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diff --git a/75473-h/75473-h.htm b/75473-h/75473-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dcec2e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/75473-h/75473-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,9662 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> + <meta charset="UTF-8"> + <title> + Brazil, the land of rubber | Project Gutenberg + </title> + <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover"> + <style> + +a { + text-decoration: none; +} + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +h1,h2,h3,h4,h5 { + text-align: center; + clear: both; +} + +.nobreak { + page-break-before: avoid; +} + +hr { + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + clear: both; +} + +hr.tb { + width: 45%; + margin-left: 27.5%; + margin-right: 27.5%; +} + +hr.chap { + width: 65%; + margin-left: 17.5%; + margin-right: 17.5%; +} + +img.w100 { + width: 100%; +} + +div.chapter { + page-break-before: always; +} + +ul { + list-style-type: none; +} + +li { + margin-top: .5em; + padding-left: 2em; + text-indent: -2em; +} + +p { + margin-top: 0.5em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: 0.5em; + text-indent: 1em; +} + +table { + margin: 1em auto 1em auto; + max-width: 40em; + border-collapse: collapse; +} + +table.big { + max-width: 50em; +} + +th { + padding: 0.25em; + font-weight: normal; +} + +td { + padding-left: 0.25em; + padding-right: 0.25em; + vertical-align: top; + text-align: justify; +} + +table.big td { + padding-left: 2.25em; + text-indent: -2em; +} + +.tdc { + text-align: center; +} + +.tdr { + text-align: right; +} + +.bt { + border-top: thin solid black; +} + +.caption p { + text-align: center; + margin-bottom: 1em; + font-size: 90%; + text-indent: 0em; +} + +.center { + text-align: center; + text-indent: 0em; +} + +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +.frac { + padding-right: 0.75em; +} + +.larger { + font-size: 150%; +} + +.nw { + white-space: nowrap; +} + +.pagenum { + position: absolute; + right: 4%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + font-style: normal; +} + +.right { + text-align: right; +} + +.smaller { + font-size: 80%; +} + +.smcap { + font-variant: small-caps; + font-style: normal; +} + +.titlepage { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 3em; + text-indent: 0em; +} + +.valign { + vertical-align: middle; +} + +.x-ebookmaker img { + max-width: 100%; + width: auto; + height: auto; +} + +/* Illustration classes */ +.illowp100 {width: 100%;} +.illowp48 {width: 48%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp48 {width: 100%;} +.illowp52 {width: 52%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp52 {width: 100%;} +.illowp53 {width: 53%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp53 {width: 100%;} +.illowp56 {width: 56%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp56 {width: 100%;} +.illowp65 {width: 65%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp65 {width: 100%;} + </style> + </head> +<body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75473 ***</div> + +<h1>Brazil, the land of rubber</h1> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="brazil-seal" style="max-width: 15.625em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/brazil-seal.jpg" alt=""> +</figure> + +<p class="titlepage larger">BRAZIL<br> +<span class="smaller">THE</span><br> +LAND <i>of</i> RUBBER</p> + +<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap"><span class="smaller">at the</span><br> +Third International Rubber and<br> +Allied Trades Exhibition<br> +New York<br> +1912</span></p> + +<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">WITH THE COMPLIMENTS OF</span><br> +THE BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="BRAZIL_COURT">BRAZIL COURT</h2> + +</div> + +<p>Brazil occupies no less than ten thousand square feet of space +on the Balcony Floor. The Exhibit is specially comprehensive. +There is a fine archway to each entrance to the court dominated +by the arms of the Federal Government. An Information +Bureau is provided, at which all enquiries as to Brazilian rubber +will be answered. The walls are hung with statistics and maps +of the country. Close by are the offices of the Brazilian Commissioners +and a refreshment kiosk, where the Federal Government +dispenses Brazilian coffee to visitors. One of the first +things to strike the eye is the huge recumbent figure of the +Rubber Colossus, overlooking the mighty Amazon and its innumerable +tributaries, all of them highways of the rubber collecting +industry. From this point the visitor may, with the +assistance of a number of pictures, 22 feet by 12 feet, take a +bird’s eye view tour up the Amazon. Alongside these pictures +is a unique collection from the different States of Brazil of rubber +and other products, the preponderance of the rubber industry +being illustrated by a fine pyramid of caoutchouc. Dotted here +and there are life-sized models of Brazilian workmen in their +native costumes. Arriving at the entrance to the Amazonas Section +we find Dr. Pinto actually engaged in the coagulation of +latex by his new smokeless process, which manufacturers have +admitted turns out excellent rubber and which has the great +advantage over the native system hitherto in vogue, of saving an +enormous amount of both time and labor, whilst giving splendid +results. A second series of pictures affords a vivid idea of the +salient features of the State of Amazonas. In this section we +have a mountain of rubber, and a ball which weighs 1,600 +pounds. There is a fine picture of a native tapping a rubber +tree and numerous very beautiful photographs. That nothing +may be wanting to the completeness of the representation of +Brazil’s great rubber industry a series of Moving Pictures is +shown in the Main Hall of the Exhibition, which visitors will +find particularly instructive after they have gone through the +Brazilian Section on the Balcony Floor.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp52" id="illus01" style="max-width: 21.875em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus01.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>MARECHAL HERMES DA FONSECA,<br> + President of Brazil.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="BRAZILIAN_DELEGATION">BRAZILIAN DELEGATION <i>of the</i> INTERNATIONAL +RUBBER EXHIBITION, NEW YORK</h2> + +<p class="center smaller">DISTRIBUTION OF SERVICE</p> + +</div> + +<h3>FEDERAL GOVERNMENT COMMISSIONERS</h3> + +<p class="center"><i>President</i><br> +DR. CANDIDO MENDES DE ALMEIDA</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Assistant</i><br> +MAIRO BAPTISTA NUNES<br> +Official representation, information and publicity</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Vice-President</i><br> +ADMIRAL JOSÉ CARLOS DE CARVALHO</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Assistants</i><br> +DR. OSCAR SAYAO DE MORAES<br> +ADALBERTO DE SOUSA ARANHA<br> +Disposition of Exhibits, Decoration, Etc.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>General Secretary</i><br> +DR. EUGENIO DAHNE</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Assistant Secretary</i><br> +MR. DILLWYME M. HAZLETT</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Accountant</i><br> +MR. IVO GRACA CAMPOS<br> +Reception of Exhibits, Correspondence, Purchasing, Accounts, Payments, Etc.</p> + +<h3>STATE COMMISSIONERS</h3> + +<p class="center"><i>State of Amazonas</i><br> +DR. MANOEL LOBATO</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Commercial Association of Amazonas</i><br> +MR. A. W. STEADMAN, New York Commercial Co.<br> +MR. J. LEVY, Manáos</p> + +<p class="center"><i>State of Pará</i><br> +<i>Commercial Association of Pará</i><br> +MR. GEORGE E. PELL, General Rubber Co., New York</p> + +<p class="center"><i>State of Bahia</i><br> +J. DO ARGOLLO</p> + +<p class="center"><i>State of Minas Geraes</i><br> +DR. I. SANTIAGO CARDWELL QUINN</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Rubber Demonstration</i><br> +DR. CARLOS CERQUEIRA PINTO</p> + +<p class="center">OFFICE HOURS—9 to 12 A. M. and 2 to 5 P. M.<br> +Committee Meeting of Delegation—Daily 3 to 4 P. M.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus02" style="max-width: 26.5625em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus02.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>DR. PEDRO DE TOLEDO,<br> + Minister of Agriculture of the Government of Brazil</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION</h2> + +</div> + +<p>Brazil, with its vast and immeasurable virgin forests in the +valley of the Amazon, undoubtedly the greatest in the world, +traversed by innumerable tributaries, many of which are larger +and deeper than many of the rivers in other countries, can be +considered the largest storehouse of native rubber of the best +quality, all ready to be extracted, coagulated and applied to all +kinds of industries. No other investment of capital can be as +remunerative as that invested in the extraction of the native rubber +from full grown trees, already existing in large quantities of +many millions, and in zones full of natural richness.</p> + +<p>For the culture of rubber trees of the various species, the +whole northern and central portions of Brazil are well adapted, +and will give magnificent results in the near future.</p> + +<p>Nature has prodigally provided easy means of communication +by waterways broad and deep. The climate is equitable +without great variations of temperature, which gives perpetual +summer and produces large and nearly uninterrupted harvests of +agricultural products.</p> + +<p>The difficulties which hinder the rapid development of the +extraction of rubber are the obstructions in rivers in certain +places, at certain seasons of the year when the water is low, and +the fact that the production of rubber is so remunerative that all +the vigorous men that are thus engaged do not care to engage +in any other industry. Thus it is that living in the rubber regions +is very expensive because everything must be brought there, +even implements and foodstuffs.</p> + +<p>These difficulties, however, have been brought to the attention +of the Federal Government of Brazil, and of the States, +and in consequence an important Congress was called and presided +over by the Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce. +The Legislative power also passed special laws providing +measures urgently needed to better the existing conditions. +These laws also provide for a department under the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span> +Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, to be called +“The Protection of Rubber,” which has already been formed +and is at work.</p> + +<p>Among the various and important provisions of the law, is +the establishment of various experimental stations for advancing +the cultivation of the four different kinds of rubber trees found +in Brazil, the Hevea braziliensis (seringa), castillôa (caucho), +maniçoba, and mangabeira. These trees are all natives of Brazil +and can be cultivated from the upper regions of the Amazon to +the States of S. Paulo and Paraná. That is, from the extreme +north to nearly the extreme south, one or other of these species +can be cultivated, according to the climate and character of the +soil in each region.</p> + +<p>Various concessions and money premiums are offered to attract +capital and awaken activity in this industry. Certain services, +such as the establishment of hospitals, medical attention +and hygienic regulations are also provided by the Federal Government.</p> + +<p>In the pages of this book will be found, fully treated, the +principal points of this important subject. From the statistical +tables published and from the exhibits displayed at the International +Rubber Exposition in New York, it can readily be seen +that the rubber of Brazil is judged the best in the world, and that +its production although already enormous is destined to be +largely increased.</p> + +<p class="right">DR. CANDIDO MENDES DE ALMEIDA,<br> +President Brazilian Commission.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_MONOGRAPH_UPON_PARA_RUBBER">A MONOGRAPH UPON PARÁ RUBBER</h2> + +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="HISTORICAL_NOTES">HISTORICAL NOTES ABOUT PARÁ RUBBER</h3> + +</div> + +<p>It is in our diaries of the voyage of the Genovese Columbus, +that among the important occurrences of that notable crossing +of the ocean, which gave him immortality, appeared the first +references, made by Herrera, to the quality of a certain gum +utilized by the aborigines.</p> + +<p>In 1536 Gonçalvo Fernandes d’Oviedo in his “Universal +History of the Indies,” published in Madrid, also mentioned the +uses which the indigenous tribes of North America made of +rubber skins in their amusements.</p> + +<p>The Jesuit Charlevoix also refers to it and more fully yet +does John Torquemada who in his “Indian Monarchy,” expresses +himself thus: “There is a tree in this country (Mexico) +known to the natives as <b>ulequahuitl</b>, to whom it is of the greatest +value. This tree grows in the warm or torrid zone; and presents +itself of a medium height with rounded leaves of an ashy +color. It furnishes in abundance a species of glutinous white +liquid like milk, which makes it of great utility to them.</p> + +<p>“The milk of the <b>ulequahuitl</b> is obtained by beating the tree +with a small hatchet. The liquid is then seen to ooze out from +the incision made like blood from a wound. The natives gather +it into dry hollow gourds of various sizes. It gradually takes +consistency in these receptacles, until it turns into a gummy +mass, from which it is easy to adapt it to any form which may +be required.</p> + +<p>“Those who have no gourds, besmear their bodies with the +liquid substance, as it flows out from the tree; which in drying +forms itself into a species of membrane, which is easily taken +off and whose thickness varies according to the coating spread +over the skin. Skins very much appreciated for their elasticity +are made with this <b>ulli</b>. The ulli solidified serves for shields, +which thus are proof against the sharpest-pointed arrows, owing +without doubt to the pliability of the material, which does not +affect its tenacity.</p> + +<p>“Kings and nobles habitually use shoes made of ulli. The +Spaniards of Mexico, moreover, impregnate their capes with +<b>ulli</b>, so as to make them water-proof, because it is proved that +such substance resists water in a marvelous manner, but melts +before the action of the sun.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus03" style="max-width: 26.5625em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus03.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>COUNT CANDIDO MENDES DE ALMEIDA,<br> + President of the Federal Government of Brazil Commission.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span></p> + +<p>In Mexico and Central America, the name of <b>Ule</b> still +denotes even to-day one of the rubber trees known as the +elastic Castille.</p> + +<p>After the Spaniards, the French in 1736 occupied themselves +with that substance, whose interesting properties had not up +to that date come to deserve the attention of the Europeans.</p> + +<p>De la Condamine sent by the French Government to Perú, +in order to measure a degree of the terrestrial meridian, was +the first to refer to the Hevea of the Guyana. In a note that +accompanied a small sample of resinous gum of a heavy dark +color, almost black, he said to the Academy of Sciences: “There +grows in the forests of the province of the Esmeraldas a tree +known to the natives by the name of Hevé; a white resinous +liquid something like milk runs out from it after making an +incision; this substance is collected in a leaf that is laid close +to the foot of the tree and afterwards is exposed to the sun, +when it gets black at first upon its surface and afterwards by +continuous exposure to the sun becomes black in all its mass. +Torches, which burn admirably well, are made from it. It is +known in Quito, that that tree grows also upon the banks of the +Amazon and that the Mainas call it cautchú. They make +earthen moulds in the form of bottles and cover them with that +material. Afterwards when the resin gets hard, they break the +mould and thereby obtain unbreakable water-jars much lighter +than glass bottles.”</p> + +<p>Later on he wrote: “many are the uses which the Omaguas +make of that resin in the central parts of South America, +especially among the Indians of Pará where the Portuguese +gave to the tree that produces it, the name of <b>Pauseringa</b>, because +from it ‘seringas,’ much in vogue among the Omaguas, +are manufactured; these being little hollow balloons in the shape +of a pear, into which a tube is inserted.</p> + +<p>“In Pará it is moulded in still many different manners, they +make <b>borracha</b>, faces of animals, hollow or solid balls and also +apply it in the manufacture of boots which become quite water-proof +and when smoked acquire the appearance of leather.”</p> + +<p>Fresneau, a collaborator of de la Condamine, sought to +study the vegetable plants which produced that gum, obtaining +as a result that Aublet, a French botanist, proceeded to interest +himself in the question and completed de la Condamine’s +studies, and then classifying the hevé under the domination of +<b>Hevea Guyanensis</b>.</p> + +<p>It was only in 1798 that the <b>Ficus elastica</b>, the first Asiatic +plant producer of rubber became known, and up till 1860 South +America, English India and Java were the only rubber-producing +countries in the world.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus04" style="max-width: 26.5625em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus04.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>ADMIRAL JOSÉ CARLOS DE CARVALHO,<br> + Vice-President of the Federal Government of Brazil Commission.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span></p> + +<p>Much later than this—in 1885, Africa commenced to export +this article, an industry which reached its apogee after the +creation by Leopold II of the Independent State of the Congo.</p> + +<p>In the meantime, in spite of the fact of some of the qualities +of rubber and even its applications being known in Europe +ever since the Sixteenth Century, it was only during the +Nineteenth Century, that this product conquered that position +as an article very much in evidence which it now occupies as an +indispensable material in modern industry or even still yet for +the necessities which civilization created.</p> + +<p>Hérissant and Macquer, in 1768, discovered the first dissolving +processes; in 1770, Priestley vulgarized the property of the +“borracha” in wiping out lead-pencil tracings from which the +English name <b>Rubber</b> is derived; Berniard, Fourcroy, Berthollet, +Grossart and others occupied themselves about this commodity, +with more or less success. Madier, in 1820, found out a mechanical +means of cutting the rubber-blocks in order to obtain +elastic threads and three years afterwards, MacIntosh discovered +that naphtha dissolved rubber and thus made cloth impervious +to the action of water.</p> + +<p>The adaption of rubber to industrial purposes such as the +manufacture of shoes, physical and surgical appliances, elastic +cloths, railway-buffers, machine-springs, etc., was fairly in full +swing when the discovery of the vulcanizing of rubber by +Goodyear sprung up, an occurrence which came to revolutionize +the incipient industry and enormously enlarge the scope of the +commercial application of that product, which thence forward +came to assume exceptional importance. The vulcanizing +method consists in the mixing of a certain quantity of rubber +with sulphur and in the exposure of that mixture to an elevated +temperature and to a high pressure during a certain space of time. +The rubber transforms itself considerably; the property of indefinite +hardness is lost, but presents greater resistency to the +forces of compression and lengthening-out, supports excessively +low temperature and becomes less sensible to the action of +ordinary dissolving ingredients.</p> + +<p>In Brazil already existed up to 1840, a rudimentary industry +of shoe manufacturing and in the water-proofing of various +objects. The great demand for rubber caused by the development +of the industry in foreign countries and consequently +the very high profits that the extraction of rubber in the +Brazilian “seringaes” or native rubber-forests presented, destroyed +all that initiative and Brazil passed into the position +of a mere producer of the raw material. In order to appreciate +with what devotion the country lent itself to this occupation, +sufficient is it to contrast the 31 tons exported in 1827 with the +36,547 exported in 1911.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus05" style="max-width: 26.5625em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus05.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>DR. EUGENIO DAHNE,<br> + General Secretary of the Federal Government of Brazil Commission.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="RUBBER-PRODUCING_PLANTS">RUBBER-PRODUCING PLANTS—BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION—PRODUCTIVENESS—REGIONS +IN WHICH THEY EXIST</h3> + +</div> + +<p>At the present moment, more than 300 species of rubber-producing +plants are known to exist, these being distributed +among the tropical regions of the world. Trees of large size, +climbing plants and flexible creepers containing the precious +latex in their branches, trunk and roots, those vegetable growths +from the double point view of quantity and quality of rubber +produce have not an equal importance. The species worthy of +mention belong to four great families:</p> + +<p>1.—Euphorbiacan, <b>Hevea</b>, <b>Micrandra</b>, <b>Manioh</b>. 2.—Ulmacean, +<b>Castillôa</b> and <b>Ficus</b>. 3.—Apocynacean, <b>Landolphia</b>, <b>Hancornia</b>, +<b>Kickxia</b>, <b>Carpodium</b> and <b>Clitandra</b>. 4.—Asclepiadaceas, <b>Callotropia</b>, +<b>Cynanchum</b>.</p> + +<p>The production of rubber in America is principally furnished +by the heveas, micandra, manioh, castillôa and hancornia; that +of Asia by the ficus; and that of Africa by the landolphia, +clitandra and kickxia.</p> + +<p>In the Amazonian region of Brazil, there exist about 21 +species of heveas; of these the principal is the hevea braziliensis, +which under the name of “the Pará rubber-tree” deserves to be +classed in the front rank of all the other lactiferous plants in +the world. The <b>hevea braziliensis</b> furnishes the most highly +esteemed quality of rubber, and it is the value of that product +which determines the prices of all the other species of rubber +brought on to the market.</p> + +<p>The heveas are powerful trees of from 20 to 30 metres high, +the trunk which is cylindric in form and of a light ashy color, +generally attains a diameter of from 0ᵐ80 to 1ᵐ20; the branches +only commence to grow at about 15 metres from the ground. +The leaves fall in June, but are speedily substituted by others; +it is during this period that the trees break into flower.</p> + +<p>They grow in the valley of the Amazon, which within +Brazil embraces the State of the Amazonas, the federal territory +of Acre, almost all the State of Pará, the North of Matto +Grosso and of Goyaz and a part of the South of Maranhão, or say +about 5,000,000 of square kilometres.</p> + +<p>Their <b>habitat</b> as a general rule is a low and warm region +whose temperature varies between 25° and 30°; without sudden +changes during the course of the year and they favor by preference +the watery soils, just swampy, damp and even marshy;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span> +however, at the head-waters of some rivers, they also live and +develop themselves perfectly well in dry and elevated land. In +the Amazonic forests, the average proportion is of one hevea-tree +for 80 trees of other species.</p> + +<p>The milky latex circulates from the root to the leaves, existing, +however, in greater abundancy in the trunk, up to a height +of about 2 metres from the ground. The heveas in Brazil are +generally known by the term “seringueiras” and the forests in +which they are found are denominated “seringaes.”</p> + +<p>The average production of a “seringueira” during the +harvest season, which extends over the space of 6 months, is +of 5 kilos of fine rubber and 750 grs. of sernamby.</p> + +<p>The species most appreciated besides the <b>hevea braziliensis</b>, +are the <b>hevea de terra firme</b>, of which Dr. E. Ule treats in his +recent studies, and which are found on the frontiers of Matto +Grosso, the <b>hevea do Rio Negro</b>, called “seringa verdadeira” +(the real seringa), the <b>hevea benthamiana</b> and the <b>hevea dukei</b>, +<b>Hub</b>, from the region of the Japurá, all of them furnishing excellent +products.</p> + +<p>In the valley of the Amazon exist the <b>micandras</b>, belonging +to the same family and producing a rubber of a superior quality, +since it is sold under the name of Fine-Pará. The production +of these trees goes to the market included in the category of +hevea, owing to its similarity to this latter. The <b>micandra +syshenoide</b> which is the most known species, is found on the +Lower Amazon, in the innumerable islands at the estuary of +the great Amazon River, in the valleys of the Madeira, the +Solimões, the Japurá and the Purús; the natives give it the +names of <b>tapurú</b>, <b>curupita</b>, <b>murupita</b> and <b>seringarana</b>. They +are leafy trees whose trunk is of from 0ᵐ80 to 1ᵐ in diametre and +from 20 to 25 metres high. They grow as well in the low lying +marshy soil as in the elevated lands, whence comes their denomination +of <b>tapurú da vargem</b> and <b>tapurú de terra firme</b>. The +tapurú is as lactescent or milky as the hevea and the latex +which it renders is equally rich, seeing that it gives 50 per cent +of fine rubber.</p> + +<p>The trees whose product, the <b>caucho</b>, occupies the second +place in the general exportation of rubber from Brazil although +as a matter of fact it only commenced to come into the Brazilian +markets in the year 1896, belong to the family of the +Ulmaceas. These are the <b>Castillas</b> which up till a short time +ago have been classed as of the same species as that which +grows in Mexico and Central America—the Castilla elastica, +but studies made by professor O. Warburg show that they are +distinct species which was thence forward denominated +<b>Castilla Ulei, Warb.</b></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span></p> + +<p>The “castillôa” is a tree of large proportions, reaching to +a height of from 12 to 18 metres; its trunk with a diametre of +from 0ᵐ60 to 0ᵐ90, is of an ashy gray color, smooth and sparingly +branched. The leaves are large, greater, indeed, on the +new plants than on the full grown trees and its fruit is of an +oily nature.</p> + +<p>These trees grow in considerable quantities at the sources +or head-waters of the affluents of the Amazon on the latter’s +right bank, such as the Juruá, the Purús, the Madeira, the +Tapajóz and the Xingú, and on its left bank in the valleys of +the Japurá, the Iça, the Rio Negro and the Trombetas Rivers. +Abundant “cauchaes” or forests of cautchou trees exist also in +the region of the River Tocantins and of the Araguaya.</p> + +<p>The “castillôa” is found therefore in the same regions as +those in which the “seringueiras” flourish; it exacts a warm +climate, a clayey or clayey-silicious soil, but does not thrive in +swampy ground or such as is easily inundated during the +rainy season.</p> + +<p>The latex is found as much in the bark as in the alburno +and each tree felled produces on an average about 50 litres of +latex or say from 18 to 20 kilos of rubber.</p> + +<p>“Ceará” is the mundial denomination of another quality of +Brazilian rubber, the rubber of the <b>Maniçoba</b> tree. The maniçoba +<b>manihot glaziovii</b> is a handsome tree 10 to 15 metres high, +and a native of the Northeastern region of Brazil. Its trunk +presents a diametre of from 20 to 50 centimetres and it possesses +few branches; its wood-fibres are weak and light. The cortex, +which possesses lactiferous vessels in abundance, is protected +by a silicose layer, easily removable. It is a plant of rapid +growth.</p> + +<p>According to a classification made by Dr. Ule, there are +four species of manioh, the <b>m. glaziovii</b>, the <b>m. piauhyensis</b>, the +<b>m. dichotoma</b> and the <b>m. heptaphylla</b>, the which exist almost +throughout all Central Brazil, being specially abundant in +Ceará, Piauhy and Bahia.</p> + +<p>Little exigent, it thrives in regions where the temperature +oscillates between 22° and 36°, on low-lying ground and it +develops itself well in lands of great altitude, in which the +thermometric average temperature is about 15°, resisting even +the hoar-frost.</p> + +<p>It is indifferent to this tree whether the climate be damp or +dry, as long as the soil is dry.</p> + +<p>The species most appreciated are those from Piauhy and +the Jequié (“sertão” or back-woods of Bahia). Those of Piauhy +present two varieties: the white and the black species, the white +being the most renowned. They are of small size, with abundant<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span> +foliage and thick bark and darkish stem and give plenty of +the milky latex, the average being 1,200 grammes per tree. +Those of the Jequié, which grow between the rivers Paraguassú +to the north and of the Contas to the south, are a shrub-tree +whose trunk does not exceed 30 centimetres in diametre. The +bark is fine and of light clear color; it produces about 500 +grammes of rubber.</p> + +<p>The mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa) is a slender and +crooked shrub-tree, 3 to 4 metres high, and abounds on the +high-lying table-lands or plateaux in the interior of Brazil. +The trunk has a diameter of from 0ᵐ30 to 0ᵐ35; is scantily +leaved; the fruit is eatable and has a very agreeable taste.</p> + +<p>A plant of an extraordinary resisting power, it defies the +inclemency of the climate, the absence of rains, the scarcity of +humidity and of nourishment from the soil. It predominates in +the <b>catingas</b> of the Northern States, in the <b>carrascaes</b> of Goyaz +and in the <b>cerrados</b> of S. Paulo, which means to say, that it is +found from Maranhão to S. Paulo, now in the Interior, as in the +mountain-range of the Mangabeiras between Maranhão and +Goyaz, in the central Chapada of Minas, in the Parecis of +Matto Grosso and in S. Paulo in the zone comprised between +the Paranápanema River and the Rio Grande, tributaries of the +Paraná River, and again on the littoral, which is the case from +Bahia northwards as far as Ceará.</p> + +<p>There are several different varieties of this plant, there being +no indications, however, tending to point out any one of these +preferable to another with regard to the question of its yield. +The latex is of a bluish tint, its richness in rubber varying +greatly. Each mangabeira supplies on an average one kilogram +of rubber.</p> + +<p>Besides the plants mentioned, there are still many others +in Brazil which furnish rubber, but which continue to grow +without being taken advantage of, on account of the little profit +they give.</p> + +<p>To speak only of those which exploited on a small scale +have yet supplied the Brazilian markets with an appreciable +product, we may yet mention the <b>Massaranduba</b>, <b>Mimosups +elata</b>, and <b>Frei-Allem</b>, gigantic trees found from the Amazon and +Pará to Rio de Janeiro and Minas, abundant in the milky latex, +which being coagulated produces a rubber very similar to gutta-percha, +to which it serves as a substitute in all the latter’s most +important applications; and the <b>Sorva</b>, <b>Couma utilis</b>, <b>Muell. Arg.</b>, +which grow in Pará and in the Amazon valley, the latex of +which, the <b>leite de sorva</b>, enters, with a small coefficient into the +production of rubber in these two States.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="EXTRACTION_OF_RUBBER">EXTRACTION OF RUBBER, METHODS AND PROCESSES</h3> + +</div> + +<p>The great organic and biologic differences which exist between +rubber-trees, exact divers processes of preparation in +order to obtain a complete utilization of the productive capacity +of each.</p> + +<p>It is, however, interesting before entering into a description +of the different processes adopted in Brazil, to here state what +the chemists think as to what rubber really is.</p> + +<p>Rubber is a carburate of hydrogen which in the shape of +white globules more or less elongated, are found suspended in +the milky latex. The composition of those globules, although +even yet, badly defined, is represented by the formula (C¹⁰ H¹⁶)ⁿ. +Rubber is generally considered as a derivative of the Isoprina, +into which it transforms itself when submitted to the action of +dry heat, as Bouchardat demonstrated by his experiments in +1879. Treating the isoprina in a strong solution of chloridic +acid, an interesting body is obtained, which reminds one of +rubber on account of its elastic properties. Wallach, Tilden, +Weber, Harries and others gave themselves up to accurate +studies upon the composition of rubber; nevertheless, up till +to-day, however, no definite result has as yet been arrived at.</p> + +<p>The latex, a thick liquid which has the appearance of animal +milk, circulates in special vessels, distributed diversely in the +organism of certain plants.</p> + +<p>The following are the results of the analysis obtained from +the latex of the <b>hevea braziliensis</b> by Seelingmann, Scott and Bamber:</p> + +<table> + <tr> + <th></th> + <th colspan="3">Seelingmann</th> + <th colspan="3">Scott</th> + <th colspan="3">Bamber</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Water</td> + <td class="tdr">55</td> + <td class="tdc">a</td> + <td class="tdr">56%</td> + <td class="tdr">22</td> + <td class="tdc">-</td> + <td class="tdr">32%</td> + <td class="tdr">55¹⁵</td> + <td class="tdc">-</td> + <td class="tdr">55⁵⁶%</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Rubber</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdr">32%</td> + <td class="tdr">37</td> + <td class="tdc">-</td> + <td class="tdr">13%</td> + <td class="tdr">41²⁹</td> + <td class="tdc">-</td> + <td class="tdr">32 %</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Proteine</td> + <td class="tdr">2%</td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr">3%</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdr">2⁷¹%</td> + <td class="tdr">2¹⁸</td> + <td class="tdc">-</td> + <td class="tdr">2⁰³%</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Resin</td> + <td colspan="3" class="tdc">traces</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdr">3⁴⁴%</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td class="tdc">-</td> + <td class="tdr">2⁰³%</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Ash</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdr">0²³%</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td class="tdc">-</td> + <td class="tdr">0⁴¹%</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Sugar</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdr">4¹⁷%</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td class="tdc">-</td> + <td class="tdr">0³⁶%</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Oily substances</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td class="tdc"></td> + <td class="tdr">9⁷%</td> + <td colspan="3" class="tdc">traces</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td class="tdc">-</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class="center">Specific weight: Seelingmann, 1.019. Bamber: 1.018.</p> + +<p>It is advisable to note, that the proportion of water may +vary a great deal, influenced sometimes by the season being +either wet or dry, and at other times by the weakness or vigor +of the tree at the occasion of its being tapped.</p> + +<p>The quantities of proteine, resin and ash are dependent on +the chemical composition of the soil, those quantities affect the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span> +quality of the rubber, which is the more elastic, resistent and +durable the smaller the proportion of those elements.</p> + +<p>In the coagulation of the latex, the resin incorporates itself +in the rubber, it becoming difficult to separate it, which, however, +is necessary; the proteine or albuminous matter is the +cause of the developing of the bacteria which occasion the +putrefaction of the manufactured article.</p> + +<p>The method employed in Brazil in the extraction of the latex +and in the preparation of rubber from the heveas trees, is the +same as that which was taught by the natives and it is a remarkable +thing, that due to the excellency of the product resulting +therefrom, it is considered even to-day as the best system.</p> + +<p>The great production of rubber in Brazil, is due to the exploitation +of the natural seringaes. A “seringal” or, better said +“seringaes” in the plural sense, are the forests where the hevea +trees flourish among other numerous specimens of luxuriant +vegetation, and in those regions everybody, i.e., all the able-bodied +men, occupy themselves with the extraction of rubber +and are known as “seringueiros.”</p> + +<p>In order to exploit the “seringal,” operations are commenced +by the construction on the bank of the river, at a place easy of +access for navigation, of a large rustic edifice with out-buildings +and various sheds. The general edifice serves as a dwelling-place +for the owner or his representative and includes a general +store or shop with a tavern which does business in selling all +the necessary articles required in or connected with the life +of exploiting the “seringal,” a store-house for depositing the +rubber and an office or counting-house. The sheds are the +rudimentary habitation-huts of the “seringueiros” and are sometimes +constructed in the interior of the forests, so as to facilitate +to a greater degree the work which they have in hand.</p> + +<p>As soon as the forest is explored and the seringueiras discovered, +<b>estrades</b> are opened, these being winding roads cut in +the undergrowth and brush-wood with the “facão” (a species of +large pruning-knife) and these roads connect a 100 or 150 rubber +trees and they lead back to their original starting point. At +sunrise, that is to say, at 6 o’clock in the morning, the seringueiro +armed with a “terçado” a sort of spear, a fowling-piece +or sporting-gun, a small axe or hatchet, a pail and a large number +of “tigelinhas,” commences his work. The hatchet is the +instrument employed for tapping the trees; it takes the form +of a common pole-axe, being, however, generally of cast iron +and with the edge of the blade blunt rather than sharp, and +from 3 to 4 centimetres broad. The tigelinhas are small vessels +or cups of tin-plate with a capacity of about one hundred +grammes and of a conical shape cut off at the top.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span></p> + +<p>The seringueiro commences by striking the trees with the +hatchet, whose handle is about a metre long, which permits of +his making incisions at about from 3 to 3½ metres from the +ground. That operation has for its object to make the latex +ascend from the roots; the milk that oozes out is utilized as +“sernamby.” Two days afterwards, the regular extraction commences, +a hatchet with a shorter handle being then used.</p> + +<p>To bring this extraction about, “seringueiro” makes the +first incision at two metres from the ground, but those incisions +must not pierce the cambium and the wood and are as a general +rule made at an inclination of 25°. At the lower part of the +incisions made by the blows, the “tigelinhas” are fixed, whose +sharp and cutting corner penetrates easily into the bark of the +tree. The seringueiro operates thus upon all the trees of his +road, and this work which occupies him about from 2 to 3 hours +being completed, he takes the pail capable of holding 10 litres +and recommences his round, gathering into that receptacle the +milk contained in the tapping cups, which now empty are boxed +one into the other and deposited close to the trunk of each tree.</p> + +<p>After that second round and in order that the milk shall not +become deteriorated, commences the most delicate operation, +that of the smoking process.</p> + +<p>For that operation, the seringueiro is supplied with a +“boião,” a kind of earthen funnel-shaped chimney, a form +made like a spatula or putty-knife and a kind of basin “cuia,” +like a dry gourd, made from the half of the fruit of the +cabaceiro (crescencia cuyeté).</p> + +<p>The fire made with blocks of urucury (Ataléa speciosa +Martius) or with fire-wood of massaranduba, rich in oily substances, +being kindled, the seringueiro places the “boião” upon +it, the function of this latter being to canalize the smoke so that +it escapes at the top, which is open.</p> + +<p>Through the loop of a cord hanging near to the “boião” the +form is passed and sustained by the “seringueiro” who gives +it a gyratory movement; with the “cuya” or gourd, he pours +the latex into the part scooped out of the spatula, which he +carries off immediately to the smoke. The latex thickens and +forming a thin skin upon the which another coating of latex is +poured out, which is also passed to the smoke. Those successive +and alternate operations form the skins, large balls of rubber, +weighing from 20 to 60 kilos, which are the type exported from +Brazil. The smoke acting as a solidifyer and at the same time +a disinfectant by the presence of creosote, acetic acid, etc., kills +all the bacteria that produce putrefaction and hastens by its heat +the evaporation of the water.</p> + +<p>The rubber thus formed is of a superior quality, but when,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span> +however, the curds still deposited in the basin, are incorporated +with it, the quality becomes damaged, being then quoted as +medium fine. The portion of milk which remains adhering to +the receptacle or which surrounds the boião and which thickens +freely, is reunited into one single skin, and constitutes the +“sernamby.”</p> + +<p>On the following day the work recommences, the seringueiro +making new incisions about 7 centimetres below the first, and +continuing thus until he reaches the ground.</p> + +<p>To that series of blows in the vertical sense, 35 on the +average, is given the name arreação. In each seringueira 2 +of these arreações can be made per year.</p> + +<p>That process which with small variations is employed in all +Amazonia, produces, as is known, the best rubber in the world. +A seringal may contain in accordance with its size from 40 +to 800 roads. Each seringueiro exploits 2 roads; in which he +works alternatively. The daily gathering varies between 2 +and 8 litres of milk, but an average of 5 litres can be taken +for a road which contains 120 seringueiras of 35 centimetres +diametre. As each arreação has 35 incisions and the seringueiras +supporting 2 “arreações,” we have thus for each road 70 days or +140 days for the 2 roads; 700 litres of milk produce 400 kilos +or in other words 1.666 grammes per tree.</p> + +<p>There are “seringaes,” however, in which that average is +considerably greater, a medium of 3 kilos per tree not being an +exaggeration in some rivers.</p> + +<p>Contrary to the almost sedentary life of the seringueiros, the +extractors of the caucho (known as caucheiros) are of nomadic +habits, and this is so by reason of the barbarous process employed +in the exploitation of those trees which is a ruinous one.</p> + +<p>The extraction of the latex of the “castillôa” can be done in +the same way as that of the latex of the heveas; the caucheiros +allege, however, that the cupim introducing itself into the +wounds made by the incisions soon causes the death of the +plant. Thus they argue that if the tree is condemned, the best +way is to cut it down so as to obtain the greatest benefit possible +out of it, by the complete utilization of the latex which each +tree contains. That reasoning, however, has no foundation +in fact.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>The exploitation of the castillôa is done in the following +manner: the “caucheiro” penetrates into the forest and marks +each castillôa tree that he finds, with a cut from his knife, which +incisions correspond to a sign of possession for extraction later +on. Once he has discovered a certain number of these trees, he +constructs a temporary wooden hut for himself and then begins<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span> +his work. In the first place he clears the brush-wood around +each tree and cleans away the undergrowth from the ground, he +then opens small cavities in the lower part of the trunk into +which he fixes the “porringers,” small vessels made of tin, which +are to receive the latex. This done he strikes the tree with +oblique “entalhas” of from 1 to 1½ metres in length, canalizing +the latex which commences to run from the extensive wounds, by +means of mud gutters. At the end of 24 hours the little tin +vessels are full and their contents are then all poured into a pail, +the “caucheiro” commencing thereafter to cut down the tree, +so as to get the full benefit of the latex, existing in the superior +part of its trunk. The tree as a general rule is cut at a point +above that where the incisions were made, the tree thus remaining +suspended above the ground at one end by the lower +part of the trunk, where it remains fixed and at the other +by its own branches. Along the whole length of the trunk at +about a distance of an arm’s length from each other, new circular +incisions are made and in corresponding cavities on the +ground are placed the receiving cups. The latex thus gathered +is collected into a pail.</p> + +<p>The thickening is done with a solution of common soap +about 125 grammes to a pail of water, two pailfuls of that solution +being necessary to thicken 30 litres of latex. They also +employ the juice of a liane called <b>vetilla</b> which by the description +given seems to belong to the convolvulas family—the <b>Ipomea +patatas</b>.</p> + +<p>The thickening process takes place in rectangular holes of +1 metre long and half a metre broad, whose clayey sides are +well paved and into them the latex is poured, care being taken +that it is then covered up with palm leaves to prevent the entry +of rain water. They thus obtain the caucho planks (rubber in +cakes), which arrive in the market full of impurities, that depreciate +its value very much and it is not at all a rare thing +that water exists in cavities in the interior of it, thereby increasing +the weight and making the transport dearer.</p> + +<p>The portions of the latex which flow out along the length +of the trunk or fall into the cavities after that the cups have +been taken away, thicken itself freely and form the “sernamby” +of caucho, to-day much appreciated in the rubber markets, because +of its being purer and not offering errors in weight.</p> + +<p>Each adult tree furnishes on the average from 50 to 56 litres +of latex or in other words nearly 30 kilos of rubber. Each cake +of the size above mentioned weighs nearly 60 kilos; it is thus +necessary to cut down three trees so as to obtain one cake.</p> + +<p>The trees cut down sprout and commence to grow again, but<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span> +eight years are necessary to elapse before they can be exploited +anew.</p> + +<p>No accord has so far been established as to the best methods +of extraction to be employed for the different species of maniçoba, +nor as to the period most appropriate, the duration of the +tapping or the yield of the wild trees or planted trees of different +ages.</p> + +<p>The system adopted for the natural maniçoba, consisting in +the tapping of the subterranean organs, has been applied to cultivated +maniçoba; the incisions are made in a transversal sense +and have the form of a V with the angle more or less rounded.</p> + +<p>The latex is gathered in the ground, at the bottom of a small +cavity, opened up on the occasion of the discovery of the parts +destined to be tapped; as a rule the worker covers the bottom +of the cavity with a coat of clay in powder, in order to prevent +the penetration of the latex and its mixing with the sandy +soil; the employment of tigelinhas is desirable or of pots of +glazed clay, refractory to rust.</p> + +<p>The latex thickens during the day, forming a sort of flat +ball or biscuit of rubber, which goes on augmenting as the +tapping process is multiplied. At the end of a week the rubber +which has been obtained, is gathered together and washed in +cold water, with a view of eliminating the remains of the serum +and other impurities. This method, although primitive, permits +of the production of pure rubber. The trunks and branches +of the maniçoba are also cut; however, such system occasions +great inconvenience. The extensive flaws heal up with difficulty, +as the bark of the tree is relatively thin the lactiferous +vessels are located in the deep layers; it is not a rare thing +that the death of the tree is caused thereby or that the attack +of rodent insects or mushrooms is thereby facilitated. It may +be of importance to note, that the incisions made simultaneously +on the trunk, the branches and the underground parts, speedily +exhaust the maniçobeiras; and so the system of an alternate +cutting is preferable.</p> + +<p>The tappings are practiced during the first six months of the +year and extend themselves over a period of from 50 to 60 days. +Owing to the lack of data, the average yield of production, which +varies according to the age of the trees, cannot be determined, +however, the average production of the planted maniçobas may +under reserve, be calculated to reach during the space of 60 days +120, 180, 240, and 300 grammes per tree of 2, 3, 4 and 5 years +respectively, in accordance with a calculation made by Dr. L. +Zehnter.</p> + +<p>The actual cost price in the plantations does not exceed 1$500 +per kilo, and might be reduced through an improvement in the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span> +systems employed; the cost price of rubber from the native maniçoba +is higher, due to the dearness of labor and of freights.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>There is so far no process which may be called the best for +extracting rubber from the mangabeira; the process in use varies +with the region, all of them, however, leading to the complete +extinction of the plant.</p> + +<p>Under the pretext of the cupim destroying the plant, attacking +the incisions that have been made, the latex is usually +extracted at a small height from the ground. In the “sertões” +or wild woodlands of Bahia, Pernambuco and Parahyba, the +extraction is done by making a spiral cutting from the thickest +branches to the ground, where the cavity is made for receiving +the latex.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless, the incisions with the cup attached is now +being employed, in the same manner as is customary with the +seringueira; for that purpose, the exploiters make horizontal +incisions or in shape of a V, with a small instrument called an +<b>alegre</b>, penetrating the entire coating of the bark, in the full +length of the trunk, from the thickest branches down to the +base, about 45 centimetres distance one from another.</p> + +<p>The latex is thickened, sometimes simply with water in the +proportion of 3 to 1, and at other times with chlorate of sodium +alone, or with a mixture of alum, as is customary in Bahia and +in S. Paulo, or now again by the action of alum-stone, double +sulphate of aluminium and of potassium as is done in Pernambuco, +Parahyba, and Rio Grande do Norte. All those processes +present serious inconveniences, such as the entry of water +augmenting the weight, the baneful effects and dampness arising +from the use of a large proportion of salt, or the loss of elasticity +due to the last mentioned process, which turns the rubber cracky +and resinous. The smoking process seems in every way to +be advisable whenever the richness of the milky-latex in rubber +is perfectly comparable to that of the hevea.