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author: nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> 2025-02-28 08:21:05 -0800
committer: nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> 2025-02-28 08:21:05 -0800
commit: a83477259b591e15687be577fff935114816fa84 (patch)
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+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+    <title>
+      Deeds of Heroism and Bravery | Project Gutenberg
+    </title>
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+</head>
+<body>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75487 ***</div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 85%">
+<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Cover">
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h1>DEEDS OF HEROISM AND BRAVERY</h1>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp5" id="i_a_half-title" style="max-width: 6.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_a_half-title.jpg" alt="Decoration">
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_a_frontispiece" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_a_frontispiece.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+By J. F. Bouchor<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent">Honor to the Brave</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p class="center no-indent fs200 wsp">
+DEEDS OF HEROISM<br>
+AND BRAVERY</p>
+<p class="center no-indent fs150 wsp">
+<em>The Book of Heroes and<br>
+Personal Daring</em></p>
+<br>
+<p class="center no-indent wsp lh">INTRODUCTION BY<br>
+<span class="fs130">RUPERT HUGHES</span><br>
+<br>
+<span class="fs90">EDITED BY</span><br>
+<span class="fs120">ELWYN A. BARRON</span><br>
+<br>
+<em>Profusely Illustrated</em></p>
+<br>
+<figure class="figcenter illowp15" id="i_a_title_page" style="max-width: 24.375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_a_title_page.jpg" alt="Decoration">
+</figure>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p class="center no-indent wsp lh"><span class="smcap fs150">Harper &amp; Brothers Publishers</span><br>
+NEW YORK AND LONDON<br>
+Established 1817<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p class="center no-indent fs70 wsp">
+<span class="smcap">Deeds of Heroism and Bravery</span></p>
+
+<hr class="r5">
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs70 wsp">Copyright, 1920, by Harper &amp; Brothers<br>
+Printed in the United States of America<br>
+<span class="fs90">E-V</span><br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<table class="autotable lh" style="width: 70%">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr fs70">PAGE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;" colspan="2">I. FIELD AND TRENCH ORDEALS</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">“And a Few Marines”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#AND_A_FEW_MARINES">1</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Forward Lancers</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#FORWARD_LANCERS">10</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">An Unparalleled Hero</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#AN_UNPARALLELED_HERO">13</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Nemesis of Flame</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_NEMESIS_OF_FLAME">18</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">He Jests at Scars</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#HE_JESTS_AT_SCARS">20</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Epic of the Foreign Legion</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#EPIC_OF_THE_FOREIGN_LEGION">27</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">“Doc” of the Fifth</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#DOC_OF_THE_FIFTH">32</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Couldn’t Stop Them</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#COULDNT_STOP_THEM">35</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">One of Our Boys</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#ONE_OF_OUR_BOYS">41</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Guthrie of the Kilties</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#GUTHRIE_OF_THE_KILTIES">44</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Not So Unspeakable</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#NOT_SO_UNSPEAKABLE">47</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Medical Corps</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_MEDICAL_CORPS">48</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Some Red Cross Weaklings</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#SOME_RED_CROSS_WEAKLINGS">49</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">“Eh! Men, ’Twas Grand!”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#EH_MON_TWAS_GRAND">55</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">One Survived</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#ONE_SURVIVED">57</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Tank Man Talks</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#TANK-MAN_TALKS">58</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Garibaldi Code</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_GARIBALDI_CODE">62</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Bald Facts</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_BALD_FACTS">65</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">O’Leary Stepped In</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#OLEARY_STEPPED_IN">71</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">When the Yanks Went In</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#WHEN_THE_YANKS_WENT_IN">74</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Humor and Heroism</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#HUMOR_AND_HEROISM">79</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">England’s Indian Warriors</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#ENGLANDS_INDIAN_WARRIORS">85</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">A Lively Introduction</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#A_LIVELY_INTRODUCTION">92</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">A Valiant Gentleman</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#A_VALIANT_GENTLEMAN">95</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Where Denominations End</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#WHERE_DENOMINATIONS_END">100</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Buckeyes or Spearheads</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#BUCKEYES_OR_SPEARHEADS">103</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Corporal Holmes’ Way</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#CORPORAL_HOLMESS_WAY">106</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Not Dead But Fighting</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#NOT_DEAD_BUT_FIGHTING">109</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">When the Light Failed</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#WHEN_THE_LIGHT_FAILED">114</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Cloud of Blacks</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_CLOUD_OF_BLACKS">116</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Hubbell Bagged ’Em</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#HUBBELL_BAGGED_EM">121</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Was He a Coward?</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#WAS_HE_A_COWARD">123</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Two Heroes of Hill 60</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#TWO_HEROES_OF_HILL_60">128</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Colonel Freyberg, V. C.</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#COLONEL_FREYBERG_VC">131</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">One of the D. S. C. Men</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#ONE_OF_THE_D_S_C_MEN">133</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Colored Troops Reach the Rhine</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#COLORED_TROOPS_REACH_THE_RHINE">135</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Good Old Potts</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#GOOD_OLD_POTTS">138</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">It Was Up to Bill</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#IT_WAS_UP_TO_BILL">139</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Rendezvous</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_RENDEZVOUS">142</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Staying to the End</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#STAYING_TO_THE_END">146</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Without the Glamour</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#WITHOUT_THE_GLAMOUR">147</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Big Adam’s Hare Soup</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#BIG_ADAMS_HARE_SOUP">156</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">A Blue Grass Canadian</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#A_BLUE_GRASS_CANADIAN">158</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Mistress “Razzle Dazzle”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#MISTRESS_RAZZLE_DAZZLE">165</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Painter Soldier</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_PAINTER_SOLDIER">169</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;" colspan="2">II. WOMEN WHO DARED</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Edith Cavell Martyr Heroine</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#EDITH_CAVELLMARTYR-HEROINE">172</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">A Picardy Heroine</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#A_PICARDY_HEROINE">181</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Girls of the Battalion</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#GIRLS_OF_THE_BATTALION">183</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Her Ambulance Unit</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#HER_AMBULANCE_UNIT">186</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">A True Heroine</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#A_TRUE_HEROINE">188</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">A Heroine of Humanity</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#A_HEROINE_OF_HUMANITY">190</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;" colspan="2">III. ADVENTURE IN THE AIR</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">One of the Great “Aces”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#ONE_OF_THE_GREAT_ACES">191</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Lafayette Escadrille</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_LAFAYETTE_ESCADRILLE">196</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">A Legendary Hero</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#A_LEGENDARY_HERO">202</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Worthy Citation</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#WORTHY_CITATION">207</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">A Challenge Duel</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#A_CHALLENGE_DUEL">209</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">An American Wonder</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#AN_AMERICAN_WONDER">211</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">One to Twenty-two</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#ONE_TO_TWENTY-TWO">215</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">From Saddle to CockPit</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#FROM_SADDLE_TO_COCKPIT">215</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Dodging “Jack Death”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#DODGING_JACK_DEATH">221</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Warneford’s Triumph</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#WARNEFORDS_TRIUMPH">223</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">One Minute Plus</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#ONE_MINUTE_PLUS">227</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">“The Pictures Are Good”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_PICTURES_ARE_GOOD">232</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Subduing the Turk</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#SUBDUING_THE_TURK">235</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">A Daring Pursuit</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#A_DARING_PURSUIT">237</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Roosevelt Boys</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_ROOSEVELT_BOYS">238</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Just What He Wanted</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#JUST_WHAT_HE_WANTED">249</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">“The Red Battle Flyer”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_RED_BATTLE_FLYER">253</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Pat O’Brien Outwits the Hun</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#PAT_OBRIEN_OUTWITS_THE_HUN">257</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Track and Trackless Winner</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#A_TRACK_AND_TRACKLESS_WINNER">259</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Gunboat (Poem)</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_GUNBOAT">264</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;" colspan="2">IV. SEA AND SUB-SEA STORIES</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Captain Fryatt’s Murder</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#CAPTAIN_FRYATTS_MURDER">265</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Jules Verne Vindicated</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#JULES_VERNE_VINDICATED">271</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Weddigen’s Wonder Feat</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#WEDDIGENS_WONDER_FEAT">274</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Torpedoed</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#TORPEDOED">281</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Valleys of the Blue Shrouds</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_VALLEYS_OF_THE_BLUE_SHROUDS">288</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Rizzo Sinks the <em>Wien</em></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#RIZZO_SINKS_THE_WIEN">290</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Edith Cavell (Poem)</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#EDITH_CAVELL">291</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">As of Old</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#AS_OF_OLD">293</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Death in a Submarine</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#DEATH_IN_A_SUBMARINE">295</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">A Notable Exploit</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#A_NOTABLE_EXPLOIT">297</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Rescue Extraordinary</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#RESCUE_EXTRAORDINARY">304</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">I Have a Rendezvous with Death (Poem)</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#I_HAVE_A_RENDEZVOUS_WITH_DEATH">315</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Tricking the Turk</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#TRICKING_THE_TURK">317</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Canadians (Poem)</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#CANADIANS">318</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">First of Its Kind</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#FIRST_OF_ITS_KIND">318</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Not to Be Forgotten</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#NOT_TO_BE_FORGOTTEN">322</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Christmas in the Trenches</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#CHRISTMAS_IN_THE_TRENCHES">324</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;" colspan="2">V. ESPIONAGE AND SPIES</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Spying at Its Worst</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#SPYING_AT_ITS_WORST">326</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">As to Spies in England</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#AS_TO_SPIES_IN_ENGLAND">348</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Edith Cavell’s Betrayer</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#EDITH_CAVELLS_BETRAYER">352</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Edith Cavell</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#EDITH_CAVELL2">354</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Spy Mill</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_SPY_MILL">355</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Alois the Silent</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#ALOIS_THE_SILENT">357</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Eye of the Morning</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#EYE_OF_THE_MORNING">360</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Better Wrecker than Spy</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#BETTER_WRECKER_THAN_SPY">363</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Delicate Scruples</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#DELICATE_SCRUPLES">368</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Frustrated Diabolism</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#FRUSTRATED_DIABOLISM">369</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Here’s to Constable Richings</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#HERES_TO_CONSTABLE_RITCHINGS">378</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">What Gilles Brought In</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#WHAT_GILLES_BROUGHT_IN">379</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;" colspan="2">VI. AMERICA AT THE FRONT</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Rock of the Marne</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_ROCK_OF_THE_MARNE">381</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">America’s Highest War Honor</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#AMERICAS_HIGHEST_WAR_HONOR">388</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ILLUSTRATIONS_IN_COLOR">ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOR</h2>
+</div>
+
+<table class="autotable lh" style="width: 70%">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Honors to the Brave</td>
+<td class="tdr fs80"><em><a href="#i_a_frontispiece">Frontispiece</a></em></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Sister of Mercy</td>
+<td class="tdr fs80"><em>Facing page</em></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#i_b_048fp">48</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Sergeant George E. Burr</td>
+<td class="tdc">”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#i_b_102fp">102</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Captain Douglass Campbell</td>
+<td class="tdc">”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#i_b_152fp">152</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Corporal Walter E. Gaultney</td>
+<td class="tdc">”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#i_b_200fp">200</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Sergeant Herman Korth</td>
+<td class="tdc">”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#i_b_254fp">254</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Master Signal Electrician E. J. Moore</td>
+<td class="tdc">”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#i_b_304fp">304</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Corporal John J. O’Brien</td>
+<td class="tdc">”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#i_b_354fp">354</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs130"><em>Bravery</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">By RUPERT HUGHES</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Formerly Major United States Army</p>
+<br>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Bravery</span> is the beautiful, impatient gesture of the soul at its highest
+reach, baring its own breast to a fatal wound in its eagerness to
+deal a fatal blow at something it abhors.</p>
+
+<p>Bravery is poetry, drama in deed instead of word. It has always
+been lovable and beloved.</p>
+
+<p>There is distinguished valor as there is distinguished art, for there
+are degrees of courage as of intelligence and talent. Many people
+think beautiful thoughts: a few express them. Someone frames an old
+idea with an exquisite twist of phrase and a universal proverb results.
+So some one citizen expresses in one felicitous act an ideal of his people
+and is accepted as their national hero.</p>
+
+<p>Conspicuous bravery always owes part of its success to good
+fortune. At the cry of a leader—or in this war at the arrival of “zero
+hour” on the wrist watches—a whole regiment went forward, nearly
+every man doing his duty with complete courage. Some heroes were
+dogged and unimaginative; some revealed ingenuity or invention. But
+to a single man fell the opportunity and the inspiration to do some extra
+task with a certain picturesque felicity. His unluckier companions and
+his generals rejoiced to celebrate him, diminishing their own prestige
+to enhance his. And the story of his happy thought becomes the delight
+of his nation, and perhaps of many nations.</p>
+
+<p>There is a kind of injustice in it as there generally is in awards and
+preferments. Where all have forgotten selfishness and comfort and
+cast their lives into the furnace, it seems a pity that only a few should
+emerge with fame. And yet since we can no more remember all our
+heroes than we can call the roll of the stars in our sky, it would be a
+mistake to favor no one, to have no crosses of war.</p>
+
+<p>The schoolboys cherish the name of Leonidas and the 300 Spartans
+at Thermopylæ. But they ignore the 700 Platæans who perished also,
+and as bravely. This is regrettable, and yet it is better to make a watchword
+of the name Leonidas than to forget the whole event because it is
+more than the brain will carry.</p>
+
+<p>Fame is a lottery with a few capital prizes. The winners show
+perhaps no more wisdom, no more courage than all the other gamblers.
+In the baseball phrase they simply “luck in.” Yet they will get their
+names in the papers, people will boast of knowing them; prestige and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</span>
+fortune will be theirs and oblivion will absorb the others. But if you
+are going to have lotteries succeed, you must offer capital prizes and
+pay them. And war is the lottery of lotteries.</p>
+
+<p>There have always been wars and, unless hope shall triumph over
+experience at last, there always will be wars; and there will always be
+an appetite for tales of heroism. The earliest literature records them
+and so must the latest.</p>
+
+<p>Since no man has any more lives to give for his country than our
+schoolteacher spy had, all heroisms are in a sense equal; for, since a
+man risks the only life he has, it matters little how, whether from a
+cave-man’s axe or a shell that shoots eighty miles.</p>
+
+<p>Bravery is no new thing. It cannot be listed as one of the inventions
+of this war. It is matter for enough pride that there was no
+failure of it in quality, but rather an unheard-of versatility in it, and
+an unequaled quantity; for never before was there a war in which so
+many soldiers were engaged, or so incessantly engaged or under such
+hardships, or such varied dangers. To an extent unapproached hitherto,
+nations were mobilized <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">en masse</i>. For the first time they settled down
+at grips in continuous lines from frontier to frontier with no relaxation
+of vigilance or activity through long years of sun, snow, rain, and mud.</p>
+
+<p>It is curious to note that in this war, innumerable hosts of brave
+men were dragged into glory—one might say “kicked upstairs”—by
+conscription.</p>
+
+<p>In America we had the small Regular Army, the slightly larger
+and very irregular National Guard; then armies of volunteers, followed
+by armies recruited willy-nilly through the exemption boards. Not
+only did the draft compel enlistment, but the very prospect of it drove
+many men to volunteer before they were drawn. This is said in no
+derogation, for obligations vary and many a man who could not find
+the way to volunteer was glad to be coerced. And some of the men
+who volunteered at once would better have stayed at home.</p>
+
+<p>Though the American Armies began in various strata, in a very
+short time all distinctions were abolished and everybody was “U. S.”</p>
+
+<p>The glory was similarly shuffled. In the records of achievements
+in ground gained, prisoners taken, casualties endured, the Regular Army,
+the National Guard divisions and the draft divisions were rivals of such
+close conclusion that disputes continue as to the actual priorities. In
+any case the margins are narrow. Here also luck played its part, for
+the morale of the enemy and the ground to be taken varied enormously
+from day to day and from place to place.</p>
+
+<p>Curiously, the most successful American hero of the war, judging
+by the score, was a “conscientious objector,” Sergeant York. His conscience
+did not lead him to the fanatic lengths of many others who defied
+the government and refused to obey any commands whatever; strange
+perverse creatures who were such lovers of liberty that they would do
+nothing to defend it, men who abhorred the thought of killing their
+fellow creatures so utterly that they would not lift a finger to put a stop
+to slaughter and disarm the German butchers. Sergeant York’s religious<span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</span>
+scruples did not carry him so far, yet he was a reluctant and a tardy
+entrant into the war, and he was with difficulty persuaded to accept the
+immortal fame awaiting him.</p>
+
+<p>Sergeant York was a straight-shooting open-living mountaineer.
+Yet there were city-bred heroes whose impetuosity led them to plunge
+into the war long before it spread to America. One of these was an
+actor and a dancer. Wallace McCutcheon, who pretended to British
+citizenship, got in at the start, and by sheer bravery and persistence rose
+from private to major. He would indeed have been a colonel if his
+second wound had caught him fifteen minutes later, for his colonel was
+killed then and he would have been automatically promoted.</p>
+
+<p>There were sons of wealthy parents and sons of humble parents
+who joined the French, the Canadian or the British forces and fought
+in the skies, or on land or sea for years before the rest of the nation
+decided to follow them overseas.</p>
+
+<p>This was a world war indeed, a universal struggle, and there was
+no race, color, condition, creed, or trade that was not represented and
+brilliantly represented. Clergymen, priests, waiters, polo-players, convicts,
+negroes, musicians, ditch-diggers, gunmen, farmers, chorusmen,
+gamblers—the entire list of heroes would exhaust any classification of
+the human race or its activities. A complete beadroll of heroes would
+fill a city directory, and make the most dismal reading.</p>
+
+<p>The only way in which justice can be done to anybody at all, is by
+omitting even to mention the vast majority, and to select a few at
+random, like a clutch of sample red apples from an enormous harvest.</p>
+
+<p>It is not feasible to attempt internationalism or non-partisanship.
+We must ignore the splendid heroism of other nations and leave them
+to the celebration of their own heroes and the neglect of ours.</p>
+
+<p>Of our own there remains too great a multitude to permit a
+systematic selection of examples. Some are here because they had the
+luck to be observed by skillful observers and recorders, as many kings
+are remembered because their historians or poets were superior to those
+of other kings.</p>
+
+<p>This volume, then, has all the faults of any other anthology. Yet
+the most imperfect anthology is better than no bouquet at all; and a
+bouquet is the happiest representative of a garden, as a framed canvas
+is the best memorial of a sunset.</p>
+
+<p>In this connection, there is a quaint poem of Emily Dickinson’s;
+she attached it to some flowers she selected from her garden:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container fs90">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">I send two sunsets—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Day and I in competition ran.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I finished two, and several stars,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">While He was making one.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">His own is ample—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But as I was saying to a friend,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Mine is the more convenient</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To carry in the hand.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</span></p>
+<p>So it may be said of this volume: it does not contain the entire star-crowded
+firmament of the War of Wars, but it is “more convenient to
+carry in the hand.”</p>
+
+<p>It would be belittling the bravery of our own men and the men of
+the Allies to pretend that the enemy lacked courage. The Germans and
+Austrians fought brilliantly, scientifically, ruthlessly. Individuals displayed
+the purest heroism and chivalry. But since it is impossible to
+catalogue everybody, I imagine that this omission, at least, will be
+indulgently regarded.</p>
+
+<p>America entered the war late but at a time of peculiar desperation.
+Her appearance on the field changed the whole balance of power.</p>
+
+<p>Before this time, the <i lang="it" xml:lang="it">generalissimo</i>, Foch, was like a gambler trying
+to break the bank with his last remaining gold pieces. Immediately
+after, he was a man with an inexhaustible supply of remittances. What
+would have been insane recklessness before now became good strategy,
+and he could at last follow out his life-motto: “Attack, attack, attack!”</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand the Germans, having entered the war as cold-blooded
+business men, and conducted it with all the soullessness of the
+proverbial corporation, realized speedily that the investment was a failure
+and made every effort to get out as cheaply as possible.</p>
+
+<p>The Allies realized that their victory would be wasted if Germany
+were permitted to retire with any prestige. A crushing and undeniable
+defeat was of the utmost importance. Hence the Americans were called
+upon to attack with human sledgehammers the hinges of the German
+defense and the strong points of rearguard action. Their losses were
+therefore huge for the brief time of engagement, since they ran to meet
+danger with an amazing fire.</p>
+
+<p>Heroes sprang up, as from sown dragon’s teeth; so fast that there
+was no recording them. In air, on land and sea, and under the land
+and the sea, our men wrought so godlike well that it is pitiful to leave
+any of them without his meed of praise.</p>
+
+<p>A word ought to be said also, for the prevented heroes, the unwilling
+absentees from the battle, those who ate their hearts out in
+America as instructors in camps, as dealers in supplies, plodders in
+paper work.</p>
+
+<p>Of the Regular Army officers, who had dedicated their lives to
+valor, made bravery their profession, hardly more than one-third were
+even enabled to cross the sea, and a large mass of the small portion
+that got across was never permitted to come within earshot of the fighting
+line. War has no bitterer cruelties than the fate of such men.</p>
+
+<p>There were National Guard men and officers, too, who had given
+a large part of their leisure to military training only to find themselves
+condemned to inaction. There was a vast amount of plucking by
+surgeons, for disabilities that had not prevented men from earning success
+in civil life. But trench life was so searching a test of strength that
+youth was almost as essential as in the prize ring.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the stay-at-homes had a rightful share in the glory of the
+men they trained and sent as their delegates to the victory. Conspicuously<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</span>
+absent were Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, who did so much
+to inspire his countrymen with battle-ardor, and General Leonard
+Wood, who built up the whole system of officers’ training camps, advancing
+us incalculably along the road to preparedness.</p>
+
+<p>Then there was the thwarted courage of the countless men who
+tried to volunteer from civil life and were refused in droves, or furnished
+with an almost ironical uniform to emphasize their domesticity. This
+was the swivel-chair army, and the badge of service was the silver
+chevron. At first granted as an honor, it proved so unwelcome that it
+had to be enforced by order.</p>
+
+<p>Uniforms of a sort were worn also by Red Cross, Y. M. C. A.,
+Knights of Columbus, Jewish Welfare Board, Salvation Army, and
+other semi-civilians, thousands of whom reached the battle front and
+many of whom displayed perfect gallantry.</p>
+
+<p>Women to an extraordinary degree took part in this war. The
+Russian Battalion of Death was the most startling verification of the
+Amazonian myths, but in every country there were women unnumbered
+who courted danger with a superb consecration to duty.</p>
+
+<p>There is no stranger or more persistent falsehood than the claim
+that women are less belligerent than men. It has been constantly
+reiterated that if women had the vote, or even the say, there would
+be no more wars. As if history had not abounded in women whose
+native ferocity or patriotism inspired them to frenzies of wrath, or self-sacrifice!</p>
+
+<p>In this war as in all wars, mothers surrendered their boys with
+fortitude, or compelled them into the ranks. Mothers without sons to
+give envied their luckier sisters. Women made speeches, posters, wrote
+articles, poems, songs, did office work, drove ambulances, trucks, and
+toiled in munitions factories where danger was more unceasing than on
+the battle front.</p>
+
+<p>The Red Cross women and their untrained aids, many of them
+women of noble birth or of the most delicate heritages, shared the hardships
+of the men. The Salvation Army women made doughnuts and
+pies in the front line trenches. The Y. M. C. A., the Y. W. C. A., and
+numerous other organizations crowded to the front. Actors and
+actresses faced death in order to make cheer for the soldiers about to die.</p>
+
+<p>The difficulty was always to keep the throngs back from the fighting-lines
+rather than to whip them forward.</p>
+
+<p>The fighting-line was indeed a vague term, for children were killed
+in their cradles in cities far distant from the battle front. Worshipers
+in a Paris church were killed on a Good Friday by a shot from a German
+cannon fired eighty miles away.</p>
+
+<p>The raids by Zeppelins and aeroplanes, the planting of explosives
+in factories, the sowing of mines in seas, the activities of spies and
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">saboteurs</i> made it uncertain just where danger was. There was courage
+everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>The variety of dangers was beyond anything hitherto recorded, and
+a certain supremacy in dauntlessness might be claimed by our generation;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</span>
+for men are most easily frightened by risks they are not used to,
+and every month seemed to bring some new astonishment. The submarine
+and the flying machine had never been employed in wars before.
+They were as terrifying to their passengers as to their targets. They
+brought remote civilians and non-combatants into their field of fire by
+intention or indifference.</p>
+
+<p>The air-raids over London and Paris and the sinking of the
+<em>Lusitania</em> and various hospital ships horrified the world. The first
+gas attacks added a new shudder to war. The prolonged and hideous
+imprisonment in the trenches where men stood to arms in icy mud kept
+the soul and the body on the rack. The hand grenade came again into
+fashion with a new deadliness. The machine-gun literally sprayed the
+field with bullets, mowing men down as with the scythe of death. The
+tanks were such a prodigy as the first elephants brought into battle.
+Depth bombs for submarines, land-mines, cannon on railroad tracks,
+trench-knives, incendiary bullets, barbed wire charged with lightning—it
+would be impossible to enumerate the new devices for inflicting wounds
+and death.</p>
+
+<p>Yet science could not invent a way to frighten men out of their wits
+or out of their patriotism. The men in danger simply took what came
+and held on while the scientists in the rear devised some new defense
+for the new offense.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing was more spectacular than the development of the air-duel
+and the air-battle by whole fleets of airships. The penalty for bad
+luck in such an encounter was to fall thousands of feet in a blazing
+machine. But candidates for these super-chivalrous jousts were
+innumerable.</p>
+
+<p>Naval warfare had its novelties in frightfulness as well. Vessels
+were subject to destruction by a planted or a drifting mine or by a
+torpedo shot from an unseen submersible. The destruction of a populous
+ship was like the cataclysm that annihilates a city. The tortures of
+patrol duty, the management or the pursuit of submarines, the combats
+with airships, the protection of convoys, and numberless new-fangled
+terrors were all superimposed on the ancient dangers of seafaring.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the fighting navy there was the mercantile marine charged
+with the transportation of incredible amounts of supplies and millions
+of soldiers. With these ships the submarine worked fearful havoc,
+filling the Seven Seas with hulks and corpses.</p>
+
+<p>Yet in spite of all the surprises of science, this war, like all other
+wars of the past—and it is safe to say of the future—was waged upon
+the most ancient lines, and its battle-technic was reducible to simple terms.</p>
+
+<p>A, B and C attack D, E and F. A superiority in weapons must be
+met by a superiority in morale or a superiority in tactics. Ability to
+attack and to endure attack are the proofs of fitness to survive. The
+victor will be the latter one to quit fighting. While the war must be
+won by masses of men, the quality of the mass is the algebraic total of
+the individual qualities.</p>
+
+<p>A hero is a man plus. A coward is a man minus. A few heroes<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</span>
+will counteract the influence of many cowards or even lend them strength
+enough to become heroes also.</p>
+
+<p>In its individual heroes, moral, spiritual and physical, lies therefore
+the prosperity of a nation. It is well that a nation should keep its eye
+on its heroes, and reward them well, at least with fame.</p>
+
+<p>This volume devoted to accounts of individual achievements is
+something more than picturesque. It is as important to the record as
+the consideration of any of the larger aspects of war. It strikes the
+human note, and the human note is vital in so human a thing as a war;
+since war gives humanity its widest and fiercest vibration from the
+utmost baseness to the supreme nobility.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_SOLDIER">THE SOLDIER</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs90"><em>By</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent">Rupert Brooke</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">If I should die, think only this of me:</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">That there’s some corner of a foreign field</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">That is for ever England. There shall be</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In that rich earth a richer dust concealed;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Gave once her flowers to love, her ways to roam,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">A body of England’s, breathing English air,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Washed by the rivers, blest by suns of home.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">And think this heart, all evil shed away,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">A pulse in the eternal mind, no less</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">Gives somewhere back the thoughts by England given;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Her sights and sounds; dreams happy as her day;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And laughter, learnt of friends; and gentleness,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">In hearts at peace, under an English heaven.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">From <em>The Collected Poems of Rupert Brooke</em>, Copyright, 1915, by John Lane Company.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs200 wsp bold">Deeds of Heroism and<br>
+Daring</p>
+</div>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="AND_A_FEW_MARINES">“AND A FEW MARINES”</h2>
+
+<h3>Eye-witness Account of the Belleau Wood Action in the Marne Salient
+Beginning June 6th, 1918</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">It</span> has been insisted that more than their
+share of glory was bestowed upon the
+Marines for their work at Château-Thierry,
+other units of the A.E.F. being entitled to
+share the honors of those terrible but wonderful
+days when the barbarians were stopped.
+That is of course true, for the battle generally
+described as Château-Thierry had to do
+with a region, not merely a town, and it was
+in Belleau Wood and at Bouresches that the
+Marines fought so splendidly and so successfully
+to save Paris. Honors conferred in
+the early and censored dispatches have since
+been more properly distributed, and the various
+divisions—the 1st and 2d, the 3d, the 26th
+and the 42d—engaged at different points and
+at different times, have had the just recognition
+of the honors due them. But the distribution
+has not in any degree diminished the
+proud record of the Marines in maintaining
+the place of honor to which they were assigned
+June 6th. A very voluminous and authoritative
+account of the 6th Regiment, 2d
+Division, and its service in France was written
+by its commander, Brig. Gen. A. W. Catlin
+under the title <em>With the Help of God and a
+Few Marines</em>. In that volume one may find
+the authentic details of the heroic exploits of
+the Marines. But we are now concerned only
+with the incidents and events that caused the
+French to change the name of Belleau Wood
+(Bois de Belleau) to “Bois de la Brigade de
+Marine.”</p>
+
+<p>The first spring drive of the Germans began
+March 21, 1918. It swept across the Somme
+and over the plains of Picardy irresistibly.
+Foch seemed unable to check the advance and
+there was consternation among the Allied nations,
+and the men in the trenches were
+anxious and restless. The enemy were sweeping
+everything before them. “With forty
+divisions, including some 400,000 of their
+best troops, and with the greatest auxiliary
+force of tanks, machine guns and poison gas
+projectiles ever mobilized,” says Gen. Catlin,
+“they rolled on for thirty miles in spite of
+enormous losses, advancing at the rate of six
+or eight miles a day, capturing men and guns
+by the wholesale, and occupying 650 square
+miles of territory. There were simply not
+enough French and British to stop them. The
+Allies resisted heroically, but they were forced
+to yield to the unanswerable argument of
+superior weight. And where was the American
+aid that the French people had been
+building their failing hopes upon?</p>
+
+<p>“Held at Rheims and west of Soissons, the
+Germans thrust a U-shaped salient clear down
+to the Marne, its rounded apex resting on a
+contracted six-mile front between Château-Thierry
+and Dormans, but thirty-five scant
+miles from Paris.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</span></p>
+
+<p>“Then the harried soldiers of France arose
+in their might for a last grim stand. The
+name of the Marne was a rallying cry for
+them. ‘They shall not,’ they muttered between
+gritted teeth; and they did not pass.”</p>
+
+<p>Fighting shoulder to shoulder with the
+French on the Marne at Château-Thierry was
+the 3rd Division of Regular troops who had
+arrived on May 31st in the nick of time in
+support of the French. On this occasion the
+7th Machine Gun Battalion defended the
+bridge at Château-Thierry with the greatest
+heroism, suffering very heavy losses, and to
+them especially belongs the credit of checking
+the enemy’s attempt to cross the river.</p>
+
+<p>To the northwest of the town lay Belleau
+Wood, a natural fortress which was full of
+Germans. Although the enemy had been
+checked in the attempt to cross the Marne, his
+position in Belleau Wood was a very strong
+one, constituting an excellent point of vantage
+for a sudden thrust against the Allied line
+along the river. Foch now decided to call
+upon American troops and the Marines of the
+2nd Division were ordered up and sent into
+the line to capture Belleau Wood.</p>
+
+
+<h3>IN THE AMERICAN WAY</h3>
+
+<p>The delay occasioned by the French-American
+resistance at Château-Thierry gave time
+for the organization of the defensive strategy
+which culminated in the battle of Belleau
+Wood. It is interesting to know in connection
+with Château-Thierry that the Americans
+entered under the direction of the French.
+General Catlin says apropos of the Belleau
+Wood preparation:</p>
+
+<p>“I think the French hesitated to trust us
+too far in this crisis. We were without tanks,
+gas shells, or flame projectors. We were untried
+in open warfare. But General Harbord
+begged to be allowed to tackle the job.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Let us fight in our own way,’ said he,
+‘and we’ll stop them.’</p>
+
+<p>“The situation was acute; there seemed to
+be no alternative. General Harbord was
+given free rein, and in that moment we
+passed out from our French tutelage and acted
+as an American army fighting side by side
+with our hard-pressed Allies. The battle of
+Belleau Wood was fought by American
+troops, under American officers, supported by
+American guns, in a typically American manner.
+And the battle was won.”</p>
+
+<p>The details of this battle in the wood are
+not to be given here. One or two of the
+facts that stand out must serve as illustrative
+of the whole splendid performance. The advance
+began with the 5th Battalion under
+Major Berry and the 6th Battalion under
+Major Holcomb holding the center, the
+French on the left and the 23d Infantry
+on the right, Sibley’s battalion supporting.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FACING THE MYSTERY</h3>
+
+<p>“We stood facing the dark, sullen mystery
+of Belleau Wood. It was a mystery, for
+we knew not what terrible destruction the
+Hun might be preparing for us within its
+baleful borders, nor at what moment it might
+be launched in all its fury against us. That
+the wood was strongly held we knew, and so
+we waited.</p>
+
+<p>“No one knows how many Germans were
+in those woods. I have seen the estimate
+placed at 1,000, but there were certainly more
+than that. It had been impossible to get
+patrols into the woods, but we knew they
+were full of machine guns and that the enemy
+had trench mortars there. We captured five
+of their minenwerfers later. So far as we
+knew, there might have been any number of
+men in there, but we had to attack just the
+same, and with but a handful. Sibley and
+Berry had a thousand men each, but only half
+of these could be used for the first rush, and
+as Berry’s position was problematical, it was
+Sibley’s stupendous task to lead his 500
+through the southern end of the wood clear
+to the eastern border if the attack was not
+to be a total failure. Even to a Marine it
+seemed hardly men enough.</p>
+
+<p>“Orders had been given to begin the attack
+at 5 o’clock. The men knew in a general way
+what was expected of them and what they
+were up against, but I think only the officers
+realized the almost impossible task that lay
+before them. I knew, and the knowledge
+left me little comfort. But I had perfect
+confidence in the men; that never faltered.
+That they might break never once entered my
+head. They might be wiped out, I knew, but
+they would never break.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_003" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_003.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Leslie’s Weekly.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Where the Marines Made Their Début</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">This is the road where the Marines in the name of America served
+notice on the German war lords that they could not capture Paris.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“It was a clear, bright day. At that season
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span>of the year it did not get dark till about 8.30,
+so we had three hours of daylight ahead of
+us.</p>
+
+<p>“As soon as I received the orders I got
+Holcomb and Sibley together at the former’s
+headquarters, some 500 yards back of the
+line.</p>
+
+<p>“With map in hand, I explained the situation
+to them without trying to gloss over any of
+its difficulties, and gave them their orders. The
+men seemed cool, in good spirits and ready
+for the word to start. Some one has asked
+me what I said, what final word of inspiration
+I gave those men about to face sudden
+death.</p>
+
+<p>“I am no speech maker. If the truth
+must be told, I think what I said was, ‘Give
+’em Hell, boys!’ It was the sort of thing
+the Marine understands. And that is about
+what they did.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A BULLET THROUGH THE LUNG</h3>
+
+<p>“Just about the time Sibley’s men struck the
+woods a sniper’s bullet hit me in the chest. It
+felt exactly as though some one had struck
+me heavily with a sledge. It swung me clear
+around and toppled me over on the ground.
+When I tried to get up I found that my
+right side was paralyzed.</p>
+
+<p>“Beside me stood Captain Tribot-Laspierre,
+that splendid fellow who stuck to me through
+thick and thin. He had been begging me to
+get back to a safer place, but I was obstinate
+and he never once thought of leaving me.
+When I fell he came out of his cover and
+rushed to my side. He is a little man and
+I am not, but he dragged me head first back
+to the shelter trench some twenty or twenty-five
+feet away. My life has been spared and
+I owe much to that Frenchman.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_004" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_004.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Leslie’s Weekly.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Bridge Across the Marne at Château-Thierry</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Where the 7th Machine Gun Battalion of the 3rd Division Checked the German Drive.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“I have heard of men getting wounded who
+said that it felt like a red-hot iron being
+jammed through them before the world turned
+black. None of these things happened to me.
+I suffered but little pain and I never for a
+moment lost consciousness. Nor did any
+thought of death occur to me, though I knew
+I had been hit in a vital spot. I was merely
+annoyed at my inability to move and carry
+on.</p>
+
+<p>“The bullet went clean through my right
+lung, in at the front and out at the back,
+drilling a hole straight through me.</p>
+
+<p>“No orders as to the adjustment of rifle
+sights had been given, as the range was point
+blank. Watches had been synchronized and
+no further orders were given. As the hands
+touched the zero hour there was a single
+shout, and at exactly 5 o’clock the whole line
+leaped up simultaneously and started forward,
+Berry’s 500 and Sibley’s 500, with the
+others in support.</p>
+
+<p>“Instantly the beast in the wood bared his
+claws. The Boches were ready and let loose
+a sickening machine gun and rifle fire into
+the teeth of which the Marines advanced. The
+German artillery in the woods increased the
+fury of its fire, and the big guns at Belleau
+and Torcy, a mile and a half away, pounded
+our advancing lines.</p>
+
+<p>“On Berry’s front there was the open wheat
+field, 400 yards or more wide—winter wheat,
+still green but tall and headed out. Other
+cover there was none. On Sibley’s left there
+was open grass land perhaps 200 yards wide;
+his right was close to the woods.</p>
+
+<p>“Owing to the poor communications, the
+two battalions engaged in what were virtually
+independent actions, and, as I had feared,
+Berry got the worst end of it. He had to
+face that wide open space, swept by machine
+gun fire, with a flanking fire from the direction
+of Torcy.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AS SIBLEY’S MEN ADVANCED</h3>
+
+<p>“My eyes were on what Sibley’s men were
+doing, and I only knew in a general way
+what was happening to the battalion of the
+5th. But Floyd Gibbons, the correspondent
+of the Chicago <cite>Tribune</cite>, was with Berry and
+saw it all. He was, in fact, seriously wounded
+himself, and has lost an eye as a result. Gibbons
+says that the platoons started in good
+order and advanced steadily into the field between
+clumps of woods. It was flat country
+with no protection of any sort except the bending
+wheat. The enemy opened up at once and
+it seemed, he says, as if the air were full of
+red-hot nails. The losses were terrific. Men
+fell on every hand there in the open, leaving
+great gaps in the line. Berry was wounded
+in the arm, but pressed on with the blood
+running down his sleeve.</p>
+
+<p>“Into a veritable hell of hissing bullets,
+into that death-dealing torrent, with heads
+bent as though facing a March gale, the shattered
+lines of Marines pushed on. The headed
+wheat bowed and waved in that metal cloudburst
+like meadow grass in a summer breeze.
+The advancing lines wavered, and the voice
+of a Sergeant was heard above the uproar:</p>
+
+<p>“‘Come on, you —— — ——! Do you
+want to live forever?’</p>
+
+<p>“The ripping fire grew hotter. The machine
+guns at the edge of the woods were
+now a bare hundred yards away, and the
+enemy gunners could scarcely miss their targets.
+It was more than flesh and blood could
+stand. Our men were forced to throw themselves
+flat on the ground or be annihilated, and
+there they remained in that terrible hail till
+darkness made it possible for them to withdraw
+to their original position.</p>
+
+<p>“Berry’s men did not win that first encounter
+in the attack on Belleau Wood, but it was
+not their fault. Never did men advance
+more gallantly in the face of certain death;
+never did men deserve greater honor for valor.</p>
+
+<p>“Sibley, meanwhile, was having better luck.
+I watched his men go in and it was one of
+the most beautiful sights I have ever witnessed.
+The battalion pivoted on its right,
+the left sweeping across the open ground in
+four waves, as steadily and correctly as though
+on parade. There were two companies of
+them, deployed in four skirmish lines, the men
+placed five yards apart and the waves fifteen
+to twenty yards behind each other.</p>
+
+<p>“I say they went in as if on parade, and
+that is literally true. There was no yell and
+wild rush, but a deliberate forward march,
+with the lines at right dress. They walked
+at the regulation pace, because a man is of
+little use in a hand-to-hand bayonet struggle
+after a hundred yards dash. My hands were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span>
+clenched and all my muscles taut as I watched
+that cool, intrepid, masterful defiance of the
+German spite. And still there was no sign
+of wavering or breaking.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE RIGHT QUALITIES THERE</h3>
+
+<p>“Oh, it took courage and steady nerves to
+do that in the face of the enemy’s machine
+gun fire. Men fell there in the open, but the
+advance kept steadily on to the woods. It
+was then that discipline and training counted.
+Their minds were concentrated not on the enemy’s
+fire but on the thing they had to do
+and the necessity for doing it right. They
+were listening for orders and obeying them.
+In this frame of mind the soldier can perhaps
+walk with even more coolness and determination
+than he can run. In any case it was an
+admirable exhibition of military precision and
+it gladdened their Colonel’s heart.</p>
+
+<p>“The Marines have a war cry that they can
+use to advantage when there is need of it. It
+is a blood-curdling yell calculated to carry
+terror to the heart of the waiting Hun. I am
+told that there were wild yells in the woods
+that night, when the Marines charged the
+machine gun nests, but there was no yelling
+when they went in. Some one has reported
+that they advanced on those woods crying,
+‘Remember the <em>Lusitania</em>!’ If they did so, I
+failed to hear it. Somehow that doesn’t sound
+like the sort of things the Marine says under
+the conditions. So far as I could observe not
+a sound was uttered throughout the length of
+those four lines. The men were saving their
+breath for what was to follow.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_006" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_006.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Leslie’s Weekly.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">What American Artillery Fire Did to Vaux</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Captured German officers declared that the American fire was the most deadly and concentrated
+they had ever faced.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_007" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_007.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Leslie’s Weekly.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">American Soldiers in Vaux</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The capture of Vaux, situated on the Château-Thierry-Paris highway, marked the beginning of the check to the Germans in their drive to the Marne
+in 1918. One of the big guns which fired on Paris was situated near here.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“I am afraid I have given but a poor picture
+of that splendid advance. There was
+nothing dashing about it like a cavalry charge,
+but it was one of the finest things I have ever
+seen men do. They were men who had never
+before been called upon to attack a strongly
+held enemy position. Before them were the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span>dense woods effectively sheltering armed and
+highly trained opponents of unknown strength.
+Within its depths the machine guns snarled
+and rattled and spat forth a leaden death. It
+was like some mythical monster belching smoke
+and fire from its lair. And straight against it
+marched the United States Marines, with
+heads up and the light of battle in their eyes.</p>
+
+<p>“Well, they made it. They reached the
+woods without breaking. They had the advantage
+of slightly better cover than Berry’s
+men and the defensive positions at the lower
+end of the woods had not been so well organized
+by the Germans as those on the western
+side. The first wave reached the low growth
+at the edge of the woods and plunged in.
+Then the second wave followed, and the third
+and the fourth, and disappeared from view.”</p>
+
+<p>About an hour later Catlin had the attention
+of a surgeon, but while he lay there gas
+shells began bursting nearby and they put
+the gas mask on him. “I never knew before
+how uncomfortable one of those things could
+be. It is hard enough for a man to breathe
+with a lung full of blood without having one
+of those smothering masks clapped over his
+face.” He was got to Lucy for treatment
+and then taken to Paris, where quarts of blood
+were drawn from his pleural cavity. The
+wonder is that he came through it at all.</p>
+
+
+<h3>IN THE BELLEAU WOOD</h3>
+
+<p>“The action was all in the hands of the
+platoon officers. Success or failure rested on
+their shoulders. It is not the general who
+wins such a battle as that, but the captain,
+the sergeant, the private.</p>
+
+<p>“It has been called an exaggerated riot,
+that desperate conflict in the wood. It was
+hand-to-hand fighting from the first, and those
+Germans, hating cold steel as they do, soon
+learned what American muscle and determination
+are like. From tree to tree fought our
+Marines, from rock to rock, like the wild
+Indians of their native land. It is the sort of
+fighting the Marine has always gloried in.
+And in that fighting they beat the Germans
+on two points—initiative and daring, and accuracy
+of rifle fire. They picked the German
+gunners out of the trees like squirrels, and in
+innumerable fierce onslaughts that took place
+at the machine gun nests the Marines always
+struck the first blow and it was usually a
+knock-out. It was a wild, tempestuous, rough-and-tumble
+scrap, with no quarter asked or
+given. Rifles grew hot from constant firing
+and bayonets reeked with German gore. It
+was man to man, there in the dark recesses
+of the woods, with no gallery to cheer the
+gladiators, and it was the best man that
+won.</p>
+
+<p>“The thick woods made the fighting a matter
+of constant ambuscades and nerve-racking
+surprises, but the Marines tore on. With Sibley
+at their head nothing could stop them.
+Machine gun nests whose crews held out
+formed little islands in the welter about which
+the Marine flood swept, eventually to engulf
+them. Some of the Germans turned and fled,
+abandoning their guns; others waited till
+caught in the rear and then threw up their
+hands and surrendered; some waited in huddled
+groups in the ravines till the gleaming-eyed
+devil dogs should leap upon them; some
+stuck to their guns till an American bullet or
+an American bayonet laid them low. One
+by one the guns were silenced or were turned
+in the opposite direction.</p>
+
+<p>“They started in at 5 o’clock. At 6:45 the
+report was sent to headquarters that the
+machine gun fire at the lower end of the woods
+had been practically silenced. At 7:30 German
+prisoners began to come in.</p>
+
+<p>“Night fell with the fighting still going
+on and only the flash of shooting to see by.
+But at 9 o’clock word came from Sibley by
+runner that he had got through and had attained
+the first objective, the eastern edge of
+the wood. In four hours he and his men had
+passed clear through the lower quarter of
+Belleau Wood, traversing nearly a mile, and
+had cleaned things up as they went. And
+only 500 of them started; I hesitate to mention
+the number that finished.</p>
+
+<p>“At 10 o’clock reinforcements were sent in
+with orders to consolidate the position.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE TAKING OF BOURESCHES</h3>
+
+<p>In the meantime other Marines, the 96th
+Company of Major Holcomb’s battalion and
+one of Sibley’s reserve companies, were engaged
+with the task of ejecting the Germans
+from Bouresches, the town just east of the
+woods, as necessary to be cleared as Belleau<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span>
+Wood itself. Holcomb’s men got to Bouresches
+first and went in.</p>
+
+<p>“Half of this little force was under Captain
+Duncan and the other half under Lieutenant
+Robertson. The enemy’s fire, as they neared
+the town, was frightful, and more men fell
+than kept going. Duncan was shot down
+while coolly advancing with his pipe in his
+mouth. Robertson, who, by the way, was
+afterward shot through the neck near Soissons,
+led the remnant on and entered the
+town.</p>
+
+<p>“There were probably 300 to 400 Germans
+in that town and the place bristled with machine
+guns. There were guns at the street
+corners, behind barricades, and even on the
+housetops, but the Marines kept on. They
+attacked those machine guns with rifle, bayonet,
+and grenade in their bitter struggle for
+a foothold. They were outnumbered when
+they started, and one by one they were put
+out of the fighting. But they kept going,
+taking gun after gun, until the Germans, for
+all their numbers and advantage of position,
+began to fall back. And Lieutenant Robertson
+took Bouresches with twenty men!</p>
+
+<p>“He sent back word at 9:45 that he had
+got in and asked for reinforcements, but he
+did not wait for them. Those twenty men
+started in to clean up that town in the approved
+Marine fashion, and he was well on
+his way when Captain Zane’s company of Holcomb’s
+battalion arrived to support him. Then
+Engineers were sent in to help consolidate
+the position.</p>
+
+<p>“But the town was not yet fully won. The
+Germans began displaying counter-activity,
+and the Marines sent back word that they
+were running short of ammunition. Lieutenant
+William B. Moore, the Princeton athlete,
+and Sergeant Major John Quick (of
+whom more anon) volunteered to take in a
+truck load. With a small crew chosen from
+fifty who wanted to go, they started with
+their precious, perilous freight, over a torn
+road under a terrific fire. The whole way
+was brilliantly lighted by enemy flares and
+the solitary truck offered a shining mark to
+the German gunners. It rolled and careened
+fearfully over the gullies and craters, shells
+shrieked and whistled over their heads and
+burst on every hand, and as they neared the
+town they drove straight into the fire of the
+spouting machine guns. But John Quick
+bears a charmed life and they got through
+unscathed.</p>
+
+<p>“That ammunition truck saved the day at
+Bouresches, for after it got in, Zane’s men
+proceeded to clean up the town. At 11
+o’clock that night the report was sent in to
+headquarters to the effect that the Germans
+had been driven out of Bouresches. At 2:30
+a.m. they made an attempt to get in again,
+but the counter-attack was smothered by our
+machine gun fire.</p>
+
+<p>“The next day, with the help of the Engineers,
+our position in the town was made
+secure.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GERMAN TREACHERY</h3>
+
+<p>“There were evidences everywhere, during
+this fighting, of German treachery. Those
+Prussians were nasty fighters. The following
+is quoted from the letter of a quartermaster’s
+sergeant who talked with a number of our
+wounded in the hospital:</p>
+
+<p>“‘If evidence were lacking of ingrained
+German untrustworthiness and treachery, the
+following from the lips of three men, one an
+officer, would be ample. During the progress
+of a hot engagement a number of Germans,
+hands aloft and crying “Kamerad!” approached
+a platoon of Marines who, justifiedly
+assuming it meant surrender, waited
+for the Germans to come into their lines as
+prisoners. When about three hundred yards
+distant, the first line of Germans suddenly
+fell flat upon their faces, disclosing that they
+had been dragging machine guns by means of
+ropes attached to their belts.</p>
+
+<p>“‘With these guns the rear lines immediately
+opened fire and nearly thirty Marines went
+down before, with a yell of rage, their comrades
+swept forward, bent upon revenge. I
+am happy to state that not a German survived,
+for those who would have really surrendered
+when their dastardly ruse failed were
+bayoneted without mercy.</p>
+
+<p>“‘As stated, I talked separately with three
+different Marines at different times, and have
+no doubt of the truth of the story. When it
+spreads through the Corps, it will be safe to
+predict that the Marines will never take a
+prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Can they be blamed? As one man remarked,
+“A good German is a dead German.”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span>
+Another said, “They are like wolves and can
+only hunt in packs. Get one alone, and he
+is easy meat.”</p>
+
+<p>“‘Little of this sounds uplifting, and
+smacks of calloused sensibilities. But the
+business that brought these men to France is
+not a refined one. It is kill or be killed, perhaps
+both, and the duty of each man in the
+American army is to kill as many of the
+enemy as may be, before he, in turn, is killed.</p>
+
+<p>“‘I will not deny that my nerves are tense
+with horror at what I have seen, and with
+pride at what our boys have done, even while
+my soul is sick with this closer view of the
+red monster, War.’”</p>
+
+<p>The Marine brigade was cited by the
+French army for its work in the capture of
+Bouresches and Belleau Wood and the regimental
+colors have the Croix de Guerre with
+the palm; but, let it be recorded as evidence
+of what the Marines were that there were
+518 individual citations for conspicuous valor
+and extraordinary heroism in action, including
+officers and privates.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="FORWARD_LANCERS">“FORWARD, LANCERS!”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>And Captain Grenfell’s Cavalry Troops Lived Over “the Charge of the
+Light Brigade”</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> first officer in the British Army to
+win the Victoria Cross in the great war
+was Captain Francis O. Grenfell. He gained
+the coveted reward on August 24, 1914, almost
+at the commencement of the British fighting
+in Belgium, it was at the time of the
+great battle at Mons and the perhaps more
+momentous retreat that followed. The gallant
+little English army was struggling desperately
+to escape from the superior force of
+Germans, who gave it no rest. The cavalry
+was ordered to charge the enemy—to delay,
+head off and harass him as much as possible.
