diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/69970-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/69970-0.txt | 4868 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 4868 deletions
diff --git a/old/69970-0.txt b/old/69970-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 0101ebd..0000000 --- a/old/69970-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4868 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The English Husbandman (The Second -Booke), by G M - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The English Husbandman (The Second Booke) - Contayning the Ordering of the Kitchin-Garden, and the Planting - of strange flowers: the breeding of all manner of Cattell. - -Author: G M - -Release Date: February 7, 2023 [eBook #69970] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Jonathan Ingram, Krista Zaleski and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ENGLISH HUSBANDMAN (THE -SECOND BOOKE) *** - - - - - -Transcriber’s Note - -Spellings are inconsistent, especially the use of ée and ee. Words -remain as presented in the original, including the use of u/v and i/j. - -Note that while the title page and contents reference a “Tretise, called -Goodmens Recreation” regarding angling and the fighting cocke [sic] -this content was not in the original scan and thus is not included here. - - - - - THE - Second Booke of the - English Husbandman. - - * * * * * - - CONTAYNING - the Ordering of the Kitchin-Garden, - and the Planting of strange Flowers: - the breeding of all manner of CATTELL. - Together with the Cures, the feeding of - _Cattell, the Ordering both of Pastures and_ - Meddow-ground: with the vse both - of high-wood and vnder-wood. - - _WHEREVNTO IS ADDED_ - a TREATISE, called _Goodmens Recreation_: - Contayning a Discourse of the generall Art - of Fishing, with the Angle, and otherwise; - and of all the hidden secrets belonging - thereunto. - - _TOGETHER_ - With the Choyce, Ordering, Breeding, and Dyeting - of the fighting Cocke. - - A worke neuer written before by any Author. - - * * * * * - - By G. M. - - * * * * * - - LONDON: - Printed by _T.S._ for _Iohn Browne_, and are to be sould at his - shop in _S. Dunstanes_ Church-yard in Fleetstreet. 1614. - - - - -[Illustration] - -A Table of all the principall matters contayned in this Booke. - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. I. - -How the Husbandman shall iudge and fore-know all kinde of weather, and -other seasons of the yeere. - - _Of Raine._ - _Signes from clouds._ - _Signes from the Moone._ - _Signes from the Sun._ - _Signes from Lightning._ - _Signes from Fowle._ - _Signes from Beasts._ - _Signes from things without Motion._ - _Signes of much Raine._ - _Signes of Snow or Hayle._ - _Signes of Winde._ - _Signes of Tempests._ - _Signes of faire weather._ - _Signes of Winter._ - _Signes of the Spring._ - _Signes of a hot summer._ - _Signes of a long winter._ - _Signes of a forward or backward yeere._ - _Signes of a good or bad yeere._ - _Signes from Christmas day._ - _Signes from the sunne rising._ - _Signes from the twelue dayes in Christmas._ - _Signes from _S. Paules_ day._ - _Signes from _Maudlin_ and _S. Switthens_ day, - if Corne shall be cheap or deere._ - _Signes from Thunder._ - _Signes of sickenesse or health._ - _The preseruation of health._ - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. II. - -The choyse of Grounds for the Kitchin-Garden, and the ordering thereof. - -The Contents. - - _The choyce of Ground._ - _The bettering of Grounds._ - _The trenching of Grounds._ - _Of breaking the Garden-mould._ - _Ordering of Garden-beds._ - _Of the fruitfull soyle._ - _The necessariest ornament in a Garden._ - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. III. - -Of the Sowing and Ordering of all manner Pot Hearbes. - -The Contents. - - _Of all sorts of Pot-hearbs._ - _Of Endiue and Succory._ - _Of Beets._ - _Of Land-Cresses._ - _Of Parcely._ - _Of Sauory._ - _Of Time._ - _Of French Mallowes, and Cheruil._ - _Of Dill._ - _Of Issop._ - _Of Mints._ - _Of Violets._ - _Of Basill._ - _Of Sweet Marioram and Marigolds._ - _Of Strawburyes._ - _Of Borrage and Buglosse._ - _Of Rosemary._ - _Of Pennyroyall._ - _Of Leekes._ - _Of Onyons._ - _Of gathering Onyon-seeds, or the Onyon._ - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. IIII. - -Of sowing of certaine Hearbes which are to be eaten, but especially are -medicinall, yet euer in the Husbandmans Garden. - -The Contents. - - _Of Arage._ - _Of Lumbardy Louage._ - _Of Fennell._ - _Of Anyse._ - _Of Comyn._ - _Of Colyander._ - _Of Rue._ - _Of Organy._ - _Of white Poppye._ - _Of Germander._ - _Of Cardus Benedictus._ - _Of Angelica._ - _Of Valerian._ - _Of Elecampana._ - _Of Pepper-wort._ - _Of Phylipendula._ - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. V. - -Of diuer sorts of Sallet-Hearbes, their manner of Sowing and Ordering. - -The Contents. - - _Of Lettuce._ - _Of Spinage._ - _Of Sparagus._ - _Of Colworts._ - _Of Sage._ - _Of Purslaine._ - _Of Artichocks._ - _Of Garlicke._ - _Of Raddish._ - _Of Nauewe._ - _Of Parsenips and Carrets._ - _Of Pompions or Mellons._ - _Of Cowcumbers._ - _Of the Beanes of Ægipt._ - _Of Skerrets._ - _A most necessary obseruation._ - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. VI. - -Of Flowers of all sorts, both forraine and home-bred, their sowing, -planting, and preseruing. - -The Contents. - - _Of Roses._ - _Of the Damaske Rose._ - _Of the redde Rose._ - _Of the white Rose._ - _Of the Cynamon Rose._ - _To make the Cynamon Rose grow double._ - _Of the Prouence Rose._ - _To make Roses smell well._ - _Generall notes touching Roses._ - _Of Lauender._ - _Of the white Lilly._ - _To make Lillies of any colour._ - _To make Lillies flourish all the yere._ - _Of the wood Lilly._ - _Of the Flowre de Lice._ - _Of Pyonye._ - _Of Petiluis._ - _Of veluet Flowers._ - _Of Gilly-Flowers._ - _Of grafting of Gilly-Flowers._ - _Of the smels of Gilly-Flowers._ - _Of the wall Gilly-Flower._ - _Of the Hellytropian._ - _Of the Crowne Emperiall._ - _Of the Dulippo._ - _Of the Hyacinth._ - _Of the Narcissus._ - _Of the Daffadill, Columbine, and Chesbole._ - _An excellent Caution._ - _A new manner of planting Flowers and Fruits._ - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. VII. - -How to preserue all manner of Seeds, Hearbs, Flowers, and Fruits, from -all manner of noysome and pestilent things, which deuoure and hurt them. - -The Contents. - - _Of Thunder and Lightning._ - _Of Caterpillers._ - _Of Toads and Frogs._ - _Of the field Mice._ - _Of Flies._ - _Of the greene Flie._ - _Of Gnats._ - _Of Pissemires._ - _Of Moales._ - _Of Snayles._ - _Of Moathes._ - _Of Canckers._ - _Of Garden wormes._ - _An excellent experiment._ - _The Conclusion of the Kitchin-Garden._ - - - - -[Illustration] - -The Table of the second part of the second Booke. Contayning the -Ordering of all sorts of VVoods, and the breeding of Cattell. - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. I. - -Of the beginning of VVoods, first sowing, and necessary vse. - -The Contents. - - _Wood better then Gold._ - _The excellent vses of Wood._ - _The plantation of Wood._ - _The fencing of young Woods._ - _When Cattel may graze in springs._ - _The vse of the Clay-ground for Woods._ - _A speciall note._ - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. II. - -The deuision of vnder-Woods, their sale and profit. - -The Contents. - - _The deuision of Woods._ - _The value of vnderwood._ - _Of the sale of vnderwoods._ - _How to cut vnderwoods._ - _The fencing of sales._ - _The Woodwards duty._ - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. III. - -Of High woods, and their plantation. - -The Contents. - - _What High-woods are._ - _The beginning of highwoods._ - _The plantation of your highwoods._ - _Of planting the Elme._ - _Of planting the Ash._ - _Obiection._ - _Answere._ - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. IIII. - -The preseruation and sale of High woods. - -The Contents. - - _Of Trees which take wet inwardly._ - _Of Barke-bound._ - _Of Hornets and Dores._ - _Of the Canker._ - _Of Pissemires._ - _Of Iuye, Woodbine, and Mysselto._ - _Of Thunder and Lightning._ - _Of the sale of tall Woods._ - _How to chuse Timbers._ - _Of Mill Timber._ - _Of Timber to beare burthen._ - _Timber for Poales, Wainescot, &c._ - _Timber for Piles or water workes._ - _The vse of the Elme._ - _The vse of the Ashe._ - _The vse of the Walnut tree._ - _The vse of the Peare-tree._ - _The vse of the Maple, Beech, or Poplar._ - _Of Char-coale._ - _How to valew Tymber._ - _How to measure Timber by guesse._ - _Best seasons for the sale._ - _The time for Chapmen._ - _When to cut downe Tymber._ - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. V. - -Of the breeding of Wood in rich Champaine Soyles. - -The Contents. - - _How to set all sorts of Quick-sets._ - _Planting of greater Trees._ - _Of the setting of Willowes, &c._ - _The vse of Willowes, Sallowes, and Oziers._ - _The ordering of Willowes._ - _The ordering of the Ozier._ - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. VI. - -Of plashing of Hedges, and lopping or heading of Timber. - -The Contents. - - _VVhat plashing is._ - _How to plash._ - _The time of yeere._ - _The tooles to plash with._ - _The profit of plashing._ - _The lopping of Timber._ - _What lopping is._ - _The season for lopping._ - _How you shall loppe Timber._ - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. VII. - -Of Pasture grounds, their order, profit, and generall vse. - -The Contents. - - _Diuersitie and vse of Pastures._ - _Of barraine Pastures._ - _Signes of barrainnesse._ - _Bettering of Soyles._ - _Sowing of good seeds._ - _For abundance of grasse._ - _The imperfection of meanure._ - _To helpe a slow Spring._ - _To helpe naughty grasse._ - _To helpe Sunne-burning._ - _To helpe ling or braken._ - _To helpe marrishes._ - _To helpe mossinesse._ - _The generall vse of barraine grounds._ - _What Cattell to be bred._ - _Of fertile grounds._ - _Deuision of rich grounds._ - _Vse of rich grounds._ - _Ordering of Pastures._ - _Feeding of Cattell._ - _How to know a fat beast._ - _Of Meddowes, and their ordering._ - _Preseruation of Meddowes._ - _VVhen to lay Meddowes._ - _VVhen to mowe Meddowes._ - _Inclination of weather._ - _The manner to mow Meddowes._ - _How to make Hay._ - _To make fine Hay._ - _To make course Hay._ - _Vse of Hay for Cattell of all sorts._ - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. VIII. - -A new method of the Husbandly curing of all manner of Cattell. - -The Contents. - - _The reason of this Chapter._ - _All diseases to be cured with twelue medicines._ - Of inward sicknesses. - _The first medicine._ - _The second medicine._ - Of outward diseases. - _The third medicine._ - _The fourth medicine._ - _The fift medicine._ - _The sixt medicine._ - _The seauenth medicine._ - _The eyght medicine._ - _The ninth medicine._ - _The tenth medicine._ - _The eleauenth medicine._ - _The twelfth medicine._ - _Diseases in the feet._ - _Diseases in the priuie parts, or for stifling._ - - -The end of the Table for Husbandry. - - - - -[Illustration] - -Of Angling. - - -CHAP. I. - -Of Angling: the Vertue, Vse, and Antiquitie. - -The Contents. - - _The Vse of Angling._ - _The Antiquitie of Angling._ - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. II. - -Of the Tooles, and Implements for Angling. - -The Contents. - - _Of the Angle-rodde._ - _Of the toppe of the Angle-rodde._ - _The Angle-rodde of one piece._ - _The Angle-rodde of many pieces._ - _Of Lines._ - _Of colouring of Lines._ - _Of the Corke._ - _Of Angle Hookes._ - _Of other Implements for Anglers._ - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. III. - -Of the Anglers cloathes, and inward qualities. - -The Contents. - - _Of the ANGLERS Apparell._ - _Anglers Vertues._ - _Certaine Cautions._ - - -CHAP. IIII. - -Of the seasons to Angle in. - -The Contents. - - _The Anglers manner of standing._ - _The best seasons to Angle in._ - _Seasons ill to Angle in._ - _Of Fishes haunts._ - _Obiection._ - _Answere._ - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. V. - -Of Baits in generall, and of euery particular kinde, their seasons and -vse. - -The Contents. - - _Seasons for bayts._ - _Of Flyes._ - _The making of Flyes._ - _Preseruation of Bayts._ - _Of making Pastes._ - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. VI. - -Of Angling for euery seuerall kinde of Fish, according to their natures. - -The Contents. - - _Of the Goodgin, Roche, and Dace._ - _Of the Carpe._ - _Of the Chub, Cheuin, or Trout._ - _Of the Eele._ - _Of the Flounder or Sewant._ - _Of the Grayling or Barbell._ - _Of the Breame._ - _Of the Tench._ - _Of the Bleke, Ruffe, or Perch._ - _Of the Pyke._ - _Of Snyckling of the Pyke._ - _Of the Salmon._ - - -CHAP. VII. - -Of taking Fish without Angles, and of laying Hookes. - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. VIII. - -Of preseruing Fish from all sorts of deuourers. - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. IX. - -Of ordering of Ponds for the preseruation of Fish. - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. X. - -Of the best Water-Lime. - - - - -[Illustration] - -Of the fighting Cocke. - - * * * * * - - -CHAP. I. - -Of the Choyce, Ordering, Breeding, and Dyeting of the fighting Cocke. - -The Contents. - - _The choyce of the Cocke for battell._ - _The breeding of the battell Cocke._ - _The dyeting of Cockes for battell._ - _Of taking vp Cockes._ - _Of the Cocke-penne._ - _Of his dyet._ - _Of sparring of Cockes._ - _The stouing of Cockes._ - _Of the best dyet-bread._ - _Of the best scowring._ - _The matching of Cockes._ - _The preparing Cockes to the fight._ - _The ordering of Cockes after the battell, and the curing them._ - - -FINIS. - -[Illustration] - - - - -THE FIRST PART of the second BOOKE of the English Husbandman: -Contayning the Ordering of the Kitchin-garden, and the planting of -strange FLOVVERS. - - - - -CHAP. I. - -How the Husbandman shall iudge and fore-know all kinde of Weathers, and -other seasons of the yeere. - - -Although GOD out of his infinite prouidence, is the onely directer and -ruler of all things, gouerning the yéeres, dayes, minutes and seasons -of the yeere according to the power of his Will: yet for as much as hee -hath giuen vs his Creatures, and placed the Celestiall bodies to holde -their influences in vs, and all things else which haue increasement, -reuealing vnto vs from their motions, the alteration and qualities of -euery season, it shall be very behouefull for euery Husbandman to know -the signes and tokens of euery particular season, as when it is likely -to Raine, when Snow, when Thunder, when the Winds will rise, when the -Winter will rage, & when the Frosts will haue the longest continuance, -that fashioning his labours, according to the temperature or -distemperature of the weather, hee may with good iudgement and aduise, -eschew many euils which succéede rash and vnfore-looking actions. - -[Sidenote: Of Rayne.] - -To speake then first of the generall signes of Raine, you shall -vnderstand that the olde Husbandmen did obserue rules generall, and -rules speciall: the generall rules were such as concerned eyther all, -most, or a great part of the whole yéere: the rules speciall, those -which concerned dayes, houres, and times present: of which I will first -speake in this place. - -[Sidenote: Signes from Clouds.] - -If therefore you shall at any time perceiue a Cloud rising from the -lowest part of the Horizon, and that the maine body be blacke and -thicke, and his beames (as it were) Curtaine-wise, extending vpward, -and driuen before the windes: it is a certaine and infallible signe of -a present showre of Raine, yet but momentary and soone spent, or passed -ouer: but if the Cloud shall arise against the Winde, and as it were -spread it selfe against the violence of the same, then shall the Raine -be of much longer continuance. - -[Sidenote: Signes from the Moone.] - -If when you sée the new Moone appeare, you perceiue that some part -of her Hornes are obscured, or if it be black, or discoulored in the -middest: if it hang much to the West, if it be compast or girdled -about, eyther with thicke, or waterish transparent vapours: if it -looke more then ordinarily pale, or if it shall beginne to raine small -and mist-like on the fourth or fift day of her age, all these are -infallible signes of Raine, and the last an assured signe that the -Raine will continue all that quarter of the Moone following. - -[Sidenote: Signes from the Sunne.] - -If you shall sée the Sunne rise earely in the Morning, and spread forth -his Beames violently, yet with a very moyst and waterish complexion, -and there-withall in the West you doe sée a bedde of thicke vapours to -arise, increase and ascend vpward, then shall you bee assured that at -high noone, when those vapours and the Sunne shall méet, there will be -raine, and that raine of no short continuance: If you shall sée the -Sunne rise red, and turne sodainely blacke, if it haue many red clouds -about it mixt with blackenesse, if it haue a spacious Circle about it, -or if when it setteth you sée it fall behinde a banke of darke and -blacke Cloudes, they be all most certaine and infallible signes of -raine, which will presently follow. - -[Sidenote: Signes from the Lightning.] - -If it lighten at noone, or any time whilest the Sunne shineth, eyther -with Thunder or without thunder, or if it lighten in fayre weather, or -if it lighten more then it thundereth, all are most certaine signes of -raine which will follow. - -[Sidenote: Signes from Fowle.] - -If you shall perceiue water-Fowle to bathe much: if the Crow wet her -head at the water brimme, or if shée wade into the water, or if she -shall cry and call much: if the Rauen shall croake with a hollow or -sounding voyce: if the house-Cocke shall crow at all houres: if Pigions -shall come home late to the Doue-house: if Sparrowes shall chyrpe and -cry earely in the morning: if Bées flye not farre from their Hyues: -if Flies and small Gnats bite sharpe and sore, all are most certaine -signes of raine, which will presently follow. - -[Sidenote: Signes from Beasts.] - -If you shall perceiue your Oxen to eate more gréedily, and with a more -earnest stomacke then their vsuall custome: if your Kine gaze and looke -much vpward: if Swine shall play and gambole vp and downe: if Horses -being at grasse shall scope, course, and chase one another: or if the -Cat shall wash behinde her eare, all are certaine signes of raine to -follow. - -[Sidenote: Signes from things without motion.] - -If Salt turne moyst standing in dry places, if Channels, Vaults, and -common Sewers stincke more then vsuall: if Bels seeme to sound louder -then they were wont: if the Tazell at any time close vp his pricks: if -Soote fall much from the Chimney: If oyle shall sparkle much when it -burneth, or if Marble, Pauing-stone, or other wals shall sweat, or be -much moyst, all are most ineuitable signes of rayne which will follow. - -[Sidenote: Signes of much Raine.] - -If Raine, when it falleth, make great bubbles, or such a noyse as is -not ordinary: or if raine fall mildely, small, and mist-like: or if -rayne fall in a calme when no winde stirreth: or if when it rayneth you -cannot perceiue the Racke or Clouds to moue: if Pullen flye to their -roust assoone as the raine begins: if the Raine-bow stretch towards -the South, or if it doe reflect and shéedoole: if you shall sée one or -more Weather-gals which are like Raine-bowes, onely they arise from the -Horison but a small way vpward, all these are most certaine signes of -much raine that will follow. - -[Sidenote: Signes of Snow or Haile.] - -If blacke Clouds shall turne sodainely white: if about eyther the Sunne -or Moone be pale, and waterish Circles, or that they séeme to shine -as through a miste: if the Ayre be thicke and extreame cold without -frosts: if with the signes of raine be mixt signes of cold also, or if -windes be nipping and extreame sharp, all are most certaine tokens that -Snow or Hayle will follow presently after. - -[Sidenote: Signes of winde.] - -If when the Sunne setteth it looketh red and fiery, and that all that -part of the Horizon looke red also, or if it looke blewish, or séeme -greater then his ordinary proportion: If the Moone doe blush or looke -high colloured, if the Racke ride high, and the Firmament be much -vaulted: if Woods and Hils séeme to make a noyse: if the Stars séeme -to shine brighter then vsuall: if it shall thunder in Winter, or if it -thunder without lightning: if Bels be heard farre off with more ease -then accustomed, and presently in the same instant be not heard at all: -If Cobwebs flye much in the ayre: If Hernes or Heronshoes cry much in -their flying: If fire sparkle much, or if wood or Wainscot cracke much, -all these are most certaine signes of much winde that will follow after. - -[Sidenote: Signes of tempests.] - -If you shall perceiue the Morning or Euening Sunne, eyther in the -Sommer or in the Autumne, to shine hotter or to scortch more then -accustomed, when the ayre is prest with an extreame blacke cloude, -or with many clouds, if you perceiue whirlewindes to blow oft and -violently: if you sée the Raine-bow shall appeare in the West without -raine: if you sée flames and meteors flashing in the ayre, or if the -Porpus shall be séene in the fresh Riuer, all are most certaine signes -of thunder, lightnings and tempests, which will follow. - -[Sidenote: Signes of faire weather.] - -If the Sun rise gray and cléere in the morning, and likewise setteth -without darkenesse, not loosing a minute in the declination: if the -euening skye be ruddy and not fierie, more purple then skarlet: if the -Moone be cléere when it is foure or fiue dayes olde: if it lighten -after Sunne-set without thunder: if the dewe fall in great abundance -and in the rising ascend vp to the mountaines: if the North winde blow -strong: if the Owle doe whup much and not scrytch: if flyes at night -play much in the Suns beames: if Crowes flocke much together, and -cakell and talke: if Bats flye busily vp and downe after Sunne-set, -if you sée Cranes flye high, and water-Fowle make their haunts farre -off from the water, all these are most certaine signes of very faire -weather which will follow after. - -[Sidenote: Signes of Winter.] - -If water-Fowle forsake the Water: if the Nightingale sing more then -other Birds, if Cranes flocke together, if Géese fight for their -féeding place, or if Sparrowes call very earely in the Morning, any of -these are certaine signes that winter is néere at hand. - -[Sidenote: Signes of the Spring.] - -If the West winde blowe freshly Morning and Euening: if the colde abate -and loose much of his vigor, if Swallowes begin to come in and flye -busily about, if the brest-bone of the Mallard or Woodcocke looke white -and cléere, any of these are certaine signes that the Spring is at hand. - -[Sidenote: Signes of a hot Sommer.] - -If the Ramme ride in the Spring, and shew more then an vsuall lust: if -the Spring haue beene very extraordinarily colde, or if Mildewes fall -not in the Woodland-Countryes, any of these are certaine signes of a -hot Summer to follow after. - -[Sidenote: Signes of a long Winter.] - -If you shall sée the Oake leaden with Akornes: if the brest-bone of the -Mallard when he is kild looke red: if Hornets be séene after the end -October, or if Cattell doe trample and tread the earth much, making -it myrie, or like a new plowde field: any of these are most certaine -signes that the Winter will be sharpe, long, and cruell. - -[Sidenote: Signes of a forward or backward yeer.] - -If there fall much Raine before October, by meanes whereof many -inundations doe follow, and that such wet lye long aboue ground: it -is a most infallible token that the yéere will be very forward: but -if the wet doe fall after October then it is a signe that the yéere -will be indifferent, but and if the wet fall after Nouember, then it -is held for most certaine that the yéere will fall out very slacke and -backeward. - -[Sidenote: Signes of a good or bad yeere.] - -If the Oke Apples, when they are opened, bréed flyes, or if Haruest be -seasonable, and the Spring warme: if Snow fall in February: if Broome -put forth great store of Flowers: if the Walnut-trée haue more blossoms -then leaues: if the flower of the Sea-Onion wither not quickly, or if -the Spring be preserued from frosts and blasting, then any of these are -certaine signes that the yéere will proue passing good and fruitfull: -but if the Oake Apple bréede instéed of a Flye a Spyder: if Comets or -Meteors oppresse the Ayre: if the Sommer fall out vnnaturally moyst: -if the dewes when they fall at the rising of the Sunne descend to the -Riuers: if frosts come in vnseasonable times: if wood-Birds flye to the -plaines, and refuse couert: if the Sunne haue his whole body, or at -least thrée parts Ecclipsed: when Corne beginneth to bloome, and is not -fully Kirneld, then any of these be most certaine signes that the yéere -will proue bad, barrayne, & fruitlesse. - -[Sidenote: Signes from Christmas day.] - -Againe, if Christmas day shall fall vpon the Sunday, the yéere shall be -good, seasonable and abounding with all store and plenty: if it fall -vpon Munday the yéere shall be reasonable temperate and fruitfull, -onely something subiect to inundation of waters, losse by shipwracke, -and some mortality of people, especially women in childbearing: if it -fall vpon Tuesday, the yéere will proue very barraine and vnfruitfull, -much dearth will raigne, and amongst people great plague and -mortallitie: if it fall vpon Wednesday, the yéere shall be reasonably -seasonable, though a little inconstant: there shall be plenty of all -things, onely much sickenesse, and great likelyhood of warres: if it -fall vpon the Thursday, the yéere shall be generally very temperate -and wholesome, onely the Sommer subiect to moistnesse, much deuision -is like to fall amongst the Clergie, and women shall be giuen to more -laciuiousnesse then at other seasons: if it fall on the Friday, the -yéere shall be barraine and vnwholesome, for sickenesse shall rage with -great violence, much mortallitie shall fall amongst yong Children, -and both Corne and Cattell shall be scarce, and of a déere reckoning: -if it fall on the Saturday, the yéere shall be reasonably good and -plentifull, onely the people of the world shall be excéeding peruerse, -& much giuen to mutinie & dissention one against another. - -[Sidenote: Signes from the Sunne rising.] - -Againe, if the Sunne rise without impediment, and shine bright and -cléere vpon Christmas day, the yéere will be very plentifull: if it -rise likewise cléere the second day in Christmas, then Corne will fall -in price: if it rise cléere the third day in Christmas, there will -onely be dissention in the Church: if on the fourth day, it foreshewes -trouble vnto yong persons: if on the fift day, it shewes that many -good things will increase: if on the sixt, doubtlesse euery Garden -will bring forth great plenty: if on the seauenth, then is much dearth -and scarcitie to be feared: if it shine cléere on the eyght day in -Christmas, then there is likely to be great store of Fish: if on the -ninth, it will doubtles proue a good yéere for all manner of Cattell: -if on the tenth, the yéere is likely to yéeld much cause of mourning: -if on the eleauenth, there will fall much fogges, thicke mistes, and -great infection will follow after. Lastly, if the Sunne shine cléere -the twelfth day after Christmas, it fore-shewes much warre and troubles, -with great losse and bloudshed. - -[Sidenote: Signes from the twelue dayes in Christmas.] - -Againe, according to these former obseruations, you shall vnderstand, -that what weather shall fall or be on the sixe and twentieth day of -December, the like weather shall be all the moneth of Ianuary after, -what shall be on the seauen and twentieth of December, the like shall -be all the moneth of February following: what weather shall be on the -eight and twentieth day of December, the like weather shall be all -March following: what weather shall be the nine and twentieth day of -December, the same shall be all Aprill after: what on the thirtieth, -the same all May: what on the one and thirtieth the like all Iune -following: what weather shall