</p> + +<p>Whilst it is affirmed that the production per tree is from 3 +to 5 kilogrammes it is more prudent to calculate the average +capacity of each tree as at 1 kilogramme.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="THE_ECONOMIC_ORGANIZATION_OF_RUBBER_EXPLOITATION">THE ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION OF RUBBER EXPLOITATION</h3> + +</div> + +<p>The economic organization of the exploitation of rubber in +the Amazonic valley still remains in its rudimentary condition, +continuing almost exactly on the same lines as those adopted +when the production of this article—one of the principal sources +of the wealth of Brazil—first began to open up.</p> + +<p>This unaltered condition of affairs in the modifying of the +economical processes, is the consequence of the continuance of +certain conditions such as the existence of vast regions still +entirely unexplored, the progressive penetration of the seringueiros +guided by the course of the rivers into far away regions +where rapid means of communication are completely lacking, +the scarcity of labor, and the necessity of capital being embarked +in the extraction of rubber.</p> + +<p>The régime of private property is still limited, and does not +extend beyond a few kilometres into the Interior, starting from +the banks of the rivers, since the greater part of the lands still +continue to be the property of the States either of Amazonas or +of Pará, and—in the territory of the Acre—of the Federal +Government.</p> + +<p>With the object of peopling the rubber-producing regions +endeavors are being made to facilitate the acquiring of properties +by furnishing their owners with adequate guarantees of +protection, special Public Departments having already been +created in the State of Amazonas and Pará devoted to the fiscalization +of the régime of lands; and the régime of lands in the +Acre Territory is about to be regulated at once by the Federal +Government in accordance with the determinations set forth in +the new economic measure known as the Rubber Defense Act.</p> + +<p>The proprietory question originated itself in the concession +of lands granted under certain conditions such as that of its +effective exploitation and cultivation, colonization, etc., and by +the legitimation of the possession. These last were established +in the following manner:</p> + +<p>The explorer who penetrated into the forest in search of +seringaes, examined the banks of the river by which he went +up and when he verified the existence of a favorable zone, he +landed and after a careful exploration under the direction of +specialist-workmen called “matteiros” (foresters) he settled +down and gave himself up to the exploitation of the “seringal” he +selected.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span></p> + +<p>That occupation of virgin ground and its being made use of +constituted the act of possession, the first step towards acquiring +the property. In order to definitely assure the dominion of +the lands selected, it became necessary to obtain a title of ownership +from the Government of the State in which these lands +were located, this being drawn up only after that the respective +marking out and survey by an authorized engineer or surveyor, +the depositing of the respective plans, the verification +that no anterior rights or claims existed on the part of third +parties, as also the payment of the respective taxes being satisfied, +which last averaged about 5$000 per hectare.</p> + +<p>Only after that all these formalities had been complied with, +was the concession granted definitely, and the possession considered +as complete. The title deeds of the property with the +respective specifications is registered in special blocks, which +will serve as proof in case of future dispute and will furnish +authentic documents in place of the property-titles that may +have been mislaid or lost. Once the concession is legalized and +the possession marked out, the property rights are considered +irrefutable.</p> + +<p>The dominion of the lands being assured, their usefulness +will depend upon the co-existence of two essential factors—labor +and capital.</p> + +<p>In the regions of the Amazonian valley, sparingly peopled +by the want of direct immigration, the work is done by the +natives and principally by Cearenses, people from Ceará.</p> + +<p>Under the general designation of <b>Cearenses</b> are comprised +the populations of the northeast of the country from Bahia to +Piauhy, a strong race endowed with rare energy. Having +immigrated from their native state fleeing from privations to +which the periodical dry seasons reduce them, they arrive completely +without the means of subsistence, it being necessary for +the owners of the “seringas” who contract their services to take +measures for their transport, alimentation and maintenance in the +seringaes until with the delivery of the rubber collected, they +find themselves in a position to liquidate the debts that they +have contracted and the expenses that have been occasioned.</p> + +<p>On the other hand in their turn the owners of seringaes not +disposing of capital are placed under the necessity of raising +loans with which to defray the exploitation of their lands. These +resources are furnished them by the traders, part in money and +part in merchandise, these traders being known as <b>aviadores</b> +whilst the proprietors are called patrons or aviados.</p> + +<p>The extensive credits opened by the traders constitute acts of +confidence, being guaranteed more by the activity and initiative +of the proprietors of the seringaes, than by their respective<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span> +properties; the heavy burdens with which these loanings or +advances of money are weighed down, have their origin in the +risk which is run by advancing such capital, due to the difficulties +of collecting the debts contracted and the far distant +nature of the lands given in guarantee. It frequently happens +that the traders do not dispose of sufficient means for carrying +out all these lending operations in which case they fall back +upon the exporting houses, who advance them the necessary +money, against a contract to hand over the rubber at a certain +date and at prices previously fixed.</p> + +<p>Thus is established a successive dependency of the seringueiro +on the owner of the property, this latter in his turn on the +merchant-trader and finally of the merchant-trader upon the +exporting house.</p> + +<p>Thereafter it is seen how grievously the system of want of +capital acts on the whole system on the exportation of rubber +and the long series of intermediaries.</p> + +<p>Let us see now what is the capital which the owner of the +seringal requires to possess for an exploitation of say 200 roads.</p> + +<p>A seringal with 200 roads exacts altogether the work of 100 +men, whose engagements in the region where they reside and +their transport as far as the “seringal” costs on an average +40:000$000 and to each one of them is supplied a sum of 350$000 +destined to defray the costs of purchase of the indispensable +material for making a commencement with the work of exploitation; +out of an initial sum estimated at from 75:000$000 to +80:000$000 including casual expenses.</p> + +<p>Arrived at their destination, the seringueiros, as they find +themselves completely without means, continue to be a burden +on the budget of their contractors during the period of the clearing +the forests of brush-wood and undergrowth, and the cutting +of roads, which are the preliminaries to the gathering in of the +rubber. Up till the date of the final delivery, which takes place +from 6 to 7 months afterwards, the proprietor expends nearly +100:000$000 with the feeding and maintenance of the seringueiros, +which is but the preface to a total sum of 180:000$000 +inscribed on the books of the aviador or merchant-trader as +being the indebtedness of the owner of the seringal.</p> + +<p>This latter in order to meet the charges of the up-keep of the +seringueiros, establishes “vendas” or selling-stores, by means of +which he supplies not only the goods of first necessity for consumption, +but also the tools, utensils and, indeed, everything +that is required for the proper exploitation of the “seringal.”</p> + +<p>These “vendas” or supply-stores are stocked by the merchant-trader +of Belém and Manáos, who send them periodically +in steamers or steam launches, the necessary merchandise. According<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span> +to the season of the year, the rainy or the dry season, +the greater or less the distance to be navigated, in short, in +accordance with the condition of navigability of the rivers, the +trips are made fortnightly, quarterly or perhaps only twice a +year.</p> + +<p>The merchandise dispatched is debited to the owner of the +“seringal” at the invoice price, augmented by the high expenses +for insurance, freight and a commission which varies from +20 to 30 per cent according to the time-term stipulated for the +payment in cash or the delivery of the rubber.</p> + +<p>The owner of the “seringal” in his turn re-sells in retail the +merchandise received, putting on a high profit to its original +price; the seringueiros who already pay interest at the rate of +20 per cent upon the advance of the 350$000 which is made to +them at the time of their being contracted, are obliged to supply +their needs exclusively in the store of the proprietor of the +“seringal” and to hand him the rubber which they may have +gathered in payment thereof.</p> + +<p>The initial supplying of the utensils amounting to 200$000 +added to the cost of the journey which runs for account of the +seringueiro himself, absorb the 350$000 of the advance; and +his expenses, whilst the extraction of the rubber is proceeding—which +lasts for 6 or 7 months—totals up to about +1:000$000, so that when he comes to hand over the rubber, he +is already responsible to the proprietor of the “seringal” for an +amount of about 350$000 including the payment for the renting +of the road explored.</p> + +<p>His production being on an average of about 400 kilos (in +certain regions it is much greater), the worker finishes his enterprise +with a very small profit and it is not a rare case that he +is not able to satisfy all his indebtedness, a circumstance, this +latter, which keeps him continually dependent upon the owner +of the “seringal.”</p> + +<p>On handing over the rubber, the conditions of payment are +adjusted and these are generally made in one of the two following +ways: either the seringueiro sells the rubber directly to +the proprietor of the “seringal” at a reduction of one-third upon +the prices ruling in the markets of Belém or Manáos; or he encharges +him to sell it in the referred-to market with a discount +of 35 kilos of rubber or with a discount of from 10 to 15 per cent +of the net price of such sale, given in payment of the renting of +the road exploited.</p> + +<p>This defective economic organization of the exploitation of +rubber has, as its consequence, the high costs of production +which to-day oscillate between 3$000 to 3$500 per kilo. This<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span> +disadvantageous situation, however, is not a permanent one and +may be remedied.</p> + +<p>We shall leave for a special chapter the explanation of the +means recently adopted for bettering the condition of the seringueiros, +augmenting their productive capacity and recompensing +them more justly for their work.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="TRANSPORTS_AND_FREIGHTS">TRANSPORTS AND FREIGHTS</h3> + +</div> + +<p>The problem of transports and freight continues to be one of +the most palpitating questions in Brazil, notwithstanding the +great progress in this particular made during the last 10 years.</p> + +<p>The considerable increase in the mercantile marine and the +incessant construction of the numerous railroads of penetration, +have not been able to keep pace with the extraordinary development +of the country and its notable economic expansion, the +national commerce continuing to feel the want of further means +of transport and to suffer from the very high rates of freights.</p> + +<p>In Amazonia, the difficulty of communication has become +still more felt because of the vast region and territories embraced +in this great State, sparingly peopled and whose centres +of production are located so far distant from the exporting markets +of Manáos and Belém de Pará.</p> + +<p>Watered in every direction by innumerable great rivers, +tributaries of the great river—the Amazon—the greatest in the +world, the Amazonic region still remains to a very great part +unexplored, inestimable riches susceptible of being extracted, +lying unutilized, in virtue of the deficiency in navigation; in fact, +if the principal rivers are navigated regularly to some extent, +even though sparingly, others leading to immensely rich regions +are very rarely navigated by either ship or boats, which might +assure the transport of the products gathered.</p> + +<p>Many and divers are the circumstances which concur towards +bringing about this state of affairs, but the most important in +resumé is that of the want of capital for the construction of +ships and the establishment of regular lines of fluvial navigation +as also the obstacles offered either by the irregular courses of +some rivers obstructed by waterfalls, shoots and rapids, or simply +obstructed by the trunks of trees and other materials or by the +diminutive volume of water during the dry seasons which makes +impossible navigation of even ordinary draught.</p> + +<p>One of the most interesting phases of the Amazonian problem +is, however, in the regulating and increasing of the navigation +of the rivers, with the object of assuring ample transport facilities<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span> +and the approximation to the centres of production with the +consuming markets. The opening up of the ways of fluvial communication +is an essential condition to the progress of the +Amazonic region, by the lesser expenditure required by transport +upon water in comparison with land transportation which in +those regions would be particularly difficult and costly.</p> + +<p>The steamers and boats which set out from Manáos or Belém +for the Interior, make the passage generally, over-charged with +merchandise which by reason of accumulation and its defective +packing suffers not rarely serious damages which has the result +of bringing about a notable increment in prices. As a general +rule the cargo being greater than the space requisite to its +accommodation, makes the navigation extremely difficult, the +steamers thus not being able to make head-way against the current, +which flows at the rate of from 3 to 5 miles an hour, or +desiring to diminish the expense in the consumption of coal, +seek out the waters the less agitated and approach as much as +possible the banks of the river.</p> + +<p>The want of minute hydrographic charts and the imprudence +of the captains, as also of the masters of steam launches and +other floating material, have, as a consequence, the bringing +about of frequent strandings, which even though they may not +cause damage to the cargo involve interruptions in the trip +sufficiently prejudicial.</p> + +<p>The unloadings are made frequently on the banks of the +rivers under little favorable conditions, by reason of the want of +wharves; are very slow and occasion besides lamentable delays, +very heavy expenses principally for the packages of great weight.</p> + +<p>One of the causes which most determine the dearness of +transport in Amazonia, is the supply of combustibles to the +steamers, these latter taking in coal only at the port of departure +in Belém or Manáos, and this being consumed, purchase wood +fuel along the route just as they require it, and for a high price, +subjecting themselves thus to the delays incident to loading, at +times very great. Coal mines in the basin of the Caquetá have +been discovered, but so far it has not been possible to derive any +benefit from them, owing to the want of the necessary studies +and analysis, which only now the Federal Government is beginning +to have made.</p> + +<p>For the betterment of this state of things the Federal Government +also pretends to contract with a large public company for +the establishment of coal depots and combustible oil, at the most +appropriate points of the rivers on which the greatest movement +takes place in the valley of the Amazon, so that the steamers +may be supplied for prices according to a tabular statement +previously approved for each year.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span></p> + +<p>The descent of the floating material by the rivers is much +less onerous, as the consumption of combustibles is thereby considerably +diminished, thanks to the current which gives an easy +impulsion to the floating material; the trips are notwithstanding +slow, much time being lost in picking up cargo, almost exclusively +rubber, on the banks of the rivers.</p> + +<p>The irregularity in the navigation either due to the deficiency +of the floating material or by the natural obstacles that the +flooding of the rivers bring about, cause extensive prejudice, as +it obliges the large cargoes of merchandise upon whose price +high interest is collected and occasions them considerable loss +of goods deteriorated by their remaining for a long time in sheds +and by the damaging effect of heat and dampness.</p> + +<p>From thence arises the lamentable dearness of life and the +bad alimentation, with their evil results on the health of the +inhabitants of those far-away-regions.</p> + +<p>The retention in the seringaes of large stocks of rubber deprived +of the means of transport must also not be forgotten and +its coming simultaneously on to the market at certain times, +being taken advantage of by speculators is an important cause +of the fall in prices which affects the interests of producers to +an appreciable degree.</p> + +<p>Regularity and frequency in navigation, permitting successive +and regular supplies of rubber would diminish in notable proportions +the cost of production, since it would cheapen the cost +of labor and avoid the great oscillations usual in the prices.</p> + +<p>In order to obtain that desideratum it is not sufficient to +create new lines of navigation nor to augment the number of +floating material or better their conditions, but it is necessary +to adopt certain complementary measures. Thus in the impossibility +of preparing from the outset minute hydrographic +charts, a measure which would require great expenditure; it were +advisable in order to make navigation more secure to indicate +by means of small light houses and illuminated buoys of acetyline, +the dangerous points which it is desirable to avoid.</p> + +<p>In order to obviate the difficulties created by the formation +of sand banks, by the accumulation of trunks of trees, and of +obstacles of all kinds, it is necessary that attention be paid constantly +to the cleansing of the rivers and dragging them, in +cases where the obstructions cannot be removed by other means +and the construction of railways and wagon roads connecting +the navigable points.</p> + +<p>It would be of the greatest utility to bring about the extension +and opening up of telegraphic lines joining the producing +centres with the central markets, such measures would have +the most beneficient results as much for the owners of seringaes<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span> +as for the shipowners, these latter being once aware of such +facilities would cause their ships to be directed to the points +where they were required to discharge merchandise or take in +rubber or vice-versa and thus avoid all uncertainty upon the +advantages to be reaped from those trips, because of the want +of knowledge of the cargoes that are being reserved for them, +and those who are in contact with them in the markets where +the product is sold may be advised as to the quotations and the +market prices of the merchandise so that they may take advantage +of the most favorable times for effecting their transactions.</p> + +<p>The message presented by His Excellency Marchal Hermes +da Fonseca, President of the Republic of the United States of +Brazil on the third of May of this current year, made special +reference to the services of the radio-telegraph in the territory of +the Acre, expressing himself in the following terms:</p> + +<p>“The three radio-telegraphic stations that have been contracted +for in December of 1910, are now in full working order, +those of the Rio Branco and Senna Madueira having been inaugurated +in September of 1911 and in February of this year +that of Cruzeiro de Sul, which besides speaking with those two +and therefore with Manáos, communicates also with Iquitos in +the Republic of Perú.”</p> + +<p>In order to complete this very useful improvement ordered to +be done in such a happy hour, there were also contracted for +two other stations, one of these being in Xapury and the other +in Tarauacá, places having a great future before them and already +containing an appreciable population as well as a notable material +development.</p> + +<p>With the installation of those two stations, the territory will +be perfectly well equipped in regard to the question of telegraphic +communications.</p> + +<p>As a consequence of the dearness and the difficulties in the +means of transport we get the excessive rises in freight, which +at times are equal to and are often greater than the value +of the merchandise transported; the truth is that the crisis in +rubber made them suffer a certain fall and we no longer see such +a thing happen as that the shipowner pays for the price of his +steamers in two round trips.</p> + +<p>The dominating principle is that of liberty of commerce. In +order to assure regular services on the principal rivers, the +Federal Government as well as the Governments of the States of +Amazonas and Pará subsidize certain companies whose tables of +freight charges are approved by the Public Powers. That these +are still very high is shown by the fact of competition which +in certain lines takes place between the subsidized companies +and private shipowners; the latter, however, not being able to go<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span> +beyond the tariff tables of the former, they nevertheless obtain +freights and passengers which proportion them high profits, +demonstrating thus that the tables of freight tariffs of the subsidized +companies are still a long way from the maximum of +reduction.</p> + +<p>The Commercial, Industrial and Agricultural Congress which +took place in Manáos from the 22nd to 27th of February of +1910, considering this position, resolved to recommend to the +Public Powers the remodelling of the actual freight tariffs +principally in that part of them which relate to alimentary goods, +necessary to the sustaining of the extractors of rubber and in +the sense of their being substantially cheapened.</p> + +<p>Even to-day one of the best businesses in the Amazonic +regions consists in chartering steamers for trafficking on the +rivers.</p> + +<p>If the freight rates on the sections served by the subsidized +lines are high, greater still are these on the less favored sections +where the rapids of the rivers flowing among the seringaes, +make navigation difficult, because in these latter there being no +freight tables, they make the price according to their judgment, +such prices of transport being contracted directly according to +the circumstances of the occasion with the shipper, who has to +pay the price as the masters of the steamers are pleased or resolved +to charge.</p> + +<p>The owners of seringaes subject themselves to the heavy +burdens which they are bound to put up with, in the hope of +escaping the damage that the retention of their produce for +want of transport would cause them.</p> + +<p>It is not only the fluvial navigation freights that are much +too burdensome, for the freights for ocean navigation are also +burdened with this grave defect and thus it is that despite the +fact of the distance which separate Brazil from New York and +from London, is only half that between the consuming markets +and the east, the freights for the latter are incomparably +less. It behooves the Governments of countries producing +rubber in South America to come to an arrangement so as to +confer adequate premiums on the navigation companies to +Europe and to the United States, who cheapen their freights +and cut down in a satisfactory manner the duration of the +voyage.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="INTERNAL_MARKETS_FOR_RUBBER">INTERNAL MARKETS FOR RUBBER—ORGANIZATION AND WORKING—TYPES +AND QUOTATIONS</h3> + +</div> + +<p>Located in the centre of the most important rubber producing +region of the world, Belém and Manáos, the capitals of +the two great states of the north, are, in Brazil, the principal +markets of that product. Nearly 90 per cent of the Brazilian +exportation proceeds from there, the 16,000 tons of rubber +which each of these markets export annually gives place to a +considerable mass of business.</p> + +<p>If it be true that the commercial transactions gyrate around +equal quantities of rubber, Belém has the advantage over +Manáos, because it is the seat of a great part of the large exporting +houses that operate in the two capitals. Its geographical +situation which permits of more rapid communication with the +markets of the south, and with foreign ports, contributes also +towards its greater commercial importance.</p> + +<p>The uses and customs are identical in the two markets. +Commerce obeys a rule above all unfavorable to the sellers who +cannot put a value on their merchandise but are forced before +all things to accept the price imposed by the buyers. That disadvantageous +condition of dependency is the natural outcome of +the deficient economic organization in the exploitation of the +rubber industry in the valley of the Amazon. Reference has +already been made in another place to the burdensome commercial +relations between the seringueiros and the patrons or +proprietors of seringaes and between the same patrons and +the commercial traders. The same vices and defects are to +be found in the relations between the commercial traders and +the great exporting houses. Those latter, possessors of large +capital and united together in the common interests, dominate +the market, which, weakened by successive crises and always +in a precarious state cannot oppose them an efficacious resistance.</p> + +<p>That situation can only be modified in the case of the actual +economic and commercial methods, which place in the hands of +the merchant-trader all the responsibility of the conduction of +business in the place, without at the same time arming them +with the means of defence against unrestricted speculations.</p> + +<p>The merchant-trader’s houses are the intermediaries between +the seringueiros and the exporting houses. But, their principal +function is that of furnishing the seringueiro during the year<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span> +all the goods necessary to sustain him and his employes as well +as supplying him with tools, utensils, wearing apparel and in +fact, everything that may be necessary to his life in the +seringaes.</p> + +<p>This supplying is done on credit, that is to say, against the +remittance of rubber produced by the borrower and which is +sold on its arrival by the merchant-trader to the exporting +houses.</p> + +<p>The merchant-trader thus requires large capital so as to meet +the engagements that he assumes in the market with the great +and numerous supplies, which he is obliged to make.</p> + +<p>It is incumbent on him also to transport the same for which +he nearly always employs steamers of his own, in order to bring +the merchandise to its destination in far-away regions, bringing +back on the return trip the rubber collected by his aviados, i.e., +his borrowers of the seringaes.</p> + +<p>The responsibilities assumed become due on the occasion of +the arrival of the cargoes of rubber. In fact, it is exactly at +this moment that the merchant-trader is most in need of +money, because besides the imperious duty of paying the +amount of his debts and the immediate necessity which he has of +furnishing new supplies to his clients the aviados, he has still +yet expenses to disburse with the repair and fitting out of the +steamers, which owing to the bad conditions in the navigation +of the rivers return nearly always in a damaged condition; +balances to pay to the seringueiros whose debts were relatively +small or advances to make to those whose production was inferior +in value to the supply sent, but who required a new resource +under the danger of otherwise not being able ever to +liquidate their debt.</p> + +<p>Thus it is that the aviador or merchant-trader has no other +remedy, but to sell without delay the rubber which has been +consigned to him and that is the psychological moment for the +decided action of the buyers.</p> + +<p>Reduced as to number, well informed about the business +and in the possession of daily and direct notices from the consuming +markets, perfectly bound up to them by a question of +mutual interest, they decide to make the price for the merchandise +that is offered to them. It is not always that that price +corresponds in reality to those of the foreign market, but the +apprehension that seizes the merchant-trader that moved by their +interests the buyers may resolve to retire the offer, does not +permit him either to hesitate or resist. He hands over the merchandise +with a small profit and not uncommonly with a loss.</p> + +<p>Treating of an article which up till to-day has been produced +in a quantity inferior to the necessity of the industry, whose<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span> +price was kept up high, much above that which might be called +a remunerative price, that inversion of the law of economics is +a very curious one, because, in this case, it is not the producer +who imposes the price, but the buyer who does so.</p> + +<p>The difficulties which the merchant-trader had to fight +against, have been increased lately with the advent of the +“regatões,” a species of barter-commission travelers on the rivers. +This trade is exercised by individuals acting for their own account +or as agents of the merchants and who go up the rivers +with merchandise, doing business at sight in exchange for +money or rubber, diverting in this way a large part of the transactions +until now exercised through the inter-medium of the +merchant-traders.</p> + +<p>The principal causes of the precarious position of the +“aviadores” or merchant-traders are the lack of adequate capital +and the want of banking facilities and other establishments of +credit which might come to their aid.</p> + +<p>The export houses, however, operate with the greatest firmness. +They discount the drafts for the rubber bought, in the +agencies of the English banks, and with the product of this +operation pay the merchant-traders, and as these drafts are at +90 days sight, it is only after the rubber is sold in New York +or in Liverpool that they satisfy their indebtedness, thus trafficking +almost covered from any risk whatsoever.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>The aviador or merchant-trader receives the rubber by the +weight which it shows at the moment of being unloaded; if the +trip is a long one the shortage in weight of the rubber may be +as much as 15 per cent; if, on the other hand, there has been +no time, owing to the shortness of the trip, for such a thing to +happen, it is certain that on its being magazined or stored-up, +it will continue to <b>quebrar</b>, i.e., diminish in weight. Thus, therefore, +it is to the interest of all parties concerned to sell it and +export it as soon after its arrival as possible, which, however, +does not mean to say that the question of shortage is not an +element which comes into play in making the estimate of its +value.</p> + +<p>The classifying of the rubber is done upon the occasion of +its sale, this being an operation which necessitates a long experience +and practice in the knowledge of the article.</p> + +<p>Two workmen with iron instruments which they call “gatos,” +take hold of the skin (smoke-cured roll or ball) by the orifice +which is left in its shape on its being made, at the same time that +a third workman cuts it down the middle with a sharp instrument +called a “traçado.” By this means it is easy to ascertain +if the manufacture of the internal coatings or layers has been<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span> +done with the necessary care, and if the weight has been affected +by water, or by any other extraneous body.</p> + +<p>If the rubber presents itself with an uniform aspect, perfectly +smoked and sufficiently elastic, it is classed “fina.” If, +however, any points present spongy parts proceeding from +coagulation of the latex anterior to the smoking process, it is +styled “entre-fina.” To the agglomeration of residue which congeals +freely, the name of “sernamby” is given.</p> + +<p>There is still the “borracha fraca” little elastic, whose +mercantile value is put in the same category as “sernamby” and +which does not come from the latex of the hevea.</p> + +<p>This work being finished, the rubber is bought in accordance +with the quotations of the day, based upon prices coming from +England and from the United States, but as has already been +explained, this quotation is not always respected.</p> + +<p>There is another anomaly to which it is advisable to refer: +whilst the “entre-fina” and the sernamby are quoted abroad at +least at 200 réis and 1$800 réis less than the “fina” the markets +of Belém and Manáos show a difference of 800 réis and 2$000.</p> + +<p>There are other abuses which also take place in the classifying +of the rubber, which gives as a result that the buyers prefer +to do business upon inferior qualities, because these offer a +larger margin for profits.</p> + +<p>The rubber is exported in American pineboxes which can +hold nearly 150 Kilos. The dearness of manual labor in the +Amazon territory makes it difficult to take advantage of the +innumerable species of timber-woods in which the valley of the +great river is so abundantly rich.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>In the remaining markets of the country where the rubber is +negotiated, the price is regulated by the quotations in Pará. +These local markets are of little importance and in nothing do +they distinguish themselves as to the relative transactions in +rubber, from the general mass of business. The class of <b>aviadores</b> +or merchant-trader does not exist. Each producer sends his +stock to his agent or representative or sells it to the first buyer. +The rubber is collected from either maniçoba or mangabeira.</p> + +<p>In the commerce of those products, the markets of Bahia and +Fortaleza stand out the most prominently, to which places a certain +appreciable portion of cultivated plantation rubber converges +every year besides a great quantity of native rubber.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="ECONOMIC_AND_FINANCIAL_IMPORTANCE">ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL IMPORTANCE—FEDERAL AND STATE REVENUE—EXPORTATION TAX</h3> + +</div> + +<p>The most superficial examination of the actual economic position +of Brazil demonstrates at once and in an incisive manner +how important the rubber industry is to the national life of the +country.</p> + +<p>Possessor of the innumerable riches distributed by the three +Kingdoms of Nature, it is almost exclusively due to the cultivation +of coffee and to the extraction of rubber that Brazil owes +its extraordinary commercial development in these last twenty +years.</p> + +<p>The great fortunes which the plantations of the famous red-bean +of the coffee-tree created in the South and the considerable +profits which the exploitation of the precious gum have produced +in the North, were certainly the causes which most influenced +the development of the production to such an extraordinary +degree, relegating to a much lower schedule in the general +tabular statement of Brazilian exportation, all the products, +whose commerce although certainly remunerative, does not show +such certain and speedy results.</p> + +<p>The general exportation of Brazilian merchandise was £63,724,440 +in 1909, £63,091,547 in 1910 and £66,838,982 in 1911. To +these totals, coffee and rubber contributed during each of the +same three years £52,401,276, £51,342,278 and £55,458,221 respectively—totals +these, sufficient by themselves, to guarantee +with advantage the Brazilian international commercial equilibrium, +when it is seen that in those said same years, the general +importation of merchandise amounted to £37,139,354, £47,871,974 +and £52,798,016.</p> + +<p>Rubber contributed to the general total of exportation with +29.70 per cent in 1909, 39.06 per cent in 1910 and 22.53 per cent +in 1911, or in other words an average of 30.43 per cent per annum. +It is worthy of note, that the great difference which took +place in the above-mentioned percentages is explained in +the fluctuations in the prices of rubber, since the production not +only did not decrease, but, as a matter of fact, increased from +year to year. Therefore it is seen that nearly one-third of Brazil’s +export trade is supplied by rubber, and it is nearly twenty +millions of pounds sterling that Brazil receives every year, and +which goes far to provide for the sustentation, not only of the +population of the Brazilian Northwest, comprised in the great<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span> +States of Pará, Amazons and Matto-Grosso and the Federal Territory +of the Acre, but for the prosperity of the North-east +States, which get the benefit of a good part of that sum +through the intermedium of their sons, who live by the exploitation +of the rubber; the Southern States benefit in their turn by +the abundance of money in the North, that most secure guarantee +of their prosperity, since that being producers of cereals, xarque, +coffee, sugar, textile goods, hats and shoes, for a long time already +they have constituted themselves the principal furnishers +of food-stuffs and wearing apparel to that region. Finally there +is still to be considered the benefit to be brought indirectly to +the whole country because that sum goes to increase the commerce +of importation, thus powerfully augmenting the Federal +Customs Revenue.</p> + +<p>The sum obtained by the States of the Amazons and Pará and +by the Federal Territory of the Acre, is also considerable every +year by the tribute paid on the rubber going out.</p> + +<p>This last Territory of the Acre, since its incorporation with +Brazil by the Treaty of Petropolis concluded with Bolivia in +1903, cost the Union (including the expenses incident to the acquisition +of the Territory and other resulting compromises of the +said treaty, such as the arbitral Tribunal, loans to Bolivia, marking +out of the frontier, construction of the Madeira-Mamoré +Railroad and expenses for the mobilization of troops, etc.), +up till 1909 the sum of Rs. 62,595:562$038; the revenue brought +in during the same period attained the sum of Rs. 58,052:757$012, +in 1910 moreover the tax upon the rubber produced +was Rs. 19,867:529$159 and in 1911 Rs. 9,671:711$068, or in +other words Rs. 29,539:240$227 more, which should be carried +to the credit of that very rich region. The rubber of the Acre +is exported through the intermedium of the markets of Belém +and Manáos, the impost-tax of 20 per cent ad valorem being +collected on the occasion of its shipment.</p> + +<p>The States of Amazonas and Pará cannot dispense quickly +without very serious economic disturbance with the revenue +receivable from the tribute paid on the exportation of rubber. As +a matter of fact, the State of Amazonas collected the sum of Rs. +16,845:585$063 in 1909, Rs. 18,069:162$372 in 1910 and Rs. 12,901:477$379 +in 1911; the impost-tax upon rubber brought in those +same years respectively Rs. 13,316:487$569, Rs. 14,836:235$238 +and Rs. 9,999:031$526, which can also be reckoned by 79.04 per +cent, 82.11 per cent and 77.50 per cent.</p> + +<p>The State of Amazonas taxes rubber produced in the State +itself, in 18 per cent ad valorem, and that coming from the Javary, +the boundary river with Perú, in 7 per cent.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span></p> + +<p>In its turn Pará has had in the form of revenue collected in +those years, the amounts of Rs. 19,039:709$531, Rs. 20,255:070$604 +and Rs. 14,480:716$176, the import-tax on rubber rendering +Rs. 14,602:759$269, Rs. 14,701:894$955 and Rs. 9,518:716$267, +or 76.69 per cent, 72.58 per cent and 65.73 per cent.</p> + +<p>The taxes charged by Pará are 22 per cent ad valorem for +Rubber “fina,” “entre-fina” and “sernamby,” and 15 per cent for +whatever other kind. Besides those there is an additional tax +of 2.5 per cent in benefit of the Santa Casa de Misericordia +charged on the exportation taxes.</p> + +<p>These figures seem to show the importance for those +States of questions concerning the production and consumption +of the world’s rubber, and with greater reason still for Brazil +as a whole. The ruin of one of the most promising regions on +the face of the globe, the profound depreciation of Brazilian +finances and the dreaded commercial crisis with which the country +would have to fight, would be the disastrous effect of the +indifference of the Federal and States Governments on such a +matter. But that, however, is not the attitude of those Governments; +they are decreeing various measures now in course of being +carried out and which after minute studies were judged necessary, +so that Brazil might continue to maintain her proud position +of importance for the precious “black gold” (rubber) in +the world’s market.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="RUBBER-CONSUMING_MARKETS">RUBBER-CONSUMING MARKETS—COMPETITION OF OTHER RUBBER-PRODUCING COUNTRIES</h3> + +</div> + +<p>New York, Liverpool, London, Hamburg, Antwerp and +Havre are at the present time, by their order of importance, the +principal world’s markets for rubber.</p> + +<p>New York, by virtue of the extraordinary development of +North American industries, which in a steadily increasing scale, +are consuming constantly greater quantities of raw material, receives +almost half of the rubber produced in all the world. +Nearly 60 per cent of the rubber negotiated in New York is +Brazilian. After this follow Central America and Mexico; but +as rubber proceeding from all parts appears in the New York +market it is evident that there is no specialty in this business.</p> + +<p>Liverpool, perhaps due to the fact of its being the port to +which the lines of navigation that run to and from the Amazon +are directed, has become the European emporium for Brazilian +rubber. In fact, 40 per cent of the Brazilian production is directed<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span> +towards that city. Liverpool also receives rubber of various +qualities proceeding from the English and other European +possessions in equatorial Africa.</p> + +<p>The increasing production of the Oriental plantations finds in +London one of its principal markets for the precious gum. Although +rubber proceeding from different parts appears in the +market, it may be affirmed without hesitation, that London is +the special centre for cultivated refined rubber (plantation) +which is easily explained by the fact that the owners of the extensive +plantations in the Malay States are nearly all of them +London companies.</p> + +<p>Occidental and Oriental Africa, principally German Colonies, +send to Hamburg the greater part of the rubber which is negotiated +on that market. Brazil enters with about 20 per cent of +the total amount of the business.</p> + +<p>Antwerp owes its rubber trade to the creation of the Congo +Free State, whose production, now in decline, is practically all +directed to this city. It also receives rubber from Brazil, and +seeing that Belgian capital is employed in the Oriental plantations +its future is promising.</p> + +<p>Havre, on the other hand, is of greater importance to Brazil; +where 75 per cent of the transactions are in Brazilian rubber. +It also imports the Congo species, as also those of some +of the French Colonies in Africa. However, the great bulk of +the production of these latter colonies is directed to Bordeaux.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>The methods of sale adopted in these markets, vary very +much. From the slow old-fashioned process of sale by private +treaty, to sales on time terms, passing through auctions and underwritings, +in short all the commonly known modes of negotiating +are in use.</p> + +<p>The most important market, that of New York, adheres to +the old-fashioned method of personal contracts for immediate delivery, +which certainly serves better the interests of buyers, than +those of sellers; the agitation that was created round this question +with a view to reform the market, gave no result whatsoever.</p> + +<p>Liverpool presents us the polymorphic type. Private sales, +and sales on a fixed day for delivery, or sales by auctions, all take +place, consulting thereby the preferences of both sellers and +buyers, and establishing the free course of the values. The same +happens in London, where, however, the Plantation companies +have initiated more advanced transactions, such as sales of crops +in anticipation.</p> + +<p>Hamburg and Antwerp also practice sales by auction and on<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span> +delivery. However, in this latter the method of underwriting is +that most in vogue and which among all the processes is the one +that consults most the interest of the seller. This is carried out +in the following manner: A broker advertises a certain quantity +of rubber for sale, the particulars of which he supplies (name of +seller, weight, quality, estimated price, etc.), about twenty days +beforehand. On the day appointed, he receives the offers of purchase +closed and sealed; these are then opened in a public place +and the prices are inscribed on a schedule divided into columns, +each one headed with the name of the house offering. Once this +operation has finished, the rubber falls to the highest bidder. The +seller has, however, the right to withdraw the goods in case the +price that results does not satisfy him.</p> + +<p>The Antwerp market adopted this system with the view to +competing against cognate markets. As the reducing of the expenses +on the product, which corresponded to frs. 2.60 per 100 +Kilos, the same being frs. 4.93 and frs. 7.30 in Hamburg and Liverpool +respectively, did not suffice, it endeavored to attract the +seller by offering the most advantageous prices, and it seems that +it has succeeded in its desideratum.</p> + +<p>Havre followed its example and it is greatly to be desired that +all the rubber markets adopt the same system, not only for the +reasons set forth, but also because it is a safe precaution against +the manipulations of speculators.</p> + +<p>Brazil has always maintained its predominating position in +the world’s market for rubber, not only as the greatest producer, +but also as the producer of the best quality.</p> + +<p>In 1827, the first year about which statistical data exist, +Brazil exported 31 tons of rubber; in 1837, 289 tons, or say an +increase of 932 per cent; in 1847, 624 tons, or 216 per cent more; +in 1857, 1,800 tons, which corresponds to an increase of 290 per +cent; in 1867, 5,826 tons, or 322 per cent more; 1877, 9,215 tons, +thus augmenting by 158 per cent; in 1887, 13,290 tons, or 144 +per cent increase; in 1897, 21,256 tons, representing about 160 +per cent more; and, finally, in 1907, 36,490 tons, or approximately +an increase of 172 per cent.</p> + +<p>Within the last decade, that is to say, from 1902 to 1911 (vide +statistical statements <b>in fine</b>), the exportation rose gradually to +28,631 tons in 1902 and to 39,026 tons in 1909, the maximum ever +reached so far, to descend immediately to 38,546 tons in 1910 and +36,547 tons in 1911.</p> + +<p>Brazil has so far not had any serious competition to fear. It +is true that the other producing countries in Central America, +South Africa and Asia, send a considerable quantity of rubber +on to the market, but this does not affect the Brazilian trade, because, +besides being practically all of it of an inferior quality,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span> +such extra supply is not sufficient to occasion the harmful effects +of an overproduction. It is curious to observe, that even within +the last decade, the production of those regions which in 1901 +was 21,547 tons increased even so far as to surpass the production +of Brazil in the year of 1905, reaching then 35,428 tons; but +it diminished as rapidly as it had increased and in 1911 we see it +reduced to 23,747 tons. This decrease cannot be attributed to +the effects of competition, for instance to the plantations of the +Orient, whose production commenced to accentuate itself exactly +in the year of 1905 and henceforward. As a matter of fact, competition +should bring forth a fall in prices, but however, on the +contrary, such did not happen, the quotations reaching in the +years of 1909 and 1910 such extremes as had never been seen in +the rubber market. It will be sufficient to point out, that the +refined rubber of Pará, which is the Standard regulating type of +the market and whose average annual price has been 3, 4 and +even 5 shillings, went up in those years to 12s/6 per pound.</p> + +<p>However, a new competitor did appear, which had to be taken +into consideration, and which induced the Government of +Brazil to adopt some measures tending to protect its great article +of export. The considerable and methodical plantations of the +<b>hevea brasiliensis</b> made in the peninsula of Malacca in Malasia +and on the island of Ceylon, commenced to produce rubber, +which it was predicted would within a few years, due to the +enormous quantity produced at a low figure, get the mastery of +the market.</p> + +<p>These plantations, the initial experiments of which date from +the year of 1876, with 70,000 seeds sent from the Tapajóz +river, an affluent of the Amazon, by Wickham to the Royal Botanical +Garden of Kew, have taken an enormous increment +since the year 1896, till to-day, due to the results obtained +which indicated beyond possible doubt the advantages of the +cultivation of hevea, this in view of the constantly increasing +price of the product and the new applications which day after +day the rubber industry has opened up.</p> + +<p>The cultivated-plantation rubber, which appeared on the market +with 5 tons in 1901, was represented by 646 tons five years +later and at the end of another equal period, by 12,000 tons. +It is estimated that if nothing unforeseen happens to the contrary, +its production in 1916 will be 70,000 tons, thus reaching +the quantity which is at the present moment consumed each +year by the necessities of the industry.</p> + +<p>It is believed that by that time the inferior qualities furnished +by Africa, Central America and even by Brazil, will gradually +have disappeared from the market. In order to meet the consumption +which, if progression that hitherto has taken place,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span> +continues, will then be of 98,603 tons, the production of Brazil +and of the Orient together will surely render a quantity much superior +to that demand.