+Foremost among the Lancers—mounted soldiers
+carrying lances—who were always to the
+front in this dangerous and difficult undertaking,
+was Captain Grenfell of the 9th.</p>
+
+<p>The German guns caused terrible execution.
+The German infantry came on in dense columns—like
+peas thrown out of a sack, as one
+soldier described it. They pressed hard on
+the whole of the main body of the army but
+especially dangerous was the position of the
+5th Division. To relieve this section the 9th
+Lancers were ordered to charge.</p>
+
+<p>“Although all knew they might be going
+to certain death,” as the story is told by G.
+A. Leask, “not one of the gallant men faltered.
+They sang and shouted like schoolboys
+as their horses thundered over the ground.
+They treated the charge in the spirit of sport.
+These dashing cavalrymen, as they rode
+straight at the German guns, presented one
+of the finest sights of the whole war. There
+has been little opportunity to engage in cavalry
+charges since. Grenfell rode at the head
+of his men, encouraging them by his coolness.
+One who took part in the charge has said
+that he was the life and soul of the squadron,
+shouting the loudest, always in the front, setting
+an example to his comrades by his fearless
+riding.</p>
+
+<p>“At first all went well. Few of the Lancers
+had fallen, and the dashing cavalrymen
+were looking forward to a real fight at close
+quarters with the German gunners, who were
+playing such havoc among our troops. The
+men were in excellent spirits, although they
+knew their danger.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“INTO THE JAWS OF DEATH”</h3>
+
+<p>“Suddenly a murderous fire from the enemy
+pulled them up. Grenfell’s cheery voice rose
+above the awful din of bursting shells, urging
+his men to continue the charge. They recovered,
+and followed their leader. Then the
+enemy’s fire became hotter. It was like riding
+into the jaws of death. Twenty concealed
+German machine guns rained death on the
+horsemen at a distance of not more than 150
+yards. Even then the gallant 9th did not
+waver, for they were led by a hero. Standing
+up in the stirrups and brandishing his sword
+Captain Grenfell called to his men to ride
+straight on. They cheered and obeyed. It
+now seemed as though nothing could stop this
+wild charge. Both men and horses had become
+infuriated.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_011" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_011.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Rifle Brigade Fighting Its Way Through Neuve Chapelle</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">This brigade is the youngest of regiments in the regular British Army.
+It was the first to enter the village of Neuve Chapelle.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Grenfell himself seemed to bear a charmed
+life, while all around him empty saddles told
+their terrible tale. He did not come through
+the charge unscathed, but his wounds were not
+serious.</p>
+
+<p>“The Lancers continued to sweep forward
+until finally held up by the enemy’s barbed
+wire, cunningly concealed in the long grass.
+The German trap had succeeded. To proceed
+farther was impossible, and in order to
+escape total annihilation the gallant horsemen
+reluctantly turned their horses’ heads and
+rode back. Of the 9th Lancers not more than
+forty came out of the ordeal.</p>
+
+<p>“The charge of the Lancers had failed, but
+it will live forever in military annals. It
+proved to the world that the British cavalry
+was as dashing and brave as in the days of
+old.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>GRENFELL RESCUES THE GUNS</h3>
+
+<p>Grenfell’s second great exploit came on the
+same day. It was equally daring. When the
+survivors of the 9th Lancers rode off the field
+the Captain, although not seriously wounded,
+was greatly in need of rest. That, however,
+was not yet to be. He had espied a railway
+embankment, and quickly made for it with the
+men under his charge. When they arrived
+at the shelter they found a number of men of
+the 119th Field Battery, which had been put
+out of action and abandoned. There was the
+danger of the guns being captured by the enemy
+and turned against the English. It had
+been a great day for the artillery, no less
+than for the cavalry.</p>
+
+<p>“This battery had been in action earlier in
+the day with the object of delaying the German
+advance and relieving the terrible pressure
+on the harassed infantry, who were being
+driven back from Mons by superior forces.
+The 119th Battery had given and received
+a terrific fire. One Germany battery had
+been silenced by the gunners, who were afterward
+attacked by three of the enemy’s batteries
+from different directions. The unequal
+contest was very fierce while it lasted. All
+the gunners had been killed by shrapnel, and
+the survivors of the battery were ordered to
+seek safety.</p>
+
+<p>“Up till now it had been found impossible
+to attempt the rescue of the guns. They
+remained exposed to the German shells and
+would have been captured but for the gallantry
+of Captain Grenfell. An officer of the
+119th Battery, Lieutenant Geoffrey Blemell
+Pollard, who had been trying to devise means
+to save his guns, came to where the Lancers
+were resting, and put the matter before them.
+Would they assist him to get the guns
+away?”</p>
+
+<p>Captain Grenfell heard the lieutenant’s request.
+He carefully climbed to the top of the
+embankment, surveyed the position, and returned.
+He had seen that the Germans had
+now captured the guns.</p>
+
+<p>Grenfell determined to get the guns, regardless
+of the cost. He asked for volunteers and
+before he had done speaking two dozen Lancers
+had given in their names. They did not
+need to be told that Grenfell would lead—they
+had been in the charge with him and
+knew that he would not send others to do his
+work. They would have followed him anywhere.</p>
+
+<p>Grenfell led his little party of troopers into
+the open. Bullets were flying around, shrapnel
+was bursting near. “He was as cool as
+if he was on parade,” said a corporal who took
+part.</p>
+
+<p>He led his men right into the hurricane
+of shot and shell. Every few minutes they
+stopped for breath, then on again. Advancing
+at a rapid rate they reached the guns.</p>
+
+<p>“So unexpected was the charge of Grenfell’s
+squadron that the Germans, taken by surprise,
+fled in panic. Grenfell gave quick directions;
+rapidity of action was essential, for
+the Germans in the rear of the guns were
+pouring in a rapid fire. One gun was safely
+man-handled out of action. Grenfell was
+not the man to leave a task half-finished, and,
+braving the shells, he galloped back to the
+guns. By the time he reached them some of
+the battery’s horses had been brought up, and
+Grenfell assisted to hitch them to the guns.
+This done, the latter were galloped off the
+field. Not one gun of the 119th Battery was
+lost, and most of the wagons were recovered.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span>
+Only three men were hit during the rescue
+operations. Thus ended one of the quickest
+and most gallant gun-saving exploits of the
+war.</p>
+
+<p>“Later in the day Captain Grenfell was
+wounded. A bullet struck him in the thigh,
+and two of his fingers were injured. He
+was brought back from the firing-line, and
+an ambulance was sent for.</p>
+
+<p>“While awaiting the ambulance a motor-car
+dashed along. ‘That’s what I want,’ said
+Captain Grenfell. ‘What’s the use of an
+ambulance to me? Take me back to the
+firing-line.’ He entered the motor-car and
+went back to fight....</p>
+
+<p>“Captain Grenfell was twice invalided
+home, but on each occasion curtailed his rest
+in order to get back to the firing-line. He
+was killed while in command of the left section
+of the 9th Lancers on May 24, 1915.
+The Germans had broken through the line, but
+Grenfell held, and in the words of his Commanding
+Officer, Major Beale Browne, ‘saved
+the day.’”</p>
+
+<p>Thus died one of the greatest heroes of the
+war, a soldier to his fingertips, a born leader,
+a true gentleman. His men loved him because
+they knew his worth. In his will he
+left his Victoria Cross—the most honorable
+decoration England bestows—to the men of
+his regiment, “to whom the honor of my gaining
+it was entirely due.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="AN_UNPARALLELED_HERO">AN UNPARALLELED HERO</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Church Elder and Champion Turkey-Shooter Who Killed 25 Germans
+and Captured a Machine Gun Battalion</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Six</span> feet tall, weighing a trifle over two
+hundred pounds, brawny as becomes a
+man whose time was divided between blacksmithing
+and farming, clear-cut and strong of
+feature, kindly of disposition but positive and
+resolute by the testimony of keen blue eyes
+and flaming red hair—that is the general description
+of Alvin C. York, native of the
+Tennessee Mountains, extraordinary hero of
+the Argonne Battle, and modest withal.</p>
+
+<p>There is no story of the great war that
+reads more like an extravagant fiction; but it
+is thoroughly attested, its truth unquestionably
+established by official investigation and by the
+sworn statements of fellow soldiers as one of
+the most amazing individual achievements in
+the four years crowded with deeds of almost
+incredible heroism and daring.</p>
+
+<p>In a sentence: On Oct. 8, 1918, less than
+a year after he joined the army, Alvin C.
+York, as Corporal York, Company G, 328th
+Infantry, 82d Division, A. E. F., during operations
+in the Argonne sector, killed twenty-five
+Germans, captured 132 prisoners, including
+a major and several lieutenants, and put
+out of commission thirty-five machine guns—and
+did it by his “lonesome,” subduing the machine
+gun battalion with his rifle and automatic
+pistol.</p>
+
+<p>Now, the thing that gives vivid additional
+interest to the thrilling story is the fact that
+its hero was an elder of the Church of Christ
+and Christian Union—a sect scrupulously opposed
+to any kind of fighting and firm as conscientious
+objectors to war—and was one of
+the most devout and earnest members of his
+home church, in Pall Mall, Tennessee. And
+thereby hangs a romance!</p>
+
+<p>He had been one of the young bucks of the
+region, a typical mountaineer; a dead shot
+with rifle or pistol; champion of the turkey-shooting
+matches; breezy, jovial, liberal of
+oath, free with the demijohn, and not averse
+to a fight. He was one of eleven children,
+having seven brothers and three sisters, and
+when his father (blacksmith and farmer) died
+in 1911, Alvin, then twenty-four years old,
+took on the two occupations as head of the
+family; the older brothers married and went
+away. But in hours not demanded by smithy
+or farm he followed the bent of his old habits
+for the next two or three years, when, yielding
+to his mother’s entreaties, he gave up
+drinking and settled into sobriety. The “girl
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span>of all the world” urged him to join the
+church. So he waited a year, thinking the
+thing over. Convinced that it was the right
+course to pursue, he joined the church in
+1915.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_014" style="max-width: 45.625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_014.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Alvin C. York</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">As Corporal York of the 328th Infantry he captured 132 prisoners, killed twenty-five German
+machine-gunners and put out of operation thirty-five machine guns.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>When the United States declared war and
+conscription came, York was second elder of
+his church and, naturally, pastor and congregation
+urged him to abide by the doctrine of
+the church and claim exemption as a conscientious
+objector. He was sorely troubled.
+He believed in his religion, was soulfully committed
+to it, but he loved his country too—and
+patriotism is also a religion. He refused to
+claim exemption, and went with the draft to
+Camp Gordon in Georgia, but was obviously
+unhappy in his divided duty. He talked many
+times on the subject with Captain Danforth
+and Major Buxton. In addition to much reasoning
+they cited scriptural passages from the
+Old and New Testaments, that convinced him
+there are times when the sword is the instrument
+of divine justice, and before the 82d
+Division sailed for France, the conscientious
+objector declared himself satisfied that he was
+on the right course, and gave himself wholeheartedly
+to the duties of the soldier.</p>
+
+<p>And a good soldier he was, cheerfully,
+promptly obedient to orders, quick in mastering
+details, and distinguished by the cool, positive
+conduct of the self-reliant by habit and
+of the fearless by nature. He was made
+Corporal of Company G, 328th Infantry, 82d
+Division, a division made up of representatives
+of every state in the Union, hence the A. A.
+(All-America) in its insignia.</p>
+
+
+<h3>EARLY INTO ACTION</h3>
+
+<p>Over the sea went the 82d and was speedily
+in action, doing valorously in the Meuse-Argonne
+battles. And then, Oct. 8, at 6 o’clock
+in the morning, the 2d Battalion of the 328th,
+Corporal York with Company G, set off from
+Hill 223 with the Decauville railroad as its
+objective, two kilometers to the west. They
+had to cross a valley of several hundred yards
+and climb the ridges of a hill, all the time
+under machine gun fire from three directions.
+The guns from one hill had the Americans
+enfiladed, and Acting Sergt. Bernard Early
+was ordered to take two squads, and put the
+guns out of action. Early had sixteen men
+under him, one of whom was Corporal York.</p>
+
+<p>They set out to climb the hill with a heavy
+fire from a ridge at their backs, but the density
+of the trees and brush permitted them to
+get beyond observation without loss, though
+bullets continued to cut through the trees as
+they struggled and stumbled upward through
+the tangle. They crossed the crest and began
+the descent of the opposite slope, and suddenly,
+on the farther side of a little stream they came
+upon a group of Germans, twenty to thirty
+in number, seated on the ground for a meal.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_015" style="max-width: 47.3125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_015.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood, and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Home, Sweet Home</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Back home again in the Tennessee mountains.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>The Americans fired and there were a few
+return shots, but the majority of the surprised
+Germans threw down their guns and held up
+their hands in sign of surrender, and the
+others followed suit promptly, including the
+major in command of the battalion. They
+were amazed to find that their captors were
+American.</p>
+
+<p>Sergt. Early had them line up and was
+just ready to take them out when, in the
+expressive words of a survivor, “all hell broke
+loose.” Machine-guns placed in “fox-holes”
+that had been pointed the other way were
+swung round, and from the slope above Early’s
+detachment, began a fusillade. The German
+prisoners at once dropped down and lay on
+their bellies as did some of the Americans,
+others seeking the shelter of trees. Six of the
+little detachment were killed outright. Early
+was shot three times through the body and
+Corporal Cutting and Private Muzzi were
+wounded. On one side of York was Private
+Wareing, on the other Private Dymowski,
+both shot to pieces, York untouched. This
+fire reduced the party to eight, York and seven
+privates. Of the latter, one was pinned behind
+a tree, the others were guarding the
+prisoners. That is the testimony of the men
+themselves. They did no shooting.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“ALL THE TIME I WAS A-USING MY RIFLE”</h3>
+
+<p>York, when he dropped at the first fire
+of the machine-guns, found himself in a little
+path by a clump of bushes; the machine-guns
+were peppering from a distance of less
+than thirty yards, cutting off the tops of the
+bushes about York. On his return to the
+United States May 22, 1919, York said to
+a reporter: “I sat right where I was, and
+it seemed as if every gunner was a-firing
+straight at me. All this time, though, I was a-using
+my rifle, and the enemy he was a feeling
+the effects of it. One of our boys yelled that
+it was impossible to get the best of the situation,
+but I yelled back ‘Shut up!’ I knew one
+American was better than ten Germans if he
+kept his wits.”</p>
+
+<p>He had no thought of surrender and “Somehow,
+I knew I wouldn’t be killed.” Aiming
+as he used to when shooting off the heads of
+the turkeys, he spotted Germans in the “fox-holes,”
+those firing from behind trees or
+over logs, with deadly precision, himself lying
+low to have the protection of the German
+prisoners prostrate between him and the machine-guns.
+He was not the man to miss a
+mark at that range. One boche had the indiscretion
+to rise in order to fling a small
+bomb at the rifleman. The bomb missed its
+object; not so the responsive bullet. “I got
+him square,” said York.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“I WHIPPED OUT MY AUTOMATIC”</h3>
+
+<p>“I turned in time to see a Heinie Lieutenant
+rise up from near one of them machine-guns
+and with six or seven men come charging
+toward me with fixed bayonets. They were
+only twenty yards away from me when I
+whipped out my automatic and I potted them
+off one after another.” (This man York, by
+the way, in a contest with an automatic pistol,
+hit a penny match-box every shot at forty
+paces.)</p>
+
+<p>“As soon as the Germans saw the Lieutenant
+drop, most of the machine-guns stopped
+firing and the battle sort of quieted down, but
+I kept on shooting until the Major with the
+first batch of Germans we had come across,
+and who was lying on his stomach to avoid
+being hit by his own gunners, called to me in
+perfect English that if I would stop shooting
+he would make them all surrender, so I did.
+Then I called all our boys, and their affidavits
+show they came, and we herded the Germans
+in front of us and started toward our lines.
+I walked among four German officers and had
+our wounded bring up the rear. The Major
+asked me how many men I had, and I just
+told him, ‘I have a-plenty.’”</p>
+
+<p>On the way they stirred up several more
+machine-gun nests, one of which put up a fight
+and York felt it a regrettable necessity to
+“shoot a man there.” After that when a nest
+was flushed the Major touched him on the
+arm and said, “Don’t kill any more, and I’ll
+make them surrender.” This was done and
+the hill was pretty well cleared up before they
+got to the other side and York’s herd of prisoners
+numbered 132, counted and certified to
+by Lieutenant Joseph A. Woods, Asst. Division
+Inspector, as they were reported to the
+P. C. of the 2d Battalion, 328 Infantry, that
+same Oct. 8.</p>
+
+
+<h3>PROMOTED AND DECORATED</h3>
+
+<p>Now what should be done with a corporal
+who, with rifle and automatic pistol, outfought
+a machine-gun battalion and took 132 prisoners
+in addition to killing twenty-five of the
+enemy? First they made him a Sergeant.
+Then somewhat later, after his amazing story
+was officially examined and verified by affidavits,
+in the presence of all the officers of the
+82d Division, Major General C. P. Summerall
+decorated him with the Distinguished
+Service Cross, and said to him: “Your conduct
+reflects great credit not only upon the
+American Army, but upon the American people.
+Your deeds will be recorded in the history
+of the Great War, and they will have
+an inspiration not only to your comrades but
+to the generations that will come after us.
+I wish to commend you publicly and in the
+presence of the officers of your division.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_017" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_017.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Committee of Public Information from Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Major-General R. L. Bullard and His Entire Divisional Staff</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Major-General Robert Lee Bullard saw far more actual fighting than many of his colleagues in the old regular Army establishment.
+He led the First Division in France and later received the honor of being put in command of the Second Army Corps, many of his
+troops distinguishing themselves at Château-Thierry.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Then the French, to whom valor is a thing
+of divine sanctity, awarded him that enviable
+soldier’s treasure, the Croix de Guerre, and
+in presenting it to him Marshal Foch, who
+knows right well what brave deeds are, told
+him that his was the greatest act of bravery
+and presence of mind under great stress performed
+by any soldier of the Allied Armies.
+Add to this that badge of nobility, the Congressional
+Medal of Honor.</p>
+
+<p>But with the two crosses on his breast and
+the medal in prospect, Sergeant York had a
+light in his eyes and a hesitant smile on his
+lips when he spoke of a Tennessee girl, “the
+prettiest in the state,” that rather suggested
+the idea that in his opinion his proudest distinction
+would be when Miss Grace Williams
+became Mrs. Alvin York.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“I FEEL A HEAP STRONGER SPIRITUALLY”</h3>
+
+<p>And what could he say to the Church of
+Christ and Christian Union Pastor and members
+waiting to welcome him home to Pall
+Mall and into renewed fellowship? Probably
+what he said to the reporter who asked
+him a leading question. When he was drafted
+he had no real idea what the fighting was
+about. “But when I got to camp,” he said,
+“and my officers told me we were fighting for
+democracy and peace on earth and for the
+protection of the small nations, then I knew
+it was no sin to kill. In fact, I feel a heap
+stronger spiritually than before I went over
+to fight. No man could go through what I
+did without the help of God. I feel He gave
+us our great victory because we were in the
+right.</p>
+
+<p>At a reception given York by the Tennessee
+Society of New York, Major General
+Duncan, who commanded the 82d Division,
+said this:</p>
+
+<p>“It is a unique distinction for me to have
+on one side of me the Admiral who safely
+conducted all of our troops overseas and on
+the other side one of the most distinguished
+soldiers the world has ever produced. His
+deeds are of the character that will go down
+in history for our boys and girls to read of and
+admire.</p>
+
+<p>“York was awarded his medals for having
+been the leader of a small party which brought
+in a large number of prisoners after he had
+killed twenty-five. When I heard of his feat
+I ordered a full investigation, which resulted
+in the award of the Congressional Medal. I
+am happy to see your society doing honor to a
+man who so thoroughly deserves it.</p>
+
+<p>“I hope your unprecedented policy of banqueting
+a non-commissioned officer will be forever
+followed and honor done to the man
+who carries the gun—the man who goes over
+the top.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_NEMESIS_OF_FLAME">THE NEMESIS OF FLAME</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Vision of Inferno from which Even a Dante Would Have Shrunk——“What
+Hell Must Be Like”</h3>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_019" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_019.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>International Film Service.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Liquid Fire—The War’s Most Terrible Weapon</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">It was introduced by the Germans and later adopted by the French. The inflammable liquid was carried in tanks on the backs of soldiers and the
+flames were expelled through a nozzle at the end of a short hose.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">As</span> a rule the experience of one “caught
+in his own trap” is regarded with a good
+deal of satisfaction by human nature in general.
+The spectacle of anyone “hoist with his
+own petard” seems quite in the line of poetic
+justice, and there is not much sympathy with
+the victim. But there are instances when the
+merited recoil punishment is too ghastly, too
+appalling to permit of any other sensation than
+that of horror, and a French correspondent on
+the Somme has recorded such an instance.
+One detachment of the French line was under
+heavy and concentrated fire, and the commanding
+officer thought it advisable to withdraw
+the men to a better position, about fifty
+yards in the rear. The correspondent quotes
+the statement of the soldier left behind to
+watch and signal the movements of the enemy.
+He says:</p>
+
+<p>“I fixed myself about fifteen feet up in the
+crotch of a big tree and seized a telephone
+which was connected with the nearest battery.
+From there I could see a German trench at
+the edge of a little wood, about eighty yards
+from the trench my comrades had vacated.</p>
+
+<p>“For nearly an hour nothing happened.
+Occasionally I noticed heads peering from the
+Boche trench, trying to see into the empty
+trench which was hidden from them by a
+slight rise of the ground just before it. They
+would have been a splendid mark for a sniper,
+but I had other work this time. Suddenly
+a group of about forty Boches crept from
+the wood, rapidly followed by the best part
+of a company. I telephoned: ‘Enemy advancing
+led by a detachment of flamenwerfer,’ for
+I had recognized the devilish apparatus carried
+by the foremost group. When the latter
+were about eighty feet from the empty trench,
+they halted in a hollow just below the rise of
+ground, and then, with appalling suddenness,
+a dozen jets of white and yellow flames darted
+up to fall plumb into the trench. The dense
+smoke hid the Germans from me for a time,
+but, thanks to my mask, I was able to gasp information
+to the battery.</p>
+
+<p>“A few moments later I had a glimpse of
+what hell must be like. Our gunners had
+the range to an inch, and a torrent of shells
+burst right among the flame-throwers, exploding
+the containers. Great sheets of flame shot
+up, one jet from a container just grazing me,
+burning my clothes so that my ribs were
+scorched rather badly. But it was impossible
+to escape. The ground was a sea of fire. In
+the midst of it the Germans, like living
+torches, were dying horribly. One man spun
+round like a top, not even trying to run away,
+until he fell in a pool of flame. Others rolled
+on the ground, but the blazing liquid ran over
+them everywhere, and I could smell the sickening
+odor of burning flesh.</p>
+
+<p>“I don’t think any of the fire-throwers escaped.
+Their screams, heard despite the cannonade
+and rifle fire, seemed to continue terribly
+long. The company behind them was
+panic-stricken. As the smoke lifted, I saw
+them moving back to the wood, and our <em>mitrailleuse</em>
+did severe execution, spreading
+added slaughter over that scene of horror.</p>
+
+<p>“I was nearly fainting with the fumes and
+the pain of my burns. The Captain sent a
+patrol, which found me hanging limply in
+the tree fork. They had trouble getting me,
+but luckily the Germans were too staggered
+to interfere.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="HE_JESTS_AT_SCARS">HE JESTS AT SCARS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Bomb Thrower and Tank Master Who “Paid His Way in Huns”</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">It</span> is very hard to pick out definitely any
+single name and exclaim “Here is the
+Hero!” Not that that man would not be a
+hero, but that he is not the only hero, and
+definite naming of some seems to exclude all
+the rest. If this book shows anything, it
+shows that in the horrors of the vast conflagration—in
+the terrible, awe-inspiring strain of
+the fighting on earth and on water, and underneath,
+and above—practically all the millions
+involved proved themselves heroes. Many of
+them found no chance to show their valor in
+lone ventures, and not all of them lost the
+lives they were so ready to give up. But they
+were heroes—all of them—though no papers
+heralded in brave headlines their deeds of
+glory, and no medals shine forth the commendation
+of the superior officers. All we
+need to see is the mud-stained uniform—and
+that look in the eye. This book is really
+a dedication to the innumerable heroes we do
+not name—heroes to be perhaps ever nameless
+in human documents.</p>
+
+<p>It is hard even where men were given the
+opportunity for individual bravery to pick
+them out. Official records are brief, and, in
+the main, the men themselves refuse to tell.
+But <cite>Scribner’s Magazine</cite> has uncovered one of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span>
+these hard-to-get heroes. He calls himself
+Lieutenant “Z.,” and it is only between the
+lines that we read of his endless sacrifice,
+courage, and death-defying accomplishments.</p>
+
+<p>The story is taken from letters written by
+him in the trenches. At the very beginning
+of the war he had enlisted as a trooper in a
+newly-formed cavalry regiment. All winter
+they waited to be called to action. Spring
+came—and yet no call or need for horsemen.
+They therefore volunteered to dismount, and
+were sent to Flanders. He himself joined
+the “Bombing Squad.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_021" style="max-width: 56.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_021.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Forward With Hand Grenades</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A strong arm, a keen eye, and a disregard for danger are the requisites for the man who throws
+grenades or bombs.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Bomb throwing, he soon found, is “quite
+a ticklish business, needing care and accuracy.
+A badly thrown bomb may kill one’s own
+men remarkably easily, and in the hands of
+inexperienced men I should call them good
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span>allies for the Germans.” But his own efficiency
+speaks for itself. In some ten days the
+records named him as wounded, and he writes
+a hasty letter home to say that he is well. “My
+wound is only a scratch on the arm,” he complains,
+“and I did not show it to the doctor
+until our return to these billets. It is ridiculous
+to return me as ‘wounded.’</p>
+
+
+<h3>LIVING NINE PINS</h3>
+
+<p>“We went into the trenches on Saturday
+night last, and came out Thursday morning
+just before dawn. Four days and five nights
+practically without sleep, and being shelled by
+Jack Johnsons more or less the whole time.
+It is a one-sided game, with the odds with the
+artillery. We sit and hold a trench, being
+the nine pins while the guns roll the ball at
+you. You can do nothing but swear softly.
+No Germans actually attacked our trench,
+but they tried to do so on each side of us.
+But on Tuesday afternoon about 6.30 p.m. I
+got a little of my own back from them. I
+had just returned with a sack full of water
+bottles from a stream near by behind our
+trench, where we dodge snipers, when the
+call suddenly came for ‘Bomb throwers to
+the front’ and the rifles and machine guns
+started a terrific popping. I was in shirt
+sleeves, and just slammed on my ammunition
+equipment and skedaddled off with my rifle
+up the trench towards the racket, incited by a
+great eagerness to get into the thick of it.</p>
+
+<p>“After a long time, as it was a long way,
+crouching and running and crawling I got
+to where I could see our men throwing bombs
+into the Germans. You could hear nothing
+for the noise, for it seemed as if every German
+rifle, Maxim, and big gun was turned
+on that spot; their shrapnel was going
+‘Brrangg’ overhead and their shells going
+‘Whangg’ all about. I took a few shots at the
+devils with my rifle, by way of resting and
+getting my breath, and then I got hold of a
+box of bombs and started to crawl and drag
+it up there. The box was heavy and, to my
+delight, another young chap, a Strathcona,
+came and helped me. We dragged and
+humped it along, over bumps and across shell
+holes and over our dead, until we got to the
+extreme point where the Germans were retreating
+up their trench and being bombed
+by our men unmercifully. There I found
+my own Sergeant of our bomb throwing squad,
+to my great relief.</p>
+
+<p>“I had never thrown a live bomb in my
+life but soon found out, as it is quite a simple
+affair and they were lovely bombs for working.
+You could see a clump of German bayonets
+huddled like sheep, over their parapet
+top, and you chucked a bomb into it and
+prayed for the explosion. When it came the
+bayonets wavered and wabbled and then disappeared.
+If the bomb did not explode you
+waited and backed up because those plucky
+Germans lighted it again and threw it back.
+And so on and so on. I <em>know</em> I got 3
+bombs into them fairly and squarely and heard
+them explode and saw the bayonets flop down.
+We finally got to a place at a turn in the
+trench, an angle, and our men, the —— something
+or other, were firing directly across
+us, excitedly of course, and they killed about
+12 of our men there, two of them being of
+my squad and within a few feet of me, and
+two more were wounded. I was by that time
+about played out and the bombs were all exhausted,
+so we sat down to wait for more,
+and when they came I could not get up, for
+I had cramp in both of my legs and had to
+be rubbed and rubbed. That must have been
+about 8 p.m. But I could drag around, so I
+dressed two wounded men and helped to fill
+sand bags and pass them along until 10 p.m.
+I should judge. About 10.30 p.m. the only
+officer present told us the thing was over for
+the time and no more could be done, and we
+crawled back, as the rifles and Maxims and
+shrapnel and Jack Johnsons were just as busy
+all the time. The Sergeant and I got back
+to our own trench after 11 p.m. and I was
+more than tired. Never have I been so played
+out in my whole life. We lost three killed, two
+wounded, and another who went off his head
+later, out of nine, including the Sergeant, out
+of our bomb throwing squad. And I had not a
+scratch. Just a bump on the breast bone
+from something kicked up by a Jack Johnson.
+It was a bad thing for the Germans but we
+lost a lot of good men there.</p>
+
+<p>“Our troop was 38 strong but now only
+26 are left. We were in the foremost British
+trench of the British front here and our
+Troop had the post of honor. So we ought
+not to mind anything.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_023" style="max-width: 48.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_023.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant John F. Nugent</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>42nd Division, 165th Infantry, 83rd Brigade</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He was recommended for the Distinguished Service Cross for three days’ fighting in the Château-Thierry
+Sector. He was mentioned for having maintained liaison under heavy bombardment, as
+well as having performed first-aid work.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>“PAID HIS WAY IN HUNS”</h3>
+
+<p>Our bomb thrower was twice promoted for
+bravery, and finally was offered a commission
+in his regiment “for setting traps for Fritz
+when he goes a-sniping.” A bomber is called
+on to do a lot of work besides bombing, such
+as crawling about at night sniffing trouble,
+and likely points where Huns may be blown
+sky high. He would like to get a quick promotion
+but “at any rate,” he writes, “I can
+truthfully say that I have already blotted out
+enough Huns to pay for my scalp, if that
+business deal comes to the point of record.
+And it is a most cheerful and fortifying sensation.
+I would like my epitaph to read ‘He
+paid his way in Huns.’”</p>
+
+<p>Wounds, yes, and minor disabilities, but he
+writes, “I don’t need my left side to throw
+bombs and the Lord has spared my right side
+for a special purpose. I have got more than
+my share of Huns as it is and I firmly intend
+to get some more. Three of us, with sufficient
+bombs, accounted for 46 dead Huns, 26
+wounded and 22 prisoners in one single afternoon.
+This was a redoubt which they surrendered,
+after they had had enough.”</p>
+
+<p>He was finally sent away to an Officers’
+Training Camp and after six weeks came back
+to the front as first lieutenant. In the meantime,
+though, his regiment had been remounted
+and was doing patrol duty. Patrol duty did
+not suit Lieutenant Z. He therefore joined
+the Machine Gun Corps, and spent several
+months in a “Tank Menagerie.” At Messines
+Ridge he led a division of the “Rhinos”
+into battle. The Military Cross he won there
+is only small evidence to the steadfast heroism
+he displayed that day.</p>
+
+<p>He was well acquainted with conditions by
+that time. His description of a battle at the
+Somme shows that:</p>
+
+<p>“I was only fifteen hundred yards from our
+front line, and the place taken was on an upward
+slope, so all was in full sight. At the
+given moment, 4.45 p.m. of a lovely summer
+evening, up they went, ‘over the top,’ famous
+Celtic regiments, all together, a long and gallant
+line. Bayonets sparkling in the sun, up
+the slope they go! Behind me our massed
+batteries are making one great crashing roar
+till your temples throb and throb, and ahead
+of our men the very earth is heaving and
+moving amidst a fog of green and black and
+yellow and gray smoke. Now, No Man’s
+Land, so long a desert, is full of life and
+death and joy and misery. White vicious
+balls of shrapnel puff above; or deadly black
+and green ones, and below the great spouts
+and mushroom columns of jet-black smoke
+spring up like fungoid growths here and there.
+The shrill rat-tat of machine guns and the
+pop-pop-pop of rifles can be heard. On the
+little figures run and jump, and the bayonets
+gleam and sparkle, and the first line disappears
+into the trench ahead, and you are left
+to imagine what follows. Still, No Man’s
+Land is well populated. Wave after wave is
+speeding straight ahead. The ground is dotted
+with immovable dots, and others which can
+crawl. A bright magnesium star shoots up
+well ahead, and the batteries lift their fire
+without checking. The waves all surge forward
+and out of sight at last, and No Man’s
+Land is left to its misery. Then you see the
+stretcher-bearers out there among the great
+grinding ‘crumps’ and the shrapnel, calmly
+picking up their men, and back they come
+slowly. You watch one group of five. Four
+bearers and a mangled something which is
+alive. A monster spout and cloud springs up
+near. They swerve and crouch for a few seconds
+and on they come. Another black death
+entirely hides them from view, and you wonder.
+No! Here they come. So slowly and
+steadily through the cloud, and you say to
+yourself: ‘Hurry, hurry; for God’s sake run!’
+But they don’t. They walk slowly and carefully
+with their burden, straight and the shortest
+way. Some win home and some do not.
+Other men are carrying others, and some
+hobble and limp and stagger by themselves.
+And all the while the big shells burst and
+the shrapnel sprays the ground.</p>
+
+<p>“No Man’s Land is again a desert, dotted
+with dots of death.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>A GO WITH A TANK</h3>
+
+<p>On June 6th he was given orders to lead
+a tank through battle. He must have had
+brave folks at home to write:</p>
+
+<p>“When you get this, I shall have been
+through the mill and either all right, in hospital,
+or blotted out, so don’t worry. As soon
+as I can I will write and let you know the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span>news; if I can’t, some one else will. We
+hope to make a page of history, and go into
+it with light hearts and great confidence.
+This place is Bedlam, the lions about to be
+fed, the parrot-house at the Zoo, and a few
+other noisy places combined. I went through
+gas last night near dawn, and had no respirator
+(forgot it). Held my breath till I nearly
+burst and blew up, and made record time.
+Beyond a harmless whiff picked up when I
+exploded for air, which has made smoking less
+of a pleasure, no harm done.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_025" style="max-width: 45.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_025.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Grady Parrish</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>42nd Division, 167th Infantry, Company “G”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He reorganized his platoon and personally led it in the attack on Côte de Chatillon. By his daring
+acts he broke up a heavy enemy counter-attack on his front, thereby setting to his men an example
+of exceptional heroism and devotion to duty.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Good-by. I have had a long run out here,
+and I must not complain, and I have thoroughly
+enjoyed it and would repeat it, every
+bit of it, if it were necessary.”</p>
+
+<p>The next letter speaks for itself:</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+“<span class="smcap">In Belgium</span>, June 10th, 1917.</p>
+<p class="no-indent">
+“<span class="smcap">Dear M.</span>:</p>
+
+<p>“Your letter found me in hospital and was
+most delightful company. My trouble is not
+much, just a bullet through fleshy part of
+right forearm and a graze in the side, and I
+am up and about and going back to my lot in
+a day or two. We were an active part in
+the great drama of the 7th, and what with the
+bursting mine-earthquakes and the tempestuous
+bombardment, one was lucky to be left
+with one’s senses. I, personally, was very
+successful, reaching all my objectives and getting
+slap into the blue-gray devils, Bavarians,
+and blazing away like a dreadnought. Oh!
+The sights which were seen! Luck, good and
+bad, was with me, for my bus caught on fire
+in action just where the thing was thickest,
+and I ordered the whole crew out, with fire-extinguishers,
+to put it out. Out we went
+and got busy. I left my crew on the sheltered
+side (more or less), but my corporal,
+without orders, got on top, while I went to
+the exposed side, vociferously ordering the corporal
+down, and we got the blaze out between
+us.</p>
+
+<p>“Meantime one of my crew was bowled
+over. We got him back inside and later he
+came to and is recovering. Where I was
+the bullets were splattering around me and
+hitting old ‘Squash ’em Flat’ and splashing
+me with fine sprays of broken metal, and
+there it was I got my trifling wound and
+scratches, but it was only bad Bavarian shooting
+that kept me and my corporal (who was
+untouched) from being turned into human
+sieves. After that, we carried on, and as I
+had finished my job to the last letter, we came
+on home, and I brought the old thing back
+safely.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SOMETHING OF A MYTH</h3>
+
+<p>“Our game sounds comfortable and protected,
+but that is a myth. It is a mystery
+how ever any of us got there or got back.
+You feel very important because you are
+heralded, followed and encircled by miniature
+geysers of earth, smoke and biff-bang! Your
+own infantry flees from you as if you bore
+the plague. A good many of our lot got into
+serious trouble, and quite a few faces of chums
+are missing to-day. The day for the British
+Army was a veritable howling success, and
+the Boche fought here with no spirit at all.
+They bolted like rabbits, throwing away rifles
+and equipment, some back to Berlin and some
+to us, hands up, and Kamerading. Our casualties
+were very light, indeed, owing to the
+absolutely artistic work of the artillery; and
+with our airmen the combination is unbeatable.
+These wonderful airmen! Like meteors
+in the sky, they swoop and fly, entirely regardless
+of everything but the job on hand.</p>
+
+<p>“Our men fight so cheerfully and whimsically
+and sarcastically. There is no vestige
+of hate toward the Boche, only an abiding
+disgust and hearty contempt—a feeling as
+toward a mongrel who has fairly gone and got
+hydrophobia and must be killed to save valuable
+human life. We are really most jubilant
+over the past three days’ work, and every
+one is smiling and happy and cracking jokes.
+Gramophones are whirling at top speed, bands
+are playing in the camps, pipes are skirling and
+moaning and quickening the pulse, and the
+Hun is licking his wounds in silence over
+there to the east, in silence and afraid.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<p>The War Office took cognizance of the little
+affair:</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+“<span class="smcap">London</span>, July 12th, 1917.</p>
+<p class="no-indent">
+“<span class="smcap">To</span> ——:</p>
+
+<p>“Beg to inform you that Lieutenant Z.,
+Heavy Branch Machine-Gun Corps, was
+wounded June 7th, but remained at duty.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+“<span class="smcap">Secretary, War Office.</span>”<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>On June 20th the Military Cross was
+awarded to Lieutenant Z.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="EPIC_OF_THE_FOREIGN_LEGION">EPIC OF THE FOREIGN LEGION</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Its Wonderful Story Will Stand as One of the Vital Things of the War</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> self-redeemed have always had the
+world’s sympathy—sometimes they have
+won the world’s acclaim. Visitors to that
+shrine of French honor and glory, the famous
+Hôtel des Invalides, may now see the battleflag
+of the Foreign Legion, draped between
+the flag of the Cuirassiers who fell at Reichshofen,
+and the standard borne by the Garibaldians
+in 1870-1871—not only draped in
+that honorable association, but wearing on its
+folds the cross of the Legion of Honor. And
+those who know will tell visitors that that
+flag was the flag of the redeemed.</p>
+
+<p>It was said with shame and contempt at
+first that the Foreign Legion was composed
+of the riff-raff, scalawags and murderous upstarts
+of the nether world. So it was, but
+events proved that “there is a spirit in man”
+that can throw off degraded conditions and
+rise to the performance of nobly heroic deeds
+and sacrifices. This Legion, made up of
+renegades and social outcasts from all quarters
+of the globe, men beyond the pale of
+the law speaking a various language, tendered
+its services to France in 1915, was recognized
+by the President of the Republic, accepted
+by the Commander-in-Chief and admitted to
+the army on an equal footing with the regular
+regiments of the line. The pariahs became
+soldiers of France.</p>
+
+<p>It was an extraordinarily nondescript assembly—all
+nationalities, all colors, from the
+black of the negro to the blonde of the Saxon,
+having but two things in common, their former
+outlawry and the “spirit that quickeneth,” and
+through the quality of that spirit they squared
+their debt to life,—for the Legion dissolved
+in the fire that met the “drive” in September,
+1915, so soon after it entered the service.
+As one of the few survivors wrote: “War did
+its worst thoroughly with the Legion. We
+had the place of honor in the attack, and we
+paid for it.” Right good words.</p>
+
+<p>There is all the material for an epic in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span>
+glory of the Foreign Legion. A great deal
+has been written about it, but the best is yet
+to be written—some time when the war is
+further away, and out of its horror the things
+that glow will rise into clearer view. Really,
+it is a great thing when the reject of the
+social order spring from their fugitive haunts
+and rush to death in defense of the higher
+civilization. In the meantime there is the
+moving story, graphically yet simply told,
+by Legionary Morlae, a survivor, published
+in the <cite>Atlantic Monthly</cite> for March, 1916.</p>
+
+<p>The Legion was placed in the van, and
+Morlae’s company formed the front line of
+the extreme left flank.</p>
+
+<p>Infinite care had been taken with the preparations,
+every detail provided for, even to the
+extent of arming twelve men from each company
+with long knives and hand grenades
+for use in their assigned duty as “trench-cleaners”;
+this duty was to enter the German
+trenches and caves and bomb-proofs and
+“dispose of such of the enemy as were still
+hidden therein after we had stormed the trench
+and passed on to the other side.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>JUST BEFORE GOING INTO ACTION</h3>
+
+<p>“One hour before the time set for the advance,
+we passed the final inspection and deposited
+our last letters with the regimental
+postmaster. Those letters meant a good deal
+to all of us, and they were in our minds during
+the long wait that followed. One man
+suddenly began to intone the <em>Marseillaise</em>.
+Soon every man joined in singing. It was a
+very Anthem of Victory. We were ready,
+eager, and confident: for us to-morrow held
+but one chance—Victory.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_028" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_028.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy of Scribners.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">A Platoon of the Foreign Legion</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The legion of adventurous spirits who fought for France, made up of renegades and social outcasts from all quarters of the globe. It
+had the right of honor in an attack and went through the bitterest fighting on the Western front.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“I had written to my friends at home. I
+had named the man in my company to whom
+I wished to leave my personal belongings.
+Sergeant Velte was to have my Parabellum
+pistol; Casey my prismatics; Birchler my
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span>money-belt and contents; while Sergeant Jovert
+was booked for my watch and compass.
+Yet, in the back of my mind, I smiled at my
+own forethought. I knew that I should come
+out alive.</p>
+
+<p>“I recalled to myself the numerous times
+that I had been in imminent peril: in the
+Philippines, in Mexico, and during the thirteen
+months of this war: I could remember
+time and again when men were killed on
+each side of me and when I escaped unscratched.
+Take the affair of Papoin, Joly,
+and Bob Scanlon. We were standing together
+so near that we could have clasped hands.
+Papoin was killed, Joly was severely wounded,
+and Scanlon was hit in the ankle—all by the
+same shell. The fragments which killed and
+wounded the first two passed on one side of
+me, while the piece of iron that hit Bob went
+close by my other side. Yet I was untouched!
+Again, take the last patrol. When I was
+out of cover, the Germans shot at me from
+a range of 10 meters—and missed! I felt
+certain that my day was not to-morrow.</p>
+
+<p>“Just the same, I was glad that my affairs
+were arranged, and it gave me a sense of conscious
+satisfaction to think that my comrades
+would have something to remember me by.
+There is always the chance of something unforeseen
+happening.</p>
+
+<p>“The strain was beginning to wear off.
+From right and left there came a steady murmur
+of low talk. In our own column men
+were beginning to chaff each other. I could
+distinctly hear Subiron describing in picturesque
+detail to Capdevielle how he, Capdevielle,
+would look, gracefully draped over the
+German barbed wire; and I could hear Capdevielle’s
+heated response that he would live long
+enough to spit upon Subiron’s grave; and I
+smiled to myself. The moment of depression
+and self-communication had passed. The men
+had found themselves and were beginning
+their usual chaffing. And yet, in all their
+chatter there seemed to be an unusually sharp
+note. The jokes all had an edge to them.
+References to one another’s death were common,
+and good wishes for one another’s partial
+dismemberment excited only laughter.
+Just behind me I heard King express the hope
+that if he lost an arm or a leg he would at
+least get the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">médaille militaire</i> in exchange.
+By way of comfort, his chum, Dowd, remarked<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span>
+that, whether he got the medal or not,
+he was very sure of getting a permit to beg
+on the street-corners.”</p>
+
+<p>Here is a significant touch to be remembered.
+An hour before midnight as they
+passed down to the front trenches the men
+in the supporting trenches regarded them enviously
+in the darkness, demanding to know
+why these men should be going into battle
+ahead of themselves. And the answer came,
+“Nous sommes la Légion.” “A-a-a-a-h la
+Légion!” That was the satisfactory explanation.
+“Our right to the front rank seemed
+to be acknowledged. It did every man of
+us good.”</p>
+
+<p>It was the recognition of the right to redemption!</p>
+
+
+<h3>OVER THE TOP AT DOUBLE-QUICK</h3>
+
+<p>There had been heavy artillery fire through
+the night, increasing in intensity as the hour
+of the morning appointed for the attack approached.
+The Germans, informed by their
+airmen of an unusual commotion in the enemy
+first line, began shelling that point, and the
+uproar was terrific when the signal was given
+for the Legion to go over the top. Says
+Morlae:</p>
+
+<p>“I felt my jaws clenching, and the man
+next to me looked white. It was only for a
+second. Then every one of us rushed at the
+trench-wall, each and every man struggling to
+be the first out of the trench. In a moment
+we had clambered up and out. We slid over
+the parapet, wormed our way through gaps
+in the wire, formed in line, and, at the command,
+moved forward at march-step straight
+toward the German wire.”</p>
+
+<p>As they moved forward at double-quick,
+men fell right and left under bursting shell,
+and the rain of bullets from the machine guns;
+but through all the appalling uproar Morlae
+could hear the clear, high voice of his captain
+shouting “<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">En avant! Vive la France!</i>”</p>
+
+
+<h3>STEADILY ON ACROSS A WALL OF FIRE</h3>
+
+<p>They went steadily on, supported by the
+fire of the rows of “75’s,” the fire-curtain in
+front outlining the whole length of the enemy’s
+line clearly, accurately. But above
+them was blackness, the low-flying clouds
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span>mingling with the smoke curtain; and out of
+that blackness “fell a trickling rain of pieces
+of metal, lumps of earth, knapsacks, rifles,
+cartridges and fragments of human flesh. The
+scene was horrible and terrifying. Across
+the wall of our own fire, poured shell after
+shell from the enemy, tearing through our
+ranks. From overhead the shrapnel seemed
+to come down in sheets, and from behind the
+stinking, blinding curtain came volleys of
+steel-jacketed bullets, their whine unheard and
+their effect almost unnoticed.... With me
+it was like a dream as we went on, ever on.
+Of a sudden our fire curtain lifted. In a moment
+it had ceased to bar our way and
+jumped like a living thing to the next line
+of the enemy. We could see the trenches
+in front of us now, quite clear of fire, but
+flattened almost beyond recognition. The
+defenders were either killed or demoralized.
+Calmly, almost stupidly, we parried or thrust
+with the bayonet at those who barred our way.
