whereof is a core, with many blackish seedes or kernels therein, -lying close together in cels, and compassed with a kinde of cleare -gelly, which is easier seene in the scalded fruit, then in the raw. - -The English Quince is the ordinarie Apple Quince, set downe before, and -is of so harsh a taste being greene, that no man can endure to eate it -rawe, but eyther boyled, stewed, roasted or baked; all which waies it -is very good. - -The Portingall Apple Quince is a great yellow Quince, seldome comming -to bee whole and faire without chapping; this is so pleasant being -fresh gathered, that it may be eaten like vnto an Apple without offence. - -The Portingall Peare Quince is not fit to be eaten rawe like the -former, but must be vsed after some of the waies the English Quince is -appointed, and so it will make more dainty dishes then the English, -because it is lesse harsh, will bee more tender, and take lesse sugar -for the ordering then the English kinde. - -The Barbary Quince is like in goodnesse vnto the Portingall Quince last -spoken of, but lesser in bignesse. - -The Lyons Quince. - -The Brunswicke Quince. - - - The Vse of Quinces. - - There is no fruit growing in this Land that is of so many - excellent vses as this, seruing as well to make many dishes - of meate for the table, as for banquets, and much more for - the Physicall vertues, whereof to write at large is neither - conuenient for mee, nor for this worke: I will onely briefly - recite some, as it were to giue you a taste of that plenty - remaineth therein, to bee conuerted into sundry formes: as - first for the table, while they are fresh (and all the yeare - long after being pickled vp) to be baked, as a dainty dish, - being well and orderly cookt. And being preserued whole in - Sugar, either white or red, serue likewise, not onely as an - after dish to close vp the stomacke, but is placed among other - Preserues by Ladies and Gentlewomen, and bestowed on their - friends to entertaine them, and among other sorts of Preserues - at Banquets. Codimacke also and Marmilade, Ielly and Paste, are - all made of Quinces, chiefly for delight and pleasure, although - they haue also with them some physicall properties. - - We haue for the vse of physicke, both Iuyce and Syrupe, both - Conserue and Condite, both binding and loosening medicines, - both inward and outward, and all made of Quinces. - - The Ielly or Muccilage of the seedes, is often vsed to be laid - vpon womens breasts, to heale them being sore or rawe, by their - childrens default giuing them sucke. - - Athenæus reciteth in his third booke, that one Philarchus - found, that the smell of Quinces tooke away the strength of a - certaine poison, called _Phariacum_. And the Spaniards haue - also found, that the strength of the iuyce of white Ellebor - (which the Hunters vse as a poyson to dippe their arrow heads - in, that they shoote at wilde beasts to kill them) is quite - taken away, if it stand within the compasse of the smell of - Quinces. And also that Grapes, being hung vp to bee kept, and - spent in Winter, doe quickly rot with the smell of a Quince. - - - - -CHAP. XXI. - -_Pyra._ Peares. - - -The variety of peares is as much or more then of apples, and I thinke -it is as hard in this, as before in apples, for any to be so exquisite, -as that hee could number vp all the sorts that are to be had: for wee -haue in our country so manie, as I shall giue you the names of by and -by, and are hitherto come to our knowledge: but I verily beleeue that -there be many, both in our country, and in others, that we haue not yet -knowne or heard of; for euery yeare almost wee attaine to the knowledge -of some, we knew not of before. Take therefore, according to the manner -before held, the description of one, with the seuerall names of the -rest, vntill a more exact discourse be had of them, euery one apart. - -The Peare tree groweth more slowly, but higher, and more vpright then -the apple tree, and not lesse in the bulke of the body: his branches -spread not so farre or wide, but growe vprighter and closer: the leaues -are somewhat broader and rounder, greene aboue, and whiter vnderneath -then those of the apple tree: the flowers are whiter and greater: the -fruit is longer then round for the most part, smaller at the stalke, -and greater at the head, of so many differing formes, colours, and -tastes, that hardly can one distinguish rightly between them, the times -also being as variable in the gathering and spending of them, as in -apples: the roote groweth deeper then the apple tree, and therefore -abideth longer, and giueth a faster, closer, & smoother gentle wood, -easie to be wrought vpon. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Malus Cotonea._ The Quince tree. - 2 _Cydonium Lusitanicum._ The Portingall Quince. - 3 _Pyrus._ The Peare tree. - 4 _Pyrum Pompeianum, siue Cucumerinum hyemale._ The Winter Bon - Chretien. - 5 _Pyrum pictum vel striatum._ The painted or striped Peare of - Ierusalem. - 6 _Pyrum Palatinale._ The Burgomot Peare. - 7 _Pyrum Cucumerinum siue Pompeianum æstivum._ The Summer Bon - Chretien. - 8 _Pyrum Volemam._ The best Warden. - 9 _Pyrum Librale._ The pound Peare. - 10 _Pyrum Windsorianum._ The Windsor Peare. - 11 _Pyrum Cucumerinum._ The Gratiola Peare. - 12 _Pyrum Caryophyllatum._ The Gilloflower Peare. -] - - -The kindes of Peares. - - The Summer bon Chretien is somewhat a long peare, with a greene and - yellow russetish coate, and will haue sometimes red sides; it is ripe - at Michaelmas: some vse to dry them as they doe Prunes, and keepe - them all the yeare after. I haue not seene or heard any more Summer - kindes hereof then this one, and needeth no wall to nourse it as the - other. - - The Winter bon Chretien is of many sorts, some greater, others - lesser, and all good; but the greatest and best is that kinde that - groweth at Syon: All the kinds of this Winter fruit must be planted - against a wall, or else they will both seldome beare, and bring fewer - also to ripenesse, comparable to the wall fruit: the kindes also are - according to their lasting; for some will endure good much longer - then others. - - The Summer Bergomot is an excellent well rellished peare, flattish, - & short, not long like others, of a meane bignesse, and of a darke - yellowish greene colour on the outside. - - The Winter Bergomot is of two or three sorts, being all of them small - fruit, somewhat greener on the outside then the Summer kindes; all - of them very delicate and good in their due time: for some will not - be fit to bee eaten when others are well-nigh spent, euery of them - outlasting another by a moneth or more. - - The Diego peare is but a small peare, but an excellent well rellished - fruit, tasting as if Muske had been put among it; many of them growe - together, as it were in clusters. - - The Duetete or double headed peare, so called of the forme, is a very - good peare, not very great, of a russettish browne colour on the - outside. - - The Primating peare is a good moist peare, and early ripe. - - The Geneting peare is a very good early ripe peare. - - The greene Chesill is a delicate mellow peare, euen melting as it - were in the mouth of the eater, although greenish on the outside. - - The Catherine peare is knowne to all I thinke to be a yellow red - sided peare, of a full waterish sweete taste, and ripe with the - foremost. - - The King Catherine is greater then the other, and of the same - goodnesse, or rather better. - - The Russet Catherine is a very good middle sized peare. - - The Windsor peare is an excellent good peare, well knowne to most - persons, and of a reasonable greatnesse: it will beare fruit some - times twice in a yeare (and as it is said) three times in some places. - - The Norwich peare is of two sorts, Summer and Winter, both of them - good fruit, each in their season. - - The Worster peare is blackish, a farre better peare to bake (when as - it will be like a Warden, and as good) then to eate rawe; yet so it - is not to be misliked. - - The Muske peare is like vnto a Catherine peare for bignesse, colour, - and forme; but farre more excellent in taste, as the very name - importeth. - - The Rosewater peare is a goodly faire peare, and of a delicate taste. - - The Sugar peare is an early peare, very sweete, but waterish. - - The Summer Popperin} both of them are very good dry - } firme peares, somewhat spotted, - The Winter Popperin} and brownish on the outside. - - The greene Popperin is a winter fruit, of equall goodnesse with the - former. - - The Soueraigne peare, that which I haue seene and tasted, and so - termed vnto me, was a small brownish yellow peare, but of a most - dainty taste; but some doe take a kind of Bon Chretien, called the - Elizabeth peare, to be the Soueraigne peare; how truely let others - iudge. - - The Kings peare is a very good and well tasted peare. - - The peare Royall is a great peare, and of a good rellish. - - The Warwicke peare is a reasonable faire and good peare. - - The Greenfield peare is a very good peare, of a middle size. - - The Lewes peare is a brownish greene peare, ripe about the end of - September, a reasonable well rellished fruit, and very moist. - - The Bishop peare is a middle sized peare, of a reasonable good taste, - not very waterish; but this property is oftentimes seene in it, that - before the fruit is gathered, (but more vsually those that fall of - themselues, and the rest within a while after they are gathered) will - be rotten at the core, when there will not be a spot or blemish to - bee seene on the outside, or in all the peare, vntill you come neare - the core. - - The Wilford peare is a good and a faire peare. - - The Bell peare a very good greene peare. - - The Portingall peare is a great peare, but more goodly in shew then - good indeed. - - The Gratiola peare is a kinde of Bon Chretien, called the Cowcumber - peare, or Spinola’s peare. - - The Rowling peare is a good peare, but hard, and not good before it - bee a little rowled or bruised, to make it eate the more mellow. - - The Pimpe peare is as great as the Windsor peare, but rounder, and of - a very good rellish. - - The Turnep peare is a hard winter peare, not so good to eate rawe, as - it is to bake. - - The Arundell peare is most plentifull in Suffolke, and there - commended to be a verie good peare. - - The Berry peare is a Summer peare, reasonable faire and great, and of - so good and wholsome a taste, that few or none take harme by eating - neuer so many of them. - - The Sand peare is a reasonable good peare, but small. - - The Morley peare is a very good peare, like in forme and Colour vnto - the Windsor, but somewhat grayer. - - The peare pricke is very like vnto the Greenfield peare, being both - faire, great, and good. - - The good Rewell is a reasonable great peare, as good to bake as to - eate rawe, and both wayes it is a good fruit. - - The Hawkes bill peare is of a middle size, somewhat like vnto the - Rowling peare. - - The Petworth peare is a winter peare, and is great, somewhat long, - faire, and good. - - The Slipper peare is a reasonable good peare. - - The Robert peare is a very good peare, plentifull in Suffolke and - Norfolke. - - The pound peare is a reasonable good peare, both to eate rawe, and to - bake. - - The ten pound peare, or the hundred pound peare, the truest and best, - is the best Bon Chretien of Syon, so called, because the grafts cost - the Master so much the fetching by the messengers expences, when he - brought nothing else. - - The Gilloflower peare is a winter peare, faire in shew, but hard, and - not fit to bee eaten rawe, but very good to bake. - - The peare Couteau is neither good one way nor other. - - The Binsce peare is a reasonable good winter peare, of a russetish - colour, and a small fruit: but will abide good a long while. - - The Pucell is a greene peare, of an indifferent good taste. - - The blacke Sorrell is a reasonable great long peare, of a darke red - colour on the outside. - - The red Sorrell is of a redder colour, else like the other. - - The Surrine is no very good peare. - - The Summer Hasting is a little greene peare, of an indifferent good - rellish. - - Peare Gergonell is an early peare, somewhat long, and of a very - pleasant taste. - - The white Genneting is a reasonable good peare, yet not equall to the - other. - - The Sweater is somewhat like the Windsor for colour and bignesse, but - nothing neare of so good a taste. - - The bloud red peare is of a darke red colour on the outside, but - piercing very little into the inner pulpe. - - The Hony peare is a long greene Summer peare. - - The Winter peare is of many sorts, but this is onely so called, to - bee distinguished from all other Winter peares, which haue seuerall - names giuen them, and is a very good peare. - - The Warden or Luke Wards peare of two sorts, both white and red, both - great and small. - - The Spanish Warden is greater then either of both the former, and - better also. - - The peare of Ierusalem, or the stript peare, whose barke while it is - young, is as plainly seene to be stript with greene, red, and yellow, - as the fruit it selfe is also, and is of a very good taste: being - baked also, it is as red as the best Warden, whereof Master William - Ward of Essex hath assured mee, who is the chiefe keeper of the Kings - Granary at Whitehall. - - Hereof likewise there is a wilde kinde no bigger then ones thumbe, - and striped in the like manner, but much more. - - The Choke peares, and other Wilde peares, both great and small, as - they are not to furnish our Orchard, but the Woods, Forrests, Fields, - and Hedges, so wee leaue them to their naturall places, and to them - that keep them, and make good vse of them. - - - The Vse of Peares. - - The most excellent sorts of Peares, serue (as I said before of - Apples) to make an after-course for their masters table, where - the goodnesse of his Orchard is tryed. They are dryed also, and - so are an excellent repaste, if they be of the best kindes, fit - for the purpose. - - They are eaten familiarly of all sorts of people, of some for - delight, and of others for nourishment, being baked, stewed, or - scalded. - - The red Warden and the Spanish Warden are reckoned among the - most excellent of Peares, either to bake or to roast, for the - sicke or for the sound: And indeede, the Quince and the Warden - are the two onely fruits are permitted to the sicke, to eate at - any time. - - Perry, which is the iuyce of Peares pressed out, is a drinke - much esteemed as well as Cyder, to be both drunke at home, and - carried to the Sea, and found to be of good vse in long voyages. - - The Perry made of Choke Peares, notwithstanding the harshnesse, - and euill taste, both of the fruit when it is greene, as also - of the iuyce when it is new made, doth yet after a few moneths - become as milde and pleasant as wine, and will hardly bee - knowne by the sight or taste from it: this hath beene found - true by often experience; and therefore wee may admire the - goodnesse of God, that hath giuen such faculty to so wilde - fruits, altogether thought vselesse, to become vsefull, and - apply the benefit thereof both to the comfort of our soules and - bodies. - - For the Physicall properties, if we doe as Galen teacheth vs, - _in secundo Alimentorum_, referre the qualities of Peares to - their seuerall tastes, as before he had done in Apples, we - shall not neede to make a new worke; those that are harsh and - sowre doe coole and binde, sweet do nourish and warme, and - those betweene these, to haue middle vertues, answerable to - their temperatures, &c. - - Much more might be said, both of this and the other kinds of - fruits; but let this suffice for this place and worke, vntill a - more exact be accomplished. - - - - -CHAP. XXII. - -_Nux Iuglans._ The Wallnut. - - -Although the Wallnut tree bee often planted in the middle of great -Courtyards, where by reason of his great spreading armes it taketh vp -a great deale of roome, his shadow reaching farre, so that scarce any -thing can well grow neare it; yet because it is likewise planted in fit -places or corners of Orchards, and that it beareth fruit or nuts, often -brought to the table, especially while they are freshest, sweetest, and -fitted to be eaten, let not my Orchard want his company, or you the -knowledge of it. Some doe thinke that there are many sorts of them, -because some are much greater then others, and some longer then others, -and some haue a more frangible shell then others; but I am certainly -perswaded, that the soyle and climate where they grow, are the whole -and onely cause of the varieties and differences. Indeed Virginia hath -sent vnto vs two sorts of Wallnuts, the one blacke, the other white, -whereof as yet wee haue no further knowledge. And I know that Clusius -reporteth, he tooke vp at a banquet a long Wallnut, differing in forme -and tendernesse of shell from