initial commit of ebook 7379HEADmain

27 files changed, 6753 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/7379-0.txt b/7379-0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c25f052
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7379-0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1641 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Early Life of Mark Rutherford, by Mark
+Rutherford
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Early Life of Mark Rutherford
+
+
+Author: Mark Rutherford
+
+
+
+Release Date: July 9, 2014  [eBook #7379]
+[This file was first posted on April 22, 2003]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EARLY LIFE OF MARK
+RUTHERFORD***
+
+
+Transcribed from the 1913 Oxford University Press by David Price, email
+ccx074@pglaf.org
+
+      [Picture: Mark Rutherford, aged about twelve, and his Father]
+
+
+
+
+
+                              THE EARLY LIFE
+                                    OF
+                             MARK RUTHERFORD
+
+
+                             (W. HALE WHITE)
+
+                                BY HIMSELF
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+                             HUMPHREY MILFORD
+
+                         OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
+
+                   LONDON  EDINBURGH  NEW YORK  TORONTO
+                           MELBOURNE AND BOMBAY
+
+                                   1913
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+                           OXFORD: HORACE HART
+                        PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
+
+
+
+
+Forward
+
+
+A FEW years ago I asked my father to put down some facts of his life for
+those of his family who are too young to remember his early years.  In
+his will he bequeathed these “Notes” to my only sister, Mary Theodora,
+who has lived with him all her life, but she hesitated, in face of the
+last sentence, to publish them.  Although it is true they were not
+written with a view to publication, it is evident, from a conversation my
+father had with his wife about them, that he had no objection to their
+being made public.
+
+My sister therefore prints them now, in the hope that they may interest a
+few beyond the “two or three persons” for whom they were intended.
+
+                                                            W. HALE WHITE.
+
+_June_ 1913.
+
+
+
+
+List of Illustrations
+
+MARK RUTHERFORD, AGED ABOUT 12, AND HIS FATHER    _Frontispiece_
+BEDFORD BRIDGE                                    _Facing p._ 13
+‘THE BEDFORD TIMES’ COACH                         _Facing p._ 15
+THE OLD MEETING-HOUSE                             _Facing p._ 16
+MARK RUTHERFORD’S FATHER                          _Facing p._ 38
+THE SCHOOL, BEDFORD, IN 1831                      _Facing p._ 47
+OLD HORNE LANE, BEDFORD, IN 1835                  _Facing p._ 50
+MARK RUTHERFORD AT THE AGE OF 24                  _Facing p._ 88
+
+
+
+
+Autobiographical Notes
+
+
+I HAVE been asked at 78 years old to set down what I remember of my early
+life.  A good deal of it has been told before under a semi-transparent
+disguise, with much added which is entirely fictitious.  What I now set
+down is fact.
+
+I was born in Bedford High Street, on December 22, 1831.  I had two
+sisters and a brother, besides an elder sister who died in infancy.  My
+brother, a painter of much promise, died young.  Ruskin and Rossetti
+thought much of him.  He was altogether unlike the rest of us, in face,
+in temper, and in quality of mind.  He was very passionate, and at times
+beyond control.  None of us understood how to manage him.  What would I
+not give to have my time with him over again!  Two letters to my father
+about him are copied below:
+
+                                                                    (185—)
+
+    “MY DEAR SIR,
+
+    “I am much vexed with myself for not having written this letter
+    sooner.  There were several things I wanted to say respecting the
+    need of perseverance in painting as well as in other businesses,
+    which it would take me too long to say in the time I have at
+    command—so I must just answer the main question.  Your son has very
+    singular gifts for painting.  I think the work he has done at the
+    College nearly the most promising of any that has yet been done
+    there, and I sincerely trust the apparent want of perseverance has
+    hitherto been only the disgust of a creature of strong instincts who
+    has not got into its own element—he seems to me a fine fellow—and I
+    hope you will be very proud of him some day—but I very seriously
+    think you must let him have his bent in this matter—and then—if he
+    does not work steadily—take him to task to purpose.  I think the
+    whole gist of education is to let the boy take his own shape and
+    element—and then to help—discipline and urge him _in_ that, but not
+    to force him on work entirely painful to him.
+
+                              “Very truly yours,
+
+                                                      (Signed) J. RUSKIN.”
+
+                      “NATIONAL GALLERY, 3_rd_ _April_.
+
+                                                                    (185—)
+
+    “MY DEAR SIR,
+
+    “Do not send your son to Mr. Leigh: his school is wholly inefficient.
+    Your son should go through the usual course of instruction given at
+    the Royal Academy, which, with a good deal that is wrong, gives
+    something that is necessary and right, and which cannot be otherwise
+    obtained.  Mr. Rossetti and I will take care—(in fact your son’s
+    judgement is I believe formed enough to enable him to take care
+    himself) that he gets no mistaken bias in those schools.  A ‘studio’
+    is not necessary for him—but a little room with a cupboard in it, and
+    a chair—and nothing else—_is_.  I am very sanguine respecting him, I
+    like both his face and his work.
+
+    “Thank you for telling me that about my books.  I am happy in seeing
+    much more of the springing of the green than most sowers of seed are
+    allowed to see, until very late in their lives—but it is always a
+    great help to me to hear of any, for I never write with pleasure to
+    myself, nor with purpose of getting praise to myself.  I hate
+    writing, and know that what I do does not deserve high praise, as
+    literature; but I write to tell truths which I can’t help crying out
+    about, and I _do_ enjoy being believed and being of use.
+
+                           “Very faithfully yours,
+
+                                                       (Signed) J. RUSKIN.
+
+    W. White, Esq.”
+
+My mother, whose maiden name was Chignell, came from Colchester.  What
+her father and mother were I never heard.  I will say all I have to say
+about Colchester, and then go back to my native town.  My maternal
+grandmother was a little, round, old lady, with a ruddy, healthy tinge on
+her face.  She lived in Queen Street in a house dated 1619 over the
+doorway.  There was a pleasant garden at the back, and the scent of a
+privet hedge in it has never to this day left me.  In one of the rooms
+was a spinet.  The strings were struck with quills, and gave a thin,
+twangling, or rather twingling sound.  In that house I was taught by a
+stupid servant to be frightened at gipsies.  She threatened me with them
+after I was in bed.  My grandmother was a most pious woman.  Every
+morning and night we had family prayer.  It was difficult for her to
+stoop, but she always took the great quarto book of Devotions off the
+table and laid it on a chair, put on her spectacles, and went through the
+portion for the day.  I had an uncle who was also pious, but sleepy.  One
+night he stopped dead in the middle of his prayer.  I was present and
+awake.  I was much frightened, but my aunt, who was praying by his side,
+poked him, and he went on all right.
+
+We children were taken to Colchester every summer by my mother, and we
+generally spent half our holiday at Walton-on-the-Naze, then a fishing
+village with only four or five houses in it besides a few cottages.  No
+living creature could be more excitedly joyous than I was when I
+journeyed to Walton in the tilted carrier’s cart.  How I envied the
+carrier!  Happy man!  All the year round he went to the seaside three
+times a week!
+
+I had an aunt in Colchester, a woman of singular originality, which none
+of her neighbours could interpret, and consequently they misliked it, and
+ventured upon distant insinuations against her.  She had married a baker,
+a good kind of man, but tame.  In summer-time she not infrequently walked
+at five o’clock in the morning to a pretty church about a mile and a half
+away, and read _George Herbert_ in the porch.  She was no relation of
+mine, except by marriage to my uncle, but she was most affectionate to
+me, and always loaded me with nice things whenever I went to see her.
+The survival in my memory of her cakes, gingerbread, and kisses; has done
+me more good, moral good—if you have a fancy for this word—than sermons
+or punishment.
+
+My christian name of “Hale” comes from my grandmother, whose maiden name
+was Hale.  At the beginning of last century she and her two brothers,
+William and Robert Hale, were living in Colchester.  William Hale moved
+to Homerton, and became a silk manufacturer in Spitalfields.  Homerton
+was then a favourite suburb for rich City people.  My great-uncle’s
+beautiful Georgian house had a marble bath and a Grecian temple in the
+big garden.  Of Robert Hale and my grandfather I know nothing.  The
+supposed connexion with the Carolean Chief Justice is more than doubtful.
+
+ [Picture: Bedford Bridge, at the foot of which stood the house in which
+                       ‘Mark Rutherford’ was born]
+
+To return to Bedford.  In my boyhood it differed, excepting an addition
+northwards a few years before, much less from Speed’s map of 1609 than
+the Bedford of 1910 differs from the Bedford of 1831.  There was but one
+bridge, but it was not Bunyan’s bridge, and many of the gabled houses
+still remained.  To our house, much like the others in the High Street,
+there was no real drainage, and our drinking-water came from a shallow
+well sunk in the gravelly soil of the back yard.  A sewer, it is true,
+ran down the High Street, but it discharged itself at the bridge-foot, in
+the middle of the town, which was full of cesspools.  Every now and then
+the river was drawn off and the thick masses of poisonous filth which
+formed its bed were dug out and carted away.  In consequence of the
+imperfect outfall we were liable to tremendous floods.  At such times a
+torrent roared under the bridge, bringing down haystacks, dead bullocks,
+cows, and sheep.  Men with long poles were employed to fend the abutments
+from the heavy blows by which they were struck.  A flood in 1823 was not
+forgotten for many years.  One Saturday night in November a man rode into
+the town, post-haste from Olney, warning all inhabitants of the valley of
+the Ouse that the “Buckinghamshire water” was coming down with alarming
+force, and would soon be upon them.  It arrived almost as soon as the
+messenger, and invaded my uncle Lovell’s dining-room, reaching nearly as
+high as the top of the table.
+
+   [Picture: ‘The Bedford Times’ Coach, which made its last journey to
+                       London on November 21, 1846]
+
+The goods traffic to and from London was carried on by an enormous
+waggon, which made the journey once or twice a week.  Passengers
+generally travelled by the _Times_ coach, a hobby of Mr. Whitbread’s.  It
+was horsed with four magnificent cream-coloured horses, and did the fifty
+miles from Bedford to London at very nearly ten miles an hour, or twelve
+miles actual speed, excluding stoppages for change.  Barring accidents,
+it was always punctual to a minute, and every evening, excepting Sundays,
+exactly as the clock of St. Paul’s struck eight, it crossed the bridge.
+I have known it wait before entering the town if it was five or six
+minutes too soon, a kind of polish or artistic completeness being thereby
+given to a performance in which much pride was taken.
+
+The Bedford Charity was as yet hardly awake.  No part of the funds was
+devoted to the education of girls, but a very large part went in
+almsgiving.  The education of boys was almost worthless.  The
+head-mastership of the Grammar School was in the gift of New College,
+Oxford, who of course always appointed one of their Fellows.  Including
+the income from boarders, it was worth about £3,000 a year.
+
+                     [Picture: The Old Meeting-house]
+
+Dissent had been strong throughout the whole county ever since the
+Commonwealth.  The old meeting-house held about 700 people, and was
+filled every Sunday.  It was not the gifts of the minister, certainly
+after the days of my early childhood, which kept such a congregation
+steady.  The reason why it held together was the simple loyalty which
+prevents a soldier or a sailor from mutinying, although the commanding
+officer may deserve no respect.  Most of the well-to-do tradesfolk were
+Dissenters.  They were taught what was called a “moderate Calvinism”, a
+phrase not easy to understand.  If it had any meaning, it was that
+predestination, election, and reprobation, were unquestionably true, but
+they were dogmas about which it was not prudent to say much, for some of
+the congregation were a little Arminian, and St. James could not be
+totally neglected.  The worst of St. James was that when a sermon was
+preached from his Epistle, there was always a danger lest somebody in the
+congregation should think that it was against him it was levelled.  There
+was no such danger, at any rate not so much, if the text was taken from
+the Epistle to the Romans.
+
+In the “singing-pew” sat a clarionet, a double bass, a bassoon, and a
+flute: also a tenor voice which “set the tune”.  The carpenter, to whom
+the tenor voice belonged, had a tuning-fork which he struck on his desk
+and applied to his ear.  He then hummed the tuning-fork note, and the
+octave below, the double bass screwed up and responded, the leader with
+the tuning-fork boldly struck out, everybody following, including the
+orchestra, and those of the congregation who had bass or tenor voices
+sang the air.  Each of the instruments demanded a fair share of solos.
+
+The institution strangest to me now was the Lord’s Supper.  Once a month
+the members of the church, while they were seated in the pews, received
+the bread and wine at the hands of the deacons, the minister reciting
+meanwhile passages from Scripture.  Those of the congregation who had not
+been converted, and who consequently did not belong to the church and
+were not communicants, watched the rite from the gallery.  What the
+reflective unconverted, who were upstairs, thought I cannot say.  The
+master might with varying emotions survey the man who cleaned his knives
+and boots.  The wife might sit beneath and the husband above, or, more
+difficult still, the mistress might be seated aloft while her husband and
+her conceited maid-of-all-work, Tabitha, enjoyed full gospel privileges
+below.
+
+Dependent on the mother “cause” were chapels in the outlying villages.
+They were served by lay preachers, and occasionally by the minister from
+the old meeting-house.  One village, Stagsden, had attained to the
+dignity of a wind and a stringed instrument.
+
+The elders of the church at Bedford belonged mostly to the middle class
+in the town, but some of them were farmers.  Ignorant they were to a
+degree which would shock the most superficial young person of the present
+day; and yet, if the farmer’s ignorance and the ignorance of the young
+person could be reduced to the same denomination, I doubt whether it
+would not be found that the farmer knew more than the other.  The farmer
+could not discuss Coleridge’s metres or the validity of the maxim, “Art
+for Art’s sake”, but he understood a good deal about the men around him,
+about his fields, about the face of the sky, and he had found it out all
+by himself, a fact of more importance than we suppose.  He understood
+also that he must be honest; he had learnt how to be honest, and
+everything about him, house, clothes, was a reality and not a sham.  One
+of these elders I knew well.  He was perfectly straightforward,
+God-fearing also, and therefore wise.  Yet he once said to my father, “I
+ain’t got no patience with men who talk pōtry (poetry) in the pulpit.  If
+you hear that, how can you wonder at your children wanting to go to
+thēatres and cathredrals?”
+
+Of my father’s family, beyond my grandfather, I know nothing.  His
+forefathers had lived in Bedfordshire beyond memory, and sleep
+indistinguishable, I am told, in Wilstead churchyard.  He was Radical,
+and almost Republican.  With two of his neighbours he refused to
+illuminate for our victories over the French, and he had his windows
+smashed by a Tory mob.  One night he and a friend were riding home on
+horseback, and at the entrance of the town they came upon somebody lying
+in the road, who had been thrown from his horse and was unconscious.  My
+grandfather galloped forwards for a doctor, and went back at once before
+the doctor could start.  On his way, and probably riding hard, he also
+was thrown and was killed.  He was found by those who had followed him,
+and in the darkness and confusion they did not recognize him.  They
+picked him up, thinking he was the man for whom they had been sent.  When
+they reached the Swan Inn they found out their mistake, and returned to
+the other man.  He recovered.
+
+I had only one set of relations in Bedford, my aunt, who was my father’s
+sister, her husband, Samuel Lovell, and their children, my cousins.  My
+uncle was a maltster and coal merchant.  Although he was slender and
+graceful when he was young, he was portly when I first knew him.  He
+always wore, even in his counting-house and on his wharf, a spotless
+shirt—seven a week—elaborately frilled in front.  He was clean-shaven,
+and his face was refined and gentle.  To me he was kindness itself.  He
+was in the habit of driving two or three times a year to villages and
+solitary farm-houses to collect his debts, and, to my great delight, he
+used to take me with him.  We were out all day.  His creditors were by no
+means punctual: they reckoned on him with assurance.  This is what
+generally happened.  Uncle draws up at the front garden gate and gets
+out: I hold the reins.  Blacksmith, in debt something like £15 for
+smithery coal, comes from his forge at the side of the house to meet him.
+
+“Ah, Mr. Lovell, I’m glad to see you: how’s the missus and the children?
+What weather it is!”
+
+“I suppose you guess, Master Fitchew, what I’ve come about: you’ve had
+this bill twice—I send my bills out only once a year—and you’ve not paid
+a penny.”
+
+Fitchew looks on the ground, and gives his head a shake on one side as if
+he were mortified beyond measure.
+
+“I know it, Mr. Lovell, nobody can be more vexed than I am, but I can’t
+get nothing out of the farmers.  Last year was an awful year for them.”
+
+Uncle tries with all his might to look severe, but does not succeed.
+
+“You’ve told me that tale every time I’ve called for twenty years past:
+now mind, I’m not going to be humbugged any longer.  I must have half of
+that £15 this month, or not another ounce of smithery coal do you get out
+of me.  You may try Warden if you like, and maybe he’ll treat you better
+than I do.”
+
+“Mr. Lovell, £10 you shall have next Saturday fortnight as sure as my
+name’s Bill Fitchew.”
+
+A little girl, about eight years old, who was hurried into her white,
+Sunday frock with red ribbons, as soon as her mother saw my uncle at the
+gate, runs up towards him according to secret instructions, but stops
+short by about a yard, puts her forefinger on her lip and looks at him.
+
+“Hullo, my pretty dear, what’s your name?  Dear, what’s your name?”
+
+“Say Keziah Fitchew, sir,” prompts Mrs. Fitchew, appearing suddenly at
+the side door as if she had come to fetch her child who had run out
+unawares.
+
+After much hesitation: “Keziah Fitchew, sir.”
+
+“Are you a good little girl?  Do you say your prayers every morning and
+every evening?”
+
+“Yes, sir.”
+
+“Would you know what to do with sixpence if I gave it you?  You’d put it
+in the missionary box, wouldn’t you?”
+
+Keziah thinks, but does not reply.  It is a problem of immense
+importance.  Uncle turns to Bill, so that Keziah cannot see him, puts up
+his left hand to the side of his face and winks violently.
+
+“I suppose it’s one o’clock as usual, Mr. Lovell, at the Red Lion?”  My
+uncle laughs as he moves to the gate.
+
+“I tell you what it is, Mr. Fitchew, you’re a precious rascal; that’s
+what you are.”
+
+At one o’clock an immense dinner is provided at the Red Lion, and thither
+the debtors come, no matter what may be the state of their accounts, and
+drink my uncle’s health.  Such was Uncle Lovell.  My father and mother
+often had supper with him and my aunt.  After I was ten years old I was
+permitted to go.  It was a solid, hot meal at nine o’clock.  It was
+followed by pipes and brandy and water, never more than one glass; and
+when this was finished, at about half-past ten, there was the walk home
+across the silent bridge, with a glimpse downward of the dark river
+slowly flowing through the stone arches.
+
+I now come to my father.  My object is not to write his life.  I have not
+sufficient materials, nor would it be worth recording at any length, but
+I should like to preserve the memory of a few facts which are significant
+of him, and may explain his influence upon me.
+
+He was born in 1807, and was eight years old when his father died: his
+mother died seven years earlier.  He had a cruel step-mother, who gave to
+her own child everything she had to give.  He was educated at the Grammar
+School, but the teaching there, as I have said, was very poor.  The
+step-mother used to send messages to the head master begging him soundly
+to thrash her step-son, for he was sure to deserve it, and school
+thrashing in those days was no joke.  She also compelled my father to
+clean boots, knives and forks, and do other dirty work.
+
+I do not know when he opened the shop in Bedford as a printer and
+bookseller, but it must have been about 1830.  He dealt in old books, the
+works of the English divines of all parties, both in the Anglican Church
+and outside it.  The clergy, who then read more than they read or can
+read now, were his principal customers.  From the time when he began
+business as a young man in the town he had much to do with its affairs.
+He was a Whig in politics, and amongst the foremost at elections,
+specially at the election in 1832, when he and the Whig Committee were
+besieged in the Swan Inn by the mob.  He soon became a trustee of the
+Bedford Charity, and did good service for the schools.  In September
+1843, the Rev. Edward Isaac Lockwood, rector of St. John’s, in the town,
+and trustee of the schools, carried a motion at a board meeting declaring
+that all the masters under the Charity should be members of the Church of
+England.  The Charity maintained one or two schools besides the Grammar
+School.  The Act of Parliament, under which it was administered, provided
+that the masters and ushers of the Grammar School should be members of
+the Church of England, but said nothing about the creed of the masters of
+the other schools.  The consternation in the town was great.  It was
+evident that the next step would be to close the schools to Dissenters.
+Public meetings were held, and at the annual election of trustees, Mr.
+Lockwood was at the bottom of the poll.  At the next meeting of the
+board, after the election, my father carried a resolution which rescinded
+Mr. Lockwood’s.  The rector’s defeat was followed by a series of
+newspaper letters in his defence from the Rev. Edward Swann, mathematical
+master in the Grammar School.  My father replied in a pamphlet, published
+in 1844.
+
+There was one endowment for which he was remarkable, the purity of the
+English he spoke and wrote.  He used to say he owed it to Cobbett, whose
+style he certainly admired, but this is but partly true.  It was rather a
+natural consequence of the clearness of his own mind and of his desire to
+make himself wholly understood, both demanding the simplest and most
+forcible expression.  If the truth is of serious importance to us we dare
+not obstruct it by phrase-making: we are compelled to be as direct as our
+inherited feebleness will permit.  The cannon ball’s path is near to a
+straight line in proportion to its velocity.  “My boy,” my father once
+said to me, “if you write anything you consider particularly fine, strike
+it out.”
+
+The _Reply_ is an admirable specimen of the way in which a controversy
+should be conducted; without heat, the writer uniformly mindful of his
+object, which is not personal distinction, but the conviction of his
+neighbour, poor as well as rich, all the facts in order, every point
+answered, and not one evaded.  At the opening of the first letter, a
+saying of Burkitt’s is quoted with approval.  “Painted glass is very
+beautiful, but plain glass is the most useful as it lets through the most
+light.”  A word, by the way, on Burkitt.  He was born in 1650, went to
+Cambridge, and became rector, first of Milden, and then of Dedham, both
+in Suffolk.  As rector of Dedham he died.  There he wrote the _Poor Man’s
+Help and Young Man’s Guide_, which went through more than thirty editions
+in fifty years.  There he wrestled with the Baptists, and produced his
+_Argumentative and Practical Discourse on Infant Baptism_.  I have
+wandered through these Dedham fields by the banks of the Stour.  It is
+Constable’s country, and in its way is not to be matched in England.
+Although there is nothing striking in it, its influence, at least upon
+me, is greater than that of celebrated mountains and waterfalls.  What a
+power there is to subdue and calm in those low hills, overtopped, as you
+see it from East Bergholt, by the magnificent Dedham half-cathedral
+church!  It is very probable that Burkitt, as he took his walks by the
+Stour, and struggled with his _Argument_, never saw the placid, winding
+stream; nor is it likely that anybody in Bedford, except my father, had
+heard of him.  For his defence of the schools my father was presented at
+a town’s meeting with a silver tea-service.
+
+By degrees, when the battle was over, the bookselling business very much
+fell off, and after a short partnership with his brother-in-law in a
+tannery, my father was appointed assistant door-keeper of the House of
+Commons by Lord Charles Russell.  He soon became door-keeper.  While he
+was at the door he wrote for a weekly paper his _Inner Life of the House
+of Commons_, afterwards collected and published in book form.  He held
+office for twenty-one years, and on his retirement, in 1875, 160 members
+of the House testified in a very substantial manner their regard for him.
+He died at Carshalton on February 11, 1882.  There were many obituary
+notices of him.  One was from Lord Charles Russell, who, as
+Serjeant-at-Arms, had full opportunities of knowing him well.  Lord
+Charles recalled a meeting at Woburn, a quarter of a century before, in
+honour of Lord John Russell.  Lord John spoke then, and so did Sir David
+Dundas, then Solicitor-General, Lord Charles, and my father.  “His,” said
+Lord Charles, “was the finest speech, and Sir David Dundas remarked to
+me, as Mr. White concluded, ‘Why that is old Cobbett again _minus_ his
+vulgarity.’”  He became acquainted with a good many members during his
+stay at the House.  New members sought his advice and initiation into its
+ways.  Some of his friends were also mine.  Amongst these were Sir John
+Trelawney and his gifted wife.  Sir John belonged to the scholarly
+Radical party, which included John Stuart Mill and Roebuck.  The visits
+to Sir John and Lady Trelawney will never be forgotten, not so much
+because I was taught what to think about certain political questions, but
+because I was supplied with a standard by which all political questions
+were judged, and this standard was fixed by reason.  Looking at the
+methods and the procedure of that little republic and at the anarchy of
+to-day, with no prospect of the renewal of allegiance to principles, my
+heart sinks.  It was through one of the Russells, with whom my father was
+acquainted, that I was permitted with him to call on Carlyle, an event
+amongst the greatest in my life, and all the happier for me because I did
+not ask to go.
+
+What I am going to say now I hardly like to mention, because of its
+privacy, but it is so much to my father’s honour that I cannot omit it.
+Besides, almost everybody concerned is now dead.  When he left Bedford he
+was considerably in debt, through the falling off in his bookselling
+business which I have just mentioned, caused mainly by his courageous
+partisanship.  His official salary was not sufficient to keep him, and in
+order to increase it, he began to write for the newspapers.  During the
+session this was very hard work.  He could not leave the House till it
+rose, and was often not at home till two o’clock in the morning or later,
+too tired to sleep.  He was never able to see a single revise of what he
+wrote.  In the end he paid his debts in full.
+
+My father was a perfectly honest man, and hated shiftiness even worse
+than downright lying.  The only time he gave me a thrashing was for
+prevarication.  He had a plain, but not a dull mind, and loved poetry of
+a sublime cast, especially Milton.  I can hear him even now repeat
+passages from the _Comus_, which was a special favourite.  Elsewhere I
+have told how when he was young and stood at the composing desk in his
+printing office, he used to declaim Byron by heart.  That a Puritan
+printer, one of the last men in the world to be carried away by a
+fashion, should be vanquished by Byron, is as genuine a testimony as any
+I know to the reality of his greatness.  Up to 1849 or thereabouts, my
+father in religion was Independent and Calvinist, the creed which, as he
+thought then, best suited him.  But a change was at hand.  His political
+opinions remained unaltered to his death, but in 1851 he had completed
+his discovery that the “simple gospel” which Calvinism preached was by no
+means simple, but remarkably abstruse.  It was the _Heroes and Hero
+Worship_ and the _Sartor Resartus_ which drew him away from the
+meeting-house.  There is nothing in these two books directly hostile
+either to church or dissent, but they laid hold on him as no books had
+ever held, and the expansion they wrought in him could not possibly
+tolerate the limitations of orthodoxy.  He was not converted to any other
+religion.  He did not run for help to those who he knew could not give
+it.  His portrait; erect, straightforward-looking, firmly standing, one
+foot a little in advance, helps me and decides me when I look at it.  Of
+all types of humanity the one which he represents would be the most
+serviceable to the world at the present day.  He was generous,
+open-hearted, and if he had a temper, a trifle explosive at times, nobody
+for whom he cared ever really suffered from it, and occasionally it did
+him good service.  The chief obituary notice of him declared with truth
+that he was the best public speaker Bedford ever had, and the committee
+of the well-known public library resolved unanimously “That this
+institution records with regret the death of Mr. W. White, formerly and
+for many years an active and most valuable member of the committee, whose
+special and extensive knowledge of books was always at its service, and
+to whom the library is indebted for the acquisition of its most rare and
+valuable books.”  The first event in my own life is the attack by the mob
+upon our house, at the general election in 1832, to which I have
+referred.  My cradle—as I have been told—had to be carried from the front
+bedroom into the back, so that my head might not be broken by the stones
+which smashed the windows.
+
+                   [Picture: Mark Rutherford’s Father]
+
+The first thing I can really see is the coronation of Queen Victoria and
+a town’s dinner in St. Paul’s Square.  About this time, or soon after, I
+was placed in a “young ladies’” school.  At the front door of this polite
+seminary I appeared one morning in a wheelbarrow.  I had persuaded a shop
+boy to give me a lift.
+
+It was when I was about ten years old—surely it must have been very early
+on some cloudless summer morning—that Nurse Jane came to us.  She was a
+faithful servant and a dear friend for many years—I cannot say how many.
+Till her death, not so long ago, I was always her “dear boy”.  She was as
+familiar with me as if I were her own child.  She left us when she
+married, but came back on her husband’s death.  Her father and mother
+lived in a little thatched cottage at Oakley.  They were very poor, but
+her mother was a Scotch girl, and knew how to make a little go a long
+way.  Jane had not infrequent holidays, and she almost always took my
+sister and myself to spend them at Oakley.  This was a delight as keen as
+any which could be given me.  No entertainment, no special food was
+provided.  As to entertainment there was just the escape to a freer life,
+to a room in which we cooked our food, ate it, and altogether lived
+during waking hours when we were indoors.  Oh, for a house with this one
+room, a Homeric house!  How much easier and how much more natural should
+we be if we watched the pot or peeled the potatoes as we talked, than it
+is now in a drawing-room, where we do not know what chair to choose
+amongst a dozen scattered about aimlessly; where there is no table to
+hide the legs or support the arms; a room which compels an uncomfortable
+awkwardness, and forced conversation.  Would it not be more sincere if a
+saucepan took part in it than it is now, when, in evening clothes,
+tea-cup in hand, we discuss the show at the Royal Academy, while a lady
+at the piano sings a song from _Aida_?
+
+As to the food at Oakley, it was certainly rough, and included dishes not
+often seen at home, but I liked it all the better.  My mother was by no
+means democratic.  In fact she had a slight weakness in favour of rank.
+Somehow or other she had managed to know some people who lived in a
+“park” about five or six miles from Bedford.  It was called a “park”, but
+in reality it was a big garden, with a meadow beyond.  However, and this
+was the great point, none of my mother’s town friends were callers at the
+Park.  But, notwithstanding her little affectations, she was always glad
+to let us go to Oakley with Jane, not that she wanted to get rid of us,
+but because she loved her.  Nothing but good did I get from my wholly
+unlearned nurse and Oakley.  Never a coarse word, unbounded generosity,
+and an unreasoning spontaneity, which I do think one of the most blessed
+of virtues, suddenly making us glad when nothing is expected.  A child
+knows, no one so well, whereabouts in the scale of goodness to place
+generosity.  Nobody can estimate its true value so accurately.  Keeping
+the Sabbath, no swearing, very right and proper, but generosity is first,
+although it is not in the Decalogue.  There was not much in my nurse’s
+cottage with which to prove her liberality, but a quart of damsons for my
+mother was enough.  Going home from Oakley one summer’s night I saw some
+magnificent apples in a window; I had a penny in my pocket, and I asked
+how many I could have for that sum.  “Twenty.”  How we got them home I do
+not know.  The price I dare say has gone up since that evening.  Talking
+about damsons and apples, I call to mind a friend in Potter Street, whose
+name I am sorry to say I have forgotten.  He was a miller, tall, thin,
+slightly stooping, wore a pepper-and-salt suit of clothes, and might have
+been about sixty years old when I was ten or twelve.  He lived in an
+ancient house, the first floor of which overhung the street; the rooms
+were low-pitched and dark.  How Bedford folk managed to sleep in them,
+windows all shut, is incomprehensible.  At the back of the house was a
+royal garden stretching down to the lane which led to the mill.  My
+memory especially dwells on the currants, strawberries, and gooseberries.
+When we went to “uncle’s”, as we called him, we were turned out
+unattended into the middle of the fruit beds if the fruit was ripe, and
+we could gather and eat what we liked.  I am proud to say that this
+Potter Street gentleman, a nobleman if ever there was one, although not
+really an uncle, was in some way related to my father.
+
+The recollections of boyhood, so far as week-days go, are very happy.
+Sunday, however, was not happy.  I was taken to a religious service,
+morning and evening, and understood nothing.  The evening was
+particularly trying.  The windows of the meeting-house streamed inside
+with condensed breath, and the air we took into our lungs was poisonous.
+Almost every Sunday some woman was carried out fainting.  Do what I could
+it was impossible to keep awake.  When I was quite little I was made to
+stand on the seat, a spectacle, with other children in the like case, to
+the whole congregation, and I often nearly fell down, overcome with
+drowsiness.  My weakness much troubled me, because, although it might not
+be a heinous sin, such as bathing on Sunday, it showed that I was not one
+of God’s children, like Samuel, who ministered before the Lord girded
+with a linen ephod.  Bathing on Sunday, as the river was always before
+me, was particularly prominent as a type of wickedness, and I read in
+some book for children, by a certain divine named Todd, how a wicked boy,
+bathing on the Sabbath, was drawn under a mill-wheel, was drowned, and
+went to hell.  I wish I could find that book, for there was also in it a
+most conclusive argument intended for a child’s mind against the
+doctrine, propounded by people called philosophers, that the world was
+created by chance.  The refutation was in the shape of a dream by a
+certain sage representing a world made by Chance and not by God.
+Unhappily all that I recollect of the remarkable universe thus produced
+is that the geese had hoofs, and “clamped about like horses”.  Such was
+the awful consequence of creation by a No-God or nothing.
+
+            [Picture: The School, Bedford, as it was in 1831]
+
+In 1841 or 1842—I forget exactly the date—I was sent to what is now the
+Modern School.  My father would not let me go to the Grammar School,
+partly because he had such dreadful recollections of his treatment there,
+and partly because in those days the universities were closed to
+Dissenters.  The Latin and Greek in the upper school were not good for
+much, but Latin in the lower school—Greek was not taught—consisted almost
+entirely in learning the Eton Latin grammar by heart, and construing
+Cornelius Nepos.  The boys in the lower school were a very rough set.
+About a dozen were better than the others, and kept themselves apart.
+
+The recollections of school are not interesting to me in any way, but it
+is altogether otherwise with playtime and holidays.  School began at
+seven in the morning during half the year, but later in winter.  At
+half-past eight or nine there was an interval of an hour for breakfast.
+It was over when I got home, and I had mine in the kitchen.  It was
+dispatched in ten minutes, and my delight in cold weather then was to lie
+in front of the fire and read _Chambers’ Journal_.  Blessings on the
+brothers Chambers for that magazine and for the _Miscellany_, which came
+later!  Then there was Charles and Mary Lamb’s _Tales of Ulysses_.  It
+was on a top shelf in the shop, and I studied it whilst perched on the
+shop ladder.  Another memorable volume was a huge atlas-folio, which my
+sister and I called the Battle Book.  It contained coloured prints, with
+descriptions of famous battles of the British Army.  We used to lug it
+into the dining-room in the evening, and were never tired of looking at
+it.  A little later I managed to make an electrical machine out of a wine
+bottle, and to produce sparks three-quarters of an inch long.  I had
+learned the words “positive” and “negative”, and was satisfied with them
+as an explanation, although I had not the least notion what they meant,
+but I got together a few friends and gave them a demonstration on
+electricity.
+
+Never was there a town better suited to a boy than Bedford at that time
+for out-of-door amusements.  It was not too big—its population was about
+10,000—so that the fields were then close at hand.  The Ouse—immortal
+stream—runs through the middle of the High Street.  To the east towards
+fenland, the country is flat, and the river is broad, slow, and deep.
+Towards the west it is quicker, involved, fold doubling almost completely
+on fold, so that it takes sixty miles to accomplish thirteen as the crow
+flies.  Beginning at Kempston, and on towards Clapham, Oakley, Milton,
+Harrold, it is bordered by the gentlest of hills or rather undulations.
+At Bedford the navigation for barges stopped, and there were very few
+pleasure boats, one of which was mine.  The water above the bridge was
+strictly preserved, and the fishing was good.  My father could generally
+get leave for me, and more delightful days than those spent at Kempston
+Mill and Oakley Mill cannot be imagined.  The morning generally began, if
+I may be excused the bull, on the evening before, when we walked about
+four miles to bait a celebrated roach and bream hole.  After I got home,
+and just as I was going to bed, I tied a long string round one toe, and
+threw the other end of the string out of window, so that it reached the
+ground, having bargained with a boy to pull this end, not too violently,
+at daybreak, about three-quarters of an hour before the time when the
+fish would begin to bite well.  At noon we slept for a couple of hours on
+the bank.  In the evening we had two hours more sport, and then marched
+back to town.  Once, in order to make a short cut, we determined to swim
+the river, which, at the point where we were, was about sixty feet wide,
+deep, and what was of more consequence, bordered with weeds.  We
+stripped, tied our clothes on the top of our heads and our boots to one
+end of our fishing lines, carrying the other end with us.  When we got
+across we pulled our boots through mud and water after us.  Alas! to our
+grief we found we could not get them on, and we were obliged to walk
+without them.  Swimming we had been taught by an old sailor, who gave
+lessons to the school, and at last I could pick up an egg from the bottom
+of the overfall, a depth of about ten feet.  I have also been upset from
+my boat, and had to lie stark naked on the grass in the sun till my
+clothes were dry.  Twice I have been nearly drowned, once when I wandered
+away from the swimming class, and once when I could swim well.  This
+later peril is worth a word or two, and I may as well say them now.  I
+was staying by the sea-side, and noticed as I was lying on the beach
+about a couple of hundred yards from the shore a small vessel at anchor.
+I thought I should like to swim round her.  I reached her without any
+difficulty, in perfect peace, luxuriously, I may say, and had just begun
+to turn when I was suddenly overtaken by a mad conviction that I should
+never get home.  There was no real danger of failure of strength, but my
+heart began to beat furiously, the shore became dim, and I gave myself up
+for lost.  “This then is dying,” I said to myself, but I also said—I
+remember how vividly—“There shall be a struggle before I go down—one
+desperate effort”—and I strove, in a way I cannot describe, to bring my
+will to bear directly on my terror.  In an instant the horrible
+excitement was at an end, and _there was a great calm_.  I stretched my
+limbs leisurely, rejoicing in the sea and the sunshine.  This story is
+worth telling because it shows that a person with tremulous nerves, such
+as mine, never ought to say that he has done all that he can do.  Notice
+also it was not nature or passion which carried me through, but a
+conviction wrought by the reason.  The next time I was in extremity
+victory was tenfold easier.
