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+**The Project Gutenberg Etext of Henry Clay's Remarks Before The
+House and Senate of the United States of America Parts 1 and 2**
+#1 in our series by Henry Clay
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+**The Project Gutenberg Etext of Henry Clay's Remarks Before The
+House and Senate of the United States of America Parts 1 and 2**
+
+Part 1
+Henry Clay, "On the Seminole War," U.S. House of Representatives
+19 January 1819.
+
+Part2
+Henry Clay, "On the Expunging Resolutions," U.S. Senate
+16 January 1837
+
+December, 1996 [Etext #739]
+
+
+**The Project Gutenberg Etext of Henry Clay's Remarks Before The
+House and Senate of the United States of America Parts 1 and 2**
+
+**The Project Gutenberg Etext of Daisy Miller, by Henry James**
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+
+
+Henry Clay, "On the Seminole War," U.S. House of Representatives
+19 January 1819.
+
+Henry Clay, "On the Expunging Resolutions," U.S. Senate
+16 January 1837
+
+
+
+
+Prepared by:
+Anthony J. Adam
+
+
+
+
+Part 1
+
+Henry Clay, "On the Expunging Resolutions," U.S. Senate, 16
+January 1837
+
+Mr. President:
+
+WHAT patriotic purpose is to be accomplished by this Expunging
+resolution?  What new honor or fresh laurels will it win for our
+common country?  Is the power of the Senate so vast that it ought to
+be circumscribed, and that of the President so restricted that it ought
+to be extended?  What power has the Senate?  None, separately.  It can
+only act jointly with the other House, or jointly with the Executive. 
+And although the theory of the Constitution supposes, when consulted
+by him, it may freely give an affirmative or negative response,
+according to the practice, as it now exists, it has lost the faculty of
+pronouncing the negative monosylllable.  When the Senate expresses
+its deliberate judgment, in the form of resolution, that resolution has
+no compulsory force, but appeals only to the dispassionate
+intelligence, the calm reason, and the sober judgment, of the
+community.  The Senate has no army, no navy, no patronage, no
+lucrative offices, no glittering honors, to bestow.  Around us there is
+no swarm of greedy expectants, rendering us homage, anticipating our
+wishes, and ready to execute our commands.                                      
+
+How is it with the President?  Is he powerless?  He is felt from one
+extremity to the other of this vast Republic.  By means of principles
+which he has introduced, and innovations which he has made in our
+institutions, alas! but too much countenanced by Congress and a
+confiding people, he exercises, uncontrolled, the power of the State. 
+In one hand he holds the purse, and in the other brandishes the sword
+of the country.  Myriads of dependants and partisans, scattered over
+the land, are ever ready to sing hosannas to him, and to laud to the
+skies whatever he does.  He has swept over the government, during the
+last eight years, like a tropical tornado.  Every department exhibits
+traces of the ravages of the storm.  Take as one example the Bank of
+the United States.  No institution could have been more popular with
+the people, with Congress, and with State Legislatures.  None ever
+better fulfilled the great purposes of its establishment.  But it
+unfortunately incurred the displeasure of the President; he spoke, and
+the bank lies prostrate.  And those who were loudest in its praise are
+now loudest in its condemnation. What object of his ambition is
+unsatisfied?  When disabled from age any longer to hold the sceptre
+of power, he designates his successor, and transmits it to his favorite! 
+What more does he want?  Must we blot, deface, and mutilate the
+records of the country, to punish the presumptuousness of expressing
+an opinion contrary to his own?                                    
+What patriotic purpose is to be accomplished by this Expunging
+resolution?  Can you make that not to be which has been?  Can you
+eradicate from memory and from history the fact that in March, 1834,
+a majority of the Senate of the United States passed the resolution
+which excites your enmity?  Is it your vain and wicked object to
+arrogate to yourselves that power of annihilating the past which has
+been denied to Omnipotence itself?  Do you intend to thrust your
+hands into our hearts, and to pluck out the deeply rooted convictions
+which are there?  Or is it your design merely to stigmatize us?  You
+cannot stigmatize us.                                       
+
+     "Ne'er yet did base dishonor blur our name."