fall on the first of Ianuary, the same -shall be all Iuly after: what on the second of Ianuary, the same all -August after: what on the third, the same all September after: what on -the fourth, the same all October following: what on the fift, the same -all Nouember after, and what weather shall fall on the sixt of Ianuary, -which is Twelft-day, the same weather shall fall all December following. - -[Sidenote: Signes from Saint _Pauls_ day.] - -Againe, if Saint _Pauls_ day proue fayre, dry and bright, it -foresheweth plenty of all things the yéere following: but if it be -misty then it shewes great dearth of Cattell. If there fall vpon that -day Snow or Raine, then it shewes Famine and Want of Corne, but if it -be windy, tempestuous, or if it thunder, then it sheweth that great -warres will follow. - -[Sidenote: Signes from _Maudlin_, and Saint _Swythens_ day.] - -Againe, looke what quantitie of raine falleth eyther on _Mary Maudlins_ -day, or on Saint _Swithens_ day, be it more or lesse, the same -proportion will fall for the space of forty dayes after: but if these -two dayes be fayre and dry all the time of Haruest will be so also. - -[Sidenote: If Corne shall be cheape or deare.] - -Now if you will know whether Corne shall be cheape or déere, take -twelue principall graynes of Wheate out of the strength of the eare, -vpon the first day of Ianuary, and when the harth of your Chimney -is most hot, swéepe it cleane, then make a stranger lay one of those -Graynes on the hot hearth, then marke it well, and if it leape a -little, Corne shall be reasonably cheape, but if it leape much then -Corne shall be excéeding cheape, but if it lye still and moue not, then -the price of Corne shall stand, and continue still for that Moneth: and -thus you shall vse your twelue Graines, the first day of euery Moneth -one after another, that is to say, euery Moneth one Graine, and you -shall know the rising and falling of Corne in euery Moneth, all the -yéere following. - -[Sidenote: Signes from Thunder.] - -If it shall thunder much the first Sunday of the New-yéere, it shewes -great death and mortallitie amongst learned men: if it thunder the -first Munday, it shewes great death of women, and many Eclipses of the -Sunne: if it thunder on the first Tuesday, it shewes plenty of Corne, -but much Warre and dissention: if it thunder on the first Wednesday, -it shewes mortallitie and death amongst the worst sort of people, both -Male and Female, besides much Warre and bloudshed: if it thunder on the -first Thursday in the New-yéere, it sheweth much plenty of Corne that -will follow: if it thunder on the first Friday, it betokeneth the losse -of great personages, and men of authoritie, many affrayes and murthers, -with much perill and danger. Lastly, if it thunder vpon the first -Saturday in the New-yéere, it foresheweth onely a generall plague and -infection, which shall raigne with strong violence. - -[Sidenote: Signes of sicknes or health.] - -If you shall perceiue the Summer and Spring time to fall out very -moyst and rainy, without winde, yet in their owne natures very hot & -scortching, or if the Southerne or Southwest-winde blow much without -raine: if many fogs and mists fall in the Morning, and ouercome the -Sunnes beames at noone also: if the Sunne suffer any large Eclipse: -if Autumne and Winter be more foggy then moyst or cold: if the Dowe -or Leauen, of which you mould your bread, doe quickely mould and -cleaue together without labour: if Dogs runne madde, if Birds forsake -their nests: if Shéepe rot: if Fennes, Marrish-grounds, and muddy -places abound with Frogges: if Mud-wals bréede Swine lice or Sowes: -if Moales forsake the earth: if the small Pocks or Meazels be rife -and abound in the Spring time, or if women generally doe miscarry in -childe-bedde, any of these are most certaine signes of much sickenesse -and mortallitie that will follow the yéere after: and all such signes -as are directly contrarie to any of these, as if the Summer and Spring -doe fall out drye and windy: if the South or Southwest-winde bring with -it euer rayne: if no fogs or mists oppresse the ayre, and so forth of -all the rest which are before shewed, are most certaine and infallible -tokens of a very wholesome and healthfull yéere, which will euer follow -after. - -[Sidenote: The preseruation of health.] - -Now for the preseruation of your health, and to preuent all such -sickenesses as are incident to follow in these casuall and daungerous -yéeres: through euery seuerall moneth in the yéere you shall obserue -these few precepts. - -First, in the month of Ianuary you shall forbeare to let bloud, vnlesse -vpon violent extreamitie, & that the signes be excéeding good for the -same, you shall drinke white wine in the morning fasting, & rub your -head with a course Towell very hard, but yet cleane, for it is a most -wholesom friction. - -In the month of February, you shall not let bloud for wantonnesse, but -néede: you shall forbeare Hearbe-pottage, for at that time onely they -are least wholesome: you shall kéepe the soles of your féete from wet, -and vse euery morning your former friction. - -In the moneth of March, the signe being good, you may let bloud -according to your youth, strength, and necessitie: you may take hot and -swéet meats and drinkes, especially Almonds, Figs & Reyzins, & vse also -your former friction. - -In the month of Aprill, you may bléed as in the month of March: in it -also you may purge, by the order of a learned directer: let your dyet -be hot and fresh meats, and your drinke temperate: also in this moneth -your former friction is excéeding wholesome. - -In the month of May be no sluggard, for the bed is vnwholesome, -cléerified Way is this moneth a most soueraigne drinke, and Sage -with swéet Butter is a most excellent breakefast: yong Lettuce is an -approued good Sallet, and the inthrals or offall of Beasts would by all -meanes be refused, it is also good to let bloud in this month onely for -necessitie, and not for pleasure, and beware by all means, not to go -wetshooed in the dew of the morning. - -In the month of Iune obserue the dyet of May, or if you be of youthfull -bloud it is not amisse if it be a little cooler, and for bléeding let -it be for vrgent necessitie. - -In the month of Iuly eschew all wanton bed-sport: and if each morning -you take of draught of clarified Butter-Milke it is very wholesome: vse -coole Iulyps, and meats that are fresh, and not stirring: now forbeare -Lettice, and bléede not, except it be in cause of great extreamitie. - -In the month of August forbeare all manner of Worts, and Cabadges, and -generally all meats and Spices which are hot and inflaming: but by -any meanes bléed not at all, except by the direction of most approued -learning. - -In the month of September you may eate any sort of ripe Fruits: you -may bathe in hot bathes, for colde causes, at your pleasure, and you -may let bloud according to your necessitie: those foods are best which -are of lightest disgestion, and those drinkes most wholesome which are -rather strong then scouring. - -In the moneth of October, spare not any bloud, except great extreamitie -compell you, and for your dyet, let it be of such foods as are most -strong and nourishing, and your drinke Béere or Ale, of indifferent -strength, and now and then at the midst, and end of meales, a -draught or two of such Wines as are pleasant, strong, and wholesome: -Sallets of Flowers, preserued in Vinegar & Sugar, as either Violets, -Broome-flowers, or Gelly-flowers of all kindes, or Sampyre, Purslan, or -Beane-rods, preserued in pickell, are of excellent vse, both in this -moneth, and the other two which follow. - -In the Moneth of Nouember open also no vaine, but for great néed, -because the blood is then gathered together into the principall -vessels: Bathing in this Moneth is vtterly to be refused, onely let -your body be kept warme, and euery colde humour or obstruction, rather -dissolued by moderate frictions, as is shewed in the moneth of Ianuary -and February, then by the violence of any other inward medicine. -Shell-Fish in this moneth is very wholesome, and so are all other sorts -of Fish, which are not too rawe or slymie. - -In the Moneth of December blood-letting should be also forborne, except -vpon some especiall dayes, as after the fiue and twentieth day at the -soonest: and for your diet let it be meate which is hot and nourishing, -but by no meanes that which bréedeth melancholie bloud. Vse strong -Wine and sharpe Sauces: as for the warmth of your body, next vnto good -cloathing, let it euer procéed from exercise that is moderate, then -from toasting, or broiling your selfe against the fire, for in this -Month that body can hardly be sound whose shinnes are made pyde and -motley with the fiers scortching. - -And thus much touching the experience of the English Husbandman in -these fore-knowledges, and ayming after the times to come, being -drawne from the obseruations and rules left vs by succession of times -of those learned Fathers, and other best knowne and approued in -these knowledges: yet I doe not binde euery Husbandman to make as it -were new Créeds of these Principles, but onely to giue them to his -memory, as things that will neither oppresse nor hurt it, and if in -any seldome-séene particularitie, any shall vary from the purpose of -the relation, to remember that there is aboue vs a God of all Truth -and Knowledge, who will dispose and gouerne all things, according to -his good Will and Pleasure: to which let euery Creature submit, in -as much as hee onely knoweth what is for mankinde most best and most -conuenient. - - - - -CHAP. II. - -The choyce of ground for the Kitchin-garden, and the ordering thereof. - - -A Promise honest and profitable, being seriously made, I holde a sinne -capitall to neglect, especially where the goodnesse stretcheth it -selfe ouer a whole Kingdome: and hence I haue assumed to perfect both -my promise and my labour in building vp that weake foundation which -I formerly laid, of the English Husbandman: wherein, contrary to all -other Authors, I am neither beholden to _Pliny, Virgil, Columella, -Varo, Rutillius, Libault_, nor any other Forrainer, but onely to our -owne best experienst Countreymen, whose daily knowledge hath made -them most perfect in their professions: and what better instruction -can be had then that which we receiue from the professors, being men -of our owne neighbourhood, acquainted with our Climate and Soile, and -the necessary things agréeing with the bettering of the same: and not -resort, as our Translators haue done, to strangers helpe, who tels you -that you must meanure your ground with Asses dung, when our Kingdome -hath not so many foure-footed Asses as wil meanure one Acre, and many -such like things which our Kingdome affordeth not: therefore according -to the plaine true English fashion, thus I pursue my purpose. - -[Sidenote: The choyce of Ground.] - -Touching the choyse of Ground, I haue in the former part of this Booke -shewed you the true nature and goodnesse of euery seuerall Soyle: and -you are to vnderstand that the best Soyle is best for this purpose, -because it is least laborsome, and most profitable: yet notwithstanding -that some of our translated Authors doth vtterly disalow for Gardens -many Soyles, as namely, all Sands, all Chawkie earths, all Grauell, all -Earths like dust, and any Earth which chappeth or openeth in the heat -of Summer, by that meanes depriuing almost halfe our kingdome of the -benefit of Gardens, yet I assure you there is no Soyle whatsoeuer (if -it lye from the inundation of water, or be not absolutely boggy) but -with industry will beare any Fruit, Hearbe, or Flower, plentifully, and -without any casualtie procéeding from the barraines therof: witnes a -most worthy Garden in the barren Peake of _Darbyshire_, where there is -no curious Trée or Plant wanting, nor doe they flourish in any place -more brauely. - -[Sidenote: The bettering of Grounds.] - -[Sidenote: The trenching of Grounds.] - -Now for mine owne part, I write generally to all Husbandmen, not to -those onely which liue in fertile and fat Soyles, and therefore I would -haue no man say, the Soyle where I liue is so barraine, that I cannot -haue a Garden: for if the Soyle wherein you liue, be barraine, then -shall you in the latter end of September breake vp your earth more then -a Spade-graft déepe, and be well assured that at euery Spade-graft you -breake the mould well, and leaue not the rootes of any wéeds within it, -then let it rest till the midst of October, at which time if any wéeds -appeare vpon it, by all meanes let them be pluckt vp by the roots, -which done, you shall trench your ground at least a yarde and a halfe -déepe, and then bury in those trenches, if it be a Sand or grauell -earth, great store of Oxe or Cow meanure, if it be a colde Chalkie -Clay, or a moyst ground, then great store of Horse meanure, of both -which meanures the oldest and rottenest is the best: but if you liue in -such a Soyle as there is neyther of these meanures bred therein, then -take straw of any kinde whatsoeuer, and spread it in the high-way where -there is much trauell, & when it is rotten with the beating of Horse -féet, then cause it to be shoueld vp, & with it fill your trenches, -but if Straw be wanting, then if you haue any muddy ditches or ponds, -scowre the mud out of them, & with it fill vp your trenches: & although -these are not so long lasting as the two first sorts of meanures, -yet they are sufficient to bring forth increase, & must supply where -necessity inforceth, alwayes hauing discretion when you sée your -ground abate in fruitfulnes, to replenish it with fresh meanure. - -Now as you fill your trenches with meanure, let one mixe the earth -therewithall, and as it were blend and incorporate them together: thus -hauing gone ouer so much ground as you intend to plant or sowe vpon, -you shall let it rest till the midst of Ianuary, at which time you -shall breake it vp in trenches againe, but not aboue thrée quarters -of a yarde déepe, and then fill vp those trenches with meanure as -before, and lay your earth as leuell as is possible, & so let it rest -till the beginning of March (if the weather be seasonable for sowing -or planting) otherwise let it stay till mid-March, and as soone as the -Moone is changed you shall then dig it vp the fourth time, and make it -fit to receyue your séede, but in this fourth time of turning ouer your -earth, you shall dig it but a little better then a Spade-graft depth, -and euer as you dig it, mixe it with fresh meanure: if your ground be -subiect to much chapping or rining, then you shall at this last digging -mixe the earth with ashes and Horse meanure mixt together, which will -binde and holde the earth from chapping. - -[Sidenote: Of breaking the Garden moulde.] - -[Sidenote: Ordering of Garden-beds.] - -After you haue digd your ground in this order, and made it leuell, -you shal with an Iron Rake breake the great clods of earth, and bring -it to as fine a mould as is possible, euer obseruing that if in the -breaking of the clods or otherwise, you perceiue the roots or stalks of -any wéeds to arise, you shall presently with your hand pull them out, -and cast them on heaps, that they may serue eyther for the fire or the -dunghill: which done, you shall tread out your beds in such orderly -sort, that you may passe from one to the other without eyther treading -vpon the beds, or striding ouer them: & thus much for the barraine & -sterrill ground, which although all ancient & late writers reiect, as -not worthy to be imployed to this vse, yet beléeue it, being husbanded -as is said before, it will equall in fruitfulnes the best ground. - -[Sidenote: Of the fruitfull Soyle.] - -Touching your rich and perfect grounds, which of themselues are apt -to put forth with little labour, you shall onely at the latter end -of September breake vp the Earth, and making greater Trenches, fill -them well with Oxe meanure, and then turning the Earth vpon the -meanure, leuell your ground very carefully, breake the clots and -rake it very painefully, and then treade out your beds, as is before -sayd, artificially; but if the ground which you breake vp, be eyther -gréene-swarth, or much ouergrowne with wéeds (as these rich soyles -must euer be the one or the other) (for they will not be idle, but -continually bringing forth) then at this first digging and dunging you -shall haue diuers which shall follow the Spade, who shall take away -all manner of roots, gréenes, grasse-tufts, stones, or whatsoeuer may -bréede anoyance to the ground: which worke being perfected, you shall -let the ground rest all winter till the beginning of March, that the -frost may mellow and ripen the mould, and also kill the roots of such -wéeds as the Spade hath turned vp, and haue béene omitted to be pulled -away. - -Now so soone as March is come, vpon the first change of the Moone, you -shall digge vp this Earth againe, leuell it, and order it in all points -as was sayd of the barraine Earth, onely there will néede no more vse -of meanure, but as soone as it is digged, raked, leuelled, and brought -into a fine mould, you may then tread out your Beds, as aforesayd, euer -proportioning the quantitie of them according to the quantitie of your -séedes, hauing the most of that which is most in vse, and the least of -the contrary. - -Now as touching the fencing and inclosing of your Garden, I haue in -the former Booke shewed you the same at large, and giuen seuerall -instructions, according to mens seuerall abilities, with this caution, -that whether your fence be wall, pale, dead-hedge, ditch, or quickset, -yet it must be so high that it may with assurance kéepe all manner of -Pullen from flying ouer the same, who are the greatest enemies to a -Garden that may be. - -[Sidenote: The necessariest Ornament in a Garden.] - -There would be also in this Kitchin-Garden, if with conueniency it may -be brought to passe, eyther a Pumpe, Well, or Cesterne, which might -flow continually with water all the Summer time, for the watering of -Hearbs, as shall be héereafter declared. And thus much touching the -choyce of ground for a Kitchin-garden, and the ordering of the same. - - - - -CHAP. III. - -_Of the sowing and ordering of all manner of Pot-hearbs._ - - -When you haue prepared your ground, and cast your beds in an orderly -fashion, as is before spoken, you shall then take your Séeds which -Séeds would by no meanes be aboue a yéere olde: and hauing sorted them -seuerally, euery one by it selfe, and appointed the beds which shall -seuerally receiue them: you shall in this manner sowe your Pot-hearbs, -which craue not much roote, because their onely benefit is in the -leafe: take your séeds and put them into a wooden Tray, then take your -Garden moulde, the finest that may be, being made almost as fine as -ashes, and mixe your Séeds, and that mould very well together, then goe -to the bedde where you meane to bestow them, and hauing newly rackt -it (to stirre vp the fresh mould) with your hand sprinkle and sowe -them all ouer the bed, so thicke as may be: which done, with a fine -Rake, rake the bed gently ouer, then taking spare fine mould, put it -into a ridling Siue, and sift it ouer the bed better then two fingers -thickenesse, and so let it rest: thus you shall doe seuerally with -euery séede one after another, bestowing euery one vpon a seuerall bed. - -[Sidenote: Of all sorts of Pot-hearbs.] - -[Sidenote: Of _Endiue_ and _Succorie_.] - -Now for your Pot-hearbs, which are most generally in vse, they be -these: _Endiue_ and _Succorie_, which delight in moyst ground, and -will endure the winter. _Bleete_ of which there be two kindes, Red and -White: this Hearbe neuer néedeth wéeding, and if he be suffered to shed -his séed it will hardly euer to be got out of a Garden. - -[Sidenote: Of Beets.] - -Then _Beets_, which must be much wéeded, for they loue to liue by -themselues, and if they grow too thicke you may take them vp when they -are a finger long in their owne earth, and set them in another bed, and -they will prosper much better. - -[Sidenote: Land-Cresses.] - -Then land _Cresses_, which is both a good Pot-hearbe and a good -Sallet-Hearbe: it loueth shadowie places, where the Sunne shineth -least, and standeth in néed of little dung. - -[Sidenote: Parcely.] - -Then _Parcely_, which of all Hearbs is of most vse, it is longest in -appearing aboue ground, and the elder séed is the quicker in growth, -but not the surer; but eyther being once come vp increase naturally, -and doe hardly euer decay: it cannot grow too thicke, but as you vse it -you must cut off the toppes with your knife, and by no meanes pull vp -the rootes: if it be put into a little pursse, and beaten against the -ground, to bruise it a little before it be sowne, it will make it haue -a large crisped leafe. - -[Sidenote: Of Sauory.] - -Then _Sauory_, of which are two kindes, the Winter-_Sauory_, and -Summer, both delight in leane ground, and are quicke of growth, and -long lasting. - -[Sidenote: Of Time.] - -Then _Time_, of which are also two kindes, the running _Time_, and the -Garden _Time_: they delight in fertile ground, and from the séede are -very slow of growth, therefore it is best euer to set them from the -slip. The running _Time_ doth delight in the shadow, but the Garden -_Time_ in the Sunne. - -[Sidenote: French Mallowes.] - -Then French-_Mallowes_, which will ioy in any ground, and are quicke of -growth. - -[Sidenote: Cheruill.] - -Then _Cheruill_, which will not by any meanes grow with any other -Hearbe. - -[Sidenote: Of Dill.] - -Then _Dill_, which may be sowne almost in any moneth of the yéere as -well as March: it endureth all weathers, but loueth the warmth best. - -[Sidenote: Of Isop.] - -Then _Isop_, which in like manner as _Time_ is, slow of growth from -the séed, and therefore fitter to be set from the slips, after it -hath once taken roote it encreaseth wonderfully, and will hardly be -destroyed. - -[Sidenote: Of Mints.] - -Then _Mints_, which flourish onely in the Summer time, but dye in the -Winter, it delighteth most in the moyst ground. - -[Sidenote: Violets.] - -Then _Violets_, the leaues whereof are a good Pot-hearb, and the -Flowers preserued in close glasse pots, with strong Wine-vinegar and -Sugar, a most excellent Sallet: it doth delight to grow high, and will -grow spéedely eyther from the plant or from the séed. - -[Sidenote: Of Basill.] - -Then _Basill_, which would be sowne in the warme weather, as at the -beginning of May, for the séed is tender, and when you haue sowne it, -you shall presse the earth downe vpon it with your féet, for the séede -can endure no hollownesse: if you sowe it at the fall of the Leafe, you -shall sprinkle the séede with Vinegar, and when you water it let the -Sunne be at his height. - -[Sidenote: Sweet Marioram.] - -Then swéet _Marioram_, which would be sowne on rich ground, and farre -from Sunneshine, for it taketh no delight in his beames. - -[Sidenote: Marigolds.] - -Then _Marigolds_, which renew euery moneth, and endure the Winter as -well as the Summer: this Hearbe the oftner you remoue it, the bigger it -groweth. - -[Sidenote: Of Strawberries.] - -Then _Strawberries_, whose leaues are a good Pot-hearbe, and the fruit -the wholesommest berry: this Hearbe of all other, would be set of the -plant, and not sowne from the séed, for the oft changing and remouing -of it causeth it to grow bigger and bigger: it groweth best vnder the -shadowes of other Hearbes, but very sufficiently in beds, or else where. - -[Sidenote: Of Borage and Buglosse.] - -Then _Borage_ and _Buglosse_, both which are of one nature: they would -be sowne in small quantity, for where they take they will runne ouer -a whole Garden: the séed must be gathered when it is halfe ripe it is -so apt to shed, and when you gather it you must plucke vp the stalkes, -leaues & all, and so laying them one vpon another thrée or foure dayes, -their own heat will bring the séed to ripenes. - -[Sidenote: Of Rosemary.] - -Then _Rosemary_, which is an Hearbe tender and curious, yet of -singular vertue: it is soone slaine with frost or lightening: it -will grow plentifully from the séede, but much better from the slip, -it delighteth to be planted against some Wall where it may haue the -reflection of the Sunne, for to stand vnpropped of himselfe, the very -shaking of the winde will kill it. - -[Sidenote: Of Penyroyal.] - -Then _Penyroyall_, which most properly is vsed to be mixt with -Puddings, made of the bloud of Beasts, & Oatmeale: of it there be two -kindes, Male and Female: the Male beareth a white flower, and the -Female a purple: it must be sowne in small quantity, for it will runne -and spread ouer-much ground: it delighteth most in moyst earth. - -[Sidenote: Of Leekes.] - -Then _Leekes_, which would haue a fertile ground, and as soone as they -be shot vp a good length you shall cut the blades to the polt, and then -remoue the heads, and set them borderwise about your other beds: this -remouing after the cutting off the blades, wil make them grow bigger, -and prosper better, as for thrusting Oyster-shels or Tyle-shreads vnder -them, to make the heads bigger, it is a toy, for if the mould be loose -and good, the Léeke will come to his perfect growth: they may be sowne -both in March, Aprill, May, and Iune, and they may be remoued all Iuly, -August, September and October. - -[Sidenote: Of Onions.] - -Then _Onions_, which differ not much from the nature of Léekes, they -loue a fertile Soyle, and would be sowne with the séeds of Sauory: when -they come vp if they grow too thicke, as is often séene, you shall -plucke vp some and spend them in the Pot and in Sallets, to giue the -rest more roome, and some you shall take vp and replant in other beds, -which you may preserue for séede: those _Onions_ which you would not -haue to séede, you shall cut off the blades in the midst, that the -iuyce may descend downeward, and when you sée the heads of the _Onions_ -appearing aboue the earth, you shall with your féet tread them into the -ground: there be some very well experienst Husbands, which will take -the fayrest, goodliest and soundest Onions they can get, and in this -moneth of March set them thrée fingers déepe in the earth, and these -of all other bring forth the purest and best séede, for which purpose -onely they are preserued: as soone as your séed-Onions are knotted, you -shall vnderproppe them with square cradles, made of stickes, least the -waight of the boules which carry the séede, should breake the blades. - -[Sidenote: Of gathering Onion-seede, or the Onion.] - -The time of gathering your séede is, when it is all turned purely -blacke, and the time of gathering the Onions is, when the heads doe -forsake the earth, after they be gathered you shall lay them on a dry -floore for a fortnight, or more, and then binde them vp in ropes, and -hang them where they may haue the ayre of the fire, onely note that -shall gather your Onions in the increase of the Moone, as they were -sowne, and not otherwise. - -Many other Pot-hearbs there be, which for as much as they differ -nothing, eyther in sowing, planting, or ordering, from these which I -haue rehearsed, I will héere omit them, and thinke this sufficient, -touching the sowing and ordering of all manner of Pot-hearbs. - - - - -CHAP. IIII. - -_Of the sowing of certaine Hearbs, which are to be eaten, but -especially are medicinall, yet euer in the Husbandmans Garden._ - - -[Sidenote: Of Arage.] - -Of Hearbes which are medicinall, I will begin with _Arage_ or _Orache_, -which being colde and moyst is very excellent against the hot Gout: it -is to be sowne in any moneth, from February till December: it loueth -much moisture, and therefore must be oft watered: it must be sowne -excéeding thinne, and quickly couered, for the ayre is offensiue. - -[Sidenote: Of Lumbardy Loueage.] - -Next it is _Lumbardy_, _Loueage_, which being hot and dry, is very -purgatiue, it desireth a very fruitfull ground, but if it be sowne -where it may haue much shadow and some shelter accompanied with -moysture, it will grow in any ground, the moneths for sowing thereof, -is, from the midst of February till Haruest. - -[Sidenote: Of Fennell.] - -_Fennell_ is also hot and dry, and it comforteth the stomacke, openeth -the inward vessels, and helpeth disgestion; it