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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1d18b40 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #69452 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/69452) diff --git a/old/69452-0.txt b/old/69452-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index d3693b4..0000000 --- a/old/69452-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,968 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Shells and pebbles, by Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Shells and pebbles - A story for children - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: November 30, 2022 [eBook #69452] - -Language: English - -Produced by: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHELLS AND PEBBLES *** - - - - - -[Illustration] - - - - - SHELLS AND PEBBLES. - - A Story for Children. - - BY THE AUTHOR OF “STORIES FOR THE NURSERY.” - - PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF - THE COMMITTEE OF GENERAL LITERATURE AND EDUCATION, - APPOINTED BY THE SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING - CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE. - - LONDON: - SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE: - SOLD AT THE DEPOSITORIES: - 77, GREAT QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN’S INN FIELDS; - 4, ROYAL EXCHANGE; 48, PICCADILLY; - AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. - - LONDON: - R. CLAY, SON, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS, - BREAD STREET HILL. - - - - -SHELLS AND PEBBLES. - - -Children who were born, and have lived all their lives, in an inland -county, scarcely know what is meant by “the sea.” - -Henry Miller was one of these; he was eight years old, and though he had -been taken, when quite a baby, to the sea-shore, he could not recollect -anything about it. - -Now, if you live near the sea, I dare say you may think: “Well, I should -not like to live in an inland county, so far away from the sea as never -to be able to walk on the beach, or to climb the rocks, or to pick up -curious things on the shore. I would not be Henry Miller for the world.” - -You will laugh, perhaps, at the way that Henry found out that the sea was -salt; but, after all, he may now know some things about it which you do -not; and, though he was not many hours on the shore, he may have picked -up some curious things which you never saw in your life. Some other -things he saw, which, I doubt not, you have seen, but he may have learnt -something even about these which you do not know, so that what was told -to him may be new to you also. - -But if you too, like Henry Miller, live inland, you will be pleased to -hear what he saw, though nothing happened to him different from what any -little boy may meet with when visiting the sea-side. I am not going to -tell you an amusing story, but only to write about things which any one -who has eyes, and knows how to use them, may see for himself, and which -any one who wishes to learn may read of in useful books, or find out by -asking those who know better than himself. - -Henry Miller and his father, then, went last winter to spend two or three -days in a town on the south coast of England. The day after they arrived, -they walked to some high ground, from which they could see the water. -Henry had seen rivers and ponds large enough for ships to sail on, but -what now lay before him was very different. A broad sheet of water, shut -in on both sides by high land, stretched out so far that nothing could -be seen beyond it. Whether the water rose till it met the sky, or the -sky came down till it met the water, or whether they met each other half -way, he could not make out. This sheet of water, his father told him, -was called a bay. There were many ships in it, most of them lying quite -still, riding at anchor, that is, each fastened by strong chains to an -iron anchor, which the sailors had thrown over into the water, and which -lay fixed by one of its flukes, or large teeth, to the bottom. Some of -them had their masts broken, for there had been a dreadful storm a few -days before, and they had sailed into this bay for shelter. - -In the distance they could see the sails of a tall ship, which was coming -in, but, strange to say, not a bit of the ship itself was in sight—it -seemed to be quite sunk beneath the surface. Mr. Miller reminded Henry -that the earth was round, like the globe in the school-room at home, and -that the reason why the hull of the vessel could not be seen was that the -round surface of the globe came between it and his eye; but that if he -could see through the water between, he would find that the hull of the -ship was floating just like the vessels riding at anchor. - -A little way from the land was an island, on which some houses were -built. The land on which Henry stood was so much higher than the island, -that he could see quite over it, and make out, quite well, that it really -was a piece of land surrounded by water. - -After standing here a short time, and watching the boats, which were -sailing to and fro, some with sails, and some moved onwards by oars, they -walked down from the high ground by a broad road, and then by some stone -steps which had been cut in the rock, until they stood upon the beach. - -Though in the middle of winter, it was not very cold. A fresh breeze -was blowing towards the shore, which ruffled the surface of the water, -making it rise in little waves. A little way out, the waves rose and fell -without breaking, but, as they came near the shore, they curled over in -long white lines of foam, and chased one another up the beach, making -a dashing noise, which never ceased. Here and there, where rough rocks -jutted out into the sea, the waves rose much higher, and dashed over them -with such violence, that no one could stand with safety at their edges. -Sea-gulls, some nearly white, and others dark grey, were flying about, -sometimes dipping into the water, and rising again as if they had stooped -to pick up something. Mr. Miller said he supposed they were feeding on -bits of meat or fish, which had been thrown over from the ships. In -summer, they often fly about in large flocks, darting down in the same -way; but then they are generally employed in real fishing, and a large -flock marks the place where a shoal of pilchards, or herrings, or sprats, -is swimming near the surface. Then, too, they are of great use to the -fisherman, who is taught by them where to throw over his nets with the -best chance of a catch. In winter, these fish keep in deep water, so -that the gulls, who cannot dive, are obliged to find some other kind of -food. There are several different kinds of gulls, but all that were seen -to-day were of the same sort, the only difference being that the young -birds had darker plumage than the others. - -At some distance from shore, Mr. Miller pointed out to Henry something -black in the water, but, before he had time to look, it was gone. In -about a minute’s time, the head and long neck of a bird suddenly showed -themselves, turned from side to side with a quick jerk, and disappeared -again. “That is a cormorant,” said Mr. Miller; “a bird who, at this -season, has a much better chance of catching fish than a gull, for he -can not only swim but dive, and stay under water for a very long time. -A little does not satisfy him, but when he _has_ had enough, he flies -along close to the water, until he has found a safe rock, where he -spreads his wings to dry in the sun or wind, and then goes a fishing -again.” - -[Illustration: CORMORANT.] - -Henry recollected having been once told not to eat like a cormorant; and -though he did not then know what a cormorant was, he now began to suspect -that boys got that name when they ate so much bread-and-butter that they -were fit for nothing afterwards, but to lie basking in the sun. - -He had heard that sea-water was salt, but had never had an opportunity of -knowing it for himself; so when his papa told him to put into his mouth -a wet pebble, which he had just picked up, he soon spat it out, making a -very wry face. - -“Where does all the salt come from which gives a taste to so much water?” -was a natural question, but not a very easy one to answer. - -Mr. Miller, however, said that a great quantity of salt was washed into -the sea by rivers, and that though the water was drawn up by the sun, -in the form of vapour, the salt was not. Besides this, it is supposed -that there are, in the bottom of the sea, large rocks of salt, which are -constantly being dissolved by the water, and give it its bitter taste. - -Not many days after, when Henry wanted to know how salt was made, Mr. -Miller reminded him of sea-water, and told him that, in some parts of -England, during summer, salt-water was allowed to flow into shallow pits, -from which the heat of the sun drew up the water in vapour, leaving the -salt behind. This, he said, was scraped up and purified. In some inland -countries, such as Poland, salt is dug out of mines. A great deal of the -salt