1 files changed, 3956 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/7465.txt b/7465.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc641da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7465.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3956 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Richard of Jamestown, by James Otis
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Richard of Jamestown
+       A Story of the Virginia Colony
+
+Author: James Otis
+
+Release Date: February, 2005 [EBook #7465]
+Posting Date: July 25, 2009
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RICHARD OF JAMESTOWN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Martin Robb
+
+
+
+
+
+RICHARD OF JAMESTOWN
+
+
+by James Otis
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+The purpose of this series of stories is to show the children, and even
+those who have already taken up the study of history, the home life
+of the colonists with whom they meet in their books. To this end every
+effort has been made to avoid anything savoring of romance, and to deal
+only with facts, so far as that is possible, while describing the daily
+life of those people who conquered the wilderness whether for conscience
+sake or for gain.
+
+That the stories may appeal more directly to the children, they are told
+from the viewpoint of a child, and purport to have been related by a
+child. Should any criticism be made regarding the seeming neglect to
+mention important historical facts, the answer would be that these books
+are not sent out as histories--although it is believed that they will
+awaken a desire to learn more of the building of the nation--and only
+such incidents as would be particularly noted by a child are used.
+
+Surely it is entertaining as well as instructive for young people to
+read of the toil and privations in the homes of those who came into a
+new world to build up a country for themselves, and such homely facts
+are not to be found in the real histories of our land.
+
+JAMES OTIS.
+
+
+
+
+WHO I AM
+
+
+Yes, my name is Richard Mutton. Sounds rather queer, doesn't it? The
+lads in London town used to vex me sorely by calling, "Baa, baa, black
+sheep," whenever I passed them, and yet he who will may find the name
+Richard Mutton written in the list of those who were sent to Virginia,
+in the new world, by the London Company, on the nineteenth day of
+December, in the year of Our Lord, 1606.
+
+Whosoever may chance to read what I am here setting down, will, perhaps,
+ask how it happened that a lad only ten years of age was allowed to sail
+for that new world in company with such a band of adventurous men as
+headed the enterprise.
+
+Therefore it is that I must tell a certain portion of the story of my
+life, for the better understanding of how I came to be in this fair,
+wild, savage beset land of Virginia.
+
+Yet I was not the only boy who sailed in the Susan Constant, as you may
+see by turning to the list of names, which is under the care, even to
+this day, of the London Company, for there you will find written
+in clerkly hand the names Samuel Collier, Nathaniel Peacock, James
+Brumfield, and Richard Mutton. Nathaniel Peacock has declared more than
+once that my name comes last in the company at the very end of all,
+because I was not a full grown mutton; but only large enough to be
+called a sheep's tail, and therefore should be hung on behind, as is
+shown by the list.
+
+The reason of my being in this country of Virginia at so young an age,
+is directly concerned with that brave soldier and wondrous adventurer,
+Captain John Smith, of whom I make no doubt the people in this new
+world, when the land has been covered with towns and villages, will come
+to know right well, for of a truth he is a wonderful man. In the sixth
+month of Grace, 1606, I Was living as best I might in that great city
+of London, which is as much a wilderness of houses, as this country is
+a wilderness of trees. My father was a soldier of fortune, which means
+that he stood ready to do battle in behalf of whatsoever nation he
+believed was in the right, or, perhaps, on the side of those people who
+would pay him the most money for risking his life.
+
+He had fought with the Dutch soldiers under command of one Captain
+Miles Standish, an Englishman of renown among men of arms, and had been
+killed. My mother died less than a week before the news was brought that
+my father had been shot to death. Not then fully understanding how great
+a disaster it is to a young lad when he loses father or mother, and how
+yet more sad is his lot when he has lost both parents, I made shift to
+live as best I might with a sore heart; but yet not so sore as if I had
+known the full extent of the misfortune which had overtaken me.
+
+At first it was an easy matter for me to get food at the home of
+this lad, or of that, among my acquaintances, sleeping wherever night
+overtook me; but, finally, when mayhap three months had gone by, my
+welcome was worn threadbare, and I was told by more than one, that a
+hulking lad of ten years should have more pride than to beg his way from
+door to door.
+
+It is with shame I here set down the fact, that many weeks passed before
+I came to understand, in ever so slight a degree, what a milksop I must
+be, thus eating the bread of idleness when I should have won the right,
+by labor, to a livelihood in this world.
+
+This last thought had just begun to take root in my heart when Nathaniel
+Peacock, whose mother had been a good friend of mine during a certain
+time after I was made an orphan, and I, heard that a remarkably brave
+soldier was in the city of London, making ready to go into the new
+world, with the intent to build there a town for the king.
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH COMES TO LONDON
+
+
+This man was no other than Captain John Smith, who, although at this
+time not above six and twenty years of age, had already served in the
+French, in the Dutch, and in the Transylvanian armies, where he had met
+and overcome many dangers.
+
+He had been robbed and beaten and thrown into the sea because of not
+believing in the religion of the men who attacked him; he had been a
+slave among the Turks; he had fought, one after another, three of the
+bravest in the Turkish army, and had cut off the head of each in turn.
+
+Can it be wondered at that Nathaniel Peacock and I were filled to
+overflowing with admiration for this wonderful soldier, or that we
+desired above all things to see him?
+
+We loitered about the streets of London town from daylight until night
+had come again, hoping to feast our eyes upon this same John Smith, who
+was to us one of the wonders of the world, because in so short a time he
+had made his name as a soldier famous in all countries, and yet we saw
+him not.
+
+We had searched London town over and over for mayhap a full month, doing
+nothing else save hunt for the man whose life had been so filled with
+adventure, and each time we returned home, Mistress Peacock reproached
+me with being an idle good for nothing, and Nathaniel but little better.
+
+I believe it was her harsh words which caused to spring up in my heart
+a desire to venture into the new world, where it was said gold could be
+found in abundance, and even the smallest lad might pick up whatsoever
+of wealth he desired, if so be his heart was strong enough to brave the
+journey across the great ocean.
+
+The more I thought of what could be found in that land, which was called
+Virginia, the stronger grew my desire, until the time came when it was a
+fixed purpose in my mind, and not until then did I breathe to Nathaniel
+a word of that which had been growing within me.
+
+He took fire straightway I spoke of what it might be possible for us
+lads to do, and declared that whether his mother were willing or no, he
+would brave all the dangers of that terrible journey overseas, if so be
+we found an opportunity. To him it seemed a simple matter that, having
+once found a ship which was to sail for the far off land, we might hide
+ourselves within her, having gathered sufficient of food to keep us
+alive during the journey. But how this last might be done, his plans had
+not been made.
+
+Lest I should set down too many words, and therefore bring upon myself
+the charge of being one who can work with his tongue better than with
+his hands, I will pass over all that which Nathaniel and I did during
+the long time we roamed the streets, in the hope of coming face to face
+with Captain Smith.
+
+It is enough if I set it down at once that we finally succeeded in our
+purpose, having come upon him one certain morning on Cheapside, when
+there was a fight on among some apprentices, and the way so blocked
+that neither he nor any other could pass through the street, until
+the quarrelsome fellows were done playing upon each other's heads with
+sticks and stones.
+
+It seemed much as if fortune had at last consented to smile upon us, for
+we were standing directly in front of the great man.
+
+I know not how it chanced that I, a lad whose apparel was far from being
+either cleanly or whole, should have dared to raise my voice in speech
+with one who was said to have talked even with a king. Yet so I did,
+coming without many words to that matter which had been growing these
+many days in my mind, and mayhap it was the very suddenness of the words
+that caught his fancy.
+
+"Nathaniel Peacock and I are minded to go with you into that new world,
+Captain John Smith, if so be you permit us," I said, "and there we will
+serve you with honesty and industry."
+
+There was a smile come upon his face as I spoke, and he looked down upon
+Nathaniel and me, who were wedged among that throng which watched the
+apprentices quarrel, until we were like to be squeezed flat, and said in
+what I took to be a friendly tone:
+
+"So, my master, you would journey into Virginia with the hope of making
+yourself rich, and you not out from under your mother's apron as yet?"
+
+"I have no mother to wear an apron, Captain Smith, nor father to say I
+may go there or shall come here; but yet would serve you as keenly as
+might any man, save mayhap my strength, which will increase, be not so
+great as would be found in those older."
+
+Whether this valiant soldier was pleased with my words, or if in good
+truth boys were needed in the enterprise, I cannot say; but certain it
+is he spoke me fairly, writing down upon a piece of paper, which he tore
+from his tablets, the name of the street in which he had lodgings, and
+asking, as he handed it to me, if I could read.
+
+Now it was that I gave silent thanks, because of what had seemed to me
+a hardship when my mother forced me to spend so many hours each day in
+learning to use a quill, until I was able to write a clerkly hand.
+
+It seemed to please this great soldier that I could do what few of the
+lads in that day had been taught to master, and, without further ado, he
+said to me boldly:
+
+"You shall journey into Virginia with me, an' it please you, lad. What
+is more, I will take upon myself the charge of outfitting you, and time
+shall tell whether you have enough of manliness in you to repay me the
+cost."
+
+Then it was that Nathaniel raised his voice; but the captain gave him
+no satisfaction, declaring it was the duty of a true lad to stand by his
+mother, and that he would lend his aid to none who had a home, and in it
+those who cared for him.
+
+I could have talked with this brave soldier until the night had come,
+and would never have wearied of asking concerning what might be found in
+that new world of Virginia; but it so chanced that when the business was
+thus far advanced, the apprentices were done with striving to break
+each other's heads, and Captain Smith, bidding me come to his house next
+morning, went his way.
+
+
+
+
+THE PLANS OF THE LONDON COMPANY
+
+
+Then it was that Nathaniel declared he also would go on the voyage to
+Virginia, whether it pleased Captain Smith or no, and I, who should have
+set my face against his running away from home, spoke no word to oppose
+him, because it would please me to have him as comrade.
+
+After this I went more than once to the house where Captain Smith
+lodged, and learned very much concerning what it was proposed to do
+toward building a town in the new world.
+
+Both Nathaniel and I had believed it was the king who counted to send
+all these people overseas; but I learned from my new master that a
+company of London merchants was in charge of the enterprise, these
+merchants believing much profit might come to them in the way of getting
+gold.
+
+The whole business was to be under the control of Captain Bartholomew
+Gosnold, who, it was said, had already made one voyage to the new world,
+and had brought back word that it was a goodly place in which to settle
+and to build up towns. The one chosen to act as admiral of the fleet,
+for there were to be three ships instead of one, as I had fancied, was
+Captain Christopher Newport, a man who had no little fame as a seaman.
+
+In due time, as the preparations for the voyage were being forwarded,
+I was sent by my master into lodgings at Blackwall, just below London
+town, for the fleet lay nearby, and because it was understood by those
+in charge of the adventure that I was in Captain Smith's service, no
+hindrance was made to my going on board the vessels.
+
+
+
+
+THE VESSELS OF THE FLEET
+
+
+These were three in number, as I have already said: the Constant, a ship
+of near to one hundred tons in size; the Goodspeed, of forty tons, and
+the Discovery, which was a pinnace of only twenty tons.
+
+And now, lest some who read what I have set down may not be acquainted
+with the words used by seamen, let me explain that the measurement of
+a vessel by tons, means that she will fill so much space in the water.
+Now, in measuring a vessel, a ton is reckoned as forty cubic feet of
+space, therefore when I say the Susan Constant was one hundred tons
+in size, it is the same as if I had set down that she would carry four
+thousand cubic feet of cargo.
+
+That he who reads may know what I mean by a pinnace, as differing from
+a ship, I can best make it plain by saying that such a craft is an open
+boat, wherein may be used sails or oars, and, as in the case of the
+Discovery, may have a deck over a certain portion of her length. That
+our pinnace was a vessel able to withstand such waves as would be met
+with in the ocean, can be believed when you remember that she was one
+half the size of the Goodspeed, which we counted a ship.
+
+
+
+
+HOW I EARNED MY PASSAGE
+
+
+Captain Smith, my master, found plenty of work for me during the weeks
+before the fleet sailed. He had many matters to be set down in writing,
+and because of my mother's care in teaching me to use the quill, I was
+able, or so it seemed to me, to be of no little aid to him in those busy
+days, when it was as if he must do two or three things at the same time
+in order to bring his business to an end. I learned during that time to
+care very dearly for this valiant soldier, who could, when the fit was
+on him, be as tender and kind as a girl, and again, when he was crossed,
+as stern a man as one might find in all London town.
+
+Because of my labors, and it pleased me greatly that I could do somewhat
+toward forwarding the adventure, I had no time in which to search for
+my friend, Nathaniel Peacock, although I did not cease to hope that he
+would try to find me.
+
+I had parted with him in the city, and he knew right well where I was
+going; yet, so far as I could learn, he had never come to Blackwall.
+
+I had no doubt but that I could find him in the city, and it was in my
+mind, at the first opportunity, to seek him out, if for no other reason
+than that we might part as comrades should, for he had been a true
+friend to me when my heart was sore; but from the moment the sailors
+began to put the cargo on board the Susan Constant and the Goodspeed,
+I had no chance to wander around Blackwall, let alone journeying to
+London.
+
+Then came the twentieth of December, when we were to set sail, and great
+was the rejoicing among the people, who believed that we would soon
+build up a city in the new world, which would be of great wealth and
+advantage to those in England.
+
+I heard it said, although I myself was not on shore to see what
+was done, that in all the churches prayers were made for our safe
+journeying, and there was much marching to and fro of soldiers, as if
+some great merrymaking were afoot.
+
+The shore was lined with people; booths were set up where showmen
+displayed for pay many curious things, and food and sweetmeats were on
+sale here and there, for so large a throng stood in need of refreshment
+as well as amusement.
+
+It was a wondrous spectacle to see all these people nearby on the shore,
+knowing they had come for no other purpose than to look at us, and
+I took no little pride to myself because of being numbered among the
+adventurers, even vainly fancying that many wondered what part a boy
+could have in such an undertaking.
+
+Then we set sail, I watching in vain for a glimpse of Nathaniel Peacock
+as the ships got under way. Finally, sadly disappointed, and with the
+sickness of home already in my heart, I went into the forward part of
+the ship, where was my sleeping place, thinking that very shortly we
+should be tossing and tumbling on the mighty waves of the ocean.
+
+In this I was mistaken, for the wind was contrary to our purpose, and
+we lay in the Downs near six weeks, while Master Hunt, the preacher, who
+had joined the company that he might labor for the good of our souls;
+lay so nigh unto death in the cabin of the Susan Constant, that I
+listened during all the waking hours of the night, fearing to hear the
+tolling of the ship's bell, which would tell that he had gone from among
+the living.
+
+It was on the second night, after we were come to anchor in the Downs
+awaiting a favorable wind, that I, having fallen asleep while wishing
+Nathaniel Peacock might have been with us, was awakened by the pressure
+of a cold hand upon my cheek. I was near to crying aloud with fear,
+for the first thought that came was that Master Hunt had gone from this
+world, and was summoning me; but before the cry could escape my lips, I
+heard the whispered words: "It is me, Nate Peacock!"
+
+It can well be guessed that I was sitting bolt upright in the narrow
+bed, which sailors call a bunk, by the time this had been said, and in
+the gloom of the seamen's living place I saw a head close to mine.
+
+Not until I had passed my hands over the face could I believe it
+was indeed my comrade, and it goes without saying that straightway
+I insisted on knowing how he came there, when he should have been in
+London town.
+
+I cannot set the story down as Nathaniel Peacock told it to me on that
+night, because his words were many; but the tale ran much like this:
+
+
+
+
+NATHANIEL'S STORY
+
+
+When Captain John Smith had promised on Cheapside that I should be one
+of the company of adventurers, because of such labor as it might be
+possible for me to perform, and had refused to listen to my comrade,
+Nathaniel, without acquainting me with the fact, had made up his mind
+that he also would go into the new world of Virginia.
+
+Fearing lest I would believe it my duty to tell Captain Smith of his
+purpose, he kept far from me, doing whatsoever he might in London town
+to earn as much as would provide him with food during a certain time.
+
+In this he succeeded so far as then seemed necessary, and when it was
+known that the fleet was nearly ready to make sail, he came to Blackwall
+with all his belongings tied in his doublet.
+
+To get on board the Susan Constant without attracting much attention
+while she was being visited by so many curious people, was not a hard
+task for Nathaniel Peacock, and three days before the fleet was got
+under way, my comrade had hidden himself in the very foremost part of
+the ship, where were stored the ropes and chains.
+
+There he had remained until thirst, or hunger, drove him out, on this
+night of which I am telling you, and he begged that I go on deck, where
+were the scuttle butts, to get him a pannikin of water.
+
+For those of you who may not know what a scuttle butt is, I will explain
+that it is a large cask in which fresh water is kept on shipboard. When
+Nathaniel's burning thirst had been soothed, he began to fear that I
+might give information to Captain John Smith concerning him; but after
+all that had been done in the way of hiding himself, and remembering his
+suffering, I had not the heart so to do.
+
+During four days more he spent all the hours of sunshine, and the
+greater portion of the night, in my bed, closely covered so that the
+sailors might not see him, and then came the discovery, when he was
+dragged out with many a blow and harsh word to give an account of
+himself. I fear it would have gone harder still with Nathaniel, if I had
+not happened to be there at that very moment.