</p> + +<p>The average cost per Kilo of fine Pará rubber in the valley +of the Amazon is from 3$000 to 3$500; in India of 2$650; however, +this difference should disappear under the operation +of the Rubber Defence Act, which is inserted further on, +and the possible augmentation of the price in the Orient, +where manual labor will become dearer later on when all its +plantations are in full exploitation, and by the consequent scarcity +of labor, against which agriculturists are already commencing +to struggle.</p> + +<p>The industrial element still continues to give preference to +the Brazilian rubber, this being better in quality, <b>nerve</b> and in +elasticity—properties these which may probably be attributed to +the process of curing, which is not employed in the Orient, or +possibly to the meteorologic and climate conditions, the geological +composition of the soil, etc. It is true that the quotation for +planted rubber has been superior to that of wild rubber, but it is +advisable not to forget, that while the former shrinks only 3 per +cent, and has a much better appearance, the latter loses 18 per +cent of its weight. The price difference is thus amply explained +and when accounts are made up it is still the fine quality from +Pará that is the better quoted.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="THE_INDIA_RUBBER_PROBLEM">THE INDIA RUBBER PROBLEM—MEANS SUGGESTED AND RESOLVED BY THE STATES</h3> + +</div> + +<p>Threatened with losing the predominant position it has always +occupied in the rubber market of the world, Brazil could +not, without committing an economical suicide, remain inactive.</p> + +<p>The time having come when native rubber would enter into +competition with planted rubber, Brazil had to defend its interests +by becoming equipped for the struggle, making the cost of its +product cheaper in order to ensure its occupying an advantageous +position in the market.</p> + +<p>Many are the causes which at present contribute to the high +cost of Brazilian rubber, but they may be united into three +groups, as follows: 1st, expensive labour; 2nd, heavy transport +tariffs; and 3rd, excessive export taxes.</p> + +<p>The expensive labour is due to the scantiness of population +in the Amazon valley, the want of foreign immigration to compensate +it, and the high cost of food supplies.</p> + +<p>The rubber-producing trees (seringaes) of the Amazon are exploited<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span> +by the natives, whose number is but small, and by the +immigrants from the eastern States who, fleeing from the +droughts which periodically befall those States and attracted by +the liberal profits offered by the extraction of rubber, go there +in thousands every year. This current of immigration is, however, +insufficient; a proper remedy for such a state of things +would perhaps be foreign labour which still keeps back from the +North because it only knows it through garbled information. +The bad food and the indifference for all that concerns health +conditions, contribute every year to the invaliding of a considerable +number of men.</p> + +<p>The extraction of India rubber being the occupation which +pays best in the Amazon Valley, the pastoral industry, cattle-breeding +and farming are altogether despised, so that all the articles +of subsistence needed by the population, either come from the +South of Brazil, burdened by cost of a long transport, or from +abroad overloaded with high Brazilian Customs duties.</p> + +<p>The heavy transport tariffs are due to the numerous difficulties +of all sorts that thwart navigation in the affluents and sub-affluents +of the Amazon river and to the greediness of ship-owners, +encouraged by the absence of competition. On the other hand, +the existence of a complete river system has made the Brazilian +Governments disregard the necessity of establishing railways +which, by shortening distances, might bind the different affluents +of the great river to each other.</p> + +<p>Finally, the excessive taxation imposed by the States of Amazonas +and Pará on its almost only product of exportation is a +consequence of the special conditions of life in that Brazilian region, +which conditions we have just described. The Governmental +and administrative system requires large sums for its maintenance, +is unable to avail itself of any other sources of income +because they hardly exist. The legislator has had to go on taxing +the great product more and more.</p> + +<p>In order to cheapen the product, besides removing the causes +which have just been shown, two other far-reaching measures +have been suggested; the adoption of a process for coagulation +of the latex which might decrease the production of inferior rubbers, +and planting on a big scale.</p> + +<p>At the present moment the exportation of rubber from the +Amazon is composed of 50 per cent of rubber “fina,” 10 per cent +of “entre-fina,” 25 per cent of “sernamby,” and 15 per cent of +“caucho.” Now, any process that can do away with or might +at least diminish the percentage of entrefina and sernamby would +be a means of cheapening the rubber of finer quality (fina). To +apply the same activity to produce 70 or 75 Kilos of “fina” instead +of 50 fina, 10 entrefina and 15 sernamby, is the same in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span> +reality as obtaining the first quality at a very much lower price. +Such is the desideratum of the process of Dr. Carlos de Cerqueira +Pinto, a Brazilian doctor who has lived for a great number +of years among the rubber districts where he has made +a most accurate study of the subject. The results hitherto attained +are very satisfactory, the Government of Brazil having +aided the inventor with a view to spreading his invention once +its advantages have been definitely proven.</p> + +<p>At the same time, the process of extracting the rubber from +trees disseminated in the interior of the forests at a considerable +distance one tree from the other, is against all principles of economy. +The planting on a large scale, on the margin of the +Amazon river, or of its big affluents, but in places of easy +access, is an essential measure, especially seeing that the +Government aims at maintaining for Brazil in future, the prominent +position it now occupies in the trade. Therefore, whilst +considering all the complex elements of the question thoroughly, +a study had to be made of all the solutions presented. We shall +now see what procedure was followed:</p> + +<p>In August, 1909, a Congress of seringueiros (rubber gatherers), +assembled in Acre with a view to studying and discussing +the situation of the rubber trade. In a message addressed +to the President of the Republic at the closing of the proceedings, +the members of the Congress suggested, as chief measures, easy +communications, roads, railway lines, subventioned lines of +steamers, colonization promoted by the Government and a reduction +in the export duty.</p> + +<p>Later on, in the same year, the Pará Government enacted +Laws Nos. 1,100 and 1,109 of the 5th and 6th of November, both +of which have great bearing on the solution of this most important +problem.</p> + +<p>The first of said laws gives authority, in article 1st, to the +State Government, to enter into agreements with one or more +native or foreign companies, in regard to the plantation and exploitation +of the seringueira (hevea brasiliensis) against the +concession of the following favors:</p> + +<p>a. The concession of vacant lands up to twenty thousand +hectares with proper demarkations for the Company’s plantings.</p> + +<p>b. Reduction in the export duty of planted rubber to the extent +of 50 per cent in the first 10 years as from the date of the +first exportation; of 40 per cent in the second decade; of 30 per +cent thenceforward until completion of twenty years.</p> + +<p>c. Reduction of 30 per cent in the tariffs of the Bragança +railway and in the freights of the line of steamers subventioned +by the State, during a term of twenty years, for planted rubber +produced by the Company.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span></p> + +<p>d. Transport free of charge by the Bragança railway and +steamers under the States’ subsidy of all machinery and plant +belonging to the Company and intended for the installation of +its establishments; and of whatever colonists the Company may +place in its premises as well as of seeds, manure plants and +cattle.</p> + +<p>e. An advance, by way of guaranteed interest, of 5 per cent +per annum on the capital issued by the company holding the +concession to the extent of one-half of the paid up capital.</p> + +<p>Special paragraph.—This guarantee, whatsoever be the Company’s +capital, shall not be paid on a sum exceeding £400,000 +Sterling over and above £800,000 Sterling, or its equivalent in +paper money.</p> + +<p>The advances, by way of guaranteed interest, thus conceded, +will be discontinued once the Company’s profits attain 6 per +cent, and on exceeding 7 per cent the Company will start amortizing +the sums loaned by the State to the extent of 5 per cent +on the total sum advanced.</p> + +<p>The concession of lands available will be made by way of +emphyteusis for 99 years.</p> + +<p>The Statutes will have to be approved by the Government, +who will name one of the Company’s Directors and retain certain +rights with a view to the due enforcement of the contract.</p> + +<p>Article Second of the Law describes the Company’s obligations, +which are as follows:</p> + +<p>First. To plant at least twenty thousand rubber trees per +year.</p> + +<p>Second. To carry out instructions from the Agriculture Department +of the State in the planting.</p> + +<p>Third. To maintain a rural elementary school, with accommodation +for the shelter of at least twenty destitute children, +and a field of practical tuition of mechanical agriculture, experimental +cultivation of tropical plants, experiments in manure, etc.</p> + +<p>Fourth. Accessory planting of rice, maize, haricot beans, +etc., improving the quality of same by mechanical means.</p> + +<p>Fifth. Furnish accurate yearly statistics of the number of +plantations made, their state and the general production of rubber +and other articles.</p> + +<p>Sixth. Use on the bags, boxes and other receptacles containing +the goods produced, a trade-mark duly registered at the +Board of Trade as prescribed by law.</p> + +<p>Seventh. Allow the Government to control all the work +carried out by the Company in such manner as the Government +may think fit.</p> + +<p>Complementary to the former, the Law of November 6th +concedes prizes and other favors to the agriculturists of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[48]</span> +State, who, by themselves or associations formed by them, should +fulfil the conditions set forth in same.</p> + +<p>The prizes are of five hundred mil réis for each plot of five +hundred rubber trees properly planted; the favors consist of +the distribution free of charge of chemical manure, seeds, plants, +instructions and agricultural monographs, gratuitous tuition to +all the laborer-planters, transport free by the Bragança Railway +and steamers subsidized by the State, reduction of export duties, +<b>etc.</b></p> + +<p>Lastly, Law No. 1,115, of the 8th November, 1909, affords +protection to the rubber trees that are actually yielding, with a +view to improving their production.</p> + +<p>Article First authorizes the Government of the State to further +the defence of the rubber industry as regards the latex and +preparation of rubber, in order to prevent the destruction of the +trees existing in the State, punishment being dealt to whomsoever +manufactures the product by subversive means.</p> + +<p>Article second provides a prize of 50 contos of réis paper +money at most, to be awarded at the Government’s discretion, +to the discoverer or inventor of some process of manufacturing +or preparing rubber, which may afford undeniable advantages as +regards its manufacture and reduces the inferior classes to a +single standard of rubber “fina,” ensuring a high price for the +article.</p> + +<p>The State of Amazonas also, as per Law No. 675 of May 20, +1911, authorizes the Executive Power to concede any advisable +favors to individuals or undertakings that may bind themselves +to put up in Manáos factories for refinement of rubber by means +of new and improved methods, so as to obtain a standard class +of rubber for exportation.</p> + +<p>The Commercial, Industrial and Agricultural Congress held +at Manáos in February, 1910, resolved in its final conclusions +to recommend to the Brazilian Government and the immediate +neighboring Republics, the reforming of their freights, especially +as regards the food supplies; grant favors to navigation; free +rivers from obstructions; construct railways; create colonial +centres; admit of the pressing and absolute necessity to plant +rubber trees in the Amazon valley and open new fields of plantation; +suggests the establishment of permanent exhibitions of a +highly educational character; advises the rubber extractors not +to give up the process of curing by smoke and condemns entirely +the use of acids or alum in the coagulation, and calls attention to +the question of the commercial classes of rubber which should +be properly defined. Going into details it requests numerous +favors for the agriculturists that may go in for planting hevea +rubber trees, cacao and cereals, cotton and other products, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[49]</span> +that prizes be granted to cattle breeders, experimental fields be +opened, as also laboratories of analysis and a service be established +for dealing with the yellow fever and paludinous fevers, etc.</p> + +<p>Such an important matter could not be solved by half-measures; +it was necessary and even indispensable to adopt a +plan embracing all the solutions suggested and proclaimed as +being elements of success, thus obtaining a united plan entailing +some complexity in its execution, it is true, yet clear and simple +in its combined purposes.</p> + +<p>And this desideratum was achieved by the Federal Law No. +2,543 A of the fifth of January, 1912.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="MEASURES_ADOPTED_BY_THE_FEDERAL_GOVERNMENT">MEASURES ADOPTED BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT—RIO DE JANEIRO CONGRESS OF +RUBBER—REGULATIONS OF THE NEW RUBBER DEFENSE ACT</h3> + +</div> + +<p>For a long time back the attention of the Brazilian Government +has been drawn to the necessity of adopting a plan of defence +for India rubber, which might solve in a practical and +decisive manner the so-long-debated “problem of the North.”</p> + +<p>In August, 1911, the Minister of Agriculture, after a close +study, made with the aid of specialists and persons having +full knowledge of that region of the country, drew up a project +in the above sense and, recognizing the necessity of still hearing +those who are most directly interested in the matter, convened a +meeting of representatives of the State Governments, Commercial +Associations and other Institutions which might lead to +a perfect understanding of what was most advisable to do.</p> + +<p>The first meeting was held on August 14, and the Government’s +plan was hailed with great applause, the same being +approved, with slight alterations, in the last session which took +place on the twenty-second of the same month.</p> + +<p>By Message of September 14, 1911, Marshal Hermes da +Fonseca, President of the Republic, sent to the National Congress +for approval, the plan duly elaborated; after being carefully +studied by Congress it was approved and converted into +Law, under No. 2,543 A and was sanctioned on January 5, 1912.</p> + +<p>On April 17, 1912, Decree No. 9,521 was enacted with the +Regulation for carrying out the measures and services provided +for in the law of January.</p> + +<p>The measures and services prescribed by Law No. 2,543 A<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[50]</span> +of January, 1912, for the economic defence of rubber, regulated +by Decree No. 9,521 of April 17, 1912, are as follows:</p> + +<p>I. To encourage the rubber extractor and the cultivator of +the principal rubber-producing trees.</p> + +<p>II. To form industries for the refinement and manufacture +of rubber articles.</p> + +<p>III. To aid immigrants, both from the country and those +who have recently arrived from abroad, and the workmen +already established in the Amazon valley.</p> + +<p>IV. To render transport easy and decrease the cost in the +Amazon valley.</p> + +<p>V. To install productive centres of food supplies in the +Amazon valley.</p> + +<p>VI. To hold three-yearly exhibitions in Rio de Janeiro, comprehending +all that relates to the rubber industry of the country.</p> + +<p>The measures contained in the law in regard to making agreements +with the States which produce rubber “seringa,” with a +view to decreasing the export duties and protecting the rubber +trade, will be dealt with separately, and with regard to the definition +and legalization of freeholds in the Federal Territory in +Acre and the revision and consolidation of regulations concerning +the coasting service of steamers (included in No. IV) special +By-Laws will be drawn up which shall be published in due +course.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>The measures in reference to the first group and whose object +is to encourage the extracting industry and plantation of the +principal rubber producing trees are: First, reduction of the +cost of tools and materials employed in the rubber trade; second, +granting of prizes in money to the planters of the principal rubber +trees; third, installation of experimental stations for the cultivation +of rubber.</p> + +<p>For the reduction in the cost of utensils and materials, free +entrance is granted with exemption from any import duties, as +well as to everything intended for the cultivation of the +seringueira, caucho, maniçoba and mangabeira and the gathering-in +and improving of rubber extracted from those trees; +whether as regards the extracting industry or the plantation +work.</p> + +<p>These pecuniary premiums for encouraging the industry, will +be conceded to all those who plant entirely anew, or who devote +themselves to replanting; in the first case and for every group +of 12 hectares, the premiums will be Rs. 2:500$000 when the +planting is of “seringueira”; Rs. 1:500$000 when it treats of +“caucho” or “maniçoba”; and 900$000 when it is mangabeira; in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[51]</span> +the second case and for every group of 25 hectares the premiums +will be 2:000$000, 1:000$000 and 720$000 respectively. The +minimum number of trees for the new plantations will be 250 +per hectare for the seringueira and caucho, and 400 for the maniçoba +and mangabeira; in the case of re-planting, the distance to +keep between the trees should be from 6 metres to 6m50 for +the first mentioned case and 5 metres for the second. In order +to obtain the payment of the premium, it is requisite that the +trees be well cared for, and that not more than 15 per cent are +damaged or useless.</p> + +<p>The subsidiary cultivation of alimentitious plants or of those +useful for industrial purposes, will secure an annual gratuity +corresponding to 5 per cent of the value of the principal +premium.</p> + +<p>For the cultivation of the seringueira, experimental stations +will be localized in the Territory of the Acre, and in the States +of Matto Grosso, Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Piauhy and Bahia +and for the growing of the maniçoba conjointly with that of the +mangabeira in the States of Piauhy, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia, +Minas Geraes, S. Paulo, Goyaz, Paraná and Matto Grosso.</p> + +<p>Each station will have an area of from 80 to 100 hectares, the +land selected having to be suited to the climatic and agrological +conditions exacted by the nature or quality of the plant to +be cultivated.</p> + +<p>Besides the grounds for experimental cultivation, each +station will possess laboratories of vegetable physiology for the +testing of seeds and phytopathology, of agricultural entomology; +of agricultural vegetable chemistry and bromotology and of +microbiology and technology; an agricultural and woodlands +museum; a gallery of machines and a meteorological post. +Thus it will be properly equipped in order to serve those +who may consult it upon any matter whatsoever, within +the scope of its competency, carry out the analysis of manures +and other chemical fertilizers, plants and waters, distribute +plants and selected seeds, study the diseases common to +growing plants and the means of combatting them, making commonly +known by means of the publication of an official bulletin +which will be distributed gratuitously to all interested parties, +the results obtained relative to the most practical and economical +means of carrying out the cultivation of rubber, the best means +of bettering its condition, its preservation, the packing of the +products, etc.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>In order to stimulate the creation in Brazil of the industries +for refining and manufacturing all kinds of articles made of +rubber, monetary premiums will be instituted as well as exemption<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[52]</span> +from taxes, the right of disappropriation for private individuals, +that may be necessary for the installation and mounting +of factories and the preference of the Government will be +granted for such articles, which each factory produces, when +supplies are made to the army and to the navy, as well as to +other public departments.</p> + +<p>The premiums will be as high as 400:000$000 for the first +factory for the refining of seringa rubber that may be established +in each of the cities of Belém and Manáos; up to 100:000$000 for +the first rubber-refining factory of “maniçoba” and of mangabeira, +which may be installed in each one of the States of Piauhy, +Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Geraes +and São Paulo; and finally of 500:000$000 for the first factory of +rubber-made articles, which is inaugurated in Manáos, Belém, +Recife, Bahia and Rio de Janeiro.</p> + +<p>The exemption from import duties embraces the rights of +importation for the materials, machinery, utensils and the necessary +tools for the construction and mounting of the factory and +the chemical substances, textile articles and divers materials, +combustibles and lubricants indispensable for the up-keep and +working of the factory during the time-term of 25 years; and +immunity from the State and Municipal taxes for the time term +of the contract by reason of the factory being considered a +Federal Service.</p> + +<p>The premium in cash shall only be considered when the +capital of the factory is equivalent to 4 times its value. The +payment of such premium will be effected immediately after the +inauguration of the factory.</p> + +<p>The problem of assisting immigrants both national and +foreign, who may have just arrived and the laborers established +in the valley of the Amazon, is met by the installation of emigrant-hotels +in Belém, in Manáos and in the Territory of the +Acre, by the construction of hospitals in the Interior and by the +creation of agricultural colonies adjacent to such hospitals.</p> + +<p>The hotels for the reception of immigrants shall follow the +rule and be guided in their installation by that of the Ilha das +Flores in Rio de Janeiro, that latter being considered a Model +Institution, at the same time the modifications exacted by the +conditions of each particular case, that of Belém having sufficient +capacity to accommodate 1,500 immigrants; that of Manáos +1,200 and that of Acre 800. Close to each of these immigrant-quarters, +a store-house will be erected which shall contain all +kinds of special tools and utensils employed in the India rubber +industry, the which will be sold to the immigrants, who desire +to buy them at strictly cost price.</p> + +<p>The families of both national and foreign immigrants who do<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[53]</span> +not expressly declare that they prefer another destination will +be sent to the National Fazendas (ranches) of the Rio Branco, +where they will be located and distributed among the different +colonial centres in the different colonies.</p> + +<p>The hospitals in the Interior are created with a view of providing +the inhabitants of the Amazon valley with a centre to +which they may have recourse and where they may be treated, +acquire medicine and protect themselves against contagious diseases. +The points selected for these are Boa Vista of the Rio +Branco, S. Gabriel on the Rio Negro, Teffé or Fonte Boa on the +river Solimões, São Felippe on the river Juruá, Bocca do Acre on +the Rio Purús, at the confluence of the river Arinos with the +Juruéna, in the Alto Tapajóz, Conceição of the river Araguaya, +and Montenegro on the Amapá.</p> + +<p>Each hospital will have accommodation for 100 sick people +and will be divided into 5 pavillions, one of these latter being +constructed with all the requisites necessary for the isolation of +infectious diseases; there will also be a disinfecting house, a +laboratory for chemical and microbiologic diagnosis, rooms for +surgical operations and for autopsies, consulting rooms and +pharmacy.</p> + +<p>There will also be a service of propaganda of the habits and +hygienic measures necessary for the laborers who work and live +in the Amazonian valley.</p> + +<p>Adjoining each hospital, agricultural centres will be founded +wherein to localize 100 families at the least, these agricultural +centres will have for their object the production of the +alimenticiary products necessary for the supply of the said +hospitals, the cultivation and extensive breeding of the plants +and animals consumed as food by the neighboring population +located all around, and the constitution of fixed centres of population +which shall help towards the increased peopling of the +region. The Government will assist the emigrants in the +acquiring of lands and shall furnish them with food stuffs at a +low price and their maintenance during the initial period.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>Amongst the improvements and means tending to facilitate +transport and diminish its cost in the valley of the Amazon, the +construction of systems of railways and the betterment of the +navigability of the rivers most peopled, is of great importance.</p> + +<p>The network of iron roads will be of two different categories: +systems of great lines forming an integral part of the general +Federal system of railroads and a network of economic narrow-gauged +railways having the character simply of penetration lines.</p> + +<p>Belonging to the first of these categories the following networks<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[54]</span> +will be commenced at once, and constructed within the +shortest space of time possible: 1º starting from Belém de Pará +and joining onto the general railway system in Pirapóra, Minas +Geraes and in Coroatá, in Maranhão, with the necessary branches +to connect the initial or terminal point of navigation on the +rivers Araguaya, Tocantins, Parahyba and S. Francisco; 2º +starting point from the Madeira e Mamoré Railway in the +proximity of the mouth of the Abunã, passing by the town of +Rio Branco and by the most appropriate point between Senna +Madueira and Catay and terminating in the town of Thaumaturgo, +with branch line right up to the frontier of Perú, along the +valley of the river Purús.</p> + +<p>The construction and renting out of these railways will be +done in competition by Public Tender.</p> + +<p>The concession for the railways of the second category shall +only be made to those who undertake to colonize and exploit +in proportion as that may be justified, the respective +marginal lands, i.e., the land lying along each side of such said +lines. The Government will concede a subsidy of 25:000$000 +per kilometre constructed; the technical conditions are: a line of +the Decauville portatil, the weight of the rails being 50 kilos per +metre, with a gauge of 0.60 between the rails and the minimum +radius of the curve 40 meters inclination 0.10 and weight of the +locomotives in full working order, 18 to 20 tons.</p> + +<p>By way of experiment the Governments will bring about at +once, the construction of 2 economic railway systems, 1º starting +from Antiga Sauzel on the left bank of the river Xingú and going +up the valley as far as the river Careahy, with a branch leading +to the river Tapajóz, whose valley it will follow until the river +S. Manoel and with other sub-branches; 2º starting from the confluent +of the Rio Negro with the Rio Branco and following the +valleys of Seruiny and the Caratimani passing over the water-shed +and going on until it terminates in the Alto Uraricoera, +with 2 branches, the one for the Alto Paduary and the other for +the town of Boa Vista.</p> + +<p>The necessary improvements to be made towards effecting +the navigability of the rivers at all seasons of the year, by +steamers drawing up to 3 feet of water, of the Rio Negro, between +S. Isabel and Cucuhy, on the Rio Branco from its mouth +as far as S. Joaquim; of the river Purús between Hiutanahã and +Senna Madureira, and of the river Acre from its mouth as far +as Riosinho de Pedras, will be contracted for by public-tender +or by some public company which can prove itself sufficiently +capable for the carrying out of the same. The maximum time-term +for the termination of the improvements will be 7 years.</p> + +<p>As supplementary measures, the exemption from taxes is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[55]</span> +conceded to the floating material of whatever kind destined to +fluvial navigation in the valley of the Amazon and floating +depots for the supply of coal and oil-fuel will be established +at different points of the river Amazon, its affluents and sub-affluents.</p> + +<p>The establishment of these depots and the business of supplying +the combustibles will be done by signed contract, with +the Minister of Agriculture, after the competition by public-tender, +the concessioner enjoys besides other favors, exemption +from import-duties for the floating material and for the combustible +material imported as also full exemption from all State +and Municipal taxes by reason of the object of his contract being +considered a federal public service.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>The creation of centres for producing food-stuffs in the valley +of the Amazon being held as an element of the greatest urgency +towards the successful issue of the plan elaborated, is assured +by the following series of administrative measures: 1º, the renting +out of the 2 national ranches on the Rio Branco, that of S. +Bento and that of S. Marcus, to a public Company or undertaking +which agrees to open up, and practice cattle-breeding +of different kinds on a large scale and the cultivation of cereals +commonly used as aliments, the establishment of a curing establishment +for preparing dry meat, known as xarque, and a factory +of alimenticiary conserved goods, a dairy establishment, a rice-mill +and 2 mandioca grinding-mills. The company in question +will take charge of and localize the emigrants who desire to +be placed upon the lands belonging to the said ranches in accordance +with the Federal laws regulating such matters.</p> + +<p>The favors of exemption from duties for the imported material +necessary to the mounting of the fazenda or ranch and the installation +of the mills and factories will be conceded, as also +for the stud-cattle and seeds imported and for the chemical +manures and all materials necessary for the factories and for +the cultivation during the whole of the time of the contract. +They shall also enjoy the right to disappropriate for public +utility and shall have preference for the contract to carry out +the necessary works and improvements in the navigation of the +Rio Branco.</p> + +<p>The colonization of the lands of the “fazenda” of São Marcus +situated between the rivers Mahú, Takutú, Surumú and Cotingo +on the frontier of British Guyana, will be made directly by the +Ministry of Agriculture. 2º Premiums and favors will be conceded<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[56]</span> +to whomsoever may found great ranches for cattle +breeding and for great agricultural purposes in territory of the +Acre (between Rio Branco and Xapury), in the State of Amazonas +(in the region of the Autaz), in the State of Pará (in +the Island of Marajó), or in other more convenient points of the +lower Amazon.</p> + +<p>These premiums are of 30:000$000 per group of 1,000 hectares +of artificial pastures, planted and fenced round, of 100:000$000 +per group of 1,000 hectares of lands effectively cultivated with +rice, black haricot beans, Indian-corn and mandioca, and 100:000$000 +per group of 500 tons of manufactured goods, of dairy +produce and of preserved meat and xarque, which may have been +produced within a time-space of 5 years.</p> + +<p>The favors are those of exemption from import duties for +everything whatsoever that may be necessary to the proper installation +and maintenance of the fazenda or ranch during +5 years. 3º Concession of favors to a fishing company or undertaking, +that shall be established either in Belém or in Manáos, +for exercising that industry and all subsidiary industries connected +therewith on a large scale on the rivers of Amazonia. +The favors consist of the entry free from import duties for all +the material belonging to the company as also for all the fittings +of steamers and other floating material and factories that may +be necessary during the first 15 years, encouragement premiums +of 10:000$000 during 5 consecutive years in the event of the production +of fish either preserved or salted being maintained at +a figure above 100 tons; the right of disappropriation for public +utility of the lands or buildings that may be necessary for the +undertaking, the exemption from state and municipal taxes.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>Recognizing the utility of periodical expositions which are +held as centres of special studies, producing practical results by +the sum of knowledge which may be derived from them, 3 yearly +expositions shall be held in Rio de Janeiro, which shall embrace +all and everything which has relation to the rubber-industry.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[57]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="THE_COMMENCEMENT_OF_THE_WORK">THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE WORK—THE EXPOSITION OF RUBBER IN RIO DE +JANEIRO IN THE MONTH OF MAY, 1913</h3> + +</div> + +<p>The Superintendence Department of the Rubber-Defence, a +provisional Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry +and Commerce on which is incumbent the direction and fiscalizing +of all the services comprised under the Law No. 2543 of the +fifth of January of 1912, has already initiated its works, undertaking +the execution of the following measures.</p> + +<p>1. Resolution to hold a National Rubber Exhibition in Rio +de Janeiro, opening on the thirteenth of May of 1913.</p> + +<p>2. Installation of experimental stations, 7 centres for the +cultivation of the seringueira (Acre, Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, +Piauhy, Bahia and Matto Grosso), and 6 for the cultivation of +maniçoba and mangabeira (Piauhy, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia, +Minas Geraes and São Paulo).</p> + +<p>3. Studies in the valley of the Amazon, in the basins of the +rivers Negro, Solimões, Juruá, Purús, Tapajóz and Araguaya, +and in the territory of Amapá for the establishment of interior +hospitals surrounded by small agricultural colonies.</p> + +<p>4. Preliminary services for the construction of 4 of those +hospitals situated respectively in Teffé or Fonte Boa on the river +Solimões in S. Felippe on the river Juruá, in Bocca do Acre and +in Montenegro of the Amapá.</p> + +<p>5. Drawing up of the plan and inventory of the cattle and +buildings in the part to rent out of the National fazendas of the +Rio Branco; idem of the part to be colonized by the Government +and projects of the colonial centres model farm for +cattle-breeding, horse and mule-raising, radiographic stations, +etc.</p> + +<p>6. Laying of a Decauville line of railway along the rapids +of the Rio Branco, in order to secure prompt communication +with the national ranches, which are to be let out.</p> + +<p>7. Construction by contract or by administration of 3 +dwelling quarters for immigrants in the Acre, in Manáos and +in Belém.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>The rubber exposition which is to take place in Rio de +Janeiro, 1 every 3 years, will have for its object to show the +triennial balance of rubber in its various modalities, comparing +it with the situation of the same industry in other countries.</p> + +<p>The first exhibition will be inaugurated on the thirteenth of +May of the coming year and will be divided into four sections;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[58]</span> +1º The cultivation; 2º extraction; 3º improvement; 4º manufacture +of articles.</p> + +<p>The sections will be divided into groups and classes comprising +the native or cultivated plants, machinery, utensils, +processes, commercial types, studies and statistics.</p> + +<p>Encouragement premiums will be conferred for the best processes +of cultivation, extraction and preparing and for the +objects best manufactured, whether of raw material constituting +trade types for exportation or as manufactured articles.</p> + +<p>The sale of machinery, utensils and rubber articles and products +of all kinds will be provided for against payment of a small +percentage, fixed by the organizing commission.</p> + +<p>Foreign products may be admitted to the exhibition, but +without having the right to a premium. They will enjoy full +custom-house freedom from import-duty, but should they be +sold they shall pay the respective import-duty on the occasion +of their being handed over to the buyers. The re-exportation of +the products not sold will run for account of the exhibitor.</p> + +<p>Lectures upon the rubber-industry will be given during the +Exhibition-Congress.</p> + +<p>The Commission which will carry out the Exposition of the +thirteenth of May, is constituted by their Excellencies Senhores +Drs. Pedro de Toledo, Minister of Agriculture, Industry and +Commerce, Raymondo Pereira da Silva, Superintendent of the +Rubber-Defence Department, Miguel Calmon du Pin e Almeida, +Representative of the National Agricultural Society, Jorge +Street, President of the Centro Industrial of Brazil, Julho +Furtado, Inspector of Forests, Gardens, Tree-planting, Hunting +and Fishing of the Federal District, Representative of the +Municipal Prefecture and Candido Mendes de Almeida, Director +of the Commercial Museum of Rio de Janeiro, Secretary General.</p> + +<p>The site chosen for the exposition is in the Quinta de Boa +Vista, perhaps the most beautiful park of Rio de Janeiro.</p> + +<p>The preparatory works, such as the ground-leveling, laying-out +of gardens, adoption of pavillions already existing, etc., +is now already in full course of being carried out.</p> + +<p>The opportuneness of this event, the interest evinced in it +by the South and North and the United forces of the Institutions +that form the organizing commission, will secure a very +considerable number of exhibitors.</p> + +<p>The month of May, one of the pleasantest months as regards +temperature in Rio de Janeiro, is the season chosen by those +who desire to visit the beautiful capital and thus the gathering +of visitors to the exhibition will certainly be notable.</p> + +<p>Thus appears certain the most brilliant success for the Rubber +Exhibition of Rio de Janeiro.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[59]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="RUBBER_EXPORTERS">RUBBER EXPORTERS</h3> + +</div> + +<table> + <tr> + <th colspan="2">ESTADO DO AMAZONAS—MANÁOS</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>A. Santos Cardoso</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Ahlers & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Armazens Andresen</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Albert H. Alden, Limited</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Barbosa Tocantins</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>De Lagotellerie & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>E. Kingdon & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Gruner & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Gordon & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>J. G. Araujo</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>J. H. Barros</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Leite & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Mesquita & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>R. Suarez & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Semper & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Scholtz Hartze & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Theodor Levy & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th colspan="2">ESTADO DO PARÁ</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>A. Meirelles & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>A. de la Reviere & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Alves Braga & Co.</td> + <td>Boulevard da Republica 34</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Adelbert H. Alden, Ltd.</td> + <td>Boulevard da Republica 32</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>A. A. Antunes & Co.</td> + <td>Rua da Industria 27 e 29</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Barboza & Tocantins</td> + <td>Rua 13 de Maio 21 e 23</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Braga Sobrinho & Co.</td> + <td>Caixa do Correio 353</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Coutinho & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Candido José Rodrigues</td> + <td>Rua Senador Manoel Barata</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>De Lagotellerie & Co.</td> + <td>Boulevard da Republica 24</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>E. Pinto Alves & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Gumer & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Gordon & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Guilherme Augusto de Mendonça</td> + <td>Rua da Industria 43</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>I. Serfaty & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Jeronymo C. Botelho</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>José Furtado de Mendonça</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>J. Marques Braga</td> + <td>Travessa Campos Salles</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Leite & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Mello & Co.</td> + <td>Boulevard da Republica 37</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Pereira Bessa & Co.</td> + <td>Rua 15 de Novembro 30</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Pires Teixeira & Co.</td> + <td>Travessa Marquez de Pombal 8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Pinho & Costa</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Pereira Lemos & Co.</td> + <td>Rua 13 de Maio 46</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Raymundo Vieira Lima</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Rocha Silva & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>R. Ahlers & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>R. Suarez & Co.</td> + <td>Rua da Industria 59</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Santos Amaral & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Cunock Schrader & Co.</td> + <td>Boulevard da Republica 36</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>D. Costa & Co.</td> + <td>Boulevard da Republica 25</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>H. A. Astlett & Co.</td> + <td>Praça Visconde Rio Branco 20</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>J. Marques</td> + <td>Boulevard da Republica 7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Neale & Staats</td> + <td>Praça Visconde do Rio Branco</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Sluglehurst Brocklehurst & Co.</td> + <td>Rua da Industria 5<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[60]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th colspan="2">ESTADO DA BAHIA—S. SALVADOR</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Ulmann & Co.</td> + <td>Rua das Princezas 12</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>F. Benn & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>F. Stevenson & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Hesse & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Hirsch, Hes & Co.</td> + <td>Cães do Ouro 27</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>L. Costa & Co.</td> + <td>Caixa do Correio 133</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Ottens & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Rosbach Brazil Company</td> + <td>Rua Corpo Santo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>S. S. Schindler</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th colspan="2">ESTADO DO MARANHÃO—S. LUIZ</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Jorge & Santos</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Joaquim Julio Correia & Co.</td> + <td>Rua da Estrella 25</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Francisco Freitas & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Oliveira Neves & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Currha Santos & Co.</td> + <td>Rua Portugal 28</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th colspan="2">ESTADO DE MATTO GROSSO—CUYABÁ</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Almeida & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Alexandre Ador & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Figueiredo & Oliveira</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Lucas Borges & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Orlando Irmãos & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Ponce Azevedo & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th colspan="2">CORUMBÁ</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Yosetti & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Pereira Sobrinho & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Wanderley Bais & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Pasques Fillio & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th colspan="2">S. LUIZ DE CACERES</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Benedicto R. Villas Boas</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Joao Campos Vidal</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>José Dulce & Co.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Manoel Pedroso da Silva Bouden</td> + <td></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[61]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p class="center">MINISTERIUM OF AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY<br> +AND COMMERCE</p> + +</div> + +<p class="titlepage larger">BRAZIL</p> + +<p class="titlepage">FEDERAL LAW AND REGULATIONS<br> +<span class="smaller">COVERING THE PROTECTION AND<br> +DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUBBER<br> +INDUSTRY IN BRAZIL</span></p> + +<p class="titlepage">Decree No. 2,542A of January 5, 1912 and<br> +Decree No. 9,521 of April 17, 1912</p> + +<p class="titlepage smaller">PUBLISHED BY THE BRAZILIAN COMMISSIONER<br> +THIRD INTERNATIONAL RUBBER AND ALLIED TRADES EXHIBITION<br> +NEW YORK, 1912</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>[62]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus06" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus06.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>HEVEA BRASILIENSIS.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>[63]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="ACT_OF_CONGRESS">ACT OF CONGRESS</h2> + +<p class="center">Decree No. 2542A of January 5, 1912</p> + +</div> + +<p>Establishing measures destined to facilitate and develop the +culture of rubber, Caucho, Maniçoba and Mangabeira, and the +gathering and treatment of the rubber extracted from these trees, +and authorizing the executive power not only to open the credits +necessary to carry out these measures, but also to contract such +loans as may be necessary for that purpose.</p> + +<p>The President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil:</p> + +<p>Hereby makes known that the National Congress decreed +and I hereby sanction the following resolution:</p> + +<p>Art. 1.—All utensils and materials destined for the culture +of rubber (seringueira), Caucho, Maniçoba and Mangabeira +and for the collecting or treatment of rubber extracted from these +trees, whether for the purpose of extracting or experimenting, +shall be admitted free of all custom house duties, including fees.</p> + +<p>Only Section.—This exemption will have to be requisitioned +of the inspectors at custom houses, who will grant it without +delay after verifying the right of those seeking this favor.</p> + +<p>Art. 2.—Premiums will be granted to those who start regular +and entirely new plantations of Seringueira, Caucho, Maniçoba or +Mangabeira, or replant old forests of Seringueira, Caucho, Maniçoba +or Mangabeira, as soon as the plantation has taken place, +and will be paid on the following conditions:</p> + +<p>(a) For groups of 12 hectares (about 30 acres) of new culture, +2,500 milreis if seringueira; 1,500 milreis if caucho or maniçoba; +900 milreis if mangabeira.</p> + +<p>(b) For groups of 25 hectares, the replanting of native seringueira, +caucho, maniçoba or mangabeira, 2,000 milreis; for the +first, 1,000 milreis; for the second and third, and 720 milreis for +the fourth kind.</p> + +<p>Section 1. These premiums will be payable one year before +the first gathering, when it is shown that the ground is entirely +cultivated and the trees well cared for.</p> + +<p>Sec. 2. An increase of 5 per cent will be given annually in +addition to the premium offered planters of seringa rubber (to +count from the beginning of the planting), who prove that they +have cultivated between the rows in all the ground planted, +plants of alimentation or of industrial use.</p> + +<p>Art. 3. The Government will establish, at a selected convenient +point, an experimental station, or field for demonstrating<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>[64]</span> +the culture of seringueira in the Territory of Acre, in each of the +States of Matto Grosso, Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Piauhy and +Bahia, and for the culture of maniçoba jointly with mangabeira, +in each of the States of Piauhy, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, +or Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Geraes, São Paulo, Goyaz, Paraná +and Matto Grosso.</p> + +<p>These stations will furnish gratuitously, selected seed to all +those interested, also instructions as to the most practical and +economic methods of culture and will supply information concerning +general results, which will be verified at the end of each +year.</p> + +<p>Art. 4.—In addition to the indirect favors which are mentioned +in Art. 1 and others which may seem reasonable and necessary, +the Government will grant the right of premiums of encouragement, +up to the sum of 400,000 milreis to the first plant +established for refining the seringa rubber, that reduces the different +qualities to a uniform type and superior to that exported +and which may be established in each of the cities of Belém +(Pará), and Manáos; up to 100,000 milreis to the first refining +plant of maniçoba and mangabeira rubber, that accomplishes +the same purpose and is established in each of the States of +Piauhy, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas +Geraes and São Paulo; and up to 500,000 milreis to the first factory +of rubber articles which shall be established in Manáos, +Belém (Pará), Recife (Pernambuco), Bahia and Rio de Janeiro.