diff options
Diffstat (limited to '75163-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 75163-0.txt | 2900 |
1 files changed, 2900 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/75163-0.txt b/75163-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..465b9d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/75163-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2900 @@ + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75163 *** + + + + + + +[Illustration: + + VOLUME EIGHT APRIL, 1913 NUMBER TWO + + THE AMERICAN + RED CROSS + MAGAZINE + + ISSUED FROM THE NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS + WASHINGTON, D. C. + + FOUNDED TO AID IN THE PREVENTION AND + ALLEVIATION OF HUMAN SUFFERING IN TIMES + OF PEACE AND WAR] + + + + +CONTENTS + + + American Red Cross Officers 2 + + Form of Bequest 3 + + Frontispiece 4 + + Opinion and Comment 5 + + New name, new paper, new department. + Mayor Gaynor’s Southern Flood Relief Committee. + Cincinnati Chapter wide awake. + Chapter news wanted for publication. + Red Cross law and those who violate it. + Our countrymen’s splendid service in Turkey. + Brigadier-General Carroll A. Devol, U. S. A. + Physicians will help the Red Cross. + The forty-ninth State Board. + The Red Cross in Baltimore. + The Red Cross Building. + + Vivid Glimpses of the American Red Cross in Turkey 12 + + Fighting the Cholera in San Stefano. + Situation in Salonica. + Red Cross Work for Refugees in Western Asia Minor. + Activities of the Red Crescent Society. + Savages four hundred years ago. + Faik Pasha Della-Sudda. + + Red Cross and White Cross in Mexico 27 + + Dynamite Explosion at Baltimore 33 + + Public Works and Relief in China 34 + + Nicaraguan Famine Relief 39 + + Important Conference on Red Cross Christmas Seals 41 + + What the Red Cross Seal has done for Brooklyn 45 + + First Aid Department 48 + + First Aid in Australia 52 + + Red Cross Nursing Service 54 + + Rural Nursing. + Home Nursing and First Aid Instruction for Women. + + The Red Cross at the Inauguration 60 + + Red Cross Endowment Fund 63 + + Advertising Section 65 + + + + +THE AMERICAN RED CROSS + + +_President_ + + HON. WILLIAM H. TAFT + +_Vice-President_ + + MR. ROBERT W. DE FOREST + +_Treasurer_ + + HON. SHERMAN ALLEN + +_Counselor_ + + HON. WILLIAM MARSHALL BULLITT + +_National Director_ + + MR. ERNEST P. BICKNELL + +_Secretary_ + + MR. CHARLES L. MAGEE + +CENTRAL COMMITTEE + +_Appointed by the President of the United States._ + + Major General George W. Davis, U. S. A. (Retired), _Chairman_. + Honorable Huntington Wilson, Assistant Secretary of State, + To represent the Department of State. + Honorable Sherman Allen, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, + To represent the Department of the Treasury. + Brigadier General George H. Torney, Surgeon General, U. S. Army, + To represent the War Department. + Rear Admiral Charles F. Stokes. Surgeon General, U. S. Navy, + To represent the Navy Department. + Honorable William Marshall Bullitt, Solicitor General, + To represent the Department of Justice. + +_Elected by the Board of Incorporators._ + + Miss Mabel T. Boardman, Washington, D. C. + Mr. Robert W. de Forest, New York, N. Y. + Colonel A. G. Kaufman, Charleston, S. C. + Judge W. W. Morrow, San Francisco, Cal. + Honorable H. Kirke Porter, Pittsburgh, Pa. + Honorable James Tanner, Washington, D. C. + +_Elected by Delegates._ + + Brigadier General Charles Bird, U. S. A. (Retired). + Mr. William W. Farnam, New Haven, Conn. + Mr. John M. Glenn, New York, N. Y. + Honorable Charles Nagel, Washington, D. C. + Honorable Charles D. Norton, New York, N. Y. + Honorable Beekman Winthrop, Washington, D. C. + + + + +FORM OF BEQUEST + + +A will in the form following may be used to bequeath money for the +purposes of the Red Cross. It would be well to have the same signed by +THREE WITNESSES in the presence of the testator and of each other. + +All legacies, not otherwise specified, are applied to the Endowment Fund. + + I, A. B., of __________ (testator’s domicil), hereby make and + publish the following as my last will and testament: + + I give and bequeath to the American National Red Red Cross, + a corporation in the District of Columbia, created by Act of + Congress of the United States of America, its successors and + assigns, the sum of + + ____ Dollars. + + (A. B.) __________ + + Signed, sealed, published and declared by the above named A. + B. as and for his last will and testament, in the presence of + us, who have hereunto subscribed our names at his request as + witnesses thereto, in the presence of the said testator and of + each other. + + __________ + + __________ + + __________ + + + + +[Illustration: ALAMEDA PARK, MEXICO CITY, SCENE OF FIGHTING IN RECENT +REVOLUTION. + +© Underwood & Underwood] + + + + + THE + AMERICAN RED CROSS + MAGAZINE + + VOLUME EIGHT APRIL, 1913 NUMBER TWO + + + + +Opinion and Comment + + +NEW NAME, NEW PAPER, NEW DEPARTMENT + +Unless attention is specifically called to the fact, our readers may +not notice that with this issue they receive a MAGAZINE instead of a +BULLETIN. That time-tried query of the cynic, “What’s in a name?” may be +flung at us, and our answer will be that the contents and character of +this publication are more in keeping with the accepted idea of a magazine +than of a bulletin. At any rate, we like the new name better than the +old, and we hope our readers will approve our taste. But whatever may +be the verdict upon the slight change of name, we feel assured that we +shall hear only approval of the heavier and better paper on which the +magazine is printed. We hope also that the new department of “Opinion +and Comment” may prove acceptable. Furthest from our thought is any idea +that the MAGAZINE is perfect, and any concrete suggestions of improvement +which readers may offer will be cordially received and given careful +consideration. + + +MAYOR GAYNOR’S SOUTHERN FLOOD RELIEF COMMITTEE + +During the Mississippi River flood in the spring of 1912, Mayor Gaynor, +of New York, appointed a committee to collect money for relief purposes. +Mr. Robert W. de Forest, head of the New York County Chapter of the Red +Cross, was made chairman, and Mr. Robert Adamson, the Mayor’s secretary, +became secretary of the committee. Among the prominent members were +officers of the New York Southern Society. This committee undertook its +duties with such vigor and effectiveness that it became much the largest +contributor to the flood relief fund placed in the hands of the Red Cross +for expenditure. The committee held its final meeting in Mayor Gaynor’s +office on January 21, 1913, when the secretary presented an interesting +account of the work accomplished. + +Money was received from all parts of the country, although the greater +part was contributed by residents of New York City. The New York Southern +Society received $14,281.05. From this sum $10,000 was paid to Mr. Jacob +H. Schiff, treasurer for the Mayor’s committee. The Southern Society +also paid all expenses of the campaign for both itself and the Mayor’s +committee, amounting to $1,612.49, and forwarded $600 directly to flood +sufferers. This left a balance in the hands of the Southern Society of +$2,068.56, which later was turned over to the Red Cross. Including the +$10,000 paid in by the Southern Society, the Mayor’s committee received a +total of $67,322.39, all of which was transmitted to the Red Cross. + +Summarizing the work of both the Southern Society and the Mayor’s +committee it appears that the total collections amounted to $71,601.44, +of which $600 went direct to the flood district, $1,612.49 was paid for +expenses and $69,390.95 was turned over to the Red Cross. + +By invitation of the committee the national director of the Red Cross +attended the final meeting and gave an account of the relief operations +as carried on in behalf of the quarter of a million persons whose homes +were affected in the 15,000 square miles of country inundated. + + +CINCINNATI CHAPTER WIDE AWAKE + +Good news comes from the Cincinnati Chapter of the Red Cross, where Mr. +Julius Fleischman is chairman and Miss Annie Laws secretary. A permanent +office has been taken at 220 West Seventh street, and Miss Hilda M. +Reinecke, a well known nurse, has been placed in charge. Miss Reinecke +will also serve as instructor in home nursing, for which classes are now +being organized. During the flood in Cincinnati in January the Chapter +participated actively in relief operations in co-operation with the +committee appointed by the mayor, who, by the way, is an active member of +the executive committee of the Chapter. Plans are in contemplation for +other important activities, and no great prophetic power is required to +predict a useful career for the Chapter. + + +CHAPTER NEWS WANTED FOR PUBLICATION + +It is hoped to devote an increasing amount of space in the RED CROSS +MAGAZINE to accounts of the work and plans of Chapters. For this reason +chairmen and secretaries are invited to send in reports and notes of +anything of interest in which the Chapters are engaged or which they +are contemplating. In this way the experience of one Chapter will be +made available for the help and guidance of others. While establishing +policies and strengthening other parts of the national organization the +creation and upbuilding of Chapters have been necessarily retarded. It is +believed the time has come for a vigorous effort to bring the Chapters +into their proper place of importance in the Red Cross scheme of things. +Officers of Chapters are invited to study the little handbook recently +published with a view to finding suggestions for local activities of +an interesting and useful character. It is to be remembered that the +handbook is not intended to specify all the activities permissible to +a Chapter, but is meant to define in a broad way the legitimate field +for Red Cross activities, with a few suggestions of specific lines of +work which are consistent with the purposes of the society. The national +director will be glad to correspond with Chapters which contemplate +embarking in new work. Reports or items of Chapter news intended for the +MAGAZINE should be sent to the national director. + + +RED CROSS LAW AND THOSE WHO VIOLATE IT + +That persons who use the name or emblem of the Red Cross illegally, do +so, as a rule, in ignorance of the federal law prohibiting such use, and +are quick to discontinue the violation when their attention is called +to the statute, is a fact frequently demonstrated. A recent instance in +point was that of the William Windhorst Company, of Cincinnati. This +company had issued some attractive advertising matter which contained +the Red Cross emblem. As soon as it was informed that this was in +violation of law, the company took prompt measures to recall and destroy +the objectionable printed matter and to inform its customers that it +holds the American Red Cross in the highest respect and would, under no +circumstances, knowingly infringe upon its rights. + +Another striking illustration of the same spirit was that in which Mr. +Arthur Letts, proprietor of a large department store in Los Angeles, +not only discarded all use of the Red Cross in his own advertising, but +issued an order to his buyers that no goods bearing the name or emblem of +the Red Cross should be purchased or sold in his store. + +Members of the American Red Cross everywhere who observe locally the +use of the name or emblem on signs or tags or vehicles or for other +advertising purposes are urged to call the attention of the users to the +federal law which prohibits such use. The secretary of the Red Cross in +Washington will always be pleased to learn of such efforts and their +results. If a user declines to discontinue the practice, the member of +the Red Cross who has called his attention to the law is invited to send +the user’s name and address to the secretary in Washington, together with +a description of the character of the violation observed. A copy of the +law will be sent to any one on request. + + +OUR COUNTRYMEN’S SPLENDID SERVICE IN TURKEY + +Every member of the Red Cross who reads the several short reports from +Turkey in this number of the RED CROSS MAGAZINE must be stirred by a +deep sense of pride in the great work of humanity which is being carried +on by the Constantinople Chapter of the American Red Cross. In the +dreadful cholera camp of San-Stefano, in the hospitals filled with sick +and wounded soldiers in Constantinople, among the starving refugees, +children, women and old men, in Salonica and Asia Minor, the story is the +same. Brave men and women giving of their time and strength and skill, +disregarding danger and hardship and forgetful of their own personal +affairs, are making a record of effective accomplishment under extreme +difficulties in that foreign country which should touch the deepest +springs of American patriotism. Slight, indeed, as compared to this +splendid service is our duty and privilege of giving something of our +abundance wherewith to sustain these efforts. + + +BRIGADIER-GENERAL CARROLL A. DEVOL, U. S. A. + +When the Red Cross first knew him he was Major Carroll A. Devol, U. +S. A. He was then performing a herculean task in the relief of San +Francisco, and was doing the job in such a manner as to arouse general +admiration for his executive ability, his promptness and his calmness +under extremely trying conditions. Since those days he has proved his +mettle in relief work for the Red Cross following the great storm at +Hattiesburg and Purvis, Mississippi, and after a great fire of two years +ago at Colon, Panama. On the Canal Zone, where he has for some years been +United States Quartermaster for the Canal Commission, he was instrumental +in establishing a very active and efficient Chapter of the Red Cross. + +All this leads up to the announcement that Major Devol, after promotion +to the rank of colonel, has now been appointed a brigadier general, and +the Red Cross, could it express itself through its MAGAZINE, would extend +to him its hand in hearty congratulation and good wishes. He has been a +strong and reliable friend of the Red Cross at all times, and through +his unselfish devotion has done much to advance its cause and establish +its good name. While his well deserved promotion has come as a result of +eminent services in the army, we shall no doubt be pardoned for utilizing +this opportunity of recalling his great services to the Red Cross. + + +PHYSICIANS WILL HELP THE RED CROSS + +In the RED CROSS MAGAZINE for January, 1913, announcement was made of +the appointment, by the American Medical Association, of a committee +whose duty it was to confer with the American Red Cross with a view to +establishing a comprehensive system of co-operation between the Red Cross +and the medical profession of the United States. The committee has proved +to be prompt and active. Following is a copy of a circular letter which +has been sent to all the county medical societies in the country. It will +be found to contain a clear outline of the co-operative plan proposed by +the committee and approved by the executive committee of the Red Cross: + + February 14, 1913. + + TO THE SECRETARY, + County Medical Society, + + DEAR SIR: + + The undersigned have been constituted a committee by the + President of the American Medical Association to cooperate with + the American Red Cross, in the matter of medical work. + + The Committee feels that a great deal of substantial good will + come to all communities by providing a body of representative + physicians of approved qualifications to direct or participate + in medical work carried on by the Red Cross in different + localities in times of emergencies and to advise with the + representatives of that society on questions of medical policy + and procedure. Besides its activity in emergency relief work, + the Red Cross is engaged in an educational campaign for the + mitigation of human suffering and the saving of lives. So + far it has extended this movement only to the teaching of + prevention of accidents and first aid to the injured, but it is + hoped in future that it shall include popular instruction in + the prevention of disease. These medical committees are not in + any way bound to this educational work of the Red Cross, but + members of the committees who may be interested are invited to + correspond with the First Aid Department of the Red Cross. + + In the opinion of this committee, the plan may be properly + considered under the following headings: + + 1. OBJECT. Primarily this service is designed to meet local + emergencies when conditions of disaster are such as to call for + the intervention of the Red Cross. When exigencies come about + in any community the Red Cross would be glad to feel that it + might call upon carefully selected physicians in that community + to lend their aid in the medical work incident to the situation. + + 2. ORGANIZATION. It is desired to have in every county a + central committee of five physicians, two of whom shall be + the President and Secretary of the County Medical Society, + _ex officio_. The President of the County Medical Society + shall select the other three members, preferably from the list + of councilors or of the executive committee. This committee + should be designated the “Committee on Red Cross Medical + Work.” The names and residences of the members, immediately + after organization, should be reported to the chairman of the + American Medical Association. In case of disaster, requiring + relief action by the Red Cross, these county committees will + be called upon to nominate qualified medical men in their + respective counties for Red Cross