which we use is got from salt springs, a long way from the sea, -which, it is supposed, flow through or over rocks of salt under ground. - -A man now passed by, having something in his hand, which he showed to Mr. -Miller, and asked him if it was coral. - -“No,” said Mr. Miller, “it is not coral, but a kind of sponge, which has -been torn by the late storm from the rock on which it grew.” - -Henry looked about very carefully, in the hope of finding a piece which -he might wash himself with, when he went home; but though he was told -that it was not likely that he would find the right sort, which is -brought from the Mediterranean Sea, he did not give over his search. - -He did not succeed, but presently came to his papa bringing something, -which, he had made up his mind, must be a sea-beetle. - -It was about as large as his hand, nearly square; black, shining, and -leathery, and from each corner stuck out a long, black horn. Two of these -horns were hooked at the end, and two were straight. When he pressed it, -he found that it was hollow; but as soon as he took off his fingers it -recovered its shape again, being as elastic as an india-rubber ball. - -“This,” said Mr. Miller, “is not a beetle, but an egg.” - -Henry had seen thrushes’ eggs, and eaten hens’ eggs, but they were so -unlike this black leather bag that he thought his papa must be joking. - -[Illustration: PURSE OF SKATE.] - -“Not the egg of a bird, but of a fish. As we came through the market -to-day, I showed you some flat and very ugly fishes, with eyes and mouth -something like those of a human being, and with a long tail like that of -a quadruped.” - -Henry remembered to have seen them, and that they were called skates. -“And is this the egg of a skate?” - -Not exactly the egg, but the egg-shell. There was once a yelk in it, -something like that in a hen’s egg. Out of this yelk a young skate grew, -and when it was large enough it forced its way out through this end. - -Mr. Miller pinched one end of the egg-shell, or purse, as it is called, -between his finger and thumb, holding it as one would a letter which one -wanted to read without breaking the seal, and the end of the purse opened. - -“And did it float about in the water while the young fish was growing, or -was it laid on the beach?” - -“Neither: if it had been left to float about in the water, it would soon -have been eaten by gulls, or driven ashore; and how can fishes lay their -eggs on the land? No, it was left by the fish among the weed which grows -at the bottom of the sea, and the hooked horns held on by the stem of one -of them, until the fish had escaped. The late storm, I suppose, tore it -away from the weeds and washed it ashore. I have found them with a yelk -in them, but this rarely happens.” - -“But, papa, you said that there were weeds in the sea; are they like the -weeds in gardens?” - -[Illustration: SEA-WEED.] - -Mr. Miller pointed to the rocks, some of which were covered with long -bunches of tangled stems of a dark-brown or green colour, which he said -were sea-weeds. Some stout stems were also lying about the shore, like -horse-whips, with a bunch of roots at one end, and a tuft of leathery -straps at the other. This, too, was a sea-weed. He reminded him, too, of -a book which he had seen at home, filled with crimson, purple, green, -and brown leaves, which he said were also sea-weeds. They do not send -their roots into the ground like garden weeds, but cling to the rocks or -to each other, and are nourished by the water in which they grow. - -[Illustration: SEA-TANGLE.] - -The purse of the skate was secured, to be carried home as a prize, and a -stem of a large sea-weed was soon made into a whip. - -The next curious thing picked up was a piece of stone, so full of holes -as to resemble a piece of honeycomb, except that the holes were round and -not regularly placed. - -[Illustration: PHOLAS.] - -“This,” said Mr. Miller, “is a piece of limestone, which once formed a -part of one of the rocks jutting into the sea. The holes were made by -shell-fish, but whether made for shelter, or because the animals within -feed on the lime, I cannot say. It is very clear that this piece has -been washing about for a very long time, as it is worn smooth by being -battered against other stones. We must call these shell-fish both useful -and mischievous animals. Here they are certainly useful, for they eat -away parts of the rock until they are not able to bear the force of the -waves, when they break away and are driven on to the beach. I dare say -that a great many years ago the rocks about this place were much higher -than they are now, and were in the way of boats sailing to and fro. -But when the little animals choose to make their houses in quays or -sea-walls, they do much mischief by eating away the foundations. - -“I once came here when the water was low, and as I stepped from rock to -rock I broke off several pieces with my foot. The animals were then in -them and alive. They are about the size and shape of a horse-bean; they -have, like oysters, two shells, which are rough, and of a dull yellow -colour. There is another kind of shell-fish, larger than this, which -burrows in rocks, named pholas.” - -This was the last curiosity picked up to-day; but before they left the -shore, Mr. Miller went to a cave, in which he recollected to have seen, -a long time before, some plants of sea-fern growing on the roof. They -were too high to be reached; but as he was a great admirer of ferns, and -this kind grew only on the sea-shore, he did not like to miss a chance -of seeing them again. To his great joy, the late storm, which had done -so much damage to the shipping, had washed away one of the sides of the -cave, and a large mass of stone had fallen just beneath the very place -where the ferns grew. He mounted on this, and with the help of a knife, -loosened some small stones around the roots of the ferns, and so took out -some fine plants, roots and all. What was done with these you shall hear -by and by. - -The next day was rainy, but on the day following the sun shone brightly, -and there was every prospect of some fine weather. “The tide does not -suit well,” said Mr. Miller, “but as we may not have a chance of another -day’s sunshine, I will hire a carriage, and we will go to a beautiful -part of the coast, which is some miles distant, where you will be able to -pick up shells, and have a much wider view of the sea than that which we -saw the day before yesterday.” Accordingly, a basket of provisions was -packed up, and the carriage was very soon rolling merrily along. - -On the way, Henry asked his papa what he meant by saying that “the tide -did not suit.” - -Mr. Miller explained to him that the water of the sea was not stagnant -like that of a pond or a lake, nor did it always run one way like that of -a river, but flowed in one direction for a little more than six hours, -and in another during about the same time. “This motion of the water,” he -said, “is called a tide. When the water is flowing towards the shore, the -tide is said to be ‘coming in.’ All this time it is rising on the beach, -and when it ceases to come in, we say that ‘it is high water.’ Soon -after high water it begins to go out again, or ebb, and when it ceases -to ebb we call it ‘low water.’ Now at the place where we are going, the -shore is not made up of little pebbly beaches separated from each other -by rocks jutting out, but long flat sands stretch for several miles. -They are very pleasant to walk on when the tide is out, but it will be -high water to-day just at the time when we reach the coast, so that I am -afraid we shall not be able to have a very long walk on the sands, unless -we wait some time. Never mind! we shall at least have a glorious view of -the sea.” - -It was past twelve o’clock, when, after mounting a steep hill, the driver -was told to stop, and to be in waiting at the same place exactly at four. - -The basket was taken out; and Mr. Miller and Henry, passing through -a gate, found themselves in a large sloping field, partly covered by -furze-bushes, and seeming to stretch downwards till it quite touched -the sea. There were no high lands here on either side shutting in the -view; nothing but a wide, wide waste of blue water, sparkling in the -sunshine, and, where it touched the land, breaking into a wide edge of -foam. The noise was incessant, sounding something like the rumbling of -many carriages at a distance, now rising, and now falling, like the wind -during a storm, and every now and then mixed with the thundering roar of -some larger wave than usual as it rushed up the sands, or dashed against -a rock. - -Henry, in great delight, set off at full speed down the field, expecting -to reach the shore at once; but his race was soon ended, for he shortly -found himself at the brink of a high cliff or precipice, the face of -which was almost as steep as a wall. A narrow winding path was soon -discovered cut through the rock, by the help of which they climbed down, -and at last stood on the shore. The wind was blowing