</p> + +<p>Only Section.—In order to have the right to the benefit of +the above article it is necessary for the factory to have actually +employed a capital four times as great as the value of the +premium.</p> + +<p>Art. 5.—The Government will put up three buildings to house +immigrants, to be of sufficient capacity and internally arranged, +the same as those on Flores Island. In Belém, Manáos, at an +appropriate place in the Territory of Acre, and also at places in +the Valley of the Amazon, where they are considered to be the +most necessary, hospitals are to be erected, surrounded by small +agricultural colonies where the sick can be received for treatment, +be vaccinated gratuitously, and where medicines of the first +quality are kept for sale, especially sulphate of quinine. Pamphlets +containing suggestions about hygiene, prevention of the +diseases of that region and the practical remedies to use in the +absence of a physician, will be distributed freely.</p> + +<p>The superintendence of these stations will be maintained by +the Federal Government, but the hospitals will be entrusted to +professionals of recognized ability, under a subvention or other +favors, which the Government considers reasonable and rules +will be enforced which will secure their proper regulation.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a>[65]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus07" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus07.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>“SERINGUEIRA” HEVEA BRASILIENSIS. + MULL, ARG. (11).</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66"></a>[66]</span></p> + +<p>Art. 6.—For the purpose of facilitating transportation and +reducing its cost in the valley of the Amazon, the Government +will cause to be made, as soon as possible, the following improvements:</p> + +<p>1. The construction by the Government of narrow gauge +railroads along the Rivers Xingú, Tapajos and others in Pará, +Matto Grosso, and of the Rio Negro and Rio Branco and others +in Amazonas, through the valleys through which they flow, in +accordance with the authorization of Congress, Law No. 1,126, +December 13, 1903, at the price fixed per kilometer, according +to the difficulties of the region, at the discretion of the Government.</p> + +<p>In case the State of Pará and Amazonas should contract for +the construction of some of these railroads, the Federal Government +for the more rapid completion of the work will concede +an increase of 15 contos per kilometer.</p> + +<p>2. The construction of a railroad, which, parting at a convenient +point of the Madeira-Mamoré Railroad, near the mouth of +the River Abunã, passes by the village Rio Branco, and at a +point between Senna Madureira and Caty, and terminates in the +village Thaumaturgo, with a branch to the frontier of Perú, by +the valley of the Purús River.</p> + +<p>The construction of this road shall be in accordance with +the provisions of Law No. 1,126, of December 13, 1903. As +soon as the first section of the trunk line is inaugurated to the +village of Rio Branco, the Government will install a custom house +at Porto Velho on the Madeira River and announce this port +open to commerce with friendly nations.</p> + +<p>3. Construction of a railroad starting at the port of Belém of +Pará and joining the net work of railroads of Central Brazil at +Pirapóra, in the State of Minas Geraes, and of Northern Brazil +at Coroatá, in the State of Maranhão, with the necessary branch +lines to join the initial points or terminals of navigation on the +Rivers Araguaya, Tocantins, Parahyba and S. Francisco. The +railroad shall be built according to the provisions of Law No. +1,126, December 13, 1903, and shall be leased by public competition.</p> + +<p>4. The execution of the works necessary for the effective +navigation, at any season of the year, of steamers drawing three +feet of water; on the Rio Negro, between Santa Isabel and +Cucuhy; on the Rio Branco, from its mouth to Fort S. Joaquim; +on the River Purús, from Hyutanahan to Senna Madureira; on +the River Acre from its mouth to Riosinho das Pedras.</p> + +<p>The Government may contract for the execution of these +works by public competition, or independent of competition, with +one or more individuals or firms offering sufficient guaranty,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a>[67]</span> +applying the provisions established by the decree, No. 6,368, February +14, 1907, or others, which will not impose greater burdens, +and which may be more economic.</p> + +<p>Art. 7.—For the same purpose as mentioned in the previous +article, all vessels of any kind destined for river navigation, are +declared exempt from all custom house duties, including fees, +revision, rates.</p> + +<p>Art. 8.—The Government will grant the same exemption in +addition to the indirect favors found convenient, to the contractor +who will bind himself at a public competition, to establish coal +depots at points in the valley of the Amazon previously indicated, +and to supply steamers and launches with fuel at prices approved +by the Government.</p> + +<p>Art. 9.—The Government will promote and aid the production +of food stuffs in the valley of the Amazon through the following +measures, or others which may be found convenient and promise +satisfactory results.</p> + +<p>1. The leasing of two of the National Reservations on the Rio +Branco, at a public auction or private competition to a reliable +concern, which binds itself to develop on a large scale, the breeding +of cattle of improved types, the production of cereals, and +other foodstuffs, to establish packing houses, dairies, rice-shelling +mills, flour and mandiok mills, etc.</p> + +<p>2. Direct colonization, through the Federal Government, on +lands still belonging to the Union, on the S. Marcos Reservation, +situated between the Rivers Mahú, Takutú, Surumú and Cotingo, +with native families of farmers and stock-farmers, with a view +of developing and increasing the production of foodstuffs, as well +as horses and mules.</p> + +<p>3. Concession to concerns which propose to establish large +plantations or colonies under the above mentioned conditions, +one in the Territory of Acre (between the Rio Branco and Xapury), +one in the State of Amazonas (in the region of the Autaz +River), and one in the State of Pará (on the island of Marajó +or other point more convenient on the lower Amazon), granting +them the following favors:</p> + +<p>(a) Exemption from all import duties, including fees, for all +material imported, necessary for establishing the plantation, including +buildings, corrals, pastures, fences, watering places, agricultural +implements and machines for the cultivation, harvesting +and treatment of cereals, the installation of factories treating +dairy produce and packing houses, as well as cattle and seed +which may be imported during the first five years after the plantation +is started.</p> + +<p>(b) Premiums of 30,000 milreis for lots of 1,000 hectares of +cultivated pasture, planted and conveniently fenced, and of 100,000<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68"></a>[68]</span> +milreis for lots of 1,000 hectares of improved land for farming +and actually planted with rice, beans, corn or mandioca.</p> + +<p>(c) A premium of 100,000 milreis for lots of 500 tons of products +made from milk, packed meats and dried beef, which were +produced within five years.</p> + +<p>4. Exemption from all import duties, including that of fees, +for the vessels, instruments, machinery, drugs and ingredients +necessary for the installation and working, for a period of 15 +years, of a fishing enterprise, including the salting and preserving +of fish, that may be established on the Amazon rivers, and the +concession of a premium of 10:000$ for five consecutive years, +when the production of salted and preserved fish shall be above +100 tons annually.</p> + +<p>Art. 10.—The Government shall proceed to the discrimination, +and consequent acknowledgment of the owners of the lands in +the Territory of Acre, for the confirmation of their respective +property titles.</p> + +<p>Section 1.—In the verification the following should be considered +as much as possible:</p> + +<p>(a) The titles granted by the Governors of the States of the +Amazon, of Bolivia and the former independent State of Acre +before the treaty of Petropolis.</p> + +<p>(b) The mild and pacific possessions acquired by first occupation, +or from the first occupant, which shall be found in active +exploration, or with its beginnings and habitual residence of the +possessor, or his representatives.</p> + +<p>Sec. 2.—The maximum area of each lot shall be 10 kilometers +square.</p> + +<p>Sec. 3.—The Government will review the arrangements of +Law, No. 601, September 18, 1850, and Decree No. 1,318, January +30, 1854, expediting a new regulation of lands, with the modifications +of the present law and those which appear more convenient +to the actual situation of the Federal territories.</p> + +<p>Art. 11.—Every three years, the Government shall promote +the realization, in Rio de Janeiro, of an exposition embracing all +that pertains to the national rubber industry, and on these occasions +it will grant premiums of encouragement, totaling an +amount equal to that which shall be authorized by law of the +budget in force, for the best processes of culture and treatment, +and to the producers of the best manufactured articles.</p> + +<p>Art. 12.—The Executive Power is authorized to enter into an +agreement with the States of Pará, Amazonas and Matto Grosso, +for the purpose of obtaining an annual reduction of 10 per cent +until the maximum limit of 50 per cent of the actual value of the +export duties placed by the States upon the seringa rubber produced +in their territories, and the exemption from any export +duty, for the space of 25 years, to begin from the date of this law,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69"></a>[69]</span> +upon rubber of the same quality and derivation which may be +gathered from cultivated seringaes.</p> + +<p>At the time the agreement is effected, the executive power +shall issue a decree making such reduction which the States may +make in the export duty collected on the rubber of the Federal +Territory of Acre and conceding an equal exemption upon cultivated +rubber.</p> + +<p>Art. 13.—In addition the Government is authorized to enter +into an agreement with the above mentioned States for the purpose +of establishing, in relation to the rubber of the Territory +of Acre, the measures of protection and defense, which they +have adopted in relation to the production, or other measures +which may be thought better, and having the power to issue the +decrees necessary for this purpose.</p> + +<p>Art. 14.—For the entire execution of this law and the realization +of the measures decreed, the executive power shall issue, +as quickly as possible, the necessary regulations; it shall open +each year the credits that may be necessary, rendering an account +to the Legislative power the year following, of the amounts expended, +of the work done, of the results obtained and making the +operations of credit which such services and measures demand.</p> + +<p>Art. 15.—All laws contrary to this are revoked.</p> + +<p>Rio de Janeiro, January 5, 1912, 91st year of Independence +and the 24th year of the Republic.</p> + +<p class="right">HERMES R. da FONSECA,<br> +PEDRO de TOLEDO.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="ORDER">Order according to Federal Law, number 2,543A, Jan. 5, 1912</h2> + +<p class="center">Decree number 9,521, April 17, 1912</p> + +</div> + +<p>Art. 1. The measures and services created by law number +2,543A, Jan. 5 of the present year, for the economic defense of +rubber, has in view:</p> + +<p>1. The encouragement of the extractive and cultivating industry +of the principal trees producing rubber.</p> + +<p>2. The creation of the refining and manufacturing industry +of rubber articles.</p> + +<p>3. Assistance to immigrants, native and foreign, recently arrived, +and to the laborers already established in the valley of +the Amazon.</p> + +<p>4. To facilitate transportation and decrease its cost in the +valley of the Amazon.</p> + +<p>5. To create central producers of alimentary foodstuffs in +the valley of the Amazon.</p> + +<p>6. To discriminate and legalize the possessors of lands in +the Federal Territory of Acre.</p> + +<p>7. To hold triennial expositions in Rio de Janeiro, embracing<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70"></a>[70]</span> +everything that relates to the national rubber industry.</p> + +<p>8. To authorize agreements with the States producing seringa +rubber, for decreasing the duties of exportation and for the +protection and aid of the rubber commerce.</p> + +<p>Sole Paragraph. It shall be the object of each of these measures +and means referred to in number 8 and of the special rules, +that they shall publish at opportune times, as well as those referred +to in number 6 and that part of number 4 which speaks +of the revision and consolidation of the regulations of the coast-wise +merchant marine.</p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="TITLE_I">TITLE I<br> +<span class="smaller">The means of encouragement of the extractive and cultivating +industry of the principal rubber producing trees</span></h3> + +<h4>CHAPTER I<br> +<span class="smaller">The reduction of the cost of implements and materials employed +in the development of the rubber industry</span></h4> + +<p>Art. 2. The implements and regular materials in the list annexed +to this regulation, are free of all import duties, including +the fees when employed for the cultivation of seringueira, +caucho, maniçoba and mangabeira and the improved collection +of the extracted rubber, from these trees, whether it treats of +the development purely extractive, or of the development of cultivation.</p> + +<p>Sole Paragraph. Materials and machinery which shall be discovered +or invented during the time this regulation is in force, +which have special application to the rubber industry, shall enjoy +the same exemption from import duties.</p> + +<p>Art. 3. The exemption shall be quickly granted by the custom +house inspectors, from whom the claimants should require +it, uniting all, or only those necessary as the case may be, the +following documents:</p> + +<p>1. The last receipt of the duty of declarations of the Municipality +or Mayor to whose jurisdiction it pertains, by which is +proven that the claimant is developing on his own or rented +property, the extractive or cultivating rubber industry, or that +he is a merchant established with a house prepared for goods +for rubber gatherers, when it treats of regular objects of the +first group.</p> + +<p>2. Attested by the Municipality or Mayor to whose jurisdiction +he belongs, that the claimant possesses proper land and +that he is about to effectively undertake the culture of some of +the trees above mentioned and treatment of their rubber or an +authentic copy of the concession for this purpose, which he may +have obtained from the Minister of Agriculture, in case he treats +of regular objects of the second, third or fourth group.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a>[71]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus08" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus08.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>CASTILLÔA ELASTICA.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72"></a>[72]</span></p> + +<p>3. A detailed statement of the kind and quality of objects +or material which it is necessary to import, or has been imported, +which it is necessary to despatch.</p> + +<p>Sole Paragraph. The importer shall become responsible, during +this period, to the exchequer for any errors that may have +been made.</p> + +<p>Art. 4. The product, drug or object that may be similar to +that produced in this country, will not be exempt from import +duties, when the cost in this market in which he would have +to buy it was equal to that of the imported merchandise, less +the value of the import duty which he would have to pay in the +custom houses.</p> + +<h4>CHAPTER II<br> +<span class="smaller">The money premiums offered to those who cultivate the principal +rubber producing trees</span></h4> + +<p>Art. 5. To every one who makes an entirely new culture of +Seringueira, caucho, maniçoba or mangabeira, or replants seringaes, +maniçobaes, couchaes or native mangabaes, shall be +given, in the first case and for groups of 12 hectares, premiums +of 2,500 milreis, when it is Seringueira; 1,500 milreis when +caucho or maniçoba, and 900 milreis when mangabeira—and in +the second case and for groups of 25 hectares, 2,000 milreis +when it is seringueiras, 1,000 milreis when couchaes or maniçobas +and 720 milreis when mangabaes, when the following conditions +are observed:</p> + +<p>1. Sending beforehand to the Minister of Agriculture a plan +of the property in which he expects to make the culture, indicating +the area, water courses navigable for steamers, launches or +only canoes, and of the means of access from headquarters to +the port (fluvial or maritime) or the nearest station on the railroad, +mentioning these respective distances in case the property +is situated in the interior. The plan shall be accompanied by a +descriptive memorandum, containing as much detailed description +as possible as to the nature of the soil and its adaptation to +what shall be principally cultivated, and to those which may +advantageously be subsidiary; the production of rubber for the +last three years in case it treats of the property in development, +and about the conditions of healthfulness.</p> + +<p>2. It shall declare whether it is new culture or replanting +that is proposed to be done and in the second case the number +of trees in development the property has already.</p> + +<p>3. When the cultivation is of Seringueiras one must declare<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73"></a>[73]</span> +whether he expects to make parallel cultivations or not, specifying +which and whether they occupy the land planted to rubber, +or land separate.</p> + +<p>4. To communicate to the official charged with the fiscalization +the beginning and ending of the planting, with the necessary +antecedence, the year in which the first harvest will be gathered, +facilitating the examination of the property at any time, and as +many times as desired.</p> + +<p>Art. 6. The least number of trees per hectare for new culture +shall be 250 for seringueira and caucho, and 400 for maniçoba +and mangabeira. In the event of replanting, when possible, +the distance between the trees should be 6 to 6.50 metres +for seringueiras and caucho, and 5 metres for maniçoba and +mangabeira.</p> + +<p>Art. 7. To those who cultivate with seringueiras plants of +alimentation or industrial utility, in all the land improved, or +in other land equal to one-third of the dimensions of the first, +there will be conferred annually, from the beginning of the cultivation +to the year of the first rubber harvest, a supplementary +premium corresponding in value to 5 per cent of the principal +premium.</p> + +<p>Art. 8. Premiums will not be paid for principal or subsidiary +cultures which in the final inspections for the first and the annual +inspections for the others, the trees show poor treatment +or they contain an amount exceeding 15 per cent of flaws.</p> + +<p>Art. 9. The premiums shall be paid directly by the Delegacia +Fiscal of the State where the property is situated, in the +preceding first harvest of rubber, through the demand of +the claimant, with certificate from the Government inspector, +declaring that all the conditions required in this regulation were +faithfully complied with.</p> + +<p>Sole Paragraph. The inspector who makes out the certificate +shall immediately notify the Minister and will be held responsible +at all times for the value of the premium paid, in case his information +should be found false in whole or in part.</p> + +<p>Art. 10. At sight of the documents spoken of in Art. 5, and +after examining them, the claimant shall be entered ex-officio in +the general register of farmers, existing in the General Directory +of Agriculture with the advantages and guarantees it offers him.</p> + +<h4>CHAPTER III<br> +<span class="smaller">The Experimental Stations for the culture of rubber</span></h4> + +<p>Art. 11. The experimental stations for the culture of seringueira +in the Territory of Acre and the States of Matto-Grosso, +Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Piauhy and Bahia, and for the culture<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74"></a>[74]</span> +of maniçoba jointly with that of mangabeira, in the States of +Piauhy, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Geraes, S. Paulo, +Goyaz, Paraná and Matto Grosso, have in view with the experimental +study of all the factors relating to the regional culture of +each of these trees, for the purpose of furnishing the cultivators +with precise data for the adoption of methods and processes, +which will make possible the economic and perfect production +of their respective rubber.</p> + +<p>Art. 12. The experimental stations shall be established on +lands that possess the following requisites:</p> + +<p>1. Climatic situation and agricultural conditions required by +the nature or quality of the plant to be cultivated.</p> + +<p>2. The physical constitution and natural chemical composition +which will permit conjunctly and parallel the culture of the +principal food stuffs or plants of industrial utility.</p> + +<p>3. Localization at points easily accessible by good roads so +that they can be visited and verified, as well in the fields as in +the books of registry of the farmers and agricultural accounts +of the practical results and economies of the different services +and operations. The existence of permanent water courses, or +dams with sufficient capacity to guarantee irrigation when necessary, +and also other agricultural services.</p> + +<p>Art. 13. The total area of each experimental station shall +be from 80 to 100 hectares, so that there can be made at the +same time in distinct partial areas the culture of the portions +destined for experiments relative to each kind of tree and a +demonstration of the normal systematic development of the respective +culture, for comparison of the products and their +revenue.</p> + +<p>Art. 14. In the area reserved for demonstration, there shall +be included those which will serve as examples, being the first +cultivated between the processes that shall have proven the most +advantageous and which are sought to be introduced, and lastly +of those generally adopted in that region.</p> + +<p>Art. 15. In each station there shall be reserved the land +necessary for the establishment of a nursery of fruit trees and +the production of selected seeds of alimentary plants or those +of industrial utility, whose culture along with the principal +plant shall be considered advantageous.</p> + +<p>Art. 16. Every experimental station shall have the following +installations:</p> + +<p>1. A physiological vegetable laboratory, the proving of seeds +and phytopathology.</p> + +<p>2. Laboratory of agricultural entomology.</p> + +<p>3. Laboratory of agricultural, vegetable and bromatological +chemistry.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75"></a>[75]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus09" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus09.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>FUMIGATING CAOUTCHOUC.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76"></a>[76]</span></p> + +<p>4. Laboratory of microbiological and technical agriculture.</p> + +<p>5. An agricultural and floral museum.</p> + +<p>6. A corridor for machines.</p> + +<p>7. A meteorological station.</p> + +<p>Sole Paragraph. A station that may be established in a +region where there already exists a federal institution of similar +kind, pertaining to agriculture in general, the installations above +mentioned shall be reduced to numbers 5, 6, and 7 and shall be +provided with a small laboratory for the mechanical analysis of +the soil, and utensils and instruments necessary for the proving +of seeds of useful vegetables, so that a choice or selection may be +made and their identity, purity, quality and germinating energy +may be verified, including in these experiments those which +refer to plants that are injurious.</p> + +<p>Art. 17. To accomplish the ends proposed, the experimental +stations ought to:</p> + +<p>1. Attend the consultations that may be held upon any agricultural +question in their line.</p> + +<p>2. Execute gratuitously analysis of fertilizers, spices, plants +and water, when required by the nearest federal institute, when +it does not possess the necessary laboratories.</p> + +<p>3. Distribute selected plants and seeds.</p> + +<p>4. Study the diseases common to the plants cultivated and +the means of combating them, and explaining these things to +those interested.</p> + +<p>5. To publish yearly and distribute free of charge a bulletin +devoted to the relation of the works done and the useful knowledge +acquired relative to agricultural and rural industrial subjects, +and especially the results obtained as to the most practical +and economic method of cultivating the trees that produce rubber, +and the most profitable subsidiary plants, as well as the best +methods of the treatment, conservation and packing of the +products.</p> + +<p>Art. 18. There shall be admitted to the experimental +stations, persons who wish to gain a practical knowledge in any +of the sections, at the discretion of the Director, who shall fix +the number of students in agreement with the chief of the respective +section.</p> + +<p>Sole Paragraph. On equal terms, apprentices between 15 +and 18 years of age, shall be admitted, the numbers to be +determined by the respective Director, with the approval of the +Minister, who shall have daily tasks corresponding to their +capacity and aptitude. The Director in the name of the Minister +shall give a certificate, on which shall be indicated the work that +has been done, to all those who have completed their apprenticeship.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77"></a>[77]</span></p> + +<p>Art. 19. The plan of each station shall be organized to meet +the peculiar necessities of the zone in which it may be established, +conserving, however, the principal fundamentals already +set forth.</p> + +<p>Art. 20. The position of Director shall be held by a person +who is a specialist in any one of the technical sections, and at the +same time shall be its chief, an indispensable condition being that +in addition to his technical knowledge he shall have had a practical +apprenticeship.</p> + +<p>Art. 21. The technical positions may be filled, by contract, +by native or foreign professors of established ability.</p> + +<p>Art. 22. To each of the stations there shall be sent a special +regulation determining for them their proportions according to +the necessities of the case, fixing the term and salaries of their +respective personnel and providing for the special necessities +to come.</p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="TITLE_II">TITLE II<br> +<span class="smaller">The creation of the Refining and Manufacturing Rubber +Industries</span></h3> + +<h4>ONLY CHAPTER</h4> + +<p>Art. 23. The first factory for the refining of seringa rubber +that shall be established in each of the cities of Belém (Pará) +and Manáos, and of maniçoba and mangabeira rubber which +shall be established in the States of Piauhy, Ceará, Rio Grande +do Norte, Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Geraes and S. Paulo, as +well as the first factory of rubber articles which shall be established +in Manáos, in Belém, in Recife (Pernambuco) in Bahia, +and in Rio de Janeiro, there shall be conceded the following +premiums and favors:</p> + +<p>(a) Up to 400,000 milreis in money to the plants for the refining +of seringa rubber;</p> + +<p>Up to 100,000 milreis in money to the plants for the refining +of maniçoba and mangabeira rubber;</p> + +<p>Up to 500,000 milreis in money for plants for manufacturing +rubber articles.</p> + +<p>(b) Exemption from import duties, including fees in the +manner and by the processes described in Articles 3 and 91 +combined, as the case may require, for all material, machines, +utensils and hardware necessary for the construction and complete +equipment of the factory, as well as all chemical substances, +cloth and different materials, combustibles and lubricants +necessary for the working and maintenance of the factory, +during a period of 25 years.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78"></a>[78]</span></p> + +<p>(c) The right of appropriation for public use, according to +the legislation in force, of the lands and improvements belonging +to individuals that may be judged appropriate and necessary +for the equipment of the factory and its dependencies.</p> + +<p>(d) A preference given by the Government for the purchase +of the products used in the service of the Army and Navy and +the federal public departments, which shall be manufactured by +the factories, when they can compete in quality with similar +foreign articles—the contract for furnishing the same, adjudicated +every 3 years with each factory, for those of their products +which were classified in the first place in the expositions mentioned +in Article 95.</p> + +<p>(e) Exemption from all State and Municipal duties for the +same time as in letter b, because the factory is considered to be +of service to the Government.</p> + +<p>Art. 24. In order to claim these favors any company or +organization that expects to erect one or more factories, should +conform to the following formalities and conditions:</p> + +<p>1. Present to the Minister of Agriculture a previous request +accompanied by the following documents:</p> + +<p>(a) General and detailed plan of the factories;</p> + +<p>(b) An estimate of the expenses for the first establishment;</p> + +<p>(c) A descriptive memorandum in which the capacity of +production of the factory is declared the principal articles intended +to be manufactured, the lowest price for which it is proposed +to wash and refine rubber, which should be reduced, for +each quality, to one type and superior for exportation, in general +giving the Government all the information that will help +it to form a correct opinion as to the nature and importance +of the projected establishment;</p> + +<p>(d) Certificates and references which will prove the complete +professional and financial ability of the suitor.</p> + +<p>2. To obligate himself in the contract made with the +Minister of Agriculture, the clause of reversion at the end of +the combined term.</p> + +<p>3. To allow the official appointed by the Government for +the fiscalization, to visit the works during the period of construction, +for the purpose of verifying the actual amount of expenses +incurred for the first establishment and determining the value +of the pecuniary premium, which shall be in any of the three +cases, equal to a fourth part of the expense, not exceeding the +limits fixed in letter a of Article 23, as well as to visit the establishment +when he desires after it begins work, in order that he +may be sure, that the materials imported free of duty are effectively +and exclusively used in the products of the factory.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79"></a>[79]</span></p> + +<p>4. To send annually to the Minister, through the said fiscal +a prepared statement in which shall be specified:</p> + +<p>(a) The amount and quality and the place where produced +of the rubber used as raw material;</p> + +<p>(b) The kind and quantity and value of the products of the +factory used at home and exported;</p> + +<p>(c) The number of employes, native and foreign, effectively +in service during the year, with specification of their respective +classes.</p> + +<p>Art. 25. The premium in money shall be paid, as soon as +the factory is inaugurated, at the National Treasury or at the +Delegacia Fiscal of the State in which it is situated, when authorized +by the Minister of Agriculture.</p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="TITLE_III">TITLE III<br> +<span class="smaller">Assistance to immigrants, native or recently arrived foreigners +and laborers already established in the valley of the Amazon.</span></h3> + +<h4>CHAPTER I<br> +<span class="smaller">The Lodges for immigrants in Belém, Manáos and the Territory +of Acre</span></h4> + +<p>Art. 26. The lodges for immigrants in Belém, Manáos and +the Territory of Acre, shall be establishments installed and +maintained at the expense of the Union, intended to entertain +immigrants, native and foreign, who arrive at those ports voluntarily +or with their passage paid by the Union or by the States.</p> + +<p>Art. 27. The lodges at Belém shall have the capacity of +caring for at least 1,500, that at Manáos 1,200 and that at Acre +800 immigrants.</p> + +<p>Art. 28. The plan of the respective buildings and the different +installations of the lodges shall conform rigorously to +the conditions required by the climate of that region and fitted +for the special necessities of service for which they are intended.</p> + +<p>Art. 29. The construction shall be made by a public bidding.</p> + +<p>Sole Paragraph. If the first public bidding is not satisfactory, +the Government can order the projected lodge built by the +Administration.</p> + +<p>Art. 30. Annexed to each lodge there shall be an appropriate +building, in which there shall be a special receiver of customs +for the implements of workmen employed in agricultural +and extractive industries, and indispensable for the carrying on<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80"></a>[80]</span> +of their work these implements to be sold strictly at cost price +to those immigrants who desire to buy for their personal use.</p> + +<p>To those native immigrants who during the times of drought +in the States of the northwest and going from there, may arrive +at the lodges without resources, shall be furnished free, by +authority of the Minister, with the implements indispensable +for work.</p> + +<p>Art. 31. The families of native and foreign immigrants arriving +at the lodges of Belém and Manáos, who do not expressly +declare they prefer another destination, shall be transported at +the expense of the Union or the lessee to the national plantations +of Rio Branco, where according to their aptitude and ability, +they shall be settled in colonies, founded by this one or that one.</p> + +<p>Art. 32. At the inauguration of each lodge, there shall be +applied, with the modifications required by the special conditions +of each case, the regulations of the lodge on the island of Flores.</p> + +<h4>CHAPTER II<br> +<span class="smaller">Hospitals in the Interior</span></h4> + +<p>Art. 33. For the purpose of reducing the distances and the +time of the journey for the inhabitants of the interior in the +valley of the Amazon, who must find a centre of supplies where +they can be treated when sick, or provide excellent medicines +for their domestic ills; of proportioning to all who may desire +means of immuning themselves against contagious diseases, +and of creating a propaganda service of the hygienic habits and +practices necessary for everyone who must live and work in the +Amazon regions, there shall be built a hospital surrounded by a +small agricultural colony in Boa Vista do Rio Branco; S. Gabriel +do Rio Negro; Teffé or Fonte Boa on the River Solimões; S. +Felippe, on the River Juruá; Bocca do Acre, on the River Purús; +at the confluence of the Rivers Arinos and Juruéna; on the Alto +Tapajóz; Conceição on the River Araguaya and Montenegro +on the Amapá.</p> + +<p>Art. 34. The hospitals shall be built in places that have the +following requisites:</p> + +<p>1. To have a plain of low elevation, conveniently ventilated +for the construction of the hospital buildings so-called and its +dependencies, and houses of residence for the personnel.</p> + +<p>2. Existence around or close to the plain of dry lands, provided +with good and abundant water, which serve for agriculture +and cattle raising and of sufficient area for the founding +of an agricultural community of at least 100 families.</p> + +<p>3. Facility for the establishment of rapid communication +with a fluvial port, or one that must serve them.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81"></a>[81]</span></p> + +<p>Art. 35. Each hospital shall have a capacity for 100 sick +persons.</p> + +<p>Art. 36. Each hospital shall possess the following installations:</p> + +<p>(a) Five separate pavilions, each for 20 sick, each sick person +having 5 cubic metres and an area of 12 square metres.</p> + +<p>One of the pavilions should be installed with the necessary +requisites for the isolation of infectious diseases; for this purpose +it should be divided into rooms for isolation, independent and +easily disinfected, with the proper sanitary apparatus.</p> + +<p>All the hospital buildings should have the windows protected +by wire screening whose openings should never exceed 1½ +millimeter and the doors provided with:</p> + +<p>(b) A disinfectory provided with an apparatus to disinfect +in boiling lye and a stove for sterilization by the combined +action of heat, vacuum and formal. Annexed to the disinfectory +shall be the laundry.</p> + +<p>(c) A laboratory for the diagnostic clinics and microbiology.</p> + +<p>(d) Surgical operating room.</p> + +<p>(e) Clinic consulting room.</p> + +<p>(f) Room for autopsies.</p> + +<p>(g) Pharmacy.</p> + +<p>(h) Sanitary installation, in which should terminate all the +drainage pipes of the hospital, destined for the bacteriological +treatment of the water used, which not until after this operation +must be allowed to flow into the natural river courses.</p> + +<p>(i) Dependencies for the administration and quarters of the +personnel.</p> + +<p>Art. 37. In each hospital there shall be made in the respective +pharmaceutical laboratory a preliminary study of all the +remedies used by the people of that region to determine which +are prejudicial and which inoffensive. The respective Director +shall show the people in printed circulars, frequently and profusely +distributed that their use is improper. Those which are +found efficacious and susceptible of improvement, shall be sent +for more complete studies in the chemical laboratories and +federal pharmacies, letting the people know the results obtained.</p> + +<p>Art. 38. When the installation of each hospital is complete, a +contract shall be made, by public bidding, or independent of it, +as the Government may think best, with some professional of +recognized ability, the direction and maintenance of the respective +services, the contract including the following obligations:</p> + +<p>1. The reservation of one hour daily in the medical consultation +room, where the sick known to be without means may +freely receive examination and be furnished with the necessary +medicines.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82"></a>[82]</span></p> + +<p>2. The maintenance of a bureau for vaccination against +smallpox and other contagious diseases by means considered +efficacious, and to attend gratuitously to all who may wish it.</p> + +<p>3. To submit for the approval of the Government the +regimen internal of the establishment and a table of prices for +the treatment of the sick, which should be revised every 3 years.</p> + +<p>4. To expose for sale in the pharmacy only medicines of +the best quality, especially sulphate of quinine and such other +preparations, under penalty of having destroyed all drugs known +to be impure in addition to the fine to suit the case that may be +fixed in the contract.</p> + +<p>5. To give a bond in money, or policies of the public +federal debt that will guarantee the good conservation of the +establishment during the time of the contract.</p> + +<p>6. To distribute abundantly every six months leaflets containing +advice about hygiene prevention of the sicknesses of +that region, showing in clear language, within the reach of all, +those that are improper and the danger in the use of alcoholic +drinks, and teaching what measures to take and the common +remedies which should be applied in different cases when there +is no physician to be had.</p> + +<p>7. To be subject to the inspection of the Government which +should be very minute and severe as to the condition of cleanliness +and conservation of the establishment, the quality of the +medicines employed and sold to the public and the care with +which the sick are treated.</p> + +<p>Art. 39. The hospitals and all their dependencies and +sections are not subject to any duties to the state or municipality, +being the property of the Union and doing a federal public +service.</p> + +<p>Art. 40. To each hospital there shall be given an annual +pecuniary subvention, proportioned to the services to which it +will have to attend, until the income of the establishment and +all its dependencies derive a profit of 10 per cent, during 3 consecutive +years on the respective capital invested, which amount +shall be acknowledged and previously approved by the Government.</p> + +<h4>CHAPTER III<br> +<span class="smaller">The agricultural nucleuses adjacent to the hospitals</span></h4> + +<p>Art. 41. The agricultural nucleuses adjacent to the interior +hospital shall be founded by the Union for the following purposes:</p> + +<p>1. The production of foodstuffs necessary for the support of +the said hospitals.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83"></a>[83]</span></p> + +<p>2. The intensive culture and breeding of the plants and +animals of alimentation generally consumed by the neighboring +population.</p> + +<p>3. The constituting of fixed centres of population economically +equipped, which will serve as a point of parting for colonies +of greater importance, capable of gradually attending to the +necessities that the growing population of that region may be +creating.</p> + +<p>Art. 42. The preliminary studies, the plan, the preparatory +work and the different installations necessary for the founding +of each nucleus as well as the colonization of the lots, and their +administration in general, shall be done in accordance with dispositions +of decree number 9,081, Nov. 3, and number 9,214, +Dec. 15, 1911, observing the following alterations:</p> + +<p>1. The selling price of rural and urban lots shall be calculated +on the prices established in the land laws of the States +of Pará and Amazonas, as a base, applicable to the nucleuses +situated respectively in each state:</p> + +<p>2. In failure of remunerating work, or when there is insufficient, +the judge of the administration, to maintain numerous +families, shall furnish them food, charging the same to the +heads of the families, calculating this furnishing at the rate of +from 2 milreis to 3 milreis daily at the highest, for adults and +those over 7 years of age, and one half this for those between +the age of 7 to 3 years.</p> + +<p>Art. 43. The indians and native workers localized in the +agricultural nucleuses shall participate in the advantages and +obligations contained in decree number 9,214, Dec. 15, 1911.</p> + +<p>Art. 44. Having finished the preparatory work for each +nucleus, the lots first colonized shall be those devoted to the +production of the foods necessary for the support of the hospital +which is in their neighborhood, so that it can count on, from +the time of its inauguration, a regular and sufficient supply of +these commodities.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84"></a>[84]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="TITLE_IV">TITLE IV<br> +<span class="smaller">Improvements and measures tending to facilitate transportation +and decrease its cost in the valley of the Amazon</span></h3> + +</div> + +<h4>CHAPTER I<br> +<span class="smaller">Lines of railroad transportation</span></h4> + +<p>Art. 45. There shall be constructed in the valley of the +Amazon lines of railroad transportation of two classes:</p> + +<p>1. Large lines of transportation, making an integral part +of the general line of Federal railroads, with identical characteristics +and comprising the same principles.</p> + +<p>2. Economic lines of transportation, of reduced gauge, provisionally +established for easy ways of penetration, whatever +may be their development, sufficient to facilitate access to and +permit the exploration of the virgin seringas and the good lands +for cultivation situated on the upper banks of the Rivers Xingú, +Tapajóz, Branco, Negro, and others situated in the States of +Pará, Matto-Grosso and Amazonas.</p> + +<p>Art. 46. Those lines belonging to the first class shall be +immediately begun and constructed as quickly as possible, the +following:</p> + +<p>1. Parting from the Port of Belém (Pará) and joining the +general line of railroad in Pirapóra, in the State of Minas +Geraes and in Coroatá, in the State of Maranhão, with the +necessary branches to unite the initial points or terminals of +navigation on the Rivers Arguaya, Tocantins, Parnaluyba, and +S. Francisco.</p> + +<p>2. Beginning at a convenient point chosen on the Madeira-Mamoré +railroad, near the mouth of the River Abunã, passing +by the Villa Rio Branco, and the point most appropriate between +Senna Medureira and Catay and terminating in Villa +Thaumaturgo, with a branch to the frontier of Perú by the +valley of the River Purús.</p> + +<p>Art. 47. The rules for the construction of these lines is +prescribed by law, number 1,126, Dec. 15, 1903, and both shall +be let at public bidding.</p> + +<p>Art. 48. The Minister of Transportation is to command the +studies to be made, to contract for the construction and inspect +the traffic of these roads, but he will furnish the Minister +of Agriculture a copy of the plans relative to the route and give +descriptive memoranda of the project, and when drawing up the +papers for the bidding, shall include the clauses which he shall +judge necessary and opportune for the colonization of the bordering +lands and the development of the industries of the zone<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85"></a>[85]</span> +tributary to the line as well as to attend to the eventual necessities +of the commerce.</p> + +<p>Art. 49. The construction and the concession for construction +of the roads of the second class may be made by the Union +or by the States interested.</p> + +<p>Art. 50. The Minister of Agriculture is the proper person +to construct or permit the construction of those Government +resolves to carry into effect at the account of the Union, as well +as to authorize the payment of the subvention of 15,000 mibreis +per kilometer to those which were contracted for by the States.</p> + +<p>Art. 51. The technical conditions of the railroads of which +Art. 45 treats in the second part, are the following:</p> + +<p>A portable line of the Decauville type.</p> + +<p>Weight of the rails, 15 kilos per metre.</p> + +<p>Gauge 0.60 cm between the rails, least radius of curvature +40 M. O.</p> + +<p>Greatest incline OmO10.</p> + +<p>Weight of locomotives 18 to 20 tons.</p> + +<p>Art. 52. The concessions for these roads shall be let at a +public bidding according to the rule established in law number +1,126 of 1903, or independently of bidding with a person or corporation +sufficiently able with the help of the payment of the +maximum subvention of 25 contos per kilometer, according to +the difficulties of the land it passes through, paid by sections of +not less than 30 kilometers, completely ready and furnished with +the necessary rolling stock, within 90 days of the date of the +respective inaugurations.</p> + +<p>Art. 53. The concession for these railroads cannot be given +to those who agree to build then simply as transportation enterprises, +but only to those who will obligate themselves to +colonize and explore, in proportion as they may be justified, the +respective marginal lands.</p> + +<p>It is an essential condition for the validity of the concession, +that the contractor presents to the Minister of Agriculture +within the maximum term of one year, proof that he has disposed +of the lands for colonization, and a descriptive memorandum +of the character and extent of the industries he intends +to develop.</p> + +<p>Art. 54. Those railroads of this type which in the future +may be joined to any general line of transportation, shall be +obliged as soon as its gross earnings amount to 10,000 mibreis +per kilometer, to make its gauge conform to the same, and from +then for all purposes becoming a part of the general federal +transportation system.</p> + +<p>Independently of being joined to any railroad in general, +these economical railroads shall pass to the jurisdiction of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86"></a>[86]</span> +Minister of Transportation and Public Works and shall be +obliged to enlarge their gauge to 1 meter, without other favors +from the Government, there not being a supplementary term +of the contract, if it is wanting for its termination in less than +60 years, when the gross receipts have reached 15,000 mibreis +per kilometer during 3 successive years. Before this the railroad +may pass to the Minister of Transportation and the gauge +be widened, on his own account, when he shall think it to his +interest, or by a new contract, when the Government thinks it +necessary to have it done for the necessities of the administration +or the defense of the country.</p> + +<p>Art. 55. In addition to the subvention per kilometer, there +shall be given to these railroads all the indirect favors received +by the other railroads of the country.</p> + +<p>Art. 56. The maximum term for a concession shall be 90 +years, at the end of which the railroad will revert to the control +of the Union.</p> + +<p>Art. 57. Under the right of experiment, the Government +shall promote at once the following lines of economical railroads:</p> + +<p>1. Parting from “Antiga Souzel,” or other point more convenient +on the left bank of the Xingú and ascending the left +side of the valley to the margin of the River Cariahy, with a +branch which parting at a convenient point, shall go to the +Tapajóz and ascend the right hand side of the valley until it +reaches the S. Manoel which may appear advantageous, ascending +the secondary valley and continuing to the dividing of the +waters of the two principal rivers.</p> + +<p>2. Parting from the confluence of the River Negro with the +Branco and by the valley of the River Seruiny, gaining the right +side of the valley by the Caratimani river and continuing to the +upper Uraricoera, with a branch parting at a convenient point +at the request of the upper Paduiry and a branch in the direction +of the Villa Boa Vista.</p> + +<h4>CHAPTER II<br> +<span class="smaller">Improvements for the navigation of the Rivers Branco, Negro, +Purús and Acre</span></h4> + +<p>Art. 58. The improvements necessary for effective navigation +at any season of the year, for steamers drawing 3 feet, on +the River Negro, between Santa Izabel and Cucuhy, on the +River Branco, from its mouth to São Joaquin, on the River +Purús, between Hyutanhã and Senna Madureira, and on the +River Acre, from its mouth to Riosinho de Pedros, shall be contracted +for by public bidding, or independently of bidding, with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87"></a>[87]</span> +corporations sufficiently able, under the rule established by +decree, number 6,368, Feb. 14, 1907 or others which may not +be more onerous and may permit the assurance of the opening +of navigation more rapidly on the sections of the rivers to be +improved.</p> + +<p>Art. 59. In none of the contracts shall a longer term than +7 years be granted the contracting party, to count from the date +of its signing, so that safe and free passage is given steamers +drawing 3 feet in the entire distance of the contract.