service. The committees will + also serve in an advisory medical capacity to the Red Cross in + time of disaster and in other lines of Red Cross activity as + indicated in a preceding paragraph. + + 3. QUALIFICATIONS. The certification of physicians by County + Committees will be accepted as ample evidence of the physical, + moral and professional qualifications of the gentlemen + recommended for appointment. It may be pertinent to state that + service in time of disaster may entail severe physical effort + and physical fitness of appointees to perform hard work is, + therefore, important. + + 4. COMPENSATION. In some instances the Red Cross may require + the services of physicians at a distance from their places of + residence and for varying periods. Under these conditions the + Red Cross will be prepared to pay traveling expenses and a + moderate honorarium to be agreed upon between the physicians + and the National Director of the Red Cross. + + It will be obvious to you that the arrangement here proposed + is primarily intended to provide for emergencies which may + suddenly arise in any community or, on the other hand, may + happily never occur. Thus it may be that the committee which + we are inviting you to create may never be called into action, + while, on the other hand, it may have occasion to perform a + very great public service. Your cooperation in the completion + of this plan at as early a date as convenient will be + appreciated. + + Please address all communications bearing upon the contents of + this letter to the Chairman, Doctor George M. Kober, care The + American Red Cross, 715 Union Trust Building, Washington, D. C. + + Very respectfully, + + GEORGE M. KOBER, M.D., + _Chairman._ + + F. A. WINTER, + _Lt. Colonel, Medical + Corps, U. S. Army._ + + E. M. BLACKWELL, + _Surgeon, U. S. Navy._ + + At a meeting of the Executive Committee of the American + National Red Cross held in Washington, D. C., February 14, + 1913, the foregoing plan of cooperation between the medical + profession and the Red Cross was unanimously approved. + + GEORGE W. DAVIS, + _Major General, U. S. A., retired, + Chairman Central Committee._ + + CHARLES L. MAGEE, _Secretary_. + +Many replies are coming from county medical societies indicating a +cordial acceptance of the committee’s plan. It may be said, in this +connection, that the medical profession has always been generous and +responsive in the highest degree in all its relations with the Red Cross. +The purpose of the new plan is to provide a simple system by means of +which this cordial relationship may become more effective. + + +THE FORTY-NINTH STATE BOARD + +The New Mexico State Board of the American Red Cross was appointed on +February 26, 1913, this being the forty-ninth Board organized since the +inception of the State Board form of organization. + +Immediately the new States of Arizona and New Mexico were admitted to the +Union the first steps looking to the organization of Red Cross Boards +therein were taken. The cordiality with which Hon. William C. McDonald, +Governor of New Mexico, and Hon. George W. P. Hunt, Governor of Arizona, +entered into the negotiations was keenly appreciated by the Red Cross +officers at Washington, and it is hoped that the announcement of the +completion of the Arizona Board will be made in the not distant future. +The membership of the New Mexico Board is as follows: + + Hon. William C. McDonald, Santa Fe, _President_. + Hon. Richard H. Hanna, Santa Fe. + Mr. Nathan Jaffa, Roswell. + Mr. John R. Joyce, Carlsbad. + Mr. H. S. Kaune, Santa Fe. + Mr. Owen N. Marron, Albuquerque. + Mr. W. D. Murray, Silver City. + +A decision has not as yet been made as to which of the above-named +members will be appointed Treasurer of the Board, but no time will be +lost in putting the Board into workable shape. + +The past election brought changes in the gubernatorial chairs of +twenty-three of the States in which the American Red Cross has State +Boards. Men elected to such important positions in the governments of +the various States must find little time at the beginning for matters +other than those pertaining strictly to their new offices, yet out of the +twenty-three new Governors fifteen have already accepted the Presidency +of the Boards in their respective States. That the Red Cross can make +this announcement gives it great satisfaction, and it feels confident +that the remaining eight new Governors will also accept the leadership of +their State Boards as soon as the first rush of their new administration +is over. + +During the past year the State Boards of Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, +Louisiana and Mississippi again demonstrated, during the relief work +incident to the Mississippi flood, as did that of West Virginia in +connection with the flood in the Northwestern part of that State, the +value of the plan adopted by the Red Cross and which comprehends in each +State a group of successful business and professional men to act as its +financial representatives and advisers in connection with disaster relief +work. + + +THE RED CROSS IN BALTIMORE + +On another page will be found a brief account of the recent great +dynamite explosion in Baltimore with the relief measures which followed. +The incident offers an excellent illustration of the adaptability of Red +Cross methods and of the fact that the organization, though national +in scope and policy, is none-the-less local in its relations and an +integral part of the community in which its service is needed. When a +disaster is of such magnitude or character that local agencies of relief +are prostrated or overwhelmed, the Red Cross is prepared to provide the +necessary machinery for relief distribution; in smaller disasters the Red +Cross simply joins hands with other local agencies and lends its strength +and influence to concentration of resources and cooperative effort. + +In time it is hoped that at least in our larger cities and towns there +will exist Red Cross Chapters in affiliation with all the local agencies +that can be utilized in case of disaster, so that relief work at such +times will all become Red Cross work. + + +THE RED CROSS BUILDING + +In the RED CROSS MAGAZINE for January, 1913, appeared an illustration +of the beautiful building which the Red Cross hoped to obtain through +the combined generosity of the New York Commandery of the Loyal Legion +and the Congress of the United States. The proposed building was to be +a memorial to the loyal women of the Civil War and was to become the +permanent headquarters of the American Red Cross. + +The Loyal Legion offered to donate $300,000 toward the memorial on +condition that Congress would give a suitable site in the City of +Washington. A bill was accordingly introduced in Congress to carry the +plan into effect by appropriating $300,000 for the purchase of ground. +Everybody was favorable and all conditions seemed auspicious. + +Those who have had opportunities to observe legislation in the making, +are familiar with the fact that the only certain thing about it is its +uncertainty. A resume of the career of this particular measure affords +a shining example in point. The bill was introduced in both Senate and +House in the spring of 1912, and was referred to committees in the usual +manner. The Senate committee gave prompt consideration to the bill, and +of its own accord increased the amount of the proposed appropriation +to $400,000, after which it reported it to the Senate, which passed it +without opposition. The Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds of the +House, after hearings, submitted a unanimously favorable report to the +House on the last day before adjournment for the summer of 1912. + +When Congress met in December, 1912, the status of the Red Cross +building bill seemed most fortunate. It had passed the Senate without +opposition carrying an appropriation of $400,000. The House Committee +had unanimously accepted the Senate bill and had recommended it for +passage. All that remained was for the House to pass it and the President +to attach his signature. The road looked straight and easy and not very +long, with a bright blue sky overhead. + +And then something interfered slightly with the forward movement. Many +other bills with many active congressmen behind them crowded into the +foreground. There seemed to be no opening for the Red Cross bill to slip +through. Big bills for the support of the vast governmental departments +had to be given precedence. Time flew and congressmen began to refer +to the fact that it was a short session with much to be done. Also the +leaders began to urge economy in appropriations. + +It was found impossible to get a definite place or date set for a vote on +the Red Cross bill. At one time it was proposed to try to call it up by +unanimous consent, but nothing came of that. Then those in charge thought +better to abandon it as a distinct measure and insert it as an item in +the big Public Buildings and Grounds Bill, which contained appropriations +for many buildings. Later the cry of economy became more strident and the +plan for the Red Cross bill was again changed. Now it was decided not to +bring it forward in the House but instead to pass the Public Buildings +and Grounds Bill in the House without it and let it be inserted by the +Senate when the big bill reached that body. + +It is customary for the Senate to add numerous items to bills of this +character after the House has passed them. Then the bills as amended +by the Senate must go back to the House for the House to accept the +Senate amendments. If the House declines to accept the Senate amendments +a committee is appointed from each side to confer and try to agree +on the items in dispute. Usually both Senate and House accept the +recommendations of the conference committees. + +So the House passed the Public Buildings and Grounds Bill without the +Red Cross item and the Senate was asked to insert that item. It did so. +Then opposition arose because the Red Cross building was a memorial to +the _loyal_ women of the Civil War. It was argued that the Confederate +women were just as brave and devoted and self-sacrificing as the women +of the North; that no memorial should perpetuate sectional feeling. +The proposition was made that the word _loyal_ be eliminated and that +the building be a memorial to _all_ the women of the Civil War. This +could not be done, however, because the gift of $300,000 by the Loyal +Legion was conditioned upon the retention of the word _loyal_. A sharp +discussion followed with the result that the Red Cross item was entirely +stricken out. A little later the subject was reopened and the Red Cross +item was again inserted and remained there when the Senate passed the +bill. + +The House refused to accept the Senate amendments and a conference +committee was appointed. Several important Senate amendments, among them +the Red Cross item, became the subject of prolonged discussion. Congress +must adjourn on March 4th. It was now March 3rd and it became imperative +that an agreement should be reached. Finally the dispute had narrowed +down to this: + +The House conferees would consent to the passage of the Red Cross item +if the Senate would abandon the item for the purchase of the Rock Creek +Valley in Washington for park purposes. The Rock Creek Valley purchase +was of the utmost importance to Washington. It had been urged for years +and there was no question that it was of greater public value at this +time than the provision of a Red Cross building. The Senate forced to +this hard choice wisely held on to the Rock Creek Valley item and the Red +Cross item was lost. + +Perhaps this story of high hope, of keen suspense, of alternating +optimism and despair is not worth the space here given to its relation. +It is, however, a tale of a gallant fight in which the Red Cross won many +friends and made no enemies. Shall it fare better in Congress another +year? Who so faint hearted as to doubt? + + + + +Vivid Glimpses of the American Red Cross in Turkey + + +_Following are several illuminating extracts from reports recently +received from the fields of Red Cross activity in Turkey. The American +Red Cross has been extremely fortunate in the character of its +representation in this work. Some of those whose services have been +particularly noteworthy are mentioned in the statement below by Mr. G. +Bie Ravndal, American Consul General at Constantinople, who is also +secretary of the Red Cross Chapter in Constantinople. The composite +picture of widely extended and many-sided activity presented by these +brief reports conveys an impression of magnitude and importance which +must gratify every American who takes pride in the achievements of his +fellow countrymen._—EDITOR RED CROSS MAGAZINE. + + +FIGHTING THE CHOLERA AT SAN STEFANO + +BY G. BIE RAVNDAL, _American Consul General, Secretary Red Cross Chapter._ + +Our Chapter was just withdrawing from the earthquake stricken coast +of the sea of Marmora, where, owing to the generosity of charitable +Americans, acting through the American National Red Cross, it had been +enabled to furnish medical and other timely aid, as described in my +report of October, 1912, when the wardogs were let loose in the Balkans, +and then began the initial scenes of that terrible drama which, during +the winter, has monopolized the attention of the world. + +Hardly had the curtain fallen after the first battles, which followed +each other in swift, unrelenting succession, before the cholera began its +fearful ravages, competing with the shrapnel in deadly work. + +Thousands of families, mostly women, children and old men, fled before +the onrush of soldiers from the north. Their suffering on the trail +baffles all description. + +No feature of the catastrophe proved more heartrending than the condition +of affairs in the San-Stefano cholera camp, in which masses of sick +and wounded soldiers were thrown together after the battles of Louleh +Bourgas and Wisa. It is gratifying to be able to report the fact that it +was Hoffman Philip, secretary of the American Embassy in Constantinople; +Major Clyde Sinclair Ford, of the Medical Corps of the United States +Army, and Frederick Moore, of the Associated Press, who taking their +lives in their hands, first undertook the heroic work of organizing +relief in this place of horror. They were nobly assisted by Reverend +Dr. Frew, of the Scotch Mission in Constantinople, by two Swiss ladies, +residents of San-Stefano, Miss Alt and Mrs. Schneider, and also by Hon. +Maurice Baring, of London. The details of the relief furnished by our +Chapter in the San-Stefano cholera camp have been described in letters by +Mrs. W. W. Rockhill, wife of the American Ambassador at Constantinople, +and I shall not attempt to add to the information submitted by her, as +at the time under report I was in the United States. Mrs. Rockhill has +taken a leading part in the relief work instituted by the Constantinople +Chapter in the present emergencies, and the Chapter is deeply grateful to +her. Ultimately the San-Stefano situation was taken in hand by the Red +Crescent. + +[Illustration: COMMITTEE OF NICHAUTACHE (SULTAN’S) HOSPITAL.] + +[Illustration: EGYPTIAN RED CRESCENT MISSION UNDER DR. MAX REICH.] + +Even before the San-Stefano need had been discovered by Mr. Hoffman +Philip, whose action in this relation cannot be too highly praised, the +Constantinople Chapter had established two Red Cross wards for wounded +soldiers in the barracks at Tash-Kesla in Constantinople, and a fully +equipped operating room. This hospital work has been, and is still +being, conducted by Major Ford. Major Ford came here while on leave +and generously offered his services to the Constantinople Chapter. His +professional skill and administrative experience have enabled the Chapter +to render invaluable help, which otherwise could not have been furnished +by us, in saving lives and alleviating suffering. Major Ford has been +ably assisted by D. Alton Davis, secretary of the International Y. M. C. +A. in Constantinople; Dr. Walton, surgeon of _U. S. S. Scorpion_, and Dr. +Kazakos, a graduate of Robert College. + +Since Christmas the Chapter has been giving special attention to the +“refugees.” + +Dr. Wilfred Mellvaine Post, of the American Medical Mission in Konia, +magnanimously volunteered to superintend the Chapter’s efforts in the +field for the relief of refugees. Associated with him is Miss Jeannie +Jillson, of the American School for Girls in Broussa. + +Next to Broussa, as far as the Chapter’s present activities in behalf of +the refugees are concerned, comes Salonica. Our relief work is also being +extended into Monastir and Koricha in Albania. + + +SITUATION IN SALONICA + +_Letter from Mr. E. O. Jacob._ + + Salonica, Jan. 3, 1913. + +I trust you will forgive me for not writing you earlier. My trip +unfortunately lasted 13 days. I had 5 days’ quarantine in Pireus and +then had to wait 5 days for a steamer, so that I did not reach here till +December 30. I found, as I had feared, that the most urgent need was +over, and the work of relief in Salonica itself was already pretty well +organized. It seems, however, that my services will meet a real need at +least for some weeks. Some one is urgently needed to visit the towns and +villages of the provinces and Mr. Haskell is certainly the best man for +that. + +I am writing this letter also as a sort of report, any material of which +you are at liberty to use. You have already received, I understand, a +copy of the “Independent,” describing the work of the “Societe de Secours +aux Refugies.” This is a quite modest and impersonal description of +the work of