+
+               [Picture: Old Horne Lane, Bedford, in 1835]
+
+In the winter, fishing and boating and swimming gave way to skating.  The
+meadows for miles were a great lake, and there was no need to take off
+skates in order to get past mills and weirs.  The bare, flat Bedfordshire
+fields had also their pleasures.  I had an old flint musket which I found
+in an outhouse.  I loaded it with hard peas, and once killed a sparrow.
+The fieldfares, or felts, as we called them, were in flocks in winter,
+but with them I never succeeded.  On the dark November Wednesday and
+Saturday afternoons, when there was not a breath of wind, and the fog
+hung heavily over the brown, ploughed furrows, we gathered sticks,
+lighted a fire, and roasted potatoes.  They were sweet as peaches.  After
+dark we would “go a bat-fowling”, with lanterns, some of us on one side
+of the hedge and some on the other.  I left school when I was between
+fourteen and fifteen, and then came the great event and the great blunder
+of my life, the mistake which well-nigh ruined it altogether.  My
+mother’s brother had a son about five years older than myself, who was
+being trained as an Independent minister.  To him I owe much.  It was he
+who introduced me to Goethe.  Some time after he was ordained, he became
+heterodox, and was obliged to separate himself from the Independents to
+whom he belonged.  My mother, as I have already said, was a little weak
+in her preference for people who did not stand behind counters, and she
+desired equality with her sister-in-law.  Besides, I can honestly declare
+that to her an Evangelical ministry was a sacred calling, and the thought
+that I might be the means of saving souls made her happy.  Finally, it
+was not possible now to get a living in Bedford as a bookseller.  The
+drawing class in the school was fairly good, and I believe I had profited
+by it.  Anyhow, I loved drawing, and wished I might be an artist.  The
+decision was against me, and I was handed over to a private tutor to
+prepare for the Countess of Huntingdon’s College at Cheshunt, which
+admitted students other than those which belonged to the Connexion,
+provided their creed did not materially differ from that which governed
+the Connexion trusts.
+
+Before I went to college I had to be “admitted”.  In most Dissenting
+communities there is a singular ceremony called “admission”, through
+which members of the congregation have to pass before they become members
+of the church.  It is a declaration that a certain change called
+conversion has taken place in the soul.  Two deacons are appointed to
+examine the candidate privately, and their report is submitted to a
+church-meeting.  If it is satisfactory, he is summoned before the whole
+church, and has to make a confession of his faith, and give an account of
+his spiritual history.  As may be expected, it is very often inaccurately
+picturesque, and is framed after the model of the journey to Damascus.  A
+sinner, for example, who swears at his pious wife, and threatens to beat
+her, is suddenly smitten with giddiness and awful pains.  He throws
+himself on his knees before her, and thenceforward he is a “changed
+character”.  I had to tell the church that my experience had not been
+eventful.  I was young, and had enjoyed the privilege of godly parents.
+
+What was conversion?  It meant not only that the novice unhesitatingly
+avowed his belief in certain articles of faith, but it meant something
+much more, and much more difficult to explain.  I was guilty of original
+sin, and also of sins actually committed.  For these two classes of sin I
+deserved eternal punishment.  Christ became my substitute, and His death
+was the payment for my transgression.  I had to feel that His life and
+death were appropriated by me.  This word “appropriated” is the most
+orthodox I can find, but it is almost unintelligible.  I might perhaps
+say that I had to feel assured that I, personally, was in God’s mind, and
+was included in the atonement.
+
+This creed had as evil consequences that it concentrated my thoughts upon
+myself, and made me of great importance.  God had been anxious about me
+from all eternity, and had been scheming to save me.  Another bad result
+was that I was satisfied I understood what I did not in the least
+understand.  This is very near lying.  I can see myself now—I was no more
+than seventeen—stepping out of our pew, standing in the aisle at the
+pew-door, and protesting to their content before the minister of the
+church, father and mother protesting also to my own complete content,
+that the witness of God in me to my own salvation was as clear as
+noonday.  Poor little mortal, a twelvemonth out of round jackets, I did
+not in the least know who God was, or what was salvation.
+
+On entering the college I signed the Thirty-nine Articles, excepting two
+or three at most; for the Countess, so far as her theology went, was
+always Anglican.  One of her chaplains was William Romaine, the famous
+incumbent of St. Anne’s, Blackfriars, who on his first Good Friday in
+that church administered to five hundred communicants.  The book I was
+directed to study by the theological professor after admission, was a
+book on the Atonement, by somebody named Williams.  He justified the
+election of a minority to heaven and a majority to hell on the ground
+that God owed us nothing, and being our Maker, might do with us what He
+pleased.  This struck me as original, but I had forgotten that it is the
+doctrine of the Epistle to the Romans.  It is almost incredible to me
+now, although I was hardly nineteen, that I should have accepted without
+question such a terrible invention, and the only approach to explanation
+I can give is that all this belonged to a world totally disconnected from
+my own, and that I never thought of making real to myself anything which
+this supernatural world contained.
+
+The most important changes in life are not those of one belief for
+another, but of growth, in which nothing preceding is directly
+contradicted, but something unexpected nevertheless makes its appearance.
+On the bookshelf in our dining-room lay a volume of Wordsworth.  One day,
+when I was about eighteen, I took it out, and fell upon the lines—
+
+    “Knowing that Nature never did betray
+    The heart that loved her.”
+
+What they meant was not clear to me, but they were a signal of the
+approach of something which turned out to be of the greatest importance,
+and altered my history.
+
+It was a new capacity.  There woke in me an aptness for the love of
+natural beauty, a possibility of being excited to enthusiasm by it, and
+of deriving a secret joy from it sufficiently strong to make me careless
+of the world and its pleasures.  Another effect which Wordsworth had upon
+me, and has had on other people, was the modification, altogether
+unintentional on his part, of religious belief.  He never dreams of
+attacking anybody for his creed, and yet it often becomes impossible for
+those who study him and care for him to be members of any orthodox
+religious community.  At any rate it would have been impossible in the
+town of Bedford.  His poems imply a living God, different from the
+artificial God of the churches.  The revolution wrought by him goes far
+deeper, and is far more permanent than any which is the work of Biblical
+critics, and it was Wordsworth and not German research which caused my
+expulsion from New College, of which a page or two further on.  For some
+time I had no thought of heresy, but the seed was there, and was alive
+just as much as the seed-corn is alive all the time it lies in the earth
+apparently dead.
+
+I have nothing particular to record of Cheshunt, the secluded
+Hertfordshire village, where the Countess of Huntingdon’s College then
+was.  It stood in a delightful little half park, half garden, through
+which ran the New River: the country round was quiet, and not then
+suburban, but here and there was a large handsome Georgian house.  I
+learnt nothing at Cheshunt, and did not make a single friend.
+
+In 1851 or 1852 I was transferred, with two other students, to New
+College, St. John’s Wood.  On February 3, 1852, the Principal examined
+our theological class on an inaugural lecture delivered at the opening of
+the college.  The subject of the lecture was the inspiration of the
+Bible.  The two students before mentioned were members of this class, and
+asked some questions about the formation of the canon and the
+authenticity of the separate books.  They were immediately stopped by the
+Principal in summary style.  “I must inform you that this is not an open
+question within these walls.  There is a great body of truth received as
+orthodoxy by the great majority of Christians, the explanation of which
+is one thing, but to doubt it is another, and the foundation must not be
+questioned.”  How well I recollect the face of the Principal!  He looked
+like a man who would write an invitation to afternoon tea “within these
+walls”.  He consulted the senate, and the senate consulted the council,
+which consisted of the senate and some well-known ministers.  We were
+ordered to be present at a special council meeting, and each one was
+called up separately before it and catechized.  Here are two or three of
+the questions, put, it will be remembered, without notice, to a youth a
+little over twenty, confronted by a number of solemn divines in white
+neckerchiefs.
+
+“Will you explain the mode in which you conceive the sacred writers to
+have been influenced?”
+
+“Do you believe a statement because it is in the Bible, or merely because
+it is true?”
+
+“You are aware that there are two great parties on this question, one of
+which maintains that the inspiration of the Scriptures differs in kind
+from that of other books: the other that the difference is one only of
+degree.  To which of these parties do you attach yourself?”
+
+“Are you conscious of any divergence from the views expounded by the
+Principal in this introductory lecture?”
+
+At a meeting of the council, on the 13th February, 1852, it was resolved
+that our opinions were “incompatible” with the “retention of our position
+as students”.  This resolution was sent to us with another to the effect
+that at the next meeting of the council “such measures” would be taken
+“as may be thought advisable”.  At this meeting my father, together with
+the father of one of my colleagues attended, and asked that our moral
+character should be placed above suspicion; that the opinions for which
+we had been condemned should be explicitly stated, and that we should be
+furnished with a copy of the creed by which we were judged.  The next
+step on the part of the council was the appointment of a committee to
+interview us, and “prevent the possibility of a misapprehension of our
+views”.  We attended, underwent examination once more, and once more
+repeated the three requests.  No notice was taken of them, but on 3rd
+March we were asked if we would withdraw from the college for three
+months in order that we might “reconsider our opinions”, so that possibly
+we might “be led by Divine guidance to such views as would be compatible
+with the retention of our present position”.  Idiomatic English was
+clearly not a strong point with the council.  Of course we refused.  If
+we had consented it might have been reasonably concluded that we had
+taken very little trouble with our “views”.  Again we asked for
+compliance with our requests, but the only answer we got was that our
+“connexion with New College must cease”, and that with regard to the
+three requests, the council “having duly weighed them, consider that they
+have already sufficiently complied with them”.
+
+It is not now my purpose to discuss the doctrine of Biblical Inspiration.
+It has gone the way of many other theological dogmas.  It has not been
+settled by a yea or nay, but by indifference, and because yea or nay are
+both inapplicable.  The manner in which the trial was conducted was
+certainly singular, and is worth a word or two.  The Holy Office was
+never more scandalously indifferent to any pretence of justice or
+legality in its proceedings.  We were not told what was the charge
+against us, nor what were the terms of the trust deed of the college, if
+such a document existed; neither were we informed what was the meaning of
+the indictment, and yet the council must have been aware that nothing
+less than our ruin would probably be the result of our condemnation.
+
+My father wrote and published a defence of us, entitled _To Think or not
+to Think_, with two noble mottoes, one from Milton’s _Areopagitica_ and
+the other some lines from _In Memoriam_, which was read in those days by
+people who were not sentimental fools, and who, strange to say, got out
+of it something solid which was worth having.  The days may return when
+something worth having will be got out of it again.  To the question,
+“Will you explain the mode in which you conceive the sacred writers to
+have been influenced?” my father replied—“Rather a profound question,
+that.  A profounder, I venture to say, never agitated the mind of a
+German metaphysician.  If the query had been put to me, I should have
+taken the liberty to question the questioner thus: ‘Can you explain to me
+the growth of a tree?  Can you explain how the will of man influences the
+material muscles?—In fact the universe is full of forces or influences.
+Can you trace whence it came and how it came?  Can’st thou by searching
+find out God?  Can’st thou find out the Almighty unto perfection?—it is
+high as heaven; what can’st thou do? deeper than hell; what can’st thou
+know?’”  To the council’s inquiry whether we believed a statement because
+it was in the Bible or because it was true, my father replied partly with
+a quotation from the celebrated Platonist divine, John Smith, of
+Cambridge—“All that knowledge which is separate from an inward
+acquaintance with virtue and goodness is of a far different nature from
+that which ariseth out of a living sense of them which is the best
+discerner thereof, and by which alone we know the true perfection,
+sweetness, energy, and loveliness of them, and all that which is οὔτε
+ῥητόν, οὔτε yραπτόν, that which can no more be known by a naked
+demonstration than colours can be perceived of a blind man by any
+definition or description which he can hear of them.”
+
+This pamphlet was written in 1852, three years after I entered Cheshunt
+College, when my father declared to me that “a moderate Calvinism suited
+him best”.  In 1852 he was forty-five years old.  He had not hardened: he
+was alive, rejecting what was dead, laying hold of what was true to him,
+and living by it.  Nor was the change hurried or ill-considered which
+took place in him between 1849 and 1852.  What he became in 1852 he was
+substantially to the end of his days.
+
+The expulsion excited some notice in the world then, although, as I have
+said, the controversy was without much significance.  The “views” of Dr.
+Harris and the rest of the council were already condemned.  Here are some
+letters, not before printed, from Maurice and Kingsley on the case.  The
+closing paragraph of Maurice’s letter is remarkable because in about a
+twelvemonth he himself was expelled from King’s College.
+
+    “MY DEAR SIR,
+
+    “I beg to thank you for your very able and interesting pamphlet.  I
+    know one of the expelled students, and have every reason to think
+    highly of his earnestness and truthfulness.
+
+    “I feel a delicacy in pronouncing any judgement upon the conduct of
+    the Heads of the College, as I belong to another, and I might seem to
+    be biased by feelings of Sectarianism and of rivalship.  But there
+    are many of your thoughts by which we may all equally profit, and
+    which I hope to lay to heart in case I should be brought into
+    circumstances like those of the judges or of the criminals.
+
+                               “Faithfully yrs,
+
+                                                           “F. D. MAURICE.
+
+    “_July_ 27, 1852.
+       21 Queen’s Square,
+          Bloomsbury.”
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+                                                   “EVERSLEY.  _Saturday_.
+
+    “DEAR SIR,
+
+    “I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your very clever and
+    well-written pamphlet, which I have read with no surprise but with
+    most painful interest; and I beg to thank you for the compliment
+    implied in your sending it to me.  Your son ought to thank God for
+    having a father who will stand by him in trouble so manfully and
+    wisely: and as you say, this may be of the very greatest benefit to
+    him: but it may also do him much harm, if it makes him fancy that
+    such men as have expelled him are the real supporters of the Canon
+    and inspiration of Scripture, and of Orthodoxy in general.
+
+    “I said that I read your pamphlet without surprise.  I must explain
+    my words.  This is only one symptom of a great and growing movement,
+    which must end in the absolute destruction of ‘Orthodox dissent’
+    among the educated classes, and leave the lower, if unchecked, to
+    “Mormonism, Popery, and every kind of Fetîche-worship.  The
+    Unitarians have first felt the tide-wave: but all other sects will
+    follow; and after them will follow members of the Established Church
+    in proportion as they have been believing, not in the Catholic and
+    Apostolic Faith, as it is in the Bible, but in some compound or other
+    of Calvinist doctrine with Rabbinical theories of magical
+    inspiration, such as are to be found in Gaussen’s _Theopneustic_—a
+    work of which I cannot speak in terms of sufficient abhorrence,
+    however well meaning the writer may have been.  Onward to Strauss,
+    _Transcendentalism_—and Mr. John Chapman’s _Catholic Series_ is the
+    appointed path, and God help them!—I speak as one who has been
+    through, already, much which I see with the deepest sympathy
+    perplexing others round me; and you write as a man who has had the
+    same experience.  Whether or not we agree in our conclusions at
+    present, you will forgive me for saying, that every week shows me
+    more and more that the ‘Orthodox Catholic and Apostolic Faith’, so
+    far from being incompatible with the most daring science, both
+    physical, metaphysical, and philological, or with the most extended
+    notions of inspiration, or with continual inrushes of new light from
+    above, assumes them, asserts them, and cannot be kept Catholic, or
+    true to itself, without the fullest submission to them.  I speak as a
+    heartily orthodox priest of the Church of England; you will excuse my
+    putting my thoughts in a general and abstract form in so short a
+    letter.  But if your son—(I will not say you—for your age must be,
+    and your acquirements evidently are—greater than my own) if your son
+    would like to write to me about these matters, I do believe before
+    God, who sees me write, that as one who has been through what he has,
+    and more, I may have something to tell him, or at least to set him
+    thinking over.  I speak frankly.  If I am taking a liberty, you will
+    pardon the act for the sake of the motive.
+
+                               “I am, dear Sir,
+
+                                      “Your obedient and faithful servant,
+                                                             C. KINGSLEY.”
+
+It would be a mistake to suppose that the creed in which I had been
+brought up was or could be for ever cast away like an old garment.  The
+beliefs of childhood and youth cannot be thus dismissed.  I know that in
+after years I found that in a way they revived under new forms, and that
+I sympathized more with the Calvinistic Independency of the sixteenth and
+seventeenth centuries than with the modern Christianity of church or
+chapel.  At first, after the abandonment of orthodoxy, I naturally
+thought nothing in the old religion worth retaining, but this temper did
+not last long.  Many mistakes may be pardoned in Puritanism in view of
+the earnestness with which it insists on the distinction between right
+and wrong.  This is vital.  In modern religion the path is flowery.  The
+absence of difficulty is a sure sign that no good is being done.  How far
+we are from the strait gate, from the way that is narrow which leadeth
+unto life, the way which is found only by few!  The great doctrines of
+Puritanism are also much nearer to the facts of actual experience than we
+suppose.
+
+After the expulsion I was adrift, knowing no craft, belonging to no
+religious body, and without social or political interest.  I engaged
+myself to a schoolmaster.  The story of my very brief stay with him has
+been elsewhere told with some variation, but I may as well relate it here
+so as to make my little history complete.  The school was somewhere in
+Stoke Newington.  I got there in the evening when it was quite dark.
+After a word or two with my chief I was shown into a large school-room.
+Two candles were placed on a raised desk, and this was all the light
+permitted for the illumination of the great empty space round me.  The
+walls were hung with maps, and the place of honour on the end wall was
+occupied by a huge drawing of the globe, in perspective, carefully
+coloured.  This masterpiece was the work of the proprietor, an example of
+the precious learning which might be acquired at his “establishment”.
+After I had sat down for a few minutes a servant brought me my supper,
+placed it on a desk, and showed me my bedroom.  I ate my meal, and after
+some time, as nobody came to see me, I thought I had better go to bed.  I
+had to ascend a ladder, which I pulled up after me.  When I had shut the
+door I looked out of window.  Before me lay London and the dull glare of
+its lights.  There was no distinct noise perceptible; but a deadened roar
+came up to me.  Over in the south-west was the house of the friend I had
+left, always a warm home for me when I was in town.  Then there fell upon
+me what was the beginning of a trouble which has lasted all my life.  The
+next afternoon I went to the proprietor and told him I could not stay.
+He was greatly amazed, and still more so because I could give him no
+reason for leaving.  He protested very reasonably that I could not break
+my engagement at the beginning of term, but he gave me permission to look
+for a substitute.  I found a Scotch graduate who, like myself, had been
+accused of heresy, and had nothing to do.  He came the same day, and I
+went back to — Terrace, somewhere out by Haverstock Hill.  I forget its
+name; it was a dull row of stuccoed ugliness.  But to me that day
+Grasmere, the Quantocks, or the Cornish sea-coast would have been nothing
+compared with that stucco line.  When I knocked at the door the horrible
+choking fog had rolled away: I rushed inside; there was a hearty embrace,
+and the sun shone gloriously.  Still, I had nothing to do.
+
+At this point I had intended to stop.  A good part of my life
+henceforward has appeared under disguise in one of my books, but I think
+on reconsideration it will be better to record here also what little
+remains to be told about myself, and to narrate it as history.  I called
+on several publishers and asked for employment, but could get none till I
+came to John Chapman, editor and proprietor of the _Westminster Review_,
+as well as publisher, mainly of books which were theologically heretical,
+and, I am sorry to say, did not pay.  He lived at 142 Strand.
+
+As the New College council had tested my orthodoxy, so Chapman tested my
+heresy and found that I was fit for the propagandist work in No. 142 and
+for its society.  He asked me if I believed in miracles.  I said “Yes and
+no”.  I did not believe that an actual Curtius leaped into the gulf in
+the Forum and saved Rome, but I did believe in the spiritual truth set
+forth in the legend.  This reply was allowed to pass, although my
+scepticism would have been more satisfactory and more useful if it had
+been a little more thorough.
+
+I was soon taken off the _Westminster_, and my occupation now was to
+write Chapman’s letters, to keep his accounts, and, most disagreeable, to
+“subscribe” his publications, that is to say, to call on booksellers and
+ask how many copies they would take.  Of George Eliot, who lodged at No.
+142, I have often spoken, and have nothing to add.  It is a lasting
+sorrow to me that I allowed my friendship with her to drop, and that
+after I left Chapman I never called on her.  She was then unknown, except
+to a few friends, but I did know what she was worth.  I knew that she was
+not only endowed with extraordinary genius, but with human qualities even
+more precious.  She took the kindest notice of me, an awkward creature
+not accustomed to society.  It is sad that youth should be so confident
+in its own resources that it will not close its hand upon the treasure
+which is placed inside it.  It was not only George Eliot by whom I
+neglected to profit.  I might have seen Rachel.  I recollect the evening,
+and I believe I was offered a ticket.  It was not worth while to walk a
+couple of hundred yards to enrich myself for ever!  I knew intimate
+friends of Caroline Fox, but I made no effort to become acquainted with
+her.  What a difference it would make to me now, living so much in the
+past, if Penjerrick, with a dream of its lawn sloping southward and
+seaward, and its society of all the most interesting people in England,
+should be amongst my possessions, thrusting out and replacing much that
+is ugly, monotonous, and depressing.  I would earnestly, so earnestly,
+implore every boy and girl religiously to grasp their chances.  Lay up
+for yourselves treasure in heaven.
+
+There was one opportunity, however, I did not miss, and this was Caleb
+Morris.  About him also I have written, but for the sake of continuity I
+will repeat some of it.  He had singular influence, not only over me, but
+over nearly every young man whom he met.  He was originally an
+Independent minister in Wales, where the people are mostly Dissenters,
+but he came to London when he had not passed middle life, and took charge
+of the church in Fetter Lane.  He was tall, broad-shouldered, handsome,
+erect, but was partly disabled by a strangely nervous temperament which,
+with an obscure bodily trouble, frequently prevented him from keeping his
+engagements.  Often and often messengers had to be dispatched late on
+Sunday morning to find a substitute for him at Fetter Lane, and people
+used to wait in the portico of the chapel until the service had well
+begun, and then peep through the door to see who was in the pulpit.  He
+was the most eloquent speaker I ever heard.  I never shall forget his
+picture of the father, in the parable of the prodigal son, watching for
+his child’s return, all his thoughts swallowed up in one—_Will he come
+back to-day_?  When he did come—no word of rebuke.  The hardest thing in
+the world is to be completely generous in forgiveness.  The most
+magnanimous of men cannot resist the temptation—_but at the same time you
+must see_, _my dearest_, _don’t you_?  Almost equally difficult, but not
+quite, is the simple confession without an extenuating word, _I have
+sinned against Heaven_.  The father does not hear.  _Bring forth the best
+robe and put it on him_, _and put a ring on his hand and shoes on his
+feet_.  A ring on his hand!  Shoes on his feet we can understand, but
+there is to be a ring, honour, ennoblement! . . . The first movement of
+repentance was—_I will arise and go to my father_.  The omissions in
+Morris’s comment were striking.  There was no word of the orthodox
+machinery of forgiveness.  It was through Morris that the Bible became
+what it always has been to me.  It has not solved directly any of the
+great problems which disturb my peace, and Morris seldom touched them
+controversially, but he uncovered such a wealth of wonder and beauty in
+it that the problems were forgotten.
+
+Lord Bacon was Morris’s hero, both for his method and his personal
+character.  These were the days before the researches of Spedding, when
+Bacon was supposed to be a mass of those impossible paradoxes in which
+Macaulay delighted.  To Morris, Bacon’s _Submission_ and his renunciation
+of all defence were sufficient.  With what pathos he repeated Bacon’s
+words when the Lords asked him whether the subscription to the
+_Submission_ was in his own hand.  “My Lords, it is my act, my hand, my
+heart.  I beseech your Lordships, be merciful to a broken reed.”
+
+     [Picture: Portrait of Mark Rutherford at the age of twenty-four]
+
+There is nothing more to be said about Chapman’s.  I left after an offer
+of partnership, which, it is needless to say, I did not accept.  Mr.
+Whitbread obtained for me a clerkship in the Registrar-General’s office,
+Somerset House.  I was there two or three years, and was then transferred
+to the Admiralty.  Meanwhile I had married.
+
+The greater part of my life has been passed in what it is now usual to
+contemn as the Victorian age.  Whatever may be the justice of the scorn
+poured out upon it by the superior persons of the present generation,
+this Victorian age was distinguished by an enthusiasm which can only be
+compared to a religious revival.  _Maud_ was read at six in the morning
+as I walked along Holborn; _Pippa Passes_ late at night in my dark little
+room in Serle Street, although of course it was a long while after the
+poem made its appearance.  Wonderful!  What did I see as I stood at my
+desk in my Serle Street bedroom?
+
+    “Day!
+    Faster and more fast,
+    O’er night’s brim, day boils at last;
+    Boils, pure gold, o’er the cloud-cup’s brim
+    Where spurting and suppresst it lay—”
+
+There on the horizon lies the cloud cup.  Over the brim boils, pure gold,
+the day!  The day which is before me is Pippa’s day, and not a day in the
+Strand: it is a “twelve-hours treasure”: I am as eager as Pippa “not to
+squander a wavelet of thee”.  The vision still lives.  The friend who
+stood by my side is still with me, although he died years and years ago.
+What was true of me was true of half a score of my friends.  If it is
+true that the Victorian time was ugly and vulgar, it was the time of the
+_Virginians_, of _David Copperfield_, of Tennyson’s _Poems_, of
+Cromwell’s _Letters and Speeches_, of the _Letters and Life of Lord
+Bacon_, of Emerson’s _Essays_, of _Festus_, of the _Dramatis Personæ_,
+and of the _Apologia_.  We were at the Academy at eight o’clock on a May
+morning to see, at the very earliest moment, the Ophelia, the Order for
+Release, the Claudio and Isabella, Seddon’s Jerusalem, Lewis’s Arab
+Scribe and his Frank Encampment in the Desert.  The last two, though, I
+think, were in the exhibition of the Old Water Colour Society.  The
+excitement of those years between 1848 and 1890 was, as I have said,
+something like that of a religious revival, but it was reasonable.
+
+These notes are not written for publication, but to please two or three
+persons related to me by affection.
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EARLY LIFE OF MARK RUTHERFORD***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 7379-0.txt or 7379-0.zip *******
+
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/7/3/7/7379
+
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
+  www.gutenberg.org/license.
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at 809
+North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887.  Email
+contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the
+Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit:  www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For forty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/7379-0.zip b/7379-0.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6680346
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7379-0.zip
diff --git a/7379-h.zip b/7379-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2577031
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7379-h.zip
diff --git a/7379-h/7379-h.htm b/7379-h/7379-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28987a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7379-h/7379-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,2012 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html
+     PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+     "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII" />
+<title>The Early Life of Mark Rutherford, by Mark Rutherford</title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+/*<![CDATA[  XML blockout */
+<!--
+    P {  margin-top: .75em;
+         margin-bottom: .75em;
+         }
+    P.gutsumm { margin-left: 5%;}
+    P.poetry {margin-left: 3%; }
+    .GutSmall { font-size: 0.7em; }
+    H1, H2 {
+         text-align: center;
+		margin-top: 2em;
+		margin-bottom: 2em;
+         }
+    H3, H4, H5 {
+	text-align: center;
+	margin-top: 1em;
+	margin-bottom: 1em;
+	}
+    BODY{margin-left: 10%;
+         margin-right: 10%;
+        }
+ table { border-collapse: collapse; }
+table {margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;}
+    td { vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid black;}
+    td p { margin: 0.2em; }
+    .blkquot  {margin-left: 4em; margin-right: 4em;} /* block indent */
+
+    .smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+
+    .pagenum {position: absolute;
+               left: 92%;
+               font-size: small;
+               text-align: right;
+		font-weight: normal;
+               color: gray;
+               }
+    img { border: none; }
+    img.dc { float: left; width: 50px; height: 50px; }
+    p.gutindent { margin-left: 2em; }
+    div.gapspace { height: 0.8em; }
+    div.gapline { height: 0.8em; width: 100%; border-top: 1px solid;} 
+    div.gapmediumline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%;
+                  border-top: 1px solid; }
+    div.gapmediumdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%;
+		  border-top: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;}
+     div.gapshortdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%;
+                  margin-left: 40%; border-top: 1px solid;
+                  border-bottom: 1px solid; }
+    div.gapdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 50%;
+                  margin-left: 25%; border-top: 1px solid;
+                  border-bottom: 1px solid;}
+    div.gapshortline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%; margin-left:40%;
+		  border-top: 1px solid; }
+    .citation {vertical-align: super;
+               font-size: .8em;
+               text-decoration: none;}
+    img.floatleft { float: left;
+			margin-right: 1em;
+			margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; }
+    img.floatright { float: right;
+			margin-left: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em;
+			margin-bottom: 0.5em; }
+    img.clearcenter {display: block;
+			margin-left: auto;
+			margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.5em;
+			margin-bottom: 0.5em}
+    -->
+    /* XML end  ]]>*/
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Early Life of Mark Rutherford, by Mark
+Rutherford
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Early Life of Mark Rutherford
+
+
+Author: Mark Rutherford
+
+
+
+Release Date: July 9, 2014  [eBook #7379]
+[This file was first posted on April 22, 2003]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EARLY LIFE OF MARK
+RUTHERFORD***
+</pre>
+<p>Transcribed from the 1913 Oxford University Press by David
+Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/fpb.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"Mark Rutherford, aged about twelve, and his Father"
+title=
+"Mark Rutherford, aged about twelve, and his Father"
+src="images/fps.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<h1>THE EARLY LIFE<br />
+<span class="GutSmall">OF</span><br />
+MARK RUTHERFORD</h1>
+<p style="text-align: center">(W. HALE WHITE)</p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span
+class="smcap"><b>By</b></span><b> HIMSELF</b></p>
+
+<div class="gapspace">&nbsp;</div>
+<p style="text-align: center">HUMPHREY MILFORD</p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">OXFORD
+UNIVERSITY PRESS</span></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">LONDON&nbsp;
+EDINBURGH&nbsp; NEW YORK&nbsp; TORONTO</span><br />
+<span class="GutSmall">MELBOURNE AND BOMBAY</span></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span
+class="GutSmall">1913</span></p>
+
+<div class="gapspace">&nbsp;</div>
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="page2"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 2</span><span class="GutSmall">OXFORD: HORACE
+HART</span><br />
+<span class="GutSmall">PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY</span></p>
+<h2><a name="page3"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+3</span>Forward</h2>
+<p>A <span class="smcap">few</span> years ago I asked my father
+to put down some facts of his life for those of his family who
+are too young to remember his early years.&nbsp; In his will he
+bequeathed these &ldquo;Notes&rdquo; to my only sister, Mary
+Theodora, who has lived with him all her life, but she hesitated,
+in face of the last sentence, to publish them.&nbsp; Although it
+is true they were not written with a view to publication, it is
+evident, from a conversation my father had with his wife about
+them, that he had no objection to their being made public.</p>
+<p>My sister therefore prints them now, in the hope that they may
+interest a few beyond the &ldquo;two or three persons&rdquo; for
+whom they were intended.</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">W. HALE WHITE.</p>
+<p><i>June</i> 1913.</p>
+<h2><a name="page4"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 4</span>List of
+Illustrations</h2>
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td><p><span class="smcap">Mark Rutherford</span>, <span
+class="smcap">aged about</span> 12, <span class="smcap">and His
+Father</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Frontispiece</i></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><span class="smcap">Bedford Bridge</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Facing p.</i> <span
+class="indexpageno"><a href="#page13">13</a></span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><span class="smcap">&lsquo;The Bedford Times&rsquo;
+Coach</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Facing p.</i> <span
+class="indexpageno"><a href="#page15">15</a></span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><span class="smcap">The Old Meeting-house</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Facing p.</i> <span
+class="indexpageno"><a href="#page16">16</a></span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><span class="smcap">Mark Rutherford&rsquo;s
+Father</span></p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Facing p.</i> <span
+class="indexpageno"><a href="#page38">38</a></span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><span class="smcap">The School</span>, <span
+class="smcap">Bedford</span>, <span class="smcap">in</span>
+1831</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Facing p.</i> <span
+class="indexpageno"><a href="#page47">47</a></span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><span class="smcap">Old Horne Lane</span>, <span
+class="smcap">Bedford</span>, <span class="smcap">in</span>
+1835</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Facing p.</i> <span
+class="indexpageno"><a href="#page50">50</a></span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p><span class="smcap">Mark Rutherford at the Age of</span>
+24</p>
+</td>
+<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>Facing p.</i> <span
+class="indexpageno"><a href="#page88">88</a></span></p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h2><a name="page5"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+5</span>Autobiographical Notes</h2>
+<p>I <span class="smcap">have</span> been asked at 78 years old
+to set down what I remember of my early life.&nbsp; A good deal
+of it has been told before under a semi-transparent disguise,
+with much added which is entirely fictitious.&nbsp; What I now
+set down is fact.</p>
+<p>I was born in Bedford High Street, on December 22, 1831.&nbsp;
+I had two sisters and a brother, besides an elder sister who died
+in infancy.&nbsp; My brother, a painter of much promise, died
+young.&nbsp; Ruskin and Rossetti thought much of him.&nbsp; He
+was altogether unlike the rest of us, in face, in temper, and in
+quality of mind.&nbsp; He was very passionate, and at times
+beyond control.&nbsp; <a name="page6"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 6</span>None of us understood how to manage
+him.&nbsp; What would I not give to have my time with him over
+again!&nbsp; Two letters to my father about him are copied
+below:</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: right">(185&mdash;)</p>
+<p>&ldquo;<span class="smcap">My dear Sir</span>,</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I am much vexed with myself for not having written this
+letter sooner.&nbsp; There were several things I wanted to say
+respecting the need of perseverance in painting as well as in
+other businesses, which it would take me too long to say in the
+time I have at command&mdash;so I must just answer the main
+question.&nbsp; Your son has very singular gifts for
+painting.&nbsp; I think the work he has done at the College
+nearly the most promising of any that has yet been done there,
+and I sincerely trust the apparent want of perseverance has
+hitherto been only the <a name="page7"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 7</span>disgust of a creature of strong
+instincts who has not got into its own element&mdash;he seems to
+me a fine fellow&mdash;and I hope you will be very proud of him
+some day&mdash;but I very seriously think you must let him have
+his bent in this matter&mdash;and then&mdash;if he does not work
+steadily&mdash;take him to task to purpose.&nbsp; I think the
+whole gist of education is to let the boy take his own shape and
+element&mdash;and then to help&mdash;discipline and urge him
+<i>in</i> that, but not to force him on work entirely painful to
+him.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">&ldquo;Very truly yours,</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">(Signed) J. <span
+class="smcap">Ruskin</span>.&rdquo;</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">&ldquo;<span class="smcap">National
+Gallery</span>, 3<i>rd</i> <i>April</i>.</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">(185&mdash;)</p>
+<p>&ldquo;<span class="smcap">My dear Sir</span>,</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Do not send your son to Mr. Leigh: his school is wholly
+inefficient.&nbsp; Your son should go through the usual course <a
+name="page8"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 8</span>of instruction
+given at the Royal Academy, which, with a good deal that is
+wrong, gives something that is necessary and right, and which
+cannot be otherwise obtained.&nbsp; Mr. Rossetti and I will take
+care&mdash;(in fact your son&rsquo;s judgement is I believe
+formed enough to enable him to take care himself) that he gets no
+mistaken bias in those schools.&nbsp; A &lsquo;studio&rsquo; is
+not necessary for him&mdash;but a little room with a cupboard in
+it, and a chair&mdash;and nothing else&mdash;<i>is</i>.&nbsp; I
+am very sanguine respecting him, I like both his face and his
+work.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Thank you for telling me that about my books.&nbsp; I
+am happy in seeing much more of the springing of the green than
+most sowers of seed are allowed to see, until very late in their
+lives&mdash;but it is always a great help to me to hear of any,
+for I never write with pleasure to myself, nor <a
+name="page9"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 9</span>with purpose of
+getting praise to myself.&nbsp; I hate writing, and know that
+what I do does not deserve high praise, as literature; but I
+write to tell truths which I can&rsquo;t help crying out about,
+and I <i>do</i> enjoy being believed and being of use.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">&ldquo;Very faithfully yours,</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">(Signed) J. <span
+class="smcap">Ruskin</span>.</p>
+<p>W. White, Esq.&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>My mother, whose maiden name was Chignell, came from
+Colchester.&nbsp; What her father and mother were I never
+heard.&nbsp; I will say all I have to say about Colchester, and
+then go back to my native town.&nbsp; My maternal grandmother was
+a little, round, old lady, with a ruddy, healthy tinge on her
+face.&nbsp; She lived in Queen Street in a house dated 1619 over
+the doorway.&nbsp; There was a pleasant garden at the back, and