may be sowne in any -moneth, and vpon any indifferent ground, especially if it be a little -stony, the séede would not be very old, though of all other it be the -longest laster. - -[Sidenote: Of Anise.] - -_Anise_ is hot and dry, it dissolueth humors and obstructions, and is -very comfortable to weake stomacks, it delighteth in a good and loose -mould, and is to be sowne in the height of the Spring onely. - -[Sidenote: Of Comin.] - -_Comin_ is of the nature of _Anise_ and _Fennell_, and mixt with -either, is very soueraine against all inward sicknesses procéeding from -cold, it loueth a fruitfull rich earth & much warmth, and therfore the -later it is sowne in the Spring, it is so much the better, and aboue -all things it would be sowne in the hottest time of the day, & if it -be mixed with other séeds, it is so much the better, and appeareth the -sooner. - -[Sidenote: Of Coliander.] - -_Coliander_ is of the nature of the earth, cold & dry, it helps -disgestion, & suppresseth vapours which offend the braine, it may be -sowne vpon any indifferent ground, & in any month except December and -Ianuary, the elder the séedes are the better so they be sound, and they -desire much watering. - -[Sidenote: Of Rue.] - -_Rue_ or _Hearb-grace_ is hot and dry, & is very soueraigne against all -inward infection, putrifactions, and impostumations, it ioyeth in any -reasonable ground so it grow warme and dry, the moneths fittest for the -sowing thereof, is March, Aprill or May, and the mould would be firme -and not subiect to ryuing, whence it procéedes that no meanure is so -good for the encrease thereof as horse-dung and ashes mixt together: -the beds would be made high & discending, that no moysture may stay -thereon, they must be carefully wéeded, for in their first growth -otherwise they are soone choaked. - -[Sidenote: Of Organie.] - -_Organie_ is hot and dry, and excellent against any sicknesse of the -liuer, the ground in which it most ioyeth would be a little stonie, and -full of rubbish, yet by no meanes vndunged, the moneth fittest for the -sowing thereof is March and September, the Moone being in _Libra_ or -any other moist signe, it must be continually watred till it appears -aboue the earth, but after forborne, for being once well bred, it is -euer certaine. - -[Sidenote: Of white Poppy.] - -White _Poppy_ is cold and moyst, and much prouoketh sléepe: it delights -to be sowne in a rich, warme, dry ground, in the moneths of March, -September or Nouember. - -[Sidenote: Of Germander.] - -_Germander_ is hot and dry, and excellent against the Kings euill; -obstructions of the Spléene and hardnesse of Vrine; it is a hard -hearbe, and will prosper in any ground, it is to be sowne, either in -the spring or fall of the leafe, and is most comly for the setting -forth of knots in Gardens. - -[Sidenote: Of Cardus Benedictus.] - -_Cardus Benedictus_, or the blessed Thistell, is hot and dry, it is -very soueraine against most inward sicknesses, stancheth blood, and is -a great comforter of the braine, it delighteth in a rich ground and -a loose well tempered mould, it must be sowne very shallow, and not -couered aboue two inches déepe, the first quarter of the Moone is best -to sowe it in, and in the moneths of March, May or September, if you -sowe a little fine flaxen Wheat with it, no doubt but it will prosper -the better. - -[Sidenote: Of Angellica.] - -_Angellica_ is hot and dry, it openeth and dissolueth obstructions, is -an excellent cordiall against poyson, and all infections, it helpeth -the collicke, and cureth the biting of madde dogges or venemous beasts, -it loueth a fruitfull dry mould, but may not indure the trouble of -wéedes, it is to be sowne in March or Aprill, & it flourisheth in Iuly -& August, it hath a swéet odour, and helpeth all euill & infected ayres. - -[Sidenote: Of Valerian.] - -_Valerian_ is hot & dry and preuenteth infection, it helpeth stitches -and other griefes procéeding from windy causes, it loueth to grow in -moist and low places, the ground being well meanured, and till it -be shot at least a handfull high, it must be kept with continuall -watring, the moystest time of the yéere is the best to sowe it in. - -[Sidenote: Of Elecampana.] - -_Elecampana_, is hot and moyst, and good for offences in the lungs, or -any outward ioynt, being troubled with paine procéeding from colde: it -is better much to be set then sowne, yet notwithstanding it may safely -enough be sowne at any time after mid-March, the ground being rich, -soft, and loose, and the séede strowed very thinne, and at least two -fingers distance one from another. - -[Sidenote: Of Pepperwort.] - -_Pepperwort_ is hot and drye, yet of the two much more hot, it is good -against all kinde of aches, and other paine in the ioynts, or sinewes: -it delighteth in a rich blacke Soyle, fat and loose: it would be sowne -in February, and remoued in September. - -[Sidenote: Of Philipendula.] - -_Philipendula_ is very hot and dry, and is good against abortiue -births, Stone, Strangury, or any griefe procéeding from colde causes: -it may be sowne in any barraine, stony, or grauelly Soyle, in the -months of May, Aprill, or September: it neither desireth much wéeding, -nor much watering, but being once committed to the ground appeareth -sodainely: and thus much of those Hearbes which are fit for Medicine, -of which though there be many others, yet they differ not in their -ordering from these already declared. - - - - -CHAP. V. - -_Of diuers sorts of Sallet-Hearbes, their manner of sowing and -ordering._ - - -[Sidenote: Of Lettuce.] - -Amongst the many numbers of Sallet-Hearbes I thinke it not amisse -to beginne first with _Lettuce_, which of all other whose vertue is -helde in the leafe, is most delicate, tender, and pleasant: the ground -then in which it most delighteth, is that which is most fertile, -best laboured, and of the finest mould, being soft, loose, and more -enclining to moysture then drinesse: it may be sowne in any moneth of -the yeare, from February to Nouember; it is very quick of growth, and -will appeare aboue the earth in foure dayes after the sowing: it would -at first be sowne thicke, and carefully kept with morning and euening -watrings, if the season be dry, but not otherwise: after it is growne -and faire spread aboue the earth, which will be in a moneths space or -there-abouts, you shall chuse out the fairest and goodliest plants, -and taking them vp with the earth and all, about their rootes, replant -or remoue them to a new bed of fresh mould, and there set them a foote -distance one from another, and fixe their rootes fast and hard into the -ground: then couer or presse them downe with Tyle or Slate stones, to -make them spread and not spring vpward, by which meanes the leaues will -gather together, and cabbadge, in a thicke and good order, for it is to -be vnderstood, that the oftner you remoue your _Lettuce_, the fairer -and closer they wil cabbage. There be diuers which obserue to remoue -_Lettuce_ as soone as sixe leaues are sprung aboue the ground; but I -like better to remoue them when they begin to spindle: they are most -estéemed in the moneths of Aprill, May, and Iune, for in Iuly they are -supposed to carrie in them a poysonous substance. - -[Sidenote: Of Spynage.] - -Next the _Lettuce_ I preferre the hearbe _Spynage_, which delighteth in -a well-dunged earth, and may be sowne in Aprill, March, September, or -October: it would not be mixed with other séedes, because it prospereth -best alone. - -[Sidenote: Of Sparagus.] - -_Sparagus_ ioyeth in a fertill moist ground, the mould being made light -which couers it, and the ground well dunged, the Spring is the best -time to sowe it, and it must be sowne in long furrowes or trenches made -with your finger, and not vniuersally spread ouer the bed as other -séeds are: it loueth moysture, but may not endure the wet to lye long -vpon it, and therefore the beds would a little descend it: must not be -remoued till the rootes be so feltred together, that they hinder the -new branches from springing vp, which commonly is two yeares. - -[Sidenote: Of Colworts.] - -_Colworts_ or _Cabbadge_ séede delighteth in any well husbanded ground, -and may be sowen in all sorts and seasons as _Lettuce_ is, and must -also in the like manner be remoued, after the principall leaues are -come forth, which will make them to gather together, and cabbadge -the better: and as they may be sowen in any season of the yeare, so -likewise they may be remoued at all seasons likewise, except the frost -or other vnseasonable weather hinder you: and although some men will -not allow it to be sowen in clay grounds, grauell, chalke, or sand, -yet they are deceiued; for if the earth be well ordred, they will grow -plentifully, onely you must obserue when you remoue them to let them -haue earth roome enough. - -[Sidenote: Of Sage.] - -_Sage_ is in Gardens most common, because it is most wholesome, and -though it may be better set from the slip then sowen in the séede, -yet both will prosper, it loueth any well drest ground, and may be -sowen either in February, March, September, or October: it loueth also -to grow thick and close together, and will of it selfe ouercome most -wéedes: it asketh not much dung, neither too great care in watring, -onely it would be oft searched, for Toades and other venemous things -will delight to lye vnder it, the more Sunne and ayre it hath, the -better it is. - -[Sidenote: Of Purslane.] - -_Purslane_ is a most excellent Sallet-hearbe, and loueth a fertile -soile, and though it may be sowen almost in any moneth, yet the warmest -is the best, as Aprill, May, Iune, or Septemb. Buck ashes are an -excellent meanure for them, and for most Sallet-hearbs else, but aboue -all they loue dry dust and house-swéepings, they are apt to shed their -séede, whence it comes that a ground once possest of them will seldome -want them, they may also be remoued, and will prosper much the better. - -[Sidenote: Of Artichokes.] - -_Artychokes_ loue a fat earth, and may be sowen in February or March, -the Moone encreasing, the séedes must not be sowen together, but set -one by one a good distance asunder; they must lye somewhat déepe, and -be firmely couered; yet if you can procure them, I rather wish you -rather to set them from Slips or young Plants, then sowe them from the -séedes, for they doe so naturally loue the earth, that you can hardly -slip so wast a leafe from an _Artychoke_ as will not take roote; if you -sowe the séede, you must be carefull to wéede and water them well, for -the first leaues are very tender: also if you remoue them after their -first springing, the fruit will be bigger and better. - -[Sidenote: Of Garlicke.] - -_Garlicke_ is best in September and Nouember, to be set from the cloue, -in & about the borders of beds, or other séedes, halfe a foote one -from another, and in February, March, and Aprill, to be sowen from the -séede: it must be ordered as you order _Onyon_ séede, it loues not much -wet nor extreame drought, onely it desires a good mould which is rich -and firme, yet not too much dunged. - -[Sidenote: Of Raddish.] - -_Raddish_ loueth a fertile ground, that is well dunged, chiefly with -mans ordure, that is déepe trencht, and hath an easie and light mould, -and the séedes would be placed either in rowes, or about the borders of -beds, as you doe _Garlicke_: the manner of sowing it is with a dibble -or round sticke, to make a hole into the ground almost a foote déepe, -and then into that hole to put not aboue two séedes at the most, and -then close the hole vp againe, and let the holes be foure fingers one -from another, it may be sowen in most months of the yéere if the frost -hinder not, and to make the roote large & tender, and to kéepe the -branch from séeding; you shall as it springs crop off the principall -leaues which grow against the heart of the root: to tread them downe -into the earth after they haue fast roote is good also. - -[Sidenote: Of Nauew.] - -_Nauew_, if the earth haue any small goodnesse in it will grow -plentifully, neither is offended with any ayre, onely the mould would -be loose and rough, for otherwise it many times turneth to Rape: the -séede naturally commeth vp very thicke, therefore it is expedient to -remoue them and plant them thinner, for that best preserueth their -natures, they may be sowne in February, March, Aprill, September, or -October. - -[Sidenote: Of Parsneps and Carrets.] - -_Parsneps_ or _Carrets_ are of one and the selfe nature, they delight -in a good fat earth, and would be sowne reasonably thicke, in long -déepe trenches like furrowes, hauing a gentle and easie mould either in -the moneth of Ianuary, February, or March, or in September, October, or -December, they must be carefully well wéeded, and if the earth be fat, -they néede not much watring or other attendance. - -[Sidenote: Of Pompyons.] - -_Pompyons_, _Gourds_, or _Mellons_, desire a very good ground, or by -Nature or Art, the séedes must be sowne very thinne, as at least halfe -a foote one from another, they would lye reasonably déepe, yet the -mould very gentle which couers them, they are subiect to spread and -runne ouer much ground, therefore as they grow you must direct their -stemmes so as they may not annoy one another, and when they flower you -shall lay broad Tiles or Slate stones vnder them, that the fruit nor -flower may not touch the earth; if you plash them vp against trées -or walles where they may haue the reflection of the Sunne, the fruit -will be larger, pleasanter, and sooner ripe: they néede no wéeding -nor watring after you sée them appeare aboue the earth, and the best -seasons to sowe them in, is February, March, or Aprill, those are the -best _Pompyons_ which haue the smallest séedes, and are of the most -yellowest complexion. - -[Sidenote: Of the Cowcumber.] - -_Cowcumber_, is a delicate, pleasant, yet very tender fruit, and -delighteth in an extraordinarie fat earth, especially during the -opening or sprouting of the séede, therefore the best and most -vndoubted safest way for sowing them is, first in some corner of your -Kitchin garden to make a bed of two or thrée yards square of olde Oxe -dung, and Horse dung mixt together, and at least a yard or better high -from the earth, then couer this bed of dung with the richest garden -mould you haue, better then halfe a foote thicke: then thereon place -your séedes halfe a foote likewise one from another, and be most -sure that your séedes be hard and sound (for any softnesse in them -sheweth rottennesse) then couer them foure fingers thicke with the -like mould: then within seauen or eight dayes, after you shall sée -them appeare aboue the earth, but in any wise let them continue still -till the principall leaues be come forth, and they begin to créepe out -in length, then with your hand griping the whole plant, take it vp by -the rootes with the earth and all, and plant it in a bed new digged & -trimmed for the purpose with a rich loose mould, and so replant and -remoue each roote seuerally one after another, and they will grow and -bring forth in great plenty. Now by the way you must obserue, that as -soone as you haue sowne your séedes you shall prouide a Mat, Canuasse, -or other couering, which being placed vpon stakes ouer the dung bed, -shall euery night after Sunne-set be spread ouer the same, and not -taken away till the Sunne be risen in the morning, for this will defend -the séedes from frosts and other cold dewes which are very dangerous. -Now if any demand why these séedes are thus sowne first on the bed -of dung, they shall vnderstand that besides the warmth and fertility -thereof, that the séedes are so pleasant and tender, that wormes and -other créeping things in the earth will destroy them before they can -sprout, which this bed of dung preuenteth. The months most fit for -sowing these séedes, are Aprill, May and Iune onely, for other are much -too colde, and in this manner you may sowe any tender séede whatsoeuer. - -[Sidenote: Of the Beane of Egipt.] - -_Beanes_ of _Egipt_ delight in a moyst watrish ground, rather fertile -then any way giuen to barrainnesse, yet will plentifully enough prosper -in any indifferent earth: they are rather to set then sowe, because -they must take strong roote, and be fixed somewhat déepe into the -earth, and the moneth which is most proper for them, is the latter end -of Ianuary, all February and the beginning of March onely. - -[Sidenote: Of Skerrets.] - -_Skerrets_ are a delicate roote, white, tender, and pleasant, little -differing in tast or excellencie from the _Eringo_. They delight in a -rich mould, moyst and well broken, and must be set déepe in the earth: -after they be a finger length aboue the ground they would be remoued, -and planted in a fresh mould, which will preserue them from spéedie -séeding, for when they runne to séede, they loose the vertue of their -roote. The moneths fittest for the sowing of them is March, Aprill, and -May, and if you desire to haue them all Winter, you may then sowe them -in September and October. And thus much for Sallet-hearbs, and rootes -of all natures, of which kindes though there be diuers other, yet you -shall vnderstand, all are to be ordered in the manner of these before -rehearsed, that is to say, such as haue their vertues in the stalke -or leaues, like _Spynage_, _Sparagus_, _Purslayn_, and such like, -those which cabbadge or knit together in hard lumps, like _Lettuce_, -_Colworts_, and such like, and those whose goodnesse liues in their -rootes, like _Raddish_, _Carrets_, _Skerrets_, and such like. - -[Sidenote: A most necessary obseruation.] - -Now for a most necessarie obseruation, euery Gardner ought to beare -this rule in his memorie, that all Pot-hearbs must be sowne thicke, and -but thinly couered, as namely not aboue thrée fingers: all hearbs which -cabbadge must be sowne thicke, and déeper couered, as a full handfull -at least, and in their remouing planted thinne, and well fixt into -the earth: and all rootes must be sowen thinne and déepe, as almost a -foote either let into the ground, or strewed in déepe furrowes, digged -and laide vp for the purpose, in which the quantity of your séede must -onely direct you: for if you haue occasion to sow hardly a handfull, -then you may set them one by one into the ground at your leasure, but -if you haue occasion to sowe many Pecks or halfe Pecks, then you shall -turne vp your earth into déepe furrowes, and in the bottome thereof -scatter your séeds, and after rake it into a leuell, and you shall not -onely saue much labour, but gaine your purpose. - - - - -CHAP. VI. - -_Of Flowers of all sorts both forraigne and home-bred, their sowing, -planting, and preseruing._ - - -Hauing written sufficiently of Pot-hearbs and Sallet-hearbs, which are -the ornaments of the Husbandmans Kitchin or Table, I will here speake -of flowers, which either for their smels, beauties, or both, are the -graces of his Chamber. And first, because my maine ayme and scope is -English Husbandrie, I will begin with those flowers which are most -proper and naturall for our climate, of which because I holde _Roses_ -both for their smell, beauties, and wholesomnesse to excéede all other, -I thinke it not amisse to giue them the first place and precedencie -before all other. - -[Sidenote: Of Roses.] - -You shall vnderstand then that _Roses_ are generally and aunciently -but of thrée kindes, the Damaske, the red, and the white, and what are -different from these are but deriuations from them, being by grafting, -replanting, and phisicking, somewhat altered either in colour, smell, -or doublenesse of leafe. - -[Sidenote: Of the Damaske Rose.] - -To speake then first of the Damaske _Rose_, it is fit that all -husbandmen know, that _Roses_ may as well be sowne from the séede, as -planted from the roote, Syen, or branch onely, they are the slower in -comming vp, more tender to nourish, and much longer in yéelding forth -their flowers, yet for satisfaction sake and where necessitie vrgeth, -if of force or pleasure you must sowe it from the séede, you shall -chuse a ruffish earth loose and well dunged, and you shall cast vp -your beds high and narrow: the moneth which is fit for their sowing -is September, and they must be couered not aboue four fingers déepe, -they must be defended well all the Winter from frosts and stormes, and -then they will beare their flowers plentifully all the next Spring -following: yet this is to be noted, that all _Roses_ which rise from -the séede simply, their flowers will be single like the _Eglantine_, -or _Cyphanie_, therefore after your plants are two yéeres olde, you -must graft one into another, as you doe other fruit, and that will -make them double and thicke: also you must remember that those yellow -small séedes which are in the midst of the _Rose_, are not true _Rose_ -séedes, but those which lye hid in the round peare knob vnder the -_Rose_, which as soone as the leaues are fallen away, will open and -shew the séede. And thus much touching the sowing of all sorts of -_Roses_, which is for experience and knowledge sake onely, for indéede -the true vse and property of the _Rose_ is to be planted in short slips -about fourtéene inches long, and the small tassels of the roote cut -away, they would be set halfe a foote into the ground, in the same -manner as you set ordinary Quick-set, and of like thicknesse, rather a -little slope-wise then vpright: and though some thinke March the best -season, yet doubtlesse September is much better for hauing the roote -confirmed all the Winter, they will beare the sooner and better all the -Sommer following; you must be carefull to plant them in faire weather, -and as néere as you can vnder shelter as by the sides of walls, and -such like couert where the Sunne may reflect against them, and if they -be planted on open beds or borders, then you must with Poales and other -necessaries support them and hold them vp, least the winde shake their -rootes and hinder their growing. - -[Sidenote: Of the red Rose.] - -The red _Rose_ is not fully so tender as the Damaske, neither is it so -pleasant in smell, nor doubleth his leaues so often; yet it is much -more Phisicall, and oftner vsed in medicine, it is likewise fitter to -be planted then sowen, and the earth in which it most ioyeth would be a -little rough or grauelly, and the best compasse you can lay vnto it, is -rubbish or the sweeping of houses, the moneths to sowe or plant it in -is March or September, & the time to prune and cut away the superfluous -branches is euer the midst of October. - -[Sidenote: Of the white Rose.] - -The white _Rose_ is of lesse smell then the red, and will grow in a -harder ground, his vse is altogether in Phisicke as for sore eyes and -such like: it will grow into a Trée of some bigge substance, and is -seldome hurt with frosts, stormes, or blastings: it would likewise be -planted from the roote against some high wall, either in the moneth of -February or March, and the oftner you plant and replant it, the doubler -and larger the flower will be: for the earth it much skilleth not, -because it will grow almost in euery ground, onely it delights most in -the shadow, and would be seldome pruned, except you finde many dead -branches. - -[Sidenote: Of the Cinamon Rose.] - -The _Cinamon Rose_, is for the most part sowen, and not planted, whence -it comes that you shall euer sée the leaues single and little, the -delicacie thereof being onely in the smell, which that you may haue -most fragrant and strong, you shall take a vessell of earth, being full -of small holes in the bottome and sides, and fill it with the richest -earth you can get, being made fine and loose, then take Damaske _Rose_ -séedes which are hard, and sound, and stéepe them foure and twenty -houres in _Cinamon_ water, I doe not meane the distilled water, but -faire Conduit water, in which good store of _Cinamon_ hath bin stéeped, -or boyled, or milk, wherin good store of _Cinamon_ hath bin dissolued, -and then sow those séedes into the Pot, and couer them almost thrée -fingers déepe, then morning and euening till they appeare aboue the -earth, water them with that water or milke in which the seedes were -stéeped, then when they are sprung vp a handfull or more aboue the -ground, you shall take them vp mould and all, and hauing drest a border -or bed for the purpose, plant them so as they may grow vp against some -warme wall or pale, and haue the Sunne most part of the day shining -vpon them, and you shall be sure to haue _Roses_ growing on them, whose -smell will be wonderfull pleasant, as if they had béene spiced with -_Cinamon_, and the best season of sowing these is euer in March, at -high noone day, the weather shining faire, and the winde most calme. - -[Sidenote: To make the Cinamon Rose grow double.] - -Now if you would haue these _Roses_ to grow double, which is an Art yet -hid from most Gardners, you shall at Michaelmasse take the vppermost -parts of the Plante from the first knot, and as you graft either Plumme -or Apple, so graft one into another, and couer the heads with earth -or clay tempered with _Cinamon_-water, and they will not onely grow -double, but the smell will be much swéeter, and looke how oft you will -graft and re-graft them, so much more double and double they will proue. - -[Sidenote: Of the Prouince Rose.] - -The _Prouince Rose_ is a delicate flower for the eye more then the -nose, for his oft grafting abateth his smell, but doubleth his leafe -so oft that it is wonderfull, therefore if you will haue them large -and faire, you shall take the fairest Damaske _Roses_ you can get, -and graft them into the red _Rose_, and when they haue shot out many -branches, then you shall graft each seuerall branch againe with new -grafts of another grafted Damaske _Rose_: and thus by grafting graft -vpon graft, you shall haue as faire and well coloured _Prouince Roses_, -as you can wish or desire: and thus you may doe either in the Spring or -fall at your pleasure, but the fall of the leafe is euer helde the best -season. - -[Sidenote: To make Roses smell well.] - -Now if your _Roses_ chaunce to loose their smels, as it oft happeneth -through these double graftings: you shall then plant _Garlicke_ heads -at the rootes of your _Roses_, and that will bring the pleasantnesse of -their sent vnto them againe. - -[Sidenote: Generall notes touching Roses.] - -Now for your generall obseruations; you shall remember that it is good -to water your _Roses_ morning and euening till they be gathered; you -shall rather couet to plant your _Roses_ in a dry ground then a wette, -you shall giue them much shelter, strong support, and fresh dung twise -at the least euery yeare, when the leafe is fallen, you shall cutte -and prune the branches, and when the buds appeare you, then begin your -first watring. - -[Sidenote: Of Lauender.] - -_Lauender_ is a flower of a hot smell, and is more estéemed of the -plaine Country housewife then the dainty Citizen: it is very wholesome -amongst linnen cloathes, and would be sowen in a good rich mould, in -the moneths of March or Aprill. - -[Sidenote: Of the white Lilly.] - -The white _Lilly_ would be sowen in a fat earth, in the moneths of -October and Nouember, or in March or April, and the séedes must be -sowen excéeding thinne, not one by any meanes touching another, and the -mould which couereth them must be sifted gently vpon them. - -[Sidenote: To make Lillyes of any colour.] - -If you would haue your _Lillyes_ of a purple colour, you shall stéepe -your séedes in the Lées of red wine, and that will change their -complexion, and also you shall water the Plants with the same Lées -likewise: if you will haue them scarlet red, you shall put _Vermillion_ -or _Cynaber_ betwéene the rinde and the small heads growing about the -roote: if you would haue them blew, you shall dissolue _Azure_ or -_Byse_ betwéene the rinde and the heads, if yellow _Orpment_, if gréene -_Verdigreace_, and thus of any other colour. - -[Sidenote: To make Lillyes flourish all the yeere.] - -Now to make them flourish euery moneth in the yéere, you shall sowe -your séedes some a foote déepe, some halfe a foote, and some not two -inches, so they will spring one after another, and flourish one after -another. - -[Sidenote: Of the wood Lilly.] - -The wood _Lilly_ or _Lilly_ of the vale, delighteth most in a moyst -ground, and may be sowen either