Mr. Haskell, Mme. Christo Hajji Lazaro and the association +whom they have gathered, namely, Pastor Brunau, Mme. Yenny, the wife +of a Swiss merchant; Sister Augustine of the Catholic Mission, and +lately Mr. van Bommel. They began at once the collection of funds, the +investigation of the condition of the refugees and the giving of bread. +It must have been a terrible task to locate 50,000 refugees, scattered +as they were all over the city, and still more so to inaugurate a system +of distribution, for the imams of mosques and the former Mouhtars of +different districts tried in every way to turn the funds into their +own pockets. But by frequent and tiresome inspections a fair degree of +efficiency is now maintained. The committee has now the aid of three +native pastors, who are proving very effective in tracing irregularities, +removals and other changes. + +[Illustration: HOSPITAL IN CONSTANTINOPLE IN CHARGE OF GERMAN OFFICERS.] + +[Illustration: TASH-KESHLA HOSPITAL, CONSTANTINOPLE. + +FRONT ROW (BEGINNING FIFTH FROM LEFT)—MAJOR FORD C. S. A.; TURKISH +DOCTOR; MADAME DEPAGE IN NURSING COSTUME; UNKNOWN LADY; MARCHIONESS +PALLAVACINI, WIFE OF AUSTRIAN AMBASSADOR; MRS ROCKHILL, WIFE OF AMERICAN +AMBASSADOR; DR. DEPAGE.] + +This group of people has thus far had to confine its activities to +the giving of bread, the most immediate necessity of the unfortunate +“muhajjirs.” For a long time they gave at the rate of 9 ounces per person +per day, surely a minimum ration. Since this week it has fortunately been +possible to raise the rate to 12 ounces a day. Four distribution centers +are operated, the people coming to these places for their allowances. At +the one where I am working we are now distributing 2,700 loaves a day. +The total daily distribution is 8,000 loaves and costs a little over 100 +Lt. a day. + +In certain directions the financial support has been very encouraging. +The largest giver, unofficial, of course, is the Greek government, which +has put into the hands of this society about 180,000 francs. Queen Olga +has in addition given the good sum of 40,000 francs out of her own purse. +From Holland came, as the result of an unsolicited appeal from the Dutch +Red Cross Mission here, 25,000 francs. The American Red Cross is credited +with about Lt. 350 and about 7,300 francs have come to Mr. Haskell from +friends in Switzerland. So up to the present the work has been maintained +without a deficit. + +It seems clear, however, that as the harder part of the winter comes, aid +will, in many instances, have to be given in other ways than the one I +have mentioned, as 12 ounces of bread a day will not indefinitely keep +the body and soul together. Thus far, in fact, most of those who have +received aid have enough money for a little salt and a few olives, for a +few candles and a bit of charcoal. But lately we get the complaint more +and more frequently that these resources are exhausted and that the bread +ration no longer suffices alone. Once in two weeks, in fact, each person +gets a half bowl of soup. This is made possible by a very efficient +little soup kitchen which the Catholic sisters have opened. But this, +too, is certainly only a trifle. Again, as wintry weather comes, we get +calls for clothing, bed quilts, etc. Practically nothing has yet been +given in this line. + +I have thus far been speaking exclusively of the people under the care +of the “Societe de Secours.” There is also in the city an “International +Committee,” which has been taking up other sides of the same work. It +has, for example, in operation an observation camp for those who have +been exposed to smallpox. It also charters steamers to convey to Asia +Minor free of charge those who wish to seek employment there. I had a +long interview with Mr. Forbes in Smyrna and brought to the committee +details about his offer to employ several thousand men in licorice +digging. They are therefore now sending him a first load of 1,100 persons +by the steamship _Assouan_. It strikes us all that to give them like this +an opportunity for steady work is about the best service that can be +rendered. The largest enterprise of this committee is the maintenance of +a concentration camp, which houses 6,000 refugees. Though they have to +live in tents they are otherwise under the best of care. The government +is military, the sanitary conditions are excellent and everyone directly +under the eye of the workers. Unfortunately the operating cost of +this camp (about Lt. 80 a day) is so great that the scheme cannot be +extended to the others. This committee, moreover, finds itself in a less +encouraging financial condition than the “Societe,” and with a deficit +already on hand, is not venturing beyond its present range of work. + +Then, finally, the needs of the towns in the provinces are begging to +be brought to our attention. In many respects they are more sadly in +want than Salonica itself. Naturally the armies have absorbed all the +available foodstuffs. Moreover, dozens of villages have been burned to +the ground and many towns have been quite thoroughly looted. The same +sort of story comes from all the surrounding regions, Monastir, Uskub, +Strumitza, Brama, etc. + +The British Balkan Committee has begun to help in several places. Mrs. +Lazaro has gone with a member of the Macedonian Relief Committee to +Gumendje, and Mr. Haskell expects to start next week on a two weeks’ tour +in the region of Strumitza. Those trips should make clear just what the +most urgent needs are. + + +RED CROSS WORK FOR REFUGEES IN WESTERN ASIA MINOR + +_Part of a letter from Dr. Wilfred M. Post._ + +The number of refugees who have passed over from European Turkey into +Western Asia Minor since the commencement of the Balkan War is probably +in the neighborhood of 56,000; the large majority of these have settled +in the Broussa vilayet, a smaller number having found their way to the +Konia and Angora vilayets. Most of the refugees have traveled by rail, +their carts and oxen having been carried with them at the expense of the +government, but a fair proportion have “trekked” into the interior all +the way from European Turkey, spending several weeks on the journey. +The main distribution is along the line of the Anatolian railway, the +usual plan having been for a definite number to be allotted to each city +or large town along the line, and then sent off as fast as possible to +the villages—a few families to each village—the government hoping by +this arrangement to cause the refugees to amalgamate with the Anatolian +population, and also by allotting a few families to each village, to +throw the burden of maintenance on the people and avoid the problems +arising from concentration in large camps and settlements. This policy +has been carried out most thoroughly and the many hundreds of villages +from one or two hours to two or three days distance from the railway have +almost all received their quota of unfortunates to care for, an exception +having been made for the Christian villages, few, if any, of the latter +having been thus called upon. + +About a quarter or a third of the refugees have come with some personal +clothing and bedding, and with some property in the shape of carts and +oxen, cooking utensils and money. These have been allowed to shift for +themselves, but the remainder have arrived in the interior in more or +less wretched condition, having little or nothing but the clothes they +wear, and in many cases only half-clad and in very poor condition to +meet the rigors of the cold Anatolian winter. As long as this class of +refugees remains in cities the government makes regular distributions of +bread to them, about 50 paras’ worth to each adult, and 25 paras to each +child per day, in some cases giving the money instead of the food, but as +soon as the refugees have been shipped off to the villages the government +ceases to distribute help. + +[Illustration: HARBIE HOSPITAL. + +ESTABLISHED BY DUTCH RED CROSS MISSION UNDER DR. LINGHEEK.] + +Those refugees remaining in the cities have also been scattered as +extensively as possible, a notable instance being Konia, where 2,500 +people have been scattered all over the city and surrounding gardens, a +few dozen having been put into each “mahle” or quarter of the city, so +that it took a week of careful search and inquiry to obtain statistics +that were anywhere near accurate. This extensive scattering makes the +work of relief very difficult; nevertheless much has been accomplished +already and by systematic canvassing by American missionaries and native +agents it is hoped that much of the suffering and need of the refugees +will be discovered and relieved. Relief of over-crowding, supply of +adequate clothing and bedding, opening of soup kitchens and supply of +food other than the dry bread given by the government, distribution +of fuel and medical aid, indicate the principal lines along which the +Red Cross must work for the next two or three months. The officials +everywhere express the hope that they will be able to send the refugees +back to Europe for the spring, but, of course, nothing definite can be +planned as yet. Whatever may be the political outcome of the Balkan war, +a large number of the refugees will undoubtedly remain in Anatolia, and +the Red Cross may then consider the advisability of providing employment +for these people, supplying them with farm implements, etc. The large +majority of the refugees are women and children, many of these having +been rendered widows and orphans by the war; the few able-bodied men who +have come have for the most part, been drafted into the Turkish army +and sent to Chatalja, so that the question of employment will have to +be considered later on. A few of the refugees are able to earn money by +carting wood and grain, using their primitive oxcarts for the purpose, +but most of them are idle, and on account of the great scattering +throughout the country they must, unfortunately, remain so for some time +to come. It is most fortunate that the general health of the refugees is +good, and from the hygienic standpoint the policy of scattering has no +doubt been a good one. There are, of course, many cases of sickness among +them, and in the process of investigation we have found many people at +the point of death from exposure and cold, the most pathetic cases being +among the children. Here again the scattering makes it impossible to do +much visiting, and though the communities may be saved from epidemic, +many individuals, sad to say, will perish from cold, hunger and disease +this winter. + +[Illustration: MACEDONIAN REFUGEES FLEEING TO CONSTANTINOPLE.] + +Our investigations have been confined chiefly to the cities, where +several hundreds or thousands of refugees are gathered, but we have also +looked into the condition of a dozen or more villages and have found +that in general the villagers have been kind to the refugees and have +given them food and shelter, and have lent them clothing and bedding; +but in some places the villagers have thrust the refugees into stables +and broken-down hovels, with little or no clothing and bedding, and +just enough food to keep body and soul together. In some instances +the unfortunate, defenceless women and girls have been forced into +prostitution. + +The Constantinople Chapter of the American Red Cross has established +relief work in Konia and Broussa along the lines indicated above. In +Konia a systematic canvass of the city and surrounding villages has been +made, and bedding and clothing distributed according to need; in many +cases eight or ten people were found sharing one quilt, and women and +children walking about the frozen streets with bare feet. For people in +the city we distributed tickets having the articles they were to receive +indicated on them, and the distribution was made on the mission premises. +The government, however, forbade us to carry on independent work and +insisted that all articles for distribution must be handed over to them; +we were unwilling to accept this condition, so work was stopped for the +time being. In Broussa an effort has been made to get the people into +more sanitary quarters than they now occupy; we found many places where +eight, ten and even twelve people were packed into a tiny mud-floored +room about ten feet square, damp and dismal, and with one or two of +the family sick—in one case three people, one with ulcers and two with +dysentery, reposing under one small and filthy quilt. Not only must these +people be gotten speedily into more healthy surroundings, but some sort +of sanitary supervision must be established over the quarters to which +they are to be removed. It is our expectation to open one or more soup +kitchens and inaugurate some medical work. + +We have turned over the city of Eski-Shehir to the Germans, who promise +to attend to its needs and to those of the surrounding region. We hope +through the above arrangements to get into direct touch with more than +half the refugees in Asia Minor, and trust that where our work is unable +to reach them other helpers may come forward to tide them over this first +difficult winter. + + +ACTIVITIES OF THE RED CRESCENT SOCIETY + +The Turkish Red Crescent Society has come forward so nobly during the +present war that it has delighted observers by the depth and force of +its vitality. A national institution of humanitarian aims, it had been +recognized as such in the Geneva Conference of 1864—but though it had +worked efficiently in the Russian and Turco-Greek wars of the last +century, it is only lately, through the impulsion given to it some +years ago by Mrs. Rifaat Pasha, wife of the present Turkish Ambassador +in Paris, that its more modern organization and increased capital have +brought it to the front, able to compete in usefulness and resource with +the Red Cross Societies in other countries. + +The society is managed by a Central Committee, composed of 30 members, +subject to the approval of a president and to the occasional control of +the government. At present His Excellency Hussein Hilmi Pasha, Ottoman +Ambassador in Vienna, is president of the Red Crescent. + +At the beginning of the Turco-Balkan war the Red Crescent Committee +founded three hospitals for the wounded—one numbering over 600 beds—in +the capital of the Empire, and several in the provinces, notably +at Salonica, Adrianople, Uskub, Loule-Bourgas, etc., appointing +well-equipped staffs of nurses and doctors. The necessary surgical +instruments and medical supplies were procured from abroad, and recently +ambulances were ordered from South Bend, Indiana. Four transportable +hospitals of 100 beds each were received from England, and following +the example set by European nations in such cases, the Red Crescent +established field kitchens in the principal camps, which supplied the +harrassed soldiers with soup and bread. + +When the cholera broke out among the hapless troops, and they were sent +back to Constantinople for treatment, the society organized three more +new hospitals in the choleraic centers of Hademkeny, San-Stefano, etc., +and as the sick soon filled to overflowing the epidemic wards hastily +founded in the capital, the Red Crescent had the mosques of the city +opened to the sufferers and supplied them with food, linen and medical +care. It is computed that about 3,000 soldiers were supported in these +improvised hospitals between the beginning of October and the end of +November, 1912, and in this heavy task the Red Crescent was assisted by +its branch missions of Hindoustan, Egypt and England, who took their full +share of the heavy nursing and relief work. Besides the hospitals thus +run, the Red Crescent sent Lt. 7500 in cash to the military sanitary +authorities of Constantinople, as well as very numerous suits of +clothing, articles of bedding and medicinal supplies. + +The arrival of the refugees in Constantinople created a new and +tremendous demand for aid. The Red Crescent immediately forwarded another +Lt. 7500 to the prefecture of the town, and housed thousands of the +unfortunate emigrants in old Konaks (palaces) and in temporary sheds. +Committees of investigation and distribution were organized in the chief +provincial centers to which the government sent the refugees and bread or +money doled out. + +The Ladies’ Section of the Red Crescent Society has proved most active +on behalf of the patients and refugees. Societies were formed for the +cutting and sewing of linen, of which the hospitals were continually in +need, and the garments made reached the total of 70,000. + +The foregoing facts (culled from the columns of the _Jeune Turc_), brief +and incomplete as they are, suffice to show, however, that the energies +of the Red Crescent Society have been severely taxed during the present +terrible happenings, and it is an act of justice as well as one of keen +satisfaction to say that these energies have been not drained but richly +developed by the call made upon them. + +In the present emergency the Red Crescent has been generously supported +by the Red Cross Societies of different countries. Sisters of the +Red Cross and the Red Crescent have worked shoulder to shoulder in +alleviating suffering, as shown by the photograph herewith inclosed of +the Imperial Hospital in Nichantache, Constantinople, kindly furnished by +the Phebus Atelier. + + +SAVAGES FOUR HUNDRED YEARS AGO + +Writing from Konia, January 15, Dr. Dodd sends in the following about an +old Moslem priest: + +“An old Turkish hodja named Saduk Effendi called today and said he came +for the special purpose of asking me to give his thanks to the people +in America who are sending help to the poor here. I report his words as +near as I can