very freshly above, -but here it was quite calm and mild. One might have thought the season -to be spring, or even summer, for all signs of winter, such as mud, bare -trees, and stunted grass, were left behind. - -Close to the base of the cliff there were large stones which had fallen -from above; but a few yards out there was nothing but fine sand, so dry -and firm that, though the foot left a mark whereon it rested, and kicked -up a little piece of sand whenever it was lifted, no walking could be -more pleasant. - -But it was not this which was noticed at first. The great sight was the -enormous waves, which seemed to grow up out of the water a long way -out, to rise higher and higher, and to rush on faster and faster, till, -in their haste to reach the land, they fell forward, and, dashing into -a sheet of foam, swept far up on the sand; then, growing weaker and -weaker, they made one last sweep, and drew back as if afraid, but were -driven on again by the new waves, which had formed themselves meanwhile. - -Mr. Miller said that about every ninth wave was larger than the rest. -Henry and he counted together; and though the eighth or tenth was -sometimes the largest, they accounted for the mistake by supposing that -they must either have missed one, or reckoned the same wave twice. - -Many times, as a wave went back, they chased it as far as they could -go without wetting their feet. The sand seemed to grow dry and hard -the instant that the water left it, so that they could follow it very -closely; but soon another great wave came roaring in, and they were -obliged to scamper towards land as fast as their legs would carry them. - -Once, while Henry was looking one way and running the other, he came -against the front of a little rock which rose through the sand, and -narrowly escaped a good ducking. Another time he stood on the top of a -little rock which rose like an island through the sand, hoping that the -water would surround him. For several minutes he waited very patiently, -but the waves always stopped before they reached him. At last, just as he -had grown tired, there came a ninth wave, which not only surrounded him, -but rose so high as to dash against his legs. Whether he was frightened, -or the water was too strong for him to stand against, I do not know, but -he sprang off and ran towards the land, wet nearly up to his knees. - -It was now high water; and as Henry belonged to that class of boys who -like fresh air, exercise, and bread-and-butter, he gladly heard the -proposal to find a good place where they might sit down to dinner. They -had not to go far. Not a hundred yards off, a small stream came tumbling -over the cliff among some large stones, and, after flowing for a short -distance, sank into the sand before it reached the sea. Towards this they -made their way, frequently picking up shells and other things which had -been washed in by the waves, but throwing them all away again, because -the basket in which they were to be stowed away had yet to be emptied. - -A large stone, with a towel spread on it, was the table, and stones -served as seats. The dinner consisted of some slices of cold tongue, and -a hunch of bread. The stream supplied plenty of clear and cold water, and -this was the only part of the feast of which much was left. - -“And now,” said Mr. Miller, “that we have made room in our basket, let us -search for curiosities.” - -[Illustration: SHELL OF CUTTLE-FISH.] - -High up on the sands, and close to the late dining-room, lay a number of -white, flat substances, which puzzled Henry as much as the purse of the -skate had done. They were oval in shape, and about the size of his foot. -One side was hard and rough, the other smoother, and soft enough to be -scratched by the finger-nail. Whether they were bones or shells he could -not tell. “This,” said Mr. Miller, “is the backbone of a cuttle-fish. The -animal, when alive, is soft, and nearly transparent. It has a large head, -on which there are a number of long arms stretching out. It lives on -small fish, which it chases, and then catches hold of by the help of many -small suckers on its arms. When chased itself, it spurts out a quantity -of black fluid, like ink, making the water so thick and dark that its -enemy loses sight of it, and is obliged to give up the chase. Often, when -I have been fishing from a boat, a cuttle-fish has followed a fish which -I have caught, up to the very surface of the water, and sometimes I have -caught the cuttle-fish itself, by darting into it a hook fastened to the -end of a stick. - -[Illustration: CUTTLE-FISH AND EGGS.] - -“I was once fishing, when the man in the boat with me caught a -cuttle-fish in this way, and having lifted it into the boat too soon, it -spurted its ink with such force as to spatter us all over. It is not used -as food in this country, but it makes excellent bait.” - -Scattered along the coast were a number of scarlet berries, which Mr. -Miller looked at very closely, and said they were cranberries. - -“But do cranberries grow on sea-weeds?” said Henry. - -“No,” replied Mr. Miller, “certainly not; and I can only account for -their being here by supposing that some ship from America must have been -lost at sea during the late gale, and that these berries must have formed -part of her cargo. You remember how dreadfully we heard the wind howling -on Christmas Eve. It was a sad Christmas to many a poor sailor, who -hoped, perhaps, to spend it among his friends on shore; friends, alas! -whom he will now never meet again. See, here is something else which must -have come from a ship.” - -This was a small lump of spermaceti, a substance which is obtained from -a kind of whale found in the Arctic regions. It had neither taste nor -smell, and looked exactly like a piece of camphor. - -“Look!” said Henry, as he picked up something; “here is a curious piece -of wood full of holes, like the stone which we found the other day.” - -[Illustration: TEREDO.] - -“This,” said Mr. Miller, “is a piece of wood, which was once, perhaps, -part of a ship that has been wrecked; at all events, it has been a long -time in the water. The holes were made by a kind of worm, called Teredo, -which eats its way into the hardest timber, making it so weak that a -slight blow will crush it. In some seas the Teredo is so abundant, that -no vessel is safe unless its bottom is entirely coated with copper. The -worm is very small when first it gets into the wood, but grows larger as -it eats its way, making a passage through the whole length of a plank, -but never coming to the surface; so that a beam of timber may appear to -be solid, and yet all the while be within as full of holes as a sponge. -As it goes on, it lines its passage with a white shell, which it has the -power of making.” In one of the holes a portion of the white shell was -still remaining. - -“Is it not,” continued Mr. Miller, “a wonderful little animal? It can -work its way in the dark, through solid wood, taking care never to turn -a quarter of an inch too much towards the right or towards the left. It -is taught by God to line its house with shell, but no one knows how it -works, or what materials it employs; and, worm as it is, the boldest -sailor would refuse to go to sea in a ship which it had taken hold of. It -may lead us, too, to despise nothing that God has made, however trifling -it may appear.” - -[Illustration: BARNACLES.] - -The next thing picked up was a piece of cork, covered with barnacles. -Barnacles are small shell-fish, growing on long leathery stems, by which -they fasten themselves to floating wood, or the bottoms of vessels. They -are not so mischievous as the worms mentioned before, as they do not -actually eat the wood; but when, as is sometimes the case, they thickly -cover the bottom of a ship, they prevent it from going quickly through -the water. It is sometimes found necessary to take a ship into a dock, in -order to scrape off the barnacles. - -A piece of stone picked up by Henry, looking like a coal-cinder, but -white, Mr. Miller said was pumice-stone. It is one of the kinds of stone -thrown up by volcanoes, or burning mountains. It is so light that it -floats on water. He thought that this piece might, perhaps, have been -thrown from a burning mountain into the sea, or that it might have been -thrown overboard from a ship. It is used on board ships to scrub the -decks with, and on land painters use it in scraping off paint from wood -which is to be coated afresh. - -“On the whole,” said he, “most probably it came direct from a volcano, -for I scarcely ever came to this part of the coast without finding some, -and it could scarcely happen that pumice-stone would always be falling -overboard by accident.” - -[Illustration: WHELK.] - -[Illustration: DONAX.] - -[Illustration: VENUS CHIONE.] - -The number of shells which lay scattered along the beach was very great. -Some were like snail-shells, but more solid. Mr. Miller knew the names, -but as he thought that Henry would not be able to recollect them, he -only told him that they crawled about rocks and