+
+As it was, I went directly to Captain John Smith, my master, telling him
+all Nathaniel's story, and asking if the lad had not shown himself made
+of the proper stuff to be counted on as one of the adventurers.
+
+Although hoping to succeed in my pleading, I was surprised when the
+captain gave a quick consent to number the lad among those who were to
+go into the new land of Virginia, and was even astonished when his name
+was written down among others as if he had been pledged to the voyage in
+due form.
+
+But for the sickness of Master Hunt, and the fear we had lest he should
+die, Nathaniel and I might have made exceeding merry while we lay at
+anchor in the Downs, for food was plentiful; there was little of work to
+be done, and we lads could have passed the time skylarking with such of
+the sailors as were disposed to sport, except orders had been given that
+no undue noise be made on deck.
+
+
+
+
+WE MAKE SAIL AGAIN
+
+
+It seemed to me almost as if we spent an entire lifetime within sight
+of the country we were minded to leave behind us, and indeed six weeks,
+with no change of scene, and while one is held to the narrow limits of a
+ship, is an exceeding long time.
+
+However, as I have heard Captain Smith say again and again, everything
+comes to him who waits, and so also came that day when the winds were
+favoring; when Captain Newport, the admiral of our fleet, gave the word
+to make sail, and we sped softly away from England's shores, little
+dreaming of that time of suffering, of sickness, and of sadness which
+was before us.
+
+To Nathaniel and me, who had never strayed far from London town, and
+knew no more of the sea than might have been gained in a boatman's
+wherry, the ocean was exceeding unkind, and for eight and forty hours
+did we lie in that narrow bed, believing death was very near at hand.
+
+There is no reason why I should make any attempt at describing the
+sickness which was upon us, for I have since heard that it comes to
+all who go out on the sea for the first time. When we recovered, it was
+suddenly, like as a flower lifts up its head after a refreshing shower
+that has pelted it to the ground.
+
+I would I might set down here all which came to us during the voyage,
+for it was filled with wondrous happenings; but because I would tell of
+what we did in the land of Virginia, I must be sparing of words now.
+
+
+
+
+THE FIRST ISLAND
+
+
+It is to be remembered that our fleet left London on the twentieth day
+of December, and, as I have since heard Captain Smith read from the
+pages which he wrote concerning the voyage, it was on the twenty-third
+of March that we were come to the island of Martinique, where for the
+first time Nathaniel Peacock and I saw living savages.
+
+When we were come to anchor, they paddled out to our ships in frail
+boats called canoes, bringing many kinds of most delicious fruits,
+which we bought for such trumpery things as glass beads and ornaments of
+copper.
+
+It was while we lay off this island that we saw a whale attacked and
+killed by a thresher and a swordfish, which was a wondrous sight.
+
+And now was a most wicked deed done by those who claimed to be in
+command of our company, for they declared that my master had laid a plot
+with some of the men in each vessel of the fleet, whereby the principal
+members of the company were to be murdered, to the end that Captain
+Smith might set himself up as king after we were come to the new world.
+
+All this was untrue, as I knew full well, having aided him in such work
+as a real clerk would have done, and had there been a plot, I must have
+found some inkling of it in one of the many papers I read aloud to him,
+or copied down on other sheets that the work of the quill might be more
+pleasing to the eye.
+
+Besides that, I had been with the captain a goodly portion of the time
+while the ships were being made ready for the voyage, and if he had
+harbored so much of wickedness, surely must some word of it have come to
+me, who sat or stood near at hand, listening attentively whenever he had
+speech with others of the company of adventurers.
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN SMITH A PRISONER
+
+
+When the voyage was begun, and the captain no longer had need of me, I
+was sent into the forward part of the ship to live, as has already been
+set down, and therefore it was I knew nothing of what was being done in
+the great cabin, where the leaders of the company were quartered, until
+after my master was made a prisoner. Then it was told me by the seaman
+who had been called by Captain Kendall, as if it was feared my master,
+being such a great soldier, might strive to harm those who miscalled him
+a traitor to that which he had sworn.
+
+It seems, so the seaman said, that Captain John Martin was the one who
+made the charges against my master, on the night after we set sail from
+Martinique, when all the chief men of the company were met in the great
+cabin, and he declared that, when it was possible to do so, meaning
+after we had come to the land of Virginia, witnesses should be brought
+from the other ships to prove the wicked intent. Then it was that
+Captain George Kendall declared my master must be kept a close prisoner
+until the matter could be disposed of, and all the others, save Captain
+Bartholomew Gosnold, agreeing, heavy irons were put upon him. He was
+shut up in his sleeping place, having made no outcry nor attempt to do
+any harm, save that he declared himself innocent of wrong doing.
+
+But for Captain Gosnold and Master Hunt, the preacher, I should not
+have been permitted to go in and learn if I might do anything for his
+comfort. The other leaders declared that my master was a dangerous
+man, who should not be allowed to have speech with any person save
+themselves, lest he send some message to those who were said to be
+concerned with him in the plot.
+
+
+
+
+I ATTEND MY MASTER
+
+
+Master Hunt spoke up right manfully in behalf of Captain Smith, with the
+result that I was given free entrance to that small room which had been
+made his prison, save that I must at all times leave the door open, so
+those who were in the great cabin could hear if I was charged with any
+message to the seamen.
+
+My eyes were filled with tears when my master told me that he had
+no thought save that of benefiting those who were with him in the
+adventure, and that he would not lend his countenance to any wicked
+plot.
+
+I begged him to understand that I knew right well he would do no manner
+of wrong to any man, and asked the privilege of being with him all the
+time, to serve him when he could not serve himself because of the irons
+that fettered his legs.
+
+And so it was that I had opportunity to do that which made my master as
+true a friend as ever lad had, for in the later days when we were
+come to Virginia and beset by savages more cruel than wild beasts,
+he ventured his own life again and again to save mine, which was so
+worthless as compared with his.
+
+Only that I might tell how the voyage progressed, did I go on deck, or
+have speech with Nathaniel Peacock, and only through me did my master
+know when we were come to this island or that, together with what was to
+be seen in such places.
+
+
+
+
+SEVERAL ISLANDS VISITED
+
+
+Therefore it was that when, on the next day after he was made a
+prisoner, we were come to anchor off that island which the savages
+called Gaudaloupe, and Nathaniel had been permitted to go on shore in
+one of the boats, I could tell my master of the wondrous waters which
+were found there.
+
+Nathaniel told me that water spouted up out of the earth so hot, that
+when Captain Newport threw into it a piece of pork tied to a rope, the
+meat was cooked in half an hour, even as if it had been over a roaring
+hot fire.
+
+After that we passed many islands, the names of which I could not
+discover, until we came to anchor within half a musket shot from the
+shore of that land which is known as Nevis. Here we lay six days, and
+the chief men of the company went on shore for sport and to hunt, save
+always either Captain Martin or Captain Kendall, who remained on board
+to watch the poor prisoner, while he, my master, lay in his narrow bed
+sweltering under the great heat.
+
+During all this while, the seamen and our gentlemen got much profit and
+sport from hunting and fishing, adding in no small degree to our store
+of food. Had Captain Smith not been kept from going on shore by the
+wickedness of those who were jealous because of his great fame as a
+soldier, I dare venture to say our stay at this island of Nevis would
+have been far more to our advantage.
+
+From this place we went to what Master Hunt told me were the Virgin
+islands, and here the men went ashore again to hunt; but my master,
+speaking no harsh words against those who were wronging him, lay in the
+small, stinging hot room, unable to get for himself even a cup of water,
+though I took good care he should not suffer from lack of kindly care.
+
+Then on a certain day we sailed past that land which Captain Gosnold
+told me was Porto Rico, and next morning came to anchor off the island
+of Mona, where the seamen were sent ashore to get fresh water, for our
+supply was running low.
+
+Captain Newport, and many of the other gentlemen, went on shore to hunt,
+and so great was the heat that Master Edward Brookes fell down dead,
+one of the sailors telling Nathaniel that the poor man's fat was
+melted until he could no longer live; but Captain Smith, who knows more
+concerning such matters than all this company rolled into one, save I
+might except Master Hunt, declared that the fat of a live person does
+not melt, however great the heat. It is the sun shining too fiercely on
+one's head that brings about death, and thus it was that Master Brookes
+died.
+
+
+
+
+A VARIETY OF WILD GAME
+
+
+Our gentlemen who had the heart to make prisoner of so honest, upright a
+man as my master, did not cease their sport because of what had befallen
+Master Brookes, but continued at the hunting until they had brought down
+two wild boars and also an animal fashioned like unto nothing I had
+ever seen before. It was something after the manner of a serpent, but
+speckled on the stomach as is a toad, and Captain Smith believed the
+true name of it to be Iguana, the like of which he says that he has
+often seen in other countries and that its flesh makes very good eating.
+
+If any one save Captain Smith had said this, I should have found it hard
+to believe him, and as it was I was glad my belief was not put to the
+test. Two days afterward we were come to an island which Master Hunt
+says is known to seamen as Monica, and there it was that Nathaniel went
+on shore in one of the boats, coming back at night to tell me a most
+wondrous story.
+
+He declared that the birds and their eggs were so plentiful that the
+whole island was covered with them; that one could not set down his
+foot, save upon eggs, or birds sitting on their nests, some of which
+could hardly be driven away even with blows, and when they rose in the
+air, the noise made by their wings was so great as to deafen a person.
+
+Our seamen loaded two boats full of the eggs in three hours, and all in
+the fleet feasted for several days on such as had not yet been spoiled
+by the warmth of the birds' bodies.
+
+It was on the next day that we left behind us those islands which
+Captain Smith told me were the West Indies, and the seaman who stood at
+the helm when I came on deck to get water for my master, said we were
+steering a northerly course, which would soon bring us to the land of
+Virginia.
+
+
+
+
+THE TEMPEST
+
+
+On that very night, however, such a tempest of wind and of rain came
+upon us that I was not the only one who believed the Susan Constant must
+be crushed like an eggshell under the great mountains of water which
+at times rolled completely over her, so flooding the decks that but few
+could venture out to do whatsoever of work was needed to keep the ship
+afloat. After this fierce tempest, when the Lord permitted that even our
+pinnace should ride in safety, it was believed that we were come near
+to the new world, and by day and by night the seamen stood at the rail,
+throwing the lead every few minutes in order to discover if we were
+venturing into shoal water.
+
+Nathaniel and I used to stand by watching them, and wishing that we
+might be allowed to throw the line, but never quite getting up our
+courage to say so, knowing full well we should probably make a tangle of
+it.
+
+
+
+
+THE NEW COUNTRY SIGHTED
+
+
+As Master George Percy has set down in the writings which I have copied
+for him since we came to Virginia, it was on the twenty-sixth day
+of April, in the year of our Lord 1607, at about four o'clock in the
+morning, when we were come within sight of that land where were to be
+built homes, not only for our company of one hundred and five, counting
+the boys, but for all who should come after us.
+
+It was while the ship lay off the land, her decks crowded with our
+company who fain would get the first clear view of that country in which
+they were to live, if the savages permitted, that I asked my master who
+among the gentlemen of the cabin was the leader in this adventure.
+
+To my surprise, he told me that it was not yet known. The London Company
+had made an election of those among the gentlemen who should form
+the new government, and had written down the names, together with
+instructions as to what should be done; but this writing was enclosed
+in a box which was not to be opened until we had come to the end of our
+voyage.
+
+
+
+
+THE LEADER NOT KNOWN
+
+
+There could be no doubt but that Captain Kendall and Captain Martin both
+believed that when the will of the London Company was made known, it
+would be found they stood in high command; but there was in my heart
+a great hope that my master might have been named. Yet when I put the
+matter to him in so many words, he treated the matter lightly, saying it
+could hardly be, else they had not dared to treat him thus shamefully.
+
+However, it was soon to be known, if the commands of the London Company
+were obeyed, for now we had come to this new land of Virginia, and the
+time was near at hand when would be opened the box containing the names
+of those who were to be officers in the town we hoped soon to build.
+
+As for myself, I was so excited it seemed impossible to remain quiet
+many seconds in one place, and I fear that my duties, which consisted
+only in waiting upon the prisoner, my master, were sadly neglected
+because of the anxiety in my mind to know who the merchants in London
+had named as rulers of the settlement about to be made in the new world.
+
+One would have believed from Captain Smith's manner that he had no
+concern whatsoever as to the result of all this wickedness and scheming,
+for it was neither more nor less than such, as I looked at the matter,
+on the part of Captain Kendall and Captain Martin.
+
+Here we were in sight of the new world, at a place where we were to live
+all the remainder of our lives, and he a prisoner in chains; but yet
+never a word of complaint came from his lips.
+
+
+
+
+ARRIVAL AT CHESAPEAKE BAY
+
+
+When the day had fully dawned, and the fleet stood in toward the noble
+bay, between two capes, which were afterward named Cape Henry and Cape
+Comfort, Captain Smith directed me to go on deck, in order to keep him
+informed of what might be happening.
+
+He told me there was no question in his mind but that we were come to
+the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, where it had been agreed with the London
+merchants we were to go on shore.
+
+Standing at the head of the companionway, but not venturing out on deck
+lest I should be sent to some other part of the ship, and thus be unable
+to give my master the information which he desired, I looked out upon
+what seemed to me the most goodly land that could be found in all the
+wide world.
+
+Trees there were of size fit for masts to the king's ships; flowers
+bordered the shore until there were seemingly great waves of this color,
+or of that, as far as eye could reach, and set within this dazzling
+array of green and gold, and of red and yellow, was a great sea, which
+Captain Smith said was called the Chesapeake Bay.
+
+We entered for some distance, mayhap three or four miles, before coming
+to anchor, and then Master Wingfield, Captain Gosnold, and Captain
+Newport went on shore with a party of thirty, made up of seamen and
+gentlemen, and my master, who had not so much as stretched his legs
+since we sailed from Martinique, was left in his narrow cabin with none
+but me to care for him!
+
+I had thought they would open the box containing the instructions from
+London, before doing anything else; but Captain Smith was of the mind
+that such business could wait until they had explored sufficiently to
+find a place where the new town might be built.
+
+It was a long, weary, anxious day for me. The party had left the ship in
+the morning, remaining absent until nightfall, and at least four or five
+times every hour did I run up from the cabin to gaze shoreward in the
+hope of seeing them return, for I was most eager to have the business
+pushed forward, and to know whether my master's enemies were given, by
+the London Company, permission to do whatsoever they pleased.
+
+
+
+
+AN ATTACK BY THE SAVAGES
+
+
+Just after sunset, and before the darkness of night closed in, those
+who had been on shore came back very hurriedly and in disorder, bringing
+with them in the foremost boat, two wounded men.
+
+"They have had a battle with some one, Master," I reported, before
+yet the boats were come alongside, and for the first time that day did
+Captain Smith appear to be deeply concerned. I heard him say as if to
+himself, not intending that the words should reach me:
+
+"Lack of caution in dealing with the savages is like to cost us dearly."
+
+Half an hour later I heard all the story from Nathaniel Peacock, who had
+believed himself fortunate when he was allowed to accompany the party on
+shore.
+
+According to his account, the company from the fleet roamed over much
+of the land during the day, finding fair meadows and goodly trees, with
+streams of fresh water here and there bespeaking fish in abundance.
+
+Nothing was seen or heard to disturb our people until the signal had
+been given for all to go on board the boats, that they might return to
+the ships, and then it was that a number of naked, brown men, creeping
+upon their hands and knees like animals, with bows and arrows held
+between their teeth, came out suddenly from amid the foliage to the
+number, as Nathaniel declared, of not less than an hundred.
+
+While the white men stood dismayed, awaiting some order from those who
+chose to call themselves leaders, the savages shot a multitude of arrows
+into the midst of the company, wounding Captain Gabriel Archer in both
+his hands, and dangerously hurting one of the seamen.
+
+Captain Gosnold gave command for the firearms to be discharged,
+whereupon the savages disappeared suddenly, and without delay our people
+returned to the fleet.
+
+
+
+
+READING THE LONDON COMPANY'S ORDERS
+
+
+An hour later, when those who had just come from the shore had been
+refreshed with food, I noted with much of anxiety that all the gentlemen
+of the company, not only such as belonged on board the Susan Constant,
+but those from the Speedwell, gathered in the great cabin of our ship,
+and, looking out ever so cautiously, while the door of Captain Smith's
+room was ajar, I saw them gather around the big table on which, as if
+it were something of greatest value, was placed a box made of some dark
+colored wood.
+
+It was Master Hunt who opened this, and, taking out a paper, he read in
+a voice so loud that even my master, as he lay in his narrow bed, could
+hear the names of those who were chosen by the London Company to form
+the Council for the government of the new land of Virginia.
+
+These are the names as he read them: Bartholomew Gosnold, Edward
+Wingfield, Christopher Newport, John Smith, John Ratcliffe, John Martin
+and George Kendall.
+
+My heart seemingly leaped into my throat with triumph when I thus heard
+the name of my master among those who were to stand as leaders of the
+company, and so excited had I become that that which Master Hunt read
+from the remainder of the paper failed to attract my attention.
+
+I learned afterward, however, that among the rules governing the actions
+of this Council, was one that a President should be chosen each year,
+and that matters of moment were to be determined by vote of the Council,
+in which the President might cast two ballots.