others, which being set, grew and bore -farre tenderer leaues then the others and a little snipt about the -edges, which (as I said) might alter with the soyle and climate: and -besides you may obserue, that many of Clusius differences are very -nice, and so I leaue it. - -The Wallnut tree groweth very high and great, with a large and thicke -body or trunke, couered with a thicke clouen whitish greene barke, -tending to an ash colour; the armes are great, and spread farre, -breaking out into smaller branches, whereon doe growe long & large -leaues, fiue or seuen set together one against another, with an odde -one at the end, somewhat like vnto ashen leaues, but farre larger, and -not so many on a stalke, smooth, and somewhat reddish at the first -springing, and tender also, of a reasonable good sent, but more strong -and headie when they growe old: the fruit or nut is great and round, -growing close to the stalkes of the leaues, either by couples or by -three set together, couered with a double shell, that is to say, with -a greene thicke and soft outer rinde, and an inner hard shell, within -which the white kernell is contained, couered with a thinne yellow -rinde or peeling, which is more easily peeled away while it is greene -then afterwards, and is as it were parted into foure quarters, with a -thinne wooddy peece parting it at the head, very sweete and pleasant -while it is fresh, and for a while after the gathering; but the elder -they growe, the harder and more oily: the catkins or blowings are long -and yellow, made of many scaly leaues set close together, which come -forth early in the Spring, and when they open and fall away, vpon their -stalkes arise certaine small flowers, which turne into so many nuts. - - - The Vse of Wallnuts. - - They are often serued to the table with other fruits while they - abide fresh and sweete; and therefore many to keepe them fresh - a long time haue deuised many wayes, as to put them into great - pots, and bury them in the ground, and so take them out as they - spend them, which is a very good way, and will keepe them long. - - The small young nuts while they are tender, being preserued or - candid, are vsed among other sorts of candid fruits, that serue - at banquets. - - The iuyce of the outer greene huskes are held to be a - soueraigne remedy against either poyson, or plague, or - pestilentiall feuer. - - The distilled water of the huskes drunke with a little vinegar, - if the fits growe hot and tedious, is an approued remedy for - the same. - - The water distilled from the leaues, is effectuall to be - applyed to fluent or running vlcers, to dry and binde the - humours. - - Some haue vsed the pouder of the catkins in white wine, for the - suffocation or strangling of the mother. - - The oyle of Wallnuts is vsed to varnish Ioyners workes. As - also is accounted farre to excell Linseede oyle, to mixe a - white colour withall, that the colour bee not dimmed. It is of - excellent vse for the coldnesse, hardnesse and contracting of - the sinewes and ioynts, to warme, supple, and to extend them. - - - - -CHAP. XXIII. - -_Castanea Equina._ The Horse Chesnut. - - -Although the ordinary Chesnut is not a tree planted in Orchards, but -left to Woods, Parkes, and other such like places; yet wee haue another -sort which wee haue noursed vp from the nuts sent vs from Turky, of a -greater and more pleasant aspect for the faire leaues, and of as good -vse for the fruit. It groweth in time to be a great tree, spreading -with great armes and branches, whereon are set at seuerall distances -goodly faire great greene leaues, diuided into six, seuen, or nine -parts or leaues, euery one of them nicked about the edges, very like -vnto the leaues of _Ricinus_, or _Palma Christi_, and almost as great: -it beareth at the ends of the branches many flowers set together vpon -a long stalke, consisting of foure white leaues a peece, with many -threads in the middle, which afterwards turne into nuts, like vnto the -ordinary Chesnuts, but set in rougher and more prickly huskes: the nuts -themselues being rounder and blacker, with a white spot at the head of -each, formed somewhat like an heart, and of a little sweeter taste. - - - The Vse of this Chesnut. - - It serueth to binde and stop any maner of fluxe, be it of bloud - or humours, either of the belly or stomacke; also the much - spitting of bloud. They are roasted and eaten as the ordinary - sort, to make them taste the better. - - They are vsually in Turkie giuen to horses in their prouender, - to cure them of coughes, and helpe them being broken winded. - - - - -CHAP. XXIIII. - -_Morus._ The Mulberrie. - - -There are two sorts of Mulberries sufficiently known to most, the -blackish and the white: but wee haue had brought vs from Virginia -another sort, which is of greater respect then eyther of the other -two, not onely in regard of the raritie, but of the vse, as you shall -presently vnderstand. - - -1. _Morus nigra._ The blacke Mulberrie. - -The blacke Mulberrie tree groweth oftentimes tall and great, and -oftentimes also crooked, and spreading abroade, rather then high; for -it is subiect to abide what forme you will conforme it vnto: if by -suffering it to grow, it will mount vp, and if you will binde it, or -plash the boughes, they will so abide, and be carried ouer arbours, or -other things as you will haue it. The bodie groweth in time to bee very -great, couered with a rugged or thicke barke, the armes or branches -being smoother, whereon doe grow round thicke leaues pointed at the -ends, and nicked about the edges, and in some there are to be seene -deep gashes, making it seeme somewhat like the Vine leafe: the flowers -are certaine short dounie catkings, which turne into greene berries at -the first, afterwards red, and when they are full ripe blacke, made of -many graines set together, like vnto the blacke berrie, but longer and -greater: before they are ripe, they haue an austere and harsh taste, -but when they are full ripe, they are more sweete and pleasant; the -iuice whereof is so red, that it will staine the hands of them that -handle and eate them. - - -2. _Morus alba._ The white Mulberrie. - -The white Mulberrie tree groweth not with vs to that greatnesse or -bulke of bodie that the blacke doth, but runneth vp higher, slenderer, -more knotty, hard and brittle, with thinner spreade armes and branches: -the leaues are like the former, but not so thicke set on the branches, -nor so hard in handling, a little paler also, hauing somewhat longer -stalkes: the fruit is smaller and closer set together, greene, and -somewhat harsh before they be ripe, but of a wonderfull sweetnesse, -almost ready to procure loathing when they are thorough ripe, and -white, with such like seede in them as in the former, but smaller. - - -3. _Morus Virginiana._ The Virginia Mulberrie. - -The Virginia Mulberry tree groweth quickely with vs to be a very great -tree, spreading many armes and branches, whereon grow faire great -leaues, very like vnto the leaues of the white Mulberrie tree: the -berry or fruit is longer and redder then either of the other, and of a -very pleasant taste. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Nux Iuglans._ The Wallnut. - 2 _Castanea equina._ The horse Chestnut. - 3 _Morus nigra vel alba._ The Mulberry. - 4 _Morus Virginiana._ The Virginia Mulberry. - 5 _Laurus vulgaris._ The ordinary Bay tree. - 6 _Laurea Cerasus Virginiana._ The Virginia Cherry Bay. -] - - - The Vse of Mulberries. - - The greatest and most especiall vse of the planting of white - Mulberries, is for the feeding of Silke wormes, for which - purpose all the Easterne Countries, as Persia, Syria, Armenia, - Arabia &c. and also the hither part of Turkie, Spaine also and - Italie, and many other hot Countries doe nourish them, because - it is best for that purpose, the wormes feeding thereon, giuing - the finest and best silke; yet some are confident that the - leaues of the blacke will doe as much good as the white: but - that respect must be had to change your seede, because therein - lyeth the greatest mysterie. But there is a Booke or Tractate - printed, declaring the whole vse of whatsoeuer can belong vnto - them: I will therefore referre them thereunto, that would - further vnderstand of that matter. - - Mulberries are not much desired to be eaten, although they be - somewhat pleasant, both for that they staine their fingers and - lips that eate them, and doe quickly putrefie in the stomacke, - if they bee not taken before meate. - - They haue yet a Physicall vse, which is by reason of the - astringent quality while they are red, and before they bee - ripe, for sore mouthes and throats, or the like, whereunto also - the Syrup, called Diamoron, is effectuall. - - - - -_Corollarium._ - -A COROLLARIE - -To this Orchard. - - -There are certaine other trees that beare no fruit fit to bee eaten, -which yet are often seene planted in Orchards, and other fit and -conuenient places about an house, whereof some are of especiall vse, -as the Bay tree &c. others for their beauty and shadow are fit for -walkes or arbours; some being euer green are most fit for hedge-rowes; -and some others more for their raritie then for any other great vse, -whereof I thought good to entreat apart by themselues, and bring them -after the fruit trees of this Orchard, as an ornament to accomplish the -same. - - -1. _Laurus._ The Bay tree. - -There are to bee reckoned vp fiue kindes of Bay trees, three whereof -haue been entreated of in the first part, a fourth wee will only bring -here to your consideration, which is that kinde that is vsually planted -in euery mans yard or orchard, for their vse throughout the whole land, -the other we will leaue to bee considered of in that place is fit for -it. - -The Bay tree riseth vp oftentimes to carry the face of a tree of a -meane bignesse in our Countrey (although much greater in the hoter) and -oftentimes shooteth vp with many suckers from the roote, shewing it -selfe more like to a tall shrubbe or hedge-bush, then a tree, hauing -many branches, the young ones whereof are sometimes reddish, but -most vsually of a light or fresh greene colour, when the stemme and -elder boughes are couered with a darke greene barke: the leaues are -somewhat broad, and long pointed as it were at both the ends, hard and -sometimes crumpled on the edges, of a darke greene colour aboue, and -of a yellowish greene vnderneath, in smell sweet, in taste bitter, and -abiding euer greene: the flowers are yellow and mossie, which turne -into berries that are a little long as well as round, whose shell or -outermost peele is greene at the first, and black when it is ripe; -wherein is contained an hard bitter kernell, which cleaueth in two -parts. - - - The Vse of Bayes. - - The Bay leaues are of as necessary vse as any other in Garden - or Orchard; for they serue both for pleasure and profit, both - for ornament and for vse, both for honest Ciuill vses, and for - Physicke, yea both for the sicke and for the sound, both for - the liuing and for the dead: And so much might be said of this - one tree, that if it were all told, would as well weary the - Reader, as the Relater: but to explaine my selfe; It serueth - to adorne the house of God as well as of man: to procure - warmth, comfort and strength to the limmes of men and women, by - bathings and annoyntings outward, and by drinkes &c. inward to - the stomacke, and other parts: to season vessels &c. wherein - are preserued our meates, as well as our drinkes: to crowns or - encircle as with a garland, the heads of the liuing, and to - sticke and decke forth the bodies of the dead: so that from - the cradle to the graue we haue still vse of it, we haue still - neede of it. - - The berries likewise serue for stitches inward, and for paines - outward, that come of cold eyther in the ioynts, sinewes, or - other places. - - -2. _Laurea Cerasus, siue Laurus Virginiana._ -The Virginian Bay, or Cherry Baye. - -This Virginian (whether you will call it a Baye, or a Cherrie, or a -Cherrie Bay, I leaue it to euery ones free will and iudgement, but -yet I thinke I may as well call it a Bay as others a Cherrie, neither -of them being answerable to the tree, which neyther beareth such -berries as are like Cherries, neither beareth euer greene leaues like -the Bay: if it may therefore bee called the Virginia Cherry Bay, for -a distinction from the former Bay Cherry that beareth faire blacke -Cherries, it will more fitly agree thereunto, vntill a more proper may -be imposed) riseth vp to be a tree of a reasonable height, the stemme -or bodie thereof being almost as great as a mans legge, spreading -forth into diuers armes or boughes, and they againe into diuers small -branches, whereon are set without order diuers faire broade greene -leaues, somewhat like vnto the former Bay leaues, but more limber and -gentle, and not so hard in handling, broader also, and for the most -part ending in a point but in many somewhat round pointed, very finely -notched or toothed about the edges, of a bitter taste, very neere -resembling the taste of the Bay leafe, but of little or no sent at -all, either greene or dryed, which fall away euery autumne, and spring -afresh euery yeare: the blossomes are small and white, many growing -together vpon a long stalke, somewhat like the Bird Cherry blossomes, -but smaller, and come forth at the ends of the young branches, which -after turne into small berries, euery one set in a small cup or huske, -greene at the first, and blacke when they are ripe, of the bignesse -of a small pease, of a strong bitter taste, and somewhat aromaticall -withall, but without any fleshy substance like a Cherry at all vpon it; -for it is altogether like a berry. - - - The Vse of this Virginia Cherry Bay. - - Being a stranger in our Land, and possessed but of a very few, - I doe not heare that there hath beene any triall made thereof - what properties are in it: let this therefore suffice for this - present, to haue shewed you the description and forme thereof, - vntill we can learne further of his vses. - - -3. _Pinus._ The Pine tree. - -My purpose in this place is not to shew you all the diuersities of Pine -trees, or of the rest that follow, but of that one kinde is planted -in many places of our Land for ornament and delight, and there doth -reasonably well abide: take it therefore into this Orchard, for the -raritie and beautie of it, though we haue little other vse of it. - -The Pine tree groweth with vs, though slowely, to a very great height -in many places, with a great straight bodie, couered with a grayish -greene barke, the younger branches are set round about, with very -narrow long whitish greene leaues, which fall away from the elder, but -abide on the younger, being both winter and summer alwaies greene. It -hath growing in sundry places on the branches, certaine great hard -wooddy clogs (called of some apples, of others nuts) composed of many -hard wooddy scales, or tuberous knobs, which abide for the most part -alwaies greene in our Countrey, and hardly become brownish, as in other -Countries, where they haue more heat and comfort of the Sun, and where -the scales open themselues; wherein are contained white long and round -kernels, very sweete while they are fresh, but quickely growing oylely -and rancide. - - - The Vse of the Pine apples and kernels. - - The Cones or Apples are vsed of diuers Vintners in this City, - being painted, to expresse a bunch of grapes, whereunto they - are very like, and are hung vp in their bushes, as also to - fasten keyes vnto them, as is seene in many places. - - The kernels within the hard shels, while they are fresh or - newly taken out, are vsed many waies, both with Apothecaries, - Comfit-makers, and Cookes: for of them are made medicines, - good to lenifie the pipes and passages of the lungs and - throate, when it is hoarse. Of them are made Comfits, Pastes, - Marchpanes, and diuers other such like: And with them a cunning - Cooke can make diuers Keck shoses for his Masters table. - - Matthiolus commendeth the water of the greene apples - distilled, to take away the wrinkles in the face, to abate the - ouer-swelling breasts of Maidens, by fomenting them after with - linnen clothes, wet in the water; and to restore such as are - rauisht into better termes. - - -4. _Abies._ The Firre tree. - -The Firre tree groweth naturally higher then any other tree in these -parts of Christendome where no Cedars grow, and euen equalling or -ouer-topping the Pine: the stemme or bodie is bare without branches for -a great height, if they bee elder trees, and then branching forth at -one place of the bodie foure wayes in manner of a crosse, those boughes -againe hauing two branches at euery ioynt, on which are set on all -sides very thicke together many small narrow long hard whitish greene -leaues, and while they are young tending to yellownesse, but nothing -so long or