sea-weeds, very much as -snails do on land, some living on sea-weed, and others on dead fish, or -any animal substance they can find. Those which are named periwinkles and -whelks are gathered by people who live near the sea, and sold for food, -but they are neither nice nor wholesome. Others were what Mr. Miller -called bivalves; that is, each animal had two shells, fastened together -by a hinge. There were a great many large white cockle-shells, deeply -furrowed, and having rows of sharp points on the outside. Some were yet -larger, brown outside and white within, and strong enough to scoop up -sand with; others, which were flatter, were scarcely thicker than paper. -Most of these were single, and had no fish in them; but many smaller -kinds were found which had been washed in without injury. These were -stowed away very carefully. The most singular of all was a white one, -four or five inches long, shaped something like the pod of a pea, but -open at both ends. This Mr. Miller called a razor-shell, and said that -the animal lived in the sand, burrowing in it like an earth-worm, and, -perhaps, living on the small sea-insects which it finds. - -[Illustration: RAZOR-SHELL.] - -Yet more curious than any of the bivalves, was a fish shaped like the -axle and spokes of a wheel. It was dead; but Mr. Miller said that each -of its five arms was covered with holes, through which, when the animal -was alive, it sent out small suckers, and with them caught hold of its -food. Fishermen often find these star-fishes, as they are called, very -troublesome, as they are very abundant in some places, and eat the bait -intended for crabs and lobsters. - -Henry had now found so many strange things, which turned out to be quite -different from what he expected, that when he picked up what looked -like a wax-candle, he thought he held in his hand some very wonderful -sea-monster. But a wax-candle it really was, and had been a long time in -the sea, as there were young barnacles attached to one end of it. This, -like the cranberries, no doubt came from a wreck, and was carefully -stored away in the basket, though one could not look at it without sad -thoughts. - -They had now walked nearly to the end of the long sands, and Mr. Miller -wished to pass round a rocky point, in order to see what it was that drew -together a large flock of gulls beyond, some of which were flying round -in circles, now and then dipping into the water, some swimming, and some -perched on the dark rocks. - -The tide had gone down a good deal, but had not left the rock. Mr. Miller -managed to climb round, and told Henry to wait for him, as this work -required longer and stronger arms than his. He soon came back; and, after -waiting a little while longer, the tide went out so far that, watching -for an opportunity, when a great wave went out, they were able to run -round the point before another came in. - -The gulls all rose and flew away as they drew near, but they found, on -the spot where they had been gamboling, an immense number of shells, -with the fish still in them, and had little doubt that the quick eyes of -the gulls had discovered these, and that they had been making a plentiful -feast. - -They had now reached another winding path, by which the people who live -near the coast were in the habit of driving mules and donkeys laden with -sea-weed, to be used as manure. After a storm, in summer and autumn, the -coast has a very busy appearance, from the number of people who gain -their living in this way. The weed is first collected into heaps on the -sand, then carried to the top of the cliff, where it is thrown into a -large heap, and allowed to stay until it rots, after which it is spread -on the fields, and is a very useful manure. - -Four o’clock having now nearly arrived, they said good-bye to the sea, -with its blue waves, its yellow sands, its shells, its pebbles, and its -many strange things, and found the carriage waiting for them. - -In a few days Henry was at home again; but as you may like to know -what he did with his treasures, I will tell you. Some were placed in -his little museum, or collection of curiosities. The larger shells and -pebbles, together with some pieces of spar, which were brought, another -day, from a limestone quarry, were applied to a different purpose. - -A round zinc saucer was procured, about fourteen inches across, and three -deep. About six or eight holes were bored in the bottom with a gimlet, -and a number of pieces of broken tiles and flower-pots were placed in it, -with a small pot turned upside down in the middle. Over the potsherds was -placed a layer of moss, and the saucer was filled up with earth. Round -the pot in the middle, the shells and stones were built up to the height -of six or eight inches, and the ferns planted in some more earth between. -The whole was well watered, and then covered with a large glass dome. A -prettier little rockery you never saw. Its only fault is that, when once -made, it scarcely ever requires anything to be done to it. You cannot -give it too much water, for what it does not want drains away through -the holes in the bottom, and the earth is not washed away with it, for -the moss stops it. And you can scarcely make a mistake in giving it too -little water, for, as long as it is covered with a glass, the water, -which rises in vapour, strikes against the dome, and trickles down again -into the saucer. Henry has not yet watered it once since the day it was -made, but he will do so as soon as he sees it beginning to look dry, for -ferns grow best in a moist soil and damp air. - -And now I have reached the end of my story. There is little in it but an -account of what Henry and his father saw in the course of a few hours, -on the sea-shore. You too, if you like, may pick up shells and pebbles, -and see in them some of the wondrous works of God’s creation. If you do -not live near the sea, look for curious things by the river’s side, in -the woods, or in the hedges. They are everywhere, all differing one from -another, but alike leading us to admire the wisdom and goodness of God. - - R. CLAY, SON, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS, BREAD STREET HILL. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHELLS AND PEBBLES *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. 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If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Shells and pebbles</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>A story for children</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Anonymous</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: November 30, 2022 [eBook #69452]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHELLS AND PEBBLES ***</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp95" id="illus01" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus01.jpg" alt=""> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage larger">SHELLS AND PEBBLES.</p> - -<p class="titlepage mid gothic">A Story for Children.</p> - -<p class="titlepage">BY THE AUTHOR OF “STORIES FOR THE NURSERY.”</p> - -<p class="titlepage smaller">PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF<br> -THE COMMITTEE OF GENERAL LITERATURE AND EDUCATION,<br> -APPOINTED BY THE SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING<br> -CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE.</p> - -<p class="titlepage">LONDON:<br> -SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE:<br> -<span class="smaller">SOLD AT THE DEPOSITORIES:<br> -77, GREAT QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN’S INN FIELDS;<br> -4, ROYAL EXCHANGE; 48, PICCADILLY;<br> -AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage smaller">LONDON:<br> -R. CLAY, SON, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS,<br> -BREAD STREET HILL.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span></p> - -<h1 class="nobreak">SHELLS AND PEBBLES.</h1> - -</div> - -<p>Children who were born, and have lived -all their lives, in an inland county, scarcely -know what is meant by “the sea.”</p> - -<p>Henry Miller was one of these; he was -eight years old, and though he had been -taken, when quite a baby, to the sea-shore, -he could not recollect anything about it.</p> - -<p>Now, if you live near the sea, I dare say -you may think: “Well, I should not like to -live in an inland county, so far away from -the sea as never to be able to walk on the -beach, or to climb the rocks, or to pick up -curious things on the shore. I would not -be Henry Miller for the world.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span></p> - -<p>You will laugh, perhaps, at the way that -Henry found out that the sea was salt; but, -after all, he may now know some things -about it which you do not; and, though he -was not many hours on the shore, he may -have picked up some curious things which -you never saw in your life. Some other -things he saw, which, I doubt not, you have -seen, but he may have learnt something even -about these which you do not know, so that -what was told to him may be new to you -also.