in March or September, it is very faire -to looke on, and not so suffocating in smell as the other _Lillyes_ are. - -[Sidenote: Of the flower de Lice.] - -The _flower de Lice_ is of excellent beauty, but not very pleasant to -smell to, it loueth a dry ground & an easie mould, and is fittest to be -sowen in the moneth of March. - -[Sidenote: Of Pyonie.] - -_Pyonie_ or the blessed _Rose_, loueth a good fat earth being somewhat -loose, and may be sowen either in March or September, it asketh not -much watring, onely some support because the stalkes be weake. - -[Sidenote: Of Petillius.] - -_Petillius_ or _Indian eye_, may be sowen in any ground, for it -desireth neither much water, nor much dung, and the best season for -sowing, it is Iune or September, for it will beare flowers commonly all -the Winter. - -[Sidenote: Of Veluet flower.] - -_Veluet flower_ loueth a rich fertile ground, and must be much watred: -the season best for the sowing is August, for commonly it will beare -flowers all the Winter. - -[Sidenote: Of Gylliflowers.] - -[Sidenote: Of grafting of Gylliflowers.] - -_Gilliflowers_ are of diuers kindes, as _Pynks_, _Wall-flowers_, -_Carnations_, _Cloue Gilliflowers_, and a world of others, which -are of all other flowers most swéet and delicate: all but the -_Wall-gilliflower_ loue good fertile earths, and may be sowen either -in March, Iuly, or August. They are better to be planted of Slips -then sowen, yet both will prosper. They are very tender, and therfore -the best planting of them is in earthen Pots, or halfe Tubs, which at -your pleasure you may remoue from the shade to the Sunne, and from the -roughnesse of stormes to places of shelter, they grow vp high on long -slender stalkes, which you must defend and support with square cradles -made of stickes, least the winde and the waight of the flowers breake -them: these _Gilliflowers_ you may make of any colour you please, in -such sort as is shewed you for the colouring of _Lillyes_, and if -you please to haue them of mixt colours you may also, by grafting of -contrary colours one into another: and you may with as great ease graft -the _Gylliflower_ as any fruit whatsoeuer, by the ioyning of the knots -one into another, and then wrapping them about with a little soft -sleau’d silke, and couering the place close with soft red Waxe well -tempered. And you shall vnderstand that the grafting of _Gylliflowers_ -maketh them excéeding great, double, and most orient of colour. - -[Sidenote: Of the smels of Gylliflowers.] - -Now if you will haue your _Gylliflowers_ of diuers smels or odours, -you may also with great ease, as thus for example: if you will take -two or thrée great cloues, & stéepe them foure and twenty houres in -Damaske _Rose_ water, then take them out and bruise them, and put them -into a fine Cambricke ragge, and so binde them about the heart roote -of the _Gylliflower_, néere to the setting on of the stalke, and so -plant it in a fine, soft, and fertile mould, and the flower which -springeth from the same, will haue so delicate a mixt smell of the -Cloue and the Rose-water, that it will bréede both delight and wonder. -If in the same manner you take a sticke of _Cinamon_, and stéepe it -in _Rose_ water, and then bruise it, and binde it as afore-said, all -the flowers will smell strongly of _Cinamon_: if you take two graines -of fat Muske, and mixe it with two drops of Damaske _Rose_ water, and -binde it as afore-said, the flowers will smell strongly of Muske, -yet not too hot nor offensiue, by reason of the correction of the -_Rose_ water: and in this sort you may doe either with _Amber-greece_, -_Storax_, _Beniamin_, or any other swéet drugge whatsoeuer; and if in -any of these confections before named, you stéepe the séedes of your -_Gylliflowers_ foure and twenty houres before you sowe them, they will -take the same smels in which you stéepe them, onely they will not be so -large or double, as those which are replanted or grafted. - -[Sidenote: Of the Wall Gylliflower.] - -Now for your _Wall Gylliflower_, it delighteth in hard rubbish, limy, -and stonie grounds, whence it commeth that they couet most to grow -vpon walles, pauements, and such like barraine places. It may be sowen -in any moneth or season, for it is a séede of that hardnesse, that it -makes no difference betwixt Winter and Sommer, but will flourish in -both equally, and beareth his flowers all the yéere, whence it comes -that the Husbandman preserues it most in his Bée-garden; for it is -wondrous swéet, and affordeth much honey. It would be sowen in very -small quantity, for after it haue once taken roote, it will naturally -of it selfe ouer-spread much ground, and hardly euer after be rooted -out. It is of it selfe of so exéeding a strong and swéet smell, that it -cannot be forced to take any other, and therefore is euer preserued in -its owne nature. - -[Sidenote: Of the Helytropian.] - -The _Helytropian_ or flower of the Sunne, is in nature and colour like -our English _Marigold_, onely it is excéeding huge in compasse, for -many of them will be twenty, and foure and twenty inches in compasse, -according to the fertilenesse of the soyle in which they grow, and the -oft replanting of their rootes, they are excéeding goodly to looke on, -and pleasant to smell, they open their flowers at the rising of the -Sunne, and close them againe at the Sunne setting, it delighteth in any -soyle which is fertile either by Art or Nature, and may be sowen in any -moneth from February till September, the oft planting and replanting of -the roote after it is sprung a handfull from the earth, maketh it grow -to the vttermost bignesse, it would haue the East and West open vpon -it, onely some small Pent-house to kéepe the sharpnesse of the winde -from it. - -[Sidenote: Of the Crowne Emperiall.] - -The _Crowne-Emperiall_, is of all flowers both forraigne and home-bred, -the delicatest and strangest: it hath the true shape of an Emperiall -Crowne, and will be of diuers colours, according to the Art of the -Gardner. In the middest of the flower you shall sée a round Pearle -stand, in proportion, colour, and orientnesse, like a true naturall -Pearle, onely it is of a soft liquid substance: This Pearle if you -shake the flower neuer so violently will not fall off, neither if you -let it continue neuer so long, will it either encrease or diminish in -the bignesse, but remayneth all one: yet if with your finger you take -and wipe it away, in lesse then an houre after you shall haue another -arise in the same place, and of the same bignesse. This Pearle if you -taste it vpon your tongue, is pleasant and swéet like honey: this -flower when the Sunne ariseth, you shall sée it looke directly to the -East, with the stalke bent lowe there-vnto, and as the Sunne ariseth -higher and higher, so the flower will likewise ascend, and when the -Sunne is come into the _Meridian_ or noone poynt, which is directly -ouer it, then will it stand vpright vpon the stalke, and looke directly -vpward, and as the Sunne declineth, so will it likewise decline, and at -the Sunne setting looke directly to the West onely. The séedes of this -flower are very tender, and therefore would be carefully sowen in a -very rich and fertile earth well broken and manured. The seasons most -méete for the same, is the latter end of March, Aprill, or May, for the -flowers flourish most in May, Iune, and Iuly. As soone as it is sprung -a handfull aboue the earth; you shall remoue it into a fresh mould, -and that will make it flourish the brauer: the roote of this flower is -like an Apple, or great flat Onion, and therefore in the replanting of -it, you must be carefull to make a hole large and fitte for the same, -and to fixe the mould gently and close about the same. In the Winter -it shrinketh into the earth, and is hardly or not at all discerned, by -meanes whereof I haue séene diuers supposing it to be dead, to digge -vp the earth, and negligently spoyle the roote, but be not you of that -opinion, and in the Spring you shall sée it arise and flourish brauely. - -[Sidenote: Of the Dulippo.] - -The _Dulippo_ is but a little short of the _Crowne Emperiall_ in -pleasantnesse and rarenesse, for you may haue them of all colours -whatsoeuer, in such sort as was shewed you for the _Lillyes_, -_Gylliflowers_, and other rootes: they are tender at their first -springing from the séede, and therefore must be sowen in a fine rich -mould, in the warmth of the Sunne, either in March, Aprill, or May: -but after they are once sprung aboue the ground, they are reasonable -hard, and will defend themselues against most weathers: the roote of -this flower is shaped like a Peare, with the biggest end downeward, and -many small thréeds at the bottome; therefore you must be sure when you -remoue or replant it, to couer all the roote in fresh mould, and let -not any part of the white thereof be vncouered: this flower by monethly -replanting, you may haue to flourish in all the Summer moneths of the -yeare, for in the dead of Winter it shrinketh into the ground, and is -hardly or not at all perceiued, the stalkes of these flowers are weake, -therefore to support them, and defend them from the shakings of the -windes with little square frames of stickes, will be very good and -necessary, it must be oft watred. - -[Sidenote: Of the Hyacinth.] - -The _Hyacinth_ is a flower more delicate to the eye then nose, and -is of a good strong nature, for it will endure any reasonable earth, -and may be sowne in any moneth of the Spring, from the beginning of -February till midde-Iune: it onely hateth tempests and stormes, and -therefore is commonly sowen or planted néere vnto walls or other -shelter. You may haue them of any colour you please, as is shewed -before of other flowers, and in this alteration or mixture of colours -their greatest glorie appeareth, they will flourish all the Summer -long, and if they stand warme, appeare very early in the Spring. - -[Sidenote: Of the Narcissus.] - -The _Narcissus_ is a very curious and dainty flower, and through his -much variety and alteration in growing, they are supposed to be of -diuers kindes, but it is not so, for in as much as they are séene to -be of diuers colours, that is but the Art of the Gardner, as is before -exprest in other flowers, and whereas some of them grow single, some -double, and some double vpon double, you shall vnderstand that such as -grow single, grow simply from the séede onely, those which are double -and no more, are such as haue béene planted and replanted, the small -thréeds of the rootes being clipt away, and nothing left about it -that is superfluous, and those which are double vpon double, are the -double plants grafted one into another. This _Narcissus_ loueth a rich -warme soyle, the mould being easie and light, it may be sowne in any -moneth of the Spring, and will flourish all the Summer after. Before it -appeare aboue ground it would be oft watred, but after it skils not how -little, for it will defend it selfe sufficiently. - -[Sidenote: Of the Daffadill, Colombine, and Chesbole.] - -[Sidenote: An excellent Caution.] - -Not vnlike vnto this is your _Daffadill_ of all kindes and colours, -and in the same earths and seasons delighteth either to be sowen or -planted, and will in the same manner as your _Narcissus_ double and -redouble his leaues; so will your _Colombine_, your _Chesbole_, and -almost any hollow flower whatsoeuer. Many other forraigne flowers -there are which grow plentifully in our Kingdome: but the order of -their planting and sowing differeth nothing from these which I haue -already declared, being the most tender and curious of all other, -therefore I will end this Chapter with this one _caution_ onely, that -when you shall receiue any séede from any forraine Nation, you shall -learne as néere as you can the nature of the soyle from whence it -commeth, as hot, moyst, colde, or dry it is, and then comparing it with -ours, sowe it as néere as you can in the earth, and in the seasons that -are néerest to the soyle from whence it came, as thus for example: if -it came from a clime much hotter then ours, then shall you sowe it in -sandie mould or other mould made warme by strength of meanure, in the -warmest time of the day, and in those moneths of the Spring, which are -warmest, as Aprill or May, you shall let it haue the Sunne fréely all -the day and at night, with Mats, Penthouse, or other defence shield it -from sharpe windes, frosts, or colde dewes. - -[Sidenote: A new manner of planting flowers and fruits.] - -I haue séene diuers Noblemen and Gentlemen, which haue béene very -curious in these dainty flowers, which haue made large frames of wood -with boards of twenty inches déepe, standing vpon little round whéeles -of wood, which being made square or round according to the Masters -fancie, they haue filled with choyse earth, such as is most proper to -the flower they would haue grow, and then in them sowe their séedes, or -fixe their Plants in such sort, as hath béene before described, and so -placing them in such open places of the Garden, where they may haue the -strength and violence of the Sunnes heate all the day, and the comfort -of such moderate showers, as fall without violence or extraordinarie -beating, and at night draw them by mans strength into some low vaulted -gallery ioyning vpon the Garden, where they may stand warme and safe -from stormes, windes, frosts, dewes, blastings, and other mischiefes -which euer happen in the Sunnes absence, and in this manner you may not -onely haue all manner of dainty outlandish flowers, but also all sorts -of the most delicatest fruits that may be, as the _Orenge_, _Limond_, -_Pomgranate_, _Poncythron_, _Cynamon-tree_, _Oliue_, _Almond_, or any -other, from what clime so euer it be deriued, obseruing onely but to -make your frames of wood, which containes your earth, but déeper and -larger, according to the fruit you plant in it, and that your Alleys -through which you draw your Trées when you house them be smooth and -leuell, least being rough and vneuen, you iogge and shake the rootes -with the waight of the Trées, which is dangerous. And least any man may -imagine this but an imaginary supposition, I can assure him that within -seauen miles of London, the experiment is to be séene, where all these -fruits and flowers with a world of others grow in two Gardens most -abundantly. Now for such flowers or fruits as shall be brought from a -colder or more barraine ground then our owne, there néedeth not much -curiosity in the plantation of them, because a better euer bringeth -forth a better encrease, onely I would wish you to obserue, to giue all -such fruits or flowers the vttermost liberty of the weather, & rather -to adde coolenes by shaddow, then encrease any warmth by reflection, -as also to augment showers by artificiall watrings, rather then to let -the roote dry for want of continuall moysture; many other notes and -obseruations there are, which to discouer, would aske a volume larger -then I intend, and yet not be more in true substance, then this which -is already writ, if the Reader haue but so much mother-wit, as by -comparing things together, to draw the vses from the true reasons, and -to shunne contrary by contraries, which what Husbandman is so simple, -but he can easily performe, and hauing the true grounds of experience, -frame his descant according to his owne fancie, which is a Musicke best -pleasing to all men, since it is not in any one mans power to giue a -generall contentment. And thus much for flowers, and their generall and -particular ordering. - - - - -CHAP. VII. - -_How to preserue all manner of seedes, hearbs, flowers, and fruits, -from all manner of noysome and pestilent things which deuoure and hurt -them._ - - -[Sidenote: Of Thunder and Lightning.] - -It is not enough to bequeath and giue your séedes vnto the ground, and -then immediatly to expect (without any further industrie) the fruit of -your labours, no goodnesse seldome commeth with such ease: you must -therefore know that when you lay your séedes in the ground, they are -like so many good men amongst a world of wicked ones, and as it were -inuironed and begirt with maine Armies of enemies, from which if your -care and diligence doe not defend them the most, if not all, will -doubtlesse perish, and of these enemies the worst and most violentest -is _Thunder_ and _Lightning_, which in a moment killeth all sorts of -flowers, plants, and trées, euen in the height and pride of their -flourishing, which to preuent, it hath béene the practise of all the -auncient Gardners, to plant against the walles of their Gardens, or in -the middest of their quarters, where their choysest flowers grow, the -_Lawrell_ or _Bay_ Trée, which is euer helde a defence against those -strikings. - -[Sidenote: Of Caterpillers.] - -Next vnto _Thunder_ and _Lightning_ are _Caterpillers_, which are a -kinde of filthy little wormes, which lye in Cobwebs about the leaues, -deuouring them, and poysoning the sap, in such sort, that the Plant -dieth spéedily after: the way to kill these, is to take strong Vrine -and Ashes mixt together, and with it to dash and sprinkle all the -Plants cleane ouer, and it will both preuent their bréeding, or being -bred will kill them: the smoake of Brimstone will doe the like, yet if -they be excéeding much abundant, the surest way to destroy them, is to -take olde, rotten, mouldy Hay, and setting it on fire, with the blaze -thereof burne the Cob-webs, and then with the smoake smother and kill -the wormes, and they will hardly euer bréede in that place againe. - -[Sidenote: Of Toades and Frogges.] - -Next these are _Toades_ and _Frogges_, which are very poysonous and -great destroyers of young Plants, chiefly in their first appearing -aboue the ground, and the auncient Gardners haue vsed to destroy them -by burning the fat of a Stagge in some part of the Garden beds, from -which earth all creatures that haue poyson in them, will flye with all -violence: other Gardners will watch where the Kite pearcheth on nights, -and gathering vp her dung, scatter it vpon the beds either simply, or -mixt with the shauings of an olde Harts horne, and no venemous thing -will come néere it. - -[Sidenote: Of the field Myce.] - -Next these are field _Myce_, which will roote séedes out of the earth, -and deuoure them aboundantly, which to kill you shall take _Henbane -seede_, and beate it to pouder, and then mixing it with swéete Oyle, -fresh Butter, or Grease, make thereof a bayte; and when you finde -where they scratch or roote, lay some part of the bayte in that place, -and they will gréedily eate it, and it will kill them: there be other -Gardners which will take a Wéesell, and burning it to ashes, scatter -the ashes on the beds, and then no field _Mouse_ will come néere them. - -[Sidenote: Of Flyes.] - -Next these are _Flyes_, as flesh-_Flyes_, _Scarabs_, _Hornets_, -_Dores_, and such like, which are great destroyers of Séeds and Plants, -when they appeare in their first leafe, and are soft and tender, which -to destroy, you shall either take _Orpment_ mixt with milke, or the -pouder of _Allome_, or the ashes of any of these _Flyes_ burnt, and -with it sprinkle your beds and young plants all ouer, and it will kéepe -_Flyes_ that they will not dare to come néere them. - -[Sidenote: Of the greene Fly.] - -If the gréene _Fly_, which of all other _Flyes_ is most gréedie to hurt -Séedes and Plants, doe offend your Garden, you shall take _Henbane_ -leaues, _Houseleeke_, and _Minte_, and beat them in a Morter, then -straine forth the iuyce, and then adde thereto as much Vinegar as -was of all the rest, and there-with sprinkle your beds all ouer, and -the gréene _Fly_ will neuer come néere them. Some hold opinion, that -if you plant the hearbe _Rocket_ in your Garden, that it is a safe -preseruatiue against these gréene _Flyes_, for it is most certaine that -the very smell thereof will kill these, and most sorts of all other -_Flyes_ whatsoeuer, as hath béene found by approued experience, and the -sylts of olde auncient Abby Gardens, which a man shall seldome finde -without this hearbe planted in them. - -[Sidenote: Of Gnats.] - -Next these are _Gnats_, which although it be the smallest of all Flyes, -yet it is the greatest, quickest, and sharpest deuourer of tender -Plants of all other, for it biteth déeper and more venemously sharpe, -then those which are of much bigger substance: the best way to destroy -them is morning and euening, to smoake and perfume your beds either -with wet Rosemary, or with mouldy Hay: some vse to burne _Calamint_, -and some Oxe dung, and sure all are very good, for the smoakes are very -sharpe, and styflle as soone as it is receiued. - -[Sidenote: Of Pismyers.] - -Next these are _Pismyers_, which also are very noysome vnto Gardens, -for they will digge vp, and carrie away the smaller séedes to their -hills, and in short space spoyle and deface a bed of his encrease, and -the best way to destroy them, is, if you finde their hill, to poure hot -scalding water vpon them: or if vpon your Garden beds you strowe Ashes -or Lyme, but especially that which is made of chalk, they will by no -meanes come néere them, as you shall finde by experience. - -[Sidenote: Of Moales.] - -Next these are _Moales_, which digging and vndermining the earth, -turneth vp Séedes and Plants in a confused fashion, to the vtter -destruction and ruine of the Husband-mans labour, the cure whereof is -to take them in such sort, as shall be shewed in this Booke, where I -speake of Pasture grounds; but if you finde that their encrease and -continuance multiply with your labour, it shall be then good for you -to plant in diuers places of your Garden the hearbe called _Palma -christi_, in other places _Garlickes_ and in other places _Onyons_, and -it is an assured rule that no _Moale_ will come néere where they grow -for the strength and violence of their smell, is poysonous and deadly -to those blind vermines. - -[Sidenote: Of Snailes.] - -Next there are _Snailes_ of both kindes, blacke and white, which are -as much offensiue to Gardens, as any other crawling thing, for they -féed of the tender leaues of plants, and of the outmost rindes of the -daintiest hearbs or flowers, the way to destroy them, is to sprinkle -vpon the beds and other places of their aboad good store of chimney -soote, which by no meanes they can endure, because it is mortall and -poysonous. - -[Sidenote: Of Moathes.] - -Next there are _Moathes_ or _Moaghts_, which are very pernitious in -a Garden, for they destroy both Séeds and Plants, and there is not -better or more certaine way to kill them, then by taking olde horse -hoofes, and burning them, with the smoake thereof to perfume all the -places where they abide, and it will in an instant kill them; with this -smoake onely you may kéepe Arras hanging, Tapistrie, Néedle-worke, -Cushions, or Carpets, or any woollen cloath or garment whatsoeuer safe -from _Moathes_ as long as you please, neither néede you to vse it aboue -once or twice a yéere at the most, as shall be more at large in another -place declared. - -[Sidenote: Of Cankers.] - -Next these are _Cankers_, which are a kinde of filthie wormes, which -deuoure both the great and small leaues of all sorts of swéet Plants, -especially _Lettuce_, _Cabbadge_, _Colaflours,_ and such like; and the -way to destroy them, is to scatter amongst your Plants, Goose-dung, -or to sprinkle the iuyce thereof with a wispe of _Rue_, or hearbe of -_Grace_ ouer all the beds, and though some with a rustie knife vse to -scrape them from the leaues, and so kill them on a Tyle-shread, yet for -my part I hold this the néerer way, and both more certaine and more -easie, as experience will approue. - -[Sidenote: Of Garden Wormes.] - -[Sidenote: An excellent experiment.] - -Lastly, are your Garden _Wormes_ which liuing in the hollowes of the -earth féede much vpon your tender Garden séedes, and the soft sprouts -which first issue from them, especially from all sorts of kirnels, in -which they delight more then in any other séede whatsoeuer, as you may -finde by experience, if you please to obserue accidents as they happen, -without which obseruation you shall hardly attaine to the perfection -of an excellent Gardner: for if you please to make this triall, take -the kirnels of a faire sound Pippin, and deuide them into two parts, -then sowe the one halfe in a Garden bed well drest and trimmed for the -purpose, where the worme hath liberty to come and goe at his pleasure, -sowe the other halfe in some riuen boule, earthen pot, or halfe Tub, -made for the purpose with the same earth or mould that the bed is, and -then set the vessell so as no worme may come there-vnto, and you shall -finde that all those Séedes will sprout and come forth, when hardly any -one of those in the bed of earth will or can prosper, there being no -other reason but the extreame gréedinesse of the deuouring worme, which -to preuent, you shall take Oxe dung, and burn it to ashes, then mixe -them with the earth where-with you couer your Séedes, and it will both -kill the wormes, and make the Séedes sprout both sooner and safer. And -thus much for the preseruation of Séeds and Plants, from all noysome -and pestilent creatures, which being practised with care and diligence, -will giue vnto euery honest minde the satisfaction he desireth. - -[Sidenote: The conclusion of the Kitchen Garden.] - -Now to conclude this small tract or Treatise of the Husbandmans -_Kitchen Garden_, I would haue euery honest Reader vnderstand, that I -haue not taken vpon me to modell out any curious shape or proportion, -but onely figured out a perfect nourcerie, shewing you how to bréed -and bring vp all things fit for health or recreation which being once -brought to mature and ripe age, you may dispose into those proper -places which may become their worthinesse, in which worke I would haue -your owne fancy your owne directour, for I may giue preheminence to -that you least like, and disestéeme that most which to you may séeme -most worthy, therefore let your owne iudgement order your Garden, like -your house, and your hearbs like your furniture, placing the best in -the best places, & such as are most conspicuous, and the rest according -to their dignities in more inferiour roomes, remembring that your -galleries, great chambers, and lodgings of state doe deserue Arras, -your Hall Wainscote, and your meanest offices some _Boscadge_, or -cleanly painting: from this alligorie if you can draw any wit, you may -finde without my further instruction how to frame Gardens of all sorts -to your owne contentment. - - - - - THE SECOND PART - OF THE SECOND BOOKE - of the _English Husbandman_: Contayning - the ordering of all sorts of VVoods, and - the breeding of Cattell. - - - - -CHAP. I. - -_Of the beginning of Woods, first sowing, and necessarie vse._ - - -[Sidenote: Wood better then Gold.] - -[Sidenote: The excellent vses of Wood.] - -It is a Maxime held in Plantations, that no land is habitable, which -hath not Wood & Water, they two being as it were the only nerues & -strength of a mans safe and wholesome liuing, and I haue heard many -wise Gentlemen, exercised, and ingaged, in the most noble and euer -laudable workes of our new Plantations, both of _Virgina_ and the -Summer-_Ilands_ affirme, that they had rather, for a generall profit, -haue a fertile wholesome land, with much wood, then (wanting wood) -with a Mine of gold: so infinite great is the vse of Timber (whose -particulars I néede not rehearse) and so insufferable is the want, -when we are any way pinched with the same. And hence it springeth that -our olde auncestors (whose vertues would God we would in some small -measure imitate) when they found any hard and barraine earth, such as -was vnapt for grasse; or at least such as bare but grasse that would -kéepe life, not comfort life, they presently plowed it vp, and sowed -thereon Acornes, Ash-keyes, Maple knots, Béech apples, Hawes, Slowes, -Nuts, Bullis, and all other séeds of trées in innumerable quantity, -as may appeare by the Forrests of _Del la mere_, _Sherwood_, _Kings -wood_, and many other within this kingdome of huge great spaciousnes -and compasse, from whom when the wood is spoiled, the soyle serueth to -little or no purpose, except it be the kéeping aliue of a few poore -shéepe, which yéeld but little profit more then their