hard or sharpe pointed as the Pine tree leaues, growing -smaller and shorter to the end of the branches: the bloomings are -certaine small long scaly catkins, of a yellowish colour, comming forth -at the ioynts of the branches, which fall away: the cones are smaller -and longer then of the Pine tree, wherein are small three square seede -contained, not halfe so big as the Pine kernels. - - - The Vse of the Firre tree. - - The vse of this tree is growne with vs of late daies to bee - more frequent for the building of houses then euer before: for - hereof (namely of Deale timber and Deale boords) are framed - many houses, and their floores, without the helpe of any other - timber or boord of any other tree almost; as also for many - other workes and purposes. The yellow Rossen that is vsed as - well to make salues as for many other common vses, is taken - from this tree, as the Pitch is both from the Pitch and Pine - trees, and is boyled to make it to bee hard, but was at the - first a yellow thin cleere Turpentine, and is that best sort of - common Turpentine is altogether in vse with vs, as also another - more thicke, whitish, and troubled, both which are vsed in - salues, both for man and beast (but not inwardly as the cleere - white Venice Turpentine is) and serueth both to draw, cleanse - and heale. Dodonæus seemeth to say, that the cleere white - Turpentine, called Venice Turpentine, is drawn from the Firre: - but Matthiolus confuteth that opinion, which Fulsius also held - before him. - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Pinus._ The Pine tree. - 2 _Abies._ The Firre tree. - 3 _Ilex._ The euer greene Oake. - 4 _Cupressus._ The Cipresse tree. - 5 _Arbutus._ The Strawberry tree. - 6 _Alaternus._ The euer greene Priuet. -] - - -5. _Ilex arbor._ The euer-greene Oake. - -The _Ilex_ or euer-greene Oake riseth in time to be a very great tree, -but very long and slow in growing (as is to be seene in the Kings priuy -Garden at Whitehall, growing iust against the backe gate that openeth -into the way going to Westminster, and in some other places) spreading -many fair large great armes and branches, whereon are set small and -hard greene leaues, somewhat endented or cornered, and prickly on the -edges, especially in the young trees, and sometimes on those branches -that are young and newly sprung forth from the elder rootes, but else -in a manner all smooth in the elder growne, abiding greene all the -winter as well as summer, and are of a grayish greene on the vnderside. -It beareth in the spring time certaine slender long branches (like as -other Okes doe) with small yellowish mossie flowers on them, which fall -away, and are vnprofitable, the acornes not growing from those places, -but from others which are like vnto those of our ordinary Oake, but -smaller and blacker, and set in a more rugged huske or cuppe. This and -no other kinde of _Ilex_ doe I know to grow in all our land in any -Garden or Orchard: for that kind with long and narrower leaues, and -not prickly, growing so plentifully as Matthiolus saith in Tuscane, -I haue not seen: and it is very probable to bee the same that Plinie -remembreth to haue the leafe of an Oliue; but not as some would haue -it, that _Smilax_ Theophrastus maketh mention of in his third Booke -and sixteenth Chapter of his Historie of Plants, which the Arcadians -so called, and had the leafe of the _Ilex_, but not prickly: for -Theophrastus saith, the timber of _Smilax_ is smooth and soft, and this -of the _Ilex_ is harder, and stronger then an Oake. - - - The Vse of the _Ilex_ or euer-greene Oake. - - Seeing this is to be accounted among the kindes of Oake (and - all Oakes by Dioscorides his opinion are binding) it is also - of the same qualitie, but a little weaker, and may serue to - strengthen weake members. The young tops and leaues are also - vsed in gargles for the mouth and throate. - - -6. _Cupressus._ The Cypresse tree. - -The Cypresse tree that is noursed vp by vs, in our Country, doth grow -in those places where it hath beene long planted, to a very great -height, whose bodie and boughes are couered with a reddish ash-coloured -bark; the branches grow not spreading, but vpright close vnto the -bodie, bushing thicke below, and small vpwards, spire fashion, those -below reaching neere halfe the way to them aboue, whereon doe grow euer -greene leaues, small, long and flat, of a resinous sweete smell, and -strong taste, somewhat bitter: the fruit, which are called nuts, grow -here and there among the boughes, sticking close vnto them, which are -small, and clouen into diuers parts, but close while they are young, of -a russetish browne colour; wherein are contained small browne seede, -but not so small as motes in the Sunne, as Matthiolus and others make -them to be. - - - The Vse of the Cypresse tree. - - For the goodly proportion this tree beareth, as also for his - euer-greene head, it is and hath beene of great account with - all Princes, both beyond, and on this side of the Sea, to plant - them in rowes on both sides of some spatious walke, which - by reason of their high growing, and little spreading, must - be planted the thicker together, and so they giue a goodly, - pleasant and sweet shadow: or else alone, if they haue not - many, in the middle of some quarter, or as they thinke meete. - The wood thereof is firme and durable, or neuer decaying, of - a brown yellow colour, and of a strong sweete smell, whereof - Chests or Boxes are made to keepe apparell, linnen, furres, and - other things, to preserue them from moths, and to giue them a - good smell. - - Many Physicall properties, both wood, leaues and nuts haue, - which here is not my purpose to vnfold, but only to tell you, - that the leaues being boyled in wine, and drunke, helpe the - difficultie of making vrine, and that the nuts are binding, - fit to bee vsed to stay fluxes or laskes, and good also for - ruptures. - - -7. _Arbutus._ The Strawberry tree. - -The Strawberry tree groweth but slowly, and riseth not to the height -of any great tree, no not in France, Italy, or Spaine: and with vs the -coldnesse of our country doth the more abate his vigour, so that it -seldome riseth to the height of a man: the barke of the body is rough, -and smooth in the younger branches: the leaues are faire and greene, -very like vnto Baye leaues, finely dented or snipped about the edges, -abiding alwayes greene thereon both Winter and Summer: the flowers come -forth at the end of the branches vpon long stalkes, not clustering -thicke together, but in long bunches, and are small, white, and hollow, -like a little bottle, or the flower of Lilly Conually, which after -turne into rough or rugged berries, most like vnto Strawberries (which -hath giuen the name to the tree) somewhat reddish when they are ripe, -of a harsh taste, nothing pleasant, wherein are contained many small -seedes: It hardly bringeth his fruit to ripenesse in our countrey; for -in their naturall places they ripen not vntill Winter, which there is -much milder then with vs. - - - The Vse of the Strawberry tree. - - Amatus Lusitanus I thinke is the first that euer recorded, that - the water distilled from the leaues and flowers hereof, should - bee very powerfull against the plague and poysons: for all the - ancient Writers doe report, that the fruit hereof being eaten, - is an enemy to the stomacke and head. And Clusius likewise - setteth downe, that at Lishbone, and other places in Portingall - where they are frequent, they are chiefly eaten, but of the - poorer sort, women and boyes. They are somewhat astringent or - binding, and therefore may well serue for fluxes. It is chiefly - noursed with vs for the beauty and rarenesse of the tree; for - that it beareth his leaues alwayes green. - - -8. _Alaternus._ The euer greene Priuet. - -The tree which we haue growing in our country called _Alaternus_, -groweth not to be a tree of any height; but abiding lowe, spreadeth -forth many branches, whereon are set diuers small and hard, greene -leaues, somewhat round for the forme, and endented a little by the -edges: it beareth many small whitish greene flowers at the ioynts of -the stalkes, and setting on of the lower leaues clustering thicke -together, which after turne into small blacke berries, wherein are -contained many small graines or seedes: the beauty and verdure of these -leaues abiding so fresh all the yeare, doth cause it to be of the -greater respect; and therefore findeth place in their Gardens onely, -that are curious conseruers of all natures beauties. - - - The Vse of the euer greene Priuet. - - It is seldome vsed for any Physicall property, neither with vs, - nor in the places where it is naturall and plentifull: but as - Clusius reporteth, hee learned that the Portingall Fishermen do - dye their nets red with the decoction of the barke hereof, and - that the Dyers in those parts doe vse the small peeces of the - wood to strike a blackish blew colour. - - -9. _Celastrus Theophrasti Clusio._ Clusius his Celastrus. - -Although the Collectour (who is thought to be Ioannes Molineus of the -great Herball or History of plants, and generally bearing Daleschampius -name, because the finding and relation of diuers herbes therein -expressed, is appropriate to him, and printed at Lyons) of all our -moderne Writers doth first of all others appoint the _Celastrus_, -whereof Theophrastus onely among all the ancient Writers of plants -maketh mention, to be the first _Alaternus_ that Clusius hath set forth -in his History of rarer plants: yet I finde, that Clusius himselfe -before his death doth appropriate that _Celastrus_ of Theophrastus -to another plant, growing in the Garden at Leyden, which formerly of -diuers had beene taken to be a kinde of _Laurus Tinus_, or the wilde -Baye; but he impugning that opinion for diuers respects, decyphreth -out that Leyden tree in the same manner that I doe: and because it is -not onely faire, in bearing his leaues alwayes greene, but rare also, -being noursed vp in our Land in very few places, but principally with a -good old Lady, the widow of Sir Iohn Leuson, dwelling neere Rochester -in Kent; I thought it fit to commend it for an ornament, to adorne this -our Garden and Orchard. It groweth vp to the height of a reasonable -tree, the body whereof is couered with a darke coloured barke, as the -elder branches are in like manner; the younger branches being greene, -whereon are set diuers leaues thicke together, two alwayes at a ioynt, -one against another, of a sad but faire greene colour on the vpperside, -and paler vnderneath, which are little or nothing at all snipped about -the edges, as large as the leaues of the _Laurus Tinus_, or wilde Baye -tree: at the end of the young branches breake forth between the leaues -diuers small stalkes, with foure or fiue flowers on each of them, of -a yellowish greene colour, which turne into small berries, of the -bignesse of blacke Cherries, greene at the first, and red when they -begin to be ripe, but growing blacke if they hang too long vpon the -branches, wherein is contained a hard shell, and a white hard kernell -within it, couered with a yellowish skin. This abideth (as I said -before) with greene leaues as well Winter as Summer; and therefore -fittest to be planted among other of the same nature, to make an euer -greene hedge. - - - The Vse of Clusius his Celastrus. - - Being so great a stranger in this part of the Christian world, - I know none hath made tryall of what property it is, but that - the taste of the leaues is somewhat bitter. - - -10. _Pyracantha._ The euer greene Hawthorne, or prickly Corall tree. - -This euer greene shrubbe is so fine an ornament to a Garden or Orchard, -either to be noursed vp into a small tree by it selfe, by pruining -and taking away the suckers and vnder branches, or by suffering it to -grow with suckers, thicke and plashing the branches into a hedge, for -that it is plyable to be ordered either way; that I could not but giue -you the knowledge thereof, with the description in this manner. The -younger branches are couered with a smooth darke blewish greene barke, -and the elder with a more ash coloured, thicke set with leaues without -order, some greater and others smaller, somewhat like both in forme and -bignesse vnto the leaues of the Barberry tree, but somewhat larger, -and more snipt about the edges, of a deeper green colour also, and -with small long thornes scattered here & there vpon the branches: the -flowers come forth as well at the ends of the branches, as at diuers -places at the ioynts of the leaues, standing thicke together, of a pale -whitish colour, a little dasht ouer with a shew of blush, consisting -of fiue leaues a peece, with some small threads in the middle, which -turne into berries, very like vnto Hawthorne berries, but much redder -and dryer, almost like polished Corall, wherein are contained foure or -fiue small yellowish white three square seede, somewhat shining. It is -thought to be the _Oxyacantha_ of Dioscorides; but seeing Dioscorides -doth explaine the forme of the leafe in his Chapter of Medlars, which -he concealed in the Chapter of _Oxyacantha_, it cannot be the same: for -_Mespilus Anthedon_ of Theophrastus, or _Aronia_ of Dioscorides, hath -the leafe of _Oxyacantha_, as Dioscorides saith, or of Smalladge, as -Theophrastus, which cannot agree to this Thorne; but doth most liuely -delineate out our white Thorne or Hawthorne, that now there is no -doubt, but that _Oxyacantha_ of Dioscorides is the Hawthorne tree or -bush. - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Celastrus Theophrasti Clusio._ Clusius his Celastrus. - 2 _Pyracantha._ The euer green prickly Corall tree. - 3 _Taxus._ The Yewe tree. - 4 _Buxus arbor._ The Boxe tree. - 5 _Buxus humilis._ The lowe or dwarfe Boxe. - 6 _Sabina._ The Sauine tree. - 7 _Paliurus._ Christs thorne. - 8 _Larix._ The Larch tree. -] - - - The Vse of this Corall tree. - - Although Lobel maketh mention of this tree to grow both in - Italy, and Prouence in France, in some of their hedges, yet - he saith it is neglected in the naturall places, and to be - of no vse with them: neither doe I heare, that it is applyed - to any Physicall vse with vs, but (as I before said) it is - preserued with diuers as an ornament to a Garden or Orchard, by - reason of his euer greene leaues, and red berries among them, - being a pleasant spectacle, and fit to be brought into the - forme of an hedge, as one please to lead it. - - -11. _Taxus._ The Yewe tree. - -The Yewe tree groweth with vs in many places to bee a reasonable great -tree, but in hoter countries much bigger, couered with a reddish gray -scaly barke; the younger branches are reddish likewise, whereon grow -many winged leaues, that is, many narrow long darke greene leaues, -set on both sides of a long stalke or branch, neuer dying or falling -away, but abiding on perpetually, except it be on the elder boughes: -the flowers are small, growing by the leaues, which turne into round -red berries, like vnto red Asparagus berries, in taste sweetish, with -a little bitternesse, and causing no harme to them for any thing hath -been knowne in our country. - - - The Vse of the Yewe tree. - - It is found planted both in the corners of Orchards, and - against the windowes of Houses, to be both a shadow and an - ornament, in being alwayes greene, and to decke vp Houses - in Winter: but ancient Writers haue euer reckoned it to be - dangerous at the least, if not deadly. - - -12. _Buxus._ The Boxe tree. - -The Boxe tree in some places is a reasonable tall tree, yet growing -slowly; the trunke or body whereof is of the bignesse of a mans thigh, -which is the biggest that euer I saw: but sometimes, and in other -places it groweth much lower, vsually not aboue a yard, or a yard and -a halfe high, on the backe sides of many Houses, and in the Orchards -likewise: the leaues are small, thicke and hard, and still the greater -or lesser the tree is, the greater or lesser are the leaues, round -pointed, and of a fresh shining greene colour: the flowers are small -and greenish, which turne into heads or berries, with foure hornes, -whitish on the outside, and with reddish seede within them. - -[Sidenote: _Buxus aureus._ Gilded Boxe.] - -There is another kinde hereof but lately come to our knowledge, -which differeth not in any thing from the former, but onely that -all the leaues haue a yellow lift or gard about the edge of them on -the vpperside, and none on the lower, which maketh it seeme very -beautifull; and is therefore called gilded Boxe. - -[Sidenote: _Buxus humilis._ Dwarfe Boxe.] - -We haue yet another kinde of Boxe, growing small and lowe, not aboue -halfe a foote, or a foote high at the most, vnlesse it be neglected, -which then doth grow a little more shrubby, bearing the like leaues, -but smaller, according to the growth, and of a deeper greene colour: -I could neuer know that this kinde euer