+the scent of a privet hedge <a name="page10"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 10</span>in it has never to this day left
+me.&nbsp; In one of the rooms was a spinet.&nbsp; The strings
+were struck with quills, and gave a thin, twangling, or rather
+twingling sound.&nbsp; In that house I was taught by a stupid
+servant to be frightened at gipsies.&nbsp; She threatened me with
+them after I was in bed.&nbsp; My grandmother was a most pious
+woman.&nbsp; Every morning and night we had family prayer.&nbsp;
+It was difficult for her to stoop, but she always took the great
+quarto book of Devotions off the table and laid it on a chair,
+put on her spectacles, and went through the portion for the
+day.&nbsp; I had an uncle who was also pious, but sleepy.&nbsp;
+One night he stopped dead in the middle of his prayer.&nbsp; I
+was present and awake.&nbsp; I was much frightened, but my aunt,
+who was praying by his side, poked him, and he went on all
+right.</p>
+<p>We children were taken to Colchester <a
+name="page11"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 11</span>every summer
+by my mother, and we generally spent half our holiday at
+Walton-on-the-Naze, then a fishing village with only four or five
+houses in it besides a few cottages.&nbsp; No living creature
+could be more excitedly joyous than I was when I journeyed to
+Walton in the tilted carrier&rsquo;s cart.&nbsp; How I envied the
+carrier!&nbsp; Happy man!&nbsp; All the year round he went to the
+seaside three times a week!</p>
+<p>I had an aunt in Colchester, a woman of singular originality,
+which none of her neighbours could interpret, and consequently
+they misliked it, and ventured upon distant insinuations against
+her.&nbsp; She had married a baker, a good kind of man, but
+tame.&nbsp; In summer-time she not infrequently walked at five
+o&rsquo;clock in the morning to a pretty church about a mile and
+a half away, and read <i>George Herbert</i> in the porch.&nbsp;
+She was no relation of mine, <a name="page12"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 12</span>except by marriage to my uncle, but
+she was most affectionate to me, and always loaded me with nice
+things whenever I went to see her.&nbsp; The survival in my
+memory of her cakes, gingerbread, and kisses; has done me more
+good, moral good&mdash;if you have a fancy for this
+word&mdash;than sermons or punishment.</p>
+<p>My christian name of &ldquo;Hale&rdquo; comes from my
+grandmother, whose maiden name was Hale.&nbsp; At the beginning
+of last century she and her two brothers, William and Robert
+Hale, were living in Colchester.&nbsp; William Hale moved to
+Homerton, and became a silk manufacturer in Spitalfields.&nbsp;
+Homerton was then a favourite suburb for rich City people.&nbsp;
+My great-uncle&rsquo;s beautiful Georgian house had a marble bath
+and a Grecian temple in the big garden.&nbsp; Of Robert Hale and
+my grandfather I know nothing.&nbsp; The <a
+name="page13"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 13</span>supposed
+connexion with the Carolean Chief Justice is more than
+doubtful.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/p13b.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"Bedford Bridge, at the foot of which stood the house in which
+&lsquo;Mark Rutherford&rsquo; was born"
+title=
+"Bedford Bridge, at the foot of which stood the house in which
+&lsquo;Mark Rutherford&rsquo; was born"
+src="images/p13s.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<p>To return to Bedford.&nbsp; In my boyhood it differed,
+excepting an addition northwards a few years before, much less
+from Speed&rsquo;s map of 1609 than the Bedford of 1910 differs
+from the Bedford of 1831.&nbsp; There was but one bridge, but it
+was not Bunyan&rsquo;s bridge, and many of the gabled houses
+still remained.&nbsp; To our house, much like the others in the
+High Street, there was no real drainage, and our drinking-water
+came from a shallow well sunk in the gravelly soil of the back
+yard.&nbsp; A sewer, it is true, ran down the High Street, but it
+discharged itself at the bridge-foot, in the middle of the town,
+which was full of cesspools.&nbsp; Every now and then the river
+was drawn off and the thick masses of poisonous filth which
+formed its bed were dug out and carted away.&nbsp; In <a
+name="page14"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 14</span>consequence
+of the imperfect outfall we were liable to tremendous
+floods.&nbsp; At such times a torrent roared under the bridge,
+bringing down haystacks, dead bullocks, cows, and sheep.&nbsp;
+Men with long poles were employed to fend the abutments from the
+heavy blows by which they were struck.&nbsp; A flood in 1823 was
+not forgotten for many years.&nbsp; One Saturday night in
+November a man rode into the town, post-haste from Olney, warning
+all inhabitants of the valley of the Ouse that the
+&ldquo;Buckinghamshire water&rdquo; was coming down with alarming
+force, and would soon be upon them.&nbsp; It arrived almost as
+soon as the messenger, and invaded my uncle Lovell&rsquo;s
+dining-room, reaching nearly as high as the top of the table.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/p14b.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"&lsquo;The Bedford Times&rsquo; Coach, which made its last
+journey to London on November 21, 1846"
+title=
+"&lsquo;The Bedford Times&rsquo; Coach, which made its last
+journey to London on November 21, 1846"
+src="images/p14s.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<p>The goods traffic to and from London was carried on by an
+enormous waggon, which made the journey once or twice <a
+name="page15"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 15</span>a week.&nbsp;
+Passengers generally travelled by the <i>Times</i> coach, a hobby
+of Mr. Whitbread&rsquo;s.&nbsp; It was horsed with four
+magnificent cream-coloured horses, and did the fifty miles from
+Bedford to London at very nearly ten miles an hour, or twelve
+miles actual speed, excluding stoppages for change.&nbsp; Barring
+accidents, it was always punctual to a minute, and every evening,
+excepting Sundays, exactly as the clock of St. Paul&rsquo;s
+struck eight, it crossed the bridge.&nbsp; I have known it wait
+before entering the town if it was five or six minutes too soon,
+a kind of polish or artistic completeness being thereby given to
+a performance in which much pride was taken.</p>
+<p>The Bedford Charity was as yet hardly awake.&nbsp; No part of
+the funds was devoted to the education of girls, but a very large
+part went in almsgiving.&nbsp; The education <a
+name="page16"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 16</span>of boys was
+almost worthless.&nbsp; The head-mastership of the Grammar School
+was in the gift of New College, Oxford, who of course always
+appointed one of their Fellows.&nbsp; Including the income from
+boarders, it was worth about &pound;3,000 a year.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/p16b.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"The Old Meeting-house"
+title=
+"The Old Meeting-house"
+src="images/p16s.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<p>Dissent had been strong throughout the whole county ever since
+the Commonwealth.&nbsp; The old meeting-house held about 700
+people, and was filled every Sunday.&nbsp; It was not the gifts
+of the minister, certainly after the days of my early childhood,
+which kept such a congregation steady.&nbsp; The reason why it
+held together was the simple loyalty which prevents a soldier or
+a sailor from mutinying, although the commanding officer may
+deserve no respect.&nbsp; Most of the well-to-do tradesfolk were
+Dissenters.&nbsp; They were taught what was called a
+&ldquo;moderate <a name="page17"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+17</span>Calvinism&rdquo;, a phrase not easy to understand.&nbsp;
+If it had any meaning, it was that predestination, election, and
+reprobation, were unquestionably true, but they were dogmas about
+which it was not prudent to say much, for some of the
+congregation were a little Arminian, and St. James could not be
+totally neglected.&nbsp; The worst of St. James was that when a
+sermon was preached from his Epistle, there was always a danger
+lest somebody in the congregation should think that it was
+against him it was levelled.&nbsp; There was no such danger, at
+any rate not so much, if the text was taken from the Epistle to
+the Romans.</p>
+<p>In the &ldquo;singing-pew&rdquo; sat a clarionet, a double
+bass, a bassoon, and a flute: also a tenor voice which &ldquo;set
+the tune&rdquo;.&nbsp; The carpenter, to whom the tenor voice
+belonged, had a tuning-fork which he <a name="page18"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 18</span>struck on his desk and applied to his
+ear.&nbsp; He then hummed the tuning-fork note, and the octave
+below, the double bass screwed up and responded, the leader with
+the tuning-fork boldly struck out, everybody following, including
+the orchestra, and those of the congregation who had bass or
+tenor voices sang the air.&nbsp; Each of the instruments demanded
+a fair share of solos.</p>
+<p>The institution strangest to me now was the Lord&rsquo;s
+Supper.&nbsp; Once a month the members of the church, while they
+were seated in the pews, received the bread and wine at the hands
+of the deacons, the minister reciting meanwhile passages from
+Scripture.&nbsp; Those of the congregation who had not been
+converted, and who consequently did not belong to the church and
+were not communicants, watched the rite from the gallery.&nbsp;
+What the reflective unconverted, <a name="page19"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 19</span>who were upstairs, thought I cannot
+say.&nbsp; The master might with varying emotions survey the man
+who cleaned his knives and boots.&nbsp; The wife might sit
+beneath and the husband above, or, more difficult still, the
+mistress might be seated aloft while her husband and her
+conceited maid-of-all-work, Tabitha, enjoyed full gospel
+privileges below.</p>
+<p>Dependent on the mother &ldquo;cause&rdquo; were chapels in
+the outlying villages.&nbsp; They were served by lay preachers,
+and occasionally by the minister from the old
+meeting-house.&nbsp; One village, Stagsden, had attained to the
+dignity of a wind and a stringed instrument.</p>
+<p>The elders of the church at Bedford belonged mostly to the
+middle class in the town, but some of them were farmers.&nbsp;
+Ignorant they were to a degree which would shock the most
+superficial young <a name="page20"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+20</span>person of the present day; and yet, if the
+farmer&rsquo;s ignorance and the ignorance of the young person
+could be reduced to the same denomination, I doubt whether it
+would not be found that the farmer knew more than the
+other.&nbsp; The farmer could not discuss Coleridge&rsquo;s
+metres or the validity of the maxim, &ldquo;Art for Art&rsquo;s
+sake&rdquo;, but he understood a good deal about the men around
+him, about his fields, about the face of the sky, and he had
+found it out all by himself, a fact of more importance than we
+suppose.&nbsp; He understood also that he must be honest; he had
+learnt how to be honest, and everything about him, house,
+clothes, was a reality and not a sham.&nbsp; One of these elders
+I knew well.&nbsp; He was perfectly straightforward, God-fearing
+also, and therefore wise.&nbsp; Yet he once said to my father,
+&ldquo;I ain&rsquo;t got no patience with men who talk p&#333;try
+<a name="page21"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 21</span>(poetry)
+in the pulpit.&nbsp; If you hear that, how can you wonder at your
+children wanting to go to th&#275;atres and
+cathredrals?&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Of my father&rsquo;s family, beyond my grandfather, I know
+nothing.&nbsp; His forefathers had lived in Bedfordshire beyond
+memory, and sleep indistinguishable, I am told, in Wilstead
+churchyard.&nbsp; He was Radical, and almost Republican.&nbsp;
+With two of his neighbours he refused to illuminate for our
+victories over the French, and he had his windows smashed by a
+Tory mob.&nbsp; One night he and a friend were riding home on
+horseback, and at the entrance of the town they came upon
+somebody lying in the road, who had been thrown from his horse
+and was unconscious.&nbsp; My grandfather galloped forwards for a
+doctor, and went back at once before the doctor could
+start.&nbsp; On his way, and probably riding <a
+name="page22"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 22</span>hard, he also
+was thrown and was killed.&nbsp; He was found by those who had
+followed him, and in the darkness and confusion they did not
+recognize him.&nbsp; They picked him up, thinking he was the man
+for whom they had been sent.&nbsp; When they reached the Swan Inn
+they found out their mistake, and returned to the other
+man.&nbsp; He recovered.</p>
+<p>I had only one set of relations in Bedford, my aunt, who was
+my father&rsquo;s sister, her husband, Samuel Lovell, and their
+children, my cousins.&nbsp; My uncle was a maltster and coal
+merchant.&nbsp; Although he was slender and graceful when he was
+young, he was portly when I first knew him.&nbsp; He always wore,
+even in his counting-house and on his wharf, a spotless
+shirt&mdash;seven a week&mdash;elaborately frilled in
+front.&nbsp; He was clean-shaven, and his face was refined and
+gentle.&nbsp; To me he was <a name="page23"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 23</span>kindness itself.&nbsp; He was in the
+habit of driving two or three times a year to villages and
+solitary farm-houses to collect his debts, and, to my great
+delight, he used to take me with him.&nbsp; We were out all
+day.&nbsp; His creditors were by no means punctual: they reckoned
+on him with assurance.&nbsp; This is what generally
+happened.&nbsp; Uncle draws up at the front garden gate and gets
+out: I hold the reins.&nbsp; Blacksmith, in debt something like
+&pound;15 for smithery coal, comes from his forge at the side of
+the house to meet him.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Ah, Mr. Lovell, I&rsquo;m glad to see you: how&rsquo;s
+the missus and the children?&nbsp; What weather it is!&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I suppose you guess, Master Fitchew, what I&rsquo;ve
+come about: you&rsquo;ve had this bill twice&mdash;I send my
+bills out only once a year&mdash;and you&rsquo;ve not paid a
+penny.&rdquo;</p>
+<p><a name="page24"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 24</span>Fitchew
+looks on the ground, and gives his head a shake on one side as if
+he were mortified beyond measure.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I know it, Mr. Lovell, nobody can be more vexed than I
+am, but I can&rsquo;t get nothing out of the farmers.&nbsp; Last
+year was an awful year for them.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Uncle tries with all his might to look severe, but does not
+succeed.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;You&rsquo;ve told me that tale every time I&rsquo;ve
+called for twenty years past: now mind, I&rsquo;m not going to be
+humbugged any longer.&nbsp; I must have half of that &pound;15
+this month, or not another ounce of smithery coal do you get out
+of me.&nbsp; You may try Warden if you like, and maybe
+he&rsquo;ll treat you better than I do.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Mr. Lovell, &pound;10 you shall have next Saturday
+fortnight as sure as my name&rsquo;s Bill Fitchew.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>A little girl, about eight years old, who <a
+name="page25"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 25</span>was hurried
+into her white, Sunday frock with red ribbons, as soon as her
+mother saw my uncle at the gate, runs up towards him according to
+secret instructions, but stops short by about a yard, puts her
+forefinger on her lip and looks at him.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Hullo, my pretty dear, what&rsquo;s your name?&nbsp;
+Dear, what&rsquo;s your name?&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Say Keziah Fitchew, sir,&rdquo; prompts Mrs. Fitchew,
+appearing suddenly at the side door as if she had come to fetch
+her child who had run out unawares.</p>
+<p>After much hesitation: &ldquo;Keziah Fitchew, sir.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Are you a good little girl?&nbsp; Do you say your
+prayers every morning and every evening?&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Yes, sir.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Would you know what to do with sixpence if I gave it
+you?&nbsp; You&rsquo;d put it in the missionary box,
+wouldn&rsquo;t you?&rdquo;</p>
+<p><a name="page26"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 26</span>Keziah
+thinks, but does not reply.&nbsp; It is a problem of immense
+importance.&nbsp; Uncle turns to Bill, so that Keziah cannot see
+him, puts up his left hand to the side of his face and winks
+violently.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I suppose it&rsquo;s one o&rsquo;clock as usual, Mr.
+Lovell, at the Red Lion?&rdquo;&nbsp; My uncle laughs as he moves
+to the gate.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I tell you what it is, Mr. Fitchew, you&rsquo;re a
+precious rascal; that&rsquo;s what you are.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>At one o&rsquo;clock an immense dinner is provided at the Red
+Lion, and thither the debtors come, no matter what may be the
+state of their accounts, and drink my uncle&rsquo;s health.&nbsp;
+Such was Uncle Lovell.&nbsp; My father and mother often had
+supper with him and my aunt.&nbsp; After I was ten years old I
+was permitted to go.&nbsp; It was a solid, hot meal at nine
+o&rsquo;clock.&nbsp; It was followed by pipes and brandy and
+water, <a name="page27"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+27</span>never more than one glass; and when this was finished,
+at about half-past ten, there was the walk home across the silent
+bridge, with a glimpse downward of the dark river slowly flowing
+through the stone arches.</p>
+<p>I now come to my father.&nbsp; My object is not to write his
+life.&nbsp; I have not sufficient materials, nor would it be
+worth recording at any length, but I should like to preserve the
+memory of a few facts which are significant of him, and may
+explain his influence upon me.</p>
+<p>He was born in 1807, and was eight years old when his father
+died: his mother died seven years earlier.&nbsp; He had a cruel
+step-mother, who gave to her own child everything she had to
+give.&nbsp; He was educated at the Grammar School, but the
+teaching there, as I have said, was very poor.&nbsp; The
+step-mother used to send <a name="page28"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 28</span>messages to the head master begging
+him soundly to thrash her step-son, for he was sure to deserve
+it, and school thrashing in those days was no joke.&nbsp; She
+also compelled my father to clean boots, knives and forks, and do
+other dirty work.</p>
+<p>I do not know when he opened the shop in Bedford as a printer
+and bookseller, but it must have been about 1830.&nbsp; He dealt
+in old books, the works of the English divines of all parties,
+both in the Anglican Church and outside it.&nbsp; The clergy, who
+then read more than they read or can read now, were his principal
+customers.&nbsp; From the time when he began business as a young
+man in the town he had much to do with its affairs.&nbsp; He was
+a Whig in politics, and amongst the foremost at elections,
+specially at the election in 1832, when he and the Whig Committee
+were besieged in the Swan Inn by the <a name="page29"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 29</span>mob.&nbsp; He soon became a trustee
+of the Bedford Charity, and did good service for the
+schools.&nbsp; In September 1843, the Rev. Edward Isaac Lockwood,
+rector of St. John&rsquo;s, in the town, and trustee of the
+schools, carried a motion at a board meeting declaring that all
+the masters under the Charity should be members of the Church of
+England.&nbsp; The Charity maintained one or two schools besides
+the Grammar School.&nbsp; The Act of Parliament, under which it
+was administered, provided that the masters and ushers of the
+Grammar School should be members of the Church of England, but
+said nothing about the creed of the masters of the other
+schools.&nbsp; The consternation in the town was great.&nbsp; It
+was evident that the next step would be to close the schools to
+Dissenters.&nbsp; Public meetings were held, and at the annual
+election of trustees, Mr. Lockwood was at <a
+name="page30"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 30</span>the bottom of
+the poll.&nbsp; At the next meeting of the board, after the
+election, my father carried a resolution which rescinded Mr.
+Lockwood&rsquo;s.&nbsp; The rector&rsquo;s defeat was followed by
+a series of newspaper letters in his defence from the Rev. Edward
+Swann, mathematical master in the Grammar School.&nbsp; My father
+replied in a pamphlet, published in 1844.</p>
+<p>There was one endowment for which he was remarkable, the
+purity of the English he spoke and wrote.&nbsp; He used to say he
+owed it to Cobbett, whose style he certainly admired, but this is
+but partly true.&nbsp; It was rather a natural consequence of the
+clearness of his own mind and of his desire to make himself
+wholly understood, both demanding the simplest and most forcible
+expression.&nbsp; If the truth is of serious importance to us we
+dare not obstruct it by phrase-making: we are compelled to be as
+direct <a name="page31"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 31</span>as
+our inherited feebleness will permit.&nbsp; The cannon
+ball&rsquo;s path is near to a straight line in proportion to its
+velocity.&nbsp; &ldquo;My boy,&rdquo; my father once said to me,
+&ldquo;if you write anything you consider particularly fine,
+strike it out.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>The <i>Reply</i> is an admirable specimen of the way in which
+a controversy should be conducted; without heat, the writer
+uniformly mindful of his object, which is not personal
+distinction, but the conviction of his neighbour, poor as well as
+rich, all the facts in order, every point answered, and not one
+evaded.&nbsp; At the opening of the first letter, a saying of
+Burkitt&rsquo;s is quoted with approval.&nbsp; &ldquo;Painted
+glass is very beautiful, but plain glass is the most useful as it
+lets through the most light.&rdquo;&nbsp; A word, by the way, on
+Burkitt.&nbsp; He was born in 1650, went to Cambridge, and became
+rector, first of Milden, and then of <a name="page32"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 32</span>Dedham, both in Suffolk.&nbsp; As
+rector of Dedham he died.&nbsp; There he wrote the <i>Poor
+Man&rsquo;s Help and Young Man&rsquo;s Guide</i>, which went
+through more than thirty editions in fifty years.&nbsp; There he
+wrestled with the Baptists, and produced his <i>Argumentative and
+Practical Discourse on Infant Baptism</i>.&nbsp; I have wandered
+through these Dedham fields by the banks of the Stour.&nbsp; It
+is Constable&rsquo;s country, and in its way is not to be matched
+in England.&nbsp; Although there is nothing striking in it, its
+influence, at least upon me, is greater than that of celebrated
+mountains and waterfalls.&nbsp; What a power there is to subdue
+and calm in those low hills, overtopped, as you see it from East
+Bergholt, by the magnificent Dedham half-cathedral church!&nbsp;
+It is very probable that Burkitt, as he took his walks by the
+Stour, and struggled with his <i>Argument</i>, never saw <a
+name="page33"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 33</span>the placid,
+winding stream; nor is it likely that anybody in Bedford, except
+my father, had heard of him.&nbsp; For his defence of the schools
+my father was presented at a town&rsquo;s meeting with a silver
+tea-service.</p>
+<p>By degrees, when the battle was over, the bookselling business
+very much fell off, and after a short partnership with his
+brother-in-law in a tannery, my father was appointed assistant
+door-keeper of the House of Commons by Lord Charles
+Russell.&nbsp; He soon became door-keeper.&nbsp; While he was at
+the door he wrote for a weekly paper his <i>Inner Life of the
+House of Commons</i>, afterwards collected and published in book
+form.&nbsp; He held office for twenty-one years, and on his
+retirement, in 1875, 160 members of the House testified in a very
+substantial manner their regard for him.&nbsp; He died at
+Carshalton on <a name="page34"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+34</span>February 11, 1882.&nbsp; There were many obituary
+notices of him.&nbsp; One was from Lord Charles Russell, who, as
+Serjeant-at-Arms, had full opportunities of knowing him
+well.&nbsp; Lord Charles recalled a meeting at Woburn, a quarter
+of a century before, in honour of Lord John Russell.&nbsp; Lord
+John spoke then, and so did Sir David Dundas, then
+Solicitor-General, Lord Charles, and my father.&nbsp;
+&ldquo;His,&rdquo; said Lord Charles, &ldquo;was the finest
+speech, and Sir David Dundas remarked to me, as Mr. White
+concluded, &lsquo;Why that is old Cobbett again <i>minus</i> his
+vulgarity.&rsquo;&rdquo;&nbsp; He became acquainted with a good
+many members during his stay at the House.&nbsp; New members
+sought his advice and initiation into its ways.&nbsp; Some of his
+friends were also mine.&nbsp; Amongst these were Sir John
+Trelawney and his gifted wife.&nbsp; Sir John belonged to the
+scholarly <a name="page35"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+35</span>Radical party, which included John Stuart Mill and
+Roebuck.&nbsp; The visits to Sir John and Lady Trelawney will
+never be forgotten, not so much because I was taught what to
+think about certain political questions, but because I was
+supplied with a standard by which all political questions were
+judged, and this standard was fixed by reason.&nbsp; Looking at
+the methods and the procedure of that little republic and at the
+anarchy of to-day, with no prospect of the renewal of allegiance
+to principles, my heart sinks.&nbsp; It was through one of the
+Russells, with whom my father was acquainted, that I was
+permitted with him to call on Carlyle, an event amongst the
+greatest in my life, and all the happier for me because I did not
+ask to go.</p>
+<p>What I am going to say now I hardly like to mention, because
+of its privacy, but it is so much to my father&rsquo;s honour <a
+name="page36"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 36</span>that I cannot
+omit it.&nbsp; Besides, almost everybody concerned is now
+dead.&nbsp; When he left Bedford he was considerably in debt,
+through the falling off in his bookselling business which I have
+just mentioned, caused mainly by his courageous
+partisanship.&nbsp; His official salary was not sufficient to
+keep him, and in order to increase it, he began to write for the
+newspapers.&nbsp; During the session this was very hard
+work.&nbsp; He could not leave the House till it rose, and was
+often not at home till two o&rsquo;clock in the morning or later,
+too tired to sleep.&nbsp; He was never able to see a single
+revise of what he wrote.&nbsp; In the end he paid his debts in
+full.</p>
+<p>My father was a perfectly honest man, and hated shiftiness
+even worse than downright lying.&nbsp; The only time he gave me a
+thrashing was for prevarication.&nbsp; He had a plain, but not a
+dull mind, and <a name="page37"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+37</span>loved poetry of a sublime cast, especially Milton.&nbsp;
+I can hear him even now repeat passages from the <i>Comus</i>,
+which was a special favourite.&nbsp; Elsewhere I have told how
+when he was young and stood at the composing desk in his printing
+office, he used to declaim Byron by heart.&nbsp; That a Puritan
+printer, one of the last men in the world to be carried away by a
+fashion, should be vanquished by Byron, is as genuine a testimony
+as any I know to the reality of his greatness.&nbsp; Up to 1849
+or thereabouts, my father in religion was Independent and
+Calvinist, the creed which, as he thought then, best suited
+him.&nbsp; But a change was at hand.&nbsp; His political opinions
+remained unaltered to his death, but in 1851 he had completed his
+discovery that the &ldquo;simple gospel&rdquo; which Calvinism
+preached was by no means simple, but remarkably abstruse.&nbsp;
+<a name="page38"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 38</span>It was the
+<i>Heroes and Hero Worship</i> and the <i>Sartor Resartus</i>
+which drew him away from the meeting-house.&nbsp; There is
+nothing in these two books directly hostile either to church or
+dissent, but they laid hold on him as no books had ever held, and
+the expansion they wrought in him could not possibly tolerate the
+limitations of orthodoxy.&nbsp; He was not converted to any other
+religion.&nbsp; He did not run for help to those who he knew
+could not give it.&nbsp; His portrait; erect,
+straightforward-looking, firmly standing, one foot a little in
+advance, helps me and decides me when I look at it.&nbsp; Of all
+types of humanity the one which he represents would be the most
+serviceable to the world at the present day.&nbsp; He was
+generous, open-hearted, and if he had a temper, a trifle
+explosive at times, nobody for whom he cared ever really suffered
+from it, and occasionally it did <a name="page39"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 39</span>him good service.&nbsp; The chief
+obituary notice of him declared with truth that he was the best
+public speaker Bedford ever had, and the committee of the
+well-known public library resolved unanimously &ldquo;That this
+institution records with regret the death of Mr. W. White,
+formerly and for many years an active and most valuable member of
+the committee, whose special and extensive knowledge of books was
+always at its service, and to whom the library is indebted for
+the acquisition of its most rare and valuable books.&rdquo;&nbsp;
+The first event in my own life is the attack by the mob upon our
+house, at the general election in 1832, to which I have
+referred.&nbsp; My cradle&mdash;as I have been told&mdash;had to
+be carried from the front bedroom into the back, so that my head
+might not be broken by the stones which smashed the windows.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/p38b.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"Mark Rutherford&rsquo;s Father"
+title=
+"Mark Rutherford&rsquo;s Father"
+src="images/p38s.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<p><a name="page40"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 40</span>The
+first thing I can really see is the coronation of Queen Victoria
+and a town&rsquo;s dinner in St. Paul&rsquo;s Square.&nbsp; About
+this time, or soon after, I was placed in a &ldquo;young
+ladies&rsquo;&rdquo; school.&nbsp; At the front door of this
+polite seminary I appeared one morning in a wheelbarrow.&nbsp; I
+had persuaded a shop boy to give me a lift.</p>
+<p>It was when I was about ten years old&mdash;surely it must
+have been very early on some cloudless summer morning&mdash;that
+Nurse Jane came to us.&nbsp; She was a faithful servant and a
+dear friend for many years&mdash;I cannot say how many.&nbsp;
+Till her death, not so long ago, I was always her &ldquo;dear
+boy&rdquo;.&nbsp; She was as familiar with me as if I were her
+own child.&nbsp; She left us when she married, but came back on
+her husband&rsquo;s death.&nbsp; Her father and mother lived in a
+little thatched cottage at Oakley.&nbsp; They were very poor, but
+her mother was <a name="page41"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+41</span>a Scotch girl, and knew how to make a little go a long
+way.&nbsp; Jane had not infrequent holidays, and she almost
+always took my sister and myself to spend them at Oakley.&nbsp;
+This was a delight as keen as any which could be given me.&nbsp;
+No entertainment, no special food was provided.&nbsp; As to
+entertainment there was just the escape to a freer life, to a
+room in which we cooked our food, ate it, and altogether lived
+during waking hours when we were indoors.&nbsp; Oh, for a house
+with this one room, a Homeric house!&nbsp; How much easier and
+how much more natural should we be if we watched the pot or
+peeled the potatoes as we talked, than it is now in a
+drawing-room, where we do not know what chair to choose amongst a
+dozen scattered about aimlessly; where there is no table to hide
+the legs or support the arms; a room which compels an
+uncomfortable <a name="page42"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+42</span>awkwardness, and forced conversation.&nbsp; Would it not
+be more sincere if a saucepan took part in it than it is now,
+when, in evening clothes, tea-cup in hand, we discuss the show at
+the Royal Academy, while a lady at the piano sings a song from
+<i>Aida</i>?</p>
+<p>As to the food at Oakley, it was certainly rough, and included
+dishes not often seen at home, but I liked it all the
+better.&nbsp; My mother was by no means democratic.&nbsp; In fact
+she had a slight weakness in favour of rank.&nbsp; Somehow or
+other she had managed to know some people who lived in a
+&ldquo;park&rdquo; about five or six miles from Bedford.&nbsp; It
+was called a &ldquo;park&rdquo;, but in reality it was a big
+garden, with a meadow beyond.&nbsp; However, and this was the
+great point, none of my mother&rsquo;s town friends were callers
+at the Park.&nbsp; But, notwithstanding her little affectations,
+<a name="page43"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 43</span>she was
+always glad to let us go to Oakley with Jane, not that she wanted
+to get rid of us, but because she loved her.&nbsp; Nothing but
+good did I get from my wholly unlearned nurse and Oakley.&nbsp;
+Never a coarse word, unbounded generosity, and an unreasoning
+spontaneity, which I do think one of the most blessed of virtues,
+suddenly making us glad when nothing is expected.&nbsp; A child
+knows, no one so well, whereabouts in the scale of goodness to
+place generosity.&nbsp; Nobody can estimate its true value so
+accurately.&nbsp; Keeping the Sabbath, no swearing, very right
+and proper, but generosity is first, although it is not in the
+Decalogue.&nbsp; There was not much in my nurse&rsquo;s cottage
+with which to prove her liberality, but a quart of damsons for my
+mother was enough.&nbsp; Going home from Oakley one
+summer&rsquo;s night I saw some magnificent apples in a window; I
+had <a name="page44"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 44</span>a
+penny in my pocket, and I asked how many I could have for that
+sum.&nbsp; &ldquo;Twenty.&rdquo;&nbsp; How we got them home I do
+not know.&nbsp; The price I dare say has gone up since that
+evening.&nbsp; Talking about damsons and apples, I call to mind a
+friend in Potter Street, whose name I am sorry to say I have
+forgotten.&nbsp; He was a miller, tall, thin, slightly stooping,
+wore a pepper-and-salt suit of clothes, and might have been about
+sixty years old when I was ten or twelve.&nbsp; He lived in an
+ancient house, the first floor of which overhung the street; the
+rooms were low-pitched and dark.&nbsp; How Bedford folk managed
+to sleep in them, windows all shut, is incomprehensible.&nbsp; At
+the back of the house was a royal garden stretching down to the
+lane which led to the mill.&nbsp; My memory especially dwells on
+the currants, strawberries, and gooseberries.&nbsp; When we went
+<a name="page45"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 45</span>to
+&ldquo;uncle&rsquo;s&rdquo;, as we called him, we were turned out
+unattended into the middle of the fruit beds if the fruit was
+ripe, and we could gather and eat what we liked.&nbsp; I am proud
+to say that this Potter Street gentleman, a nobleman if ever
+there was one, although not really an uncle, was in some way
+related to my father.</p>
+<p>The recollections of boyhood, so far as week-days go, are very
+happy.&nbsp; Sunday, however, was not happy.&nbsp; I was taken to
+a religious service, morning and evening, and understood
+nothing.&nbsp; The evening was particularly trying.&nbsp; The
+windows of the meeting-house streamed inside with condensed
+breath, and the air we took into our lungs was poisonous.&nbsp;
+Almost every Sunday some woman was carried out fainting.&nbsp; Do
+what I could it was impossible to keep awake.&nbsp; When I was
+quite little I was made to stand on the <a
+name="page46"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 46</span>seat, a
+spectacle, with other children in the like case, to the whole
+congregation, and I often nearly fell down, overcome with
+drowsiness.&nbsp; My weakness much troubled me, because, although
+it might not be a heinous sin, such as bathing on Sunday, it
+showed that I was not one of God&rsquo;s children, like Samuel,
+who ministered before the Lord girded with a linen ephod.&nbsp;
+Bathing on Sunday, as the river was always before me, was
+particularly prominent as a type of wickedness, and I read in
+some book for children, by a certain divine named Todd, how a
+wicked boy, bathing on the Sabbath, was drawn under a mill-wheel,
+was drowned, and went to hell.&nbsp; I wish I could find that
+book, for there was also in it a most conclusive argument
+intended for a child&rsquo;s mind against the doctrine,
+propounded by people called philosophers, that the world <a
+name="page47"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 47</span>was created
+by chance.&nbsp; The refutation was in the shape of a dream by a
+certain sage representing a world made by Chance and not by
+God.&nbsp; Unhappily all that I recollect of the remarkable
+universe thus produced is that the geese had hoofs, and
+&ldquo;clamped about like horses&rdquo;.&nbsp; Such was the awful
+consequence of creation by a No-God or nothing.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/p47b.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"The School, Bedford, as it was in 1831"
+title=
+"The School, Bedford, as it was in 1831"
+src="images/p47s.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<p>In 1841 or 1842&mdash;I forget exactly the date&mdash;I was
+sent to what is now the Modern School.&nbsp; My father would not
+let me go to the Grammar School, partly because he had such
+dreadful recollections of his treatment there, and partly because
+in those days the universities were closed to Dissenters.&nbsp;
+The Latin and Greek in the upper school were not good for much,
+but Latin in the lower school&mdash;Greek was not
+taught&mdash;consisted almost entirely in learning the Eton Latin
+grammar by heart, <a name="page48"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+48</span>and construing Cornelius Nepos.&nbsp; The boys in the
+lower school were a very rough set.&nbsp; About a dozen were
+better than the others, and kept themselves apart.</p>
+<p>The recollections of school are not interesting to me in any
+way, but it is altogether otherwise with playtime and
+holidays.&nbsp; School began at seven in the morning during half
+the year, but later in winter.&nbsp; At half-past eight or nine
+there was an interval of an hour for breakfast.&nbsp; It was over
+when I got home, and I had mine in the kitchen.&nbsp; It was
+dispatched in ten minutes, and my delight in cold weather then
+was to lie in front of the fire and read <i>Chambers&rsquo;
+Journal</i>.&nbsp; Blessings on the brothers Chambers for that
+magazine and for the <i>Miscellany</i>, which came later!&nbsp;
+Then there was Charles and Mary Lamb&rsquo;s <i>Tales of
+Ulysses</i>.&nbsp; It was on a top shelf in the shop, and I
+studied it whilst perched on the <a name="page49"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 49</span>shop ladder.&nbsp; Another memorable
+volume was a huge atlas-folio, which my sister and I called the
+Battle Book.&nbsp; It contained coloured prints, with
+descriptions of famous battles of the British Army.&nbsp; We used
+to lug it into the dining-room in the evening, and were never
+tired of looking at it.&nbsp; A little later I managed to make an
+electrical machine out of a wine bottle, and to produce sparks
+three-quarters of an inch long.&nbsp; I had learned the words
+&ldquo;positive&rdquo; and &ldquo;negative&rdquo;, and was
+satisfied with them as an explanation, although I had not the
+least notion what they meant, but I got together a few friends
+and gave them a demonstration on electricity.</p>
+<p>Never was there a town better suited to a boy than Bedford at
+that time for out-of-door amusements.&nbsp; It was not too
+big&mdash;its population was about 10,000&mdash;so <a
+name="page50"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 50</span>that the
+fields were then close at hand.&nbsp; The Ouse&mdash;immortal
+stream&mdash;runs through the middle of the High Street.&nbsp; To
+the east towards fenland, the country is flat, and the river is
+broad, slow, and deep.&nbsp; Towards the west it is quicker,
+involved, fold doubling almost completely on fold, so that it
+takes sixty miles to accomplish thirteen as the crow flies.&nbsp;
+Beginning at Kempston, and on towards Clapham, Oakley, Milton,
+Harrold, it is bordered by the gentlest of hills or rather
+undulations.&nbsp; At Bedford the navigation for barges stopped,
+and there were very few pleasure boats, one of which was
+mine.&nbsp; The water above the bridge was strictly preserved,
+and the fishing was good.&nbsp; My father could generally get
+leave for me, and more delightful days than those spent at
+Kempston Mill and Oakley Mill cannot be imagined.&nbsp; The
+morning generally began, <a name="page51"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 51</span>if I may be excused the bull, on the
+evening before, when we walked about four miles to bait a
+celebrated roach and bream hole.&nbsp; After I got home, and just
+as I was going to bed, I tied a long string round one toe, and
+threw the other end of the string out of window, so that it
+reached the ground, having bargained with a boy to pull this end,
+not too violently, at daybreak, about three-quarters of an hour
+before the time when the fish would begin to bite well.&nbsp; At
+noon we slept for a couple of hours on the bank.&nbsp; In the
+evening we had two hours more sport, and then marched back to
+town.&nbsp; Once, in order to make a short cut, we determined to
+swim the river, which, at the point where we were, was about
+sixty feet wide, deep, and what was of more consequence, bordered
+with weeds.&nbsp; We stripped, tied our clothes on the top of our
+heads and our boots to <a name="page52"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 52</span>one end of our fishing lines,
+carrying the other end with us.&nbsp; When we got across we
+pulled our boots through mud and water after us.&nbsp; Alas! to
+our grief we found we could not get them on, and we were obliged
+to walk without them.&nbsp; Swimming we had been taught by an old
+sailor, who gave lessons to the school, and at last I could pick
+up an egg from the bottom of the overfall, a depth of about ten
+feet.&nbsp; I have also been upset from my boat, and had to lie
+stark naked on the grass in the sun till my clothes were
+dry.&nbsp; Twice I have been nearly drowned, once when I wandered
+away from the swimming class, and once when I could swim
+well.&nbsp; This later peril is worth a word or two, and I may as
+well say them now.&nbsp; I was staying by the sea-side, and
+noticed as I was lying on the beach about a couple of hundred
+yards from the shore a small <a name="page53"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 53</span>vessel at anchor.&nbsp; I thought I
+should like to swim round her.&nbsp; I reached her without any
+difficulty, in perfect peace, luxuriously, I may say, and had
+just begun to turn when I was suddenly overtaken by a mad
+conviction that I should never get home.&nbsp; There was no real
+danger of failure of strength, but my heart began to beat
+furiously, the shore became dim, and I gave myself up for
+lost.&nbsp; &ldquo;This then is dying,&rdquo; I said to myself,
+but I also said&mdash;I remember how vividly&mdash;&ldquo;There
+shall be a struggle before I go down&mdash;one desperate
+effort&rdquo;&mdash;and I strove, in a way I cannot describe, to
+bring my will to bear directly on my terror.&nbsp; In an instant
+the horrible excitement was at an end, and <i>there was a great
+calm</i>.&nbsp; I stretched my limbs leisurely, rejoicing in the
+sea and the sunshine.&nbsp; This story is worth telling because
+it shows that a person with <a name="page54"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 54</span>tremulous nerves, such as mine, never