+Without a backward glance we leaped the
+ditch and went on straight forward toward the
+next trench, marked in glowing outline by our
+fire. I remember now how the men looked.
+Their eyes had a wild, unseeing look in them.
+Everybody was gazing ahead, trying to pierce
+the awful curtain which cut us off from all
+sight of the enemy. Always the black pall
+smoking and burning appeared ahead—just
+ahead of us—hiding everything we wanted to
+see.” And so on to the next trench ahead,
+what was left of it, where bayonet and gun-butt
+did their work speedily and then on, leaving
+the finishing touches to the “trench cleaners.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_030" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_030.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">Placing the Stars and Stripes in St. Paul’s Cathedral, London</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The American Legion—men who were serving in the Canadian Army—presented to the Cathedral
+the flag of the United States and the flag of Canada. They were first placed on the altar
+and after a short service were carried to the north transept.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Later of a sudden the German artillery in
+front ceased fire, and from the trench ahead
+the German troops “were pouring out in
+black masses and advancing toward us at a
+trot.” They thought it was a counter-attack
+and set themselves to meet it. But then the
+French artillery suddenly stopped firing and
+the supposed counter-attack was seen to be a
+surrender, the enemy coming forward in columns
+of four, officer leading, with hands up.
+As the prisoners were being escorted to the
+rear, the German artillery, aware of its mistake,
+resumed fire, viciously throwing shells
+among the masses of prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>At last they gained the communication
+trench that led to their objective, the Navarin
+Farm. The trench was filled with dead or
+wounded Germans; and when they got to the
+final trench, it was wholly unoccupied. The
+French gunmen had done their work thoroughly.
+The men advanced into open position
+and dug in separately, smoked, chaffed each
+other, now and then made a dash to a neighbor’s
+hole, taking cheer in the fact that the
+charge was over and the object won.</p>
+
+<p>But of the Legion such a pitiful few were
+left that it passed as a fact, surviving only as a
+memory; its war-sealed flag with the cross of
+the Legion of Honor, hanging in the Hôtel
+des Invalides, being the testimony of its service
+well done.</p>
+
+
+<h3>DARE-DEVIL FIGHTERS FROM THE PARIS SLUMS</h3>
+
+<p>As an addendum to this account of the final
+action of the Foreign Legion, brief reference
+to the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Bataillon d’Afrique</i> is quite appropriate.
+This battalion was organized by the French
+government in 1832 for the purpose of bringing
+under indefinite military discipline the city
+roughs, Apaches, sneak-thieves, pickpockets,
+swindlers, forgers and other offenders of the
+lower world. All the social refuse whom the
+authorities despaired of making useful to civil
+life were sent to join this battalion, which
+differed from the ordinary battalion consisting
+of 1,000 men, in having no numerical limit.
+It was maintained in Africa. These soldiers
+were young daredevils, keen, brave, daring,
+and veritable terrors in a fight. This was so
+characteristic of them that the best French
+officers were eager to have command of them,
+especially as they were devotedly obedient to
+their officers.</p>
+
+<p>When France was forced to defend herself
+against Germany at the outbreak of the Great
+War, there were 5,000 of the Bataillon
+d’Afrique, 3,000 garrisoned in Tunis and
+2,000 in Morocco. They were summoned to
+France, and the first detachment of several
+thousand landed at Marseilles early in August
+and were at once hurried north and into
+Belgium. One battalion was surrounded at
+Charleroi by a detachment of the Prussian
+Guards, and the situation looked very black
+and desperate. But that did not affect the
+fighting spirit of the battalion (the Joyeux)
+except to give it intensity. The Joyeux buried
+their flag that it might be in no danger of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span>
+falling into the hands of the enemy and, with
+fixed bayonets, by sheer force and will-power
+cut their way through the encircling guardsmen.
+This battalion was part of the heroic
+rearguard in the retreat from Belgium. At
+the battle of the Marne it took terrible revenge
+for its discomfiture by the Guards
+at Charleroi, when the Joyeux in their
+turn surrounded a regiment of the Prussian
+Guards, which did not cut a way
+out.</p>
+
+<p>They gave a fine account of themselves, that
+is, those who had survived the earlier campaigns
+in the final grand offensive of the
+Allies.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Cecaldi, who led the Joyeux in
+many campaigns, said of them:</p>
+
+<p>“The place of the Joyeux is where the powder
+talks, face to danger. They ever give
+proof of a calm energy, devilish courage, attentive
+obedience. They fight always with a
+good humor. In the midst of shells and bullets,
+in the hardest part of the struggle, they
+make droll and witty remarks. And when
+the end comes the Joyeux know how to die
+nobly.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="DOC_OF_THE_FIFTH">“DOC OF THE FIFTH”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Conversion of the Rev. J. H. Clifford, “Y” Worker, into A Hero
+Among Marines</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Not</span> every one understands that a soldier
+of the Lord has in him the material out
+of which to make a very effective soldier where
+shot and shell play havoc. The young men
+of the Army, Navy and Marines who went
+over to France to offer their lives in defense of
+their country’s ideals, discovered, in the experiences
+of the trenches, a something that rather
+cheapened in their estimation the forms and
+didactic solemnity of conventional religion.
+They had learned a more intimate thing, and
+it is the testimony of many clergymen that
+the “boys” found words only too cheap where
+works were in order. They had no hankering
+for sermons. They had caught an intimate
+understanding from the Unknown. They
+did not want to be preached to.</p>
+
+<p>Therein lies the secret of the affectionate
+familiar devotion of the men of the regiment
+to “Doc of the Fifth.” It is a story that has
+been told widely in the press, and has been
+requoted in numerous periodicals, but it is a
+delightful instance of what may be called the
+quiet heroisms of life.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. John H. Clifford, minister of
+the Baptist Church in Tucson, Arizona, felt
+the urge to service on the other side when
+the United States began sending its boys to
+the fighting front. He promptly tendered
+himself as a “Y” worker, was accepted and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span>
+sent abroad. His assignment carried him to
+the 5th Regiment of Illinois in the Vosges.
+He went prepared to do his duties as a minister
+of the Gospel and a servant of man.</p>
+
+<p>He wore the blouse and tunic of the chaplain,
+insignia that indicated to some of the
+“Boys” that superior altitude of moral pretension
+and holier-than-thouness they were unwilling
+to acknowledge too cordially. So
+when he tried to begin his work with the men
+of the 5th, he was greeted by the declaration,
+“We don’t want any damned parsons around
+here,” and for two weeks they held aloof,
+ignoring the efforts to establish religious services.</p>
+
+<p>But the Rev. John H. Clifford wasn’t a
+clergyman merely, he was a man—and he
+understood men. And this valuable asset incited
+a course of action destined to win the
+confidence and affection of those under his
+care. Instead, therefore, of standing on dignity
+and attempting to command the respect
+supposedly “due to the cloth,” he went to the
+men. He joined them in their hikes. He
+entered into their interests. He was ever
+ready to do his share and bear the equal hardships
+with them. They began to warm toward
+him, and finally, as one of the Marines put it,
+he was “adopted as a Leatherneck,” and he became
+to them “Doc”—“Doc of the Fifth.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_033" style="max-width: 46.375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_033.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">Rev. J. H. Clifford of the Fifth Marines</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Entering the service as a “Y” worker, Rev. Clifford later became attached to the Fifth Marines
+and remained with that organization throughout its fighting. The men became so fond of him
+that they named him “Doc of the Fifth” and attached the Globe, Anchor and Eagle to his collar.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>SO THEY MADE HIM A MARINE</h3>
+
+<p>Then one night the boys of the 45th Company
+sat reasoning together and came to the
+flattering conclusion that “Doc” was still a
+trifling distance from them in the matter of
+regimental distinction, and needs must be
+brought into more intimate harmony with
+them. <cite>The Marine’s Magazine</cite> tells us that
+they secretly removed his blouse and tunic
+and had the company tailor sew on Marine
+buttons and attach the Globe, Anchor and
+Eagle to his collar. When “Doc” appeared
+at chow with his new decorations the officers
+were aghast, but later General (then Colonel)
+Doyen authorized him to wear them and there
+they have remained.</p>
+
+<p>“I am prouder to wear the Globe, Anchor
+and Eagle than I am to wear the Croix de
+Guerre which was given me after I had the
+opportunity of helping General Catlin when
+he was wounded,” said Dr. Clifford. “Any
+one of the boys would have done anything
+he could for the general in similar circumstances,
+but not everyone is awarded an emblem
+by the Marines themselves. A token of
+affection from such men as those is the greatest
+honor.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>IN THE THICK OF IT AT BELLEAU WOOD</h3>
+
+<p>He was with the 5th Regiment through
+that fame-winning Belleau Wood battle, and
+has endless stories to tell of experiences in that
+terrible fight, some of them amusing as an
+afterthought, though they were not so regarded
+at the time. For example, the experience
+when he and a stretcher bearer were
+crawling through the grass toward the trench
+where General Catlin lay seriously wounded.
+Shells were dropping and machine-gun bullets
+were slashing all about.</p>
+
+<p>“Keep closer down, Doc,” was the constant
+admonition of the stretcher bearer, “closer
+down.”</p>
+
+<p>“The lad didn’t realize, I guess,” Doc says,
+“that I was perfectly willing to get closer to
+the earth but my stomach prevented my doing
+so.”</p>
+
+<p>He says of the awful days in Belleau Wood,
+where his life was repeatedly in danger:</p>
+
+<p>“It was glorious to be with the boys there, as
+they saved Paris and made history. Out of
+the 1,600 men in the 3rd Battalion, there
+were only 200 left after ten days in Belleau
+Wood. Many a time the rosary I carried
+was covered with blood as one of those brave
+boys grasped it for the last time.” (Creed
+made no difference at a time like that.)</p>
+
+<p>“I could relate instances of individual heroism
+for hours at a time. I lay by the side of
+Top Sergeant Grant of the 20th Company
+while he picked off nine Germans consecutively
+at 400 yards; that’s Marine Corps
+marksmanship for you.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Anything I can do for you, boy?’ I asked
+him.</p>
+
+<p>“‘No, Doc,’ he said, ‘but you might pray
+while I aim.’</p>
+
+<p>“‘I’ve been doing that,’ I told him, ‘every
+time you squeeze the trigger.’ Later I saw
+him blown to pieces by a shell.</p>
+
+<p>“Then there was the chap named Young
+who saw Major Berry wounded and threw
+himself in front of him as a shield from the
+bullets that were flying like hail. Later,
+when I spoke to him about his act, he merely
+said, ‘I’ve done nothing.’ A few days afterward
+when he had volunteered to perform a
+dangerous mission in the town of Lucy and
+was doing what he would probably have called
+‘nothing,’ he, too, was killed by a bit of shell.</p>
+
+<p>“One of the boys saved me when I was
+stunned by shrapnel and in my stupor started
+to walk toward the German line. He saw
+where I was headed and got Doc out of that
+pretty quick. Then I was paralyzed by another
+piece of shrapnel and was taken to a
+Paris hospital. But I was lucky. I was out
+again in five weeks and got back at the front
+just in time to be with my boys when the
+great drive opened on July 18 at Soissons.”</p>
+
+<p>During that intense fighting he was again
+at the side of the men of the 5th to lend a
+hand whenever possible. One wounded Marine
+asked him for a smoke, which was forthcoming,
+but the lad was unable to take it,
+his hands were both shot.</p>
+
+<p>“Light it for me, will you, Doc?” he said,
+and Doc did, although he hadn’t had any
+practice for more than thirty years.</p>
+
+<p>Another story he tells is of a runner who,
+before one of the battles, asked him to lead a
+prayer meeting. Although somewhat astonished
+by the request, Doc complied and the
+meeting was duly held in a dugout. Later an<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span>
+officer was questioning the runner concerning
+his whereabouts.</p>
+
+<p>“I was in the dugout at a prayer meeting,”
+said the boy.</p>
+
+<p>“A prayer meeting?” demanded the officer.</p>
+
+<p>“Yes, sir,” persisted the lad, “and it was
+a damned good prayer meeting.”</p>
+
+<p>Besides the Croix de Guerre, Dr. Clifford
+proudly wears the blue Cross of Lorraine,
+given him by an officer in that province.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="COULDNT_STOP_THEM">COULDN’T STOP THEM</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Thro’ Turkish Shells and Barbed-Wired Sea They Landed at Gallipoli</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Twenty</span> transports of Australians under
+General Birdwood, arriving at Gallipoli.
+In any circumstances, landing through
+rough seas and narrow beaches, under defiant
+cliffs and then climbing those cliffs is not
+nerve soothing for either impatient commanders
+or restless soldiers. But in war time
+with cannon belching at you—well, it costs.</p>
+
+<p>It was planned to surprise the Turks—those
+surprisingly straight-shooting Turks,
+with their infernal German guns and German
+officers. The men tried to hope, but it was
+really absurd to think the enemy would be
+surprised. In January the Allied troops had
+tried to force the Dardanelles. That had been
+sufficient warning. The enemy would not be
+caught napping only a few months later. Even
+the most hopeful of the men set about writing
+the letters which might contain their very last
+wishes, fears, bequests, expressions of love.
+Then the gloom passed and jokes and laughter
+came.</p>
+
+<p>At about two o’clock in the morning they
+dropped anchor. Each man stood at parade
+on the decks, and each was ordered to look to
+his supplies—a rifle, a bayonet, 150 rounds of
+ammunition, three days’ rations, a first-aid
+kit. It was weird contemplating this stretch
+of the Ægean and that bit of coast so soon
+to be washed by blood.</p>
+
+<p>Captain David Fanlon in his story of <cite>The
+Big Fight</cite> says: “The long procession of
+transports and their grim battleship escorts had
+stolen up in the night, a widely spread yet organized,
+concrete group of slowly-moving,
+black, gloomy monsters. Every light aboard
+each ship had been ordered out. Not even the
+pin-head flame of a cigarette might show on
+any deck.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span></p>
+
+<p>“The only light we had was the faint green
+gleam that filtered over the smooth waters
+from a moon that had begun to wane and had,
+indeed, at this hour of three in the morning,
+nearly fallen behind the ragged jaw of the
+black cliffs.”</p>
+
+<p>That moon may have been very picturesque,
+but the men on those boats hated it, feared it,
+wished it in—any place but in the heaven
+above them. Its beam might act as a spotlight
+on the surprise attack. It looked like the evil
+<em>eye</em> of the <em>enemy</em>.</p>
+
+<p>“I wonder,” said some one, “what that old
+green eye of a moon is looking at back of
+those dark, old cliffs? I wonder if he sees
+the big guns drowsing and the garrisons asleep
+or——”</p>
+
+<p>“What he’s seeing,” came a grumbling answer,
+“is the heathen blighters getting ready
+to bang hell out of us!”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE GREAT ADVENTURE BEGINS</h3>
+
+<p>“And now the men had assembled on the
+decks as soft-footedly as they might. They
+had gathered in the darkness into orderly rows
+like big companies of phantoms. The ship’s
+crews worked as spectrally and nearly as silently
+as the lowering of ladders and the
+launching of the boats would permit. Small
+steamboats, each with a swerving tail made
+up of barges and small boats, panted alongside
+the transports and battleships. With wonderful
+precision and swiftness the great ships
+spawned hundreds on hundreds of smaller
+craft, thousands on thousands of men, crowding
+the waters with them for as far as you
+could make out whichever way you looked in
+the faint moonlight.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_036" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_036.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>© New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">A Night Attack on the Dardanelles</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">British warships bombarding Turkish forts to protect the Allied landing parties.
+The fire that was returned was both accurate and deadly.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span></p>
+
+<p>Of a sudden, the moon dipped and blinked
+out behind the cliffs. There was a sigh of
+relief. “God bless that damned old moon.”
+A moment before there had been just enough
+light to see the battleships coming on slowly
+in the rear with the obvious purpose of covering
+the attack. “Then you couldn’t see a
+blessed thing. The green waters had turned
+to ink. You only knew your comrades were
+with you in the same boat by the press of
+their swaying bodies against your shoulders
+and your ribs.”</p>
+
+<p>They were within two hundred yards of the
+shore.</p>
+
+<p>“Shouldn’t wonder,” whispered some one,
+“if we’re to surprise them after all.”</p>
+
+<p>“Then suddenly out of that weird darkness,
+that curious silence that had been disturbed
+only by the rapid, half-choked panting of the
+steam tugs, the surge of the water against the
+sides of the barges, the whispers, the occasional
+smothered laughs—all soft sounds—there
+came hell—veritable hell if ever hell
+comes to men on earth! And it came with
+a tremendous roar!”</p>
+
+<p>Captain Dave Fanlon was not an observer
+at the time. He was a participant. He gives
+a most thrilling account of the ghastly landing:</p>
+
+<p>“There was a swift, sharp lightening of the
+sky back of the gaunt, black cliffs, and our
+boats seemed thrown out of the water, thrown
+up into the air by the rocking thunder of the
+heavy guns of the Turkish batteries behind
+those cliffs. The water that had been so
+smooth an instant before, that was, in fact,
+so treacherously smooth, as had been the silence,
+was stabbed and chopped and sent into
+wild spume by a great rain of shells. Blinding
+blasts flared as suddenly, as here and there
+a boat with its living load was struck and shattered.
+Screams and hoarse, impulsive cries
+began to mingle with the explosions.”</p>
+
+<p>The Turks had the range as surely as if
+they were only ten feet away from the Australians.
+The English battleships began an
+angry, heavy retort. Whether they found
+their mark among the Turks or not, it seemed
+to make no difference. The enemy fire became
+more and more intense. Boat after boat was
+being smashed. Scores and scores of men, unable
+to swim, or weak swimmers, died right
+there.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CAUGHT IN BARBED-WIRE NETS</h3>
+
+<p>Most of the men struggled. They tried to
+throw off their encumbrances. They helped
+one another to get rid of their knapsacks.
+They let go their ammunition belts—everything
+but their bayonets. They knew that even if
+they could make the shore there would be
+small hope for them without the bayonets.
+All the time came that devilish fire from the
+cliffs. The shore was not far off now. They
+swam. They were within fifty feet of it.
+Then they hit against a terrible snare.</p>
+
+<p>“The enemy had constructed on stakes in
+eight feet of water a barbed-wire entanglement
+along more than two miles of the beach.”
+Men ran their faces full tilt against the
+barbed wire’s fangs. They cursed and
+moaned. They hung on to the wire, but
+ducked every instant, for a scream of bullets
+was all around. Hundreds drowned. Hundreds
+were held like netted fish in the entangling
+wires. Many were lost in trying to
+get through that wire. But the attack went
+on. There was some space between the wire
+and the sea bottom. They crawled through!
+The enemy’s own shells smashed some of the
+wire. Bombing parties in battleship launches
+tore more sections open.</p>
+
+<p>Men did get through. They lay gasping on
+the beach. But bullets came thicker. They
+rose. Officers tried to organize the torn
+forces. The bombardment from the forts
+was ceaseless. The English ships roared back
+with thundering fire. Machine gun fire and
+rifle fire from Turks, concealed in mounds of
+sand and the clefts of the cliffs, were tearing
+down the brave Australians—ever dauntless.</p>
+
+<p>“The landing party was grotesque and
+wavering under the frightful storm. Shouts,
+yells, screams of pain, cries of alarm merged
+into a great clamor. The most heartening
+thing, somehow, in the darkness had become
+the Australian cry of ‘Coo-ee!’—sharp and
+musical, in which men had called themselves
+together into groups.</p>
+
+<p>“There was no living on the beach. The
+only way out of that immediate hell was to
+charge across the sands and get into the shelter
+of the dunes, to fight our way to the base
+of the cliffs and get away from the shells of
+the cliffs, and to fight a way into the enemy
+trenches in the table-lands.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span></p>
+
+<p>Amidst the horror and confusion that
+reigned impossible deeds were performed.
+How it was ever done no one can tell.
+It was terrible. But it had to be done. Many
+of the English hadn’t a thing to fight with but
+the cold steel of their bayonets. The warships,
+of course, helped tremendously. The
+hills of sand and the stony cliffs were rent by
+merciless fire. You could see “the bodies of
+the enemies, clusters of them, spouting from
+the places of their concealment. Legs, arms,
+heads were flying wildly in the air.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>GOT THERE ANY OLD WAY</h3>
+
+<p>Captain Fanlon says:</p>
+
+<p>“We got up those sand ridges any old
+way—by digging in our bayonets like Alpine
+staffs, clawing with our free hands, scrambling
+with toe-holds and fighting up on all fours.</p>
+
+<p>“We had just gained a knoll of sand and
+bush and taken protection behind it for a
+minute’s breathing when one of my men, one
+of those sturdy cattlemen who had made their
+way out of the wilderness to get into the war
+for civilization, went down with a bullet in
+his leg.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Nothing much,’ he said, as I bent over
+him to examine the wound, ‘and don’t stop
+for me. Go on and come back for me later or
+maybe the Red Cross lads will find me.
+A little thing like this isn’t going to—’</p>
+
+<p>“He was smiling as he talked, but suddenly
+his head fell back, his smile widening into a
+horrible grin. A bullet had taken him in the
+neck. He was done for.</p>
+
+<p>“Of course, and luckily, there were only a
+few of our thousands that had been blown
+out of their boats and most of the lusty fighters
+of the landing force had their ammunition
+in hand. They were going after the Turks
+with the rifle volleys of deadly accuracy.</p>
+
+<p>“Having come alive through the terrible
+ordeal of that shell and bullet strand of open
+beach, the Australians and New Zealanders
+were fired to the highest fighting pitch. Companies
+of them sang as they climbed and
+pushed and struggled along—sang or rather
+yelled snatches of all manner of songs though
+they didn’t sound much like songs. More like
+strange, sustained savage war cries.</p>
+
+<p>“There was no staying the impetuosity of
+some of them.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>SOME WOULDN’T “DIG IN”</h3>
+
+<p>At last the Turks began to give way.
+They were on the run. But their forts two
+and three miles away were still pouring their
+fire. The men were ordered to dig in. Despite
+orders, however, “hundreds of our warriors
+refused to stop. They charged right on
+through the pathways and tunnels in the cliffs.
+We never saw them again. Those that were
+not killed were captured by the Turks. We
+used to say in speaking of them afterward that
+they had ‘gone on to Constantinople.’”</p>
+
+<p>The Australians had proved their mettle in
+this terrible adventure. Everlasting glory
+was theirs—soldiers so recently recruited. The
+soldiers, though, were not the only ones to
+be elevated to higher sacrifice in these soul-straining
+demands. “There was the work
+done by the Australian Army Service Corps—landing
+a steady procession of boats with
+medical and food supplies as well as ammunition,
+fleets on fleets of these boats from the
+transports and battleships moving to shore
+with the coolest regularity, with the waters
+around every one of them constantly thrashed
+by tons of falling shells. Scores of the boats
+were blown up. But the others never
+stopped.”</p>
+
+<p>“The stretcher-bearers and the doctors we
+could also see working calmly among the sand
+dunes, ignoring snipers’ bullets as though they
+had been harmless flakes of snow. Slow and
+painful files of the wounded—those who could
+walk or stagger along were being guided to
+protected places until the coming of night
+might enable their removal to the hospital
+ships.</p>
+
+<p>“As for the dead whose countless prone
+bodies were strewn upon the beach with curious
+pitiful inertness, so different from that of
+sleep that you know instinctively it means
+death—there was no use then risking live men
+to give the dead the attention, to award them
+such decencies of care and burial as were their
+due. This also would be the work of the
+night. Yes, and many a man as he worked
+over the graves of his fallen comrades pitched
+into that grave, himself become a dead man—betrayed
+to a sniper by the moonlight’s gleam.</p>
+
+<p>“Twilight veiled the sun and then very
+suddenly black night came.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_039" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_039.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">British Troops Meeting a Charge by the Turks</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Their fighting equipment reduced to machine guns and rifles, a small British unit at Gallipoli met the onrushing Turks in the open and drove them
+back.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>The Australians had done the thing men in
+authority had thought it impossible to do.
+Lord Kitchener later declared this one of the
+most brilliant feats of bravery and soldiering
+of the war.</p>
+
+<p>There were 20,000 men who landed at Gallipoli.
+Perhaps 1,000 of them are alive to-day.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE KIND OF MEN THEY WERE</h3>
+
+<p>And here is a tribute to the men who
+stormed the heights that may be found in the
+London <cite>Times’</cite> account of the campaign:</p>
+
+<p>“The most moving part in the Gallipoli
+story will ever be the splendid feelings it
+called forth in the breasts of young Australians.
+To them it was no ordinary adventure
+in warfare. These single-minded, loyal youths
+had different conceptions of God. But every
+conception fitted into the sublime conception
+that this work for their race and country was
+God’s work. Upon the tissue of their natures,
+the warm affections, the cleanliness and the
+liberty among which they had been brought
+up, this fighting call in Gallipoli precipitated
+something that seemed to them the highest
+thing possible. What they knew was that
+they wished to go to Anzac, that they
+were prepared to die there, that the Australian
+army had become for them a sacred institution.
+Their hearts were touched by the
+death of comrades, their eyes took fire at the
+sight of the distinctive Australian uniform.
+Gallipoli proved, if it did not in itself go far
+to produce, a warmth and generosity in the
+Australian character. The difficulty experienced
+by the commanders was not to get men
+to this shell-torn place of hardship, but to
+keep them from it. Half the members of the
+Light Horse Brigades and all the drivers of
+artillery and ambulances had been left behind
+in Cairo or Alexandria, to attend to the horses.
+But it was impossible to keep them there.
+They decided amongst themselves who could
+be spared. Everyone wished to go, those
+chosen were thought lucky. They boarded
+transports at Alexandria, stowed away until
+the ships were at sea, and then reported themselves
+to the officers commanding. One artillery
+brigade lost 39 of its men in this manner.
+General Hamilton could never find it in his
+heart to send back men who came with tears
+in their eyes and asked for nothing better than
+to be given privates’ work in Anzac. There<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</span>
+were cases in which sergeants gladly forfeited
+stripes and pay for the chance. Men could
+not bear to go back to their homes and say
+they had not done their share at Anzac.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>UNORTHODOX BUT STANCH</h3>
+
+<p>“And of their discipline, which was attacked
+because it was sometimes unorthodox,
+what better can be said than what was told
+in the undying story of the <em>Southland</em>? The
+<em>Southland</em> was torpedoed by a German submarine
+in the Ægean Sea, when conveying the
+21st Australian Infantry Battalion and part
+of the 23rd, 1,500 strong, from Alexandria
+to Mudros. They were Victorian country
+boys, recruited for the most part from the
+farms and stations of the Wimmera and the
+Goulburn Valley. Panic ensued among the
+ill-assorted crew of this converted German
+liner. Three of the four holds filled with
+water, the hatches of the hold first damaged
+were blown out and in the water there the
+Australians could see the dead bodies floating
+of their comrades killed by the explosion. No
+one thought that the ship could keep for long
+above water. But the soldiers stood at their
+stations. They waited for their turn. One
+went to the piano, and played favorite airs.
+Others, when volunteers were asked for,
+jumped into the water to right overturned
+boats. When at last all the men were off the
+stricken vessel, standing on half-submerged
+rafts, clinging to the edges of boats, swimming
+alongside improvised supports, volunteers were
+called for to stoke the ship into port, all the
+men within hearing offered for the hazardous
+task. Six officers and seventeen men climbed
+the rope ladders again, and with her bows
+under water and her stern low down, the ship
+was brought into Mudros and beached. It
+was a triumphant vindication of the discipline
+of Dominion troops. ‘The discipline was perfect,’
+wrote Captain C. E. W. Bean, official
+reporter at Anzac. ‘The men turned out immediately.
+There had been boat drill on the
+voyage and the men ran straight to their
+proper places and lined up.’”</p>
+
+<p>This praise of discipline which, though “unorthodox,”
+meets and never fails to meet the
+required end, reads quite as if it had been
+written of the boys of the United States’ expeditionary
+force.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ONE_OF_OUR_BOYS">ONE OF OUR BOYS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A California Youth of Heroic Soul Who Gave His Life to England</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">We</span> are constantly hearing of the hundreds
+of Americans who laid down
+their lives under the French colors. It was
+part of the debt we owed France. England,
+too, when she joined in the war for liberty,
+found many Americans hastening to her aid,
+and among the lives that were taken under her
+flag in the “great venture” was that of Harry
+Butters, a young Californian whose death in
+France called forth nation-wide eulogies in
+Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>Young Butters, after a preliminary education
+at San Francisco, went to England and
+entered Beaumont College at Windsor. There
+amid England’s rural charms and the spell
+of England’s old traditions, he learned to love
+the country which sheltered him.</p>
+
+<p>At the outbreak of the war, Butters went
+back to America. He could not stay, however.
+There was a call to rise and to go.
+He went back to England and enlisted. It
+was as an officer of the British Army that he
+died.</p>
+
+<p>The London <cite>Observer</cite> voices England’s
+praise and love of the American:</p>
+
+<p>“This American boy—and what a straight,
+upstanding pattern of youth and strength he
+was—owed us no duty and he gave us all.
+He gave it not impulsively nor in adventurous
+recklessness, but with a settled enthusiasm
+belonging to the ‘depth and not the tumult
+of the soul.’ How much he gave is worth
+considering. His personal endowments and
+opportunities were such that when he made up
+his mind to quit everything in his bright California
+and to come into the war, his choice
+was heroic in the fullest sense of that word.</p>
+
+<p>“When he went back to America after leaving
+college, he was a young man of mark,
+framed to excel both in sport and affairs.
+He was very tall, supple, active, frank, and
+comely of face, as gay as he was good-looking.
+You saw by a glance at his hands that he had
+a born instinct for management and technique.
+He had been a good deal at sea. He knew
+all about horses and motor-cars. He was a
+crack shot and a fine polo-player. His business
+ability was shown as soon as he took over
+the management of his father’s estates. With
+this practical talent that could turn itself to
+anything he had other qualities. One remembers
+what a delightful, level, measuring glance
+he used to give suddenly from under his
+brows when he had finished rolling a cigarette
+and went on with his keen questioning about
+men and things. To talk with him was to receive
+a new and promising revelation of the
+mind of young America. Like so many of
+our own young soldiers in their attitude
+toward politics, he was not content with either
+of the old parties in the United States. He
+thought that his own generation, if it was
+earnest enough, might make a better hand both
+of social problems and world-relations. He
+hoped to play his part. Although he always
+thought of himself in a fine spirit as “an
+American citizen,” he wanted the United
+States to take a full share in the wider life
+of the world, and especially to work as far
+as possible for common ideals with the whole
+English-speaking race.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WARM HEARTED AND FEARLESS</h3>
+
+<p>“So when the news of the war came to San
+Francisco, he put aside as fair a prospect of
+wealth, success, happiness, and long life as
+could well open before a young man, and determined
+to throw in his lot with the old
+country and the Allies in the fight for civilization
+against all the armed might of lawless
+iniquity which had flung itself on Belgium.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_042" style="max-width: 46.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_042.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Harry J. Adams</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>89th Division, 353rd Infantry, Company “K”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Following a retreating German into a house in the town of Boullonville on September 12, 1918,
+he fired the remaining two shots in his pistol through the door and ordered the surrender of the occupants.
+By his bravery, coolness and confidence he captured, single-handed, 375 prisoners.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“He was then twenty-two. He arrived in
+England in the early part of 1915 to join
+the British Army, and no military eye could
+doubt that the British Army had got a rare
+recruit. Harry Butters got his first commission
+in the 11th Royal Warwickshire Regiment.
+Afterward his technical faculty found
+more congenial scope when he transferred to
+the Royal Field Artillery. While training,
+he stayed a good deal at the rectory, Stow-on-the-Wold,
+Glos. The rector writes: ‘He was
+a warm-hearted, fearless young officer, as
+fine an American gentleman as ever crossed
+the Atlantic.’ It is much to say, but it
+is true.”</p>
+
+<p>“His captain writes that, ‘He was with his
+guns, and no one could have died in a nobler
+way. He was one of the brightest, cheeriest
+boys I have ever known, and always the life
+and soul of the mess.... We all realized
+his nobility in coming to the help of another
+country entirely of his own free will, and
+understood what a big heart he had. He
+was loved by all.’</p>
+
+<p>“He is in it to the finish, indeed, with comrades
+of his adoption, who have passed with
+him. He takes his last sleep out there with
+so many of the brave and true where none
+was braver and truer than he, and among the
+recollections of the great war, his name will
+not be forgotten. Beaumont will take care of
+that. In his old college we doubt not he will
+have his permanent memorial. In our thoughts
+the flags of Britain and America cover his
+heart with double honor. We shall never see
+them entwined again without thinking of
+him. No American can read these lines without
+being proud of him. No Briton can read
+them without feelings deeper, more moved
+than can be said in any words. We are grateful,
+as he would have liked, to his America
+that bred him.”</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Denis O’Sullivan, the widow of the
+famous Irish singer who was so eulogized by
+Mark Twain in his “Memoirs,” wrote to
+friends about the boy she affectionately called
+“stepson,” though there was no such tie between
+them:</p>
+
+<p>“Do you remember in poor Synge’s ‘Riders
+to the Sea’—the old mother says that now her
+last son is drowned, she will be able to sleep
+o’ nights?</p>
+
+<p>“The harrowing anxiety of every day in
+this time of war is over for me, too. On
+July 22, as you know, Gerard, my first stepson,
+was killed. And on August 31, at night,
+too, my last—Harry Butters—they were both
+as dear to me as my own—but Gerard had
+his own people here—he was not dependent<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</span>
+on me, while in a way, Harry had only me—his
+sister was six thousand miles away. I
+haven’t been able to say much of him these
+last months as he had been getting the carbon
+copies of my letters to you. Yet it was so
+often on the tip of my fingers to enlarge upon
+the boy—his charm, his capabilities.</p>
+
+<p>“More still upon the drama of his last
+experiences—from the moment when he burst
+into Aldwych his first day in uniform, so
+big, so startlingly handsome—above all, so
+gay—a shout of ‘stepmother!’ that raised the
+dust in that crowded, smoky refuge where the
+hundreds of tired Belgians looked around in
+astonishment that anyone left in the world
+could be so fresh, so dazzling—through those
+months of his watch beside his guns or directing
+fire from his exposed shell-swept hillside—that
+awful moment when the enemy found
+the range and poured death down upon the
+shelter that was no shelter—when all the other
+officers within call took refuge there, fourteen
+in all, Harry, the youngest, but the one who
+dashed out under fire to carry what was left
+of one of his telephonists to the first-aid station—a
+poor mangled mass of humanity, still
+breathing and crying out, a deed that in a
+smaller war would have meant the Victoria
+Cross, but in this, only one of a thousand such
+daily—after it his sudden collapse from the
+shock—(‘No one knew it, stepmother! I
+managed to bluff it through!’) But his colonel
+had been through the same experience
+and backed the doctor up in sending him to
+the base for a few days.</p>
+
+<p>“Then his June leave, luckily due anyway,
+brought him over to No. 7 where he could
+be petted and taken care of—but it was a
+quiet Harry—no less clear-eyed and vigorous,
+but so, <em>so</em> tired.</p>
+
+<p>“Then Winston Churchill and Garvin trying
+to make him take three weeks’ extra leave,
+the boy’s refusal, his return to France, some
+weeks in the ammunition column, where,
+knowing him to be comparatively safe, I could
+carry an easier heart, then a hasty line: ‘Just
+going up to one of the batteries to replace a
+casualty. It’s too bad it comes while I’m in
+bad shape, but it can’t be helped, and it surely
+is what I’m here for, after all. Don’t worry
+any more than you can help.’</p>
+
+<p>“That was August 22, only short notes
+after that, though he could find time to write,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span>
+‘I’m going to try to get over to Gerard’s
+grave. If I can find some flowers I’ll decorate
+it for you.’</p>
+
+<p>“His friend, Captain Zamora, to whom he’d
+given my address, could not have been with
+him at the last, for he had also had shell-shock
+and was with the ammunition column,
+but he wrote on the 1st of September that
+Harry had been with his guns the night before,
+when the call came, had gone in apparently
+the best of spirits—and the same
+shell killed him and his battery commander.</p>
+
+<p>“It has been so beautiful this week. I’ve
+never seen a harvest-moon more wonderful.
+One can only think what a world it is—and
+Harry and Gerard both out of it.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="GUTHRIE_OF_THE_KILTIES">GUTHRIE OF THE “KILTIES”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The First Canadian to Enlist Came Back with Scars of Twenty-two Wounds</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Colonel Guthrie</span> must have been
+born a fighter. Certainly ever since he
+was seventeen he showed the disposition of
+the warrior. His military career began with
+the outbreak of the South African War, when
+he proceeded to enlist in the Transvaal as a
+member of the famous Fourth Canadian
+Mounted Rifles. Guthrie made just one
+complaint about the campaign: “It ended too
+soon.” His adventurous spirit was not satisfied.
+He enlisted in the naval police.
+That, however, was not exactly what he
+wanted.</p>
+
+<p>He returned to Canada in 1903. If civil
+pursuits were in order he would take them
+in the same spirit as an army campaign in
+the Transvaal. He studied law. When only
+twenty-seven he was elected a member of the
+legislature of New Brunswick. He was a
+success.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps he would have lived his life without
+further intensive physical experiences. The
+war saved him.</p>
+
+<p>“It was August 4, 1914,” says the London
+<cite>Telegraph</cite>, “that fateful day upon which England
+declared war against Germany, closely
+following on the invasion of neutral Belgium.
+In a little theater up in the city of Fredericton,
+capital of the Province of New Brunswick,
+a large audience sat enjoying an interesting
+program. The second act had just
+ended. From the left wing of the stage
+walked the house-manager. A raised hand
+cut short the orchestra’s selection. Almost
+everybody knew what was coming. They
+had been expecting it for the last thirty hours.
+A silence fell over the entire house while nine
+words were pronounced by the house-manager:</p>
+
+<p>“‘Our mother country has to-day declared
+war against Germany.’</p>
+
+<p>“For a second—only a second—a lull fell
+over the audience. Then, as if prearranged,
+the orchestra struck up the strain of ‘God
+Save the King.’ From top to bottom the
+house was in uproar. Cheer after cheer rent
+the air. The audience as one stood singing
+the national anthem.</p>
+
+<p>“Seated well up in front in the orchestra
+as the manager’s announcement was made was
+a man about forty-four years old. The
+audience, with the exception of this particular
+man, began to settle back in their chairs as
+the singing of ‘God Save the King’ was concluded.
+With a stride which was noticeably
+military he walked toward the rear of the
+theater and left the building. Less than two
+blocks away was a telegraph-office. The lone
+night operator, half dosing, jumped to his
+feet as the door opened, and the man who a
+few seconds ago had left the theater entered.
+He addressed a telegraph-blank to ‘Sir Sam
+Hughes, Canadian Minister of Militia,’ and
+then followed an offer to raise a company
+of soldiers for an overseas expedition.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HE RAISES A COMPANY</h3>
+
+<p>“‘Captain Percy Guthrie, Seventy-first
+York Infantry,’ the message which he handed
+the operator was signed. The first Canadian
+had volunteered his services to the King.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_045" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_045.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Charge of the London Scottish</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Subjected to a withering fire, the Scots were driven back from Messines three times. They finally rallied and took the position with the bayonet.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Captain Guthrie returned at once to the
+theater, joined his wife, and witnessed the
+rest of the performance. The curtain came
+down, and with his wife, Captain Guthrie
+again headed to the telegraph-office. This
+time the operator was not thinking about
+sleep. He had just received a reply to Captain
+Guthrie’s telegram and was anxiously
+awaiting his return. The answer read: ‘Offer
+accepted. Proceed to recruit volunteers forthwith.’”</p>
+
+<p>Guthrie raised his company and went to the
+front. He soon rose in rank, and at last was
+given command of a regiment of Scots.</p>
+
+<p>Guthrie is said to possess almost a boyish
+exuberance of spirit, but of some things he
+will not jest. He will not even talk about
+them. Evidently the horror he has met with
+at the front has left a permanent impression.
+The following incident is told by a close
+friend of the Colonel’s, Charles K. Howard,
+representative of the Canadian Government
+Railway:</p>
+
+<p>“On a night in the battle of Festubert the
+Tenth Canadians went over the trenches. The
+flares from the machine guns made the line
+as light as day. A piece of the German
+trenches was taken. The only injury that
+the Colonel at this portion of the scrap received
+were some tears in the legs from barbed
+wire entanglements, although he lost in three-quarters
+of an hour two-thirds of his battalion.
+The piece that was taken must be
+held until reinforcements came. These were
+a little slow in arriving. A captain held one
+end of the line while the Colonel, leading his
+men down the trenches, with his bombers
+cleared out another section. The German
+line began to give slowly. Step by step, they
+slid back around the traverses toward Givenchy.
+The Canadians gathered their strength
+and started to press forward. A brave Westphalian
+officer tried to hold his men and stem
+the tide. He stood up to his knees in mud,
+fighting until his last bomb was gone. The
+Colonel, at the head of his men, rushed upon
+the officer, who, weighing perhaps forty
+pounds less than the Colonel, was not daunted.
+He grasped the Colonel by both arms, holding
+him for a moment, and then, with the
+strength borne of despair, lifted him bodily
+into the air, holding him rigid so that he
+could not move.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span></p>
+
+<h3>TAKES A MUD BATH</h3>
+
+<p>“The Canadians, dashing on behind, overbalanced
+the struggling pair, so that the Westphalian
+officer fell backward into the mud,
+with the Colonel on top. In the dark the
+Canadian soldiers did not know whether their
+leader had been killed or not. They did not
+take time to investigate. They rushed over
+the two struggling men, trampling them deeper
+and deeper into the mire of the trench. The
+Colonel found the throat of the German officer.
+The struggle was soon over, so that he
+could catch up to his men.”</p>
+
+<p>During the attack on Ypres Guthrie resigned
+his position and asked to be sent to the
+Tenth. Of that engagement, Mr. Howard
+says:</p>
+
+<p>“The Tenth had been badly battered in
+taking back from the woods four British
+guns that had been captured. The gallant
+Colonel Boyle, with seven machine-gun bullets
+in his body, had for two hours in the
+darkness of the night lain in a shell-hole surrounded
+by his men and in true Western
+style, with a revolver in each hand, had repelled
+repeated attacks. Then he was carried
+away to die, and Major MacLarinthe,
+second in command, leading the charge, was
+shot through the knee. After crawling forward
+with his men to a little clump of woods
+which he helped to capture he was shot
+through the head and killed. Major Ormand,
+too, fell wounded. Four officers of the thirty-one
+were left when it fell to the lot of Junior
+Lieutenant Guthrie, as he had become in
+order to go to the Tenth, to lead the battalion.</p>
+
+<p>“During the succeeding days the fighting
+surged back and forth over Ypres’s hillsides,
+during which time the battalion suffered
+greatly from the gas-clouds that were let loose
+now and then.</p>
+
+<p>“One time, when leading his men, the Colonel
+fell with a bayonet wound in the chin.
+On another occasion his nose was broken,
+but this did not put him out of action. He
+suffered from the concussion of a shell on
+another occasion and was knocked out for five
+hours. On another day he was put out of
+business by a gas-shell which exploded near
+him and he was dragged out of a ditch full
+of water by a British general, who forced<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</span>
+him to emit the gas by thrusting his fingers
+down his throat. A scar on the knee shows
+where the Colonel was punctured with a bayonet-point.
+His hand has been ripped open
+by a bayonet which he held while grappling
+with an assailant. The outcome of it was
+that the Canadians held the line at Ypres
+until reinforcements came.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="NOT_SO_UNSPEAKABLE">NOT SO UNSPEAKABLE</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Turk Whose Sense of Humor Made the Tommies His Friends at Gallipoli</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">War</span> has its humor. Even though it appear
+arms locked with death, there is
+a laugh on the side. It is probably true, as
+an old soldier once said, that if there were
+not a funny side to war an army could never
+get through its hell. The British troops on
+the Gallipoli Peninsula did not find the situation
+teeming with the hilarious, but there
+were moments of relief from the grim monster
+of trench fighting. Oddly enough one of
+the provoking causes of much mirth, seasoned
+with a due amount of vexation, was a
+rotund Turk in whom a sense of humor and
+an impudent daring mingled in a way to win
+the regard of the Tommies fighting in the
+trench opposite him. He alternated between
+tossing a bunch of dates and hurling a bomb
+into the trench of the Tommies with whom
+he exchanged laughter daily. Some of the
+Australians detected in him reminders of an
+eccentric “publican” who dispensed beer at
+home. So the Turk was dubbed “Fatty”
+Burns, the sobriquet of the keeper of the
+“pub.”</p>
+
+<p>A correspondent of the New York <cite>Globe</cite>
+tells the story as he got it from Trooper
+Clancy, one of the men in the trench opposite
+the merry Turk, at Russell’s Top, on Gallipoli,
+the two trenches being separated by
+less than twenty-five yards.</p>
+
+<p>“One old topper in the trench opposite me
+was a fair treat,” said Clancy. “He was so.
+My word! Used to pop up his head above
+the trenches and laugh at us. Then he’d pop
+down again. All along our side the boys
+would be taking shots at him, and they never
+hit. Then we could hear him laugh. We
+got so we liked him.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Don’t shoot at the old orphan,’ the boys
+would say. ‘He looks like “Fatty” Burns.’”</p>
+
+<p>One morning the Light Horse had made
+a demonstration in order to keep the Turks
+from thinking of what was going on somewhere
+else. They were chased back to the
+trenches when they had done their part, but
+they left two men behind them. The sun
+was cruel hot, Clancy says. His rifle-barrel
+fair blistered his fingers. These poor chaps
+were lying there with their faces in the grizzling
+sand. The Australians could not reach
+them. It would have been suicide to try.</p>
+
+<p>“Here comes ‘Fatty’ Burns,” said some
+one.</p>
+
+<p>The Australians in stupefaction watched
+the old Turk. He had thrown aside his rifle
+and stood up at full length on the parapet
+of the trench. Anyone could have potted him
+at that range. Clancy doesn’t understand yet
+why no one did, except that they were all
+fond of the old blighter. “Fatty” Burns
+crawled into the open in a lazy sort of
+way and walked over to the two wounded
+men.</p>
+
+<p>“Gave them a drink of water, he did,” said
+Clancy, “and wiped their lips and then lugged
+them over to a bit of cover so we could go out
+and get them after night came. We gave a
+cheer for old ‘Fatty’ and he laughed at us
+before he went back into his hole. My word!
+How his white teeth did shine.”</p>
+
+<p>The Australians had more bully-beef than
+they needed. The cans got to be a nuisance.
+They were not permitted to refuse the stated
+allowance of bull each day. Until lately a
+British ration has been a fixed and immutable
+thing. One day it occurred to some one that
+“Fatty” Burns might like some meat. So
+they tossed three cans into his trench.</p>
+
+<p>“There was a terrible hullaballo, when they
+landed,” said Clancy. “I suppose they thought<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</span>
+it was some new-fangled kind of bomb. But
+an hour or so later some Turk threw us a lot
+of fine, fresh dates. We always reckoned it
+was ‘Fatty’ Burns.”</p>
+
+<p>Three or four days afterward “Fatty”
+Burns thrust head and shoulders above the
+trench-top again and laughed like sin. Then
+he threw something into Clancy’s trench.</p>
+
+<p>“I just had time to get my overcoat down
+on it before it went off,” said he. “‘Fatty’
+had scooped out the meat from one of our tins
+and filled it up with melinite and pieces of
+scrap-iron. It fair murdered my coat. I held
+it up above the parapet and shook it at ‘Fatty.’
+He laughed until he choked.”</p>
+
+<p>“A bully old sport was ‘Fatty’ Burns.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_MEDICAL_CORPS">THE MEDICAL CORPS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Though the Reports Are all Too Few Every Doctor Was a Hero</h3>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_048" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_048.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy of Telephone Review.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Decorating American Soldiers with the Legion of Honor</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Colonel Carty of the U. S. Signal Corp receiving the insignia from General Berdoullat.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">“If</span> there be degrees of chivalry the highest
+award should be accorded to the
+medical profession,” was said in the London
+<cite>Times</cite> in 1916. People didn’t know whether
+that was meant quite seriously. Soon they
+found out. Medical men were figuring heavily
+in the casualty lists, and more and more
+stories were coming over of exceptional courage
+and devotion to duty among the doctors,
+nurses, and ambulance drivers. Usually, also,
+no one but the wounded on the fields of battle
+knew how to appreciate the deeds of the non-combatants.
+There was in general
+no thrill attached to the
+records. They were simply records
+of steady self-sacrifice in
+the face of the greatest danger.</p>
+
+<p>The Times instanced a number
+of heroic doctors. Captain
+Chavasse was one of them.
+Utterly regardless of heavy firing
+he would time and again
+rush across the open to dress
+the wounded. He kept this up
+all through the engagement and
+then he himself was wounded
+in the side by a shell splinter.
+This injury he sustained while
+carrying an urgent case into
+safety, the journey being over
+500 yards of shell-swept ground.