</p> - -<p>But if you too, like Henry Miller, live -inland, you will be pleased to hear what he -saw, though nothing happened to him different -from what any little boy may meet -with when visiting the sea-side. I am not -going to tell you an amusing story, but only -to write about things which any one who -has eyes, and knows how to use them, may -see for himself, and which any one who<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span> -wishes to learn may read of in useful books, -or find out by asking those who know better -than himself.</p> - -<p>Henry Miller and his father, then, went -last winter to spend two or three days in a -town on the south coast of England. The -day after they arrived, they walked to some -high ground, from which they could see the -water. Henry had seen rivers and ponds -large enough for ships to sail on, but what -now lay before him was very different. A -broad sheet of water, shut in on both sides -by high land, stretched out so far that -nothing could be seen beyond it. Whether -the water rose till it met the sky, or the sky -came down till it met the water, or whether -they met each other half way, he could not -make out. This sheet of water, his father -told him, was called a bay. There were -many ships in it, most of them lying quite -still, riding at anchor, that is, each fastened<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span> -by strong chains to an iron anchor, which -the sailors had thrown over into the water, -and which lay fixed by one of its flukes, or -large teeth, to the bottom. Some of them -had their masts broken, for there had been -a dreadful storm a few days before, and they -had sailed into this bay for shelter.</p> - -<p>In the distance they could see the sails of -a tall ship, which was coming in, but, strange -to say, not a bit of the ship itself was in -sight—it seemed to be quite sunk beneath -the surface. Mr. Miller reminded Henry -that the earth was round, like the globe in -the school-room at home, and that the -reason why the hull of the vessel could not -be seen was that the round surface of the -globe came between it and his eye; but -that if he could see through the water -between, he would find that the hull of the -ship was floating just like the vessels riding -at anchor.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span></p> - -<p>A little way from the land was an island, -on which some houses were built. The land -on which Henry stood was so much higher -than the island, that he could see quite over -it, and make out, quite well, that it really -was a piece of land surrounded by water.</p> - -<p>After standing here a short time, and -watching the boats, which were sailing to -and fro, some with sails, and some moved -onwards by oars, they walked down from -the high ground by a broad road, and then -by some stone steps which had been cut in -the rock, until they stood upon the beach.</p> - -<p>Though in the middle of winter, it was -not very cold. A fresh breeze was blowing -towards the shore, which ruffled the surface -of the water, making it rise in little waves. -A little way out, the waves rose and fell -without breaking, but, as they came near -the shore, they curled over in long white -lines of foam, and chased one another up<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span> -the beach, making a dashing noise, which -never ceased. Here and there, where rough -rocks jutted out into the sea, the waves rose -much higher, and dashed over them with -such violence, that no one could stand with -safety at their edges. Sea-gulls, some nearly -white, and others dark grey, were flying -about, sometimes dipping into the water, -and rising again as if they had stooped to -pick up something. Mr. Miller said he supposed -they were feeding on bits of meat or -fish, which had been thrown over from the -ships. In summer, they often fly about in -large flocks, darting down in the same way; -but then they are generally employed in -real fishing, and a large flock marks the -place where a shoal of pilchards, or herrings, -or sprats, is swimming near the surface. -Then, too, they are of great use to the fisherman, -who is taught by them where to throw -over his nets with the best chance of a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span> -catch. In winter, these fish keep in deep -water, so that the gulls, who cannot dive, -are obliged to find some other kind of food. -There are several different kinds of gulls, -but all that were seen to-day were of the -same sort, the only difference being that the -young birds had darker plumage than the -others.</p> - -<p>At some distance from shore, Mr. Miller -pointed out to Henry something black in -the water, but, before he had time to look, -it was gone. In about a minute’s time, the -head and long neck of a bird suddenly -showed themselves, turned from side to side -with a quick jerk, and disappeared again. -“That is a cormorant,” said Mr. Miller; “a -bird who, at this season, has a much better -chance of catching fish than a gull, for he -can not only swim but dive, and stay under -water for a very long time. A little does -not satisfy him, but when he <i>has</i> had enough,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span> -he flies along close to the water, until he has -found a safe rock, where he spreads his<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span> -wings to dry in the sun or wind, and then -goes a fishing again.”</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp56" id="illus02" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus02.jpg" alt=""> - <p class="caption">CORMORANT.</p> -</div> - -<p>Henry recollected having been once told -not to eat like a cormorant; and though he -did not then know what a cormorant was, -he now began to suspect that boys got that -name when they ate so much bread-and-butter -that they were fit for nothing afterwards, -but to lie basking in the sun.</p> - -<p>He had heard that sea-water was salt, but -had never had an opportunity of knowing it -for himself; so when his papa told him to -put into his mouth a wet pebble, which he -had just picked up, he soon spat it out, -making a very wry face.</p> - -<p>“Where does all the salt come from -which gives a taste to so much water?” -was a natural question, but not a very easy -one to answer.</p> - -<p>Mr. Miller, however, said that a great -quantity of salt was washed into the sea by<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span> -rivers, and that though the water was drawn -up by the sun, in the form of vapour, the -salt was not. Besides this, it is supposed -that there are, in the bottom of the sea, -large rocks of salt, which are constantly -being dissolved by the water, and give it its -bitter taste.</p> - -<p>Not many days after, when Henry wanted -to know how salt was made, Mr. Miller reminded -him of sea-water, and told him that, -in some parts of England, during summer, -salt-water was allowed to flow into shallow -pits, from which the heat of the sun drew -up the water in vapour, leaving the salt -behind. This, he said, was scraped up and -purified. In some inland countries, such as -Poland, salt is dug out of mines. A great -deal of the salt which we use is got from -salt springs, a long way from the sea, which, -it is supposed, flow through or over rocks of -salt under ground.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span></p> - -<p>A man now passed by, having something -in his hand, which he showed to Mr. Miller, -and asked him if it was coral.</p> - -<p>“No,” said Mr. Miller, “it is not coral, -but a kind of sponge, which has been torn -by the late storm from the rock on which it -grew.”</p> - -<p>Henry looked about very carefully, in the -hope of finding a piece which he might wash -himself with, when he went home; but -though he was told that it was not likely -that he would find the right sort, which is -brought from the Mediterranean Sea, he did -not give over his search.</p> - -<p>He did not succeed, but presently came -to his papa bringing something, which, he -had made up his mind, must be a sea-beetle.</p> - -<p>It was about as large as his hand, nearly -square; black, shining, and leathery, and -from each corner stuck out a long, black -horn. Two of these horns were hooked at<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span> -the end, and two were straight. When he -pressed it, he found that it was hollow; but -as soon as he took off -his fingers it recovered -its shape -again, being as elastic -as an india-rubber -ball.</p> - -<p>“This,” said Mr. -Miller, “is not a -beetle, but an egg.”</p> - -<p>Henry had seen -thrushes’ eggs, and -eaten hens’ eggs, but -they were so unlike -this black leather bag -that he thought his -papa must be joking.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp37" id="illus03" style="max-width: 15.625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus03.jpg" alt=""> - <p class="caption">PURSE OF SKATE.