+ought to say that he has done all that he can do.&nbsp; Notice
+also it was not nature or passion which carried me through, but a
+conviction wrought by the reason.&nbsp; The next time I was in
+extremity victory was tenfold easier.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/p50b.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"Old Horne Lane, Bedford, in 1835"
+title=
+"Old Horne Lane, Bedford, in 1835"
+src="images/p50s.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<p>In the winter, fishing and boating and swimming gave way to
+skating.&nbsp; The meadows for miles were a great lake, and there
+was no need to take off skates in order to get past mills and
+weirs.&nbsp; The bare, flat Bedfordshire fields had also their
+pleasures.&nbsp; I had an old flint musket which I found in an
+outhouse.&nbsp; I loaded it with hard peas, and once killed a
+sparrow.&nbsp; The fieldfares, or felts, as we called them, were
+in flocks in winter, but with them I never succeeded.&nbsp; On
+the dark November Wednesday and Saturday afternoons, when there
+was not a breath of wind, and the fog <a name="page55"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 55</span>hung heavily over the brown, ploughed
+furrows, we gathered sticks, lighted a fire, and roasted
+potatoes.&nbsp; They were sweet as peaches.&nbsp; After dark we
+would &ldquo;go a bat-fowling&rdquo;, with lanterns, some of us
+on one side of the hedge and some on the other.&nbsp; I left
+school when I was between fourteen and fifteen, and then came the
+great event and the great blunder of my life, the mistake which
+well-nigh ruined it altogether.&nbsp; My mother&rsquo;s brother
+had a son about five years older than myself, who was being
+trained as an Independent minister.&nbsp; To him I owe
+much.&nbsp; It was he who introduced me to Goethe.&nbsp; Some
+time after he was ordained, he became heterodox, and was obliged
+to separate himself from the Independents to whom he
+belonged.&nbsp; My mother, as I have already said, was a little
+weak in her preference for people who did not stand <a
+name="page56"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 56</span>behind
+counters, and she desired equality with her sister-in-law.&nbsp;
+Besides, I can honestly declare that to her an Evangelical
+ministry was a sacred calling, and the thought that I might be
+the means of saving souls made her happy.&nbsp; Finally, it was
+not possible now to get a living in Bedford as a
+bookseller.&nbsp; The drawing class in the school was fairly
+good, and I believe I had profited by it.&nbsp; Anyhow, I loved
+drawing, and wished I might be an artist.&nbsp; The decision was
+against me, and I was handed over to a private tutor to prepare
+for the Countess of Huntingdon&rsquo;s College at Cheshunt, which
+admitted students other than those which belonged to the
+Connexion, provided their creed did not materially differ from
+that which governed the Connexion trusts.</p>
+<p>Before I went to college I had to be
+&ldquo;admitted&rdquo;.&nbsp; In most Dissenting communities <a
+name="page57"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 57</span>there is a
+singular ceremony called &ldquo;admission&rdquo;, through which
+members of the congregation have to pass before they become
+members of the church.&nbsp; It is a declaration that a certain
+change called conversion has taken place in the soul.&nbsp; Two
+deacons are appointed to examine the candidate privately, and
+their report is submitted to a church-meeting.&nbsp; If it is
+satisfactory, he is summoned before the whole church, and has to
+make a confession of his faith, and give an account of his
+spiritual history.&nbsp; As may be expected, it is very often
+inaccurately picturesque, and is framed after the model of the
+journey to Damascus.&nbsp; A sinner, for example, who swears at
+his pious wife, and threatens to beat her, is suddenly smitten
+with giddiness and awful pains.&nbsp; He throws himself on his
+knees before her, and thenceforward he is a <a
+name="page58"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+58</span>&ldquo;changed character&rdquo;.&nbsp; I had to tell the
+church that my experience had not been eventful.&nbsp; I was
+young, and had enjoyed the privilege of godly parents.</p>
+<p>What was conversion?&nbsp; It meant not only that the novice
+unhesitatingly avowed his belief in certain articles of faith,
+but it meant something much more, and much more difficult to
+explain.&nbsp; I was guilty of original sin, and also of sins
+actually committed.&nbsp; For these two classes of sin I deserved
+eternal punishment.&nbsp; Christ became my substitute, and His
+death was the payment for my transgression.&nbsp; I had to feel
+that His life and death were appropriated by me.&nbsp; This word
+&ldquo;appropriated&rdquo; is the most orthodox I can find, but
+it is almost unintelligible.&nbsp; I might perhaps say that I had
+to feel assured that I, personally, was in God&rsquo;s mind, and
+was included in the atonement.</p>
+<p><a name="page59"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 59</span>This
+creed had as evil consequences that it concentrated my thoughts
+upon myself, and made me of great importance.&nbsp; God had been
+anxious about me from all eternity, and had been scheming to save
+me.&nbsp; Another bad result was that I was satisfied I
+understood what I did not in the least understand.&nbsp; This is
+very near lying.&nbsp; I can see myself now&mdash;I was no more
+than seventeen&mdash;stepping out of our pew, standing in the
+aisle at the pew-door, and protesting to their content before the
+minister of the church, father and mother protesting also to my
+own complete content, that the witness of God in me to my own
+salvation was as clear as noonday.&nbsp; Poor little mortal, a
+twelvemonth out of round jackets, I did not in the least know who
+God was, or what was salvation.</p>
+<p>On entering the college I signed the Thirty-nine Articles,
+excepting two or three at <a name="page60"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 60</span>most; for the Countess, so far as her
+theology went, was always Anglican.&nbsp; One of her chaplains
+was William Romaine, the famous incumbent of St. Anne&rsquo;s,
+Blackfriars, who on his first Good Friday in that church
+administered to five hundred communicants.&nbsp; The book I was
+directed to study by the theological professor after admission,
+was a book on the Atonement, by somebody named Williams.&nbsp; He
+justified the election of a minority to heaven and a majority to
+hell on the ground that God owed us nothing, and being our Maker,
+might do with us what He pleased.&nbsp; This struck me as
+original, but I had forgotten that it is the doctrine of the
+Epistle to the Romans.&nbsp; It is almost incredible to me now,
+although I was hardly nineteen, that I should have accepted
+without question such a terrible invention, and the only approach
+to explanation I can give is that <a name="page61"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 61</span>all this belonged to a world totally
+disconnected from my own, and that I never thought of making real
+to myself anything which this supernatural world contained.</p>
+<p>The most important changes in life are not those of one belief
+for another, but of growth, in which nothing preceding is
+directly contradicted, but something unexpected nevertheless
+makes its appearance.&nbsp; On the bookshelf in our dining-room
+lay a volume of Wordsworth.&nbsp; One day, when I was about
+eighteen, I took it out, and fell upon the lines&mdash;</p>
+<blockquote><p>&ldquo;Knowing that Nature never did betray<br />
+The heart that loved her.&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>What they meant was not clear to me, but they were a signal of
+the approach of something which turned out to be of the greatest
+importance, and altered my history.</p>
+<p>It was a new capacity.&nbsp; There woke in <a
+name="page62"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 62</span>me an aptness
+for the love of natural beauty, a possibility of being excited to
+enthusiasm by it, and of deriving a secret joy from it
+sufficiently strong to make me careless of the world and its
+pleasures.&nbsp; Another effect which Wordsworth had upon me, and
+has had on other people, was the modification, altogether
+unintentional on his part, of religious belief.&nbsp; He never
+dreams of attacking anybody for his creed, and yet it often
+becomes impossible for those who study him and care for him to be
+members of any orthodox religious community.&nbsp; At any rate it
+would have been impossible in the town of Bedford.&nbsp; His
+poems imply a living God, different from the artificial God of
+the churches.&nbsp; The revolution wrought by him goes far
+deeper, and is far more permanent than any which is the work of
+Biblical critics, and it was Wordsworth and not German <a
+name="page63"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 63</span>research
+which caused my expulsion from New College, of which a page or
+two further on.&nbsp; For some time I had no thought of heresy,
+but the seed was there, and was alive just as much as the
+seed-corn is alive all the time it lies in the earth apparently
+dead.</p>
+<p>I have nothing particular to record of Cheshunt, the secluded
+Hertfordshire village, where the Countess of Huntingdon&rsquo;s
+College then was.&nbsp; It stood in a delightful little half
+park, half garden, through which ran the New River: the country
+round was quiet, and not then suburban, but here and there was a
+large handsome Georgian house.&nbsp; I learnt nothing at
+Cheshunt, and did not make a single friend.</p>
+<p>In 1851 or 1852 I was transferred, with two other students, to
+New College, St. John&rsquo;s Wood.&nbsp; On February 3, 1852,
+the <a name="page64"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+64</span>Principal examined our theological class on an inaugural
+lecture delivered at the opening of the college.&nbsp; The
+subject of the lecture was the inspiration of the Bible.&nbsp;
+The two students before mentioned were members of this class, and
+asked some questions about the formation of the canon and the
+authenticity of the separate books.&nbsp; They were immediately
+stopped by the Principal in summary style.&nbsp; &ldquo;I must
+inform you that this is not an open question within these
+walls.&nbsp; There is a great body of truth received as orthodoxy
+by the great majority of Christians, the explanation of which is
+one thing, but to doubt it is another, and the foundation must
+not be questioned.&rdquo;&nbsp; How well I recollect the face of
+the Principal!&nbsp; He looked like a man who would write an
+invitation to afternoon tea &ldquo;within these
+walls&rdquo;.&nbsp; He consulted the <a name="page65"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 65</span>senate, and the senate consulted the
+council, which consisted of the senate and some well-known
+ministers.&nbsp; We were ordered to be present at a special
+council meeting, and each one was called up separately before it
+and catechized.&nbsp; Here are two or three of the questions,
+put, it will be remembered, without notice, to a youth a little
+over twenty, confronted by a number of solemn divines in white
+neckerchiefs.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Will you explain the mode in which you conceive the
+sacred writers to have been influenced?&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Do you believe a statement because it is in the Bible,
+or merely because it is true?&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;You are aware that there are two great parties on this
+question, one of which maintains that the inspiration of the
+Scriptures differs in kind from that <a name="page66"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 66</span>of other books: the other that the
+difference is one only of degree.&nbsp; To which of these parties
+do you attach yourself?&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Are you conscious of any divergence from the views
+expounded by the Principal in this introductory
+lecture?&rdquo;</p>
+<p>At a meeting of the council, on the 13th February, 1852, it
+was resolved that our opinions were &ldquo;incompatible&rdquo;
+with the &ldquo;retention of our position as
+students&rdquo;.&nbsp; This resolution was sent to us with
+another to the effect that at the next meeting of the council
+&ldquo;such measures&rdquo; would be taken &ldquo;as may be
+thought advisable&rdquo;.&nbsp; At this meeting my father,
+together with the father of one of my colleagues attended, and
+asked that our moral character should be placed above suspicion;
+that the opinions for which we had been condemned should be
+explicitly stated, and <a name="page67"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 67</span>that we should be furnished with a
+copy of the creed by which we were judged.&nbsp; The next step on
+the part of the council was the appointment of a committee to
+interview us, and &ldquo;prevent the possibility of a
+misapprehension of our views&rdquo;.&nbsp; We attended, underwent
+examination once more, and once more repeated the three
+requests.&nbsp; No notice was taken of them, but on 3rd March we
+were asked if we would withdraw from the college for three months
+in order that we might &ldquo;reconsider our opinions&rdquo;, so
+that possibly we might &ldquo;be led by Divine guidance to such
+views as would be compatible with the retention of our present
+position&rdquo;.&nbsp; Idiomatic English was clearly not a strong
+point with the council.&nbsp; Of course we refused.&nbsp; If we
+had consented it might have been reasonably concluded that we had
+taken very little trouble with our <a name="page68"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 68</span>&ldquo;views&rdquo;.&nbsp; Again we
+asked for compliance with our requests, but the only answer we
+got was that our &ldquo;connexion with New College must
+cease&rdquo;, and that with regard to the three requests, the
+council &ldquo;having duly weighed them, consider that they have
+already sufficiently complied with them&rdquo;.</p>
+<p>It is not now my purpose to discuss the doctrine of Biblical
+Inspiration.&nbsp; It has gone the way of many other theological
+dogmas.&nbsp; It has not been settled by a yea or nay, but by
+indifference, and because yea or nay are both inapplicable.&nbsp;
+The manner in which the trial was conducted was certainly
+singular, and is worth a word or two.&nbsp; The Holy Office was
+never more scandalously indifferent to any pretence of justice or
+legality in its proceedings.&nbsp; We were not told what was the
+charge against us, nor what were the <a name="page69"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 69</span>terms of the trust deed of the
+college, if such a document existed; neither were we informed
+what was the meaning of the indictment, and yet the council must
+have been aware that nothing less than our ruin would probably be
+the result of our condemnation.</p>
+<p>My father wrote and published a defence of us, entitled <i>To
+Think or not to Think</i>, with two noble mottoes, one from
+Milton&rsquo;s <i>Areopagitica</i> and the other some lines from
+<i>In Memoriam</i>, which was read in those days by people who
+were not sentimental fools, and who, strange to say, got out of
+it something solid which was worth having.&nbsp; The days may
+return when something worth having will be got out of it
+again.&nbsp; To the question, &ldquo;Will you explain the mode in
+which you conceive the sacred writers to have been
+influenced?&rdquo; my father replied&mdash;&ldquo;Rather a
+profound question, <a name="page70"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+70</span>that.&nbsp; A profounder, I venture to say, never
+agitated the mind of a German metaphysician.&nbsp; If the query
+had been put to me, I should have taken the liberty to question
+the questioner thus: &lsquo;Can you explain to me the growth of a
+tree?&nbsp; Can you explain how the will of man influences the
+material muscles?&mdash;In fact the universe is full of forces or
+influences.&nbsp; Can you trace whence it came and how it
+came?&nbsp; Can&rsquo;st thou by searching find out God?&nbsp;
+Can&rsquo;st thou find out the Almighty unto perfection?&mdash;it
+is high as heaven; what can&rsquo;st thou do? deeper than hell;
+what can&rsquo;st thou know?&rsquo;&rdquo;&nbsp; To the
+council&rsquo;s inquiry whether we believed a statement because
+it was in the Bible or because it was true, my father replied
+partly with a quotation from the celebrated Platonist divine,
+John Smith, of <a name="page71"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+71</span>Cambridge&mdash;&ldquo;All that knowledge which is
+separate from an inward acquaintance with virtue and goodness is
+of a far different nature from that which ariseth out of a living
+sense of them which is the best discerner thereof, and by which
+alone we know the true perfection, sweetness, energy, and
+loveliness of them, and all that which is
+&omicron;&#8020;&tau;&epsilon; &#8165;&eta;&tau;&#972;&nu;,
+&omicron;&#8020;&tau;&epsilon; y&rho;&alpha;&pi;&tau;&#972;&nu;,
+that which can no more be known by a naked demonstration than
+colours can be perceived of a blind man by any definition or
+description which he can hear of them.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>This pamphlet was written in 1852, three years after I entered
+Cheshunt College, when my father declared to me that &ldquo;a
+moderate Calvinism suited him best&rdquo;.&nbsp; In 1852 he was
+forty-five years old.&nbsp; He had not hardened: he was alive,
+rejecting what was dead, laying hold of <a
+name="page72"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 72</span>what was true
+to him, and living by it.&nbsp; Nor was the change hurried or
+ill-considered which took place in him between 1849 and
+1852.&nbsp; What he became in 1852 he was substantially to the
+end of his days.</p>
+<p>The expulsion excited some notice in the world then, although,
+as I have said, the controversy was without much
+significance.&nbsp; The &ldquo;views&rdquo; of Dr. Harris and the
+rest of the council were already condemned.&nbsp; Here are some
+letters, not before printed, from Maurice and Kingsley on the
+case.&nbsp; The closing paragraph of Maurice&rsquo;s letter is
+remarkable because in about a twelvemonth he himself was expelled
+from King&rsquo;s College.</p>
+<blockquote><p>&ldquo;<span class="smcap">My dear Sir</span>,</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I beg to thank you for your very able and interesting
+pamphlet.&nbsp; I know <a name="page73"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 73</span>one of the expelled students, and
+have every reason to think highly of his earnestness and
+truthfulness.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I feel a delicacy in pronouncing any judgement upon the
+conduct of the Heads of the College, as I belong to another, and
+I might seem to be biased by feelings of Sectarianism and of
+rivalship.&nbsp; But there are many of your thoughts by which we
+may all equally profit, and which I hope to lay to heart in case
+I should be brought into circumstances like those of the judges
+or of the criminals.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">&ldquo;Faithfully yrs,</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">&ldquo;F. D. <span
+class="smcap">Maurice</span>.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;<i>July</i> 27, 1852.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp; 21 Queen&rsquo;s Square,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bloomsbury.&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: right"><a
+name="page74"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 74</span>&ldquo;<span
+class="smcap">Eversley</span>.&nbsp; <i>Saturday</i>.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;<span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your very clever
+and well-written pamphlet, which I have read with no surprise but
+with most painful interest; and I beg to thank you for the
+compliment implied in your sending it to me.&nbsp; Your son ought
+to thank God for having a father who will stand by him in trouble
+so manfully and wisely: and as you say, this may be of the very
+greatest benefit to him: but it may also do him much harm, if it
+makes him fancy that such men as have expelled him are the real
+supporters of the Canon and inspiration of Scripture, and of
+Orthodoxy in general.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I said that I read your pamphlet without
+surprise.&nbsp; I must explain my words.&nbsp; This is only one
+symptom of a great and <a name="page75"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 75</span>growing movement, which must end in
+the absolute destruction of &lsquo;Orthodox dissent&rsquo; among
+the educated classes, and leave the lower, if unchecked, to
+&ldquo;Mormonism, Popery, and every kind of
+Fet&icirc;che-worship.&nbsp; The Unitarians have first felt the
+tide-wave: but all other sects will follow; and after them will
+follow members of the Established Church in proportion as they
+have been believing, not in the Catholic and Apostolic Faith, as
+it is in the Bible, but in some compound or other of Calvinist
+doctrine with Rabbinical theories of magical inspiration, such as
+are to be found in Gaussen&rsquo;s <i>Theopneustic</i>&mdash;a
+work of which I cannot speak in terms of sufficient abhorrence,
+however well meaning the writer may have been.&nbsp; Onward to
+Strauss, <i>Transcendentalism</i>&mdash;and Mr. John
+Chapman&rsquo;s <i>Catholic Series</i> is the <a
+name="page76"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 76</span>appointed
+path, and God help them!&mdash;I speak as one who has been
+through, already, much which I see with the deepest sympathy
+perplexing others round me; and you write as a man who has had
+the same experience.&nbsp; Whether or not we agree in our
+conclusions at present, you will forgive me for saying, that
+every week shows me more and more that the &lsquo;Orthodox
+Catholic and Apostolic Faith&rsquo;, so far from being
+incompatible with the most daring science, both physical,
+metaphysical, and philological, or with the most extended notions
+of inspiration, or with continual inrushes of new light from
+above, assumes them, asserts them, and cannot be kept Catholic,
+or true to itself, without the fullest submission to them.&nbsp;
+I speak as a heartily orthodox priest of the Church of England;
+you will excuse <a name="page77"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+77</span>my putting my thoughts in a general and abstract form in
+so short a letter.&nbsp; But if your son&mdash;(I will not say
+you&mdash;for your age must be, and your acquirements evidently
+are&mdash;greater than my own) if your son would like to write to
+me about these matters, I do believe before God, who sees me
+write, that as one who has been through what he has, and more, I
+may have something to tell him, or at least to set him thinking
+over.&nbsp; I speak frankly.&nbsp; If I am taking a liberty, you
+will pardon the act for the sake of the motive.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">&ldquo;I am, dear Sir,</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">&ldquo;Your obedient and faithful
+servant,<br />
+C. <span class="smcap">Kingsley</span>.&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>It would be a mistake to suppose that the creed in which I had
+been brought up was or could be for ever cast away like <a
+name="page78"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 78</span>an old
+garment.&nbsp; The beliefs of childhood and youth cannot be thus
+dismissed.&nbsp; I know that in after years I found that in a way
+they revived under new forms, and that I sympathized more with
+the Calvinistic Independency of the sixteenth and seventeenth
+centuries than with the modern Christianity of church or
+chapel.&nbsp; At first, after the abandonment of orthodoxy, I
+naturally thought nothing in the old religion worth retaining,
+but this temper did not last long.&nbsp; Many mistakes may be
+pardoned in Puritanism in view of the earnestness with which it
+insists on the distinction between right and wrong.&nbsp; This is
+vital.&nbsp; In modern religion the path is flowery.&nbsp; The
+absence of difficulty is a sure sign that no good is being
+done.&nbsp; How far we are from the strait gate, from the way
+that is narrow which leadeth unto life, the way which is found
+only by <a name="page79"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+79</span>few!&nbsp; The great doctrines of Puritanism are also
+much nearer to the facts of actual experience than we
+suppose.</p>
+<p>After the expulsion I was adrift, knowing no craft, belonging
+to no religious body, and without social or political
+interest.&nbsp; I engaged myself to a schoolmaster.&nbsp; The
+story of my very brief stay with him has been elsewhere told with
+some variation, but I may as well relate it here so as to make my
+little history complete.&nbsp; The school was somewhere in Stoke
+Newington.&nbsp; I got there in the evening when it was quite
+dark.&nbsp; After a word or two with my chief I was shown into a
+large school-room.&nbsp; Two candles were placed on a raised
+desk, and this was all the light permitted for the illumination
+of the great empty space round me.&nbsp; The walls were hung with
+maps, and the place of honour on the end wall was occupied by a
+huge <a name="page80"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+80</span>drawing of the globe, in perspective, carefully
+coloured.&nbsp; This masterpiece was the work of the proprietor,
+an example of the precious learning which might be acquired at
+his &ldquo;establishment&rdquo;.&nbsp; After I had sat down for a
+few minutes a servant brought me my supper, placed it on a desk,
+and showed me my bedroom.&nbsp; I ate my meal, and after some
+time, as nobody came to see me, I thought I had better go to
+bed.&nbsp; I had to ascend a ladder, which I pulled up after
+me.&nbsp; When I had shut the door I looked out of window.&nbsp;
+Before me lay London and the dull glare of its lights.&nbsp;
+There was no distinct noise perceptible; but a deadened roar came
+up to me.&nbsp; Over in the south-west was the house of the
+friend I had left, always a warm home for me when I was in
+town.&nbsp; Then there fell upon me what was the beginning of a
+trouble which has lasted all my life.&nbsp; <a
+name="page81"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 81</span>The next
+afternoon I went to the proprietor and told him I could not
+stay.&nbsp; He was greatly amazed, and still more so because I
+could give him no reason for leaving.&nbsp; He protested very
+reasonably that I could not break my engagement at the beginning
+of term, but he gave me permission to look for a
+substitute.&nbsp; I found a Scotch graduate who, like myself, had
+been accused of heresy, and had nothing to do.&nbsp; He came the
+same day, and I went back to &mdash; Terrace, somewhere out by
+Haverstock Hill.&nbsp; I forget its name; it was a dull row of
+stuccoed ugliness.&nbsp; But to me that day Grasmere, the
+Quantocks, or the Cornish sea-coast would have been nothing
+compared with that stucco line.&nbsp; When I knocked at the door
+the horrible choking fog had rolled away: I rushed inside; there
+was a hearty embrace, and the sun shone gloriously.&nbsp; Still,
+I had nothing to do.</p>
+<p><a name="page82"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 82</span>At this
+point I had intended to stop.&nbsp; A good part of my life
+henceforward has appeared under disguise in one of my books, but
+I think on reconsideration it will be better to record here also
+what little remains to be told about myself, and to narrate it as
+history.&nbsp; I called on several publishers and asked for
+employment, but could get none till I came to John Chapman,
+editor and proprietor of the <i>Westminster Review</i>, as well
+as publisher, mainly of books which were theologically heretical,
+and, I am sorry to say, did not pay.&nbsp; He lived at 142
+Strand.</p>
+<p>As the New College council had tested my orthodoxy, so Chapman
+tested my heresy and found that I was fit for the propagandist
+work in No. 142 and for its society.&nbsp; He asked me if I
+believed in miracles.&nbsp; I said &ldquo;Yes and
+no&rdquo;.&nbsp; I did not believe that an actual Curtius leaped
+<a name="page83"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 83</span>into the
+gulf in the Forum and saved Rome, but I did believe in the
+spiritual truth set forth in the legend.&nbsp; This reply was
+allowed to pass, although my scepticism would have been more
+satisfactory and more useful if it had been a little more
+thorough.</p>
+<p>I was soon taken off the <i>Westminster</i>, and my occupation
+now was to write Chapman&rsquo;s letters, to keep his accounts,
+and, most disagreeable, to &ldquo;subscribe&rdquo; his
+publications, that is to say, to call on booksellers and ask how
+many copies they would take.&nbsp; Of George Eliot, who lodged at
+No. 142, I have often spoken, and have nothing to add.&nbsp; It
+is a lasting sorrow to me that I allowed my friendship with her
+to drop, and that after I left Chapman I never called on
+her.&nbsp; She was then unknown, except to a few friends, but I
+did know what she was worth.&nbsp; I knew that she was not only
+endowed with <a name="page84"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+84</span>extraordinary genius, but with human qualities even more
+precious.&nbsp; She took the kindest notice of me, an awkward
+creature not accustomed to society.&nbsp; It is sad that youth
+should be so confident in its own resources that it will not
+close its hand upon the treasure which is placed inside it.&nbsp;
+It was not only George Eliot by whom I neglected to profit.&nbsp;
+I might have seen Rachel.&nbsp; I recollect the evening, and I
+believe I was offered a ticket.&nbsp; It was not worth while to
+walk a couple of hundred yards to enrich myself for ever!&nbsp; I
+knew intimate friends of Caroline Fox, but I made no effort to
+become acquainted with her.&nbsp; What a difference it would make
+to me now, living so much in the past, if Penjerrick, with a
+dream of its lawn sloping southward and seaward, and its society
+of all the most interesting people in England, should be amongst
+my possessions, <a name="page85"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+85</span>thrusting out and replacing much that is ugly,
+monotonous, and depressing.&nbsp; I would earnestly, so
+earnestly, implore every boy and girl religiously to grasp their
+chances.&nbsp; Lay up for yourselves treasure in heaven.</p>
+<p>There was one opportunity, however, I did not miss, and this
+was Caleb Morris.&nbsp; About him also I have written, but for
+the sake of continuity I will repeat some of it.&nbsp; He had
+singular influence, not only over me, but over nearly every young
+man whom he met.&nbsp; He was originally an Independent minister
+in Wales, where the people are mostly Dissenters, but he came to
+London when he had not passed middle life, and took charge of the
+church in Fetter Lane.&nbsp; He was tall, broad-shouldered,
+handsome, erect, but was partly disabled by a strangely nervous
+temperament which, with an obscure bodily <a
+name="page86"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 86</span>trouble,
+frequently prevented him from keeping his engagements.&nbsp;
+Often and often messengers had to be dispatched late on Sunday
+morning to find a substitute for him at Fetter Lane, and people
+used to wait in the portico of the chapel until the service had
+well begun, and then peep through the door to see who was in the
+pulpit.&nbsp; He was the most eloquent speaker I ever
+heard.&nbsp; I never shall forget his picture of the father, in
+the parable of the prodigal son, watching for his child&rsquo;s
+return, all his thoughts swallowed up in one&mdash;<i>Will he
+come back to-day</i>?&nbsp; When he did come&mdash;no word of
+rebuke.&nbsp; The hardest thing in the world is to be completely
+generous in forgiveness.&nbsp; The most magnanimous of men cannot
+resist the temptation&mdash;<i>but at the same time you must
+see</i>, <i>my dearest</i>, <i>don&rsquo;t you</i>?&nbsp; Almost
+equally difficult, but not quite, is the <a
+name="page87"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 87</span>simple
+confession without an extenuating word, <i>I have sinned against
+Heaven</i>.&nbsp; The father does not hear.&nbsp; <i>Bring forth
+the best robe and put it on him</i>, <i>and put a ring on his
+hand and shoes on his feet</i>.&nbsp; A ring on his hand!&nbsp;
+Shoes on his feet we can understand, but there is to be a ring,
+honour, ennoblement! . . . The first movement of repentance
+was&mdash;<i>I will arise and go to my father</i>.&nbsp; The
+omissions in Morris&rsquo;s comment were striking.&nbsp; There
+was no word of the orthodox machinery of forgiveness.&nbsp; It
+was through Morris that the Bible became what it always has been
+to me.&nbsp; It has not solved directly any of the great problems
+which disturb my peace, and Morris seldom touched them
+controversially, but he uncovered such a wealth of wonder and
+beauty in it that the problems were forgotten.</p>
+<p>Lord Bacon was Morris&rsquo;s hero, both for <a
+name="page88"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 88</span>his method
+and his personal character.&nbsp; These were the days before the
+researches of Spedding, when Bacon was supposed to be a mass of
+those impossible paradoxes in which Macaulay delighted.&nbsp; To
+Morris, Bacon&rsquo;s <i>Submission</i> and his renunciation of
+all defence were sufficient.&nbsp; With what pathos he repeated
+Bacon&rsquo;s words when the Lords asked him whether the
+subscription to the <i>Submission</i> was in his own hand.&nbsp;
+&ldquo;My Lords, it is my act, my hand, my heart.&nbsp; I beseech
+your Lordships, be merciful to a broken reed.&rdquo;</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/p88b.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"Portrait of Mark Rutherford at the age of twenty-four"
+title=
+"Portrait of Mark Rutherford at the age of twenty-four"
+src="images/p88s.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<p>There is nothing more to be said about Chapman&rsquo;s.&nbsp;
+I left after an offer of partnership, which, it is needless to
+say, I did not accept.&nbsp; Mr. Whitbread obtained for me a
+clerkship in the Registrar-General&rsquo;s office, Somerset
+House.&nbsp; I was there two or three years, and was then
+transferred to the Admiralty.&nbsp; Meanwhile I had married.</p>
+<p><a name="page89"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 89</span>The
+greater part of my life has been passed in what it is now usual
+to contemn as the Victorian age.&nbsp; Whatever may be the
+justice of the scorn poured out upon it by the superior persons
+of the present generation, this Victorian age was distinguished
+by an enthusiasm which can only be compared to a religious
+revival.&nbsp; <i>Maud</i> was read at six in the morning as I
+walked along Holborn; <i>Pippa Passes</i> late at night in my
+dark little room in Serle Street, although of course it was a
+long while after the poem made its appearance.&nbsp;
+Wonderful!&nbsp; What did I see as I stood at my desk in my Serle
+Street bedroom?</p>
+<blockquote><p>&ldquo;Day!<br />
+Faster and more fast,<br />
+O&rsquo;er night&rsquo;s brim, day boils at last;<br />
+Boils, pure gold, o&rsquo;er the cloud-cup&rsquo;s brim<br />
+Where spurting and suppresst it lay&mdash;&rdquo;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>There on the horizon lies the cloud cup.&nbsp; <a
+name="page90"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 90</span>Over the brim
+boils, pure gold, the day!&nbsp; The day which is before me is
+Pippa&rsquo;s day, and not a day in the Strand: it is a
+&ldquo;twelve-hours treasure&rdquo;: I am as eager as Pippa
+&ldquo;not to squander a wavelet of thee&rdquo;.&nbsp; The vision
+still lives.&nbsp; The friend who stood by my side is still with
+me, although he died years and years ago.&nbsp; What was true of
+me was true of half a score of my friends.&nbsp; If it is true
+that the Victorian time was ugly and vulgar, it was the time of
+the <i>Virginians</i>, of <i>David Copperfield</i>, of
+Tennyson&rsquo;s <i>Poems</i>, of Cromwell&rsquo;s <i>Letters and
+Speeches</i>, of the <i>Letters and Life of Lord Bacon</i>, of
+Emerson&rsquo;s <i>Essays</i>, of <i>Festus</i>, of the
+<i>Dramatis Person&aelig;</i>, and of the <i>Apologia</i>.&nbsp;
+We were at the Academy at eight o&rsquo;clock on a May morning to
+see, at the very earliest moment, the Ophelia, the Order for
+Release, the Claudio and Isabella, Seddon&rsquo;s Jerusalem,
+Lewis&rsquo;s <a name="page91"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+91</span>Arab Scribe and his Frank Encampment in the
+Desert.&nbsp; The last two, though, I think, were in the
+exhibition of the Old Water Colour Society.&nbsp; The excitement
+of those years between 1848 and 1890 was, as I have said,
+something like that of a religious revival, but it was
+reasonable.</p>
+<p>These notes are not written for publication, but to please two
+or three persons related to me by affection.</p>
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EARLY LIFE OF MARK RUTHERFORD***</p>
+<pre>
+
+
+***** This file should be named 7379-h.htm or 7379-h.zip******
+
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/7/3/7/7379
+
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
+  www.gutenberg.org/license.
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at 809
+North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887.  Email
+contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the
+Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit:  www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For forty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+</pre></body>
+</html>
diff --git a/7379-h/images/fpb.jpg b/7379-h/images/fpb.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75bb57a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7379-h/images/fpb.jpg
diff --git a/7379-h/images/fps.jpg b/7379-h/images/fps.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7043f44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7379-h/images/fps.jpg
diff --git a/7379-h/images/p13b.jpg b/7379-h/images/p13b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2adb666
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7379-h/images/p13b.jpg
diff --git a/7379-h/images/p13s.jpg b/7379-h/images/p13s.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1cfaa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7379-h/images/p13s.jpg
diff --git a/7379-h/images/p14b.jpg b/7379-h/images/p14b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9ea96b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7379-h/images/p14b.jpg
diff --git a/7379-h/images/p14s.jpg b/7379-h/images/p14s.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42773a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7379-h/images/p14s.jpg
diff --git a/7379-h/images/p16b.jpg b/7379-h/images/p16b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6116ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7379-h/images/p16b.jpg
diff --git a/7379-h/images/p16s.jpg b/7379-h/images/p16s.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..771b678
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7379-h/images/p16s.jpg
diff --git a/7379-h/images/p38b.jpg b/7379-h/images/p38b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..04e7281
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7379-h/images/p38b.jpg
diff --git a/7379-h/images/p38s.jpg b/7379-h/images/p38s.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3de29f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7379-h/images/p38s.jpg
diff --git a/7379-h/images/p47b.jpg b/7379-h/images/p47b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2278782
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7379-h/images/p47b.jpg
diff --git a/7379-h/images/p47s.jpg b/7379-h/images/p47s.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed50681
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7379-h/images/p47s.jpg
diff --git a/7379-h/images/p50b.jpg b/7379-h/images/p50b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6502c31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7379-h/images/p50b.jpg
diff --git a/7379-h/images/p50s.jpg b/7379-h/images/p50s.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e194a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7379-h/images/p50s.jpg
diff --git a/7379-h/images/p88b.jpg b/7379-h/images/p88b.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad3e9c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7379-h/images/p88b.jpg
diff --git a/7379-h/images/p88s.jpg b/7379-h/images/p88s.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0228e14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7379-h/images/p88s.jpg
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a5ab82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #7379 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7379)
diff --git a/old/emrt10.txt b/old/emrt10.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f25b303
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/emrt10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1603 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Early Life of Mark Rutherford
+by Mark Rutherford
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the
+copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing
+this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook.
+
+This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project
+Gutenberg file.  Please do not remove it.  Do not change or edit the
+header without written permission.
+
+Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the
+eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file.  Included is
+important information about your specific rights and restrictions in
+how the file may be used.  You can also find out about how to make a
+donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved.
+
+
+**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts**
+
+**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971**
+
+*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****
+
+
+Title: The Early Life of Mark Rutherford
+
+Author: Mark Rutherford
+
+Release Date: January, 2005  [EBook #7379]
+[This file was first posted on April 22, 2003]
+
+Edition: 10
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE EARLY LIFE OF MARK RUTHERFORD ***
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcribed from the 1913 edition by David Price,
+email ccx074@coventry.ac.uk
+
+
+
+
+THE EARLY LIFE OF MARK RUTHERFORD
+
+
+
+
+Autobiographical Notes
+
+
+
+I have been asked at 78 years old to set down what I remember of my
+early life.  A good deal of it has been told before under a semi-
+transparent disguise, with much added which is entirely fictitious.
+What I now set down is fact.
+
+I was born in Bedford High Street, on December 22, 1831.  I had two
+sisters and a brother, besides an elder sister who died in infancy.
+My brother, a painter of much promise, died young.  Ruskin and
+Rossetti thought much of him.  He was altogether unlike the rest of
+us, in face, in temper, and in quality of mind.  He was very
+passionate, and at times beyond control.  None of us understood how
+to manage him.  What would I not give to have my time with him over
+again!  Two letters to my father about him are copied below:
+
+
+(185-)
+
+"My DEAR SIR,
+
+"I am much vexed with myself for not having written this letter
+sooner.  There were several things I wanted to say respecting the
+need of perseverance in painting as well as in other businesses,
+which it would take me too long to say in the time I have at
+command--so I must just answer the main question.  Your son has very
+singular gifts for painting.  I think the work he has done at the
+College nearly the most promising of any that has yet been done
+there, and I sincerely trust the apparent want of perseverance has
+hitherto been only the disgust of a creature of strong instincts who
+has not got into its own element--he seems to me a fine fellow--and
+I hope you will be very proud of him some day--but I very seriously
+think you must let him have his bent in this matter--and then--if he
+does not work steadily--take him to task to purpose.  I think the
+whole gist of education is to let the boy take his own shape and
+element--and then to help--discipline and urge him IN that, but not
+to force him on work entirely painful to him.
+
+"Very truly yours,
+(Signed) "J. RUSKIN."
+
+
+"NATIONAL GALLERY, 3rd April.