bore flower or seede, but is -propagated by slipping the roote, which encreaseth very much. - - - The Vse of Boxe. - - The wood of the Boxe tree is vsed in many kindes of small - works among Turners, because it is hard, close, and firme, - and as some haue said, the roots much more, in regard of the - diuers waues and crooked veines running through it. It hath no - Physicall vse among the most and best Physitians, although some - haue reported it to stay fluxes, and to be as good as the wood - of _Guaiacum_, or _Lignum vitæ_ for the French disease. The - leaues and branches serue both Summer and Winter to decke vp - houses; and are many times giuen to horses for the bots. - - The lowe or dwarfe Boxe is of excellent vse to border vp a - knot, or the long beds in a Garden, being a maruailous fine - ornament thereunto, in regard it both groweth lowe, is euer - greene, and by cutting may bee kept in what maner euery one - please, as I haue before spoken more largely. - - -13. _Sabina._ The Sauine tree or bush. - -The Sauine tree or bush that is most vsuall in our country, is a small -lowe bush, not so high as a man in any place, nor so bigge in the -stemme or trunke as a mans arme, with many crooked bending boughes and -branches, whereon are set many small, short, hard, and prickly leaues, -of a darke green colour, fresh and green both Winter and Summer: it is -reported, that in the naturall places it beareth small blacke berries, -like vnto Iuniper, but with vs it was neuer knowne to beare any. - - - The Vse of Sauine. - - It is planted in out-yards, backsides, or voide places of - Orchards, as well to cast clothes thereon to dry, as for - medicines both for men and horses: being made into an oyle, it - is good to annoint childrens bellies for to kill the Wormes: - and the powder thereof mixed with Hogs grease, to annoint the - running sores or scabs in their heads; but beware how you giue - it inwardly to men, women, or children. It is often put into - horses drenches, to helpe to cure them of the bots, and other - diseases. - - -14. _Paliurus._ Christs thorne. - -This thorny shrubbe (wherewith as it is thought, our Sauiour Christ was -crowned, because as those that haue trauelled through Palestina and -Iudæa, doe report no other thorne doth grow therein so frequent, or so -apt to be writhed) riseth in some places to a reasonable height, but in -our country seldome exceedeth the height of a man, bearing many slender -branches, full of leaues, set on either side thereof one by one, which -are somewhat broad and round, yet pointed, and full of veines, thicke -set also with small thornes, euen at the foote of euery branch, and at -the foote of euery leafe one or two, some standing vpright, others a -little bending downe: the flowers are small and yellow, standing for -the most part at the end of the branches, many growing vpon a long -stalke, which after turne into round, flat, and hard shelly fruit, yet -couered with a soft fleshy skinne, within which are included two or -three hard, small, and browne flat seeds, lying in seuerall partitions. -The leaues hereof fall away euery yeare, and spring forth afresh againe -the next May following. The rarity and beauty of this shrubbe, but -chiefly (as I thinke) the name hath caused this to be much accounted of -with all louers of plants. - - - The Vse of Christs thorne. - - Wee haue so few of these shrubbes growing in our country, and - those that are, doe, for any thing I can vnderstand, neuer - beare fruit with vs; that there is no other vse made hereof - then to delight the owners: but this is certainly receiued for - the _Paliurus_ of Dioscorides and Theophrastus, and thought - also by Matthiolus to be the very true _Rhamnus tertius_ of - Dioscorides. Matthiolus also seemeth to contradict the opinion - is held by the Physitians of Mompelier, and others, that it - cannot be the _Paliurus_ of Theophrastus. It is held to be - effectuall to helpe to breake the stone, both in the bladder, - reines, and kidneyes; the leaues and young branches haue an - astringent quality, and good against poysons and the bitings of - serpents. - - -15. _Larix._ The Larch tree. - -The Larch tree, where it naturally groweth, riseth vp to be as tall as -the Pine or Firre tree, but in our Land being rare, and noursed vp but -with a few, and those onely louers of rarities, it groweth both slowly, -and becommeth not high: the barke hereof is very rugged and thicke, the -boughes and branches grow one aboue another in a very comely order, -hauing diuers small yellowish knobs or bunches set thereon at seuerall -distances; from whence doe yearely shoote forth many small, long, and -narrow smooth leaues together, both shorter and smaller, and not so -hard or sharpe pointed as either the Pine or Firre tree leaues, which -doe not abide the Winter as they doe, but fall away euery yeare, as -other trees which shed their leaues, and gaine fresh euery Spring: the -blossomes are very beautifull and delectable, being of an excellent -fine crimson colour, which standing among the greene leaues, allure -the eyes of the beholders to regard it with the more desire: it also -beareth in the naturall places (but not in our Land that I could heare) -small soft cones or fruit, somewhat like vnto Cypresse nuts, when they -are greene and close. - - - The Vse of the Larch tree. - - The coles of the wood hereof (because it is so hard and durable - as none more) is held to be of most force being fired, to cause - the Iron oare to melt, which none other would doe so well. - Matthiolus contesteth against Fuchsius, for deeming the Venice - Turpentine to be the liquid Rossen of the Firre tree, which he - assureth vpon his owne experience and certaine knowledge, to - be drawne from this Larch tree, and none other; which cleere - Turpintine is altogether vsed inwardly, and no other, except - that of the true Turpintine tree, and is very effectuall to - cleanse the reines, kidneyes, and bladder, both of grauell - and the stone, and to prouoke vrine: it is also of especiall - property for the _gonorrhæa_, or running of the reines, as it - is called, with some powder of white Amber mixed therewith, - taken for certaine dayes together. Taken also in an Electuary, - it is singular good for to expectorate rotten flegme, and to - helpe the consumption of the lungs. It is vsed in plaisters - and salues, as the best sort of Turpintine. The Agaricke that - is vsed in physicke, is taken from the bodies and armes of - this tree. And Matthiolus doth much insist against Brasauolus, - that thought other trees had produced Agaricke, affirming them - to be hard _Fungi_, or Mushroms (such as wee call Touch-wood) - wherwith many vse to take fire, strooke thereinto from steele. - - -16. _Tilia._ The Line or Linden tree. - -There are two sorts of Line trees, the male and the female; but because -the male is rare to be seene, and the female is more familiar, I will -onely giue you the description of the female, and leaue the other. - -The female Line tree groweth exceeding high and great, like vnto an -Elme, with many large spreading boughes, couered with a smooth barke, -the innermost being very plyant and bending from whence come smaller -branches, all of them so plyable, that they may bee led or carried into -any forme you please: the leaues thereon are very faire, broad, and -round, somewhat like vnto Elme leaues, but fairer, smoother, and of a -fresher greene colour, dented finely about the edges, and ending in a -sharpe point: the flowers are white, and of a good smell, many standing -together at the top of a stalke, which runneth all along the middle -ribbe of a small long whitish leafe; after which come small round -berries, wherein is contained small blackish seede: this tree is wholly -neglected by those that haue them, or dwell neere them, because they -suppose it to be fruitlesse, in regard it beareth chaffie huskes, which -in many places fall away, without giuing ripe seede. - - -[Illustration: - - 1 _Tilia famina._ The Line or Linden tree. - 2 _Tamariscus._ The Tamariske tree. - 3 _Acer maius latifolium._ The Sycomore tree. - 4 _Staphylodendron._ The bladder nut. - 5 _Rhus Myrtifolia._ The Mirtle leafed Sumach. - 6 _Rhus Virginiana._ The Bucks horne tree. - 7 _Vitis seu potius Hedera Virginensis._ The Virginia Vine or rather - Iuie. -] - - - The Vse of the Line tree. - - It is planted both to make goodly Arbours, and Summer - banquetting houses, either belowe vpon the ground, the boughes - seruing very handsomely to plash round about it, or vp higher, - for a second aboue it, and a third also: for the more it is - depressed, the better it will grow. And I haue seene at Cobham - in Kent, a tall or great bodied Line tree, bare without boughes - for eight foote high, and then the branches were spread round - about so orderly, as if it were done by art, and brought to - compasse that middle Arbour: And from those boughes the body - was bare againe for eight or nine foote (wherein might bee - placed halfe an hundred men at the least, as there might be - likewise in that vnderneath this) & then another rowe of - branches to encompasse a third Arbour, with stayres made for - the purpose to this and that vnderneath it: vpon the boughes - were laid boards to tread vpon, which was the goodliest - spectacle mine eyes euer beheld for one tree to carry. - - The coles of the wood are the best to make Gunpowder. And being - kindled, and quenched in vinegar, are good to dissolue clotted - bloud in those that are bruised with a fall. The inner barke - being steeped in water yeeldeth a slimie iuyce, which is found - by experience, to be very profitable for them that haue been - burnt with fire. - - -17. _Tamarix._ Tamariske tree. - -The Tamariske tree that is common in our country, although in some -places it doth not grow great, yet I haue seene it in some other, to be -as great as a great apple tree in the body, bearing great arms; from -whose smaller branches spring forth young slender red shootes, set -with many very fine, small, and short leaues, a little crisped, like -vnto the leaues of Sauine, not hard or rough, but soft and greene: the -flowers be white mossie threads, which turne into dounie seede, that is -carried away with the winde. - -[Sidenote: _Tamariscus solijs albidis._ White Tamariske.] - -There is another kinde hereof very beautifull and rare, not to be seene -in this Land I thinke, but with Mʳ. William Ward, the Kings seruant in -his Granary, before remembred, who brought me a small twigge to see -from his house at Boram in Essex, whose branches are all red while they -are young, and all the leaues white, abiding so all the Summer long, -without changing into any shew of greene like the other and so abideth -constant yeare after yeare, yet shedding the leaues in Winter like the -other. - - - The Vse of Tamariske. - - The greatest vse of Tamariske is for spleneticke diseases, - either the leaues or the barke made into drinkes; or the wood - made into small Cans or Cups to drinke in. - - -18. _Acer maius latifolium._ The great Maple or Sycomore tree. - -The Sycomore tree, as we vsually call it (and is the greatest kind of -Maple, cherished in our Land onely in Orchards, or elsewhere for shade -and walkes, both here in England, and in some other countries also) -groweth quickly to bee a faire spreading great tree, with many Boughes -and branches, whose barke is somewhat smooth: the leaues are very -great, large, and smooth, cut into foure or fiue diuisions, and ending -into so many corners, euery one standing on a long reddish stalke: -the bloomings are of a yellowish green colour, growing many together -on each side of a long stalke, which after turne into long and broad -winged seede, two alwaies standing together on a stalke, and bunched -out in the middle, where the seed or kernell lyeth, very like vnto the -common Maple growing wilde abroad, but many more together, and larger. - - - The Vse of the Sycomore tree. - - It is altogether planted for shady walkes, and hath no other - vse with vs that I know. - - -19. _Nux Vesicaria._ The bladder Nut. - -This tree groweth not very high, but is of a meane stature, when it is -preserued and pruined to grow vpright, or else it shooteth forth many -twigges from the rootes, and so is fit to plant in a hedge rowe, as it -is vsed in some places: the body and armes are couered with a whitish -greene barke: the branches and leaues on them are like vnto the Elder, -hauing three or fiue leaues set one against another, with one of them -at the end, each whereof is nicked or dented about the edges: the -flowers are sweete and white, many growing together on a long stalke, -hanging downeward, in forme resembling a small Daffodill, hauing a -small round cup in the middle, and leaues about it: after which come -the fruit, inclosed in russetish greene bladders, containing one or -two brownish nuts, lesser then Hasell nuts, whose outer shell is not -hard and woody, like the shell of a nut, but tough, and hard withall, -not easie to breake, within which is a greene kernell, sweetish at the -first, but lothsome afterwards, ready to procure casting, and yet liked -of some people, who can well endure to eate them. - - - The Vse of the Bladder Nut. - - The greatest vse that I know the tree or his fruit is put vnto, - is, that it is receiued into an Orchard, either for the rarity - of the kinde, being suffered to grow into a tree, or (as I said - before) to make an hedge, being let grow into suckers. - - Some Quacksaluers haue vsed these nuts as a medicine of rare - vertue for the stone, but what good they haue done, I neuer yet - could learne. - - -20. _Rhus Myrtifolia._ The Mirtle leafed Sumach. - -This lowe shrubbe groweth seldome to the height of a man, hauing -many slender branches, and long winged leaues set thereon, euery one -whereof is of the bignesse of the broad or large Mirtle leafe, and set -by couples all the length of the ribbe, running through the middle of -them. It beareth diuers flowers at the tops of the branches, made of -many purple threads, which turne into small blacke berries, wherein -are contained small, white, and rough seed, somewhat like vnto Grape -kernels or stones. This vseth to dye down to the ground in my Garden -euery Winter, and rise vp again euery Spring, whether the nature -thereof were so, or the coldnesse of our climate the cause thereof, I -am not well assured. It is also rare, and to be seen but with a few. - - - The Vse of this Sumach. - - It is vsed to thicken or tanne leather or hides, in the same - manner that the ordinary Sumach doth; as also to stay fluxes - both in men and women. - - -21. _Rhus Virginiana._ -The Virginia Sumach, or Buckes horne tree of Virginia. - -This strange tree becommeth in some places to bee of a reasonable -height and bignesse, the wood whereof is white, soft, and pithy in -the middle, like vnto an Elder, couered with a darke coloured barke, -somewhat smooth: the young branches that are of the last yeares growth -are somewhat reddish or browne, very soft and smooth in handling, -and so like vnto the Veluet head of a Deere, that if one were cut off -from the tree, and shewed by it selfe, it might soone deceiue a right -good Woodman, and as they grow seeme most like thereunto, yeelding a -yellowish milke when it is broken, which in a small time becommeth -thicke like a gumme: the leaues grow without order on the branches, but -are themselues set in a seemly order on each side of a middle ribbe, -seuen, nine, ten, or more on a side, and one at the end, each whereof -are somewhat broad and long, of a darke greene colour on the vpperside, -and paler greene vnderneath, finely snipped or toothed round about the -edges: at the ends of the branches come forth long and thicke browne -tufts, very soft, and as it were woolly in handling, made all of short -threads or thrums; from among which appeare many small flowers, much -more red or crimson then the tufts, which turne into a very small -seede: the roote shooteth forth young suckers farre away, and round -about, whereby it is mightily encreased. - - - The Vse of this Sumach. - - It is onely kept as a rarity and ornament to a Garden or - Orchard, no bodie, that I can heare of, hauing made any tryall - of the Physicall properties. - - -22. _Vitis, seu potius Hedera Virginensis._ -The Virginia Vine, or rather Iuie. - -This slender, but tall climing Virginia Vine (as it was first called; -but Iuie, as it doth better resemble) riseth out of the ground with -diuers stems, none much bigger then a mans thumbe, many lesse; from -whence shoote forth many long weake branches, not able to stand -vpright, vnlesse they be sustained: yet planted neere vnto a wall or -pale, the branches at seuerall distances of the leaues will shoote -forth small short tendrels, not twining themselues about any thing, but -ending into foure, fiue, or six, or more small short and somewhat broad -clawes, which will fasten like a hand with fingers so close thereunto, -that it will bring part of the wall, morter, or board away with it, if -it be pulled from it, and thereby stay it selfe, to climbe vp to the -toppe of the highest chimney of a house, being planted thereat: the -leaues are crumpled, or rather folded together at the first comming -forth, and very red, which after growing forth, are very faire, large, -and greene, diuided into foure, fiue, six, or seuen leaues, standing -together vpon a small foote-stalke, set without order on the branches, -at the ends whereof, as also at other places sometime, come forth -diuers short tufts of buds for flowers; but we could neuer see them -open themselues, to shew what manner of flower it would be, or what -fruit would follow in our country: the roote spreadeth here and there, -and not very deepe. - - - The Use of this Virginian. - - We know of no other vse, but to furnish a Garden, and to - encrease the number of rarities. - - -And thus haue I finished this worke, and furnished it with whatsoeuer -Art and Nature concurring, could effect to bring delight to those -that liue in our Climate, and take pleasure in such things; which how -well or ill done, I must abide euery ones censure: the iudicious and -courteous I onely respect, let Momus bite his lip, and eate his heart; -and so Farewell. - - -_FINIS._ - - - - -Index omnium stirpium - -quæ in hoc opere continentur. - - - A. - - _Abies_, page 600 - - _Abrotanum fæminum, siue Santolina_, 449 - - _Acanthus Aculeatus_, 330 - - _Acanthus sativus_, ibid - - _Acer maius siue Sycomorus_, 610 - - _Acetosa_, 486 - - _Aconitum bacciferum, +i.e.