+Afterwards at night he took
+up a party of twenty volunteers,
+rescued three wounded men
+from a shell hole only twenty-five
+yards from the enemy
+trench, buried the bodies of two
+officers, and collected many identity
+discs—and these things he
+did although he was fired on by
+machine guns and bombs.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_048fp" style="max-width: 45.3125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_048fp.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+By J. F. Bouchor<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Sister of Mercy</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>The Captain finally met his death while at
+such work. The official record gives only
+brief details: “Though severely wounded
+early in action, while carrying a wounded
+soldier to the dressing station, Chavasse refused
+to leave his post, and for two days he
+not only continued to perform his duties but
+also went out repeatedly under heavy fire to
+search for and attend the wounded who were
+lying out. During these searches Chavasse
+was practically without food, he was worn
+with fatigue and faint with his wound, yet
+he helped to carry in a number of badly
+wounded men, over heavy and difficult
+ground. It was due to his extraordinary energy
+and inspiring example that many wounded
+were rescued who would otherwise undoubtedly
+have succumbed to the bad weather
+conditions.”</p>
+
+<p>“There had been many displays,” adds the
+London <cite>Times</cite>, “of almost superhuman courage
+and endurance in the war, displays which
+had been recognized by the bestowal of the
+greatest of all naval and military distinctions;
+but standing out prominently even amongst
+these proofs of highest bravery and duty was
+the heroism of Chavasse.”</p>
+
+<p>It seemed almost as if such action became
+a tradition with the profession, for another
+hero was soon announced—Lieutenant George
+Allan Maling. During the heavy fighting
+near Fauquissart, Maling worked hard and
+incessantly under the unceasing shell fire. “He
+began his task at 6:15 in the morning, collecting
+and treating more than 300 men in the
+open and exposed to merciless fire. Throughout
+the whole of that day, during the evening,
+all through the night, without a break till
+eight o’clock next morning—twenty-six unbroken
+hours—he worked, reckless of shell
+and bullet. It seemed impossible that human
+strength could endure more. Eleven o’clock
+came, then a large high explosive shell burst
+and did dreadful havoc. It killed several of
+his patients, it wounded his only assistant, and
+it flung Maling down and temporarily
+stunned him. Yet no sooner did he regain
+consciousness than he pulled himself together
+and resumed his work. A second shell exploded,
+covering both Maling and his instruments
+with débris; yet even so, he had not
+finished—he extricated himself and continued
+his work single-handed.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="SOME_RED_CROSS_WEAKLINGS">SOME RED CROSS WEAKLINGS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Captain Bobo and His Buddies Weren’t Good Enough for the Doctors</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">There</span> is a reminder of the stone which
+the builders rejected in the story breezily
+told by Frank Ward O’Malley in the <cite>Red
+Cross Magazine</cite> for July, 1919. It records
+the heroism of Bobo—Captain Stephen N. Bobo,
+whose ancestors long ago undoubtedly
+spelled their name Beaubeaux. Steve was born
+in Memphis, Tennessee, and began early to
+react against southern ease. Anyway, as soon as
+he was graduated from college he made
+straight for Honduras. “Thence,” says
+O’Malley, “Steve went to Chile, where he
+started for Sidney on a trading schooner, but
+liked the little ship so well that he bought a
+controlling interest in her en route. At the
+Christmas Islands, Skipper Steve Bobo converted
+his schooner into a trader instanter—and
+made a little money on her. He was
+wrecked off Easter Island and, with five companions,
+had to swim seven miles to land.
+Skipper Bobo and four of his friends were
+compelled during that swim to help keep
+afloat betimes a sixth, whose swimming technique
+was poor.</p>
+
+<p>“He returned to Chile aboard a passing convict
+ship. He made a short visit home, then
+was off to the interior of China, where he
+made a little money. In turn he went to India;
+to the Philippines; to Hawaii, where he
+bought swamp lands, parceled the property
+and sold it to the Chinese tara farmers, and
+made a little money on that; to the State of
+Washington on a hydro-electric venture and
+made a little money on that; to the San Joaquín
+Valley of California, and made a little
+money at ranching.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_050" style="max-width: 47.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_050.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Private Carl W. Dasch</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>42nd, Division, 167th Infantry, Headquarters Company</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">On July 26th-August 1, 1918, near Croix Rouge Farm, he carried messages between the firing
+lines and battalion headquarters, at the same time picking up wounded men and carrying them
+out of the barrage to the first-aid station. During the whole series of engagements he did not
+sleep and his physical energy was taxed to the utmost.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Captain Bobo was resting up in April, 1917,
+and contemplating his next venture when
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</span>Uncle Sam decided that this world had not
+been made for Germany and advised the
+Kaiser of our intention to prove it. Bobo
+hurried to the first recruiting station. And
+then the San Francisco army doctors played
+their trick.</p>
+
+<p>They turned him down.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“THE JOLLY OLD RED CROSS”</h3>
+
+<p>“The way the army doctors talked to him
+made the young man wish ardently that instead
+of being a poor little anemic lad, who
+could do nothing but swim seven miles and
+sail schooners through typhoons and knock
+over tigers, he were one of those brawny athletes
+who had trained indoors on stenography,
+dress-goods salesmanship, and cigarettes and
+therefore were being uproariously welcomed
+into a selective service army by local draft
+boards.</p>
+
+<p>“‘But,’ cried young Mr. Bobo in effect,
+‘I’m telling the world fair that I want to go
+to France. And I want what I want when
+I want it. Now what other speedy way is
+there of getting to France besides the—Holy
+mackerel! I’ve got it! The jolly old Red
+Cross.’”</p>
+
+<p>Bobo wondered, when he was going across,
+if the Red Cross would ever allow him to
+sneak close enough to the front “to get gassed
+or shot or something.”</p>
+
+<p>When Bobo landed in France with the First
+Division he was assigned to the very humble
+task of serving soldiers with cocoa and sandwiches.
+He took up the task seriously, and
+did his work well, but then he got tired.
+Finally he got enough courage to suggest a
+plan to General O’Ryan.</p>
+
+<p>The army doctors were constantly sending
+men back from the front line because of some
+physical defects. Steve Bobo wanted the
+General to give him permission to establish
+a “Divisional Rest Camp” and fill it with
+those “darn fine fellows” whom the surgeons
+were throwing out. “Most of those men,” he
+said, “are volunteers, and all of them are the
+best sort of fighters. Instead, then, of sending
+them back to the rear for reclassification,
+turn them over to me, sir, we’ll show you
+something.”</p>
+
+<p>“That was done. Day by day into the Bobo
+‘Divisional Rest Camp’ came the men, sad
+beyond measure because the surgeons had
+found something in their anatomical architecture
+which was slightly out of kilter. Daily
+Captain Bobo put his unpromising material
+through a series of setting-up exercises. Thus
+it was that in next to no time he had surrounded
+himself with a Red Cross unit of
+husky youngsters who, as Lieut. Colonel J.
+Leslie Kincaid, Judge-Advocate of the Division,
+since has phrased it, ‘preferred to live
+in that part of hell which has no fire escapes.’
+By the time Captain Bobo had completed his
+organization he had forty-seven men in his
+Red Cross unit, with every man-jack in the
+outfit carrying papers to prove that the only
+reason he was not carrying a rifle was that an
+army surgeon had got the fool notion the man
+was not physically able to stand the gaff.</p>
+
+<p>“Cried Captain Bobo, when all had been
+made ship-shape, ‘We’re set, men: Let’s up
+and at ’em.’ And forward went the fightingest
+band of Red Cross ‘invalids’ that ever
+slapped a German dead and then piled him
+into an ambulance to try to save his life. Up
+with the front line fighting men, the little
+Red Cross band found themselves in no time,
+and, on occasions, hundreds of yards in advance
+of the front line trenches, out in a sunlit
+No Man’s Land.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>KNEW HOW TO GET ’EM</h3>
+
+<p>Lieutenant-Colonel Kincaid remembers a
+little something about Bobo and “his Rough-necks”
+on a particular occasion.</p>
+
+<p>“I merely want to say,” he remarked, “that
+in the middle of the Hindenburg show Captain
+Bobo said ‘Presto!’ and ten ambulances
+appeared from nowhere at a moment when,
+believe me, ambulances were needed.</p>
+
+<p>“Colonel Montgomery, weeping for ambulances,
+thought of Captain Bobo. He gave
+the Red Cross man the high sign, and Captain
+Bobo just brushed aside a lot of flying
+metal and stepped close enough to Colonel
+Montgomery to ask the Colonel what was on
+his system. ‘Ambulances,’ shouted the Colonel,
+‘but I don’t know where to get ’em.’
+‘I do,’ answered Captain Bobo. ‘If you’ll give
+me a fast car I’ll flush a whole covey of ambulances,
+sir.’</p>
+
+<p>“Colonel Montgomery commandeered General
+O’Ryan’s racing car and Captain Bobo<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</span>
+climbed in. The Captain stepped on the accelerator
+and exploded toward Paris, a trip
+of 158 miles. And toward the middle of the
+next afternoon back came Bobo hellbent with
+ten ambulances in his wake. We were too
+busy then to ask him where he had got them,
+but when things had quieted down for a
+moment some days later we made inquiries.
+And we got this Bobo person’s number. Let
+me tell you in confidence—don’t repeat this
+to a soul, remember—this Bobo is an ambulance
+stealer. He and his gang were out and
+out Red Cross crooks. He had crashed into
+Paris, grabbed up every ambulance standing
+along a curb, bamboozled the drivers into believing
+that they were to take his orders, and
+had crashed out of Paris again at the head of
+his string of sputtering booty; and made
+straight for the front again at a time when
+I don’t know what we would have done if it
+hadn’t been for Captain Bobo and his ambulances.”</p>
+
+<p>O’Malley takes up the story again: “Bobo
+and his associates had had no sleep for almost
+thirty-six hours.</p>
+
+<p>“They were dirty, unshaven, haggard; nevertheless,
+they spent that night and all the next
+day picking up the white-faced, shattered boys
+who lay among the shell holes groaning with
+the thirst horrors which only those who have
+lost pints of blood know. Back to the ‘battalion
+aid post’ the lads were brought by Captain
+Bobo and his buddies, or variously to ‘first
+stations,’ which sometimes were within 200
+yards of the front line trenches—to dressing
+stations, or to the main dressing station back
+at ‘railhead.’ And there the sufferers received
+attentions, which sometimes meant a
+merciful anesthetic and sometimes the grimy
+but gentle fingers of Captain Bobo on cold,
+white eyelids as he closed the staring eyes forever.”</p>
+
+<p>Bobo and his daredevils became an institution
+with their division. Where danger lay,
+so long as there were wounded there, Bobo’s
+squad gloried.</p>
+
+<p>“One day, the Captain and his Red Cross
+crew learned that if they wanted to get their
+ambulances out to where the wounded lay
+they would have to circle the toe of a wooded
+knoll over an open road on which rained
+machine gun bullets every time anything alive
+showed itself to the Huns concealed in the
+woods on the hill. But they wanted to get
+to the wounded.</p>
+
+<p>“They started their engines and ‘stepped on
+’em’ so hard that the little ambulances would
+bang out into the open and whiz around the
+marked turn joyously, while the phut-phut-phut-phut
+of the Hun machine guns whipped
+the atmosphere into ribbons and the splinters
+from the racing ambulances flew high in air.
+Then they had to come back around that open
+turn again, and they went out again and back,
+and out and back, their ambulances looking a
+bit worm-eaten when the day was over but the
+Captain and each of the other Red Cross drivers
+still ‘all in one piece.’”</p>
+
+
+<h3>PRETTY GOOD MEN TOO</h3>
+
+<p>O’Malley tells the story of two of the Captain’s
+drivers—Privates Freddy Schroeder and
+Leo Smith, both from New York City—who
+were engaged in their customary hilarious
+sport when word came to the little Red Cross
+band that a medical detachment was out beyond
+the hindside of No Man’s Land and
+that it had been marooned there for thirty
+hours without food or water. “Zipp went
+Red Cross rowdies Freddy and Leo in their
+tawney ambulances decorated with the big
+Red Cross—fairest of targets for a German
+gentleman. And this time when the drivers,
+their ambulances loaded with grub and water,
+came to an open stretch of road they got not
+only machine gun bullet storms but Hunnish
+high explosives. And as they were sailing
+along through the metal storm on a straight
+stretch of open highway, a German shell exploded
+just ahead of them, so close that they
+barely had time to come to a stop on the edge
+of the crater. They were about to reverse and
+back off to where they had come from when
+another shell bit the road just behind them
+and made another crater.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_053" style="max-width: 46.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_053.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Private Fred Carney</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>1st Division, 26th Infantry, Company “G”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He was cited for extraordinary heroism in action between the Argonne and the Meuse. With
+great coolness and bravery under machine-gun and shell fire, he maintained liaison between his
+battalion and company and assisted in reorganizing his platoon after the platoon commander was
+wounded.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“There were Freddy Schroeder and Leo
+Smith on an ‘island platform’ of the road,
+with seemingly nothing left to do but to abandon
+their ambulances and crawl to safety the
+best they could. They didn’t do anything of
+the kind. Right out in the open they tugged
+at every sizable chunk of débris in sight and
+built a sort of bridge across the forward shell
+hole and went onward and brought welcome
+food and water to the marooned detachment.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</span>And in their own good time they came back
+over their ‘bridge’ again, jumped out and built
+another ‘bridge’ of the same kind over the
+second shell hole, and about dusk, sailed victoriously
+to their Red Cross quarters unharmed.</p>
+
+<p>“Finally there was another day that must
+be told of. It was the day at St. Souplet
+when two of the stricken residents of the little
+town crawled back to our lines and told the
+Mayor of Busigny (which had just been captured
+from the Huns) that many civilians,
+dozens of whom were wounded, were hiding in
+the cellars of St. Souplet. None of them
+dared show himself. The German patrols
+were still poking about the town and their
+machine guns were sweeping the village
+streets. Shells were dropping and death
+threatened the hidden ones in the cellars in
+other ways, especially in the form of gassing,
+the poisonous gas naturally tending to work
+downward to the cellars and other subterranean
+passages where the men, women, and
+children of St. Souplet lay hidden.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RESCUES A VILLAGE</h3>
+
+<p>“Somebody would have to do something
+about it. Who was always doing something
+or other about something? Battling Bobo
+and his Red Cross band!</p>
+
+<p>“To dash into the streets of St. Souplet
+would not help much because the dash would
+end in a patter of lead and a bouquet of whiz-bangs
+that would leave nothing but a shell
+hole where ambulances an instant before had
+been. Nevertheless young Captain Bobo and
+his men ‘had’ to get there. The Captain called
+together his Red Cross band, which that day
+numbered only thirty-five huskies, the others
+being absent on other work or ill. Captain
+Bobo explained the situation and asked the
+thirty-five how many of them would care to
+volunteer to go into St. Souplet with him—to
+go up to our front line trenches in the broad
+light of day and beyond, on into the buildings
+of a town still thoroughly held by the Germans.
+Pause a moment, reader, and guess
+how many of the thirty-five Red Crossers volunteered....
+Reader, you’re a wonder:
+you guessed the exact number the very first
+time!</p>
+
+<p>“And so the thirty-five started forward with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</span>
+Captain Bobo, scooting along in their ambulances
+parallel to the fighting lines for a little
+distance and then making a dash across lots
+to a grove which stood at an advanced spot
+where, up to that time, no American soldier
+had set his foot. And while an amazed
+American Army looked on, the little band
+made the woods and disappeared among the
+trees while hell cracked all around them.</p>
+
+<p>“Providence and Steve Bobo were with
+them. In the heart of the little clump of trees
+they found an old road which ran through a
+ravine to the nearest back alleys of St. Souplet.
+When they had come to a place where the
+old road climbed out of the ravine preparatory
+to entering the town, Captain Bobo
+jumped off the leading ambulance, gave his
+followers the high sign, and again gathered
+them about him for final directions. And
+Bobo and his band left their ambulances in
+the protecting ravine and began to crawl on
+their bellies across the last of the fields and
+into the town.</p>
+
+<p>“They followed by preference the backdoor
+route when they had wormed across the last
+field and straightened up to find themselves in
+St. Souplet. Even so it was necessary at times
+to make a dash for it across open streets, a
+dash that must be completed before the astonished
+German gentry at far ends of the streets
+could begin to pepper the thoroughfare with
+the machine gun bullets. Always, however,
+Battling Bobo and his band beat the bullets
+to it.</p>
+
+<p>“In the black cellars of the village they
+rooted around. Old women lay huddled in
+the underground gloom; one of them, a very
+old lady, had been shot through both thighs
+three days before and, quite unattended, lay
+cowering in her cellar until Captain Bobo
+dragged her forth and carried her back to
+where his ambulances lay hidden. There were
+old men, little children, young girls for whom
+the horror of their nights of hiding in the
+Boche infested village had a terror greater
+even than gas and the shriek of shells. One
+by one Bobo and his men carried the sufferers
+into back yards, through the winding alleys,
+back of protecting buildings, and so to the
+wooded ravine, where the ambulances were
+filled with the stricken villagers of St. Souplet
+and the bundles of scant belongings which they
+hugged to their trembling bosoms. Then the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</span>
+dash back through the grove and across the
+sunlit No Man’s Land to final safety—not
+final for the Red Cross band, for as soon as
+they had carried their first load of refugees
+behind the American lines they turned around
+and did it all over again, and again, and again.
+For four hours at one stretch they worked like
+beavers to save the villagers of St. Souplet,
+then organized a second series of trips and
+put in eight hours more darting to and from
+the town or squirming into its alleys and cellars.
+And Battling Bobo and his band got
+the villagers finally to safety without the loss
+of a Red Cross man, despite the fact that the
+‘Jerries’ were systematically shelling the village
+from the first moment the Red Cross
+rescuers entered it until the last villager had
+been saved.”</p>
+
+<p>There were forty-seven Red Cross men in
+Bobo’s band. To this day the Captain is
+trying to find out why only twenty of them
+were cited for exceptional heroism.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="EH_MON_TWAS_GRAND">“EH! MON, ’TWAS GRAND!”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Braw Hieland Laddie’s Impressions of What Happened When “We
+Were Over the Top Like a Lot of Dogs Let Loose”</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> powerful British thrust along the
+Somme will take its place in history as
+one of the striking instances of sheer courage
+fighting against frightful odds and winning
+out. In that “push” there were hundreds of
+thrilling individual adventures, but it is impossible
+to give each man his due, so splendid
+was the concerted action. But a representative
+of the London <cite>Telegraph</cite> talked in a
+hospital with a Scotsman wounded at
+Pozieres, and this excerpt from the published
+article throws an illuminating gleam over the
+whole battle front, and one feels that Scotty
+was but the mouthpiece burring out the spirit
+of his fellows as they plunged forward:</p>
+
+<p>“Eh, mon, it was hell, but it was grand.
+We’ve got a move on at last, and are paying
+the Huns out. For over a week our guns
+have been letting rip at them. Talk about
+the German guns in the early days of the war,
+they are not in it now. I was in the retreat
+from Mons, so I reckon I’ve seen some of
+the fighting.</p>
+
+<p>“I got my packet Friday night,” he added,
+referring to his wounds. “We were pushed
+up to our front line trenches early Friday
+morning. Long before daybreak the guns
+were at it worse than ever. The noise fair
+drove some fellows daft, but the worst of all
+was waiting in the trenches for the order to
+charge. When that came we were over the
+top like a lot of dogs let loose. The ground
+was churned up for miles, and the front of
+the German trenches simply smashed to bits.
+We got there under cover of smoke, and
+fairly rolled in. I shall never forget the
+sight. The Germans were lying heaped up
+in all directions, and those who were alive
+showed no fight, but appeared to have gone
+‘clean potty.’</p>
+
+<p>“Further on we got into the supports,
+which had received a terrific smashing about,
+and it was there we had the scrap. At the
+last moment it seemed the Germans had
+rushed a crowd of chaps in, and they had
+hidden themselves in shell holes and were taking
+pot-shots at us. We rushed them with the
+bayonet and bombs, and some of them put up
+a good fight. I had one fellow in front of
+me, and felt myself a ‘goner,’ for I tumbled
+over some wire, when one of our chaps got
+his bayonet into him. The next second a
+German ‘outed’ my chum. ‘Never fear,
+Jock,’ he said, ‘you did the same trick for
+me once.’ That chap’s left a wife and six
+bairns away up north,” added the Scot.</p>
+
+<p>Asked how he received his wounds, the
+Scot became somewhat bashful. “Oh, one of
+the Huns got in at me,” he replied. Another
+wounded hero, however, took up the narrative.
+“He fair tumbled into a hole where
+there was half a dozen of ’em hiding,” said the
+second man. “Jock comes of a fighting race,
+and he gave the Huns a bit for hiding.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_056" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_056.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Western Newspaper Union.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Black Watch on the Flanders Front</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The Black Watch of the British Army is the most famous of perpetuated regiments. Few of
+its original members survived the fierce fighting of the early days.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ONE_SURVIVED">ONE SURVIVED</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>An Episode of the Gallipoli Campaign Typical of the Fighting</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">This</span> account of a desperate engagement
+is brief, but it tells a wondrous story.
+It appeared in the London <cite>Times</cite>:</p>
+
+<p>The first capture of a Turkish trench and
+its retention deserve special notice because this
+brilliant exploit fired the whole of Anzac,
+after fifteen weeks of monotonous trench fighting,
+for the great aggressive operations of
+August and September. The work was known
+as Northern Turkish Despair Trench, or
+Tasman Post, and it was stormed under severe
+fire on July 31, by a composite company
+of the 11th Battalion (West Australia) of
+General E. G. Sinclair-MacLagan’s Third
+Brigade, under Captain R. L. Leane. After
+two days a heavy counter-attack was launched
+by a battalion of Turks, who regained a section
+of the work, but were again driven out.
+The episode cost Anzac 300 casualties, but
+showed what could be done. Near the close
+of the series of attacks which this success began
+was another charge, the simple truth of
+which was worth accomplishing, even at the
+cost. It was the charge of the First and
+Third Light Horse Brigades, differing from
+the charge of the Light Brigade at Balaclava
+only in that it was made by horsemen who had
+volunteered to fight on foot, and that it succeeded
+in one object—that of holding large
+bodies of Turks who would otherwise have
+been used against the new British landing at
+Suvla Bay.</p>
+
+<p>The Eighth and Tenth Regiments of the
+Third Brigade went out from Walker’s
+Ridge. It was a charge into death from the
+first moment, and before the men of the second
+line leaped from their trenches they shook
+hands, knowing that they could not survive.
+They were met by a fusillade that became a
+continuous roaring tempest of machine gun
+and rifle fire, and out of the 300 men in the
+first line only one returned. The Second
+Regiment of the First Brigade was sent out
+from Quinn’s Post, charging into so impossible
+a fire that the first line had to be left to its
+fate, and the second, third, and fourth lines
+held in the trenches. The First Regiment of
+the First Brigade charged up the slopes of
+Dead Man’s Ridge and found a similar fate.
+It was all over within ten minutes—in the
+case of the charge from Quinn’s Post within
+a few seconds. “The Turkish machine guns
+drew a line across that place which none could
+pass,” wrote Captain C. E. W. Bean, official
+observer with the Australian Division, “and
+the one man who went out and returned unwounded
+put his escape down to the fact that
+he noticed the point on our sandbags on which
+the machine gun bullets were hitting, and
+jumped clear over the stream of lead. The
+guns were sweeping low, and a man who was
+hit once by them was often hit again half
+a dozen times as he fell through the stream
+which caught him. The whole of the first
+line was either killed or wounded within a few
+seconds of their leap from our trenches.” But
+though the charges shattered four regiments
+of as good fighting men as the Empire possessed,
+they created an imperishable impression.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>Approximately 23,709,000 males in the United States, between the ages of 18 and 45,
+inclusive, registered under the terms of the Selective Draft Law.</p>
+
+<p>Returns on casualties in the American Expeditionary Force up to November 18, 1917,
+include deaths from disease as well as battle casualties, slightly as well as severely
+wounded. Deaths from battle alone would be about 36,000. Compared with the reported
+British battle deaths of 659,000 for the period of the war, our losses were astonishingly
+light.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="TANK-MAN_TALKS">TANK-MAN TALKS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>He Found the Little Fellows to His Taste But Didn’t Care for Heavies</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> general impression of the war tank
+is that of a huge juggernaut going, solemn
+and irresistible, over any sort of obstacle;
+but there seem to have been tank crews who
+did not regard the lumbering monsters worshipfully.
+They pinned their faith and devotion
+to the lighter and nimbler type of machine
+that could jaunt along at eight miles an hour
+and revolve on its own axis. The <cite>Scientific
+American</cite> had a special correspondent in
+France who reports somewhat jerkily the talk
+of an American tank-man who had a working
+acquaintance with the small, and to him decidedly
+preferable, type of fighter. The tank-man
+is quoted:</p>
+
+<p>“Yes, you read a lot in newspapers about
+tanks. But no American tanks saw any action
+in France. There were three battalions of
+American tank troops that saw action; one
+with heavy tanks, with the British, and two,
+with light tanks, operating in the Argonne
+and the St. Mihiel actions. Some troops, too,
+if I do say it who shouldn’t! No, you’ll have
+to get some one else to talk about the heavy
+tanks; don’t know anything about them and
+don’t want to. Light tanks for me, every
+time. Yes, I’ll tell you about them if you are
+interested.</p>
+
+<p>“We used Renault tanks—light ones.
+Whiffet tanks some people call them. Weigh
+about seven tons and have two men for a
+crew. Fast? Too fast; faster than there’s
+any use of them to be, really. That was one
+of our troubles, running away from our infantry.
+No sense in having tanks that can
+get out of touch with the men they are supposed
+to precede and blaze a trail for! Those
+little Renaults can go eight miles an hour
+over good ground, and infantry is lucky if it
+goes two!</p>
+
+<p>“Two men, one of them is the engineer and
+the other the pilot. Some of the tanks have
+machine guns and some one-pounders; only
+one gun to a tank you know—those little fellows
+aren’t battleships. We started in with
+216 tanks. They cost about $10,000 each.
+Motor not unlike a good automobile motor;
+four-cylinder, about 40 horsepower. Indeed
+the tank has a lot of automobile mechanism
+about it. Those Renaults have four speeds
+forward and reverse.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GRENADES JUST EGGS</h3>
+
+<p>“You spin around in your own length. It’s
+astonishing how fast those little tanks can
+turn when they have to. Fast enough to cut a
+man in two if he’s in the way. Yes, it happened
+more than once. Some Boches had an
+idea they could do something to a Renault
+with a hand grenade and tried it at close
+quarters. Might just as well have thrown
+eggs at us, unless some splinters got in the
+slits. And if they were close enough and we
+whirled her round they were out of luck
+sure—broken legs, you know, or mashed ribs.</p>
+
+<p>“No, the Boche anti-tank gun never hurt us
+to amount to anything. Ever see one? It
+weighs about 50 pounds and shoots a whale of
+a bullet, but unless it strikes sharp at right
+angles it doesn’t go through. Pretty hard
+steel, you know, that tank armor. What did
+stop us, when we were stopped, was the 77.
+Even that took a direct hit. A 77 could go
+off right beside us and we’d hardly know it.
+But if it made a direct hit—well, you don’t
+expect to run a war without any casualties,
+of course. I recall one case where a 77 made
+a hit and set off all the ammunition in the
+tank. The tank was scrap steel and the men—well,
+we found a hand, and a shoe. Just
+literally blown to nothing.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_059" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_059.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right">
+<cite>Courtesy of Leslie’s Weekly.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The British Juggernaut of the Battlefield</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The Americans started in with 216 light tanks, a year after
+the British had used them in smashing the German defenses.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Of course there are places a tank can’t
+go. You read a lot about how a tank loves
+mud. Don’t you believe it. A tank can
+slither around in mud just like an automobile.
+Of course it can go, but it can’t climb at the
+same angle on mud as on dry ground and
+somehow we always did fight in the mud.
+Mud didn’t stop us of course, but it made it
+more difficult. On dry ground we can climb
+45 degrees, and 51 degrees in reverse.</p>
+
+<p>“You hear a lot about the way a tank can
+crawl over trenches. But that’s the big heavy
+tank. The little fellow can’t run over a
+trench the way it can down and up a shell
+crater. The Renault is tail heavy, you see. It
+gets its nose across a trench all right, but if
+the trench is a little too wide the heavy tail
+drops back into it. Then you have to get out
+and dig or get another tank to come and pull
+you out. That’s why two tanks together are
+worth four separately. They can jam themselves
+up and still get along by doing the
+brother act with chains. Once that I know
+of a tank got stuck and the second tank
+couldn’t pull it out. So the officer outside signals
+another tank and it comes up—all this under
+fire, mind—and he hooks that on, too, and
+the two of them pull the helpless one up and
+over. He got the D. S. C. for it, that officer.</p>
+
+<p>“It’s not nice when you’re stalled, you know.
+As long as you can move around, the 77 has a
+hard time getting you. But if you get stuck
+somewhere it doesn’t take a Boche gunner so
+very long to get your range. That’s why we
+were so anxious to have self-starters put on the
+American tanks, when we thought we were
+going to have American tanks. If there had
+been any self-starters on our Renaults we’d
+probably be shy about twenty casualties. Engine
+stalls, Boche gets busy, chap inside struggles
+with a crank, takes time, 77 lands, signal
+back for a reserve tank to come on into action.
+No, they didn’t put the self-starters on. Don’t
+ask me why; I don’t know.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TOO MUCH INGENUITY</h3>
+
+<p>“Sure, the American tanks were good tanks.
+We never used them in action that I know of.
+Those I saw got to France, or got where they
+might have been used, after the Armistice.
+But they were sure American all over—too
+much American, if you know what I mean.
+It’s a national failing, I guess, this business
+of being ingenious. There was so much ingenuity
+about those tanks there wasn’t always
+room for the crew. For instance, machine gun
+belts. When you use them, they are rolled up
+and in a carrier. Some wise tank builder<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</span>
+decided all the ammunition in a machine gun
+tank ought to be in carriers, rolled up ready
+for use. When he got through, there wasn’t
+any room inside for the crew! No sense to
+it, of course; the same amount of ammunition
+stores flat, and leaves plenty of room, and it
+only takes a few seconds to roll up a belt and
+put it in a carrier.</p>
+
+<p>“Then there was the compass. Some one
+must have read that British tanks carried
+compasses. So they did, until the tank crew
+could throw it away. So our American tanks
+came over with the handsomest compasses inside
+you ever saw; regular ship affairs, gimbals
+and all! Now, of course, that’s all foolishness.
+In the first place there wasn’t room
+for the compass and the crew. In the second
+place, when you start the engine, the compass
+does a fox trot, and keeps on whirling;
+it’s no good as a compass. And if it was, there
+wouldn’t be any sense in it; there’s a map
+stuck up right under your nose and that’s all
+you need, not to mention a few officers with
+flags telling you where to go, if they are not
+sitting on top going with you.</p>
+
+<p>“Then there was the speedometer. Why
+any one should imagine a tank crew needed a
+speedometer I don’t know. But there it was,
+ready to tell us just how fast we were going.
+Maybe they thought, down in Washington,
+we were going to establish a tank speed record
+or something.</p>
+
+<p>“And the hook—I mustn’t forget the hook.
+It’s so typically American—a device born of
+our national tendency to economise time.
+To put a hook in at the top of the tank
+meant at least two hours’ work. In 100
+tanks that was 200 hours or 24 working
+days, slowing up production. The
+idea of the hook was that it would be so
+convenient when a crane had to lift the tank.
+Now the average tank gets lifted by a crane
+just four or six times; on a car at the factory,
+off the car, on the ship, off the ship, and maybe
+on and off a car again. So to save the
+six or twelve minutes it would take a crew to
+slip a chain around the tanks, they put a hook
+at the top, because it was efficient!</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_061" style="max-width: 45.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_061.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Ralph M. Atkinson</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>42nd Division, 167th Infantry, Headquarters Company</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">While in command of a Stokes mortar platoon October 16, 1918, near Landres-et-St. Georges,
+Argonne, Sergeant Atkinson with three soldiers was advancing with the first wave of the assault,
+when on nearing the objective, he discovered about 250 of the enemy forming for a counter-attack.
+He advanced with the Stokes mortar under fire, and opened a murderous fire on the approaching
+enemy, dispersing them.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Oh, well, I oughtn’t to grouch. We never
+used the tanks. And no one that I know
+minds much. Those Renault tanks were little
+dandies. You have no idea how easily they
+run. You can crawl over a telegraph pole
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</span>and hardly feel it, so well worked out has
+been the spring suspension, the relation of
+rollers, chariots and treads. And they didn’t
+go in for any fancy touches, the Renaults.
+No armor for the guns nor fancy locks on the
+door to keep some one from crawling up and
+throwing a grenade inside, nor deflection armor
+at odd angles which never did anything but
+stop bullets and make splinters that otherwise
+would never have endangered any one’s eyes.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SNIFFS AT HUN TANKS</h3>
+
+<p>“German tanks? Punk. Too slow, mechanism
+too exposed, too many slits. Oh, very
+well made, but poor design. Nor do I think
+very much of German tank men.</p>
+
+<p>“We had about 44 per cent. casualties, and
+that covers 22 actions. Ten per cent. of the
+casualties were deaths. But I don’t recall
+many men dying without doing something
+first.</p>
+
+<p>“I recall that there was one tank got stuck
+in a trench and nothing handy to rescue it.
+Captured, of course. Well, we captured it
+back two days later. Every round of ammunition
+was fired. Every pistol cartridge had
+been fired. And both men had been wounded
+long before they were killed; there was plain
+evidence of it in blood where no blood would
+be if they had just been snuffed out right at
+first. They must have put up a beautiful
+scrap. Americans don’t like to surrender,
+somehow.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_GARIBALDI_CODE">THE GARIBALDI CODE</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>“To Be Ready Ever to Fight for the Cause They Think is Right”</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Italy</span> at war without a Garibaldi somewhere
+in the fighting columns is unthinkable.
+Even before the days of the famous
+Liberator, Giuseppe himself, there were Garibaldi
+who had arms and hearts ready to
+strike for freedom; but since the days when
+the great patriot and lover of liberty made
+romance as well as history out of his revolutionary
+spirit, arms and the defense of freedom
+are tenets of religion with the Garibaldi.
+With the exception of the Russian-Japanese
+War, it is said there has been no conflict of
+powers or revolutionary struggle without its
+Garibaldi bearing gun or sword. It goes
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">sans dire</i>, then, that the outbreak of war which
+arrayed western democracy against the encroachments
+of German autocracy was like a
+clarion call to the blood of the Garibaldi.
+They did not wait for Italy to speak—France
+was calling and that sufficed.</p>
+
+<p>The son of the Great Garibaldi wrote letters
+to five of his seven sons scattered about
+the world. Two of them were in New York
+(Giuseppe, named for his grandfather, and
+Ricciotti, on his way to South America), one
+(Merotti) was in China, and one (Bruno)
+was in Cuba, and one (Sante) was in Upper
+Egypt. The two youngest, Costante and
+Ezio, were pursuing their studies in Italy.
+There was a sister, Italia, in Rio de Janeiro,
+who devoted herself to Red Cross organization.
+In the letters the sons were told to hold
+themselves in readiness for the receipt of a
+telegram appointing a rendezvous for which
+they were to start at once.</p>
+
+<p>The cablegram came; the rendezvous was
+Paris. Giuseppe and Ricciotti sailed from
+New York by the next available steamer.
+They found Costante and Ezio awaiting them.
+Bruno and Sante arrived a few days later.
+But Merotti could not come from China
+until several months later, when Italy had
+entered the war. Other Italians were there
+also to tender their services to France and
+they organized an Italian Legion that was incorporated
+with that famous multiple battalion,
+the Foreign Legion. The Italians were
+soldiers of fortune all, and the brothers had
+hoped to be sent to the Balkans, Giuseppe
+frankly confessing that guerrilla warfare was
+his preference. But Ezio, who was sent to
+drive a camion at Salonika, was the only Garibaldi
+who got to the Balkans.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_063" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_063.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sticking to Their Guns</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A drawing by F. Matania picturing a valiant group of Italians who, although overwhelmed by the enemy, remained with their battery until the
+last man was killed.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>The Foreign Legion, as everyone knows,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</span>was made up of all sorts of adventurers,
+many of whom knew the meaning of grated
+windows and ankle chains, but “it isn’t where
+you come from in the battle-line but what
+you do that counts.” The world pretty well
+understands what the Foreign Legion did and
+how it was honored by grateful France. Elsewhere
+is told how they were given the place
+of honor in the attack on the Prussian Guard
+which they drove back, but with a loss that
+wrecked them as a legion.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_064" style="max-width: 51.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_064.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">General and Captain Garibaldi</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>In a talk with Lewis R. Freeman, published
+in <cite>The World’s Work</cite>, Giuseppe Garibaldi is
+quoted as saying:</p>
+
+<p>“I don’t recall anything that was actually
+said between us on the subject, but it seemed
+to be generally understood among us brothers
+that the shedding of some Garibaldi blood—or,
+better still, the sacrificing of a Garibaldi
+life—would be calculated to throw a great,
+perhaps a decisive, weight into the wavering
+balance in Italy, where a growing sympathy for
+the cause of the Allies only needed a touch
+to quicken it to action. Indeed, I am under
+the impression that my father said something
+to that effect to the two younger boys before
+he sent them on to France. At any rate, all
+three of the youngsters behaved exactly as
+though their only object in life was to get in
+the way of German bullets. Well—Bruno
+got his in the last week in December, ten or
+twelve days ahead of Costante, who fell on
+the 5th of January. Ezio—the youngest
+of the three fire-eaters—though through no
+fault of his own, had to wait and take his
+bullet from the Austrians on our own
+front.</p>
+
+<p>“The attack in which Bruno fell was one
+of the finest things I have ever seen. General
+Gouraud sent for me in person to explain why
+a certain system of trenches, which we were
+ordered to attack, must be taken and held, no
+matter what the price. We mustered for
+mass at midnight—it was Christmas, or the
+day after, I believe—and the memory of that
+icicle-framed altar in the ruined, roofless
+church, with the flickering candles throwing
+just light enough to silhouette the tall form of
+Gouraud, who stood in front of me, will never
+fade from my mind.</p>
+
+<p>“We went over the parapet before daybreak,
+and it was in the first light of the cold
+winter dawn that I saw Bruno—plainly hit—straighten
+up from his running crouch and
+topple into the first of the German trenches,
+across which the leading wave of our attack
+was sweeping. He was up before I could
+reach him, however (I don’t think he ever
+looked to see where he was hit), and I saw
+him clamber up the other side, and, running
+without a hitch or stagger, lead his men in
+pursuit of the fleeing enemy. I never saw him
+alive again.</p>
+
+<p>“They found his body, with six bullet
+wounds upon it, lying where the gust from a
+machine gun had caught him as he tried to
+climb out and lead his men on beyond the last
+of the trenches we had been ordered to take
+and hold. He had charged into the trench,
+thrown out the enemy, and made—for whatever
+it was worth—the first sacrifice of his
+own generation of Garibaldi. We sent his
+body to my father and mother in Rome, where,
+as you will remember, his funeral was made
+the occasion of the most remarkable patriotic
+demonstration Italy has known in recent years.
+From that moment the participation of our
+country in the war became only a matter of
+time. Costante’s death a few days later only
+gave added impulse to the wave of popular
+feeling which was soon to align Italy where<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</span>
+she belonged in the forefront of the fight for
+the freedom of Europe.”</p>
+
+<p>After Italy came into the war, Giuseppe
+Garibaldi fought with his own countrymen,
+having the name of Colonel with those soldiers
+whose Herculean feats in the Alps made one
+of the most striking chapters in the war’s history
+of unprecedented achievements.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_BALD_FACTS">THE BALD FACTS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Story of the Trenches by One Who Knew Them at Their Worst</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">He</span> has a very illusory view of life who
+knows only its sunny phases; and his is
+worse than a deceptive impression of war—especially
+the monstrous war of 1914-18—who
+has vision only of its valorous deeds and heroisms,
+its thrilling tales of daring and achievement,
+of splendid adventure and fearless sacrifices.</p>
+
+<p>Here is a revelation of the side of war seldom
+more than glanced at by those who tell
+of the moving exploits. It wears none of the
+trappings of romance; it is without allure; but
+it is terribly true. <cite>The New York Times
+History of the War</cite> made certain of that before
+publishing what it rightly described as
+one of the most thrilling human documents
+produced during that awful four years. The
+grim record of the young soldier’s experience
+is necessarily curtailed here, enough being
+given, however, to picture the grisly reality of
+war as millions of youths encountered it. It
+is not the stirring tale of a hero.</p>
+
+<p>Roméo Houle, French parentage, was born
+in New Bedford, Mass., in 1893. He was the
+son of a local barber, Zacharie Houle. In
+1912 he removed to Montreal, where he was
+employed as a barber, having followed his
+father’s calling. He had a grammar school
+education. He enlisted in the Sixty-first Regiment,
+First Canadian Division, Aug. 1, 1914,
+eager to serve in the war. He went with the
+Division to France, and was soon in the front
+trenches. During his service he made notes of
+his experiences. With the assistance of the
+editor of a French paper in New Haven,
+these notes were put into narrative form after
+young Houle, through the efforts of his father,
+was discharged from the army in 1916.</p>
+
+<p>The narrative begins: “The true story of
+the trenches has never been told. I know,
+because for many months I lived in trenches.
+I have slept daily in dread of bullet, shrapnel,
+mine and deadly gas; and nightly in fear of
+mine and gas—and the man-eating rats. I
+am one of the few soldiers living who entered
+the front trenches at the opening of the war
+and lived to fight the Germans in the front
+trenches in February, 1916. Of my original
+company (the Fourth of the Fourteenth Battalion,
+Third Brigade, First Canadian Division)
+which so gayly marched away to that
+hell at Laventie and Ypres—500 brave boys—I
+am one of the sixteen who survived. And
+returning unexpectedly, snatched by the American
+Government (as an American citizen who
+had enlisted under age) out of the very jaws
+of death, with the mud of the trenches still
+upon my clothing, I discovered how much
+American people have been talking of the
+trenches and how little, after all, they know
+about them.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>AGONIES OF BODY AND MIND</h3>
+
+<p>And during that trench existence, there was,
+he thinks, no conceivable agony of body or
+mind which he did not see and experience.
+There was the gas—“a crawling yellow cloud
+that pours in upon you, that gets you by the
+throat, and shakes you as a huge mastiff
+might shake a kitten, and leaves you burning
+in every nerve and vein of your body with
+pain unthinkable, your eyes starting from their
+sockets, your face turned yellow green.”
+There were the rats—“I see them still, slinking
+from new meals on corpses, from Belgium
+to the Swiss Alps. Rats, rats, rats, tens of
+thousands of them, crunching between battle
+lines while the rapid fire guns mow the trench
+edge, crunching their hellish feasts. Full fed,
+slipping and sliding down into the wet trenches
+they swarm at night—and more than one poor
+wretch has had his face eaten off by them
+attacking him in his sleep.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_066" style="max-width: 46.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_066.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Corporal Whitney D. Sherman</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>2nd Division, 5th Regiment, 18th Company, U. S. M. C.</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">This soldier is a fine type of Marine and showed himself to be a brave and valiant soldier at
+the Battle of Belleau Woods, now known as the Bois de la Brigade de Marine. He was wounded
+in action June 10, 1918, in this engagement.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>There was the stink from decaying bodies,
+the filth of days and weeks of unmarked accumulation.
+“Ah! you would say ‘Roméo,
+Houle, you are lying’ were I to tell you some
+unbelievable things that I have really lived
+through. We go mad over there. My God!
+I am sick of adventure, for the adventures I
+have had will plague my sleep until I die.”</p>
+
+<p>His first acquaintance with the trench under
+fire was at Richebourg. “There Charles Lapointe,
+the first of our company to die, looked
+over the edge of the trench. That is death.
+Machine guns all the day sweep the trench
+edges. If you raise your hand your fingers
+will be cut off as by a knife. Well, Lapointe
+looked over the trench; and nobody knows
+what he saw. His brother was there to lay
+him down. He buried him (as we ever must
+the dead) in a hollow pit in our trench. And
+the brother had for a time the agony of having
+to fight and feel the earth over Charley’s
+breast give under his feet.”</p>
+
+<p>He fought in the first line again at Laventie,
+and there got his first taste of gas. It
+came while he was trying for a little rest after
+a turn at guard duty. Some one having
+stolen the two empty sandbags he had been
+using for bedding, he spread his overcoat on
+the ground and pulled a blanket over him.
+“The sun meantime was shining hotly on the
+heaps of dead bodies which lay not far outside
+the trench, and I was glad to cover my
+head with the blanket to shut out some of the
+awful stink. And that is how the smell of
+decaying bodies saved my life. Arthur Robillard,
+a car conductor back in Montreal, was
+on guard duty. I was roused by his falling
+over me. As I sat up something got me by
+the throat and I began to strangle for my life.
+The air was rent with awful cries. Many of
+my comrades lay dying and dead about me.
+I hurled myself in semi-madness into a huge
+crater near by in which there was a little
+water, and I fell in it face down.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BLOWN FROM THE TRENCH</h3>
+
+<p>“The water relieved me a little and I wet
+my handkerchief in it and covered my face.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</span>
+I crawled out and half blindly sought my
+chum, who was unconscious, and dragged him
+to the crater where the water was. I laid
+him there face downward, and he, too, revived
+a little, and then we lay waiting for death.”</p>
+
+<p>Ten minutes later there was a shouting that
+announced the approach of the Germans on a
+charge. Houle, followed by Robillard, ran
+back into the trench, got his gun and began
+firing. When the rifle became so hot that
+it burned his hands he threw it down and
+began hurling bombs. They were ordered to
+retreat to the next trench and the Germans
+began pouring into the vacated one. Houle
+and his fellows got hold of two machine guns,
+good for from 560 to 700 shots a minute.</p>
+
+<p>“I shall never forget those Germans. When
+our guns suddenly spoke their front line melted;
+their second crumpled before this destruction;
+but on, on, on they came, unflinching,
+marching with even steps into certain death.
+We were like lions at bay. It was our lives
+or the Germans’. Then, as fourteen of us
+fought together, a bomb dropped amid us, and
+killed eleven. I came to consciousness, lying
+in the bottom of a trench, with Roy leaning
+over me.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Are you living yet, Roméo!’ he exclaimed
+in amazement. I rose dizzily. He and I and
+one other stood alone among our eleven dead
+friends.</p>
+
+<p>“Then Roy told me that I had been blown
+clear of the trench, twenty feet from where
+I stood, and that he had braved death to secure,
+as he supposed, my dead body. A careful
+examination showed that my only injury
+was a terrible bruise on the calf of my leg,
+where the round surface of a flying shard had
+struck me, but without breaking the skin.
+Miracles are but small matters when you fight
+in the presence of death.</p>
+
+<p>“‘I’m not afraid now,’ I told Roy. And
+from then on I and all my soldier friends believed
+my life was charmed and that the Germans
+could not kill me.”</p>
+
+<p>The defenders were driven back to the
+fourth trench which they were almost immediately
+ordered to leave, which they did with
+all speed as it had been mined by the engineers
+and was ready to give the Germans a warm
+reception as they came surging in. Houle
+describes the explosion. “The whole earth
+seemed to leap skyward, and through and
+through the black mountain of earth and
+stones shot heads and arms and legs, torn fragments
+of what were once heroic men. Next
+to the gas which they gave us, I think our
+blowing them up was surely the worst thing
+men could do to men.”</p>
+
+<p>He describes mining operations, which are
+a big part of trench warfare, as one of the
+most dismaying features of trench life. Apparently
+the mines were more feared than anything
+else. “It was more terrible than gas
+poisoning to think that at any moment you
+would be thrown a thousand ways at once.... The
+soldier in the trench never knows
+when he may be blown into small pieces,—and
+that is why we are always prepared to risk
+uncertain dangers between the lines at night,
+instead of lying down in the wet trench
+hopelessly waiting for death.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FELT SAFEST WHEN ON GUARD</h3>
+
+<p>“I never felt so secure, indeed, as when I
+was on guard between the trenches. Through
+all the night I could hear the bullets go over
+me. Men go crazy there. And the insane
+are sent to England. Sometimes men go mad
+and become a menace to their own comrades
+and officers. They sometimes have to be
+killed. And there have been times when I
+crouched in some first line trench, where no
+communication trench joined us to the second
+or third line, where no doctor could reach
+us. And I have seen men so terribly wounded,
+enduring such agonies, and screaming so heart-breakingly
+for somebody to kill them, that our
+boys have done what they asked, to save them
+the unnecessary horror of living dismembered.
+And I have seen men of good health grow so
+weary of the trenches that they have simply
+stood up at noonday. Some machine guns
+swiftly ended them. And others, as I have
+written, simply stick their hands above the
+trench top and bullets trim off their fingers.”</p>
+
+<p>Fingerless hands are unprofitable in the
+trenches, and not very useful elsewhere in the
+activities of war. Getting rid of one’s fingers
+is a comparatively cheap exchange for release
+from the dangers and maddening anguish
+of long periods in the trenches. Houle did
+not think these men were cowards. “But only
+men who have lived in the trenches can understand.”
+Though he makes no claim to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</span>
+heroism for himself, Houle’s record shows that
+he was a resolute soldier doing valiant things
+that he sets down in his story quite as matters
+of routine experience—such as going out under
+fire to bring in the wounded.</p>
+
+<p>He names Ypres the “graveyard of the old
+Sixty-first.” They were carried to within six
+miles of the place in London buses, twenty-five
+men to a bus. The remaining distance
+they tramped. At Ypres they first met “the
+gallant French troops,” and his company of
+French-Canadians being at the left of the
+English line acted as interpreters. Here the
+trenches were but forty yards from the Germans
+and in bad condition; they were raked
+terribly by German machine guns on a height.
+There were dead bodies of Germans and
+French lying between that had been there three
+months, neither side having the chance to bury
+its dead. These were to be seen through the
+periscopes—but one did not need to see to
+know they were there. The Battle of Ypres
+was one of the greatest of the war, one of the
+most desperate, one of the most deadly in human
+toll, but out of it all comes the memory
+of the gas attacks to which the men were then
+so helplessly exposed.</p>
+
+<p>“There comes a sudden stinging in your
+nose. Your eyes water. You breathe fire.
+You suffocate. You burn alive. There are
+razors and needles in your throat. It is as
+if you drank boiling hot tea. Your lungs
+flame. You want to tear your body. You become
+half wild. Your head aches beyond description.