+
+"MY DEAR SIR, (185-)
+
+"Do not send your son to Mr. Leigh:  his school is wholly
+inefficient.  Your son should go through the usual course of
+instruction given at the Royal Academy, which, with a good deal that
+is wrong, gives something that is necessary and right, and which
+cannot be otherwise obtained.  Mr. Rossetti and I will take care--
+(in fact your son's judgement is I believe formed enough to enable
+him to take care himself) that he gets no mistaken bias in those
+schools.  A 'studio' is not necessary for him--but a little room
+with a cupboard in it, and a chair--and nothing else--IS.  I am very
+sanguine respecting him, I like both his face and his work.
+
+"Thank you for telling me that about my books.  I am happy in seeing
+much more of the springing of the green than most sowers of seed are
+allowed to see, until very late in their lives--but it is always a
+great help to me to hear of any, for I never write with pleasure to
+myself, nor with purpose of getting praise to myself.  I hate
+writing, and know that what I do does not deserve high praise, as
+literature; but I write to tell truths which I can't help crying out
+about, and I DO enjoy being believed and being of use.
+
+"Very faithfully yours,
+(Signed) J. RUSKIN.
+W. White, Esq."
+
+
+My mother, whose maiden name was Chignell, came from Colchester.
+What her father and mother were I never heard.  I will say all I
+have to say about Colchester, and then go back to my native town.
+My maternal grandmother was a little, round, old lady, with a ruddy,
+healthy tinge on her face.  She lived in Queen Street in a house
+dated 1619 over the doorway.  There was a pleasant garden at the
+back, and the scent of a privet hedge in it has never to this day
+left me.  In one of the rooms was a spinet.  The strings were struck
+with quills, and gave a thin, twangling, or rather twingling sound.
+In that house I was taught by a stupid servant to be frightened at
+gipsies.  She threatened me with them after I was in bed.  My
+grandmother was a most pious woman.  Every morning and night we had
+family prayer.  It was difficult for her to stoop, but she always
+took the great quarto book of Devotions off the table and laid it on
+a chair, put on her spectacles, and went through the portion for the
+day.  I had an uncle who was also pious, but sleepy.  One night he
+stopped dead in the middle of his prayer.  I was present and awake.
+I was much frightened, but my aunt, who was praying by his side,
+poked him, and he went on all right.
+
+We children were taken to Colchester every summer by my mother, and
+we generally spent half our holiday at Walton-on-the-Naze, then a
+fishing village with only four or five houses in it besides a few
+cottages.  No living creature could be more excitedly joyous than I
+was when I journeyed to Walton in the tilted carrier's cart.  How I
+envied the carrier!  Happy man!  All the year round he went to the
+seaside three times a week!
+
+I had an aunt in Colchester, a woman of singular originality, which
+none of her neighbours could interpret, and consequently they
+misliked it, and ventured upon distant insinuations against her.
+She had married a baker, a good kind of man, but tame.  In summer-
+time she not infrequently walked at five o'clock in the morning to a
+pretty church about a mile and a half away, and read George Herbert
+in the porch.  She was no relation of mine, except by marriage to my
+uncle, but she was most affectionate to me, and always loaded me
+with nice things whenever I went to see her.  The survival in my
+memory of her cakes, gingerbread, and kisses; has done me more good,
+moral good--if you have a fancy for this word--than sermons or
+punishment.
+
+My christian name of "Hale" comes from my grandmother, whose maiden
+name was Hale.  At the beginning of last century she and her two
+brothers, William and Robert Hale, were living in Colchester.
+William Hale moved to Homerton, and became a silk manufacturer in
+Spitalfields.  Homerton was then a favourite suburb for rich City
+people.  My great-uncle's beautiful Georgian house had a marble bath
+and a Grecian temple in the big garden.  Of Robert Hale and my
+grandfather I know nothing.  The supposed connexion with the
+Carolean Chief Justice is more than doubtful.
+
+To return to Bedford.  In my boyhood it differed, excepting an
+addition northwards a few years before, much less from Speed's map
+of 1609 than the Bedford of 1910 differs from the Bedford of 1831.
+There was but one bridge, but it was not Bunyan's bridge, and many
+of the gabled houses still remained.  To our house, much like the
+others in the High Street, there was no real drainage, and our
+drinking-water came from a shallow well sunk in the gravelly soil of
+the back yard.  A sewer, it is true, ran down the High Street, but
+it discharged itself at the bridge-foot, in the middle of the town,
+which was full of cesspools.  Every now and then the river was drawn
+off and the thick masses of poisonous filth which formed its bed
+were dug out and carted away.  In consequence of the imperfect
+outfall we were liable to tremendous floods.  At such times a
+torrent roared under the bridge, bringing down haystacks, dead
+bullocks, cows, and sheep.  Men with long poles were employed to
+fend the abutments from the heavy blows by which they were struck.
+A flood in 1823 was not forgotten for many years.  One Saturday
+night in November a man rode into the town, post-haste from Olney,
+warning all inhabitants of the valley of the Ouse that the
+"Buckinghamshire water" was coming down with alarming force, and
+would soon be upon them.  It arrived almost as soon as the
+messenger, and invaded my uncle Lovell's dining-room, reaching
+nearly as high as the top of the table.
+
+The goods traffic to and from London was carried on by an enormous
+waggon, which made the journey once or twice a week.  Passengers
+generally travelled by the Times coach, a hobby of Mr. Whitbread's.
+It was horsed with four magnificent cream-coloured horses, and did
+the fifty miles from Bedford to London at very nearly ten miles an
+hour, or twelve miles actual speed, excluding stoppages for change.
+Barring accidents, it was always punctual to a minute, and every
+evening, excepting Sundays, exactly as the clock of St. Paul's
+struck eight, it crossed the bridge.  I have known it wait before
+entering the town if it was five or six minutes too soon, a kind of
+polish or artistic completeness being thereby given to a performance
+in which much pride was taken.
+
+The Bedford Charity was as yet hardly awake.  No part of the funds
+was devoted to the education of girls, but a very large part went in
+almsgiving.  The education of boys was almost worthless.  The head-
+mastership of the Grammar School was in the gift of New College,
+Oxford, who of course always appointed one of their Fellows.
+Including the income from boarders, it was worth about 3,000 pounds
+a year.
+
+Dissent had been strong throughout the whole county ever since the
+Commonwealth.  The old meeting-house held about 700 people, and was
+filled every Sunday.  It was not the gifts of the minister,
+certainly after the days of my early childhood, which kept such a
+congregation steady.  The reason why it held together was the simple
+loyalty which prevents a soldier or a sailor from mutinying,
+although the commanding officer may deserve no respect.  Most of the
+well-to-do tradesfolk were Dissenters.  They were taught what was
+called a "moderate Calvinism", a phrase not easy to understand.  If
+it had any meaning, it was that predestination, election, and
+reprobation, were unquestionably true, but they were dogmas about
+which it was not prudent to say much, for some of the congregation
+were a little Arminian, and St. James could not be totally
+neglected.  The worst of St. James was that when a sermon was
+preached from his Epistle, there was always a danger lest somebody
+in the congregation should think that it was against him it was
+levelled.  There was no such danger, at any rate not so much, if the
+text was taken from the Epistle to the Romans.
+
+In the "singing-pew" sat a clarionet, a double bass, a bassoon, and
+a flute:  also a tenor voice which "set the tune".  The carpenter,
+to whom the tenor voice belonged, had a tuning-fork which he struck
+on his desk and applied to his ear.  He then hummed the tuning-fork
+note, and the octave below, the double bass screwed up and
+responded, the leader with the tuning-fork boldly struck out,
+everybody following, including the orchestra, and those of the
+congregation who had bass or tenor voices sang the air.  Each of the
+instruments demanded a fair share of solos.
+
+The institution strangest to me now was the Lord's Supper.  Once a
+month the members of the church, while they were seated in the pews,
+received the bread and wine at the hands of the deacons, the
+minister reciting meanwhile passages from Scripture.  Those of the
+congregation who had not been converted, and who consequently did
+not belong to the church and were not communicants, watched the rite
+from the gallery.  What the reflective unconverted, who were
+upstairs, thought I cannot say.  The master might with varying
+emotions survey the man who cleaned his knives and boots.  The wife
+might sit beneath and the husband above, or, more difficult still,
+the mistress might be seated aloft while her husband and her
+conceited maid-of-all-work, Tabitha, enjoyed full gospel privileges
+below.
+
+Dependent on the mother "cause" were chapels in the outlying
+villages.  They were served by lay preachers, and occasionally by
+the minister from the old meeting-house.  One village, Stagsden, had
+attained to the dignity of a wind and a stringed instrument.
+
+The elders of the church at Bedford belonged mostly to the middle
+class in the town, but some of them were farmers.  Ignorant they
+were to a degree which would shock the most superficial young person
+of the present day; and yet, if the farmer's ignorance and the
+ignorance of the young person could be reduced to the same
+denomination, I doubt whether it would not be found that the farmer
+knew more than the other.  The farmer could not discuss Coleridge's
+metres or the validity of the maxim, "Art for Art's sake", but he
+understood a good deal about the men around him, about his fields,
+about the face of the sky, and he had found it out all by himself, a
+fact of more importance than we suppose.  He understood also that he
+must be honest; he had learnt how to be honest, and everything about
+him, house, clothes, was a reality and not a sham.  One of these
+elders I knew well.  He was perfectly straightforward, God-fearing
+also, and therefore wise.  Yet he once said to my father, "I ain't
+got no patience with men who talk potry (poetry) in the pulpit.  If
+you hear that, how can you wonder at your children wanting to go to
+theatres and cathredrals?"
+
+Of my father's family, beyond my grandfather, I know nothing.  His
+forefathers had lived in Bedfordshire beyond memory, and sleep
+indistinguishable, I am told, in Wilstead churchyard.  He was
+Radical, and almost Republican.  With two of his neighbours he
+refused to illuminate for our victories over the French, and he had
+his windows smashed by a Tory mob.  One night he and a friend were
+riding home on horseback, and at the entrance of the town they came
+upon somebody lying in the road, who had been thrown from his horse
+and was unconscious.  My grandfather galloped forwards for a doctor,
+and went back at once before the doctor could start.  On his way,
+and probably riding hard, he also was thrown and was killed.  He was
+found by those who had followed him, and in the darkness and
+confusion they did not recognize him.  They picked him up, thinking
+he was the man for whom they had been sent.  When they reached the
+Swan Inn they found out their mistake, and returned to the other
+man.  He recovered.
+
+I had only one set of relations in Bedford, my aunt, who was my
+father's sister, her husband, Samuel Lovell, and their children, my
+cousins.  My uncle was a maltster and coal merchant.  Although he
+was slender and graceful when he was young, he was portly when I
+first knew him.  He always wore, even in his counting-house and on
+his wharf, a spotless shirt--seven a week--elaborately frilled in
+front.  He was clean-shaven, and his face was refined and gentle.
+To me he was kindness itself.  He was in the habit of driving two or
+three times a year to villages and solitary farm-houses to collect
+his debts, and, to my great delight, he used to take me with him.
+We were out all day.  His creditors were by no means punctual:  they
+reckoned on him with assurance.  This is what generally happened.
+Uncle draws up at the front garden gate and gets out:  I hold the
+reins.  Blacksmith, in debt something like 15 pounds for smithery
+coal, comes from his forge at the side of the house to meet him.
+
+"Ah, Mr. Lovell, I'm glad to see you:  how's the missus and the
+children?  What weather it is!"
+
+"I suppose you guess, Master Fitchew, what I've come about:  you've
+had this bill twice--I send my bills out only once a year--and
+you've not paid a penny."
+
+Fitchew looks on the ground, and gives his head a shake on one side
+as if he were mortified beyond measure.
+
+"I know it, Mr. Lovell, nobody can be more vexed than I am, but I
+can't get nothing out of the farmers.  Last year was an awful year
+for them."
+
+Uncle tries with all his might to look severe, but does not succeed.
+
+"You've told me that tale every time I've called for twenty years
+past:  now mind, I'm not going to be humbugged any longer.  I must
+have half of that 15 pounds this month, or not another ounce of
+smithery coal do you get out of me.  You may try Warden if you like,
+and maybe he'll treat you better than I do."
+
+"Mr. Lovell, 10 pounds you shall have next Saturday fortnight as
+sure as my name's Bill Fitchew."
+
+A little girl, about eight years old, who was hurried into her
+white, Sunday frock with red ribbons, as soon as her mother saw my
+uncle at the gate, runs up towards him according to secret
+instructions, but stops short by about a yard, puts her forefinger
+on her lip and looks at him.
+
+"Hullo, my pretty dear, what's your name?  Dear, what's your name?"
+
+"Say Keziah Fitchew, sir," prompts Mrs. Fitchew, appearing suddenly
+at the side door as if she had come to fetch her child who had run
+out unawares.
+
+After much hesitation:  "Keziah Fitchew, sir."
+
+"Are you a good little girl?  Do you say your prayers every morning
+and every evening?"
+
+"Yes, sir."
+
+"Would you know what to do with sixpence if I gave it you?  You'd
+put it in the missionary box, wouldn't you?"
+
+Keziah thinks, but does not reply.  It is a problem of immense
+importance.  Uncle turns to Bill, so that Keziah cannot see him,
+puts up his left hand to the side of his face and winks violently.
+
+"I suppose it's one o'clock as usual, Mr. Lovell, at the Red Lion?"
+My uncle laughs as he moves to the gate.
+
+"I tell you what it is, Mr. Fitchew, you're a precious rascal;
+that's what you are."
+
+At one o'clock an immense dinner is provided at the Red Lion, and
+thither the debtors come, no matter what may be the state of their
+accounts, and drink my uncle's health.  Such was Uncle Lovell.  My
+father and mother often had supper with him and my aunt.  After I
+was ten years old I was permitted to go.  It was a solid, hot meal
+at nine o'clock.  It was followed by pipes and brandy and water,
+never more than one glass; and when this was finished, at about
+half-past ten, there was the walk home across the silent bridge,
+with a glimpse downward of the dark river slowly flowing through the
+stone arches.
+
+I now come to my father.  My object is not to write his life.  I
+have not sufficient materials, nor would it be worth recording at
+any length, but I should like to preserve the memory of a few facts
+which are significant of him, and may explain his influence upon me.
+
+He was born in 1807, and was eight years old when his father died:
+his mother died seven years earlier.  He had a cruel step-mother,
+who gave to her own child everything she had to give.  He was
+educated at the Grammar School, but the teaching there, as I have
+said, was very poor.  The step-mother used to send messages to the
+head master begging him soundly to thrash her step-son, for he was
+sure to deserve it, and school thrashing in those days was no joke.
+She also compelled my father to clean boots, knives and forks, and
+do other dirty work.
+
+I do not know when he opened the shop in Bedford as a printer and
+bookseller, but it must have been about 1830.  He dealt in old
+books, the works of the English divines of all parties, both in the
+Anglican Church and outside it.  The clergy, who then read more than
+they read or can read now, were his principal customers.  From the
+time when he began business as a young man in the town he had much
+to do with its affairs.  He was a Whig in politics, and amongst the
+foremost at elections, specially at the election in 1832, when he
+and the Whig Committee were besieged in the Swan Inn by the mob.  He
+soon became a trustee of the Bedford Charity, and did good service
+for the schools.  In September 1843, the Rev. Edward Isaac Lockwood,
+rector of St. John's, in the town, and trustee of the schools,
+carried a motion at a board meeting declaring that all the masters
+under the Charity should be members of the Church of England.  The
+Charity maintained one or two schools besides the Grammar School.
+The Act of Parliament, under which it was administered, provided
+that the masters and ushers of the Grammar School should be members
+of the Church of England, but said nothing about the creed of the
+masters of the other schools.  The consternation in the town was
+great.  It was evident that the next step would be to close the
+schools to Dissenters.  Public meetings were held, and at the annual
+election of trustees, Mr. Lockwood was at the bottom of the poll.
+At the next meeting of the board, after the election, my father
+carried a resolution which rescinded Mr. Lockwood's.  The rector's
+defeat was followed by a series of newspaper letters in his defence
+from the Rev. Edward Swann, mathematical master in the Grammar
+School.  My father replied in a pamphlet, published in 1844.
+
+There was one endowment for which he was remarkable, the purity of
+the English he spoke and wrote.  He used to say he owed it to
+Cobbett, whose style he certainly admired, but this is but partly
+true.  It was rather a natural consequence of the clearness of his
+own mind and of his desire to make himself wholly understood, both
+demanding the simplest and most forcible expression.  If the truth
+is of serious importance to us we dare not obstruct it by phrase-
+making:  we are compelled to be as direct as our inherited
+feebleness will permit.  The cannon ball's path is near to a
+straight line in proportion to its velocity.  "My boy," my father
+once said to me, "if you write anything you consider particularly
+fine, strike it out."
+
+The Reply is an admirable specimen of the way in which a controversy
+should be conducted; without heat, the writer uniformly mindful of
+his object, which is not personal distinction, but the conviction of
+his neighbour, poor as well as rich, all the facts in order, every
+point answered, and not one evaded.  At the opening of the first
+letter, a saying of Burkitt's is quoted with approval.  "Painted
+glass is very beautiful, but plain glass is the most useful as it
+lets through the most light."  A word, by the way, on Burkitt.  He
+was born in 1650, went to Cambridge, and became rector, first of
+Milden, and then of Dedham, both in Suffolk.  As rector of Dedham he
+died.  There he wrote the Poor Man's Help and Young Man's Guide,
+which went through more than thirty editions in fifty years.  There
+he wrestled with the Baptists, and produced his Argumentative and
+Practical Discourse on Infant Baptism.  I have wandered through
+these Dedham fields by the banks of the Stour.  It is Constable's
+country, and in its way is not to be matched in England.  Although
+there is nothing striking in it, its influence, at least upon me, is
+greater than that of celebrated mountains and waterfalls.  What a
+power there is to subdue and calm in those low hills, overtopped, as
+you see it from East Bergholt, by the magnificent Dedham half-
+cathedral church!  It is very probable that Burkitt, as he took his
+walks by the Stour, and struggled with his Argument, never saw the
+placid, winding stream; nor is it likely that anybody in Bedford,
+except my father, had heard of him.  For his defence of the schools
+my father was presented at a town's meeting with a silver tea-
+service.
+
+By degrees, when the battle was over, the bookselling business very
+much fell off, and after a short partnership with his brother-in-law
+in a tannery, my father was appointed assistant door-keeper of the
+House of Commons by Lord Charles Russell.  He soon became door-
+keeper.  While he was at the door he wrote for a weekly paper his
+Inner Life of the House of Commons, afterwards collected and
+published in book form.  He held office for twenty-one years, and on
+his retirement, in 1875, 160 members of the House testified in a
+very substantial manner their regard for him.  He died at Carshalton
+on February 11, 1882.  There were many obituary notices of him.  One
+was from Lord Charles Russell, who, as Serjeant-at-Arms, had full
+opportunities of knowing him well.  Lord Charles recalled a meeting
+at Woburn, a quarter of a century before, in honour of Lord John
+Russell.  Lord John spoke then, and so did Sir David Dundas, then
+Solicitor-General, Lord Charles, and my father.  "His," said Lord
+Charles, "was the finest speech, and Sir David Dundas remarked to
+me, as Mr. White concluded, 'Why that is old Cobbett again MINUS his
+vulgarity.'"  He became acquainted with a good many members during
+his stay at the House.  New members sought his advice and initiation
+into its ways.  Some of his friends were also mine.  Amongst these
+were Sir John Trelawney and his gifted wife.  Sir John belonged to
+the scholarly Radical party, which included John Stuart Mill and
+Roebuck.  The visits to Sir John and Lady Trelawney will never be
+forgotten, not so much because I was taught what to think about
+certain political questions, but because I was supplied with a
+standard by which all political questions were judged, and this
+standard was fixed by reason.  Looking at the methods and the
+procedure of that little republic and at the anarchy of to-day, with
+no prospect of the renewal of allegiance to principles, my heart
+sinks.  It was through one of the Russells, with whom my father was
+acquainted, that I was permitted with him to call on Carlyle, an
+event amongst the greatest in my life, and all the happier for me
+because I did not ask to go.
+
+What I am going to say now I hardly like to mention, because of its
+privacy, but it is so much to my father's honour that I cannot omit
+it.  Besides, almost everybody concerned is now dead.  When he left
+Bedford he was considerably in debt, through the falling off in his
+book-selling business which I have just mentioned, caused mainly by
+his courageous partisanship.  His official salary was not sufficient
+to keep him, and in order to increase it, he began to write for the
+newspapers.  During the session this was very hard work.  He could
+not leave the House till it rose, and was often not at home till two
+o'clock in the morning or later, too tired to sleep.  He was never
+able to see a single revise of what he wrote.  In the end he paid
+his debts in full.
+
+My father was a perfectly honest man, and hated shiftiness even
+worse than downright lying.  The only time he gave me a thrashing
+was for prevarication.  He had a plain, but not a dull mind, and
+loved poetry of a sublime cast, especially Milton.  I can hear him
+even now repeat passages from the Comus, which was a special
+favourite.  Elsewhere I have told how when he was young and stood at
+the composing desk in his printing office, he used to declaim Byron
+by heart.  That a Puritan printer, one of the last men in the world
+to be carried away by a fashion, should be vanquished by Byron, is
+as genuine a testimony as any I know to the reality of his
+greatness.  Up to 1849 or thereabouts, my father in religion was
+Independent and Calvinist, the creed which, as he thought then, best
+suited him.  But a change was at hand.  His political opinions
+remained unaltered to his death, but in 1851 he had completed his
+discovery that the "simple gospel" which Calvinism preached was by
+no means simple, but remarkably abstruse.  It was the Heroes and
+Hero Worship and the Sartor Resartus which drew him away from the
+meeting-house.  There is nothing in these two books directly hostile
+either to church or dissent, but they laid hold on him as no books
+had ever held, and the expansion they wrought in him could not
+possibly tolerate the limitations of orthodoxy.  He was not
+converted to any other religion.  He did not run for help to those
+who he knew could not give it.  His portrait; erect,
+straightforward-looking, firmly standing, one foot a little in
+advance, helps me and decides me when I look at it.  Of all types of
+humanity the one which he represents would be the most serviceable
+to the world at the present day.  He was generous, open-hearted, and
+if he had a temper, a trifle explosive at times, nobody for whom he
+cared ever really suffered from it, and occasionally it did him good
+service.  The chief obituary notice of him declared with truth that
+he was the best public speaker Bedford ever had, and the committee
+of the well-known public library resolved unanimously "That this
+institution records with regret the death of Mr. W. White, formerly
+and for many years an active and most valuable member of the
+committee, whose special and extensive knowledge of books was always
+at its service, and to whom the library is indebted for the
+acquisition of its most rare and valuable books."  The first event
+in my own life is the attack by the mob upon our house, at the
+general election in 1832, to which I have referred.  My cradle--as I
+have been told--had to be carried from the front bedroom into the
+back, so that my head might not be broken by the stones which
+smashed the windows.
+
+The first thing I can really see is the coronation of Queen Victoria
+and a town's dinner in St. Paul's Square.  About this time, or soon
+after, I was placed in a "young ladies'" school.  At the front door
+of this polite seminary I appeared one morning in a wheelbarrow.  I
+had persuaded a shop boy to give me a lift.
+
+It was when I was about ten years old--surely it must have been very
+early on some cloudless summer morning--that Nurse Jane came to us.
+She was a faithful servant and a dear friend for many years--I
+cannot say how many.  Till her death, not so long ago, I was always
+her "dear boy".  She was as familiar with me as if I were her own
+child.  She left us when she married, but came back on her husband's
+death.  Her father and mother lived in a little thatched cottage at
+Oakley.  They were very poor, but her mother was a Scotch girl, and
+knew how to make a little go a long way.  Jane had not infrequent
+holidays, and she almost always took my sister and myself to spend
+them at Oakley.  This was a delight as keen as any which could be
+given me.  No entertainment, no special food was provided.  As to
+entertainment there was just the escape to a freer life, to a room
+in which we cooked our food, ate it, and altogether lived during
+waking hours when we were indoors.  Oh, for a house with this one
+room, a Homeric house!  How much easier and how much more natural
+should we be if we watched the pot or peeled the potatoes as we
+talked, than it is now in a drawing-room, where we do not know what
+chair to choose amongst a dozen scattered about aimlessly; where
+there is no table to hide the legs or support the arms; a room which
+compels an uncomfortable awkwardness, and forced conversation.
+Would it not be more sincere if a saucepan took part in it than it
+is now, when, in evening clothes, tea-cup in hand, we discuss the
+show at the Royal Academy, while a lady at the piano sings a song
+from Aida?
+
+As to the food at Oakley, it was certainly rough, and included
+dishes not often seen at home, but I liked it all the better.  My
+mother was by no means democratic.  In fact she had a slight
+weakness in favour of rank.  Somehow or other she had managed to
+know some people who lived in a "park" about five or six miles from
+Bedford.  It was called a "park", but in reality it was a big
+garden, with a meadow beyond.  However, and this was the great
+point, none of my mother's town friends were callers at the Park.
+But, notwithstanding her little affectations, she was always glad to
+let us go to Oakley with Jane, not that she wanted to get rid of us,
+but because she loved her.  Nothing but good did I get from my
+wholly unlearned nurse and Oakley.  Never a coarse word, unbounded
+generosity, and an unreasoning spontaneity, which I do think one of
+the most blessed of virtues, suddenly making us glad when nothing is
+expected.  A child knows, no one so well, whereabouts in the scale
+of goodness to place generosity.  Nobody can estimate its true value
+so accurately.  Keeping the Sabbath, no swearing, very right and
+proper, but generosity is first, although it is not in the
+Decalogue.  There was not much in my nurse's cottage with which to
+prove her liberality, but a quart of damsons for my mother was
+enough.  Going home from Oakley one summer's night I saw some
+magnificent apples in a window; I had a penny in my pocket, and I
+asked how many I could have for that sum.  "Twenty."  How we got
+them home I do not know.  The price I dare say has gone up since
+that evening.  Talking about damsons and apples, I call to mind a
+friend in Potter Street, whose name I am sorry to say I have
+forgotten.  He was a miller, tall, thin, slightly stooping, wore a
+pepper-and-salt suit of clothes, and might have been about sixty
+years old when I was ten or twelve.  He lived in an ancient house,
+the first floor of which overhung the street; the rooms were low-
+pitched and dark.  How Bedford folk managed to sleep in them,
+windows all shut, is incomprehensible.  At the back of the house was
+a royal garden stretching down to the lane which led to the mill.
+My memory especially dwells on the currants, strawberries, and
+gooseberries.  When we went to "uncle's", as we called him, we were
+turned out unattended into the middle of the fruit beds if the fruit
+was ripe, and we could gather and eat what we liked.  I am proud to
+say that this Potter Street gentleman, a nobleman if ever there was
+one, although not really an uncle, was in some way related to my
+father.
+
+The recollections of boyhood, so far as week-days go, are very
+happy.  Sunday, however, was not happy.  I was taken to a religious
+service, morning and evening, and understood nothing.  The evening
+was particularly trying.  The windows of the meeting-house streamed
+inside with condensed breath, and the air we took into our lungs was
+poisonous.  Almost every Sunday some woman was carried out fainting.
+Do what I could it was impossible to keep awake.  When I was quite
+little I was made to stand on the seat, a spectacle, with other
+children in the like case, to the whole congregation, and I often
+nearly fell down, overcome with drowsiness.  My weakness much
+troubled me, because, although it might not be a heinous sin, such
+as bathing on Sunday, it showed that I was not one of God's
+children, like Samuel, who ministered before the Lord girded with a
+linen ephod.  Bathing on Sunday, as the river was always before me,
+was particularly prominent as a type of wickedness, and I read in
+some book for children, by a certain divine named Todd, how a wicked
+boy, bathing on the Sabbath, was drawn under a mill-wheel, was
+drowned, and went to hell.  I wish I could find that book, for there
+was also in it a most conclusive argument intended for a child's
+mind against the doctrine, propounded by people called philosophers,
+that the world was created by chance.  The refutation was in the
+shape of a dream by a certain sage representing a world made by
+Chance and not by God.  Unhappily all that I recollect of the
+remarkable universe thus produced is that the geese had hoofs, and
+"clamped about like horses".  Such was the awful consequence of
+creation by a No-God or nothing.
+
+In 1841 or 1842--I forget exactly the date--I was sent to what is
+now the Modern School.  My father would not let me go to the Grammar
+School, partly because he had such dreadful recollections of his
+treatment there, and partly because in those days the universities
+were closed to Dissenters.  The Latin and Greek in the upper school
+were not good for much, but Latin in the lower school--Greek was not
+taught--consisted almost entirely in learning the Eton Latin grammar
+by heart, and construing Cornelius Nepos.  The boys in the lower
+school were a very rough set.  About a dozen were better than the
+others, and kept themselves apart.
+
+The recollections of school are not interesting to me in any way,
+but it is altogether otherwise with playtime and holidays.  School
+began at seven in the morning during half the year, but later in
+winter.  At half-past eight or nine there was an interval of an hour
+for breakfast.  It was over when I got home, and I had mine in the
+kitchen.  It was dispatched in ten minutes, and my delight in cold
+weather then was to lie in front of the fire and read Chambers'
+Journal.  Blessings on the brothers Chambers for that magazine and
+for the Miscellany, which came later!  Then there was Charles and
+Mary Lamb's Tales of Ulysses.  It was on a top shelf in the shop,
+and I studied it whilst perched on the shop ladder.  Another
+memorable volume was a huge atlas-folio, which my sister and I
+called the Battle Book.  It contained coloured prints, with
+descriptions of famous battles of the British Army.  We used to lug
+it into the dining-room in the evening, and were never tired of
+looking at it.  A little later I managed to make an electrical
+machine out of a wine bottle, and to produce sparks three-quarters
+of an inch long.  I had learned the words "positive" and "negative",
+and was satisfied with them as an explanation, although I had not
+the least notion what they meant, but I got together a few friends
+and gave them a demonstration on electricity.
+
+Never was there a town better suited to a boy than Bedford at that
+time for out-of-door amusements.  It was not too big--its population
+was about 10,000--so that the fields were then close at hand.  The
+Ouse--immortal stream--runs through the middle of the High Street.
+To the east towards fenland, the country is flat, and the river is
+broad, slow, and deep.  Towards the west it is quicker, involved,
+fold doubling almost completely on fold, so that it takes sixty
+miles to accomplish thirteen as the crow flies.  Beginning at
+Kempston, and on towards Clapham, Oakley, Milton, Harrold, it is
+bordered by the gentlest of hills or rather undulations.  At Bedford
+the navigation for barges stopped, and there were very few pleasure
+boats, one of which was mine.  The water above the bridge was
+strictly preserved, and the fishing was good.  My father could
+generally get leave for me, and more delightful days than those
+spent at Kempston Mill and Oakley Mill cannot be imagined.  The
+morning generally began, if I may be excused the bull, on the
+evening before, when we walked about four miles to bait a celebrated
+roach and bream hole.  After I got home, and just as I was going to
+bed, I tied a long string round one toe, and threw the other end of
+the string out of window, so that it reached the ground, having
+bargained with a boy to pull this end, not too violently, at
+daybreak, about three-quarters of an hour before the time when the
+fish would begin to bite well.  At noon we slept for a couple of
+hours on the bank.  In the evening we had two hours more sport, and
+then marched back to town.  Once, in order to make a short cut, we
+determined to swim the river, which, at the point where we were, was
+about sixty feet wide, deep, and what was of more consequence,
+bordered with weeds.  We stripped, tied our clothes on the top of
+our heads and our boots to one end of our fishing lines, carrying
+the other end with us.  When we got across we pulled our boots
+through mud and water after us.  Alas! to our grief we found we
+could not get them on, and we were obliged to walk without them.
+Swimming we had been taught by an old sailor, who gave lessons to
+the school, and at last I could pick up an egg from the bottom of
+the overfall, a depth of about ten feet.  I have also been upset
+from my boat, and had to lie stark naked on the grass in the sun
+till my clothes were dry.  Twice I have been nearly drowned, once
+when I wandered away from the swimming class, and once when I could
+swim well.  This later peril is worth a word or two, and I may as
+well say them now.  I was staying by the sea-side, and noticed as I
+was lying on the beach about a couple of hundred yards from the
+shore a small vessel at anchor.  I thought I should like to swim
+round her.  I reached her without any difficulty, in perfect peace,
+luxuriously, I may say, and had just begun to turn when I was
+suddenly overtaken by a mad conviction that I should never get home.
+There was no real danger of failure of strength, but my heart began
+to beat furiously, the shore became dim, and I gave myself up for
+lost.  "This then is dying," I said to myself, but I also said--I
+remember how vividly--"There shall be a struggle before I go down--
+one desperate effort"--and I strove, in a way I cannot describe, to
+bring my will to bear directly on my terror.  In an instant the
+horrible excitement was at an end, and THERE WAS A GREAT CALM.  I
+stretched my limbs leisurely, rejoicing in the sea and the sunshine.
+This story is worth telling because it shows that a person with
+tremulous nerves, such as mine, never ought to say that he has done
+all that he can do.  Notice also it was not nature or passion which
+carried me through, but a conviction wrought by the reason.  The
+next time I was in extremity victory was tenfold easier.
+
+In the winter, fishing and boating and swimming gave way to skating.
+The meadows for miles were a great lake, and there was no need to
+take off skates in order to get past mills and weirs.  The bare,
+flat Bedfordshire fields had also their pleasures.  I had an old
+flint musket which I found in an outhouse.  I loaded it with hard
+peas, and once killed a sparrow.  The fieldfares, or felts, as we
+called them, were in flocks in winter, but with them I never
+succeeded.  On the dark November Wednesday and Saturday afternoons,
+when there was not a breath of wind, and the fog hung heavily over
+the brown, ploughed furrows, we gathered sticks, lighted a fire, and
+roasted potatoes.  They were sweet as peaches.  After dark we would
+"go a bat-fowling", with lanterns, some of us on one side of the
+hedge and some on the other.  I left school when I was between
+fourteen and fifteen, and then came the great event and the great
+blunder of my life, the mistake which well-nigh ruined it
+altogether.  My mother's brother had a son about five years older
+than myself, who was being trained as an Independent minister.  To
+him I owe much.  It was he who introduced me to Goethe.  Some time
+after he was ordained, he became heterodox, and was obliged to
+separate himself from the Independents to whom he belonged.  My
+mother, as I have already said, was a little weak in her preference
+for people who did not stand behind counters, and she desired
+equality with her sister-in-law.  Besides, I can honestly declare
+that to her an Evangelical ministry was a sacred calling, and the
+thought that I might be the means of saving souls made her happy.
+Finally, it was not possible now to get a living in Bedford as a
+bookseller.  The drawing class in the school was fairly good, and I
+believe I had profited by it.  Anyhow, I loved drawing, and wished I
+might be an artist.  The decision was against me, and I was handed
+over to a private tutor to prepare for the Countess of Huntingdon's
+College at Cheshunt, which admitted students other than those which
+belonged to the Connexion, provided their creed did not materially
+differ from that which governed the Connexion trusts.
+
+Before I went to college I had to be "admitted".  In most Dissenting
+communities there is a singular ceremony called "admission", through
+which members of the congregation have to pass before they become
+members of the church.  It is a declaration that a certain change
+called conversion has taken place in the soul.  Two deacons are
+appointed to examine the candidate privately, and their report is
+submitted to a church-meeting.  If it is satisfactory, he is
+summoned before the whole church, and has to make a confession of
+his faith, and give an account of his spiritual history.  As may be
+expected, it is very often inaccurately picturesque, and is framed
+after the model of the journey to Damascus.  A sinner, for example,
+who swears at his pious wife, and threatens to beat her, is suddenly
+smitten with giddiness and awful pains.  He throws himself on his
+knees before her, and thenceforward he is a "changed character".  I
+had to tell the church that my experience had not been eventful.  I
+was young, and had enjoyed the privilege of godly parents.
+
+What was conversion?  It meant not only that the novice
+unhesitatingly avowed his belief in certain articles of faith, but
+it meant something much more, and much more difficult to explain.  I
+was guilty of original sin, and also of sins actually committed.
+For these two classes of sin I deserved eternal punishment.  Christ
+became my substitute, and His death was the payment for my
+transgression.  I had to feel that His life and death were
+appropriated by me.  This word "appropriated" is the most orthodox I
+can find, but it is almost unintelligible.  I might perhaps say that
+I had to feel assured that I, personally, was in God's mind, and was
+included in the atonement.
+
+This creed had as evil consequences that it concentrated my thoughts
+upon myself, and made me of great importance.  God had been anxious
+about me from all eternity, and had been scheming to save me.
+Another bad result was that I was satisfied I understood what I did
+not in the least understand.  This is very near lying.  I can see
+myself now--I was no more than seventeen--stepping out of our pew,
+standing in the aisle at the pew-door, and protesting to their
+content before the minister of the church, father and mother
+protesting also to my own complete content, that the witness of God
+in me to my own salvation was as clear as noonday.  Poor little
+mortal, a twelvemonth out of round jackets, I did not in the least
+know who God was, or what was salvation.
+
+On entering the college I signed the Thirty-nine Articles, excepting
+two or three at most; for the Countess, so far as her theology went,
+was always Anglican.  One of her chaplains was William Romaine, the
+famous incumbent of St. Anne's, Blackfriars, who on his first Good
+Friday in that church administered to five hundred communicants.
+The book I was directed to study by the theological professor after
+admission, was a book on the Atonement, by somebody named Williams.
+He justified the election of a minority to heaven and a majority to
+hell on the ground that God owed us nothing, and being our Maker,
+might do with us what He pleased.  This struck me as original, but I
+had forgotten that it is the doctrine of the Epistle to the Romans.
+It is almost incredible to me now, although I was hardly nineteen,
+that I should have accepted without question such a terrible
+invention, and the only approach to explanation I can give is that
+all this belonged to a world totally disconnected from my own, and
+that I never thought of making real to myself anything which this
+supernatural world contained.
+
+The most important changes in life are not those of one belief for
+another, but of growth, in which nothing preceding is directly
+contradicted, but something unexpected nevertheless makes its
+appearance.  On the bookshelf in our dining-room lay a volume of
+Wordsworth.  One day, when I was about eighteen, I took it out, and
+fell upon the lines -
+
+
+"Knowing that Nature never did betray
+"The heart that loved her."