do so. ‘May the Lord of the Universe, the God of all men, +who are all of one family on this earth, look graciously upon those who +have shown such love and kindness. The servants of God here will always +remember and rejoice in these good deeds. How wonderful that a people +that were only savages four hundred years ago should have awakened to +such noble deeds! When shall we have such an awakening?’” + +[Illustration: AMERICAN RED CROSS WORK IN BROUSSA. + +REFUGEES WAITING OUTSIDE THE PROTESTANT SCHOOL WHERE CLOTHING AND BEDDING +ARE DISTRIBUTED. A CLINIC IS HELD EVERY AFTERNOON IN THIS BUILDING AND +PATIENTS OBTAIN THEIR MEDICINES FREE OF COST FROM THE DRUG STORE AROUND +THE CORNER.] + +[Illustration: WOMEN AND CHILDREN REFUGEES IN THE COURT OF THE PROTESTANT +SCHOOL IN BROUSSA. + +DISTRIBUTION IS MADE FROM THE ROOM AT THE LEFT. TEA IS BEING SERVED WHILE +THE PEOPLE ARE WAITING. SEVERAL OF THE WOMEN ARE SEEN COVERING THEIR +FACES OR TURNING THEIR BACKS TO THE CAMERA, BUT THE MAJORITY MAKE NO +OBJECTION TO HAVING THEIR PICTURES TAKEN.] + + +FAIK PASHA DELLA-SUDDA + +One of the prominent Constantinople personalities, Faik Pasha +Della-Sudda, died on Jan. 11, 1913. He was the founder and honorary +president of the Red Crescent Society, which during many difficult years +owed its subsistence to his devoted management, and the AMERICAN RED +CROSS MAGAZINE is indebted to his courtesy for the interesting article on +the Red Crescent, published in Vol. 5, No. 3. of 1910. + +Born in 1835, Faik Pasha Della-Sudda was sent when scarcely sixteen to +France, where he studied under the famous chemist, Ganot. He completed +his training at the Superior School of Pharmacy, Paris, and at the +laboratory of Wurtz & Gerhard, and on his return to Constantinople was +immediately appointed to the post of professor of chemistry at the +Imperial University of Medicine in that city. For nearly half a century +he personally conducted most of the pharmaceutics and chemistry classes +in the capital of the Ottoman Empire, with a range and depth of knowledge +that has been universally recognized and appreciated. + +His important treatises on ammonium, phosphoric acid, opium and the +falsification of pharmaceutical products in Turkey, his contributions +to European and American exhibitions, made his name well-known abroad, +and in 1910 he was unanimously elected honorary president of the +newly-organized “Society of Pharmacists in Turkey,” in proof of the +grateful affection of colleagues and pupils, and of his own superior +scholarship and value. He leaves behind him the record of a long life +admirably spent. + +[Illustration] + + + + +Red Cross and White Cross in Mexico + +ERNEST P. BICKNELL, _National Director American Red Cross_. + + +During the culminating scenes of the recent revolution in Mexico, when +the capital city was torn by heavy artillery warfare in its central +streets and plazas, and which resulted in the tragic death of President +Francisco I. Madero, the press dispatches referred occasionally to +the activities of the Mexican Red Cross and the Mexican White Cross. +These dispatches were of a character to sadden the friends of the Red +Cross movement, because they indicated a failure on the part of the +federal troops to respect the Red Cross flag and because they revealed a +defection of some who should have been a part of the Red Cross, but who, +instead, divided the strength and prestige of humane Mexico by organizing +the White Cross Society, whose functions are identical with those of the +Red Cross. + +It is reported that while engaged in giving attention to wounded men in +the plaza before the National Palace, the president of the Red Cross was +shot and killed. It has also been stated that two members of the White +Cross Society were captured by the troops under the command of General +Diaz and were found to be engaged in carrying ammunition, and that for +this reason they were executed. Without more complete knowledge of local +conditions and in consideration of the terrible confusion which prevailed +in the City of Mexico in those days of fighting, it would be unjust to +endeavor to fix the blame for these unfortunate incidents. + +With the establishment of a stable government and the coming of peace it +is hoped that the Mexican Red Cross may be given its proper status and +recognition, and that those who have heretofore served under the banner +of the White Cross may be induced to dissolve that organization and join +hands heartily with the Red Cross. + +The origin of the Mexican White Cross dates back to the revolution +which Francisco I. Madero led against the government of Porfirio Diaz. +As a result of the severe fighting between the insurgent and federal +forces along the United States border in the spring of 1911 many men +were seriously injured. At that time no systematic medical service was +provided by either army, and the Mexican Red Cross, which had been +organized only a short time previously, had not undertaken to send nurses +and physicians to the front. The situation at the threshold of the United +States, particularly at the California boundary and near El Paso, Texas, +became so serious that the American Red Cross undertook to provide +physicians, nurses and hospital care for such of the wounded men as could +be reached without going into the interior of Mexico. This service of +the American Red Cross along the border in California, Texas, New Mexico +and Arizona aroused a sense of pride among many of the people of Mexico, +with the result that a group of friends of the insurgents organized a +body of nurses and physicians to be sent to the scene of the fighting. +To the new organization was given the name of the Mexican White Cross. +At about the same time that the White Cross was organized, the Red Cross +also prepared to send nurses and physicians to the front. The White Cross +group reached Juarez, across the boundary from El Paso, only twenty-four +hours before the arrival of the Red Cross group. At that time it was a +matter of current report that the White Cross promoters and supporters +were favorable to Madero and his cause, and that the Red Cross, having +been created under the administration of President Diaz, inclined to +favor the federal cause as against that of Madero. The representatives +of the two organizations on reaching Juarez were not cordial to each +other, and a strong feeling of rivalry was apparent. In justice to both +organizations, however, it should be said that at a conference held in +Juarez at the suggestion of representatives of the American Red Cross, an +arrangement was made by which the work to be done was divided equitably +between the two, and that thereafter they worked side by side, zealously +and seemingly without friction. + +[Illustration: MEXICO CITY. LOOKING NORTH FROM CATHEDRAL TOWER. + +© Underwood & Underwood] + +[Illustration: MARKET SQUARE, MEXICO “THE SOLDIERS ARE COMING.” + +© Underwood and Underwood] + +While the facts are not known, it is possible that the failure of the +Madero troops, in the recent fighting in the City of Mexico, to respect +the Red Cross flag in some measure resulted from the reported partiality +of the Red Cross for the Diaz government when Madero was the leader +of the insurgents. On the other hand, General Diaz, in the recent +Mexican fighting, may have been the more ready to deal harshly with the +representatives of the White Cross because of the fact that the White +Cross had been reported to be particularly friendly to the cause of +Madero when Madero was fighting President Diaz, uncle to General Diaz, +leader of the uprising which overthrew Madero. + +But whatever may have been the causes which led to a division of the +humane people of Mexico into the camps of the Red Cross and the White +Cross, it is not to be forgotten that their objects were humanitarian +and at bottom identical. With the coming of peace and the restoration +of normal conditions of life in the Republic of Mexico, there is every +reason to hope that rivalries may be forgotten and that there may come a +splendid union of all the humanitarian forces of the country under the +emblem of the Red Cross. + +In the closing days of the Madero government, while fierce and ruthless +war raged in the streets of the City of Mexico, lives and property of +American residents were in extreme peril. United States Ambassador Henry +Lane Wilson gave every possible assistance and protection, but at best +many were without resources and were unable to escape from the city or +country unaided. The American Red Cross, on receiving information of +these conditions through the Department of State, forwarded $1,000 to +Ambassador Wilson to be expended at his discretion for the benefit of +Americans in need. Many Americans who succeeded in reaching the city of +Vera Cruz were unable to pay for steamship passage to the United States, +and for their assistance the Red Cross also sent $500 to William W. +Canada, American Consul General of that city, to be used as required for +their help. + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration: PLAZA IN FRONT OF NATIONAL PALACE, MEXICO CITY. PRESIDENT +MADERO ADDRESSING THE CROWD FROM BALCONY. + +© Underwood & Underwood] + +[Illustration: REMOVING THE DEAD FROM THE STREETS OF MEXICO CITY. + +© Underwood & Underwood] + + + + +Dynamite Explosion at Baltimore + + +A tramp steamer, the _Alum Chine_, lay peacefully at her dock in +Baltimore Harbor on March 6, while a gang of stevedores loaded her with +dynamite for use in the Panama Canal. The boxes of the explosive were +being transferred to the hold of the ship from cars which stood on a +barge alongside. About 300 tons of dynamite were on board or in the cars +when smoke was seen coming from below. Knowing the inevitable result the +men leaped overboard with a rush but before all had reached safety the +explosion came. + +No words can convey any adequate conception of the terrific destructive +power of such a sudden loosing of immeasurable force. The _Alum Chine_ +and the barge with its cars alongside disappeared. Other vessels in the +vicinity were shattered. Men upon the deck of a new ship five hundred +feet away were swept down like tall grass in a gale and a rain of +fragments of iron and wreckage killed some, injured many and pierced the +steel hull like shots from a cannon. Houses miles away were rocked to +their foundations and windows were shattered without number. + +[Illustration: REMARKABLE PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN AN INSTANT AFTER THE EXPLOSION +OF 300 TONS OF DYNAMITE WHICH HAD BEEN LOADED ON BOARD THE “ALUM CHINE” +FOR SHIPMENT TO THE CANAL ZONE.] + +Immediate measures of relief were undertaken in behalf of the families +of the thirty-one men killed and the fifty-eight injured. The Baltimore +Chapter of the Red Cross held a meeting and appropriated $500 while the +newspapers were equally prompt in collecting funds. By common consent +the Federated Charities, with its experienced agents, was given charge +of the gathering of the information necessary to effective action as +well as of the actual relief distribution. The next logical step was +the consolidation of all contributed funds from whatever source. Thus +efficiency and community unity of action were assured from the start. +With this beginning it may be confidently expected that the greatest +possible good will result from the generosity of the Baltimore people. + + + + +Public Works and Relief in China + + +In general a report of relief operations published long after the +public interest in the emergency which called for relief has subsided, +is regarded as a good example of what not to read. When an exception +is found, it is entitled to special notice, which accounts for this +reference to the report of the Central China Famine Relief Committee, +embracing an account of the relief operations in the famine district in +China between October 1, 1911, and June 30, 1912. It will be recalled +that the headquarters of the committee were in Shanghai and membership +included many well known American and other foreign residents of China, +as well as prominent Chinese citizens. Bishop F. R. Graves was chairman +and Rev. E. C. Lobenstine, secretary, and Consul General Amos P. Wilder +an active member. These three gentlemen are Americans. At the outset of +its work the committee adopted a program stated in six articles. Two of +these articles were: + +“That relief be given only in return for work done, except in the case of +those incapacitated for work.” + +“That in the selection of work, preference be given to such work as will +help the locality permanently, and as tends to prevent the recurrence of +famine conditions, and that each piece be complete in itself.” + +This program was closely adhered to from first to last. District +subcommittees of representative foreign and native residents, appointed +in various sections of the famine region, had immediate charge of the +relief works and distribution, and under the district committees were +superintendents who had personal direction of the working forces. So much +for the machinery. Now for the accomplishment. + +In May, 1912, the number of famine sufferers in the employ of the relief +committee was 110,000. As but one member was employed from a family, +it is estimated that this work supported about 550,000 persons. The +character of the work undertaken and its extent are indicated by the +following figures from the report: + + Dykes built or repaired 129 miles + Canals built or repaired 63 miles + Ditches built or repaired 1,124 miles + Roads repaired 163 miles + Cubic yards of earth moved 10,155,000 + +It was estimated that the average amount of work performed daily by a +famine sufferer was about two-thirds the average day’s work of a coolie +under normal conditions. In Hankow 2,000 women from the famine district +were employed for months in making garments, of which 64,000 were made +and distributed. Much space is given in the report to a description of +the actual methods of conducting the work on dykes, canals, etc. A single +extract must suffice here: + +“Now come with me to the works. First in number and importance are the +dirt pushers (I translate the Chinese term), who dig the earth from +rectangular pits and push it on their wheelbarrows to the new dykes. They +number 3,400 and work in groups of about ten men each and are paid by the +job in this way. As soon as a pit reaches a depth of four or five feet +it is measured by the foreigner in charge and the head man of the ten +is given a ticket which is really an order on the office for the value +in grain of the work done. Measuring these pits takes almost all of one +foreigner’s time, and as two-thirds of the workmen are dirt pushers, the +foreigner has in his direct control that fraction of the whole. The dirt +pushers receive 450 cash per fang of 100 cubic feet. In this and the +following statement it should be remembered that it takes about 2,500 +cash to make a gold dollar. + +[Illustration: CHINESE ENGAGED IN BUILDING DYKES FOR THE PREVENTION OF +FLOODS IN THE FAMINE DISTRICTS.] + +[Illustration: TAMPING EARTHWORK.] + +“Next in numerical strength are the ‘small workmen,’ of whom we have +about 1,000. Their work is to carry water from the canal to the dyke in +order that the latter may be pounded firm the more easily. Also many of +them receive the earth as it comes on to the dyke, break it up, level it +and dig small holes into which the water may be poured. They are paid in +grain at the rate of 150 cash per man per day. + +“Now we come to the pounders. They number 750 and were divided in groups +of ten. Each group has a stone weighing about 100 pounds, circular, a +foot in diameter, and eight inches thick. To each stone are attached ten +ropes, one for each of the ten men, and when the men all pull in unison +the stone rises above the level of their heads and then comes down with +a thud. The dyke is built in layers, which are one foot thick after they +are pounded. Each layer is pounded until it is of the consistency of +rubber and is then tested in this unique way. An iron rod is driven down +and into the small hole thus made water is poured from a tea kettle. If +the water does not soak away the layer has been pounded sufficiently. +These pounders are skilled workmen and were originally paid 250 cash +worth of grain per man per day, but they proved to be so lazy that we had +to invent a sliding scale of wages. So we considered 1,200 square feet as +a full day’s work, and if a gang pounds that amount each man is given 250 +cash; if they pound 1,100 square feet, 240 cash; 1,000 square feet, 230 +cash; 1,300 square feet, 260 cash, and so on. Now they are not lazy. + +“We have thirty skilled workmen who trim the edges of the dyke and give +it a finished appearance. Also there are sixty overseers who understand +the work. They keep an eye on the stone men and test their work as +described above, see that the dirt pushers place the dirt in the proper +place and direct the stream of water carriers as they come. Both these +classes of workmen receive 250 cash worth of grain a day.” + +In 1911 the American Red Cross sent to China Mr. C. D. Jameson, a well +known engineer, to study the conditions which cause the frequent great +floods to devise and suggest a system of river conservancy which will +reduce the number and extent of these floods. Mr. Jameson was an advisor +of the relief committee and was familiar with its public works at all +times. He praises in the warmest terms the thoroughness of the operations +and the judgment and ability of the missionaries who were in charge +of much of the work. These missionaries, in fact, proved themselves +practical men and capable administrators, who did not spare themselves, +but under adverse conditions gave from twelve to fifteen hours daily to +their unpaid tasks. + +In connection with the relief operations an interesting experiment in +colonization was undertaken under the leadership of Prof. Joseph Bailie, +of the University of Nanking. After many difficulties Prof. Bailie, with +the co-operation of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, at that time Provisional President +of China, secured a tract of waste land at the foot of Purple Mountain, +near Nanking, moved some of his more trustworthy men on to it and began +its cultivation. Huts were first built. A school was started for the +children, so that they would be cared for while the men and women were at +work. The land was gradually broken up, drainage ditches were dug, and +potatoes and strawberries, wheat and other cereals were planted. A large +number of fruit trees were set out. Some of these were Chinese, but many +were obtained from Japan and other countries. The land is now being used +as an experiment farm and as a testing school for the men. The soil is of +a poor quality, and is in many ways unsatisfactory; but Prof. Bailie is +persevering in the faith that he will succeed, not only in doing a piece +of work which will be deeply interesting to the officials and gentry near +the city of Nanking, but will prove of value to the larger enterprise +which he still expects to see carried through. + +Mr. Jameson, the American Red Cross conservancy engineer, after +traversing the famine districts, says of the prevention of the recurrent +floods which have caused many famines, including this one of 1911-12: + +“There are no engineering difficulties in the way of controlling the +rivers, lowering the flood level and reclaiming the waste land in North +Kiangsu and North Anhwei; it is purely a question of money and time. +Under the present conditions at least three crops out of five are +lost over an area of some 30,000 square miles. The soil of this area +is exceedingly rich, the climate such that two crops a year should be +possible when the conservancy and reclamation work had been completed. +Not only will heavy crops be possible over this whole section year by +year, but some millions of acres (English), which now are absolutely +worthless, will be available for cultivation. All of this makes the +expenditure of the necessary money justifiable from a commercial +standpoint.” + +It is hoped that the Republic of China will accept the plan prepared by +Mr. Jameson as a basis for a system of river conservancy which will put +an end to the greater part of the flood devastation which has cursed this +land for many centuries. Chinese records show that since the year 494 A. +D. sixty-seven famines have occurred in this region. All but two of these +famines were caused by floods. + +The Central China Famine Relief Committee held its last meeting and +closed its work on January 21, 1913. At that time an unexpended balance +of approximately $75,000 (gold) remained in the treasury, but the +committee disposed of the greater part of it by a series of resolutions, +which were in effect as follows: + +The sum of $11,250 was placed in the hands of a special committee for the +purpose of carrying on “a campaign covering three years or more, to draw +attention of officials and people to the seriousness of famines which +are occurring with such frequency in different parts of China; to educate +public opinion upon the subject of famine prevention and to show how the +condition of the people in the famine area can be permanently improved.” +The treasurer of this educational fund is the treasurer of the National +Committee of the Young Men’s Christian Association of China. + +The sum of $2,500 was set aside to assist in the care of “famine +children” in the orphanages of the Catholic missions in the famine areas. + +The sum of $5,500 was appropriated to be applied to the carrying out of a +plan already begun for colonizing destitute Chinese upon unoccupied lands +under instruction and supervision. + +The sum of $22,500 was set aside to be used in the repair of dykes in the +neighborhood of Wuhu on condition that the Chinese of Anhwei Province +raise the sum of $45,000 to be applied to the same work. + +The sum of $7,500 was voted to be used in the education of Chinese young +men in forestry, with special reference to conservation against drought +and flood. The purpose is to select a few especially promising Chinese +students from the institutions of higher education in China and send them +to the American School of Forestry at Manila, P. I., or possibly in some +instances to the United States. These young men, after receiving their +education, will be expected to return to their native country and enter +actively into efforts toward that reforestation which is regarded as +essential to any great reduction in the number and severity of floods and +droughts. + +After making the allotments above mentioned there remained a balance +in the committee’s hands of about $22,500, which was transferred to a +permanent committee of trustees, consisting of the following: The General +Consular Officer of the United States at Shanghai, the Commissioner +of Customs, the Manager of the International Banking Corporation, the +Honorable Wu Ting Fang, Ch’on Jen Fu, Esq., and the Chairman of the +Chinese Chamber of Commerce. This committee will hold the balance of the +relief funds for use in future relief work which may be necessary in +China as the result of famines. + +[A part of this article was published in a recent issue of the Survey.] + +[Illustration: HOUSEBOAT USED BY MR. C. D. JAMESON, AMERICAN RED CROSS +CIVIL ENGINEER, EMPLOYED IN CHINA.] + + + + +Nicaraguan Famine Relief + + +A general failure of crops, followed by the revolutionary outbreak of +last summer in Nicaragua caused great distress among the poorer classes +in that country. Conditions were sufficiently bad before the military +operations took place, but during July, owing to the revolution, they +became critical, and many Nicaraguans faced starvation. Early in August, +having been apprised of the situation as it then existed, Secretary +of State Knox addressed a communication to the American Red Cross, +requesting to be informed whether the Red Cross was in a position to +furnish food supplies to relieve the needs of the non-combatants. The +American Red Cross promptly forwarded $1,000 to the American minister at +Panama, with instructions to expend that amount in the purchase of flour, +beans, corn, rice and potatoes. Through the courtesy and co-operation of +Colonel George W. Goethals, U. S. A., Governor of the Canal Zone, the +commissary of the Isthmian Canal Commission furnished these supplies +at wholesale rates, and the same were shipped via the United States +transport _Justin_, which was carrying a battalion of United States +Marines to Nicaragua. + +On August 28th, at the request of Hon. George T. Weitzel, American +minister to Nicaragua, at Managua, the State Department suggested +a further appropriation by the American Red Cross to continue the +alleviation of the suffering which would probably continue some time +after the revolutionary disturbances. Pursuant to this suggestion, a +further appropriation of $1,000 was made by the Central Committee, and +the supply of corn and beans purchased therewith was shipped to Managua +from Panama on the steamer _San Juan_, on September 7th. + +Under date of January 21, 1913, the Secretary of State transmitted to +the American Red Cross a report from Mr. Weitzel as to the manner in +which the supplies were distributed and the effectiveness of the relief +rendered. Following is an extract from that report: + +“The first car, consisting of flour, corn, beans, rice and potatoes to +the value of one thousand dollars, left the Panama Canal Zone on August +9, 1912, in charge of Major Smedley D. Butler, U. S. M. C., and was +received in Managua on the 15th of that month. + +“The legation requested a committee of Americans, including Messrs. Otto +Schoenrich, A. R. Thompson, C. D. Ham, A. J. Lindberg and J. A. Whitaker, +to take charge of the provisions under instructions to relieve all cases +of distress, irrespective of affiliation of the applicants; but as they +were unable to attend to the matter on account of departure from the +city, or other reason, the legation decided to do the work itself. Mr. +Walter H. Hooper, an American missionary, and Padre J. A. Lezcano, a well +known Nicaraguan priest, kindly offered to assist in investigating needy +cases. Signed tickets, good for five rations, were then issued to the +applicants who presented them to Mr. William Gower, assistant paymaster +of the United States Navy, at the railroad station, where two-fifths of +the car load was distributed, beginning with the flour and potatoes, +which deteriorate very rapidly in this climate. + +“The remaining three-fifths were taken to Leon, where Lieutenant Colonel +Charles G. Long, U. S. M. C., distributed them through the Hospital San +Vincente and the Sisters of Charity, reserving a portion, however, to +feed one hundred and twenty-five prisoners, who had been sadly neglected +during the hostilities in that town. + +“The second carload donated by the Red Cross consisted of 10,000 pounds +of beans and 7,140 pounds of cornmeal, these two staples being the +principal articles of food for the poorer classes in Nicaragua. Having +been despatched from the Canal Zone on September 7th the consignment +reached Managua on the 14th of that month and was started the next +morning to Granada under the personal charge of the clerk of the +legation, arriving there after being fired on at the Barranca on Sunday, +September 22d. The distribution was promptly begun from a central station +even before the disarmament had taken place. Great assistance was +rendered by Dr. Juan I. Urtecho, an elderly gentleman of wide reputation +for impartial charity, who has devoted many years of his professional +life as a physician to gratuitous practice among the poor, and who before +the arrival of the Americans had fed at his own expense hundreds of +famished people. Several of the Granada ladies kindly volunteered their +services in placing the tickets with deserving families, and Private +Baldwin, U. S. M. C., supplied the holders of the tickets with the number +of rations thereon designated, nearly 8,000 in all being thus disposed +of. A gratifying feature of the distribution of supplies was the small +number of men who appeared in line, and even those few were maimed, sick +or blind. The Red Cross and San Juan Hospitals, the French College for +Girls and the schools were given the first attention. + +“There was urgent need of help, as many poor families had been forced +for a long time to subsist on green mangoes, and some deaths had already +resulted from starvation, but the timely arrival of supplies quickly +relieved the situation. Children who crowded around the camp were fed +by the enlisted men out of their own rations, and a carload of corn and +flour donated by the American colony in Managua was distributed among the +sufferers. + +“As soon as order was restored the farmers from the surrounding territory +brought their produce to market, and the railroad resumed transportation +of supplies which had been accumulating in Corinto, so that conditions at +Granada and elsewhere should begin gradually to improve, although it will +be some time before the people will cease to feel the depression caused +by the failure of crops for two successive years, and by the hardships +suffered during the present disturbances. + +“The prompt and generous action of the American Red Cross has won +expressions of deep appreciation from those who have been helped, and has +created the kindliest feeling among all classes of people in Nicaragua.” + + + + +Important Conference on Red Cross Christmas Seals + + +No sooner does one Red Cross Christmas Seal Campaign end than +preparations for the next begins. While the public sees and hears of the +seal only during the months of November and December, when the seals are +on sale, a very large amount of preparatory work is necessary in order +that the sale may reach every section of the country and may be carried +on with the publicity and system which are necessary to success. + +Although the returns from the season of 1912 are not yet all received, +the first important step toward the Christmas Seal Campaign of 1913 has +already been taken. This was a conference held in the offices of the +American Red Cross in Washington on February 28th and attended by many +of the principal State and city agents, who have demonstrated their +ability in past years and will be leaders in the campaign of this year. +It is gratifying to note that with each succeeding year the system and +methods of selling Christmas Seals are improving. In the first year +or two after the introduction of the Seals as a means of obtaining +support for anti-tuberculosis work, the venture was generally regarded +as one of those novelties which, after a transient popularity, drop +quickly out of use. Agents thought it scarcely worth while to undertake +the trouble and expense of systematizing their methods of selling and +accounting. Gradually the permanent value of the Seal as a method of +interesting a very large number of people in anti-tuberculosis work and +in raising large sums of money without unjustly burdening any givers +began to be apparent. From that time the methods of distributing, selling +and accounting for the Seals have been made the subject of careful +study. System and business methods have been gradually introduced, +with the result that instead of falling away, the sales of Seals have +increased with each year, while economies which have been introduced in +administration have increased the percentage of net profit. + +In the winter of 1912 the first conference was held of agents for the +Seals for the discussion and interchange of experiences and for the +purpose of reaching an agreement upon questions of interest to all. That +conference was so prolific of good results in the Seal campaign of 1912 +that a second similar conference was held on February 28th, as above +mentioned. + +An idea of the thoroughness with which the agents are considering the +business of distributing the Seals may be gained from a mention of a few +topics considered at this conference. The first subject of discussion was +the design for the Christmas Seal of 1913 and the form which the Seal +should take. It was the unanimous opinion of those present that the Seal +should contain some pictorial design suitable to the Christmas season, +rather than a purely ornamental design of artistic merit, but without any +particular human appeal. Without exception the agents reported that the +design for 1912, containing a head of Santa Claus, had proved the most +popular yet adopted. + +Another subject discussed was the character, variety and quantity of +advertising matter to be prepared. It was reported that an experiment in +selling Seals through penny-in-the-slot machines had proved unsuccessful, +and this method of distribution was disapproved. From many agents it +was learned that the sale of Seals through a simple mail order system +had proved successful and inexpensive. In many busy offices agents for +the Seals find it difficult to obtain a hearing by personal calls, when +a brief, well-expressed letter will receive a prompt and favorable +response. In certain cities fully half the Seals sold in 1912 were +disposed of in this manner. + +It was found to be the consensus of opinion among agents that the +offering of prizes for the sale of Seals, especially individual prizes +to school children, is inadvisable. A few agents reported the successful +use of prizes for schools, but not to individual pupils, without apparent +disadvantages. All agreed that great care must be exercised in offering +prizes in order to avoid stimulating children to improper methods. +Several agents reported that citizens of their communities had complained +of annoyance because of the numerous calls at their doors by children +desirous of selling Seals. One agent described a method of avoiding this +nuisance which has proved completely successful in his community. This +method is for a citizen who has purchased Christmas Seals to paste one of +the seals on his door knob or front door. Any child approaching a door +and seeing a seal thus posted, understands that he is not to disturb that +household, as its supply of Seals is already purchased. By announcing +this system of protection through the press and in the schools it is said +to have fully accomplished its purpose. + +Tn Ohio the State agent for the Seals adopted a method of awarding +prizes which is reported to have been extremely successful, not only as +a stimulus to the selling of Seals, but as an educational factor. The +agent offered to supply a visiting nurse for one month to each of the +twelve cities in the State of Ohio which sold the largest percentage +of Seals in proportion to its population. A trained visiting nurse was +employed by the State agent for one year and was sent in turn from city +to city among the prize winners, serving one month in each locality. Not +only did this prove an extremely popular arrangement, but in six of the +cities benefited by the plan in 1912, the public became so impressed +by the value of the visiting nurse that they arranged to employ nurses +permanently upon the withdrawal of the prize nurse. + +It has been found by experience that the distribution and sale of +Seals can best be carried on through the appointment of State