+
+It was when Master Hunt ceased reading that I believed my master would
+be set free without delay, for of a verity he had the same right to take
+part in the deliberations as any other, since it was the will of the
+London Company that he should be one of the leaders; but much to my
+surprise nothing of the kind was done. Captain Kendall, seeing the door
+of my master's room slightly open, arose from the table and closed
+it, as if he were about to say something which should not be heard by
+Captain Smith.
+
+I would have opened the door again, but that my master bade me leave it
+closed, and when an hour or more had passed, Master Hunt came in to us,
+stating that it had not yet been decided by the other members of the
+Council whether Captain Smith should be allowed to take part in the
+affairs, as the London Company had decided, or whether he should be sent
+home for judgment when the fleet returned. But meanwhile he was to have
+his liberty.
+
+Then it was that Master Hunt, talking like the true man he ever showed
+himself to be, advised Captain Smith to do in all things, so far as the
+other members of the Council permitted, as if nothing had gone awry,
+claiming that before we had been many days in this land, those who had
+brought charges against him would fail of making them good.
+
+Had I been the one thus so grievously injured, the whole company might
+have shipwrecked themselves before I would have raised a hand, all of
+which goes to show that I had not learned to rule my temper.
+
+Captain Smith, however, agreed with all Master Hunt said, and then it
+was that I was sent forward once more. My master went on deck for the
+first time since we had left Martinique, walking to and fro swiftly, as
+if it pleased him to have command of his legs once more.
+
+If Master Hunt and Master Wingfield had been able to bring the others
+around to their way of thinking, Captain Smith would have taken his
+rightful place in the Council without delay. Instead of which, however,
+he remained on board the ship idle, when there was much that he could
+have done better than any other, from the day on which we came in
+sight of Virginia, which was the fifteenth day of April, until the
+twenty-sixth day of June.
+
+During all this time, those of the Council who were his enemies claimed
+that they could prove he had laid plans to murder all the chief men,
+and take his place as king; but yet they did not do so, and my master
+refused to hold any parley with them, except that he claimed he was
+innocent of all wrong in thought or in act.
+
+When the others of the fleet set off to spy out the land, my master
+remained aboard the ship, still being a prisoner, except so far that he
+wore no fetters, and I would not have left him save he had commanded me
+sharply, for at that time, so sore was his heart, that even a lad like
+me could now and then say some word which might have in it somewhat of
+cheer.
+
+During this time that Captain Smith was with the company and yet not
+numbered as one of them, the other gentlemen explored the country,
+and more than once was Nathaniel Peacock allowed to accompany them,
+therefore did I hear much which otherwise would not have been told me.
+
+And what happened during these two months when the gentlemen were much
+the same as quarreling among themselves, I shall set down in as few
+words as possible, to the end that I may the sooner come to that story
+of our life in the new village, which some called James Fort, and others
+James Town, after King James of England.
+
+
+
+
+EXPLORING THE COUNTRY
+
+
+When the shallop had been taken out of the hold of the Susan Constant,
+and put together by the Carpenters, our people explored the shores of
+the bay and the broad streams running into it, meeting with savages here
+and there, and holding some little converse with them. A few were found
+to be friendly, while others appeared to think we were stealing their
+land by thus coming among them.
+
+One of the most friendly of the savages, so Nathaniel said, having shown
+by making marks on the ground with his foot that he wished to tell our
+people about the country, and having been given a pen and paper, drew a
+map of the river with great care, putting in the islands and waterfalls
+and mountains that our men would come to, and afterward he even brought
+food to our people such as wheat and little sweet nuts and berries.
+
+I myself would have been pleased to go on shore and see these strange
+people, but not being able to do so save at the cost of leaving my
+master, I can only repeat some of the curious things which Nathaniel
+Peacock told me. It must be known that there was more than one nation,
+or tribe, of savages in this new land of Virginia, and each had its king
+or chief, who was called the werowance. I might set down the names of
+these tribes, and yet it would be so much labor lost, because they are
+more like fanciful than real words. As, for example, there were the
+Paspaheghes, whose werowance was seemingly more friendly to our people
+than were the others.
+
+Again, there were the Rapahannas, who wore the legs of birds through
+holes in their ears, and had all the hair on the right side of their
+heads shaven closely.
+
+It gives them much pleasure to dance, so Nathaniel said, he having seen
+them jumping around more like so many wolves, rather than human beings,
+for the space of half an hour, shouting and singing all the while.
+
+All the Indians smoked an herb called tobacco, which grows abundantly
+in this land, and I have Nathaniel's word for it that one savage had a
+tobacco pipe nearly a yard long, with the device of a deer carved at the
+great end of it big enough to dash out one's brains with.
+
+There is very much more which might be said about these savages that
+would be of interest; but I am minded now to leave such stories for
+others to tell, and come to the day when Captain Newport was ready to
+sail with the Susan Constant and the Goodspeed back to England, for his
+share in the adventure was only to bring us over from England, after
+which he had agreed to return.
+
+The pinnace was to be left behind for the use of us who remained in the
+strange land. Before this time, meaning the thirteenth day of May, the
+members of the Council had decided upon the place where we were to build
+our village. It was to be in the country of the Paspahegh Indians, at a
+certain spot near the shore where the water runs so deep that our ships
+can lie moored to the trees in six fathoms.
+
+
+
+
+THE PEOPLE LAND FROM THE SHIPS
+
+
+Then it was that all the people went on shore, some to set up the tents
+of cloth which we had brought with us to serve as shelters before houses
+could be built; others to lay out a fort, which it was needed should
+be made as early as possible because of the savages, and yet a certain
+other number being told off to stand guard against the brown men, who
+had already shown that they could be most dangerous enemies.
+
+My master went ashore, as a matter of course, with the others, I
+sticking close to his side; but neither of us taking any part in the
+work which had been begun, because the charges of wickedness were still
+hanging over his head.
+
+Had Captain Smith been allowed a voice in the Council, certain it is
+he never would have chosen this place in which to make the town, for he
+pointed out to me that the land lay so low that when the river was
+at its height the dampness must be great, and, therefore, exceeding
+unhealthful, while there was back of it such an extent of forest, as
+made it most difficult to defend, in case the savages came against us.
+
+Captain Smith aided me in building for ourselves a hut in front of an
+overhanging rock, with the branches of trees. It was a poor shelter at
+the best; but he declared it would serve us until such time as he was
+given his rightful place among the people, or had been sent back a
+prisoner to England.
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN SMITH PROVEN INNOCENT
+
+
+This served us as a living place for many days, or until my master was
+come into his own, as he did before the fort was finished, when, on one
+certain morning, he demanded of the other members of the Council that
+they put him on trial to learn whether the charges could be proven or
+not, and this was done on the day before Captain Newport was to take the
+ships back to England.
+
+There is little need for me to say that Captain Kendall's stories of the
+plot, in which he said my master was concerned, came to naught. There
+were none to prove that he had ever spoken of such a matter, and the
+result of the trial was that they gave him his rightful place at the
+head of the company. Before many months were passed, all came to know
+that but for him the white people in Jamestown would have come to their
+deaths.
+
+
+
+
+WE WHO WERE LEFT BEHIND
+
+
+It was on the fifteenth day of June when the ships sailed out of the
+Chesapeake Bay, leaving on the banks of the river we called the James,
+a hundred men and boys, all told, to hold their lives and their liberty
+against thousands upon thousands of naked savages, who had already shown
+that they desired to be enemies rather than friends. Even in the eyes
+of a boy, it was an odd company to battle with the savages and the
+wilderness, for the greater number were those who called themselves
+gentlemen, and who believed it beneath their station to do any labor
+whatsoever, therefore did it seem to me that this new town would be
+burdened sorely with so many drones.
+
+Master Hunt, the preacher, could in good truth call himself a gentleman,
+and yet I myself saw him, within two hours after we were landed, nailing
+a piece of timber between two trees that he might stretch a square of
+sailcloth over it, thus making what served as the first church in the
+country of Virginia. Yet Captain Smith has said again and again, that
+the discourses of Master Hunt under that poor shelter of cloth, were, to
+his mind, more like the real praising of God, than any he had ever heard
+in the costly buildings of the old world.
+
+For the better understanding of certain things which happened to us
+after we had begun to build the village of Jamestown, it should be
+remembered that of all the savages in the country roundabout, the most
+friendly were those who lived in the same settlement with Powhatan, who
+was, so Captain Smith said, the true head and king of all the Indians in
+Virginia.
+
+
+
+
+BAKING BREAD WITHOUT OVENS
+
+
+It was in this town of Powhatan's that I discovered how to bake bread
+without an oven or other fire than what might be built on the open
+ground, and it was well I had my eyes open at that time, otherwise
+Captain Smith and I had gone supperless to bed again and again, for
+there were many days when our stomachs cried painfully because of
+emptiness.
+
+While my master was talking with the king, Powhatan, on matters
+concerning affairs at Jamestown, I saw an Indian girl, whose name I
+afterward came to know was Pocahontas, making bread, and observed her
+carefully. She had white meal, but whether of barley, or the wheat
+called Indian corn, or Guinny wheat I could not say, and this she mixed
+into a paste with hot water; making it of such thickness that it could
+easily be rolled into little balls or cakes.
+
+After the mixture had been thus shaped, she dropped the balls into a pot
+of boiling water, letting them stay there until well soaked, when she
+laid them on a smooth stone in front of the fire until they had hardened
+and browned like unto bread that has been cooked in the oven.
+
+But I have set myself to the task of telling how we of Jamestown lived
+during that time when my master was much the same as the head of the
+government, and it is not well to begin the story with bread making.
+
+
+
+
+AN UNEQUAL DIVISION OF LABOR
+
+
+First I must explain upon what terms these people, the greater number of
+whom called themselves gentlemen, and therefore claimed to be ashamed
+to labor with their hands, had come together under control of those
+merchants in London, who were known as the London Company.
+
+No person in the town of James was allowed to own any land except as he
+had his share of the whole. Every one was expected to work for the good
+of the village, and whatsoever of crops was raised, belonged to all the
+people. It was not permitted that the more industrious should plant the
+land and claim that which grew under their toil.
+
+Ours was supposed to be one big family, with each laboring to help the
+others at the same time he helped himself, and the result was that
+those who worked only a single hour each day, had as much of the general
+stores as he who remained in the field from morning until night.
+
+Although my master had agreed to this plan before the fleet sailed from
+England, he soon came to understand that it was not the best for a new
+land, where it was needed that each person should labor to the utmost of
+his powers.
+
+The London Company had provided a certain number of tents made of cloth,
+which were supposed to be enough to give shelter to all the people,
+and yet, because those who had charge of the matter had made a mistake,
+through ignorance or for the sake of gain, there were no more than
+would provide for the members of the Council, who appeared to think they
+should be lodged in better fashion than those who were not in authority.
+
+My master could well have laid claim to one of these cloth houses;
+but because of the charges which had been made against him by Captain
+Kendall and Captain Martin, the sting of which yet remained, he chose to
+live by himself. Thus it was that he and I threw up the roof of branches
+concerning which I have spoken; but it was only to shelter us until
+better could be built.
+
+
+
+
+BUILDING A HOUSE OF LOGS
+
+
+While the others were hunting here and there for the gold which it had
+been said could be picked up in Virginia as one gathers acorns in the
+old world, Captain Smith set about making a house of logs such as would
+protect him from the storms of winter as well as from the summer sun.
+
+This he did by laying four logs on the ground in the form of a square,
+and so cutting notches in the ends of each that when it was placed on
+the top of another, and at right angles with it, the hewn portions would
+interlock, one with the other, holding all firmly in place. On top of
+these, other huge tree trunks were laid with the same notching of the
+ends. It was a vast amount of labor, thus to roll up the heavy logs in
+the form of a square until a pen or box had been made as high as a man's
+head, and then over that was built a roof of logs fastened together with
+wooden pins, or pegs, for iron nails were all too scarce and costly to
+be used for such purpose.
+
+When the house had been built thus far, the roof was formed of no more
+than four or five logs on which a thatching of grass was to be laid
+later, and the ends, in what might be called the "peak of the roof,"
+were open to the weather. Then it was that roughly hewn planks, or logs
+split into three or four strips, called puncheons, were pegged with
+wooden nails on the sides, or ends, where doors or windows were to be
+made.
+
+Then the space inside this framework was sawed out, and behold you had a
+doorway, or the opening for a window, to be filled in afterward as time
+and material with which to work might permit.
+
+After this had been done, the ends under the roof were covered with yet
+more logs, sawn to the proper length and pegged together, until, save
+for the crevices between the timbers, the whole gave protection against
+the weather.
+
+Then came the work of thatching the roof, which was done by the branches
+of trees, dried grass, or bark. My master put on first a layer of
+branches from which the leaves had been stripped, and over that we laid
+coarse grass to the depth of six or eight inches, binding the same down
+with small saplings running from one side to the other, to the number
+of ten on each slope of the roof. To me was given the task of closing up
+the crevices between the logs with mud and grass mixed, and this I did
+the better because Nathaniel Peacock worked with me, doing his full
+share of the labor.
+
+
+
+
+KEEPING HOUSE
+
+
+When we came ashore from the ships, no one claimed Nathaniel as servant,
+and he, burning to be in my company, asked Captain Smith's permission
+to enter his employ. My master replied that it had not been in his mind
+there should be servants and lords in this new world of Virginia, where
+one was supposed to be on the same footing as another; but if Nathaniel
+were minded to live under the same roof with us, and would cheerfully
+perform his full share of the labor, it might be as he desired.
+
+Because our house was the first to be put up in the new village, and,
+being made of logs, was by far the best shelter, even in comparison with
+the tents of cloth, Nathaniel and I decided that it should be the most
+homelike, if indeed that could be compassed where were no women to
+keep things cleanly. I am in doubt as to whether Captain Smith, great
+traveler and brave adventurer though he was, had even realized that with
+only men to perform the household duties, there would be much lack of
+comfort.
+
+The floor of the house was only the bare earth beaten down hard. We lads
+made brooms, by tying the twigs of trees to a stick, which was not what
+might be called a good makeshift, and yet with such we kept the inside
+of our home far more cleanly than were some of the tents.
+
+
+
+
+LACK OF CLEANLINESS IN THE VILLAGE
+
+
+There were many who believed, because there were no women in our midst,
+we should spare our labor in the way of keeping cleanly, and before we
+had been in the new village a week, the floors of many of the dwellings
+were littered with dirt of various kinds, until that which should have
+been a home, looked more like a place in which swine are kept.
+
+From the very first day we came ashore, good Master Hunt went about
+urging that great effort be made to keep the houses, and the paths
+around them, cleanly, saying that unless we did so, there was like to be
+a sickness come among us. With some his preaching did good, but by far
+the greater number, and these chiefly to be found among the self called
+gentlemen, gave no heed.
+
+It was as if these lazy ones delighted in filth. Again and again have
+I seen one or another throw the scrapings of the trencher bowls just
+outside the door of the tent or hut, where those who came or went
+must of a necessity tread upon them, and one need not struggle hard to
+realize what soon was the condition of the village.
+
+After a heavy shower many of the paths were covered ankle deep with
+filth of all kinds, and when the sun shone warm and bright, the stench
+was too horrible to be described by ordinary words.
+
+
+
+
+CAVE HOMES
+
+
+There were other kinds of homes, and quite a number of them, that were
+made neither of cloth nor of logs. These were holes dug in the side of
+small hillocks until a sleeping room had been made, when the front part
+was covered with brush or logs, built outward from the hill to form a
+kitchen.
+
+During a storm these cave homes were damp, often times actually muddy,
+and those who slept therein were but inviting the mortal sickness that
+came all too soon among us, until it was as if the Angel of Death had
+taken possession of Jamestown.
+
+Captain Smith said everything he could to persuade these people, who
+were content to live in a hole in the ground, that they were little
+better than beasts of the field.
+
+But so long as the foolish ones continued to believe this new world was
+much the same as filled with gold and silver, so long they wasted their
+time searching.
+
+
+
+
+THE GOLDEN FEVER
+
+
+But for this golden fever, which attacked the gentlemen more fiercely
+than it did the common people, the story of Jamestown would not
+have been one of disaster brought about by willful heedlessness and
+stupidity.
+
+Again and again did Captain Smith urge that crops be planted, while it
+was yet time, in order that there might be food at hand when the winter
+came; but he had not yet been allowed to take his place in the Council,
+and those who had the thirst for gold strong upon them, taunted him with
+the fact that he had no right to raise his voice above the meanest of
+the company. They refused to listen when he would have spoken with them
+as a friend, and laughed him to scorn when he begged that they take heed
+to their own lives.
+
+I cannot understand why our people were so crazy. Even though Nathaniel
+and I were but lads, with no experience of adventure such as was before
+us, we could realize that unless a man plants he may not reap, and
+because we had been hungry many a time in London town, we knew full well
+that when the season had passed there was like to be a famine among us.
+
+I can well understand, now that I am a man grown, why our people were
+so careless regarding the future, for everywhere around us was food in
+plenty. Huge flocks of wild swans circled above our heads, trumpeting
+the warning that winter would come before gold could be found. Wild
+geese, cleaving the air in wedge shaped line, honked harshly that the
+season for gathering stores of food was passing, while at times, on a
+dull morning, it was as if the waters of the bay were covered completely
+with ducks of many kinds.