+ Christophoriana_, 214 - - _Aconitum flore albido_, 214 - - _Aconitum hyemale_, ibid - - _Aconitum luteum Ponticum_, ibid - - _Aconitum salutiferum_, 216 - - _Admirabilis pervana_, 364 - - _Æthiopis_, 385 - - _Aglaophotis, +i.e.+ Pæonia_ - - _Alaternus_, 603 - - _Albucum_, 148 - - _Alcea Ægyptia siue Bamia_, 369 - - _Alcea Americana_, 368 - - _Alcea fruticosa pentaphyllea_, ib - - _Alcea peregrina siue vesicaria_, ib - - _Alisma Dodonæi, +i.e.+ Saponaria_ - - _Alisma Dioscoridis Fab. Columna, +i.e.+ Auricula Vrsi_ - - _Alisma syluarum, +i.e.+ Paralysis_ - - _Allium_, 513 - - _Althæa frutex_, 369 - - _Amaracus, +i.e.+ Maiorana_ - - _Amarella, +i.e.+ Matricaria_ - - _Amaranthus panniculis sparsis_, 371 - - _Amaranthus purpureus_, ib - - _Amaranthus tricolor_, ib - - _Amaranthus luteus, +i.e.+ Heliocrysum_ - - _Ambreboi, +i.e.+ Cyanus Orientalis_ - - _Amellus Virgilij, +i.e.+ Aster Atticus Italorum_ - - _Amomum Plinij, +i.e.+ Pseudocapsicum Dodonæi_ - - _Amygdalus_, 583 - - _Anagyris altera, +i.e.+ Laburnum_ - - _Anchusa_, 251 - - _Anemone eiusque species_, 199 _ad_ 214 - - _Anethum_, 494 - - _Angelica_, 529 - - _Anthemis flore luteo_, 294 - - _Anthemis Leucanthemis, +i.e.+ Chamemælum_ - - _Anthericos_, 148 - - _Antimelum, +i.e.+ Mandragoras_ - - _Antirrhinum_, 269 - - _Apium_, 491 - - _Apocynum Syriacum_, 444 - - _Apocynum Virginianum_, 445 - - _Aquilegia_, 271 - - _Arbor Alpina Plinij, +i.e.+ Laburnum_ - - _Arbor Iudæ_, 437 - - _Arbor Vitæ_, 438 - - _Arbutus_, 603 - - _Argyrocome, +i.e.+ Gnaphalium Americanum_ - - _Armerius_, 319 - - _Armoraria pratensis_, 256 - - _Armoraria altera, +i.e.+ Muscipula Lobelij_ - - _Arthanita, +i.e.+ Cyclamen_ - - _Arthritica, +i.e.+ Paralysis_ - - _Arundo Indica, siue Canna Indica_, 376 - - _Asarum_, 532 - - _Asparagus_, 503 - - _Asphodelus bulbosus albus_, 138 - - _Asphodelus bulbosus Galeni_, ibid - - _Asphodelus hyacinthinus, +i.e.+ bulbosus_ - - _Asphodelus maior albus_, 146 - - _Asphodelus minor luteus, +i.e.+ Hastula regia_ - - _Aster Atticus Italorum_, 299 - - _Aster Pervanus Columnæ, +i.e.+ Battatas de Canada_ - - _Attamusco, +i.e.+ Narcissus Virginianus_ - - _Atriplex, +i.e.+ Olus aureum_ - - _Auellana, & Byzantina_ - - _Aurelia, +i.e.+ Chrysocome_ - - _Auricula muris maior, +i.e.+ Pulmonaria Gallorum_ - - _Auricula Vrsi eiusque species_, 235 - - - B. - - _Balaustium_, 430 - - _Balsamina fæmina & Balsamella_, 278 - - _Balsamita mas & fæmina_, 482 - - _Balsamum alpinum, +i.e.+ Ledum Alpinum_, 424 - - _Bamia, +i.e.+ Alcea Ægyptia_ - - _Baptisecula, +i.e.+ Cyanus_ - - _Barba hirci, +i.e.+ Tragopogon_ - - _Battatas Hispanorum, Virginianum, & Canadense_, 518 - - _Behen rubrum, +i.e.+ Valeriana rubra Dodonæi_ - - _Bellis cærulea siue Globularia_, 321 - - _Bellis maior flore pleno_, 322 - - _Bellis minor flore pleno eiusque species_, ibid - - _Belvidere Italorum, +i.+ Scoparia, siue Linaria magna_, 268 - - _Ben rubrum Monspeliense, +i.+ Muscipula Lobelij_ - - _Berberis_, 561 - - _Beta_, 488 - - _Binizade & Binizante, +i.+ Anemone tenuifolia_ - - _Blattaria_, 383 - - _Blito de tre colori_, 372 - - _Blitum_, 488 - - _Bolbonach, +i.+ Viola lunaris & latifoliæ_, 265 - - _Borrago, Borrago semper virens_, 249 - - _Botanaria, +i.+ Globularia_ - - _Branca vrsina, +i.+ Acanthus sativus_ - - _Brassica eiusque species_, 503 - - _Bubonium siue Inguinalis, +i.+ Aster Atticus Italorum_ - - _Bulbus agrestis, +i.+ Colchicum_ - - _Buccinum Romanorum, +i.+ Delphinium_ - - _Bulbus Eriophorus_, 124 - - _Bulbus esculentus Lacunæ, +i.+ Ornithogalum luteum_, 140 - - _Bulbus Leucanthemos, +i.+ Ornithogalum album_ - - _Bulbus vnifolius_, 140 - - _Bulbus vomitorius Matthioli, +i.+ Muscari_ - - _Buglossum_, 249 - - _Buglossum Hispanicum, +i.+ Anchusa_ - - _Buglossum luteum_, 486 - - _Bunias dulcis, +i.+ Napus_, 509 - - _Buphthalmum_, 293 - - _Buphthalmum maius, +i.+ Helleborus niger ferulaceus_ - - _Buxus arbor. Buxus humilis, & Buxus versicolibus folijs_, 606 - - - C. - - _Cacalia Loniceri, +i.+ Lilium Conuallium_ - - _Calcaris flos, +i.+ Delphinium_ - - _Calceolus Mariæ_, 367 - - _Calendula maxima & simplex_, 296, 298 - - _Callionymus Gesneri, +i.+ Lilium conuallium_ - - _Caltha, +i.+ Calendula_ - - _Caltha Africana, +i.+ Flos Africanus_ - - _Caltha palustris flore pleno_, 224 - - _Camomilla vulgaris, & flore pleno_, 290 - - _Campanula maior pyramidalis_, 354 - - _Campana lazura, +i.+ Convolvulus cæruleus maior_, 359 - - _Campanula persicifolia alba & cærulea_, 353 - - _Canicida, +i.+ Aconitum luteum Ponticum_ - - _Canis cerebrum, +i.+ Antirrhinum_ - - _Cannacorus, +i.+ Canna Indica_ - - _Canna Indica flore luteo punctato_, 376 - - _Canna Indica flore rubro_, ibid - - _Cantabrica Plinij, +i.+ Caryophyllus_ - - _Capnos fabacea radice, +i.+ Radix caua minor_, 275 - - _Caprifolium perfoliatum siue Italicum_, 405 - - _Cardamine flore pleno, & trifolia_, 389 - - _Carduus benedictus_, 530 - - _Carduus Eriocephalus, +i.+ tomentosus_, 332 - - _Carduus mollis_ 330 - - _Carlina humilis_ 332 - - _Carthamus siue Cnicus sativus_, 329 - - _Carum_, 515 - - _Caryophylli maiores & maximi_, 316 - - _Caryophylli syluestres_, 314 - - _Caryophyllus marinus & mediterraneus_, 317 - - _Caryophyllus Indicus, +i.+ Flos Africanus_ - - _Cassaua, +i.+ Iucca_, 434 - - _Cavala lale, +i.+ Tulipæ præcoces_ - - _Caffalale, +i.+ Tulipa mediæ_ - - _Caucason, +i.+ Moly Indicum_ - - _Caulis vulgaris, Crispa, Sabaudica_, 504 - - _Caulis florida_, ibid - - _Caulo rapum_, ibid - - _Cedrus Lycia_, 436 - - _Celastrus_, 603 - - _Cepa alba, rubra &c._, 510 - - _Cerasa Indiana_, 432 - - _Cerasus flore pleno_, 402 - - _Cerasorum diuersitas_, 571 - - _Cerasus Trapezuntina, +i.+ Laurocerasus_ - - _Cercis_, 437 - - _Cerefolium maius & vulgare_, 494 - - _Cervicaria, +i.+ Trachelium_ - - _Chamæcistus Frisicus_, 424 - - _Chamæcyparissus, +i.+ Santolina_ - - _Chamædaphne_, 498 - - _Chamædrys_, 456 - - _Chamæiris angustifolia_, 187 - - _Chamæiris latifolia_, 186 - - _Chamælæa Alpina_, 397 - - _Chamælæa Germanica, +i.+ Mesereon_, 397 - - _Chamælea tricoccos_, ibid - - _Chamælea, vide Carlina_ - - _Chamæmalus, +i.+ Malus Paradiseus_ - - _Chamæmelum, +i.+ Camomilla_ - - _Chamænerium flore Delphinij_, 270 - - _Chamæpauce Cordi, +i.+ Ledum Silesiacum_ - - _Chamærhododendros Chamælææfolio Lobelij, +i.+ Ledum Alpinum_ - - _Charantia fœmina, +i.+ Balsamina fæmina_ - - _Cheiri siue Keiri, +i.+ Leucoium luteum_, 256 - - _Chondrilla aurea, +i.+ Pilosella maior_, 300 - - _Chrysanthemum odoratum, +i.+ Chamæmelum nudum_ - - _Chrysanthemum Peruvianum, +i.+ Flos Solis_ - - _Chrysanthemum Creticum_, 295 - - _Chrysocome siue Stœchas citrina_, 374 - - _Cichorium_, 495 - - _Cinara alba, rubra, moschata &c._, 518 - - _Circæa, +i.+ Mandragoras_ - - _Cistus annuus_, 422 - - _Cistus mas_, 421 - - _Cistus fæmina_, 422 - - _Cistus Ledon_, ibid - - _Claues sancti Petri, +i.+ Paralysis_ - - _Clematis Daphnoides, +i.+ Vinca peruinca_, 391 - - _Clematis altera siue vrens flore albo_, ibid - - _Clematis peregrina flore rubro_, 392 - - _Clematis peregrina flore purpureo_, ibid - - _Clematis peregrina flore purpureo pleno_, ibid - - _Clematis peregrina flore carneo pleno_, 393 - - _Clematis cærulea Pannonica_, ibid - - _Clematis surrecta siue Flammula Iouis_, ibid - - _Clematis flore albo plena, vel surrecta flore duplici_, 392 - - _Clematis Virginiana, +i.+ Maracoc_, 393 - - _Clymenum Matthioli, +i.+ Lathyrus latifolius siue sum perenne_ - - _Cneorum Matthioli_, 397 - - _Cneorum nigrum & album Theophrasti_, 426 - - _Cnicus siue Carthamus sativus_, 329 - - _Colchicum Anglicum Byzantinum &c._, 154 _&c._ - - _Colchicum vernum_, 158 - - _Colytea Theophrasti_, 438 - - _Colutea vulgaris, & Scorpioides_, 440 - - _Coma aurea siue Heliochrysum_ - - _Condrilla aurea, +i.+ Pilosella maior_ - - _Consolida minor, +i.+ Bellis minor vulgaris_ - - _Consolida regalis, +i.+ Delphinium_ - - _Convolvulus Americanus_, 358 - - _Convolvulus cæruleus maior_, 357 - - _Convolvulus cæruleus minor_, 358 - - _Convolvulus purpureus maior_, ibid - - _Convolvulus purpureus minor spicæfolijs_, 359 - - _Colchorus Dalechampij, +i.+ Pilosella maior_ - - _Cornus mas fructu albo, rubro_, 570 - - _Corona Imperialis_, 28 - - _Cortusa Matthioli_, 240 - - _Corydalis_, 276 - - _Cosmosandalos, +i.+ Calceolus Mariæ_ - - _Costus hortorum maior & minor_, 482 - - _Cotonea malus_, 589 - - _Cotyledon altera minor, & flore rubro_, 232 - - _Crocus vernus albus, purpureus &c._, 160 _ad_, 170 - - _Crocus Hispanicus, +i.+ Carthami flores_ - - _Cucumis hortensis_, 524 - - _Cuminum syluestre alterum Dioscoridis Matthiolo, +i.+ Delphinium_ - - _Cupressus_, 601 - - _Cyanus Bætitus supinus_, 327 - - _Cyanus floridus Turcicus_, ibid - - _Cyanus minor variorum colorum_, 326 - - _Cyanus Orientalis, +i.+ floridus Turcicus_ - - _Cyclamen Antiochenum_, 196 - - _Cyclamen autumnale hederæfolio_, ibid - - _Cyclamen vernum. Veronense &c._, 195 - - _Cyclaminus idem_ - - _Cydonia malus_, 589 - - _Cyprus Plinij, +i.+ Ligustrum Orientale_ 411, 445 - - _Cytisus vulgaris. Marantha &c._, 440 - - - D. - - _Dactylus Trapezuntinus, +i.+ Laurocerasus_ - - _Daphnoides, +i.+ Laureola_, 398 - - _Datura Turcarum, +i.+ Stramonium_ - - _Delphinium_, 276 - - _Delphinium buccinum, +i.+ Chamænerium_ - - _Delphinium Hispanicum parvum_, 277 - - _Dens caninus_, 193 - - _Dentali, +i.+ Dens caninus_ - - _Devebohini, +i.+ Narcissus media purpureus_ - - _Dictamus albus & Diptamus albus, +i.+ Fraxinella_ - - _Digitalis_, 380 - - _Diosanthos Theophrasti Dalechampio, +i.+ Aquilegia_ - - _Diosanthos, siue Iouis flos, +i.+ Caryophyllus_ - - _Dipcadi, +i.+ Muscari_ - - _Draba siue Arabis Dodonæi, +i.+ Thlaspi Creticum_ - - _Dracoherba, seu Tarchon_, 500 - - _Dracunculus maior_, 529 - - - E. - - _Eleborine flore albo &c._, 347 - - _Elleborus albus vulgaris & præcox_, 346 - - _Elleborus niger, vel Helleborus niger_, 344 - - _Endiuia_, 495 - - _Ephemerum lethale, +i.+ Colchicum_ - - _Ephemerum non lethale, +i.+ Lilium conuallium_ - - _Ephemerum Virginianum_, 152 - - _Epimedium_, 283 - - _Eranthemum, +i.+ Flos Adonidis_ - - _Eriphium Galens, +i.+ Radix caua_ - - _Eruca satiua_, 502 - - _Eryngium Montanum siue Pannonicum_, 330 - - - F. - - _Faba vulgaris_, 521 - - _Fabago, +i.+ Arbor Iudæ_ - - _Ficus Arbor & humilis_, 566 - - _Ficus Indica_, 432 - - _Flamma Theophrasti, +i.+ Amaranthus minor purpureus_ - - _Flammula Iouis, +i.+ Clematis surrecta_ - - _Flos Adonis_, 293 - - _Flos Africanus_, 303 - - _Flos Amoris, +i.+ Amaranthus_ - - _Flos Cancri, +i.+ Canna Indica_ - - _Flos Cardinalis, +i.+ Trachelium Americanum_, 356 - - _Flos Caryophylleus, siue Caryophyllus_, 314 - - _Flos Constantinopolitanus siue Lychnis Chalcedonica_ - - _Flos maximus, +i.+ Flos Solis_ - - _Flos Cuculi, +i.+ Cardamine_ - - _Flos Cuculi, +i.+ Lychnis syluestris plumaria_ - - _Flos frumenti, +i.+ Cyanus minor_ - - _Flos noctis, +i.+ Convolvulus maior purpureus_ - - _Flos Diuæ Katharinæ, +i.+ Nigella_ - - _Flos Meleagridis, +i.+ Fritillaria_ - - _Flos Regius, +i.+ Delphinium_ - - _Flos Indicus vel Tunetensis, +i.+ Africanus_ - - _Flos Solis Farnesianus Columnæ, +i.+ Battatas de Canada_ - - _Flos Solis_, 295 - - _Fæniculum_, 492 - - _Fragaria_, 526 - - _Fraxinella_, 333 - - _Fritillaria_, 44 - - _Frutex Coronarius Clusij, +i.+ Syringa alba_, 410 - - _Fucus herba, +i.+ Anchusa_ - - - G. - - _Gallipo lale, +i.+ Anemone tenuifolia_ - - _Galeopsis Pannonica siue Lamium Pannonicum_, 385 - - _Gelosia Tragi, +i.+ Amaranthus tricolor_ - - _Gelseminum, +i.+ Iasminum_ - - _Genista Hispanica siue Spartium Hispanicum_, 442 - - _Gentiana maior_, 350 - - _Gentiana Asclepiadis folia_, ibid - - _Gentiana cruciata_, ibid - - _Gentianella verna_, 352 - - _Gentianella autumnalis siue Pneumonanthe_, ibid - - _Geranium tuberosum vel bulbosum_, 228 - - _Geum Alpinum Lobelij, +i.+ Sanicula guttata_ - - _Geranium batrachoides, fuscum &c._, 229 - - _Gith, +i.+ Nigella_ - - _Giul catamer lale, +i.+ Anemone latifolia multiplex_ - - _Gladiolus Byzantinus, Italicus &c._, 189 - - _Globularia cærulea_, 322 - - _Globularia lutea montana_, 323 - - _Glycyrrhiza siue Liqueritia_, 533 - - _Gnaphalium Americanum_, 374 - - _Gnaphalium Montanum, siue Pes Cati vel Pilosella minor Montana_, 375 - - _Gnaphalium Roseum_, ibid - - _Gramen striatum vel pictum_, 458 - - _Gramen marinum, +i.+ Caryophyllus marinus minor_ - - _Gramen plumarium vel plumosum_, 458 - - _Grossularia siue Vva crispa vulgaris, baccis rubris, cæruleis, - aculeatis &c._, 560 - - _Guaiacana siue Guaiacum Patauinum idem est cum Pishamin - Virginianorum, Loti species_ - - - H. - - _Hastula regia, +i.+ Asphodelus luteus minor_ - - _Hedera Virginiana_, 612 - - _Hedysarum clypeatum_, 339 - - _Heliotropium Indicum Pelleterij, +i.+ Battatas de Canada_ - - _Heliocrysum_, 374 - - _Helleboraster siue Pseudohelleborus_, 345 - - _Helleborus albus & vernus præcox_, 346 - - _Helleborus niger verus_, 344 - - _Helleborus niger serulaceus, +i.+ Buphthalmum maius_, 293 - - _Helleborine_, 347 - - _Hemerocallis, +i.+ Martagon_ - - _Hemerocallis Valentina Clusij, +i.+ Pseudonarcissus marinus, vel - Pancratium vulgo_ - - _Hepatica nobilis siue trifolia_, 225 - - _Herba clauellata, +i.+ Viola tricolor_ - - _Herba sancti Petri, +i.+ Paralysis_ - - _Herba Sanctæ Catharinæ, +i.+ Balsamina fæmina_ - - _Herba Margarita, +i.+ Bellis minor_ - - _Herba Regina, +i.+ Tabacco_ - - _Herba Tunica, +i.+ Caryophyllus & Armerius_ - - _Herba Trinitatis, +i.+ Hepatica trifolia_ - - _Hermodactylus Matthioli_, 188 - - _Hermodactylus Gesneri_, 194 - - _Hermodactylum Colchicum_, 160 - - _Hesperis_, 262 - - _Hippolapathum, +i.+ Patientia siue Lapathum sativum, & Rhabarbarum - Monachorum_, 483 - - _Hippolapathum rotundifolium_, 484 - - _Hipposelinum siue Olus atrum_, 490 - - _Hirculus Frisicus, +i.+ Chamæcistus Friciscus_ - - _Horminum sativum_, 478 - - _Hyacinthus & eius genera_, 111 _ad_ 133 - - _Hyacynthus Poetarum, +i.+ Iris bulbosa Anglicana_ - - _Hyssopus folijs aureis_, 455 - - _Hyssopus vulgaris_, 476 - - _Hypecoum Matthioli, +i.+ Alcea vesicaria_ - - - I. - - _Iacea Bætica_, 328 - - _Iacea marina Bætica_, ib - - _Iasminum Americanum_, 359 - - _Iasminum Arabicum_, 410 - - _Iasminum album_, 406 - - _Iasminum Catalonicum_, ibid - - _Idæus dactylus, +i.+ Pæonia_ - - _Ilex arbor_, 600 - - _Intubum, +i.+ Endiuia & Cichorium_, 495 - - _Iouis flos, +i.+ Caryophyllus_ - - _Iphium Theophrasti, +i.+ Caryophyllus_ - - _Iris bulbosa & eius varietas_, 171 _ad_ 179 - - _Iris Chalcedonica_, 179 - - _Iris Dalmatica Damascena &c._, 180 _&c._ - - _Iris Persica_, 172 - - _Iris Tripolitana_, 182 - - _Iris tuberosa_, 188 - - _Iucca_, 434 - - _Ixine Theophrasti, +i.+ Carlina_ - - - K. - - _Keiri, siue Leucoium luteum_, 256 - - _Keiri albo flore_, 257 - - - L. - - _Laburnum_, 438 - - _Lactuca agnina. Capitata &c._, 498 - - _Lamium Pannonicum, +i.+ Galeopsis Pannonica_, 385 - - _Lapathum sanguineum_, 484 - - _Larix_, 608 - - _Lathyrus latifolius, +i.+ Pisum perenne_, 338 - - _Lathyrus siliquis orobi_, ib - - _Lauendula mas & fæmina_, 447 - - _Lauendula syluestris, +i.+ Stæchas_ - - _Laurus_, 598 - - _Laurus regia, +i.+ Laurocerasus_, 401 - - _Laurus Rosea, +i.+ Oleander_ - - _Laurus Tinus_, 400 - - _Laurea Cerasus_, 599 - - _Lauro cerasus_, 401 - - _Ledum Alpinum. Silesiacum_, 424 - - _Ledum id est Cistus Ledon_ - - _Leimonia Theophrasti Clusio, +i.+ Anemone syluestris_ - - _Leontostomium, +i.