agents, +who in turn appoint, and are responsible for, the local agents. The +State agents return to the American Red Cross 10 per cent of the gross +proceeds of sales in their respective States. This 10 per cent is to +cover the expense to the Red Cross, which manufactures and distributes +the Seals and the large quantity and variety of advertising matter used +by the agents. The conference discussed at length the question of the +percentage which the local agents should pay to the State agents. This +discussion resulted in the conclusion that it is impracticable to fix +upon a percentage applicable to all States alike. Local conditions vary +so widely in different States that a percentage which would be fair in +one State might be unsatisfactory in another. The reports indicated that +the percentages charged by State agents to their local agencies vary from +2½ to 20 per cent on gross sales, although in one or two instances the +percentage required to be returned to the State agents has exceeded 20 +per cent. + +Many other subjects of material interest were discussed, and no doubt +exists that the conference will prove to have been of material value +to all who participated in it. The agents who were present were the +following: + + Dr. William Charles White, of Pittsburgh. + Mr. Frank H. Mann, of New York City. + Mr. William J. Deeney, of Philadelphia. + Mr. Karl de Schweinits, of Philadelphia. + Dr. Hoyt E. Dearholt, of Milwaukee. + Dr. R. H. Bishop, of Cleveland, O. + Mr. D. Van Blarcom, of New York City. + Mr. Ernest D. Easton, of Newark. + Mr. Severance Burrage, of Indianapolis. + Mr. H. Wirt Steele, of Baltimore. + Mr. L. B. Meyers, of Charlotte, N. C. + Mr. James Jenkins, Jr., of Brooklyn. + Mr. William C. Smallwood, of Newark. + Mr. Roy L. French, of Baltimore. + Mr. Kendall Weisiger, of Atlanta. + +Besides the agents above mentioned, there were also present Dr. +Livingston Farrand and Mr. Philip P. Jacobs, of the National Association +for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, and Miss Mabel T. Boardman, +Mr. Ernest P. Bicknell and Mr. Charles L. Magee, of the American Red +Cross. + +The National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, as +in 1911 and 1912, has been appointed by the Red Cross as national sales +agent for the Christmas Seals. The appointment of State agents, as in the +past, will be in the hands of the national sales agent. + +While it is not possible at this time to publish a complete statement of +returns from the Christmas Seal campaign of 1912, the following figures +will show the results reached by some of the leading agents: + + +PARTIAL STATEMENT OF THE RESULTS OF CHRISTMAS SEAL SALES FOR 1912 +COMPILED FROM THE REPORTS OF AGENTS. + + _Number _Number _Percentage + _Agency._ of of of + Seals Rec’d._ Seals Sold._ Seals Sold._ + + Arkansas 140,000 118,819 84.8 + California 5,500,000 1,373,520 24.9 + Connecticut— + Danbury 25,000 15,305 61.2 + Hartford 250,000 148,035 59.2 + Litchfield 40,000 32,960 82.4 + Meriden 100,100 5,554 5.5 + Middletown 75,000 34,741 46.3 + New Britain 125,000 74,257 59.4 + New Haven 600,000 228,220 38.3 + New London 50,000 19,893 39.7 + Norwich 120,000 82,694 68.9 + Stamford 40,000 30,385 75.9 + Waterbury 250,000 184,921 73.9 + Delaware 75,000 42,746 56.9 + District of Columbia 374,500 362,716 96.8 + Georgia 1,800,000 770,770 42.8 + Hawaii 400,000 179,995 44.9 + Illinois 6,000,000 1,821,520 30.3 + Iowa 1,500,000 410,440 27.3 + Kentucky— + Covington 100,000 36,406 36.4 + Cynthiana 10,000 1,205 12.0 + Henderson 50,000 10,040 20.0 + Lexington 140,000 61,505 43.9 + Louisville 300,000 180,446 60.1 + Owensboro 30,000 8,240 27.4 + Paducah 100,000 48,349 48.3 + Louisiana 600,000 281,784 46.8 + Maine 1,500,000 304,884 20.3 + Maryland 1,000,000 512,819 51.2 + Massachusetts— + Boston 2,500,000 1,353,969 54.1 + Holyoke 100,000 52,114 52.1 + Pittsfield 100,000 71,345 71.3 + Springfield 150,000 89,265 59.5 + Michigan 3,000,000 1,078,464 35.9 + Mississippi 500,000 153,220 30.6 + Montana— + Billings 75,100 14,870 19.8 + Great Falls 20,000 17,358 86.7 + Nebraska 720,000 289,360 40.1 + New Hampshire 190,000 100,180 52.7 + New York— + Brooklyn 2,100,000 1,323,220 63.0 + New York City 4,000,000 2,079,324 51.9 + North Carolina 801,500 396,053 49.4 + Oregon 1,000,000 124,536 12.4 + Pennsylvania 2,000,000 1,297,531 64.8 + Rhode Island 2,000,000 1,101,700 55.0 + South Carolina— + Georgetown 10,000 400 4.0 + Spartanburg 20,000 8,860 44.3 + South Dakota— + Aberdeen 25,100 5,510 21.9 + Sioux City 40,000 8,929 22.3 + Tennessee 1,000,000 118,300 11.8 + Utah— + Ogden 50,000 8,000 16.0 + Salt Lake City 100,000 100,000 100.0 + Vermont 125,000 65,786 52.6 + Virginia 250,000 151,450 60.5 + West Virginia 700,000 457,175 65.3 + Wisconsin 3,000,000 2,896,840 96.5 + ---------- ---------- ---- + Total 45,871,300 20,746,938 45.2 + +The important position which the Red Cross Christmas Seal now occupies +as a means of support for anti-tuberculosis work in the United States is +indicated by the fact that the sales of the Seal, since its introduction +five years ago, have amounted to a total of more than $1,000,000. Every +year the sale has exceeded that of the year preceding. In 1911 the total +sale amounted to $339,656.08, and it is believed that the complete +reports of the sale in 1912 will show a considerable increase over that +amount. + + + + +What the Red Cross Seal Has Done for Brooklyn + +JAMES JENKINS, JR., _Executive Secretary, Brooklyn Committee on +Tuberculosis_. + + +The money made by the Red Cross Christmas Seal has done a very definite +and practical piece of work for Brooklyn, New York. About a year before +the seals were issued, there had been formed in Brooklyn a Tuberculosis +Committee, that had at that time limited funds but was struggling to +carry on various pieces of important and rather expensive work. One of +the needs of the community was more adequate hospital facilities and a +day camp for tubercular patients. The camp was to be established for +mothers and children, and it was hoped at that time that a class might be +formed for children, who could go on with their school duties. + +As a result of the first year’s sales about $5,000 was made, and through +the help of the Erie Railroad an old ferryboat was made into a city day +camp and attached to one of the piers of North River, where the air is as +fresh as possible, in such a large city. The first day the camp opened +there were thirty-five cases on the boat and the number has increased, +sometimes slowly but always steadily, until now the capacity of the boat +is 100 patients. The first summer a kindergarten teacher was privately +employed, who entertained the children, but early in the fall a regular +class was established, as an annex to one of the public schools, and it +was the only school in Brooklyn for tubercular children. Now the boat has +three classes, of nearly thirty children each, besides fifteen adults. + +When the day camp was established and known as the Red Cross Day Camp, +it was planned by the Tuberculosis Committee to have the city take it +over or share the expenses, if the experiment should prove worth while. +The city very soon recognized the value of the work at the Red Cross +Day Camp and the children were admitted through the city tubercular +clinics. Gradually the city has taken over more and more of the expenses +of the camp, but the boat is still known as the Red Cross Day Camp, +and the money made by the sale of the seals pays the remarkably good +superintendent of the boat, furnishes carfare to and from the camp, for +those patients who cannot afford to pay, and also pays for any special +training which the committee deems valuable to the patients. This year a +cobbling teacher has been employed to teach the boys how to mend their +own shoes; an expert course of corrective exercises was given by a +trained man; chair caning was taught and the adults and older girls are +taught to sew and mend. + +The total number of cases admitted to the boat since the beginning is +965. The curative results have been excellent, especially with the +children. At the beginning of the second semester of the school year this +session about one-third of the children were pronounced cured and sent +back to their regular schools. + +[Illustration: OPEN AIR SCHOOL FOR TUBERCULAR CHILDREN, BROOKLYN. N. Y. +PHOTOGRAPH SHOWS CHILDREN SLEEPING AFTER LUNCHEON] + +In addition to the work of the day camp this year the funds raised by +the Red Cross Christmas Seals will be devoted to the open-air classes +for anemic children in the public schools. There are open-air classes in +eight of the public schools now in Brooklyn. About 300 children attend +these classes and all of them are given some extra nourishment in the +morning and afternoon and a warm lunch at noon, and some extra clothing +was provided by the Board of Education. Special examinations by private +physicians, visits to homes, employment of cooks, supervisor, etc., come +out of the Red Cross money. + +The plan adopted in Brooklyn has been to keep the Red Cross money in a +special fund and devote it to some specific work, which interests the +thousands of people who buy seals at Christmas time. Without the help of +the sale of the seals it would have been impossible to have done some of +the most valuable work which has been done for tubercular patients in +Brooklyn. + +[Illustration: “FERRY BOAT CAMP.” THE SCHOOL AT PLAY.] + + + + +First Aid Department + + +One of the most successful campaigns conducted by the First +Aid Department of the American Red Cross has been that on the +Missouri-Pacific System, which was completed at Texarkana, Arkansas, on +January 4, 1913. It was begun at Omaha, Nebraska, on the September 16, +1912. A great part of the Missouri-Pacific System was covered during +the ensuing two months and a half, meetings being held at points in +nine different States. The total number of meetings was 234, the total +attendance 14,050, and the total travel 5,752 miles. The employes of this +railroad system were generally greatly interested in learning first aid. +As the direct result of this tour the entire system is to be outfitted +with first aid supplies and the instruction of men in their use is to be +continued systematically. + +It is gratifying to be able to record the fact that in the course of +this campaign many public meetings have been held both in Car No. 1 and +in town halls. Several opportunities have been offered to speak on first +aid at high schools, and in one or two towns this subject will be adopted +as part of the curriculum. Many fire and police departments have been +represented at meetings as well as a good number of industries. + +Dr. Mackey, in charge of Car No. 1 on his arrival at Texarkana, Texas, +on January 6, made arrangements to hold meetings at schools, factories, +etc., in that town while awaiting a new railroad schedule. The high +school and normal school attendance during this period amounted to 995 +persons. The school board of Texarkana has adopted first aid to the +injured as a regular course of study in the high school. The Y. M. C. A. +has installed a complete course and the Texarkana Normal School (colored) +has decided to take up this work. On leaving Texarkana on the 17th of +January, 1913, Dr. Mackey, with Car No. 1, resumed his railroad work on +the St. Louis Southwestern Railroad of Texas. This was continued until +the end of February with a total attendance of 2,085, a total of 30 +meetings, and a total travel of 1,274 miles. + +The hard and continuous service of Car No. 1 during the past three +years has finally put it out of commission beyond hope of repair. It +is a pleasure to be able to record the fact that the Pullman Company +has generously offered to replace this car with a new one which will +be larger and better suited to Red Cross purposes. It is expected that +this car will be ready for service before this report goes to press. +Meanwhile, Dr. Mackey is devoting his time to the various schools and +industries in the vicinity of Texarkana, Texas. + +After what Dr. Davis, in charge of Car No. 2, characterizes as a splendid +campaign over the Philadelphia & Reading System first aid work was taken +up for the Lehigh Valley Railroad. This was begun on December 13, 1912, +and continued to February 7, 1913. The more important points visited and +at which meetings were held were as follows: Jersey City, Perth Amboy, +N. J.; Easton. Pa.; Bethlehem, Pa.; Lehighton, Pa.; Hazleton, Pa.; +Delano, Pa.; Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; Pittston, Pa.; Sayre, Pa.: Auburn, N. Y.; +Manchester, N. Y.; Rochester, N. Y.; Buffalo, N. Y., and Niagara Falls, +N. Y. The total number of miles traveled was 916; 72 meetings were held, +with a total attendance of 3,105. The interest displayed on the Lehigh +Valley has been extremely gratifying. + +[Illustration: DR. SHIELDS ILLUSTRATING USE OF RED CROSS TOURNIQUET. THE +COMPRESS IN THIS CASE IS A POCKET KNIFE.] + +[Illustration: EMPLOYEES OF THE CHESAPEAKE & POTOMAC TELEPHONE CO., +WASHINGTON, D. C., UNDER INSTRUCTION IN FIRST AID.] + +Dr. Davis also reports that he learned from Mr. J. S. Rockwell, General +Agent, Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railroad, that since Car No. +2 covered that system last spring the work has been progressing very +favorably under the supervision of the company surgeons. The men and +officers are taking an active part in the movement and the results have +been strikingly successful, not only in respect to proper handling and +dressing of injuries but in a decrease in the number of accidents. A +bulletin is posted each month at the different shops making comparison as +to the number injured for each plant per number employed. Mr. Rockwell +states that it is truly remarkable the way the men from the different +shops are vying with each other in doing everything in their power to +make their particular shops come out at the end of the month with the +fewest injured. + +The Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railroad would like very much to +have another first aid campaign over its lines with the idea of getting +road men thoroughly organized in order that as nearly as possible they +may be on a par with the men employed in the shops. The report from this +railroad is of the greatest importance as it shows the direction which +it is believed first aid should take on railroads generally; first, +the prevention of accidents, and, second, their proper care if they do +unfortunately occur. + +As mentioned in the January RED CROSS MAGAZINE, Dr. M. J. Shields. Field +Agent of the First Aid Department of the American Red Cross, has been +carrying on a very successful first aid campaign for the Bell Telephone +Company, spending from December 3, 1912, to February 12, 1913, with the +Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania and from February 14 to March +10, covering the Chesapeake and Potomac Company’s plant. Lectures were +given in Philadelphia and vicinity, Chester, Westchester, West Grove, +Jenkintown, Doylestown, Norristown, Pottstown, and Lancaster in eastern +Pennsylvania: Camden, Atlantic City, Burlington, Bridgetown, and Trenton +in New Jersey, and at Wilmington and Dover in Delaware. + +The following offices of the Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania were +also visited during January and February: Reading, Allentown, Harrisburg, +Altoona, Lewistown, Bellefonte, Williamsport, Sunbury, Wilkes-Barre, +Scranton, Easton, Pittsburgh, Washington, Uniontown, Greensburg, +Johnstown, New Kensington, Rochester, New Castle, Greenville, Erie, +Warren, Oil City, Bradford, Du Bois, and Butler in Pennsylvania; in West +Virginia, Wheeling, Fairmont, Clarksburg and Parkersburg; and in Ohio, +Marietta, Urieville, Steubenville, and East Liverpool. + +In Chesapeake and Potomac territory, Washington, D. C., Baltimore, +Westminister, Frederick, Hagerstown, Queenstown, Salisbury, all in +Maryland were reached as well as Norfolk, Richmond, and Lynchburg in +Virginia and Thurmond, Charleston, Huntington, and Martinsburg in West +Virginia. In all, the number of meetings held was 142, miles traveled +7,500, and attendance 7,950. + +Those in attendance at the meetings were principally from the plant +department, the men who build and maintain the telephone lines, put up +ærial and underground cables, and install ’phones, but at nearly every +meeting numbers from the commercial and traffic departments attended. +Special talks were given in Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Baltimore, and +Washington, D. C., to the chief operators (women) and matrons on what +to do in sudden illness and emergencies, on how to keep well, and on +personal hygiene. Dr. Shields reports that these lectures were well +received. He also reports that the subject of accident prevention was +taken up and emphasized at each lecture. + +Invitations to attend these lectures were extended to the officials and +employes of the various electric light, power and street car companies. +Also to the Western Union, Postal and American Telegraph and Telephoto +companies, with the idea of encouraging a cooperative movement already +started of making a safer arrangement of cross-arms and a better spread +and less dangerous arrangement of high tension wires on poles jointly +used and in underground conduits, thereby cutting down to the minimum the +most distressing of accidents—fatal shock on a pole 30 feet in the air or +in an 8-foot man hole. + +[Illustration: DEMONSTRATION OF FIRST AID TO BELL TELEPHONE COMPANY, +PITTSBURGH, “PATIENT”: HAS FRACTURED HIP, FRACTURED LEG AND WOUNDS ON +HEAD.] + +The press in the towns and cities visited gave the work good