</p> -</div> - -<p>“Not the egg of -a bird, but of a fish. -As we came through the market to-day,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span> -I showed you some flat and very ugly -fishes, with eyes and mouth something like -those of a human being, and with a long -tail like that of a quadruped.”</p> - -<p>Henry remembered to have seen them, -and that they were called skates. “And is -this the egg of a skate?”</p> - -<p>Not exactly the egg, but the egg-shell. -There was once a yelk in it, something like -that in a hen’s egg. Out of this yelk a -young skate grew, and when it was large -enough it forced its way out through this end.</p> - -<p>Mr. Miller pinched one end of the egg-shell, -or purse, as it is called, between his -finger and thumb, holding it as one would -a letter which one wanted to read without -breaking the seal, and the end of the purse -opened.</p> - -<p>“And did it float about in the water -while the young fish was growing, or was it -laid on the beach?”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span></p> - -<p>“Neither: if it had been left to float -about in the water, it would soon have been -eaten by gulls, or driven ashore; and how -can fishes lay their eggs on the land? No, -it was left by the fish among the weed -which grows at the bottom of the sea, and -the hooked horns held on by the stem of -one of them, until the fish had escaped. -The late storm, I suppose, tore it away from -the weeds and washed it ashore. I have -found them with a yelk in them, but this -rarely happens.”</p> - -<p>“But, papa, you said that there were -weeds in the sea; are they like the weeds in -gardens?”</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp63" id="illus04" style="max-width: 26.5625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus04.jpg" alt=""> - <p class="caption">SEA-WEED.</p> -</div> - -<p>Mr. Miller pointed to the rocks, some of -which were covered with long bunches of -tangled stems of a dark-brown or green -colour, which he said were sea-weeds. Some -stout stems were also lying about the shore, -like horse-whips, with a bunch of roots at<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span> -one end, and a tuft of leathery straps at the -other. This, too, was a sea-weed. He reminded -him, too, of a book which he had -seen at home, filled with crimson, purple,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span> -green, and brown leaves, which he said were -also sea-weeds. They do not send their<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span> -roots into the ground like garden weeds, but -cling to the rocks or to each other, and are -nourished by the water in which they grow.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp37" id="illus05" style="max-width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus05.jpg" alt=""> - <p class="caption">SEA-TANGLE.</p> -</div> - -<p>The purse of the skate was secured, to be -carried home as a prize, and a stem of a -large sea-weed was soon made into a whip.</p> - -<p>The next curious thing picked up was a -piece of stone, so full of holes as to resemble -a piece of honeycomb, except that the holes -were round and not regularly placed.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp90" id="illus06" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus06.jpg" alt=""> - <p class="caption">PHOLAS.</p> -</div> - -<p>“This,” said Mr. Miller, “is a piece of -limestone, which once formed a part of one -of the rocks jutting into the sea. The holes -were made by shell-fish, but whether made -for shelter, or because the animals within -feed on the lime, I cannot say. It is very -clear that this piece has been washing about -for a very long time, as it is worn smooth -by being battered against other stones. We -must call these shell-fish both useful and -mischievous animals. Here they are certainly<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span> -useful, for they eat away parts of the -rock until they are not able to bear the -force of the waves, when they break away -and are driven on to the beach. I dare -say that a great many years ago the rocks -about this place were much higher than -they are now, and were in the way of boats<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span> -sailing to and fro. But when the little -animals choose to make their houses in -quays or sea-walls, they do much mischief -by eating away the foundations.</p> - -<p>“I once came here when the water was -low, and as I stepped from rock to rock I -broke off several pieces with my foot. The -animals were then in them and alive. They -are about the size and shape of a horse-bean; -they have, like oysters, two shells, which are -rough, and of a dull yellow colour. There -is another kind of shell-fish, larger than -this, which burrows in rocks, named pholas.”</p> - -<p>This was the last curiosity picked up to-day; -but before they left the shore, Mr. -Miller went to a cave, in which he recollected -to have seen, a long time before, some plants -of sea-fern growing on the roof. They were -too high to be reached; but as he was a -great admirer of ferns, and this kind grew -only on the sea-shore, he did not like to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span> -miss a chance of seeing them again. To his -great joy, the late storm, which had done so -much damage to the shipping, had washed -away one of the sides of the cave, and a -large mass of stone had fallen just beneath -the very place where the ferns grew. He -mounted on this, and with the help of a -knife, loosened some small stones around -the roots of the ferns, and so took out some -fine plants, roots and all. What was done -with these you shall hear by and by.</p> - -<p>The next day was rainy, but on the day -following the sun shone brightly, and there -was every prospect of some fine weather. -“The tide does not suit well,” said Mr. -Miller, “but as we may not have a chance -of another day’s sunshine, I will hire a -carriage, and we will go to a beautiful part -of the coast, which is some miles distant, -where you will be able to pick up shells, -and have a much wider view of the sea than<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span> -that which we saw the day before yesterday.” -Accordingly, a basket of provisions was -packed up, and the carriage was very soon -rolling merrily along.</p> - -<p>On the way, Henry asked his papa what -he meant by saying that “the tide did not -suit.”</p> - -<p>Mr. Miller explained to him that the -water of the sea was not stagnant like that -of a pond or a lake, nor did it always run -one way like that of a river, but flowed in -one direction for a little more than six -hours, and in another during about the -same time. “This motion of the water,” -he said, “is called a tide. When the water -is flowing towards the shore, the tide is said -to be ‘coming in.’ All this time it is rising -on the beach, and when it ceases to come in, -we say that ‘it is high water.’ Soon after -high water it begins to go out again, or ebb, -and when it ceases to ebb we call it ‘low<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span> -water.’ Now at the place where we are -going, the shore is not made up of little -pebbly beaches separated from each other -by rocks jutting out, but long flat sands -stretch for several miles. They are very -pleasant to walk on when the tide is out, -but it will be high water to-day just at the -time when we reach the coast, so that I am -afraid we shall not be able to have a very -long walk on the sands, unless we wait some -time. Never mind! we shall at least have -a glorious view of the sea.”</p> - -<p>It was past twelve o’clock, when, after -mounting a steep hill, the driver was told to -stop, and to be in waiting at the same place -exactly at four.</p> - -<p>The basket was taken out; and Mr. Miller -and Henry, passing through a gate, found -themselves in a large sloping field, partly -covered by furze-bushes, and seeming to -stretch downwards till it quite touched the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span> -sea. There were no high lands here on -either side shutting in the view; nothing -but a wide, wide waste of blue water, sparkling -in the sunshine, and, where it touched -the land, breaking into a wide edge of foam. -The noise was incessant, sounding something -like the rumbling of many carriages at a -distance, now rising, and now falling, like -the wind during a storm, and every now -and then mixed with the thundering roar -of some larger wave than usual as it rushed -up the sands, or dashed against a rock.</p> - -<p>Henry, in great delight, set off at full -speed down the field, expecting to reach the -shore at once; but his race was soon ended, -for he shortly found himself at the brink of -a high cliff or precipice, the face of which -was almost as steep as a wall. A narrow -winding path was soon discovered cut -through the rock, by the help of which they -climbed down, and at last stood on the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span> -shore. The wind was blowing very freshly -above, but here it was quite calm and mild. -One might have thought the season to be -spring, or even summer, for all signs of -winter, such as mud, bare trees, and stunted -grass, were left behind.