+
+
+
+
+DUCKS AND OYSTERS
+
+
+I have heard Captain Smith say more than once, that he had seen
+flocks of ducks a full mile wide and five or six miles long, wherein
+canvasbacks, mallard, widgeon, redheads, dottrel, sheldrake, and teal
+swam wing to wing, actually crowding each other. When such flocks rose
+in the air, the noise made by their wings was like unto the roaring of a
+tempest at sea.
+
+Then there was bed after bed of oysters, many of which were uncovered at
+ebb tide, when a hungry man might stand and eat his fill of shellfish,
+never one of them less than six inches long, and many twice that size.
+It is little wonder that the gold crazed men refused to listen while my
+master warned them that the day might come when they would be hungry to
+the verge of starvation.
+
+Now perhaps you will like to hear how we two lads, bred in London town,
+with never a care as to how our food had been cooked, so that we had
+enough with which to fill our stomachs, made shift to prepare meals that
+could be eaten by Captain Smith, for so we did after taking counsel with
+the girl Pocahontas from Powhatan's village.
+
+
+
+
+ROASTING OYSTERS
+
+
+In the first place, the shell fish called oysters are readily cooked, or
+may be eaten raw with great satisfaction. I know not what our people of
+Virginia would have done without them, and yet it was only by chance or
+accident that we came to learn how nourishing they are.
+
+A company of our gentlemen had set off to explore the country very
+shortly after we came ashore from the fleet, and while going through
+that portion of the forest which borders upon the bay, happened upon
+four savages who were cooking something over the fire.
+
+The Indians ran away in alarm, and, on coming up to discover what the
+brown men had which was good to eat, the explorers found a large
+number of oysters roasting on the coals. Through curiosity, one of our
+gentlemen tasted of the fish, and, much to his surprise, found it very
+agreeable to the stomach.
+
+Before telling his companions the result of his experiment, he ate all
+the oysters that had been cooked, which were more than two dozen large
+ones, and then, instead of exploring the land any further on that day,
+our gentlemen spent their time gathering and roasting the very agreeable
+fish.
+
+As a matter of course, the news of this discovery spread throughout the
+settlement, and straightway every person was eating oysters; but they
+soon tired of them, hankering after wheat of some kind.
+
+Among those who served some of the gentlemen even as Nathaniel and I
+aimed to serve Captain Smith, was James Brumfield, a lazy, shiftless lad
+near to seventeen years old. Being hungry, and not inclined to build a
+fire, because it would be necessary to gather fuel, he ventured to taste
+of a raw oyster. Finding it pleasant to the mouth, he actually gorged
+himself until sickness put an end to the gluttonous meal.
+
+It can thus be seen that even though Nathaniel and I had never been
+apprenticed to a cook, it was not difficult for us to serve our master
+with oysters roasted or raw, laid on that which answered in the stead of
+a table, in their own shells.
+
+
+
+
+LEARNING TO COOK OTHER THINGS
+
+
+Then again the Indian girl had shown us how to boil beans, peas, Indian
+corn, and pumpkins together, making a kind of porridge which is most
+pleasant, and affords a welcome change from oysters; but the great
+drawback is that we are not able to come at the various things needed
+for the making of it, except when our gentlemen have been fortunate in
+trading with the brown men, which is not often.
+
+This Indian corn, pounded and boiled until soft, is a dish Captain Smith
+eats of with an appetite, provided it is well salted, and one does not
+need to be a king's cook in order to make it ready for the table. The
+pounding is the hardest and most difficult portion of the task, for
+the kernels are exceeding flinty, and fly off at a great distance when
+struck a glancing blow.
+
+Nathaniel and I have brought inside our house a large, flat rock, on
+which we pound the corn, and one of us is kept busy picking up the
+grains that fly here and there as if possessed of an evil spirit.
+Newsamp is the name which the savages give to this cooking of wheat.
+
+I have an idea that when we get a mill for grinding, it will be possible
+to break the kernels easily and quickly between the millstones, without
+crushing a goodly portion of them to meal.
+
+When the Indian corn is young, that is to say, before it has grown hard,
+the ears as plucked from the stalks may be roasted before the coals
+with great profit, and when we would give our master something unusually
+pleasing, Nathaniel and I go abroad in search of the gardens made by the
+savages, where we may get, by bargaining, a supply of roasting ears.
+
+With a trencher of porridge, and a dozen roasting ears, together with
+a half score of the bread balls such as I have already written about,
+Captain Smith can satisfy his hunger with great pleasure, and then it
+is that he declares he has the most comfortable home in all Virginia,
+thanks to his "houseboys," as he is pleased to call us.
+
+
+
+
+THE SWEET POTATO ROOT
+
+
+The Indians have roots, which some of our gentlemen call sweet potatoes,
+which are by no means unpleasant to the taste, the only difficulty being
+that we cannot get any great quantity of them. Our master declares that
+when we make a garden, this root shall be the first thing planted, and
+after it has ripened, we will have some cooked every day.
+
+Nathaniel and I have no trouble in preparing the root, for it may be
+roasted in the ashes, boiled into a pudding which should be well salted,
+or mixed with the meal of Indian corn and made into a kind of sweet
+cake.
+
+However, we lads have not had good success in baking this last dish,
+because of the ashes which fly out of the fire when the wind blows ever
+so slightly. Captain Smith declares that he would rather have the ashes
+without the meal and sweet potato, if indeed he must eat any, but of
+course when he speaks thus, it is only in the way of making sport.
+
+Captain Kendall, who, because he has made two voyages to the Indies,
+believes himself a wondrously wise man, says that he who eats sweet
+potatoes at least once each day will not live above seven years, and
+he who eats them twice every day will become blind, after which all his
+teeth will drop out.
+
+Because of this prediction, many of our gentlemen are not willing even
+so much as to taste of the root, but Captain Smith says that wise men
+may grow fat where fools starve, therefore he gathers up all the
+sweet potatoes which the others have thrown away, for they please him
+exceeding well.
+
+
+
+
+A TOUCH OF HOMESICKNESS
+
+
+There is no need for me to say that it makes both Nathaniel and me
+glad to be praised by our master, because we keep the house cleanly and
+strive to serve the food in such a manner as not to offend the eye; but
+we would willingly dispense with such welcome words if thereby it would
+be possible to see a woman messing around the place.
+
+Strive as boys may, they cannot attend to household matters as do girls
+or women, who have been brought into the world knowing how to perform
+such tasks, and it is more homelike to see them around.
+
+Nathaniel and I often picture to each other what this village of
+Jamestown would be if in each camp, cave, or log hut a woman was in
+command, and ever when we talk thus comes into my heart a sickness for
+the old homes of England, even though after my mother died there was
+none for me; but yet it would do me a world of good even to look upon a
+housewife. A most friendly gentleman is Master Hunt, and even though he
+is so far above me in station, I never fail of getting a kindly greeting
+when I am so fortunate as to meet him. He comes often to see Captain
+Smith, for the two talk long and earnestly over the matter of the
+Council, and at such times it is as if he went out of his way to give me
+a good word.
+
+
+
+
+MASTER HUNT'S PREACHING
+
+
+Therefore it is that I go to hear him preach whenever the people are
+summoned to a meeting beneath the square of canvas in the wood, and more
+than once I have heard from him that which has taken the sickness for
+home out of my heart. Our people are not inclined to listen to him in
+great numbers, however. I have never seen above twenty at one time,
+the others being busy in the search for gold, or trying to decide among
+themselves as to how it may best be found.
+
+More than once have I heard Master Hunt say, while talking privately
+with my master, that there would be greater hope for this village of
+ours if we had more laborers and less gentlemen, for in a new land it
+is only work that can win in the battle against the savages and the
+wilderness.
+
+Four carpenters, one blacksmith, two bricklayers, a mason, a sailor, a
+barber, a tailor, and a drummer make up the list of skilled workmen,
+if, indeed, one who can do nothing save drum may be called a laborer. To
+these may be added twelve serving men and four boys. All the others are
+gentlemen, or, as Master Hunt puts it, drones expecting to live through
+the mercy of God whom they turn their backs upon.
+
+
+
+
+NEGLECTING TO PROVIDE FOR THE FUTURE
+
+
+The one thing which seemed most surprising to us lads, after Captain
+Smith had called it to our notice, was that these people, who knew there
+could be no question but that the winter would find them in Jamestown,
+when there could be neither roasting ears, peas, beans, nor fowls of the
+air to be come at, made no provision for a harvest.
+
+Captain Smith, not being allowed to raise his voice in the Council,
+could only speak as one whose words have little weight, since he was not
+in authority; but he lost no opportunity of telling these gold seekers
+that only those who sowed might reap, and unless seed was put into the
+ground, there would be no crops to serve as food during the winter.
+
+Even Master Wingfield, the President of the Council, refused to listen
+when my master would have spoken to him as a friend. He gave more heed
+to exploring the land, than to what might be our fate in the future.
+He would not even allow the gentlemen to make such a fort as might
+withstand an assault by the savages, seeming to think it of more
+importance to know what was to be found on the banks of this river or of
+that, than to guard against those brown people who daily gave token of
+being unfriendly.
+
+The serving men and laborers were employed in making clapboards that
+we might have a cargo with which to fill one of Captain Newport's ships
+when he returned from England, according to the plans of the London
+Company. The gentlemen roamed here or there, seeking the yellow metal
+which had much the same as caused a madness among them; and, save in the
+case of Master Hunt and Captain Smith, none planted even the smallest
+garden.
+
+
+
+
+SURPRISED BY SAVAGES
+
+
+The fort, as it was called, had been built only of the branches of
+trees, and might easily have been overrun by savages bent on doing us
+harm.
+
+It was while Master Wingfield, with thirty of the gentlemen, was gone to
+visit Powhatan's village, and the others were hunting for gold, leaving
+only my master and the preacher to look after the serving men and the
+laborers, that upward of an hundred naked savages suddenly came down
+upon us, counting to make an end of all who were in the town.
+
+It was a most fearsome sight to see the brown men, their bodies painted
+with many colors, carrying bows and arrows, dash out from among the
+trees bent on taking our lives, and for what seemed a very long while
+our people ran here and there like ants whose nest has been broken in
+upon.
+
+Captain Smith gave no heed to his own safety; but shouted for all to
+take refuge in our house of logs, while Master Hunt did what he might to
+aid in the defence; yet, because there had been no exercise at arms,
+nor training, that each should know what was his part at such a time,
+seventeen of the people were wounded, some grievously, and one boy,
+James Brumfield of whom I have already spoken, was killed by an arrow
+piercing his eye.
+
+
+
+
+STRENGTHENING THE FORT
+
+
+Next day, when Master Wingfield and his following came in, none the
+better for having gone to Powhatan's village, all understood that it
+would have been wiser had they listened to my master when he counseled
+them to take exercise at arms, and straightway all the men were set
+about making a fort with a palisade, which last is the name for a fence
+built of logs set on end, side by side, in the ground, and rising so
+high that the enemy may not climb over it. This work took all the time
+of the laborers until the summer was gone, and in the meanwhile the
+gentlemen made use of the stores left us by the fleet, until there
+remained no more than one half pint of wheat to each man for a day's
+food.
+
+The savages strove by day and by night to murder us, till it was no
+longer safe to go in search of oysters or wildfowl, and from wheat which
+had lain so long in the holds of the ships that nearly every grain in it
+had a worm, did we get our only nourishment.
+
+The labor of building the palisade was most grievous, and it was not
+within the power of man to continue it while eating such food; therefore
+the sickness came upon us, when it was as if all had been condemned to
+die.
+
+
+
+
+A TIME OF SICKNESS AND DEATH
+
+
+The first who went out from among us, was John Asbie, on the sixth of
+August. Three days later George Flowers followed him. On the tenth of
+the same month William Bruster, one of the gentlemen, died of a wound
+given by the savages while he was searching for gold, and two others
+laid down their lives within the next eight and forty hours.
+
+Then the deaths came rapidly, gentlemen as well as serving men or
+laborers, until near eighty of our company were either in the grave, or
+unable to move out of such shelters as served as houses.
+
+A great fear came upon all, save that my master held his head as high
+as ever, and went here and there with Master Hunt to do what he might
+toward soothing the sick and comforting the dying.
+
+It was on the twentieth day of August when Captain Bartholomew Gosnold,
+one of the Council, died, and then Master Wingfield forgot all else save
+his own safety. More than one in our village declared that he was making
+ready the pinnace that he might run away from us, as if the Angel of
+Death could be escaped from by flight.
+
+It was starvation brought about by sheer neglect, together with lying
+upon the bare ground and drinking of the river water, which by this time
+was very muddy, that had brought us to such a pass.
+
+Save for the king, Powhatan, and some few of the other savages in
+authority, we must all have died; but when there were only five in all
+our company able to stand without aid, God touched the hearts of these
+Indians. They, who had lately been trying to kill us, suddenly came
+to do what they might toward saving our lives after a full half of the
+company were in the grave.
+
+They brought food such as was needed to nourish us, and within a short
+time the greater number of us who were left alive, could go about, but
+only with difficulty. It was a time of terror, of suffering, and of
+close acquaintance with death such as I cannot set down in words, for
+even at this late day the thought of what we then endured chills my
+heart.
+
+When we had been restored to health and strength, and were no longer
+hungry, thanks to those who had been our bitter enemies, the chief men
+of the village began to realize that my master had not only given good
+advice on all occasions, but stood among them bravely when the President
+of the Council was making preparations to run away.
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN SMITH GAINS AUTHORITY
+
+
+There was but little idle talk made by the members of the Council in
+deciding that Master Wingfield should be deprived of his office, and
+Master Ratcliffe set in his place. Captain Smith was called upon to take
+his proper position in the government, and, what was more, to him they
+gave the direction of all matters outside the town, which was much the
+same as putting him in authority over even the President himself.
+
+It was greatly to my pleasure that Captain Smith lost no time in
+exercising the power which had been given him. Nor was he at all gentle
+in dealing with those men who disdained to soil their hands by working,
+yet were willing to spend one day, and every day, searching for gold,
+without raising a finger toward adding to the general store, but at the
+same time claiming the right to have so much of food as would not only
+satisfy their hunger, but minister to their gluttony.
+
+Nathaniel and I heard our master talking over the matter with the
+preacher, on the night the Council had given him full charge of
+everything save the dealings which might be had later with the London
+Company, therefore it was that we knew there would be different doings
+on the morrow.
+
+Greatly did we rejoice thereat, for Jamestown had become as slovenly and
+ill kempt a village as ever the sun shone upon.
+
+Now it must be set down that these gentlemen of ours, when not searching
+for gold, were wont to play at bowls in the lanes and paths, that they
+might have amusement while the others were working, and woe betide the
+serving man or laborer, who by accident interfered with their sports.
+
+On this day, after the conversation with Master Hunt, all was changed.
+Captain Smith began his duties as guardian and director of the village
+by causing it to be proclaimed through the mouth of Nicholas Skot, our
+drummer, that there would be no more playing at bowls in the streets
+of Jamestown while it was necessary that very much work should be
+performed, and this spoken notice also stated, that whosoever dared to
+disobey the command should straightway be clapped into the stocks.
+
+
+
+
+DISAGREEABLE MEASURES OF DISCIPLINE
+
+
+Lest there should be any question as to whether my master intended to
+carry out this threat or no, William Laxon, one of the carpenters, was
+forthwith set to work building stocks in front of the tent where lived
+Master Ratcliffe, the new President of the Council. Nor was this the
+only change disagreeable to our gentlemen, which Captain Smith brought
+about. No sooner had Nicholas Skot proclaimed the order that whosoever
+played at bowls should be set in the stocks, than he was commanded to
+turn about and announce with all the strength of his lungs, so that
+every one in the village might hear and understand, that those who would
+not work should not have whatsoever to eat.
+
+Verily this was a hard blow to the gentlemen of our company, who prided
+themselves upon never having done with their hands that which was
+useful. One would have thought my master had made this rule for his own
+particular pleasure, for straightway those of the gentlemen who could
+least hold their tempers in check, gathered in the tent which Master
+Wingfield had taken for his own, and there agreed among themselves that
+if Captain Smith persisted in such brutal rule, they would overturn all
+the authority in the town, and end by setting the Captain himself in the
+stocks which William Laxon was then making. It so chanced that Master
+Hunt overheard these threats at the time they were made, and, like a
+true friend and good citizen, reported the same to Captain Smith.
+
+Whereupon my master chose a certain number from among those of the
+gentlemen who had become convinced that sharp measures were necessary if
+we of Jamestown would live throughout the winter, commanding that they
+make careful search of every tent, cave, hut or house in the village,
+taking therefrom all that was eatable, and storing it in the log house
+which had been put up for the common use.
+
+Then he appointed Kellam Throgmorton, a gentleman who was well able to
+hold his own against any who might attempt to oppose him, to the office
+of guardian of the food, giving strict orders that nothing whatsoever
+which could be eaten, should be given to those who did not present good
+proof of having done a full day's labor.
+
+Of course the people who lay sick were excused from such order, and
+Master Hunt was chosen to make up a list of those who must be fed, yet
+who were not able to work by reason of illness.
+
+
+
+
+SIGNS OF REBELLION
+
+
+Now it can well be understood that such measures as these caused no
+little in the way of rebellion, and during the two hours Nicholas Skot
+cried the proclamation through the streets and lanes of the village,
+the gentlemen who had determined to resist Captain Smith were in a fine
+state of ferment.