carkasse. Thus -euen from the first age of the world hath our forefathers béene euer -most carefull to preserue and encrease wood, and for mine owne part I -haue euer obserued in all those places where I haue séene Woods decayed -and destroyed, that the charge of stubbing and other necessaries -allowed; those lands haue neuer againe yéelded the former profit, for -the greatest exhaustment that euer I saw of wood ground was to bring it -to tenne shillings an Acre when it was conuerted to pasture, and being -kept to wood, it was worth euery seauentéenth yéere one and twenty -pound. A simple Auditor may cast the account of this profit, but such -is our gréedinesse, that for our instant vse we little respect the -good of ours, or our neighbours. But it is no part of my Bookes method -to call offences to question, but onely to right the Husbandman in -his iourney to ordinarie profit. Know then that there is nothing more -profitable to the Husbandman, then the encreasing and nourishing of -wood; from whence (as our common lawes termes it) springs these thrée -bootes or necessary commodities, to wit House-boote, Plowe-boote, and -Fire-boote, without the first we haue neither health, couert, ease, -nor safety from sauage beasts: without the second we cannot haue the -fruits of the earth, nor sustenance for our bodies, nor without the -last can we defend off the sharp Winters, or maintaine life against -the numbing colds which would confound vs. The consideration of these -thrée things only, might enduce vs to the preseruation of this most -excellent commodity: but the other infinite necessities & vses which -we make of wood, as shipping, by which we make our selues Lords of the -Seas: fencing which is the bond of concord amongst neighbours: solution -& trial of Mines, from whence springs both our glory in peace, and our -strength in warre, with a world of others sutable vnto them, should be -motiues vnresistable to make vs with all diligence hast to the most -praise-worthy labour of planting wood, in euery place and corner, where -it may any way conueniently be receiued. - -[Sidenote: The plantation of Wood.] - -If then the Husbandman shall liue in a high barraine Countrey (for -low-valleyes, marshes, or such grounds as are subiect to inundations, -seldome nourish wood well) or in a soyle though not vtterly barraine, -yet of so hard and sower encrease, that the hearbage doth in the profit -but in small quantity, I would wish him after a generall triall of -his earth, to deuide it into thrée equall parts, the first and the -fruitfullest I would haue him preserue for pasture for his Cattell of -all kindes: the second and next in fertility for corne, being no more -then those cattell may till, and the last & most barraine to imploy -for wood: which though he stay long for the profit, yet will pay the -interest double. And this ground thus chosen for wood, I would haue -him plowe vp from the swarth about the latter end of Februarie, and -if it be light earth, as either sand, grauell, or a mixt hazel earth, -then immediatly to sow it with Acornes, Ash-keyes, Elme & Maple knots, -Béech-apples, Chesnuts, Ceruisses, Crabs, Peares, Nuts of all kindes, -Hawes, Hips, Bullice, Slowes, and all manner of other wood séeds -whatsoeuer, and as soone as they are sowne with strong Oxe harrowes of -iron, to harrow and breake the earth, in such sort, that they may be -close and safely couered. And in the plowing of this earth, you must -diligently obserue to turne vp your furrowes as déepe as is possible, -that the séede taking strong and déepe roote, may the better and with -more safety encrease, and defend it selfe against stormes and tempests, -whereas if the roote be but weakely fixed, the smallest blasts will -shake the Trées, and make them crooked, wrythen, and for small vse but -fire onely. - -[Sidenote: The fencing of young woods.] - -[Sidenote: When cattell may graze in Springs.] - -After you haue harrowed your earth, and laide your séede safe, you -shall fence your ground about with a strong and large fence, and -hedge, ditch, pale, or such like, which may kéepe out all manner of -foure-footed beasts, for comming within the same, for the space of -tenne yéeres after: for you shall vnderstand, that if any cattell -shall come where young wood is péeping aboue the earth, or whilst it -is young, tender, and soft, they will naturally crop and brouse vpon -the same, and then be sure that the wood which is so bitten, will neuer -prosper or spring vp to any height, but turne to bushie shrubs and -ill-fauoured tufts, pestring the ground without any hope of profit, -whereas if it be defended and kept safe the space of tenne yéeres at -the least, it will after defend it selfe, and prosper in despight -of any iniurie: and then after that date you may safely turne your -cattell into the same, and let them graze at pleasure, and surely you -shall finde it a great reliefe for your young beast, as your yearling -Haiffers, Bullocks, Colts, Fillies, and such like: for I would not wish -you to let any elder cattell come within the same, because the grasse -though it be long, yet it is sower and scowring, and by that meanes -will make your cattell for labour weake and vnhealthie, whether it be -Oxe or Horse, and for milch-Kine, it will instantly dry vp their milke, -but for idle heilding beasts, whose profit is comming after, it will -serue sufficiently. - -[Sidenote: The vse of the clay ground for Wood.] - -Now if the earth whereon you sowe your wood, be a stiffe clay ground, -and onely barraine through the extreamitie of colde, wet, or such like, -as is séene in daily experience: you shall then plowe vp the ground at -the end of Ianuarie in déepe furrowes, as is before rehearsed; and then -let it rest till it haue receiued two or thrée good Frosts, then after -those Frosts some wet, as either snow or raine, and then the next -faire season after sowe it, as afore-said, and harrow it, and you shall -sée the mould breake and couer most kindely, which without this baite, -and order, it would not doe, then fence it as afore-said, and preserue -it from cattell for tenne yéeres after. - -[Sidenote: A speciall note.] - -And here is to be noted that one Oake growing vpon a clay ground, is -worth any fiue which growes vpon the sand, for it is more hard, more -tough, and of much longer indurance, not so apt to teare, ryue, or -consume, either with Lyme, Rubbish, or any casuall moysture, whence -it comes that euer your Ship-wrights or Mill-wrights desire the clay -Oake for their vse, and the Ioyner the sand Oake for smoothnesse and -waynscote. And thus much for the sowing of Wood, and his generall vses. - - * * * * * - - - - -CHAP. II. - -_The deuision of vnder-Woods, their sale, and profit._ - - -[Sidenote: The deuision of Woods.] - -[Sidenote: The valew of vnder-wood.] - -Whosoeuer be a Lord or Master of much vnder-wood, which is indéede -young spring-wood of all kindes, growing thicke and close together, -either from the séede, as is declared in the former Chapter, or from -the rootes of former salles, the first being a profit begotten by him -selfe, the other a right left by purchase or inheritance, and desire, -as it is the dutie of euery vertuous husband, to make his best and -most lawfullest profit thereof, hauing not left vnto him any president -of former commodity. In this case you shall suruay the whole circuit -of your wood, with euery corner and angle there vnto belonging, and -then as your abilitie and the quantity of your ground shall afford, -you shall deuide your whole wood either into twelue, seauentéene, or -one and twenty parts of equall Acres, Roodes, or Rods, and euery yeare -you shall sell or take to your owne vse one of those parts, so that -one following yearely after another, our sales may continue time out -of minde, and you shall imploy as you please so much wood euery yeare -of either twelue, seauentéene, or one and twenty yeares growth. And in -this you shal note that the sale of one and twenty, doth farre excéede -that of seauentéene, and that of seauentéene as farre that of twelue: -but in this it is quantity, and your necessity that must direct you, -and not my demonstration: for there be fewe Husbands but know that an -Acre of one and twenty yéeres growth, may be worth twenty, nay thirty -pounds, that of seauentéene worth eight or ten pounds, and that of -twelue, fiue and sixe pounds, according to the goodnesse of the wood, -insomuch that the longer a man is able to stay, the greater sure is -his profit: but fewell and fence must of necessity be had, and if a -man haue but twelue acres of wood, I sée not but he must be forced to -take euery yéere one acre for his owne reliefe, and if hée take more, -hée must either necessarily spoyle all, or driue himselfe into extreame -want in fewe yeares following: and therefore it is méete that euery -good husband shape his garment according to his cloath, and onely take -plenty where plenty is; yet with this husbandly caution that euer the -elder your sale is, the richer it is, as you may perceiue by the well -husbanded Woods of many Bishoprickes in this land, which are not cut -but at thirtie yeares growth. - -[Sidenote: Of the sale of vnder-woods.] - -When you haue made your deuisions according to your quantity, you -shall begin your sale at an out-side where cariages may enter without -impeachment to the springs you intend not to cut, and a pole or halfe -pole according to the quantity of ground, you shall preserue (being -next of all to the outmost fence) to repaire the ring fences of your -Wood, and to seperate the new sale from the standing Wood: and this -amongst Woodwards is called Plash-pole. Then at the latter end of -Ianuarie you may begin to cut downe your vnder-wood, and sell it either -by acres, roodes, perches, poles, roddes, or dozens, according to the -quantitie of your earth, or the abilitie of your buyers. And in this -sale I cannot set you downe any certaine price, because true iudgement, -and the goodnesse of your wood must onely giue you direction, things -being euer valewed according to their worth and substance, and this -sale or the cutting downe of vnder-wood, you may continue from the -latter end of Ianuarie, till midde Aprill, at which time the leafe -begins to bud forth, or somewhat longer if necessitie vrge you: the -like you may also doe from the beginning of September, at which time -the leafe beginnes to shed till the middest of Nouember. - -[Sidenote: How to cut vnder-woods.] - -Now for the manner of cutting downe your vnder-woods, although the -lawes of the Kingdome shew you what dutie you shall performe therein, -what Timber you shall preserue, and how néere each Weauer shall stand -one to another, yet I would wish you both for your owne and the -Common-wealths sake, to performe somewhat more then that to which you -are by law compelled, & therefore you shall giue direction to your -wood fallers, that when they shall méete with any faire and straight -well growne sapling, Oake, Elme, Ash, or such like, to preserue them, -and let them stand still, being of such fit distance one from another, -that they may not hinder or trouble each other in their growing, and -when you shall finde vpon a cluster many faire Plants or Saplings; you -shall view which is the fairest of them all, and it preserue onely, and -the rest cut away, that it may prosper the better: also if you finde -any faire and well growne fruit Trées, as Peares, Chesnuts, Seruisses, -and such like, you shall let them stand and cleare them from the -droppings of the taller trées, and you shall finde the profit make you -recompence. Now for the generall cutting vp of the wood, you shall cut -it about sixe inches aboue the ground, and drawing your strokes vpward, -cut the wood slope-wise, for that is best to hasten on the new Spring; -and those Weauers or young which you preserue and suffer to growe -still, you shall prune and trimme as you passe by them, cutting away -all superfluous branches, twigges, and young spyers, which shall grow -either néere vnto the roote, or vpon any part of the boale, which is -fit to be preserued for Timber, and if you shall finde that the earth -haue by any casualty forsaken the root, and left it bare, which is -hurtfull to the growth of the Trée, you shall lay fresh earth vnto it, -and ram the same hard and fast about it. - -[Sidenote: The fencing of salles.] - -[Sidenote: The Woodwards duty.] - -Thus when you haue made an end of cutting downe your sale, and that -the wood is cleansed and carried away, and all the loose and scattered -stickes raked vp into seuerall heapes, and caried away also; for it is -the part of euerie good husband and Woodward, not to sée any wood lye -and rot vpon the ground; you shall then with the vnder-wood preserued -in the Plash-pole, deuide by a strong hedge this new cut downe sale -from the other elder growne wood, and for tenne yéeres, as before is -spoken, not suffer any foure-footed beast to come within the same; from -which rule you shall learne this lesson, that it is the Woodwards duty -euery day to looke ouer all his young Springs, and if by any mischance -or negligence cattell shall happen to breake into them (as many times -they doe) then shall he not onely driue forth or impound such Cattell, -but also suruay how farre and which Plants they haue cropt, and hauing -spied them, with his wood Bill, presently cut the Plants so brouzed -close by the bottomes of the last shuts, and then they will newly put -forth againe, as well as if they had neuer béene hindred: which done, -he shall finde out where the cattell brake in; and then mend the same, -so well and sufficiently, that it may preuent the like mischiefe. -Also if these young springs shall stand néere vnto Forrests or elder -Woods, which are full of wilde Deare, and be no purlewes belonging vnto -the same, the Woodward then shall neuer walke without a little dogge -following him, with which he shall chase such Deare out of his young -springs, because it is to be vnderstood, that the brouzing of Deare is -as hurtfull to young wood, as that of any other cattell whatsoeuer. -And thus much touching the ordering and gouernment of vnder-woods, with -their sales, and the nourishing vp of greater Timber. - - * * * * * - - - - -CHAP. III. - -_Of High Woods, and their Plantation._ - - -[Sidenote: What high Woods are.] - -[Sidenote: The beginning of high Woods.] - -High Woods are those which containe onely Trées for Timber, and are not -pestred or imbraced with the vnder growth of small brush wood, such -as Hazels, White-thorne, Sallowes and Poplar are; these for the most -part consist of Oakes, Ash, Elme, Béech, Maple, and such like, growing -so remote and seperate one from another, that although their tops and -branches méete, and as it were infolde one within another, yet at -the rootes a man may walke or ride about them without trouble. These -high Woods had their first beginnings from the séeds, as was before -declared, and nourisht from age to age amongst the vnder-woods, which, -when men began to want foode for their bréede-Cattell, and that from -the super-abundance of young Woods, they found some might conueniently -be spared, they forth-with in stead of cutting downe their young wood -aboue the earth, began to digge it vp by the rootes, and with stubbe -Axes to teare the meane sinewes from the ground, so that it might not -renew or encrease againe, and then leuelling the earth, and laying it -smooth and plaine, to leaue nothing standing but the tall Timber trées, -betwéene which the grasse had more libertie to growe, and Cattell more -abundance to féede on, and all be not so long and well able to fill the -mouth, as that which growes in the thicke springs, yet much more swéet -and better able to nourish any thing that shall graze vpon the same, by -reason that the Sunne and Frosts hauing more frée power to enter into -the ground, the earth is so much the better seasoned, and bringeth -forth her encrease with more swéetnesse. - -[Sidenote: The Plantation of high Woods.] - -Some are of opinion, that these high Woods may as well be planted as -sowne, and that many of them from the first beginning haue béene so, to -which opinion I consent in part: for doubtlesse I am perswaded, that -many small Groues of Ash, Elme, Béech and Poplar haue béene planted, -for we sée in our daily experience, and the new walkes in _More-fields_ -by _London_, are a perfect testimonie, that such Plantations may -be without trouble or danger: but for the Oake to be taken vp and -replanted, is very hard, and very seldome in vse, neither shall a man -in an whole Age sée any Oake remoued come to perfection or goodnesse, -but growe crooked, knottie, and at the best, but for the vse of fewell -onely: but for the other before rehearsed, you may remoue them when -they are a dozen yeares of age, and plant them where you please: and if -the earth haue in it any goodnesse at all, they will take root and grow -both spéedily, and plentifully. And since I am thus farre entred into -the plantation of Woods, I will shew you how you shall plant and remoue -euery Trée in his due manner and season. - -[Sidenote: Of Planting the Elme.] - -And first for the planting of the Elme, which is an excellent Trée for -shadow, and the adorning of walkes or dwelling houses, you shall make -choise of those Plants which are straightest, soundest, the barke euen -and vntwound, and at least eightéene or twenty inches in compasse: -these you shall digge out of the ground, roote and all, then at the -top of the head, about thrée fingers vnder the knot, where the maine -armes seuerally issue forth, you shall a little slope-wise cut the head -cleane off them, and mixing clay and a little horse-dung, or fine ashes -together, couer the head round about there-with, then ouer the same -wrap Mosse, or fine Hay, and binde it about with soft clouen Oziers, -or some such like bands, then with a sharpe pruning Bill cut euery -seuerall branch of the roote within a finger or two of the stocke; -which done, and the roote pickt cleane, you shall make a hole to be -digged in the place, where you meane to plant the Elme iust of that -depth, the hole was from whence you digged out the Elme, that so much -and no more of the Elme may be hidden in the earth, then was formerly -at his remouing; and this hole you shall make spacious and easie; and -that the mould be soft and loose both vnderneath and round about the -roote of the Elme, which done, you shall place your Elme in the same, -straight and vpright, without either swaruing one way or other, which -for your better certaintie, you may proue either with plumbe, leuell, -or other instrument, which being perfected, you shall with rich fresh -mould well mixt with olde meanure, couer and ram the same fast in the -earth, in such sort, that no reasonable strength may moue or shake it: -and all this worke must be done in the encrease of the Moone, either in -the moneth of October, or at the latter end of Ianuary: but the latter -end of Ianuarie is euer helde the best and safest, for there is no -question but you shall sée flourishing Trées the next Summer after: and -in this sort you may likewise remoue either Béech, Witcher, or Popler, -bestowing them either in Groues, Walkes, Hedge-rowes, or other places -of shadow, as shall séeme best to your contentment: for their natures -being alike, their growthes and flourishings haue little difference. - -[Sidenote: Of Planting the Ash.] - -[Sidenote: Obiection.] - -[Sidenote: Answere.] - -Now for the replanting or remouing the Ash, though not much, yet there -is some difference, for it is not at the first so spéedie a putter -forth, and flourisher, as the others be: but for the first yeare -laboureth more to bestow and fixe his roote in the earth, then to -spread forth his vpper branches, and although some Woodwards are of -opinion, that so much as the Ash is aboue the ground, so much hée will -be vnder before he begin to flourish outwardly, yet experience doth -find it erronious, for though it be for the first yéere a little slower -then other Trées, yet when it beginneth to flourish, it will ouer-take -the spéediest grower. Therefore when you do intend to plant Ashes for a -spéedy profit, you shall not according to the olde custome chuse the -smooth, small, long Plants, which are hardly thrée inches in compasse, -and haue put out hardly any branches, and are such as grow from the -rootes of elder Ashes cut downe before, which our auncient Woodwards -haue vsed to slip or cleaue from those rootes, no, these are the -worst sorts of Plants: but you shall take the true ground-Ash, which -springeth from his owne proper roote, being smooth, euen, sound, and -straight without bruise, canker, or other impediment. This you shall -digge vp by the root, being as is before said almost twenty inches in -compasse, and hauing cleansed the roote, you shall leaue each spray -not aboue halfe a foote, or eight inches in length; but for the small -thréeds or tassels of the roote, those you shall cut cleane away close -by the wood, and so plant it in euery point, as was shewed you for the -planting of the Elme, onely the top thereof you shall by no meanes cut -off, because it is a trée of pith, which to deuide or lay bare, were -very dangerous; and the best season for the planting of this Trée, is -euer in the encrease of the Moone, at the fall of the leafe, which is -from the beginning of October till midde Nouember, and at no other -time, for it would euer haue a whole Winter to fasten his roote, and to -gather strength, that it may bud forth his leafe the Summer following. -Thus you sée how you may plant Groues or Copses at your pleasure, and -make vnto your selfe high Woods according to your owne pleasure. But -you will obiect vnto me, that you liue in such a champaine Countrey, -that albe these Plantations might bréede vnto you infinite pleasure, -yet the pouerty thereof in wood is such that these Plants are not -there to be found for any money. To which I thus answere, That in this -Kingdome there is not any Country so barraine, or farre off remote from -wood, being a soyle fit to receiue wood: But his next neighbour-Country -is able to furnish him, especially with these Plants at an easie -reckoning: as for example, I hold _Northampton_ shire one of the -barrennest for Wood, yet best able to beare wood, and hath not he his -neighbour _Huntington_ shire and _Leicester_ shire about him, where -nurceries of these Plants are bred and preserued for the sale onely: -Nay, euen in _Holland_, in _Lincolne_ shire, which is the lowest of all -Countries, and most vnlikely to holde such a commodity, I haue séene -as goodly Timber as in any Forrest or Chase of this Kingdome: and thus -much for the planting of high Woods. - - * * * * * - - - - -CHAP. IIII. - -_Of the preseruation, and sale of high Woods._ - - -[Sidenote: Of Trees which take wet inwardly.] - -It is not sufficient for the Husbandman to sowe, plant, and encrease -wood about his grounds, conuerting his earth to the vttermost and -extreamest profit that may spring from the same: but he must also -be diligent to preserue and nourish his timber trées from all -inconueniences that may any way annoy or afflict them: and to this -end hée shall daily walke into his Woods, and with a searching eye -suruay euery Trée which is of any account, and sée if he can finde any -fault or annoyance about the same, and if casting his eye vp to the -top, where the maine armes shoote forth themselues, he perceiue that -by the breaking off of some arme or other riuen boughes, the wet and -droppings of the leaues is sunke and fretted into the Timber, which in -time will corrupt the heart, and make the Trée hollow. In this case he -shall presently mount the Trée, and with his Bill, either cut the place -so smooth that the wet may not rest thereon, or else hauing smoothed -it so much as he may with conuenience, mixe stiffe clay and fine hay -together, and with the same couer the place, in such manner, that it -may put off the wet till it haue recouered new barke. - -[Sidenote: Of Barke-bound.] - -If hée shall perceiue any of his younger Trées to be Barke-bound, that -is, so stiffe and straitly tied within their owne ryndes, that they -cannot encrease or prosper: in this case he shall with a sharpe drawing -knife, made in the proportion of a narrow _C_ draw and open the barke -euen from the top of the bole of the Trée downe to the roote, and then -clap Oxe dung into those slits, let the Trée rest, and in short space -you shall sée it mightily encrease. - -[Sidenote: Of Hornets and Dores.] - -If he shall perceiue that _Hornets_, and _Dores_, or such like, haue -found some little hollownesse in one of his Trées, and séeketh there -to shelter and hide themselues, which in little space they will soone -make larger, he shall forth-with besmeare all the place with Tarre and -Goose-dung, and it will driue them thence. - -[Sidenote: Of the Canker.] - -If he shall finde that by the droppings of other Trées, some of his -Trées shall grow cankerous, and loose their barke, which is an accident -very vsuall, and the Trées whose barkes are so lost, will with great -difficulty after prosper. In this case he shall annoynt the place with -Tarre and Oyle mixt together, and then couer the place with clay, where -the barke is wanting. - -[Sidenote: Of Pismyers.] - -If he shall perceiue any _Pismyer_ hilles or beds to be made against -any of his Trées, which is very noysome, for they are great destroyers -of the barks of Trées: he shall then with hot scalding water kill them, -and throw the hill downe leuell and plaine with the earth. - -[Sidenote: Of Iuy, Woodbine, and Misseltoe.] - -If he shall find any _Iuy_, _Woodbine_, or _Mysteltoe_ to grow in or -about any of his principall Trées, which doe strangle, suffocate, and -kéepe them from encreasing, he shall forth-with digge vp the roots -thereof, and then cut it away or loosen it from about the barks of the -Trées. - -[Sidenote: Of Thunder and Lightning.] - -Lastly, if he shall perceiue that by _Thunder_, _Lightning_, or other -plantarie stroakes, any of the armes of his well growne Trées be -blasted or slaine, he shall forth-with cut them away, euen close to the -quicke Wood, and make the place smooth and euen where they were ioyned: -thus shall the carefull Husbandman with a vigilant eye, regard euery -enormous and hurtfull thing that may offend his Timber, and by that -meanes possesse more benefit from a fewe Roodes, then others doe from -many Acres. - -[Sidenote: Of the sale of tall Woods.] - -Now when either necessity or the vrgent occasions of any néedfull vse, -enforceth the Husbandman to make sale of any part of his tall Wood, -in which Marchandise there is many prety and obscure secrets, such as -are hard to be shewed by any Verball demonstration, for truly there -is not any trucking or marting whatsoeuer, in which a man may sooner -deceiue, or be deceiued, men buying and selling in a manner hood-winkt: -for it is most certaine that no man can certainely tell either what -peny-woorth hée selleth, or the other buyeth, so long as the Trée is -standing, there be in Trées so many secret faults, and likewise when -they are downe, and come to the breaking or burkning (as the Wood-man -tearmes it) so many vnexpected vertues, as for mine owne part I haue -often séene a Trée whose out-side hath promised all good hope, the -barke being smooth and euen, the body large and great, and the armes -high set on, and spaciously extended; yet when this Trée hath béene -felled, and came to burkning, there hath béene found a hole in the -top, which hath runne cleane though the heart, and vtterly spoyled the -whole Timber: so likewise on the contrary part I haue séene a Trée very -foule at the top, which is suspitious for rottennesse, whose armes haue -growne so close and narrow together, that they haue promised little -burthen, yet being cut downe, I haue séene that Trée passing sound, the -armes double the loades in valuation, and the price being lesse then -any, the proofe and goodnesse to excéede all; so that I must conclude -it all together impossible to set downe any fixed or certaine rules -either for the buyer or seller: but for as much as there are diuers -worthie obseruances for both parts, and that it is as necessary to buy -well as sell well, I will runne through euery particular obseruation, -which doth belong