+You vomit, you drop exhausted,
+you die. It is a frightful thing to see your
+friends like that. Every other man seemed
+to fall. As I fought I marveled that I was
+spared. Again and again came to me the
+belief that my life was charmed. An ecstatic
+confidence bore me up. I was brave because
+I was so sure of life, while all my companions
+seemed groveling in death.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_069" style="max-width: 45.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_069.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Captain Richard T. Smith</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>42nd Division, 117th Field Battalion, Signal Corps</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Before daylight on the morning of March 17, 1918, while constructing communication lines in
+the vicinity of Fort de Manonviller, France, Captain Smith conducted his men to a place of safety,
+and while the fire was still intense returned and carried a wounded soldier to the dugout, where he
+fell exhausted.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>They left the trench for a charge, under a
+withering fire, but they pressed forward, and
+came to the enemy’s trench and leaped in.
+He saw four Germans trying to escape on
+the further side. “I did not fire, intending
+to make them prisoners. But the only thing
+I took was a great blow on the side of my
+head, and away went my prisoners.” That
+night he was one of twenty of his comrades
+who volunteered to attempt the recovery of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</span>four field guns the English had lost. They
+joined men from the Tenth and Sixteenth
+Battalions. They were to storm the wood
+where the guns were. There were forty yards
+of open ground to traverse. The Germans
+worked havoc among them, but the remnant
+made the wood. In the darkness it was almost
+impossible to distinguish foe from friend.</p>
+
+<p>“I ran in and out among the trees and
+asked every one I met who he was. I came
+upon one big fellow. My mouth opened to
+ask him who he was, when his fist shot out
+and took me between the eyes. I went down
+for the count, but I knew who he was—he was
+a German. I got up as quickly as I could,
+you may be sure, and swung my rifle to hit
+him in the head, but the stock struck a tree
+and splintered. I thought I had broken all
+my fingers.</p>
+
+<p>“I found three wounded men, French, I
+thought they were, in that gloom. So I carried
+them into our trench. As I brought in
+the last one, the officer said, ‘You are doing
+good work, Houle.’ I asked him why he
+thought so, and he answered: ‘You have
+brought in three wounded men and when we
+put the light on them we found they were
+Germans.’ Well, I am glad I saved them.
+I would have done so anyhow, had I known
+their nationality. For we were all trained
+to give a wounded man help, whether he were
+friend or foe.</p>
+
+
+<h3>NOT SAFE TO HELP THE HUN</h3>
+
+<p>“Yet it is dangerous work, helping a
+wounded German. I never helped another,
+after the experience I had. It was one of the
+two occasions when I knew with certainty
+that I killed a man. He was a wounded German
+soldier. We found him suffering and
+weak. But we knew we could save his life
+and were dressing his wound. My back was
+turned. He took a revolver out of his tunic
+pocket and fired pointblank at me.</p>
+
+<p>“I do not know how I escaped death. Perhaps
+it was because his hand shook from weakness;
+perhaps my guardian saint turned aside
+that death bullet. Anyhow, he had his revolver
+in his hand. We had to act quickly.
+My officer spoke a quick word, and I made
+sure that he would never fire another shot.</p>
+
+<p>“Well, we got our machine guns. But the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</span>
+Germans had blown them up, and all our
+sacrifice of men was in vain.”</p>
+
+<p>The Battle of Ypres was a twenty-one day
+affair, and the toll exacted was appalling. Of
+the 500 boys of Houle’s company who left
+Canada only 20 survived. Then came other
+engagements until in May, 1915, he was again
+in Richebourg, and the next day an assault
+was made on the German first line trenches.
+The first two lines of trenches were taken
+without difficulty, but there was a counter attack
+at the third and out of Houle’s company
+(now reinforced to 365 men) 75 were killed,
+100 wounded and 20 taken prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>“We were obliged to leave our wounded
+in the trench with the dead. I lay until night
+in the German second line trench among the
+dead and wounded,” for of course there were
+no communications and no means of getting
+medical help for the men “writhing in agony
+all around us.” At night Highlanders from
+the 13th and 14th Battalions came to the relief.
+Three days later there was an attack
+at a point near Lacouture, where the Germans
+were entrenched in a hilly vantage. The
+French Canadians had been reinforced again,
+this time to 420. The Scots Grays and the
+Cold Stream Guards engaged in the assault.
+The artillery cleared the way for the charge.
+“On the third tussle we got into the German
+trenches. It was a close fight. We used even
+our fists. My bayonet was broken, and I
+used my gun as a club. There we remained
+until we got reinforcements. Out of 420 men
+my company was reduced to eighty. No, I
+could not be killed.”</p>
+
+<p>Then the French Canadians fought at
+Cuinchy and at La Basse—repetitions of the
+same story. He had fought in the front lines
+from almost the very opening of the war,
+“until all the bed I knew was wet earth, and
+all the rest I knew was snatches of sleep obtained
+during lulls in the roaring tumult.
+And long since I had had my fill of the fighting.”</p>
+
+<p>Then Jan. 10, 1916, he was summoned to
+headquarters to receive his discharge. He
+frankly rejoiced in the fact that he was free,
+free from the trenches, their fevers, their
+wounded and dead, their noxious odors, their
+deadly gases, their man-eating rats; free to
+go home to relatives and friends neither
+maimed nor wounded. Not that he had gone<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</span>
+unscathed. There was a dent in his skull
+made by a spent bullet, and a very bad bruise
+on the leg made by a piece of shell, but these
+were trifles.</p>
+
+
+<h3>NO WORDS TO DESCRIBE IT</h3>
+
+<p>“I take no credit for any special courage in
+the field. If I was brave it was because I had
+to be so. We were all brave who kept our
+senses. We became accustomed to a large
+degree to the incessant intimacy with dangers
+and death. We could look at frightful things
+without wincing.”</p>
+
+<p>He knows no word with which to describe
+war as he saw it. Hell is far too weak a
+word. “It is more horrible than the slaughter
+house, because the forms of death planned
+are more cruel, more mad, more devilish. We
+fight underground and under sea. We fight
+with fire, with steel, with lead, with poison,
+with burning oil, with gases. We are lower
+than the brutes, lower than the most degraded
+forms of life.... I am only Roméo Houle,
+a barber. But I have lived—God! I have
+lived. All the slaughter of heroes by the
+Meuse and on the Belgian border and in
+Northern France has passed before my eyes.
+And I, Roméo Houle, am forced to write this:
+‘We cannot make ourselves better nor the
+world more worth while by killing each other
+like beasts gone mad.... I hope never to
+fight again.’”</p>
+
+<p>And here is a final reflection of the soldier
+who confesses “I do not know why we fought.”</p>
+
+<p>“No Archduke’s little life was worth the
+titanic butchery of the world war. The beginning
+was petty and small. And I, looking
+back at horror, horror, horror, cannot forget
+the extraordinary friendships we made with
+the men in the enemy’s trenches. We were
+both only human beings, after all, Fritz and
+I. We had no wish to kill each other. We
+had much rather sit at the same table, with
+our wives and children around us, and talk
+of gardens, of fair pictures, and of great books.
+But for our officers and the nations which
+they represented peace would have been declared
+right there in the trenches—and that
+by the soldiers themselves.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="OLEARY_STEPPED_IN">O’LEARY STEPPED IN</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>And Faith, Never a Dumas Hero was a Marker to This Sergeant of the
+Irish Guards</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">He</span> got the habit and trick of it early they
+say. He played outside the home cottage
+in Macroom, about forty miles from the
+city of Cork, charging imaginary foes, stick
+in hand, with so much vigor that the plump
+hens scuttled to cover. His mother at the
+door of the cottage demanded,</p>
+
+<p>“An’ what is it ye are doin’ now, Mike?”</p>
+
+<p>And the curly-haired youngster replied:</p>
+
+<p>“I’m a sodger.”</p>
+
+<p>Twenty years later the same mother stood
+outside the same cottage door in Macroom
+listening to the almost unbelievable story of
+a messenger who had dashed from Cork city
+by motor-car. Her son—her Mike—had won
+the great war medal. She heard how the
+world was ringing with the immortal exploit
+of Sergeant Michael O’Leary, V.C. Poems
+were being written about him. He had received
+an ovation in London such as kings
+might envy. And all this was no more than
+the brave Irish Guardsman deserved, for with
+his unaided strong right arm he captured an
+enemy position, and of ten Germans who stood
+in his path he killed eight and took the remaining
+two prisoners....</p>
+
+<p>O’Leary was sent to the front in November,
+1914. Mr. Leask has told the story.</p>
+
+<p>All around the La Bassée district fierce
+fighting had raged since October. The 1st
+Battalion of the Irish Guards, in common
+with other regiments, now experienced the
+severities of trench warfare. At the end of
+January they were stationed near the La Bassée
+brickfield, and the Germans were subjecting
+them to a withering fire.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_072" style="max-width: 46.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_072.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Copyrighted in U. S. A. by New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">How Sergeant O’Leary of the Irish Guards Won the Victoria Cross</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">“He rushed on like one possessed, never looking behind to see if his comrades were following.
+A railway bank rose in front of him. He cleared it, and went on, heedless of risks....”</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</span></p>
+
+<p>The last night of January the enemy’s fire
+was particularly hot. It was decided that the
+trenches were too expensive to hold. But
+before evacuating them the men were ordered
+to storm the enemy’s position.</p>
+
+<p>In order to prepare the way for the assault,
+the artillery commenced one of the
+fiercest bombardments of the war up till then.
+The boom of the big pieces and the detonation
+of their shells were audible twenty miles
+away. The guns fired with such intensity in
+order to demolish what had become a regular
+bastion in the German lines, also to break
+down the barbed wire entanglements in front
+of the German trenches, and thoroughly to demoralize
+the enemy before the men stormed
+the positions.</p>
+
+<p>No. 2 Company of the Irish Guards was
+ordered to keep up a hot rifle fire. This was
+to make the Germans keep under cover, no
+matter how much they wished to escape from
+the artillery. The diversion also caused the
+enemy to expect an attack from this direction,
+with the result that he concentrated his fire
+on the trench occupied by No. 2 Company.</p>
+
+<p>Then No. 1, O’Leary’s Company, which
+was on the left of No. 2 Company’s trench,
+was ordered to charge. The Irish dashed
+over the parapet with a yell, their bayonets
+fixed, and rushed at the enemy in fine style.
+The distance they had to cover to reach the
+German positions was from 100 to 150 yards.
+The men were very eager to be at the enemy
+after their long spell in the trenches, and went
+for their foe at racing speed.</p>
+
+<p>O’Leary soon outstripped his comrades. His
+Irish blood was up. “You would laugh if
+you saw us chasing the Huns and mowing
+them down,” he wrote to his parents.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CHARGE OF THE “MAD IRISHMAN”</h3>
+
+<p>He rushed on like one possessed, never
+looking behind to see if his comrades were following.
+A railway bank rose in front of him.
+He cleared it, and went on, heedless of risks,
+toward a strong barricade held by the Germans.</p>
+
+<p>O’Leary paused at a little mound and looked
+around. In front of him was a deadly machine
+gun, trained on the trench occupied by
+the second company of Irish Guards. As already
+explained, their work was to deceive
+the enemy and the maneuver had proved successful.
+Their rifle fire had prevented the
+Germans from showing their faces, and they
+had not seen that the British were racing
+toward them.</p>
+
+<p>When O’Leary reached the mound the Germans
+became aware of their danger and immediately
+prepared to turn the machine gun
+upon the advancing First company. It was a
+critical moment. O’Leary did not hesitate;
+he took deliberate aim with his rifle at the
+gun’s crew, five in number, and one by one
+they dropped as his unerring finger pressed
+the trigger. His bold move in a supremely
+dangerous situation had been successful. The
+machine gun was his. The lives of his comrades
+were saved. For an ordinary man this
+brave deed would have sufficed. But what
+O’Leary had just performed whetted his appetite
+for more.</p>
+
+<p>Another barricade farther on had caught
+his eye. With daredevil audacity, he bounded
+toward it. The Germans then were prepared
+for him, but he “got his blows in first,” and
+killed three more Germans. The two remaining
+had no stomach for the “mad Irishman.”
+They promptly raised their hands, and
+O’Leary secured them as his prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>He confessed afterward that his second exploit
+was a hazardous one. He had no bayonet
+at the time and had to trust solely to his
+marksmanship. His rifle was loaded with ten
+rounds, and eight of the bullets found a human
+billet. When the last two Germans surrendered
+he had no ammunition left, and had
+they not been demoralized by his sudden and
+audacious attack single-handed, the issue would
+have been different.</p>
+
+<p>Sergeant O’Leary had killed eight Germans,
+captured a machine gun, taken two Germans
+prisoner, and carried two strong positions,
+from which the rest of the attacking
+party would have been heavily fired upon.
+Some one has said that this exploit was thoroughly
+Irish in method and execution, and
+that O’Leary deserves to rank as one of the
+greatest heroes of modern warfare.</p>
+
+<p>Describing what happened afterward, Company-Quartermaster-Sergeant
+J. G. Lowry,
+of the Irish Guards, says:</p>
+
+<p>“O’Leary came back from his killing as cool
+as if he had been for a walk in the park, accompanied
+by two prisoners he had taken. He<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</span>
+probably saved the lives of the whole company.
+Had that machine gun got slewed
+round, No. 1 Company might have been nearly
+wiped out. We all quickly appreciated the
+value of O’Leary’s sprinting and crack shooting,
+and when we were relieved that night,
+dog-tired as we were, O’Leary had his arm
+nearly shaken off by his comrades.”</p>
+
+<p>When on furlough O’Leary was fêted and
+cheered as no V.C. hero has been. He received
+a splendid welcome in Cork and in
+his native village. The greatest day in his
+life, however, was June 26, 1915, when Londoners
+turned out in tens of thousands to acclaim
+him in the streets. To honor him the
+London Irish organized a demonstration in
+Hyde Park, at which over 60,000 persons
+were present. O’Leary drove from the Strand
+to the Park in an open carriage, cheered all
+along the route by an admiring throng.
+O’Leary was a proud man but, as he afterward
+protested, he “didn’t know what all this
+fuss was about. Faith, a bit of a shindy is
+no great matter at all, at all!”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="WHEN_THE_YANKS_WENT_IN">WHEN THE “YANKS” WENT IN</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Story of the First American Soldiers to Go It Alone in Banging the
+Huns</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Because</span> they were recruited in the New
+England States, the boys of the 26th
+Division were known as “Yankees” or the
+“Yankee Division” and they set up pretty
+good claim to the distinction by acts of unit
+heroism not excelled for dash, daring and
+effective service by any troops opposed to the
+Huns. The “Yankee Division” was the first
+of the A.E.F. to take part in a great offensive
+in France. It was organized under the command
+of Maj. Gen. C. R. Edwards, Aug. 13,
+1917; arrived in France in September, and in
+January, 1918, was undergoing special training
+on the Chemin des Dames front. It
+was assigned to the Toul sector and was
+in position by the end of March. Ten days
+later the enemy struck its first serious blow at
+the line, “a blow which turned out to be far
+more serious to the Germans than to the New
+Englanders.” It was the beginning of the
+five days fight known as the battle of Apremont,
+though it really was the battle of Bois
+Brulé, the worst of the fight being in the
+“burned wood” on the hill top where the
+104th Regiment was stationed. In an article
+in the Boston <cite>Globe</cite> devoted to the 26th,
+Willard F. De Lue says:</p>
+
+<p>“From the very first day there had been
+artillery-action; in fact, the Boche set up a
+row while the Yankees were coming into the
+line, before they got their packs off. Now, at
+five o’clock in the morning of April 10, the
+Germans sent over a body of seven hundred
+or eight hundred picked shock-troops against
+Colonel Shelton’s boys.</p>
+
+<p>“But the Yankee artillery got the jump on
+them, and opened up with a barrage that
+couldn’t have been better. It smashed the
+Germans’ attack so badly that it broke down,
+and for the rest of that day, and for two
+more, the Boches were content to throw over
+a heavy artillery fire.</p>
+
+<p>“On the 13th, however, they were at it
+again. This time they planned a little better.
+The center of the assault was directed against
+the French units on the left of the 104th, and
+it wasn’t long before they sent over a hurry
+call for a counter-attack by the Yanks. The
+104th responded handsomely. They swept
+through Bois Brulé right on to the German
+flank, and relieved the pressure on the French
+line. But by that time their own flank was
+threatened. So the Yanks suddenly changed
+direction, and attacked by their own flank—a
+difficult maneuver, but beautifully executed.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_075" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_075.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy World’s Work.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Cantigny—The First American Offensive</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Here it was that our soldiers confirmed the confidence placed in them and won the admiration of the Allied High Command. Two days later
+Americans were ordered to hold the road to Paris and the crossing of the Marne at Château-Thierry.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“The fighting kept up stubbornly. By one
+o’clock in the afternoon the Germans had
+broken through and grabbed some of the advanced
+points held by the 104th, and were
+filtering in through communication trenches.
+It was apparent this was no mere raid. So
+the reserves were ordered up. But before
+they arrived the enemy had been hurled back
+again, and by six that night the heaviest of
+the fighting was over. On the 14th there was
+further action; but the Boche had been licked,
+and he knew it. His losses were tremendous;
+ours comparatively light.</p>
+
+<p>“Many an act of heroism took place that
+day. The flags of the 104th Infantry were
+later decorated by the French for the gallantry
+displayed by its men. And the individual
+awards of American and French decorations
+are eloquent.</p>
+
+<p>“That was the first battle fought by
+Americans—any Americans—in France in
+which they were not supported by French
+infantry.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>IN EVERY AFTER BATTLE</h3>
+
+<p>Having been inducted into the firing line,
+the 26th had no surcease, but took part in every
+subsequent battle up to the signing of the
+armistice, missing the promised rest, time
+after time, owing to the exigencies of the
+campaigns. And according to the complaint
+of a captured German lieutenant, they did not
+always play the game right. On one occasion
+the moment an enemy barrage was lifted,
+a body of Yankees darted ahead and actually
+nabbed some of the advancing Huns, the lieutenant
+included. He sputteringly said in reproach
+of these tactics, “They should not have
+been where they were. They were coming
+right through our own barrage, and might
+have been wiped out.”</p>
+
+<p>That the Americans were so apt to be
+“where they shouldn’t have been” was greatly
+disconcerting to the Huns more than once.
+They did things in such an unconventional
+way, acting so much on individual initiative
+that they frequently spoiled the precise calculations
+of the German machine. The
+French had greater appreciation of the Yankee
+method. The commanding officer of the 32nd
+French said this of the 26th:</p>
+
+<p>“I salute its colors and thank it for the
+splendid services it has rendered here to the
+common cause. Under the distinguished command
+of their chief, General Edwards, the
+high-spirited soldiers of the Yankee Division
+have taught the enemy some bitter lessons at
+Bois Brulé, at Seicheprey, at Xivray Marvoisin;
+they have taught him to realize the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</span>
+staunch vigor of the sons of the great republic
+fighting for the world’s freedom.”</p>
+
+<p>The division was also in the Château-Thierry
+battle. Mr. Le Due writes:</p>
+
+<p>“On the 9th the fighting on this new field
+began. The Boche, in the early morning,
+swept down into Vaux and established machine-gun
+posts.</p>
+
+<p>“‘You’ve got to drive those (censored) out
+of there or we’ll be the laughing-stock of
+the division,’ was the word sent out by Colonel
+Logan. And so the driving began.</p>
+
+<p>“That fight for Vaux will be long remembered—a
+picturesque fight, with groups of
+men rushing here and there, cleaning up
+snipers and machine-gunners, rushing hostile
+positions; overhead the roar of the American
+barrage, below the hum of countless machine
+guns. The clean-up was thorough.</p>
+
+<p>“Three days later Foch’s famous counter-offensive
+began—on July 18, at 4:25 in the
+morning.</p>
+
+<p>“The night before, at ten o’clock, a terrific
+thunder-storm had broken. Lightning flashed
+and rain fell in sheets. But in the morning
+there came a clearing, and when the fated
+hour approached there was a rosy flush on the
+morning sky. Commanders wore an anxious
+look. A surprise had been planned, and a
+clear day was not to their liking. But just
+before the time set a heavy mist began to
+descend. All was well.</p>
+
+<p>“A gun spoke; then the roar from a
+hundred, a thousand iron-throated messengers
+of death. The creeping barrage had opened.
+The infantry was to attack simultaneously.</p>
+
+<p>“The Yanks moved forward on the left,
+pivoting upon their own right, held by the
+101st, in front of Vaux. The 102d came
+next; but it was the boys of the 103d and
+104th, on the left, that did the early fighting.</p>
+
+<p>“‘We are in Torcy,’ was the first message
+sent back. Then came a delay. A hitch had
+taken place; but by nine o’clock Bouresches,
+Belleau, and Givry were in the hands of the
+Yankees.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_077" style="max-width: 46.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_077.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Dugald E. Ferguson</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>32nd Division, 126th Infantry, Machine-Gun Company</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">When the infantry on his right was held up by fire from an enemy machine gun at Cierges,
+northeast of Château-Thierry, August 1, 1918, he seized a rifle, rushed around the flank of the
+enemy’s position, bayoneted two of the machine-gun crew and shot three of them, enabling the infantry
+to advance.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“The first objectives taken, preparations
+were at once made for a further advance.
+But the French, to the north, had been held
+up. On the 19th there was no forward movement
+until three in the afternoon. Hill 193,
+above Givry, where the French were held up,
+was passed on the flank, causing the Germans
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</span>to fall back. Etrepilly and Etrepilly Woods
+were reached, taken, and passed. So, too,
+Genetrie Farm and the woods close by La
+Halmadière.</p>
+
+<p>“In the night of the 19th there was another
+halt. Then forward again at daybreak, with
+the 101st and 102d Infantry getting into
+action late this day, and sweeping forward,
+through Vaux and the woods close to Bouresches,
+they crossed the Soissons-Château-Thierry
+road, and by the 22d found themselves
+in front of Epieds and Trugny.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WINNING MORE FRENCH PRAISE</h3>
+
+<p>“It was here that the severest fighting
+of the drive took place. In Epieds the
+Germans planted machine guns every seven
+yards. In Trugny and in the woods that lie
+on the hillsides to the east of both towns they
+had done likewise.</p>
+
+<p>“The 101st tackled the Trugny proposition.
+Colonel Logan’s men were in and out
+of the town twice. But the German artillery
+had the range just right, and whenever the
+Yankees went in flooded the place with mustard-gas.
+On July 23 Colonel Logan borrowed
+a little ground on his right from the
+French, encircled Trugny on the south, and
+started up behind it, through Trugny Wood.
+It was a terrible fight, but that night the
+101st broke through the German defenses
+and forced a retreat. Meantime, the three
+other infantry regiments were making constant
+frontal attacks. The 102d got into
+Trugny and captured the gun now on Boston
+Common.</p>
+
+<p>“On the 23d the 103d and 104th Infantry
+Regiments were relieved; and on the 25th the
+101st and 102d were relieved. But the artillery
+brigade kept on, supporting three other
+American divisions, until the Vesle River was
+reached, August 5. It was in this drive particularly
+that Sherburne’s outfit earned the
+name of the best field artillery in France. A
+regular Army officer, watching the guns in
+action, said: ‘I have been in the Army thirty
+years and never have seen field artillery until
+this day.’</p>
+
+<p>“By August 7 the whole division, including
+the artillery, was back in villages along the
+Marne, between Château-Thierry and Paris.</p>
+
+<p>“The people of the countryside hailed the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</span>
+men of the 26th as ‘saviors of Paris.’ Those
+who went into the French capital were greeted
+with enthusiasm. Men and women embraced
+them and kissed them.</p>
+
+<p>“General Degoutte, famed commander of
+the French 6th Army, with which the Americans
+fought, wrote to General Edwards:</p>
+
+<p>“‘The operations carried out by the 26th
+American Division from July 18 to July 24
+demonstrated the fine soldierly qualities of
+this unit, and the worth of its fine leader,
+General Edwards. The 26th Division fought
+brilliantly ... advancing more than fifteen
+kilometers in depth in spite of the desperate
+resistance of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>“‘I take pleasure in communicating to
+General Edwards and his valiant division this
+expression of my esteem, together with my
+heartiest congratulations for the manner in
+which they have served the common cause.’”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE LAST SHOT</h3>
+
+<p>And so on until, drawn from temporary
+reserve at Verdun, the 26th was ordered into
+the Argonne battle. The <cite>Globe</cite> chronicler
+continues:</p>
+
+<p>“On October 15 the 104th was fighting in
+conjunction with the French and a squadron
+of fifteen French tanks. What the fighting
+was like may be judged from the fact that
+only one of those fifteen tanks came back.</p>
+
+<p>“On the 16th other units went in, and by
+October 18 command passed to General Edwards.
+The new position in line was on the
+east side of the Meuse River, facing generally
+east. Ahead lay the scrubby woods of Haumont,
+Chenes, Ormont, Belleau, and the skirt
+of the Bois de Wavrille, and of Samogneux,
+the latter to the extreme left, nearer to
+Verdun.</p>
+
+<p>“The attack on these positions began on the
+23d and continued until the 27th. The woods,
+so far as trees went, consisted of a few dead,
+blasted stumps, standing out like skeletons, in
+the midst of thick, deadly underbrush. The
+whole ground had been fought over recently.
+Bodies of dead French and Germans lay
+there. And in one place was a valley full of
+skeletons of the Crown Prince’s men who
+had made the desperate attack on the forts
+of Verdun.</p>
+
+<p>“These woods were taken and lost again,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</span>
+taken and lost, taken and lost. Four times
+did the 101st battle through Belleau, only to
+be blasted back by artillery. The enemy had
+sworn to stick it out, for an attack here threatened
+the lines of communication. And stick
+they did.</p>
+
+<p>“Of those last days a volume might well be
+written: of the desperate charges, the hell of
+shell-fire, the deluges of gas, the hum of millions
+of machine-gun death-messengers—death-messengers
+that brought their messages home.
+And through it all, partly over ground they
+had won before, they plunged in the dull desperation
+of despair. In the previous days they
+had been robbed of the officers they knew and
+loved. Edwards had been relieved October
+25. Others had preceded him, and others
+followed—Cole, Logan, Hume.</p>
+
+<p>“Desperately these boys fought and paid
+the price. On the 9th the line was drawn
+back a little, the accompanying units couldn’t
+keep pace. And still the battle raged—a
+bloody, maddening, disheartening battle—raged
+despite reports that an armistice had
+been agreed upon. Even at ten in the morning
+of November 11, one hour before the
+fighting was to stop, the 26th was ordered
+forward again ‘to straighten out the line.’
+In that hour hundreds were lost.</p>
+
+<p>“The Yankee division fought up to the last
+shot. That shot fired, the division remained
+a wreck. Gen. Frank E. Bamford, the new
+commander, reported that the division was in
+no condition to go to the Rhine. That day,
+the 11th, 1,200 replacements were received,
+and more were on their way. When the last
+hour’s fight began one regiment, normally
+3,000 strong, had only 240 rifles.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="HUMOR_AND_HEROISM">HUMOR AND HEROISM</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Glimpses of the Sunnier Side of the Men Who Played with Death</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">After</span> relating many pitiful, tear-compelling
+incidents of wounded and dying
+soldiers in trench and in the temporary hospitals
+back of the front, an English Chaplain
+turned from the saddening episodes to some
+of the humorous phases of his experience
+among the men—humorous by contrast, that
+is, for some of the touches are more than prods
+to laughter; this for example:</p>
+
+<p>“Once, in a hospital train, where a crowd of
+helpless men were being loaded in at a siding,
+I saw one man, groaning in agony from rheumatism,
+carried in. ‘Where are you wounded,
+old chap?’ asked the orderly. ‘Hoots!’ he replied,
+‘I’m na wounded at a’; fling me onywhere,
+an’ luk after the rest.’” The Chaplain
+continues:</p>
+
+<p>“There are countless streaks of humor and
+gleams of laughter even amid the sorrow-clouds
+of war. The mysterious diseases from
+which the soldier thinks he suffers sometimes
+puzzle you. He will proudly, and with a
+majestic solemnity, tell you that his illness
+has developed into ‘gasteria’—perhaps a more
+accurately descriptive name than science recognizes.
+More than one is sorry for his wife,
+who is distracted and harrowed by the ‘insinuendoes’
+of her neighbors, a word almost
+worthy of a place in the dictionary. And
+many will tell you of chums who have broken
+down, and who were not really fit to serve,
+having been always of a ‘historical’ tendency.
+One almost feels a plea for heredity there.</p>
+
+<p>“How grateful we were when we found
+occasions like these! For, though we were
+not downhearted, we were often war-weary.
+And frequently the good cheer of those whom
+we were there to comfort and strengthen
+really strengthened and comforted us.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MICKY FREE REVIVED</h3>
+
+<p>“I remember an Irishman, quite of the type
+of Micky Free in Lever’s novel, a rollicking,
+jolly child of the Emerald Isle, pretty badly
+battered, but with a sparkle in his eye at
+which you could have lit a candle. He was
+from Dublin. I thought I should speak cheerfully
+to him, so I said, ‘Well, now, aren’t you
+lucky to be here, instead of home yonder, getting
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</span>your head broken in a riot?’ ‘Troth, I
+am, sir,’ said he. ‘Lucky to be here, anyway.
+And lucky is anny man if he’ll only get a grave
+to lie in, let alone a comfortable bed like this.
+Glory be! it’s myself that’s been the lucky one
+all the time.’ Near him lay another. ‘Don’t
+spake to him, your honor,’ said the first man
+with a laugh. ‘Sure, he’s a Sinn Feiner.’ But
+both of them were of opinion that the loyalty
+of the rebels might be awakened by contact
+with German shells. ‘Bring them out here,
+sir,’ said they, ‘and they won’t be Irishmen
+if they don’t get their dander riz with a whiz-bang
+flung at them. That would settle their
+German philandering. Sure, isn’t it too bad
+what we’ve been enduring to enable the spalpeens
+to stay at home, upsetting the State,
+flinging Home Rule back maybe a generation,
+with their foolishness, and we as good Irishmen
+as themselves can be?’</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_080" style="max-width: 45.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_080.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Private Albert Fritz</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>1st Division, 16th Infantry, Company “I”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Cited for extraordinary heroism in action south of Soissons, France, July 18-23, 1918. While
+attached to a machine-gun company as an ammunition carrier, he was wounded twice, but continued
+to carry ammunition while exposed to heavy shell fire.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“The infinite variety of classes that make
+up our present army is astonishing. I told
+once of a Gordon Highlander landing in
+Havre with a copy of the Hebrew Psalms in
+the pocket of his khaki apron to read in the
+trenches. I saw, among our own Gordons,
+an Aberdeen divinity student, as a private
+reading in the mud the Greek Testament and
+the Sixth Book of Homer’s <cite>Iliad</cite>. Anything,
+from that to the <cite>Daily Mail</cite>, represents the
+reading of our men. This variety is also very
+noticeable among our officers. We had the
+lumberman from the vast forests of the West
+beside the accountant from San Francisco;
+the tea-planter from Bengal; the lawyer from
+the quiet Fife town beside the Forth; the artist;
+the architect; and the journalist. And
+it was this mixture that made possible episodes
+of irresistible comicality.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GLAD TO MEET HAIG</h3>
+
+<p>“For instance, to prevent waste of petrol
+in ‘joy-riding,’ a French barrier at one place
+near us had guards set upon it under a British
+officer. One day a young northern subaltern,
+entirely fresh to military work, was in charge;
+and the tale goes that he stopped Sir Douglas
+Haig’s car, asking him to show his permit
+and declare his business. When the general
+did tell who he was, the boy was so taken
+aback that he is said to have stammered, ‘So
+pleased to meet you!’</p>
+
+<p>“Again, a young officer told me that he
+was leading a well-known general around
+some trenches in the dark. They came to a
+traverse. ‘We’ll go round here,’ said the general,
+and the young fellow led the way. But
+a watchful Gordon leaped up suddenly with
+fixed bayonet, and, ‘Who goes there?’ The
+youth replied, ‘General Blank.’ ‘Ay, lad,’
+whimsically replied the Scot, ‘ye’d better try
+again. That cock ’ll no fecht wi’ the Cock o’
+the North.’</p>
+
+<p>“Another, a verdantly green soldier of the
+King, almost freshly off the ploughed haughs
+of home, met an officer of high rank. He was
+carrying his rifle, but he huddled it under
+his arm, and awkwardly saluted with the
+open hand as though he had it not. The
+officer said, very kindly, ‘Here, my man, is
+the way to salute your superior with your
+rifle’; and he went through the proper regulation
+field-officer’s salute. But Jock, after
+coolly watching him, as coolly replied, ‘Ay,
+ay; maybe that’s your way o’t; but I hae my
+ain way, and I’m no jist sure yet whilk’s the
+richt gait o’t.’</p>
+
+<p>“It would be worth while seeing this man
+after a few months’ training has brought him
+into the ‘richt gait o’t.’ In fact, the way in
+which the men have fallen into the habit of
+discipline is as wonderful as the way they
+leaped into the line of service for their country’s
+sake when they were not forced to go.
+I recall one, who was only a type of many.
+Up in the mouth of a West Highland glen is
+a little cottage on a croft. And the man there
+was the last of his race. When others passed
+out to the world-wide conflict, his mother,
+who was very old, opposed his going. But
+she died. And then he drew his door to,
+locked it, and went to share the battle for
+liberty which to-day is shaking the earth.
+There are far more men of peace than men of
+quarrel fighting for the soul-compelling things
+that are of value beyond this dying world,
+and these are made of the true victory stuff.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THEY ARE NOT TALKERS</h3>
+
+<p>“None are less given to talk of what they
+have done than the very men whose deeds
+thrill others. They just saw the thing that
+was needed; they seized the flying moment,
+and did the deed that makes men’s hearts<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</span>
+stand still. They came out of it with something
+akin to the elation of the sportsman
+who has scored a goal. They saved their side
+in the game. That was what they aimed at,
+and they were satisfied.</p>
+
+<p>“In my last battalion were two men who,
+working together, did breathless things without
+themselves being breathless. They enjoyed
+them. After one ‘stunt’ our people in
+the trench observed a man hanging on the
+enemy’s wire. His hand was slowly moving
+to and fro. They watched carefully, and saw
+clearly that he was signaling to them. A
+little group of officers gathered and considered
+the matter. But it was entirely impossible,
+they thought, to dream of attempting a rescue
+before darkness. So they resolved to get together
+a rescue party in the night and save.
+Meanwhile, however, these two worthies
+slipped away, crawled over No Man’s Land,
+and brought the poor fellow in. Rebuked for
+their temerity, their reply was, ‘We couldna
+thole the sicht o’ a chum oot yonder like that.’
+Another time, after a bitter struggle in a patch
+of woodland between our line and the enemy’s,
+they came and reported that a man in khaki
+was to be seen moving from tree-stump to
+tree-stump, evidently in distress. ‘I think he’s
+daft,’ said one. And in the gloaming over
+they went, found him, and brought him in to
+safety. He had been wounded in the head
+and side, and left behind. The first day he
+had kept himself alive by drinking from the
+water-bottles of the dead; but he had lost
+his reason and his bearings, and was in despair
+when our brave fellows got him. And these
+men were killed later on by a slight accident
+down behind the lines.</p>
+
+<p>“It was difficult to get away from the touch
+of one’s environment and to overcome that unwelcome
+realization of the grim surroundings.
+One morning we had a weird reminder. When
+we opened the door of our hut, there, on the
+threshold, lay an unexploded ‘dud’ shell which
+had fallen in the night. Had it done what had
+been intended, we should have been very suddenly
+off somewhere among the stars. It made
+one think a little of solemn and strange things,
+and feel more than a little thankful to behold
+again the light of the sun.</p>
+
+<p>“People speak a good deal about the lust
+for blood and the fever-passion of battle. But
+our boys are not bloodthirsty.</p>
+
+
+<h3>NOT THE HUN TYPE</h3>
+
+<p>“A friend of mine, after a ‘scrap,’ saw a
+proof of this which almost cost him his life,
+as he had to resist the tendency to laugh, for
+he had been shot through the lungs. A big
+Scotsman, in a muddy kilt, and with fixed
+bayonet, had in his charge a German prisoner,
+who was very unwilling to get a move on.
+And Sandy shouted out to a companion on
+ahead, ‘Hey, Jock, he winna steer. What’ll I
+dae wi’ him?’ But Jock, busy driving his own
+man forward, just answered over his shoulder,
+‘Bring him wi’ ye.’ Both of these men had
+the sweat of conflict not dry upon them. But
+they never for a moment thought of driving
+the bayonet into that reluctant foe, as the
+German would have done most readily. Of
+course, one does occasionally find the old grim
+warrior still, quite contented under hard circumstances,
+finding indeed the conditions a
+kind of real relief after the rust of peaceful
+days.</p>
+
+<p>“This same friend, going one night along
+the trenches, almost thigh-deep in mud, came
+upon a grizzled Irishman, O’Hara, cowering
+in the rain. ‘Isn’t this a damnable war,
+O’Hara?’ said he. ‘Thrue for you, sir,’ was
+the unexpected reply. ‘But, sure, isn’t it better
+than having no war at all?’</p>
+
+<p>“A campaign like this brings one into touch
+with strange bedfellows. A man I know told
+me, ‘In one place, during the early terrible
+days, we crept into a cellar, and I lay down
+to try to sleep. But I soon found this to be
+impossible, for I became aware of somebody
+that kept running to and fro in the dark,
+driving all the rest away. I went out, and
+spoke to the doctor, whom I met. “Oh,” he
+replied, “that’s only our lunatic.” It was,
+indeed, a poor fellow who had gone mad in
+the retreat; and they could meanwhile do
+nothing but carry him along with them.’
+Perhaps the weirdest of all the strange mixtures
+whom I met out at the front was a
+young fellow at a mechanical transport camp.
+His father was a Russian Jew, his mother was
+English, his grandfather Dutch, and he himself
+was born in London and brought up in
+Glasgow. In a world of such widely international
+disturbance you almost expected him
+to go off into effervescence, like a seidlitz
+powder.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_083" style="max-width: 48.375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_083.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Major Henry E. Bunch</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>42nd, Division, 168th Infantry, M. C.</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">On October 13-16, 1918, he went out in advance of the front line near the Bois de Chatillon,
+France, to reconnoiter a site for an aid station and an ambulance route. Seeing a wounded officer
+lying about 300 meters from the enemy’s line, he went to his rescue and carried him through terrific
+machine-gun and rifle fire to a shell hole, where he administered first-aid.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<h3>DID NOT MERIT MERCY</h3>
+
+<p>“Amid the sorrows and the weariness of the
+times out there it was remarkable how closely
+laughter followed at the heels of tears. We
+had great fun over a colonel—not in our
+division—who was very unpopular. He did
+not know the depths of his unpopularity, but,
+deeming himself the best-beloved among his
+contemporaries, he was perfectly happy. One
+day, while he was sitting in front of his dugout
+reading an old newspaper, a sniper’s bullet
+passed quite close, and went ‘pip’ into
+the parados. He paid no attention, of course,
+for that was only a bit of the day’s work.
+But when another came, he thought it was an
+attention which carried civility a little too far.
+So he called a Scotsman to him, and said, ‘Go
+out, Jock, and nail that beggar.’ Jock crawled
+out, glad of the diversion, stalked the enemy,
+‘winged’ him, and was running up to ‘feenish’
+him, when the German held up his hands
+and cried, ‘Mercy, Englishman!’ But Jock
+replied, ‘Mercy? Ye dinna deserve nae mercy.
+Ye’ve missed oor colonel twice!’ I often
+wonder if Jock told the colonel how he
+had put it! Or is he still as happy as
+ever?</p>
+
+<p>“It is told of Jock that, on another occasion,
+when a German held up his hands, after
+a good deal of dirty work with them, and
+said, ‘Mercy, Englishman. I’ll go to England
+with you!’ Jock replied, grimly and
+coolly, ‘Ay, maybe. But, ye see, that’s no
+exactly whaur I was gaun to send ye.’</p>
+
+<p>“I was always much impressed by the Wesleyans,
+whom I often met in painful circumstances.
+I had never had anything to do with
+them till I came in contact with them
+wounded and suffering, but always most brave,
+patient, and truly religious. They bore their
+distresses without a murmur, and they died
+without fear. For they knew what they believed
+in. They had the gift of religion and
+the secret of a faith stronger than death. They
+were true mystics. I remember one day standing
+beside one of them who had been very
+dangerously stricken. His eyes were closed,
+and he was whispering continuously. I
+stooped down and listened. He was saying,
+over and over again, ‘Oh, God, remember
+me, and help me to get well, for the sake
+of those I love at home.’</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>SPEAKING TO GOD</h3>
+
+<p>“I was turning to slip away quietly, when
+he opened his eyes and said, ‘Whoever you
+are, don’t go, sir, I was only speaking to God.’
+His religion was so intimate a possession that
+he did not need to apologize for knocking at
+the door of love with his prayer.</p>
+
+<p>“Nothing could be more touching, and often
+at the same time funnier, than meeting men
+past military age who, sometimes for the sake
+of their boys serving, had slipped into the
+ranks, mentally folding down a corner of
+their birth-certificate over the date, and salving
+their consciences, as did one, who said to
+me, ‘I told them I was thirty-four—but I did
+not say on what birthday!’ I remember one
+old Scot, who could scarcely move, telling me,
+‘I doot I’ll hae to get oot o’ this, an’ awa’
+hame. Thae rheumatics is no good in the
+trenches; and they’re girnin’ at me again.’ Of
+course, he had ‘a laddie lyin’ up yonder,’ and
+a nephew, and ‘a guid-sister’s brither,’ and so
+on, like the rest. And, of course, if it were
+not for these pains he would be as good as
+ever he was! Some time later I met him in
+the rain, and asked how he felt now. ‘Oh,’
+said he, ‘I’m just fine the day. I seen my
+youngest laddie gaun up, and I’d a word or
+twa wi’ him. I’ll be writin’ his mither the
+nicht aboot it. He was lookin’ grand.
+It was fine to get a roar frae him in the
+by-gaun.’</p>
+
+<p>“I called on one old woman at home, and
+she told me that her husband had only the
+previous day, which was his birthday, gone off
+to France. ‘Eh,’ said she with unction, ‘he’s
+a good man, my man. I often think I was
+a lucky woman to have sic a man. D’ye ken—he
+never told a lie!’ ‘And yesterday was
+his birthday?’ I inquired. ‘And how old was
+he?’ ‘He was fifty-eight,’ was her answer.
+But when I asked how this modern rival of
+George Washington had got into the army
+with such an age, she innocently replied, ‘Ye
+see, he said he was thirty-twa.’</p>
+
+<p>“How these elderly men endured for any
+length of time all the discomforts at the front
+was beyond understanding. They were, of
+course, frequently caught, when youth was
+more able to skip nimbly out of the way of
+death. The little, shell-swept graveyards at
+the front got many of them very soon.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RUNNERS AND M.P.’S</h3>
+
+<p>“I spoke elsewhere, some time ago, of
+some of the forgotten and overlooked departments
+of our army. There are plenty such,
+of course. But one cannot help recalling
+amongst them the battalion runners, who
+carry messages over No Man’s Land, or anywhere,
+from post to post, when air and earth
+are filled with hissing death, and who also
+act as guides up to the trenches. They are
+absolutely fearless. This type varies from the
+gaunt, silent figure, that stalks before you
+like an Indian through the dark, to the garrulous
+youth who talks all the time over his
+shoulder as he goes. One of the latter was
+leading up our men, and the colonel said to
+him, ‘I hear that these dugouts are wretched
+water-logged holes.’ ‘Deed, they are that,’
+replied the guide. And then, gently, as if
+on a tender afterthought, ‘D’ye ken, sir, I’m
+often vexed for you; for I’m perfectly sure
+that you’re accustomed to something better
+than yon at home!’</p>
+
+<p>“Another is the military policeman, who
+controls and guides the traffic at the cross-roads,
+and where there is danger of shells
+falling, in such places as the square at Ypres.
+There, amongst evidences of steady peril,
+stands this quiet man with the red band on
+his arm; and he steps forward to warn you
+that it is not safe to be there! I cannot
+forget one road, when we were moving up
+to the front. The stream of life flowing on
+towards the fighting area was like the Strand
+in London at its busiest. The policeman with
+uplifted hand was as powerful there as at
+home. In a moment, at the signal, limbers,
+guns, motor-lorries, ambulances, mounted
+men, and marching infantry stood motionless
+till permitted to go on again.</p>
+
+<p>“The directions we got one day from an
+Irish policeman were unforgettable. He said,
+‘It’s quite easy, your honor. You see, when
+you go into Albert, you don’t go into it at all.
+But you turn to the right, keeping well to
+the left all the way.’ We thanked him, and
+trusted to Providence, as we are apt to do
+where there is nothing else that can be done;
+and, following our directions in a general way,
+we reached our place in safety!</p>
+
+<p>“Again, you will find, right up behind the
+front, the roadman busy, coolly filling up
+holes that shells have made, and behaving just
+as though he were working on a stretch of
+the Trossachs, or patching up the rut-worn
+tracks that the rain has damaged along by
+Loch Hourn.”</p>
+
+<p>Of the airmen flying their graceful, birdlike
+craft, he says: “There can be no
+braver hearts than those. Many a time we
+looked up at them, sailing overhead, and wondered;
+and the roughest Tommy sends something
+like a prayer with them as they go.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ENGLANDS_INDIAN_WARRIORS">ENGLAND’S INDIAN WARRIORS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Who Made Up the Indian Army; And Some V. C. Heroes</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">In</span> December of the first year of the war,
+a letter came to the Indian post-office in
+London with this address, written in the topknotted
+Marathi character, and hence perfectly
+incomprehensible to every one but the
+Jat orderly who read it:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container fs90">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“In the land of the European War</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">The country of the King of France</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">For my beloved son, the Sepoy Khundadad Khan</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And the hand of any who bears this to him shall be that of a gentleman.”</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was an extraordinary epistle to look at,
+very thick, and its envelope was an old official
+one that had been carefully ungummed and
+refolded wrong side out. And it had come
+from a tiny village on the banks of the
+Jhelum River, far away in India. But what
+was more extraordinary still, its owner received
+it that very day. For Khundadad Khan
+had become a very great man indeed, and his
+name was fully as well known in London
+then, as ever it had been in his native village.
+Lying in the Kensington hospital, he
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</span>stroked his long black curly beard, the exact
+color of his hair, and murmured, as he fingered
+the bulky contents of the letter (a parchment
+verse from the <cite>Koran</cite> tied up in silk
+with a dried serpent’s fang), “Oh, yes, it is a
+very good tawíz—charm—as such things go,
+and will no doubt keep off many demons.
+But the King-Emperor has given me a better
+one, is it not so, my friend?”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_086" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_086.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>American Press Association.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Second-Line Gurkhas Coming Up</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">From whatever tribe they came they proved themselves worthy to fight in any army of Europe, as the “V. C.’s” awarded to the members of the
+Indian army show. The photograph shows the second line advancing amid shell fire to the reinforcement of the first line at captured German trench.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Undoubtedly, oh son of a most high excellence,”
+replied the little brown orderly
+respectfully, in Hindustanie. And it was so.
+For the king had given him the highest military
+honor of Great Britain, the V. C., the
+first ever bestowed upon a member of the Indian
+Army. What he had done to win it
+sounds like many another brave deed recounted
+of the men in the Great War. There is a
+similarity even in brave deeds. He had remained
+in a trench, firing a Maxim, after his
+British captain and all the men with him
+were killed or wounded, holding back the
+Germans until he, too, fell, severely wounded,
+and they passed on over his body. But the
+Germans had been held back, and that was
+the important point.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE BROWN MEN</h3>
+
+<p>It was in August that the brown men first
+took ship at Calcutta and Bombay, and,
+leaving the sound of temple bell and muezzin,
+and commending themselves, no doubt, to Ava
+Ardu Sur Jasan, the angel presiding over the
+sea and great voyages, sailed away under
+the British Jack to fight for the Empire in a
+land they had never seen. They reached the
+Western front in September, and after a scant
+two weeks’ rest, were thrown in beside the
+almost exhausted British in the flat mud-country
+between Givenchy and Neuve Chapelle.
+The force consisted of about 50,000
+British and 65,000 native Indians, led by
+white officers, and with native officers to act
+as go-betweens. It was the first time, since
+the Moors had conquered Spain, long before
+Columbus sailed for America, that brown men
+and white had engaged in a death-grapple on
+European soil. But these brown men were
+from a continent, not a single nation.</p>
+
+<p>There were little Gurkhas from around
+Nepal, stout and muscular, with high topknotted
+and slant eyes like Chinamen, grinning
+like terriers from behind British steel. Their
+great friends, the Scotch, say they can see
+objects and detect sounds which are imperceptible
+to other people. And though they
+trot along contentedly enough with their rifles
+in trenches that are sometimes too high for
+them, their favorite weapon is their own sickle-shaped
+knife, the <em>khukri</em>. This they can either
+hurl or use at close range, in which latter
+case, we are told, it makes a sound like the
+cutting of fresh lettuce. Their friendship
+with the huge Scotchmen seems to come from
+a certain like-mindedness on the battlefield.
+It was a regiment of Gurkhas (the 4th) that
+on the terrible night of the nineteenth of December
+supported the Highland Light Infantry
+in gaining the foremost trench along the
+Bethune-La Bassée Road. But the little
+brown men held the trench, while the gallant
+Lieutenant Anderson, not content with this,
+rushed on with his Highlanders, shouting,
+“We are going to take Chapelle St. Roch!”