</p> - -<p>Close to the base of the cliff there were -large stones which had fallen from above; -but a few yards out there was nothing but -fine sand, so dry and firm that, though the -foot left a mark whereon it rested, and -kicked up a little piece of sand whenever it -was lifted, no walking could be more pleasant.</p> - -<p>But it was not this which was noticed at -first. The great sight was the enormous -waves, which seemed to grow up out of the -water a long way out, to rise higher and -higher, and to rush on faster and faster, till, -in their haste to reach the land, they fell -forward, and, dashing into a sheet of foam, -swept far up on the sand; then, growing<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span> -weaker and weaker, they made one last -sweep, and drew back as if afraid, but were -driven on again by the new waves, which -had formed themselves meanwhile.</p> - -<p>Mr. Miller said that about every ninth -wave was larger than the rest. Henry and -he counted together; and though the eighth -or tenth was sometimes the largest, they -accounted for the mistake by supposing -that they must either have missed one, or -reckoned the same wave twice.</p> - -<p>Many times, as a wave went back, they -chased it as far as they could go without -wetting their feet. The sand seemed to -grow dry and hard the instant that the -water left it, so that they could follow it -very closely; but soon another great wave -came roaring in, and they were obliged to -scamper towards land as fast as their legs -would carry them.</p> - -<p>Once, while Henry was looking one way<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span> -and running the other, he came against the -front of a little rock which rose through the -sand, and narrowly escaped a good ducking. -Another time he stood on the top of a little -rock which rose like an island through the -sand, hoping that the water would surround -him. For several minutes he waited very -patiently, but the waves always stopped -before they reached him. At last, just as -he had grown tired, there came a ninth -wave, which not only surrounded him, but -rose so high as to dash against his legs. -Whether he was frightened, or the water -was too strong for him to stand against, I do -not know, but he sprang off and ran towards -the land, wet nearly up to his knees.</p> - -<p>It was now high water; and as Henry -belonged to that class of boys who like fresh -air, exercise, and bread-and-butter, he gladly -heard the proposal to find a good place -where they might sit down to dinner. They<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span> -had not to go far. Not a hundred yards off, -a small stream came tumbling over the cliff -among some large stones, and, after flowing -for a short distance, sank into the sand -before it reached the sea. Towards this -they made their way, frequently picking up -shells and other things which had been -washed in by the waves, but throwing them -all away again, because the basket in which -they were to be stowed away had yet to be -emptied.</p> - -<p>A large stone, with a towel spread on it, -was the table, and stones served as seats. -The dinner consisted of some slices of cold -tongue, and a hunch of bread. The stream -supplied plenty of clear and cold water, and -this was the only part of the feast of which -much was left.</p> - -<p>“And now,” said Mr. Miller, “that we -have made room in our basket, let us search -for curiosities.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp30" id="illus07" style="max-width: 12.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus07.jpg" alt=""> - <p class="caption">SHELL OF CUTTLE-FISH.</p> -</div> - -<p>High up on the sands, and close to the -late dining-room, lay a number of white, flat -substances, which puzzled Henry as much as -the purse of the skate had done. They were -oval in shape, and about -the size of his foot. One -side was hard and rough, -the other smoother, and -soft enough to be scratched -by the finger-nail. -Whether they were bones -or shells he could not -tell. “This,” said Mr. -Miller, “is the backbone -of a cuttle-fish. The animal, -when alive, is soft, -and nearly transparent. It has a large head, -on which there are a number of long arms -stretching out. It lives on small fish, which -it chases, and then catches hold of by the -help of many small suckers on its arms.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span> -When chased itself, it spurts out a quantity -of black fluid, like ink, making the water so -thick and dark that its enemy loses sight of -it, and is obliged to give up the chase. -Often, when I have been fishing from a -boat, a cuttle-fish has followed a fish which<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span> -I have caught, up to the very surface of the -water, and sometimes I have caught the -cuttle-fish itself, by darting into it a hook -fastened to the end of a stick.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp63" id="illus08" style="max-width: 26.5625em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus08.jpg" alt=""> - <p class="caption">CUTTLE-FISH AND EGGS.</p> -</div> - -<p>“I was once fishing, when the man in the -boat with me caught a cuttle-fish in this -way, and having lifted it into the boat too -soon, it spurted its ink with such force as to -spatter us all over. It is not used as food -in this country, but it makes excellent bait.”</p> - -<p>Scattered along the coast were a number -of scarlet berries, which Mr. Miller looked at -very closely, and said they were cranberries.</p> - -<p>“But do cranberries grow on sea-weeds?” -said Henry.</p> - -<p>“No,” replied Mr. Miller, “certainly not; -and I can only account for their being here -by supposing that some ship from America -must have been lost at sea during the late -gale, and that these berries must have -formed part of her cargo. You remember<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span> -how dreadfully we heard the wind howling -on Christmas Eve. It was a sad Christmas -to many a poor sailor, who hoped, perhaps, -to spend it among his friends on shore; -friends, alas! whom he will now never meet -again. See, here is something else which -must have come from a ship.”</p> - -<p>This was a small lump of spermaceti, a -substance which is obtained from a kind of -whale found in the Arctic regions. It had -neither taste nor smell, and looked exactly -like a piece of camphor.</p> - -<p>“Look!” said Henry, as he picked up -something; “here is a curious piece of -wood full of holes, like the stone which we -found the other day.”</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp34" id="illus09" style="max-width: 17.1875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus09.jpg" alt=""> - <p class="caption">TEREDO.</p> -</div> - -<p>“This,” said Mr. Miller, “is a piece of -wood, which was once, perhaps, part of a -ship that has been wrecked; at all events, -it has been a long time in the water. The -holes were made by a kind of worm, called<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span> -Teredo, which eats its way into the hardest -timber, making it so weak that a slight -blow will crush it. -In some seas the Teredo -is so abundant, -that no vessel is safe -unless its bottom is -entirely coated with -copper. The worm -is very small when -first it gets into the -wood, but grows -larger as it eats its -way, making a passage -through the -whole length of a -plank, but never -coming to the surface; -so that a beam -of timber may appear -to be solid, and yet<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span> -all the while be within as full of holes as a -sponge. As it goes on, it lines its passage -with a white shell, which it has the power -of making.” In one of the holes a portion -of the white shell was still remaining.</p> - -<p>“Is it not,” continued Mr. Miller, “a wonderful -little animal? It can work its way -in the dark, through solid wood, taking care -never to turn a quarter of an inch too much -towards the right or towards the left. It is -taught by God to line its house with shell, -but no one knows how it works, or what -materials it employs; and, worm as it is, the -boldest sailor would refuse to go to sea in a -ship which it had taken hold of. It may -lead us, too, to despise nothing that God -has made, however trifling it may appear.”</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp52" id="illus10" style="max-width: 21.875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus10.jpg" alt=""> - <p class="caption">BARNACLES.</p> -</div> - -<p>The next thing picked up was a piece of -cork, covered with barnacles. Barnacles are -small shell-fish, growing on long leathery -stems, by which they fasten themselves to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span> -floating wood, or the bottoms of vessels. -They are not so mischievous as the worms -mentioned before, as they do not actually -eat the wood; but when, as is sometimes<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span> -the case, they thickly cover the bottom of -a ship, they prevent it from going quickly -through the water. It is sometimes found -necessary to take a ship into a dock, in order -to scrape off the barnacles.