</p> + +<p>Art. 60. The improvements in the Rio Branco, shall commence +with the destruction and regulating of the Cujubim +rapid, so that from now on navigation is assured during the +Winter to Villa Boa Vista.</p> + +<p>Art. 61. The studies, plans, constructions, inspection and +direct conservation of these works are under the supervision of +the Minister of Transportation; but before the respective contract +is signed, copies of the plans and descriptive memorandum +referring to the project shall be furnished the Minister of Agriculture, +so that he may be heard upon the opportunity and the +order in which these works shall be executed, in the interest of +the economic development of the region, and that they may be +conveniently attended by those casually interested in the colonization +and development of the industries along the banks of the +rivers, or in commerce in general.</p> + +<p>In case it is found that the destruction and regulation of the +Cujubim rapid cannot be done during one season of low water +in the river, the Minister of Agriculture, by agreement with the +State of Amazonas, can order to be constructed a Decauville +line of the type described in articles 45, second part and 51, +in the belt line constructed by that State along waterfalls, so +that the leasing and colonization of the national plantations of +Rio Branco is no longer delayed.</p> + +<h4>CHAPTER III<br> +<span class="smaller">Complementary measures</span></h4> + +<p>Art. 62. All vessels of every kind intended for the fluvial +navigation in the valley of the Amazon are free of all import +duties, including the fees. This exemption shall be given by the +custom houses of Belém (Pará) and Manáos, through a requisition +to the Minister of Agriculture, which the importer shall +have asked for, declaring in his request the number, class and +tonnage, the draft and the cost and the purpose of each vessel.</p> + +<p>Art. 63. The vessel imported under this favor, if sold outside +the valley of the Amazon, or even within it, to a foreign<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88"></a>[88]</span> +country, shall pay the proper duties according to the law of the +budget in force in the year of its importation.</p> + +<p>Art. 64. Deposits of coal shall be established for supplying +the steamers which navigate the Amazon rivers, and for others +who care to use them, in the following places, or in others which +be shown to be more convenient: Belém (Pará), Cametá, Breves, +Chaves, Mazagão, Gurupá, Souzel, Prainha, Sautarem, Ponta +Nova Brasileira, Obidos, Parintius, Itacoatiara, Manáos, +Carvoeiro, Moreira, Santa Izabel do Rio Negro, Carmo do Rio +Branco, Caracarahy, Boca do Canumã, Baetas, Boca do Rio +Machado, Boca do Purús, Campina, Nova Olinda, Canutama, +Cachoeira de Hyutanahan, Boca do Pauhiny, Boca do Acre, +Rio Branco, Seuna Madureira, Coary, Teffé, Boca do Juruá, +Juruapeca, Mearary, Boca do Tarauacá, Cruzeiro do Sul, Boca do +Jutahy, S. Paulo de Olivença, Benjamin Constant and Santo +Antonio de Maripi.</p> + +<p>Art. 65. There shall be floating deposits, so that they can +be moved from one place to another, as the growth of navigation +in this or that place may require; they shall have sufficient +capacity for the movement of steamers at the station they are +serving and passes modern apparatus for discharging the coal, +which will reduce to a minimum the raising of dust, and load +the steamers as quickly as possible.</p> + +<p>Art. 66. At points where it may be thought necessary, the +deposits shall be provided with tanks for fuel oil, which can be +placed on the platform with coal, or on separate floating +platforms.</p> + +<p>Art. 67. The establishment of the deposits and the business +of furnishing fuel to the steamers, shall be by contract after a +public bidding and signed by the Minister of Agriculture.</p> + +<p>Art. 68. The floating material for the depositories and +the fuel imported shall be free of all import duties, including +the fees.</p> + +<p>The fees in the custom houses shall be ordered through a +requisition from the Minister of Agriculture, from whom the +contracting party shall ask it, for each shipment, with the necessary +data.</p> + +<p>Art. 69. The fuel imported by the corporation can only be +sold for river navigation service.</p> + +<p>Art. 70. The maximum prices at which the party can sell +fuel to steamers, shall be according to tables approved annually +by the Minister. These may be altered during the year, when +so necessary in the opinion of the Government.</p> + +<p>Art. 71. The contracting party shall not be subject to payment +of any state or municipal duties, because the object is the +public federal service.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89"></a>[89]</span></p> + +<p>Art. 72. In places where the party has and the Government +has not deposits of fuel, to him shall be given the preference for +furnishing the quantity necessary for the national vessels of war, +at the prices received when supplying the vessels of individuals.</p> + +<p>Art. 73. In extraordinary circumstances and at the requisition +of the Government, the contracting party shall place at +its disposition all the deposits of fuel on hand, being afterwards +indemnified for a part or all of the fuel delivered, and afterwards +another payment of the value of the deposits unused, +corresponding to the profits lost during the time of the interruption +of his business, calculated on an equal period of the preceding +year.</p> + +<p>Art. 74. The bidding for the contract shall be upon the +terms for the installation of the depositories, their reversion to +the Union and the selling price of fuel for the first year.</p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="TITLE_V">TITLE V<br> +<span class="smaller">The creation of centres producing foodstuffs in the valley +of the Amazon</span></h3> + +<h4>CHAPTER I<br> +<span class="smaller">The leasing of the national plantations of Rio Branco</span></h4> + +<p>Art. 75. The Minister of Agriculture can contract for the +leasing of the two national plantations S. Bento and S. Marcos, +except the part situated between the Rivers Mahú, Takutú, +Surumú and Cotingo, by public bidding, or independent of it, +with a corporation or party sufficiently able, observing the following +dispositions which shall be explained and assured in the +clauses of the detailed contracts.</p> + +<p>1. The party will be obliged to:</p> + +<p>(a) Develop and practice on a large scale, by the best and +most modern methods the breeding of cattle of different kinds +and the cultivation of the usual alimentary cereals;</p> + +<p>(b) Establish a packing house for the preparation of dried +beef and a factory for the canning of alimental animal and +vegetable products.</p> + +<p>(c) Equip a factory for milk products, in which in addition +to making cheese and butter, milk shall be prepared by the +Pasteur system or some other that may be better, in condition +to be supplied to the seringaes and estates of the interior.</p> + +<p>(d) Equip a central mill for the treatment of rice and other +cereals and two improved factories for mandioca flour, as soon +as the number of colonies localized can produce a sufficient +supply of raw material for such establishment.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90"></a>[90]</span></p> + +<p>(e) Receive and localize the immigrants who may desire to +settle on the lands of the plantation, in accordance with the dispositions +of this regulation and with the decrees number 9,081, +Nov. 3, 1911, referring to the peopling of the soil, and number +9,214, Dec. 15, 1911, referring to the protection of the Indians +and localization of native laborers, in the parts that may be +proper.</p> + +<p>(f) Present to the Minister for approval the plans and +descriptive memorandum, with as much detail as possible, of +the agricultural nucleus which he shall be obliged to establish +and all the installations referring to the factories and services +necessary for the complete equipment of the plantations, within +the maximum space of 2 years, to count from the signing of the +contract.</p> + +<p>(g) Be subject to inspection by the Government for the +faithful execution of the contract, on the terms therein +established.</p> + +<p>Art. 76. To the party or corporation the following favors +will be granted:</p> + +<p>(a) Exemption from all import duties, including fees, in +the form and by the process referred to in article 91, for all the +imported material necessary to complete the equipment of the +plantations, including houses, barns, pastures, fences, reservoirs, +implements and machines for the culture, harvesting and treating +the cereals, installation of mills and factories, improved +cattle, seeds of alimentary and industrial plants, as well as for +the materials and chemicals necessary to maintain the factories +and husbandry, during the time of his contract.</p> + +<p>(b) Right of condemnation for public use, of the property +or improvements of individuals, which may be necessary, in the +opinion of the Government for any of the services of the +enterprise.</p> + +<p>(c) All the favors specified in articles 131 and 132 of decree +number 9,081, Nov. 3, 1911, native and foreign colonies being +made equal.</p> + +<p>(d) Preference for the contract of the works necessary for +the improvement of the navigation of the Rio Branco, if the +price is considered acceptable by the Government and the time +for the completion of the work not more than 6 years.</p> + +<p>Art. 77. The term of the lease in the contract shall be 60 +years, at the end of which all the cattle for breeding and all +the improvements then possessed by the lessee shall revert to the +dominion of the Union.</p> + +<p>Art. 78. Within the term of 1 year, to date from the signing +of the contract, the Government will give to lessee a copy of the +plans of the plantations, in which shall be marked the water<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91"></a>[91]</span> +courses with a specification of those navigable, the zone of +forest and plain and the situations of the occupants who may +be found.</p> + +<p>Art. 79. The plantations shall be turned over as soon as +an inventory of the improvements, and the number of cattle of +each kind then on the plantation can be made.</p> + +<h4>CHAPTER II<br> +<span class="smaller">The colonization of the plantation of S. Marcos situated between +the Rivers Mahú, Takutú, Surumú and Cotingo</span></h4> + +<p>Art. 80. The colonization of the lands of S. Marcos’ plantation, +situated between the Rivers Mahú, Takutú, Surumú and +Cotingo, on the frontier of British Guiana shall be done directly +by the Minister of Agriculture, who shall order, without delay, +to prepare a plan with the necessary details, and afterwards +carry them out as they may be necessary:</p> + +<p>(a) A town of the aborigines;</p> + +<p>(b) An agricultural centre;</p> + +<p>(c) A colonial nucleus;</p> + +<p>(d) An ambulant course of agriculture;</p> + +<p>(e) An agricultural apprenticeship;</p> + +<p>(f) A school of practical agriculture;</p> + +<p>(g) An experimental station.</p> + +<p>Art. 81. The colonization of the lands whether in the agricultural +centre, or colonial nucleus, shall be made so that each +lot occupied by a foreign colonist corresponds to at least two +occupied by families of native colonists, which preferably shall +be chosen from those who arrive at the lodges of Belém and +Manáos, proceeding from the states of the northwest.</p> + +<p>Art. 82. Gradually and opportunely there shall be installed +in the colony lands, mills and factories, having in view the improvement +and production on a large scale of cereals and other +alimentary foods.</p> + +<p>Art. 83. In an appropriate locality there shall be established +a model plantation for the breeding of cattle, horses and mules, +in which there shall be made a comparative study of the native +and foreign breeds, which best resist the climate of that region, +to verify which may be most advantageously improved by the +method of selection, crossing and formation of perfect types.</p> + +<h4>CHAPTER III<br> +<span class="smaller">The premiums and favors to those who intend to found large +plantations of agriculture and cattle raising</span></h4> + +<p>Art. 84. To large plantations of agriculture and cattle raising +that may be founded, one in the Territory of Acre (between<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92"></a>[92]</span> +the Rio Branco and Xapury) one in the State of Amazonas (in +the region of the River Autaz), and one in the State of Pará +(on the island of Marajó, or other point more convenient on +the lower Amazon), the federal Government will grant the following +favors:</p> + +<p>(a) Exemption from import duties, including the fees, in +the form and by the process described, in article 91, for all the +imported material necessary to complete the equipment of the +plantation, including houses, barns, pastures, fences, reservoirs, +implements and machines, for the culture, harvesting and treatment +of cereals, and installation of factories for milk products, +the preservation of meat, as well as for cattle and seed which +are imported, within the first 5 years after the installation of the +plantation;</p> + +<p>(b) Premiums of 30,000 mibreis for groups of a thousand +hectores of pastures artificially planted and conveniently fenced +and of 100,000 hectores and of 100,000 mibreis for groups of a +thousand hectores of land improved for agriculture, and actually +cultivated with rice, beans, corn and mandicaco;</p> + +<p>(c) Premium of 100,000 milreis paid for groups of 500 +tons of foodstuffs manufactured from milk, and canned or packed +meat, which may be produced in 5 years.</p> + +<p>Art. 85. The claimant of a right to these premiums must +make a previous contract with the Minister of Agriculture, in +which he obligates himself to:</p> + +<p>1. Present within one year a plan of the plantation, in which +should be mentioned the river port that would serve him, the +courses of the rivers which wash it, with a specification of these +navigable for steamers, launches or only for canoes, the zones +of forest and plain, accompanied by the plan of installation to +be made, a descriptive memorandum of the services, and industries +that he intends to develop and a detailed relatorio, indicating +the quality, the quantity and cost of the materials +necessary to import for the first year’s work.</p> + +<p>2. Allow the plantation and all its dependencies to be visited +by the official charged with the inspection, when he is performing +his duties, to verify the proper use of the objects and materials +imported exempt from duties, the area, the state and +kind of culture and the quantity, class and quality of the goods +manufactured and destined for foodstuffs.</p> + +<p>Art. 86. The premiums shall be paid at the National +Treasury or at the Delegacias Fiscaes in Belém and Manáos, by +a requisition from the Minister of Agriculture, which the claimant +must ask, attaching to his request the certificate of the +Government inspector that all the dispositions of this regulation +have been faithfully fulfilled, and a statistical table of the workers<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93"></a>[93]</span> +employed during the year in each industry and the amount +of the annual crop, with the specification of the quantity of +each kind.</p> + +<p>Art. 87. The contractor can colonize the lands of the plantation +under the order established in Chapter XII of the regulation +under the decree, number 9,081, Nov. 3, 1911; the national +colonists coming from the states of the northwest are made +equal to foreign colonists, for the purpose of the premiums of +which articles 132 and 133 treat in the above mentioned +regulation.</p> + +<h4>CHAPTER IV<br> +<span class="smaller">Favors to a fishing corporation</span></h4> + +<p>Art. 88. The Minister of Agriculture shall contract with +some person, syndicate or company, offering guarantees of +sufficient ability, for the establishment of a fishing enterprise, +which with headquarters in Belém (Pará) or Manáos, that can +be conveniently equipped as quickly as possible, to begin this +and its allied industries, on a large scale in the Amazon rivers.</p> + +<p>Art. 89. The following favors shall be given the enterprise:</p> + +<p>(a) Exemption from all import duties, including fees, for +the vessels, instruments and other maritime material; for all the +material necessary for the installation, complete equipping and +establishment of the enterprise on conditions which would enable +it to be a going industry in all its phases, as well as the +drugs, ingredients, cans and boxes, or materials to make them, +and in general for all that it may be necessary to import from +abroad, indispensable to the maintenance of its vessels and factories, +during a term of 15 years, to count from the date of its +operations;</p> + +<p>(b) Premium of animation in money to the amount of +10,000 mibreis during 5 consecutive years, when the production +of preserved and salted fish shall be annually more than 100 tons;</p> + +<p>(c) The right of condemnation for public use, of the lands +and improvements belonging to individuals, judged appropriate +and indispensable for the installation of any of the establishments +that it is necessary to build on land;</p> + +<p>(d) Exemption from all state and municipal imports because +the object of the contract is for the federal public service.</p> + +<p>Art. 90. All the property of the enterprise shall revert to the +Union, at the end of the term for which the contract was granted.</p> + +<p>Art. 91. The exemptions from duties shall be given by the +custom houses in Belém and Manáos, by a requisition from the +Minister of Agriculture, from whom it shall be requested, attaching<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94"></a>[94]</span> +to the request a memorandum of the objects with specification +of the qualities, quantities and ends for which they are +needed, and what are imported for the services of the first establishment, +and after this what must be imported for its maintenance.</p> + +<p>Art. 92. The enterprise shall be subject to inspection by the +Government as to the safety of the steamers, and processes employed +in fishing, the faithful use of the objects imported, the +manufacture of preserving, in which substances hurtful to the +public health shall not be employed, nor in the annual production +of preserved or salted fish for the purpose of obtaining the +premiums in money.</p> + +<p>Art. 93. Specimens of fish not well known, the party shall +send one properly preserved to the Minister of Agriculture, accompanied +by a small relatorio describing the place and conditions +under which it was caught and noting anything particular +that might be interesting in studying it.</p> + +<p>Art. 94. Every commander or master of the vessels of the +enterprise, shall make a written communication to the directors +for them to bring to the knowledge of the Government, the places +where there is the existence of any obstacle to navigation, indicating +the position in a good sketch of that stretch of the river, +describing its nature and the route to be followed to avoid it. +These communications shall be transmitted to the Minister of +Transportation in order that he may place a signal on the obstacle, +and as soon as possible remove it.</p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="TITLE_VI">TITLE VI<br> +<span class="smaller">The Triennial Expositions Embracing All That Relates to the +National Rubber Industry</span></h3> + +<p>Art. 95. The Rubber Expositions shall be held in Rio de +Janeiro every three years, the first being on May 13, 1913; its +object shall be to give the sum of the triennial movement of the +national rubber industry in its various modifications, compared +with the industry in other countries.</p> + +<p>Art. 96. The triennial expositions shall include the rubber +industry in all its branches and shall include the following classifications:</p> + +<p>1. The Culture.</p> + +<p>2. The Extraction.</p> + +<p>3. The Improvement.</p> + +<p>4. The Manufacture of Articles.</p> + +<p>The classes shall be subdivided into groups including native<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95"></a>[95]</span> +and cultivated plants, machinery, utensils, processes, commercial +type, studies and statistics.</p> + +<p>Art. 97. Premiums of encouragement shall be given for the +best processes of culture, extraction and treatment, and to the +best manufactured products, whether as raw material, constituting +commercial types for exportation, or as to manufacture.</p> + +<p>Art. 98. The Government shall opportunely request the National +Congress for the necessary enactments to make these premiums +effective.</p> + +<p>Art. 99. The rubber expositions shall be true expositions held +in relation to the machinery and utensils and products of rubber +of all kinds, but the sale sought to be registered in a special +book, by the payment of a fixed percentage to the organizing +commission which shall apply this income to the interests of +these same expositions.</p> + +<p>Art. 100. Foreign products can be admitted to these rubber +expositions, for the purpose of permitting comparison and perfecting +the national industry but shall receive no premium.</p> + +<p>Section 1. Foreign products destined for the rubber expositions +shall be free of all custom house duties, as established in +Law No. 2,544, January 4, 1912, Article 89, No. 6, but if they are +sold, shall pay their respective import duties when given to the +buyers.</p> + +<p>Sec. 2. Foreign products not sold shall be re-exported for the +account of the respective expositors.</p> + +<p>Art. 101. The transportation of the national products destined +for the rubber expositions shall be gratuitous.</p> + +<p>Art. 102. For these expositions there shall be prepared +bound statistics and relatorios especially relative to the former +period and as regards the rubber industry in Brazil, compared +with the world movement.</p> + +<p>Art. 103. During the expositions there shall be held:</p> + +<p>1. National congresses specializing upon the rubber industry.</p> + +<p>2. Lectures upon subjects previously chosen and illustrated +with stereopticon slides.</p> + +<p>For the carrying out of what is ordered in this article, the +organizing commission shall provide for the respective programs +and other measures for its entire success.</p> + +<p>Art. 104. From all the principle products exhibited some +specimens shall be selected to constitute a permanent exhibit, +which shall remain exhibited in the Commercial Museum of Rio +de Janeiro, and in whose care shall also remain some reserves +to be sent to similar Museums in Brazil and in foreign lands.</p> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96"></a>[96]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="TITLE_VII">TITLE VII<br> +<span class="smaller">The Direction and Inspection of the Service</span></h3> + +</div> + +<p>Art. 105. The direction and inspection of all the service for +the economic defense of rubber, shall be in charge of a provisory +department of the Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, +entitled “Superintendency of the Protection of Rubber.”</p> + +<p>Art. 106. The superintendency is charged with:</p> + +<p>1. To receive, to record, to prepare, and to inform the manuscripts +which depend upon the despatch of the Minister.</p> + +<p>2. To see to the effective and integral execution of measures +of an administrative character foreseen in the Regulation.</p> + +<p>3. The study, planning, calculating and execution of the work +that must be done by the administration.</p> + +<p>4. The study, planning, calculating, and execution of the +work that must be done by contract.</p> + +<p>5. The closing, with the approval of the Minister, of the +contracts and the decrees relative to the concurrence of the +States and Municipalities for the works and measures which +they resolved to aid.</p> + +<p>Section 1. Each service that has been definitely installed +and is in normal working condition, shall be given over to a +section of the Ministry of Agriculture with which it harmonizes +and incorporated or subordinated.</p> + +<p>Sec. 2. For the measure that is being executed as ordered +in Sec. 1, the Government shall provide that the proper lawful +budgets shall be apportioned of the means necessary for the +maintenance, conservation and development of new settlements.</p> + +<p>Art. 107. The Superintendency of the “Protection of Rubber” +shall be constituted of:</p> + +<p>A central section working in the Federal Capital.</p> + +<p>A district section with headquarters in the national plantations +of Rio Branco.</p> + +<p>Partial commissions for services that may be indispensable.</p> + +<p>Districts of inspection embracing one or more States, in conformity +with the number and importance of the services under +way.</p> + +<p>Art. 108. The central section shall be composed of a superintendent, +a secretary, a constructing engineer, an agricultural +engineer, an engineer of the second class, two draughtsmen, two +typewriters, a bookkeeper, two clerks, a messenger and two +servants.</p> + +<p>The district section shall be composed of a chief engineer, an +engineer of the first class, engineers of the second class, agricultural<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97"></a>[97]</span> +engineers, conductors of the first and second class, a +draughtsman, a bookkeeper, a paymaster, a customs officer, technical +assistants, journalists and a physician.</p> + +<p>The partial commissions shall be composed of a chief engineer, +the technical and administrative personnel necessary, in +conformity with the work to be done, and a physician.</p> + +<p>The districts for inspection shall consist of a chief engineer, +an engineer of the second class, an agriculturist and assistants +to the number necessary and sufficient.</p> + +<p>The staff of the employes shall not be fixed, but vary according +to the development of the work, and will correspond well +with the distribution of the respective work and the special instructions +opportunely executed.</p> + +<p>Art. 109. The services relative to the triennial rubber expositions, +shall be directed by a special commission presided over by +the minister and composed of the superintendent, who shall take +the place of the minister in his absence, and of the members of +the Permanent Commission of Expositions, created by Article +89 of Law No. 2,544, January 4, 1912.</p> + +<p>Art. 110. All the personnel of the superintendency shall be +considered in commission and dismissed when the work is finished +for which it was formed.</p> + +<p>Art. 111. There shall be appointed: by decree of the President +of the Republic, the superintendent; by preferment of the +Minister, the chief engineers, the secretary of the central section, +the engineer of the first class and the paymaster of the +district section; by the Superintendent, the engineers of the +second class, the agriculturists, the physicians, the draughtsmen, +the typewriters, the clerks and the customs officials; by the chief +engineers, the personnel who work under their direction.</p> + +<p>Art. 112. The salaries of the employes shall be those fixed in +the annexed table.</p> + +<p>For the employes in the services which were incident to the +order in the first section of Article 106, the salaries are fixed +in accord with tables for similar service already existing in the +Minister’s department, increased from fifty to eighty per cent +for those who shall be situated in the valley of the Amazon, +while the high cost of living shall continue in that respective +place.</p> + +<p>Art. 113. For services which shall be thought advantageous, +and when they have good reputations, the Government may employ +professional specialists, natives or foreigners, paying them +annual salaries not greater than those in the table or a lump +sum for the service rendered, as may be advisable in each case.</p> + +<p>Art. 114. To provide for the increase in the work of the Director +General of Accounts, in consequence of the services mentioned<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98"></a>[98]</span> +in this regulation, there shall be added to the same Directorship, +employees of the Treasury and other departments of +recognized ability and the typewriters in commission accepted, +under the proposal of the Director General; working overtime, +whenever necessary, in accordance with Articles 68 and 71 of +the Decree, No. 8,889, of August 11, 1911, the work of counting, +examining, inspecting and recording the expenses, distribution +of credits, advances, and other things of an urgent nature.</p> + +<p>The expenses resulting from the order in this article shall +be met by the credits which were opened in accordance with +Article 14 of Law No. 2,543A, of January 5, 1912. It pertains +to the Minister to fix the gratuities of the typewriters and the +employes of the Department of Finance to which this same article +refers.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99"></a>[99]</span></p> + +<h4>TABLE OF THE SALARIES OF THE PERSONNEL OF THE SUPERINTENDENCY “PROTECTION +OF RUBBER”</h4> + +<table> + <tr> + <th>Classes</th> + <th>Monthly Salaries</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Superintendent</td> + <td class="tdr">5,000$000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Chief Engineer of the Section Rio Branco</td> + <td class="tdr">2,700$000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Physician</td> + <td class="tdr">2,500$000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Constructing Engineer</td> + <td class="tdr">1,500$000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Chief Engineer of the Partial Commission</td> + <td class="tdr">1,250$000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Chief Engineer of the District of Inspection</td> + <td class="tdr">1,250$000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Engineer of the first class of the Section Rio Branco</td> + <td class="tdr">1,250$000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Agricultural Engineer</td> + <td class="tdr">1,000$000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Engineer of the second class</td> + <td class="tdr">1,000$000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Secretary to the Superintendent</td> + <td class="tdr">1,000$000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Paymaster of the Section Rio Branco</td> + <td class="tdr">1,000$000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Conductor of the first class</td> + <td class="tdr">750$000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Customs Official of the Section Rio Branco</td> + <td class="tdr">750$000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Conductor of the second class</td> + <td class="tdr">600$000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Draughtsman</td> + <td class="tdr">600$000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Bookkeeper</td> + <td class="tdr">500$000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Technical Aid</td> + <td class="tdr">450$000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Clerk</td> + <td class="tdr">350$000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Typewriter</td> + <td class="tdr">350$000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Messenger</td> + <td class="tdr">200$000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Servant</td> + <td class="tdr">150$000</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>The personnel in service in the Valley of the Amazon, with perhaps +the exception of the Chief Engineer of the Rio Branco +section, shall receive an increase over the salaries mentioned in +the table, varying from fifty to eighty per cent according to the +judgment of the Superintendent because of the high cost of living +in their respective places.</p> + +<p>A third part of the annual salary shall be considered the +gratuity of the office.</p> + +<p>To the technical personnel, to the paymaster, and to the +physicians shall be adjudicated by the Superintendent a daily +allowance of from 5$000 to 30$000.</p> + +<p>Rio de Janeiro, April 17, 1912.</p> + +<p class="right">PEDRO DE TOLEDO.</p> + +<h3>List of utensils and materials exempt from importation duties, +to which Article 2 of Decree No. 9,521 of April 17, 1912, refers:</h3> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100"></a>[100]</span></p> + +<h4>FIRST GROUP<br> +Implements and Utensils for the Rubber Gatherer</h4> + +<ul> +<li>Axes.</li> +<li>Hatchets.</li> +<li>Knives and special apparatus for the incision of trees.</li> +<li>Buckets, pails, basins of tin, zinc or other material.</li> +<li>Pitchers for smoking.</li> +<li>Machines destined for the coagulation of the milk.</li> +<li>Cylinders for pressing.</li> +<li>Colanders and their appurtenances.</li> +</ul> + +<h4>SECOND GROUP<br> +Implements and Material for Cultivation</h4> + +<ul> +<li>Electric detoners and their accessories.</li> +<li>Dynamite.</li> +<li>Mining powder and other explosives.</li> +<li>Caps and fuses.</li> +<li>Decauville lines.</li> +<li>Mono rails.</li> +<li>Aerial transporters and their accessories.</li> +<li>Locomotives and stationary engines.</li> +<li>Chemical drugs, disinfectants and insecticides.</li> +</ul> + +<h4>THIRD GROUP<br> +Materials and Utensils Intended for the Culture of Trees and +Treatment of Rubber, including:</h4> + +<ul> +<li>Materials for the necessary installations for the mounting of factories, construction of buildings, huts and houses of workmen, box factory and factory for rubber articles.</li> +</ul> + +<h4>FOURTH GROUP<br> +Chemical Substances, Raw Material, Thin Cloth and Other +Objects Used in the Treatment of and Manufacture +of Rubber Articles</h4> + +<p>a. <b>Coagulants</b>:</p> + +<ul> +<li>Acetic Acid.</li> +<li>Fluoric Acid.</li> +<li>Formic Acid.</li> +<li>Sulphuric Acid.</li> +<li>Hydrochloric Acid.</li> +</ul> + +<p>b. <b>Dissolvents</b>:</p> + +<ul> +<li>Aceton.</li> +<li>Ethylic Alcohol.</li> +<li>Methylic Alcohol (C. H. 4 O).</li> +<li>Benzine.</li> +<li>Benzol.</li> +<li>Borax or</li> +<li>Borate of Sodium. (Na² B. ⁴O⁷ 10 H² O).</li> +<li>Chloruret of Carbon.</li> +<li>Chloroform.</li> +<li>Ether.<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101"></a>[101]</span></p></li> +<li>Essence of Therebentine.</li> +<li>Methylbenzol or Tolnol (C⁷ H⁸).</li> +<li>Solvent Naphtha.</li> +<li>Oil of Camphor (essence).</li> +<li>Oil of Dippel.</li> +<li>Parafin Oil.</li> +<li>Sulphuret of Carbon.</li> +<li>Tetrachloruret of Carbon.</li> +</ul> + +<p>c. <b>Deodorizers and Disinfectants</b>:</p> + +<ul> +<li>Camphin or Camphene.</li> +<li>Animal Charcoal.</li> +<li>Porcupine Grape Yellow.</li> +<li>Anilines and their derivatives.</li> +<li>Arsenites and their derivatives.</li> +<li>Aureoline.</li> +<li>Cobalt Blue.</li> +<li>Methylen Blue.</li> +<li>Bistre.</li> +<li>Fixed White (Salts of Baryum, etc.).</li> +<li>Creosote.</li> +<li>Cresolin.</li> +<li>Essence of Lavender.</li> +<li>Essence of Lemon.</li> +<li>Essence of Peppermint.</li> +<li>Essence of Menthol (C¹⁰ H² O).</li> +<li>Essence of Eucalyptus.</li> +<li>Essence of Florence Lily.</li> +<li>Essence of Mustard.</li> +<li>Essence of Moss.</li> +<li>Essence of Rosemary.</li> +<li>Essence of Tomilho.</li> +<li>Essence of Thymol.</li> +<li>Farmol, Formaldehyde or Formalin.</li> +<li>Nitrobenzol.</li> +</ul> + +<p>d. <b>Coloring Materials</b>:</p> + +<ul> +<li>Cassel’s Yellow.</li> +<li>Van Dyck and Bismarck Brown.</li> +<li>Yellow Brilliantine.</li> +<li>Bronze and its derivates.</li> +<li>Orange Bleu.</li> +<li>Brooksite (Mixture of rosin and oils).</li> +<li>Bukaramuguiana.</li> +<li>Pattison White.</li> +<li>Paris White.</li> +<li>Wax for cables (wax, asphalt and rosin).</li> +<li>Cachou.</li> +<li>Rosin Colors.</li> +<li>Massicot.</li> +<li>Minio.</li> +<li>Murexide (purple).</li> +<li>Paris Black.</li> +<li>Lamp Black.</li> +<li>Ivory Black.</li> +<li>Uranium Black.</li> +<li>Vine Black.</li> +<li>Nigramine.</li> +<li>Ochre of all colors.</li> +<li>Orange Neutral.</li> +<li>Salts of Mercury.</li> +<li>Sulfapone.</li> +<li>Terre d’Ombre.</li> +<li>Falladium Red.</li> +<li>Vermillion (sulphuret of mercury).</li> +</ul> + +<p>e. <b>Hydrocarburets, Heavy Bodies and Oils</b>:</p> + +<ul> +<li>Stearic Acid.</li> +<li>Fish Oil.</li> +<li>Fichetelito (C¹⁸ H²²).</li> +<li>Vegetable Fibre.</li> +<li>Glycerin.</li> +<li>Heptana.</li> +<li>Idrialine (C³⁰ H⁵⁴ O²).</li> +<li>Lanoline.</li> +<li>Linoxine.</li> +<li>Marito Lard.</li> +<li>Naphthaline.</li> +<li>Arachyde Oil (Amendoim).</li> +<li>Cole Seed Oil.</li> +<li>Wood Oil, Chinese and Japanese.</li> +<li>Cotton Seed Oil.<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102"></a>[102]</span></p></li> +<li>Layos Oil.</li> +<li>Banba Oil.</li> +<li>Oil of Wool (fat of wool from sheep).</li> +<li>Linseed Oil.</li> +<li>Corn Oil.</li> +<li>Cod Liver Oil.</li> +<li>Nut Oil.</li> +<li>Olive Oil.</li> +<li>Palm Oil (Attalea Excelsis, Bertholetin Excelsis, Maximiliana regia).</li> +<li>Pine Oil.</li> +<li>Ricine Oil.</li> +<li>Soja Oil.</li> +<li>Calves’ Foot Oil.</li> +<li>Tung Oil.</li> +<li>Vulcanized Oils.</li> +<li>Nitrated Oils.</li> +<li>Parafin.</li> +<li>Pentan.</li> +<li>Petroleum and all its derivatives.</li> +<li>Stearine.</li> +<li>Vaseline.</li> +</ul> + +<p>f. <b>Resin, Resinous Gums and Lacs</b>:</p> + +<ul> +<li>Yellow Amber.</li> +<li>Ambroid.</li> +<li>Natural Balsam.</li> +<li>Canada Balsam.</li> +<li>Chypre Balsam.</li> +<li>Sulphur Balsam.</li> +<li>Perú Balsam.</li> +<li>Therebentin Balsam.</li> +<li>Talu Balsam.</li> +<li>Benjoim.</li> +<li>Colophane.</li> +<li>Copal.</li> +<li>Banana Gum.</li> +<li>Lac Gum.</li> +<li>Kauri Gum.</li> +<li>Lacs separate.</li> +<li>Enamel Lacs and all their derivatives.</li> +<li>Rhus Lacs.</li> +<li>Mastick.</li> +<li>Rosin Oil.</li> +<li>Ammonia Rosin.</li> +<li>Bourgogue Rosin.</li> +<li>Damar Rosin.</li> +<li>Elemi Rosin.</li> +<li>Hymenea Courbaril.</li> +<li>Rosin (Copal).</li> +<li>Jalap Rosin.</li> +<li>Myrrh Rosin.</li> +<li>Xanthorea Rosin.</li> +<li>Sandarac.</li> +<li>Storax.</li> +<li>Therebentine.</li> +<li>Venice Therebentine and its derivatives.</li> +</ul> + +<p>g. <b>Agents of Vulcanization</b>:</p> + +<ul> +<li>Metallic Antimony and its derivatives.</li> +<li>Bromurets and all their derivatives.</li> +<li>Calcium and its derivatives.</li> +<li>Caustic Lime.</li> +<li>Chlorine (Cl.) and all its derivatives.</li> +<li>Lead and all its derivatives.</li> +<li>Sulphur and all its derivatives.</li> +<li>Iodine and all its derivatives.</li> +<li>Sodium and its derivatives.</li> +<li>Zinc and its derivatives.</li> +</ul> + +<p>h. <b>Fibres and Cloth</b>:</p> + +<ul> +<li>Cotton.</li> +<li>Brass.</li> +<li>Cabo Asbestos.</li> +<li>Maselig Asbestos.</li> +<li>Hemp.</li> +<li>Banana Hemp.</li> +<li>India Hemp.</li> +<li>Sisel Hemp.</li> +<li>Madrasta Hemp.</li> +<li>Manila Hemp.</li> +<li>Fibres of all kinds of vegetable or animal origin.</li> +<li>Vulcanized Fibres.<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103"></a>[103]</span></p></li> +<li>Raphia Fabrics.</li> +<li>Lace.</li> +<li>Flax Thread.</li> +<li>Jute.</li> +<li>Wool.</li> +<li>Flax.</li> +<li>Luffa.</li> +<li>Japan Lacs.</li> +<li>Nanking.</li> +<li>Cotton Cloth.</li> +<li>Asbestos Cloth.</li> +<li>Linen Cloth.</li> +<li>Paper Maché.</li> +<li>Parameta.</li> +<li>Rami.</li> +<li>Silk Cloth, animal and vegetable.</li> +<li>Taffetas.</li> +<li>Zaputtine and its derivatives.</li> +</ul> + +<p>i. <b>Isolated Materials</b>:</p> + +<ul> +<li>Asbestos and all its derivatives.</li> +<li>Alexite.</li> +<li>Algina.</li> +<li>Amiante.</li> +<li>Asphalt.</li> +<li>Astrictum.</li> +<li>Russian.</li> +<li>Birch.</li> +<li>Animal and Vegetable Tar of lignite, hulha and all their derivatives.</li> +<li>Bitite.</li> +<li>Bitumen.</li> +<li>Colorifugos and all its derivatives.</li> +<li>Cerasine.</li> +<li>Cork.</li> +<li>Cellulose and all its derivatives.</li> +<li>Esbetine.</li> +<li>Eshalite.</li> +<li>Fermantine.</li> +<li>Fassilite.</li> +<li>Fucasine.</li> +<li>Gasoline.</li> +<li>Gelatine.</li> +<li>Gilsonite.</li> +<li>Hermetine.</li> +<li>Karphite.</li> +<li>Lava.</li> +<li>Ledererite.</li> +<li>Lithine.</li> +<li>Lithocarbon.</li> +<li>Manjak.</li> +<li>Marloid.</li> +<li>Mica.</li> +<li>Mecanite.</li> +<li>Oil of Tar.</li> +<li>Okonite.</li> +<li>Ouralite.</li> +<li>Ozocerite.</li> +<li>Ozotere.</li> +<li>Vegetable.</li> +</ul> + +<p>j. <b>Divers Materials</b>:</p> + +<ul> +<li>Citric acid (C⁶ H⁸ O⁷).</li> +<li>Azotic acid (H. N. O³).</li> +<li>Salicylic acid.</li> +<li>Sehacic acid.</li> +<li>Oxalic acid (C² H² O⁴).</li> +<li>Oleic acid (C¹⁶ H³⁴ O²).</li> +<li>Tartaric acid.</li> +<li>Agalmatolite.</li> +<li>Areometers.</li> +<li>Alkalies.</li> +<li>Ammonia.</li> +<li>Salts of Ammonia.</li> +<li>Aluminum and its derivatives.</li> +<li>Alum.</li> +<li>Starch.</li> +<li>Auhydrite.</li> +<li>Autibenzine Pirine.</li> +<li>Astraline.</li> +<li>Atmold.</li> +<li>Whale Oil.</li> +<li>Balenite.</li> +<li>Balons.</li> +<li>Salts of Baryum.</li> +<li>Materials for bleaching.</li> +<li>Bolus.</li> +<li>Camptulikon.<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_104"></a>[104]</span></p></li> +<li>Afridi Wax.</li> +<li>Japan Wax.</li> +<li>Caruabuba Wax.</li> +<li>Carbarundum.</li> +<li>Materials for</li> +<li>Beech Creosote.</li> +<li>Chlorhydrate of Quinine.</li> +<li>Cyanuret of Potassium.</li> +<li>Caseina.</li> +<li>Ceramyl.</li> +<li>Vegetable Coal.</li> +<li>Coal Dust.</li> +<li>Horn.</li> +<li>Mineral and Vegetable Waxes.</li> +<li>Fish Glue.</li> +<li>Coralline.</li> +<li>Caokaline.</li> +<li>Leather.</li> +<li>Copper and its derivatives.</li> +<li>Dextrina (C¹² A²⁰ O¹⁰).</li> +<li>Dextrose.</li> +<li>Diamond.</li> +<li>Dichlorohydrine.</li> +<li>Dielectrics.</li> +<li>Dielectrine.</li> +<li>Eburine.</li> +<li>Sponges.</li> +<li>Tin and its derivatives.</li> +<li>Eternite.</li> +<li>Flour.</li> +<li>Potato Sediment.</li> +<li>Felds Pathe.</li> +<li>Fibroleum.</li> +<li>Metallic Wires.</li> +<li>Sheets of Tin.</li> +<li>Lasts.</li> +<li>Fuller.</li> +<li>Fustian.</li> +<li>Galalithe.</li> +<li>Gas.</li> +<li>Gaze.</li> +<li>Fish Glue.</li> +<li>Glucose.</li> +<li>Glutin.</li> +<li>Graphite.</li> +<li>Mineral Oils.</li> +<li>Gypsum.</li> +<li>Hemalite.</li> +<li>Hatschetine.</li> +<li>Hydrofugine.</li> +<li>Koalin.</li> +<li>Kisselguhr.</li> +<li>Compound Kirrage.</li> +<li>Lactoleum.</li> +<li>Lederine.</li> +<li>Limeite.</li> +<li>Lactoite.</li> +<li>Lactites.</li> +<li>Material for Polishing.</li> +<li>Magnalium.</li> +<li>Magnesium and its compounds.</li> +<li>Magnesia.</li> +<li>Magnesia Calcinated.</li> +<li>Marble Dust.</li> +<li>Morocoline.</li> +<li>Nickel.</li> +<li>Salt of Nipa.</li> +<li>Nitronaphtaline.</li> +<li>Organdim.</li> +<li>Bones.</li> +<li>Pagodite.</li> +<li>Pantasote.</li> +<li>Petrifite.</li> +<li>Earth of Pipe.</li> +<li>Pumice Stone.</li> +<li>Phosphorus.</li> +<li>Plombago.</li> +<li>Pluviosine.</li> +<li>Salts of Potassium.</li> +<li>Poudre Rouge.</li> +<li>Anti-ronille.</li> +<li>Sand.</li> +<li>Salitre (Nitrate of Potash K. N. O³).</li> +<li>Soap.</li> +<li>Sawdust.</li> +<li>Silicates of Aluminum.</li> +<li>Bronze Silicium.</li> +<li>Hides.</li> +<li>Luberine.</li> +<li>Luberite.</li> +<li>Metallic Sulphuret.</li> +<li>Isinglass.</li> +<li>Tannico.<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105"></a>[105]</span></p></li> +<li>Metallic Cloth.</li> +<li>Turfa.</li> +<li>Tripoli.</li> +<li>Trichopiese.</li> +<li>Hulha Varnish.</li> +<li>Wood Vinegar.</li> +<li>Vulcoleina.</li> +<li>Wallasine.</li> +<li>Waterproof Varnish.</li> +<li>Whaleboline.</li> +<li>Xylolithe.</li> +</ul> + +<p>Rio de Janeiro, April 17, 1912.</p> + +<p class="right"><span style="margin-right: 1.5em;">PEDRO DE TOLEDO,</span><br> +Minister of Agriculture.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106"></a>[106]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus10" style="max-width: 26.5625em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus10.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>GEORGE E. PELL, ESQ.<br> + Commissioner for the Commercial Association of Pará</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107"></a>[107]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="PARA">PARÁ</h2> + +</div> + +<p>FURTHER DETAILS RELATING TO PARÁ HAVE NOT COME +TO HAND UP TO THE TIME OF GOING TO PRESS</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_108"></a>[108]</span></p> + +<h3>COMMERCIAL ASSOCIATION, PARÁ (BRAZIL)<br> +DESCRIPTION OF EXHIBITS.</h3> + +<table class="big"> + <tr> + <th colspan="2"></th> + <th></th> + <th>Quality.</th> + <th colspan="3">Weight.</th> + <th>Procedence.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">501</td> + <td>Biscuits</td> + <td></td> + <td>Fine Island Rubber,</td> + <td>net</td> + <td class="tdr">1,037</td> + <td>ks.</td> + <td>From the Islands.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">81</td> + <td>Biscuits</td> + <td></td> + <td>Fine Island Rubber, Cajary,</td> + <td>net</td> + <td class="tdr">804</td> + <td>ks.</td> + <td>From River Cajary, & partly islands.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">111</td> + <td>Biscuits</td> + <td></td> + <td>Fine Island Rubber, Anapu,</td> + <td>net</td> + <td class="tdr">756</td> + <td>ks.</td> + <td>From River Anapu & partly islands.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">235</td> + <td>Biscuits</td> + <td></td> + <td>Fine Island Rubber, Cavianna,</td> + <td>net</td> + <td class="tdr">1,116</td> + <td>ks.</td> + <td>From Island of Cavianna.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">145</td> + <td>Biscuits</td> + <td></td> + <td>Fine Low Xingú,</td> + <td>net</td> + <td class="tdr">979</td> + <td>ks.</td> + <td>From Lower reaches of River Xingú (This parcel contains two lots, dry and fresh, should be separated and marked “Dry” and “New”).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">44</td> + <td>Biscuits</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="nw valign">} on sticks</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="valign">Fine Itaituba (Tap),</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="valign">net</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="tdr valign">937</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="valign">ks.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="valign">From Lower reaches of River Tapajos.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">10</td> + <td>Biscuits</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">10</td> + <td>Biscuits</td> + <td></td> + <td>Fine High Xingú,</td> + <td>net</td> + <td class="tdr">696</td> + <td>ks.</td> + <td>From Higher reaches of River Xingú, above rapids.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">5</td> + <td>Biscuits</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="nw valign">} on sticks</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="nw valign">Fine Itaituba (Tapajos) Cachoeira,</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="valign">net</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="tdr valign">1,025</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="valign">ks.</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="valign">From Higher reaches of River Tapajos, above rapids, and state of Matto-Grosso.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">34</td> + <td>Biscuits</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">68</td> + <td>Biscuits</td> + <td></td> + <td>Weak Fine Rubber,</td> + <td>net</td> + <td class="tdr">650</td> + <td>ks.</td> + <td>From Lower Amazon.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td>Island Coarse Rubber,</td> + <td>net</td> + <td class="tdr">1,000</td> + <td>ks.</td> + <td>From Islands and affluents of Lower Amazon.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">110</td> + <td>Biscuits</td> + <td></td> + <td>Cametá Coarse,</td> + <td>net</td> + <td class="tdr">1,515</td> + <td>ks.</td> + <td>From River Cametá and partly Islands.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td>Coarse Itaituba (Tapajos),</td> + <td>net</td> + <td class="tdr">302</td> + <td>ks.</td> + <td>From River Tapajos.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td>Weak Coarse,</td> + <td>net</td> + <td class="tdr">254</td> + <td>ks.</td> + <td>From Lower Amazon.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td>Tiras (Strips),</td> + <td>net</td> + <td class="tdr">119</td> + <td>ks.</td> + <td>From River Tapajos.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">20</td> + <td>Balls</td> + <td></td> + <td>Toc. Caucho Ball,</td> + <td>net</td> + <td class="tdr">911</td> + <td>ks.</td> + <td>From River Tocantins & Rio Fresco.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">30</td> + <td>Balls</td> + <td></td> + <td>Tap. Caucho Ball, Cachoeira,</td> + <td>net</td> + <td class="tdr">1,061</td> + <td>ks.</td> + <td>From Higher reaches of River Tapajos, above rapids, and State of Matto-Grosso.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">20</td> + <td>Balls</td> + <td></td> + <td>High Xingú Caucho Ball,</td> + <td>net</td> + <td class="tdr">1,044</td> + <td>ks.</td> + <td>From Higher reaches of River Xingú.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3">2 Bags—1 Bag</td> + <td>Inaja Palm Nuts</td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td>Used for curing Fine Rubber.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">1 Bag</span></td> + <td>Urucuri Palm Nuts</td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td></td> + <td>Used for curing Fine Rubber.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3">2 Boxes—4 & 5</td> + <td colspan="4">Tin Cups, etc., for collecting Latex</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3">1 Case—No. 3</td> + <td colspan="4">Natural Woods—2 blocks of wood and shavings, used for curing rubber</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3">1 Box</td> + <td colspan="4">Machadinhos (Hatchets), collecting and curing utensils</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="3">1 Box</td> + <td colspan="4">Wooden Stand used for curing large biscuits of rubber.</td> + <td></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_109"></a>[109]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_110"></a>[110]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="The_AMAZONAS_Section">The AMAZONAS Section</h2> + +</div> + +<h3>AMAZON STATE IS THE LARGEST ONE IN BRAZIL</h3> + +<p>Area in square kilometers, 1,894,724.</p> + +<p>Population, 600,000 inhabitants.</p> + +<p>Capital, Manáos; 60,000 inhabitants, 32ᵐ, 40ᵐ height from sea-level.</p> + +<p>It exports rubber and woods for construction and for other +works, Pará nuts, Guaraná and some other products.</p> + +<p>Beans, corn, rice and almost every kind of cereals grow there +beautifully.</p> + +<p>It is put in communication with Europe by one English and +two German Steamship Companies, and by cable and wireless +telegraphy. These companies have improved their steamers, +which go to Europe. To the United States it is served only by +the English company, every ten days. They are cargo boats.</p> + +<p>Principal cities: Stacoatiara, Manicoré, Humaythé, Teffé, +Parintins and Labrea.</p> + +<p>Medium temperature, 27° 2′ centigrade.</p> + +<p>Rains—Evaporation in mm., 1592,0. Height, 1525,3 (in 202 +days).</p> + +<p>Wind—Velocity in one second, 1ᵐ, 60. Direction, east.</p> + +<h3>EXPORTS OF RUBBER FROM STATE OF AMAZONAS SINCE 1827 UP TO 1907</h3> + +<table> + <tr> + <th>Years.</th> + <th>Kilograms.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1837</td> + <td class="tdr">802,410</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1847</td> + <td class="tdr">4,286,570</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1857</td> + <td class="tdr">7,134,195</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1867</td> + <td class="tdr">2,969,070</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1877</td> + <td class="tdr">17,403,574</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1887</td> + <td class="tdr">43,454,671</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1897</td> + <td class="tdr">106,424,423</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1907</td> + <td class="tdr">120,434,947</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>From 1827 to 1852 the exports belong to Pará and Amazonas +together.