+
+Standing securely upon our conscious rectitude, and bearing
+aloft the shield of the Constitution of our country, your puny efforts are
+impotent; and we defy all your power.  Put the majority of 1834 in one
+scale, and that by which this Expunging resolution is to be carried in
+the other, and let truth and justice, in heaven above and on earth
+below, and liberty and patriotism, decide the preponderance.
+
+What patriotic purpose is to be accomplished by the
+Expunging resolution?  Is it to appease the wrath and to heal the
+wounded pride of the Chief Magistrate?  If he be really the hero that
+his friends represent him, he must despise all mean condescension,  all
+grovelling sycophancy, all self-degradation and self-abasement.  He
+would reject, with scorn and contempt, as unworthy of his fame, your
+black scratches and your baby lines in the fair records of his country. 
+Black lines!  Black lines!  Sir, I hope the Secretary of the Senate will
+preserve the pen with which he may inscribe them, and present it to
+that Senator of the majority whom he may select, as a proud trophy, to
+be transmitted to his descendants.  And hereafter, when we shall lose
+the forms of our free institutions, all that now remain to us, some
+future American monarch, in gratitude to those by whose means he
+has been enabled, upon the ruins of civil liberty, to erect a throne, and
+to commemorate especially this Expunging resolution, may institute
+a new order of knighthood, and confer on it the appropriate name of
+"the Knights of the Black Lines."                                     
+
+But why should I detain the Senate, or needlessly waste my
+breath in fruitless exertions?  The decree has gone forth.  It is one of
+urgency, too.  The deed is to be done--that foul deed which, like the
+blood, staining the hands of the guilty Macbeth, all ocean's  waters
+will never wash out.  Proceed, then, to the noble work which lies
+before you, and, like other  skilful executioners, do it quickly.  And
+when you have perpetrated it, go home to the people, and tell them
+what glorious honors you have achieved for our common country.  Tell
+them that you have extinguished one of the brightest and purest lights
+that ever burned at the altar of civil liberty.  Tell them that you have
+silenced one of the noblest batteries that ever thundered in defence of
+the Constitution, and bravely spiked the cannon.  Tell them that,
+henceforward, no matter what daring or outrageous act any president
+may perform, you have forever hermetically sealed the mouth of the
+Senate.  Tell them that he may fearlessly assume what powers he
+pleases, snatch from its lawful custody the public purse, command a
+military detachment to enter the halls of the Capitol, overawe
+Congress, trample down the Constitution, and raze every bulwark of
+freedom; but that the Senate must stand mute, in silent submission,
+and not dare to raise its opposing voice.  Tell them that it must wait
+until a House of Representatives, humbled and subdued like itself, and
+a majority of it composed of the partisans of the President, shall prefer
+articles of impeachment.  Tell them, finally, that you have restored the
+glorious doctrine of passive obedience and non-resistance.  And, if the
+people do not pour out their indignation and imprecations, I have yet
+to learn the character of American freemen.                        
+
+
+
+
+
+END OF PROJECT GUTENBERG ETEXT "ON THE EXPUNGING RESOLUTIONS" (CLAY)               
+
+
+
+***
+
+
+
+Part 2
+
+
+Henry Clay, "On the Seminole War," U.S. House of Representatives,
+19 January 1819.
+
+
+
+IF MY recollection does not deceive me, Bonaparte had passed
+the Rhine and the Alps, had conquered Italy, the Netherlands, Holland,
+Hanover, Lubec, and Hamburg, and extended his empire as far as
+Altona, on the side of Denmark.  A few days' march would have
+carried him through Holstein, over the two Belts, through Funen, and
+into the island of Zealand.  What, then, was the conduct of England? 
+It was my lot to fall into conversation with an intelligent Englishman
+on this subject.  "We knew (said he) that we were fighting for our
+existence.  It was absolutely necessary that we should preserve the
+command of the seas.  If the fleet of Denmark fell into the enemy's
+hands, combined with his other fleets, that command might be
+rendered doubtful.  Denmark had only a nominal independence.  She
+was, in truth, subject to his sway.  We said to her, Give us your fleet;
+it will otherwise be taken possession of by your secret and our open
+enemy.  We will preserve it and restore it to you whenever the danger
+shall be over.  Denmark refused.  Copenhagen was bombarded, and 
+gallantly defended, but the fleet was seized."  Everywhere the conduct
+of England was censured; and the name even of the negotiator who
+was employed by her, who was subsequently the minister near this
+government, was scarcely ever pronounced here without coupling with
+it an epithet indicating his participation in the disgraceful transaction. 
+And yet we are going to sanction acts of violence, committed by
+ourselves, which but too much resemble it!  What an important
+difference, too, between the relative condition of England and of this
+country!  She, perhaps, was struggling for her existence.  She was
+combating, single-handed, the most enormous military power that the
+world has ever known.  With whom were we contending?  With a few
+half-starved, half-clothed, wretched Indians and fugitive slaves.  And
+while carrying on this inglorious war, inglorious as regards the laurels
+or renown won in it, we violate neutral rights, which the government
+had solemnly pledged itself to respect, upon the principle of
+convenience, or upon the light presumption that, by possibility, a post
+might be taken by this miserable combination of Indians and slaves....
+
+I will not trespass much longer upon the time of the committee;
+but I trust I shall be indulged with some few reflections upon the
+danger of permitting the conduct on which it has been my painful duty
+to animadvert, to pass without the solemn expression of the
+disapprobation of this House.  Recall to your recollection the free
+nations which have gone before us.  Where are they now?
+
+"Gone glimmering through the dream of  things that were,
+A schoolboy's tale, the wonder of an hour."
+
+And how have they lost their liberties?  If we could transport
+ourselves back to the ages when Greece and Rome flourished in their
+greatest prosperity, and, mingling in the throng, should ask a Grecian
+if he did not fear that some daring military chieftain, covered with
+glory, some Philip or Alexander, would one day overthrow the liberties
+of his country, the confident and indignant Grecian would exclaim,
+No! no! we have nothing to fear from our heroes; our liberties will be
+eternal.  If a Roman citizen had been asked if he did not fear that the
+conqueror of Gaul might establish a throne upon the ruins of public
+liberty, he would have instantly repelled the unjust insinuation.  yet
+Greece fell; Caesar passed the Rubicon, and the patriotic arm even of
+Brutus could not preserve the liberties of his devoted country!  The
+celebrated Madame de Stael, in her last and perhaps her best work,
+has said, that in the very year, almost the very month, when the
+president of the Directory declared that monarchy would never more
+show its frightful head in France, Bonaparte, with his grenadiers,
+entered the palace of St. Cloud, and, dispersing with the bayonet the
+deputies of the people deliberating on the affairs of the State, laid the
+foundation of that vast fabric of despotism which overshadowed all
+Europe.  I hope not to be misunderstood; I am far from intimating that
+General Jackson cherishes any designs inimical to the liberties of the 
+country.  I believe his intentions to be pure and patriotic.  I thank God
+that he would not, but I thank him still more that he could not if he
+would, overturn the liberties of the Republic.  But precedents, if bad,
+are fraught with the most dangerous consequences.  Man has been
+described, by some of those who have treated of his nature, as a bundle
+of habits.  The definition is much truer when applied to governments. 
+Precedents are their habits.  There is one important difference between
+the formation of habits by an individual and by governments.  He
+contracts only after frequent repetition.  A single instance fixes the
+habit and determines the direction of governments.  Against the
+alarming doctrine of unlimited discretion in our military commanders
+when applied even to prisoners of war, I must enter my protest.  It
+begins upon them; it will end on us.  I hope our happy form of
+government is to be perpetual.  But, if it is to be preserved, it must be
+by the practice of virtue, by justice, by moderation, by magnanimity,
+by greatness of soul, by keeping a watchful and steady eye on the
+Executive; and, above all, by holding to a strict accountability the
+military branch of the public force.