</p> - -<p>A piece of stone picked up by Henry, -looking like a coal-cinder, but white, Mr. -Miller said was pumice-stone. It is one of -the kinds of stone thrown up by volcanoes, -or burning mountains. It is so light that -it floats on water. He thought that this -piece might, perhaps, have been thrown -from a burning mountain into the sea, or -that it might have been thrown overboard -from a ship. It is used on board ships to -scrub the decks with, and on land painters -use it in scraping off paint from wood which -is to be coated afresh.</p> - -<p>“On the whole,” said he, “most probably -it came direct from a volcano, for I scarcely -ever came to this part of the coast without<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span> -finding some, and it could scarcely happen -that pumice-stone would always be falling -overboard by accident.”</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp88" id="illus11" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus11.jpg" alt=""> - <p class="caption">WHELK.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus12" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus12.jpg" alt=""> - <p class="caption">DONAX.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus13" style="max-width: 18.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus13.jpg" alt=""> - <p class="caption">VENUS CHIONE.</p> -</div> - -<p>The number of shells which lay scattered -along the beach was very great. Some were -like snail-shells, but more solid. Mr. Miller -knew the names, but as he thought that -Henry would not be able to recollect them, -he only told him that they crawled about -rocks and sea-weeds, very much as snails do -on land, some living on sea-weed, and others<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span> -on dead fish, or any animal substance they -can find. Those which are named periwinkles -and whelks are gathered by people -who live near the sea, and sold for food, but -they are neither nice nor wholesome. Others -were what Mr. Miller called bivalves; that -is, each animal had two shells, fastened -together by a hinge. There were a great -many large white cockle-shells, deeply furrowed, -and having rows of sharp points on -the outside. Some were yet larger, brown -outside and white within, and strong enough<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span> -to scoop up sand with; others, which were -flatter, were scarcely thicker than paper. -Most of these were single, and had no fish -in them; but many smaller kinds were -found which had been washed in without -injury. These were stowed away very carefully. -The most singular of all was a white -one, four or five inches long, shaped something -like the pod of a pea, but open at both -ends. This Mr. Miller called a razor-shell, -and said that the animal lived in the sand, -burrowing in it like an earth-worm, and, -perhaps, living on the small sea-insects -which it finds.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus14" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/illus14.jpg" alt=""> - <p class="caption">RAZOR-SHELL.</p> -</div> - -<p>Yet more curious than any of the bivalves, -was a fish shaped like the axle and spokes<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span> -of a wheel. It was dead; but Mr. Miller -said that each of its five arms was covered -with holes, through which, when the animal -was alive, it sent out small suckers, and with -them caught hold of its food. Fishermen -often find these star-fishes, as they are called, -very troublesome, as they are very abundant -in some places, and eat the bait intended for -crabs and lobsters.</p> - -<p>Henry had now found so many strange -things, which turned out to be quite different -from what he expected, that when he picked -up what looked like a wax-candle, he thought -he held in his hand some very wonderful -sea-monster. But a wax-candle it really -was, and had been a long time in the sea, as -there were young barnacles attached to one -end of it. This, like the cranberries, no -doubt came from a wreck, and was carefully -stored away in the basket, though one could -not look at it without sad thoughts.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span></p> - -<p>They had now walked nearly to the end -of the long sands, and Mr. Miller wished to -pass round a rocky point, in order to see -what it was that drew together a large flock -of gulls beyond, some of which were flying -round in circles, now and then dipping into -the water, some swimming, and some perched -on the dark rocks.</p> - -<p>The tide had gone down a good deal, but -had not left the rock. Mr. Miller managed -to climb round, and told Henry to wait for -him, as this work required longer and -stronger arms than his. He soon came -back; and, after waiting a little while -longer, the tide went out so far that, watching -for an opportunity, when a great wave -went out, they were able to run round the -point before another came in.</p> - -<p>The gulls all rose and flew away as they -drew near, but they found, on the spot -where they had been gamboling, an immense<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span> -number of shells, with the fish still in -them, and had little doubt that the quick -eyes of the gulls had discovered these, -and that they had been making a plentiful -feast.</p> - -<p>They had now reached another winding -path, by which the people who live near the -coast were in the habit of driving mules and -donkeys laden with sea-weed, to be used as -manure. After a storm, in summer and -autumn, the coast has a very busy appearance, -from the number of people who gain -their living in this way. The weed is first -collected into heaps on the sand, then carried -to the top of the cliff, where it is thrown -into a large heap, and allowed to stay until -it rots, after which it is spread on the fields, -and is a very useful manure.</p> - -<p>Four o’clock having now nearly arrived, -they said good-bye to the sea, with its blue -waves, its yellow sands, its shells, its pebbles,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span> -and its many strange things, and found the -carriage waiting for them.</p> - -<p>In a few days Henry was at home again; -but as you may like to know what he did -with his treasures, I will tell you. Some -were placed in his little museum, or collection -of curiosities. The larger shells and -pebbles, together with some pieces of spar, -which were brought, another day, from a -limestone quarry, were applied to a different -purpose.</p> - -<p>A round zinc saucer was procured, about -fourteen inches across, and three deep. -About six or eight holes were bored in the -bottom with a gimlet, and a number of -pieces of broken tiles and flower-pots were -placed in it, with a small pot turned upside -down in the middle. Over the potsherds -was placed a layer of moss, and the saucer -was filled up with earth. Round the pot in -the middle, the shells and stones were built<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span> -up to the height of six or eight inches, and -the ferns planted in some more earth between. -The whole was well watered, and then covered -with a large glass dome. A prettier little -rockery you never saw. Its only fault is -that, when once made, it scarcely ever requires -anything to be done to it. You -cannot give it too much water, for what it -does not want drains away through the -holes in the bottom, and the earth is not -washed away with it, for the moss stops it. -And you can scarcely make a mistake in -giving it too little water, for, as long as it is -covered with a glass, the water, which rises -in vapour, strikes against the dome, and -trickles down again into the saucer. Henry -has not yet watered it once since the day it -was made, but he will do so as soon as he -sees it beginning to look dry, for ferns grow -best in a moist soil and damp air.</p> - -<p>And now I have reached the end of my<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[48]</span> -story. There is little in it but an account -of what Henry and his father saw in the -course of a few hours, on the sea-shore. -You too, if you like, may pick up shells -and pebbles, and see in them some of the -wondrous works of God’s creation. If you -do not live near the sea, look for curious -things by the river’s side, in the woods, or -in the hedges. They are everywhere, all differing -one from another, but alike leading -us to admire the wisdom and goodness of -God.</p> - -<p class="titlepage">R. CLAY, SON, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS, BREAD STREET HILL.</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHELLS AND PEBBLES ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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