both to the one and the other partie, with which -when a mans minde is perfectly acquainted, he may with much bolder -confidence aduenture to buy or sell in the open Market. - -[Sidenote: How to chuse Timbers.] - -[Sidenote: Of Mill Timber.] - -[Sidenote: Timber to beare burthen.] - -The first thing therefore that either buyer or seller should be -skilfull in, is the choyse of all sorts of Timbers, and to know which -is fit for euery seuerall purpose, the crooked and vneyely being for -some vses of much higher price and reckoning then that which is plaine, -straight, and euen growne, as thus for example. If you would buy Timber -for Mill-whéeles, the heads of round Turrets, or any kinde of any worke -whatsoeuer, you shall chuse that which is crooked and some-what bent, -being sound, firme, and vnshaken. If you will chuse Timber for Summer -Trées, Baulks, Iawnies, or Tracens, you shall chuse that which is most -hartie, sound, and much twound, or as it were wrythen about, which you -shall with great ease perceiue by the twinding or crooked going about -of the barke, the graine whereof will as it were circle and lay round -about the Trée. This Timber which is thus twound or wrythen, will by no -meanes ryue or cleaue asunder, and therefore is estéemed the best to -support and beare burthen, and the heart thereof will endure and last -the longest. - -[Sidenote: Timber for Pales, Wainscote, &c.] - -If you will chuse Timber for Pales, Singles, Coopers-ware, Wainscote, -or such like, then you shall euer chuse that which is smooth, euen, and -straight growne, without any manner of twynding or shaking, which you -shall perceiue by the straight and euen growing vp of the barke, whose -crests will ascend straight and vpright, euen from the roote to the -bottome, which is an assured token that all such Timber will shiuer and -ryue into as thinne parts as a man would desire. - -[Sidenote: Timber for Pyles or Water-workes.] - -Lastly, if you would chuse Timber to make Pyles of, to driue into the -earth, for the framing of Weares within the water, the heads of Ponds, -or any other worke within the water then you shall chuse that which is -most knottie (so it be sound) for that will driue without splitting, -and continue in the earth the longest: and of all Timbers the Elme -is accounted the best for this purpose, for it will continue almost -euerlastingly in the earth without rotting; yet notwithstanding, the -Oake is excellent good also: and thus much for the generall choise of -Oakes. - -[Sidenote: Vse of the Elme.] - -Now if you would chuse Timber for weather-boards, or to be vsed in -water-workes, or to make Planks for low moyst Vaults, then you shall -chuse the biggest, soundest and smoothest growne _Elme_, it is also -excellent good to make Kitchen tables of, or for boards, for the vse -of Butchers. If you will chuse the most principallest Timber, for -Cart or Waine Axel trées, for the naues of whéeles, or for any other -vse of toughnesse, you shall chuse the _Elme_ onely, for it excéedeth -all other Timbers, and though some Husbandmen are of opinion, that -the _Elme_ Axel-trée when it is throughly heated, is then most apt to -breake, they are much deceiued, for it will endure farre beyond Ash or -any other Timber, except Yewgh, which for the scarsity is now of little -vse in such a purpose. And herein you must obserue, that the _Elme_ -which you chuse for Axel-trées must be straite, smooth, and without -knots, but that which you chuse for naues, must be most knotty, twound, -and the hardest to be broken or hewed asunder. - -[Sidenote: Vse of the Ash.] - -If you will chuse Timber for Ploughes, ordinary Axel-trées (for -those of _Elme_ are speciall) the rings of whéeles harrow bulls, and -such like, then you shall chuse the fairest, straightest, biggest, -and smoothest growne Ash that you can finde, and from the roote end -vpward, you shall cut out a length of Axel-trées, aboue it a length of -shelbordes, and aboue it (if the Trée be so large) a length for heads -and Skeathes, the largest armes which are somewhat bending, you shall -elect for rings for whéeles, and so according to the bignesse of the -Ash, and as your eye can proportion out what will be made of the same, -you shall make valuation thereof. - -[Sidenote: Vse of the Wall-nut tree.] - -If you would chuse Timber for ioyned Tables, Cupbords, or Bedsteds, -you shall then make choise of the fairest Walnut-trée you can finde, -being olde, straight, vnknotted, and of a high boale: and although -either Oake, or Ash will reasonably well serue for this purpose, yet -the Walnut-trée is by many degrées the best of all other, for it is -of smoothest graine, and to the eye most beautifull, prouided that by -no meanes you put it into any worke, before it be excéedingly well -seasoned. - -[Sidenote: Vse of the Peare-tree.] - -If you would chuse Timber for Ioynt-stooles, Chaires, or Chests, you -shall then chuse the oldest Peare-trée so it be sound, for it is both -smooth, swéet, and delicate, and though it be a very soft Wood, yet -in any of these frames it is an excéeding long laster, and the heart -thereof will neuer bréede worme, nor will it in any time loose the -colour. - -[Sidenote: Vse of the Maple, Beech, and Poplar.] - -If you would chuse Timber for Trenchers, Dishes, or any Tourners ware, -or for any in-laying worke, you shall then make choise of the fairest -and soundest Maple, being smooth and vnknotted, for it is the plainest -graine, and the whitest Wood of all other: and although either the -Béech or Poplar will reasonably well serue for these purposes, yet is -neither the colours so good, nor the Timber so long lasting. Many other -Trées there are which may serue for many other purposes: but these are -of most vse for our English Husbandman, and will sufficiently serue to -passe through all his businesses. - -[Sidenote: Of Char-coale.] - -Touching Char-coale, you shall vnderstand, that Oake, Elme, and Ash, -make your longest and best enduring Coale: the Birtch the finest and -brightest Coale, and the Béech or Sallow the swiftest Coale. Now for -your small Coale, the twigges of the Birtch makes that which kindles -the soonest, and the White-thorne that which endures the longest. - -[Sidenote: How to value Timber.] - -Thus when you know how to chuse euery seuerall Trée, and the true vse -and profit which can any way be made of the same, and by a practised -experience can cast by the suruay and view of a standing Wood, the -almost entire profit that may arise from the same, deuiding in your -memory how many are for euery seuerall purpose, and to what reckoning -they may amount one with the other, and blemishing (if you buy) the -good with the bad, or making good (if you sell) the bad with those -good ones which grow néere them, you may then boldly venture into any -sale either as a buyer or seller at your pleasure, and sure if you -know (as it is fit you should doe) the Market-able prices of all sorts -of Timbers in those places, where you are either to buy or sell, as -what a Mill-post is worth, what so many inches of well squared Timber, -contayning so many foote in length, what a dozen of boards of such a -size, what so many naues, spoakes, rings, sparres, or tracens, or what -so much sound and good Plough-timber is worth, and then looking vpon a -Trée, and computing what may euery way be made of the same, allowing -the wast which will hardly sometimes defray the charge of breaking vp -the Trée, you cannot but with great ease draw into your minde the true -value of euery Trée, and the vttermost profit or losse may any way rise -from the same. - -[Sidenote: How to measure Timber by gesse.] - -And in this worke I would haue you to obserue this rule very carefully, -that is, when you come to any great Timber-trée, to fathome or embrace -it about with both your armes, and then knowing what quantity your -fathome is, and how many fathome girdleth the Trée round about, you may -from former experience giue a certaine gesse what inches of squared -Timber that Trée will beare, for if you haue found in former trials -that twice your fathome in the rough barke hath borne twenty, or two -and twenty inches squared, and now finde that the present Trée on which -you looke, is no lesse, but rather with the bigger, you may boldly -presume, that being sound, this trée can carrie no lesse square of good -Timber: and thus much for the knowledge and choise of tall Woods. - -[Sidenote: Best seasons for the sale.] - -[Sidenote: The time for Chap-men.] - -Now to come to the seasons & fittest times for sale of these high -Woods: you shall vnderstand that it is méete for euery good husband -which intendeth to sell any of his high Woods, to walke into the same -immediately after Christmas, & whether they be in woods, Groues, -hedge-rowes, or other places, to marke with a special marke all those -Trées which he intendeth to sell, as well for the wéeding and cleansing -out of all such as are decayed and wasted, as also to know the true -number of both the good and bad, and thereby in some measure to compute -the profit which will arise from the same, for to make sale of them -otherwise confusedly, might bring much losse to a man happily, selling -away those that would encrease their valewes, and kéepeing them which -daily would decrease their goodnesse, or so vnorderly vnmixing his -Wood, that where one faire and good Trée would draw a mans eye from -beholding diuers which are doated, now that onely taken away, the rest -will remaine, and neuer be sale-able, and therefore euer as néere as -you can so suite and match your Trées together, that in your sales -you may neuer passe away an absolute worthie Trée: but you may euer -couple some which haue defects to goe with it, as in these dayes we sée -Warriners and Poulters sell Rabbets, a fat and a leane euer coupled -together. When you haue thus marked out what you meane to sell, and -disposed your sale according to your best profit, after notice giuen -vnto the Country in the Market Townes néere adioyning, you shall begin -your sale the Candlemasse following, which sale you may continue all -the Spring, according to the greatnesse thereof, or the quicknesse of -buyers. Now for any rules or orders to be obserued in these sales, I -can prescribe you none certaine, because it is méete that euery one -binde himselfe to the customes of the Country in which he liueth, -whose variations are diuers, for almost euery one is seuerall, onely -in the maine they holde together, which is that they seldome make -publike sales for money downe vpon the head, but for a certaine payment -some fewe moneths after, which makes the Marchandise more lookt to, -and the sales goe away the faster; and in this the Sales-man must be -circumspect in the choise of his Chap-men, and where hée findeth any -doubt there to make one neighbour stand bound for another, as for -the earnest penny it is euer ouer and aboue the price, and must be -laide downe at the binding vp of the bargaine, which earnest is in -some Countries foure pence in the pound, in some eight pence, and in -some twelue pence, according to the goodnesse of the Timber, and hath -euer béene taken for a fée due to the Sales-man for his paines and -attendance: and sure if he be carefully honest, it is a merrit well -bestowed: if otherwise, it is much too much for falshood, for in him -consists the owners losse or profit, and therefore it may become any -man, of what place so euer, to take a strickt account from such an -officer: or if he haue any doubt euer to ioyne with him in commission, -another of contrary faction. - -[Sidenote: When to cut downe Timber.] - -When you haue made sale of your Timber, you shall by no meanes let it -be cut downe till the end of Aprill, at which time the sap ascending -vpward, will loosen the bark, and make it come from the body of the -Trée easily. You shall cut your Timber downe close by the earth, not -digge it vp by the rootes, vnlesse you meane vtterly to destroy it, for -from the spurnes of the roote will arise new Spiers, which in processe -of time, will come to another Trée. As soone as you haue felled your -Oakes, you shall with your Axe immediatly whilst the sap is wet, take -all the barke from the body and the armes, and setting it end-wayes -as vp one by another, so place it, that the winde may passe through -it, and dry it, and then sell it to the Tanners, which will giue you a -good price therefore, according to the worth and scarsity thereof. When -your Trées are barkt, you shall then sawe the body into such lengthes -of Timber, as shall be méete for the purpose for which it is bought, -or in such sort as it may be best portable: the armes also you shall -hewe from the body, and so burken or breake them vp, as they may be fit -to be loaded: all which done, and the Timber caried away, you shall, -if you intend to haue the Wood renew, fence in the sale, and kéepe it -safe from Cattell: and thus much for the preseruation and sale of high -Woods. - - - - -CHAP. V. - -_Of the breeding of Wood in rich champaine soyles._ - - -Nature which is the most perfect worke-mistresse of all things (as all -the Philosophers say) but I say our good God out of his most diuine -wisedome, hath allotted to euery soyle, if we will note it, through -the whole course of this Kingdome, particular profit to sustaine and -maintaine it, as to some Mines, to some Timber, and to some fertility -of grasse and corne, and where any one of these are, there commonly -some of the other is euer wanting, as we sée daily in our experience; -and for as much as in the fruitfull and fertill soyles of this -land, of which wée estéeme the wealthie vales, as that of _Essam_, -_White-horse_, _Beluoire_, and many others the best, there is euer -great scarsitie of Wood, the very wealthinesse of the soyle it selfe -almost denying to beare such burden, because for the most part the -stifnesse of those clayes is contrary to their growth, yet for as much -as the necessitie and vse of Wood is so great and valuable, I would -perswade euery good and worthy Husbandman, to endeauour himselfe with -all his vtmost power and strength, to plant wood in euery conuenient -place round about him, and not to take the rules of the ignorant for -his lesson, that sith neuer any did grow there, therefore neuer any -will grow there: for it is absurd and foolish: nor to say because my -auncestors haue neuer done it why should I attempt it? These arguments -are made from a false figure, and the Husbandman must remember that -his dutie is industrie, and encrease not altogether imitation and -president, and he must as seriously finde out new and néerer profits, -as hold those he hath learned: and therefore he shall endeauour by all -commendable labour to haue euer about him whatsoeuer is necessarie for -his vse: but you will peraduenture aunswere me, that to plant Woods -in these rich soyles, were very much losse, because the fertilitie -thereof will yéeld a much better profit. To this I reply, that I -would not haue you plant any spacious piece of ground with wood, but -onely your ditches, hedges, and such wast earthes, as almost denie -any other profit, and that the want of wood in those places may not -discourage you, to imagine that wood will not grow there. Doe but -view the cytes of euery Towne in those rich Countries, the seates -of Noblemen & Gentlemens houses, and the Parks which commonly are -adioyning there-vnto, and you shall hardly sée any of them without the -fellowship & acquaintance of some wood, which in times past hath béene -planted either for defence or pleasure, and from thence collect that if -wood will grow with my next neighbour, then why not with me, so long -as the soyle doth not alter. But _Labor vincit omnia improbus_, True -industrie was neuer fruitlesse. Then for the generall good both of your -selfe & your neighbours, looke that you replenish all your ditches & -ring fences, with good store of Quick-set, that is to say, all that lye -high, & out of the danger of water, with White-thorne, Black-thorne, -and Bryer, and those which are low & subiect to washing, with Willowes, -Sallowes, and Ozyers. - -[Sidenote: How to set all sorts of Quick-set.] - -Now for as much as it is not enough to say vnto the Husbandman do -this, but that I must also shew the manner of doing thereof: I will -shew you briefly how to set all manner of Quick-sets, and first -for the white-thorne, black-thorne, bryer or such like, which must -stand frée from inundation, you shal when you enclose any piece of -ground, after you haue markt out the true breadth of your dyke vpon -the in-side thereof, and close by the verdge of the dyke, cut with -your spade a little trough, halfe a foote or there-abouts in breadth -& depth, in which trough or small gutter, you shall lay the rootes -of the first rowe of your Quick-sets, so as the top ends may looke -vpward, & a little bend in towards the ditch, & these quick-sets you -shall place within lesse then a foot one of another: then with your -spade beginning to make your ditch, you shall with the first cleane -mould, couer all the rootes close and fast, so as they will not shake -nor stirre with your hand, then hauing raised the banke of your Dyke, -and couered the lowest rowe of Quick-set more then halfe a foote, and -broken the earth so, as it may lye close and handsome together & you -shall then after the same manner lay another rowe of Quick-set ouer the -first, I meane not one Quick-set directly ouer another, but the second -rowe placed as it were in the midst betwéene two of the first, though -at least halfe a foote higher: then you shall couer that row like the -former, and ouer it place a third, which shall stand directly opposite, -and ouer the first, so that in their growth the middle rowe shall as -it were grow betwéene two of the lowest, and two of the highest: and -then vpon this vppermost rowe lay the remainder of your earth, and -make your banke perfect, and in this sort finishing one yard of the -Ditch after another, you shall at length bring your labour to the end -of your desire. Now in this labour you are to obserue some speciall -things, as first to looke well vpon your Sets before you put them into -the ground, and be sure that they be gréene, young and vntainted, then -that the rootes be cleane, and no small thréeds or iagges hanging about -them. And lastly, that they stand vpright, and not aboue foure or fiue -inches without the earth at the most, then shall you looke well to the -making of your banke, and lay the earth so as it may not slip or fall -backe into the Dyke, so as the raine may wash away the mould, and leaue -the rootes bare: but let all things be done strongly and artificially. -The best seasons for this worke is the moneths of February, March, -and Aprill, or September, October, and some part of Nouember: if the -weather be dry aboue head, when you haue set your Quick-set, you -shall make a dead hedge vpon the top of the new banke, to kéepe those -Cattell which are within your ground, from breaking forth or hurting -the Quick-set: and another small fence on the lowe verdge of the Dyke -which is outward, to kéepe those cattell which graze without from -running into the dyke, and hurting the quick-set. Now after a spring -and fall is past, you shall suruay all your quick-set and wéede it -cleane from all manner of filthinesse that doth choake or stifle it, -and scratching the fresh mould about it giue comfort to the roote: then -if you perceiue that any of your Sets be dead, you shall plucke them -vp, and place new in the roome, and if any be blasted in part, and not -clean killed, you shall cut away so much as is blasted, and let the -rest remaine, you shall looke well to the Caterpiller and other wormes, -which mightily deuoure Quick-sets, especially in these fat Countries, -and if you finde any taint of them, destroy them as is shewed you in a -former Chapter. - -[Sidenote: Planting of greater Trees.] - -After your Quick-set is come to the age of thrée yéeres, and that the -banke is setled and swarth growne thereon, you shall then within the -body of your hedges plant all manner of great Trées, as Ash, Béech, -Maple, and such like, and also all manner of fruit Trées, as Aples, -Peares, Plums, Wardens, and such like, and in the first thrée yéeres -be very carefull to preserue each in his true proper nature, and doe -to them all the rights which is due to their growth, and in that time -obserue which kinde of Trées in the generality prospereth best, and -agréeth most naturally with the soyle. And of those Trées sée that -you flourish your grounds most plentifully, the particular manner of -planting whereof is already formerly declared. And hence doth _Kent_ -and _Worcester_ shire boast of their fruit, _Windsor_, _Sherwood_ -and _Hollam_ shire their Oakes, and other particular Countries their -particular commodities. - -[Sidenote: Of the setting of Willowes, &c.] - -Now for the setting of Willow, Sallow and Oziers, it is a thing so -vsuall and common, that it néedeth no great Art in the relation, -yet because I would be loath that any omission should be taken for -negligence, you shall vnderstand that in setting them you must first -respect the place, which would euer be lowe and moyst, the water -sometimes washing them, sometimes cooling them, and euer giuing them -comfort. Now to speake first of the Willow it would be euer planted -vpon bankes, where it may stand more dry then wet, for such prosper -best, and endure longest, as for proofe some will continue, twelue, -fiftéene nay one and twentie yéeres, where as those which are set close -by the water, will hardly endure seueral, but not aboue nine yéeres at -the most. Touching their planting, they be set two manner of wayes, -but which is the best, is not yet agréed on amongst Husbandmen. The -first is to take an Augure full as large in compasse (although much -shorter) as that where-with you boare Pumps and with it boare a hole -in the earth two-foote, and a halfe déepe, then hauing headed some of -the choysest Willowes you haue, take the fairest and straightest of -those lops, and then cutting the sloape-wise at both ends and leauing -no superfluous twigs cleauing there-vnto, put the bigger end downe very -hard into the earth, and then with the mould which came forth, with the -Augure ram the earth close and hard about the Set, so as no reasonable -strength may shake it. Now there be other Husbandmen which in stéed -of the Augure take onely an Oaken or Ash stake, of the bignesse of an -vsuall set, and with a Béetell driue it into the ground two foot and a -halfe, and then by shaking and opening the earth, pull it out againe & -then put in the Set as is before shewed, and beate and tread the earth -close there-vnto, and there is no doubt of the well prospering thereof. -Now for the defects which Husbandmen finde in these two seuerall -plantings. Some say, that the Augure taketh out so much earth, that the -Set cannot but stand loose at the roote, and so wanting full hold of -the earth, either takes not at all, or continues but a little space. -Others say that the driuing in of the stake beates the earth so hard -together, that it withstandeth the passage of the tender sprouts, & so -killeth the set, but both are deceiued: for these are but suppositions, -and experience daily shewes vs, that these are the best and spéediest -wayes of setting of all sorts of Willowes that euer any time brought -forth, and I haue knowne one man set this way two hundreth Sets in a -day, of which not one hath failed, but all prospered. Now for your -Sallowes, you shall set them, and chuse the Sets in all poynts as you -doe the Willow, onely they would be placed a little néerer the water, -for they delight some-what more in moysture, as for the Ozier it would -be set like other Quick-set in the side of bankes, so as it may almost -touch the water, and as your Willowes or Sallowes would be set a little -remote one from another, as namely tenne foote asunder: so these must -be set close together, and in thicke rowes one against another: and -these Ozier Plants you must cut from their head, being the principall -spiers which grow thereon, and then cut off their tops, leauing them -not aboue two foote long at the most, and of all other they are the -quickest in growing. - -[Sidenote: The vse of Willowes, Sallowes, and Oziers.] - -And although Willow, Sallow, and Ozyer, are in our lawes estéemed but -as wéedes and no Woods, yet they be so profitable, that the Husbandman -can hardly misse them, the Willow and Sallow seruing for fence and -fewell, to make Harrowes, Cart-saddles, & horse Hames, and the Ozyers, -for fish Leapes, or Wéeles for Baskets, Scuttels, Fans to winnow with, -and many other things full as necessary: therefore if you haue any -marish grounds that are vselesse, bogge-myers, or Ilands in great -riuers, let them be imployed to the nourishing of these profitable -wéedes, and by making draynes through them to giue the water passage, -you shall in small time bring them to earthes of great profit, which -consideration were it rightly wayed, there would not be halfe so much -wast ground as is in this Kingdome. - -[Sidenote: Ordering of the Willow.] - -But to my purpose, when you haue planted these Willowes, you shall -after euery floud, sée if the water haue driuen any of them away, or -displease them, and immediately mend them, and set them vp straight -againe. If any Cattell shall pyll or barke them, you shall pull vp -such Settes, and place new in their roome. Your Willow set would by -no meanes be too long at the first setting, for then will neuer beare -a good head, and too short is likewise as vnprofitable, therefore it -is held to be fiue foote aboue the earth, is a length sufficient: you -may head your Willowes once in thrée yéeres, or fiue at the furthest, -and when you sée the bodies waxe hollow, you may cut them downe for the -fire, and fixe new Sets in their places. - -[Sidenote: Ordering of Ozier.] - -The Ozier to come to his true profit and season asketh much pruning -and trimming, as namely you must kéepe the stocke lowe, and neuer -aboue halfe a foote aboue the earth, you must picke them cleane from -Mosse, and from the slime and filth, which the ouer-flow of the water -will leaue vpon them: you shall prune the small spiers, and make them -grow single one by another, and if any shoote out a double stalke, you -shall cut it away, you may head them euery second yéere at the fall -onely, and though some head them once a yéere, yet it is not so good -husbandry, nor will the Ozier be so tough or long lasting. The best -seasons for the setting of the Willow, Sallow, or Ozier is, either -any part of the Spring or Fall, and the best time to loppe the Willow -or Sallow, is in the Spring for fence, and in the Fall for timber or -fewell; but the Ozier would be cut at the fall of the leafe onely. And -thus much for the bréeding of Wood in the rich champaine Countries. - - - - -CHAP. VI. - -_Of Plashing of Hedges, and Lopping of Timber._ - - -[Sidenote: What plashing is.] - -Hauing alreadie sufficiently in the former Chapter spoken of the -planting of all sorts of quick-sets, it is méete now that I shew you -how to order the hedges being growne and come to perfection. Know then -that if after your hedge is come to sixe or seauen yéeres of age, you -shall let it grow on without cutting or pruning, that then although it -grow thicke at the top, yet it will decay and grow so thinne at the -bottome, that not onely beasts but men may runne through it, and in -the end it will dye and come to nothing, which to preuent, it shall -be good once in seauen or eight yéeres to plash and lay all your -Quick-set hedges, in which there is much fine Art and cunning to be -vsed. For this plashing is a halfe cutting or deuiding of the quicke -growth, almost to the outward barke, and then laying it orderly in a -sloape manner, as you sée a cunning hedger lay a dead hedge, and then -with the smaller and more plyant branches, to wreathe and binde in -the tops, making a fence as strong as a wall, for the roote which is -more then halfe cut in sunder, putting forth new branches, which runne -and entangle themselues amongst the olde stockes, doe so thicken and -fortifie the hedge, that it is against the force of beasts impregnable. - -[Sidenote: How to plash:] - -[Sidenote: The time of yeare.] - -Now to giue you some light how you