+
+It was as if a company of crazy men had been suddenly let loose among
+us. Not content with plotting secretly against my master, they must
+needs swagger about, advising others to join them in their rebellion,
+and everywhere could be heard oaths and threats, in such language as was
+like to cause honest men's hair to stand on end.
+
+For a short time Nathaniel Peacock and I actually trembled with fear,
+believing the house of logs would be pulled down over our heads, for no
+less than a dozen of the so called gentlemen were raging and storming
+outside; but disturbing Captain Smith not one whit. He sat there,
+furbishing his matchlock as if having nothing better with which to
+occupy the time; but, as can well be fancied, drinking in every word of
+mutiny which was uttered.
+
+Then, as if he would saunter out for a stroll, the captain left the
+house, which was much the same as inviting these disorderly ones to
+attack him; but they lacked the courage, for he went to the fort without
+being molested.
+
+
+
+
+THE SECOND PROCLAMATION
+
+
+It seemed to me as if no more than half an hour had passed before
+Nicholas Skot was making another proclamation, and this time to the
+effect that whosoever, after that moment, was heard uttering profane
+words, should have a can full of cold water poured down his sleeve.
+
+On hearing this, the unruly ones laughed in derision and straightway
+began to shout forth such a volley of oaths as I had never heard during
+a drunken brawl in the streets of London.
+
+It was not long, however, that they were thus allowed to shame decent
+people. Down from the fort came Captain Smith, with six stout men behind
+him, and in a twinkling there was as hot a fight within twenty paces of
+Master Ratcliffe's tent, as could be well imagined.
+
+And the result of it all was, much to the satisfaction of Nathaniel
+and myself, that every one of these men who had amused themselves by
+uttering the vilest of oaths, had a full can of the coldest water that
+could be procured, poured down the sleeve of his doublet.
+
+The method of doing it was comical, if one could forget how serious was
+the situation. Two of my master's followers would pounce upon the fellow
+who was making the air blue with oaths, and, throwing him to the ground,
+hold him there firmly while the third raised his arm and carefully
+poured the water down the sleeve.
+
+Now you may fancy that this was not very harsh treatment; but I
+afterward heard those who had been thus punished, say that they would
+choose five or six stout lashes on their backs, rather than take again
+such a dose as was dealt out on that day after John Smith was made
+captain and commander, or whatsoever you choose to call his office, in
+the village of Jamestown.
+
+
+
+
+BUILDING A FORTIFIED VILLAGE
+
+
+There is little need for me to say that these were not the only reforms
+which my master brought about, after having waited long enough for our
+lazy gentlemen to understand that unless they set their hands to labor
+they could not eat from the general store.
+
+He straightway set these idle ones to work building houses, declaring
+that if the sickness which had come among us was to be checked, our
+people must no longer sleep upon the ground, or in caves where the
+moisture gathered all around them.
+
+He marked out places whereon log dwellings should be placed, in such
+manner that when the houses had been set up, they would form a square,
+and, as I heard him tell Master Hunt, it was his intention to have all
+the buildings surrounded by a palisade in which should be many gates.
+
+Thus, when all was finished, he would have a fort-like village, wherein
+the people could rest without fear of what the savages might be able to
+do.
+
+By the time such work was well under way, and our gentlemen laboring as
+honest men should, after learning that it was necessary so to do unless
+they were willing to go hungry, Captain Smith set about adding to our
+store of food, for it was not to be supposed that we could depend for
+any length of time upon what the Indians might give us, and the winter
+would be long.
+
+
+
+
+TRAPPING TURKEYS
+
+
+The wild turkeys had appeared in the forest in great numbers, but few
+had been killed by our people because of the savages, many of whom were
+not to be trusted, even though the chiefs of three tribes professed to
+be friendly. It was this fact which had prevented us from doing much in
+the way of hunting.
+
+Now that we were in such stress for food, and since all had turned
+laborers, whether willingly or no, much in the way of provisions was
+needed. Captain Smith set about taking the turkeys as he did about most
+other matters, which is to say, that it was done in a thorough manner.
+
+Instead of being forced to spend at least one charge of powder for each
+fowl killed, he proposed that we trap them, and showed how it might be
+done, according to his belief.
+
+Four men were told off to do the work, and they were kept busy cutting
+saplings and trimming them down until there was nothing left save poles
+from fifteen to twenty feet long. Then, with these poles laid one above
+the other, a square pen was made, and at the top was a thatching of
+branches, so that no fowl larger than a pigeon might go through.
+
+From one side of this trap, or turkey pen, was dug a ditch perhaps two
+feet deep, and the same in width, running straightway into the thicket
+where the turkeys were in the custom of roosting, for a distance of
+twenty feet or more. This ditch was carried underneath the side of the
+pen, where was an opening hardly more than large enough for one turkey
+to pass through. Corn was scattered along the whole length of the ditch,
+and thus was the trap set.
+
+The turkeys, on finding the trail of corn, would follow hurriedly along,
+like the gluttons they are, with the idea of coming upon a larger
+hoard, and thus pass through into the pen. Once inside they were trapped
+securely, for the wild turkey holds his head so high that he can never
+see the way out through a hole which is at a level with his feet.
+
+It was a most ingenious contrivance, and on the first morning after it
+had been set at night, we had fifty plump fellows securely caged, when
+it was only necessary to enter the trap by crawling through the top, and
+kill them at our leisure.
+
+It may be asked how we made shift to cook such a thing as a turkey,
+other than by boiling it in a kettle, and this can be told in very few
+words, for it was a simple matter after once you had become accustomed
+to it.
+
+
+
+
+A CRUDE KIND OF CHIMNEY
+
+
+First you must know, however, that when our houses of logs had been
+built, we had nothing with which to make a chimney such as one finds in
+London. We had no bricks, and although, mayhap, flat rocks might have
+been found enough for two or three, there was no mortar in the whole
+land of Virginia with which to fasten them together.
+
+Therefore it was we were forced to build a chimney of logs, laying it up
+on the outside much as we had the house, but plentifully besmearing it
+with mud on the inside, and chinking the crevices with moss and clay.
+
+When this had been done, a hole was cut for the smoke, directly through
+the side of the house. The danger of setting the building on fire
+was great; but we strove to guard against it so much as possible by
+plastering a layer of mud over the wood, and by keeping careful watch
+when we had a roaring fire. Oftentimes were we forced to stop in the
+task of cooking, take all the vessels from the coals, and throw water
+upon the blazing logs.
+
+The chimney was a rude affair, of course, and perhaps if we had had
+women among us, they would have claimed that no cooking could be done,
+when all the utensils were placed directly on the burning wood, or hung
+above it with chains fastened to the top of the fireplace; but when lads
+like Nathaniel and me, who had never had any experience in cooking with
+proper tools, set about the task, it did not seem difficult, for we were
+accustomed to nothing else.
+
+
+
+
+COOKING A TURKEY
+
+
+And this is how we could roast a turkey: after drawing the entrails from
+the bird, we filled him full of chinquapin nuts, which grow profusely in
+this land, and are, perhaps, of some relation to the chestnut. An oaken
+stick, sufficiently long to reach from one side of the fireplace to the
+other, and trimmed with knives until it was no larger around than the
+ramrod of a matchlock, forms our spit, and this we thrust through the
+body of the bird from end to end. A pile of rocks on either side of the
+fireplace, at a proper distance from the burning wood, serves as rests
+for the ends of the wooden spit, and when thus placed the bird will
+be cooked in front of the fire, if whosoever is attending to the labor
+turns the carcass from time to time, so that each portion may receive an
+equal amount of heat.
+
+I am not pretending to say that this is a skillful method of cooking;
+but if you had been with us in Jamestown, and were as hungry as we often
+were, a wild turkey filled with chinquapin nuts, and roasted in such
+fashion, would make a very agreeable dinner.
+
+We were put to it for a table; but yet a sort of shelf made from a plank
+roughly split out of the trunk of a tree, and furnished with two legs on
+either end, was not as awkward as one may fancy, for we had no chairs
+on which to sit while eating; but squatted on the ground, and this low
+bench served our purpose as well as a better piece of furniture would
+have done.
+
+When the captain was at home, he carved the bird with his hunting knife,
+and one such fowl would fill the largest trencher bowl we had among us.
+
+Nor could we be overly nice while eating, and since we had no napkins on
+which to wipe our fingers, a plentiful supply of water was necessary to
+cleanse one's hands, for these wild turkeys are overly fat in the months
+of September and October, and he who holds as much of the cooked flesh
+in his hand as is needed for a hearty dinner, squeezes therefrom a
+considerable amount in the way of grease.
+
+We were better off for vessels in which to put our food, than in many
+other respects, for we had of trencher bowls an abundance, and the
+London Company had outfitted us with ware of iron, or of brass, or of
+copper, until our poor table seemed laden with an exceeding rich store.
+
+
+
+
+CANDLES OR RUSHLIGHTS
+
+
+To provide lights for ourselves, now that the evenings were grown
+longer, was a much more difficult task than to cook without proper
+conveniences, for it cost considerable labor. We had our choice between
+the candle wood, as the pitch pine is called, or rushlights, which last
+are made by stripping the outer bark from common rushes, thus leaving
+the pith bare; then dipping these in tallow, or grease, and allowing
+them to harden. In such manner did we get makeshifts for candles,
+neither pleasing to the eye nor affording very much in the way of light;
+yet they served in a certain degree to dispel the darkness when by
+reason of storm we were shut in the dwellings, and made the inside of
+the house very nearly cheerful in appearance.
+
+To get the tallow or grease with which to make these rushlights, we
+saved the fat of the deer, or the bear, or even a portion of the grease
+from turkeys, and, having gathered sufficient for the candle making,
+mixed them all in one pot for melting.
+
+The task of gathering the candle wood was more pleasing, and yet
+oftentimes had in it more of work, for it was the knots of the trees
+which gave the better light, and we might readily fasten them upon an
+iron skewer, or rod, which was driven into the side of the house for
+such purpose.
+
+Some of our people, who were too lazy to search for knots, split the
+wood into small sticks, each about the size of a goose quill, and,
+standing three or four in a vessel filled with sand, gained as much in
+the way of light as might be had from one pine knot.
+
+Of course, those who were overly particular, would find fault with the
+smoke from this candle wood, and complain of the tar which oozed from
+it; but one who lives in the wilderness must not expect to have all the
+luxuries that can be procured in London.
+
+
+
+
+THE VISIT OF POCAHONTAS
+
+
+We had a visitor from the village of Powhatan very soon after Captain
+Smith took command of Jamestown to such an extent that the gentlemen
+were forced to work and to speak without oaths, through fear of getting
+too much cold water inside the sleeves of their doublets.
+
+This visitor was the same Indian girl I had seen making bread, and quite
+by chance our house was the first she looked into, which caused me
+much pride, for I believed she was attracted to it because it was more
+cleanly than many of the others.
+
+We were all at home when she came, being about to partake of the noonday
+meal, which was neither more nor less than a big turkey weighing more
+than two score pounds, and roasted to a brownness which would cause a
+hungry person's mouth to water.
+
+Although she who had halted to look in at our door was only a girl,
+Captain Smith treated her as if she were the greatest lady in the world,
+himself leading her inside to his own place at the trencher board, while
+she, in noways shy, began to help herself to the fattest pieces of meat,
+thereby besmearing herself with grease until there was enough running
+down her chin to have made no less than two rushlights, so Nathaniel
+Peacock declared.
+
+Of course, being a savage, she could not speak in our language, but
+the master, who had studied diligently since coming to this world of
+Virginia to learn the speech of the Indians, made shift to get from her
+some little information, she being the daughter of Powhatan, the king
+concerning whom I have already set down many things.
+
+At first Captain Smith was of the belief that she had come on some
+errand; but after much questioning, more by signs than words, it came
+out, as we understood the matter, that the girl was in Jamestown for no
+other purpose than to see what we white people were like.
+
+Captain Smith was minded that she should be satisfied, so far as her
+curiosity was concerned, for when the dinner had come to an end, and I
+had given this king's daughter some dry, sweet grass on which to wipe
+her hands and mouth, he conducted her around the village, allowing that
+she look in upon the tents and houses at her pleasure.
+
+She stayed with us until the sun was within an hour of setting, and then
+darted off into the forest as does a startled pheasant, stopping for a
+single minute when she had got among the trees, to wave her hand, as if
+bidding us goodbye, or in plain mischief.
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN KENDALL'S PLOT
+
+
+It is not possible my memory will serve me to tell of all that was done
+by us in Jamestown after we were come to our senses through the efforts
+of my master; but the killing of Captain Kendall is one of the many
+terrible happenings in Virginia, which will never be forgotten so long
+as I shall live.
+
+After our people were relieved from the famine through the gifts from
+the Indians and the coming of wild fowl, Captain Smith set about making
+some plans to provide us with food during the winter, and to that end
+he set off in the shallop to trade with the savages, taking with him
+six men. He had a goodly store of beads and trinkets with which to make
+payment for what he might be able to buy, for these brown men are overly
+fond of what among English people would be little more than toys.
+
+While he was gone, Master Wingfield and Captain Kendall were much
+together, for both were in a certain way under disgrace since the plot
+with which they charged my master had been shown to have been of their
+own evil imaginings. They at once set about making friends with some of
+the serving men, and this in itself was so strange that Nathaniel and I
+kept our eyes and ears open wide to discover the cause.
+
+It was not many days before we came to know that there was a plan on
+foot, laid by these two men who should have been working for the good of
+the colony instead of to further their own base ends, to seize upon our
+pinnace, which lay moored to the shore, and to sail in her to England.
+
+How that would have advantaged them I cannot even so much as guess; but
+certain it was that they carried on board the pinnace a great store of
+wild fowl, which had been cooked with much labor, and had filled two
+casks with water, as if believing such amount would serve to save them
+from thirst during the long voyage.
+
+These wicked ones had hardly gone on board the vessel when Captain Smith
+came home in the shallop, which was loaded deep with Indian corn he had
+bought from the savages, and, seeing the pinnace being got under way,
+had little trouble in guessing what was afoot.
+
+
+
+
+THE DEATH OF CAPTAIN KENDALL
+
+
+If ever a man moved swiftly, and with purpose, it was our master when he
+thus came to understand what Master Wingfield and Captain Kendall would
+do. He was on shore before those in the pinnace could hoist the sails,
+and, calling upon all who remained true to the London Company to give
+him aid, had three of our small cannon, which were already loaded with
+shot, aimed at the crew of mutineers.
+
+Five men, each with a matchlock in his hand, stood ready to fire upon
+those who would at the same time desert and steal from us, and Captain
+Smith gave the order for Captain Kendall and Master Wingfield to come on
+shore without delay.
+
+For reply Captain Kendall discharged his firearm, hoping to kill my
+master, and then those on the bank emptied their matchlocks with such
+effect that Captain Kendall was killed by the first volley, causing
+Master Wingfield to scuttle on shore in a twinkling lest he suffer a
+like fate.
+
+The whole bloody business was at an end in less than a quarter hour; but
+the effect of it was not so soon wiped away, for from that time each man
+had suspicion of his neighbor, fearing lest another attempt be made to
+take from us the pinnace, which we looked upon as an ark of refuge, in
+case the savages should come against us in such numbers that they could
+not be resisted.
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN SMITH'S EXPEDITION AND RETURN
+
+
+Until winter was come we had food in plenty, for one could hardly send
+a charge of shot toward the river without bringing down swans, ducks,
+or cranes, while from the savages we got sufficient for our daily wants,
+meal made from the corn, pumpkins, peas, and beans.
+
+But this did not cause Captain Smith to give over trying to buy from
+the Indians a store of corn for the winter, and shortly after Captain
+Kendall's death, he set off with nine white men and two Indian guides in
+a barge, counting to go as far as the head of the Chickahominy River.
+
+This time twenty-two long, dreary days went by without his return, and
+we mourned him as dead, believing the savages had murdered him.
+
+The discontented ones were in high glee because of thinking the man who
+had forced them to do that which they should, had gone out from their
+world forever, and we two lads were plunged in deepest grief, for in all
+the great land of Virginia, Captain Smith was our only true friend.
+
+Then arrived that day when he suddenly appeared before us, having
+come to no harm, and as Master Hunt lifted up his hands in a prayer of
+thanksgiving because the man who was so sadly needed in Jamestown had
+returned, I fell on my knees, understanding for the first time in my
+life how good God could be to us in that wilderness.
+
+I would that I might describe the scene in our house that night, when
+Master Hunt was come to hear what all knew would be a story of wildest
+adventure, for it went without saying that my master never would have
+remained so long absent from Jamestown had it been within his power to
+return sooner.
+
+
+
+
+AN EXCITING ADVENTURE
+
+
+We waited to hear the tale until he had refreshed himself after the long
+journey, and then what Captain Smith told us was like unto this, as I
+remember it:
+
+After leaving the village, he had sailed up the river until there was no
+longer water enough to float the barge, when, with two white men and
+the two Indians, he embarked in a canoe, continuing the voyage for a
+distance of twelve miles or more. There, in the wilderness, they made
+ready to spend the night, and with one of the savage guides my master
+went on shore on an island to shoot some wild fowls for supper. He had
+traveled a short distance from the boat, when he heard cries of the
+savages in the distance, and, looking back, saw that one of the men had
+been taken prisoner, while the other was fighting for his life.