+
+
+What they meant was not clear to me, but they were a signal of the
+approach of something which turned out to be of the greatest
+importance, and altered my history.
+
+It was a new capacity.  There woke in me an aptness for the love of
+natural beauty, a possibility of being excited to enthusiasm by it,
+and of deriving a secret joy from it sufficiently strong to make me
+careless of the world and its pleasures.  Another effect which
+Wordsworth had upon me, and has had on other people, was the
+modification, altogether unintentional on his part, of religious
+belief.  He never dreams of attacking anybody for his creed, and yet
+it often becomes impossible for those who study him and care for him
+to be members of any orthodox religious community.  At any rate it
+would have been impossible in the town of Bedford.  His poems imply
+a living God, different from the artificial God of the churches.
+The revolution wrought by him goes far deeper, and is far more
+permanent than any which is the work of Biblical critics, and it was
+Wordsworth and not German research which caused my expulsion from
+New College, of which a page or two further on.  For some time I had
+no thought of heresy, but the seed was there, and was alive just as
+much as the seed-corn is alive all the time it lies in the earth
+apparently dead.
+
+I have nothing particular to record of Cheshunt, the secluded
+Hertfordshire village, where the Countess of Huntingdon's College
+then was.  It stood in a delightful little half park, half garden,
+through which ran the New River:  the country round was quiet, and
+not then suburban, but here and there was a large handsome Georgian
+house.  I learnt nothing at Cheshunt, and did not make a single
+friend.
+
+In 1851 or 1852 I was transferred, with two other students, to New
+College, St. John's Wood.  On February 3, 1852, the Principal
+examined our theological class on an inaugural lecture delivered at
+the opening of the college.  The subject of the lecture was the
+inspiration of the Bible.  The two students before mentioned were
+members of this class, and asked some questions about the formation
+of the canon and the authenticity of the separate books.  They were
+immediately stopped by the Principal in summary style.  "I must
+inform you that this is not an open question within these walls.
+There is a great body of truth received as orthodoxy by the great
+majority of Christians, the explanation of which is one thing, but
+to doubt it is another, and the foundation must not be questioned."
+How well I recollect the face of the Principal!  He looked like a
+man who would write an invitation to afternoon tea "within these
+walls".  He consulted the senate, and the senate consulted the
+council, which consisted of the senate and some well-known
+ministers.  We were ordered to be present at a special council
+meeting, and each one was called up separately before it and
+catechized.  Here are two or three of the questions, put, it will be
+remembered, without notice, to a youth a little over twenty,
+confronted by a number of solemn divines in white neckerchiefs.
+
+"Will you explain the mode in which you conceive the sacred writers
+to have been influenced?"
+
+"Do you believe a statement because it is in the Bible, or merely
+because it is true?"
+
+"You are aware that there are two great parties on this question,
+one of which maintains that the inspiration of the Scriptures
+differs in kind from that of other books:  the other that the
+difference is one only of degree.  To which of these parties do you
+attach yourself?"
+
+"Are you conscious of any divergence from the views expounded by the
+Principal in this introductory lecture?"
+
+At a meeting of the council, on the 13th February, 1852, it was
+resolved that our opinions were "incompatible" with the "retention
+of our position as students".  This resolution was sent to us with
+another to the effect that at the next meeting of the council "such
+measures" would be taken "as may be thought advisable".  At this
+meeting my father, together with the father of one of my colleagues
+attended, and asked that our moral character should be placed above
+suspicion; that the opinions for which we had been condemned should
+be explicitly stated, and that we should be furnished with a copy of
+the creed by which we were judged.  The next step on the part of the
+council was the appointment of a committee to interview us, and
+"prevent the possibility of a misapprehension of our views".  We
+attended, underwent examination once more, and once more repeated
+the three requests.  No notice was taken of them, but on 3rd March
+we were asked if we would withdraw from the college for three months
+in order that we might "reconsider our opinions", so that possibly
+we might "be led by Divine guidance to such views as would be
+compatible with the retention of our present position".  Idiomatic
+English was clearly not a strong point with the council.  Of course
+we refused.  If we had consented it might have been reasonably
+concluded that we had taken very little trouble with our "views".
+Again we asked for compliance with our requests, but the only answer
+we got was that our "connexion with New College must cease", and
+that with regard to the three requests, the council "having duly
+weighed them, consider that they have already sufficiently complied
+with them".
+
+It is not now my purpose to discuss the doctrine of Biblical
+Inspiration.  It has gone the way of many other theological dogmas.
+It has not been settled by a yea or nay, but by indifference, and
+because yea or nay are both inapplicable.  The manner in which the
+trial was conducted was certainly singular, and is worth a word or
+two.  The Holy Office was never more scandalously indifferent to any
+pretence of justice or legality in its proceedings.  We were not
+told what was the charge against us, nor what were the terms of the
+trust deed of the college, if such a document existed; neither were
+we informed what was the meaning of the indictment, and yet the
+council must have been aware that nothing less than our ruin would
+probably be the result of our condemnation.
+
+My father wrote and published a defence of us, entitled To Think or
+not to Think, with two noble mottoes, one from Milton's Areopagitica
+and the other some lines from In Memoriam, which was read in those
+days by people who were not sentimental fools, and who, strange to
+say, got out of it something solid which was worth having.  The days
+may return when something worth having will be got out of it again.
+To the question, "Will you explain the mode in which you conceive
+the sacred writers to have been influenced?" my father replied--
+"Rather a profound question, that.  A profounder, I venture to say,
+never agitated the mind of a German metaphysician.  If the query had
+been put to me, I should have taken the liberty to question the
+questioner thus:  'Can you explain to me the growth of a tree?  Can
+you explain how the will of man influences the material muscles?--In
+fact the universe is full of forces or influences.  Can you trace
+whence it came and how it came?  Can'st thou by searching find out
+God?  Can'st thou find out the Almighty unto perfection?--it is high
+as heaven; what can'st thou do? deeper than hell; what can'st thou
+know?'"  To the council's inquiry whether we believed a statement
+because it was in the Bible or because it was true, my father
+replied partly with a quotation from the celebrated Platonist
+divine, John Smith, of Cambridge--"All that knowledge which is
+separate from an inward acquaintance with virtue and goodness is of
+a far different nature from that which ariseth out of a living sense
+of them which is the best discerner thereof, and by which alone we
+know the true perfection, sweetness, energy, and loveliness of them,
+and all that which is [Greek text], that which can no more "be known
+by a naked demonstration than colours can be perceived of a blind
+man by any definition or description which he can hear of them."
+
+This pamphlet was written in 1852, three years after I entered
+Cheshunt College, when my father declared to me that "a moderate
+Calvinism suited him best".  In 1852 he was forty-five years old.
+He had not hardened:  he was alive, rejecting what was dead, laying
+hold of what was true to him, and living by it.  Nor was the change
+hurried or ill-considered which took place in him between 1849 and
+1852.  What he became in 1852 he was substantially to the end of his
+days.
+
+The expulsion excited some notice in the world then, although, as I
+have said, the controversy was without much significance.  The
+"views" of Dr. Harris and the rest of the council were already
+condemned.  Here are some letters, not before printed, from Maurice
+and Kingsley on the case.  The closing paragraph of Maurice's letter
+is remarkable because in about a twelvemonth he himself was expelled
+from King's College.
+
+
+"MY DEAR SIR,
+
+"I beg to thank you for your very able and interesting pamphlet.  I
+know one of the expelled students, and have every reason to think
+highly of his earnestness and truthfulness.
+
+"I feel a delicacy in pronouncing any judgement upon the conduct of
+the Heads of the College, as I belong to another, and I might seem
+to be biased by feelings of Sectarianism and of rivalship.  But
+there are many of your thoughts by which we may all equally profit,
+and which I hope to lay to heart in case I should be brought into
+circumstances like those of the judges or of the criminals.
+
+"Faithfully yrs,
+F. D. MAURICE.
+July 27, 1852.
+21 Queen's Square,
+Bloomsbury."
+
+
+"EVERSLEY.  Saturday.
+"DEAR SIR,
+
+"I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your very clever and well-
+written pamphlet, which I have read with no surprise but with most
+painful interest; and I beg to thank you for the compliment implied
+in your sending it to me.  Your son ought to thank God for having a
+father who will stand by him in trouble so manfully and wisely:  and
+as you say, this may be of the very greatest benefit to him:  but it
+may also do him much harm, if it makes him fancy that such men as
+have expelled him are the real supporters of the Canon and
+inspiration of Scripture, and of Orthodoxy in general.
+
+"I said that I read your pamphlet without surprise.  I must explain
+my words.  This is only one symptom of a great and growing movement,
+which must end in the absolute destruction of 'Orthodox dissent'
+among the educated classes, and leave the lower, if unchecked, to
+"Mormonism, Popery, and every kind of Fetiche-worship.  The
+Unitarians have first felt the tide-wave:  but all other sects will
+follow; and after them will follow members of the Established Church
+in proportion as they have been believing, not in the Catholic and
+Apostolic Faith, as it is in the Bible, but in some compound or
+other of Calvinist doctrine with Rabbinical theories of magical
+inspiration, such as are to be found in Gaussen's Theopneustic--a
+work of which I cannot speak in terms of sufficient abhorrence,
+however well meaning the writer may have been.  Onward to Strauss,
+Transcendentalism--and Mr. John Chapman's Catholic Series is the
+appointed path, and God help them!--I speak as one who has been
+through, already, much which I see with the deepest sympathy
+perplexing others round me; and you write as a man who has had the
+same experience.  Whether or not we agree in our conclusions at
+present, you will forgive me for saying, that every week shows me
+more and more that the 'Orthodox Catholic and Apostolic Faith', so
+far from being incompatible with the most daring science, both
+physical, metaphysical, and philological, or with the most extended
+notions of inspiration, or with continual inrushes of new light from
+above, assumes them, asserts them, and cannot be kept Catholic, or
+true to itself, without the fullest submission to them.  I speak as
+a heartily orthodox priest of the Church of England; you will excuse
+my putting my thoughts in a general and abstract form in so short a
+letter.  But if your son--(I will not say you--for your age must be,
+and your acquirements evidently are--greater than my own) if your
+son would like to write to me about these matters, I do believe
+before God, who sees me write, that as one who has been through what
+he has, and more, I may have something to tell him, or at least to
+set him thinking over.  I speak frankly.  If I am taking a liberty,
+you will pardon the act for the sake of the motive.
+
+I am, dear Sir,
+"Your obedient and faithful servant,
+"C. KINGSLEY."
+
+
+It would be a mistake to suppose that the creed in which I had been
+brought up was or could be for ever cast away like an old garment.
+The beliefs of childhood and youth cannot be thus dismissed.  I know
+that in after years I found that in a way they revived under new
+forms, and that I sympathized more with the Calvinistic Independency
+of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries than with the modern
+Christianity of church or chapel.  At first, after the abandonment
+of orthodoxy, I naturally thought nothing in the old religion worth
+retaining, but this temper did not last long.  Many mistakes may be
+pardoned in Puritanism in view of the earnestness with which it
+insists on the distinction between right and wrong.  This is vital.
+In modern religion the path is flowery.  The absence of difficulty
+is a sure sign that no good is being done.  How far we are from the
+strait gate, from the way that is narrow which leadeth unto life,
+the way which is found only by few!  The great doctrines of
+Puritanism are also much nearer to the facts of actual experience
+than we suppose.
+
+After the expulsion I was adrift, knowing no craft, belonging to no
+religious body, and without social or political interest.  I engaged
+myself to a schoolmaster.  The story of my very brief stay with him
+has been elsewhere told with some variation, but I may as well
+relate it here so as to make my little history complete.  The school
+was somewhere in Stoke Newington.  I got there in the evening when
+it was quite dark.  After a word or two with my chief I was shown
+into a large school-room.  Two candles were placed on a raised desk,
+and this was all the light permitted for the illumination of the
+great empty space round me.  The walls were hung with maps, and the
+place of honour on the end wall was occupied by a huge drawing of
+the globe, in perspective, carefully coloured.  This masterpiece was
+the work of the proprietor, an example of the precious learning
+which might be acquired at his "establishment".  After I had sat
+down for a few minutes a servant brought me my supper, placed it on
+a desk, and showed me my bedroom.  I ate my meal, and after some
+time, as nobody came to see me, I thought I had better go to bed.  I
+had to ascend a ladder, which I pulled up after me.  When I had shut
+the door I looked out of window.  Before me lay London and the dull
+glare of its lights.  There was no distinct noise perceptible; but a
+deadened roar came up to me.  Over in the south-west was the house
+of the friend I had left, always a warm home for me when I was in
+town.  Then there fell upon me what was the beginning of a trouble
+which has lasted all my life.  The next afternoon I went to the
+proprietor and told him I could not stay.  He was greatly amazed,
+and still more so because I could give him no reason for leaving.
+He protested very reasonably that I could not break my engagement at
+the beginning of term, but he gave me permission to look for a
+substitute.  I found a Scotch graduate who, like myself, had been
+accused of heresy, and had nothing to do.  He came the same day, and
+I went back to --- Terrace, somewhere out by Haverstock Hill.  I
+forget its name; it was a dull row of stuccoed ugliness.  But to me
+that day Grasmere, the Quantocks, or the Cornish sea-coast would
+have been nothing compared with that stucco line.  When I knocked at
+the door the horrible choking fog had rolled away:  I rushed inside;
+there was a hearty embrace, and the sun shone gloriously.  Still, I
+had nothing to do.
+
+At this point I had intended to stop.  A good part of my life
+henceforward has appeared under disguise in one of my books, but I
+think on reconsideration it will be better to record here also what
+little remains to be told about myself, and to narrate it as
+history.  I called on several publishers and asked for employment,
+but could get none till I came to John Chapman, editor and
+proprietor of the Westminster Review, as well as publisher, mainly
+of books which were theologically heretical, and, I am sorry to say,
+did not pay.  He lived at 142 Strand.
+
+As the New College council had tested my orthodoxy, so Chapman
+tested my heresy and found that I was fit for the propagandist work
+in No. 142 and for its society.  He asked me if I believed in
+miracles.  I said "Yes and no".  I did not believe that an actual
+Curtius leaped into the gulf in the Forum and saved Rome, but I did
+believe in the spiritual truth set forth in the legend.  This reply
+was allowed to pass, although my scepticism would have been more
+satisfactory and more useful if it had been a little more thorough.
+
+I was soon taken off the Westminster, and my occupation now was to
+write Chapman's letters, to keep his accounts, and, most
+disagreeable, to "subscribe" his publications, that is to say, to
+call on booksellers and ask how many copies they would take.  Of
+George Eliot, who lodged at No. 142, I have often spoken, and have
+nothing to add.  It is a lasting sorrow to me that I allowed my
+friendship with her to drop, and that after I left Chapman I never
+called on her.  She was then unknown, except to a few friends, but I
+did know what she was worth.  I knew that she was not only endowed
+with extraordinary genius, but with human qualities even more
+precious.  She took the kindest notice of me, an awkward creature
+not accustomed to society.  It is sad that youth should be so
+confident in its own resources that it will not close its hand upon
+the treasure which is placed inside it.  It was not only George
+Eliot by whom I neglected to profit.  I might have seen Rachel.  I
+recollect the evening, and I believe I was offered a ticket.  It was
+not worth while to walk a couple of hundred yards to enrich myself
+for ever!  I knew intimate friends of Caroline Fox, but I made no
+effort to become acquainted with her.  What a difference it would
+make to me now, living so much in the past, if Penjerrick, with a
+dream of its lawn sloping southward and seaward, and its society of
+all the most interesting people in England, should be amongst my
+possessions, thrusting out and replacing much that is ugly,
+monotonous, and depressing.  I would earnestly, so earnestly,
+implore every boy and girl religiously to grasp their chances.  Lay
+up for yourselves treasure in heaven.
+
+There was one opportunity, however, I did not miss, and this was
+Caleb Morris.  About him also I have written, but for the sake of
+continuity I will repeat some of it.  He had singular influence, not
+only over me, but over nearly every young man whom he met.  He was
+originally an Independent minister in Wales, where the people are
+mostly Dissenters, but he came to London when he had not passed
+middle life, and took charge of the church in Fetter Lane.  He was
+tall, broad-shouldered, handsome, erect, but was partly disabled by
+a strangely nervous temperament which, with an obscure bodily
+trouble, frequently prevented him from keeping his engagements.
+Often and often messengers had to be dispatched late on Sunday
+morning to find a substitute for him at Fetter Lane, and people used
+to wait in the portico of the chapel until the service had well
+begun, and then peep through the door to see who was in the pulpit.
+He was the most eloquent speaker I ever heard.  I never shall forget
+his picture of the father, in the parable of the prodigal son,
+watching for his child's return, all his thoughts swallowed up in
+one--WILL HE COME BACK TO-DAY?  When he did come--no word of rebuke.
+The hardest thing in the world is to be completely generous in
+forgiveness.  The most magnanimous of men cannot resist the
+temptation--BUT AT THE SAME TIME YOU MUST SEE, MY DEAREST, DON'T
+YOU?  Almost equally difficult, but not quite, is the simple
+confession without an extenuating word, I HAVE SINNED AGAINST
+HEAVEN.  The father does not hear.  BRING FORTH THE BEST ROBE AND
+PUT IT ON HIM, AND PUT A RING ON HIS HAND AND SHOES ON HIS FEET.  A
+ring on his hand!  Shoes on his feet we can understand, but there is
+to be a ring, honour, ennoblement! . . . The first movement of
+repentance was--I WILL ARISE AND GO TO MY FATHER.  The omissions in
+Morris's comment were striking.  There was no word of the orthodox
+machinery of forgiveness.  It was through Morris that the Bible
+became what it always has been to me.  It has not solved directly
+any of the great problems which disturb my peace, and Morris seldom
+touched them controversially, but he uncovered such a wealth of
+wonder and beauty in it that the problems were forgotten.
+
+Lord Bacon was Morris's hero, both for his method and his personal
+character.  These were the days before the researches of Spedding,
+when Bacon was supposed to be a mass of those impossible paradoxes
+in which Macaulay delighted.  To Morris, Bacon's Submission and his
+renunciation of all defence were sufficient.  With what pathos he
+repeated Bacon's words when the Lords asked him whether the
+subscription to the Submission was in his own hand.  "My Lords, it
+is my act, my hand, my heart.  I beseech your Lordships, be merciful
+to a broken reed."
+
+There is nothing more to be said about Chapman's.  I left after an
+offer of partnership, which, it is needless to say, I did not
+accept.  Mr. Whitbread obtained for me a clerkship in the Registrar-
+General's office, Somerset House.  I was there two or three years,
+and was then transferred to the Admiralty.  Meanwhile I had married.
+
+The greater part of my life has been passed in what it is now usual
+to contemn as the Victorian age.  Whatever may be the justice of the
+scorn poured out upon it by the superior persons of the present
+generation, this Victorian age was distinguished by an enthusiasm
+which can only be compared to a religious revival.  Maud was read at
+six in the morning as I walked along Holborn; Pippa Passes late at
+night in my dark little room in Serle Street, although of course it
+was a long while after the poem made its appearance.  Wonderful!
+What did I see as I stood at my desk in my Serle Street bedroom?
+
+
+"Day!
+Faster and more fast,
+O'er night's brim, day boils at last;
+Boils, pure gold, o'er the cloud-cup's brim
+Where spurting and suppresst it lay--"
+
+
+There on the horizon lies the cloud cup.  Over the brim boils, pure
+gold, the day!  The day which is before me is Pippa's day, and not a
+day in the Strand:  it is a "twelve-hours treasure":  I am as eager
+as Pippa "not to squander a wavelet of thee".  The vision still
+lives.  The friend who stood by my side is still with me, although
+he died years and years ago.  What was true of me was true of half a
+score of my friends.  If it is true that the Victorian time was ugly
+and vulgar, it was the time of the Virginians, of David Copperfield,
+of Tennyson's Poems, of Cromwell's Letters and Speeches, of the
+Letters and Life of Lord Bacon, of Emerson's Essays, of Festus, of
+the Dramatis Personae, and of the Apologia.  We were at the Academy
+at eight o'clock on a May morning to see, at the very earliest
+moment, the Ophelia, the Order for Release, the Claudio and
+Isabella, Seddon's Jerusalem, Lewis's Arab Scribe and his Frank
+Encampment in the Desert.  The last two, though, I think, were in
+the exhibition of the Old Water Colour Society.  The excitement of
+those years between 1848 and 1890 was, as I have said, something
+like that of a religious revival, but it was reasonable.
+
+These notes are not written for publication, but to please two or
+three persons related to me by affection.
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE EARLY LIFE OF MARK RUTHERFORD ***
+
+This file should be named emrt10.txt or emrt10.zip
+Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, emrt11.txt
+VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, emrt10a.txt
+
+Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we usually do not
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+We are now trying to release all our eBooks one year in advance
+of the official release dates, leaving time for better editing.
+Please be encouraged to tell us about any error or corrections,
+even years after the official publication date.
+
+Please note neither this listing nor its contents are final til
+midnight of the last day of the month of any such announcement.
+The official release date of all Project Gutenberg eBooks is at
+Midnight, Central Time, of the last day of the stated month.  A
+preliminary version may often be posted for suggestion, comment
+and editing by those who wish to do so.
+
+Most people start at our Web sites at:
+http://gutenberg.net or
+http://promo.net/pg
+
+These Web sites include award-winning information about Project
+Gutenberg, including how to donate, how to help produce our new
+eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter (free!).
+
+
+Those of you who want to download any eBook before announcement
+can get to them as follows, and just download by date.  This is
+also a good way to get them instantly upon announcement, as the
+indexes our cataloguers produce obviously take a while after an
+announcement goes out in the Project Gutenberg Newsletter.
+
+http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext04 or
+ftp://ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext04
+
+Or /etext03, 02, 01, 00, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90
+
+Just search by the first five letters of the filename you want,
+as it appears in our Newsletters.
+
+
+Information about Project Gutenberg (one page)
+
+We produce about two million dollars for each hour we work.  The
+time it takes us, a rather conservative estimate, is fifty hours
+to get any eBook selected, entered, proofread, edited, copyright
+searched and analyzed, the copyright letters written, etc.   Our
+projected audience is one hundred million readers.  If the value
+per text is nominally estimated at one dollar then we produce $2
+million dollars per hour in 2002 as we release over 100 new text
+files per month:  1240 more eBooks in 2001 for a total of 4000+
+We are already on our way to trying for 2000 more eBooks in 2002
+If they reach just 1-2% of the world's population then the total
+will reach over half a trillion eBooks given away by year's end.
+
+The Goal of Project Gutenberg is to Give Away 1 Trillion eBooks!
+This is ten thousand titles each to one hundred million readers,
+which is only about 4% of the present number of computer users.
+
+Here is the briefest record of our progress (* means estimated):
+
+eBooks Year Month
+
+    1  1971 July
+   10  1991 January
+  100  1994 January
+ 1000  1997 August
+ 1500  1998 October
+ 2000  1999 December
+ 2500  2000 December
+ 3000  2001 November
+ 4000  2001 October/November
+ 6000  2002 December*
+ 9000  2003 November*
+10000  2004 January*
+
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been created
+to secure a future for Project Gutenberg into the next millennium.
+
+We need your donations more than ever!
+
+As of February, 2002, contributions are being solicited from people
+and organizations in: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut,
+Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois,
+Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts,
+Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New
+Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio,
+Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South
+Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West
+Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.
+
+We have filed in all 50 states now, but these are the only ones
+that have responded.
+
+As the requirements for other states are met, additions to this list
+will be made and fund raising will begin in the additional states.
+Please feel free to ask to check the status of your state.
+
+In answer to various questions we have received on this:
+
+We are constantly working on finishing the paperwork to legally
+request donations in all 50 states.  If your state is not listed and
+you would like to know if we have added it since the list you have,
+just ask.
+
+While we cannot solicit donations from people in states where we are
+not yet registered, we know of no prohibition against accepting
+donations from donors in these states who approach us with an offer to
+donate.
+
+International donations are accepted, but we don't know ANYTHING about
+how to make them tax-deductible, or even if they CAN be made
+deductible, and don't have the staff to handle it even if there are
+ways.
+
+Donations by check or money order may be sent to:
+
+ PROJECT GUTENBERG LITERARY ARCHIVE FOUNDATION
+ 809 North 1500 West
+ Salt Lake City, UT 84116
+
+Contact us if you want to arrange for a wire transfer or payment
+method other than by check or money order.
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been approved by
+the US Internal Revenue Service as a 501(c)(3) organization with EIN
+[Employee Identification Number] 64-622154.  Donations are
+tax-deductible to the maximum extent permitted by law.  As fund-raising
+requirements for other states are met, additions to this list will be
+made and fund-raising will begin in the additional states.
+
+We need your donations more than ever!
+
+You can get up to date donation information online at:
+
+http://www.gutenberg.net/donation.html
+
+
+***
+
+If you can't reach Project Gutenberg,
+you can always email directly to:
+
+Michael S. Hart <hart@pobox.com>
+
+Prof. Hart will answer or forward your message.
+
+We would prefer to send you information by email.
+
+
+**The Legal Small Print**
+
+
+(Three Pages)
+
+***START**THE SMALL PRINT!**FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS**START***
+Why is this "Small Print!" statement here? You know: lawyers.
+They tell us you might sue us if there is something wrong with
+your copy of this eBook, even if you got it for free from
+someone other than us, and even if what's wrong is not our
+fault. So, among other things, this "Small Print!" statement
+disclaims most of our liability to you. It also tells you how
+you may distribute copies of this eBook if you want to.
+
+*BEFORE!* YOU USE OR READ THIS EBOOK
+By using or reading any part of this PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
+eBook, you indicate that you understand, agree to and accept
+this "Small Print!" statement. If you do not, you can receive
+a refund of the money (if any) you paid for this eBook by
+sending a request within 30 days of receiving it to the person
+you got it from. If you received this eBook on a physical
+medium (such as a disk), you must return it with your request.
+
+ABOUT PROJECT GUTENBERG-TM EBOOKS
+This PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBook, like most PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBooks,
+is a "public domain" work distributed by Professor Michael S. Hart
+through the Project Gutenberg Association (the "Project").
+Among other things, this means that no one owns a United States copyright
+on or for this work, so the Project (and you!) can copy and
+distribute it in the United States without permission and
+without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth
+below, apply if you wish to copy and distribute this eBook
+under the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark.
+
+Please do not use the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark to market
+any commercial products without permission.
+
+To create these eBooks, the Project expends considerable
+efforts to identify, transcribe and proofread public domain
+works. Despite these efforts, the Project's eBooks and any
+medium they may be on may contain "Defects". Among other
+things, Defects may take the form of incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
+intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged
+disk or other eBook medium, a computer virus, or computer
+codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.
+
+LIMITED WARRANTY; DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES
+But for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described below,
+[1] Michael Hart and the Foundation (and any other party you may
+receive this eBook from as a PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBook) disclaims
+all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including
+legal fees, and [2] YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE OR
+UNDER STRICT LIABILITY, OR FOR BREACH OF WARRANTY OR CONTRACT,
+INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE
+OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE
+POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+If you discover a Defect in this eBook within 90 days of
+receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any)
+you paid for it by sending an explanatory note within that
+time to the person you received it from. If you received it
+on a physical medium, you must return it with your note, and
+such person may choose to alternatively give you a replacement
+copy. If you received it electronically, such person may
+choose to alternatively give you a second opportunity to
+receive it electronically.
+
+THIS EBOOK IS OTHERWISE PROVIDED TO YOU "AS-IS". NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE MADE TO YOU AS
+TO THE EBOOK OR ANY MEDIUM IT MAY BE ON, INCLUDING BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+Some states do not allow disclaimers of implied warranties or
+the exclusion or limitation of consequential damages, so the
+above disclaimers and exclusions may not apply to you, and you
+may have other legal rights.
+
+INDEMNITY
+You will indemnify and hold Michael Hart, the Foundation,
+and its trustees and agents, and any volunteers associated
+with the production and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
+texts harmless, from all liability, cost and expense, including
+legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the
+following that you do or cause:  [1] distribution of this eBook,
+[2] alteration, modification, or addition to the eBook,
+or [3] any Defect.
+
+DISTRIBUTION UNDER "PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm"
+You may distribute copies of this eBook electronically, or by
+disk, book or any other medium if you either delete this
+"Small Print!" and all other references to Project Gutenberg,
+or:
+
+[1]  Only give exact copies of it.  Among other things, this
+     requires that you do not remove, alter or modify the
+     eBook or this "small print!" statement.  You may however,
+     if you wish, distribute this eBook in machine readable
+     binary, compressed, mark-up, or proprietary form,
+     including any form resulting from conversion by word
+     processing or hypertext software, but only so long as
+     *EITHER*:
+
+     [*]  The eBook, when displayed, is clearly readable, and
+          does *not* contain characters other than those
+          intended by the author of the work, although tilde
+          (~), asterisk (*) and underline (_) characters may
+          be used to convey punctuation intended by the
+          author, and additional characters may be used to
+          indicate hypertext links; OR
+
+     [*]  The eBook may be readily converted by the reader at
+          no expense into plain ASCII, EBCDIC or equivalent
+          form by the program that displays the eBook (as is
+          the case, for instance, with most word processors);
+          OR
+
+     [*]  You provide, or agree to also provide on request at
+          no additional cost, fee or expense, a copy of the
+          eBook in its original plain ASCII form (or in EBCDIC
+          or other equivalent proprietary form).
+
+[2]  Honor the eBook refund and replacement provisions of this
+     "Small Print!" statement.
+
+[3]  Pay a trademark license fee to the Foundation of 20% of the
+     gross profits you derive calculated using the method you
+     already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  If you
+     don't derive profits, no royalty is due.  Royalties are
+     payable to "Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation"
+     the 60 days following each date you prepare (or were
+     legally required to prepare) your annual (or equivalent
+     periodic) tax return.  Please contact us beforehand to
+     let us know your plans and to work out the details.
+
+WHAT IF YOU *WANT* TO SEND MONEY EVEN IF YOU DON'T HAVE TO?
+Project Gutenberg is dedicated to increasing the number of
+public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed
+in machine readable form.
+
+The Project gratefully accepts contributions of money, time,
+public domain materials, or royalty free copyright licenses.
+Money should be paid to the:
+"Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+If you are interested in contributing scanning equipment or
+software or other items, please contact Michael Hart at:
+hart@pobox.com
+
+[Portions of this eBook's header and trailer may be reprinted only
+when distributed free of all fees.  Copyright (C) 2001, 2002 by
+Michael S. Hart.  Project Gutenberg is a TradeMark and may not be
+used in any sales of Project Gutenberg eBooks or other materials be
+they hardware or software or any other related product without
+express permission.]
+
+*END THE SMALL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS*Ver.02/11/02*END*
+
diff --git a/old/emrt10.zip b/old/emrt10.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a581b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/emrt10.zip
diff --git a/old/emrt10h.htm b/old/emrt10h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..66b3c8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/emrt10h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,1481 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html
+     PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+     "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII" />
+<title>The Early Life of Mark Rutherford</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+<h2>
+<a href="#startoftext">The Early Life of Mark Rutherford, by Mark Rutherford</a>
+</h2>
+<pre>
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Early Life of Mark Rutherford
+by Mark Rutherford
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the
+copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing
+this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook.
+
+This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project
+Gutenberg file.  Please do not remove it.  Do not change or edit the
+header without written permission.
+
+Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the
+eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file.  Included is
+important information about your specific rights and restrictions in
+how the file may be used.  You can also find out about how to make a
+donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved.