shall plash a hedge, though diuers -Countries differ diuersly in these workes, yet as néere as I can I will -shew you that which of the best Husbandmen is the best estéemed. First, -for the time of yéere either February or October, is passing good, and -the encrease of the Moone would likewise be obserued. - -[Sidenote: The Tooles.] - -For the tooles which you shall imploy, they would be a very sharpe -nimble Hatchet, a good Bill, and a fine pruning knife. Now for the -worke you shall enter into it, first with your Bill you shall cut -away all the superfluous boughes and branches which are of no vse, or -hinder your worke, and then finding the principall stemmes which issue -from the maine roote, you shall within a foote or lesse of the ground -with your Hatchet, cut the same more then thrée quarters through, so -as they may hang together by nothing but the outward barke, and some -part of the outward sap, and this stroke must euer be sloape-wise and -downeward: then take those mayne bodies of the quick-set, so cut, and -lay them sloape-wise from you, as you would lay a dead hedge, and -all the branches which extend from those bodies, and would spread -outwardly, you shall likewise cut as before said, and fould them -artificially into your head, and euer within a yard or two distance, -where a pretie Plant growes straight vp, you shall onely cut off the -top equall with the height of your hedge, and so let it stand as a -stake, about which you shall folde and twind all your other branches. -Now when you come to the top of the hedge, which would commonly not be -aboue fiue foote high, you shall take the longest, youngest, and most -plyant boughes, and cutting them as afore-said, gently binde in the -tops of all the rest, and so make your hedge strong and perfect: and -herein is to be noted, that the closer and thicker you lay your hedge -(so there be nothing in it superfluous) the stronger and better lasting -it will be. Many vse not to binde in the tops of their plasht hedges, -but onely to lay the Quick-set and no more: but it is not so husbandly, -neither is the hedge of any indurance: many other curiosities there be -in the plashing of hedges, but this which I haue alreadie shewed, is -sufficient both for the Husbandmans benefit and vnderstanding. - -[Sidenote: The profit of Plashing.] - -The profit which ariseth from this labour, is the maintenance and -defence of fencing, the preseruing and encrease of Quick-set, and a -continuance of amitie amongst neighbours, when one liues frée from -offending another. It yéeldeth a good Mast for Swine, and with the -ouer-plus thereof at these times of plashings, repaireth all a mans -dead hedges, and brings good store of fewell both to the Brewhouse, -Kitchin, and Backhouse. - -[Sidenote: The lopping of Timber.] - -Next to the plashing, is the lopping of Timber-Trées, which in those -Countries which are bare and naked of wood, is of much vse, and though -I cannot much commend it, because it oft marreth the bodies of Trées, -yet I must allow it for necessary, because it is a néedfull rate, which -the Trées pay to their Planters. - -[Sidenote: What Lopping is.] - -[Sidenote: The season for Lopping.] - -This lopping or heading of Trées, is the cutting off of the armes and -vppermost branches of Trées, and suffering the body to grow still, and -it may very well be done once in eight or tenne yéeres, either at the -beginning of the Spring, or at the end of the Fall, as you shall haue -occasion to vse the wood, and immediately after the Moone hath new -changed. - -[Sidenote: How you shall lop Timber.] - -Now for the manner of the worke, there is small curiositie to be vsed -therein, if your Axe be good and sharpe, for you shall but cut off the -armes and boughes, smooth and cleane without nickes, rifts, or gutters, -or any thing which may receiue wet, whereby the Trée may be cankred -and spoyled. Also in cutting away of the armes, you shall haue a great -care rather to cut them away (if it be possible) vpward then downeward, -least when you cut them downeward, the waight of the arme sodainly -falling downe, riue and teare the barke of the body of the Trée, which -is dangerous, and hath béene the spoyle of much Timber: which to -preuent, you shall euer before you strike any blowe aboue, make a good -large nicke vnderneath, and then after cut it downe from aboue, and so -the Trée shall receiue no hurt. Also you shall obserue to cut the armes -close by the body of the Trée, and neuer to desist till you haue made -the place as playne and smooth as may be, for to doe the contrarie, -is neyther workmanly, nor the part of any good husband. And thus much -touching the plashing of Hedges, and lopping of Trées. - - - - -CHAP. VII. - -_Of Pasture grounds, their order, profit, and generall vse._ - - -[Sidenote: Diuersities and vse of Pastures.] - -Hauing alreadie sufficiently entreated of errable Grounds, Gardens, -Orchards, and Woods of all kindes, I thinke it most méete (as falling -in his due place) here to write of Pasture grounds, which are of two -kindes: the first, such Pastures as lye in wood land, mountainous, -or colde climes, and are enclined to hardnesse and barrennesse, and -therefore onely imployed to the bréeding and bringing forth of Cattell: -the other such as lye in lowe, warme, and fruitfull soyles, and are -most fertile and aboundant in encrease, onely imployed to the fatting -and féeding of Cattell. - -[Sidenote: Of barraine Pastures.] - -[Sidenote: Signes of barrainnesse.] - -And now to speake of the first sort of Pasture, which being somewhat -barraine, is preserued for bréeding, you shall vnderstand that it is -generally dispierced ouer all this Kingdome, and particularly into -euery Countrey, for according to the veanes and mixture of the earth, -such is either the richnesse or pouerty of the same, and of those -seuerall mixtures I haue spoken sufficiently before in that part of -this Booke, which entreateth of errable ground. Then to procéede to -my purpose, it is the first office of the Husbandman when he séeth -and knoweth the true nature of his earth, and perceiueth from perfect -iudgement that it is of very hard encrease, which as the temper and -mixture of the soyle assures him, so also he shall better confirme by -these fewe signes and Charracters, which I will deliuer: as first, if -he sée grasse slow of growth, and that no Spring will appeare before -May. If in stead of Clouer-grasse, Dandylion, and Honisuckle, you sée -your ground furnished with Penigrasse, Bents, and Burnet. If you sée -much Knot-grasse or Speare-grasse, or if you perceiue the scorching of -the Sunne burne away the grasse as fast as the raine had brought it -forth: or if you finde quarries of stone néere vnto the vpper swarth of -grasse; or if your ground bring forth Lyng, Bracken, Gorse, Whynnes, -Broome, Bilburie, or Strawburie: or if your ground be morish, full of -quick-myers, mossie or full of blacke Flint, any of these signes make -it to be most apparant that the soyle is barraine and of hard encrease. - -[Sidenote: Bettering of soyles.] - -[Sidenote: Sowing of good seedes.] - -[Sidenote: For abundance of grasse.] - -And then as before I said it is the Husbandmans first office to prouide -for the bettering and perfecting of his earth, which he shall doe in -this sort. First, if he perceiue that the barrainnesse of his ground -procéedes from want of good Plants, as from want of Clouer-grasse, -Dandylion, Honisuckle, Cowslop, and other swéet flowers, then he shall -repaire into the fruitfull Countries, and there buy the hay séedes -and swéepings of hay-barne-flowers, which he shall euery Spring and -fall of the leafe sowe, as thin as may be, vpon such Pastures, as he -shall either lay for meddow, or preserue for the latter Spring after -Michaelmas. But if he respect not the goodnesse of grasse, but the -abundance of grasse, as those husbands doe which liue in or about -great Cities, then he shall dung those grounds which he will lay for -meddow at Candlemasse; or those which he will graze or eate in the -first beginning of the Spring, at Michaelmasse before, with the oldest -and rottennest meanure he can get, of which the best is the rotten -staddell or bottomes of Hay-stackes, or for want of it the meanure of -horse-stables, swéepings, and scowrings of yards and barnes, the mudde -of olde ditches, or else good Oxe or Cow meanure, any of which will -bring forth abundance of grasse. - -[Sidenote: The imperfection of meanure.] - -Yet thus much I must aduertise the Husbandman, that this meanuring of -Pasture grounds carries with it diuers imperfections, for though it -occasion abundance of grasse to growe, yet the meddow or hay which -comes thereof, is so ranke, loggie, and fulsome in tast, that a beast -taketh no ioy to eate thereof, more then to holde very life and soule -together. Also the grasse thus meanured which you intend to graze or -eate with your Cattell, is by meanes of the meanure so loose at the -roote, that Cattell as they bite plucke vp both the grasse, roote, and -all, which being of strong & ranke sent in the mouth of a beast, maketh -him loathe and cast it out againe, and so not striue to eate to be fat, -but onely to maintaine life. - -[Sidenote: To helpe a slow Spring.] - -Now if your Spring be slow, and late in the yéere before your grasse -will appeare aboue ground, it is méete then that you enclose your -ground, and not only maintaine the fences with high and thicke -Quick-sets, but also with tall Timber-trées, whose shade and strength -may defend many colde blasts from the earth, and adde vnto it a more -naturall warmenesse then it had before, for it is onely the coldnesse -of the soyle which makes the grasse long before it grow. Also in this -case it is méete that you lay (as the husbandman tearmes it) all such -Pasture as you intend to graze at the spring following, in Nouember -before, & so not being bitten from that time till Aprill following, no -doubt but your spring will be both good and forward. There be others -which helpe their slow springing grounds by stocking them in the latter -end of the yéere with great abundance of shéepe, who although they bite -néere to the ground, and leaue little grasse behinde them, yet they -so tread and meanure it with their hot meanure, that it will spring -after it commeth to rest, much more early and faster then it was wont. -So that to conclude in a word, to make a barren ground spring earely, -is to kéepe it warme, let it haue long rest, and meanure it well with -Shéepe. - -[Sidenote: To help Knot-grasse and Speare-grasse.] - -If your ground be troubled with Knot-grasse or Speare-grasse, it is a -signe of too much colde moysture in the earth, and in this case you -shall with a great common Plough, made for such a purpose, turne vp -great furrowes through your ground, and make them so descend and fall -one into another, that not onely the moysture bred in the earth, but -that which falls vpon the earth, may haue a swift passage from the -same, and so your soyle being drayned and kept dry, all those wéedy -kindes of grasse will soone perish. - -[Sidenote: To helpe Sun-burning.] - -[Sidenote: To helpe quarries of stone.] - -If your ground be subiect to the scorching or burning of the Sunne, -then you shall vnderstand that it is directly contrary to the last -soyle we spake of: for as that by too much moysture is made barraine -by colde, so this by too much want of moysture is made barraine with -heate: wherefore the Husbandman shall in this case draw all his -draynes, to bring moysture into his ground, which sometimes watring -and sometimes ouer-flowing the same, will in the end bring it to a -reasonable fertility, for it is a rule, that where there may be -ouerflowes, there can seldome be any hurt by Sunne-burning, vnlesse -that such soyles be vpon Limestone ground, or néere vnto other -quarries of hard stone, which lying néere vnto the vpper swarth of -the grasse, doth so burne the roote, that the vpper branches cannot -prosper. In this case the bringing in of water doth rather hurt then -good, wherefore your best course is partly by your owne industry, and -partly by the labours of others, who are traded in such commodities, -to let forth your ground to Stone-diggers or Lime-makers, who digging -the quarries out of the earth, and then filling vp the emptie places -with rubbish and other earth, the soyle will in short space become as -fruitfull as any other, for it is onely the want of taking roote; or -the burning vp of the roote, which makes this kinde of earth barraine. - -[Sidenote: To help Ling, Braken, &c.] - -Now if your ground bring forth Ling, Braken, Gorse, Whinnes, or such -like: you shall pare off the vpper swarth of the earth, and lay it in -the Sunne to dry, in the height or heate of Sommer, and being throughly -dried, you shall lay them in round hollow heapes one sod ouer another, -then putting fire vnto them, burne them into ashes, which done, spread -the ashes, like a meanure, ouer all the ground, and you shall sée those -wéedes will no more spring or grow in that ground. - -[Sidenote: To helpe morishnesse or quick-myers.] - -If your ground be morish or full of quicke myers, you shall then by -small draynes or trenches draw away the water, and turne it into some -lower ditch or current, and so bringing the ground to a stability or -firmenesse, there is no doubt but fruitfulnesse, will presently follow -after. - -[Sidenote: To helpe mossinesse.] - -Lastly, if your ground be mossie, and bring forth in stead of grasse -onely a soft fussie and vnwholsome mosse, your onely best way to cure -the fault, is in the Winter time to tread it much with the féete of -Cattell, as by making of Hay-stacks in diuers parts of such ground, and -so fodring your Cattell about the same, and so yéerely altering the -places of your Stackes or Réekes to goe ouer all your ground, & without -doubt the treading of the ground will kill the mosse, and the meanuring -of the Cattell, and the expence of Hay-séeds vpon the ground, will -soone bring the earth to much fruitfulnesse and goodnesse. - -[Sidenote: The generall vse of barraine grounds.] - -Now for the generall vse of these barraine grounds, it is to be -vnderstood, that albe by the meanes before shewed, they may be helpt -or bettered, yet they are but onely for bréede or encrease of Cattell. -Whether the grounds be seuerall and enclosed, or vniuersall and -common: whether they be Woods, Parkes, or Pastures, or Heathes, Mores, -Downes, or other wilde and vnlimitted places, and these grounds shall -be deuided into thrée parts, the first and most fruitfullest lying -lowest, lying néerest to the riuer or some running streame, you shall -preserue for meddow, and not suffer any beast to bite vpon the same -from Candlemasse, vntill the hay be taken from the ground. The second -part, you shall graze or eate from Candlemasse till Lammas, which would -be that which lieth most plaine and bleake, and most subiect to all -weathers. And the third part, which is the warmest and safest, you -shall graze from all-Hollantide till Candlemasse, and betwixt Lammas -and all-Hollantide you shall eate vp your eddish or after-crop of your -meddowes. - -[Sidenote: What Cattell are to be bred.] - -Now whereas I speake generally, that these barraine grounds are for -the bréede of Cattell, yet you shall vnderstand me particularly, as -namely, what Cattell for what soyle, for euery barraine earth will not -bring forth Cattell alike, as some will beare a faire Cowe or Oxe, yet -but a little Horse: and some will bring forth a very goodly Horse, yet -but a very little horned beast, therefore you shall obserue that if -your ground lye any thing lowe, or be subiect to much moysture, and so -not extreamely barraine, but although the Spring be late, yet after -it springeth, it yéeldeth a reasonable bit, this ground is fittest to -bréede Cattell vpon, as Cowe, Oxe, and such like: but if it lye high -and dry, if it be stonie or mountainous, haue much reflection of the -Sunne: or though it be some-what more barraine then the former earth, -and in the best part of the Spring yéeld but a short, yet swéet bit, -this ground is fittest to bréede a faire and large horse vpon: but if -it be extreamely barraine colde and moyst, stonie or mossie, so it -be replenished with any good store of Vnderwood, then it is fit to -bréede small hard Nags vpon, or Geldings of a meaner size, Goates, -wilde-Swine, or such like. And lastly, if it be extreame barraine, -colde, and dry, and altogether without any kinde of shelter, but -subiect to euery blast whatsoeuer, this ground is fit onely to bréede -Shéepe vpon, as we sée by daily experience in the seuerall parts of -this Kingdome: so that to conclude, you shall beare in your memorie, -that where you bréede your beast, would be reasonable bit: where you -bréede your Horse good ayre and warmth, and where you bréede your -Shéepe, there much spaciousnesse of ground. And thus much briefly for -the nature and vse of your barraine grounds. - -[Sidenote: Of fertill grounds.] - -Now to procéede to your fruitfull and rich grounds, whose very encrease -and abundance of grasse, without any other curious relation shewes -their fertility, there is little obseruation to be held in the ordering -& disposing of them, for being naturally good of themselues, there -néedeth little Art to the maintainance of the same, onely to haue an -especiall care to the fencing and safe kéeping of them, to the due time -of eating them with your Cattell, and to obserue a fit proportion -of rest for them, in which they may grow and gather head for the -maintainance of such beasts as shall féede vpon them. And to these, as -an especiall rule aboue the rest, must be added a carefull diligence -not to ouer-stocke or loade your ground with more Cattell then it may -conueniently beare, for if your ground be neuer so fruitfull, if it be -ouer-prest with multitudes of Cattell, it cannot by any meanes yéeld -you the profit of your expectation, but returne you losse and dammage. - -[Sidenote: The deuision of rich grounds.] - -These fruitfull and rich grounds would be deuided into two parts, -the one pastures, or grounds for continuall féeding or nourishing of -Cattell all the yéere, the other meddowes, from whence you shall gather -your Winters prouision of Hay, for the preseruation of your Cattell, -which are either for labour or sale in the Market, and of these two -parts I will speake seuerally. - -[Sidenote: The generall vse of rich grounds.] - -Yet before I begin to speake largely of them, it is méete you know the -generall vse of these rich and fruitfull grounds, which is indéede -the féeding or fatting vp of Cattell, either for foode in your owne -house, or for sale in the Market, to the Butcher, Drouer, or men -of such like place or profession. For indéede to bréede much vpon -these rich grounds, is neither profitable to the Husbandman, nor is -the beaste so bred, either so comely or Market-able, as those bred -in the harder soyles, as wée may note in our experience, if we will -suruay the bréedes of Cattell in _Gloster_-shire, _Sommerset_-shire, -and _Lincoln_-shire, which for the most part are bred vpon excéeding -rich and fertile ground: yet if we take view of them, we shall finde -that albe they are tall and large, yet they are of slender shape, -leane-thighed, crumple-horned, and oft tender and dry skinned, which -is a fault very note-worthie amongst Graziers, and indéede are nothing -so eyely and Market-able, as those beasts are which are bred in -_Yorke_-shire, _Darby_-shire, _Lancashire_, and such like, all which -are bred vpon hard and barraine grounds, yet haue goodly, large, and -round bodies, close trust, thicke, and well coupled together, faire -heads, veluet skinnes, and as the Prouerbe is, are so beautifull in -horne and haire, that they are euery mans money, in euery Market. So -that I conclude, that albe vpon the rich ground you may bréede good -Cattell, and it is necessary also so to doe for the maintaynance of -stocke, yet the generall vse, and that which is the greatest profit to -the English husbandman, is to graze and féede the same. - -[Sidenote: Of Pastures and ordering them.] - -Now to procéede to my former purpose, touching that part of rich ground -which I call Pasture, because it is onely for féeding, you shall first -prouide that they be very well fenced, according to the nature of the -Country, either with ditch, pale, rayle, dead hedge, or quicke-growth: -you shall also sée that they be well stored with water, that is swéet -and wholesome, for putrified water bréedeth many mortall and infectious -diseases amongst Cattell. These Pastures must euer be your highest -ground, and such as lye safest from inundations. Those Pastures which -you lay or giue rest to from the beginning of Nouember, you may féede -at Candlemasse following with heilding beasts, or such as are but -beginning to féede, but with your fat beasts not till our Ladies day -after: those Pastures which you lay or giue rest to at Candlemasse, you -may very well féede at May following: those which you giue rest to at -May-day, you may féede at Midsommer, for then the spring is swift and -plentifull: those you lay at Midsommer, you may féede at Lammas, those -you lay at Lammas, you may féede in October, and generally all the -Winter following: onely you shall obserue, that those Pastures which -lye most in danger of water, or any other casualtie, be first eaten, -least by too long delaying an vnseasonable time come, and so you be -both preuented of your hope and profit. - -[Sidenote: Manner of feeding of cattell.] - -In the eating of your Pasture grounds, are many things to be obserued, -as first for the féeding of your fat Cattell, you must by all meanes -be sure that they haue full bite, which is to say, length of grasse: -for cattell, whose tongues are the principall gatherers vp of their -foode, neither can nor will bite néere vnto the ground, except it be -extreame hunger which compels them, and then they take little ioy in -their foode. Next you shall oft (as any fit occasion will giue you -leaue) remoue and shift them into fresh grounds, and not expect that -they should eate your grasse downe to the bottome, but onely as it were -scumme and take the vppermost and choisest part thereof, and so they -will féede both swiftly and throughly: and for that grasse which they -shall leaue behinde them, you shall eate it vp after them with your -labouring or worke-cattell, and lastly with your shéepe. It is very -good also amongst your fat beasts euer to haue a leane horse or two: -for your fat beasts taketh delight to féede with them, and sometimes -to bite after them, there being as it were a kinde of sympathie or -liking of each others tastes. After your grasse is fully knit, and -hath receiued his whole strength, which wil be at Midsommer, then you -may suffer your fat beast to eate a little néerer vnto the ground -till after Lammas, because there is an extraordinarie swéetnesse -therein, springing from the heate of the Sunnes beames onely. These few -obseruations well kept, there is no doubt but your Cattell will féede -well to your contentment, then when you sée that they are sufficiently -fed, according to the ayme of your purpose, whether it be for the vse -of your houshold, or the vse of the Market, you shall forth-with imploy -them accordingly, for it is both the losse of time and money, not to -put them off by sale or otherwise, so soone as they are come to the -end of your desire. For those rich grounds will sometimes make two -returnes in the yéere, sometimes thrée, which is a great profit. And I -haue heard sometimes of foure, but it is very rare, and the Cattell so -returned must be very well stricken with flesh before they be put vnto -féeding, but if your ground will returne leane beasts fat twice through -the yéere, it is commodity sufficient. - -[Sidenote: How to know a fat Beast.] - -Now because it is not sufficient to say sell or kill your Cattell -when they are fat, except you haue the Art and skill to know the -same, you shall obserue these few rules following, and they will -sufficiently instruct you in the same. First, when you sée your beast -in the generall shape and composure of his body shew most faire and -beautifull, each member being comely, and each bone couered, in such -sort as a perfect shape requireth, as no eye is so stupid as cannot -tell when a beast looketh well or ill-fauouredly, you shall then guesse -the beast to be well fed, especially when you sée his huckle-bones -round and not sharpe, his ribs smooth, not rough, his flankes full, his -natch thick, and his cod round. This when you shall perceiue, you shall -handle him, and griping him vpon the neathermost ribs, if you féele -the skinne loose, and the substance soft vnder your hand, you may be -well assured that the beast is very well fed outwardly, that is vpon -the bones. You shall then lay your hand vpon his round huckle-bones, -and if that féele, vnder your hand, soft, round and plumpe, you shall -be assured that the beast is well fed both outwardly and inwardly, -that is, both in flesh and tallow: then you shall handle him at the -setting on of his taile, and if that handle bigge, thicke, full, and -soft, it is a true signe that the beast is very well fed outwardly: -then handle his natch-bones which are on both sides the setting on of -his taile, and if they féele soft and loose, it is a signe that he is -well fed, both outwardly and inwardly. Lastly, you shall handle his cod -and nauell, if it be of an Oxe, and the nauell onely if it be a Cowe, -and if they handle thicke, round, soft, great, and plumpe, it is a most -assured signe that the beast is very well tallowed within. And thus -when any of these parts or members shall handle in contrary manner, -you shall iudge of the contrary effects. And thus much touching the -knowledge of a fat beast. - -[Sidenote: Of Meddowes and their ordering.] - -Now for the second part of these rich grounds, which are meddowes, -they ought to be the most fruitfullest and richest of all other, lying -low and leuell, and being now and then in the Winter season washt with -inundations, yet not too too much drencht or washt with the same: for -as the moderate ouerflowing of waters enricheth and fertiles the soyle, -to the too much soking or long resting of the water rotteth the earth, -& bringeth it to barrainnesse, neither is it altogether necessary that -euery meddowe should lye so low that it might be ouerflowed, for there -be some high grounds which are frée from those floods which will beare -meddow in very sufficient manner, & although the lower meddowes doe -abound in the plenty of grasse, yet the higher grounds euer beareth -the swéeter grasse, and it is a rule amongst Husbandmen, that the low -meddowes do fill, but the high meddowes do féede, the low are for the -Stable, but the high are for the Cratch, and that which is long will -maintaine life, but that which is short will bréede milke. - -[Sidenote: Preseruation of Meddowes.] - -The chiefest respect you shall haue to your meddowes, is to defend and -preserue them from Moales, and such like vermine, which roote vp the -earth, and destroy the swéet and tender roots of the grasse. Next, that -you note in what places of the meddow the water standeth longest, & -from thence, by small furrowes or draynes, to giue it a frée passage, -so that the meddow may as it were cleanse & be dry in one instant. -Lastly, you shall maintaine the banks of all such ditches & other -fences bordring about your meddowes in good and sufficient manner, both -for kéeping out of water after your meddowes begin to grow, as also for -kéeping Cattell from eating them in the night or other times, which is -a great depriuation and losse of the profit you expect to come from -them: for you shall vnderstand, that if any ouerflow shall come vnto -your meddowes after May, it will leaue such a sandy filthinesse in the -grasse, that except very moderate showers fall swiftly, and sodainly, -to wash it out againe, the Hay which shall be got of that crop, will -both be vnsauorie and vnwholsome, and bréed in your Cattell many -dangerous and mortall sicknesses. - -[Sidenote: When to lay Meddowes.] - -The best times for laying of meddowes to rest, is, if the meddow -lye high, as in vp-land Countries, or if the soyle be cold, or the -springing thereof slow, at