publicity +both in their news columns and editorials. The _Gazette-Times_ of +Pittsburgh, on Sunday, February 16, had a full page with excellent +illustrations. The following is an extract from an editorial in the +_Westminster Maryland Times_ of February 21: + + “Too much cannot be said in praise of the work now being done + by the Red Cross in educating people to care for themselves and + others in time of accidents. That such work has great economic, + as well as sentimental value, is proved by the way the Bell + Telephone Companies and other large corporations are spending + money to carry on campaigns, with the help of the Red Cross + surgeons, that will show their men what they can and should do + in the way of giving first aid to the injured, before a doctor + can arrive.” + +The _Telephone-News_, January 1st, made first aid and accident prevention +a leading article. The _Transmitter_, published by the Chesapeake & +Potomac Company, in the issue of March 1st had an illustrated article on +the first aid Campaign. + +Throughout all this work every assistance was given by the officials and +men and the work was much appreciated by them. No doubt the interest +created will be the means of doing a great deal of good not only among +telephone men but with the public generally, as no business comes into +closer contact with the public than that of the telephone company. + + + + +First Aid in Australia + + +As another exemplification of the frequent assertion that the earth is +not so large after all is a letter which the editor of the RED CROSS +MAGAZINE recently received from Australia. Mr. H. Leslie McWhinney, +of Auburn, Victoria, in some unexplained way, obtained a copy of the +MAGAZINE for October, 1912, and became so interested in the activities +of the American Red Cross that he was moved to write the editor. His +letter contains so much information relative to the work of the First Aid +Volunteer Association in Australia that a portion of it is quoted here, +as follows: + +“First aid work in Australia is organized and conducted by the St. John +Ambulance Association, an English institution, which conducts first aid +and nursing classes, and has a permanent ambulance service in most of the +capital cities of the six States. It also has an organization called the +St. John Ambulance Brigade, consisting of men’s and women’s (nursing) +divisions. Sydney and Brisbane have civil ambulances as well. In +Melbourne we have the First Aid Volunteer Association, owing allegiance +to St. John’s, but acting quite independently of it. + +“This association had its origin in the visit of the American fleet in +1908, when this country became wild with enthusiasm and large crowds +visited the seaports to see the fleet. The Melbourne City Council, +expecting large crowds and many accidents, called for volunteers holding +first aid certificates, and a number responded, and rendered good +service. Afterwards Mr. W. F. Pratt, our present secretary, suggested +that those on duty should form a practice society, and this was done, the +First Aid Volunteer Association being formed. + +“Our membership has increased from 40 to 110, and is now growing +rapidly; the average attendance at weekly meetings ranges from 30 to 40 +and at lectures from 60 to 80. We encourage people interested in first +aid to visit our meetings and send members out to help class secretaries. +We also supply members for first aid duty at large public meetings, +exhibitions, missions and other gatherings. Last year our members +attended the Scoville Mission for six weeks, treating 44 cases; the +Alexander-Chapman Mission (4 weeks), and several other large gatherings. +A hygiene exhibition opens in Melbourne next week and we have agreed to +supply 12 members a night for four weeks. We make no charge, and our +members take no payment. Of course, we are willing to accept donations to +our funds, but do not ask for them. + +“We have a stretcher and a first class kit and plenty of bandages, +besides medical instruments for use on duty by any medical man who +happens along. At our monthly outings, which take place out of the city +on Saturday afternoons, the secretary prepares a list of accidents, +labels various ‘patients,’ and the other members have to work in pairs, +being allowed one bandage apiece and having to improvise the others. +Average attendance is thirty. We usually do a little propaganda work at +these outings, inviting the local class secretaries to bring along their +pupils, if any.” + +Of course, the readers of the RED CROSS MAGAZINE will understand the +difference between this First Aid Society in Australia and the American +Red Cross. The First Aid Volunteer Association was organized with only +one purpose in view, that of practicing first aid, and one of the +conditions of membership is that the applicant must have received a +first aid certificate; whereas the activities of the American Red Cross +have many ramifications and any reputable citizen of the United States +may become a member thereof simply upon the payment of dues. Membership +in the First Aid Association in Australia is rather analogous to +membership in the classes throughout the United States organized by the +First Aid Department of the American Red Cross. + +It is interesting to note that the arrival of the American fleet in +Australian waters in 1908 was the prime cause for the organization of the +First Aid Volunteer Association. + +[Illustration: “BROKEN THIGH.” FIRST AID PRACTICE.] + + + + +Red Cross Nursing Service + +MISS JANE A. DELANO, _Chairman National Committee._ + + +The rapid development of the Nursing Service of the Red Cross and the +solidarity of its various activities are encouraging signs of future +growth and more extended usefulness. + +Our state and local committees of nurses, organized primarily for the +enrollment of Red Cross nurses, have responded with enthusiasm whenever +new demands have been made upon them. We now have more than five hundred +representative nurses serving on these committees throughout the United +States, and their co-operation and interest may be depended upon to +further any work undertaken by the Red Cross. They have been most +active in the sale of Christmas Seals and have co-operated with local +tuberculosis agencies, often serving on special committees. In organizing +our Rural Nursing Service we have sought their advice and assistance. +They have suggested nurses for rural work and have given valuable +information in regard to the needs of their own communities. Further +details concerning this important service is given by Miss Clement, +superintendent of rural nurses. + +Our local committees are found ready to assist in relief work at +celebrations and parades, and appreciate the opportunities for experience +thus offered. The District of Columbia committee, of which Miss Anna J. +Greenlees is chairman, secured the nurses required for relief stations +established in Washington during inaugural week. A report of the work of +these stations appears in this number of the MAGAZINE. + +The National Committee on Nursing Service, in co-operation with the First +Aid Department, has been authorized by the Red Cross to organize classes +of instruction for women in Home Nursing and First Aid. Once more we must +appeal to our local committees of nurses for their assistance. The plan +adopted requires that the instruction in Home Nursing shall be given +by enrolled Red Cross nurses, who must, in a large measure, be secured +through the local committees. As the work develops we hope that nurses +especially qualified to instruct women in the principles of right living +and the home care of the sick may be found willing to devote their whole +time to this instruction. Even two classes a day would give a fair income +and an opportunity to render valuable service to a community. Information +concerning these classes for women is given in this issue by Miss Oliver, +in charge of their organization. + +Believing that the course in first aid adopted by the Red Cross would +be valuable even to graduate nurses, arrangements have been made with +the First Aid Department to allow enroled Red Cross nurses to take this +course at home. The textbook written by Major Charles Lynch must be used, +and nurses who so desire will be allowed to take an examination under the +direction of a physician appointed by the Red Cross. To those who pass +this examination a Red Cross First Aid Certificate will be issued. + + +RURAL NURSING + +MISS FANNIE F. CLEMENT, _Superintendent of Rural Nurses._ + +Before the Red Cross entered the field of rural nursing several attempts +were made to extend this work on a broad plan into the country districts. +After the Peace Conference, held at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1905, the +Russian and Japanese envoys made a gift of $20,000 to the State, to be +used for charitable purposes. At this time several persons who realized +that rural nursing was an important factor in the improvement of social +conditions tried to have this sum used in establishing a state-wide +system. It was not possible, however, to convince those in authority that +this would be the best disposition of the gift. It was the aim of the +Holman Association, incorporated in 1911, “for the promotion of rural +nursing, hygiene and social service.” to expand as resources permitted to +meet the needs of rural communities in the United States, but the society +has recently been disbanded. + +There are but few instances where rural nursing has been extended by a +single organization to cover any considerable area. A pioneer work was +started seventeen years ago in North Westchester county, New York, where +the District Nursing Association now employ six nurses and covers about +twenty villages. Gradually new districts in the surrounding territory are +being opened up by the association. + +There are, however, several individual nurses meeting the needs of rural +communities, and often under trying conditions. In isolated regions they +are cut off from helpful association with others doing similar work and +the stimulus that comes from identification with an extensive organized +effort. The Red Cross has planned a service of which these nurses may +become a part, which will assist them to establish and maintain high +standards. + +Rural nursing as it now exists is generally carried on under the +supervision of a committee which may include several sub-committees. +These are responsible for various branches of the nurses’ work. Wherever +such committees are able to arouse a general interest much has been +accomplished not only in behalf of public health, but in many lines of +public welfare work. + +It is expected that in the development of Red Cross rural nursing, +local committees will be created, meeting standards of salary and other +regulations which are deemed necessary to insure the best interests of +a community. The locality benefitted by the work of a nurse is expected +to meet the expenses connected with it. Fees collected from patients +are not sufficient for this, as all sick persons are not able to pay +for the services of the nurse. As a rule, patients are expected to pay +for professional visits, according to their means, but those unable to +make any payments should not go uncared for. The responsibility for +raising the necessary funds rests with the local committee, which also +superintends the work of the nurse. + +A general supervision by the Red Cross is maintained through occasional +visits of the superintendent of rural nurses and through monthly reports +of their work. + +During the 1910 Red Cross Christmas Seal sale, the Anti-Tuberculosis +Association of Wisconsin, offered the services of a visiting nurse for +one month to twelve cities of a limited population, making the highest +per capita sale. The Red Cross Seal Committee of Ohio, in 1912, sent a +visiting nurse for one month to each of twelve small cities throughout +the State as a prize in the seal-selling contest. Interest in visiting +nursing was thus stimulated to a degree that several of these towns +have since been insisting upon a permanent nurse, and have raised funds +necessary for her support. + +Hospitals, dispensaries and medical attendance are seldom as accessible +in the country as in cities. To have the rural nurse a resident in the +community, her services for all regardless of any lines of distinction, +to have intelligent nursing care for patients in their own homes, and +instruction and demonstration given in the principles of hygiene, not +only of person but as applied to home surroundings, are advantages which +have been appreciated wherever the visiting nurse is established. + +The best physicians have welcomed her assistance. No stronger testimony +to the value of her services is needed than the present demand for public +health workers in connection with industrial establishments, department +stores, religious and civic institutions and health departments of city, +town and county. + +Women of the finest type are needed for this work and those who have +had specialized training in public health activities. Several visiting +nursing associations to be utilized as training centers for Red Cross +nurses offer good opportunities for students to become familiar with +social work of various kinds through lectures, study courses and +affiliations with philanthropic societies in the city. Nurses may thus +come in contact with milk stations, dispensaries, tuberculosis and +charity organization societies, settlements and other social agencies. + +Nurses eligible for appointment to the Rural Nursing Service, who have +not already had experience or training in visiting nursing, after a +minimum period of three months with a city nursing association will be +placed one month with an association in the country, thus giving them +actual experience in rural nursing and its problems before assignment +to their post of duty. It is important that the rural nurse be informed +upon the various branches of public health nursing and social service, +as carried on in cities, in order that she may initiate work along these +lines in country places where it is often wholly unorganized. She should +be able to recognize contagious diseases and minor ailments among school +children. By giving simple health talks in the schools, she is able to +utilize one of the most advantageous avenues for influencing the home +life of her people. + +Local societies and clubs, the aim of which is to improve unfavorable +conditions that exist in their communities can establish a no more +fruitful source of helpfulness than by the employment of a visiting +nurse. Red Cross Chapters will find in such an undertaking not only +a means of creating interest in local work of the Red Cross, but +opportunity of enlarging their field of usefulness to the community. +The experience of the Red Cross Chapter in Islip, Long Island, in the +employment of a rural nurse has long ago proven the value of this plan of +work. + + +HOME NURSING AND FIRST AID INSTRUCTION FOR WOMEN + +MISS MARION L. OLIVER, _In Charge of Organization of Classes._ + +Believing that the physical welfare of the race depends largely upon +home conditions and that the women of the nation have a very definite +responsibility in maintaining the health of the family, the American Red +Cross has undertaken to organize on a national scale classes for women +in home nursing and first aid. It is hoped that this instruction will +make them better home makers, better mothers and better citizens. Before +describing what has been accomplished in this direction, it is best +to give details of the plan adopted. This can be done most briefly by +quoting from the official circular relating to the same. + + +PLAN OF INSTRUCTION FOR WOMEN. + +The American Red Cross has decided to organize classes of instruction +for women in first aid, home nursing, hygiene and allied subjects, to +be given under the supervision of the National Committee on Red Cross +Nursing Service. + + +OBJECTS. + +1. To afford women the opportunity to learn first aid to the injured, and +to provide simple instruction in the home care of the sick. + +2. To afford women the opportunity to learn how to prepare food for sick +and well. + +3. To afford women the opportunity to learn how to prepare rooms and +other places for the reception of ill and injured. + +4. To afford women the opportunity to learn how to protect their own +health and that of their families. + +It must be distinctly understood that this course of instruction for +women is only intended to prepare them to render emergency assistance in +case of accident, to give more intelligent care to their own families +under competent direction, and, in exceptional cases, to assist in relief +work under the supervision of the Nursing Service of the American Red +Cross. + + +NEED. + +Much needless suffering is now caused the ill and injured on account +of the ignorance of unskilled persons. It has been said that the fate +of the injured is dependent on the care which their injuries first +receive. It is therefore necessary for everybody to learn what to do +first in an emergency, and what not to do. This is easy to learn, but the +subject must be learned. Nobody can be expected to know this without +instruction. The number of people injured in the United States is rapidly +mounting and is now in the hundreds of thousands annually. Knowledge +of first aid to the injured cannot, it is true, prevent the consequent +suffering entirely, but it can be made an important factor in this result. + +The health of the family depends largely upon the home maker, and it +is most essential that she have a definite knowledge of