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_111"></a>[111]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp52" id="illus11" style="max-width: 21.875em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus11.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>COLONEL ANTONIO CLEMENTE RIBEIRO BITTENCOURT<br> + Governor of the State of the Amazonas, Brazil</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112"></a>[112]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus12" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus12.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>PORT OF MANÁOS</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_113"></a>[113]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus13" style="max-width: 26.5625em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus13.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>DR. MANOEL LOBATO<br> + Commissioner for the State of the Amazonas, Brazil, also of + Matto Grosso and the Federal Territory of Acre</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_114"></a>[114]</span></p> + +<h3>RUBBER IN THE STATE OF AMAZONAS</h3> + +<p class="center">General Ideas about the State. Progress in the Means of Transportation. +Climatological Conditions.</p> + +<p>The State of the Amazonas is the largest one in the Brazilian +Republic. Notwithstanding its well-known natural resources that +are not limited, according to many persons, to the precious milk +of the rubber tree—that wonderful tree of fortune—which is disputed +by various producing centers, its vast territory is yet far +from being completely and properly populated.</p> + +<p>The emigration currents towards that section have started +lately, so that the population of hardly over two hundred thousand +souls a few years ago, to-day is over six hundred thousand +inhabitants, without any exaggeration.</p> + +<p>As such changes are taking place the conditions of life are +being altered every day. It is true that there still prevails in +the books of gay tourists who consider humbug as a condition +of inexhaustible success, the impression that the native indians +travel about half nude and armed with arches and arrows, chasing +the lost Europeans through such outlandish regions of the world.</p> + +<p>The remark, however, is not based on real facts. The native +Indians are not now to be found in very accessible places. The +foreigner who lands in the Amazonas capital, for instance, may +be sure that his habits and his civilization will not cause any +fright.</p> + +<p>It is difficult to find among the natives who possess some +education and means one who has not been through several +European countries, especially France; so that as soon as the +visitor lands he notices an atmosphere of modern improvements +and all the novelty and gay spirit of Parisian life; the latest +fashions are found at once in Manáos.</p> + +<p>The progress of that beautiful princess of the Rio Negro +(Black River) is most remarkable, because it is at the most only +twenty years. Until the proclamation of the Republic in Brazil, +Manáos amounted to almost nothing. From 1889 to this date +began its stupendous development, counting already over 60,000 +inhabitants.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_115"></a>[115]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus14" style="max-width: 26.5625em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus14.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>A. W. STEDMAN, ESQ.<br> + Commissioner for the Commercial Association of the State of + Manáos, Matto Grosso, and the Federal Territory of Acre, Brazil</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_116"></a>[116]</span></p> + +<p>To-day it has comfortable homes, good and solid buildings +of artistic architecture. Its port is perfectly fitted to receive +the visits of the large transatlantic steamers, which places it +in communication with the leading European ports. The navigation +line for the United States, served by an English company, +is not yet of the required progress to insure all the necessary +comfort to the passengers who venture to undertake the long +trip. Furthermore, it is served by steamers that do not possess +the modern requirements of speed, which at present is of first +interest not only for the passengers who look for a pleasure +resort as well as for the intercourse of commercial relations with +the world’s markets. That is the reason why the interchange +between Amazonas and New York has been rather slow, which +interchange could be of greater magnitude than it is to-day if +there was a more intimate knowledge between the parties.</p> + +<p>I would not want to end this information about the capital +of the State of Amazonas without quoting some paragraphs +from the excellent work, “The Rubber Country of the Amazon,” +written by Mr. Henry C. Pearson, Editor of the “India Rubber +World”:</p> + +<p>“When one considers that this city is a thousand miles from +the seacoast, in the heart of a vast tropical jungle, with wild +Indians within a hundred miles of it, its presence seems incredible. +In a way, it is as modern as New York or Chicago. The +latest Parisian fashions are there, and almost anything that +civilized man desires is obtainable. Prices are high, to be sure, +because both luxuries and necessities are imported and subject +to a duty of 100 per cent. But when something besides rubber +is produced by the magnificently fertile lands that surround it, +Manáos will be one of the great and beautiful cities of the world +and living as reasonable as anywhere.”</p> + +<p>That progress, although it has been made principally in +Manáos, in some form is also affecting the interior of the State. +The river navigation is made quicker than before and on elegant +and up-to-date steamers, which navigate throughout all the tributaries +of the Amazon River.</p> + +<p>Furthermore, the Madeira-Mamoré railroad has produced a +great improvement in the transportation facilities adopted in the +State for the quick delivery of merchandise in the interior.</p> + +<p>The most distant points of the territory are now connected +by wireless telegraphy. The news of the world can be transmitted +daily to the capital of the State by means of double river +cable and by wireless telegraphy of the Marconi system.</p> + +<p>The climatic conditions are not so terrible as pictured in +the minds of the outside people, who do not know the real facts +and the true geographic situation of the State.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_117"></a>[117]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus15" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus15.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>CAOUTCHOUC PROCESS No. 1.</p> + <p>The Men Set to Work Bleeding the Base of the Castillôa.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_118"></a>[118]</span></p> + +<p>Mr. A. R. Wallace, in his “Narrative of Travels on the Amazon +and Rio Negro,” and Captain Maury, in his book “The +Amazon and the Atlantic Coast of South America,” show themselves +so enthusiastic over the climate of Amazonas and recommend +it “as one of the healthiest and mildest in the world.” That +easy enthusiasm is not so good for us as the competent French +engineer, Mr. Paul Le Cointe’s opinion, after many years in the +northern part of Brazil. Thus he expresses himself:</p> + +<p>“The Amazonia, an immense tableland slightly concave, situated +entirely in the tropics, crossed by rivers of colossal dimensions, +with lakes and swamps, the remains of the original water +basin, badly separated by modern alluvium land, covered with +impenetrable forests from which emerge here and there some +plains, ought to have a specially hot, damp and unhealthy +climate.</p> + +<p>“That is the reputation which it has enjoyed for a long time +and which has frightened away the European immigration; but +it is not deserved in such an absolute manner; as a hot country +is perhaps on the contrary the less deadly for the settler as +well as for the traveler.”</p> + +<h3>THE AMAZON AS RUBBER PRODUCER</h3> + +<p>It is indeed very difficult if not absolutely impossible to limit +the rubber producing region of Amazonas. In almost the whole +of the vast territory of that State there are found rubber trees +and where they do not grow, they certainly can be successfully +planted. Over large tracts of lands on the banks of rivers not +navigable, there are extensive rubber forests not explored on +account of lack of population.</p> + +<p>That exuberance of the Amazonian flora, that arrangement of +nature to furnish resources to the rubber extractor for many +years, kept him away from any other occupation except that of +raising the arm and wounding the tree of fortune in order to +obtain prosperity. There was no necessity of planting that which +the open road of the forest presents at each step; also why +worry with a view to obtaining any other process of securing +the “<b>hevea brasiliensis</b>” when its milk in the primitive state is +obtained at the lowest price of exploitation and cultivation, preserving +all the excellent qualities of the rubber?</p> + +<p>The presence of competitors in the world’s market, more +than the damage caused to the health by the smoking process +of coagulation, is the reason to establish new exploitation. The +rubber plantation is now being conducted perhaps without obeying +the scientific criterion, but more in the shape of facilitating +the gathering of the <b>latex</b>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_119"></a>[119]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus16" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus16.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>RUBBER-WORKER PERREIRA AND WIFE IN + THEIR SUNDAY CLOTHES.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_120"></a>[120]</span></p> + +<p>One hears a good deal about high prices in the Amazonas, +and careless observers state in opposition to that the cheapness +of life in the Asiatic Islands and other points of the world. I +do not think that a thoughtful person without any interest in +connection with enterprises and plantations elsewhere in the +world, would be able to use such an assertion, which is so +unjust.</p> + +<p>The French engineer, Mr. Paul Le Cointe, who is an expert +in the matter, writes the following:</p> + +<p>“For the work to be executed, the number of workmen required +is much less where the production of those men is high, +hence to calculate the price of hand work, the individual production +is the factor that may become more important than the pay +to the men who work by the day.</p> + +<p>“In the Far East, the workmen are paid from Fr. 75 to Fr. +1.25, equal to 14 cents to 23 cents, approximately, including feeding. +In the Amazonas, the pay per day amounts to Frs. 4.75, +or that is, almost 91 cents for all the work, which is three to four +times more.”</p> + +<p>Let us examine the cost in Asia and in the Amazonas for +the different work required by the cultivation of the rubber +trees.</p> + +<p>According to Mr. Stanley Arden, it is about 38 cents for +each kilogram of rubber in the plantation (the data that I am +presenting in connection with this matter is from the book of +Mr. Le Cointe, entitled “Le Caoutchouc Amazonien et son Concurrent +Asiatique”).</p> + +<p>Mr. Lamy Torrilhon speaks about the Kuala Lampur Rubber +Company (Malay), which had in 1909, 404,012 rubber trees +from one to six years old. Calculating the price of cultivation of +that rubber at Fr. 4 per kilogram or approximately 76 cents, +Mr. Stanley Arden also calculated that the cost of a hectar of +plantation before reaching the period of exploitation (the sixth +year, according to him) was only Fr. 816, or more or less $157, +including the salaries and establishment of European employees, +and Mr. M. G. Vernet, of the Pasteur Institute of Nha-Trang, +calculated Fr. 3,000, about $580.</p> + +<p>Mr. Le Cointe further states that Mr. Stanley Arden in his +calculations of expense seems to presume the plantation in lands +not thickly wooded, because he counts for the burning and clearing +of the land, hardly one-third the cost of felling the trees, +when in the forest it is about the same. Of course, lands not +properly protected and in the virgin state in the tropical countries, +are less fertile than those covered with thick forests, furthermore +the lands that have been devoted to a prolonged cultivation +of plants, like coffee, tea, etc., are to a large extent exhausted, +and if rubber trees were attempted to be planted there, +the result would be that it would largely lose the advantages by +having to fell new trees.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_121"></a>[121]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus17" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus17.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>BRANDING RUBBER ON THE SAND-BAR.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_122"></a>[122]</span></p> + +<p>Mr. Le Cointe also speaks of about 225 trees per kilogram, +when practically that number can be doubled; besides this the +calculation made by the same author of about $18 for the clearing +of the hectar, at the rate of $14 per day for each workman +shows that the price for that work in almost clean land will take +sixty-two days, whereas in the Amazonas we only count on +twenty-six days for each clearing of a hectar in a virgin forest.</p> + +<p>This argument, it seems to me, shows that there is a purpose +to bring up a cheapness which is more apparent than real, with +the determination of recommending the Asiatic plantations to +the detriment of the Amazonas rubber plantations.</p> + +<p>This plan of attack is not the most correct one. We have +the advantage of having workmen who easily adapt themselves +to the producing land, and with the measures of protection that +the Government is going to guarantee to the rubber planters, +the life of the contractor is going to become easier.</p> + +<p>The tree which is planted in its own region, is less subject +to ravages, being less persecuted by the destroying parasites, is +not violently fell by hard winds.</p> + +<p>As every day increases the number of industries which requires +rubber as a raw material, it is therefore necessary to +exploit it in different centers, counting even with possible disaster, +but nowhere in the world, in accordance with the most +reliable statistics, is there more favorable land for the planting +of rubber trees than in the various territories of the Amazonas. +That territory has been placed by nature to be the emporium of +that industry, and counts with all the means to preserve that +privilege, and for the guarantee of the planter as soon as the +rubber tree develops itself, it has other resinous trees suitable for +construction, and excellent fibres which can be sold at a profit. +The Brazilian walnut is so abundant there that it is a second +source of income in the State of Amazonas.</p> + +<h3>THE PRODUCTION OF RUBBER</h3> + +<p>Only during the first six months of this year, notwithstanding +that the time for the full crop was not as yet due, from Manáos +there were exported to the United States 2,328,389 kilograms of +fine rubber, 602,180 medium quality, sernamby 991,088, caucho +798,024; to Europe, first quality 2,449,776, medium quality 407,278, +sernamby 507,860, caucho 1,368,489; from Itacoatiara, first +quality 37,240, medium 3,858, sernamby 26,237, caucho 11,405, +that is for the Amazonas a total of 9,531,824 kilograms, almost +half of the export of 22,902,401 kilograms made in that period +for that State, besides that of Pará and Iquitos. The production +of Amazonas in 1910 was 10,466,231 kilograms; in 1911, 10,122,242; +this year, it is expected that there will be an increase of +more than 15 per cent of the production of last year.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_123"></a>[123]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus18" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus18.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>THE INTERIOR OF A RUBBER-WORKER’S HUT.</p> + <p>There Were Always Two or Three Hammocks.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_124"></a>[124]</span></p> + +<p>This is due only to the active work of a few thousand workmen. +What would be the colossal production of that territory, +when the work of the men will be facilitated by a rational distribution +of rubber trees!</p> + +<p>Reflecting upon that, I am reminded of the words of Dr. +T. Huber:</p> + +<p>“A regular planting industry will have a marked and salutary +influence upon the extraction of wild rubber and the management +of wild rubber forests.”</p> + +<p>Furthermore, I have the full conviction that the future of +that industry competently managed will offer in Amazonas, and +in order to be more exact, in Brazil, more guarantees of success +than in any other region in the world.</p> + +<p class="right">M. LOBATO.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_125"></a>[125]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus19" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus19.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>RUBBER-WORKERS’ HOME NEAR LAKE INNOCENCE.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_126"></a>[126]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="BRAZIL">BRAZIL<br> +<span class="smaller">The States of Amazonas and Matto-Grosso, and the +Acre Territory</span></h2> + +</div> + +<p>The Commercial Association of Amazonas exhibits samples +of rubber from the States of Amazonas and Matto-Grosso, and +from the Acre Territory, having been authorized by the respective +Governments for this purpose.</p> + +<h3>STATE OF AMAZONAS</h3> + +<p>The main stream of the River Amazon flows through the +entire territory of this State, and within its boundaries is joined +by many tributaries.</p> + +<p>The boundary with the State of Pará is formed by the same +river, and that with Matto-Grosso and the Republic of Bolivia by +the Upper Madeira River. The River Javary, a tributary of the +Solimões (or Upper Amazon), forms the boundary with Perú, as +does the Upper Rio Negro (the waters of which connect with +the Orinoco through the Cassiquari Canal), with Venezuela. +Before the formation of the Federal Acre Territory, the upper +reaches of the Rivers Acre, Purús, and Juruá also constituted +the frontiers of the State of Amazonas with Perú and Bolivia.</p> + +<p>The capital of the State, Manáos, is situated in the bay of the +Rio Negro, three days distant by steamer from the capital of +the adjoining State, Pará. The nearest European port, Lisbon, +can be reached in thirteen days, and New York in eighteen days.</p> + +<p>Manáos is the turning-point for ocean going steamers from +the United States of America, and Europe, as well as from the +South of Brazil.</p> + +<p>The companies engaged in the transatlantic service are:</p> + +<p><b>The Booth Steamship Co., Ltd.</b> (British), with four sailings +each way to and from Liverpool per month, calling at Itacoatiara, +Pará, Madeira, Lisbon, Leixoes (Oporto), Vigo and Cherbourg, +and three sailings to and from New York per month, calling at +Pará and Barbadoes.</p> + +<p><b>The Hamburg-Amerika Line</b> and <b>Hamburg-Sudamerikanische +Dampfschiffahrts-Gesellschaft</b> (German), with two sailings per +month to and from Hamburg, calling at Pará, Madeira, Lisbon, +Leixoes (Oporto), Havre and Antwerp. <b>The Booth Steamship +Co., Ltd.</b>, also runs two lines, one from Liverpool and the other +from New York, as far as Iquitos, the capital and principal port +of the Loreto province of Perú. Maritime communication with +Southern Brazil is maintained by the “<b>Lloyd Brazileiro</b>” and the +“<b>Cia. de Commercio e Navegação</b>,” the former having six steamers +per month, and the latter three. The voyage from Manáos to +Rio de Janeiro occupies from 14 to 16 days.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_127"></a>[127]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp56" id="illus20" style="max-width: 46.875em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus20.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>MAP OF MANÁOS</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_128"></a>[128]</span></p> + +<p>The river navigation is controlled by the Amazon River Navigation +Co. (1911), Ltd., and numerous private steamers, which +form a flotilla only to be compared with that of the River Mississippi. +A new company “A Companhia Navegação do Amazonas” +is about to commence operations. All these steamers call at +Manáos, or have their headquarters there.</p> + +<p>Telegraphic communication is as follows: By means of the +<b>Amazon Telegraph Co., Ltd.</b>, in combination with the Western +Telegraph Co. to and from all parts of the world.</p> + +<p><b>Wireless Telegraphy</b> (Marconi and Telefunken systems), is +already making considerable headway. The Marconi station +at Manáos, in the hands of the Madeira Mamoré Railway Co., +receives and transmits messages to and from Porto Velho, on +the Madeira River, the starting point and headquarters of the +railroad, as well as to and from the Telefunken stations at Senna +Madureira, Empreza and Cruzeiro do Sul (the capital towns of +the three divisions of the Acre Territory).</p> + +<p>These last stations are not yet open for use by the public, +and other intermediate stations are still in course of construction.</p> + +<p>Manáos has also a station of the <b>Amazon Wireless Telegraph +& Telephone Co., Ltd.</b>, which transmits messages to Pará, and +has lately been in regular communication with the station in +Iquitos belonging to the Peruvian Government. By this route +it is possible to send messages to Lima, the capital of Perú, on +the Pacific Coast. However, the Company mentioned has so +far not succeeded in obtaining the official permission of the +Brazilian Government to operate in Brazil.</p> + +<p>Manáos has a permanent population of upwards of 70,000 +inhabitants. Its houses and public buildings conform to modern +architectural ideas, and some of its buildings, such as the State +Theatre, the Public Library, the Palace of Justice and the “Benjamin +Constant” Orphan Asylum are magnificent.</p> + +<p>The streets, squares and avenues are well lighted by electricity +and the town possesses an excellent electric tramway system. +The drainage scheme is almost completed, and the water supply +is very satisfactory. The port works are in the hands of the +Manáos Harbor, Ltd. There are some excellent hotels, and a +splendid telephone service.</p> + +<p>The following banks carry on operations in Manáos:</p> + +<p><b>The London & Brazilian Bank, Ltd.</b>, and <b>The London & +River Plate Bank, Ltd.</b> (British), agencies.</p> + +<p><b>Banco do Brazil</b> (Brazilian), agency.</p> + +<p><b>Banco Amazonense</b> (Brazilian), Head Office.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_129"></a>[129]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus21" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus21.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>A “SERINGUEIRO” TAPPING A RUBBER TREE.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_130"></a>[130]</span></p> + +<p><b>Banking Firms</b>: Zarges Ohliger & Co. (German).</p> + +<p><b>Life, Fire & Marine Insurance Companies</b>:</p> + +<p>Northern Insurance Co. (British), agency.</p> + +<p>Royal Insurance Co. (British), agency.</p> + +<p>“Mannheim” Insurance Co. (German), agency.</p> + +<p>Lloyd Amazonense (Brazilian), head office.</p> + +<p>And agencies of the following Brazilian companies: Garantia +da Amazonia, Seguradora Paraense, Allianca da Bahia, Commercial +Paraense, Lloyd Paraense, Allianca Paraense.</p> + +<p>Rubber is the chief industry of the State, being its principal +product and source of income. The predominance of this industry +dates from 1863, and within a few years it superseded entirely +the planting of rice, coffee, cocoa, sugar cane, beans and maize.</p> + +<p>Up to 1870 rubber was generally exported in the form of +roughly made shoes, hats and caps, as well as in sacks and in +bulk, the greater part of it going to New York, via Pará. Later, +the present system of biscuits or balls, cut and packed in cases, +came into use.</p> + +<p>Considerable business has always been done in Amazon with +the United States of America, although formerly the proportion +shipped to America was greater than at present, as it was only +in later years that the heavy competition by London and Liverpool +came into being.</p> + +<p>The production of the various rivers during 1911 was:</p> + +<table> + <tr> + <td>River</td> + <td>Solimões</td> + <td class="tdr">865,000</td> + <td>kilos</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Purús</td> + <td class="tdr">3,019,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Acre</td> + <td class="tdr">371,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Juruá</td> + <td class="tdr">2,055,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Madeira</td> + <td class="tdr">1,370,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Javary</td> + <td class="tdr">1,420,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Japurá</td> + <td class="tdr">70,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Jutahy</td> + <td class="tdr">287,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Negro</td> + <td class="tdr">679,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Branco</td> + <td class="tdr">33,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Lower Amazon</td> + <td class="tdr">194,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>The rubber exporting houses are:</p> + +<ul> +<li>Zarges Ohliger & Co. (German).</li> +<li>Adelbert H. Alden, Ltd. (American).</li> +<li>Ahlers & Co. (German).</li> +<li>General Rubber Co. of Brazil (American).</li> +<li>De Lagotellerie & Co. (French).</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_131"></a>[131]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus22" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus22.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>“DEFUMADOR,” OR SMOKING-HUT.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_132"></a>[132]</span></p> + +<h4>STATE OF AMAZON EXHIBIT INCLUDES:</h4> + +<ul> +<li>Pyramid of 50 tons rubber.</li> +<li>Models of River Steamers.</li> +<li>Rubber Milk.</li> +<li>Photographs and Maps.</li> +<li>Rubber Toys, etc., made by natives.</li> +<li>Basins, Pails, etc.</li> +<li>Large Rubber Tree Stump and several Young Rubber Trees.</li> +</ul> + +<p class="right"><b>Exhibited by Messrs. Asenei & Co., River Madeira.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Rubber Milk.</li> +<li>Nuts and Appliances for Smoking Rubber.</li> +</ul> + +<p class="right"><b>Exhibited by Sno. Raymundo Monteiro da Costa.</b></p> + +<h4>COMPARATIVE RUBBER STATISTICS</h4> + +<table> + <tr> + <th></th> + <th colspan="8">Comparative Rates of Fine Pará.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <th></th> + <th colspan="5">Liverpool.</th> + <th colspan="3">New York.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <th></th> + <th>s.</th> + <th>d.</th> + <th></th> + <th>s.</th> + <th>d.</th> + <th></th> + <th></th> + <th></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1894</td> + <td class="tdr">2</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">9</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr">3</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1</span></td> + <td class="tdr">$0.64½</td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">$0.73</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1895</td> + <td class="tdr">3</td> + <td class="tdr">0¼</td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr">3</td> + <td class="tdr">4¼</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.70</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr">.81½</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1896</td> + <td class="tdr">3</td> + <td class="tdr">0½</td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr">3</td> + <td class="tdr">8¾</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.71</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.85</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1897</td> + <td class="tdr">3</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">5</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr">3</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">9</span></td> + <td class="tdr">.79½</td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.89</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1898</td> + <td class="tdr">3</td> + <td class="tdr">7½</td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr">4</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">5</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.82</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.06</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1899</td> + <td class="tdr">3</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">10</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr">4</td> + <td class="tdr">7¼</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.91</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.10</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1900</td> + <td class="tdr">3</td> + <td class="tdr">8½</td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr">4</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">9</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.83</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr">1.11½</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1901</td> + <td class="tdr">3</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">4</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr">3</td> + <td class="tdr">11½</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.76</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.95</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1902</td> + <td class="tdr">2</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">10</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr">3</td> + <td class="tdr">9½</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.66</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.92</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1903</td> + <td class="tdr">3</td> + <td class="tdr">6¼</td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr">4</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">8</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.78</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.13</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1904</td> + <td class="tdr">3</td> + <td class="tdr">10¾</td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr">5</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">6</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.89</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.32</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1905</td> + <td class="tdr">4</td> + <td class="tdr">10¼</td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr">5</td> + <td class="tdr">8¾</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.13</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.35</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1906</td> + <td class="tdr">4</td> + <td class="tdr">11½</td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr">5</td> + <td class="tdr">5½</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.16</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.28</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1907</td> + <td class="tdr">2</td> + <td class="tdr">11¾</td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr">5</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">3</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.69</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.24</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1908</td> + <td class="tdr">2</td> + <td class="tdr">9¼</td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr">5</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">5</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.65</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.30</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1909</td> + <td class="tdr">4</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">10</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr">9</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">2</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.13</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">2.15</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1910</td> + <td class="tdr">4</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">10</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr">12</td> + <td class="tdr">4½</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.16</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">2.90</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1911</td> + <td class="tdr">3</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">10</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr">7</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.90</span></td> + <td class="tdc">to</td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.67</span></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_133"></a>[133]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_134"></a>[134]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="FEDERAL_TERRITORY_OF_ACRE">FEDERAL TERRITORY OF ACRE</h3> +</div> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus23" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus23.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>SERINGUEIRO SMOKING RUBBER AT ALTO ACRE.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_135"></a>[135]</span></p> + +<h4 class="nobreak" id="THE_ACRE">THE ACRE<br> +<span class="smaller">THE FLUVIAL REGION THAT IS RICHEST IN RUBBER</span></h4> + +</div> + +<p>As far as the wealth of rubber obtained from natural sources +is concerned, Brazil ranks first among all the world’s rubber +producing countries. While the East Indian section, with its +plantation grown product, has already outstripped her in the +quantity of its annual plantation output, the superior excellence +of genuine Pará rubber has not been attained. The “fine rubber” +that comes from the inundated region of the lower river country +is best known. In the upper districts of various southern affluents, +fine rubber trees grow, but no longer in the lowlands that +have long been subject to inundation, they occur rather in forests +that are overflowed seldom, if at all, that even extend over the +hilly districts. The method of collection and the entire operation +of rubber production varies in many respects from the +more familiar methods of the inundated districts. This applies +particularly to Acre, with its characteristic and peculiar river +section.</p> + +<p>To explore this section, from economic and scientific points +of view, I undertook a journey last year, 1911, at the instance +of the Associação Commercial.</p> + +<p>The results of this journey will be embodied in a detail report, +it is at present proposed to make only a brief summary to supplement +the pictures shown in the exhibition.</p> + +<p>Our better knowledge of Acre dates back barely a quarter of +a century. At that period uncertainty prevailed as to which of +the countries adjoining Acre, Brazil, Bolivia and Perú, were the +owners of the territory. In more recent times these conditions +have been adjusted, the greater part having been awarded to +Brazil, while Bolivia received a portion of the left bank of the +upper Acre. The boundary between Bolivia and Perú is as yet +undecided. The latter country includes the uppermost left bank +of the source section which contains but few fine rubber trees.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_136"></a>[136]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus24" style="max-width: 26.5625em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus24.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>DR. CARLOS DE CERQUEIRA PINTO,<br> + Inventor of a Smokeless Process for Curing Rubber.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_137"></a>[137]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus25" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus25.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>LANDSCAPE ON THE BANKS OF THE ALTO ACRE.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_138"></a>[138]</span></p> + +<p>The Acre is a right affluent of the larger tributaries of +the Purús, entering above the mouth of the Rio Negro and coming +from the Southwest, and flows, like these, through the +boundless forest tracts of the Amazon River country. It rises +in elevated ground, East of the Andes, in a still partly explored +territory, very difficult of access, at about the eleventh +degree of southern latitude and 70½ longitude and flows at +first eastward, to the Bolivian boundary at 69°. From this point, +the Acre flows first Northeast, with a constantly increasing +northerly inclination, until it enters the Central Purús at 8⅔ +South latitude and 67½ longitude. The small steamers run +from this point to the junction with the Amazon and on to +Manáos in six to eight days.</p> + +<p>In November more than 40 large and small steamers are +despatched from Pará and Manáos. They carry supplies for the +rubber district and load, for the return trip, fine rubber and +other caoutchouc varieties. Such steamers have, as a rule, a +cargo capacity of 100 to 300 tons. The largest, taking as much +as 500 tons, are at most 50 to 60 meters in length.</p> + +<p>The journey from Manáos to the Purús, is usually accomplished +in one day. The Purús is a stately river, which, in its +lower reaches often attains a breadth of 1,000 meters and although +it gradually narrows, it always retains, until its confluence +with the Acre, a breadth of several hundred meters.</p> + +<p>The trip to that point takes, as a rule, 12 to 16 days and except +for the last stretch of about three days, is open all the year. +Here is the place called Cochoeiras, where there are rapids, +which during the dry season of about four months, obstruct steam +navigation on the Purús. The Acre, on the other hand, has a +narrow but deep bed, is rarely over 100 meters wide and often +contracts to 50 to 60 meters. In the dense forests, there may +be seen, from time to time, clearings on the banks with the +<b>Baracâos</b> that are the stations for the fine rubber business. Also +occasional larger places of residence, villages and little towns, +where longer stops are often made, are encountered.</p> + +<p>We first pass Antimary, at the mouth of a river similarly +named. Then we soon reach Porto de Acre, a large residential +place, where the steamers must have their papers passed and +pay duties.</p> + +<p>This is the beginning of the Federal territory, which is separate +from the State of Amazonas and is subject to the central +government in Rio de Janeiro. Hardly a day’s journey up stream +lies the little town of Empreza, with its picturesque houses embowered +in foliage. It is the most important place on the lower +Acre and the second largest residential town in Acre Territory.</p> + +<p>About three days’ journey up the river the town of Hapury +is reached, which contains several thousand inhabitants and +enjoys a considerable trade. It is the largest and most important +town in the entire Acre territory.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_139"></a>[139]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus26" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus26.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>ON THE LOWER ACRE.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_140"></a>[140]</span></p> + +<p>When at times in the river’s narrow water course there are +a dozen large steamers lying and a lively business intercourse +is everywhere in progress, the scene, in the depth of the primeval +forest, creates quite an imposing impression. Hapury is +considered already in the district of Alta Acre and from this +point, the difficulty of navigation increases, the breadth and +volume of water of the river alike decreasing. Very rapidly +during long, rainless periods, the river water level lowers and +the further progress of the steamers becomes impossible. They +must anchor at a convenient place and wait until the river rises +again. In lower Acre, where water is more plentiful, such interruptions +are less frequent, but in upper Acre they are the rule. +The farther the river is ascended the more frequent are these +compulsory stoppages, often lasting eight to fourteen days. High-water +in the river often lasts but a few days, so that the steamers +must stop again. Then too, the many windings of the river +make navigation exceedingly difficult. On the upper Acre travel +is by day only, boats laying to at night.</p> + +<p>Following the course of the river, 85 kilometers above Hapury, +Igarapé de Bahia is reached, on the Bolivian border and +then the little town of Cobija. It is situated on the right bank +and belongs to Bolivia, whereas on the left bank, Brazilian territory +continues. The steamers here are subject to the Bolivian +customs regulations and must pay duty on all goods destined +for Bolivia.</p> + +<p>A large number of the steamers that start from Manáos, go +only as far as this or as Hapury, only a few venture to penetrate +further and are not deterred by the great loss of time.</p> + +<p>Above Cobija are some of the most productive rubber sections +where there are goods to discharge and rubber to be loaded. +A few steamers follow the Bolivian border up to the terminal +station, Tacna. Here, as a small affluent from the right, the +Taverija flows into the Acre, forming at the same time the +boundary between Bolivia and Perú.</p> + +<p>Bolivia maintains here a small military post, whereas there +is only a commissioner for Perú. If the steamer has met with +favorable conditions, the trip from Manáos may have been made +in a month; ordinarily, however, it takes two or three months. +The return trip is made much faster, some steamers, that do +not stop, make Manáos from upper Acre in fourteen days.</p> + +<p>Above Tacna there are but two rubber forest districts or +seringaes as they are termed, the Seringal Auristella on the +Peruvian side and the Seringal St. Francisco on the Brazilian +side. The latter is a very productive and still young rubber +forest, farther up the river the fine rubber trees suddenly cease +and their output is no longer remunerative.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_141"></a>[141]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus27" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus27.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>RUBBER TREE AT HAPURY.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_142"></a>[142]</span></p> + +<p>The climate, like that of the Amazon country, is humid and +hot, with a rainy and a dry season. The southerly situation, +however, causes a somewhat more marked difference between +the two seasons. In April, the rains become less frequent and +then, until October, there are no or but very few heavy precipitations; +some times the fallen leaves on the ground in the woods +are dried out and even the dew is absent. There then occur, +however, especially in the months of June, July and August, +steady cold spells, when the thermometer, in the morning, sinks +to 8° C. and often does not go above 12° C. during the day. +These so-called <b>Friazens</b> last several days and are recurrent, but +cease in September. Thunder storms and violent rain storms +begin in October, so that in November the rivers are usually +navigable again. In December the first steamships arrive. In +January and February a rainless period is frequent, which is +followed, in March and April again, by a rainy spell. Many +steamers undertake, usually at this time, their second voyage +and if they have good fortune they make three trips to upper +Acre.</p> + +<p>The copious precipitation, the heat and the fertile soil have +produced in Acre a luxuriant primeval forest, which is higher +and more densely overgrown than that of the lower river courses +of the Amazon country. Trees of 40 to 50 meters in height +are not infrequent, they form a forest of varied composition. +There may be found here representatives of the most diverse +plant families; some of which, in the cool season, lose their +foliage. The forest is densely overgrown with plants, shoots +and shrubs. Where a thorny growth, Tapoea and other underbrush +gets the upper hand, a macheté or axe is necessary in +forcing a path through the virgin forest.</p> + +<p>Various kinds of trees are used by the natives for building +houses, fashioning canoes and other purposes. For export, however, +neither these useful woods nor many other products of +the forest, have attained any importance. The fruit of the cacao +tree and Pará nuts, rot on the ground, transportation to Manáos +being too costly. The caoutchouc products are, however, present +in such abundance and possess such great value, that their acquisition +and transportation recompenses every effort and have +been the cause of the development in these distant primeval +forests of a busy life.</p> + +<p>The water in the deeply hollowed bed of the Acre, swells +in flood time and submerges the land on the adjacent shores +and some sand banks, but for the most part does not penetrate +into the forest or only for a short period. The flooded forests of +the lower water courses, often miles in extent, are lacking and +the fine rubber trees grown on land free from inundation, often +reaches up into the hills in the hilly or mountainous district.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_143"></a>[143]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus28" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus28.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>JUNCTION OF THE ACRE RIVER WITH THE PURÚS.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_144"></a>[144]</span></p> + +<p>The fine rubber tree belongs to the Hevea brasiliensis, Mull. +Arg. or to their near families. It is higher and more vigorous +than the trees in the inundated districts and has somewhat larger +and longer seeds. Trees of more than 40 meters in height and +up to five meters in circumference, are not rare. Whether the +Acre fine rubber tree is a special species or a variety of Hevea +Braziliensis, can be determined only by a very painstaking investigation. +In yield of rubber and quality of product, the Acre +tree surpasses that of the inundated districts.</p> + +<p>Of other Hevea varieties Hevea cuneata Hub. the Seringa +vermelha, occurs but rarely, also sapium tapurú, Ule, is found +but rarely. Castillôa Ulei, Warb., the “caucho” of the Peruvians, +is quite plentiful and is generally utilized, its exploitation +being regarded sometimes as more profitable than the fine rubber. +Just as in the Amazon country, under the title “caoutchouc,” +the product of castillôa is mainly understood, so, in +Acre, for the yield of the Hevea, the name “fine rubber” is used.</p> + +<p>At present, there are on the Acre no unowned, unused lands, +but some of the seringaes in operation are capable of further +development. In lower Acre there are many seringaes that are +badly exhausted and furnish but a small yield. The rubber collectors +too, who, as is well-known, cut down the Castillôa trees, +are compelled to go further into upper Acre all the time to find +profitable work.</p> + +<p>Acre territory is regarded as the most productive fine rubber +section, especially on its borders; on the little river Hapury and +towards the Taurumano, which belongs to the water-shed of the +Madeira, the output is said to be exceedingly rich. In proportion +to their longitudinal extent, the extent of the woods belonging +to Acre, in breadth, is comparatively small, for in a one or +two days’ journey, it is possible to reach the district of another +river. The rubber forest properties are consequently all measured +from the river and include usually, a territory of several +hundred square kilometers, often in fact, equal to small principalities. +Many owners have also several seringaes, often in +Bolivia and Brazil simultaneously.</p> + +<p>In such a seringal on the river bank, the dwelling with warehouse +accommodations and sales-place, is erected, known as the +Baracâo in contradistinction to the small Baraken of the work +people.</p> + +<p>About the Baracâo the forest is usually cleared to afford land +for planting and pasture for the cattle.</p> + +<p>The management of the seringal and its entire business, proceeds +from the Baracâo. According to the extent of the seringal, +from twenty to several hundred work people are employed on it. +Through the entire forest, paths, known as <b>estradas</b>, are laid out, +from which all obstructive brush and hanging creepers, are cut +away with the macheté. These <b>estradas</b>, where possible, are laid +out in loops, so that they lead back to the starting point and are +so planned as to include from 100 to 150 fine rubber trees.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_145"></a>[145]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus29" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus29.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>SERINGAL WITH THE RUBBER ON THE ALTO ACRE.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_146"></a>[146]</span></p> + +<p>Every seringueiro is allotted two or three <b>estradas</b> to work. +These seringueiros live in the interior of the forest in special +<b>baraken</b>, either with their families, or usually several together. +The different <b>baraken</b> are connected by broader roads that can +be traversed by mules.</p> + +<p>In May or June, after the <b>estradas</b> have previously been put +in order, the gathering of fine rubber commences. The seringueiro +proceeds in the early morning into the forest, taps the +trees in the customary manner with the little axe Maschadi, attaches +the tin cups and afterwards collects the accumulated +milk. It is afternoon when he reaches home with the milk he +has collected in a rubber bag or in tin cans, to be smoked. In a +little hut, roofed with palm-straw, the smoking is proceeded with. +Pieces of wood that give a copious smoke are burned and over +the fire is placed a tin cylinder, known as a <b>Boião</b>. The seringueiro +first collects, in the middle of a round, strong stick, some +coagulated rubber milk and pours the still fluid milk, which he +has in a large tin dish, over this place, turning the stick so that +the smoke can impregnate the coagulating caoutchouc. He continues +this operation until the milk in the tin pan is all used up.</p> + +<p>By this means, a rubber ball is produced which is enlarged +in the succeeding days until it weighs about 50 kilos. The stick +is then withdrawn and the ball, stored with others, until the +mule train comes for it. A mule can carry on each side of him +50 kilos without over-exerting himself.</p> + +<p>If, however, the weight of the ball exceeds sixty kilos, the +mules are overloaded and the seringueiro who made the balls +pays a fine. Where the dwelling place of the seringueiro is near +a river and the fine rubber can be transported by canoe, larger +balls, that often weigh more than 100 kilos are made.