Candlemasse: but if the ground be more -warme, temperate, & of some more fertility, then you may lay it at -our Ladies day in March: but if the ground be most fruitfull, then if -you lay it at May-day, it will be early enough. Also in the laying of -your meddowes to rest, you shall consider the state of the ground, as -whether it be eaten néere and bare, and with what Cattell, as Horse, -Oxen, or Shéepe: if it haue béene eaten bare with Oxen or Horse, then -you shall lay it earlier in the yéere, for it will aske a longer time -to grow againe: but if it haue béene eaten with Shéepe (although they -bite néerest to the ground) yet you may lay it so much later, because -the meanure which they bestow vpon such good ground, will quickly -hasten on the Spring: but if your meddowes haue not béene eaten bare, -but haue a good déepe fogge vpon them still, then you may lay them the -latest. Also in the laying of meddowes, you shall consider whether -they be common or priuate, if they be common meddowes, and that no -olde custome binde you to the contrary, you shall lay them to rest -earely in the yéere, that recouering a forward Spring, you may cut -them so much the sooner, and so haue the better after-crop, and the -longer time to eate it: but if your meddow be priuate, and at your owne -particular disposing, then you shall lay it according to your owne -necessitie, and the goodnes of the soyle, obseruing euer to giue it -full time of growth, and not to cut it till the grasse be full ripe, -for it is better to let it grow a wéeke too long (so the weather be -seasonable for the withering of it) then to cut it two dayes too soone, -because when it is too earely cut, it not onely looseth the strength -and goodnesse, but also the substance and waight, and in the drying -shrinketh and wasteth to nothing. - -[Sidenote: When to mow Meddowes.] - -Touching the fittest time to cut or mowe your meddowes: If they be -laid in a due season, it is held of all the best English husbandmen -generally to be a wéeke or a fortnight after Midsommer day, as namely -about the translation of Thomas, which is euer the seauentéenth day of -Iuly, and without question it is a very good time for all men to begin -that labour, if their grounds be fruitfull and of earely growth: but -in as much as diuers grounds are diuers in their growth, some being -much more hastie then other some: and for as much as some meddow may -as well grow too long as too little a time, as in high land Countries, -where the heate and reflection of the Sunne will burne and consume away -the grasse, if it be not gathered in a due season, I would therefore -wish euery good Husbandman about a wéeke before Midsommer, and a wéeke -after, to view his meddowes well, and if he sée them turne browne, if -the Cock-heads turne downeward and stand not vpright, if the Bels and -other vessels of séede open and shed their séedes, if your Honisuckles -haue lost their flowers, and the Penigrasse be hard, dry, and withered, -then you shall truly vnderstand that your meddow is ripe and ready -to be mowne, and the longer it standeth, the more it will loose of -the substance, and when any of the contrary signes appeare, as when -the meddow lookes gréene and fresh, the Cock-heads looke vpright, the -Bels are close and hard, the Honisuckles flowing and purple, and the -Penigrasse soft and moyst, then is your meddow not readie to cut, nor -will the Hay that is so gotten be other then soft, fuzzie, and most -vnwholsome, no beast taking delight to eate of the same. - -[Sidenote: The inclination of the weather.] - -Now to these considerations, you shall adde a carefull obseruation -of the state and inclination of the weather, and if you finde that -the weather is disposed to much wet or incertaintie, then you shall -forbeare to mowe, because that moysture will still maintaine and hold -the grasse in his perfect strength so long as it groweth: but if it be -once cut downe, then the wet will soone rot and spoile it: but if you -find the weather enclined to drought and fairenesse, then you shall -with all spéede cut downe your Hay, for one loade got and brought into -the barne without raine, is worth two that hath béene washt, though -but with the smallest shower. There be some Husbandmen that in the -mowing of their meddowes, will obserue the state of the Moone, and -other planetarie coniectures, but they are fitter for those which -séeke curiosities more then profit, for mine owne part I would wish -euery good husband but to know truly when his crop is ripe, and then -to gather it in the most constant and fairest seasons, which the rules -already set downe will most amply shew him. - -[Sidenote: The manner how to mowe Meddowes.] - -Now for the manner of mowing your meddowes, although the generall act -resteth in the hands of the mower, and that it is hard and impossible, -in words, to expresse the Art of the action, nor is it néedfull that -euery Husbandman be a mower, yet for those rules which the English -Husbandman should know and obserue, I will in no sort omit them. You -shall then know that in the mowing of your meddowes you shall mowe them -smooth, plaine, and leuell, and as the Husbandman tearmes it, with such -an euen board, that a man may no more but discerne the going in and -comming forth of the Sythe: and this shall be done so close and néere -vnto the ground, as is possible for the worke-man to get, especially if -it be in publique and common meddowes, because the swap and first crop -is all the maine profit you can challenge your owne: nay, you shall -doe it also in your owne priuate and seuerall meddowes: for although -an ignorant custome haue drawne some of our Husbandmen, to say and -beléeue that there is no losse in the sleight and insufficient mowing -of priuate meddowes, because say they, what I loose in the Barne, -my Cattell findes on the ground, yet they are much deceiued in that -opinion, for what they so leaue on the ground halfe cut halfe vncut, is -no good foode, neither pleasant nor sauorie, but dry, hard, and bitter, -and indéede no better then sower fogge, which may fill, but cannot -nourish, and who then will be so simple, as not to preferre swéet Hay -before such vnsauorie grasse? therefore be carefull to mowe your grasse -euen, and close by the ground, for it will make the fresh grasse spring -vp with more ease, and be much pleasanter in taste. - -[Sidenote: How to make Hay.] - -Next after the mowing of your meddowes, followeth the making of your -Hay, which is a labour that must be followed with great care and -diligence, for it is an old saying, that dearth beginneth at the -Hay-barne dore, and he that is negligent in that, can hardly be good -husband in any thing else, then to shew you how you shall make your -hay, you shall first vnderstand that no one particular forme can stand -for a generall rule, because Hay must be made according to the nature -of the grasse, and the soyle where it groweth, some being apt to wither -and make soone, as that grasse which is finest, and hath in it least -wéedes, others will be long in making, as that which is full of thicke, -strong, and sower grasses, many wéedes, bunnes, and such like hard -stalkes, which are not easily dried, therefore it is the part of euery -good Husbandman, either by his eye and knowledge to iudge of the nature -of his grasse, or else to follow the customes of the Country and soyle -wherein he liueth, but the first, Knowledge, is the better Science. -But to procéede to my purpose, I will in the natures of two sorts of -grasse, the one fine, the other course, shew you the generall making of -all sorts of Hay. - -[Sidenote: To make fine Hay.] - -First, then for the making of your fine rich grass into Hay, if it grow -in great abundance, thicke and close, and so lieth in the swathe, you -shall haue one with a Pitch-forke to follow the Mowers, and to spread -and throw the grasse thinne abroad, that the ayre and sunne-beames may -passe through it: and this is called in most Countries tedding of Hay. -The next day, after the Sunne hath taken the dewe from the ground, you -shall turne that which the day before you tedded, and then if you haue -any more new mowen, you shall ted it also. The next day following, -as before, when the dewe is from the earth, you shall turne your Hay -againe, and so letting it lye till the Sunne be at his height, begin -to stir it againe, at which time if you finde it is reasonably well -withered, you shal then draw it into windrowes, that is, you shall -marke which way the winde standeth, and the same way that it bloweth, -the same way with Forks & Rakes one after another, gather in the Hay -into long, great, thicke rowes: then you shall make those windrowes -into large Cockes, of which the biggest is euer the best, for they will -defend themselues from raine, if happily any shall fall, whereas the -little small Cocke lying light together, taketh in the raine like a -spunge, and so makes the Hay a great deale much worse then otherwise -it would be; when your Hay is thus set in safe Cocke, you shall let -it rest a day or two, that it may take a little sweat therein, which -will make the Hay wondrous pleasant and swéet, then when the Sunne is -got vp to a pretie height, you shall open those Cockes, and after the -sunne and winde hath passed through them, you may if the grasse be -clean & fine of it selfe, without ranke grasse, load it, and carrie -it either into the Barne, or such other place, as you haue appointed -for the receit thereof: but if it haue any ranke grasse, which you -sée vnwithered amongst it, then you shall make it vp againe into safe -cockes, and so let it rest a day or two more before you leade it away. -And thus much for the making vp of fine Hay. - -[Sidenote: To make course Hay.] - -Now for the making of course grasse into Hay, which you must suppose to -be grasse growing, in colde, moyst, woodie, and barraine grounds, full -of wéedie, rough, and stumpie hearbage, long in growing, late ere it -can be gathered, and therefore depriued of much of the Sunnes strength, -to swéeten and wither it. This grasse as soone as it hath béene mowne -and tedded, as is before said: the next day you shall make it into -little grasse Cockes, as bigge as little Moale-hilles, and so hauing -layne a day or better, then breake them open, and let them receiue the -sunne and winde, for they will heat and sweat a little in the grasse, -which make it Hay the sooner & better: then after the Sunne hath spent -all his power vpon it, you shall make it vp into little Cockes againe, -putting two of the first Cockes into one, then hauing so layne another -day, breake them open againe, and giue them the Sunne: then make them -vp againe, and put thrée or foure of those Cockes into one, and so let -them lye another day, then breake them open as before, if the Sunne -shine faire, and at euening make them vp againe, putting thrée or foure -of those Cockes into one, and so euery morning after the Sunne is vp -breake them open, and at euening make them vp againe, till you finde -that the Hay is sufficiently well dried, and sweateth no more in the -Cocke: but in the morning when you breake it open it is dry, without -stemme, smoake, or vapour arising from it, which both your hand and -eye may perceiue in the first stirring or mouing, and then you may at -your pleasure leade it home, and house or stacke it as you shall haue -occasion. - -[Sidenote: Vse of Hay for cattell to breed or labour with.] - -Now for the vse of Hay, it is two-folde, that is, either for the -maintainance of bréeding Cattell, or Cattell for labour, or else for -the féeding of Cattell for the Market, or for slaughter: for the -maintainance of bréeding Cattell, or the Cattell which are imployed in -your Plough or other labours, whether it be draught or trauell, you -shall make choise of the swéet, and well-dried Hay, which is of fresh -and gréene colour, well withered, sound, and perfect Hay, though it be -long, loggie, and not excéeding much swéet, it matters not; for being -well Inned and dried, it will serue sufficiently for those purposes: -and with this Hay to mingle sometimes Wheat-straw, Rye-straw, Barly, -or Oate-straw will not be amisse for heilding, or bréede Cattell: but -for worke-beasts, except necessitie constraine, let them haue Hay -simple of it selfe, during the busie time of their worke, but when -they rest, you may vse your discretion. For the times of giuing Hay -or foddering to such Cattell as are in the house, the best is in the -morning before they goe to labour, in the euening when they come from -labour, presently after their drinke, and at night when you goe to bed. -But for those Cattell which goe abroad, as Shéepe, heilding Beasts, and -such like, to fodder them morning and euening, is out and out fully -sufficient. - -Now for the vse of Hay for fat cattell, you shall make choyse of the -fruitfullest, swéetest, finest, and shortest Hay you haue, being full -of flowers, pleasant and odoriferous to smell on: and although this -Hay be mixt with some roughnesse, yet it is not the worse, for though -your fat beast make thereof great orts, yet is the losse not great, -for those orts may be giuen to other heilding and hungrie cattell, -which will eate them with great eagernesse. This Hay would in the first -gathering not be withered too sore but so stackt-vp with a little -hartie gréennesse that it may a little mow-burne, and alter the colour -to a Redish brounnesse, but by no meanes so moyst that it may mould, -rot, or putrifie, for that is fulsome and bade, but onely alter the -colour, and therby make the smell swéeter and stronger. This Hay will -entice a beast to eate, and will strengthen and inable his stomacke, -and withall will bréed in him such a drought or thirst, that hardly any -water will quench him, and the Grazier takes it euer for an infallible -signe, that when his beast drinkes much he féeds fast and his tallow -wonderfully increaseth. For the ordinarie times of foddring your fat -cattell, if they be in the stall, and as we say, tyed vp by the head, -the best is in the morning before and after water, at noone; in the -euening before & after water, and late in the night, when you goe -to bed, but if they féede abroad, and take the benefit of Fogge and -after-grasse, then to fodder them Morning, Euening, and high-noone is -fully sufficient. - -Here I could speake of Pease-féeding of Shéep, Swine, and other cattel, -eyther at the Trough, Reeke, Stacke, or such like, the seuerall -manner of cratches, fashions of stals, and many other necessary rules -appertaining to this mysterie; but I am against my will confined, -and therefore must referre it to some other occasion, being loath to -spoyle an excellent discourse, with a tale halfe tould, and imperfectly -spoken: And thus much therefore of Meddowes, and these seuerall vses. - - - - -CHAP. VIII. - -_A new method for the husbandly curing of all manner of Cattels -diseases._ - - -[Sidenote: The reason for this Chapter.] - -Of this Theame I haue written a whole (or as some will suppose many) -Histories, yet doubtlesse nothing too much, the cause is so necessary -and commodious: yet this I must let euery Reader vnderstand, that what -I haue herein formerly done, I did for a general and vncontrollable -satisfaction to the whole Kingdome, both the learned and vnlearned, and -as well to satisfie the nicest and most curious opinion, as the simple -and playne dealing creature: whence it came that I waded Artfully -and profoundly into the vttermost secrets of this knowledge, leauing -nothing vnsearcht, or vnset downe, that might any way tend to the -satisfaction of any iudiciall Reader, and therefore tooke liberty to -make a large progresse, without sparing any paynes, to make my worke -absolutely most perfect. But now, hauing onely to doe with our honest -playne English Husbandman, who eyther cannot much read, or else hath -little leasure to read, at most but a little memorie to bestow vpon -his readings; I haue here for his ease both of memory, readings, and -other verations, drawne him such a method for the curing of all the -diseases in cattell, as was neuer yet found out by any man or Authour -whatsoeuer: and is worthy to be preserued to all posterities for euer -and euer. - -[Sidenote: Horses diseases to be cured with twelue Medicines.] - -To beginne then first with the Horse, which is the Husbandmans -principallest creature, you shal vnderstand that he hath, of my -knowledge, one hundred and odde diseases or infirmities, besides other -hurts and blemishes, for all which, I haue seuerally shewed seuerall -cures, as may appeare by the volumes which are much too great for any -Husbandman to carry in his braynes, and therefore for his ease I haue -drawne all those hundred and odde sicknesses or sorrances, into twelue, -and will assure euery Husbandman that with these twelue medicines -following, hée shall perfectly cure all the diseases in a Horse, -whatsoeuer. - -[Sidenote: Of inward sicknesse.] - -[Sidenote: The first Medicine.] - -To procéede then in an orderly manner to the cures: Euery husbandman -must know that all diseases in a horse are inward or outward: inward -as offending the vitall parts, or outward as troubling the members: -to speake then first of inward sicknesse, I will diuide so into two -branches, that is, eyther it offends the heart, or the brayne: If -it offend the heart, we call them, Feauers, Yellowes, _Anticor_, -consumption of lungs, Liuer, Splene, Gall or other intrals, Wormes, -Fluxes, Belly-bound, and diuers other of like nature: For any or all -which, you shall first let your Horse bloud in the neck-veine, and -then giue him, during his sicknesse, to drinke, eyther in swéete Wine -or strong Ale or Béere, if Wine a pinte, if Ale or Béere a quart, two -spoonefull of the powder called _Diapente_, made of _Aristolochia_ -root, _Gentiana_, _Myrrhe_, _Eboni_ and _Bachi lauri_, of each equall -quantitie, and let it be well brewed together, and doe thus euery -Morning fasting, and let the Horse fast two houres after it. - -[Sidenote: The second Medicine.] - -If it offend the brayne we call them Appoplexies, Palsies, Staggers, -Colds, Glaunder, Coughes, mourning of the chyne, Migrims, dizzinesse, -and a world of such like: and the cure is to take _Assafeteda_, and -dissoluing it in Vinegar dip hurds therein, and stop it hard into his -eares for two Mornings together after you haue taken from him great -store of bloud at his necke-veine, and then giue him to drinke, during -his sicknesse, euery Morning a quart of Milke, wherein the white and -rough cankerrous Mosse of an old Oake pale hath béene sodden till -the Milke grow thicke, then strayned & so giuen luke warme, and if -you finde that no heauinesse or dizzinesse appeare in his head, then -you may forbeare the bloud-letting, and the _Assafeteda_, but not -otherwise, in any case; and thus assuredly these two medicines alreadie -declared will cure all the inward diseases in a Horse, whatsoeuer. - -[Sidenote: Of outward diseases.] - -[Sidenote: The third medicine.] - -Now for outward diseases, they are eyther naturall or accidentall: If -they be naturall, they eyther grow from the generation, or bréede, from -whence a Horse is descended, or else from corruption of foode, or other -vnwholesome kéeping; If they grow from the bréede and generation of -the Horse, we call them the Viues, Wens, Knots, or Swellings about the -throat: and for the cure thereof, take a peny-worth of Pepper, beaten -into powder; a spoonefull of swines-grease, the iuyce of one handfull -of Rew, two spoonefuls of Vineger, and mixe them together, and put this -equally into both the Horses eares, and so tye them vp and shake the -eares, that the medicine may sinke downe, and take good store of bloud -from the Horses neck-veine, and temple veines, and vse this medicine -two or thrée mornings together. - -[Sidenote: The fourth Medicine.] - -If they procéede from corruption of foode, or any other vnwholesome -kéeping which corrupteth the bloud, then we call them Impostumations, -Byles, Botches, Fistulaes, Polemill, and such like: and the cure is, to -take the loame of an old mudde wall, strawes and all, but let there be -no Lime amongst it, and boyle this loame with strong Vineger, till it -be like a Pultus, and as hot as the Horse can abide it, apply it to the -sore place, and it will not onely draw it to a head, and breake it, but -also draw it, search it, and heale it. - -[Sidenote: The fift Medicine.] - -There be also other diseases which procéed from naughtie foode, and -the corruption of blood, and we call them Farcies, Scabs, Mangie, -Scratches, Paynes, Mallanders, Sellanders, and all of such like nature, -and the cure is first to slit the hard knots, or rubbe off the scurfe, -and make the sore places raw: then take yellow _Arsnicke_ beaten to -powder, and mixe it well with fresh grease, and then therewith annoynt -the sore places all ouer, which done, tye vp the Horses head, so as he -may not knappe or bite himselfe, and so let him stand an houre or two: -then take strong old Pisse warmde, and therewith bathe and wash the -Horse all ouer, and so put him to his meat: and in this manner dresse -the Horse or beast thrée or foure mornings, and it will be sufficient; -onely you must not fayle to take from him good store of bloud at his -necke vaine. - -[Sidenote: The sixt Medicine.] - -Now if his diseases procéed from accidentall causes, as from wounds, -Bruises, Straynes, Galles, hurts in the Eyes, excretions, or broken -bones, then you shall to euery one of these take these seueral -medicines which follow: as first, if they be wounds, in what sort -soeuer taken or receiued, you shall take _Turpentine_, Waxe, and -hogs-grease, of each a like quantity, and melting them together into a -salue, dresse the wound therewith, and it will heale it, how great or -little soeuer. - -[Sidenote: The seuenth Medicine.] - -If they be bruises, whether gotten by stroake, naughtie Saddles, or -other rushes, from whence procéedeth many times old, putrified & most -ranckorous vlcers, you shall first if the tumor be onely swelled and -not broken, apply vnto it the fourth medicine of Loame and Vingar, but -if it be an open old ranckorous vlcer, you shall take Hogs-grease, -Turpentine, Waxe, and Verdigrease, of each a like quantitie, and being -well mixt, and incorporated together, dresse the sore therewith, till -it be whole, for this medicine will abate and kéepe downe any spungie -or naughtie dead flesh which arises and kéepes the sore from healing, -and may therefore alwayes be vsed in such like cases, whether the sore -be new or old. - -[Sidenote: The eight Medicines.] - -If they be straynes eyther of ioynts or sinewes in what part or member -soeuer it be, old or new, take strong Vinegar, Patch-grease, and -Wheat-branne, and boyle them together till they be thick like a Pultus, -and then apply it very hot to the strayne, Morning and Euening, and it -is a most certayne cure, and will kéepe the member from growing foule, -knotted, or gourded, and will also take away all swellings or paynes of -the limbes whatsoeuer. - -[Sidenote: The ninth Medicine.] - -If they be Galles, of what kinde or nature soeuer, whether on the -backe, limbes, or any other outward part of the bodie, you shal take -first fresh Butter scalding hot, and with it first bathe and wash the -sore, then take thicke Creame, & mixing it with the Soote of a Chimney -till it be thicke, like a salue, with the same annoynt the sore place -Morning and Euening, and it will cure it without any feare of dead -flesh: if you doe strow vpon the sore the powder of Rossen it will be -good also. - -[Sidenote: The tenth Medicine.] - -If they be any hurts in the eyes, as strokes, inflamations, -Pinne-webbe, Canker, or any other mischiefe whatsoeuer, you shall then -take true ground-Iuie, which otherwise is called of some Ale-hoofe, and -beating a good handfull thereof in a morter, with a spoonefull or two -of white Rosewater, or the water of Eye-bright, then strain it through -a cleane wet cloath, and with that water dresse the sore eye Morning -and Euening: or if you can conueniently thrée or foure times a day, -for the oftner is the better, and it will without all fayle cure any -sore eye in the world whatsoeuer, eyther of man or beast, or any other -creature. - -[Sidenote: The eleuenth Medicine.] - -If they be excretions of bones, as Splents, Spauens, Curbs, Ringbones, -or such like, in what part or member soeuer they be, you shall then -take white _Arsnicke_, beaten or ground to fine powder, and making -a little slit vpon the head of the excretion, the length of a Barly -corne, or very little more, yet in any waies downe déepe to the -excretion, & then with the poynt of your knife put the _Arsnicke_ vpon -the excretion, and so let the Horse stand with his head tied vp for two -houres at least, for in that time the greatest anguish will be gone, -and then put him vnto his meate, and in thrée or foure dayes after the -excretion will fall away of it selfe; and then with a little swéet -Butter you may cure the sore, which will not be great. - -[Sidenote: The twelfth Medicine.] - -If they be broken bones, or bones out of ioynt, you shall after you -haue placed them in their due place, first annoynt them with the Oyle -of Mallowes, or for want of it with warme Patch-grease, and then clap -about them a plaster made of Pitch, Rossen, and Masticke, and so with -soft and flat splents, so splent the member, as it may not moue, and -so let it rest nine dayes ere you dresse it againe, and in any case -so sling the Horse or Beast that he may not during that time, put his -member to the ground, which a little diligence and payne will easily -doe. - -[Sidenote: Diseases in the feete.] - -If your Horse haue any infirmitie in his hooues as quitter-bone, -ouer-reach, pricke, crowne scabbe, rotten frush, or any such vlcerous -disease, you shall first lay it open, and then heale it with the -seuenth Medicine. But if it be foundring, fretteshing, or such like, -then you shall first pare all his hooues cleane ouer, so thinne that -you may discerne the quicke all ouer, then let him bloud at the toes, -and take great store of bloud from him, but in any case cut not the -veine in sunder: then take the sixt medicine and, being boyling hot -(after hollow shoes haue béene tackt on his féete) with Flaxe hurds -dipt therein, stoppe all the soales of his féete vp hard, and thus -doe twice in sixe dayes, and it will bring his féete to their full -perfection againe, without any great losse or trouble. - -[Sidenote: Diseases in the priuie parts, or for stifling.] - -As for the common infirmities in a Horses priuy parts, which are -swellings, inflammations, incording, & such like, you shall but only -swimme your horse in cold water Morning and Euening, and it is a -present helpe, both for them, or the stifling of a horse in his hinder -ioynt: Thus you sée these twelue medicines will sufficiently cure all -the diseases in Horse or Beast whatsoeuer, which who so will not carry -in his memory, he is worthy now and then to be punisht for his sloath, -and sometimes to suffer losse, which may make him more industrious to -studie for his owne good and profit. And thus much for the cure of -diseases. - -_FINIS._ - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ENGLISH HUSBANDMAN (THE -SECOND BOOKE) *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the -Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work -on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the -phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where - you are located before using this eBook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg™ License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format -other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain -Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -provided that: - -• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation.” - -• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ - works. - -• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right -of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you “AS-IS”, WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ - -Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™'s -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without -widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |