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@@ -0,0 +1,690 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Henry Clay's Remarks in House and Senate, by Henry Clay + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Henry Clay's Remarks in House and Senate + +Author: Henry Clay + +Posting Date: July 23, 2008 [EBook #739] +Release Date: December, 1996 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HENRY CLAY'S REMARKS *** + + + + +Produced by Anthony J. Adam + + + + + + + + + + Henry Clay, "On the Seminole War," + U.S. House of Representatives + 19 January 1819. + + Henry Clay, "On the Expunging Resolutions," + U.S. Senate + 16 January 1837 + + + +Part 1 + + Henry Clay, "On the Expunging Resolutions," + U.S. Senate, + 16 January 1837 + +Mr. President: + +WHAT patriotic purpose is to be accomplished by this Expunging +resolution? What new honor or fresh laurels will it win for our common +country? Is the power of the Senate so vast that it ought to be +circumscribed, and that of the President so restricted that it ought to +be extended? What power has the Senate? None, separately. It can +only act jointly with the other House, or jointly with the Executive. +And although the theory of the Constitution supposes, when consulted by +him, it may freely give an affirmative or negative response, according +to the practice, as it now exists, it has lost the faculty of +pronouncing the negative monosyllable. When the Senate expresses its +deliberate judgment, in the form of resolution, that resolution has no +compulsory force, but appeals only to the dispassionate intelligence, +the calm reason, and the sober judgment, of the community. The Senate +has no army, no navy, no patronage, no lucrative offices, no glittering +honors, to bestow. Around us there is no swarm of greedy expectants, +rendering us homage, anticipating our wishes, and ready to execute our +commands. + +How is it with the President? Is he powerless? He is felt from one +extremity to the other of this vast Republic. By means of principles +which he has introduced, and innovations which he has made in our +institutions, alas! but too much countenanced by Congress and a +confiding people, he exercises, uncontrolled, the power of the State. +In one hand he holds the purse, and in the other brandishes the sword +of the country. Myriads of dependants and partisans, scattered over +the land, are ever ready to sing hosannas to him, and to laud to the +skies whatever he does. He has swept over the government, during the +last eight years, like a tropical tornado. Every department exhibits +traces of the ravages of the storm. Take as one example the Bank of +the United States. No institution could have been more popular with +the people, with Congress, and with State Legislatures. None ever +better fulfilled the great purposes of its establishment. But it +unfortunately incurred the displeasure of the President; he spoke, and +the bank lies prostrate. And those who were loudest in its praise are +now loudest in its condemnation. What object of his ambition is +unsatisfied? When disabled from age any longer to hold the sceptre of +power, he designates his successor, and transmits it to his favorite! +What more does he want? Must we blot, deface, and mutilate the records +of the country, to punish the presumptuousness of expressing an opinion +contrary to his own? What patriotic purpose is to be accomplished by +this Expunging resolution? Can you make that not to be which has been? +Can you eradicate from memory and from history the fact that in March, +1834, a majority of the Senate of the United States passed the +resolution which excites your enmity? Is it your vain and wicked +object to arrogate to yourselves that power of annihilating the past +which has been denied to Omnipotence itself? Do you intend to thrust +your hands into our hearts, and to pluck out the deeply rooted +convictions which are there? Or is it your design merely to stigmatize +us? You cannot stigmatize us. + + "Ne'er yet did base dishonor blur our name." + +Standing securely upon our conscious rectitude, and bearing aloft the +shield of the Constitution of our country, your puny efforts are +impotent; and we defy all your power. Put the majority of 1834 in one +scale, and that by which this Expunging resolution is to be carried in +the other, and let truth and justice, in heaven above and on earth +below, and liberty and patriotism, decide the preponderance. + +What patriotic purpose is to be accomplished by the Expunging +resolution? Is it to appease the wrath and to heal the wounded pride +of the Chief Magistrate? If he be really the hero that his friends +represent him, he must despise all mean condescension, all grovelling +sycophancy, all self-degradation and self-abasement. He would reject, +with scorn and contempt, as unworthy of his fame, your black scratches +and your baby lines in the fair records of his country. Black lines! +Black lines! Sir, I hope the Secretary of the Senate will preserve the +pen with which he may inscribe them, and present it to that Senator of +the majority whom he may select, as a proud trophy, to be transmitted +to his descendants. And hereafter, when we shall lose the forms of our +free institutions, all that now remain to us, some future American +monarch, in gratitude to those by whose means he has been enabled, upon +the ruins of civil liberty, to erect a throne, and to commemorate +especially this Expunging resolution, may institute a new order of +knighthood, and confer on it the appropriate name of "the Knights of +the Black Lines." + +But why should I detain the Senate, or needlessly waste my breath in +fruitless exertions? The decree has gone forth. It is one of urgency, +too. The deed is to be done--that foul deed which, like the blood, +staining the hands of the guilty Macbeth, all ocean's waters will +never wash out. Proceed, then, to the noble work which lies before +you, and, like other skilful executioners, do it quickly. And when +you have perpetrated it, go home to the people, and tell them what +glorious honors you have achieved for our common country. Tell them +that you have extinguished one of the brightest and purest lights that +ever burned at the altar of civil liberty. Tell them that you have +silenced one of the noblest batteries that ever thundered in defence of +the Constitution, and bravely spiked the cannon. Tell them that, +henceforward, no matter what daring or outrageous act any president may +perform, you have forever hermetically sealed the mouth of the Senate. +Tell them that he may fearlessly assume what powers he pleases, snatch +from its lawful custody the public purse, command a military detachment +to enter the halls of the Capitol, overawe Congress, trample down the +Constitution, and raze every bulwark of freedom; but that the Senate +must stand mute, in silent submission, and not dare to raise its +opposing voice. Tell them that it must wait until a House of +Representatives, humbled and subdued like itself, and a majority of it +composed of the partisans of the President, shall prefer articles of +impeachment. Tell them, finally, that you have restored the glorious +doctrine of passive obedience and non-resistance. And, if the people +do not pour out their indignation and imprecations, I have yet to learn +the character of American freemen. + + + + * * * * * + + + +Part 2 + + + Henry Clay, "On the Seminole War," + U.S. House of Representatives, + 19 January 1819. + + +IF MY recollection does not deceive me, Bonaparte had passed the Rhine +and the Alps, had conquered Italy, the Netherlands, Holland, Hanover, +Lubec, and Hamburg, and extended his empire as far as Altona, on the +side of Denmark. A few days' march would have carried him through +Holstein, over the two Belts, through Funen, and into the island of +Zealand. What, then, was the conduct of England? It was my lot to +fall into conversation with an intelligent Englishman on this subject. +"We knew (said he) that we were fighting for our existence. It was +absolutely necessary that we should preserve the command of the seas. +If the fleet of Denmark fell into the enemy's hands, combined with his +other fleets, that command might be rendered doubtful. Denmark had +only a nominal independence. She was, in truth, subject to his sway. +We said to her, Give us your fleet; it will otherwise be taken +possession of by your secret and our open enemy. We will preserve it +and restore it to you whenever the danger shall be over. Denmark +refused. Copenhagen was bombarded, and gallantly defended, but the +fleet was seized." Everywhere the conduct of England was censured; and +the name even of the negotiator who was employed by her, who was +subsequently the minister near this government, was scarcely ever +pronounced here without coupling with it an epithet indicating his +participation in the disgraceful transaction. And yet we are going to +sanction acts of violence, committed by ourselves, which but too much +resemble it! What an important difference, too, between the relative +condition of England and of this country! She, perhaps, was struggling +for her existence. She was combating, single-handed, the most enormous +military power that the world has ever known. With whom were we +contending? With a few half-starved, half-clothed, wretched Indians +and fugitive slaves. And while carrying on this inglorious war, +inglorious as regards the laurels or renown won in it, we violate +neutral rights, which the government had solemnly pledged itself to +respect, upon the principle of convenience, or upon the light +presumption that, by possibility, a post might be taken by this +miserable combination of Indians and slaves.... + +I will not trespass much longer upon the time of the committee; but I +trust I shall be indulged with some few reflections upon the danger of +permitting the conduct on which it has been my painful duty to +animadvert, to pass without the solemn expression of the disapprobation +of this House. Recall to your recollection the free nations which have +gone before us. Where are they now? + +"Gone glimmering through the dream of things that were, A schoolboy's +tale, the wonder of an hour." + +And how have they lost their liberties? If we could transport +ourselves back to the ages when Greece and Rome flourished in their +greatest prosperity, and, mingling in the throng, should ask a Grecian +if he did not fear that some daring military chieftain, covered with +glory, some Philip or Alexander, would one day overthrow the liberties +of his country, the confident and indignant Grecian would exclaim, No! +no! we have nothing to fear from our heroes; our liberties will be +eternal. If a Roman citizen had been asked if he did not fear that the +conqueror of Gaul might establish a throne upon the ruins of public +liberty, he would have instantly repelled the unjust insinuation. Yet +Greece fell; Caesar passed the Rubicon, and the patriotic arm even of +Brutus could not preserve the liberties of his devoted country! The +celebrated Madame de Stael, in her last and perhaps her best work, has +said, that in the very year, almost the very month, when the president +of the Directory declared that monarchy would never more show its +frightful head in France, Bonaparte, with his grenadiers, entered the +palace of St. Cloud, and, dispersing with the bayonet the deputies of +the people deliberating on the affairs of the State, laid the +foundation of that vast fabric of despotism which overshadowed all +Europe. I hope not to be misunderstood; I am far from intimating that +General Jackson cherishes any designs inimical to the liberties of the +country. I believe his intentions to be pure and patriotic. I thank +God that he would not, but I thank him still more that he could not if +he would, overturn the liberties of the Republic. But precedents, if +bad, are fraught with the most dangerous consequences. Man has been +described, by some of those who have treated of his nature, as a bundle +of habits. The definition is much truer when applied to governments. +Precedents are their habits. There is one important difference between +the formation of habits by an individual and by governments. He +contracts only after frequent repetition. A single instance fixes the +habit and determines the direction of governments. Against the +alarming doctrine of unlimited discretion in our military commanders +when applied even to prisoners of war, I must enter my protest. It +begins upon them; it will end on us. I hope our happy form of +government is to be perpetual. But, if it is to be preserved, it must +be by the practice of virtue, by justice, by moderation, by +magnanimity, by greatness of soul, by keeping a watchful and steady eye +on the Executive; and, above all, by holding to a strict accountability +the military branch of the public force. + +We are fighting a great moral battle for the benefit not only of our +country, but of all mankind. The eyes of the whole world are in fixed +attention upon us. One, and the larger portion of it, is gazing with +contempt, with jealousy, and with envy; the other portion, with hope, +with confidence, and with affection. Everywhere the black cloud of +legitimacy is suspended over the world, save only one bright spot, +which breaks out from the political hemisphere of the West, to +enlighten and animate and gladden the human heart. Obscure that by the +downfall of liberty here, and all mankind are enshrouded in a pall of +universal darkness. To you, Mr. Chairman, belongs the high privilege +of transmitting, unimpaired, to posterity the fair character and +liberty of our country. Do you expect to execute this high trust by +trampling, or suffering to be trampled down, law, justice, the +Constitution, and the rights of the people? by exhibiting examples of +inhumanity and cruelty and ambition? When the minions of despotism +heard, in Europe, of the seizure of Pensacola, how did they chuckle, +and chide the admirers of our institutions, tauntingly pointing to the +demonstration of a spirit of injustice and aggrandizement made by our +country, in the midst of an amicable negotiation! Behold, said they, +the conduct of those who are constantly reproaching kings! You saw how +those admirers were astounded and hung their heads. You saw, too, when +that illustrious man, who presides over us, adopted his pacific, +moderate, and just course, how they once more lifted up their heads +with exultation and delight beaming in their countenances. And you saw +how those minions themselves were finally compelled to unite in the +general praises bestowed upon our government. Beware how you forfeit +this exalted character. Beware how you give a fatal sanction, in this +infant period of our Republic, scarcely yet twoscore years old, to +military insubordination. Remember that Greece had her Alexander, Rome +her Caesar, England her Cromwell, France her Bonaparte, and that if we +would escape the rock on which they split we must avoid their errors. + +How different has been the treatment of General Jackson and that +modest, but heroic young man, a native of one of the smallest States in +the Union, who achieved for his country, on Lake Erie, one of the most +glorious victories of the late war. In a moment of passion he forgot +himself and offered an act of violence which was repented of as soon as +perpetrated. He was tried, and suffered the judgment to be pronounced +by his peers. Public justice was thought not even then to be +satisfied. The press and Congress took up the subject. My honorable +friend from Virginia, Mr. Johnson, the faithful and consistent sentinel +of the law and of the Constitution, disapproved in that instance, as he +does in this, and moved an inquiry. The public mind remained agitated +and unappeased until the recent atonement, so honorably made by the +gallant commodore. And is there to be a distinction between the +officers of the two branches of the public service? Are former +services, however eminent, to preclude even inquiry into recent +misconduct? Is there to be no limit, no prudential bounds to the +national gratitude? I am not disposed to censure the President for not +ordering a court of inquiry, or a general court-martial. Perhaps, +impelled by a sense of gratitude, he determined, by anticipation, to +extend to the general that pardon which he had the undoubted right to +grant after sentence. Let us not shrink from our duty. Let us assert +our constitutional powers, and vindicate the instrument from military +violation. + +I hope gentlemen will deliberately survey the awful isthmus on which we +stand. They may bear down all opposition; they may even vote the +general the public thanks; they may carry him triumphantly through this +House. But, if they do, in my humble judgment, it will be a triumph of +the principle of insubordination, a triumph of the military over the +civil authority, a triumph over the powers of this House, a triumph +over the Constitution of the land. And I pray most devoutly to Heaven +that it may not prove, in its ultimate effects and consequences, a +triumph over the liberties of the people. + + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Henry Clay's Remarks in House and +Senate, by Henry Clay + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HENRY CLAY'S REMARKS *** + +***** This file should be named 739.txt or 739.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/7/3/739/ + +Produced by Anthony J. 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