+
+We are fighting a great moral battle for the benefit not only of
+our country, but of all mankind.  The eyes of the whole world are in
+fixed attention upon us.  One, and the larger portion of it, is gazing
+with contempt, with jealousy, and with envy; the other portion, with
+hope, with confidence, and with affection.  Everywhere the black cloud
+of legitimacy is suspended over the world, save only one bright spot,
+which breaks out from the political hemisphere of the West, to
+enlighten and animate and gladden the human heart.  Obscure that by
+the downfall of liberty here, and all mankind are enshrouded in a pall
+of universal darkness.   To you, Mr. Chairman, belongs the high
+privilege of transmitting, unimpaired, to posterity the fair character and
+liberty of our country.  Do you expect to execute this high trust by
+trampling, or suffering to be trampled down, law, justice, the
+Constitution, and the rights of the people?  by exhibiting examples of
+inhumanity and cruelty and ambition?  When the minions of despotism
+heard, in Europe, of the seizure of Pensacola, how did they chuckle,
+and chide the admirers of our institutions, tauntingly pointing to the
+demonstration of a spirit of injustice and aggrandizement made by our
+country, in the midst of an amicable negotiation!  Behold, said they,
+the conduct of those who are constantly reproaching kings!  You saw
+how those admirers were astounded and hung their heads.  you saw,
+too, when that illustrious man, who presides over us, adopted his
+pacific, moderate, and just course, how they once more lifted up their
+heads with exultation and delight beaming in their countenances.  And
+you saw how those minions themselves were finally compelled to unite
+in the general praises bestowed upon our government.  Beware how
+you forfeit this exalted character.  Beware how you give a fatal
+sanction, in this infant period of our Republic, scarcely yet twoscore
+years old, to military insubordination.  Remember that Greece had her
+Alexander, Rome her Caesar, England her Cromwell, France her
+Bonaparte, and that if we would escape the rock on which they split
+we must avoid their errors. 
+
+How different has been the treatment of General Jackson and
+that modest, but heroic young man, a native of one of the smallest
+States in the Union, who achieved for his country, on Lake Erie, one
+of the most glorious victories of the late war.  In a moment of passion
+he forgot himself and offered an act of violence which was repented of
+as soon as perpetrated.  He was tried, and suffered the judgment to be
+pronounced by his peers.  Public justice was thought not even then to
+be satisfied.  The press and Congress took up the subject.  My
+honorable friend from Virginia, Mr. Johnson, the faithful and
+consistent sentinel of the law and of the Constitution, disapproved in
+that instance, as he does in this, and moved an inquiry.  The public
+mind remained agitated and unappeased until the recent atonement, so
+honorably made by the gallant commodore.  And is there to be a
+distinction between the officers of the two branches of the public
+service?  Are former services, however eminent, to preclude even
+inquiry into recent misconduct?  Is there to be no limit, no prudential
+bounds to the national gratitude?  I am not disposed to censure the
+President for not ordering a court of inquiry, or a general court-martial. 
+Perhaps, impelled by a sense of gratitude, he determined, by
+anticipation, to extend to the general that pardon which he had the
+undoubted right to grant after sentence.  Let us not shrink from our
+duty.  Let us assert our constitutional powers, and vindicate the
+instrument from military violation.
+
+I hope gentlemen will deliberately survey the awful isthmus on
+which we stand.  They may bear down all opposition; they may even
+vote the general the public thanks; they may carry him triumphantly
+through this House.  But, if they do, in my humble judgment, it will be
+a triumph of the principle of insubordination, a triumph of the military
+over the civil authority, a triumph over the powers of this House, a
+triumph over the Constitution of the land.  And I pray most devoutly
+to Heaven that it may not prove, in its ultimate effects and
+consequences, a triumph over the liberties of the people.
+
+
+
+
+
+END OF PROJECT GUTENBERG ETEXT "ON THE SEMINOLE WAR"
+
+  
+
+
+
+End of
+The Project Gutenberg Etext of Henry Clay's Remarks Before The
+House and Senate of the United States of America Parts 1 and 2
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