+ Aquilegia_ - - _Leucoium bulbosum_, 109 - - _Leucoium hortense simplex & multiplex_, 258 - - _Leucoium luteum multiplex_, 257 - - _Leucoium marinum Syriacum_, 260 - - _Leucoium melancholicum_, ibid - - _Leuconacissolirion, +i.+ Leucoium bulbosum_ - - _Libanotis Coronaria, +i.+ Rosmarinus_ - - _Ligustrum_, 445 - - _Ligustrum Orientale, +i.+ Cyprus Plinij_, 410 - - _Lilac, +i.+ Syringa cærulea_, 407 - - _Lilac flore argenteo_, 408 - - _Liliago, +i.+ Phalangium: vel alijs Lilium non bulbosum siue - Liliasphodelus_ - - _Liliasphodelus_, 148 - - _Lilionarcissus, +i.+ Tulipa_ - - _Lilium Alexandrinum, +i.+ Ornithogalum Arabicum_, 135 - - _Lilium album_, 40 - - _Lilium aureum, rubrum &c._, 39 - - _Lilium conuallium_, 349 - - _Lilium Macedonicum_, 36 - - _Lilium Montanum_, 33 - - _Lilium non bulbosum, +i.+ Liliasphodelus_ - - _Lilium Persicum vel Susianum_, 28 - - _Lilium syluestre, +i.+ Montanum_ - - _Lilium variegatum, +i.+ Fritillaria_ - - _Limonium peregrinum Rauwolfij_, 250 - - _Linaria magna siue Belvidere Italorum_, 268 - - _Liqueritia_, 583 - - _Linaria cærulea purpurea odorata_, 66 - - _Lingua Bouis vel Buglossum luteum_, 486 - - _Linum syluestre album, luteum_, 266 - - _Lotus Africana Dalechampij, +i.+ Laurocerasus_ - - _Lotus Arbor_, 568 - - _Lotus tetragonolobus siue siliquosus flore rubello, +i.+ Pisum - quadratum_ - - _Lunaria Arthritica, +i.+ Paralysis, etiamque & Auricula Vrsi_ - - {maior } - _Lunaria Græca, { } +i.+ Bolbonach, seu Viola latifolia_, 265 - {odorata} - - _Lunaria cærulea, +i.+ Soldanella Alpina, siue Montana_, 234 - - _Lupinus_, 335 - - _Lychnis Chalcedonica flore simplici, & flore pleno_, 253 - - _Lychnis Coronaria_, 252 - - _Lychnis plumaria syluestris multiplex_, 253 - - _Lychnis syluestris flore albo plena, & flore rubro pleno_, 254 - - _Lycopersicum Galeni, +i.+ Flos Africanus, pomum Amoris Anguillaræ_ - - - M. - - _Maiorana aurea_, 446 - - _Maiorana tenuifolia_, 452 - - _Maiorana vulgaris_, ibid - - _Maiorana latifolia vulgaris_, 474 - - _Mala Æthyopica_, 379 - - _Mala Arantia_, 584 - - _Mala Armeniaca siue præcocia_, 579 - - _Malus Cotonea vel Cydonia_, 589 - - _Malus Granata seu Punica_, 428 - - _Malorum Persicorum diuersitas_, 580 - - _Malorum varia genera_, 586 - - _Malus Punica satiua_, 428 - - _Malus Punica syluestris, +i.+ Balaustium_ - - _Malua crispa_, 495 - - _Malua Hispanica flore carneo amplo_, 366 - - _Malua horaria, +i.+ Alcea peregrina_, 370 - - _Malua hortensis simplex & multiplex_, 369 - - _Malua Rosea, +i.+ hortensis_ - - _Mandragoras mas & fæmina_, 377 - - _Maracoc siue Clematis Virginiana_, 393 - - _Marguerites & Margueritons, +i.+ Bellis minor multiplex_ - - _Martagon album, flore carneo_, 33 - - _Martagon Chymistarum, +i.+ Lilium aureum siue rubrum_ - - _Martagon Byzantinum seu Constantinopolitanū_, 34 - - _Martagon Pannonicum flore spadiceo_, 35 - - _Martagon Imperiale_, 33 - - _Martagon Pomponeum_, 36 - - _Martagon Phœniceo flore_, 34 - - _Martagon rarissimum, +i.+ Narcissus tertius Matthioli_ - - _Matricaria flore pleno_, 289 - - _Medica Cochleata. Spinosa_, 338 _&c._ - - _Medium Dioscoridis, +i.+ Viola Mariana_ - - _Melampodium, +i.+ Helleborus niger_ - - _Melanthium, +i.+ Nigella_ - - _Melissa_, 479 - - _Melo Moscatus &c._, 525 - - _Mentha_, 480 - - _Mespilus Aronia. Vulgaris_, 568 - - _Mezereon, +i.+ Chamælæa Germanica_ - - _Mirabilia Peruviana_, 364 - - _Moly alterum genus Plinij Dodonæo, +i.+ Phalangium_ - - _Moly varia genera_, 141 _ad_ 146 - - _Morion, +i.+ Mandragoras_ - - _Morus vulgaris, alba, Virginiana_, 599 - - _Muschoromi, +i.+ Muscari_ - - _Moschatella, +i.+ Hesperis_ - - _Muscipula Lobelij, +i.+ Benrubrum Monsp._, 254 - - _Myrobalanus prunus_, 577 - - _Myrrhis, +i.+ Cerefolium maius_ - - _Myrtus maior & minor_, 427 - - - N. - - _Napellus_, 215 - - _Napellus Moisis, +i.+ Anthora_, 216 - - _Napus maior & minor_, 509 - - _Narcissus Caperonius, +i.+ Fritillaria_ - - _Narcissorum varia genera_, 67 _ad_ 108 - - _Narcissus marinus, +i.+ tertius Matthioli_ - - _Narcissus Iacobæus flore rubro_, 69 - - _Narcissus Matthioli, +i.+ Ornithogalum Neapolitanum_ - - _Narcissus Trapezunticus_, 30 - - _Narcissus Virgineus_, 86 _&_ 91 - - _Nardus Italica, +i.+ Lauendula_ - - _Nardus montana_, 386 - - _Nasturtium Indicum_, 280 - - _Nasturtium hortense_, 500 - - _Nepeta_, 479 - - _Nerium, +i.+ Oleander_ - - _Nerium Alpinum, +i.+ Ledum Alpinum_ - - _Nicotiana, +i.+ Tabacco_ - - _Nigella flore albo duplici_, 287 - - _Nigella flore cæruleo multiplici_, ibid - - _Nigella Hispanica_, ibid - - _Nil Auicennæ, +i.+ Convolvulus cæruleus maior_ - - _Nozelha, +i.+ Crocus Clusio, Sysirinchium Boelio_, 171 - - _Nucipersica & eius varietas_, 583 - - _Nux Auellana, Byzantina_, 562 - - _Nux Iuglans_, 595 - - _Nux Metel, +i.+ Stramonium maius_ - - _Nux vesicaria seu Staphylodendron_, 611 - - - O. - - _Ocellus Barbaricus, & Damascenus, +i.+ Caryophyllus_ - - _Ocimastrum Valerianthon, +i.+ Valeriana rubra Dodonæi_ - - _Ocimoides semper virens_, 254 - - _Ocimum citratum, Indicum_, 450 - - _Odontitis, +i.+ Lychnis plumaria_ - - _Oenanthe Myconi, +i.+ Ranunculus thalictri folio minor_, 218 - - _Olus album, +i.+ Lactuca agnina_ - - _Olus atrum, +i.+ Hipposelinum_ - - _Olus aureum, +i.+ Atriplex_ - - _Olus hispanicum, +i.+ Spinachia_ - - _Opuntia, +i.+ Lychen marinum_, 433 - - _Opuntia seu Ficus Indica_, ibid - - _Orchis Melitias seu Apifera_, 192 - - _Orchis hermaphroditica &c._, ibid - - _Ornithogalum Æthiopicum_, 138 - - _Ornithogalum Arabicum_, 134 - - _Ornithogalum luteum_, 140 - - _Ornithogalum Neapolitanum_, 138 - - _Ornithogalum Pannonicum_, 136 _&_ 138 - - _Orobus Venetus_, 338 - - _Orontium, +i.+ Antirrhinum_ - - _Os Leonis, +i.+ Antirrhinum_ - - _Ostrys Theophrasti_, 410 - - _Osyris, +i.+ Scoparia vel Linaria magna_ - - _Oxalis siue Acetosa_, 487 - - _Oxyacantha siue Berberis & siue acinis_, 561 - - - P. - - _Padus Theophrasti, +i.+ Cerisier blanc Gallorum siue Cerasus - racemosus_, 574 - - _Pæonia mas & fæmina simplex & multiplex_, 341 _&c._ - - _Paliurus_, 607 - - _Palma Christi, +i.+ Ricinus_ - - _Palma Christi, +i.+ Orchis siue Satyrium Basilicum_ - - _Pancratium, +i.+ Scilla rubra, & non Pseudonarcissus marinus, vide - pag._ 108 _&_ 133 - - _Panis porcinus, +i.+ Cyclamen_ - - _Papaver sativum flore pleno_, 286 - - _Papaver syluestre flore pleno_, ibid - - _Pappas siue Battatas Hispanorum Canadense Virginianum_, 516 - - _Paralysis diuersarum specierum_, 242 _&c._ - - _Paralytica alpina maior & minor, +i.+ Auricula Vrsi & Paralysis - minor_ - - _Parthenium, +i.+ Matricaria_ - - _Parthenium Galeni, +i.+ Amaracus_ - - _Pastinaca latifolia_, 506 - - _Pastinaca tenuifolia_, 508 - - _Pedua Penorum, +i.+ Flos Africanus_ - - _Pennachio Persiano, +i.+ Lilium Persicum_ - - _Pepo_, 526 - - _Peruinca siue Vinca peruinca_, 391 - - _Periclymenum perfoliatum_, 404 - - _Periclymenum rectum_, 415 - - _Periploca Virginiana_, 444 - - _Pes cati, +i.+ Gnaphalium Montanum_ - - _Petroselinum_, 491 - - _Petum & Picielt, +i.+ Tabacco_ - - _Perebecenuc, +i.+ Tabacco_ - - _Phalangium Allobrogicum_, 150 - - _Phalangium ephemerum Virginianum_, 152 - - _Phalangium Italicum maius_, 150 - - _Phalangium ramosum & non ramosum_, ibid - - _Phaseolus vulgaris_, 521 - - _Phillyrea_, 445 - - _Phlomitis, +i.+ Æthiopis_ - - _Phlox siue flamma Theophrasti, +i.+ Viola flammea siue tricolor_ - - _Pilosella maior siue Chondrilla aurea_, 300 - - _Pilosella minor montana, +i.+ Gnophalium montanum_, 375 - - _Pimpinella siue Sanguisorba_, 483 - - _Pinus_, 599 - - _Piper montanum, +i.+ Chamælææ frutex vel semen_ - - _Pishamin Virginianorum, +i.+ Guaiacum Patauinum_ - - _Pisum perenne, Lathyrus latifolius_, 340 - - _Pisum quadratum rubrum_, 338 - - _Pisum vulgare, roseum maculatum &c._, 522 - - _Planta Cardinalis, +i.+ Trachelium Americanum_, 356 - - _Planta maxima, +i.+ Flos Solis_ - - _Plantago rosea_, 352 - - _Pneumonanthe, +i.+ Gentiana autumnalis_, 352 - - _Poma amoris maiora & minora_, 379 - - _Pomorum varietas_, 586 - - _Pomum spinosum, +i.+ Stramonium_, 362 - - _Porrum_, 512 - - _Portulaca_, 499 - - _Pothos Theophrasti, +i.+ Aquilegia_ - - _Primula veris simplex & multiplex_, 242 &c. - - _Prunorum magna varietas_, 575 - - _Pseudocapsicum, +i.+ Amomum Plinij_, 431 - - _Pseudohelleborus Matthioli, +i.+ Helleborus niger ferulaceus_ - - _Pseudohermodactylus Matthioli, +i.+ Dens Caninus_ - - _Pseudonarcissus Anglicus, Germanicus, Hispanicus, &c._, 99 _&c._ - - _Pseudolotus Matthioli, +i.+ Laurocerasus, est & Guaiacum Patavinum & - Pishamin Virginianorum_ - - _Pseudorhabarbarum est Rhabarbarum Monachorum_, 274 - - _Psidium, +i.+ Cortex Granatorum_ - - _Ptarmica flore pleno_, 288 - - _Pulegium_, 477 - - _Pulmonaria Tragi & Gallorum, +i.+ Pilosella maior_, 300 - - _Pulmonaria maculosa & non maculosa_, 248 - - _Pulsatilla_, 200 - - _Pyracantha_, 604 - - _Pyramidalis Lutetiana, +i.+ Campanula maior siue lactescens_, 354 - - _Pyretrum officinarum_, 292 - - _Pyretrum syluestre_, 288 - - _Pyrus & eius varietas_, 590 - - - Q. - - _Qvamoclit Indorum, +i.+ Convolvulus Americanus_, 358 - - _Quinûa Indorum, +i.+ Amaranthus maior siue panniculis sparsis_ - - - R. - - _Radix Caua maior, & minor_, 275 - - _Ranunculus Anglicus, Asiaticus, Creticus &c._, 216 _ad_ 223 - - _Ranunculus monophyllos, +i.+ Aconitum hyemale_ - - _Ranunculus nemorum & syluarum, +i.+ Anemones syluestres_ - - _Raphanus vulgaris & nigra radice_, 509 - - _Rapum hortense, luteum, rubrum_, ibid - - _Rapunculus hortensis_, 514 - - _Rhabarbarum Monachorum & Pseudorhabarbarum_, 274 - - _Rhabarbarum & Rhaponticum verum_, 483 - - _Rhododendron, +i.+ Oleander_ - - _Rhus Virginiana_, 611 - - _Rhus Myrtifolia_, ibid - - _Ribes fructu albo, nigro, rubro_, 558 - - _Rosa Alpina, +i.+ Ledum alpinum_, 424 - - _Rosa Iunonis, +i.+ Lilium album_ - - _Rosa fatuina_, +i.+ _Pæonia_ - - _Rosa montana, +i.+ Alpina_ - - _Rosa vltramarina, +i.+ Malua rosea_ - - _Rosa Anglica, Cinamomea, Damascena, &c._, 412 _ad_ 425 - - _Rosmarinum vulgare_, 425 - - _Rosmarinum aureum_, ibid - - _Rosmarinum latifolium_, 426 - - _Rosmarinum syluestre Matthioli, +i.+ Ledum Alpinum_ - - _Rubus Idæus_, 557 - - _Rubus Idæus non spinosus_, ibid - - _Ruta hortensis_, 530 - - _Ruta palustris vel pratensis, +i.+ Thalictrum_ - - - S. - - _Sabdarifa, +i.+ Alcea Americana_ - - _Sabina_, 607 - - _Salmaris, +i.+ Pyretrum_ - - _Saluia maior & minor_, 478 - - _Saluia variegata_, 446 - - _Sambach Arabum, +i.+ Syringa Arabica flore duplici_ - - _Sambucus Rosea_, 411 - - _Sampsuchum, +i.+ Maiorana_ - - _Sana sancta & Sancta herba, +i.+ Tabacco_ - - _Sandalida Cretica, +i.+ Pisum quadratum_ - - _Sanicula Alpina vel montana, +i.+ Cortusa Matthioli_ - - _Sanicula trifolia, +i.+ Cardamine trifolia_ - - _Sanicula guttata_, 231 - - _Sanguisorba vel Pimpinella_, 483 - - _Sanguis Herculis, +i.+ Elleborus albus_ - - _Santolina, +i.+ Abrotanum fæmina_, 449 - - _Saponaria flore duplici_, 352 - - _Saponaria altera, +i.+ Trachelium minus, & Valeriana rubra Dodon._ - - _Sarahug, +i.+ Hyacinthus Lillifolius_ - - _Satureia vel Thymbra_, 476 - - _Satyrium Erythronium & Triphyllum Dioscoridis_, +i.+ _Tulipa_, 66 - - _Satyrium Orchidis species_, 192 - - _Scabiosa rubra Austriaca_, 324 - - _Scabiosa rubra Indica_, ibid - - _Scarlatea, +i.+ Armerius_ - - _Scoparia, +i.+ Linaria magna_, 268 - - _Scorpioides maius & minus_, 340 - - _Scorsonera_, 301 - - _Scylla alba, rubra_, 133 - - _Sedum serratum_, 232 - - _Segetalis, +i.+ Gladiolus_ - - _Selinum dulce_, 491 - - _Serincade, +i.+ Narcissus medio purpureus_ - - _Serincade catamer lale, +i.+ Narcissus flore pleno_ - - _Serpentaria, +i.+ Dracunculus_ - - _Serpentina, +i.+ Scorsonera_ - - _Serpillum aureum, Citratum &c._, 454 - - _Sesamoides minus, aliquibus est Helleborus niger ferulaceus_, 294 - - _Sicla & Sicula, +i.+ Beta_ - - _Sidium idem quod Psidium_ - - _Siliqua syluestris, +i.+ Arbor Iudæ_ - - _Simboline idem quod Zumbul Indicum, Hyacinthi Orientalis species_ - - _Sinapi_, 502 - - _Sisarum_, 506 - - _Sisyrinchium alterum, +i.+ Cardamine altera_ - - _Sisyrinchium Mauritanicum &c._, 171 - - _Sisyrinchium Cordi, +i.+ Ornithogalum_ - - _Solanum arborescens, +i.+ Amomum Plinij_ - - _Solanum fætidum spinosum Bauhini, +i.+ Stramonium_ - - _Solanum Mexicanum Bauhini, +i.+ Mirabilia_ - - _Solanum pomiferum Gesneri & Bauhini, +i.+ Pomum amoris_ - - _Solanum vesicarium, +i.+ Alkakengi_ - - _Solanum esculentum Bauhini, +i.+ Battatas de Virginia_ - - _Sol Indianus, +i.+ Flos solis_ - - _Soldanella alpina_, 234 - - _Sophonia, +i.+ Amaranthus tricolor_ - - _Sorbus legitima & Torminalis_, 567 - - _Spartum Austriacum, +i.+ Gramen plumosum_ - - _Spartum Hispanicum frutex, +i.+ Genista Hispanica_, 442 - - _Spinachia_, 496 - - _Staphylodendron, +i.+ Nux vesicaria_ - - _Sternutamentoria, +i.+ Ptarmica_ - - _Stœchas_, 448 - - _Stœchas Citrina, +i.+ Chrysocome_ - - _Struthium non est Saponaria_, 353 - - _Stramonium maius & minus_, 360 - - _Sumach Virginense_, 612 - - _Susamgiul, +i.+ Lilium Persicum, & Hyacinthus stellatus, Byzantinus - alter_ - - _Sycomorus, siue Acer maius latifolium_, 610 - - _Symphitum maculosum, +i.+ Pulmonaria_ - - _Syringa alba, cærulea_, 408 - - _Syringa Arabica flore albo duplici_, 408 - - _Syringa Italica Lobelij, +i.+ Syringa flore albo simplici_ - - _Syringa Italica flore albo pleno Besleri_, 410 - - - T. - - _Tabacco_, 363 - - _Tamarix vel Tamariscus_, 610 - - _Tanacetum vulgare_, 482 - - _Tanacetum Pervanum, +i.+ Flos Africanus_ - - _Tarchon herba_, 500 - - _Taxus arbor_, 606 - - _Thalictrum vel Thalietrum Hispanicum_, 274 - - _Thesium Theophrasti, +i.+ Radix caua_ - - _Thlaspi Bæticum marinum_, 390 - - _Thraupalus Theophrasti Dalechampio, +i.+ Sambucus rosea_ - - _Thridacias, +i.+ Mandragoras_ - - _Thuya, +i.+ Arbor vitæ_, 436 - - _Thymbra, +i.+ Satureia_, 476 - - _Thymum legitimum capitatum_, 454 - - _Thymum durius & latifolium_, 474 - - _Tilia fæmina_, 608 - - _Trachelium maius & minus_, 354 - - _Trachelium Americanum_, 356 - - _Tragium Dioscoridis, +i.+ Fraxinella_ - - _Tragopogon cæruleum, purpureum_, 302 - - _Tragopogon luteum_, 514 - - _Tragoriganum Matthioli_, 453 - - _Trifolium fruticans, +i.+ Iasminum luteum_ - - {aureum} - _Trifolium { } +i.+ Hepatica_ - {nobile} - - _Trinitas, seu herba trinitatis, +i.+ Hepatica_ - - _Tulipa Armeniaca, Boloniensis, Bombycina, Byzantina, Cretica &c._, - 52 _&c._ - - _Tulipæ mediæ_, 55 - - _Tulipæ præcoces_, 48 - - _Tulipæ serotinæ_, 61 - - _Tusai & Turfana, +i.+ Corona Imperialis_ - - - V. - - _Vaccinium Virgilij_, 128 - - _Valeriana rubra Dodonæi_, 386 - - _Valeriana Græca_, 388 - - _Valerianthon, +i.+ Valeriana rubra Dodonæi_ - - _Verbascum odoratum_ } - } i. _Paralysis_ - _Verbasculum odoratum_ } - - _Veratrum album & nigrum, +i.+ Helleborus albus & niger_ - - _Vernilago, +i.+ Chamælæo albus_ - - _Vetonica altera, vel altilis, aut Coronaria, +i.+ Caryophyllus - hortensis_ - - _Vetonica agrestis, +i.+ Armerius_ - - _Victorialis rotunda, +i.+ Gladiolus_ - - _Vinca peruinca_, 391 - - _Viola alba, +i.+ Leucoium_ - - _Viola alba bulbosa, +i.+ Leucoium bulbosum_ - - _Viola Damascena, +i.+ Hesperis_ - - _Viola flammea, +i.+ Tricolor_ - - _Viola hyemalis, +i.+ Hesperis_ - - _Viola latifolia_ & } - } _Bolbonach_, 265 - _Viola Lunaris_ } - - _Viola lutea, +i.+ Leucoium luteum siue Keiri_ - - _Viola peregrina, +i.+ Bolbonach_ - - _Viola mariana_, 354 - - _Viola martia_, 281 - - _Viola Matronalis, +i.+ Hesperis_ - - _Viola tricolor simplex & duplex_, 282 - - _Viperaria & Viperina, +i.+ Scorsonera_ - - _Vitis Corinthiaca, Damascena &c._, 563 - - _Vitis Virginiana_, 564 - - _Vitis Virginense seu potius Hedera Virginiana_, 612 - - _Vmbilicus Veneris, +i.+ Cotiledon_, 234 - - _Vva crispa, +i.+ Grossularia_, 560 - - _Vvularia, +i.+ Trachelium, est & Hippoglossum_ - - - Y. - - _Yvcca, siue Iucca_, 434 - - - Z. - - _Zambach Arabi, +i.+ Iasminum Arabicum_ - - _Zufiniare, +i.+ Martagon Constantinopolitanum_ - - _Zumbul Arabi, +i.+ Ornithogalum Arabicum_ - - _Zumbul Indi, +i.