+
+At almost the very minute when he saw this terrible thing, he was
+suddenly beset by more than two hundred yelling, dancing savages, who
+were sweeping down upon him as if believing he was in their power beyond
+any chance. The Indian guide, who appeared to be terribly frightened,
+although it might have been that he was in the plot to murder my master,
+would have run away; but that Captain Smith held him fast while he fired
+one of his pistols to keep the enemy in check.
+
+Understanding that he must do battle for his life, my master first took
+the precaution to bind the Indian guide to his left arm, by means of his
+belt, in such fashion that the fellow would serve as a shield against
+the shower of arrows the savages were sending through the air.
+
+Protected in this manner, Captain Smith fought bravely, as he always
+does, and had succeeded in killing two of the Indians with his
+matchlock, when suddenly he sank knee deep into a mire. It seems that he
+had been retreating toward the canoe, hoping to get on board her where
+would be some chance for shelter, and was so engaged with the savages in
+front of him as to give little heed to his steps.
+
+Once he was held prisoner by the mud, the enemy quickly surrounded
+him, and he could do no better than surrender. Instead of treating him
+cruelly, as might have been expected, these brown men carried him from
+village to village, as if exhibiting some strange animal.
+
+
+
+
+TAKEN BEFORE POWHATAN
+
+
+When he was first made captive, the Indians found his compass, and were
+stricken with wonder, because, however the instrument might be turned,
+the needle always pointed in the same direction. The glass which
+protected the needle caused even more amazement, and, believing him to
+be a magician, they took him to Powhatan.
+
+After many days of traveling, the savages were come with their prisoner
+to Powhatan's village, where Captain Smith was held close prisoner in
+one of the huts, being fairly well treated and fed in abundance, until
+the king, who had been out with a hunting party, came home.
+
+Twice while he was thus captive did Captain Smith see the girl
+Pocahontas, who had visited him in Jamestown; but she gave no especial
+heed to him, save as a child who was minded to be amused, until on the
+day when some of the savages gave him to understand that he was to be
+killed for having come into this land of theirs, and also for having
+shot to death some of their tribe.
+
+When he was led out of Powhatan's tent of skins, with his feet and hands
+bound, he had no hope of being able to save his own life, for there was
+no longer any chance for him to struggle against those who had him in
+their power.
+
+
+
+
+POCAHONTAS BEGS FOR SMITH'S LIFE
+
+
+He was forced down on the earth, with his head upon a great rock, while
+two half naked savages came forward with heavy stones bound to wooden
+handles, with which to beat out his brains, and these weapons were
+already raised to strike, when the girl Pocahontas ran forward, throwing
+herself upon my master, as she asked that Powhatan give him to her.
+
+Now, as we afterward came to know, it is the custom among savages, that
+when one of their women begs for the life of a prisoner, to grant the
+prayer, and so it was done in this case, else we had never seen my
+master again.
+
+It is also the custom, when a prisoner has thus been given to one who
+begged for his life, that the captive shall always be held as slave by
+her; but Pocahontas desired only to let him go back to Jamestown. Then
+it was she told her father how she had been treated when visiting us,
+and Powhatan, after keeping Captain Smith prisoner until he could tell
+of what he had seen in other countries of the world, set him free.
+
+
+
+
+THE EFFECT OF CAPTAIN SMITH'S RETURN
+
+
+It was well for us of Jamestown that my master returned just when he
+did, for already had our gentlemen, believing him dead, refused longer
+to work, and even neglected the hunting, when game of all kinds was so
+plentiful. They had spent the time roaming around searching for gold,
+until we were once more in need of food.
+
+The sickness had come among us again, and of all our company, which
+numbered an hundred when Captain Newport sailed for England, only
+thirty-eight remained alive.
+
+Within four and twenty hours after Captain Smith came back, matters had
+so far mended that every man who could move about at will, was working
+for the common good, although from that time, until Captain Newport came
+again, we had much of suffering.
+
+With the coming of winter Nathaniel and I were put to it to do our work
+in anything like a seemly manner. What with the making of candles, or
+of rushlights; tanning deer hides in such fashion as Captain Smith had
+taught us; mending his doublets of leather, as well as our own; keeping
+the house and ground around it fairly clean, in addition to cooking
+meals which might tempt the appetite of our master, we were busy from
+sunrise to sunset.
+
+Nor were we without our reward. On rare occasions Captain Smith would
+commend us for attending to our duties in better fashion than he had
+fancied lads would ever be able to do, and very often did Master Hunt
+whisper words of praise in our ears, saying again and again that he
+would there were in his house two boys like us.
+
+This you may be sure was more of payment than we had a reasonable right
+to expect, for certain it is that even at our best the work was but
+fairly done, as it ever must be when there are houseboys instead of
+housewives at home.
+
+Master Hunt had a serving man, William Rods, and he was not one well
+fitted to do a woman's work, for in addition to being clumsy, even at
+the expense of breaking now and then a wooden trencher bowl, he had no
+thought that cleanliness was, as the preacher often told us, next to
+godliness.
+
+It was he, and such as he, that caused Captain Smith and those others
+of the Council who were minded to work for the common good, very much of
+trouble.
+
+The rule, as laid down by my master, was that those living in a dwelling
+should keep cleanly the land roundabout the outside for a space of five
+yards, and yet again and again have I seen William Rods throw the refuse
+from the table just outside the door, meaning to take it away at a
+future time, and always forgetting so to do until reminded by some one
+in authority.
+
+However, it is not for me to speak of such trifling things as these,
+although had you heard Captain Smith and Master Hunt in conversation,
+you would not have set them down as being of little importance. Those
+two claimed that only by strict regard to cleanliness, both of person
+and house, would it be possible for us, when another summer came, to
+ward off that sickness which had already carried away so many of our
+company.
+
+After Captain Smith had brought matters to rights in the village,
+setting this company of men to building more houses, and that company
+to hewing down trees for firewood, which would be needed when the winter
+had come, Master Hunt made mention of a matter which I knew must have
+been very near his heart many a day.
+
+
+
+
+A NEW CHURCH
+
+
+During all the time we had been on shore, the only church in Jamestown
+was the shelter beneath that square of canvas which he himself had put
+up. When it stormed, he had called such of the people as were inclined
+to worship into one or another of the houses; but now he asked that
+a log building be put together, while it was yet so warm that the men
+could work out of doors without suffering, and to this, much to my
+pleasure, for I had an exceedingly friendly feeling toward Master Hunt,
+Captain Smith agreed.
+
+Therefore it was that when the storms of October came, Master Hunt had a
+place in which to receive those whom he would lead to a better life, and
+I believe that all our people, the men who were careless regarding the
+future life, and those who followed the preacher's teachings, felt the
+better in mind because there was at last in our village a place which
+would be used for no other purpose than that of leading us into, and
+helping us to remain in, the straight path.
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN NEWPORT'S RETURN
+
+
+It was at the beginning of the new year, two days after my master was
+set free by the savages, that Captain Newport came back to us, this time
+in the ship John and Francis, and with him were fifty men who had been
+sent to join our colony.
+
+Fortunately for us there were but few gentlemen among them, therefore
+did the work of building the village go on much more rapidly, because
+there were laborers in plenty.
+
+A larger building, which was called the fort, and would indeed have been
+a safe place for refuge had the savages made an attack, was but just
+completed at the beginning of the third month, meaning March.
+
+There Captain Smith had stored the supply of provisions and seed brought
+in the John and Francis, and we were already saying to ourselves that by
+the close of the summer we should reap a bountiful harvest.
+
+All these plans and hopes went for naught, however, for on a certain
+night--and no man can say how it happened, save him who was the careless
+one--fire fastened upon the inside of the fort, having so much headway
+when it was discovered, that our people could do little toward checking
+it.
+
+The flames burst out through the roof, which was thatched with dried
+grass, as were all the houses in the town, and leaped from one building
+to another until it seemed as if the entire village would be destroyed.
+
+It is true that even the palisade, which was near to forty feet distant
+from the fort, was seized upon by the flames, and a goodly portion of
+that which had cost us so much labor was entirely destroyed.
+
+Out of all our houses only four remained standing when the flames had
+died away. The seed which we had counted on for reaping a harvest,
+the store of provisions, and a large amount of clothing and other
+necessaries, were thus consumed.
+
+Good Master Hunt lost all his books, in fact, everything he owned save
+the clothes upon his back, and yet never once did I, who was with him
+very much, for he came to live at our house while the village was being
+rebuilt, hear him utter one word of complaint, or of sorrow.
+
+
+
+
+GOLD SEEKERS
+
+
+It was while all the people, gentlemen as well as laborers, were doing
+their best to repair the loss, and to put Jamestown into such shape
+that we might be able to withstand an attack from the savages, if so be
+they made one, that even a worse misfortune than the fire came upon us.
+
+Some of those whom Captain Newport had lately brought to Virginia, while
+roaming along the shores of the river in order to learn what this new
+land was like, came upon a spot where the waters had washed the earth
+away for a distance of five or six feet, leaving exposed to view a vast
+amount of sand, so yellow and so heavy that straightway the foolish ones
+believed they were come upon that gold which our people had been seeking
+almost from the very day we first landed.
+
+From this moment there was no talk of anything save the wealth which
+would come to us and the London Company.
+
+Even Captain Newport was persuaded that this sand was gold, and
+straightway nearly every person in the village was hard at work digging
+and carrying it in baskets on board the John and Francis as carefully as
+if each grain counted for a guinea.
+
+Of all the people of Jamestown, Captain Smith and Master Hunt were the
+only ones who refused to believe the golden dream. They held themselves
+aloof from this mad race to gather up the yellow sand, and strove
+earnestly to persuade the others that it would be a simple matter to
+prove by fire whether this supposed treasure were metal.
+
+In the center of the village, where all might see him, Master Hunt set
+a pannikin, in which was a pint or more of the sand, over a roaring fire
+which he kept burning not less than two hours.
+
+When he was done, the sand remained the same as before, which, so he and
+my master claimed, was good proof that our people of Jamestown were, in
+truth, making fools of themselves, as they had many a time before since
+we came into this land of Virginia.
+
+
+
+
+A WORTHLESS CARGO
+
+
+When we should have been striving to build up the town once more, we
+spent all our time loading the ship with this worthless cargo, and
+indeed I felt the better in my mind when finally Captain Newport set
+sail, the John and Francis loaded deeply with sand, because of believing
+that we were come to an end of hearing about treasure which lay at hand
+ready for whosoever would carry it away.
+
+In this, however, I was disappointed. Although there was no longer any
+reason for our people to labor at what was called the gold mine, since
+there was no ship at hand in which to put the sand, they still talked,
+hour by hour, of the day when all the men in Virginia would go back to
+England richer than kings.
+
+Because of such thoughts was it well nigh impossible to force them to
+labor once more. Yet Captain Smith and Master Hunt did all they could,
+even going so far as to threaten bodily harm if the people did not
+rebuild the storehouse, plant such seed as had been saved from the
+flames, and replace those portions of the palisade which had been
+burned.
+
+It was while our people were thus working half heartedly, that Captain
+Nelson arrived in the ship Phoenix, having been so long delayed on the
+voyage, because of tempests and contrary winds, that his passengers and
+crew had eaten nearly all the stores which the London Company sent over
+for our benefit, and bringing seventy more mouths to be fed.
+
+Save that she brought to us skilled workmen, the coming of the Phoenix
+did not advantage us greatly, while there were added to our number,
+seventy men, and of oatmeal, pickled beef and pork, as much as would
+serve for, perhaps, three or four weeks.
+
+Through her, however, as Master Hunt said in my hearing, came some
+little good, for on seeing the yellow sand, Captain Nelson declared
+without a question that it was worthless, and, being accustomed to
+working in metal, speedily proved to our people who were yet suffering
+with the gold fever, that there was nothing whatsoever of value in it.
+
+
+
+
+THE CONDITION OF THE COLONY
+
+
+That he might have something to carry back to England, and not being
+minded to take on board a load of sand, Captain Nelson asked that the
+Phoenix be laden with cedar logs and such clapboards as our people had
+made. Therefore was it that we sent to England the first cargo of value
+since having come to Virginia.
+
+Among those who had come over in the Phoenix were workmen who understood
+the making of turpentine, tar and soap ashes. There was also a pipe
+maker, a gunsmith, and a number of other skilled workmen, so that had
+the Council advanced the interest of the colony one half as much as my
+master was doing, all would have gone well with us in Jamestown.
+
+As it was, however, the President of the Council, so Master Hunt has
+declared many times, and of a verity he would not bear false witness,
+often countenanced the men in rebellion against my master's orders,
+until, but for the preacher's example, we might never have put into the
+earth our first seed.
+
+Because of lack of food, and it seems strange to say so when there were
+of oysters near at hand more than a thousand men could have eaten, and
+fish in the rivers without number, Captain Smith set off once more in
+the pinnace to trade with the Indians, as well as to explore further the
+bay and the river.
+
+Master Hunt lived in our house, while he was gone, therefore Nathaniel
+and I were not idle, and though we had each had a dozen pair of hands,
+we could have kept them properly employed, what with making a garden for
+our own use, tending the plants, and keeping house.
+
+
+
+
+TOBACCO
+
+
+Just here I am minded to set down that which the girl Pocahontas told
+us concerning the raising of tobacco, and it is well she spent the time
+needed to instruct us, for since then I have seen the people in this new
+world of Virginia getting more money from the tobacco plant, than they
+could have gained even though Captain Newport's yellow sand had been
+veritable gold.
+
+You must know that the seed of tobacco is even smaller than grains of
+powder, and the Indians usually plant it in April. Within a month it
+springs up, each tiny plant having two or four leaves, and one month
+later it is transplanted in little hillocks, set about the same distance
+apart as are our hills of Indian corn.
+
+Two or three times during the season the plants have to be hoed and
+weeded, while the sickly leaves, which peep out from the body of the
+stock, must be plucked off.
+
+If the plant grows too fast, which is to say, if it is like to get
+its full size before harvest time, the tops are cut to make it more
+backward.
+
+About the middle of September it is reaped, stripped of its leaves, and
+tied in small bunches; these are hung under a shelter so that the dew
+may not come to them, until they are cured the same as hay.
+
+Having thus been dried, and there must be no suspicion of moisture
+about, else they will mold, the whole is packed into hogsheads.
+
+I have lived to see the days go by since the girl Pocahontas showed
+Nathaniel and me how to cultivate the weed, until the greatest wealth
+which Virginia can produce comes from this same tobacco, which, Master
+Hunt says, not only induces filthiness in those who use it, but works
+grievous injury to the body.
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN NEWPORT'S RETURN
+
+
+When Captain Newport came back to Virginia, at about the time we were
+gathering our scanty harvest, his dreams of sudden wealth, through the
+digging of gold in Virginia, had burst as does a bubble when one pricks
+it.
+
+He had not been more than four and twenty hours in England before
+learning that his ship was laden only with valueless sand, and, mayhap,
+if the London Company had not demanded that he return to Virginia at
+once, with certain orders concerning us at Jamestown, he might have been
+too much ashamed to show his face among us again.
+
+My master had come in long since from trading with the Indians, having
+had fairly good success at times, and again failing utterly to gather
+food. The king Powhatan was grown so lofty in his bearing, because of
+the honor some of our foolish people had shown him, that it was well
+nigh impossible to pay the price he asked, even in trinkets, for so
+small an amount as a single peck of corn.
+
+However, that which Powhatan did or did not do, concerned me very little
+when Captain Newport had arrived, for he brought with him such tidings
+as made my heart rejoice, and caused Master Hunt to say that now indeed
+would our village of Jamestown grow as it should have grown had our
+leaders shown themselves of half as much spirit as had my master.
+
+But for the greater things which followed Captain Newport's arrival in
+September of the year 1608, I would have set it down as of the utmost
+importance to us in Jamestown, that he brought with him the first two
+women, other than the girl Pocahontas, who had ever come into our town.
+
+These were Mistress Forest, and her maid, Anne Burras, and if the king
+himself had so far done us the honor as to come, his arrival would have
+caused no greater excitement.
+
+Every man and boy in the settlement pressed forward eager even to touch
+the garments of these two women as they came ashore in the ship's small
+boat, and I dare venture to say that we stared at them, Nathaniel and I
+among the number, even as the savages stared at us when first we landed.
+
+It would have been more to my satisfaction had there been two maids,
+instead of only one and her mistress, for it was more than likely
+servants could tell Nathaniel and me many things about our care of the
+house, which a great lady would not well know. Therefore, as I viewed
+the matter, we could well spare fine women, so that we had maids who
+would understand of what we as houseboys stood mostly in need.
+
+However, it was not with these women, who were only two among seventy,
+that had come with Captain Newport on this his third voyage, that I
+was most deeply concerned, and how I learned that which pleased me so
+greatly shall be set down exactly as it happened.
+
+
+
+
+MASTER HUNT BRINGS GREAT NEWS
+
+
+I had been down at the landing place, feasting my eyes upon the ship
+which had so lately come from the country I might never see again, and
+was trying to cheer myself by working around the house in the hope of
+pleasing Captain Smith, when Master Hunt came in with a look upon his
+face such as I had not seen since the sickness first came among us, and,
+without thinking to be rude, I asked him if it was the arrival of the
+women which pleased him so greatly.