</p> + +<p>This gathering and preparation of the fine rubber differs +materially from that practiced on the lower water courses where +the milk is smoked with much greater care, on the shovel shaped +mould and the balls, as a rule, weigh but 10 to 30 kilos. On the +Acre, the seringueiro will gather in a day 15 to 25 liters of milk, +which will yield 7 to 12 kilos of dry rubber, whereas in the +inundated section he will be able to gather but one-half or one-third +as much. Of course the seringueiro can smoke the milk +much more carefully and take certain precautions, as for instance, +that the rubber-milk is never heated. On the Acre on +the other hand, the milk is warmed as a rule, because otherwise +the large mass is difficult to manage. There is no question but +that in this manner the quality of the rubber, which is prepared +from the best material and certainly would yield the best product, +suffers. Nevertheless the rubber balls from Acre, prepared in +the primitive manner, furnish a good and much sought for rubber. +The tapping of the trees also is often effected with less care, +small steel axes being used that make wounds that are too deep +and as a result, the seringaes in the Acre are exhausted more +quickly than those in the inundated district.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_147"></a>[147]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus30" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus30.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>A HUT ON THE UPPER ACRE IN WHICH RUBBER IS SMOKED.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_148"></a>[148]</span></p> + +<p>From the <b>baracâos</b>, the stations on the banks of the river, +small mule trains proceed to the interior to bring in the rubber +balls, which are laid in rows, usually in the open air, so that they +will be thoroughly dried before loading them on the steamer. By +the same mules, food and supplies are sent to the seringueiros +in the forest. When the rubber gathering ceases in December +or January, the seringueiro has other important work to do. +Roads must be opened and repaired, clearings made in the forest, +huts erected, wood cut and finally the paths set in order for the +approaching harvest. During the rainy season, the steamer brings +new supplies and food, which the seringueiro must buy at the +<b>Baracâo</b>.</p> + +<p>Concerning the duties the seringueiro has to perform, there +are special regulations, which prevail in most seringaes and of +which written or printed copies are often furnished.</p> + +<p>To each seringueiro is allotted two or three estradas, each +with 120 to 200 trees. For this he pays 15 per cent of his gathering +of fine rubber to the owner of the forest and an additional +10 per cent if he uses the mules for transportation. The remaining +rubber belongs to the seringueiro in so far as he does not +have to pay it for goods purchased. As a rule, the owner purchases +a portion of the product on the spot at a price that is, of +course, somewhat lower than is paid in Manáos, the remaining +portion is shipped, for account of the seringueiro, to Pará and +Manáos, and he receives the full market price for it, of course, +after deducting freight and duties. The balance is placed to the +credit of the seringueiro and paid to the firm representing the +owner in Manáos or Pará. Certain items, for instance, the price +of Sernamby, consisting of residual scraps of rubber, the seringueiro +also receives in Acre. In some cases payments are made +in rubber products, a form of payment quite common in other +transactions.</p> + +<p>On the upper Acre, a seringueiro will usually collect in a +day as much milk as will yield from 6 to 15 kilos of fine rubber. +Two liters of this milk yield a kilo of dry rubber, whereas with +Manihot Glaziovi, 3 liters are required for this. Exceptional +cases occur where the seringueiro furnishes milk for 20 to 25 +kilos of fine rubber in one day. Daily collections of more than +40 liters, however, a single worker can hardly control and he +must then have an assistant for carrying and smoking. The +yearly production of a seringueiro amounts, in the better rubber +forest properties, to upwards of 1,000 kilos of dry rubber.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_149"></a>[149]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus31" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus31.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>RUBBER TREE OF NEARLY FIVE METERS IN CIRCUMFERENCE.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_150"></a>[150]</span></p> + +<p>Some owners offer a reward, such as for instance, a gold +watch, for the most industrious and luckiest seringueiro. On +the Seringal S. Francisco, for the crop year 1911-1912, a seringueiro +won the gold watch who had collected 2,500 kilos. The +annual highest yield of caoutchouc from the Castillôa was only +1,700 kilos, for the forest there in regard to Castillôa is already +very much exhausted. Otherwise the yields of this rubber are +more variable and higher than those of fine rubber.</p> + +<p>If the price of rubber rules high, a seringueiro has quite a +considerable income and with a little frugality can acquire a +property.</p> + +<p>If, on the other hand, the price of rubber drops below five +milreis, the seringueiro has trouble to make both ends meet +with his income and easily gets into debt. The supplies that he +must purchase from the proprietor or his representative (lessee) +are very expensive. The customs duties, the long haul and +consequently high freight, the risk, the different losses, which +the proprietor suffers through debtor workmen, and the occasional +high price of fine rubber, which forces all prices upward, makes +everything in upper Acre very dear.</p> + +<p>The prices of some of the most necessary supplies and goods +are about as follows.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1 kilo mandioka flour, 2½ milreis.</li> +<li>1 kilo coffee, 4 milreis.</li> +<li>1 kilo sugar, 3 milreis.</li> +<li>1 kilo beans, 3 milreis.</li> +<li>1 kilo rice, 2½ milreis.</li> +<li>1 kilo dried meat, 5 milreis.</li> +<li>1 kilo fresh meat, 4 milreis.</li> +<li>1 chicken, 30 milreis.</li> +<li>1 dozen eggs, 10 milreis.</li> +<li>1 bottle brandy, 8 milreis.</li> +<li>1 meter goods, 3 to 6 milreis.</li> +<li>1 woolen quilt, 120 to 140 milreis.</li> +<li>1 pair boots, 40 to 60 milreis.</li> +<li>1 cake washing soap, 3½ milreis.</li> +<li>1 piece fine soap, 5 milreis.</li> +<li>1 macheté, 14 to 22 milreis.</li> +<li>1 package matches, 3 milreis.</li> +<li>1 carbine, 200 milreis.</li> +<li>1 kilo powder, 28 milreis.</li> +<li>1 kilo shot, 4 milreis.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_151"></a>[151]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus32" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus32.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>THE MOUTH OF THE ACRE.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_152"></a>[152]</span></p> + +<p>1 pound sterling is now worth about 15 milreis, so that four +shillings (about one dollar U. S.)=3 milreis.</p> + +<p>On the lower Acre, goods are much cheaper and they fall +still lower down to Manáos, where many articles only cost one-third +or one-fourth as much, or even less, but Manáos is nevertheless +an expensive city.</p> + +<p>The large profits which fine rubber often yields, make all +labor very dear. For this reason agriculture has developed but +slowly and most food supplies must therefore be imported. +Nevertheless cattle raising is constantly growing, stock being +brought in from Bolivia. Bananas, the tubers of the sweet mandiola, +beans and some vegetables are extensively grown, especially +by Peruvians and Bolivians. Often the seringueiro will +plant some bananas and cultivate a small patch of cleared land, +but this is not favorably regarded by the proprietor. In some +seringaes, even the marriage of the seringueiros is opposed; +everything is directed towards obtaining the largest possible +quantity of fine rubber.</p> + +<p>Although the Acre is not very full of fish, fishing, in the dry +season, is attended with some success, which particularly benefits +dwellers on the banks of the river. Hunting also, in some +sections, furnishes residents with fresh meat. As animals of the +chase may be enumerated, monkeys, Taca, Aguti, wild swine, +small varieties of deer, sloths, tapirs, various wood fowl and +ducks.</p> + +<p>Very different from the arrangements customary, as a rule, in +the Acre, are the conditions in the Bolivian rubber districts, +which for the most part are owned by a single proprietor, N. +Suarez y Hermanos. He is said to produce 1,500 tons of fine +rubber per year, and could produce more than four times the +quantity if the entire forest concession, which is probably as +large as South Germany, was all put in operation. One portion +of this rubber forest is situated on the Acre, but the greater part +includes the Southwestern tributaries of the Rio Madeira. In +the properties on the Acre, the working methods are adapted to +Brazilian customs, especially where Brazilian seringueiros are +employed.</p> + +<p>While in the Seringaes, trade is conducted mostly through +the Baracâos, there are in some places, notably in Cobija, Hapury +and Empreza, various business houses, through which the +owners of seringaes, captains of ships and other persons, can +supply their wants, for before the steamer returns, there is often +a scarcity in some products.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_153"></a>[153]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus33" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus33.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>THE ACRE SEEN FROM COBIJA ON THE BOLIVIAN FRONTIER.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_154"></a>[154]</span></p> + +<p>The retail trade is mainly in the hands of so-called Turks, +various Orientals, from Syria, Arabia, Tunis and Morocco. They +have large boats, propelled by poles and oars and which contain +the goods in a covered space. These Turks travel as pedlars +for years about on the rivers, selling their goods for money or +rubber. This commerce is designated <b>Regatao</b> and is not favored +by proprietors, who sometimes forbid stopping in their territory. +The seringueiro can not only buy cheaper of them, but can dispose +of caoutchouc surreptitiously.</p> + +<p>Those who encounter favorable conditions on the Acre, who +are diligent and economical, can, by working in the rubber industry, +or in any other field of activity, soon acquire a property. +The majority, however, squander their earnings on trips to +Manáos, Pará or Ceará, or suffer from sickness.</p> + +<p>Although hygienic conditions on the Acre have improved with +the times and there are numerous healthy localities, malaria +still prevails there a great deal, and other diseases, notably beriberi, +are often fatally prevalent. Many privations, caused by +the difficulties of travel, and a certain amount of luxury, made +possible by the large earnings, often contrast with one another.</p> + +<p>From Acre, during the year, about 5,000 tons of fine rubber, +inclusive of other rubber products, are exported, of which certainly +a portion comes from the adjacent territory.</p> + +<p>This quantity, according to the price of rubber, will represent +a value of 20,000 to 75,000 contos of réis, about $5,000,000 to +$15,000,000. These are figures that play a part in the total output +of rubber, the importance of which is increased by its quality.</p> + +<h4>THE ACRE TERRITORY.</h4> + +<p>Previous to the Treaty of Petropolis, in 1903, between Brazil +and Bolivia, the Acre Territory formed part of the State of +Amazonas, one portion being, in fact, still in dispute. By virtue +of this treaty the Acre Territory became Brazilian, Brazil in +exchange paying £2,000,000 to Bolivia, an indemnity to an American +syndicate, and undertaking to construct the Madeira Mamoré +Railway.</p> + +<p>The Congress then empowered the Federal authorities to administer +the Territory until the question should be finally settled.</p> + +<p>The administration is much the same as that of the other +States. Recent laws have tended to decentralize the administration, +the latest being one giving municipal independence. The +three provinces of the Territory are:</p> + +<ul> +<li>Upper Purús (capital Senna Madureira),</li> +<li>Upper Juruá (capital Cruzeiro do Sul), and</li> +<li>Upper Acre (capital Empreza).</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_155"></a>[155]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus34" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus34.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>TRANSPORT OF RUBBER BISCUITS.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_156"></a>[156]</span></p> + +<p>The only product and export is rubber, the proportions during +1911 being:</p> + +<table> + <tr> + <td>Upper Purús</td> + <td class="tdr">4,042,000</td> + <td>kilos</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Upper Juruá</td> + <td class="tdr">3,008,000</td> + <td>kilos</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Upper Acre</td> + <td class="tdr">3,526,000</td> + <td>kilos</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>One of the most serious questions has been that relating to +the ownership of land. The Federal Congress is prepared to +solve this problem satisfactorily, by recognizing bona-fide holdings +dating from before the Treaty of Petropolis, giving preference +to property deeds granted by the State of Amazonas, next +to those given by the Republic of Bolivia during its brief occupation, +and then to any possession obtained in good faith during +the whole interregnum, up to the date of the last law passed.</p> + +<h4>GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.</h4> + +<p>For the protection of Brazilian rubber, and in order to facilitate +and develop its culture, as well as its final handling, a Federal +law was passed on January 5th of the current year. (No. +2513 A.)</p> + +<p>Its principal measures are especially concerned with Amazon +rubber and the country in which it is produced, viz.: the States +of Amazonas and Matto-Grosso and the Acre Territory. The +scheme embraces the construction of railways and roads, the +clearing of rivers, reduction of import duties and of dues on river +navigation, the establishing of coal depots, living accommodation +for laborers, centres for the production of foodstuff, model cattle +farms, prizes to rubber planters and exemption from import +duties on all material for rubber working.</p> + +<p>Besides the Madeira Mamoré Railway, which benefits principally +the Madeira River district of Matto-Grosso, and a further +branch of the same railway, now in course of construction, and +which is intended to open up the Bolivian district of the Beni +River, the Brazilian Government will construct another railroad +(in the route of which the Commercial Association has suggested +some alterations) to commence from Manáos and to work through +the region of the Rio Branco, to link up with the English railroad +already constructed in British Guiana up to the Brazilian boundary. +This railway will open up to the State of Amazonas a huge +tract of country admirably suited to agriculture of all kinds, and +to colonization by Europeans.</p> + +<p>The Association Commercial will also propose the construction +of a further railroad to communicate by means of branch +lines with the various provinces of the Acre Territory, in order +to bring the product of that region to the lower Purús River, at +a point which will admit of free access to steamers of deep draft +to and from Manáos.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_157"></a>[157]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus35" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus35.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>THE UPPER ACRE SEEN FROM PATAGONIA.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_158"></a>[158]</span></p> + +<h4>DR. CERQUEIRA PINTO’S PROCESS</h4> + +<h5>EXTRA FINE PARÁ</h5> + +<p>This rubber was cured for export in the rubber estate “IRACEMA,” +in the Federal Acre, Amazonia, Brazil, by Dr. Cerqueira +Pinto’s process of smokeless coagulation. (See The India Rubber +World, August 1, 1909, page 396, and copy of the same journal +of 1st September, the same year, page 435.)</p> + +<p>The enclosed sample contains 68 kilos and belongs to the lot +of 5,000 kilos (11,025 lbs.) that Dr. Cerqueira Pinto holds to be +sold in New York.</p> + +<p>Dr. Cerqueira Pinto’s process is one of coagulation of the +latex of the “<b>Hevea Brasiliensis</b>” by an ingredient patented by +the Brazilian Government—“<b>LACTINA</b>”—absolutely free of any +acid.</p> + +<p>The latex after the coagulation is pressed through a cylinder +in order to dry out.</p> + +<p>This rubber was tested and classified as of STANDARD type +by the Government of the United States of America.</p> + +<p>It offers the resistance of 2,010 pounds per square inch according +to the experiments made by The Manhattan Rubber Company +in July, 1909. This rubber means a saving to the manufacturer +of at least 20 per cent, in the opinion of the Favorite +Rubber Mfg. Co. of New Jersey and of 25 per cent, as per the +analysis made in London.</p> + +<p>The author of this process calls the Jury’s attention to his +rubbers and is willing to furnish with the sufficient quantity in +order to prove to the entire satisfaction of his assertions. It +vulcanizes as well by acid as by vapor. Dr. Cerqueira Pinto will +prepare, during the Exposition, in September, before the public +and the manufacturers, his rubbers with both Hevea and Castillôa +latexes, yield of the trees in October, 1911, in the Federal Acre, +Brazil. He shall present as well a large quantity of similar rubbers +cured by the author on different occasions. They are true +rubbers of commerce cured for export. They are clothed by a +vegetal varnish, soluble in water, which is also a discovery of +Dr. Cerqueira Pinto, to prevent the mould.</p> + +<h5>CASTILLÔA OR CAUCHO.</h5> + +<p>Prepared by the process of Dr. Carlos de Cerqueira Pinto. +(See the India Rubber World of September 1st, 1909, page 435).</p> + +<p>The included sample weighs 68 kilos. The author holds 1,400 +pounds of this quality to be sold in New York market.</p> + +<p>The article was cured by rubber laborers of the estate “Iracema” +in the Federal Acre, Amazonia, Brazil, during the months +of July to December, 1911. They are rubbers of commerce and +cured for export.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_159"></a>[159]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus36" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus36.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>COURTYARD OF THE SETTLEMENT OF THE + MESSRS. SUAREZ Y HERMANOS, FILLED WITH RUBBER BISCUITS READY FOR + SHIPMENT.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_160"></a>[160]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus37" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus37.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>THE TOWN OF HAPURY.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_161"></a>[161]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus38" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus38.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>SETTLEMENT OF PORTO AUCAO WITH MULES + CARRYING MERCHANDISE TO THE INTERIOR.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_162"></a>[162]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus39" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus39.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>SETTLEMENT OF MONTE MO.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_163"></a>[163]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus40" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus40.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>SERINGUEIRO CARRYING LATEX.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_164"></a>[164]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_165"></a>[165]</span></p> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="THE_STATE_OF_MATTO_GROSSO">THE STATE OF MATTO GROSSO</h3> + +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_166"></a>[166]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus41" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus41.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>BALLS OF RUBBER.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_167"></a>[167]</span></p> + +<h4 class="nobreak" id="MATTO_GROSSO">THE STATE OF MATTO GROSSO IN THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL RUBBER EXPOSITION +IN NEW YORK, 1912</h4> + +<p class="center">BY<br> +LEOPOLDO DE MATTOS</p> + +<p class="center">Dr. Joaquim Augusto da Costa Marques, President of the State +of Matto Grosso, 1911-1915</p> + +<p class="center">The State of Matto Grosso, Brazil, at the Third International +Rubber Exposition in New York, 1912</p> + +</div> + +<p>Of the twenty states composing the Republic of the United States +of Brazil, Matto Grosso is second to the largest in its territorial +extension. It is situated south of the States Amazon and Pará, +having on the East the States of Goyaz, S. Paulo and Paraná, +on the South the Republic of Paraguay, and on the West Bolivia.</p> + +<p>It embraces on the map that portion of the earth’s surface +which extends, approximately from the fourth degree South of +the Equator to the Tropic of Capricorn. Its immense area is +about 50,175 square leagues, or according to Mr. Candido Mendes +it has an area of 1,379,651 square meters. Its population is +actually about 350,000, not including a considerable number of +uncivilized Indians, whose improvement is carried steadily forward +by the united efforts of the State and Federal Governments.</p> + +<p>Without mentioning its capital, the principal cities of the +State are Corumbá, S. Luiz de Caceres, Miranda, Nioae, Focoué, +Santa Aunade Paranabyba, Diamantina, Rosario, Livramento, +and the new and recently incorporated municipality, S. Antonio +de Rio Madeira. Its capital, Cuyabá, is situated on the left bank +of the river of the same name, 288 meters above sea level, and +owes its origin to the Paulistas, who formed colonies in the +western part of Brazil during the first part of the Eighteenth +Century.</p> + +<p>In 1719 Paschoal Moreira Cabral ascending the River Coxipé +Mirim, founded on the left bank of this stream a village which<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_168"></a>[168]</span> +was called Forquilha, but to-day is the city of Cuyabá, where +in those early days a rich gold mine was discovered. In those +days, according to Elysée Reclus, the vast region of Matto +Grosso, was hardly anything except a narrow, ordinary zone, +nothing more than an immense solitude of undefined limits and +unknown, but given over to Indians and wild beasts. It was +joined to the rest of Brazil by the lonely paths of hunters, and by +channels of the rivers that had their origin there. Really in +those days communication with the remainder of Brazil was as +difficult as with Matto Grosso. It is within the memory of many +and known to those who read the history of Brazil, that it was +impossible for the troops who were enrolled and equipped in the +coast provinces, to go directly to the aid of their compatriots in +Matto Grosso, when the Brazilian people had to respond to the +declaration of war by Paraguay.</p> + +<p>With the thousands of obstructions in their path, a portion +of the army composed of 3,000 men, which left Rio de Janeiro +in April, 1865, and which could only be organized in Uberaba, +in the upper basin of Paraná, was reduced to about 700, when it +arrived at that safe and impregnable place.</p> + +<p>The war with Paraguay being ended, there is no doubt that +the victory gained by Brazil opened wide the ports of Matto +Grosso, for the natural declivity of the soil, the course of the +streams, with the free river navigation, guaranteed by her triumph, +established a regular line of packets between Rio de +Janeiro, Corumbá and Cuyabá, by way of the River La Plata, +passing by Montevideo, Buenos Ayres and Assumption.</p> + +<p>The fluvial ways of the Guaporé, Madeira and Amazon +were constantly used in the Eighteenth Century, after the exploration +made by Manoel de Lima in 1742. Navigation by +the Guaporé river to the Madeira, in short to S. Antonio, which +is the initial point of navigation on this last mentioned river, is +long and full of difficulties. Withal, Matto Grosso is gradually +approaching the coasts of Brazil by means of railroads, such as +the Northwestern Road, which will shortly unite it with Rio de +Janeiro, and the railroad, already projected, which, parting from +S. Luiz de Caceres, will reach the old city of Matto Grosso, +where the Guaporé begins to be navigable, to Guajará-Mirim, the +terminal point of the great Madeira-Mamoré Railway.</p> + +<p>In a short time, as can readily be seen, these roads will be a +reality, the navigable rivers being united by the stretches of railroads +between them. The Paranápanema and the Ivahy in the +States of Paraná and S. Paulo, continue on the one side of the +Paraná River, ascending the Ivanhema, and the Brilhante, as +far as the neighboring mountains of Miranda, in the meridional +part of Matto Grosso.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_169"></a>[169]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus42" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus42.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>RUBBER FROM JACY PARANÁ OF FIDEL BACA + & CO. READY TO BE PUT IN BOATS TO BE TAKEN TO A STATION OF THE + MADEIRA MAMORÉ RAILWAY.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_170"></a>[170]</span></p> + +<p>The magnificent regions of Matto Grosso promise in the +near future, to be great centers of population and consequently +a future focus of civilization by probable fusion of the different +elements of immigration, which will certainly come together +there in the flight of time, and the increased facilities in the way +of transportation. Somewhere it has been said, that colonization +without doubt will come from the South, from Paraguay and +Argentina; but at the present time, with the completion of the +Madeira-Mamoré Railway, undoubtedly colonization will also +come from the North, communication being facilitated by the +Amazon River, the Madeira being one of its tributaries, on the +right bank of which is situated Porto Velho, the initial point of the +Madeira-Mamoré Railway. These effects are already commencing +to produce results as may be seen from founding of a new +municipality and district of Matto Grosso, called the municipality +of St. Antonio of the River Madeira, reached by the above-mentioned +railway and to which region we will devote a special +chapter later on.</p> + +<p>Already one sees the farthest northern side of Matto Grosso +filling with people, while the southern side really contains the +greater number of inhabitants.</p> + +<p>Matto Grosso is one of the regions of least roughness on the +continent of South America. There are no elevations of the +land which constitute real mountains.</p> + +<p>The elevated lands have their points of culmination in the +western bases of the Mantiqueira, the Aymorés, and the Espinhaço, +and continue, gradually lowering from this side to the +West of Goyaz, and on the other side are the elevated lands at +the base of the Andes, which incline to the East with its supports. +Elysée Reclus says that an intermediary plain, separating +the two geographical districts, goes winding in the form of a +valley, that in other ages certainly was a maritime strait separating +the two islands—Western Brazil and the Andes.</p> + +<p>To-day rivers run in the depression where formerly there +was a sea and the plain is actually full of alluvial soil. The true +center of South America is between the two cities of Cuyabá and +Corumbá.</p> + +<p>To those who do not know the region, the slopes of the hills +are mistaken for mountains and geographical maps show a chain +of mountains more or less continuous, between the basins of the +Tapajóz and the Madeira, between the head waters of the same +Tapajóz and Paraguay and finally between the Tapajóz and the +Araguaya. Nevertheless this semi-circular plain exists only in +fragments, because the elevations which are found in the plains +of the upper Paraguay and its tributaries are only a high, level +ground of horizontal sections or slight elevations and worn away +by the rivers which flow into the great Amazon.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_171"></a>[171]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus43" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus43.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>REMOVING THE BALL OF RUBBER AFTER IT + HAS BEEN SMOKED.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_172"></a>[172]</span></p> + +<p>They are rather tablelands than mountains, for they do not +reach an elevation, except in some parts of the tableland, of more +than 100 meters, while the mean elevation of a range of mountains +is 500 meters.</p> + +<p>This geographic district in the State of Matto Grosso is indifferently +called the cordillara of Parecys, but does not present a +mountainous aspect except on the South side. On this scarred +side, the rock is cut into peaks, or cut away into obelisks. On +the other side towards the Tapajóz and Xingú, a long range extends +and gradually declines into the plains of the State of +Amazonas. D’Orbiguy found in the high northern part of Matto +Grosso, the existence of beds pertaining to the carboniferous age +and corresponding to rocks of the same nature which on the +opposite side of that region are found in the Bolivian bases of +the Sierra of Santa Cruz. After this Hart and Derby verified +the fact that the southern parts of the Araxá, which are the +elevated borders of the tableland, date probably from paleozoic +epochs, and there are found the carboniferous, devonian and +silurian beds. Fossil beds found by the Geologist Smith below +the hillocks of the plains, 50 kilometers east of Cuyabá, place +these facts beyond doubt. More to the North is the zone of +the rocky places, which in links cut the Madeira, Tapajóz, Xingú, +Tocatius and their tributaries, the walls denuded by erosion, are +all of the crystalline formation, granite, gueis, porphory and +quartzite. The elevations that unroll in the direction of the +South, between the sources of the Paraguay and Araguaya, following +between the Paraguay and the Paraná, do not present the +same characteristics as the tablelands of the North. The high +parts of Western Matto Grosso were separated from the East +and West sides and devastated by lateral excavations, take in +certain places the aspects of true mountain chains, and for this +reason they are named, from the North to the South, the Sierras +of S. Jeronimo, Maracajú and Anhauhaly.</p> + +<p>Eruptive rocks, called basaltic in this country, probably porphyritic +rend the beds of sandstone, of which the mountains are +composed and appear to form by their disintegration “red lands,” +similar to those which give the farmers of S. Paulo their abundant +harvests of coffee.</p> + +<p>In a sort of circle limited by a semicircle of elevations isolated +masses have been lifted up, rocks whose outlines, seen +from a distance, have a perfect regularity. The hills proper, for +the greater part, have geometrical forms, which it should be +said, great forces have crumbled, leaving smooth walls like the +sides of pyramids. The tops of the tablelands, as well as summits, +have been maimed by a force certainly corresponding to +the other summits, which now may be seen as part of the same +prairie. According to Taunay, who traveled over the country, +these masses of sandstone in horizontal beds regularly placed +one above another, are formed of marshy sediment deposited +by the sea of fresh water, which in former times covered this +region.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_173"></a>[173]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus44" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus44.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>COLLECTING THE LATEX.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_174"></a>[174]</span></p> + +<p>The ruins of these hills and slopes contributed also to change +the physiognomy of the landscape. These excoriations were +picked up and dragged by the rivers, to form new beds and +soil, and much rock disappeared below the continued crumbling +of the mountains. Others show nothing except their summits +above the land of recent formation. Masses that held them to +the tablelands and the chains of the interior are separated from +them, because their bases are buried and they emerge abruptly +from the soil. These distinctive peaks to which the name of +<b>itambea</b> has been given, raise their heads above a sea of trees, +like some great buildings erected by the hand of man. To the +East, the southern part of Matto Grosso, they range themselves +in files and group themselves in archipelagoes, each time becoming +higher and more numerous. The part that goes towards the +West are solitary peaks on the circle of the horizon and may be +seen along the banks of the River Paraguay, and even on the +other side of the same.</p> + +<p>The Upper Guaporé, Itenez of the Bolivians, although situated +in the immense basin of the Amazon as a tributary to the +Madeira River by the Mamoré, belongs to the State of Matto +Grosso, for the city of this name was founded on its banks and +nearly the whole population of the state accumulated in this depression, +through whose western half the river finds its way. Its +principal source is very obscure. It rises in a grotto along the +border of the Araxá, and takes first a southerly course, parallel +to other rivers which descend towards Paraguay. On leaving +the last hills it curves to the West, and afterwards to the Northwest, +where already enlarged by numerous tributaries it crosses +the plain, where there is found the city named at its founding +Villa Bella and to-day called Matto Grosso.</p> + +<p>The Paraguay is one of the most known rivers of South +America, as a way of navigation, as Elysée Reclus affirms. Few +rivers have such a slight declination in proportion to their length. +Castelnaw says that it rises at an altitude of 305 meters, in +places where tranquil waters glide slowly to the sea, the altitude +of the land being scarcely 200 meters. At a point 4,000 kilometers +from the sea, the declination is scarcely 5 centimeters. +Therefore, steamers of light draft can freely ascend to the confines +of Brazil, far to the North of the two Republics of Argentine +and Paraguay and arrive at the base of the tableland by +the principal river and its tributaries, Jaurú, Sepotuba, Cuyabá, +S. Lourenço and Taquary. The Paraguay presents another notable +phenomenon, which is the crossing its sources with those of +the tributaries of the Amazon.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_175"></a>[175]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus45" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus45.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>SMOKING RUBBER.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_176"></a>[176]</span></p> + +<p>The River Jaurú approaches the Guaporé so closely that it +would be easy to make a canal from the waters of this western +river to a tributary of the Jaurú. Another tributary of the Paraguay, +the Aguapehy, is only separated from the Alegre River, +which flows by the old city of Villa Bella, to-day called Matto +Grosso, by a low and narrow isthmus, which according to +Leverger measures 5,280 meters. During 1772, and even later, +it was proposed to cut a canal at different places in this isthmus, +but the work was never done because of the little commerce of +that locality. Certainly, railroads, in the near future, will supply +the absence of a canal and will join Montevideo to Pará, passing +through the larger part of the State of Matto Grosso, and by a +continental navigable water way of 8,300 kilometers, as Bartholomo +Bossi says.</p> + +<p>The Paraguay River has as its principal tributaries the S. +Lourenço, enlarged by the waters of the Cuyabá, the Taquary, +the Mondego, and the Apá, the last marking the boundary between +Brazil and the Republic of Paraguay. At the time of +the floods, its level, and that of its tributaries, rises 10 to 11 +meters and overflows to the right and the left, forming a temporary +sea, which extends to great distances, being lost to sight +and continuing in lakes. The first Spanish explorers gave it the +name of Lake Xarayes, in its lower section, where it receives +the nearly dormant waters of its principal tributaries. This lake is +about 600 kilometers in length from North to South, between +the mouths of Jaurú and the hills of “Fecho-dos-Morros,” and in +certain places reaches a width of 250 kilometers.</p> + +<p>It is not permanent, as you already know, but at certain +seasons of the year there are overflows, which the Indians called +bays and rightly, for here there were bays of an ancient sea, +which to-day are nearly dry, and most of these lakes are in constant +communication with the Paraguay River, either by underground +openings, or by long canals. These latter are called +the lakes of Uberaba, Gaiaba, Mandioré, Caceres, etc. Some of +these lakes contain only fresh water from the overflowing rivers, +while others being ancient cavities are now filled with salt water, +and have in their depths beds of salt, which give to the liquid a +soapy characteristic. It is singular that this contrast by nature +of fresh and salt water is also found in the lands of the vast +plains, and thus it is, that these extensive fields, covered by a +rich alluvial soil, bear heavy forests. Here the agriculturist can +certainly obtain marvelous harvests. It is certainly true that +these fields of Matto Grosso will serve for agriculture as well as +pastoral industry.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_177"></a>[177]</span></p> + +<p>The height of the lands, formed in the center of this vast +valley, hinders the tributary from remaining in a regular channel, +and the waters escaping from both sides ramify in a labyrinth of +rivers and false rivers. The lateral branches follow in the zones +of the lakes, to the confluence of the Taquary and Miranda +Rivers, which descend from the mountains on the East. These +receive in the upper region, a tributary called the Coxim, which +travelers consider one of the most picturesque rivers of Brazil. +It is curious to see, in some places, the waters of the Coxim +crowded between perpendicular walls 50 meters in height and +the small vessels floating on their bosom at the bottom of an +opening not more than 10 or 12 meters in width.</p> + +<h5>THE CLIMATE</h5> + +<p>The climate of Matto Grosso is relatively warm in the lower +parts and those overflowed by the high waters of the Paraguay +and other rivers. In the region of the tablelands the climate +is cool and healthy. The movement of the air columns is determined +by the open passage way between the Andes mountains +and the highlands of Brazil, as well as in the center of the +South American continent, and are held by it. The warm winds, +coming from the region of the Amazon, are succeeded in the +Winter time by the winds which blow from the cool pampas. +In the high parts of the circle of hills and mountains which surround +the tablelands of Matto Grosso, the cold goes below the +freezing point. The copious rains brought by the cooling winds +refresh the central tablelands of Brazil and then dash themselves +against the sides of the Andes. They fall with great regularity +in the Summer and are frequently accompanied by thunderstorms. +According to observations taken by some, the annual +fall of water is 3 meters, and in Cuyabá about 135 days of the +ordinary year are rainy ones.</p> + +<h5>ITS SITUATION</h5> + +<p>The State of Matto Grosso, from its geographical situation +in the Continent of South America, placed at the point of separation +of the two great basins of Brazil, contains at the same time +the flowers and faunae of the Amazon and Plata regions. Nevertheless, +the tropical flora predominates with its infinite variety +of vegetable forms in all the forest regions, that is to say, along +the banks of the rivers, and among the famous species found +along the shores of the River-Sea, there are few which are not +found in the region of the Upper Guaporé, and specimens of +which may not be seen.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_178"></a>[178]</span></p> + +<p>In no other parts, like here, will the development of Cipo’s +palm be found. In 1875, a boundary commission discovered +one of these palms <b>Urumbamba (Calamus procumbeus) or Des +Moncus rudentum de Martins</b>, of more than 20 meters in length, +with hardly the thickness of a centimeter. The cotton tree, tobacco, +ipecac, there called “poya,” grow spontaneously on the +plains and in the forests. The last grows abundantly in the +forests of the Upper Jaurú and the neighboring rivers. Maté, +the most notable product of the tablelands of the South, and +which has made some regions rich, as the State of Paraná, grows +here spontaneously between the Rivers Miranda and Apá, without +speaking of the seringa, which is found in immense and thick +forests in a district that extends from Cuyabá to Madeira and +which will be the special subject of this leaflet.</p> + +<p>The woods for building are very abundant and of a great +variety, such as Brazil wood, Jacarandá, Peroba, Canella, Cedro, +Jequitibá, Massaran-duba, Arco, Ferro, Setim and Vinhatico.</p> + +<p>Among the animals are found deer, tapir, panther, and also +a large number of small animals usually found in tropical regions. +The fowls and birds along the streams and the songsters in the +forests are, because of their variety, almost innumerable. The +ostrich is found in the region of the pampas and on the margins +of the upper Paraguay. There are many varieties of fish in +the large and small rivers.</p> + +<p>In the mineral kingdom, the State of Matto Grosso has +numerous mines of gold, silver, platinum, copper, tin, mercury, +coal, iron, precious stones, diamonds, etc. There are already +four English companies developing gold mines. There is also +granite, crystal, malacacheta, limestone, sal-geunna, etc. Finally, +in the region of the Araxá, there are sulphur mineral springs.</p> + +<p>In Matto Grosso are found the largest cattle ranches, not only +as to their territorial extent, but also as to the number of horses +and cattle, some of them numbering 100,000 head. The number +of cattle is calculated to be 2,000,500,000 head. Although the +transportation of cattle from Matto Grosso to Rio de Janeiro +is difficult, it is generally done by a road running West to +Uberaba, where they pass the Winter season of two or three +months and being recuperated are sent by railroad to Rio de +Janeiro. Hence it is easy to see that with the completion of the +Northwestern Railway of Brazil, the problem of transportation +to the coast will be solved. Also with the completion of the +Madeira-Mamoré Railway the navigable rivers of Matto Grosso, +will in short time, be linked with the port of Pará. Before long +another railway will extend from S. Luiz de Caceres, the ancient +city of Matto Grosso, where the River Guaporé commences to +be navigable to Guajará-Mirim, the terminal point of the +Madeira-Mamoré Railway. This will solve the problem of the +transportation of cattle to the States of Amazonas, Pará, etc.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_179"></a>[179]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus46" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus46.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>RUBBER BEING SHIPPED ON MADEIRA-MAMORÉ + RAILWAY AT THE ESTATES OF FIDEL BACA & CO., JACY PARANÁ RIVER</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_180"></a>[180]</span></p> + +<p>From this brief exposition one concludes that the State of +Matto Grosso is very rich in cattle and gold, diamonds and coffee, +tobacco and maté, rubber and ipecac, and all other products +of the tropical and temperate zone. Without doubt it will come +to be one of the largest and richest empires of the world.</p> + +<p>Endowed with a warm climate in the North, it has in other +regions a temperate and even cold climate. The tablelands +contain a rare accumulation of wealth, yet little explored. Naturally +people, in their activities and progressive conflict for a livelihood, +will come here from all parts of the world. By their intelligence +and endeavors they will make that part of Brazil an industrial, +commercial and maritime mart. Here from the fusion +of the different races, a great civilization will arise, and mankind +will progress onward and upward to the final conquest of +the land.</p> + +<h5>RUBBER</h5> + +<p>The rubber sent to this Exposition, comes from the vast +regions served by the Rivers Machados, or Dgy-Paraná, Jamary, +Jacy-Paraná, Mutum-Paraná, Paca-Nova and Guaporé and their +tributaries, which in turn are tributaries of the great Madeira +River, on whose right bank is situated the new municipality St. +Antonio do Rio Madeira, installed July 2, 1912.</p> + +<p>The new municipality has the following limits: Starting at +the falls of St. Antonio do Rio Madeira, on parallel 8° 48′, the +River Madeira above; the River Madeira above to the mouth +of the Guaporé on parallel of 12°, and on this parallel to its intersection +with the River Camararé; on this river below to its confluence +with the Juruema; on this river below to the point where +it unites with the Arinos; on the parallel at this point which +passes to its intersection with S. Manuel River; it follows this +river down to its confluence with the Tapajóz; and from this +point back to St. Antonio Falls, along the line that divides +Matto Grosso from the Amazonas. All this immense territory +of the new municipality is traversed on the North by the +Madeira-Mamoré Railway, which was completed and opened +for traffic, September 7, 1912. It starts at Porto Velho and +terminates at Guajará-Mirim, a distance of 390 kilometers.</p> + +<p>The Madeira-Mamoré Railroad, in addition to the stations +already opened in Porto Velho, Candelaria, St. Antonio, Jacy-Paraná, +Abunã, Villa Murtinho, and Guajará-Mirim has 46 places +of stopping, which corresponds to the number of camps.</p> + +<p>Among the ways of communication that St. Antonio do Rio<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_181"></a>[181]</span> +Madeira, the new municipality, has with the neighboring States +of Amazonas and Pará, as well as with the capital and other +cities of Matto Grosso, we would mention the telegraph line +which the Federal Government is constructing along with its +public road ways. There are two gangs of engineers and workmen +engaged in the construction of the telegraph line. One +started at St. Antonio in the North, and the other at Diamantina +in the South. Leaving St. Antonio the telegraph line follows +parallel 8° 48′ until it comes to the River Jamary, a distance of +about 60 kilometers. Arriving there its course is changed to the +headwaters of the Dgy-Paraná River, to a place called Urupá. +Here it will meet and be joined to the line coming from the +South. On June 3, 1912, at the very headwaters of the Dgy-Paraná +River, the telegraph station of José Bonifacio was opened, +by the gang from the South, while those from the North had, +previous to this, opened the stations of St. Antonio do Rio +Madeira and Jamary. This notable undertaking is under the +efficient and extraordinary devotion of the Colonel of Engineers +of the Brazilian army, Candido Roudon, who has a record for +the construction of telegraph lines in Brazil and South America.</p> + +<p>Within a year, more or less, the telegraph line will follow +along a roadway 40 meters wide, and about 200 leagues in length, +extending from Cuyabá to St. Antonio on the Madeira River. +This immense roadway of communication cutting all this vast +interior, rich in rubber and gold, will have a telegraph station +every 10 leagues. In Porto Velho, the initial point of the Madeira-Mamoré +Railway, there is already working a wireless +telegraph station of the Marconi system. There is daily communication +with Manáos. Also with Iquitos and with the Federal +department at Acre, Purús and Juruá.</p> + +<p>Transportation from Manáos to St. Antonio on the Madeira +River is made in good condition and comfortable vessels. During +the time of low water, that is during the dry season of the +great Amazon and its tributaries, only vessels of 500 tons can +ascend to those places from Manáos. In the time of high waters, +when the valley of the entire Amazon is overflowed, the trans-Atlantic +steamers of 7,000 to 9,000 tons, ascend in four days +from Manáos. This has been done in the transportation of +materials for the construction of the Madeira-Mamoré Railway. +The vessels easily approached and made fast to the two wharves +made of wood, one of which is in front of the offices at Porto +Velho and the other at Candelaria. The Government of the +Republic, however, has determined to build of stone and lime +the wharves between Porto Velho and St. Antonio on the River +Madeira.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_182"></a>[182]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus47" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus47.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>RUBBER ON THE BEACH READY FOR SHIPMENT.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_183"></a>[183]</span></p> + +<p>The small steamers which navigate during the dry season, +have accommodations for first and third class passengers, are +lighted by electricity, have an artificial ice plant and make the +voyage from Manáos to Porto Velho and St. Antonio in about +five days, at the average speed of ten miles an hour, calling at +the small Amazonian ports and cities situated on the banks of +the Madeira River. In descending the river both the large and +small steamers make the voyage in from three to four days.</p> + +<p>The rubber from St. Antonio on the Madeira River is of the +same physical and chemical constituents as all the rubber of the +Amazon Valley. This is worth remembering, when we think +of this new municipality in the State of Matto Grosso, being +the frontier of the States of Amazonas and Pará.</p> + +<p>In the Manáos market, where the rubber comes by way of +the Madeira River, and in that of Pará, which it reaches by way +of River Tapajóz, it is always quoted at the same price and +under the same conditions as those produced in the regions of +the Amazon proper.</p> + +<p>The production has been increasing annually since 1906 and +is actually about 2,000,000 of kilos annually. This will certainly +increase to an amount that cannot be foretold, with the +completion of the Madeira-Mamoré Railway, the wagon road +and telegraph line and the constant improvements in navigation.</p> + +<p>During the first six months of the current year, the production +of rubber was greater than for the same length of time in +any year since 1907, as can be verified from the report annexed.</p> + +<p>In those regions, between Cuyabá and the new municipality, +there exist rubber (seringa) forests capable of producing in one +year, more than 40,000,000 of kilos of rubber.</p> + +<p>To attain this ideal, it is only necessary that the captains of +industry should join in the development of extraction. This +fountain shoots forth from the earth spontaneously without the +necessity of cultivation. To encourage and stimulate those who +wish to employ there, their endeavors and capital, the law of the +State of Matto Grosso offers special favors. These are offered +to those who wish to develop the vast forests of rubber existing, +as well as to those who wish to plant and cultivate the <b>Syphonia +elastica</b>.</p> + +<p>Speaking of the Rubber Exposition soon to be held in New +York, it is proper to call attention to the well-known fact that +already the capitalists of North America have begun the development +of that region.</p> + +<p>The large capitalist, Percival Farquhar, of North America, +has already incorporated two rubber companies, the Muller and +Guaporé, under the social terms of July, for the purpose not +only of developing the extraction industry of the <b>hevea</b> braziliensis, +but also for the different branches of agriculture necessary +for the making of sugar, cotton cloth, etc.