+
+
+**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts**
+
+**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971**
+
+*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****
+
+
+Title: The Early Life of Mark Rutherford
+
+Author: Mark Rutherford
+
+Release Date: January, 2005  [EBook #7379]
+[This file was first posted on April 22, 2003]
+
+Edition: 10
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+</pre>
+<p><a name="startoftext"></a></p>
+<p>Transcribed from the 1913 Oxford University Press by David Price,
+email ccx074@coventry.ac.uk</p>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines3"><br /><br /><br /></div>
+<h1>THE EARLY LIFE OF MARK RUTHERFORD</h1>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines3"><br /><br /><br /></div>
+<h2>Autobiographical Notes</h2>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines2"><br /><br /></div>
+<p>I have been asked at 78 years old to set down what I remember of
+my early life.&nbsp; A good deal of it has been told before under a
+semi-transparent disguise, with much added which is entirely fictitious.&nbsp;
+What I now set down is fact.</p>
+<p>I was born in Bedford High Street, on December 22, 1831.&nbsp; I
+had two sisters and a brother, besides an elder sister who died in infancy.&nbsp;
+My brother, a painter of much promise, died young.&nbsp; Ruskin and
+Rossetti thought much of him.&nbsp; He was altogether unlike the rest
+of us, in face, in temper, and in quality of mind.&nbsp; He was very
+passionate, and at times beyond control.&nbsp; None of us understood
+how to manage him.&nbsp; What would I not give to have my time with
+him over again!&nbsp; Two letters to my father about him are copied
+below:</p>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div>
+<p>(185-)</p>
+<p>&ldquo;My DEAR SIR,</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I am much vexed with myself for not having written this letter
+sooner.&nbsp; There were several things I wanted to say respecting the
+need of perseverance in painting as well as in other businesses, which
+it would take me too long to say in the time I have at command&mdash;so
+I must just answer the main question.&nbsp; Your son has very singular
+gifts for painting.&nbsp; I think the work he has done at the College
+nearly the most promising of any that has yet been done there, and I
+sincerely trust the apparent want of perseverance has hitherto been
+only the disgust of a creature of strong instincts who has not got into
+its own element&mdash;he seems to me a fine fellow&mdash;and I hope
+you will be very proud of him some day&mdash;but I very seriously think
+you must let him have his bent in this matter&mdash;and then&mdash;if
+he does not work steadily&mdash;take him to task to purpose.&nbsp; I
+think the whole gist of education is to let the boy take his own shape
+and element&mdash;and then to help&mdash;discipline and urge him <i>in</i>
+that, but not to force him on work entirely painful to him.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Very truly yours,<br />(Signed) &ldquo;J. RUSKIN.&rdquo;</p>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div>
+<p>&ldquo;NATIONAL GALLERY, 3<i>rd April.</i></p>
+<p>&ldquo;MY DEAR SIR, (185-)</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Do not send your son to Mr. Leigh: his school is wholly inefficient.&nbsp;
+Your son should go through the usual course of instruction given at
+the Royal Academy, which, with a good deal that is wrong, gives something
+that is necessary and right, and which cannot be otherwise obtained.&nbsp;
+Mr. Rossetti and I will take care&mdash;(in fact your son&rsquo;s judgement
+is I believe formed enough to enable him to take care himself) that
+he gets no mistaken bias in those schools.&nbsp; A &lsquo;studio&rsquo;
+is not necessary for him&mdash;but a little room with a cupboard in
+it, and a chair&mdash;and nothing else&mdash;<i>is</i>.&nbsp; I am very
+sanguine respecting him, I like both his face and his work.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Thank you for telling me that about my books.&nbsp; I am happy
+in seeing much more of the springing of the green than most sowers of
+seed are allowed to see, until very late in their lives&mdash;but it
+is always a great help to me to hear of any, for I never write with
+pleasure to myself, nor with purpose of getting praise to myself.&nbsp;
+I hate writing, and know that what I do does not deserve high praise,
+as literature; but I write to tell truths which I can&rsquo;t help crying
+out about, and I <i>do</i> enjoy being believed and being of use.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Very faithfully yours,<br />(Signed) J. RUSKIN.<br />W. White,
+Esq.&rdquo;</p>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div>
+<p>My mother, whose maiden name was Chignell, came from Colchester.&nbsp;
+What her father and mother were I never heard.&nbsp; I will say all
+I have to say about Colchester, and then go back to my native town.&nbsp;
+My maternal grandmother was a little, round, old lady, with a ruddy,
+healthy tinge on her face.&nbsp; She lived in Queen Street in a house
+dated 1619 over the doorway.&nbsp; There was a pleasant garden at the
+back, and the scent of a privet hedge in it has never to this day left
+me.&nbsp; In one of the rooms was a spinet.&nbsp; The strings were struck
+with quills, and gave a thin, twangling, or rather twingling sound.&nbsp;
+In that house I was taught by a stupid servant to be frightened at gipsies.&nbsp;
+She threatened me with them after I was in bed.&nbsp; My grandmother
+was a most pious woman.&nbsp; Every morning and night we had family
+prayer.&nbsp; It was difficult for her to stoop, but she always took
+the great quarto book of Devotions off the table and laid it on a chair,
+put on her spectacles, and went through the portion for the day.&nbsp;
+I had an uncle who was also pious, but sleepy.&nbsp; One night he stopped
+dead in the middle of his prayer.&nbsp; I was present and awake.&nbsp;
+I was much frightened, but my aunt, who was praying by his side, poked
+him, and he went on all right.</p>
+<p>We children were taken to Colchester every summer by my mother, and
+we generally spent half our holiday at Walton-on-the-Naze, then a fishing
+village with only four or five houses in it besides a few cottages.&nbsp;
+No living creature could be more excitedly joyous than I was when I
+journeyed to Walton in the tilted carrier&rsquo;s cart.&nbsp; How I
+envied the carrier!&nbsp; Happy man!&nbsp; All the year round he went
+to the seaside three times a week!</p>
+<p>I had an aunt in Colchester, a woman of singular originality, which
+none of her neighbours could interpret, and consequently they misliked
+it, and ventured upon distant insinuations against her.&nbsp; She had
+married a baker, a good kind of man, but tame.&nbsp; In summer-time
+she not infrequently walked at five o&rsquo;clock in the morning to
+a pretty church about a mile and a half away, and read <i>George Herbert</i>
+in the porch.&nbsp; She was no relation of mine, except by marriage
+to my uncle, but she was most affectionate to me, and always loaded
+me with nice things whenever I went to see her.&nbsp; The survival in
+my memory of her cakes, gingerbread, and kisses; has done me more good,
+moral good&mdash;if you have a fancy for this word&mdash;than sermons
+or punishment.</p>
+<p>My christian name of &ldquo;Hale&rdquo; comes from my grandmother,
+whose maiden name was Hale.&nbsp; At the beginning of last century she
+and her two brothers, William and Robert Hale, were living in Colchester.&nbsp;
+William Hale moved to Homerton, and became a silk manufacturer in Spitalfields.&nbsp;
+Homerton was then a favourite suburb for rich City people.&nbsp; My
+great-uncle&rsquo;s beautiful Georgian house had a marble bath and a
+Grecian temple in the big garden.&nbsp; Of Robert Hale and my grandfather
+I know nothing.&nbsp; The supposed connexion with the Carolean Chief
+Justice is more than doubtful.</p>
+<p>To return to Bedford.&nbsp; In my boyhood it differed, excepting
+an addition northwards a few years before, much less from Speed&rsquo;s
+map of 1609 than the Bedford of 1910 differs from the Bedford of 1831.&nbsp;
+There was but one bridge, but it was not Bunyan&rsquo;s bridge, and
+many of the gabled houses still remained.&nbsp; To our house, much like
+the others in the High Street, there was no real drainage, and our drinking-water
+came from a shallow well sunk in the gravelly soil of the back yard.&nbsp;
+A sewer, it is true, ran down the High Street, but it discharged itself
+at the bridge-foot, in the middle of the town, which was full of cesspools.&nbsp;
+Every now and then the river was drawn off and the thick masses of poisonous
+filth which formed its bed were dug out and carted away.&nbsp; In consequence
+of the imperfect outfall we were liable to tremendous floods.&nbsp;
+At such times a torrent roared under the bridge, bringing down haystacks,
+dead bullocks, cows, and sheep.&nbsp; Men with long poles were employed
+to fend the abutments from the heavy blows by which they were struck.&nbsp;
+A flood in 1823 was not forgotten for many years.&nbsp; One Saturday
+night in November a man rode into the town, post-haste from Olney, warning
+all inhabitants of the valley of the Ouse that the &ldquo;Buckinghamshire
+water&rdquo; was coming down with alarming force, and would soon be
+upon them.&nbsp; It arrived almost as soon as the messenger, and invaded
+my uncle Lovell&rsquo;s dining-room, reaching nearly as high as the
+top of the table.</p>
+<p>The goods traffic to and from London was carried on by an enormous
+waggon, which made the journey once or twice a week.&nbsp; Passengers
+generally travelled by the <i>Times</i> coach, a hobby of Mr. Whitbread&rsquo;s.&nbsp;
+It was horsed with four magnificent cream-coloured horses, and did the
+fifty miles from Bedford to London at very nearly ten miles an hour,
+or twelve miles actual speed, excluding stoppages for change.&nbsp;
+Barring accidents, it was always punctual to a minute, and every evening,
+excepting Sundays, exactly as the clock of St. Paul&rsquo;s struck eight,
+it crossed the bridge.&nbsp; I have known it wait before entering the
+town if it was five or six minutes too soon, a kind of polish or artistic
+completeness being thereby given to a performance in which much pride
+was taken.</p>
+<p>The Bedford Charity was as yet hardly awake.&nbsp; No part of the
+funds was devoted to the education of girls, but a very large part went
+in almsgiving.&nbsp; The education of boys was almost worthless.&nbsp;
+The head-mastership of the Grammar School was in the gift of New College,
+Oxford, who of course always appointed one of their Fellows.&nbsp; Including
+the income from boarders, it was worth about &pound;3,000 a year.</p>
+<p>Dissent had been strong throughout the whole county ever since the
+Commonwealth.&nbsp; The old meeting-house held about 700 people, and
+was filled every Sunday.&nbsp; It was not the gifts of the minister,
+certainly after the days of my early childhood, which kept such a congregation
+steady.&nbsp; The reason why it held together was the simple loyalty
+which prevents a soldier or a sailor from mutinying, although the commanding
+officer may deserve no respect.&nbsp; Most of the well-to-do tradesfolk
+were Dissenters.&nbsp; They were taught what was called a &ldquo;moderate
+Calvinism&rdquo;, a phrase not easy to understand.&nbsp; If it had any
+meaning, it was that predestination, election, and reprobation, were
+unquestionably true, but they were dogmas about which it was not prudent
+to say much, for some of the congregation were a little Arminian, and
+St. James could not be totally neglected.&nbsp; The worst of St. James
+was that when a sermon was preached from his Epistle, there was always
+a danger lest somebody in the congregation should think that it was
+against him it was levelled.&nbsp; There was no such danger, at any
+rate not so much, if the text was taken from the Epistle to the Romans.</p>
+<p>In the &ldquo;singing-pew&rdquo; sat a clarionet, a double bass,
+a bassoon, and a flute: also a tenor voice which &ldquo;set the tune&rdquo;.&nbsp;
+The carpenter, to whom the tenor voice belonged, had a tuning-fork which
+he struck on his desk and applied to his ear.&nbsp; He then hummed the
+tuning-fork note, and the octave below, the double bass screwed up and
+responded, the leader with the tuning-fork boldly struck out, everybody
+following, including the orchestra, and those of the congregation who
+had bass or tenor voices sang the air.&nbsp; Each of the instruments
+demanded a fair share of solos.</p>
+<p>The institution strangest to me now was the Lord&rsquo;s Supper.&nbsp;
+Once a month the members of the church, while they were seated in the
+pews, received the bread and wine at the hands of the deacons, the minister
+reciting meanwhile passages from Scripture.&nbsp; Those of the congregation
+who had not been converted, and who consequently did not belong to the
+church and were not communicants, watched the rite from the gallery.&nbsp;
+What the reflective unconverted, who were upstairs, thought I cannot
+say.&nbsp; The master might with varying emotions survey the man who
+cleaned his knives and boots.&nbsp; The wife might sit beneath and the
+husband above, or, more difficult still, the mistress might be seated
+aloft while her husband and her conceited maid-of-all-work, Tabitha,
+enjoyed full gospel privileges below.</p>
+<p>Dependent on the mother &ldquo;cause&rdquo; were chapels in the outlying
+villages.&nbsp; They were served by lay preachers, and occasionally
+by the minister from the old meeting-house.&nbsp; One village, Stagsden,
+had attained to the dignity of a wind and a stringed instrument.</p>
+<p>The elders of the church at Bedford belonged mostly to the middle
+class in the town, but some of them were farmers.&nbsp; Ignorant they
+were to a degree which would shock the most superficial young person
+of the present day; and yet, if the farmer&rsquo;s ignorance and the
+ignorance of the young person could be reduced to the same denomination,
+I doubt whether it would not be found that the farmer knew more than
+the other.&nbsp; The farmer could not discuss Coleridge&rsquo;s metres
+or the validity of the maxim, &ldquo;Art for Art&rsquo;s sake&rdquo;,
+but he understood a good deal about the men around him, about his fields,
+about the face of the sky, and he had found it out all by himself, a
+fact of more importance than we suppose.&nbsp; He understood also that
+he must be honest; he had learnt how to be honest, and everything about
+him, house, clothes, was a reality and not a sham.&nbsp; One of these
+elders I knew well.&nbsp; He was perfectly straightforward, God-fearing
+also, and therefore wise.&nbsp; Yet he once said to my father, &ldquo;I
+ain&rsquo;t got no patience with men who talk potry (poetry) in the
+pulpit.&nbsp; If you hear that, how can you wonder at your children
+wanting to go to theatres and cathredrals?&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Of my father&rsquo;s family, beyond my grandfather, I know nothing.&nbsp;
+His forefathers had lived in Bedfordshire beyond memory, and sleep indistinguishable,
+I am told, in Wilstead churchyard.&nbsp; He was Radical, and almost
+Republican.&nbsp; With two of his neighbours he refused to illuminate
+for our victories over the French, and he had his windows smashed by
+a Tory mob.&nbsp; One night he and a friend were riding home on horseback,
+and at the entrance of the town they came upon somebody lying in the
+road, who had been thrown from his horse and was unconscious.&nbsp;
+My grandfather galloped forwards for a doctor, and went back at once
+before the doctor could start.&nbsp; On his way, and probably riding
+hard, he also was thrown and was killed.&nbsp; He was found by those
+who had followed him, and in the darkness and confusion they did not
+recognize him.&nbsp; They picked him up, thinking he was the man for
+whom they had been sent.&nbsp; When they reached the Swan Inn they found
+out their mistake, and returned to the other man.&nbsp; He recovered.</p>
+<p>I had only one set of relations in Bedford, my aunt, who was my father&rsquo;s
+sister, her husband, Samuel Lovell, and their children, my cousins.&nbsp;
+My uncle was a maltster and coal merchant.&nbsp; Although he was slender
+and graceful when he was young, he was portly when I first knew him.&nbsp;
+He always wore, even in his counting-house and on his wharf, a spotless
+shirt&mdash;seven a week&mdash;elaborately frilled in front.&nbsp; He
+was clean-shaven, and his face was refined and gentle.&nbsp; To me he
+was kindness itself.&nbsp; He was in the habit of driving two or three
+times a year to villages and solitary farm-houses to collect his debts,
+and, to my great delight, he used to take me with him.&nbsp; We were
+out all day.&nbsp; His creditors were by no means punctual: they reckoned
+on him with assurance.&nbsp; This is what generally happened.&nbsp;
+Uncle draws up at the front garden gate and gets out: I hold the reins.&nbsp;
+Blacksmith, in debt something like &pound;15 for smithery coal, comes
+from his forge at the side of the house to meet him.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Ah, Mr. Lovell, I&rsquo;m glad to see you: how&rsquo;s the
+missus and the children?&nbsp; What weather it is!&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I suppose you guess, Master Fitchew, what I&rsquo;ve come
+about: you&rsquo;ve had this bill twice&mdash;I send my bills out only
+once a year&mdash;and you&rsquo;ve not paid a penny.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Fitchew looks on the ground, and gives his head a shake on one side
+as if he were mortified beyond measure.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I know it, Mr. Lovell, nobody can be more vexed than I am,
+but I can&rsquo;t get nothing out of the farmers.&nbsp; Last year was
+an awful year for them.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Uncle tries with all his might to look severe, but does not succeed.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;You&rsquo;ve told me that tale every time I&rsquo;ve called
+for twenty years past: now mind, I&rsquo;m not going to be humbugged
+any longer.&nbsp; I must have half of that &pound;15 this month, or
+not another ounce of smithery coal do you get out of me.&nbsp; You may
+try Warden if you like, and maybe he&rsquo;ll treat you better than
+I do.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Mr. Lovell, &pound;10 you shall have next Saturday fortnight
+as sure as my name&rsquo;s Bill Fitchew.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>A little girl, about eight years old, who was hurried into her white,
+Sunday frock with red ribbons, as soon as her mother saw my uncle at
+the gate, runs up towards him according to secret instructions, but
+stops short by about a yard, puts her forefinger on her lip and looks
+at him.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Hullo, my pretty dear, what&rsquo;s your name?&nbsp; Dear,
+what&rsquo;s your name?&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Say Keziah Fitchew, sir,&rdquo; prompts Mrs. Fitchew, appearing
+suddenly at the side door as if she had come to fetch her child who
+had run out unawares.</p>
+<p>After much hesitation: &ldquo;Keziah Fitchew, sir.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Are you a good little girl?&nbsp; Do you say your prayers
+every morning and every evening?&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Yes, sir.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Would you know what to do with sixpence if I gave it you?&nbsp;
+You&rsquo;d put it in the missionary box, wouldn&rsquo;t you?&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Keziah thinks, but does not reply.&nbsp; It is a problem of immense
+importance.&nbsp; Uncle turns to Bill, so that Keziah cannot see him,
+puts up his left hand to the side of his face and winks violently.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I suppose it&rsquo;s one o&rsquo;clock as usual, Mr. Lovell,
+at the Red Lion?&rdquo;&nbsp; My uncle laughs as he moves to the gate.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I tell you what it is, Mr. Fitchew, you&rsquo;re a precious
+rascal; that&rsquo;s what you are.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>At one o&rsquo;clock an immense dinner is provided at the Red Lion,
+and thither the debtors come, no matter what may be the state of their
+accounts, and drink my uncle&rsquo;s health.&nbsp; Such was Uncle Lovell.&nbsp;
+My father and mother often had supper with him and my aunt.&nbsp; After
+I was ten years old I was permitted to go.&nbsp; It was a solid, hot
+meal at nine o&rsquo;clock.&nbsp; It was followed by pipes and brandy
+and water, never more than one glass; and when this was finished, at
+about half-past ten, there was the walk home across the silent bridge,
+with a glimpse downward of the dark river slowly flowing through the
+stone arches.</p>
+<p>I now come to my father.&nbsp; My object is not to write his life.&nbsp;
+I have not sufficient materials, nor would it be worth recording at
+any length, but I should like to preserve the memory of a few facts
+which are significant of him, and may explain his influence upon me.</p>
+<p>He was born in 1807, and was eight years old when his father died:
+his mother died seven years earlier.&nbsp; He had a cruel step-mother,
+who gave to her own child everything she had to give.&nbsp; He was educated
+at the Grammar School, but the teaching there, as I have said, was very
+poor.&nbsp; The step-mother used to send messages to the head master
+begging him soundly to thrash her step-son, for he was sure to deserve
+it, and school thrashing in those days was no joke.&nbsp; She also compelled
+my father to clean boots, knives and forks, and do other dirty work.</p>
+<p>I do not know when he opened the shop in Bedford as a printer and
+bookseller, but it must have been about 1830.&nbsp; He dealt in old
+books, the works of the English divines of all parties, both in the
+Anglican Church and outside it.&nbsp; The clergy, who then read more
+than they read or can read now, were his principal customers.&nbsp;
+From the time when he began business as a young man in the town he had
+much to do with its affairs.&nbsp; He was a Whig in politics, and amongst
+the foremost at elections, specially at the election in 1832, when he
+and the Whig Committee were besieged in the Swan Inn by the mob.&nbsp;
+He soon became a trustee of the Bedford Charity, and did good service
+for the schools.&nbsp; In September 1843, the Rev. Edward Isaac Lockwood,
+rector of St. John&rsquo;s, in the town, and trustee of the schools,
+carried a motion at a board meeting declaring that all the masters under
+the Charity should be members of the Church of England.&nbsp; The Charity
+maintained one or two schools besides the Grammar School.&nbsp; The
+Act of Parliament, under which it was administered, provided that the
+masters and ushers of the Grammar School should be members of the Church
+of England, but said nothing about the creed of the masters of the other
+schools.&nbsp; The consternation in the town was great.&nbsp; It was
+evident that the next step would be to close the schools to Dissenters.&nbsp;
+Public meetings were held, and at the annual election of trustees, Mr.
+Lockwood was at the bottom of the poll.&nbsp; At the next meeting of
+the board, after the election, my father carried a resolution which
+rescinded Mr. Lockwood&rsquo;s.&nbsp; The rector&rsquo;s defeat was
+followed by a series of newspaper letters in his defence from the Rev.
+Edward Swann, mathematical master in the Grammar School.&nbsp; My father
+replied in a pamphlet, published in 1844.</p>
+<p>There was one endowment for which he was remarkable, the purity of
+the English he spoke and wrote.&nbsp; He used to say he owed it to Cobbett,
+whose style he certainly admired, but this is but partly true.&nbsp;
+It was rather a natural consequence of the clearness of his own mind
+and of his desire to make himself wholly understood, both demanding
+the simplest and most forcible expression.&nbsp; If the truth is of
+serious importance to us we dare not obstruct it by phrase-making: we
+are compelled to be as direct as our inherited feebleness will permit.&nbsp;
+The cannon ball&rsquo;s path is near to a straight line in proportion
+to its velocity.&nbsp; &ldquo;My boy,&rdquo; my father once said to
+me, &ldquo;if you write anything you consider particularly fine, strike
+it out.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>The <i>Reply</i> is an admirable specimen of the way in which a controversy
+should be conducted; without heat, the writer uniformly mindful of his
+object, which is not personal distinction, but the conviction of his
+neighbour, poor as well as rich, all the facts in order, every point
+answered, and not one evaded.&nbsp; At the opening of the first letter,
+a saying of Burkitt&rsquo;s is quoted with approval.&nbsp; &ldquo;Painted
+glass is very beautiful, but plain glass is the most useful as it lets
+through the most light.&rdquo;&nbsp; A word, by the way, on Burkitt.&nbsp;
+He was born in 1650, went to Cambridge, and became rector, first of
+Milden, and then of Dedham, both in Suffolk.&nbsp; As rector of Dedham
+he died.&nbsp; There he wrote the <i>Poor Man&rsquo;s Help and Young
+Man&rsquo;s Guide</i>, which went through more than thirty editions
+in fifty years.&nbsp; There he wrestled with the Baptists, and produced
+his <i>Argumentative and Practical Discourse on Infant Baptism</i>.&nbsp;
+I have wandered through these Dedham fields by the banks of the Stour.&nbsp;
+It is Constable&rsquo;s country, and in its way is not to be matched
+in England.&nbsp; Although there is nothing striking in it, its influence,
+at least upon me, is greater than that of celebrated mountains and waterfalls.&nbsp;
+What a power there is to subdue and calm in those low hills, overtopped,
+as you see it from East Bergholt, by the magnificent Dedham half-cathedral
+church!&nbsp; It is very probable that Burkitt, as he took his walks
+by the Stour, and struggled with his <i>Argument</i>, never saw the
+placid, winding stream; nor is it likely that anybody in Bedford, except
+my father, had heard of him.&nbsp; For his defence of the schools my
+father was presented at a town&rsquo;s meeting with a silver tea-service.</p>
+<p>By degrees, when the battle was over, the bookselling business very
+much fell off, and after a short partnership with his brother-in-law
+in a tannery, my father was appointed assistant door-keeper of the House
+of Commons by Lord Charles Russell.&nbsp; He soon became door-keeper.&nbsp;
+While he was at the door he wrote for a weekly paper his <i>Inner Life
+of the House of Commons</i>, afterwards collected and published in book
+form.&nbsp; He held office for twenty-one years, and on his retirement,
+in 1875, 160 members of the House testified in a very substantial manner
+their regard for him.&nbsp; He died at Carshalton on February 11, 1882.&nbsp;
+There were many obituary notices of him.&nbsp; One was from Lord Charles
+Russell, who, as Serjeant-at-Arms, had full opportunities of knowing
+him well.&nbsp; Lord Charles recalled a meeting at Woburn, a quarter
+of a century before, in honour of Lord John Russell.&nbsp; Lord John
+spoke then, and so did Sir David Dundas, then Solicitor-General, Lord
+Charles, and my father.&nbsp; &ldquo;His,&rdquo; said Lord Charles,
+&ldquo;was the finest speech, and Sir David Dundas remarked to me, as
+Mr. White concluded, &lsquo;Why that is old Cobbett again <i>minus</i>
+his vulgarity.&rsquo;&rdquo;&nbsp; He became acquainted with a good
+many members during his stay at the House.&nbsp; New members sought
+his advice and initiation into its ways.&nbsp; Some of his friends were
+also mine.&nbsp; Amongst these were Sir John Trelawney and his gifted
+wife.&nbsp; Sir John belonged to the scholarly Radical party, which
+included John Stuart Mill and Roebuck.&nbsp; The visits to Sir John
+and Lady Trelawney will never be forgotten, not so much because I was
+taught what to think about certain political questions, but because
+I was supplied with a standard by which all political questions were
+judged, and this standard was fixed by reason.&nbsp; Looking at the
+methods and the procedure of that little republic and at the anarchy
+of to-day, with no prospect of the renewal of allegiance to principles,
+my heart sinks.&nbsp; It was through one of the Russells, with whom
+my father was acquainted, that I was permitted with him to call on Carlyle,
+an event amongst the greatest in my life, and all the happier for me
+because I did not ask to go.</p>
+<p>What I am going to say now I hardly like to mention, because of its
+privacy, but it is so much to my father&rsquo;s honour that I cannot
+omit it.&nbsp; Besides, almost everybody concerned is now dead.&nbsp;
+When he left Bedford he was considerably in debt, through the falling
+off in his book-selling business which I have just mentioned, caused
+mainly by his courageous partisanship.&nbsp; His official salary was
+not sufficient to keep him, and in order to increase it, he began to
+write for the newspapers.&nbsp; During the session this was very hard
+work.&nbsp; He could not leave the House till it rose, and was often
+not at home till two o&rsquo;clock in the morning or later, too tired
+to sleep.&nbsp; He was never able to see a single revise of what he
+wrote.&nbsp; In the end he paid his debts in full.</p>
+<p>My father was a perfectly honest man, and hated shiftiness even worse
+than downright lying.&nbsp; The only time he gave me a thrashing was
+for prevarication.&nbsp; He had a plain, but not a dull mind, and loved
+poetry of a sublime cast, especially Milton.&nbsp; I can hear him even
+now repeat passages from the <i>Comus</i>, which was a special favourite.&nbsp;
+Elsewhere I have told how when he was young and stood at the composing
+desk in his printing office, he used to declaim Byron by heart.&nbsp;
+That a Puritan printer, one of the last men in the world to be carried
+away by a fashion, should be vanquished by Byron, is as genuine a testimony
+as any I know to the reality of his greatness.&nbsp; Up to 1849 or thereabouts,
+my father in religion was Independent and Calvinist, the creed which,
+as he thought then, best suited him.&nbsp; But a change was at hand.&nbsp;
+His political opinions remained unaltered to his death, but in 1851
+he had completed his discovery that the &ldquo;simple gospel&rdquo;
+which Calvinism preached was by no means simple, but remarkably abstruse.&nbsp;
+It was the <i>Heroes and Hero Worship</i> and the <i>Sartor Resartus</i>
+which drew him away from the meeting-house.&nbsp; There is nothing in
+these two books directly hostile either to church or dissent, but they
+laid hold on him as no books had ever held, and the expansion they wrought
+in him could not possibly tolerate the limitations of orthodoxy.&nbsp;
+He was not converted to any other religion.&nbsp; He did not run for
+help to those who he knew could not give it.&nbsp; His portrait; erect,
+straightforward-looking, firmly standing, one foot a little in advance,
+helps me and decides me when I look at it.&nbsp; Of all types of humanity
+the one which he represents would be the most serviceable to the world
+at the present day.&nbsp; He was generous, open-hearted, and if he had
+a temper, a trifle explosive at times, nobody for whom he cared ever
+really suffered from it, and occasionally it did him good service.&nbsp;
+The chief obituary notice of him declared with truth that he was the
+best public speaker Bedford ever had, and the committee of the well-known
+public library resolved unanimously &ldquo;That this institution records
+with regret the death of Mr. W. White, formerly and for many years an
+active and most valuable member of the committee, whose special and
+extensive knowledge of books was always at its service, and to whom
+the library is indebted for the acquisition of its most rare and valuable
+books.&rdquo;&nbsp; The first event in my own life is the attack by
+the mob upon our house, at the general election in 1832, to which I
+have referred.&nbsp; My cradle&mdash;as I have been told&mdash;had to
+be carried from the front bedroom into the back, so that my head might
+not be broken by the stones which smashed the windows.</p>
+<p>The first thing I can really see is the coronation of Queen Victoria
+and a town&rsquo;s dinner in St. Paul&rsquo;s Square.&nbsp; About this
+time, or soon after, I was placed in a &ldquo;young ladies&rsquo;&rdquo;
+school.&nbsp; At the front door of this polite seminary I appeared one
+morning in a wheelbarrow.&nbsp; I had persuaded a shop boy to give me
+a lift.</p>
+<p>It was when I was about ten years old&mdash;surely it must have been
+very early on some cloudless summer morning&mdash;that Nurse Jane came
+to us.&nbsp; She was a faithful servant and a dear friend for many years&mdash;I
+cannot say how many.&nbsp; Till her death, not so long ago, I was always
+her &ldquo;dear boy&rdquo;.&nbsp; She was as familiar with me as if
+I were her own child.&nbsp; She left us when she married, but came back
+on her husband&rsquo;s death.&nbsp; Her father and mother lived in a
+little thatched cottage at Oakley.&nbsp; They were very poor, but her
+mother was a Scotch girl, and knew how to make a little go a long way.&nbsp;
+Jane had not infrequent holidays, and she almost always took my sister
+and myself to spend them at Oakley.&nbsp; This was a delight as keen
+as any which could be given me.&nbsp; No entertainment, no special food
+was provided.&nbsp; As to entertainment there was just the escape to
+a freer life, to a room in which we cooked our food, ate it, and altogether
+lived during waking hours when we were indoors.&nbsp; Oh, for a house
+with this one room, a Homeric house!&nbsp; How much easier and how much
+more natural should we be if we watched the pot or peeled the potatoes
+as we talked, than it is now in a drawing-room, where we do not know
+what chair to choose amongst a dozen scattered about aimlessly; where
+there is no table to hide the legs or support the arms; a room which
+compels an uncomfortable awkwardness, and forced conversation.&nbsp;
+Would it not be more sincere if a saucepan took part in it than it is
+now, when, in evening clothes, tea-cup in hand, we discuss the show
+at the Royal Academy, while a lady at the piano sings a song from <i>Aida</i>?</p>
+<p>As to the food at Oakley, it was certainly rough, and included dishes
+not often seen at home, but I liked it all the better.&nbsp; My mother
+was by no means democratic.&nbsp; In fact she had a slight weakness
+in favour of rank.&nbsp; Somehow or other she had managed to know some
+people who lived in a &ldquo;park&rdquo; about five or six miles from
+Bedford.&nbsp; It was called a &ldquo;park&rdquo;, but in reality it
+was a big garden, with a meadow beyond.&nbsp; However, and this was
+the great point, none of my mother&rsquo;s town friends were callers
+at the Park.&nbsp; But, notwithstanding her little affectations, she
+was always glad to let us go to Oakley with Jane, not that she wanted
+to get rid of us, but because she loved her.&nbsp; Nothing but good
+did I get from my wholly unlearned nurse and Oakley.&nbsp; Never a coarse
+word, unbounded generosity, and an unreasoning spontaneity, which I
+do think one of the most blessed of virtues, suddenly making us glad
+when nothing is expected.&nbsp; A child knows, no one so well, whereabouts
+in the scale of goodness to place generosity.&nbsp; Nobody can estimate
+its true value so accurately.&nbsp; Keeping the Sabbath, no swearing,
+very right and proper, but generosity is first, although it is not in
+the Decalogue.&nbsp; There was not much in my nurse&rsquo;s cottage
+with which to prove her liberality, but a quart of damsons for my mother
+was enough.&nbsp; Going home from Oakley one summer&rsquo;s night I
+saw some magnificent apples in a window; I had a penny in my pocket,
+and I asked how many I could have for that sum.&nbsp; &ldquo;Twenty.&rdquo;&nbsp;
+How we got them home I do not know.&nbsp; The price I dare say has gone
+up since that evening.&nbsp; Talking about damsons and apples, I call
+to mind a friend in Potter Street, whose name I am sorry to say I have
+forgotten.&nbsp; He was a miller, tall, thin, slightly stooping, wore
+a pepper-and-salt suit of clothes, and might have been about sixty years
+old when I was ten or twelve.&nbsp; He lived in an ancient house, the
+first floor of which overhung the street; the rooms were low-pitched
+and dark.&nbsp; How Bedford folk managed to sleep in them, windows all
+shut, is incomprehensible.&nbsp; At the back of the house was a royal
+garden stretching down to the lane which led to the mill.&nbsp; My memory
+especially dwells on the currants, strawberries, and gooseberries.&nbsp;
+When we went to &ldquo;uncle&rsquo;s&rdquo;, as we called him, we were
+turned out unattended into the middle of the fruit beds if the fruit
+was ripe, and we could gather and eat what we liked.&nbsp; I am proud
+to say that this Potter Street gentleman, a nobleman if ever there was
+one, although not really an uncle, was in some way related to my father.</p>
+<p>The recollections of boyhood, so far as week-days go, are very happy.&nbsp;
+Sunday, however, was not happy.&nbsp; I was taken to a religious service,
+morning and evening, and understood nothing.&nbsp; The evening was particularly
+trying.&nbsp; The windows of the meeting-house streamed inside with
+condensed breath, and the air we took into our lungs was poisonous.&nbsp;
+Almost every Sunday some woman was carried out fainting.&nbsp; Do what
+I could it was impossible to keep awake.&nbsp; When I was quite little
+I was made to stand on the seat, a spectacle, with other children in
+the like case, to the whole congregation, and I often nearly fell down,
+overcome with drowsiness.&nbsp; My weakness much troubled me, because,
+although it might not be a heinous sin, such as bathing on Sunday, it
+showed that I was not one of God&rsquo;s children, like Samuel, who
+ministered before the Lord girded with a linen ephod.&nbsp; Bathing
+on Sunday, as the river was always before me, was particularly prominent
+as a type of wickedness, and I read in some book for children, by a
+certain divine named Todd, how a wicked boy, bathing on the Sabbath,
+was drawn under a mill-wheel, was drowned, and went to hell.&nbsp; I
+wish I could find that book, for there was also in it a most conclusive
+argument intended for a child&rsquo;s mind against the doctrine, propounded
+by people called philosophers, that the world was created by chance.&nbsp;
+The refutation was in the shape of a dream by a certain sage representing
+a world made by Chance and not by God.&nbsp; Unhappily all that I recollect
+of the remarkable universe thus produced is that the geese had hoofs,
+and &ldquo;clamped about like horses&rdquo;.&nbsp; Such was the awful
+consequence of creation by a No-God or nothing.</p>
+<p>In 1841 or 1842&mdash;I forget exactly the date&mdash;I was sent
+to what is now the Modern School.&nbsp; My father would not let me go
+to the Grammar School, partly because he had such dreadful recollections
+of his treatment there, and partly because in those days the universities
+were closed to Dissenters.&nbsp; The Latin and Greek in the upper school
+were not good for much, but Latin in the lower school&mdash;Greek was
+not taught&mdash;consisted almost entirely in learning the Eton Latin
+grammar by heart, and construing Cornelius Nepos.&nbsp; The boys in
+the lower school were a very rough set.&nbsp; About a dozen were better
+than the others, and kept themselves apart.</p>
+<p>The recollections of school are not interesting to me in any way,
+but it is altogether otherwise with playtime and holidays.&nbsp; School
+began at seven in the morning during half the year, but later in winter.&nbsp;
+At half-past eight or nine there was an interval of an hour for breakfast.&nbsp;
+It was over when I got home, and I had mine in the kitchen.&nbsp; It
+was dispatched in ten minutes, and my delight in cold weather then was
+to lie in front of the fire and read <i>Chambers&rsquo; Journal</i>.&nbsp;
+Blessings on the brothers Chambers for that magazine and for the <i>Miscellany</i>,
+which came later!&nbsp; Then there was Charles and Mary Lamb&rsquo;s
+<i>Tales of Ulysses</i>.&nbsp; It was on a top shelf in the shop, and
+I studied it whilst perched on the shop ladder.&nbsp; Another memorable
+volume was a huge atlas-folio, which my sister and I called the Battle
+Book.&nbsp; It contained coloured prints, with descriptions of famous
+battles of the British Army.&nbsp; We used to lug it into the dining-room
+in the evening, and were never tired of looking at it.&nbsp; A little
+later I managed to make an electrical machine out of a wine bottle,
+and to produce sparks three-quarters of an inch long.&nbsp; I had learned
+the words &ldquo;positive&rdquo; and &ldquo;negative&rdquo;, and was
+satisfied with them as an explanation, although I had not the least
+notion what they meant, but I got together a few friends and gave them
+a demonstration on electricity.</p>
+<p>Never was there a town better suited to a boy than Bedford at that
+time for out-of-door amusements.&nbsp; It was not too big&mdash;its
+population was about 10,000&mdash;so that the fields were then close
+at hand.&nbsp; The Ouse&mdash;immortal stream&mdash;runs through the
+middle of the High Street.&nbsp; To the east towards fenland, the country
+is flat, and the river is broad, slow, and deep.&nbsp; Towards the west
+it is quicker, involved, fold doubling almost completely on fold, so
+that it takes sixty miles to accomplish thirteen as the crow flies.&nbsp;
+Beginning at Kempston, and on towards Clapham, Oakley, Milton, Harrold,
+it is bordered by the gentlest of hills or rather undulations.&nbsp;
+At Bedford the navigation for barges stopped, and there were very few
+pleasure boats, one of which was mine.&nbsp; The water above the bridge
+was strictly preserved, and the fishing was good.&nbsp; My father could
+generally get leave for me, and more delightful days than those spent
+at Kempston Mill and Oakley Mill cannot be imagined.&nbsp; The morning
+generally began, if I may be excused the bull, on the evening before,
+when we walked about four miles to bait a celebrated roach and bream
+hole.&nbsp; After I got home, and just as I was going to bed, I tied
+a long string round one toe, and threw the other end of the string out
+of window, so that it reached the ground, having bargained with a boy
+to pull this end, not too violently, at daybreak, about three-quarters
+of an hour before the time when the fish would begin to bite well.&nbsp;
+At noon we slept for a couple of hours on the bank.&nbsp; In the evening
+we had two hours more sport, and then marched back to town.&nbsp; Once,
+in order to make a short cut, we determined to swim the river, which,
+at the point where we were, was about sixty feet wide, deep, and what
+was of more consequence, bordered with weeds.&nbsp; We stripped, tied
+our clothes on the top of our heads and our boots to one end of our
+fishing lines, carrying the other end with us.&nbsp; When we got across
+we pulled our boots through mud and water after us.&nbsp; Alas! to our
+grief we found we could not get them on, and we were obliged to walk
+without them.&nbsp; Swimming we had been taught by an old sailor, who
+gave lessons to the school, and at last I could pick up an egg from
+the bottom of the overfall, a depth of about ten feet.&nbsp; I have
+also been upset from my boat, and had to lie stark naked on the grass
+in the sun till my clothes were dry.&nbsp; Twice I have been nearly
+drowned, once when I wandered away from the swimming class, and once
+when I could swim well.&nbsp; This later peril is worth a word or two,
+and I may as well say them now.&nbsp; I was staying by the sea-side,
+and noticed as I was lying on the beach about a couple of hundred yards
+from the shore a small vessel at anchor.&nbsp; I thought I should like
+to swim round her.&nbsp; I reached her without any difficulty, in perfect
+peace, luxuriously, I may say, and had just begun to turn when I was
+suddenly overtaken by a mad conviction that I should never get home.&nbsp;
+There was no real danger of failure of strength, but my heart began
+to beat furiously, the shore became dim, and I gave myself up for lost.&nbsp;
+&ldquo;This then is dying,&rdquo; I said to myself, but I also said&mdash;I
+remember how vividly&mdash;&ldquo;There shall be a struggle before I
+go down&mdash;one desperate effort&rdquo;&mdash;and I strove, in a way
+I cannot describe, to bring my will to bear directly on my terror.&nbsp;
+In an instant the horrible excitement was at an end, and <i>there was
+a great calm</i>.&nbsp; I stretched my limbs leisurely, rejoicing in
+the sea and the sunshine.&nbsp; This story is worth telling because
+it shows that a person with tremulous nerves, such as mine, never ought
+to say that he has done all that he can do.&nbsp; Notice also it was
+not nature or passion which carried me through, but a conviction wrought
+by the reason.&nbsp; The next time I was in extremity victory was tenfold
+easier.</p>
+<p>In the winter, fishing and boating and swimming gave way to skating.&nbsp;
+The meadows for miles were a great lake, and there was no need to take
+off skates in order to get past mills and weirs.&nbsp; The bare, flat
+Bedfordshire fields had also their pleasures.&nbsp; I had an old flint
+musket which I found in an outhouse.&nbsp; I loaded it with hard peas,
+and once killed a sparrow.&nbsp; The fieldfares, or felts, as we called
+them, were in flocks in winter, but with them I never succeeded.&nbsp;
+On the dark November Wednesday and Saturday afternoons, when there was
+not a breath of wind, and the fog hung heavily over the brown, ploughed
+furrows, we gathered sticks, lighted a fire, and roasted potatoes.&nbsp;
+They were sweet as peaches.&nbsp; After dark we would &ldquo;go a bat-fowling&rdquo;,
+with lanterns, some of us on one side of the hedge and some on the other.&nbsp;
+I left school when I was between fourteen and fifteen, and then came
+the great event and the great blunder of my life, the mistake which
+well-nigh ruined it altogether.&nbsp; My mother&rsquo;s brother had