+
+"It is nothing of such fanciful nature, Richard Mutton," the good man
+replied with a smile, "though I must confess that it is pleasing to see
+women with white faces, when our eyes have beheld none save bearded men
+for so long a time. What think you has been done in the Council this
+day, since Captain Newport had speech with President Ratcliffe?"
+
+Verily I could not so much as guess what might have happened, for those
+worshipful gentlemen were prone at times to behave more like foolish
+children, than men upon whom the fate of a new country depended, and I
+said to Master Hunt much of the same purport.
+
+"They have elected your master, Captain John Smith, President of the
+Council, Richard Mutton, and now for the first time will matters in
+Jamestown progress as they should."
+
+"My master President of the Council at last!" I cried, and the good
+preacher added:
+
+"So it is, lad, as I know full well, having just come from there."
+
+"But how did they chance suddenly to gather their wits?" I cried with a
+laugh, in which Master Hunt joined.
+
+"It was done after Captain Newport had speech with Master Ratcliffe,
+and while I know nothing for a certainty, there is in my mind a strong
+belief that he brought word from the London Company for such an election
+to be made. At all events, it is done, and now we shall see Jamestown
+increase in size, even as she would have done from the first month we
+landed here had Captain John Smith been at the head of affairs."
+
+The good preacher was so delighted with this change in the government
+that he unfolded all his budget of news, forgetting for the time being,
+most like, that he was not speaking to his equal, and thus it was
+I learned what were Captain Newport's instructions from the London
+Company.
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN NEWPORT'S INSTRUCTIONS
+
+
+He was ordered, if you please, not to return to England without bringing
+back a lump of gold, exploring the passageway to the South Sea, or
+finding some of Sir Walter Raleigh's lost colony, of which I will tell
+you later.
+
+But whether he did the one or the other, he had been commanded to crown
+as a king, Powhatan, and had brought with him mock jewels and red robes
+for such a purpose.
+
+To find a lump of gold, after he had brought to England a shipload of
+yellow sand!
+
+To crown Powhatan king, when, to our sorrow, he was already showing
+himself far more of a king than was pleasing or well for our town of
+James!
+
+Forgetting I was but a lad, and had no right to put blame on the
+shoulders of my leaders and betters, or even to address Master Hunt
+as if I were a man grown, I cried out against the foolishness of those
+people in London for whom we were striving to build up a city, saying
+very much that had better been left unsaid, until the good preacher
+cried with a laugh:
+
+"We can forgive them almost anything, Dicky Mutton, since they have made
+our Captain Smith the head of the government in this land of Virginia."
+
+And now I will tell you, as Master Hunt told me, the story of this
+lost colony of Roanoke, which the London Company had commanded Captain
+Newport to find.
+
+You must know that English people had lived in this land of Virginia
+before we came here in 1606, and while it does not concern us of
+Jamestown, except as we are interested in knowing the fate of our
+countrymen, it should be set down, lest we so far forget as to say that
+those of us who have built this village are the first settlers in the
+land.
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF ROANOKE
+
+
+Twenty-one years before we sailed from London, Sir Walter Raleigh sent
+out a fleet of seven ships, carrying one hundred and seven persons, to
+Virginia, and Master Ralph Lane was named as the governor. They landed
+on Roanoke Island; but because the Indians threatened them, and because
+just at that time when they were most frightened, Sir Francis Drake came
+by with his fleet, they all went home, not daring to stay any longer.
+
+Two years after that, which is to say nineteen years before we of
+Jamestown came here, Sir Walter Raleigh sent over one hundred and
+sixteen people, among whom were men, women and children, and they also
+began to build a town on Roanoke Island.
+
+John White was their governor, and very shortly after they came to
+Roanoke, his daughter, Mistress Ananias Dare, had a little baby girl,
+the first white child to be born in the new world, so they named her
+Virginia.
+
+Now these people, like ourselves, were soon sorely in need of food, and
+they coaxed Governor John White to go back to England, to get what would
+be needed until they could gather a harvest.
+
+At the time he arrived at London, England was at war with the Spanish
+people, and it was two years before he found a chance to get back. When
+he finally arrived at Roanoke Island, there were no signs of any of his
+people to be found, except that on the tree was cut the word "Croatan,"
+which is the name of an Indian village on the island nearby.
+
+That was the last ever heard of all those hundred and sixteen people.
+Five different times Sir Walter Raleigh sent out men for the missing
+ones; but no traces could be found, not even at Croatan, and no one
+knows whether they were killed by the Indians, or wandered off into the
+wilderness where they were lost forever.
+
+You can see by the story, that the London Company had set for Captain
+Newport a very great task when they commanded him to do what so many
+people had failed in before him.
+
+And now out of that story of the lost colony, as Master Hunt told
+Nathaniel and me, grows another which also concerns us in this new land
+of Virginia.
+
+You will remember I have said that Master Ralph Lane was the governor of
+the first company of people who went to Roanoke Island, and, afterward,
+getting discouraged, returned to England. Now this Master Lane, and the
+other men who were with him, learned from the Indians to smoke the weed
+called tobacco, and carried quite a large amount of it home with them.
+
+Not only Sir Walter Raleigh, who knew Master Lane very well, but many
+other people in England also learned to smoke, and therefore it was that
+when we of Jamestown began to raise tobacco, it found a more ready sale
+in London than any other thing we could send over. Once this was known,
+our people gave the greater portion of their time to cultivating the
+Indian weed.
+
+
+
+
+THE CROWNING OF POWHATAN
+
+
+Very nearly the first thing which my master did after having been made
+President of the Council, was to obey the orders of the London Company,
+by going with Captain Newport to Powhatan's village in order to crown
+him like a king.
+
+This was not at all to the pleasure of the savage, who failed of
+understanding what my master and Captain Newport meant, when they wanted
+him to kneel down so they might put the crown upon his head. If all the
+stories which I have heard regarding the matter are true, they must have
+had quite a scrimmage before succeeding in getting him into what they
+believed was a proper position to receive the gifts of the London
+Company.
+
+Our people, so Master Hunt told me, were obliged to take him by the
+shoulders and force him to his knees, after which they clapped the crown
+on his head, and threw the red robe around his shoulders in a mighty
+hurry lest he show fight and overcome them.
+
+It was some time before Captain Smith could make him understand that
+it was a great honor which was being done him, but when he did get it
+through his head, he took off his old moccasins and brought from the hut
+his raccoon skin coat, with orders that my master and Captain Newport
+send them all to King James in London, as a present from the great
+Powhatan of Virginia.
+
+After this had been done, Captain Newport sailed up the James River in
+search of the passage to the South Sea, and my master set about putting
+Jamestown into proper order.
+
+
+
+
+PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE
+
+
+Once more Captain Smith made the rule that those who would not work
+should not eat, and this time, with all the Council at his back,
+together with such men as Captain Newport had just brought with him, you
+can well fancy his orders were obeyed.
+
+In addition to the stocks which had been built, he had a pillory set up,
+and those gentlemen who were not inclined to labor with their hands as
+well as they might, were forced to stand in it to their discomfort.
+
+The next thing which he did was to have a large, deep well dug, so that
+we might have sweet water from it for drinking purposes, rather than be
+forced to use that from the river, for it was to his mind that through
+this muddy water did the sickness come to us.
+
+When the winter was well begun, and Captain Newport ceased to search for
+the South Sea passage, because of having come to the falls of the James
+River, Captain Smith forced our people to build twenty stout houses such
+as would serve to withstand an attack from the savages, and again was
+the palisade stretched from one to the other, until the village stood in
+the form of a square.
+
+After the cold season had passed, some of the people were set about
+shingling the church, and others were ordered to make clapboards that
+we might have a cargo when Captain Newport returned. It was the duty of
+some few to keep the streets and lanes of the village clear of filth,
+lest we invite the sickness again, and the remainder of the company were
+employed in planting Indian corn, forty acres of which were seeded down.
+
+
+
+
+STEALING THE COMPANY'S GOODS
+
+
+If I have made it appear that during all this time we lived in the most
+friendly manner with the savages, then have I blundered in the setting
+down of that which happened.
+
+Although it shames one to write such things concerning those who called
+themselves Englishmen, yet it must be said that the savages were no
+longer in any degree friendly, and all because of what our own people
+had done.
+
+From the time when Captain Smith had declared that he who would not work
+should not eat, some of our fine gentlemen who were willing to believe
+that labor was the greatest crime which could be committed, began
+stealing from the common store iron and copper goods of every kind
+which might be come at, in order to trade with the savages for food they
+themselves were too lazy to get otherwise.
+
+They even went so far, some of those who thought it more the part of a
+man to wear silks than build himself a house, as to steal matchlocks,
+pistols, and weapons of any kind, standing ready to teach the savages
+how to use these things, if thereby they were given so much additional
+in the way of food.
+
+As our numbers increased, by reason of the companies which were brought
+over by Captain Newport and Captain Nelson, so did the thievery become
+the more serious until on one day I heard Master Hunt tell my master,
+that of forty axes which had been brought ashore from the Phoenix and
+left outside the storehouse during the night, but eight were remaining
+when morning came.
+
+
+
+
+WHAT THE THIEVING LED TO
+
+
+Now there was more of mischief to this than the crime of stealing, or
+of indolence. The savages came to understand they could drive hard
+bargains, and so increased the price of their corn that Captain Smith
+set it down in his report to the London Company, that the same amount of
+copper, or of beads, which had, one year before, paid for five bushels
+of wheat, would, within a week after Captain Newport came in search of
+the lost colony, pay for no more than one peck.
+
+Nor was this the entire sum of the wrong done by our gentlemen who stole
+rather than worked with their hands. The savages, grown bold now that
+they had firearms and knew how to use them, no longer had the same fear
+of white people as when Captain Smith, single handed, was able to hold
+two hundred in check, and strove to kill us of Jamestown whenever they
+found opportunity.
+
+On four different times did they plot to murder my master, believing
+that when he had been done to death, it would be more easy for them
+to kill off all in our town; but on each occasion, so keen was his
+watchfulness, he outwitted them all.
+
+The putting of a crown on Powhatan's head, and bowing before him as if
+he had been a real king, also did much mischief. It caused that brown
+savage to believe we feared him, which was much the same as inviting him
+to be less of a friend, until on a certain day he boldly declared that
+one basket of his corn was worth more than all our copper and beads,
+because he could eat his corn, while our trinkets gave a hungry man no
+satisfaction.
+
+And thus, by the wicked and unwise acts of our own people, did we
+prepare the way for another time of famine and sickness.
+
+
+
+
+FEAR OF FAMINE IN A LAND OF PLENTY
+
+
+However, I must set this much down as counting in our favor: when we
+landed in this country we had three pigs, and a cock and six hens, all
+of which we turned loose in the wilderness to shift for themselves,
+giving shelter to such as came back to us when winter was near at hand.
+
+Within two years we had of pigs more than sixty, in addition to many
+which were yet running wild in the forest. Of hens and cocks we had
+upward of five hundred, the greater number being kept in pens to the end
+that we might profit by their eggs.
+
+I have heard Master Hunt declare more than once, that had we followed
+Captain Smith's advice, giving all our labor to the raising of crops,
+our storehouse would have been too small for the food on hand, and we
+might have held ourselves free from the whims of the savages, having
+corn to sell, rather than spending near to half our time trying to buy.
+
+As Master Hunt said again and again when talking over the situation
+with Captain Smith, it seemed strange even to us who were there, that
+we could be looking forward to a famine, when in the sea and on the land
+was food in abundance to feed half the people in all this wide world.
+
+To show how readily one might get himself a dinner, if so be his taste
+were not too nice, I have seen Captain Smith, when told what we had in
+the larder for the next meal, go to the river with only his naked sword,
+and there spear fish enough with the weapon to provide us with as much
+as could be eaten in a full day. But yet some of our gentlemen claimed
+that it was not good for their blood to eat this food of the sea; others
+declared that oysters, when partaken of regularly, were as poisonous as
+the sweet potatoes which we bought of the Indians.
+
+Thus it was that day by day did we who were in the land of plenty,
+overrun with that which would serve as food, fear that another time of
+famine was nigh.
+
+
+
+
+THE UNHEALTHFUL LOCATION
+
+
+I have often spoken of the unwillingness of some of our people to labor;
+but Captain Smith, who is not overly eager to find excuses for those who
+are indolent, has said that there was much reason why many of our men
+hugged their cabins, counting it a most arduous task to go even so far
+up the river as were the oyster beds.
+
+He believes, and Master Hunt is of the same opinion, that this town of
+ours has been built on that portion of the shore where the people are
+most liable to sickness. The land is low lying, almost on a level with
+the river; the country roundabout is made up of swamps and bogs, and
+the air which comes to us at night is filled with a fever, which causes
+those upon whom it fastens, first to shake as if they were beset with
+bitterest cold, and then again to burn as if likely to be reduced to
+ashes. Some call it the ague, and others, the shakes; but whatsoever
+it may be, there is nothing more distressing, or better calculated to
+hinder a man from taking so much of exercise as is necessary for his
+well being.
+
+
+
+
+GATHERING OYSTERS
+
+
+That Nathaniel and I may gather oysters without too great labor of
+walking and carrying heavy burdens, Captain Smith has bought from the
+savages a small boat made of the bark of birch trees, stretched over a
+framework of splints, and sewn together with the entrails of deer. On
+the seams, and wherever the water might find entrance, it is well gummed
+with pitch taken from the pine tree, and withal the lightest craft that
+can well be made.
+
+Either Nathaniel or I can take this vessel, which the savages call a
+canoe, on our shoulders, carrying it without difficulty, and when the
+two of us are inside, resting upon our knees, for we may not sit in
+it as in a ship's boat, we can send it along with paddles at a rate so
+rapid as to cause one to think it moved by magic.
+
+With this canoe Nathaniel and I may go to the oyster beds, and in half
+an hour put on board as large a cargo of shellfish as she will carry,
+in addition to our own weight, coming back in a short time with as much
+food as would serve a dozen men for two days.
+
+If these oysters could be kept fresh for any length of time, then would
+we have a most valuable store near at hand; but, like other fish, a few
+hours in the sun serves to spoil them.
+
+
+
+
+PREPARING STURGEON FOR FOOD
+
+
+Of the fish called the sturgeon, we have more than can be consumed by
+all our company; but one cannot endure the flavor day after day, and
+therefore is it that we use it for food only when we cannot get any
+other.
+
+Master Hunt has shown Nathaniel and me how we may prepare it in such a
+manner as to change the flavor. It must first be dried in the sun until
+so hard that it can be pounded to the fineness of meal. This is then
+mixed with caviare, by which I mean the eggs, or roe, of the sturgeon,
+with sorrel leaves, and with other wholesome herbs. The whole is
+made into small balls, or cakes, which are fried over the fire with a
+plentiful amount of fat.
+
+Such a dish serves us for either bread or meat, or for both on a pinch,
+therefore if we lads are careful not to waste our time, Captain Smith
+may never come without finding in the larder something that can be
+eaten.
+
+
+
+
+TURPENTINE AND TAR
+
+
+To us in Jamestown the making of anything which we may send back to
+England for sale, is of such great importance that we are more curious
+regarding the manner in which the work is done, than would be others
+who are less eager to see piled up that which will bring money to the
+people.
+
+Therefore it was that Nathaniel and I watched eagerly the making of
+turpentine, and found it not unlike the method by which the Indians gain
+sugar from maple trees. A strip of bark is taken from the pine, perhaps
+eight or ten inches long, and at the lower end of the wound thus made, a
+deep notch is cut in the wood.
+
+Into this the sap flows, and is scraped out as fast as the cavity is
+filled. It is a labor in which all may join, and so plentiful are the
+pine trees that if our people of Jamestown set about making turpentine
+only, they might load four or five ships in a year.
+
+From the making of tar much money can be earned, and it is a simple
+process such as I believe I myself might compass, were it not that I
+have sufficient of other work to occupy all my time.
+
+The pine tree is cut into short pieces, even the roots being used,
+for, if I mistake not, more tar may be had from the roots than from the
+trunks of the tree. Our people here dig a hollow, much like unto the
+shape of a funnel, on the side of a hill, or bank, fill it in with the
+wood and the roots, and cover the whole closely with turf.
+
+An iron pot is placed at the bottom of this hollow in the earth, and a
+fire is built at the top of the pile. While the fuel smolders, the tar
+stews out of the wood, falling into the iron pot, and from there is put
+into whatsoever vessels may be most convenient in which to carry it over
+seas.
+
+
+
+
+THE MAKING OF CLAPBOARDS
+
+
+There is far greater labor required in the making of clapboards, and
+it is of a wearisome kind; but Captain Newport declares that clapboards
+made of our Virginia cedar are far better in quality than any to be
+found in England. Therefore it is Captain Smith keeps as many men as he
+may, employed in this work, which is more tiring than difficult.
+
+The trunks of the trees are cut into lengths of four feet, and trimmed
+both as to branches and bark. An iron tool called a frow, which is not
+unlike a butcher's cleaver, is then used to split the log into thin
+strips, one edge of which is four or five times thicker than the other.
+
+You will understand better the method by picturing to yourself the
+end of a round log which has been stood upright for convenience of the
+workmen. Now, if you place a frow in such a position that it will split
+the thicknesses of an inch or less from the outer side, you will find
+that the point of the instrument, which is at the heart of the tree,
+must come in such manner as to make the splint very thin on the inner
+edge. The frow is driven through the wood by a wooden mallet, to the end
+that the sides of the clapboard may be fairly smooth.