+ Orientalis maior præcox_ - -_A Table of the English names of such Plants as are contained in this -Booke._ - - - A. - - White _Aconite_, 214 - - Yellow _Aconite_, or winter Wolfes bane, ibid. - - _Adonis_ flower, 293 - - _Alkanet_, or Sea Buglosse, 250 - - _Anemone_, or winde-flower, & the kinds, 199 to 214 - - Yellow _Anemone_, 194 - - _Allisanders_, 490 - - _Almond_, and the kinds, 583 - - _Angelica_, 529 - - _Apricocks_, 579 - - _Apples_, and the seueral sorts, 586 - - Double blossomd _Apple_ tree, 404 - - _Apples_ of Loue, 379 - - Thorne _Apples_, 360 - - _Arrach_ white and purple, 488 - - _Asarabacca_, 532 - - _Asparagus_, 503 - - _Asphodill_ and his kindes, 146 - - _Asphodill_ with Lilly flowers, 148 - - - B. - - _Baldmony_ or Gentian, 350 - - _Balme_, 479 - - The _Balsame_ apple, 278 - - _Barberies_, 561 - - _Barbery Buttons_, and Thorny _Buttons_, 339 - - _Barrenwort_, 283 - - _Batchelours Buttons_ double, white and red, 254 - - _Batchelours Buttons_ yellow, 218 & 224 - - The _Bay_ tree, 598 - - The Cherry _Bay_ tree, or _Bay_ Cherry, 401 - - The dwarfe _Bay_, 397 - - The Kings _Bay_, that is, the Cherry _Bay_ - - The Rose _Bay_, 400 - - The Virginia _Bay_ Cherry, 599 - - The wilde _Bay_, 400 - - The _Bee-flower_, 192 & 258 - - _Beares breech_, 330 - - _Beares_ eares, and the sorts, 235 &c. - - _Beares_ eare Sanicle, 240 - - _Beares_ foote, 244 - - _Beetes_, and the kindes, 353 - - Garden _Beanes_ and French _Beanes_, 521 - - _Bell_ flowers, and the kinds, 353 - - Canterburie _Bels_, 354 & 356 - - Couentry _Bels_, 354 - - _Blites_, 488 - - _Bloodwort_, 484 - - The great blew _Bindeweed_, 359 - - The small blew _Bindeweed_, 360 - - Blew _Bottles_, 326 - - _Borrage_, and euer liuing _Borage_, 249 - - Ladies _Bower_, and Virgins _Bower_ single and double, 393 - - Dwarfe _Boxe_ and guilded _Boxe_, 606 - - Flower of _Bristow_, or None such, 253 - - Spanish _Broome_, 442 - - Double flowred _Bruisewort_ or Sopewort, 352 - - Garden _Buglosse_, 249 - - Marsh _buglosse_ and Sea _buglosse_, 250 - - _Burnet_, 483 - - _Butterflie_ Orchis, 162 - - - C. - - _Cabbage_, and his kindes, 503 - - _Calues snout_ or Snapdragon, 269 - - Double _Camomill_ and naked _Camomill_, 290 - - Rose _Campion_, 252 - - Featherd wilde _Campion_ single and double, 253 - - The Crimson _Cardinals_ flower, 356 - - _Carawayes_, 515 - - _Carnations_ and Gilloflowers, 306 - - _Caterpillers_ great and small, 340 - - _Cassidonie_, 443 - - Lobels _Catch flye_, 254 - - Clusius his _Celastrus_, 604 - - Sweete _Cheruill_ or great _Cheruill_, 494 - - Garden _Cheruill_, ib - - Party coloured _Cicheling_, 338 - - The _Christmas_ flower, 344 - - The _Cherry_ tree, and the kindes thereof, 571 - - The double blossomd _Cherry_ tree, 402 - - The _Cypresse_ tree, 602 - - The sweet gum _Cistus_, 422 - - Burning _Clamberer_ or _Climer_, 391 - - Hungarian _Climer_, 391 - - Virginian _Climer_ or Maracoc, ibid - - _Coleflower_, _Colewort_, _Colerape_, 504 - - _Colombines_, 271 - - Tufted _Colombines_, 274 - - The prickly euer greene _Corall_ tree, 604 - - _Corneflower_, 326 - - _Corne sallet_ or Lambes Lettice, 428 - - The _Cornell_ tree, 570 - - _Costmary_, 482 - - _Cotton weedes_, 375 - - _Cowcumbers_, diuers, 524 - - _Cowslips_ of diuers sorts, 242 _&c._ - - French _Cowslips_ or Beares eares, 235 - - _Cowslips_ of Ierusalem, 248 - - _Cranes_ bill, and the kinds, 228 - - Garden _Cresses_, 500 - - Indian _Cresses_, 280 - - _Crow_ flower, 253 - - _Crow_ foote of diuers kinds, 216 to 223 - - _Crown_ Imperial, 28 - - The double _Cuckow_ flower, 253 and 389 - - _Currans_, white, red and blacke, 558 - - The true _Curran_ Vine and Grape, 563 - - - D. - - _Daffodils_, and the diuersities thereof, from, 67 to 108 - - Checkerd _Daffodill_, and the kinds, 44 - - _Dittander_, 508 - - Bastard _Dittanie_, 333 - - _Dogs_ tooth Violet, 193 - - _Dragons_, 529 - - The _Dragon_ flower, 385 - - Double _Dasie_, and blew _Dasies_, 321 - - - E. - - White _Ellebor_ of two sorts, 346 - - Wilde white _Ellebor_, 347 - - The true black _Ellebor_ or Christmas flower, 344 - - Garden _Endiue_, 495 - - - F. - - _Fellworte_ or Gentian, 350 - - _Fennell_, 492 - - _Fennell_ flower, 287 - - Double _Featherfew_, 289 - - The Princes _Feather_, 232 - - The _Fig_ tree, and the kinds, 566 - - The Indian _Figge_ tree, 433 - - The _Finger_ flower, 383 - - The _Firre_ tree, 600 - - The Corne _Flagge_, 189 - - The _flagge_ or _flowerdeluce_, 79 &c. - - The _flowerdeluce_ of Constantinople, 79 - - The _flowerdeluce_ of Persia, 172 - - The bulbous _flowerdeluces_, 172 to 179 - - The veluet _flowerdeluce_, 188 - - Wilde _flaxe_ or Tode _flaxe_, 266 - - _Foxe_ gloues, and the kinds, 380 - - _Fillbeards_ ordinary, and of Constantinople, 562 - - _Flower_ of Bristow, or None such, single and double, 253 - - Purple _flower_ gentle, and the kinds, 371 - - Golden _flower_ gentle or golden _flower_ of life, 372 - - The _flower_ of the Passion, or Maracoc, 393 - - The _flower_ of the Sun, 295 - - The Sultans _flower_, 327 - - The _friars_ Crowne, 332 - - _Fritillaria_ or checkerd Daffodil, 44 - - Double _fritillaria_, ibid - - - G. - - _Garlicke_, 513 - - _Gentian_ great and smal, 350 - - _Germander_, 456 - - _Gilloflowers_ and Carnations, 306 - - Queenes _Gilloflowers_ or Dames Violets, 262 - - Stocke _Gilloflowers_ single and double, 258 - - The _Ginny_ hen-flower, that is, Fritillaria, 44 - - _Goats_ beard blew and purple, 302 - - _Goats_ beard yellow, 514 - - Candy _Goldilocks_, 372 - - _Golds_, that is, Marigolds, 296 - - _Gooseberries_ of diuers sorts, 560 - - Herbe _Grace_ or Rue, 530 - - _Grape_ flower, 114 - - Vipers _Grasse_, 301 - - Feather _Grasse_, 458 - - Painted _Grasse_, ib - - The _Guaiacum_ of Padoa, 570 - - - H. - - _Hares_ bels, 122 - - _Hearts_ ease single and double, 282 - - The blew _Helmet_ flower or Monkes hood, 215 - - The wholsome _Helmet_ flower, ibid - - _Hollihockes_ single and double, 369 - - _Holewort_ or _Hollow-roote_, 275 - - _Hyssope_ common, 476 - - Guilded _Hyssope_, 455 - - Hungary or mountaine Sea _Holly_, 330 - - _Honisockles_ double, 404 - - Red _Honysockles_ or vpright _Honysockles_, 405 - - The euer green _Hawthorne_ tree, or the euer green prickly Coral - tree, 604 - - - I. - - _Iacinths_, and the seueral sorts, 111 to 133 - - White _Iasmine_ and yellow _Iasmine_, 406 - - Double white _Iasmine_, 408 - - Sweet _Iohns_ single and double, 319 - - _Ione_ siluer Pin, that is, Poppies double, 286 - - _Iudas_ tree, 437 - - The supposed Indian _Iucca_, 434 - - The Virginia _Ivye_, 612 - - - K. - - Spanish Sea _Knapweede_, 328 - - - L. - - _Ladies_ laces or painted grasse, 458 - - _Ladies_ smockes double, 389 - - _Lambes Lettice_, 498 - - _Langedebeefe_, 486 - - The _Larch_ tree, 608 - - _Larkes_ heeles or spurs single and double, 276 - - Yellow _Larkes_ heele, that is, Indian Cresses, 280 - - _Lauender_ spike, 447 - - _Lauender_ cotton, 449 - - French _Lauender_ or Sticadoue, 448 - - Mountaine _Laurell_, 398 - - _Leekes_, 512 - - _Lettice_, and the kinds thereof, 498 - - _Licorice_, 533 - - The tree of _Life_, 436 - - The chekerd _Lilly_, that is, Fritillaria - - The Conual _Lilly_, or _Lilliconvally_, 340 - - The Day _Lilly_, 148 - - The Persian _Lilly_, 28, 30 - - The Mountaine _Lilly_, 33 - - The red or gold _Lilly_, 39 - - The white _Lilly_, 40 - - The _Line_ or _Linden_ tree, 608 - - _Liue-long_, or _Life euerlasting_, 375 - - Noble _Liuerwort_ or Hepatica, 225 - - _Lungwort_ or Cowslips of Ierusalem, 248 - - _Lupines_ white, blew and yellow, 325 - - - M. - - Sweet _Marierome_, 452 - - Guilded or yellow _Marierome_, 446 - - French _Mallowes_, 495 - - Spanish _Mallowe_, 366 - - Shrub _Mallow_, 369 - - Thorny _Mallow_, 368 - - Venice _Mallow_, ibid - - Red _Maiths_, and white, 293 - - _Mandrake_ male and female, 377 - - The great _Maple_ or Sycomore tree, 611 - - _Marigolds_, 296 - - Corne _Marigolds_ of Candy, 295 - - French _Marigolds_, 303 - - Double Marsh _Marigolds_, 224 - - The Spanish _Marigold_ is the greatest double broade leafed Anemone, - 207 - - The blew or purple _Marigold_, 299 - - _Martagons_ of diuers sorts, 33 - - _Masticke_ the herbe, 452 - - _Medlars_, 568 - - The _Melancholy_ Gentleman, 260 - - Muske _Melons_, 525 - - The _Meruaile_ of the world, 364 - - _Mirtles_, 427 - - _Moly_ or _Mountaine_ Garlicke, 144 &c. - - _Monkes_ hoode, or Larkes spurs, 276 - - _Monkes_ hood or helmet flower, 215 - - Counterpoyson _Monkes_ hood, 216 - - Blew _Moone-wort_, 234 - - Halfe _Moones_, 339 - - Golden _Mouse-eare_, 330 - - _Mulberries_, and Virginia _Mulberry_, 599 - - _Moth-Mulleine_, 383 - - Woody _Mulleine_ or French Sage, 384 - - Ethiopian _Mullein_, 385 - - The _Mumme_ tree, 432 - - _Mustard_, 502 - - - N. - - Spotted _Nauelwort_, 232 - - _Navew_, 509 - - The _Nectorin_, and the kinds thereof, 582 - - _Neesewort_, or _Neesing roote_, 346 - - _Neppe_, 479 - - The _Nettle tree_, 568 - - Hungarian dead _Nettle_, 385 - - _Nigella_, or the Fenel-flower, 287 - - Tree _Night shade_, that is, the Winter Cherry tree, 432 - - _None-such_, or the flower of Bristow, 253 - - The bladder _Nut_, 611 - - The Filberd _Nut_ of Constantinople, 562 - - The Spanish or Barberry _Nut_, 171 - - The Wall _Nut_, 594 - - - O. - - The euer greene _Oake_, 600 - - Spurge _Oliue_, 397 - - Mountaine Spurge _Oliue_, ibid - - _Onions_, and the kinds, 510 - - Sea _Onion_, 133 - - _Orchis_ of Virginia, 194 - - _Orenges_, 584 - - _Oxe_ eye, 293 - - _Oxe_ lips, 245 - - - P. - - _Pansies_ single and double, 282 - - _Parsley_, and sweet _Parsley_, 491 - - Virginia _Parsley_, 492 - - _Parsneps_, 506 - - _Pasque_ flower, or _Passe_ flower, 200 - - _Patience_, or Monkes Rubarbe, 483 - - _Peaches_, and the kinds, 586 - - Double blossomd _Peach_ tree, 404 - - _Peares_, and the seueral sorts, 590 - - The prickly _Peare_, that is, the Indian Figge - - _Pearles_ of Spaine, 115 - - Garden _Pease_ of diuers sorts, 522 - - Crimson _Pease_ blossome, 338 - - _Pease_ euerlasting, ibid - - Blew vpright euerlasting _Pease_, ibid - - _Pelletory_ of Spaine, 292 - - Double wilde _Pelletory_, 288 - - _Penny_ flower, that is, white Sattin - - _Peony_ single and double, 342 - - _Periwinkle_ single and double, 392 - - _Pinkes_ single and double, 314 - - The _Pine_ tree, 599 - - The blew and the white _Pipe_ tree, 408 - - The double white _Pipe_ tree, or double Iasmine, 410 - - Rose _Plantane_, 352 - - _Plums_, and the kindes, 575 - - The _Pomegranet_ tree, 428 - - The double blossomd _Pomegranet_ tree, 430 - - _Pompions_, 526 - - Double garden _Poppies_, 284 - - Double wilde _Poppy_, 286 - - _Potato’s_ of Spaine, of Virginia, of Canada, 516 - - _Pride_ of London, 310 - - _Primme_ or _Priuet_, 445 - - The euer-greene _Priuet_, 603 - - _Primroses_, and the kinds, 242 &c. - - Tree _Primrose_ of Virginia, 264 - - _Purslane_, 499 - - _Purse_ tassels, 116 & 118 - - _Pushamin_ or _Pishamin_, the Virginia _Plum_, 570 - - - Q. - - _Qvinces_, and the kinds, 589 - - - R. - - _Rampions_, 514 - - _Raspis_, White and red, 557 - - _Reddish_, blacke _Reddish_, horse _Reddish_, 509 - - Red and yellow flowred Indian _Reede_, 376 - - _Rosarubie_, that is, Adonis flower, 293 - - _Rose_ tree, and the seuerall kinds, 412 to 425 - - Iuno’s _Rose_, that is, the white Lilly - - The Elder or Guelder _Rose_, 401 - - The Holly _Rose_ or Sage _Rose_, 421 - - The Mountaine _Rose_, 424 - - Rocke _Roses_, 397 - - _Rosemarie_ common and gilded &c., 425 - - The Marie _Rose_ or _Rosemary_ of Silesia, 424 - - _Rocket_, 502 - - Garden _Rue_ or Herbe grace, 530 - - True _Rubarbe_, Monkes _Rubarbe_, _Rubarbe_ of Pontus, 483 - - - S. - - _Sage_ great and small, 478 - - Guilded _Sage_, 446 - - _Sage_ of Ierusalem, 248 - - French _Sage_, 384 - - _Saffron_ flowers of diuers sorts of the spring time and of the fall, - 160 to 170 - - Medow _Saffrons_ or Colchicum, that is, the Sonne before the Father, - and the kindes, 154 - - Spotted _Sanicle_, 231 - - Beares eare _Sanicle_, 240 - - _Satyrion_, 192 - - The _Sauine_ tree, 607 - - Summer _Sauorie_ and winter _Sauory_, 476 - - White _Sattin_ flower, 265 - - Red _Sattin_ flower, 339 - - _Scabious_ white and red, 324 - - _Scorsonera_ or Vipers grasse, 301 - - Bastard _Sena_ tree, 440 - - The true and the ordinary _Seruice_, 567 - - Mountaine _Setwall_, 386 - - Virginia _Silke_, 444 - - _Skirrets_, 506 - - Our Ladies Slipper, 347 - - _Smallage_, 491 - - Ladies _Smocks_ double, 388 - - _Snayles_, 338 - - _Snapdragons_, 269 - - Mountaine _Soldanella_, 434 - - Double flowred _Sopewort_, 352 - - _Sorrell_, 486 - - _Sowbread_, and the kindes, 195 to 199 - - The Kings _Speare_ or yellow Asphodill, 148 - - _Sperage_ or Asparagus, 503 - - _Spiderworte_, and the kindes, 150 &c. - - _Spinach_, 496 - - _Starre_ flowers of diuers sorts, or _Stars_ of Bethlehem, 130 to 140 - - The greene _Starre_ flower or bulbed Asphodill of Galen, 136 - - _Starwort_ or _Sharewort_, and Italian _Starwort_, 299 - - _Sticadoue_ or Cassidonie, 448 - - _Stocke gilloflowers_ single and double, 258 - - _Storkes bils_ of diuers sorts, 228 - - _Strawberries_ of many sorts, 526 - - The _Strawberry_ tree, 603 - - _Succory_, 495 - - The _Sultans_ flower, or Turkie Corne flower, 327 - - The _Sun_ flower or flower of the Sun, 295 - - The Virginia _Sumach_, 611 - - The Myrtle leafed _Sumach_, ibid - - The _Sycamore_ tree, 610 - - - T. - - Indian _Tabacco_ of diuers sorts, 363 - - The greene and the white _Tamariske_ tree, 610 - - _Tansie_ single and double, 482 - - The blessed _Thistle_, 530 - - The gentle _Thistle_, Globe _Thistle_ &c., 332 - - Christs _Thorne_, 607 - - _Thrift_ ordinary, and the great Sea _Thrift_, 317 - - _Throatwort_, and Giants _Throatewort_ single and double, 354 - - Beane _Trefoyle_, 438 - - Shrub _Trefoile_, 407 - - Tree _Trefoile_, 439 - - Candie _Tufts_, 390 - - Golden _Tufts_, 375 - - Spanish _Tufts_, 274 & 340 - - The early flowring _Tulipa_, 46 - - The meane flowring _Tulipa_, 54 - - The dwarfe _Tulipa_, 52 - - The Persian _Tulipa_, ibid - - The Turkes Cap, that is, the _Tulipa_ - - The true _Time_, 454 - - Guilded _Time_, Moske and Lemmon _Time_, ibid - - Garden _Time_, and Masticke _Time_, 474 - - - V. - - Red _Valerian_ of Dodonæus, 386 - - Greeke _Valerian_, 388 - - Mountaine _Valerian_, 386 - - _Violets_ single and double, 282 - - The bulbous _Violet_, 169 - - The Dogs tooth _Violet_, 193 - - Dames _Violets_, 262 - - Mercuries _Violets_, 357 - - _Vines_, and the seuerall kinds of grapes, 564 - - _Vipers_ grasse, 301 - - _Virginia Vine_, 564 - - _Virginia Vine_, or _Virginia Ivie_, 612 - - - W. - - The _Walnut_ tree, 594 - - Single and double _Wall-flowers_ of many sorts, 257 - - The _Willow-flower_, 270 - - The _Wind-flower_ or Anemone, single and double of many sorts, 199 - to 214 - - _Wild Wind-flower_ single and double, 202 - - Sweet _Williams_, and the kinds, 319 - - _Winter_ Gilloflowers, 258 - - _Winter Wolfes_ bane, and yellow _Wolfes_ bane, 214 - - _Winter_ Cherries, 532 - - The _Winter_ Cherrie tree, 431 - - Double _Wood-bine_ or Honisuckle, 404 - - - Y. - - The _Yew_ tree, 606 - - - - -_A Table of the Vertues and Properties of the Hearbes contained in this -Booke._ - - - A. - - In feare of _Aborsment_, or mis-carrying in women, 478 - - Good against _Aches_, 290 - - Good in hot _Agues_ and to drive away their fits, 223, 484, 532, 536, - 538, 564, 575, 579, 584, 595 - - From whence _Agaricke_ is taken, 608 - - A Syrupe of _Angelica_, 529 - - Good for deiected appetites, 484, 486, 499, 561, 562, 578, 575, 584 - - To perfume _Apparell_, Leather, &c., 421, 448, 586 - - For the _Apoplexie_, 349 - - _Astringent_ or to binde, 428, 431 - - - B. - - For weake _Backes_ and reines, 479, 483 - - A _Balsame_ for green wounds, 426 - - To cause _Barrennesse_, 284 - - Good for _Bathing_, 294, 376, 421, 449, 474, 477, 478, 479, 480 - - Good for _Bees_, 440, 480 - - Good to take away the sting of _Bees_ and waspes, 476, 479, 480, 482 - - Good to open and mollifie the _Belly_, and make it soluble, 333, 370, - 421, 488, 489, 490, 495, 566, 578, 582 - - To clense the _Blood_, 484 - - To dissolue clotted _Blood_, 610 - - To encrease _Blood_, 567 - - To helpe the spitting of _Blood_, 595 - - To stay _Bleeding_, 230, 396, 483 - - Hurtfull for a short _Breath_, 499 - - Good for the shortnesse of _Breath_, 364, 436, 502, 506, 513, 533 - - For a stinking _Breath_, 529 - - To make a sweet _Breath_, ibid - - For cold and moist _Braines_, 335, 427, 448, 481, 482 - - To abate the ouer-swelling of Maidens _Breasts_, 600 - - To helpe paines in the _Breast_, 500 - - To heale womens sore _Breasts_, 590 - - To draw out broken _Bones_ &c. out of the flesh, 190 - - For _Bruises_ by fals &c., 479, 608, 610 - - Good for _Burnings_ or scaldings, 362, 512, 610 - - - C. - - To clense _Cankers_, 364 - - To procure _Castings_ or vomitings, 189, 434, 442, 489, 532 - - To stay _Casting_ or vomiting, 477, 480 - - To feede or make Cattell fat, 348, 440, 442 - - _Causticke_ or burning plants, 396 - - The best _Coales_ for Gunpowder, 610 - - The best _Coales_ for lasting, 608 - - For the Winde _Collicke_, 216, 293, 453, 455, 476, 504, 508, 515, 530 - - To _Clense_, purge and dry, 276 - - To set an orient red _Colour_ on the cheeke of a woman, 241 - - To make a deepe blew _Colour_, 179, 603 - - To make a red _Colour_, ibid - - To giue a lustre to a white _Colour_, 595 - - To make a yellow _Colour_, 421 - - For the _Colts_ euill, or immoderate lust, 499 - - To warme and comfort _Cold_ griefes, 214, 376, 434, 477, 478, 480, - 491 - - _Cooling_ and drying, 323, 353, 378, 421, 438, 486, 499, 528, 562, - 557, 564, 576, 562, 568, 576, 578, 590, 594, 598, 602, 603, 607 - - _Cooling_ and moistning, 234, 283, 380, 432, 579 - - For a _Consumption_, 519, 608 - - _Cordiall_ to comfort the heart, 170, 216, 252, 298, 301, 314, 328, - 421, 427, 436, 450, 480, 482, 483, 526, 528, 530, 558, 586 - - For the _Cough_ in young children, 502 - - Good for _Coughes_ and colds, 134, 295, 513, 533, 562, 567, 575, 584, - 586 - - Mithridates _Counterpoyson_, 567 - - Good for _Crampes_ and shrinking of sinews, 425 - - - D. - - To procure an easie and speedy _Deliuery_ to women in trauell, 