+He and his men passed on into the darkness—and
+were never seen again.</p>
+
+<p>There were long, athletic Sikhs from the
+land of the Five Rivers. The Sikhs’ knives
+are straight, for they are tall, brave men who
+let their hair grow, and who usually pray before
+fighting. Their knives are two-edged, and
+they carry on their other side a comb, as is
+likewise enjoined by their religion. Under
+Ranjut Singh, the Lion of the Punjab, they
+once carved for themselves an empire from
+the Sutlej to the Kabul River, and their
+greatest ambition even now is for one of them
+to be known as “Singh” (“Lion”) among his
+countrymen. This high honor one of them
+attained, together with the Indian Order of
+Merit, in the spring drive around Ypres. It
+happened that a young English lieutenant,
+J. Smyth, was ordered to supply ammunition
+to a company farther forward. In the course
+of the fighting, he found himself in an unconnected
+trench. Therefore, selecting fifteen
+Sikhs, he started forward with bombs in boxes,
+which they carried among them. Only three
+Sikhs were left unwounded, when finally, still
+under heavy direct fire, they conceived the
+idea of breaking up the boxes and carrying
+the bombs the rest of the way in their arms.
+One more Sikh fell dead before they reached
+their objective and delivered the bombs to
+their hard-pressed companions.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_088" style="max-width: 47.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_088.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">First Lieutenant James M. Symington</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>2nd Division, 23d Infantry, 1st Battalion.</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">On June 6, 1918, near Château-Thierry, he voluntarily and outside of his regular duty rushed
+in front of the firing line and reorganized his men, leading toward the proper objective in the face
+of a barrage, changing a small reverse into a success.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>The great bravery of the English officers
+of the Indian Army, and the enormous casualties
+among them—Captain Paris, Lieutenant
+Hayes-Saddler, Major Graham White, good
+English names innumerable—is part of the
+story of the Indian Army. It is said that
+their white skins among the dark faces of
+their men rendered them an easy mark to
+the German gunners. And their loss was
+graver for their troops than that of most
+officers, for each Englishman in command is
+obliged to know several of the innumerable
+dialects of India, and as there remained
+fewer and fewer men in command who could
+speak both English and the native tongues,
+the Indian troops became at times almost isolated.</p>
+
+<p>And there were men from tribes less well
+known: the Gurhwals, a comparatively new
+regiment, who proved their mettle at “the
+Indian Neuve Chapelle.” This was an engagement
+in November, not to be confused
+with the later battle of Neuve Chapelle, where
+the Indian troops actually gained the town,
+but were obliged to fall back, because of the
+lack of adequate support. Then there were
+the Pathans, who shoot like the Leatherstockings,
+and look, it is said, not unlike him, with
+their blue eyes and brown hair and their muscular
+frames. They are the fairest of the
+native Indians. Then there were the Rajputs,
+who have been the great gentlemen of
+the hills for many hundreds of years. Some
+of them were not subjects of the King of
+England at all, but citizens of the Feudatory
+States of India, who came down from their
+mud huts and mountain fastnesses to make
+the grand tour, as it were, and fight with
+the cunning implements of the white man.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WINNERS OF V. C.’s</h3>
+
+<p>From whatever tribe they came, however,
+they proved themselves worthy to fight in
+any army of Europe, as the V. C.’s awarded
+in the course of the war to the members of
+the Indian army will show. From G. A.
+Leask’s book, <cite>Heroes of the Great War</cite>, we
+summarize a few of their exploits, but many
+must go unnoticed here:</p>
+
+<p>The second Indian V. C. hero of the first
+year of the war, says Mr. Leask, was also
+one of the bravest. Naik Darwan Sing Negi,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</span>
+1st Battalion 39th Gurhwal Rifles, gained his
+reward for great gallantry on the night of
+November 23-24, 1914, near Festubert.</p>
+
+<p>The 1st Battalion 39th Gurhwals are recruited
+from that portion of the Himalayas
+lying within territory immediately west of
+Nepal, known as Gurhwal; and Naik, like
+most of the sturdy recruits drawn from this
+neighborhood, spent his boyhood herding his
+father’s sheep and goats on the bleak uplands
+and glacier valleys, often alone for weeks on
+end.</p>
+
+<p>One of the fiercest battles of the war took
+place around Festubert in the La Bassée district.
+On November 23rd the Germans made
+a determined attack upon some trenches near
+Festubert, held by the Indian corps. A counter-attack
+was organized during the night of
+the 23rd-24th, as our men were very hard
+pressed. In this great onslaught the 39th
+Gurhwal Rifles, all hardy warriors like Darwan
+Sing Negi from the northern hills, took
+a leading part. They leaped over the parapet
+with fixed bayonets, their faces set and grim.
+With irresistible dash they advanced to the
+captured trenches and drove the enemy off
+with terrible loss.</p>
+
+<p>Darwan Sing Negi received two severe
+wounds in the head and in the arm, but refused
+to give in. He led the way round each
+successive traverse, and we can imagine the
+terror he inspired in the hearts of the Germans
+when they saw this tall, fierce Indian
+hero, with white turban gleaming in the darkness,
+his eyes afire, advancing upon them with
+the bayonet. Although fired at by bombs and
+rifles at the closest range, nothing could daunt
+this fearless fighter. By his splendid courage
+and powerful arm he practically cleared the
+trench himself and so saved a serious situation.
+The fighting went on all the next day, but
+the heroic deed of Darwan Sing Negi on the
+previous night had averted the worst of the
+danger. He was decorated by the King just
+before his Majesty left France on December
+5, 1914.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE JEMADAR</h3>
+
+<p>The next month, April, saw the winning
+of another V. C. by an Indian officer. He
+was Jemadar Mir Dast, of the 55th (Coke’s)
+Rifles, though he won his distinction when he
+was attached to the 57th (Wilde’s) Rifles,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</span>both belonging to Indian Frontier Force.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_090" style="max-width: 47.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_090.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Joseph H. Stowers</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>42nd Division, 167th Infantry, Machine-Gun Company</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He was cited for rushing into the open under fire January 2, 1918, through an area flooded with
+poisonous gas, to the assistance of a wounded comrade who was lying in an exposed position. He
+brought the wounded man back safely in his arms.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>The jemadar—corresponding to our lieutenant—had
+already distinguished himself before
+coming to Europe to fight for his King-Emperor.
+He possesses the coveted Indian
+Order of Merit for gallant services on the
+Indian frontier while acting as guardian of
+the northern boundary.</p>
+
+<p>During both battles of Ypres the Indians
+fought magnificently. After the enemy’s
+poison-gas attack had made a temporary dent
+in the British line in the Ypres area, Sir
+John French ordered the Lahore Division of
+the Indian Corps, to which Mir Dast’s regiment
+was attached, to be moved up and placed
+at the disposal of the Second Army.</p>
+
+<p>A few days later, this corps, supported by
+the British cavalry, was pushed up into the
+front firing-line. The time had come for
+the British to assume the offensive. Fighting
+with the French on one of their wings, the
+Indians were successful in pushing the enemy
+back some little distance toward the north.
+Again the Germans let loose their poison gas,
+and rendered further advance impossible. Such
+was the position on April 26th.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians fought with determination to
+carry the German positions. A formidable
+series of trenches had to be assaulted in order
+to dislodge the enemy and so relieve the pressure
+on the rest of the line. Jemadar Mir Dast
+got his men ready and was waiting to advance.
+When the order was given to dash
+from the trenches, Mir Dast found himself
+detailed off to remain with his platoon in reserve.
+The others, advancing by short rushes,
+reached the crest of the first slope without
+a check, although a number fell by shell fire.
+On reaching the crest, however, the line came
+under a terrific machine gun and rifle fire.
+Whole swathes of men fell as if a scythe
+had been drawn across their legs. In spite
+of this, the line pressed on.</p>
+
+<p>Then came the dramatic sequel. The Germans
+suddenly released their gas. Although
+the French Colonials were the chief sufferers,
+the Indian troops were affected by it. The
+poor fellows were totally unprovided with any
+form of protection against this devilish device,
+and were falling fast, being at the same time
+under a hail of machine gun fire. No troops
+could have withstood the terrible conditions,
+and the line was forced to give way.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</span></p>
+
+<p>Jemadar Mir Dast, from his trench, had
+seen the oncoming poison cloud, and noticed
+the retirement of a part of the line. He had
+one of two alternatives presented to him.
+Either he must retire in conformity with the
+rest of the troops, or endeavor to get his men
+to stand firm and resist the attack. Mir Dast
+decided to remain.</p>
+
+
+<h3>STOOD THE BRUNT</h3>
+
+<p>Behind the dense volumes of gas and with
+ceaseless pointblank fire, the Germans approached
+nearer and nearer. Undaunted in
+the trying ordeal, Mir Dast remained firm,
+and collected all the men available, among
+whom were many who were recovering from
+the effects of gas. So many British officers
+had been killed that there was no one left
+to lead but himself. He therefore assumed
+command of the forces he had collected, and
+kept the men together until ordered to retire,
+all the while holding up the oncoming Germans
+with rifle fire.</p>
+
+<p>After dusk, Mir Dast left the trench with
+his small force. During this retirement, he
+picked up many men who were in the successive
+lines of trenches by which he passed,
+and brought them back to safety.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout the attack, the resolute conduct
+of Mir Dast was beyond praise. As the
+little band wended its way to the rear he
+encouraged each man individually by his
+cheery words and courageous example. He
+saw an officer lying wounded, and at great
+risk went and brought him to cover. A few
+yards farther on he made out the writhing
+figure of a gassed Indian officer. In spite of
+a hot rifle fire the intrepid jemadar made for
+him, and, with assistance, got the suffering
+officer out of the zone of fire. Then a second
+British officer was observed. The jemadar,
+knowing every minute was precious if he
+himself was to escape the fire and gas, stopped
+once again to perform his heroic work of
+rescue.</p>
+
+<p>In this way during the retirement the gallant
+Indian soldier brought in no less than
+eight wounded British and Indian officers.
+He was exposed in doing so to a very heavy
+fire, and was himself slightly wounded. Had
+he not shown such conspicuous bravery these
+eight men would have died on the field. Mir<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</span>
+Dast not only received bullet wounds, but
+was rendered very weak through the effects
+of the German poison gas.</p>
+
+<p>The gallantry of Mir Dast, as well as the
+behavior of the whole division at the second
+battle of Ypres, added yet another proud page
+to the record of the Indian army.</p>
+
+<p>The jemadar, when well enough to be
+moved, was sent to England, and there received
+from the hands of the King-Emperor
+the V. C. he had so deservedly won.</p>
+
+<p>He was much affected by the King’s praise
+and said afterwards, “What did I do?—nothing,
+only my duty; and to think that the
+great King-Emperor should shake me by the
+hand and praise me. I am his child.”</p>
+
+<p>It must be remembered that India’s service
+in the war was entirely voluntary.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_LIVELY_INTRODUCTION">A LIVELY INTRODUCTION</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>An Ambulance Man’s First Twenty-four Hours at the Front Well
+Diversified</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">In</span> a letter to his father, Dr. John B. Sullivan
+of Brooklyn, N. Y., an aid with the
+American Ambulance Field Service in France,
+Eugene Sullivan, who got quickly into the
+thick of things, tells the incidents of his first
+day where the Germans were busy. The letter
+appeared in the Brooklyn <cite>Eagle</cite> as follows:</p>
+
+<p>“Well, after being assigned to section ...
+we went immediately to the front by going to
+..., base of sector, and arriving there were
+picked up by section chief and then brought
+to section headquarters. Next morning, at
+eight, was sent out as aid to learn roads, stations,
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">postes de secours</i>, etc. First station at....
+Arriving there I expressed my disappointment,
+because everything looked so quiet,
+except for the village, which, by the way, at
+one time must have been lovely, but Germans
+had destroyed everything—every single house
+and building—only a few houses had walls
+standing. At the improvised relay station, or
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">poste de secours</i>, I left the ambulance and
+strolled to the top of a hill.</p>
+
+<p>“Here I could see and was in plain sight
+of a German observation balloon, and the German
+must have taken a dislike to my position,
+physique or otherwise, because before long
+some nice big high explosive shells started to
+come my way—so much so I had to postpone
+my sight-seeing tour and retire to the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">poste de
+secours</i> and join the others who were in an
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">abri</i>, which is an enlarged rat-hole in the
+ground. While there an ambulance from a
+station nearer the first line of trenches came
+in with some <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">blessés</i> (wounded) and left word
+that he was going to ... to the first hospital.
+It was then up to us to go forward to
+Pont ... to take the place of this ambulance,
+who on his return would take our place
+at ... Well, all went well and we hid the
+ambulance at Pont ... in some bushes to
+wait for some poor fellow to get his ‘ticket’
+for the hospital. Very little happened that
+day, except for the shells flying over our heads
+and a few airplane scraps, but no wounded.
+Toward evening an extra ambulance arrived,
+and we in the first ambulance got word to go
+still further to the front, to where they have
+never had an ambulance before, but on account
+of shell-fire had to wait until darkness.</p>
+
+<p>“This was like preparing me for the inevitable,
+but finally we got a French soldier to
+guide us, and the driver, Harry Dunn, the
+soldier, and yours truly, aid, started. All went
+well until about half over the rocky and
+muddy road to Dublin I noticed the soldiers
+running like mad for the trenches. For a
+few seconds I didn’t realize what it meant,
+until a shell burst right near us and pieces
+went hissing right over the top of the ambulance.
+Right then yours truly grabbed his
+steel helmet from the guide, who was holding
+it, and just planted it on his head, and, believe
+me, thought of home, mother, etc., said a few
+prayers, and finally landed under the cover of
+the French dressing station.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_093" style="max-width: 39.3125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_093.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant August Steidl</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>1st Division, 26th Infantry, Company “A”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He showed exceptional bravery and control over his platoon while advancing through enemy
+machine-gun and artillery fire before he reached his final objective, which he took with great
+daring.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Got well located and fixed a stretcher in
+lieu of a bed, and just about settled down
+to rest and sleep while waiting for candidates
+for ride in ambulance when the French batteries
+started up. They were a couple of
+hundred yards in rear of us and were firing
+over our heads, and I got up and stood at the
+door to see the fire of belching batteries, etc.
+Joe, each time one of those blame things went
+off my steel (crown) helmet just naturally
+rose off my head, but in a few minutes I got
+used to it and got well used to my surroundings
+and looked over everything. It seems
+all the fire of a couple of hours was just a
+small preliminary to an attack by a small company
+to jump into the German trenches, grab
+about a dozen prisoners and then back again—all
+so they could give the poor Boches the
+third degree for general information, etc.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WITNESSES AN AIR DUEL</h3>
+
+<p>“Finally, after all the firing, got a French
+soldier who had the good portion of his head
+left to take to the hospital, and as it was getting
+near daybreak we were ordered to ‘beat
+it’ under cover of darkness, or the little that
+was left of it. Got out all right, except that
+we darn near rode on top of a French battery,
+just as it was firing, only 100 feet in
+front of us, and, believe me, we hit only the
+high spots for about five miles. Got to hospital
+at ... O. K. and returned to ...,
+taking up our order of relief and settled down
+to enjoy some rest. Nothing doing for a couple
+of hours until just about 8 a.m., when our
+tour of duty (twenty-four hours) was finished,
+when a lot of machine-gun fire attracted
+our attention to the sky.</p>
+
+<p>“There we saw—in my opinion—the most
+wonderful and yet most horrible duel between
+two airplanes, French and German. Saw
+every move they made, until finally the German—or
+Boche, we call them—machine broke
+into flames and immediately the observer of
+the German machine jumped 7,000 feet to
+his death, leaving his pilot to finish the struggle;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</span>
+but although the poor wretch made a
+grand effort to right his plane after a fall
+like a rocket for 1,000 feet, the tail of his
+machine and one wing broke off and just
+dropped.</p>
+
+<p>“While dropping, the flames must have
+got to him, for he finally jumped, too,
+and his machine fell one way and he, all in
+flames, a little farther away. All the while
+the Frenchman in his victorious machine was
+flying—really dropping—and followed him
+down, making a spiral dive, and landed almost
+as quick. We jumped into our ambulance
+and hurried to the spot, and the sight which
+greeted us was horrible. I had my camera
+with me, but just couldn’t snap the picture.
+The victorious aviator then reached the spot
+and stood smilingly over the body while various
+ones took the picture.</p>
+
+<p>“The German balloon observers took it all
+in and when the crowd of us gathered they
+had their artillery just drop some shells among
+us, so we ‘beat it,’ and that was the end of
+my first twenty-four hours on the front. Some
+baptism.</p>
+
+<p>“A chap who came over with me—Osborn,
+of Dartmouth College—was only four days
+in active service with Section 28, and in going
+to the aid of one of his section ambulances
+got stalled himself and while repairing his car
+the Germans located him by a star shell which
+illuminates everything, and in this way they
+got a line on him and his ambulance. They
+paid no heed to red cross on ambulance, but
+let him have a shell, with the result that one
+leg was shattered and a piece of a shell went
+through his body and lung. The poor chap
+didn’t realize how seriously he was hurt or
+that he lost his leg later by amputation, but
+was apparently O. K., for on the morning of
+the day he died he was chatting merrily
+with every one, shaved himself and had a
+smoke. He even wrote a most wonderful and
+pathetic letter to his parents, and yet that
+night he died. Some say, or try to say, we
+don’t get under fire. I at least know what
+shell-fire is.”</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>At the date of the signing of the Armistice over 25 per cent. of the entire male population
+of the United States, between the ages of 18 and 31, were in military service. This
+represents a growth in the size of the American Army in 19 months of nearly twenty-fold,
+namely, from 189,674 in March, 1917, to 3,664,000 in November, 1918.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_VALIANT_GENTLEMAN">“A VALIANT GENTLEMAN”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>So Comrades Named Dick Hall, One of the First of Ours to Die</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Speaking</span> at the Lafayette Day banquet
+given in New York the evening of Sept.
+6, 1916, M. Jusserand, the French Ambassador,
+referring to the service of Americans in
+France before the United States entered the
+war, said:</p>
+
+<p>“Serving in the ambulances, serving in the
+Legion, serving in the air, serving Liberty,
+obeying the same impulse as that which
+brought Lafayette to these shores, many young
+Americans leaving home and family have offered
+to France their lives. Those lives many
+have lost, and never, even in antique times,
+was there shown such abnegation and generosity,
+such firmness of character: men like
+that Victor Chapman, who died to rescue
+American and French co-aviators nearly overcome
+by a more numerous enemy, and whose
+father, so justly admired for his gifts of mind
+and heart, decided that his son’s remains
+should be buried where he had fallen: ‘Let
+him rest with his comrades’; or that Richard
+Hall, killed by a shell while on the search for
+our wounded and whose mother hesitated to
+accept a permit to visit his flower-wreathed
+tomb at the front, because French mothers are
+not allowed to do so; or that Harvard graduate,
+the poet of the Legion, Alan Seeger, who
+felt that his hour could not be far remote and
+in expectation of it had written from the
+blood-soaked battlefield where he had fought
+for Liberty. The Frenchman who goes up is
+possessed with a passion beside which any of
+the other forms of experience that are reckoned
+to make life worth while seem pale in comparison.
+It is a privilege to march at his side—so
+much so that nothing the world could
+give could make me wish myself anywhere
+else than where I am.”</p>
+
+<p>And Emory Pottle, in telling for the
+<cite>Century</cite> the story of a “Christmas at Pont-à-Mousson”
+(1915) when he and his fellows
+of the American Ambulance Service in that
+sector had a “bonne fête,” superintended by
+Mme. Marion and pretty little thirteen-year-old
+Jeanne, says:</p>
+
+<p>“It was a gay meal, recklessly, happily so.
+No one in the sector to which we were attached
+was wounded that day. That, maybe,
+was the real holiday note. Though it may
+seem incredible, the meal ended with a huge
+plum pudding.</p>
+
+<p>“It ended, too, with something very grave
+and as I now think of it, very beautiful. The
+festival meal and the gifts were forgotten in
+the face of it. For it was, oh! not strangely,
+one of those events which lift men, if ever so
+briefly, out of their daily selves into unseen
+things. Our chief of Section was called to
+the telephone. He came back—we all saw it—with
+saddened face. ‘Fellows,’ he said
+slowly, ‘Richard Hall of Section III has
+been killed, blown off his car by a stray shell
+in the Vosges. He is the first of us all to go.’</p>
+
+<p>“We stood very silently and soberly about
+the table. Such news drove home abruptly,
+cruelly by reason of our Christmas gaieties—just
+what being there involved to us, to those
+who loved us. Very often we had jested and
+joked about death. None of us was a coward,
+I think; but—Hall dead—the first of the lot
+of us—dead—so far from home—Christmas!</p>
+
+<p>“‘Boys, let’s drink to him, the first of us
+to lay down his life for France. Here’s to
+Dick Hall, good old scout!’</p>
+
+<p>“So we drank, and I think no man there
+that night, where danger and death were always
+brooding darkly, failed to feel the dignity
+and honor of his calling.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A MOTHER’S GIFT TO THE CAUSE</h3>
+
+<p>“A long time after, the mother of Richard
+Hall said to a friend of mine—said with clear,
+sad, gentle eyes—‘I am glad to give my boy
+to so great a cause!’ And we on the edge of
+the sinister Bois le Pretre, when the news
+of the boy’s death came to us that Christmas<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</span>
+day, felt, too, somehow, somewhere within us,
+that the cause was great, was ours.</p>
+
+<p>“Late that night I stood alone for a time
+under the starry sky of that strange hell we
+inhabited. Oddly enough, I felt, so I recall,
+a calmness and a courage, even a sort of happiness,
+new and strange. Though its approaches
+might be loud and frightening, I
+knew again that ‘the ways of death are silent
+and serene;’ an honorable death, a death of
+one’s own choosing for an ideal, for a cause.”</p>
+
+<p>An extract from a letter written to his
+parents on Decoration Day, 1916, by Louis P.
+Hall, Jr., next older brother of Richard—he,
+too, valiant in the Ambulance Service—gives
+an intimate glimpse of the qualities of heart
+and mind that endeared Richard Hall to his
+fellows and to all who knew him:</p>
+
+<p>“To-day at two I attended a beautiful
+memorial exercise. It was held at the monument
+to Washington and Lafayette in the
+Place des États-Unis, here in Paris. And
+during these exercises I took a little part when
+my officers and myself placed a great floral
+tribute at the base of the monument among
+the many others. On the tri-color ribbons of
+this tribute from the American Ambulance
+were these words: ‘To Richard Hall and the
+other Americans who gave their lives for
+France.’</p>
+
+<p>“And so it is, as you well know, that I have
+thought a great deal of Dick to-day. I believe
+I can recall almost every time I saw him
+during our last three months together in
+Alsace with the circumstances of each meeting.
+I can even remember many of the times
+and places we passed each other on the road.
+He invariably smiled as we waved to each
+other in passing, just as if he were as pleased
+to see me as I was to see him. And I wonder
+if that really could be true! How I did
+admire and love him as I knew him there in
+a life which brought forth all the best from
+a boy who had no worst. And coupled with
+his splendid character, indeed a part of it, was
+that fine reserve which never courted an open
+show of devotion from me. But he was my
+own brother and always must be my brother,
+what more could I have asked?... Though
+we were often miles apart for days at a time,
+each was doing his little share in alleviating
+that endless physical pain and bitter human
+suffering which made our own hardships seem
+as nothing. And there was always our next
+meeting, sometimes down in the valley, sometimes
+at a post in the mountains, when we
+would talk things over; but even then neither
+told the other all his inmost thoughts, for in
+such work our very depths were touched and
+stirred as they never had been touched and
+stirred before.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>FROM DARTMOUTH TO FRANCE</h3>
+
+<p>Richard Nelville Hall, less than 21 years
+old when killed, was the youngest son of
+Dr. and Mrs. Louis P. Hall, of Ann Arbor,
+Michigan. In June, 1915, he was a senior
+at Dartmouth College and with other members
+of that class he enlisted with the American
+Ambulance Corps for a period of three
+months, and was assigned to Section Three.
+When his term was up there was such urgent
+need of men and the new enlistments were so
+few that Dick volunteered to remain in service
+until he could be spared more easily. About
+that time Louis P. Hall, Jr., his next older
+brother, enlisted and surprised Dick by appearing
+in the yard of the American Ambulance
+Corps in Paris. Dick had just driven
+in from the firing line. The meeting can be
+appreciated only by those who know what a
+bond of affectionate devotion united the
+brothers, and which is expressed in the foregoing
+quotation from Louis’ letter to his parents
+dated Decoration Day, 1916.</p>
+
+<p>But even when recruits came the work of
+the Ambulance Corps was such that the need
+of men was increased, and Dick continued to
+drive his ambulance, postponing a little further
+his expected return home. There was
+terribly fierce fighting in the Vosges in that
+period, it will be remembered, and the demands
+upon the ambulance driver were almost
+incessant, the peril of it constant, gathering up
+the wounded from the battle front and hurrying
+them to a place of safety. For five months
+he had made those hazardous trips from battle
+front to safety station, unhesitatingly, devoted,
+inspired by the consciousness that he
+was engaged in saving, not in destroying life,
+his work not for France alone but for
+humanity.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_097" style="max-width: 48em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_097.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant David U. Binkley</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>42nd Division, 168th Infantry, Company “I”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">While a private, Sergeant Binkley, on July 28, 1918, sought and obtained permission to rescue his
+corporal who was lying severely wounded in the open near Sergy, northeast of Château-Thierry,
+France. He crossed an open area that was swept for more than 50 yards by enemy machine guns,
+reached the corporal and carried him safely back into the lines.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Lovering Hill, the chief of the section, says
+of him: “I have never known any one who
+always showed so much <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">dévouement</i> in his
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</span>work. He was the steadiest of all, and the
+most reliable. He never slacked up in times
+when work was dull, when day in and day
+out was the same grinding monotony; and in
+times of activity after many hours without
+rest or sleep, he was always cheerful and
+stuck to the work with a tenacity which was
+astounding. His frankness and straightforwardness,
+his cheerfulness and good nature,
+his kindness—for he was always the first to
+help his comrades—made him beloved by all
+of us, and by most of the French with whom
+he came in touch, who admired the wholehearted
+way in which he worked. In the
+technical matter of the upkeep of his car he
+was my special delight, for both his car and
+his equipment were always in perfect order.”</p>
+
+<p>The incidents of the days preceding the
+death of Hall have been indicated briefly in
+a tribute written soon after the fatality. There
+had been something of a respite from fighting,
+but on December 21 “the mountains spoke”
+and all the cars rolled upwards toward the post
+of Hartmanns-Weilerkopf—taken and retaken
+a score of times, a bare, brown, blunt shell-ploughed
+top where before the forest stood—up,
+elbowing and tacking their way through
+battalions of men and beasts. From one
+mountain slope to another roared all the lungs
+of war. For five days and five nights, scraps
+of days—the shortest of the year—nights interminable—the
+air was shredded with shrieking
+shells—intermittent lulls for slaughtering
+after the bombardment—then again the roar
+of the counter-attack.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE TRAVELED ROAD</h3>
+
+<p>“All this time, as in all the past months,
+Richard Nelville Hall calmly drove his car
+up the winding shell-swept artery of the
+mountain of war—past crazed mules, broken-down
+artillery carts, swearing drivers, stricken
+horses, wounded stragglers still able to
+hobble; past long convoys of Boche prisoners,
+silently descending in twos guarded by a handful
+of men; past all the personnel of war,
+great and small (for there is but one road
+on which to travel, one road for the enemy’s
+shell); past abris, bomb-proof, to arrive at
+the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Poste de Secours</i>; where silent men moved
+mysteriously under the great trees, where the
+cars were loaded with an ever ready supply
+of still more quiet figures (though some made
+sounds), mere bundles in blankets. Hall saw
+to it that these quiet bundles were carefully
+and rapidly installed, then rolled down into
+the valley where little towns bear stolidly
+their daily burden of shells thrown wantonly
+from somewhere in Bocheland over the mountain
+to somewhere in France—the bleeding
+bodies in the car, a mere corpuscle in the full
+crimson stream, the ever-rolling tide from the
+trenches to the hospital, of the blood of life
+and the blood of death. Once there, his
+wounded unloaded, Dick Hall filled his gasoline
+tank and calmly rolled again on his way.
+Two of his comrades had been wounded the
+day before, but Dick Hall never faltered. He
+slept when and where he could, in his car, at
+the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">poste</i>, on the floor of our temporary
+kitchen at Moosch—dry blankets or wet
+blankets of mud, blankets of blood—contagion
+was pedantry, microbes a myth.”</p>
+
+<p>It was over this shell-swept, torturous road
+that Dick Hall was driving his car on its final
+errand of mercy when, in the first hours of the
+Christmas morning, death made friends with
+him. Some three hours later he was found by
+Matter, one of his comrades, the first to pass
+along the mountain road. It was between 3
+and 4 o’clock of the morning. Matter and Jennings,
+who came a little later, bore the body
+back in Matter’s car to Moosch, where his
+brother, Louis Hall, learned what had happened.
+Death had been instantaneous. A
+fragment of shell had penetrated his brain.
+Though he had other injuries (the car was
+utterly demolished), we have the testimony of
+Abbé Klein, the chaplain, that “even in death
+his face preserved the expression of smiling
+radiance, that frank and kindly nature that
+his comrades had learned to love in the
+months he had been with them.”</p>
+
+<p>“There in the small hours of Christmas
+morning where mountain fought mountain—on
+that hard bitter pass under the pines of
+the Vosgian sweep, there fell a very modest
+and valiant gentleman,” says the memorial
+from his comrades of Section Three, adding:</p>
+
+<p>“Dick Hall, we knew you, worked with
+you, played with you, ate with you, slept
+with you, we took pleasure in your company,
+in your modesty, in your gentle manner, in
+your devotion and in your youth—we still
+pass that spot, and we salute. Our breath
+comes quicker, and our eyes grow dimmer, we
+grip the wheel a little tighter—we pass better
+and stronger.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_099" style="max-width: 47.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_099.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Private George W. Langham</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>32nd Division, 128th Infantry, Company “H”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Though he was severely gassed near Juvigny, north of Soissons, France, August 20-September
+2, 1918, he remained on duty with his company while it was in the front line. Later he aided in
+the work of carrying wounded men across the area covered by artillery and machine-gun fire.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<h3>THE LIVING DEAD</h3>
+
+<p>The funeral services were held in the little
+Protestant Chapel five miles down the valley
+while the guns roared in a fierce battle raging
+for the possession of Hartmanns-Weilerkopf.
+At the conclusion of the ceremony Hall’s
+citation was read and the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Croix de Guerre</i>
+was pinned to a fold of the tri-color that
+wrapped his coffin. At the head of the grave
+was placed a wooden cross with the simple
+but all sufficient inscription, “Richard Hall,
+an American who died for France, December
+25, 1915.” The Alsatian women heaped
+flowers on the grave, and after kept it decorated
+and cared for. When the United
+States formally entered the war there was a
+further ceremony, when a French General
+laid a palm on the grave in the presence of
+Louis Hall and the American Corps.</p>
+
+<p>But Richard Hall was one of those fortunate
+servants whose service and humanity did
+not end with death. Very soon after he was
+killed, as a tribute to his memory a new
+ambulance car was sent to France to be driven
+by Louis Hall. It was the gift of a lady.
+Another followed, the gift of a New York
+gentleman, and a third ambulance was sent by
+Dr. and Mrs. Louis P. Hall, who also kept<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</span>
+a memorial bed in the American Ambulance
+Hospital at Neuilly until the end of the war.
+In addition to that they established a Loan
+Fund of $2,000 in the University of Michigan
+(Ann Arbor was Dick’s birthplace, his
+father a professor in the University) and $500
+was given to Dartmouth. In the same spirit
+of carrying on Dick’s work his parents’ efforts
+resulted in the sending of $18,000 to the
+“Fatherless Children of France” and ten
+thousand garments to the children of the
+Frontier.</p>
+
+<p>An editorial in the Philadelphia <cite>Press</cite> had
+this to say of Richard Hall:</p>
+
+<p>“Much more glorious is the death of this
+man than is that of the fighting soldier. His
+was a devotion, not to country and fireside
+and altar, but to an abstract conception of
+duty. There can be a selfishness, of a refined
+kind, to be sure, in even the greatest bravery
+shown by the soldier who is fighting for the
+preservation of his native land. Thoughts of
+his near and dear ones in that land inspire
+his actions and nerve his body and will for
+them. To the alien nurse, physician, hospital
+attendant there is no such inspiration. For
+them the inspiration must come from the
+depth of their humanity, and cannot be tinged
+with the slightest touch of self. German or
+Hun, Briton or Serb or Frenchman are all
+the same in their eyes if they are suffering
+from wounds or disease. Americans have a
+right to be proud of a fellow countryman like
+Richard Hall.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="WHERE_DENOMINATIONS_END">WHERE DENOMINATIONS END</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Christian Priest Who Was a Hero too Found They Vanished at the Front</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Though</span> we did not see much about
+them in the dispatches, those soldiers
+of the Most High, the army chaplains who
+went to the front, were often as heroic
+and self-sacrificing in attending to their
+duties as were the doughboys themselves.
+Among the many was Father John J. Brady
+of New York, the young Catholic chaplain
+of the 5th Regiment, U. S. Marines, who
+was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross
+for things he did in the Château-Thierry
+region in the deadly period of June, 1918.
+Some of the zealous folk who wish to put
+a ban on tobacco in all of its forms will hardly
+understand the quality of heroism that
+prompted Father Brady to risk his life on
+several occasions to carry cigarettes to men of
+the fighting line who could not otherwise
+have had the “soldier’s solace” after the perils
+and fatigues of long hours of trench service.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</span>Nevertheless, that generous and courageous
+act was among the valiant things for which
+his country officially honored him. In the
+big fight that turned back the Germans, this
+free-souled chaplain made two complete tours
+of the front line under severe fire, ministering
+in unusually trying circumstances to the
+wounded and dying men of his regiment.
+Right well the men of that regiment loved
+him—not because he was their chaplain but
+because he was the chaplain who understood.
+A wonderful thing is understanding. We recall
+that the wise Solomon rated it above all
+things else.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_101" style="max-width: 51.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_101.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Patrick Walsh</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>1st Division, 18th Infantry</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He captured a nest of enemy machine gunners who were doing particular damage to his
+unit and as a result he was decorated with the Croix de Guerre and the Distinguished Service
+Cross. He is said to be the first American soldier to receive the former decoration.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>The <cite>Stars and Stripes</cite> in an article about
+Chaplain Brady has the key to the man in
+the opening paragraph, which quotes him as
+saying:</p>
+
+<p>“’Tis all one great church, the front line
+is. In all Christendom, in all the rest of the
+world you will not find so much unselfishness,
+so much Christian charity, so much loving
+kindness, as you find at the front. There, if
+anywhere, the men are brothers. We feel it.
+Denominations or sects are pretty much forgotten.
+Faith, war makes strange bunkies,
+and ’tis me and my pal, the Presbyterian
+minister, have been shelled out of the same
+quarters together.”</p>
+
+<p>The article continues:</p>
+
+<p>“Father Brady ought to know, for he penetrated
+the farthermost American position and
+has crawled beyond the front lines to hear
+confessions of Marines in the outpost. He
+was decorated for extraordinary heroism at
+the battle of Château-Thierry where his unfailing
+ministrations were a big factor in conserving
+the morale of the men.</p>
+
+<p>“The true spirit of the Marines is Father
+Brady’s. He laughs at obstacles and perils,
+and his indomitable will carries him through
+the most difficult tasks. Often he has accomplished
+the seemingly impossible and he is
+honored by Protestant and Jew as he is by
+those of his own faith. Regardless of creed,
+the Devil Dogs of the 5th Regiment are
+proud of their chaplain.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>HIS LEATHERNECKS</h3>
+
+<p>“There was to be an attack the next morning
+in the gray hours before the sun was up,
+when Father Brady reached the wooded country
+between Soissons and Château-Thierry
+where his Leathernecks crouched under the
+Hun bombardments. He crawled and stumbled
+along the lines to hear confessions from his
+warriors. Hard-bitten old-timers who had
+not seen the interior of a church in years
+bared their souls and went light-hearted into
+the hell that followed the opening barrage.</p>
+
+<p>“Reaching the final outpost, the young
+priest spied a shallow trench from which a
+sentry peeped. In spite of warnings he slipped
+out among the shadows and wormed his way
+forward and rolled into the ditch. He heard
+the confession as he and the outpost lay side
+by side looking up at the stars, and as he crept
+back to cover he knew that he had never
+granted absolution in stranger places. He
+has said mass for the faithful with his altar
+cloth on the shattered stump of a tree during
+the last lull before the attack.</p>
+
+<p>“Friend and foe alike received the sacrament
+from the young Catholic priest. His
+enmity for the Germans ceased when he went
+among the young wounded Bavarians left on
+the field and gave them the last consolation
+of the church. Often he bent over young
+Germans, scarcely able to speak as they groped
+for their rosaries, and left them facing death
+more bravely.</p>
+
+<p>“One of his most dangerous tasks was the
+burial of the dead, which must be done at
+night, and frequently under shell fire. It is
+work that must be done in the open, for digging
+is almost impossible where the woods
+fill the soil with interlacing roots. It was on
+such a mission that personal tragedy touched
+him. Making his way to the crest of a hill,
+where he had been told a man lay dead, he
+found the face of one of his closest friends
+turned up to the moonlight.</p>
+
+<p>“In spite of the horrors he has witnessed
+and the sorrows he has shared, those who have
+met Father Brady recently say he is unchanged.
+Many men would have shrunk
+from his work, much of which was done alone
+with no comrade to speak a steadying word.
+Yet his spirit is still buoyant and his mind is
+unoppressed.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>A BIT OF A MISTAKE</h3>
+
+<p>“Many of his stories deal with the changes
+in spirit and practice that have followed the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</span>sharing of hardships. All the Marines were
+‘his boys.’</p>
+
+<p>“‘What a pother they’d have made in the
+old days of peace back home if they had
+caught me at a mistake I made the other
+night,’ he said. ‘In the confusion just before
+the attack I heard the confession of one old
+sinner of a sergeant. He got half-way through
+before I discovered that he was not a Catholic.’</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_102fp" style="max-width: 47.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_102fp.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">First-Class Sergeant George Burr</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>32nd Division, 107th Field Signal Battalion, Company C</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Sergeant Burr, in charge of a detachment near Cierges, France, August 2, 1918, strung wire
+far in advance of the front lines, working through heavy artillery fire to the point where the
+regimental post of command was to be situated. When ordered to leave one man at the
+instrument, he himself remained.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“‘Why, you’re no Catholic!’ I told him.</p>
+
+<p>“‘No, Padre, I’m a Presbyterian,’ said he,
+‘but they say confession is good for the soul.
+Believe me, mine feels none the worse now.’</p>
+
+<p>“Once Father Brady received $2,000 from
+America to buy himself an automobile. He
+spent it on a club for the boys in his regiment.
+Later they found that the young priest
+could box and wrestle, and that he was the
+best referee that could be got for their fights.
+He built up trust and affection for himself
+during the weary months at the front.</p>
+
+<p>“He has been day and night with his regiment
+during the long period when they were
+in the midst of things. For a month at a
+time he has snatched what sleep he could
+wherever he might throw himself down, under
+hedges, in roadside barns and even in shell
+holes. But he has always had a word of
+cheer for the men, and in the most terrible
+days he has made both living and dying more
+bearable for the 5th Marines.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="BUCKEYES_OR_SPEARHEADS">“BUCKEYES” OR “SPEARHEADS”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>How the Ohio Doughboys Managed to Pick Up a New Nickname in France</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> “Buckeye Division,” the 37th Ohio,
+got a new nickname for itself at Montfaucon
+in September, 1917. It was called
+“Spearheads” because of its ability to start a
+drive and carry on until its objectives were
+reached and captured. In a history of the
+Division Jack Koons (of the Cincinnati <cite>Inquirer</cite>),
+who was one of the Spearheads, tells
+in a breezily entertaining manner of the first
+experience of the boys going “over the top.”</p>
+
+<p>Montfaucon had been held for over three
+years by the Germans, and was one of the so-called
+“invulnerables.”</p>
+
+<p>The division historian says:</p>
+
+<p>“Just before dusk on the night of September
+25 the men began to enter the trenches.
+Blankets, overcoats, packs, and all unnecessary
+equipment were piled in large salvage heaps.
+Behind the lines, crouched beneath leafy
+screens of camouflage, was the artillery. At
+10.25 o’clock the first gun spoke and all along
+the line great splotches of red seared the sky
+and the boom, screech, and crack of the gigantic
+pieces echoed and reëchoed through the
+hills. Far across the landscape, rising from the
+plain and standing out upon the horizon, was
+Montfaucon. The white walls of the city
+could be seen distinctly in the daytime. A
+church steeple, long ago deserted by worshipers,
+stood, a vacant monument to the ravages
+of the foe. In the advance against Montfaucon
+it was necessary to advance approximately
+twelve kilometers, through two dense woods, a
+marshy land, up a sharp slope, another plain,
+and then a sharp ascent into the town. It was
+later learned that a German Division Headquarters
+was located in the town.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_103" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_103.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Committee Public Information.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Machine Gun in Action</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<h3>AT THE ZERO HOUR</h3>
+
+<p>“Patrols advanced into No Man’s Land as
+the artillery cut away barbed-wire entanglements.
+The great guns rose into a rumble and
+death rode through the night on shells—bound
+toward Germany. At 2.25 o’clock in the
+morning of September 26 the barrage rose and
+thundered in volume. Like the roll of a
+mighty drum the sound could be heard for
+more than a hundred miles. At 5.05 o’clock
+the barrage rested on the German front lines—rested
+there for twenty-five minutes, cutting
+forests to the ground and demoralizing
+the enemy who fled into the deepest dugouts.
+At 5.30 o’clock, the zero hour, the boys from
+Ohio went over the top. Every county and
+village in the State was represented in that
+attack.</p>
+
+<p>“On and on they went. Machine-gun nests,
+carefully camouflaged with the hellishness
+shown only by the German, were discovered
+and destroyed. Here and there in the woodland
+Hun snipers were busy—but not for
+long. Men fell by the wayside in agony, refused
+assistance from comrades, and urged the
+men to go forward. That was the true Ohio
+spirit. The spirit that drove the Germans
+back mile after mile, that resulted in the capture
+of not only Montfaucon, twenty-four
+hours later, but Cierges and Ivoiry. These
+towns had been held by the Germans for four
+long years and were wrested away and liberated
+by Ohioans in forty-eight hours.
+In the prisoner cage were huddled approximately
+1,100 prisoners, many officers among
+them.</p>
+
+<p>“Relief came to the tired, fighting crew on
+September 30. Back they came a laughing,
+joking, dirty, sleepy division of fighting men—no
+longer boys. Behind them, buried in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</span>
+fields of eastern France, slept those sons of
+Ohio who had given their lives, their all.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>NOW THE FINAL EPISODES</h3>
+
+<p>“At 5.25 o’clock on the morning of October
+31 ‘Fritzie’ on watch along the Lys River
+was rudely awakened from his dreams of German
+beer and sauerkraut to face a typical go-get-’em
+barrage. It was a typical American
+barrage. Five minutes of drumfire. Five
+minutes of hell, fire, and damnation. Five
+minutes of terror. Across the Lys River
+scurried the Ohioans. Paddling in the icy
+water on logs and planks, the ‘doughboys’ went
+over, carrying rifles and machine guns. Engineers
+began to build bridges. For a few minutes
+the Germans hesitated, but it didn’t take
+them long to decide. Back they went to previously
+arranged positions. Here they planned
+to stop the infantry, but they were mistaken.
+In twenty minutes the Ohioans had reached
+their first objective. Three hours later they
+passed their second objective and dug in for
+the night. As they dug in the Germans dug
+out and started for the Escaut River. On
+the second day members of the 37th Division
+drove on through Cruyshautem and Huysse
+to the banks of the Scheldt (Escaut) River.
+Here, under a veritable rain of shrapnel and
+machine-gun fire, they established and held
+the only bridgeheads to be erected over this
+river during the war.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THEIR LAST OVER</h3>
+
+<p>“In this drive through the fertile fields and
+populated country which had grown dormant
+under the four years of iron-hand rule of the
+Hohenzollern, more than twenty towns were
+liberated. Hundreds of men, women, and
+children, laughing, crying, cheering, greeted
+the men as they advanced and entered towns.
+The yellow, red, and black flags of Belgium
+appeared mysteriously from hiding places and
+swayed in the breeze. Apples and bottles of
+wine were resurrected and slipped down the
+throats of the boys in olive drab. Up ahead at
+Heurne, near Audenarde, the Americans were
+raising Cain with the Germans, who were
+falling back along the river.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_105" style="max-width: 41.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_105.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeants Eggers and Latham</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>27th Division, 107th Infantry, Machine-Gun Company</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">In action against the enemy near La Catelet, France, on September 29, 1918, Eggers and Latham
+separated from their platoon in a smoke barrage, and took shelter in a shell-hole within the enemy’s
+line where an American tank was disabled with three men inside; it was in a heavy fire from
+enemy guns; but the two sergeants rescued the men in the tank, one, an officer, was wounded, and
+conveyed them all to a nearby trench—returned to the abandoned tank which was in a violent rain
+of artillery fire—dismounted the Hotchkiss gun and returned with it to the trench, where the
+wounded men were and there effectively protected themselves from the enemy until night time,
+when they were able to take the wounded officer and tank crew to their own trenches.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“On November 4, 1918, the Division was
+relieved by a French division and hiked thirty
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</span>kilometers to Thielt, the largest town they
+had been in since leaving Montgomery, Ala.
+Here they brushed away the dirt and dust,
+waxed and grew fat until November 9. On
+that date the Division advanced again past
+Deynze to Synghem. With peace rumors
+flashing through the air, on the morning of
+November 10, the 37th Division went over
+the top again, crossing the Escaut River
+north of their first sector, and drove the Prussian
+Guards before them. It was here that
+news of the armistice arrived on the morning
+of November 11. Orders had been received
+to suspend hostilities at eleven o’clock. At
+ten o’clock the men were prepared to follow
+another barrage.</p>
+
+<p>“Squatting in ‘funk’ holes, the men carelessly
+rolled cigarettes and waited for the hour
+to tick around. The announcement was made.
+‘Hostilities had ceased.’ Calmly, confidently
+they clambered to the ground. Across the
+fields the Germans were moving away. There
+was no exchange of shots. Another cigarette.
+The war was over.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CORPORAL_HOLMESS_WAY">CORPORAL HOLMES’S WAY</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>And a Right Good Way to Win the V.C. and the Hearts of Men</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Fred Holmes</span>, corporal in the Yorkshire
+Light Infantry, was awarded
+France’s chief military decoration, the
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Médaille Militaire</i>, for gallantry during the
+fight on the Aisne. The official account of
+the exploit is quite brief: Holmes saw a
+platoon of French struggling against heavy
+odds, whereupon he dashed over the river for
+a machine gun, carried it to the platoon, and
+turned it on the enemy, with such effect that
+the German pressure was immediately relieved.
+However, when Corporal Holmes’
+name is mentioned men usually think of
+the thrilling record at Le Cateau which
+brought him the V.C.</p>
+
+<p>The Yorkshire Light Infantry were in the
+very thickest of the fighting at Mons. At
+the little colliery town at Warmb they received
+a severe shaking from the enemy, but
+gave as good as they got. It was after the
+engagement at this place that the brave fellows,
+footsore and tired, but still cheerful,
+tramped many weary miles to the famous
+battlefield of Le Cateau.</p>
+
+<p>It is not necessary to describe the stand
+made there, but only to mention a few facts,
+as recorded by G. A. Leask in his <cite>Heroes of
+the Great War</cite>, without knowledge of which
+Holmes’s feat would be unintelligible.</p>
+
+<p>Orders were given to entrench, and the
+men set to work with zest, glad of the change
+from the continuous retreating. The task
+accomplished, the regiment lay down in the
+trenches, while the booming of the German
+guns grew ever louder.</p>
+
+<p>At dawn of August 26 there was suddenly
+a fierce bombardment from the enemy’s artillery.
+According to Holmes, “We could
+feel the breath from their guns. It was awful.”
+The Yorks stuck to their trenches,
+firing incessantly. They had been told that
+French troops would reinforce them, but as
+the day dragged on no French appeared. The
+British artillery kept up a hot fire from behind
+Holmes’s trench, which suffered the
+proverbial discomfort of the unlucky victim
+between two fires.</p>
+
+<p>Late in the afternoon the Yorks received
+orders to retire; to have remained longer
+would have meant annihilation. The troops
+retired in small sections, Holmes remaining
+with five men to the last to cover the retreat
+of the others.</p>
+
+<p>Holmes was actually the last man to leave
+the trench. No sooner had he climbed over
+the parapet than he met the full brunt of the
+enemy’s fire, which by this time had become
+fiercer than ever. He had seen many of his
+comrades drop to earth, but his heart was
+undaunted. Suddenly, when he had proceeded
+a few yards from the trench, he felt his boot
+clutched and heard his name called.</p>
+
+<p>“For God’s sake, save me, Fred!” said a
+feeble voice.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_107" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_107.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Firing at Close Range</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A British fieldpiece, in an exposed position and without cover of camouflage, firing point blank at the enemy.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>TAKES UP HIS FRIEND</h3>
+
+<p>Holmes paused. There at his feet, unable
+to move, was one of his chums, his knees shattered
+by shrapnel. Holmes had only a brief
+moment for reflection. To delay meant certain
+death. The problem was how best to
+help the poor fellow. To take him back into
+the trench was the quickest way out of the
+difficulty, and the easiest. Had he done this,
+the Germans would soon have discovered the
+wounded man, and in all probability would
+have put an end to him. Holmes quickly dismissed
+this plan and decided upon the nobler
+and more dangerous course. He determined
+to make a dash with the wounded man, trusting
+to Providence to reach his lines in safety.</p>
+
+<p>He took the poor fellow in his stalwart
+arms, no light task, as his chum weighed
+twelve stone. Exerting his full strength,
+Holmes slung the man across his back. His
+only thought now was how to escape the bullets.