personal and +household hygiene and the proper preparation of food. Special diet for +the sick is no less essential. Scarcely any woman is unacquainted with +the sick room in her own family, and some simple instruction in the care +of the sick should be a part of every woman’s education. + +It is the purpose of the Red Cross to provide for this instruction. + + +RESULTS. + +This work is just being started in this country, so that great results +cannot yet be reported. It has already been demonstrated here, however, +that instruction in first aid will reduce deaths and serious results +from injuries about one-half. On railroads and everywhere else that the +American Red Cross has carried first aid instruction, all interested are +enthusiastic in praise of the benefits derived. In other countries, such +as Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Russia, work of a similar +character to that contemplated for women has been done for many years +and all testimony goes to show that the public has largely benefited +therefrom. + + +COURSE OF INSTRUCTION. + +Ten lessons in First Aid. + +Fifteen lessons in Hygiene and Home Nursing. + +Fifteen lessons in Dietetics and Household Economy. + +All instruction will be very practical and pupils will, as far as +possible, be required actually to do everything described in the +teaching. Lessons in either First Aid or Home Nursing may be given +first, but both these courses of lessons must be completed and +certificates must be held in both by those desiring to take further +instruction. + +No two courses of instruction may be taken at the same time. + +All first aid courses must be given by a physician and other instructions +by a Red Cross nurse, unless otherwise authorized by the Red Cross. + + +ORGANIZATION OF CLASSES. + +Women desiring to form a class in either first aid or home nursing should +secure a sufficient number of names—not less than ten or more than +twenty-five—selecting one to act as president. The president so selected +should then communicate with the Department of Instruction for Women, +American Red Cross, Washington, D. C. A roll will be supplied on which +the names of the members of the class will be inscribed and answers given +in respect to certain essentials. + +No one under sixteen years of age is eligible for these classes. + +It will be necessary locally to obtain the services of a physician or a +nurse to give the instruction, whose name and address should be forwarded +to Washington with required roll of proposed class. All instructions must +be approved, and a card of authorization issued, by the Red Cross before +any course is begun. + +The instructors’ fees, if any, must be paid locally, and arrangements for +the same must be made by the class with the instructor selected. + +It will also be necessary to provide a meeting place. + +Books and charts will be supplied by the Red Cross. The cost of these +will be $1 per member for each course of ten lessons, and $1.50 per +member for each course of fifteen lessons. Payment for the same should +be made in advance. The president will be responsible for collecting and +forwarding this amount to Washington. + + +EXAMINATIONS AND CERTIFICATES. + +On the completion of each course of instruction an examiner will be +appointed, to be paid by the Red Cross. Such examiner will be other than +the instructor of the class. + +No one will be allowed to take an examination in any course who has not +attended at least three-fourths of the lessons of that course. + +Certificates will be given successful candidates at the conclusion of +each course of instruction. + +After fulfilling the requirements for the organization of a class +and the instructor has been formally appointed the class is free to +begin work, and very interesting work it proves to be. The course of +instruction in first aid begins with an introductory lesson in anatomy +and physiology followed by nine lessons with practical demonstration in +the care of emergencies and accidents most likely to be met with in the +every-day walks of life. It is most desirable that each pupil be given +an opportunity to practice on a model or manikin the various points +covered in the lessons. After the ten lessons are over, those members +of a class who have not been absent more than three times, are ready +for examination. This is given by a physician other than the instructor +of the class who is appointed direct from the first aid office. The +examination is one-third oral, one-third written and one-third practical. + +There are fifteen lessons in the Home Nursing course, and these should +prove of absorbing interest and practical value to every one. The +preliminary lessons deal with matters relating to the healthfulness of +the home, such as contamination of food and its prevention, sources of +impurities in water and air, personal hygiene and the preservation of +health. Then follows simple instruction in the home care of the sick, how +to make a sick bed, to transfer a patient from bed to chair, the general +care of a patient, including baths and the use of ordinary sickroom +appliances. For example, the theory of bed-making was being taught in +one of our classes the other day, and after the instructing nurse had +finished her lecture, every member of the class had to make the bed with +and without the patient, the patient in this case being a life-sized doll +covered with oilcloth so that it could be bathed. Several members of the +class did not make the beds satisfactorily and were told to practice +at home so that at the next lesson they could do better. A special +examination also follows this course. + +After those Home Nursing lessons are over, it is planned to have a series +of lectures on home economics and dietetics. + +So much for the plans and organization, now for the actual classes. The +records show that on March 30th almost six hundred women are taking this +instruction. + +Twenty-four classes in First Aid and three in Home Nursing have been +formed in different localities. Both the Young Women’s Christian +Association and the Girls’ Friendly Society have become interested in +this work. + +In Genesee, New York, the fox-hunting community has formed a large class +for women to teach them to cope with the accidents of the hunting field. + +In Manchester, Connecticut, where the Cheney Brothers have their big +silk mills, classes in both First Aid and Home Nursing have been +organized among the employes. + +In Cincinnati a group of society women are taking the First Aid course. + +In one of the suburbs of Washington, a group of young mothers have formed +a class. + +Other classes are active in Lexington, Ky., Providence, R. I., Detroit, +Mich., North Attleboro, Milton and Manchester, Mass., Milwaukee, Wis., +York, Pa., Philadelphia, Pa., and Washington, D. C. + +Two classes have been formed by the wives of the officers of the Army and +the Navy, and we hope that in time every Army post and Naval stations +will have its regular classes in First Aid and Home Nursing, and that +this work will not only be for the officers’ wives but for the wives of +the enlisted men as well. + +Al the end of each set of classes there is an examination and those who +successfully pass receive a Red Cross certificate. + +It is also planned that a field day will be held in each State that has +enough classes to warrant it and at this field day First Aid teams of +women will compete for a Bronze Medal. The rules for such a competition +will be supplied upon request. + +[Illustration] + + + + +The Red Cross at the Inauguration + + +The Red Cross participated actively in the care of ill and injured during +the various ceremonies incident to the inauguration of President Wilson, +March 4, 1913. + +On the morning of Sunday, March 2, a small emergency hospital was +established in a room set aside for the purpose at the Union Station. +This continued in operation till the morning of Thursday, March 6, and +was open for patients day and night. + +On the morning of March 3, two small Red Cross tent hospitals were +opened, one in rear of the Sherman Statue and the other in Lafayette +Square. These were in operation till the close of the Suffrage Parade the +same afternoon. In addition five ambulances were stationed along the line +of march for this parade. Two of these were near the Peace Monument, one +at Seventh street, one at Twelfth street, and one at Fifteenth street. +Very few patients sought assistance or were brought to these hospitals +or ambulances on this afternoon. All received were promptly treated and +properly disposed of. + +On March 4, the day of the inauguration, besides the hospital at Union +Station the Red Cross had in its charge tent hospitals east of the +Capitol, in rear of the Sherman Statue and in Lafayette Square. The +second was also open during the fireworks or till about 11 p. m. + +At these stations the number of patients treated was as follows: + + Union Station 64 + East of the Capitol 23 + Rear of Sherman Statue 19 + Lafayette Square 12 + Ambulances, March 3 15 + --- + 133 + +Major Charles Lynch. Medical Corps, U. S. A., was in charge of the +emergency service. Miss Jane A. Delano, Chairman of the Nursing Committee +of the American Red Cross, acted for that committee in the necessary +arrangements so far as it was concerned. Miss Anna J. Greenlees served +as director of Red Cross nurses, and Mrs. Theodora North McLaughlin +represented the District Chapter. The physicians on duty at the stations +were members of the Inaugural Sub-committee on Ambulances and Hospitals. +The nurses were Red Cross nurses of the District of Columbia and the Boy +Scouts were supplied by the local Boy Scout organization. + +It will be noted that no very great demands were made on the emergency +service of the Red Cross during the inaugural period. Most of the +patients required rest rather than medication or hospital treatment. This +they were able to obtain at the Red Cross Stations. These also sheltered +a few cases of serious illness and for all everything possible was done. + +The weather conditions were in marked contrast with those of four years +ago, which contributed largely to reducing the number of cases requiring +emergency treatment. + +The thanks of the Red Cross are due to the following physicians, nurses +and Boy Scouts for services which, while by no means spectacular, were +thoroughly creditable in every respect. + + +UNION STATION. + + +_Physicians._ + +Dr. J. J. Madigan, Red Cross Director; Doctors R. E. Ledbetter, Chas. +W. Allen, C. N. Chipman, Wm. J. G. Thomas, Elmer Sothoron, J. Franklin +Hilton, Philip Newton, H. F. Sawtelle, T. Victor Hammond, John P. +Gunion, Alfred Richards, R. F. Tobin, W. C. Gwynn, Jas. G. Townsend, J. +A. O’Donoghue, Joseph C. Leonard, H. C. Duffey, G. B. Heinecke, J. E. +Lind, and Edgar Snowden. + + +_Nurses._ + +Sallie F. Melhorn, Susie A. Mortimer, Katherine Von Brodt, Charlotte H. +Barnes, Ethel H. Brown, Winona R. Taylor. + + +EAST OF CAPITOL. + + +_Physicians._ + +Dr. Alfred Richards, Red Cross Director; Doctors Carl Haas, Roy Dunmire +and Stuart C. Johnson. + + +_Nurses._ + +Mrs. M. J. Johnson and Mrs. Emil A. Fenstad. + + +REAR OF SHERMAN STATUE. + + +_Physicians._ + +Dr. Frank E. Gibson, Red Cross Director; Doctors J. R. Ramsburgh, Oscar +Wilkinson and O. Cox. + + +_Nurses._ + +Misses Agnes Hayes, Mary Davis, Kathryne Donnelly, Lena Bauer, A. L. +Goodheart, Pricilla Page, Keiningham, Sewell, Cora Wynkoop and Zaidee +Kibler. + + +_Boy Scouts._ + +Arnel Carpenter, Clarence Shrout, Ernest Utz and Waldo Jones. + + +_Troop 37, Somerset, Maryland._ + +Dwight Terry, Raymond Henderson, Mark Shoemaker, Leslie Stimpson, Silas +Hayes, Talbot Barnard, Charles Shoemaker and William Probey. + +It is to be regretted that the names of all the Boy Scouts, who +invariably did good work, were not recorded. + +[Illustration: CROWDS IN FRONT OF THE CAPITOL DURING THE INAUGURATION OF +PRESIDENT WILSON. + +© Harris-Ewing] + + +LAFAYETTE SQUARE. + + +_Physicians._ + +Dr. William P. Reeves, Red Cross Director; Doctors Philip Newton and +Albert G. Wenzell. + + +_Nurses._ + +Mrs. L. A. Weed, Mrs. J. J. Johnson, Misses J. Allan, Mary W. Cox, Mary +F. Sewall and Bernice Keiningham. + +The Ford Motor Car Company through its local agent, Miller Brothers, was +also good enough to give an automobile for inspection purposes on the day +of the Inauguration. + +[Illustration: ILLUMINATION OF PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE ON THE NIGHTS OF THE +4TH AND 5TH OF MARCH] + +The expenses involved were paid from Inaugural and Red Cross funds. +They were small as all served without pay except the nurses at the Union +Station on whose time much greater demands were made than on other +personnel. + +The expenditures in detail were as follows: + + _Inaugural Funds._ + + Nurses at Union Station $56.00 + Medical supplies used 16.00 + ------ + Total $62.00 + + _Red Cross Funds._ + + Miscellaneous supplies, lunches, + tent floors, etc. $61.40 + ------- + Grand total $123.40 + + + + +The Endowment Fund Committees + +WORK ACCOMPLISHED + + + December 31, 1912. + + Amount to be raised $2,000,000.00 + Amount raised and in Red Cross Treasury to date $820,221.67 + Amount in hands of Endowment Fund Committees + and not yet transferred (reported) 81,657.98 + ----------- 901,879.65 + ------------- + Amount yet to be raised $1,098,120.35 + + Percentage + Committee Apportionment Raised Plus Minus raised + + Akron, Ohio 6,000 250.00 5,750.00 4 + Albany, N. Y. 10,000 10,000.00 + Amesbury, Mass. 90 190.00 100.00 211 + Atlanta, Ga. 15,000 15,000.00 + Baltimore, Md. 55,000 8,555.00 46,445.00 15 + Berkshire County, Mass. 10,500 10,500.00 + Boston, Mass. 67,000 27,633.62 39,366.38 41 + Buffalo, N. Y. 42,000 42,000.00 + Burlington, Iowa 2,500 2,500.00 + Canal Zone 700 709.63 9.63 101 + Canton, Ohio 5,000 5,000.00 + Charleston, S. C. 5,000 5,000.00 + Chattanooga, Tenn. 4,000 245.00 3,755.00 6 + Chicago, Ill. 218,000 78,000.00 140,000.00 35 + Cincinnati, Ohio 36,000 18,487.06 17,512.94 51 + Cleveland, Ohio 56,000 56,000.00 + Columbus, Ohio 18,000 18,000.00 + Dallas, Texas 9,000 9,000.00 + Dayton, Ohio 11,000 11,000.00 + Denver, Colo. 21,000 500.00 20,500.00 2 + Detroit, Mich. 46,000 10,005.00 35,995.00 21 + Duluth, Minn. 7,800 7,800.00 + Grand Rapids, Mich. 11,000 11,000.00 + Hampden County, Mass. 8,000 813.00 7,187.00 10 + Harrisburg, Pa. 6,000 6,000.00 + Hartford, Conn. 9,800 5,514.60 4,285.40 56 + Hyde Park, N. Y. 600.00 + Indianapolis, Ind. 23,000 4,807.68 18,192.32 20 + Kansas City, Mo. 24,000 24,000.00 + Los Angeles, Cal. 31,000 31,000.00 + Louisville, Ky. 22,000 22,000.00 + Lowell, Mass. 10,000 1,871.50 8,128.50 18 + Magnolia, Mass. 30 62.00 32.00 206 + Manchester, Mass. 270 2,057.11 1,787.11 761 + Massillon, Ohio 1,300 1,300.00 + Memphis, Tenn. 13,000 13,000.00 + Nashville, Tenn. 11,000 11,000.00 + Newark, N. J. 34,000 34,000.00 + New Haven. Conn. 13,000 6,840.83 6,159.17 52 + New York, N. Y. 476,000 510,821.00 34,821.00 107 + Omaha, Nebr. 13,000 13,000.00 + Paterson, N. J. 12,000 12,000.00 + Philadelphia, Pa. 154,000 154,000.00 + Pittsburgh, Pa. 53,000 105.00 52,895.00 1-5 + Portland, Oreg. 20,700 20,700.00 + Rhode Island 54,000 54,000.00 + Richmond, Va. 12,000 12,000.00 + Rochester, N. Y. 21,800 21,800.00 + San Antonio, Texas 9,000 500.00 8,500.00 5 + San Francisco, Cal. 41,000 75,668.34 34,668.34 184 + Schenectady, N. Y. 7,000 7,000.00 + Scranton, Pa. 12,900 8,021.08 4,878.92 62 + Seattle, Wash. 23,700 23,700.00 + St. Louis, Mo. 68,000 70,630.84 2,630.84 103 + St. Paul, Minn. 21,000 198.00 20,802.00 47-50 + Toledo, Ohio 16,000 16,000.00 + Troy, N. Y. 7,000 7,000.00 + Utica, N. Y. 7,000 7,000.00 + Washington, D. C. 33,000 33,890.04 890.04 102 + Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 6,000 6,000.00 + Worcester, Mass. 14,000 50.00 13,950.00 5-14 + Youngstown, Ohio 7,000 550.00 6,450.00 7 + +In the case of Scranton the committee in a short time after its +organization secured $8,000 of its $12,000 apportionment. By reason of +a serious mine disaster in the vicinity of Scranton the members of the +committee were compelled to devote their efforts to the raising of a +large relief fund. The Red Cross has therefore accepted the $8,000 as +completing Scranton’s apportionment. + +[Illustration] + + + + +ADVERTISEMENTS + + + OFFICERS + + PRESIDENT + + Charles C. Glover + + VICE PRESIDENTS + + Milton E. Ailes + William J. Flather + + CASHIER + + Henry H. Flather + + ASS’T CASHIER + + Joshua Evans, Jr. + + [Illustration] + + CAPITAL $1,000,000 + SURPLUS 2,000,000 + + DIRECTORS + + Charles C. Glover + Thomas Hyde + James M. Johnston + Wm. J. Flather + R. Ross Perry + Henry Hurt + John R. McLean + F. A. Vanderlip + Milton E. Ailes + Henry H. Flather + H. Rozier Dulany + Frederic D. McKenney + Frank C. Henry + Willard H. Brownson + Charles I. Corby + Sylvester W. Labrot + + Strength and conservatism in a bank are two of the most + important things to be considered in selecting a depositary for + your funds. + + ¶ The resources of this time-tested institution, amounting to + over $14,000,000, afford ample protection to its depositors. + + ¶ The conservative policy of its management, backed by years of + experience, assures careful attention to all banking matters + entrusted to its care. + + ¶ Dependable connections in all the principal cities of the + United States and abroad enable us to handle with expedition + collections on any point in the world. + + ¶ Letters of Credit and Travelers’ Checks issued available the + world over. + + ¶ Investments made for customers. + + _Correspondence Invited_ + + Riggs National Bank + 1501 Pennsylvania Avenue + WASHINGTON, D. C. + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75163 *** |