40, - 199, 274, 410 - - To stay rheumaticke _Distillations_, 288, 376, 386, 427 - - To cure the biting of a mad _Dogge_, 300, 353, 482 - - To helpe the _Dropsie_, 235, 290, 353 - - To cause _Drowsinesse_ like vnto drunkennes, 362 - - - E. - - For paines in the _Eares_, 580, 584 - - Good for sore and weake _Eyes_, 216, 421, 427, 479, 530 - - Hurtfull to the head and _Eyes_, 489 - - For the _Epilepsie_ or falling sicknesse, 194, 335, 344, 456, 477, - 502 - - - F. - - To cleanse the _Face_, and other parts of the skinne and make it - fresh, 40, 189, 247, 336, 396, 500, 502, 521, 528, 566, 584, 589, - 600 - - For the _Falling_ sicknesse, 194, 335, 344, 456, 477, 502 - - _Farsing_ or _faseting_ herbes, 474, 476, 478 - - To heale _Felons_ on the ioynts of the fingers, 492 - - To procure the Feminine courses, 289, 335, 453, 456, 477, 479, 491 - - To stay the Feminine or menstruall courses, 372, 396, 480, 486, 608, - 611 - - To cleanse _Fistula’s_, 364 - - To expell thin _Flegme_, 477 - - To extenuate & expectorate tough _Flegme_, 134, 264, 436, 448, 456, - 477, 500, 529, 530, 533, 608 - - For the bloody _Flixe_ and all other _Fluxes_, 193, 231, 372, 425, - 431, 446, 483, 486, 568, 595, 602, 605, 608, 611 - - To take away _Freckles_, spots, &c., 500, 566 - - For the _French_ disease, 283, 353, 606 - - - G. - - To stay the _Gonorrhæa_ or running of the reynes, 608 - - Good for the _Gout_, 349 - - - H. - - To cause the _haire_ to grow, 566 - - For the falling of the _Haire_, 425 - - Hurtfull to the _Head_ and eyes, 489 - - Good for the _Head_ and _Heart_, 134, 170, 298, 426, 455, 474, 530, - 586 - - Good for the _Head_ and stomack, 455, 474, 530, 586 - - For paines in the _Head_, 288, 292, 426, 448, 499 - - For the swimming and dissinesse of the _Head_, 241, 247, 586 - - For the passion of the _Heart_, and to make it merry, 480, 528, 529, - 589 - - To expell venemous vapours from the _Heart_, 170, 301, 529, 530, 586 - - To procure _Health_, 477, 478 - - To ease the _Hemorrhodes_ or piles, 513, 580 - - For an _Hoarsenesse_, 580, 584, 600 - - For the bots in _Horses_, 606, 607 - - For the cough in _Horses_, 595 - - To stay the _Hickock_, 494 - - To purge flegmaticke and watery _Humours_, 329 - - - I. - - For the yellow _Iaundise_, 132, 134, 150, 170, 275, 290, 531, 562 - - To make excellent _Inke_, 431 - - To asswage hot _Inflammations_, 362, 378, 380 - - To helpe the _Itching_ of the _Head_, 477 - - To cure the _Itch_, 380 - - - K. - - To heale exulcerated _Kidneyes_, 533 - - - L. - - To stay a _Laske_ or loosenesse, 321, 323, 421, 425, 446, 483, 562, - 568, 570, 571, 578, 595 - - For the _Lepry_ and deformity of the skin, 306 - - For chapt _Lips_ and hands &c., 589 - - To tanne or thicken _Leather_, 611 - - To clense the _Liuer_, 484, 532 - - To coole and strengthen the _Liuer_, 226, 448, 486 - - Good for the _Lunges_ and old coughes, 134, 249, 300, 353, 364, 436, - 448, 456, 477, 502, 506, 513, 529, 530, 533, 600, 608 - - To stay immoderate lust, 499, 529 - - - M. - - To take away blew _Markes_, 427, 500, 502, 566 - - For the _Measels_ and small pocks, 170, 216 - - To straw on _Meate_, 474, 476 - - For _Melancholicke_ diseases, 345, 450, 448, 455, 510, 589 - - To comfort & strengthen cold and weake _Members_, 170, 290, 407, 427, - 448, 449, 453, 474, 477, 491, 598 - - To strengthen the _Memory_, 427, 428 - - To keep _Milke_ from curdling in the stomacke, 482 - - To increase _Milke_ in womens breasts, 440, 504 - - For the _Morphew_ and other discolourings of the skin, 336, 396, 427, - 566 - - For the _Mother_ in women, 344, 378 - - To keep garments from _Moths_, 376, 611 - - To engender _Moths_, 386 - - Good to wash and clense the _Mouth_, 428, 431, 446, 528, 557, 564, - 598 - - To cure Vlcers in the _Mouth_, 431 - - For a surfet of _Mushroms_, 513 - - - N. - - To waste _Nature_, 530 - - For a cricke in the _Necke_, 66 - - To procure _Neesing_, 189, 289 - - To stay bleeding at the _Nose_, 396 - - - O. - - To open _Obstructions_, 448, 484, 492, 532 - - To take away the offence of the smell of _Onions_, Garlicke, Leekes - &c., 512 - - A remedie for them that haue taken _Opium_ too liberally, 289 - - - P. - - To ease _Paines_, 290, 370 - - For the _Palsie_, 241, 247 - - For the _Plague_ or pestilentiall feuers, 160, 170, 216, 275, 298, - 328, 333, 335, 353, 483, 495, 513, 529, 530, 586, 595, 603 - - From whence _Pitch_ is made, 600 - - For the small _Pocks_, 170, 216 - - An especiall Antidote against _Poyson_, 134, 339, 353 - - Against the _Poyson_ of the Helmet flower and other venemous herbes, - and against all other infectious diseases, 216, 333, 335, 353, 483, - 529 - - Against the _Poyson_ of the Spider Phalangium, Scorpions, Serpents, - and other venemous beasts, 152, 301, 328, 333, 335, 402, 453, 477, - 607 - - To take away the strength of certaine _Poysons_, 590 - - _Poyson_ to all fourefooted beasts, 402 - - For sweet _Pouthers_ and sweet bags, 189, 421, 450, 453, 586 - - To _Purge_ gently, 284, 421, 566 - - To _Purge_ vehemently, and stubborne diseases, 189, 346, 360, 400, - 562 - - To fatten _Pullen_, 440, 442 - - - R. - - To restore _Rauishment_, 600 - - To hinder young persons from growing _Ripe_ too soone, 132 - - Fences of _Reedes_ as good as wals, 510 - - To draw _Rheume_, 214, 288, 292 - - To stay _Rheumaticke_ distillations, 287, 288, 376, 427, 482 - - From whence _Rossen_ is made, 60 - - Good for _Ruptures_, 602 - - - S. - - To put into _Sawsages_ &c., 476, 477, 478, 480, 482 - - For _Scaldings_ and burnings, 362, 512 - - To take away _Scars_ and markes, 223, 247, 336, 521, 568 - - For the _Sciatica_ or paine in the hippes and ioynts, 160, 442 - - To clense the head of _Scurfe_, 134, 396, 477, 479, 607 - - For the _Scurvie_, 389, 510 - - To increase _Seede_, 524 - - To ease paines in the _Sides_, 532, 599 - - To cleare the _Sight_, 134, 427, 479, 530 - - To comfort the _Sinewes_ and ioynts, 426, 427, 477, 478, 480, 595, - 599 - - For the shrinking of _Sinewes_, 425, 426, 599 - - To procure _Sleepe_, 286, 362, 378, 499 - - To keep the body _Soluble_, 333, 376, 421, 480, 488, 495, 566, 578, - 582 - - To clense the head of running _Sores_, 134, 607 - - To breake plague _Sores_, 223, 300 - - Good for _Sores_ and wounds, 303, 446, 600 - - Good for the _Spleene_, 198, 288, 455, 456, 474, 490, 502, 510, 530, - 610 - - To draw out _Splinters_ &c. out of the flesh, 190 - - Good for _Stitches_, 599 - - Good for the _Stomacke_ and Liuer, 134, 353, 455, 473, 483, 491, 532 - - Hurtfull to the head and _Stomacke_, 489, 607 - - For cold and windy _Stomacks_, 301, 455, 476, 491, 495, 586 - - To coole an hot _Stomacke_, 380, 486, 499, 525, 526, 528, 558, 560, - 562, 566, 575, 584, 589 - - To warme a cold _Stomacke_, 474, 477, 480, 482, 495, 500, 515, 529, - 586, 598 - - For the _Stone_ in the reynes and kidneyes, 230, 274, 293, 335, 370, - 425, 492, 503, 504, 510, 521, 526, 532, 533, 566, 575, 582, 584, - 607, 608, 611 - - For the _Strangury_, 491 - - Good against _Surfets_, 287 - - To cause _Surfets_, 582 - - To prouoke _Sweating_, 264, 290, 532 - - To helpe _Swounings_, 274, 301, 529 - - - T. - - To draw out _Thornes_ &c. out of the flesh, 190 - - Good for swollen _Throats_, 300 - - To wash the mouth and _Throate_, 357, 478, 528, 598 - - For the _Tooth-ach_, 134, 292 - - The poore mans _Treakle_, 514 - - For _Trageas_ or dredges, 573 - - Common _Turpentine_ from whence it is taken, 600 - - Venice _Turpentine_ from whence it is taken, 600, 608 - - - V. - - To helpe _Venery_, 66, 190, 193, 194, 502, 506, 524 - - To take away _Vermine_ and Lice in the head &c., 477 - - To recouer the _Voyce_ being lost, 513 - - To cicatrise old _Vlcers_, 275, 364 - - To clense _Vlcers_, 492, 580 - - For running _Vlcers_, 364, 595 - - To procure _Vomiting_, 189, 439, 442, 532 - - To stay _Vomiting_, 477, 480 - - To cure the biting of a _Viper_ or Adder, 302 - - To cause the _Vrine_ to seeme blood, 433 - - For the stopping of _Vrine_, 132, 264, 353, 376, 453, 456, 483, 491, - 492, 502, 503, 506, 508, 515, 525, 530, 532, 533, 582, 602, 608 - - - W. - - To purge _watery_ humours, 329 - - To make sweete _Waters_, 421, 450, 453, 428 - - To breake _Winde_, 301, 455, 476, 491, 494, 508, 515, 529, 530, 575, - 586 - - To stay the longing of _Women_ with childe, 561, 564 - - For the _Wormes_, 134, 216, 336, 345, 449, 482, 483, 500, 502, 532, - 582, 607 - - Good to cure _Wounds_, 241, 252, 364, 389, 445, 446, 456, 480, 483, - 492 - - Good _Wound_ herbes, 230, 231, 235, 241, 323, 383, 389, 406 - - - - -_Faults escaped in some Copies._ - - Folio 8. line 14. for own reade home. - f. 12. l. 27. for trouble reade treble. - f. 42. l. 5. reade, like vnto that of a Lilly. - f. 66. l. 42. χίρου read κρίνου or λεῖριου. - f. 73. l. 37. for top of the flower, read cup. - f. 134. l. 36. for composed reade compassed. - f. 150. l. 4. for hath, reade haue, and line 5 for is are. - f. 173. l. 12. put out these Wordes, the inside, in the beginning of - the line. - f. 189. l. 38. reade _Binis florum ordinibus_. - f. 218. l. 19. reade goulons, and l. 28. pratensis. - f. 272. l. 36. read Pothos. - f. 276. l. 12. Chelidonia. - f. 281. l. 37. for hath, haue, and l. 28. Mastuerzo. - f. 284. l. 15. Vicenza. - f. 287. l. 39. Citrina. - f. 290. l. 39. reade prouoke, and, helpe. - f. 329. l. 37. for Melancholicke, reade Flegmaticke. - f. 330, 331, 333. reade Eryngium in all places. - f. 336. l. 8. reade, and not very flat. - f. 356. l. 31. Americanum. - f. 357. l. 26. Cervicaria. - f. 358. l. 45. reade, before it can haue. - f. 372. l. 9. blot out, except it. - f. 389. for spockes, reade smockes. - f. 393. l. 3. in the margent for cæruleo, read pleno. - f. 397. l. 10. reade dwarfe. - f. 424. l. 45. Hirculus. - f. 428. l. 20. Tarentina. - f. 431. l. 10. Cyprium. - l. 19. Amomum. - f. 438. l. 17. for Dioscorides, reade Theophrastus. - f. 442. l. 3. for castings reade purgings. - f. 509. l. 35. reade γογγύλη. - f. 513. l. 24. transferre all that clause of Onions vnto the other - side, vnder the vse of Onions. - f. 516. l. 37. transferre these words, [Bauhinus vpon Matthiolus - calleth it _Solanum tuberosum esculentum_] vnto the former Potatoes - of Virginia. - f. 520. l. 13. for swelleth, read smelleth. - f. 541. l. 51. reade, after your stockes raysed from stones. - f. 566. l. 20. for as, read and, and l. 29. euery one. - f. 567. l. 24. for Rice, read Rue. - f. 575. l. 8. reade serue to be ministred to the sicke. - f. 588. l. 3. Capandu. - f. 594. l. 18. for facility, read faculty. - f. 595. l. 39. reade Ricinus. - f. 600. l. 4. Fuchsius. - - - LONDON, - _Printed by_ HVMFREY LOWNES _and_ ROBERT YOVNG - _at the signe of the Starre on Bread-street hill_, - 1629. - - - - -Transcriber’s Note - -Frontispiece--The Tetragrammaton (ְיֹהָוה) is printed within the -sun at the top of the image of the Garden of Eden. The text in the -frontispiece had some characters which were difficult to make out, the -transcription given above for the frontispiece is our best attempt. - -On page 299 in “The Names” section, “usually” is left as -printed. “Saluia” is sometimes printed as “Salvia” and “maior” as -“major”. The word “fœmina” is often printed “fæmina”. - -In the indexes the letter “v” is sometimes used where a “u” is used -in the body of the book. Similarly “e” or even “œ” is sometimes used in -the index where an “æ” is used in the body of the book. Some pairs of -characters, “ct” “st” and “sh” were originally printed as ligatures. - -The main divisions of the book started with a decoration, and an -illustrated capital letter, they also sometimes ended with a -decoration. - -There is no chapter CX. and there are two chapters CXXXI. in “The -Garden of pleasant Flowers”. - -In the illustration on page 505, there is no corresponding caption for -label 8. - -Numbered lists of plants, in Latin and English, were originally printed -with the Latin on the left, and English on the right. These are here -shown one under the other. - - -Changes made to the text are: - -Greek-Ligatures in quotations from the Greek have been expanded, and -accents and punctuation have been corrected. - -An abbreviation, printed as a lowercase g with a comma above and a -cedilla after, has been represented by “q.” throughout. The ligature -“ȣ”, has been expanded to “ου” throughout. - -Punctuation has been standardized in ordered lists, headings, indexes -and the “Faults escaped in some Copies”. Numbered sections have had -the occasional misnumbering corrected, and the occasional irregular -indentation standardized. - -In the last two indexes, the indexed words are usually in -italics, unitalicized indexed words have been left as printed. - -Other changes made in the Main part of the book are: - - Page 8: “peasure” has been changed to “pleasure” in the subtitle of - Chapter IV. - Page 16: “Caminus” has been changed to “Caninus” in “Dens Caninus”. - Page 21: “remoue into them into the shadow” has been changed to - “remoue them into the shadow”. - Page 39: “Diues” changed to “Diuers” in the Vertues section of the - White Lilly of Constantinople. - Page 40: “Frillaria” changed to “Fritillaria” in the title of the - common checkerd Daffodill. - Page 49: “siimilis” changed to similis in point 5 of Tulipa præcox - rubra. - Page 55: “diuer simodè” changed to “diuersimodè” in point 14 of - Tulipa media alba. - Page 56: “buius varietas” changed to “huius varietas” in the last - point of Tulipa media alba. - “or as” changed to “oras” in point 11 of Tulipa media - purpurea. - Page 63: “probabilty” changed to “probability” in the paragraph - starting “For the choise of your seede to sowe”. - Closing bracket added after “Cloth of silver” in the same - paragraph. - Page 65: “norman” changed to “normam” in “tanquam ad normam” at the - end of the general description of tulips. - Page 71: “Mattenese” changed to “Mattenesse”, and “Nomparelle” - changed to “Nompareille” in the caption for label 2. - Page 91: “while” changed to “white” in “The double white - Daffodill of Virginia”. - Page 170: “Mæfiacus” changed to “Mæsiacus” in the last line of the - “Names” section. - Page 186: “Chamairis” changed to “Chamæiris” the title of Section 1. - Page 218: “lilo vnto” changed to “like vnto” in Section 7. - Page 243: “Paralysis fatua” changed to “Paralysis fatuo” in the - caption for Primroses and Cowslips. - Page 272: “Phytobafanos” changed to “Phytobasanos” in the Names - section. - Page 281: “familar” changed to “familiar” in the Place section. - Page 304: “Fistuluso” has been changed to “Fistuloso” in the Names - section. - Page 312: “Master Ralph Truggie” has been changed to “Master Ralph - Tuggie”. - Page 336: The sentence with the sidenote “Minimus” has been moved to - a paragraph on its own. - Page 378: “דודאימ” changed to “דודאים” in the Vertues section. - Page 380: “Lycoperficum of Galen” changed to “Lycopersicum of Galen”. - Page 399: “Maurocerasus” changed to “Laurocerasus”. - Page 423: “Frisucus” changed to “Frisicus”. - Page 433: “Theoprastus” changed to “Theophrastus” in the Names - section. - Page 434: “Cassana” changed to “Cassaua” in the Names section. - Page 437: Opening bracket added before “which they gathered to put - among other flowers, for Nosegayes” in the first paragraph - of Chapter CXIX. - Page 438: “Liburnum” changed to “Laburnum” in the first paragraph of - Chapter CXX. - Page 555: “the side walks of a chamber” changed to “the side walls of - a chamber”. - Page 600: The “Use of Fir Trees” section has been endented to match - similar sections. - -Other changes made to the Indexes are: - - Page 1: The page number for the general Aconites section has been - added to the entry “Aconitum bacciferum, i.e. - Christophoriana”. - “Agluophotis” changed to “Aglaophotis”. - The page number for “Arbor Vitæ” changed from 438 to 436. - Page 2: The page number for “Campanula persicifolia alba & cærulea” - changed from 351 to 353. - “Ledum Alpidum” changed to “Ledum Alpinum” in the entry for - “Chamærhododendros Chamælææfolio Lobelij”. - Page 3: “Draba siue Arabis Dodonæi” moved up one line to be in - alphabetic order. - The page number for “Cyprus Plinij” changed from 414 to 411. - The page number for “Frutex Coronarius Clusij” changed from - 414 to 410. - Page 4: “Gesneri” changed to “Hermodactylus Gesneri”. - The page number for “Lilium conuallium” changed from 340 - to 349. - Page 5: The page number for “Narcissus Iacobæus” changed from 169 - to 69. - The page number for “Mirabilia Peruviana” changed from 394 - to 364. - Page 6: The page number for “Scilla rubra” in the entry for - “Pancratium” changed from 153 to 133. - Page 7: “Sambacus” changed to “Sambucus”. - Page 10: “Lædies smockes double” changed to “Ladies smockes double”. - Page 15: “For the shrinking of Sinewes” moved up three lines to be - in alphabetic order. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PARADISI IN SOLE PARADISUS -TERRESTRIS *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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