+a son about five years older than myself, who was being trained as an
+Independent minister.&nbsp; To him I owe much.&nbsp; It was he who introduced
+me to Goethe.&nbsp; Some time after he was ordained, he became heterodox,
+and was obliged to separate himself from the Independents to whom he
+belonged.&nbsp; My mother, as I have already said, was a little weak
+in her preference for people who did not stand behind counters, and
+she desired equality with her sister-in-law.&nbsp; Besides, I can honestly
+declare that to her an Evangelical ministry was a sacred calling, and
+the thought that I might be the means of saving souls made her happy.&nbsp;
+Finally, it was not possible now to get a living in Bedford as a bookseller.&nbsp;
+The drawing class in the school was fairly good, and I believe I had
+profited by it.&nbsp; Anyhow, I loved drawing, and wished I might be
+an artist.&nbsp; The decision was against me, and I was handed over
+to a private tutor to prepare for the Countess of Huntingdon&rsquo;s
+College at Cheshunt, which admitted students other than those which
+belonged to the Connexion, provided their creed did not materially differ
+from that which governed the Connexion trusts.</p>
+<p>Before I went to college I had to be &ldquo;admitted&rdquo;.&nbsp;
+In most Dissenting communities there is a singular ceremony called &ldquo;admission&rdquo;,
+through which members of the congregation have to pass before they become
+members of the church.&nbsp; It is a declaration that a certain change
+called conversion has taken place in the soul.&nbsp; Two deacons are
+appointed to examine the candidate privately, and their report is submitted
+to a church-meeting.&nbsp; If it is satisfactory, he is summoned before
+the whole church, and has to make a confession of his faith, and give
+an account of his spiritual history.&nbsp; As may be expected, it is
+very often inaccurately picturesque, and is framed after the model of
+the journey to Damascus.&nbsp; A sinner, for example, who swears at
+his pious wife, and threatens to beat her, is suddenly smitten with
+giddiness and awful pains.&nbsp; He throws himself on his knees before
+her, and thenceforward he is a &ldquo;changed character&rdquo;.&nbsp;
+I had to tell the church that my experience had not been eventful.&nbsp;
+I was young, and had enjoyed the privilege of godly parents.</p>
+<p>What was conversion?&nbsp; It meant not only that the novice unhesitatingly
+avowed his belief in certain articles of faith, but it meant something
+much more, and much more difficult to explain.&nbsp; I was guilty of
+original sin, and also of sins actually committed.&nbsp; For these two
+classes of sin I deserved eternal punishment.&nbsp; Christ became my
+substitute, and His death was the payment for my transgression.&nbsp;
+I had to feel that His life and death were appropriated by me.&nbsp;
+This word &ldquo;appropriated&rdquo; is the most orthodox I can find,
+but it is almost unintelligible.&nbsp; I might perhaps say that I had
+to feel assured that I, personally, was in God&rsquo;s mind, and was
+included in the atonement.</p>
+<p>This creed had as evil consequences that it concentrated my thoughts
+upon myself, and made me of great importance.&nbsp; God had been anxious
+about me from all eternity, and had been scheming to save me.&nbsp;
+Another bad result was that I was satisfied I understood what I did
+not in the least understand.&nbsp; This is very near lying.&nbsp; I
+can see myself now&mdash;I was no more than seventeen&mdash;stepping
+out of our pew, standing in the aisle at the pew-door, and protesting
+to their content before the minister of the church, father and mother
+protesting also to my own complete content, that the witness of God
+in me to my own salvation was as clear as noonday.&nbsp; Poor little
+mortal, a twelvemonth out of round jackets, I did not in the least know
+who God was, or what was salvation.</p>
+<p>On entering the college I signed the Thirty-nine Articles, excepting
+two or three at most; for the Countess, so far as her theology went,
+was always Anglican.&nbsp; One of her chaplains was William Romaine,
+the famous incumbent of St. Anne&rsquo;s, Blackfriars, who on his first
+Good Friday in that church administered to five hundred communicants.&nbsp;
+The book I was directed to study by the theological professor after
+admission, was a book on the Atonement, by somebody named Williams.&nbsp;
+He justified the election of a minority to heaven and a majority to
+hell on the ground that God owed us nothing, and being our Maker, might
+do with us what He pleased.&nbsp; This struck me as original, but I
+had forgotten that it is the doctrine of the Epistle to the Romans.&nbsp;
+It is almost incredible to me now, although I was hardly nineteen, that
+I should have accepted without question such a terrible invention, and
+the only approach to explanation I can give is that all this belonged
+to a world totally disconnected from my own, and that I never thought
+of making real to myself anything which this supernatural world contained.</p>
+<p>The most important changes in life are not those of one belief for
+another, but of growth, in which nothing preceding is directly contradicted,
+but something unexpected nevertheless makes its appearance.&nbsp; On
+the bookshelf in our dining-room lay a volume of Wordsworth.&nbsp; One
+day, when I was about eighteen, I took it out, and fell upon the lines
+-</p>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div>
+<p>&ldquo;Knowing that Nature never did betray<br />&ldquo;The heart
+that loved her.&rdquo;</p>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div>
+<p>What they meant was not clear to me, but they were a signal of the
+approach of something which turned out to be of the greatest importance,
+and altered my history.</p>
+<p>It was a new capacity.&nbsp; There woke in me an aptness for the
+love of natural beauty, a possibility of being excited to enthusiasm
+by it, and of deriving a secret joy from it sufficiently strong to make
+me careless of the world and its pleasures.&nbsp; Another effect which
+Wordsworth had upon me, and has had on other people, was the modification,
+altogether unintentional on his part, of religious belief.&nbsp; He
+never dreams of attacking anybody for his creed, and yet it often becomes
+impossible for those who study him and care for him to be members of
+any orthodox religious community.&nbsp; At any rate it would have been
+impossible in the town of Bedford.&nbsp; His poems imply a living God,
+different from the artificial God of the churches.&nbsp; The revolution
+wrought by him goes far deeper, and is far more permanent than any which
+is the work of Biblical critics, and it was Wordsworth and not German
+research which caused my expulsion from New College, of which a page
+or two further on.&nbsp; For some time I had no thought of heresy, but
+the seed was there, and was alive just as much as the seed-corn is alive
+all the time it lies in the earth apparently dead.</p>
+<p>I have nothing particular to record of Cheshunt, the secluded Hertfordshire
+village, where the Countess of Huntingdon&rsquo;s College then was.&nbsp;
+It stood in a delightful little half park, half garden, through which
+ran the New River: the country round was quiet, and not then suburban,
+but here and there was a large handsome Georgian house.&nbsp; I learnt
+nothing at Cheshunt, and did not make a single friend.</p>
+<p>In 1851 or 1852 I was transferred, with two other students, to New
+College, St. John&rsquo;s Wood.&nbsp; On February 3, 1852, the Principal
+examined our theological class on an inaugural lecture delivered at
+the opening of the college.&nbsp; The subject of the lecture was the
+inspiration of the Bible.&nbsp; The two students before mentioned were
+members of this class, and asked some questions about the formation
+of the canon and the authenticity of the separate books.&nbsp; They
+were immediately stopped by the Principal in summary style.&nbsp; &ldquo;I
+must inform you that this is not an open question within these walls.&nbsp;
+There is a great body of truth received as orthodoxy by the great majority
+of Christians, the explanation of which is one thing, but to doubt it
+is another, and the foundation must not be questioned.&rdquo;&nbsp;
+How well I recollect the face of the Principal!&nbsp; He looked like
+a man who would write an invitation to afternoon tea &ldquo;within these
+walls&rdquo;.&nbsp; He consulted the senate, and the senate consulted
+the council, which consisted of the senate and some well-known ministers.&nbsp;
+We were ordered to be present at a special council meeting, and each
+one was called up separately before it and catechized.&nbsp; Here are
+two or three of the questions, put, it will be remembered, without notice,
+to a youth a little over twenty, confronted by a number of solemn divines
+in white neckerchiefs.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Will you explain the mode in which you conceive the sacred
+writers to have been influenced?&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Do you believe a statement because it is in the Bible, or
+merely because it is true?&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;You are aware that there are two great parties on this question,
+one of which maintains that the inspiration of the Scriptures differs
+in kind from that of other books: the other that the difference is one
+only of degree.&nbsp; To which of these parties do you attach yourself?&rdquo;</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Are you conscious of any divergence from the views expounded
+by the Principal in this introductory lecture?&rdquo;</p>
+<p>At a meeting of the council, on the 13th February, 1852, it was resolved
+that our opinions were &ldquo;incompatible&rdquo; with the &ldquo;retention
+of our position as students&rdquo;.&nbsp; This resolution was sent to
+us with another to the effect that at the next meeting of the council
+&ldquo;such measures&rdquo; would be taken &ldquo;as may be thought
+advisable&rdquo;.&nbsp; At this meeting my father, together with the
+father of one of my colleagues attended, and asked that our moral character
+should be placed above suspicion; that the opinions for which we had
+been condemned should be explicitly stated, and that we should be furnished
+with a copy of the creed by which we were judged.&nbsp; The next step
+on the part of the council was the appointment of a committee to interview
+us, and &ldquo;prevent the possibility of a misapprehension of our views&rdquo;.&nbsp;
+We attended, underwent examination once more, and once more repeated
+the three requests.&nbsp; No notice was taken of them, but on 3rd March
+we were asked if we would withdraw from the college for three months
+in order that we might &ldquo;reconsider our opinions&rdquo;, so that
+possibly we might &ldquo;be led by Divine guidance to such views as
+would be compatible with the retention of our present position&rdquo;.&nbsp;
+Idiomatic English was clearly not a strong point with the council.&nbsp;
+Of course we refused.&nbsp; If we had consented it might have been reasonably
+concluded that we had taken very little trouble with our &ldquo;views&rdquo;.&nbsp;
+Again we asked for compliance with our requests, but the only answer
+we got was that our &ldquo;connexion with New College must cease&rdquo;,
+and that with regard to the three requests, the council &ldquo;having
+duly weighed them, consider that they have already sufficiently complied
+with them&rdquo;.</p>
+<p>It is not now my purpose to discuss the doctrine of Biblical Inspiration.&nbsp;
+It has gone the way of many other theological dogmas.&nbsp; It has not
+been settled by a yea or nay, but by indifference, and because yea or
+nay are both inapplicable.&nbsp; The manner in which the trial was conducted
+was certainly singular, and is worth a word or two.&nbsp; The Holy Office
+was never more scandalously indifferent to any pretence of justice or
+legality in its proceedings.&nbsp; We were not told what was the charge
+against us, nor what were the terms of the trust deed of the college,
+if such a document existed; neither were we informed what was the meaning
+of the indictment, and yet the council must have been aware that nothing
+less than our ruin would probably be the result of our condemnation.</p>
+<p>My father wrote and published a defence of us, entitled <i>To Think
+or not to Think</i>, with two noble mottoes, one from Milton&rsquo;s
+<i>Areopagitica</i> and the other some lines from <i>In Memoriam</i>,
+which was read in those days by people who were not sentimental fools,
+and who, strange to say, got out of it something solid which was worth
+having.&nbsp; The days may return when something worth having will be
+got out of it again.&nbsp; To the question, &ldquo;Will you explain
+the mode in which you conceive the sacred writers to have been influenced?&rdquo;
+my father replied&mdash;&ldquo;Rather a profound question, that.&nbsp;
+A profounder, I venture to say, never agitated the mind of a German
+metaphysician.&nbsp; If the query had been put to me, I should have
+taken the liberty to question the questioner thus: &lsquo;Can you explain
+to me the growth of a tree?&nbsp; Can you explain how the will of man
+influences the material muscles?&mdash;In fact the universe is full
+of forces or influences.&nbsp; Can you trace whence it came and how
+it came?&nbsp; Can&rsquo;st thou by searching find out God?&nbsp; Can&rsquo;st
+thou find out the Almighty unto perfection?&mdash;it is high as heaven;
+what can&rsquo;st thou do? deeper than hell; what can&rsquo;st thou
+know?&rsquo;&rdquo;&nbsp; To the council&rsquo;s inquiry whether we
+believed a statement because it was in the Bible or because it was true,
+my father replied partly with a quotation from the celebrated Platonist
+divine, John Smith, of Cambridge&mdash;&ldquo;All that knowledge which
+is separate from an inward acquaintance with virtue and goodness is
+of a far different nature from that which ariseth out of a living sense
+of them which is the best discerner thereof, and by which alone we know
+the true perfection, sweetness, energy, and loveliness of them, and
+all that which is &omicron;&upsilon;&tau;&epsilon; &rho;&eta;&tau;&omicron;&nu;,
+&omicron;&upsilon;&tau;&epsilon; y&rho;&alpha;&pi;&tau;&omicron;&nu;,
+that which can no more &ldquo;be known by a naked demonstration than
+colours can be perceived of a blind man by any definition or description
+which he can hear of them.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>This pamphlet was written in 1852, three years after I entered Cheshunt
+College, when my father declared to me that &ldquo;a moderate Calvinism
+suited him best&rdquo;.&nbsp; In 1852 he was forty-five years old.&nbsp;
+He had not hardened: he was alive, rejecting what was dead, laying hold
+of what was true to him, and living by it.&nbsp; Nor was the change
+hurried or ill-considered which took place in him between 1849 and 1852.&nbsp;
+What he became in 1852 he was substantially to the end of his days.</p>
+<p>The expulsion excited some notice in the world then, although, as
+I have said, the controversy was without much significance.&nbsp; The
+&ldquo;views&rdquo; of Dr. Harris and the rest of the council were already
+condemned.&nbsp; Here are some letters, not before printed, from Maurice
+and Kingsley on the case.&nbsp; The closing paragraph of Maurice&rsquo;s
+letter is remarkable because in about a twelvemonth he himself was expelled
+from King&rsquo;s College.</p>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div>
+<p>&ldquo;MY DEAR SIR,</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I beg to thank you for your very able and interesting pamphlet.&nbsp;
+I know one of the expelled students, and have every reason to think
+highly of his earnestness and truthfulness.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I feel a delicacy in pronouncing any judgement upon the conduct
+of the Heads of the College, as I belong to another, and I might seem
+to be biased by feelings of Sectarianism and of rivalship.&nbsp; But
+there are many of your thoughts by which we may all equally profit,
+and which I hope to lay to heart in case I should be brought into circumstances
+like those of the judges or of the criminals.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Faithfully yrs,<br />F. D. MAURICE.<br /><i>July</i> 27, 1852.<br />21
+Queen&rsquo;s Square,<br />Bloomsbury.&rdquo;</p>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div>
+<p>&ldquo;EVERSLEY.&nbsp; S<i>aturday.<br /></i>&ldquo;DEAR SIR,</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your very clever and well-written
+pamphlet, which I have read with no surprise but with most painful interest;
+and I beg to thank you for the compliment implied in your sending it
+to me.&nbsp; Your son ought to thank God for having a father who will
+stand by him in trouble so manfully and wisely: and as you say, this
+may be of the very greatest benefit to him: but it may also do him much
+harm, if it makes him fancy that such men as have expelled him are the
+real supporters of the Canon and inspiration of Scripture, and of Orthodoxy
+in general.</p>
+<p>&ldquo;I said that I read your pamphlet without surprise.&nbsp; I
+must explain my words.&nbsp; This is only one symptom of a great and
+growing movement, which must end in the absolute destruction of &lsquo;Orthodox
+dissent&rsquo; among the educated classes, and leave the lower, if unchecked,
+to &ldquo;Mormonism, Popery, and every kind of Fet&icirc;che-worship.&nbsp;
+The Unitarians have first felt the tide-wave: but all other sects will
+follow; and after them will follow members of the Established Church
+in proportion as they have been believing, not in the Catholic and Apostolic
+Faith, as it is in the Bible, but in some compound or other of Calvinist
+doctrine with Rabbinical theories of magical inspiration, such as are
+to be found in Gaussen&rsquo;s <i>Theopneustic&mdash;</i>a work of which
+I cannot speak in terms of sufficient abhorrence, however well meaning
+the writer may have been.&nbsp; Onward to Strauss, <i>Transcendentalism&mdash;</i>and
+Mr. John Chapman&rsquo;s <i>Catholic Series</i> is the appointed path,
+and God help them!&mdash;I speak as one who has been through, already,
+much which I see with the deepest sympathy perplexing others round me;
+and you write as a man who has had the same experience.&nbsp; Whether
+or not we agree in our conclusions at present, you will forgive me for
+saying, that every week shows me more and more that the &lsquo;Orthodox
+Catholic and Apostolic Faith&rsquo;, so far from being incompatible
+with the most daring science, both physical, metaphysical, and philological,
+or with the most extended notions of inspiration, or with continual
+inrushes of new light from above, assumes them, asserts them, and cannot
+be kept Catholic, or true to itself, without the fullest submission
+to them.&nbsp; I speak as a heartily orthodox priest of the Church of
+England; you will excuse my putting my thoughts in a general and abstract
+form in so short a letter.&nbsp; But if your son&mdash;(I will not say
+you&mdash;for your age must be, and your acquirements evidently are&mdash;greater
+than my own) if your son would like to write to me about these matters,
+I do believe before God, who sees me write, that as one who has been
+through what he has, and more, I may have something to tell him, or
+at least to set him thinking over.&nbsp; I speak frankly.&nbsp; If I
+am taking a liberty, you will pardon the act for the sake of the motive.</p>
+<p>I am, dear Sir,<br />&ldquo;Your obedient and faithful servant,<br />&ldquo;C.
+KINGSLEY.&rdquo;</p>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div>
+<p>It would be a mistake to suppose that the creed in which I had been
+brought up was or could be for ever cast away like an old garment.&nbsp;
+The beliefs of childhood and youth cannot be thus dismissed.&nbsp; I
+know that in after years I found that in a way they revived under new
+forms, and that I sympathized more with the Calvinistic Independency
+of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries than with the modern Christianity
+of church or chapel.&nbsp; At first, after the abandonment of orthodoxy,
+I naturally thought nothing in the old religion worth retaining, but
+this temper did not last long.&nbsp; Many mistakes may be pardoned in
+Puritanism in view of the earnestness with which it insists on the distinction
+between right and wrong.&nbsp; This is vital.&nbsp; In modern religion
+the path is flowery.&nbsp; The absence of difficulty is a sure sign
+that no good is being done.&nbsp; How far we are from the strait gate,
+from the way that is narrow which leadeth unto life, the way which is
+found only by few!&nbsp; The great doctrines of Puritanism are also
+much nearer to the facts of actual experience than we suppose.</p>
+<p>After the expulsion I was adrift, knowing no craft, belonging to
+no religious body, and without social or political interest.&nbsp; I
+engaged myself to a schoolmaster.&nbsp; The story of my very brief stay
+with him has been elsewhere told with some variation, but I may as well
+relate it here so as to make my little history complete.&nbsp; The school
+was somewhere in Stoke Newington.&nbsp; I got there in the evening when
+it was quite dark.&nbsp; After a word or two with my chief I was shown
+into a large school-room.&nbsp; Two candles were placed on a raised
+desk, and this was all the light permitted for the illumination of the
+great empty space round me.&nbsp; The walls were hung with maps, and
+the place of honour on the end wall was occupied by a huge drawing of
+the globe, in perspective, carefully coloured.&nbsp; This masterpiece
+was the work of the proprietor, an example of the precious learning
+which might be acquired at his &ldquo;establishment&rdquo;.&nbsp; After
+I had sat down for a few minutes a servant brought me my supper, placed
+it on a desk, and showed me my bedroom.&nbsp; I ate my meal, and after
+some time, as nobody came to see me, I thought I had better go to bed.&nbsp;
+I had to ascend a ladder, which I pulled up after me.&nbsp; When I had
+shut the door I looked out of window.&nbsp; Before me lay London and
+the dull glare of its lights.&nbsp; There was no distinct noise perceptible;
+but a deadened roar came up to me.&nbsp; Over in the south-west was
+the house of the friend I had left, always a warm home for me when I
+was in town.&nbsp; Then there fell upon me what was the beginning of
+a trouble which has lasted all my life.&nbsp; The next afternoon I went
+to the proprietor and told him I could not stay.&nbsp; He was greatly
+amazed, and still more so because I could give him no reason for leaving.&nbsp;
+He protested very reasonably that I could not break my engagement at
+the beginning of term, but he gave me permission to look for a substitute.&nbsp;
+I found a Scotch graduate who, like myself, had been accused of heresy,
+and had nothing to do.&nbsp; He came the same day, and I went back to
+--- Terrace, somewhere out by Haverstock Hill.&nbsp; I forget its name;
+it was a dull row of stuccoed ugliness.&nbsp; But to me that day Grasmere,
+the Quantocks, or the Cornish sea-coast would have been nothing compared
+with that stucco line.&nbsp; When I knocked at the door the horrible
+choking fog had rolled away: I rushed inside; there was a hearty embrace,
+and the sun shone gloriously.&nbsp; Still, I had nothing to do.</p>
+<p>At this point I had intended to stop.&nbsp; A good part of my life
+henceforward has appeared under disguise in one of my books, but I think
+on reconsideration it will be better to record here also what little
+remains to be told about myself, and to narrate it as history.&nbsp;
+I called on several publishers and asked for employment, but could get
+none till I came to John Chapman, editor and proprietor of the <i>Westminster
+Review</i>, as well as publisher, mainly of books which were theologically
+heretical, and, I am sorry to say, did not pay.&nbsp; He lived at 142
+Strand.</p>
+<p>As the New College council had tested my orthodoxy, so Chapman tested
+my heresy and found that I was fit for the propagandist work in No.
+142 and for its society.&nbsp; He asked me if I believed in miracles.&nbsp;
+I said &ldquo;Yes and no&rdquo;.&nbsp; I did not believe that an actual
+Curtius leaped into the gulf in the Forum and saved Rome, but I did
+believe in the spiritual truth set forth in the legend.&nbsp; This reply
+was allowed to pass, although my scepticism would have been more satisfactory
+and more useful if it had been a little more thorough.</p>
+<p>I was soon taken off the <i>Westminster</i>, and my occupation now
+was to write Chapman&rsquo;s letters, to keep his accounts, and, most
+disagreeable, to &ldquo;subscribe&rdquo; his publications, that is to
+say, to call on booksellers and ask how many copies they would take.&nbsp;
+Of George Eliot, who lodged at No. 142, I have often spoken, and have
+nothing to add.&nbsp; It is a lasting sorrow to me that I allowed my
+friendship with her to drop, and that after I left Chapman I never called
+on her.&nbsp; She was then unknown, except to a few friends, but I did
+know what she was worth.&nbsp; I knew that she was not only endowed
+with extraordinary genius, but with human qualities even more precious.&nbsp;
+She took the kindest notice of me, an awkward creature not accustomed
+to society.&nbsp; It is sad that youth should be so confident in its
+own resources that it will not close its hand upon the treasure which
+is placed inside it.&nbsp; It was not only George Eliot by whom I neglected
+to profit.&nbsp; I might have seen Rachel.&nbsp; I recollect the evening,
+and I believe I was offered a ticket.&nbsp; It was not worth while to
+walk a couple of hundred yards to enrich myself for ever!&nbsp; I knew
+intimate friends of Caroline Fox, but I made no effort to become acquainted
+with her.&nbsp; What a difference it would make to me now, living so
+much in the past, if Penjerrick, with a dream of its lawn sloping southward
+and seaward, and its society of all the most interesting people in England,
+should be amongst my possessions, thrusting out and replacing much that
+is ugly, monotonous, and depressing.&nbsp; I would earnestly, so earnestly,
+implore every boy and girl religiously to grasp their chances.&nbsp;
+Lay up for yourselves treasure in heaven.</p>
+<p>There was one opportunity, however, I did not miss, and this was
+Caleb Morris.&nbsp; About him also I have written, but for the sake
+of continuity I will repeat some of it.&nbsp; He had singular influence,
+not only over me, but over nearly every young man whom he met.&nbsp;
+He was originally an Independent minister in Wales, where the people
+are mostly Dissenters, but he came to London when he had not passed
+middle life, and took charge of the church in Fetter Lane.&nbsp; He
+was tall, broad-shouldered, handsome, erect, but was partly disabled
+by a strangely nervous temperament which, with an obscure bodily trouble,
+frequently prevented him from keeping his engagements.&nbsp; Often and
+often messengers had to be dispatched late on Sunday morning to find
+a substitute for him at Fetter Lane, and people used to wait in the
+portico of the chapel until the service had well begun, and then peep
+through the door to see who was in the pulpit.&nbsp; He was the most
+eloquent speaker I ever heard.&nbsp; I never shall forget his picture
+of the father, in the parable of the prodigal son, watching for his
+child&rsquo;s return, all his thoughts swallowed up in one&mdash;<i>Will
+he come back to-day</i>?&nbsp; When he did come&mdash;no word of rebuke.&nbsp;
+The hardest thing in the world is to be completely generous in forgiveness.&nbsp;
+The most magnanimous of men cannot resist the temptation&mdash;<i>but
+at the same time you must see, my dearest, don&rsquo;t you</i>?&nbsp;
+Almost equally difficult, but not quite, is the simple confession without
+an extenuating word, <i>I have sinned against Heaven</i>.&nbsp; The
+father does not hear.&nbsp; <i>Bring forth the best robe and put it
+on him</i>, <i>and put a ring on his hand and shoes on his feet</i>.&nbsp;
+A ring on his hand!&nbsp; Shoes on his feet we can understand, but there
+is to be a ring, honour, ennoblement! . . . The first movement of repentance
+was&mdash;<i>I will arise and go to my father</i>.&nbsp; The omissions
+in Morris&rsquo;s comment were striking.&nbsp; There was no word of
+the orthodox machinery of forgiveness.&nbsp; It was through Morris that
+the Bible became what it always has been to me.&nbsp; It has not solved
+directly any of the great problems which disturb my peace, and Morris
+seldom touched them controversially, but he uncovered such a wealth
+of wonder and beauty in it that the problems were forgotten.</p>
+<p>Lord Bacon was Morris&rsquo;s hero, both for his method and his personal
+character.&nbsp; These were the days before the researches of Spedding,
+when Bacon was supposed to be a mass of those impossible paradoxes in
+which Macaulay delighted.&nbsp; To Morris, Bacon&rsquo;s <i>Submission</i>
+and his renunciation of all defence were sufficient.&nbsp; With what
+pathos he repeated Bacon&rsquo;s words when the Lords asked him whether
+the subscription to the <i>Submission</i> was in his own hand.&nbsp;
+&ldquo;My Lords, it is my act, my hand, my heart.&nbsp; I beseech your
+Lordships, be merciful to a broken reed.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>There is nothing more to be said about Chapman&rsquo;s.&nbsp; I left
+after an offer of partnership, which, it is needless to say, I did not
+accept.&nbsp; Mr. Whitbread obtained for me a clerkship in the Registrar-General&rsquo;s
+office, Somerset House.&nbsp; I was there two or three years, and was
+then transferred to the Admiralty.&nbsp; Meanwhile I had married.</p>
+<p>The greater part of my life has been passed in what it is now usual
+to contemn as the Victorian age.&nbsp; Whatever may be the justice of
+the scorn poured out upon it by the superior persons of the present
+generation, this Victorian age was distinguished by an enthusiasm which
+can only be compared to a religious revival.&nbsp; <i>Maud</i> was read
+at six in the morning as I walked along Holborn; <i>Pippa Passes</i>
+late at night in my dark little room in Serle Street, although of course
+it was a long while after the poem made its appearance.&nbsp; Wonderful!&nbsp;
+What did I see as I stood at my desk in my Serle Street bedroom?</p>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div>
+<p>&ldquo;Day!<br />Faster and more fast,<br />O&rsquo;er night&rsquo;s
+brim, day boils at last;<br />Boils, pure gold, o&rsquo;er the cloud-cup&rsquo;s
+brim<br />Where spurting and suppresst it lay&mdash;&rdquo;</p>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div>
+<p>There on the horizon lies the cloud cup.&nbsp; Over the brim boils,
+pure gold, the day!&nbsp; The day which is before me is Pippa&rsquo;s
+day, and not a day in the Strand: it is a &ldquo;twelve-hours treasure&rdquo;:
+I am as eager as Pippa &ldquo;not to squander a wavelet of thee&rdquo;.&nbsp;
+The vision still lives.&nbsp; The friend who stood by my side is still
+with me, although he died years and years ago.&nbsp; What was true of
+me was true of half a score of my friends.&nbsp; If it is true that
+the Victorian time was ugly and vulgar, it was the time of the <i>Virginians</i>,
+of <i>David Copperfield</i>, of Tennyson&rsquo;s <i>Poems</i>, of Cromwell&rsquo;s
+<i>Letters and Speeches</i>, of the <i>Letters and Life of Lord Bacon</i>,
+of Emerson&rsquo;s <i>Essays</i>, of <i>Festus</i>, of the <i>Dramatis
+Person&aelig;</i>, and of the <i>Apologia</i>.&nbsp; We were at the
+Academy at eight o&rsquo;clock on a May morning to see, at the very
+earliest moment, the Ophelia, the Order for Release, the Claudio and
+Isabella, Seddon&rsquo;s Jerusalem, Lewis&rsquo;s Arab Scribe and his
+Frank Encampment in the Desert.&nbsp; The last two, though, I think,
+were in the exhibition of the Old Water Colour Society.&nbsp; The excitement
+of those years between 1848 and 1890 was, as I have said, something
+like that of a religious revival, but it was reasonable.</p>
+<p>These notes are not written for publication, but to please two or
+three persons related to me by affection.</p>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines2"><br /><br /></div>
+<p>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE EARLY LIFE OF MARK RUTHERFORD ***</p>
+<pre>
+
+******This file should be named emrt10h.htm or emrt10h.zip******
+Corrected EDITIONS of our EBooks get a new NUMBER, emrt11h.htm
+VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, emrt10ah.htm
+
+Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we usually do not
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+We are now trying to release all our eBooks one year in advance
+of the official release dates, leaving time for better editing.
+Please be encouraged to tell us about any error or corrections,
+even years after the official publication date.
+
+Please note neither this listing nor its contents are final til
+midnight of the last day of the month of any such announcement.
+The official release date of all Project Gutenberg eBooks is at
+Midnight, Central Time, of the last day of the stated month.  A
+preliminary version may often be posted for suggestion, comment
+and editing by those who wish to do so.
+
+Most people start at our Web sites at:
+http://gutenberg.net or
+http://promo.net/pg
+
+These Web sites include award-winning information about Project
+Gutenberg, including how to donate, how to help produce our new
+eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter (free!).
+
+
+Those of you who want to download any eBook before announcement
+can get to them as follows, and just download by date.  This is
+also a good way to get them instantly upon announcement, as the
+indexes our cataloguers produce obviously take a while after an
+announcement goes out in the Project Gutenberg Newsletter.
+
+http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext04 or
+ftp://ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext04
+
+Or /etext03, 02, 01, 00, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90
+
+Just search by the first five letters of the filename you want,
+as it appears in our Newsletters.
+
+
+Information about Project Gutenberg (one page)
+
+We produce about two million dollars for each hour we work.  The
+time it takes us, a rather conservative estimate, is fifty hours
+to get any eBook selected, entered, proofread, edited, copyright
+searched and analyzed, the copyright letters written, etc.   Our
+projected audience is one hundred million readers.  If the value
+per text is nominally estimated at one dollar then we produce $2
+million dollars per hour in 2002 as we release over 100 new text
+files per month:  1240 more eBooks in 2001 for a total of 4000+
+We are already on our way to trying for 2000 more eBooks in 2002
+If they reach just 1-2% of the world's population then the total
+will reach over half a trillion eBooks given away by year's end.
+
+The Goal of Project Gutenberg is to Give Away 1 Trillion eBooks!
+This is ten thousand titles each to one hundred million readers,
+which is only about 4% of the present number of computer users.
+
+Here is the briefest record of our progress (* means estimated):
+
+eBooks Year Month
+
+    1  1971 July
+   10  1991 January
+  100  1994 January
+ 1000  1997 August
+ 1500  1998 October
+ 2000  1999 December
+ 2500  2000 December
+ 3000  2001 November
+ 4000  2001 October/November
+ 6000  2002 December*
+ 9000  2003 November*
+10000  2004 January*
+
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been created
+to secure a future for Project Gutenberg into the next millennium.
+
+We need your donations more than ever!
+
+As of February, 2002, contributions are being solicited from people
+and organizations in: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut,
+Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois,
+Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts,
+Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New
+Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio,
+Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South
+Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West
+Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.
+
+We have filed in all 50 states now, but these are the only ones
+that have responded.
+
+As the requirements for other states are met, additions to this list
+will be made and fund raising will begin in the additional states.
+Please feel free to ask to check the status of your state.
+
+In answer to various questions we have received on this:
+
+We are constantly working on finishing the paperwork to legally
+request donations in all 50 states.  If your state is not listed and
+you would like to know if we have added it since the list you have,
+just ask.
+
+While we cannot solicit donations from people in states where we are
+not yet registered, we know of no prohibition against accepting
+donations from donors in these states who approach us with an offer to
+donate.
+
+International donations are accepted, but we don't know ANYTHING about
+how to make them tax-deductible, or even if they CAN be made
+deductible, and don't have the staff to handle it even if there are
+ways.
+
+Donations by check or money order may be sent to:
+
+ PROJECT GUTENBERG LITERARY ARCHIVE FOUNDATION
+ 809 North 1500 West
+ Salt Lake City, UT 84116
+
+Contact us if you want to arrange for a wire transfer or payment
+method other than by check or money order.
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been approved by
+the US Internal Revenue Service as a 501(c)(3) organization with EIN
+[Employee Identification Number] 64-622154.  Donations are
+tax-deductible to the maximum extent permitted by law.  As fund-raising
+requirements for other states are met, additions to this list will be
+made and fund-raising will begin in the additional states.
+
+We need your donations more than ever!
+
+You can get up to date donation information online at:
+
+http://www.gutenberg.net/donation.html
+
+
+***
+
+If you can't reach Project Gutenberg,
+you can always email directly to:
+
+Michael S. Hart hart@pobox.com
+
+Prof. Hart will answer or forward your message.
+
+We would prefer to send you information by email.
+
+
+**The Legal Small Print**
+
+
+(Three Pages)
+
+***START**THE SMALL PRINT!**FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS**START***
+Why is this "Small Print!" statement here? You know: lawyers.
+They tell us you might sue us if there is something wrong with
+your copy of this eBook, even if you got it for free from
+someone other than us, and even if what's wrong is not our
+fault. So, among other things, this "Small Print!" statement
+disclaims most of our liability to you. It also tells you how
+you may distribute copies of this eBook if you want to.
+
+*BEFORE!* YOU USE OR READ THIS EBOOK
+By using or reading any part of this PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
+eBook, you indicate that you understand, agree to and accept
+this "Small Print!" statement. If you do not, you can receive
+a refund of the money (if any) you paid for this eBook by
+sending a request within 30 days of receiving it to the person
+you got it from. If you received this eBook on a physical
+medium (such as a disk), you must return it with your request.
+
+ABOUT PROJECT GUTENBERG-TM EBOOKS
+This PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBook, like most PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBooks,
+is a "public domain" work distributed by Professor Michael S. Hart
+through the Project Gutenberg Association (the "Project").
+Among other things, this means that no one owns a United States copyright
+on or for this work, so the Project (and you!) can copy and
+distribute it in the United States without permission and
+without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth
+below, apply if you wish to copy and distribute this eBook
+under the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark.
+
+Please do not use the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark to market
+any commercial products without permission.
+
+To create these eBooks, the Project expends considerable
+efforts to identify, transcribe and proofread public domain
+works. Despite these efforts, the Project's eBooks and any
+medium they may be on may contain "Defects". Among other
+things, Defects may take the form of incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
+intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged
+disk or other eBook medium, a computer virus, or computer
+codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.
+
+LIMITED WARRANTY; DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES
+But for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described below,
+[1] Michael Hart and the Foundation (and any other party you may
+receive this eBook from as a PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBook) disclaims
+all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including
+legal fees, and [2] YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE OR
+UNDER STRICT LIABILITY, OR FOR BREACH OF WARRANTY OR CONTRACT,
+INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE
+OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE
+POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+If you discover a Defect in this eBook within 90 days of
+receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any)
+you paid for it by sending an explanatory note within that
+time to the person you received it from. If you received it
+on a physical medium, you must return it with your note, and
+such person may choose to alternatively give you a replacement
+copy. If you received it electronically, such person may
+choose to alternatively give you a second opportunity to
+receive it electronically.
+
+THIS EBOOK IS OTHERWISE PROVIDED TO YOU "AS-IS". NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE MADE TO YOU AS
+TO THE EBOOK OR ANY MEDIUM IT MAY BE ON, INCLUDING BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+Some states do not allow disclaimers of implied warranties or
+the exclusion or limitation of consequential damages, so the
+above disclaimers and exclusions may not apply to you, and you
+may have other legal rights.
+
+INDEMNITY
+You will indemnify and hold Michael Hart, the Foundation,
+and its trustees and agents, and any volunteers associated
+with the production and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
+texts harmless, from all liability, cost and expense, including
+legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the
+following that you do or cause:  [1] distribution of this eBook,
+[2] alteration, modification, or addition to the eBook,
+or [3] any Defect.
+
+DISTRIBUTION UNDER "PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm"
+You may distribute copies of this eBook electronically, or by
+disk, book or any other medium if you either delete this
+"Small Print!" and all other references to Project Gutenberg,
+or:
+
+[1]  Only give exact copies of it.  Among other things, this
+     requires that you do not remove, alter or modify the
+     eBook or this "small print!" statement.  You may however,
+     if you wish, distribute this eBook in machine readable
+     binary, compressed, mark-up, or proprietary form,
+     including any form resulting from conversion by word
+     processing or hypertext software, but only so long as
+     *EITHER*:
+
+     [*]  The eBook, when displayed, is clearly readable, and
+          does *not* contain characters other than those
+          intended by the author of the work, although tilde
+          (~), asterisk (*) and underline (_) characters may
+          be used to convey punctuation intended by the
+          author, and additional characters may be used to
+          indicate hypertext links; OR
+
+     [*]  The eBook may be readily converted by the reader at
+          no expense into plain ASCII, EBCDIC or equivalent
+          form by the program that displays the eBook (as is
+          the case, for instance, with most word processors);
+          OR
+
+     [*]  You provide, or agree to also provide on request at
+          no additional cost, fee or expense, a copy of the
+          eBook in its original plain ASCII form (or in EBCDIC
+          or other equivalent proprietary form).
+
+[2]  Honor the eBook refund and replacement provisions of this
+     "Small Print!" statement.
+
+[3]  Pay a trademark license fee to the Foundation of 20% of the
+     gross profits you derive calculated using the method you
+     already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  If you
+     don't derive profits, no royalty is due.  Royalties are
+     payable to "Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation"
+     the 60 days following each date you prepare (or were
+     legally required to prepare) your annual (or equivalent
+     periodic) tax return.  Please contact us beforehand to
+     let us know your plans and to work out the details.
+
+WHAT IF YOU *WANT* TO SEND MONEY EVEN IF YOU DON'T HAVE TO?
+Project Gutenberg is dedicated to increasing the number of
+public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed
+in machine readable form.
+
+The Project gratefully accepts contributions of money, time,
+public domain materials, or royalty free copyright licenses.
+Money should be paid to the:
+"Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+If you are interested in contributing scanning equipment or
+software or other items, please contact Michael Hart at:
+hart@pobox.com
+
+[Portions of this eBook's header and trailer may be reprinted only
+when distributed free of all fees.  Copyright (C) 2001, 2002 by
+Michael S. Hart.  Project Gutenberg is a TradeMark and may not be
+used in any sales of Project Gutenberg eBooks or other materials be
+they hardware or software or any other related product without
+express permission.]
+
+*END THE SMALL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS*Ver.02/11/02*END*
+</pre></body>
+</html>
diff --git a/old/emrt10h.zip b/old/emrt10h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9fa9ae1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/emrt10h.zip