+
+Master Hunt has told me that if we were to put on board a ship the size
+of the John and Francis, as many clapboards as she could swim under, the
+value of the cargo would be no less than five hundred pounds, and they
+would have a ready sale in London, or in other English ports.
+
+
+
+
+PROVIDING FOR THE CHILDREN
+
+
+And now before I am come to the most terrible time in the history of
+our town of James, let me set down that which the London Company has
+decreed, for it is of great importance to all those who, like Nathaniel
+and me, came over into this land of Virginia before they were men and
+women grown.
+
+Master Hunt has written the facts out fairly, to the end that I may
+understand them well, he having had the information from Captain
+Newport, for it was the last decree made by the London Company before
+the John and Francis sailed.
+
+I must say, however, that the reason why this decree, or order,
+whichever it may be called, has been made, was to the end that men and
+women, who had large families of children, might be induced to join us
+here in Jamestown, as if we had not already mouths enough to feed.
+
+The Council of the Company has decided to allow the use of twenty-five
+acres of land for each and every child that comes into Virginia, and all
+who are now here, or may come to live at the expense of the Company, are
+to be educated in some good trade or profession, in order that they may
+be able to support themselves when they have come to the age of four and
+twenty years, or have served the time of their apprenticeship, which is
+to be no less than seven years.
+
+It is further decreed that all of those children when they become of
+age or marry, whichever shall happen first, are to have freely given
+and made over to them fifty acres of land apiece, which same shall be
+in Virginia within the limits of the English plantation. But, these
+children must be placed as apprentices under honest and good masters
+within the grant made to the London Company, and shall serve for seven
+years, or until they come to the age of twenty-four, during which time
+their masters must bring them up in some trade or business.
+
+
+
+
+DREAMS OF THE FUTURE
+
+
+On hearing this, the question came into my mind as to whether Nathaniel
+and I could be called apprentices, inasmuch as we were only houseboys,
+according to the name Captain Smith gave us.
+
+Master Hunt declared that being apprentices to care for the family, was
+of as much service as if we were learned in the trade of making tar,
+clapboards, or of building ships, and he assured me that if peradventure
+he was living when we had been in this land of Virginia seven years, it
+should be his duty to see to it that we were given our fifty acres of
+land apiece.
+
+Thus understanding that we might ourselves in turn one day become
+planters, Nathaniel and I had much to say, one with the other,
+concerning what should be done in the future. We decided that when
+the time came for us to have the land set off to our own use, we would
+strive that the two lots of fifty acres each be in one piece. Then would
+we set about raising tobacco, as the Indian girl Pocahontas taught us,
+and who can say that we might not come to be of some consequence, even
+as are Captain Smith and Master Hunt, in this new world.
+
+
+
+
+A PLAGUE OF RATS
+
+
+And now am I come to the spring of 1609, when befell us that disaster
+which marked the beginning of the time of suffering, of trouble, and of
+danger which was so near to wiping out the settlement of Jamestown that
+the people had already started on their way to England.
+
+The day had come when we should put into the ground our Indian corn that
+a harvest might follow. The supply, which was to be used as seed, had
+been stored in casks and piled up in the big house wherein were kept our
+goods.
+
+When those who had been chosen to do the planting went for the seed,
+it was found to have been destroyed by rats, and not only the corn, but
+many other things which were in the storehouse, had been eaten by the
+same animals.
+
+Master Hunt maintained, and Captain Smith was of the same opinion, that
+when the Phoenix was unloaded, the rats came ashore from her, finding
+lodging in that building which represented the vital spot of our town.
+
+Howsoever the pests came there, certain it was we should reap no harvest
+that year, unless the savages became more friendly than they had lately
+shown themselves, and as to this we speedily learned.
+
+
+
+
+TREACHERY DURING CAPTAIN SMITH'S ABSENCE
+
+
+When Captain Smith set off in the pinnace in order to buy what might
+serve us as seed, he found himself threatened by all the brown men
+living near about the shores of the bay, as if they had suddenly made up
+a plot to kill us, and never one of them would speak him fairly. It was
+while my master was away that two Dutchmen, who came over in the Phoenix
+and had gone with Captain Smith in the pinnace, returned to Jamestown,
+saying to Captain Winne, who was in command at the fort, that Captain
+Smith had use for more weapons because of going into the country in the
+hope of finding Indians who would supply him with corn.
+
+Not doubting their story, the captain supplied them with what they
+demanded, and, as was afterward learned, before leaving town that night
+they stole many swords, pike heads, shot and powder, all of which these
+Dutch thieves carried to Powhatan.
+
+If these two had been the only white men who did us wrong, then might
+our plight not have become so desperate; but many there were, upwards
+of sixteen so Master Hunt declared, who from day to day carried away
+secretly such weapons and tools, or powder and shot, as they could come
+upon, thereby trusting to the word of the savages that they might live
+with them in their villages always, without doing any manner of work.
+
+Others sold kettles, hoes, or even swords and guns, that they might buy
+fruit, or corn, or meat from the Indians without doing so much of labor
+as was necessary in order to gather these things for themselves.
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN SMITH'S SPEECH
+
+
+Jamestown was a scene of turmoil and confusion when Captain Smith came
+back from his journey having on board only two baskets of corn for
+seed. After understanding what had been done by the idle ones during his
+absence, he called all the people together and said unto them, speaking
+earnestly, as if pleading for his very life:
+
+"Never did I believe white men who were come together in a new world,
+and should stand shoulder to shoulder against all the enemies that
+surround them, could be so reckless and malicious. It is vain to hope
+for more help from Powhatan, and the time has come when I will no longer
+bear with you in your idleness; but punish severely if you do not set
+about the work which must be done, without further plotting. You cannot
+deny but that I have risked my life many a time in order to save
+yours, when, if you had been allowed to go your own way, all would
+have starved. Now I swear solemnly that you shall not only gather for
+yourselves the fruits which the earth doth yield, but for those who are
+sick. Every one that gathers not each day as much as I do, shall on the
+next day be set beyond the river, forever banished from the fort, to
+live or starve as God wills."
+
+This caused the lazy ones to bestir themselves for the time, and perhaps
+all might have gone well with us had not the London Company sent out
+nine more vessels, in which were five hundred persons, to join us people
+in Jamestown. One of the ships, as we afterward learned, was wrecked in
+a hurricane; seven arrived safely, and the ninth vessel we had not heard
+from.
+
+All these people had expected to find food in plenty, servants to wait
+upon them, and everything furnished to hand without being obliged to
+raise a finger in their own behalf. What was yet worse, they had
+among them many men who believed they were to be made officers of the
+government.
+
+
+
+
+THE NEW LAWS
+
+
+Now you must understand that with the coming of this fleet we of
+Jamestown were told that the London Company had changed all the laws for
+us in Virginia, and that Lord De la Warr, who sailed on the ship from
+which nothing had been heard, was to be our governor.
+
+From that hour did it seem as if all the men in Jamestown, save only
+half a dozen, among whom were Captain Smith, Master Hunt and Master
+Percy, strove their best to wreck the settlement.
+
+Because Lord De la Warr, the new governor, had not arrived, many of the
+new comers refused to obey my master, and they were so strong in numbers
+that it was not possible for him to force them to his will.
+
+Each man strove for himself, regardless of the sick, or of the women
+and children. Some banded themselves together in companies, falling upon
+such Indian villages as they could easily overcome, and murdered and
+robbed until all the brown men of Virginia stood ready to shed the blood
+of every white man who crossed their path.
+
+Then came that which plunged Nathaniel and me into deepest grief.
+
+
+
+
+THE ACCIDENT
+
+
+Captain Smith had gone up the bay in the hope of soothing the trouble
+among the savages, and, failing in this effort, was returning, having
+got within four and twenty hours' journey of Jamestown, when the pinnace
+was anchored for the night.
+
+The boat's company lay down to sleep, and then came that accident, if
+accident it may be called, the cause of which no man has ever been able
+to explain to the satisfaction of Master Hunt or myself.
+
+Captain Smith was asleep, with his powder bag by his side, when in some
+manner it was set on fire, and the powder, exploding, tore the flesh
+from his body and thighs for the space of nine or ten inches square,
+even down to the bones.
+
+In his agony, and being thus horribly aroused from sleep, hardly knowing
+what he did, he plunged overboard as the quickest way to soothe the
+pain. There he was like to have drowned but for Samuel White, who came
+near to losing his own life in saving him.
+
+He was brought back to the town on the day before the ships of the
+fleet, which had brought so many quarrelsome people, were to sail for
+England. With no surgeon to dress his wounds, what could he do but
+depart in one of these ships with the poor hope of living in agony until
+he arrived on the other side of the ocean.
+
+Nathaniel and I would have gone with him, willing, because of his
+friendship for us, to have served him so long as we lived. He refused to
+listen to our prayers, insisting that we were lads well fitted to live
+in a new land like Virginia, and that if we would but remain with Master
+Hunt, working out our time of apprenticeship, which would be but five
+years longer, then might we find ourselves men of importance in the
+colony. He doubted not, so he said, but that we would continue, after he
+had gone, as we had while he was with us.
+
+What could we lads do other than obey, when his commands were laid upon
+us, even though our hearts were so sore that it seemed as if it would no
+longer be possible to live when he had departed?
+
+Even amid his suffering, when one might well have believed that he could
+give no heed to anything save his own plight, he spoke to us of what we
+should do for the bettering of our own condition. He promised that as
+soon as he was come to London, and able to walk around, if so be God
+permitted him to live, he would seek out Nathaniel's parents to tell
+them that the lad who had run away from his home was rapidly making a
+man of himself in Virginia, and would one day come back to gladden their
+hearts.
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN SMITH'S DEPARTURE
+
+
+It is not well for me to dwell upon our parting with the master whom we
+had served more than two years, and who had ever been the most friendly
+friend and the most manly man one could ask to meet.
+
+Our hearts were sore, when, after having done what little we might
+toward carrying him on board the ship, we came back to his house, which
+he had said in the presence of witnesses should be ours, and there took
+up our lives with Master Hunt.
+
+But for that good man's prayers, on this first night we would have
+abandoned ourselves entirely to grief; but he devoted his time to
+soothing us, showing why we had no right to do other than continue in
+the course on which we had been started by the man who was gone from us,
+until it was, to my mind at least, as if I should be doing some grievous
+wrong to my master, if I failed to carry on the work while he was away,
+as it would have been done had I known we were to see him again within
+the week.
+
+With Captain Smith gone, perhaps to his death; with half a dozen men who
+claimed the right to stand at the head of the government until Lord De
+la Warr should come; and with the savages menacing us on every hand,
+sore indeed was our plight.
+
+With so many in the town, for there were now four hundred and ninety
+persons, and while the savages, because of having been so sorely
+wronged, were in arms against us, it was no longer possible to go abroad
+for food, and as the winter came on we were put to it even in that land
+of plenty, for enough to keep ourselves alive.
+
+
+
+
+THE "STARVING TIME"
+
+
+We came to know what starvation meant during that winter, and were I to
+set down here all of the suffering, of the hunger weakness, and of the
+selfishness we saw during the six months after Captain Smith sailed for
+home, there would not be days enough left in my life to complete the
+tale.
+
+As I look back on it now, it seems more like some wonderful dream than
+a reality, wherein men strove with women and children for food to keep
+life in their own worthless bodies.
+
+It is enough if I say that of the four hundred and ninety persons whom
+Captain Smith left behind him, there were, in the month of May of the
+year 1610, but fifty-eight left alive. That God should have spared
+among those, Nathaniel Peacock and myself, is something which passeth
+understanding, for verily there were scores of better than we whose
+lives would have advantaged Jamestown more than ours ever can, who died
+and were buried as best they could be by the few who had sufficient
+strength remaining to dig the graves.
+
+I set it down in all truth that, through God's mercy, our lives were
+saved by Master Hunt, for he counseled us wisely as to the care we
+should take of our bodies when our stomachs were crying out for food,
+and it was he who showed us how we might prepare this herb or the bark
+from that tree for the sustaining of life, when we had nothing else to
+put into our mouths.
+
+We had forgotten that Lord De la Warr was the new governor; we had heard
+nothing of the ship in which it was said Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George
+Somers had sailed. We were come to that pass where we cared neither for
+governor nor nobleman. We strove only to keep within our bodies the life
+which had become painful.
+
+Then it was, when the few of us who yet lived, feared each moment lest
+the savages would put an end to us, that we saw sailing up into the bay
+two small ships, and I doubt if there was any among us who did not fall
+upon his knees and give thanks aloud to God for the help which had come
+at the very moment when it had seemed that we were past all aid.
+
+
+
+
+OUR COURAGE GIVES OUT
+
+
+But our time of rejoicing was short. Although these two ships were
+brought by Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Somers, having in them not
+less than one hundred and fifty men, they did not have among them food
+sufficient to provide for the wants of our company until another harvest
+should come.
+
+The vessel in which these new comers had sailed was, as I have said,
+wrecked in a hurricane near the Bermuda Isles, where, after much labor,
+they had contrived to build these two small ships.
+
+It needed not that we, who of all our people in Jamestown remained
+alive, should tell the story of what we had suffered, for that could be
+read on our faces.
+
+Neither was it required that these new comers should study long in order
+to decide upon the course to be pursued, for the answer to all their
+speculations could be found in the empty storehouse, and in the
+numberless graves 'twixt there and the river bank.
+
+Of provisions, they had so much as might serve for a voyage to England,
+if peradventure the winds were favorable; and ere the ships had been
+at anchor four and twenty hours, it was resolved that we should abandon
+this town of James, which we had hoped might one day grow into a city
+fair to look upon.
+
+An attempt to build up a nation in this new land of Virginia, of which
+ours was the third, had cost of money and of blood more than man could
+well set down, and now, after all this brave effort on the part of such
+men as Captain Smith, Master Hunt and Master Percy, it was to go for
+naught.
+
+Once more were the savages to hold undisputed possession of the land
+which they claimed as their own.
+
+
+
+
+ABANDONING JAMESTOWN
+
+
+Now even though Nathaniel Peacock and I had known more of suffering
+and of sorrow, than of pleasure, in Jamestown, our hearts were sore at
+leaving it.
+
+It seemed to me as if we were running contrary to that which my master
+would have commanded, and there were tears in my eyes, of which I was
+not ashamed, when Nathaniel and I, hand in hand, followed Master Hunt
+out of the house we had helped to build.
+
+Those who had come from the shipwreck amid the Bermudas, were rejoicing
+because they had failed to arrive in time to share with us the
+starvation and the sickness, therefore to them this turning back upon
+the enterprise was but a piece of good fortune. Yet were they silent and
+sad, understanding our sorrow.
+
+It was the eighth day of June, in the year 1610, when we set sail from
+Jamestown, believing we were done with the new world forever, and yet
+within less than three hours was all our grief changed to rejoicing, all
+our sorrow to thankfulness.
+
+
+
+
+LORD DE LA WARR'S ARRIVAL
+
+
+At the mouth of the river, sailing toward us bravely as if having come
+from some glorious victory, were three ships laden with men, and, as we
+afterward came to know, an ample store of provisions.
+
+It was Lord De la Warr who had come to take up his governorship, and
+verily he was arrived in the very point of time, for had he been delayed
+four and twenty hours, we would have been on the ocean, where was little
+likelihood of seeing him.
+
+It needs not I should say that our ships were turned back, and before
+nightfall Master Hunt was sitting in Captain Smith's house, with
+Nathaniel Peacock and me cooking for him such a dinner as we three had
+not known these six months past.
+
+I have finished my story of Jamestown, having set myself to tell only of
+what was done there while we were with Captain John Smith.
+
+And it is well I should bring this story to an end here, for if I make
+any attempt at telling what came to Nathaniel Peacock and myself after
+that, then am I like to keep on until he who has begun to read will lay
+down the story because of weariness.
+
+For the satisfaction of myself, and the better pleasing of Nathaniel
+Peacock, however, I will add, concerning our two selves, that we
+remained in the land of Virginia until our time of apprenticeship was
+ended, and then it was, that Master Hunt did for us as Captain Smith had
+promised to do.
+
+
+
+
+THE YOUNG PLANTERS
+
+
+We found ourselves, in the year 1614, the owners of an hundred acres of
+land which Nathaniel and I had chosen some distance back from the river,
+so that we might stand in no danger of the shaking sickness, and built
+ourselves a house like unto the one we had helped make for Captain
+Smith.
+
+With the coming of Lord De la Warr all things were changed. The
+governing of the people was done as my old master, who never saw
+Virginia again, I grieve to say, would have had it. We became a law
+abiding people, save when a few hotheads stirred up trouble and got the
+worst of it.
+
+When Nathaniel Peacock and I settled down as planters on our own
+account, there were eleven villages in the land of Virginia, and, living
+in them, more than four thousand men, women, and children.
+
+It was no longer a country over which the savages ruled without check,
+though sad to relate, the brown men of the land shed the blood of white
+men like water, ere they were driven out from among us.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Richard of Jamestown, by James Otis
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RICHARD OF JAMESTOWN ***
+
+***** This file should be named 7465.txt or 7465.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/7/4/6/7465/
+
+Produced by Martin Robb
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.