+All around him were the British dead
+and dying, heroes who had done their bit in
+the great battle.</p>
+
+<p>A slight drizzling rain was falling; it made
+the ground slippery, so that when Holmes
+resumed his dangerous journey he had the
+utmost difficulty in avoiding treading on the
+men who were at his feet. With infinite care
+he succeeded in reaching more open ground.</p>
+
+<p>After proceeding about one hundred yards
+he paused to take breath, for the burden on
+his back was a heavy load. At this stage his
+companion began to complain that Holmes’s
+equipment hurt him. Holmes laid the man
+down and removed the equipment. Knowing
+that he might have to make a long journey
+before he could reach assistance, he decided
+at the same time to drop his pack and rifle.</p>
+
+<p>The next few hundred yards were the most
+difficult, for a hailstorm of bullets and shells
+raged around. Holmes could hear them
+whistling as he staggered painfully along.
+Had he not been possessed of a splendid constitution
+he must have given in, but he was
+determined at all costs not to give in. So he
+continued on and went doggedly forward,
+with clenched teeth and grim countenance.</p>
+
+<p>On the way he came upon a wounded officer
+seated on the ground, his head between
+his hands. The officer looked up as he heard
+Holmes approach, and when he saw what the
+hero was doing suggested to him to leave
+the man with him and look after himself.
+This Holmes could not bring himself to do.
+Yard by yard he plodded steadily along. The
+poor fellow he was carrying began to lose
+heart. Holmes, although in terrible mental
+anguish himself, had to cheer him all the
+weary and dangerous way.</p>
+
+<p>Slowly but surely he made progress. Half
+a mile, then a mile was passed. Holmes took
+another rest. Then on again, until he came
+to a church flying the Red Cross. The Germans
+were shelling this, so he picked up his
+chum once more and proceeded to another
+village, where at length he was able to deposit
+his charge in the careful keeping of the
+British Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>In all, Holmes carried his chum three miles,
+and every inch of the way was attended by
+danger from the enemy’s fire. It was certainly
+one of the most unselfish of the many
+courageous deeds which it is the purpose of
+this book to record.</p>
+
+<p>In order to rejoin his battalion Holmes had
+now to make another dangerous journey
+across a fire-swept zone. His road lay past
+a hill, at the bottom of which was a British
+18-pounder quick-firing gun. The horses
+were quietly grazing; the gunners and drivers
+lay around dead. Nearby was a trumpeter, a
+lad of seventeen, who was wounded. This
+lad shouted that the Germans were coming.
+Holmes looked round and saw that the enemy
+were surrounding the gun. Now, the
+true soldier has ever had a fondness for guns,
+and will die rather than let one fall into the
+enemy’s hands. It was in this spirit that
+Holmes now performed his second act of
+heroism.</p>
+
+<p>Placing the trumpeter on one of the horses,
+he hitched the team to the gun, then thwacked
+them with a bayonet he had picked up, and
+swung into the saddle. The Germans were
+all around; some actually grasped at the reins.
+Holmes shouted to the horses, and they rushed
+madly forward. One after another he bayoneted
+the nearest Germans, while bullets
+whistled by his ears. The horse Holmes rode
+had its right ear shot off. For eight miles the
+ride went on until the rear of a British column
+was reached and all danger passed. The
+poor trumpeter had fallen off in the furious
+rush.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="NOT_DEAD_BUT_FIGHTING">NOT DEAD BUT FIGHTING</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Jim Gardener Quit the Trolley to Do His Bit and Did It Thoroughly</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">“When</span> we went to war,” said James C.
+Gardener, “I figured it out this way:
+‘I’m single and healthy and lots of other fellows
+are going over, and doggone me if I don’t
+go along and do my bit.’”</p>
+
+<p>So he went down to the Marines’ recruiting
+office, in Baltimore, and enlisted. He was
+sent to Philadelphia and on June 6, 1917,
+he was one of 250 men put aboard the <em>Hancock</em>
+which went to New York for orders and
+on June 13 sailed for France.</p>
+
+<p>Gardener had been a motorman on the
+Baltimore trolley, and when some months
+after he went to France the War Department,
+which did not then publish addresses,
+reported “J. C. Gardener killed in action” the
+<cite>Trolley Topics</cite> wrote an obituary of the motorman
+esteemed of his fellows; but as there
+was some uncertainty whether the J. C. Gardener
+killed was really the Baltimore boy, the
+obituary was withheld for more definite information.
+“Jimmie,” however, was mourned
+by his pals until there began to trickle through
+from one source and another rumors and reports
+that confirmed the doubt that the J. C.
+Gardener killed was really their “Jimmie.”</p>
+
+<p>Then one day, the war over, there walked
+into a group of trolley-men at the Baltimore
+car barns a strapping fellow, six feet three,
+weighing 195, wearing a khaki uniform with
+three gold service chevrons and three gold
+wound stripes, a division citation cord for
+bravery on his left shoulder and the Croix de
+Guerre with palm on his breast, and the boys
+were doggone certain that Jimmie Gardener,
+motorman, was very much alive and able to
+give an account of himself. The <cite>Trolley
+Topics</cite> lost no time in possessing itself of that
+account, and to that semi-monthly organ of
+the United Railways and Electric Company
+we are indebted for some of the details of the
+fighting experience of this trolley hero whom
+the great Foch kissed on either cheek.</p>
+
+<p>The <cite>Hancock</cite>, says Gardener was his twice
+by torpedoes on the way over, which “messed
+up both ends without crippling her very
+much.” He first saw action in a position
+“down below” St. Mihiel. He is quoted:</p>
+
+<p>“It was about 4 a.m. of March 31st that
+they opened up with artillery. Right ahead
+of us was a graveyard. The shells first fell
+on the far side of the graveyard. Then they
+fell in the graveyard and tore up graves and
+generally ruined it. Then the shells began
+to crawl closer to us.</p>
+
+<p>“There were four of us on guard and we
+reported the coming of the Germans to the
+officers, and the men were routed out of the
+dugouts. One little fellow named Roach—we
+called him the boy scout—was so excited that
+he put his trousers on backward and got his
+shoes on the wrong feet.</p>
+
+<p>“He started with a box of ammunition for
+a gun and ran into another fellow with another
+box. The collision knocked him down
+and he rolled clear down a hill to the very
+place the gun crew was waiting for the ammunition.</p>
+
+<p>“Some of us had been joking and I remember
+a fellow named Clark who said he wondered
+which of us would live to take the story
+back home. A buddy of mine named Hanky
+said, ‘You fellows write your notes to your
+mothers and sweethearts and I’ll take ’em back
+to them.’ Poor Hanky was killed in that fight.</p>
+
+<p>“The fight lasted two hours. The point
+where I was had thirteen men to defend it.
+We had two Stokes guns.</p>
+
+<p>“There were five hundred men in the party
+that attacked this point, or, to be exact, 498,
+according to the officers. We cleaned up the
+whole business. Seven of our thirteen men
+were killed.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THAT LITTLE FELLOW ROACH</h3>
+
+<p>Gardener’s next serious engagement was in
+the Belleau Wood battle.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_110" style="max-width: 45.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_110.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Color Sergeant Hardy C. Dougherty</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>1st Division, 18th Infantry, Headquarters Company</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He was cited July 18-23, 1918, as a non-commissioned officer of splendid courage, energy and ability.
+When in command of reinforcements for the first line, he carried out his mission with complete
+success. Upon being relieved he returned to bring to safety on his back one of the seriously
+wounded of his detachment.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</span></p>
+
+<p>“We moved up to the woods gradually.
+We met Algerian troops belonging to the
+French Army. These Algerians claimed that
+they had been kept at the front too long. They
+were never taken to rest-camps or had any
+relief. Many of them committed suicide.
+They said they were tired of fighting. We
+met some that were running wild, shooting
+in all directions, and had to take shelter to
+keep from being hit by stray shots.</p>
+
+<p>“We met many French moving back, too.
+They said that the Germans were very numerous
+in the woods.</p>
+
+<p>“That little fellow, Roach, crawled out
+in a field, dug into a haystack and climbed to
+the top. From there he could see that Germans
+were hiding behind bushes farther on.</p>
+
+<p>“He came back and said he was going to
+raid ’em. The officers said he didn’t have
+any right to do this without orders. ‘Well,’
+said Roach, ‘this ain’t a regular battle, you
+know. This is just a little private party of
+my own.’ He said he wanted a dozen men
+to volunteer to go with him, and the dozen
+volunteered at once. I never saw a time when
+volunteers were called for among the marines
+that any one wanted to stay back. Everybody
+wanted to go.</p>
+
+<p>“Well, Roach got his men as quick as he
+could count ’em. ‘Come on, fellows,’ he said:
+‘I’m going to have them Germans for supper.’</p>
+
+<p>“We cleaned up fifty of ’em.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Did Roach or any of his dozen men get
+the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Croix de Guerre</i> for that?’ we asked.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Oh, no,’ answered ‘Jimmie,’ ‘as I said,
+that wasn’t a regular affair. It was only
+Roach’s own party and there wasn’t nothing
+official about it.’ It was funny to see our
+bunch. Roach was a little fellow about five
+feet seven, and he chose as the second in command
+of his party a lanky artilleryman who
+was six feet eleven. The rest of us were just
+ordinary size, like me.’ (‘Jimmie’ Gardener
+is six feet three in his stocking feet and weighs
+195 pounds!)</p>
+
+<p>“That artilleryman had just drifted into
+our bunch somehow. They had put him out
+of the artillery because he had flat feet, and
+told him to go home. He said he didn’t want
+to go home. He wanted to fight, and he was
+going to stay with us whether he belonged
+with us or not, and he did.</p>
+
+<p>“In a day or two we were put in trucks
+and hurried forward. We knew now that
+the Germans were pressing hard in their attempt
+to reach Paris. The French were falling
+back. We were run in those trucks directly
+between the retreating Frenchmen and
+the advancing Germans, and we got mixed up
+with the enemy so quickly that we simply
+tumbled out of the trucks oftentimes to engage
+in hand-to-hand fighting with the Huns.</p>
+
+<p>“We went right at ’em, and this thing kept
+up for four days. We had nothing to eat,
+nothing to drink, nothing to smoke—and
+everybody longed for a smoke, even fellows
+who never smoked before they entered the
+service—and we had no sleep in all those four
+days and nights.</p>
+
+<p>“A great deal of the time we were in close
+fighting. There was where the Germans
+failed. They were all right when they were
+twenty-five or thirty yards away and could
+use their rifles, but when it came to the bayonet
+they turned and fled.</p>
+
+<p>“Sometimes we fought so close that it was
+impossible to use the bayonet. We had to
+knock ’em down with our fists first.</p>
+
+<p>“Everybody said the odds were against us in
+this fighting. While we had some reserves
+there were only two regiments of us fighting
+and we were against three German divisions,
+including the Prussian Guards. But in four
+days we advanced one and a half miles.</p>
+
+<p>“We suffered terrible losses. When we
+reached the town of Lucy, where we halted
+to be reorganized, there were only 150 men
+left in my company of 335 men.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE MAJOR SAID IT</h3>
+
+<p>“There was another company whose commander
+was killed and a major took charge.
+In the middle of the fighting he had lost
+so many men that a French officer advised
+him to retreat. ‘Retreat hell!’ he cried: ‘I’m
+going on as long as I and one man are left.’
+It came near coming true, for when he
+reached Lucy he had just three men left with
+him out of an entire company.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_112" style="max-width: 49.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_112.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Brave to the Very End</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Though physically wounded—often mortally—the spirit of the French soldiers never perished, but
+immortalized their efforts in conflict.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“We saw some horrible things in Lucy,
+At one house we found an old French woman,
+She said she was with her three daughters—16,
+18, and 20 years old—when the Germans
+came, and they had remained there without
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</span>any protection from the Huns who took charge
+of the house. We asked where her daughters
+were and she said they were upstairs and she
+guessed they were asleep.</p>
+
+<p>“Several of us went to learn the fate of
+the girls and we found all three stretched out
+with their throats cut from ear to ear, and
+their bodies horribly slashed. The Germans
+had deliberately butchered them when they
+were forced out of the town.</p>
+
+<p>“When we told the old lady of the fate
+of her daughters she was stricken with heart
+trouble and died in a few minutes, but before
+she died she asked that we bury her with the
+three girls in the little grove near her home.
+We did it although we were under fire the
+whole time, and eight of our men were killed
+while burying those French women.</p>
+
+<p>“The next day we pushed on and got
+through the woods. That was the hottest
+fighting of all. The Germans used more
+artillery, and when the day was over the
+number of men in my company had again
+been reduced to about 150. Some companies
+had only a dozen or fifteen men left.</p>
+
+<p>“One of the fellows killed that day was
+a fellow from South Baltimore who used to
+be a chum of mine before we went to war.
+His name was Halle. He said to me that
+morning: ‘Jim, I feel I’m going to get
+knocked off to-day. Never tell my people
+that I was killed. Just tell them that I am
+somewhere in France.’ He was killed and
+I haven’t told his people and never will, but
+they found it out through the War Department.</p>
+
+<p>“We next went to the Marne. There we
+fought in the river. It was tough luck for a
+fellow to be wounded there, for as he sank
+down he was drowned. It was often close
+fighting, bayonet to bayonet in midstream, and
+must have been a pretty sight for people to
+look at if there’d been any spectators there,
+but it wasn’t very pretty for those in the fight.</p>
+
+<p>“After the Marne battle our company’s
+ranks had to be filled again. Once more we
+had been reduced to about 150.</p>
+
+<p>“Next we went to Château-Thierry and
+fought there for nine days, which was followed
+by a three-day hike to Soissons, which we
+reached on July 18, 1918. The next day we
+went over the top at 3 a.m.</p>
+
+<p>“Ten minutes later I went down with a
+wound that crippled my ankle. I was gassed,
+too, and suffered shock. When I came to my
+senses in a hospital I had two other wounds
+that I didn’t know anything about. They told
+me that as the ambulance was carrying me to
+the rear it was struck by a shell which killed
+some of the other wounded men and presented
+me with a couple more wounds for good
+measure.</p>
+
+<p>“Outside of having been in a bunch of hospitals
+in France and America that’s about all
+I know about the war,” concluded “Jimmie”
+Gardener.</p>
+
+<p>“You haven’t told why you got the Croix
+de Guerre and the palm branch,” we suggested.</p>
+
+<p>“Oh,” said “Jimmie.” “I was awarded
+the Croix with the six other fellows for cleaning
+up that bunch of 498 Germans in the
+quiet sector I told you about. The affair
+they gave me the palm for was rescuing a
+lieutenant who was wounded in the Belleau
+Wood fighting.</p>
+
+<p>“I don’t know who the lieutenant was, but
+he was a newspaper man who had entered the
+fighting forces and he was out in advance of
+the line when he was wounded. Several of
+us volunteered to go out and bring him in,
+but we did not know exactly where he was.
+It was during the night and very dark. Along
+about four o’clock, as I was crawling along,
+I fell plumb into a shell-hole, and there he
+was with his leg shot off.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>“SORT OF SWIMMING-LIKE”</h3>
+
+<p>“I put my coat around him and bandaged
+his leg up as well as I could. Then he got
+his arms around my neck and I held on to
+him with one hand and dragged myself, sort
+of swimming-like, along the ground with the
+other.</p>
+
+<p>“I had only an hour and a half before
+daybreak when the Germans would be able to
+see us, and in that time I managed to make
+about twenty yards to another shell-hole. We
+lay in that all day. The lieutenant suffered
+a great deal. I gave him what water I had
+in my canteen.</p>
+
+<p>“When night came on we started again and
+before morning had made the rest of the distance—about
+sixty yards—to our trenches.
+The lieutenant got well. They say he is a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</span>
+great writer of books and things. He belongs
+in New York State somewhere.”</p>
+
+<p>“Were you kissed when the Croix was presented
+to you?” we asked.</p>
+
+<p>“Yes, General Foch pinned the badge on
+our coats and then kissed us on both cheeks.
+We were all smiling when the kissing was
+going on.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="WHEN_THE_LIGHT_FAILED">WHEN THE LIGHT FAILED</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>One Soldier Tells What It Is Like to Have Eyes Shot Out</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">You</span> may not think this a story of heroism;
+but if it does not fall into that class we
+do not know where to place it. There is
+no attacking a plane in mid-air and sending
+it crashing to earth; no leaping into trench
+and gathering a score or so of prisoners with
+the tilt of a bayonet; no running to stand
+on a parapet and hurl hand grenades against
+a rain of bullets; nothing to set your blood
+into a gallop to grip you and make you take
+off your hat to the man about whom Private
+Jesse A. Whaley, Co. K, 310th Inf., A. E. F.,
+is writing. And this is what Whaley wrote
+as it appeared in the New York <cite>Sunday
+Times</cite>:</p>
+
+<p>“It is dark, the ground is damp and cold.
+There are men stirring about cleaning their
+rifles and there is a queer look on their faces.
+One private is sitting huddled in the trench;
+he is cold, he is hungry with that gnawing
+feeling in his stomach which comes from lack
+of food for many hours. He moves restlessly,
+thousands of things pass through his mind;
+home, loved ones. Suddenly a whistle sounds
+at our right and there is a rushing of men.
+There is but a second’s wait; it is the signal
+for the fight. It is now midnight, the men
+move to and fro, they disappear. When we
+come upon them again they are all lined up
+waiting for the barrage to start just outside of
+the wood. Does it seem possible that these
+men are the same who just a few minutes ago
+were sitting in the trench back in the wood?
+The barrage starts and the scene is lit with
+the strangest light our eyes ever saw. There
+is a roar in our cars, and suddenly all is dark
+with a blackness the eye cannot pierce. A
+flare breaks in the sky, lighting the strange
+scene which lies before us. To our right lies
+a valley in which are many more men. We
+see flashes of rifles, and now and again a flare
+shoots up, disclosing a clump of bushes which
+means almost certain death to those who approach
+it.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>A DASH STRAIGHT AHEAD</h3>
+
+<p>“The line moves steadily forward and a man
+from the back of the line rushes forward and
+breaks through with his rifle at the charge. It
+is the private who sat huddled in the trench.
+He makes a dash for the bushes, followed
+by other men. Men drop all along the line,
+but the clump of bushes is reached, and the
+men who made it are hidden from our view.
+Between us and the bushes men are lying
+where they fell, never to be walking mortals
+again.</p>
+
+<p>“Suddenly the roar grows louder, and we
+can hardly hear each other shout, although
+we are standing side by side. The ground
+trembles and great holes are dug up by the
+flying shells. We hear the whine of the
+deadly fragments and the whiz of machine-gun
+bullets as they pass us on all sides. It seems
+death to move, but we go forward so we
+can see what is happening on the other side
+of the bushes. As we go we stumble over
+the bodies of men lying where they fell, some
+partly blown to pieces. At last we come upon
+the men again, and the lines are very thin.
+The private we have been following is still
+untouched, but something has happened to his
+rifle and he is down on one knee working
+fast and furiously until he has fixed it and
+loaded it. Just as he fixes it we notice another
+man less than a hundred feet away, and
+by the light of a flare we see that his uniform
+is not like that of our private. He is a German,
+and holds in his hands something that
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</span>looks strangely like a small soup can with a
+stick attached to it. It is a deadly hand grenade.
+Before the American can dodge he
+throws it, the American starts forward to
+make another dash, and then the grenade explodes
+with a roar which shakes the earth,
+and the American falls, hit in the head. Slowly
+he rises to his feet in a dazed way and reaches
+for his rifle. He gropes for it without seeming
+to realize that it has been blown far out of
+his reach. He stands up straight and wipes
+his face, which is running with blood; he
+pushes his hair back, then takes a step to the
+left and falls over the body of a dead comrade,
+killed perhaps by the same grenade and
+at the same instant.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_115" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_115.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>National Service Magazine.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Remembering Their Fallen Comrades</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Members of the United States Marine Corps carving stones with which to mark the graves of their former brothers in arms.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“But that soldier was not killed—he was
+blinded for life. He is myself.”</p>
+
+<p>That is the story of Jesse A. Whaley, told
+by himself while an inmate of the Red Cross
+Institute for the Blind, where the blinded
+soldiers are aught trades and occupations in
+which the sense of touch serves for the lost
+eyes. To grip gun in a charge against the
+foe is possibly no more heroic than to grip
+life, resolutely to serve though blind.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_CLOUD_OF_BLACKS">THE “CLOUD OF BLACKS”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Terrible Effect of a Charge of Senegals Upon German Officer’s Sensibilities</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Perhaps</span> the most vivid and ecstatic description
+of a fight for trenches that was
+written in the course of the war or has been
+written since was from the pen of Rheinhold
+Eichacker, a German officer on the Western
+front. It was published in one of the German
+papers from which it was translated for
+the benefit of the New York <cite>Times</cite>. It deserves
+a permanent place in the historic record
+of desperate deeds of courage as an example
+of thoroughly adequate treatment, in literary
+form, of what may be styled “compound heroism.”
+The passionate frenzy of a personal
+experience could not be made more graphic
+with mere words as tools.</p>
+
+<p>The occasion was less feelingly covered by
+the German Army report, which said:</p>
+
+<p>“After a lengthy artillery preparation, white
+and colored Frenchmen attacked our positions
+in heavy force. They succeeded in getting a
+foothold in some of our most advanced
+trenches. A furious counter-attack drove
+them back again in a hand-to-hand encounter.
+Nothing else of importance.”</p>
+
+<p>But let us have Rheinhold Eichacker:</p>
+
+<p>“At 7.15 in the morning the French attacked.
+The black Senegal negroes, France’s
+cattle for the shambles. After a seven-hour
+suffocating drumfire that, according to all human
+reckoning, should not have left a mortal
+man alive. But we still lived—and waited.
+Six meters under the sod lay our ‘waiting
+rooms.’ Burrowed into the ground on a slant.
+‘Courage bracers,’ they call them out there.</p>
+
+<p>“At 7.15 the enemy shifted his fire backward
+upon our reserves. Our pickets sounded
+the alarm. We sprang to arms, with our gas
+masks in place. For a few seconds the trenches
+resembled an antheap. There was feverish
+hurrying, running, shouting, and shoving. Just
+for seconds. Then everybody was at his post.
+Everybody who was alive. Every one a rock
+in the seething waves. Every one determined
+to hold his position against hell itself.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>“LET THEM COME”</h3>
+
+<p>“A gas attack! Several hundred pairs of
+wide-open warriors’ eyes fixed their glances
+upon the ugly, smoking cloud that, lazy and
+impenetrable, rolled toward us. Hundreds of
+fighting eyes, fixed, threatening, deadly. Let
+them come, the blacks! And they came. First
+singly, at wide intervals. Feeling their way,
+like the arms of a horrible cuttlefish. Eager,
+grasping, like the claws of a mighty monster.
+Thus they rushed closer, flickering and
+sometimes disappearing in their cloud. Entire
+bodies and single limbs, now showing in
+the harsh glare, now sinking in the shadows,
+came nearer and nearer. Strong, wild fellows,
+their log-like, fat, black skulls wrapped in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</span>
+pieces of dirty rags. Showing their grinning
+teeth like panthers, with their bellies drawn
+in and their necks stretched forward. Some
+with bayonets on their rifles. Many only
+armed with knives. Monsters all, in their
+confused hatred. Frightful their distorted,
+dark grimaces. Horrible their unnaturally
+wide-opened, burning, bloodshot eyes. Eyes
+that seem like terrible beings themselves. Like
+unearthly, hell-born beings. Eyes that seemed
+to run ahead of their owners, lashed, unchained,
+no longer to be restrained. On they
+came like dogs gone mad and cats spitting and
+yowling, with a burning lust for human blood,
+with a cruel dissemblance of their beastly
+malice. Behind them came the first wave of
+the attackers, in close order, a solid, rolling
+black wall, rising and falling, swaying and
+heaving, impenetrable, endless.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Close range! Individual firing! Take
+careful aim!’ My orders rang out sharp and
+clear and were correctly understood by all
+the men. They stood as if carved out of stone,
+their lips tightly pressed, the muscles of their
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</span>cheeks swollen, and took aim. Just like rifle
+range work. The first blacks fell headlong in
+full course in our wire entanglements, turning
+somersaults like the clowns in a circus. Some
+of them half rose, remained hanging, jerked
+themselves further, crawling, gliding, like
+snakes—cut wires—sprang over—tumbled—fell.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_117" style="max-width: 52em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_117.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Spahis Winding Their War Bonnets</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Famed for their fierce charges, these French colonial troops were helpless in the face of
+prolonged shelling.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Nearer and nearer rolled the wall. Gaps
+opened and closed again. Lines halted and rolled
+on again. Whrr rratt—tenggg—ssstt—crack!
+Our artillery sent them its greeting!
+Whole groups melted away. Dismembered
+bodies, sticky earth, shattered rocks, were
+mixed in wild disorder. The black cloud
+halted, wavered, closed its ranks—and rolled
+nearer and nearer, irresistible, crushing, devastating!
+And the rifles were flashing all
+the time. A dissonant, voiceless rattle. The
+men still stood there and took aim. Calmly,
+surely, not wasting a single shot. The stamping
+and snorting of thousands of panting
+beasts ate up the ground between us.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>“HELL SEEMED LET LOOSE”</h3>
+
+<p>“Now the wave was only 300 paces from
+our defenses—from their remnants—now only
+200—100—irresistible, seething and roaring—50
+paces!—‘Rapid fire!’ I roared, I
+shrieked, through the swelling cracking of the
+rifles. A hurricane swallowed my voice!
+Hell seemed let loose at a single blow, raging,
+storming, obliterating all understanding!
+Shoving and stamping, shrieking and shouting,
+cracking and rattling, hissing and screeching.
+A heavy veil hung over the wall. In this cloud
+pieces of earth, smoke spirals, black, red, white,
+yellow flashes, quivered and flared. Rattling,
+rapping, pounding, hammering, crackling. And
+the shots fell unceasingly. Clear and shrill the
+rifles, heavy and roaring the shells.</p>
+
+<p>“And now came the gruesome, inconceivable
+horror! A wall of lead and iron suddenly
+hurled itself upon the attackers and
+the entanglements just in front of our
+trenches. A deafening hammering and clattering,
+cracking and pounding, rattling and
+crackling, beat everything to earth in ear-splitting,
+nerve-racking clamor. Our machine
+guns had flanked the blacks!</p>
+
+<p>“Like an invisible hand they swept over the
+men and hurled them to earth, mangling and
+tearing them to pieces! As an autumn storm
+roars over the fields they swept in full flood
+over the ranks and snuffed out life! Like hail
+among the ears of grain, their missiles flew and
+rattled and broke down the enemy’s will!
+Singly, in files, in rows and heaps, the blacks
+fell. Next to each other, behind each other,
+on top of each other. Hurled in heaps, in
+mounds, in hillocks. Fresh masses charged
+and fell back, charged and stumbled, charged
+and fell. And there were always fresh forces!
+They seemed to spring from the very earth!</p>
+
+<p>“We had losses; heavy losses. Here a
+man suddenly put his hand to his forehead
+and swayed. There another sprang gurgling
+to one side and fell, as flat and heavy as a
+block of stone. S-s-s-t—it went above our
+heads. The French were throwing shrapnel
+against our trenches, hissing, cracking, and
+in volleys.</p>
+
+<p>“Hell still rages. The blacks get reinforcements.
+Finally the whites themselves charge,
+a jerky, rolling, bluish-green mass! In a powerful
+drive they get over the first rise in the
+ground. Now they have disappeared. Now
+they bob up, as out of a trap door. Here and
+there the ranks shoot forward in great leaps,
+the officers ahead of all, with their swords
+swinging high in the air, just as in the pictures!
+A splendid sight. Now they reach
+the bodies of the blacks. They halt for a few
+seconds, as if in horror, then on they roll
+over the dead, jumping, wallowing, dozens
+falling.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>“WE STILL STAND FIRMLY”</h3>
+
+<p>“Our nerves are strained to the snapping
+point, gasping, bleeding, feverish! We dare
+not waver. ‘Steady, men! Steady!’ We
+must calmly let them come as far as the wire
+entanglements, as the blacks did. The blacks?
+Where are they? Disappeared! Only they
+left their dead behind. The same thing will
+happen to the whites. We are waiting for
+them. The death-spewing machine guns are
+lying over there. They lie there and wait
+until their time comes. Steady, steady! They
+lie there and wait impatiently—but yet they
+are silent— Now!—No—I am raving!
+‘Rapid fire!’—I hiss—My neighbor staggers—I
+only listen and wait, wait and listen, for
+only one thing. Something that has to come,
+must finally come, has to come! Great God,
+otherwise we are lost! Be calm, be calm!
+Now they will begin reaping! Now they
+must begin to rattle, our machine guns, our
+faithful rescuers—now—at once! What can
+they be waiting for? Why, they are there
+in the wires already. Hell and Satan! No
+man can endure that! They are hesitating too
+long—the enemy is almost in the trenches!
+Ah! At last! A rattling—a hoarse crackling—Heaven
+help us, what is that?</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_119" style="max-width: 48.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_119.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Private M. B. Ellis</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>1st Division, 28th Infantry, Company “C”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Cited for extraordinary heroism in action. When south of Soissons, July 18-22, 1918, as a member
+of the 1st Division he showed unusual courage in carrying supplies and in attacking strong
+points at Breuil, Plaisy, and Berzy-le-Sec.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“A devilish howling rises hoarsely from
+over there, lacerating, bestial, shrieking! The
+blacks, the devils! How did they reach our
+flank over there? That’s where our machine
+guns are. It cannot be. There! Hell! They
+are carrying hand grenades, are in their rear!
+Heaven help us! And the whites! They
+are at our breastworks. Already they are in
+the trenches, fighting like wild beasts. Horror
+makes them crazy. Help is coming to us
+from the left. The second company has fallen
+upon their flank. The French run like hunted
+animals. A shell bursts in their midst, catches
+twenty or thirty of them and throws them in
+the air like toys. They run still further,
+through the air, bowling along on their heads,
+gruesomely—and fall in heaps to the ground.
+Heads, legs, twitching bodies! The French
+run until back of the bodies. The rest of
+them are cut to pieces, or made prisoners.
+But now our men must come back.</p>
+
+<p>“We struggle for breath. Wounded men
+writhe around and moan and groan heavily.
+The trench is bathed in blood. Far more than
+half of the company has been slain. We are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</span>
+only a handful. I assemble the valiant men
+and distribute them among the trenches. They
+stand resolutely, breathing hard and gasping.</p>
+
+<p>“A furious rattling and buzzing and hissing
+calls us again to our posts. They are charging
+anew. Now the whites again, in front,
+on the side. They are on our flank! Back of
+them the blacks in frightful clusters. ‘Bring
+the sandbags!’ The sandbags fly from hand
+to hand. A wall rises in the midst of the
+trench. The other half was overrun long
+ago and is a knot of struggling men. A piece
+of wood hits me on the shoulder—crack—I
+cry out! A shot lands in the midst of our
+ammunition—it was our last. This way with
+the hand grenades! We have got to smoke
+them out!</p>
+
+<p>“A roaring hurrah! Heaven help us, aid
+is at hand! The Fourth, and the Fifth—I
+know the men—and some of the First, too—all
+mixed up—dispersed troops rallied again.
+Now, up and at them! The French defend
+themselves furiously. They hold the trench.
+The dead are heaped up before their ramparts—but
+keep it up! A wild passion takes possession
+of me. My revolver and my dagger
+have been lost in the fighting. I seize a bottle.
+Hell sends it to me at the right moment.
+Like an animal mad with hate I rush forward.
+My bottle lands, crashing and splintering, on
+a wooly skull, with a distorted grimace. A
+hot shock rushes through my shoulder—a
+shock—a wrench—I grasp at the air—grasp
+something convulsively—throw myself in the
+air—and fall in a heap. A confused mist
+dances before my eyes.”</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>On November 11, 1918. the American Army had 80 fully equipped hospitals in the
+United States with a capacity of 120,000 patients.</p>
+
+<p>There were 104 base hospitals and 31 evacuation hospitals in the American Expeditionary
+Force, and one evacuation hospital in Siberia.</p>
+
+<p>Army hospitals in the United States cared for 1,407,191 patients during the war; those
+with the American Expeditionary Force cared for 755,354—a total of 2,162,545.</p>
+
+<p>Up to the end of July about 15 per cent, of the entire civilian medical profession of the
+United States went into active duty as medical officers of the army.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="HUBBELL_BAGGED_EM">HUBBELL BAGGED ’EM</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Lone Corporal Captures 31 of the Enemy in a Morning Frolic</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">One</span> of the most spectacular of the valorous
+deeds in the Champagne engagement
+was the single-handed performance of Corporal
+Fred D. Hubbell, a Marine, from
+Toledo, Ohio. He captured and brought in
+for delivery nine German officers and twenty-two
+privates as the result of a morning’s
+pastime. It was during the attack on Blanc
+Mont, and in some way Hubbell got separated
+from his company, and in casting about
+to recover ground he saw the head of a
+German soldier pop from a dugout entrance
+and promptly duck down again. Hubbell felt
+a keen interest and determined to explore.
+But let him tell his own story, as he did in an
+interview reproduced by the <cite>Marine’s Magazine</cite>.</p>
+
+<p>“It was in the morning that the —th
+Company went forward and had almost obtained
+their objective when they ran into a
+series of dugouts occupied by German artillery
+officers. A few prisoners were taken from one
+of the dugouts and one of them said that
+there were no more there. About half an
+hour later, the company having been under
+machine-gun fire from our left, I happened
+to be crouching alone behind the entrance to
+a dugout waiting for a counter-attack that
+was reported to be coming, when I saw a
+Heinie stick his head out of a dugout.</p>
+
+<p>“I immediately told him to put up his
+hands, but he jumped back down the doorway
+and I heard him speak a few words of English
+and so called to him to come out, which he
+did. He said that there were at least thirty
+men in the dugout beside himself, whom he
+thought would surrender also, and a couple
+of officers. I told him that there were plenty
+of Americans around and that they might as
+well surrender because there was no chance
+for them to get away, and for them to leave
+their firearms all in the dugout and come out
+at once and they would not be harmed. He
+returned to the dugout and said he would go
+down and get them to come out. He went
+down but did not return.</p>
+
+<p>“After a considerable length of time I
+yelled down and threatened to throw a hand
+grenade and waited for them to come up but
+none came. As there were several entrances
+to the series of dugouts I was afraid that they
+would catch me from behind, so I moved off
+to the left under some shelter where I could
+get a different view of the entrance and I had
+only been there a short time when another
+Heinie stuck his head up and I yelled at him,
+thinking they were all coming out. After
+waiting several minutes I became leary that
+I would be caught from behind and started
+for help.</p>
+
+<p>“While on the way I passed another entrance
+to the series of dugouts and came upon
+one of the officers with his pistol in his hand
+evidently coming out looking for me. I yelled
+at him to throw up his hands, but he did
+not, instead, fell backward down the stairs
+in his haste to get away. Then I ran to the
+dugout entrance with a grenade in my hand
+and ordered them to come out or I would
+throw it down, and they came up at once.
+The German private who spoke English,
+whom I first caught showing his head out of
+the doorway, came up and stood by and passed
+on the orders to the officers and men to leave
+their firearms below and hold up their hands.
+Then they all filed out and gave themselves
+up. There was one major, one captain and
+seven lieutenants and twenty-two men in the
+party.</p>
+
+<p>“The private told me on the way to the
+rear that when he told the officers there was
+only one American outside they were furious
+and refused to surrender, and therefore would
+not come up, and ordered the private to sneak
+out of one of the dugouts and shoot me, but
+the private refused. All the privates were
+willing to give up, but the officers were not
+so anxious. They evidently had been caught
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</span>in their dugout by the barrage and could not
+get away without a great deal of risk.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_122" style="max-width: 45.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_122.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Corporal Sidney E. Manning</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>42nd Division, 167th Infantry, Company “G”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">While in charge of an automatic rifle squad near Croix Rouge Farm, northeast of Château-Thierry,
+July 27, 1918, he was wounded nine times before he rejoined his platoon. He prevented
+the enemy from closing in and continued to advance in the face of the most terrific fire by enemy
+machine guns.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<h3>OTHER DOUGHTY CHAPS</h3>
+
+<p>But there were numerous single-handed exploits
+in that thrilling Champagne campaign,
+and among them are the following instances
+of the courage and initiative that characterized
+the American boys on the front.</p>
+
+<p>Private John J. Kelley, of Chicago, Illinois,
+during the same attack as that in which Hubbell
+took part, crossed through the barrage of
+his own artillery, killed the operator of a
+machine gun which was firing into his line,
+wounded another with his pistol and took
+eight prisoners. Private Samuel S. Simmons,
+of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, with Private
+Lambert Bos, of Granite, Idaho, and Private
+Joe N. Viera, of New Bedford, Massachusetts,
+volunteered and attacked a machine-gun
+nest in advance of their front line. They
+killed the crew, then descended into an enemy
+dugout and captured forty prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>Another instance is that of Corporal Horace
+P. Frye, of San Francisco, California. The
+position of his company on the hill east of
+St. Etienne was being continually swept by
+enemy machine-gun fire at apparently close
+range. Acting entirely upon his own initiative
+he determined to locate the source of the
+enemy fire and accordingly crawled forward
+unnoticed through 150 yards of open field,
+located the enemy guns and after throwing
+several hand grenades into their position he
+charged them and captured two machine guns
+and eleven men, with which he returned to
+his own lines through machine-gun fire.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="WAS_HE_A_COWARD">WAS HE A COWARD?</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Singular Confessions of a Hollander Who Gave His Life for France</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">What</span> is a coward? Is there any such
+thing as absolute bravery or absolute
+cowardice? When we characterize a particular
+person as a coward for failing to do, or
+refraining from doing, some specific thing are
+we quite sure that in the circumstances we
+would have acted differently? These are questions
+that suggest themselves when one reads
+what purport to be excerpts from the diary and
+letters of a confessed—or rather self-stigmatized
+coward, one Jan R——, a Hollander.
+He had lived in France some years, and soon
+after the outbreak of war became a naturalized
+citizen in order that he might join the
+French Army as a volunteer—not because he
+wanted to, but because he was ashamed to stay
+out.</p>
+
+<p>The <cite>Atlantic Monthly</cite> published all that
+was suitable of the available material in a
+long and intensely interesting article which is
+a curious record of psychological study and
+introspection. It is highly probable that the
+experience was by no means unique. A candid
+statement by the most daring of our heroes
+possibly would contain the admission that there
+were moments when the reflections of the Hollander
+were similar to his own.</p>
+
+<p>Jan R—— tells of morning awakenings
+from troubled sleep with “the oppression that
+something horrible was about to enter into his
+existence.” He felt a pang in his breast that
+he “should have to take part in the fighting.
+There was no escape.” He suffered a fear, a
+shifting fear that he “could sometimes suppress
+but never drive out.” The life in the training
+camp somewhat eased his emotions as he
+mingled with so many others, and at times
+he even got “flickerings of a desire to fight,”
+but it was not the real thing, he assumed; it
+was “more in the nature of artistic imagination.”
+In the distance was the rumbling and
+thudding of heavy gun fire, and as he heard
+it he felt “a strange respect and admiration,
+mingled with fear for the men in the first line
+of trenches.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_124" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_124.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Kadel &amp; Herbert.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">American and French Aviation Officers at an American Hangar</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">American aviators were among the first from the United States to do their part in the great war. There were a great many things that the French
+could tell our boys, and the men of the two countries coöperated in this as well as many other branches of the service.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Before long our turn for the trenches will
+come. Most of the fellows are wishing for
+the time to come. At least that is what they
+say. I am dreading it. I am in earnest when
+I say that my life is of little value, even to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</span>myself. Yet I fear the trenches. Yesterday
+evening transports of wounded soldiers came
+past us repeatedly. Hearing the wailing and
+the groaning, seeing all the bloodiness made
+me sick.... The fear of the front suddenly
+overtook me. I violently reproached myself
+for having been so stupid as to enlist. There
+I was in the midst of this insane murder!
+And by my own free will!”</p>
+
+
+<h3>HE GOES TO THE FRONT</h3>
+
+<p>Finally his turn came for the front. One
+of his comrades was a youth named Gaston.</p>
+
+<p>“The dear boy has become very much attached
+to me. He believes that I am a strong
+support for him! Must I weep at this, or
+laugh? Gaston has told me in great confidence
+that he gets occasional attacks of cowardice.
+And he asked me whether I did not
+despise him. He is terribly afraid that the
+fellows will notice it, but he did not mind confiding
+in me. Why in me? He says it is
+because he admires my imperturbable calmness
+so much. What could I reply? It
+seemed best not to tell him how things stood
+with me. Apart from the difficulties such a
+confession would cause me, I concluded that
+it would also be better for him to believe in
+my courage.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE BOY REGARDED HIM AS A HERO</h3>
+
+<p>“A hero! But there are real heroes and
+make-believe heroes; and they are not always
+easily distinguishable. I do not hide from myself
+that I belong to the make-believes. And
+yet, it is remarkable that I did not find the
+second week at the front as terrible as the
+first. It is not as bad there as it seems. When
+once you get accustomed to the idea that you
+may be dead in a day, or in an hour, or in a
+minute, and when you are clear as to your
+future, your mood is relieved from constant
+depression. Involuntarily you become kind
+and helpful to those about you, you do not
+get vexed over trifles, you are ready to make
+all sorts of sacrifices. Of course, if, in the
+midst of such a condition, a grenade suddenly
+drops into your trench, if you see three or
+four of your comrades getting killed, your
+misery returns, no matter how good an outward
+appearance you may keep up. At least,
+for a while. But then again the thought
+comes that getting wounded means rest and
+safety, and good care. And death? that is
+still less terrible. One boasts of reaching one’s
+destination along the shortest road! Is not
+death every one’s final destination?...</p>
+
+<p>“It is peculiar that one can get so accustomed
+to danger.</p>
+
+<p>“I have tried to account for it, and it appears
+to be like this: at first our thoughts are
+almost incessantly occupied with the frightful
+things that are about to happen. Then moments
+come—only a single one at first—in
+which our thoughts wander away, involuntarily,
+and dwell on something else. Suddenly
+fear returns. But the periods of repose become
+more frequent and of longer duration.
+And when they are disturbed by fear the painful
+shock becomes gradually less violent.
+Neither does fear itself ache so hard. And
+then the time approaches when one is conscious
+of fear only on occasions when there
+is a violent fire, or when men fall. That is
+my present condition. There seems to be a
+further stage in which one is rid of fear for
+good. So far I shall not get.”</p>
+
+<p>One day he got a wound in the hip and
+was sent to the hospital. The nurses have
+gotten the idea that he is a hero. He accounts
+for it thus:</p>
+
+<p>“A friend of Gaston’s is a distant cousin
+of one of the nurses. Gaston inquired after
+me, and apparently used that occasion to do
+a good deal of boasting. At any rate, some
+greatly embellished stories of my <em>sangfroid</em>
+have been going the rounds here. Without
+having to lie, I could say that all this was invented,
+or at least highly exaggerated. The
+consequence was that I was looked upon, not
+only as a hero, but as a giant of modesty as
+well. It is very annoying. However, to be
+honest, I must confess that now and then this
+undeserved praise gives me a feeling of satisfaction;
+I have always known that I was
+weak-minded.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>HE IS PROMOTED</h3>
+
+<p>“Back to the trenches and made a Corporal.
+A small thing, eh? Just the same, it made
+me happy. I was touched by the friendly
+spirit of the fellows. Gaston shook my hand
+at least six times, muttering, ‘Ah, <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">mon vieux</i>,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</span><i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">mon vieux</i>, how I have missed you!’ This
+does one good. And I had better not get
+lost in the question as to how much of all this
+attachment I deserve.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_126" style="max-width: 49.375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_126.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Charles S. Hoover</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>32nd Division, 158th Field Artillery Brigade</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">During the offensive action near Brabant-sur-Meuse, Sergeant Hoover was in charge of two
+trench mortars. Wounded by shrapnel and knocked down by the explosion of bombs, he fired the
+one mortar that was undamaged until it was destroyed.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Finally comes the touchstone of character.
+Jan R—— wrote:</p>
+
+<p>“In the early morning of the 13th the cannonading
+was resumed, and again we had
+hours of exhausting expectation. Toward
+noon we noticed that an unusual event was
+coming. The captain shouted something. I
+could not understand a word. Gaston understood:
+the wire entanglements in front of the
+first line of trenches had been shot to pieces.
+We had to hold ourselves ready. There was
+incessant telephoning.</p>
+
+<p>“‘They are coming!’ some one yelled.</p>
+
+<p>“I could not restrain myself any longer
+and looked over the edge of the trench.</p>
+
+<p>“They were coming indeed; I saw them.
+In broad, irregular rows they were running
+toward us. Straight toward me, it seemed.
+And behind them, there came others, and
+still others, evermore. The German guns
+were silent now. And then suddenly ours
+began to roar with redoubled vigor.</p>
+
+<p>“Holes, narrow clefts, and fissures were torn
+in the massive gray billows that came rolling
+toward us.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Not a single one will get through!’ I
+heard some one shout.</p>
+
+<p>“But behind the first wave came a second
+one, and a third one behind that. I saw
+them approach, losing in vigor, yet remaining
+strong.</p>
+
+<p>“We were ready. In that moment I felt
+no fear! Like the others, I was burning to
+fly out of the trenches. Suddenly a strange
+silence came, and then the call: ‘<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Attaquez!
+Attaquez!</i>’</p>
+
+<p>“We clambered up, jumped over the edge
+of the trench, and ran forward. In front,
+to the left, to the right, everywhere there
+were French soldiers, storming forward.</p>
+
+<p>“I saw the Germans coming nearer, in their
+dirty gray uniforms, in rows, in heaps, and in
+smaller groups, some even singly. I saw the
+glistening and flickering of their bayonets. I
+heard them yell and shout. My heart
+thumped so hard that I had difficulty in
+breathing. Around me our men were shouting
+loudly. I was shouting too, and felt relieved
+when I heard my own voice, however
+indistinctly. Now and then a rifle-shot could
+be heard. We were running fast. ‘<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">En avant!
+En avant!</i>’</p>
+
+<p>“Suddenly I became aware of a desire to
+hold back a little, and thereby to postpone, if
+only for a single second, the terrible moment
+of the clash. I happened to be pushed by a
+comrade behind me and I flew forward again.</p>
+
+<p>“At last we had reached the Germans. Six
+steps in front of me I saw Gaston bayoneting
+an officer. Not a second later the poor chap
+fell himself—hit by a rifle shot, as I learned
+later.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>“BRAVO, CAPORAL”</h3>
+
+<p>“Suddenly a big German stood before me, a
+deathly pallor on his face, his mouth drawn,
+his eyes crazed with fear. His terror gave
+me courage and a feeling of superiority. I
+jumped on him. He tried to defend himself,
+but, with all my strength, I plunged my bayonet
+into his body. ‘<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Bravo, caporal!</i>’ I heard
+some one call. Scores of my comrades ran
+past. I tried to catch up with them, stumbled
+over a body, and fell, with my head to the
+ground. But immediately I got up again and
+ran forward, more slowly however; my legs
+felt weak and powerless. Forward again!
+The attack had been repulsed. The German
+guns began thundering again; we had to return
+to our trenches.</p>
+
+<p>“I took the death of Gaston (and of many
+others) more calmly than I had feared. This
+is not so surprising after all. Death may
+strike any one of us at any moment. We have
+accepted that chance. But if that is our attitude
+toward ourselves, why should we not
+have it toward our friends?</p>
+
+<p>“But it still seems strange to me that I
+can not reach a definite judgment on my action
+in this last fight. Certain it is that the circumstances
+absolutely required my doing what
+I did, even leaving entirely out of consideration
+the fact that to every one his own life is
+dearer than that of a stranger. I can not hesitate
+in the choice between a French soldier
+and a German soldier. But it is equally certain
+that killing men runs counter to my nature
+and is absolutely irreconcilable with ideas
+which I had always accepted without question.
+Efforts to remove the contradiction between
+these thoughts must inevitably fail. It
+is in this way that I seek to explain the fact<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</span>
+that at one moment I am cheerful, and sing
+with the rest—that I am invariably rejoicing
+over my good luck in the last fight, not merely
+having escaped without even the slightest
+scratch, but having had besides the good fortune
+of killing two Germans; while the next
+moment I sit worrying silently, asking myself,
+‘How did it come to be possible that you
+are taking part in this frightful war—as a
+volunteer?’”</p>
+
+<p>He was to receive an answer on another
+plane. The story of Jan R—— seems to have
+concluded with the three words, “Fell at
+Souchez.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="TWO_HEROES_OF_HILL_60">TWO HEROES OF HILL 60</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Oxford Graduate and Green-Grocer’s Assistant Win Their Spurs in the
+Same Crisis</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Sir John French</span> has described the
+fight for Hill 60 as “the fiercest fight
+in which British troops have ever been engaged.”
+The hill is southeast of Ypres. Its
+possession was essential to the British, for it
+dominated the surrounding country. The
+Germans held it, commanding excellent artillery
+observation toward the west and northwest.
+For months the British had been working
+to mine it. After much hard work the
+sapping was complete and one hundred tons of
+explosives placed in position.</p>
+
+<p>Saturday, April 17, 1915, was the appointed
+day for the great event. The explosion was
+timed for seven o’clock in the evening, and,
+according to program, up went the hill—Germans
+and all. It was like an earthquake.