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_184"></a>[184]</span></p> + +<p>Actually the extraction of rubber in the vast seringaes of +the municipality of St. Antonio of the River Madeira employ +about 5,000 workmen. This number will constantly increase, as +the said municipality becomes the center of the currents of commerce, +industry and agriculture, from Matto Grosso and the +Republic of Bolivia.</p> + +<p>This is easy to imagine, when we see that the Madeira-Mamoré +Railway will place it in communication to the South with +S. Luiz de Caceres, by means of the River Guaporé, and by the +railway, which, from S. Luiz de Caceres will extend to the ancient +city of Matto Grosso, thus joining the basin of the Plata—by +means of the Paraguay River, to the basin of the River Amazon. +And to the West the same Madeira-Mamoré Railway, reaching +to Ribeira-Alta, will bind the vast and rich regions of the Bolivian +Republic to the basin of the Amazon, by means of the Madeira +River. Presently the chief engineer and director of the +Madeira-Mamoré Railway, Mr. H. Dose, will leave for that +region, to begin the construction of the branch Guajará Mirim—Matto +Grosso, to Ribeira Alta, Bolivia, which will be finished +within a year and a half, and be about 100 meters long.</p> + +<p>In addition to this with the prompt construction within a year +of the wagon—telegraphic line—roadway from Cuyabá to St. +Antonio on the Madeira River, we can easily conclude, that the +municipality of St. Antonio on the Madeira River, will indeed +become the converging point of these great and strong currents +of development of progress and of civilization.</p> + +<p>In conclusion it should not be forgotten that this territory +herein described serves not only for the production of rubber, +which there, as in the whole valley of the Amazon, is native +and grows according to the laws of nature. It also should be +mentioned that cacao and cotton are native, while there can +be planted and cultivated, sugar cane, coffee, vanilla, corn, beans, +rice, tobacco, potatoes, brazil nut, etc. The Madeira-Mamoré +Railway Company has the concession of a vast amount of land +along its line, which it proposes to plant in cacao, sugar cane, +etc., thus improving these lands.</p> + +<p>From this description, in which we have endeavored to set +forth only the truth, giving the facts concerning the region in +question, it can be concluded that the new municipality of St. +Antonio on the River Madeira, which actually exports to the markets +of the world, via Pará and Manáos, about 2,000,000 kilos +of rubber, will in a few years, with immigration and from other +causes, export from 10 to 15,000,000 kilos.</p> + +<p>The author of this article asks indulgence for any shortcomings +it may contain, as it was written in the spare moments +he could find, while laboriously collecting the samples of rubber +and putting them on board the steamer at Manáos for New York.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_185"></a>[185]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus48" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus48.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>PUTTING THE LAST LAYERS OF MILK ON THE BALL.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_186"></a>[186]</span></p> + +<p>The samples of rubber from the State of Matto Grosso, which +are seen in this International Rubber Exposition, have been exhibited +by order of the Government and at the expense of the +Commercial Association of the Amazonas.</p> + +<h5>STATE OF MATTO GROSSO<br> +Inspection Department of the North<br> +Table showing the production of rubber in the valleys of the +Madeira and upper Tapajóz, for the years 1907-1912, in comparison +with the first six months of 1912:</h5> + +<table> + <tr> + <th>Origin</th> + <th>1907</th> + <th>1908</th> + <th>1909</th> + <th>1910</th> + <th>1911</th> + <th>1912</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Machado and Jamary</td> + <td class="tdr">1,092,454</td> + <td class="tdr">1,252,194</td> + <td class="tdr">910,982</td> + <td class="tdr">1,295,605</td> + <td class="tdr">1,317,917</td> + <td class="tdr">1,315,995</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="nw">Jacy-Paraná, Upper Madeira and Moré</td> + <td class="tdr">98,464</td> + <td class="tdr">152,713</td> + <td class="tdr">150,759</td> + <td class="tdr">142,458</td> + <td class="tdr">201,562</td> + <td class="tdr">259,612</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Upper Tapajóz</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td class="tdr">156,034</td> + <td class="tdr">167,841</td> + <td class="tdr">107,458</td> + <td class="tdr">73,688</td> + <td class="tdr">113,453</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td class="tdr bt">1,190,918</td> + <td class="tdr bt">1,560,941</td> + <td class="tdr bt">1,229,582</td> + <td class="tdr bt">1,545,521</td> + <td class="tdr bt">1,593,167</td> + <td class="tdr bt">1,689,060</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_187"></a>[187]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus49" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus49.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>TAPPING THE RUBBER TREE.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_188"></a>[188]</span></p> + +<h5>STATE OF MATTO-GROSSO</h5> + +<p>The capital, Cuyabá, and the principal port, Corumbá, belong +to the hydrographical system of the Paraguay River.</p> + +<p>The boundaries of this State, formed by the Amazon River, +embrace the upper basin of the Madeira River, which as the result +of an agreement with the State of Amazonas appertains to Matto-Grosso, +whereas it previously belonged to the former State.</p> + +<p>This territory constitutes the judicial and administrative province +of Santo Antonio do Madeira.</p> + +<p>The executive and fiscal administration is entrusted to a Fiscal +Delegate in Manáos. The collection of duties is attended to +by the State Customs of Amazonas.</p> + +<p>The rubber producing rivers, with total production of Matto-Grosso, +are:</p> + +<table> + <tr> + <th></th> + <th>1908</th> + <th>1909</th> + <th>1910</th> + <th>1911</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <th></th> + <th>Kilos</th> + <th>Kilos</th> + <th>Kilos</th> + <th>Kilos</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="nw">Machado and Jamary</td> + <td class="tdr">1,253,000</td> + <td class="tdr">911,000</td> + <td class="tdr">1,296,000</td> + <td class="tdr">1,318,000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="nw">Jacy Paraná, Upper Madeira & Mamoré</td> + <td class="tdr">153,000</td> + <td class="tdr">150,000</td> + <td class="tdr">143,000</td> + <td class="tdr">202,000</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>During the first half of the current year the production has +shown a considerable increase, this being largely due to the opening +and developing of the Madeira Mamoré Railway, which passes +through the whole region of these rivers.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_189"></a>[189]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus50" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus50.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>BOATS GOING TO THE UPPER JACY PARANÁ RIVER TO GET RUBBER</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_190"></a>[190]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus51" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus51.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>WALKING THROUGH THE FOREST ESTATE OF + FIDEL BACA & CO., JACY PARANÁ RIVER.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_191"></a>[191]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p class="center">ESTADO DE MATTO-GROSSO NA<br> +EXPOSIÇÃO INTERNACIONAL DE<br> +BORRACHA DE 1912 EM NEW-YORK</p> + +</div> + +<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">POR</span><br> +<span class="larger">LEOPOLDO DE MATTOS</span></p> + +<p class="titlepage">NEW-YORK, 1912</p> + +<p class="titlepage">DR. JOAQUIM AUGUSTO DA COSTA MARQUES<br> +<span class="smaller">PRESIDENTE DO ESTADO DE MATTO-GROSSO<br> +1911-1915</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_192"></a>[192]</span></p> + +<h4 class="nobreak" id="O_ESTADO_DE_MATTO-GROSSO">O ESTADO DE MATTO-GROSSO NA EXPOSIÇÃO DE BORRACHA DE 1912 EM NEW-YORK</h4> + +</div> + +<p>Dos vinte Estados que compõem a Republica dos Estados +Unidos do Brasil, Matto-Grosso está collocado em segundo +plano, pela sua extensão territorial situado ao Sul dos Estados +do Amazonas e Pará, tendo a Leste os Estados de Goyaz, S. +Paulo e Paraná, ao Sul a Republica do Paraguay e a Oeste a +Republica da Bolivia.</p> + +<p>Abrange no mappa uma porção que vae approximadamente +desde o 14° grao ao Sul do Equador até o Tropico do Capricornio. +Sua área immensa é de cerca de 50175 leguas quadradas, segundo +Candido Mendes, ou melhor, tern uma superficie de 1379651 kilometros +quadrados.</p> + +<p>Sua população é actualmente de cerca de 350,000 habitantes, +não incluindo consideravel numero de indios bravios, cuja +cathechese se procede com afinco, dia a dia, com o concurso simultaneo +dos Governos Federal e Estadoal.</p> + +<p>Sem contar a Capital, as cidades principaes do Estado são +Corumbá, S. Luiz de Caceres, Miranda, Nioac, Poconé, +Sant’ Anna de Paranahyba, Diamantina, Rosario, Livramento e o +novo Municipio recentemente installado de Sto. Antonio do Rio +Madeira.</p> + +<p>Cuyabá, sua capital, está situada á margem esquerda do rio +do mesmo nome, a 288 metros acima do nivel do mar, e deve +as suas origens aos Paulistas que formaram as legendarias +bandeiras e que percorreram o Brasil Occidental no começo do +seculo XVIII.</p> + +<p>Em 1719 Paschoal Moreira Cabral subindo o Rio Coxipó +Mirim, fundou á margem esquerda d’esta corrente uma povoação +que denominou Forquilha, hoje a cidade de Cuyabá, onde +naquelles tempos se descobriu uma rica mina de ouro.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>Em outros tempos, conforme Elysée Reclus, a vastissima +região de Matto-Grosso era apenas, salvo uma estreita zona +mediana, não mais que uma immensa solidão de limites indecisos +e senão desconhecidos pelo menos ainda entregues aos indios e +ás feras, a qual se ligava ao resto do Brasil por simples picadas +de caçadores e pelos cursos dos rios que ali nascem. Realmente +em outros tempos eram tamanhas as difficuldades de communicação +do resto do paiz com Matto-Grosso, que ainda está na +memoria de muitos e no conhecimento dos que leem as paginas +da Historia do Brasil, a impossibilidade que tiveram as tropas +reunidas nas provincias do littoral para irem soccorrer directamente +seus compatriotas de Matto-Grosso, quando a nação +brazileira teve de responder á declaração de guerra do Paraguay.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_193"></a>[193]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus52" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus52.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>A RUBBER GATHERER MAKING A RUBBER SACK BY + COVERING CANVAS WITH LIQUID RUBBER.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_194"></a>[194]</span></p> + +<p>Com os mil estorvos da travessia, o corpo de exercito composto +de 3000 homens que partiu em Abril de 1865 do Rio de Janeiro +e que só poude organisarse em Uberaba, na bacia superior +do Paraná, estava reduzido apenas a 700 homens quando chegou +a ponto inatacavel e seguro.</p> + +<p>Vencida, porem, a guerra com o Paraguay, não ha nenhuma +duvida que a victoria do Brasil escancarou-lhe as portas de +Matto-Grosso, pois que o declive natural do solo e o curso das +aguas com a liberdade da navegação fluvial, garantida pelo triumpho, +estabeleceu um serviço regular de paquetes do Rio de +Janeiro a Corumbá e Cuyabá, pela via do Rio da Prata, passando +por Montevideo, Buenos Ayres e Assumpção.</p> + +<p>O caminho fluvial do Guaporé, Madeira e Amazonas foi muito +utilisado no seculo XVIII, depois da exploração feita por Manoel +de Lima em 1742. A navegação pelo Rio Guaporé até o Rio +Madeira, até enfim Sto. Antonio, que é o ponto inicial da navegação +d’este ultimo rio, é longa e cheia de fadiga.</p> + +<p>Comtudo Matto-Grosso vae gradualmente se approximando +do litoral do Brasil por meio de estradas de ferro, taes como a +Noroeste do Brasil que ligal-o-á dentro em breve ao Rio de +Janeiro e a estrada de ferro já projectada que partindo de S. +Luiz de Caceres irá até a antiga cidade de Matto-Grosso, donde +o rio Guaporé começa a ser navegavel até Guajará-Mirim, ponto +terminal da grande via Madeira-Mamoré Railway.</p> + +<p>Dentro de pouco tempo, como se vê, as estradas mixtas serão +una realidade, comprehendendo rios navegaveis por vapores e +os trechos de communicação entre estes rios. O Paranápanema +e o Ivahy, nos Estados do Paraná e S. Paulo continuam para +outro lado do rio Paraná subindo o Ivinhema e o Brilhante, até +as visinhas montanhas de Miranda, na parte meridional de +Matto-Grosso. As magnificas regiões de Matto-Grosso promettem +ser de futuro, e futuro já bem proximo, um grande centro +de povoamento, e conseguintemente um futuro foco de civilisação, +pela provavel fusão dos diversos elementos de immigração +que para alli certamente concorrorem com o correr +dos tempos e a facilidade que forem apresentando cada vez mais +os meios de communicação. Algures se disse, que a colonisação +far-se-ha sem duvida pelo Sul, pelo lado do Paraguay e da +Argentina; mas nos dias que correm, com a presença da Madeira +Mamoré Railway, indubitavelmente a colonisação darse-á +tambem pelo Norte, facilitada a communicação pelo Rio<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_195"></a>[195]</span> +Amazonas, de que é um dos affluentes o Madeira, á margem +direita do qual está Porto Velho, ponto inicial da mesma +Madeira Mamoré Railway. E estes effeitos já se começam a +produzir com a fundação de um novo Municipio e Comarca de +Matto-Grosso, que é o Municipio de Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira, +cortado pela referida via ferrea e a cuja região dedicaremos +adiante um capitulo especial.</p> + +<p>Já vae portanto se enchendo de população a extremidade da +vertente septentrional do territorio de Matto-Grosso, postoque +a da vertente meridional é realmente a que contem maior numero +de habitantes.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>Matto-Grosso é uma das regiões de menor relevo do continente +da America do Sul; alli não se encontram elevações de +terreno que constituam verdadeiras montanhas.</p> + +<p>As terras elevadas do Brasil tem os seus pontos de culminancia +nas cadeias orientaes da Mantiqueira, dos Aymorés e de +Espinhaço e vão-se abaixando proporcionalmente d’este lado +para o Oeste do Estado de Goyaz e do outro lado são as elevadas +massas da cadeia dos Andes que se inclinam para Leste com os +seus contrafortes. Diz Elysée Reclus, que separando os dois +systemas orographicos, vae serpeando em forma de valle uma +planicie intermediaria, que certamente foi outr’ora um estreito +maritimo separando as duas ilhas—Brasil Oriental e Andes.</p> + +<p>Hoje correm aguas fluviaes na depressão por onde passaram +outr’ora as aguas marinhas e a planicie está cheia actualmente de +suas alluviôes. O verdadeiro centro da America do Sul está entre +as duas cidades de Cuyabá e Corumbá.</p> + +<p>Pará os que desconhecem a região, as vertentes são as vezes +confundidas com as serras, e em cartas geographicas se desenha +uma cadeia de montanhas mais ou menos continua, entre as +bacias do Tapajóz e do Madeira, entre as nascentes do mesmo +Tapajóz e do Paraguay em seguida, e finalmente entre ainda o Tapajóz +e o Araguaya. Comtudo este relevo semicircular não existe +senão fragmentado, pois que as elevações que dominam as planicies +do alto Paraguay e seus affluentes são na realidade um alto <b>chapadao</b> +de extractos horisontaes ou mui ligeiramente inclinados e carcomidos +pelos rios que descem para o grande Amazonas.</p> + +<p>São antes <b>taboleiros</b> que montanhas, ou ao menos estas não se +elevam senão em alguns pontos do grande planalto, attingindo, +aqui e alem, uns mil metros de altura, emquanto a elevação media +do proprio paredão é de quinhentos metros.</p> + +<p>Assim, o conjuncto orographico do Estado de Matto-Grosso +chamado indifferentemente cordilheira dos Parecys, não apresenta +aspecto montanhoso senão para o lado do Sul; n’esta face escarpada, +a rocha é talhada a pique ou recortada em agulhas, mas do<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_196"></a>[196]</span> +outro lado para o Tapajóz e Xingú, uma encosta longa se estende +e vae morrer gradualmente nas planicies do Estado do Amazonas.</p> + +<p>D’Orbigny reconheceu na eminencia da parte septentrional do +Estado de Matto-Grosso a existencia de camadas pertencentes á +edade carbonifera e correspondendo ás rochas da mesma natureza, +que do lado opposto da região se apresenta nos contrafortes +bolivianos de Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Depois d’este, Hart e +Derby verificaram que as partes meridionaes do Araxá, que são +as bordas elevadas do planalto, datam provavelmente das epochas +paleozoicas, e que alli estão representadas as camadas carboniferas +devonianas e siluricas. Leitos fossiliferos encontrados pelo +geologo Smith abaixo das collinas da Chapada, 50 kilometros á +Leste de Cuyabá, puzeram fora de duvida estes factos. Mais ao +Norte, na zona de rochedos que em travessões cortam o Madeira, +o Tapajóz, o Xingú, o Tocantins e seus affluentes, as paredes +desnudadas pela erosão são todas de formação crystallina: granitos, +gneis, porphiros e quartzitos.</p> + +<p>As elevações que se desenvolvem na direcção do Sul entre +as nascentes do Paraguay e as do Araguaya, em seguida entre o +Paraguay e o Paraná, não apresentam as mesmas caracteristicas dos +planaltos do Norte. As eminencias da parte Oriental do Estado de +Matto-Grosso foram esbarancadas dos dois lados a Leste e Oeste e +devastadas por estas excavações lateraes, tomam em certos pontos +o aspecto de verdadeiras cadeias de montanhas, e assim é que +desenham-se do Norte ao Sul as serras de S. Jeronymo, do Maracajú +e Anhanbahy.</p> + +<p>Rochas eruptivas, chamadas no paiz <b>bassaltos</b>, provavelmente +porphyricas, romperam as camadas de grez que compõem as montanhas +e parece que formaram pela sua desaggregação “terras +roxas,” analogas ás que dão aos fazendeiros de S. Paulo tão +copiosas colheitas de café.</p> + +<p>Na especie de circo limitado pelo semi-circulo das elevações +levantam se massiços isolados, rochas, cujos extractos, visiveis +de longe, têm uma regularidade perfeita. Os proprios morros +têm pela maior parte formas geometricas: dir-se-ia que se +esboroaram vastos lanços, deixando paredões lisos, eguaes aos +flancos de uma pyramide. Os cumes horizontaes como se as +pontas tivessem sido decepadas por um instrumento cortante +correspondem a outros cumes, e vê se que outr’ora faziam parte +de um mesmo <b>chapadao</b>. Segundo Taunay, que percorreu o paiz, +estes massiços de grez, de camadas horizontaes e regularmente +superpostas, são formados de sedimentos lacustres coados pelo +mar de agua doce que outr’ora cobriu a região.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_197"></a>[197]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus53" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus53.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>HUT OF RUBBER GATHERERS ON THE UPPER ACRE.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_198"></a>[198]</span></p> + +<p>As ruinas d’estes paredões e das escarpas contribuiram tambem +para mudar a phisionomia da paysagem. Os escombros, +apanhados e arrastados pelos rios, foram revestir de camadas +novas o solo, e muitas saliencias de pedras desappareceram debaixo +dos restos esmigalhados das montanhas e outras não +mostram senão as pontas por cima doz terrenos de formação mais +recente. Massiços que se prendiam aos planaltos e ás cadeias do +interior estão agora separados d’ellas, porque suas bases se acham +soterradas e elles emergem abruptamente do solo. Estes picos +distinctos aos quaes se deu o nome de <b>itambés</b>, erigem seus cabeços +por cima dum mar de arvores comparaveis a gigantescos +edificios erguidos pela mão do homem. A Leste da parte meridional +de Matto-Grosso, elles enfileiramse e agrupam-se em archipelagos, +depois cada vez mais altos e menos numerosos, á proporção +que se caminha para Oeste, ou completamente solitarios +no circulo do horizonte, apparecem até nas margens do rio Paraguay +e ainda do outro lado do mesmo.</p> + +<p>O alto Guaporé, Itenez dos Bolivianos, posto que comprehendido +na bacia do immenso Amazonas, como affluente do +Madeira pelo Mamoré, pertence especialmente ao Estado de +Matto-Grosso, pois que a cidade d’este nome foi fundada nas suas +margens e quasi toda a população de Estado se accumulou na +depressão, cuja metade occidental este rio percorre. Sua principal +nascente, muito ferruginosa, desponta n’uma grota junto á borda +do Araxá, e corre primeiro na direcção do Sul, parallellamente a +outros rios que descem para o Paraguay; mas ao deixar as ultimas +collinas o ribeirão curva-se para Oeste, depois para Noroeste +e já engrossado por numerosos affluentes atravessa a planicie, +em que está a cidade que se chamou na sua fundação Villa-Bella +e hoje se denomina Matto-Grosso.</p> + +<p>O Paraguay é um dos rios mais notaveis da Terra como via +de navegação, segundo affirma Elysée Reclus; poucos têm um +declive mais suave e fraco proporcionalmente a sua extensão. +Affirma Castelnau que elle nasce na altitude de 305 metros; nos +lugares onde as aguas tranquillas deslizam lentamente para o mar, +a altitude dos campos é apenas de 200 metros, e a partir de um +ponto situado a quatro mil kilometros do mar, o declive é apenas +de cinco centimetros. D’este modo, vapores de pequeno calado +podem subir livremente até os confins do Brasil, muito ao Norte +das duas Republicas da Argentina e Paraguay e chegar á base do +planalto pelo rio principal e pelos seus affluentes, Jaurú, Sepotuba, +Cuyabá, S. Lourenço e Taquary. O Paraguay apresenta +ainda um phenomeno notavel, que é o do cruzamento de suas +nascentes com as dos affluentes do Rio Amazonas.</p> + +<p>O Jaurú approxima-se tanto do Guaporé, que seria facil passar +por um canal as aguas do rio Occidental para um affluente do +Jaurú. Outro tributario do Paraguay, o Aguapehy, só está separado +do rio Alegre, que desce para a antiga cidade de Villa-Bella, +hoje Matto-Grosso, por um isthmo de pouca largura, de<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_199"></a>[199]</span> +fraco relevo, que segundo Leverger, mede 2400 braças ou 5280 +metros. No anno de 1772, e depois, tentou-se cavar um canal em +pontos diversos do isthmo, masas obras não chegaram a termo por +falta de commercio na localidade. Certamente estradas de ferro, +em mais ou menos dias, supprirão a ausencia do canal que ligaria +Montevideo ao Pará, passando em grande parte do Estado de +Matto-Grosso, e por uma via continental navegavel de 8300 kilometros, +segundo refere Bartholomeu Bossi.</p> + +<p>O rio Paraguay tern como affluentez principaes os rios S. +Lourenço, engrossado pelas aguas do Cuyabá, o Taquary, o Mondego +e o Apá, limite este ultimo entre o Brasil e a Republica do +Paraguay.</p> + +<p>Por occasião das enchentes, seu nivel e o dos seus affluentes +eleva-se de dez e onze metros e derrama-se á esquerda e á direita, +formando um mar ephemero que se estende ao longe, a perder de +vista e se prolonga em <b>banhados</b>. Os primeiros viajantes hespanhoes +deram o nome de lago Xarayes á baixada onde se esparramam +as aguas quasi dormentes dos braços principaes do rio. +Este lago tern de extensão cerca de 600 kilometros de Sul a +Norte, entre as boccas do Jaurú e as collinas do Fecho-dos-Morros +e em certos pontos chega a 250 de largura.</p> + +<p>Elle não é permanente, como se pensava outr’ora, mas em +qualquer epocha do anno ha trechos alagados que os indios denominam +bahias e com razão, pois que são bahias de um antigo mar, +que hoje está meio secco, e a maior parte de taes lagoas está em +communicação constante com o rio Paraguay, ora por furos +lateraes, ora por longos canaes, taes como os denominados lagos +de Uberaba, Gaiaba, Mandioré, Caceres, etc. D’entre estes lagos, +uns não contem senão agua doce trazida pela innundação fluvial, +emquanto outros, que são antigas cavidades outr’ora occupadas +por agua do mar, conservam no fundo de seus leitos camadas +salinas, que dão ao liquido um sabor caracteristico. É singular +que este contraste da natureza das aguas doces ou salinas tambem +se produza nos terrenos da vasta planicie, e assim é que campos +extensos, cobertos de ricas alluviôes, deram nascimento a mattas +cerradas, e o agricultor pode muito bem alli obter colheitas +maravilhosas. É certamente por este motivo que os campos de +Matto-Grosso tanto se prestam á industria pastoril.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_200"></a>[200]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus54" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus54.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>FAMILIES OF THE AMERICAN EMPLOYEES, + MADEIRA MAMORÉ RAILWAY.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_201"></a>[201]</span></p> + +<p>A horizontalidade do terreno, formada pelo centro da depressão +do immenso valle, impede que o confluente se conserve em +um leito regular, e as aguas escapando por ambos os lados ramificam-se +n’um labirintho do rios e falsos rios. Os ramos lateraes +seguem por entre as zonas dos <b>banhados</b>, até á confluencia do rio +Taquary e do rio Miranda, que descem das montanhas de Leste, +recebendo o primeiro d’estes, na região superior, um affluente, o +Coxim, considerado pelos viajantes como um dos mais pittorescos +rios do Brasil. É curioso ver em alguns lugares o Coxim +estreitara-se entre paredões a pique, de 50 metros de altura, e as +pequenas embarcações correrem sobre elle como no fundo de um +vallão que não tem mais de 10 ou 12 metros de largura.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>O clima de Matto-Grosso é relativamente quente nas regiões +baixas e alagadas pelas enchentes dos rios, taes como Paraguay; +nas regiões dos planaltos o clima é salubre e frio. O movimento +das columnas de ar é determinada pela forma de corredor aberto +entre a cordilheira dos Andes e as terras altas do Brasil, bem no +centro do continente Sul Americano, e por elle são arrastadas; +aos ventos tepidos proveniente da região da Amazonia, succedem +no inverno ventos que sopram do frio pampa. Nas alturas do +circo de chapadões e montanhas que rodeiam a planicie do Estado +de Matto-Grosso, o frio desce abaixo do ponto de congelação. As +copiosas chuvas trazidas pelo rebojo dos ventos que contornam o +planalto central do Brasil e vem esbarrar nos primeiros contrafortes +dos Andes, cahem com muita regularidade no verão e são +frequentemente acompanhadas de trovoadas.</p> + +<p>Consoante alguns observadores, a queda da agua annual é de +3 metros, e em Cuyabá contam-se mais ou menos 135 dias de +chuva por anno medio.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>O Estado de Matto-Grosso, pela sua situação geographica no +continente Sul Americano, collocado no ponto de separação das +duas grandes bacias do Brasil, reune ao mesmo tempo as floras +e as faunas da região da Amazonia e das regiões Platinas. Entretanto, +a flora tropical predomina com sua infinita variedade +de formas vegetaes em todas as regiões das florestas, isto é, á +beira dos rios, e entre as especies famosas habitantes das margens +do Rio Mar, poucas ha que não estejam representadas na região +do alto Guaporé, ou das quaes se não encontrem congeneres.</p> + +<p>Em nenhuma parte se desenvolve como alli as palmeiras Cipós, +e em 1875 uma commissão de limites descobriu uma d’estas palmeiras +<b>Urumbamba (Calamus procumbeus) ou Desmoncus +rudentum</b> de Martius, com mais de 200 metros de comprimento e +apenas com a grossura de um centimetro! O algodoeiro o tabacco, +a ipeccacuanha, chamada alli <b>poaya</b> nascem espontaneamente nas +planicies e nas florestas; esta ultima sobretudo colhem-na nas +florestas do alto Jaurú e dos rios visinhos. O mate, a mais notavel +das plantas da zona meridional e que faz a riqueza de algumas +regiões como do Estado do Paraná, cresce alli espontaneamente +entre Miranda e o rio Apá, sem fallar propriamente da seringueira, +que é encontrada em immensas e cerradas florestas n’uma extensão +comprehendida desde Cuyabá até o Madeira, e a qual fará +o assumpto especial d’este ligeiro exposto.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_202"></a>[202]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus55" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus55.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>EXCAVATING FOR THE MAMORÉ RAILWAY AT KILOMETER 263.2.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_203"></a>[203]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus56" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus56.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>HOSPITAL FOR EMPLOYEES OF MADEIRA MAMORÉ RAILWAY.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_204"></a>[204]</span></p> + +<p>As madeiras de construcção são abundantissimas e em grande +variedade, podendo-se citar o pao-brasil, o jacarandá, a peroba, a +canella, o cedro, o jequitibá, a massaranduba, o pao-d’arco, o pao-ferro, +o pao-setim, o vinhatico, etc.</p> + +<p>Entre os animaes, encontram-se os veados, as antas e as onças, +alem de um grande numero de outros pequenos, proprios das regiões +tropicaes. As aves e os passaros, aves ribeirinhas e passaros +cantores das florestas, são pela sua variedade quasi innumeros. A +avestruz vinda das regiões dos pampas chegou as planicies marginaes +do alto Paraguay; os peixes abundam n’uma riquissima e +magnifica variedade nos grandes e pequenos rios.</p> + +<p>No reino mineral, o Estado de Matto-Grosso possúe minas +numerosas de ouro, prata, platina, cobre, estanho, chumbo, mercurio, +carvão de pedra, ferro, pedras, preciosas, diamantes, &c., +existindo já quatro companhias inglezas na exploração de minas +de ouro. Ha tambem granitos, crystal de rocha, malacacheta, +pedra calcaria, sal-gemma, &c. Finalmente nas regiões do Araxá, +ha fontes de aguas mineraes sulphurosas.</p> + +<p>O Estado de Matto-Grosso é a região do Brasil onde se encontram +as maiores fazendas de gado, não só em extensão territorial, +como em numero de cabeças de gado vaccum e cavallar, havendo +algumas que contam cem mil cabeças. Calcula-se o numero de +cabeças de gado vaccum em Matto-Grosso em dois bilhões e +quinhentas mil.</p> + +<p>Nos dias que correm, ainda é um pouco difficil o transporte de +gado de Matto-Grosso para o Rio de Janeiro, principalmente, e a +exportação é feita pelo caminho de Oeste até Uberaba, onde a +invernada se faz em dois ou trez mezes, até que os animaes se +refaçam e possam ser conduzidos em caminho de ferro até o +littoral do Rio de Janeiro. Vê-se, entretanto que, com a terminação +da via ferrea Noroeste do Brasil, o problema do transporte para o +littoral será resolvido, assim como a Madeira Mamoré Railway, +contando Matto-Grosso presentemente com rios navegaveis e dentro +de bem pouco tempo com a via ferrea de que já fallamos, de S. Luiz +de Caceres á antiga cidade de Matto-Grosso, donde começa a +ser navegavel o rio Guaporé até Guajará-Mirim, ponto terminal +da Madeira Mamoré Railway, resolverá tambem o problema da +exportação de gado para os Estados do Amazonas, Pará, &c.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>D’este leve exposto conclue-se que o territorio do Estado de +Matto-Grosso é grandemente rico de gado e ouro, de diamante e +café, de tabaco e mate, de borracha e ipecacuanha e de todos os +productos dos tropicos e das zonas temperadas:—elle só bastaria +para constituir um dos mais vastos e mais opulentos imperios do +mundo!</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_205"></a>[205]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus57" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus57.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>RUBBER STATION ON THE UPPER MADEIRA + RIVER ALONGSIDE MADEIRA MAMORÉ RAILWAY.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_206"></a>[206]</span></p> + +<p>Dotado de um clima, se bem que quente ao Norte, porem +temperado e mesmo frio nas demais regiões, como a dos planaltos, +apresentando um accumulo de riquezas raro e ainda pouco explorado +como está, forçosamente para lá o homem das diversas +partes da Terra, na sua constante actividade, na sua crescente lucta +pela vida, immigrará e concorrerá com a intelligencia e com o +esforço do trabalho, para fazer d’aquella parte do Brasil um grande +emporio de industrias, commercio, navegação, caminhos de ferro e +conseguintemente uma grande nascente de civilisação, donde, pela +fusão das diversas raças, o mesmo homem surgirá sempre grande, +sempre vencedor no immenso concerto e na elevada harmonia da +Vida e da Terra!</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>A borracha que se vê n’esta Exposição é extrahida e vinda toda +das vastas regiões cortadas pelos rios Machados, ou Dgy-Paraná, +Jamary, Jacy-Paraná, Mutum-Paraná, Paca-Nova e Guaporé com +seus affluentes, aquelles a seu turno affluentes do grande rio +Madeira, em cuja margem direita está situado o novo Municipio +e Comarca de Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira, installado em 2 de +Julho do anno corrente.</p> + +<p>O novo Municipio tem os seguintes limites: partindo da +cachoeira de Sto. Antonio no rio Madeira, no parallelo de 8° 48′, +o rio Madeira acima; o rio Mamoré acima até a foz do Guaporé +no parallelo de 12, este parallelo até a sua intersecção com o rio +Camararé; este rio abaixo até a sua confluencia no Juruema; este +rio abaixo até o ponto em que se reune ao Arinos; o parallelo que +n’este ponto passa até a sua intersecção com o rio S. Manuel; este +rio abaixo até sua confluencia no Tapajóz; e d’este ponto até encontrar +a cachoeira de Sto. Antonio no Rio Madeira a linha que +extrema os territorios dos Estados de Matto-Grosso e do Amazonas.</p> + +<p>Todo o immenso territorio do novo Municipio é cortado ao +Norte pela Madeira Mamoré Railway, que conta 365 kilometros +de via ferrea já construidos, partindo de Porto Velho no Estado +do Amazonas, distante 7 kilometros da sede propriamente do +Municipio, até Guajará-Mirim.</p> + +<p>A via ferrea Madeira Mamoré, alem das estações já construidas, +em Porto Velho, Candelaria, Sto. Antonio, Jacy-Paraná, Abunã, +Villa Murtinho e Guajará-Mirim, tem 46 pontos de parada que +correspondem ao numero dos seus acampamentos.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_207"></a>[207]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus58" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus58.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>PORTO VELHO INITIAL POINT OF MADEIRA MAMORÉ RAILWAY.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_208"></a>[208]</span></p> + +<p>Entre as vias de communicação do novo Municipio de Sto. +Antonio do rio Madeira com os visinhos Estados do Amazonas e +Pará e tambem com a capital e outras cidades do Estado de Matto-Grosso, +comecemos por dizer algo da linha telegraphica ora ainda +em construcção por conta do Governo Federal e da respectiva +estrada de rodagem. São duas as turmas de engenheiros e +operarios que constroem a linha telegraphica, uma partida do +Norte—Sto. Antonio—e outra do Sul—Diamantina. Partindo de +Sto. Antonio, a linha telegraphica segue o parallelo 8° 48′ até encontrar +o rio Jamary, n’uma extensão de cerca de sessenta kilometros; +ahi chegando desvia se para o rumo das cabeceiras do rio +Dgy-Paraná, no lugar denominado Urupá, onde se deve encontrar +com a turma do Sul e onde a ligação será feita. A 3 de Junho de +1912 na mais alta cabeceira do rio Dgy-Paraná, já foi inaugurada a +estação telegraphica de José Bonifacio, pela turma do Sul, emquanto +a do Norte tambem já inaugurou em data anterior as estações de +Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira e Jamary. Este emprehendimento +notavel está sob a intelligencia e extraordinaria dedicação do snr. +Coronel de Engenheiros do Exercito Brazileiro, Candido Rondon, +que tem o record das construcções de linhas telegraphicas no Brasil +e quiçá na America do Sul.</p> + +<p>Prompta dentro de um anno, mais ou menos, a linha telegraphica +marginará uma estrada de rodagem de 40 metros de largura, de +cerca de duzentas leguas de extensão a partir de Cuyabá até Sto. +Antonio do rio Madeira. Esta immensa via de communicação +cortando todo um vasto sertão sobretudo rico em borracha e ouro, +terá de dez em dez leguas uma estação telegraphica.</p> + +<p>Em Porto Velho, ponto inicial da Madeira Mamoré Railway, +ha já por sua vez funccionando uma poderosa estação radiographica +do systema Marconi e que se communica diariamente com Manáos +e já se tem communicado mesmo com Iquitos e com os Departamentos +Federaes do Acre, do Purús e do Juruá.</p> + +<p>Quanto á navegação de Manáos até Sto. Antonio do rio +Madeira, ella é feita em boas condições e em navios confortaveis. +Nas aguas baixas, isto é, nos tempos da secca do grande rio Amazonas +e seus affluentes, sobem de Manáos até aquelles pontos os +navios de tonelagem até 500, nos tempos de aguas altas, em que +o valle do Amazonas todo se alaga, navios transantlaticos de 7 +mil a nove mil toneladas sobem de Manáos até alli, em quatro dias +de viagem, como já tem succedido no transporte de materiaes para +construcção da Madeira Mamoré Railway, acostando facilmente +em 2 caes feitos de madeira de lei, o primeiro construido em frente +as officinas de Porto Velho e o segundo em Candelaria. Por sua +vez o Governo da Republica está resolvido a construir um caes +de pedra e cal entre Porto Velho e Sto. Antonio.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_209"></a>[209]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus59" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus59.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>IRON BRIDGE ON PARANÁ RIVER.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_210"></a>[210]</span></p> + +<p>Os pequenos navios que navegam durante a secca dos rios, teem +accomodações para passageiros de 1.ª e 3.ª classe, são illuminados +á luz electrica, possuem fabricas de gelo e fazem bem a viagem de +Manáos a Porto Velho e Sto. Antonio em cerca de 5 dias, com uma +media de velocidade de 10 milhas por hora, fazendo escala por +pequenos portos e cidades amazonenses, situadas nas margens do +rio Madeira. Na descida tanto dos grandes transantlaticos como +dos pequenos navios de 500 toneladas, a viagem se faz mais rapidamente, +em 3 e 4 dias.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>A borracha de Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira é da mesma +natureza phisica e chimica de toda borracha do valle do Amazonas, +e esta asserção salta á vista, quando nos lembramos que a parte +do Estado de Matto-Grosso occupada pelo novo Municipio é +justamente aquella limitrophe dos Estados do Amazonas e do Pará.</p> + +<p>Na parça de Manáos, para onde vem o producto pela via do rio +Madeira, e na de Belém do Pará onde é enviada pela via do rio +Tapajóz, ella é sempre cotada pelos mesmos preços e nas mesmas +condições das produzidas propriamente nas regiões da Amazonia.</p> + +<p>A sua producção, que vem num crescendo desde o anno de 1906, +é actualmente de cerca de 2 milhões de kilos annuaes, que augmentará +certamente numa proporção—impossivel desde já de ser prevista—com +a presença e o desenvolvimento da Madeira Mamoré Railway, +da estrada de rodagem da linha telegraphica e os progressos constantes +da navegação.</p> + +<p>No. 1ro. semestre do anno fluente a producção da borracha foi +superior a de não importa qual seja o anno desde 1907, conforme +se verifica do quadro estatistico annexo.</p> + +<p>N’aquellas regiões, comprehendidas desde Cuyabá até a sede +do novo Municipio, existem seringaes capazes de produzir por si +sós dentro do periodo de um anno, mais de quarenta milhões de +kilos de borracha.</p> + +<p>Pará attingir a este ideal, bastaria que os capitaes concorressem +para exploração de uma industria extractiva, cuja fonte brota espontaneamente +da terra sem carencia de cultivo e para animar e +estimular aquelles que desejam ali empregar os seus esforços e +capitaes, ahi está a lei do Governo do Estado de Matto-Grosso, que +offerece favores especiaes aos que, alem propriamente da exploração +dos vastos seringaes já existentes, se quizerem dedicar ao plantio e +cultivo da mesma <b>syphonia</b> elastica.</p> + +<p>Tratando-se uma exposição de borracha em New-York, é +justo chamarmos a attenção dos que nos queiram ler para o facto +bem importante da concorrencia que já começa dos capitaes norte-americanos +para a exploração d’aquella região.</p> + +<p>O grande capitalists Percival Farquhar, americano do Norte, já +incorporou duas companhias sob as razões sociaes de Julio Muller +Rubber, e Guaporé Rubber, com o fim não só de explorar a industria +extractiva de <b>hevea brasiliensis</b>, como tambem para os diversos +ramos de agricultura attinentes ao fabrico do assucar, dos tecidos +de algodão &c. &c.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_211"></a>[211]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus60" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus60.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>KILOMETER 212 MADEIRA MAMORÉ RAILWAY.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_212"></a>[212]</span></p> + +<p>Actualmente a extracção da borracha nos vastos seringaes do +Municipio de Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira occupa cerca de cinco +mil trabalhadores, mas este numero augmentará cada vez mais, +positivamente, á proporção que o referido Municipio se for tornando +o ponto de convergencia para onde affluirão as correntes commerciaes, +industriaes e agricolas dos centros de Matto-Grosso e da +Republica da Bolivia.</p> + +<p>Isto é facil de imaginar, quando vemos que a estrada de ferro +Madeira Mamoré por seá em communicação para o Sul com S. Luiz +de Caceres por meio do rio Guaporé e da estrada de ferro que de S. +Luiz de Caceres irá até á antiga cidade de Matto-Grosso, ligando +assim a bacia do Prata de intermedio o rio Paraguay—á bacia do rio +Amazonas, e para Leste, a mesma Madeira Mamoré Railway levará +os seus trilhos até Ribeira-Alta, ligando as vastas e riquissimas +regiões da Republica Boliviana tambem á bacia do Amazonas, de +intermedio o rio Madeira. Presentemente, parte para aquella região +o Engenheiro chefe e Director da Madeira Mamoré Railway, Mr. H. +Dose, que vai dar começo a construcção do referido ramal de Guajará +Mirim—Matto-Grosso—á Ribeira Alta-Bolivia—, que ficará concluida +dentro do praso de um anno e meio e terá cerca de cem kilometros +de extensão.</p> + +<p>Accrescendo a isto ainda a construcção prompta, dentro de um +anno, da grande estrada de rodagem da linha telegraphica de +Cuyabá até Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira, poderemos facilmente +imaginar o que n’um futuro, que nada faz pensar será muito remoto, +irá ser o novo Municipio de Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira, como um +verdadeiro e incontestavel ponto de convergencia de tão fortes e +ricas correntes de desenvolvimento de progresso e de civilisação.</p> + +<p>Antes de terminar, não devemos esquecer que o territorio +em questão não se presta somente á producção da gomma +elastica, que aliás como em todo o valle do Amazonas é agreste e +nasce á lei da natureza. Convem dizer que alli, alem do cacao e do +algodão, que tambem são agrestes, podem ser plantados e cultivados +a canna de assucar, o café, a baunilha, o milho, o feijão, o arroz, o +tabaco, a batata, a castanha, &c.</p> + +<p>A propria Madeira Mamoré Railway Co., concessionaria de +uma vasta faixa de terra á margem de sua linha ferrea, pensa em +fazer o plantio do cacao, da canna de assucar, &c., &c., aproveitando +os referidos terrenos.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_213"></a>[213]</span></p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus61" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus61.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>SECTION OF A ROAD IN USE FOR CONSTRUCTION + OF MADEIRA MAMORÉ RAILWAY.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_214"></a>[214]</span></p> + +<p>De tudo o que fica exposto em linhas bem ligeiras e nas quaes +procuramos nos approximar sempre da verdade, dando noticias +sobre a região em questão, pode-se concluir facilmente que só o +novo Municipio de Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira, que exporta +actualmente para o commercio mundial, via Pará e Manáos, cerca +de 2 milhões de kilos de borracha, passará a exportar dentro de +poucos annos, sobretudo com a immigração que todos os factores +nos levam esperar, de 10 a 15 milhões.</p> + +<hr class="tb"> + +<p>O auctor d’este exposto pede indulgencia para as lacunas que +nelle forem encontradas:—foi escripto nos raros momentos livres +ao trabalho fatigante de organisar a exposição das amostras de +borracha até o respectivo embarque em Manáos para New-York.</p> + +<p>As amostras da borracha de Matto-Grosso que figuram no +recinto da Exposição, são expostas por ordem do Governo, pela +benemerita Associação Commercial do Amazonas.</p> + +<h5>ESTADO DE MATTO GROSSO<br> +DELEGACIA FISCAL DO NORTE<br> +QUADRO DEMONSTRATIVO DA PRODUCÇÃO DA BORRACHA DOS VALLES +DO MADEIRA E ALTO TAPAJÓZ NOS ANNOS de 1907 a 1912, EM COMPARAÇÃO +COM A MESMA PRODUCÇÃO NO PRIMEIRO SEMESTRE DE 1912.</h5> + +<table> + <tr> + <th>Procedencia</th> + <th>1907</th> + <th>1908</th> + <th>1909</th> + <th>1910</th> + <th>1911</th> + <th>1912<br>só o lo. semestre</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Machado e Jamary</td> + <td class="tdr">1.092454</td> + <td class="tdr">1.252194</td> + <td class="tdr">910982</td> + <td class="tdr">1.295605</td> + <td class="tdr">1.317917</td> + <td class="tdr">1.315995</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="nw">Jacy Paraná Alto Madeira e Moré</td> + <td class="tdr">98464</td> + <td class="tdr">152713</td> + <td class="tdr">150759</td> + <td class="tdr">142458</td> + <td class="tdr">201562</td> + <td class="tdr">259612</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Alto Tapajóz</td> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td class="tdr">156034</td> + <td class="tdr">167841</td> + <td class="tdr">107458</td> + <td class="tdr">73688</td> + <td class="tdr">113453</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td class="tdr bt">1.190918</td> + <td class="tdr bt">1.560941</td> + <td class="tdr bt">1.229582</td> + <td class="tdr bt">1.545521</td> + <td class="tdr bt">1.593167</td> + <td class="tdr bt">1.689060</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_215"></a>[215]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus62" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus62.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>LAST CAMP IN CONSTRUCTION OF MADEIRA MAMORÉ RAILWAY.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_216"></a>[216]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus63" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus63.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption class="caption"><p>PORTO VELHO.</p></figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_217"></a>[217]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_218"></a>[218]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="STATE_OF_BAHIA">STATE OF BAHIA</h2> + +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h3 class="nobreak" id="EXHIBITS_OF_THE_STATE_OF_BAHIA">EXHIBITS OF THE STATE OF BAHIA AT THE INTERNATIONAL RUBBER EXHIBITION +IN NEW YORK, 1912</h3> + +</div> + +<h4>STATE OF BAHIA.</h4> + +<p>1 bale of 100 kilos of superior maniçoba rubber.</p> + +<p>1 bale of 100 kilos of first quality maniçoba rubber.</p> + +<p>1 bale of 100 kilos of second quality maniçoba rubber.</p> + +<p>1 bale of 50 kilos of superior mangabeira rubber.</p> + +<p>1 bale of 50 kilos of first quality of mangabeira rubber.</p> + +<p>1 package of 20 kilos of caucho rubber.</p> + +<p>Various statistical tables, photographs, diagrams and a panoramic +view of the City of Bahia.</p> + +<p>Books and pamphlets concerning the natural resources of the +state.</p> + +<h4 class="x-ebookmaker-important">BY S. HESS & COMPANY.</h4> + +<p>Samples of the various kinds of native rubber of Bahia.</p> + +<p>Two sacks of the seed of the maniçoba rubber tree cultivated +in Bahia.</p> + +<p>Specimens of the maniçoba tree.</p> + +<h4 class="x-ebookmaker-important">BY F. STEVENSON & COMPANY, LTD.</h4> + +<p>1 bale of 100 kilos of superior maniçoba rubber from +Jequié.</p> + +<h4 class="x-ebookmaker-important">BY M. ULMANN & COMPANY.</h4> + +<p>1 bale of 50 kilos of superior maniçoba rubber.</p> + +<p>1 bale of 50 kilos of first quality maniçoba rubber.</p> + +<p>1 bale of superior mangabeira rubber.</p> + +<p>1 package of caucho rubber from the State of Bahia.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_219"></a>[219]</span></p> + +<h4 class="x-ebookmaker-important">BY VON DER LINDE & COMPANY.</h4> + +<p>Specimens of the various kinds of rubber, from the State of +Bahia, in a glass case.</p> + +<h4 class="x-ebookmaker-important">BY MORAES & COMPANY.</h4> + +<p>1 bale of 100 kilos of superior maniçoba rubber.</p> + +<h4 class="x-ebookmaker-important">BY JOSÉ C. DA COSTA SANTOS.</h4> + +<p>1 bale of superior maniçoba rubber.</p> + +<p>1 bale of first quality maniçoba rubber.</p> + +<p>1 bale of second quality maniçoba rubber.</p> + +<p>Specimens of the various kinds of rubber of Bahia.</p> + +<h4>STATE OF ALAGOAS.</h4> + +<p>Specimens of various kinds of rubber.</p> + +<p>Specimens of the rubber grown in JARAGUA.</p> + +<p>These specimens were sent by Mr. Americo Mello, representative +of the Commercial Museum of Rio de Janeiro, in the State +of Alagoas.</p> + +<h4>STATE OF PERNAMBUCO.</h4> + +<p>Two large packages of the various kinds of rubber grown in +the State. These were sent by Dr. Antonio Valenca, representative +of the Commercial Museum of Rio de Janeiro, in the State +of Pernambuco.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_220"></a>[220]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_221"></a>[221]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="STATE_OF_MINAS_GERAES">STATE OF MINAS GERAES</h2> + +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h3>STATE OF MINAS GERAES—PROVISIONAL NOTE</h3> + +</div> + +<h4>EXHIBITS</h4> + +<p>1. Wild Manisoba (Manihot) Rubber in the raw and cleaned +market condition.</p> + +<p>2. Planted Manisoba Rubber, viz.: (a) Fine; (b) Seconds; +(c) Scrap.</p> + +<p>3. Photographs taken on the San Francisco River, the rubber +region of the “Highlands of Brazil.”</p> + +<p>4. Photographs of Rubber Trees, viz.: (a) Manihot +Glaziovii; (b) Manihot Heptaphylla; (c) Manihot Piauhyensis.</p> + +<p>5. Photographs of Bello Horisonte, capital of the State of +Minas Geraes, and of other localities of importance and general +interest. Maps of the State and Climatological Charts.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_222"></a>[222]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="BRAZIL_DAY">BRAZIL DAY</h2> + +<p class="center larger">Saturday, September 28</p> + +</div> + +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75473 ***</div> +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/75473-h/images/brazil-seal.jpg b/75473-h/images/brazil-seal.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f0912d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/75473-h/images/brazil-seal.jpg diff --git a/75473-h/images/cover.jpg b/75473-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c7956c --- /dev/null +++ b/75473-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/75473-h/images/illus01.jpg b/75473-h/images/illus01.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ecbddcf --- /dev/null +++ b/75473-h/images/illus01.jpg diff --git a/75473-h/images/illus02.jpg 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