+Simultaneously the artillery opened on the spot
+and poured in shells at the rate of five a
+minute. At a quarter past seven the infantry
+attack was launched, and the British were in
+possession of the ruins.</p>
+
+<p>Then came the second phase—the holding
+of Hill 60, which was the hardest task of all,
+for the German reinforcements came to the
+assault by the thousands; but as fast as they
+came rifle and gun fire mowed them down.</p>
+
+<p>During the next few days the Germans
+continued to attack ferociously, so much
+importance did they attach to the position.</p>
+
+<p>A private in the East Surreys, writing in
+the London <cite>Evening News</cite>, gave the following
+vivid word-picture of the battle:</p>
+
+<p>“The fight on Hill 60 was awful. The
+Germans used every kind of explosive, from
+small bombs to shells that shook the ground
+like an earthquake.</p>
+
+<p>“This went on from four o’clock in the
+afternoon to about four the next morning.
+Every German gun for miles around was
+trained on that hill.</p>
+
+<p>“Some of the German shells were filled
+with a stinking acid, which blinded one. I
+would rather take my chance in half-a-dozen
+bayonet charges than face such an awful
+bombardment again. The enemy charged
+four times, but we beat them back each time,
+and kept the hill until we were relieved next
+morning.”</p>
+
+<p>It was in these nerve-racking engagements
+that Second Lieutenant Geoffrey Harold
+Woolley and Corporal Edward Dwyer were
+awarded their honors for distinguished service.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FROM CURATE TO SOLDIER</h3>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Woolley is the youngest son of
+Rev. G. H. Woolley, Danbury, Essex. He
+was educated at St. John’s School and Queen’s
+College, Oxford. While at the University
+he joined the Officers’ Training Corps. He
+studied for Holy Orders, and is all but a
+curate, inasmuch as he was on the eve of
+being ordained when, at the age of twenty-three,
+he decided to give his first service to
+his country.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Woolley has been described as a
+typical specimen of muscular Christianity. He
+excels at cricket, tennis, and football, and
+played the greater game of war with all his
+heart and soul.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_129" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_129.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Directing the Fire of a British Battery</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">In the foreground the officer in charge of the battery is receiving information from observers who are able to trace the course of each shot.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</span></p>
+
+<p>He received his commission in the 9th Battalion
+London Regiment, popularly known as
+the Queen Victoria Rifles. With the experience
+of the Officers’ Training Corps to help
+him, the young lieutenant soon made himself
+very efficient, and when, in November, 1914,
+the Queen Victoria Rifles embarked at Southampton
+for the front, he had already become
+very popular with his men, and shown high
+promise as a leader. Soon after landing in
+France the regiment was at the front, near
+Ypres, where it was usefully employed, chiefly
+in trench work.</p>
+
+<p>G. A. Leask in <cite>Heroes of the Great War</cite>
+says:</p>
+
+<p>“On the very first day that he went into
+the trenches, Lieutenant Woolley showed his
+mettle. A hand grenade was flung into his
+trench; without a moment’s hesitation the
+young officer picked it up, and before the fuse
+had burned to the charge, flung it out. His
+prompt and plucky act saved not only his own
+life, but the lives of at least six or seven of
+his men.</p>
+
+<p>“On the night of April 20-21 the Germans
+made a desperate attack on the trench held by
+Lieutenant Woolley’s regiment. The Queen
+Victoria Rifles fought with dogged determination
+not to be excelled by the most seasoned
+Regulars. Every German gun for miles
+around was trained on the hill. Again and
+again the Germans charged with the ferocity
+of despair.</p>
+
+<p>“One by one Lieutenant Woolley’s superior
+officers—a major, captain, and a lieutenant—had
+been killed.</p>
+
+<p>“The force under Lieutenant Woolley
+numbered at the start 150, including some
+Regulars. As the German attack grew fiercer,
+he noted how his little company was being
+thinned. The young officer did not despair.
+He was in sole command of Hill 60, and he
+realized that a hard and terrible time awaited
+them before relief came, but he summoned up
+all his courage and made up his mind to hold
+on at all costs. He went up and down the
+line calling to his brave men to ‘stick it’ and
+he infused all with his dauntless spirit.</p>
+
+<p>“A particularly fierce onslaught by the Germans
+commenced. Guns raked the trench
+with shells, enemy troops swarmed up, throwing
+bombs. Lieutenant Woolley moved among
+his men, giving orders as coolly as if on parade.
+The already diminished band of heroes
+dwindled more and more. Lieutenant Woolley
+knew that the situation was perilous, but
+he had no thought of giving in. The knowledge
+that so much depended upon him stirred
+his blood, and called forth every ounce of
+his fighting spirit and powers of leadership.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>A DETERMINED BOMBER</h3>
+
+<p>“He organized counter-attacks and led his
+men in throwing bombs at the vastly superior
+force of the enemy. Standing on the parapet
+of the trench, fully exposed to the enemy,
+Woolley hurled bomb after bomb. His men
+urged him to seek shelter, but he refused.
+For some time this amazing contest continued,
+a handful of British against thousands of Germans.
+But this little band of heroes by their
+superb bravery, led by a hero, kept the enemy
+at bay. When welcome relief eventually came,
+the company of 150 men had been thinned
+to 20-14 Territorials and 6 Regulars, a
+pathetic proof of the dauntless fight put up
+by those men.”</p>
+
+<p>The second hero of Hill 60 is one of the
+most popular medal winners of the war.
+Lance-Corporal Edward Dwyer at the time
+he obtained the coveted decoration was only
+eighteen years old, and had been a green-grocer’s
+assistant before the war.</p>
+
+<p>“This boy hero took the public imagination
+by storm, and with the possible exception
+of Sergeant O’Leary, no V.C. was more
+noticed on his return to England. He received
+enough hero-worship to last a lifetime.
+When home on leave Dwyer was bombarded
+by the attentions of admirers, kissed by women
+in the streets, and, as he confessed, subjected
+to greater trials than on the bomb-swept slopes
+of Hill 60.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>TOO MUCH FUSS FOR HIM</h3>
+
+<p>“There was something romantic about the
+slim boy of eighteen who proved himself so
+heroic in the field, and his handsome appearance
+and jolly ways captivated every one.
+As his father confessed, with no little humor,
+‘They’re making such a fuss that Ted wants
+to get back to the battlefield for a rest.’”</p>
+
+<p>Dwyer had been fighting in France for nine
+months when the struggle at Hill 60 provided
+his great opportunity.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</span></p>
+
+<p>“During a particularly fierce attack on the
+morning of the 20th, Lance-Corporal Dwyer
+was in a trench on the side of Hill 60, about
+fifteen yards distant from where the Germans
+had entrenched themselves. So close were
+they, in fact, that Dwyer says he could actually
+hear them ‘talking their lingo.’ His section
+had suffered severely, and Dwyer risked
+his life by tending many of them as best he
+could. Some he brought from the open to
+the side of the trench, leaving the comparative
+safety of his position in order to save their
+lives.</p>
+
+<p>“Then, later on, he heard some one call
+out: ‘The Germans are coming!’</p>
+
+<p>“He looked through a spy-hole in the parapet
+and saw a number of the enemy creeping
+silently and stealthily across the intervening
+space between the trenches.</p>
+
+<p>“Like the methodical soldier he is, Dwyer
+had kept a number of hand grenades, some
+fifty, all ready to fire.</p>
+
+<p>“Thus provided, he gallantly sprang on to
+the parapet of the trench. The Germans were
+creeping forward, thinking to surprise the
+British, but they had reckoned without Lance-Corporal
+Dwyer. He stood fully exposed
+to their fire, and threw his deadly missiles
+steadily and with excellent effect. For five
+minutes this eighteen-year-old hero stood all
+alone hurling grenade after grenade at the oncoming
+foe.</p>
+
+<p>“The Germans, led by an officer, showed
+great stubbornness. Had they known that a
+lad of eighteen alone was guarding the trench,
+they would have doubtless redoubled their efforts
+to capture it. Young Dwyer kept throwing
+his grenades. He had now sent twenty
+into the ranks of the enemy; now he had used
+up thirty. At this juncture the officer who
+was leading the Germans was hit, and this
+loss seemed to damp the ardor of the attackers.</p>
+
+<p>“Dwyer, however, began to show the first
+signs of uneasiness. His stock of grenades
+was fast running out. He had only half a
+dozen left, soon these had each found a target.
+Then in the nick of time reinforcements arrived,
+and the trench was saved. Dwyer
+alone had saved the situation.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="COLONEL_FREYBERG_VC">COLONEL FREYBERG, V.C.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A New Zealand Soldier with the Qualities of a Fenimore Cooper Hero</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Colonel Freyberg</span> is another winner
+of England’s highest military honor—the
+Victoria Cross. “For enduring courage
+and brilliant leadership his achievement,”
+writes the London <cite>Times</cite>, “was unsurpassed
+by any act for which the Cross was conferred.”</p>
+
+<p>To begin with he carried an initial attack
+straight through the enemy’s front system of
+trenches, but after the capture of the first
+objective his command was much disorganized
+owing to mist and a heavy fire of all descriptions.
+The Colonel himself rallied and reformed
+his own men, as well as men from
+other units who had become intermixed. His
+own contempt of danger inspired the troops.
+He was finally able to lead them to the successful
+attack of the second objective. Colonel
+Freyberg had by this time been wounded
+twice, but he again rallied his men and reformed
+them, and, although under heavy artillery
+and machine-gun fire in a very advanced
+position and unsupported, still he held his
+ground for the rest of the day and throughout
+the night. On the following morning,
+having been reinforced, he organized an attack
+on a strongly fortified village, and such
+was his dash and enterprise that the village
+was captured and 500 prisoners were taken.
+For the third time the officer was wounded,
+and later in the afternoon he was again
+wounded, this time seriously, but he refused
+to leave the line until he had issued final
+instructions.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_132" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_132.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Brown &amp; Dawson.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Getting the Range</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A range-finding station at a coast fortification. To the layman it is a combination of engineer’s office, telephone exchange, and telegraph office where
+soldiers work out the distance from the muzzle of their cannon to the enemy. In coast-defense work three range-finding stations usually coöperate in
+working out the distance.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“The personality, valor, and utter contempt
+of danger on the part of this single officer enabled
+the lodgment in the most advanced objective
+of the Corps to be permanently held,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</span>and on this <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">point d’appui</i> the line was eventually
+formed.” So closed the official version
+of the gallant colonel’s performance.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Freyberg was by birth a New Zealander.
+He was not yet twenty-eight years of
+age. Born in Wellington, he developed both
+the physique and resourcefulness that were essential
+for the success of some of the enterprises
+which he undertook in the war. He
+won fame throughout Australasia as an exceptionally
+fine swimmer; he grew to be six
+feet in height, and broad and powerful in proportion;
+he achieved renown as an oarsman,
+a footballer and a boxer, and his physique won
+for him the affectionate nickname of “Tiny.”
+Leaving New Zealand he went to America,
+and drifting to Mexico found full scope for
+his adventurous aspirations; he fought in
+Mexico’s Civil War.</p>
+
+<p>In 1914, the London <cite>Times</cite> says, Freyberg
+came home, joined the Royal Naval Division,
+and was wounded in the hand at Antwerp.
+With good service to his record he went to
+Gallipoli with his battalion, being already a
+lieutenant-commander. In Gallipoli he again
+distinguished himself. General Paris was in
+charge of a force which was to make a feint
+landing at Bulair, the narrow neck of the
+Peninsula. Freyberg was given charge of the
+party, but, while prizing the honor, he proposed
+an alternative scheme which, he believed,
+would protect the lives of the men. This idea
+was that he should take colored flares and
+swim ashore, that he should then light the
+flares, as if a landing was anticipated, and then
+swim out again to a waiting destroyer. This
+he did, stripping, and painting his face and
+shoulders a dark color, so that he should not
+be seen swimming. Freyberg landed on the
+beach, lit the flares, made a reconnaissance,
+and swam off again, but owing to the darkness
+and the current he missed the boat which was
+to pick him up, and it was almost two hours
+before he was hauled on to the deck of the
+destroyer, more dead than alive. This remarkable
+feat of endurance and resourcefulness,
+more suggestive of an adventure from
+Mayne Reid or Fenimore Cooper than a sober
+act of modern war, won for the young officer
+the D. S. O.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ONE_OF_THE_D_S_C_MEN">ONE OF THE D. S. C. MEN</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>An Act of Heroism and Martyrdom that Hardly May be Matched</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">A Distinguished</span> Service Cross is a
+proud possession. It is at once a token
+of bravery and an evidence that bravery has
+been displayed in valiant service for the good
+or the saving of others. It implies a great
+risk taken, a danger faced, a sacrifice made—a
+something done that, however creditable to the
+man, is of special value because of its benefit
+or advantage to many besides the man. For
+that reason one Distinguished Service Cross
+differs from another in proud significance to
+the winner or to the relative to whom the
+cross comes as an after death testimony to the
+winner’s worth. The formal official paragraph
+that announces the award of the cross
+to this one or that one tells nothing or little
+of the service that gained the distinction, because
+the official estimate makes no discrimination
+between the sentimental values of the
+respective services, distinguished service being
+distinguished service.</p>
+
+<p>But there are varying qualities of bravery,
+different kinds of incitement to heroism, different
+elements in the acts of sacrifice; and
+one might like to know the varying values of
+the instant motives behind the acts—say, of
+a man who, in the heat and excitement of an
+engagement, rushes through a withering fire
+of shell and bullet to perform a serviceable
+act of desperate valor, with one chance in a
+thousand of coming safely off; or, of a man,
+without the stimulus of brain aflame and with
+the absolute certainty of death, who unhesitatingly,
+immediately lays down his life for
+his friends. Which is the higher courage?</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_134" style="max-width: 47.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_134.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Private Harold J. Devereaux</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>32nd Division, 125th Infantry, Company “M”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">While crossing the River Ourcq near Sergy, July 31, 1918, the corporal of his squad was wounded
+by machine-gun fire. The enemy continued to fire on the wounded man and Private Devereaux,
+alone, with the fire of his rifle, attacked the machine-gun and put it out of action.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>In the great list, the never fully-to-be-completed
+list of heroic deeds in the four years’
+war, is there any deed more sublime in essential
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</span>quality than that of Sergt. Willard D.
+Purdy, Company A, 127th Infantry, A. E. F.?
+You never heard of it? That’s the amazing
+thing—that this splendid exhibition of the
+highest character of devoted courage is hardly
+known at all! Really, it was so great a heroism
+that it seemed a commonplace in the telling.
+Here is the story. It reads very simply
+in the bald despatch of a newspaper man reporting
+the facts from Washington.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE MARTYR HERO</h3>
+
+<p>“Washington, D. C., May 30.—[Special.]—The
+heroism of a Wisconsin sergeant, who
+deliberately sacrificed his own life to save
+those of his men in the fight at Hegenbach,
+Alsace, July 4, 1917, is told with official brevity
+and skeletonized simplicity in to-day’s war
+department report announcing the award of
+distinguished service crosses for bravery in
+action.</p>
+
+<p>“The martyr hero was Sergt. Willard D.
+Purdy, a member of Company A, 127th Infantry.
+During the engagement at Hegenbach,
+Sergt. Purdy, after returning with his
+patrol from a reconnaissance of the enemy’s
+line, was engaged in calling the roll of his men
+and collecting their hand grenades when the
+pin of one of the grenades became disengaged.</p>
+
+<p>“Seeing the grenade could not be thrown
+away without making certain the wounding
+of American troops—most probably some of
+his own men—Sergt. Purdy instantly commanded
+his men to run. Then he himself
+seized three of the grenades and, bending over,
+held them against his stomach. The grenades
+exploded, killing Sergt. Purdy instantly, but
+his presence of mind and self-sacrificing action
+had saved the lives of his companions.</p>
+
+<p>“When the pin of a grenade becomes disengaged
+nothing can be done to prevent the
+bomb from exploding within six or eight seconds.</p>
+
+<p>“Sergt. Purdy’s home address was Box 632,
+Marshfield, Wis., and his next of kin was
+given as Mrs. Esther Purdy, his mother.”</p>
+
+<p>No grand adventure; no risk with cheering
+comrades in a mad assault; no thrill with the
+consciousness of perils to be met and with
+luck avoided; no taking of hazards with the
+hope of an achieved success. Not like a flight
+into the air to shoot down, after vivid combat,
+an enemy plane. Not much of a story for
+the press. But think about it. Match it.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="COLORED_TROOPS_REACH_THE_RHINE">COLORED TROOPS REACH THE RHINE</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Though They Had More Than Their Share of Trouble to Get to France</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Everybody</span> knows what a record the
+15th New York Colored Regiment made
+in the war, how splendidly it fought, the heroism
+it displayed and the honors it received,
+but not everyone knows what adversities it had
+to contend with before it could get to France.
+The Colonel of that remarkable regiment
+(which revived the memory of the Civil War
+military reports that “the colored troops
+fought nobly”), Col. William D. Hayward,
+has given a humorous account of those difficulties.
+This was in one of the many talks
+Hayward—who has put off the title of Colonel
+and returned to the civilian simplicity of “Mister”—has
+been compelled to make in response
+to public requests. He said, broadly smiling:</p>
+
+<p>“The first thing I ever did in my life that
+anybody approved of was getting up that regiment.
+After I gathered my crowd of Harlem
+waiters, bellhops, indoor chauffeurs, and elevator
+boys I thought I’d never get them across.
+When the minute finally came for sailing I
+think every elevator on Riverside Drive
+stopped automatically.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_136" style="max-width: 46.9375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_136.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Second Lieutenant Carl C. Mayhew</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>26th Division, 101st Infantry.</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Cited for skill and courage displayed May 8, 1918, while making a daring patrol in the enemy’s
+front line trenches resulting in the death of 2 German officers and the gathering of valuable information.
+He participated in 44 raids, receiving 3 citations.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“When our ship left in 1917 we sailed a
+little way, then broke down, came back, and
+tied up at Hoboken with our cargo of Thanksgiving
+turkeys and black troops. We got fixed
+up and started again. We didn’t get quite as
+far as before when the ship caught fire. I
+sneaked back and reported the mishap to General
+Shanks at the port of embarkation. Our
+ship was overhauled and a third time we set
+out full of hope, but the machinery broke
+down again. When I reported to General
+Shanks this time, he said: ‘Goodness gracious,
+Colonel, are you ever going to get those coons
+and turkeys to France?’</p>
+
+<p>“When at last we reached the French front
+in the Argonne Forest I reported to the French
+officer in command that I had arrived with the
+15th New York Infantry and would place myself
+and men at his disposal. ‘It is impossible!’
+exclaimed the officer. ‘There’s no such American
+unit due here.’ Finally he said in surprise,
+‘Are you the 369th Infantry Regiment
+of the United States?’ and I replied, ‘I are.’</p>
+
+
+<h3>GAVE THEM BOLOS</h3>
+
+<p>“Then they took all our American ordnance
+away and gave us bolos, which are knives
+modeled after those used by the Cubans. I
+was glad afterward, although I think my boys
+would have done better with razors. When
+we were leaving France I was told that the
+regiment would be presented with three thousand
+razors by the French. When we received
+the gift we found they were safety-razors.
+The regiment was insulted.</p>
+
+<p>“From March, 1918, until the following
+January we were with the Fourth French
+Army, under General Gouraud. On July
+15 I wrote Governor Whitman that the German
+Army was licked. They were at maximum
+strength and we at minimum, but ten
+American divisions were arriving monthly.</p>
+
+<p>“My boys had a sublime faith that they
+would win. The idea of defeat never entered
+their heads. No private or officer had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</span>
+any doubt about our ability to break through.
+One day I found a number of the men buying
+German money that had been taken from
+the dead. I asked why they wanted it, and
+they answered, ‘We’ll be needin’ this here
+money soon.’ In five months they were spending
+it in the Rhine towns and talking Harlem
+German with a Yiddish accent. They were
+the advance guard of the Allied armies. The
+French gave them the honor of carrying
+the Stars and Stripes to the Rhine. And I
+was the first man to scoop water from the
+river. Can you beat that for Allied generosity?</p>
+
+<p>“The boys all had a keen sense of humor.
+When we docked at Hoboken they were eager
+to get ashore. One of them said to me:
+‘Colonel, the Generals is goin’ over the gangplank
+and the rats is goin’ over the hawsers.
+We hope you’ll tell us when it’s time for
+the regiment to go ashore!’</p>
+
+<p>“I remember one little negro on the other
+side who was carrying shells from an ammunition-dump
+to a train. He was so loaded
+down with 3-inch shells that he was sunk
+ankle-deep in the mud. He said to his officer,
+‘How you got my name on dat sheet?’</p>
+
+<p>“‘Your name is Simpson,’ replied the officer.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Yas, sir, dass right; only I thought maybe
+you had “Sampson” by mistake.’”</p>
+
+<p>He jested about them freely, did Colonel
+Hayward, but the jests were of a kind to betray
+the intense pride he felt in the soldierly
+character and spirited daring of the men under
+him. The Hun learned to regard with
+wholesome fear a charge of Hayward’s “bellhops
+and waiters,” as he styled them.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>At the beginning of the war there were only 750 officers, 393 nurses, and 3,619 enlisted
+men belonging to the Medical Department of the American Army. In November, 1918,
+the corresponding figures were 39,363 officers, 21,344 nurses, and 245,652 enlisted men.</p>
+
+<p>In the 19 months elapsing from the declaration of the war to the signing of the armistice
+the American Army created an embarkation service which succeeded in shipping overseas
+2,075,834 men, and 5,153,000 tons of cargo.</p>
+
+<p>During the whole period of active hostilities the American Army lost at sea only 200,000
+deadweight tons of transports. Of this total, 142,000 tons were sunk by torpedoes. No
+American transport was lost on its eastward voyage.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="GOOD_OLD_POTTS">GOOD OLD POTTS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>One of the Men the British Took to Gallipoli to Show Their Grit</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Private Frederick Potts</span> did a
+V. C. bit at Gallipoli. An attack was
+being made on a very strongly fortified Turkish
+position, a sector stretching from Hill 70
+to Hill 112. Potts was in the advance on
+Hill 70. It was a terrible day. The heat
+was intense. The country was uncommonly
+difficult, largely sand and scrub, the scrub
+being so parched that it took fire in many
+places from the shell fire, and in crossing these
+patches some of the men who fell wounded
+were burned to death. Potts’ section was
+ascending Hill 70 in short spurts, making
+occasional halts. After taking shelter in a
+little gulley, it was ordered to charge. Potts
+rushed forward with his comrades; but he
+had not gone more than twenty yards when
+he was shot down, a bullet having entered
+the left thigh. Potts was then about a quarter
+of a mile from the top of the hill. He
+was lucky enough to be lying in a little thicket
+formed of the scrub, and this gave him some
+sort of shelter and hid him from view. Not
+long after he fell there crawled towards him
+a fellow-townsman, who was badly wounded.
+Potts recognized him.</p>
+
+<p>“Is that you, Andrews?” he said.</p>
+
+<p>“Yes,” came the feeble answer.</p>
+
+<p>“I’m jolly pleased you’ve come,” said Potts.</p>
+
+<p>Then Andrews dragged himself as close as
+he could get—he had been shot through the
+groin—and the two lay perfectly still for
+some minutes fully expecting that the Turks
+would find and kill them.</p>
+
+<p>Very soon a third trooper who had been
+wounded made his way to the thicket. With
+great difficulty, room was found for him.
+Andrews had hardly moved his position so
+that the newcomer could be accommodated
+when a bullet mortally wounded the stranger.
+He cried piteously for water, but there was
+not a drop to be had, and the three wounded
+soldiers endured the agonies of thirst that
+whole afternoon of intense heat. The night
+came bitterly cold, increasing the suffering of
+the three. Moreover, a full moon made the
+night as clear as day, and every movement in
+the thicket was followed by a bullet from
+the Turks. A bullet grazed Potts’ left ear
+as he lay flat on the ground, face down. The
+morning brought death to the stranger. He
+had kept on murmuring wearily, “Water!
+Water!”</p>
+
+<p>The whole of the next day the two survivors
+lay hidden in the hot scrub, not daring
+to move, tortured by thirst, suffering from
+their wounds, and trying to get relief by
+sucking bits of stalks which they managed to
+pick from the shrubs. That night, as the only
+hope of salvation was to get away, they began
+to crawl off, Potts leading and Andrews following.
+They lay perfectly flat, and literally
+wriggled. From six at night—when darkness
+fell—till three in the morning they dragged
+themselves, dust-choked, a distance of about
+three hundred yards—as Potts calculated
+afterwards, thirty-three yards an hour. A bit
+of burnt scrub near at hand afforded slight
+protection; this was taken, and the troopers
+tried to sleep, but the extreme cold made rest
+impossible. When daylight came, some water
+was obtainable, but only by crawling to men
+who had been killed and whose bottles could
+be reached. This dreadful day passed, Potts
+doing his best to stanch his comrade’s bleeding
+wounds. The third night on the hill
+came.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A SHOVEL TO THE RESCUE</h3>
+
+<p>The two men tried once more to get away
+and reach the British lines. Potts attempted
+to carry Andrews, but he was too weak and
+the effort failed. Then, says the London
+<cite>Times</cite>, when hope itself seemed to be abandoned,
+an inspiration came, suggested by an
+ordinary entrenching shovel, one of many
+which were lying on the hill. Potts wriggled
+to the shovel, managed to support Andrews<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</span>
+on it, stood up, and dragged desperately—all
+the more so because as soon as he rose the
+Turks opened fire. Famished and exhausted,
+he could not do more than pull his burden
+over the rough ground for about six yards;
+then he collapsed. Andrews, too, had suffered
+severely under the strain. But the next
+night Potts resumed his forlorn hope. He
+had his comrade on the shovel, lying flat; he
+supported him as best he could, and Andrews
+held grimly on to his rescuer’s wrists. For
+more than three hours, in the bright moonlight,
+down the scrub-infested, stony, dusty
+hillside, Private Potts dragged his helpless
+burden on the shovel; then came a sentry’s
+challenge, “Halt!” Inexpressibly joyful was
+the sound of the British voice to the two
+worn-out troopers; grimly humorous was the
+sentry’s question:</p>
+
+<p>“What are you doing? Are you burying
+the dead?”</p>
+
+<p>Potts explained: “I have a chap here
+wounded, and I’ve dragged him down the
+hill on a shovel. Could you not give me a
+hand?”</p>
+
+<p>Give a hand! Many a willing hand was
+given that night at the foot of that fatal hill,
+the scene of much tragedy, yet relieved by the
+bravery and resource of the twenty-two year
+old trooper, who might easily have saved himself
+by abandoning his wounded fellow; but
+he was not of that breed.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="IT_WAS_UP_TO_BILL">IT WAS UP TO BILL</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>And in Spite of Regulations and Red Tape the Old Sergeant Got to France
+and Into the Front Lines</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Let</span> no one dare deny the heroism of Bill
+Davidson. His name may not be found
+among those cited for distinguished service,
+but that is because distinguished services are
+not enumerated in the military code. If there
+is an instance of more determined valor or of
+more successful triumph over the impossible
+it does not appear in the chronicles. Nevertheless
+it is necessary to introduce Bill Davidson,
+and the greatest distinction that can be
+conferred upon him in the estimation of Bill
+Davidson himself is to say he was orderly to
+Lieutenant Colonel John C. Greenway, First
+Division, A. E. F. He hailed from out Arizona
+way. In the days when the United
+States was engaged with Spain in the discussion
+of matters more or less serious, Jack
+Greenway was a Captain of Rough Riders,
+and Bill was his Sergeant, and by the testimony
+of that Captain, now Lieutenant-Colonel,
+Bill was the best first Sergeant in Cuba.
+There Bill took into his spiritual system an
+affection of devotion to Greenway that time
+and circumstances can never diminish.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, when the United States declared
+war against Germany, Bill, who was in the
+employ of the New Cornelia at Ajo, straightway
+thought of Jack Greenway. He said to
+himself, “All hell can’t keep Jack Greenway
+from going to the front, and it’s me for Jack
+Greenway.” He foresaw a great experience
+“over there,” the doing of extraordinary
+things, and he wanted to be with Greenway
+in the performance.</p>
+
+<p>Greenway, of course, tendered his services
+to the Government at once and was given a
+commission as Major of Engineers. Now let
+the Bisbee <cite>Review</cite> continue the story as it got
+it direct from Colonel Greenway in Bisbee
+town.</p>
+
+<p>One day Bill walked into the Captain’s office
+in Warren just as he was preparing to
+close his desk and quit the office.</p>
+
+<p>“Well, Captain, I’ve quit over yonder,”
+Bill remarked, after the salutations.</p>
+
+<p>“What did you quit for, Bill?”</p>
+
+<p>“I’m going into the army with you.”</p>
+
+<p>“Have you enlisted?”</p>
+
+<p>“Hell, no. I’m no fool. If I enlisted over
+here I might not go to France for months,
+perhaps not at all. I’m going with you, and
+shall enlist in your regiment after I get to
+France,” was the way Bill figured it out.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_140" style="max-width: 25.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_140.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy of Munseys.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Lieutenant Arthur McKeogh</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He brought relief to a battalion by making a
+daring journey through the German lines with
+two other men. On the way to the American
+lines he killed one German officer, fell into a
+trench with two others and killed them, and
+was under fire all the time.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Greenway couldn’t make Bill see the futility<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</span>
+of the idea of getting over to France without
+enlisting in the service, so there was nothing
+to do but let Bill come along. They took the
+train together at Osborn, Bill carrying his
+bed rolled up in a slicker, and together they
+made the trip to New York.</p>
+
+<p>Bill met some of his old comrades of the
+Cuban campaign and confided to them his
+plans. They told him how impossible it was,
+and that he could not even get on the dock at
+Hoboken without a pass. Bill’s urbane confidence
+may have been a little shaken but not
+his determination. He went to Washington
+to see Senator Ashurst, and the Senator tried
+to get Bill a passport but without success, as
+there was no way for the War Department to
+act in the circumstances. Bill came back to
+New York with more determination than
+ever.</p>
+
+<p>“I got my sailing orders,” said Greenway,
+“and with my sister, sister-in-law and Bill
+went to the Hoboken pier and found that I
+was to sail on the <em>Agamemnon</em>, which was
+formerly the German steamship <em>Kaiser Wilhelm
+II</em>. I went aboard and found that I had
+a large and comfortable stateroom and came
+ashore and told Bill.</p>
+
+<p>“Bill declared that he was going to get
+aboard of that boat, although I pointed out
+the guards to him and told him how impossible
+it was. Bill was not disconcerted in the
+least. After sizing up the situation to his
+own satisfaction he said:</p>
+
+<p>“‘Just you get somebody to talk to that
+guard over there to distract his attention
+while you are going through the gate.’</p>
+
+<p>“I got an officer friend of mine to talk to
+the guard, and Bill picked up my bags and
+followed me. To my surprise he got through
+the gate without being seen by the guard,
+and we proceeded to the gangplank. There
+we ran into a snag. The captain called out
+to stop that civilian, and Bill was held up.
+It was only momentarily, however. I stepped
+up and told the captain that he was a friend
+of mine, carrying my bags aboard for me, and
+the captain permitted him to pass.</p>
+
+<p>“When Bill got into that stateroom of
+mine he was the happiest man I ever saw. ‘If
+you get me off this boat they will have to
+throw me and hog-tie me and carry me off,’
+was the way Bill put it as he sank into a chair
+and wiped his forehead.</p>
+
+<p>“We sailed that night at high tide, and Bill
+stayed secreted in my room. I would smuggle
+food from the dining-room to him, but after
+two days of this Bill rebelled at having to live
+on cold food and declared that he intended
+having regular meals like the others on board.
+I told him that if he were discovered the
+chances were that he would find himself in
+the brig, but he said he would risk it, and out
+of my stateroom he went.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ON THE WAY TO FRANCE</h3>
+
+<p>“Bill had just one chance. There were
+150 civilians on board, going over for employment
+on government work in France. It
+was possible, but not at all probable, for Bill
+to mingle with them and get by. I went on
+to dinner in the first cabin, and after dinner
+concluded that I would look about for Bill.
+I expected to find him in the brig, but he was
+not there. I made my way to the dining-saloon
+where the civilian passengers had their
+meals and looked in.</p>
+
+<p>“At the extreme end of a very long table
+I saw Bill. He was engrossed in a menu and
+was ordering the most delectable things to be
+found on it. Everybody on the vessel got to
+know Bill and he was in his element. He
+needed no further guidance by me while on
+board. Arguments were referred to Bill for
+settlement and he was looked to among the
+civilian passengers as a general source of information,
+being consulted as to when we
+would arrive in the submarine zone, when
+we would land, and about everything else
+that came up.</p>
+
+<p>“How to get Bill ashore at Brest was a
+problem that loomed large before me, but it
+did not worry Bill to any great extent. Power
+Conway was on board and I enlisted his services,
+and between us we managed to smuggle
+Bill aboard the tug and get him ashore. Now
+the question was to get Bill to Paris, and in
+this I was assisted by General Harbord, U. S.
+M. C.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BILL ACCEPTED FOR SERVICE</h3>
+
+<p>“We arrived in Paris, where I was kept
+for several weeks at headquarters. One night<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</span>
+I returned home in Paris and informed Bill
+that I had been assigned to the First Division
+and ordered up to the front. Bill was delighted
+and ready to put off at once, and,
+although it seemed impossible to me, it never
+feazed him.</p>
+
+<p>“It never occurred to Bill that he was a
+civilian in France, with no military connection
+whatever, and that it would be impossible for
+a civilian to accompany me to the front. In
+this dilemma I placed the situation before
+Colonel Malin Craig. He is a general now,
+and it made a strong appeal to him. He
+wanted to make Bill a captain of military
+police, but Bill would have none of that. He
+wanted to get to the front, and to the front
+we started.</p>
+
+<p>“Together we arrived within seven miles of
+the front line before Bill was finally held up.
+He had come 7,000 miles on his own responsibility,
+without one line of authority from any
+one, and was now actually at the front and in
+the face of the enemy, and was still a civilian.
+And it was there in the Toul sector that Bill
+enlisted and became officially what he had
+been at heart and in fact for many weeks—one
+of the American Expeditionary Force.</p>
+
+<p>“From then on Bill and I were together
+without danger of being separated by army
+regulations. He became my orderly and remained
+so throughout. The only time we
+were separated was when Bill was in the hospital
+recovering from shell-wounds. We came
+back together and Bill went with me to Hot
+Springs, Ark., where we both took baths.
+We separated at Fort Worth, Bill going on
+to Ajo by another route, while I came on to
+Bisbee.”</p>
+
+<p>And that is the story of Bill Davidson,
+whose devotion to his chief is unlimited. It
+causes him to “do the impossible” and to override
+all of the regulations of the War Department.
+It is a story in the telling of which
+Colonel Greenway takes the greatest pride
+and in which a spirit of affection is dominant.</p>
+
+<p>Bill quit his job to go to war with Jack
+Greenway, and he did.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>The original Selective Service Law of May 18, 1917, with its subsequent amendments,
+mobilized the man-power of the United States, between the ages of 18 and 45 inclusive.
+Under the original and later acts, approximately 23,709,000 men were registered and
+slightly over 2,800,000 were inducted into the military service.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_RENDEZVOUS">THE RENDEZVOUS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>One of America’s Young Poets Keeps a Tryst While Fighting for France</h3>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">I have a rendezvous with Death</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">At some disputed barricade,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">When Spring comes back with rustling shade</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And apple-blossoms fill the air—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I have a rendezvous with Death</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">When Spring brings back blue days and fair.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">
+
+<hr class="tb"></div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">And I to my pledged word am true—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I shall not fail that rendezvous.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent30">—<cite>Alan Seeger.</cite></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> poem from which the above opening
+and closing lines are taken was read for
+the first time by the majority of those who
+knew it after the poet had kept the rendezvous—only
+a little late of the appointed time,
+like a traveler who has missed a train.</p>
+
+<p>Alan Seeger loved France, and when he
+saw her in peril and his own America not
+likely to be brought into the conflict he went
+to France as a volunteer. Being an alien he
+was not eligible to the regular army, but the
+Foreign Legion welcomed him to fight for
+France under its flag. Among the men of
+the Legion was Rif Bear, a brilliant and
+traveled young Egyptian, and he became the
+close, the intimate friend of the poet with
+whom he found himself entirely in sympathy.</p>
+
+<p>Seeger was under fire in a series of engagements
+without suffering hurt, but he seems to
+have foreboded the end that came in the
+Champagne campaign. He was a fatalist as
+well as a dreamer—and there are those who
+believe that we bring to ourselves the fruit
+of our thoughts.</p>
+
+<p>After Seeger’s death Rif Bear wrote the
+facts and an appreciation in a personal letter
+to a lady in Boston. The letter was in
+French, but a translation of it has been published.
+There is a melancholy interest in the
+circumstances that a clerical error in the date
+of a temporary leave of absence cheated Seeger
+of one of the chief joys that could have come
+to him as a poet. The letter tells us that
+he ran one day to his friend in the triumph
+of happiness to show him a telegram which
+asked him to compose a poem to be read in
+public at a French-American demonstration—the
+memorial day ceremony. He was to have
+48 hours leave in which to write the poem
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</span>and attend the ceremony. But the promised
+leave did not come.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_142" style="max-width: 31.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_142.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy of Century Company.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Alan Seeger</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The young and gifted American poet who
+fought in the Foreign Legion. He was killed in
+action in the Champagne campaign.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“The eve of the ceremony arrived—I can
+not recall the date—but no leave came. We
+were in the trenches and chance had placed
+me near Seeger in <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">petit poste</i> (the small
+outlook-post, some yards in advance of the
+first line trench). He confessed that he had
+lost all hope of going, and I tried to find all
+sorts of arguments to encourage him, that his
+leave might come at dawn, and that by taking
+the train at Ressons at 7 a. m. he could
+still reach Paris by noon and would have
+plenty of time, as the ceremony was at two.</p>
+
+<p>“The morning came, and instead of bringing
+the much-desired permission to leave, it
+brought a terrible downpour of rain, and the
+day passed sadly. He found consolation in
+the thought that it was only a postponement
+and that July 4 would soon arrive, when the
+Americans with the Foreign Legion might
+hope for forty-eight hours’ leave, as last year.”</p>
+
+<p>The explanation came later. It was a
+clerical error that cheated him; the forty-eight
+hours’ leave granted for the event was
+made out for June 30, instead of for May 30.
+Continuing the letter:</p>
+
+
+<h3>A MARCHING ORDEAL</h3>
+
+<p>“On June 21, we left the sector of the
+Thiescourt Woods for an unknown destination,
+which proved to be the Somme. We took
+the train at Estrées St. Denis, and on June 22
+about 10 a. m. reached Boves. Under a
+blazing sun, in heat that seemed to have escaped
+from the furnace of hell, we started
+for Bayonviller. We had undergone no such
+march since the war began.</p>
+
+<p>“Weighed down by their sacks, prostrated
+by the heat, men fell by hundreds along the
+road. Hardly twenty of the two hundred
+forming the company arrived without having
+left the column. Seeger was one of these few.
+He told me afterward of the terrible effort
+that he had to make not to give up. At every
+halt he drank a drop of <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">tafia</i> (rum and coffee)
+to ‘give himself heart,’ and when he reached
+the end of the march he was worn out, but
+proud—he had not left the ranks.</p>
+
+<p>“We passed the eight days of repose at
+Bayonviller, almost always together, seeking
+the greatest possible enjoyment in our life at
+the moment and making dreams for the future
+after the war. Alan confided to me that
+‘after the war’ caused him fear—that he
+could not tell what destiny reserved for him,
+but that if the fates smiled on him it was
+toward the Orient that he would make. He
+loved the Orient—Constantinople, Cairo, Damascus,
+Beirut had a powerful fascination for
+him; their names would plunge him into profound
+reverie.</p>
+
+<p>“‘It is in the mysterious frame of the
+Orient,’ he used to say, ‘in its dazzling light,
+in its blue, blue nights, among the perfumes
+of incense and hashish, that I would live, love,
+and die.’</p>
+
+<p>“And then the talk would turn again on the
+war and he would say: ‘My only wish now
+is to make a bayonet charge. After that I
+shall see. Death may surprise me, but it
+shall not frighten me. It is my destiny.
+“<em>Mektoub</em>”’ (it is written). He was a
+real fatalist and drew courage and resignation
+from his fatalism.</p>
+
+<p>“During the night of June 30-July 1 we
+left Bayonviller to move nearer the firing-line.
+We went to Proyart as reserves.</p>
+
+<p>“At 8 o’clock on the morning of July 1
+there was roll-call for the day’s orders and
+we were told that the general offensive would
+begin at nine without us, as we were in
+reserve, and that we would be notified of the
+day and hour that we were to go into action.</p>
+
+<p>“When this report was finished we were
+ordered to shell fatigue, unloading 8-inch
+shells from automobile-trucks which brought
+them up to our position.</p>
+
+<p>“All was hustle and bustle. The Colonial
+regiments had carried the first German lines
+and thousands and thousands of prisoners kept
+arriving and leaving. Ambulances filed along
+the roads continuously. As news began to arrive
+we left our work to seek more details,
+everything we could learn seemed to augur
+well.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_144" style="max-width: 46.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_144.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Private Charles Cameron</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>1st Division, 3rd Machine Gun Battalion, Company “B”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Decorated for extraordinary heroism in action near Soissons, France, July 19, 1918. When the
+infantry was held up by a trench occupied by Germans he voluntarily circled the trench and from
+the rear shot and killed one of the enemy and captured the others.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“About 4 p.m. we left Proyart for Fontaine-les-Capy
+and in the first line. Alan was
+beaming with joy and full of impatience for
+the order to join in the action. Everywhere
+delirious joy reigned at having driven the
+enemy back without loss for us. We believed
+that no further resistance would be met and
+that our shock attack would finish the Germans.
+After passing the night at Fontaine-les-Capy
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</span>we moved in the morning toward
+what had been the German first lines. I
+passed almost all the day with Alan. He was
+perfectly happy.</p>
+
+<p>“‘My dream is coming true,’ he said to me,
+‘and perhaps this evening or to-morrow we
+shall attack. I am more than satisfied, but
+it’s too bad about our July 4 leave. I can
+not hope to see Paris again now before the 6th
+or 7th, but if this leave is not granted me
+<em>“Mektoub! Mektoub”!’</em> he finished with a
+smile.</p>
+
+<p>“The field of battle was relatively calm, a
+few shells fell, fired by the enemy in retreat,
+and our troops were advancing on all sides.
+The Colonials had taken Assevillers and the
+next day we were to take their place in first
+line.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>WHEN THE HOUR CAME</h3>
+
+<p>“On July 3, about noon, we moved toward
+Assevillers to relieve the Colonials at nightfall.
+Alan and I visited Assevillers, picking
+up souvenirs, post-cards, letters, soldiers’ notebooks,
+and chattering all the time, when suddenly
+a voice called out, ‘The company will
+fall in to go to the first line.’</p>
+
+<p>“Before leaving one another we made each
+other the same promise as we had made before
+the Champagne battle (September 25,
+1915), that if one of us fell so severely
+wounded that there was no hope of escape
+the other would finish him off with a bullet
+in the heart, rather than let him await death
+in lingering torture. He showed me his revolver,
+saying, ‘I have more luck than you.
+If I can still use one arm I shall have no
+need of any one,’ and then we rejoined our
+different sections.”</p>
+
+<p>The order for attack came at 4 o’clock
+and the troops went forward, the flash and
+glitter of bayonets above the tall corn through
+which the men pressed making a curious spectacle
+against the going down of wave after
+wave of men under the terrific gun fire.</p>
+
+<p>“The losses were heavy and the enemy
+made a desperate resistance. The company
+of reserves was ordered to advance with the
+second wave of assault. ‘Forward!’ cried
+the captain, and the company deployed ‘in
+files of squadron,’ advancing slowly but surely
+under the enemy’s intense and murderous
+fire.</p>
+
+<p>“The first section (Alan’s section) formed
+the right and vanguard of the company, and
+mine formed the left wing. After the first
+bound forward, we lay flat on the ground, and
+I saw the first section advancing beyond us
+and making toward the extreme right of the
+village of Belloy-en-Santerre. I caught sight
+of Seeger and called to him, making a sign
+with my hand.</p>
+
+<p>“He answered with a smile. How pale he
+was! His tall silhouette stood out on the
+green of the corn-field. He was the tallest
+man in his section. His head erect and pride
+in his eye, I saw him running forward, with
+bayonet fixed. Soon he disappeared and that
+was the last time I saw my friend.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Forward!’ And we made a second
+bound, right to the wave of assault, which
+we left behind a little, and down we threw
+ourselves again. The fusillade became more
+and more intense, reaching a paroxysm. The
+mitrailleuses mow men down and the cannons
+thunder in desperation. Bodies are crushed
+and torn to fragments by the shells, and the
+wounded groan as they await death, for all
+hope of escaping alive from such a hell has
+fled.</p>
+
+<p>“The air is saturated with the smell of
+powder and blood, everywhere the din is
+deafening; men are torn with impatience at
+having to remain without moving under such
+a fire. We struggle even for breath and cries
+resound from every side. Suddenly a word
+of command, an order of deliverance, passes
+from mouth to mouth. ‘Forward! With
+bayonets!’—the command that Seeger had
+awaited so long.</p>
+
+<p>“In an irresistible sublime dash we hurl
+ourselves to the assault, offering our bodies
+as a target. It was at this moment that Alan
+Seeger fell heavily wounded in the stomach.
+His comrades saw him fall and crawl into
+the shelter of a shell-hole. Since that minute
+nobody saw him alive.</p>
+
+<p>“I will spare you an account of the rest
+of the battle. As soon as the enemy was
+driven back and Belloy-en-Santerre won I
+searched for news of Seeger. I was told of
+his wound and was glad of it, for I thought
+he had been carried away and henceforth
+would be far from the dangers of bullets
+and shells.</p>
+
+<p>“Thus ended this Fourth of July that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</span>
+Seeger had hoped to celebrate in Paris. On
+the next day we were relieved from the first
+lines and went into reserve lines. A fatigue
+party was left to identify the dead.</p>
+
+<p>“Seeger was found dead. His body was
+naked, his shirt and tunic being beside him
+and his rifle planted in the ground with the
+butt in the air. He had tied a handkerchief
+to the butt to attract the attention of the
+stretcher-bearers. He was lying on his side
+with his legs bent.</p>
+
+<p>“It was at night by the light of a pocket
+electric lamp that he was hastily recognized.
+Stretcher-bearers took the body and buried it
+next day in the one big grave made for the
+regiment, where lie 3 hundred bodies. This
+tomb is situated at the Hill 76 to the south of
+Belloy-en-Santerre.</p>
+
+<p>“As I think of the circumstances of his
+death I am convinced that after undressing to
+bandage himself he must have risen and been
+struck by a second bullet.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="STAYING_TO_THE_END">STAYING TO THE END</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>How a Handful of Russian “Madmen” Held the Fort Until They Were
+Wiped Out</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Here</span> is a weird story of unavailing heroism
+on the part of a Russian officer and
+the remaining few of his company who held
+one of the forts in the siege of the Novogeorgievsk
+fortress. It is laconically told by
+the reporter but it needs no flourish:</p>
+
+<p>Several forts pass through the last hours
+of their life. All the fortifications are
+swept away; most of the guns are silent; the
+men are nowhere in sight. German infantry
+floods the plain. Columns of soldiers advance
+from the right and from the left. Their front
+seems impenetrable.</p>
+
+<p>In one of the forts, however, are still a few
+men. It is one limb of the stricken animal,
+with claws unsheathed, still throbbing with
+life. For these men there is a road of escape
+behind the fort, making their return to the
+fortress possible, but the “brave ones’ madness”
+asserts itself. The commanding officer
+gathers his men together and says:</p>
+
+<p>“Boys, it’s for you to say. If you speak
+the word, we’ll all go back, though I’m for
+staying here.... Remember if we stay, the
+chances are that not one of us will escape.
+Which shall it be?”</p>
+
+<p>“Of course, we’ll stay. What difference
+does it make? It’s just the same in the
+fortress.... We’ll stay and have our fun
+here.”</p>
+
+<p>They bared their heads, made the sign of
+the cross, and kissed each other like brothers.
+The officer informed the fortress, through
+underground telephone, of the decision of his
+men.</p>
+
+<p>“We stay here to the end. And maybe
+you’ll come and get us out.”</p>
+
+<p>A few moments later, the struggle between
+this handful of men and several German columns
+began. The Germans, encircling the
+silent fort, never expected to find amid its
+ruins a handful of “madmen.” The advancing
+columns were rolling on. Suddenly the
+ruins burst into life. Machine guns splashed
+their hail of lead, and a shell or two fell into
+the midst of the German columns.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans became furious. They rushed
+to the remains of the fort, and turned back,
+met by a living wall of lead and fire. The
+heavy German guns began their booming....
+Clouds of dust and broken stone surround
+the fort, which still speaks its language
+of fire. The officer reports the operations to
+the fortress through the telephone:</p>
+
+<p>“We are surrounded. Firing incessantly.
+They’re falling fast. They’ve turned back.
+They are hammering our covers with heavy
+guns. The Germans are beginning their attack.
+Firing, firing, firing. We’re mowing
+them down. How are things with you? We
+are waiting for you....”</p>
+
+<p>A half-hour later, the officer reports again:
+“They’re hammering hard. The arches seem
+to hold out. Attacking us again. We’ve<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</span>
+lots of ammunition. We are waiting for
+you....”</p>
+
+<p>Another hour goes by. “Everything around
+is strewn with bodies of Germans. They are
+all mad. Throw themselves on us like starved
+rats, and we shoot. Every shot tells.”</p>
+
+<p>A little later, the voice speaks excitedly:
+“The Germans are flooding everything.
+We’ve no time to fire.... We cut down
+ten, and twenty take their places.... We
+mow down the twenty, and forty others
+are there already.... The Germans are in
+the fort. We are still firing at those in the
+field.... They’re trying to break through
+the roof.... Can’t hear anything.... The
+Germans are piling rocks against our gun-openings....
+We are still firing.... Fire....”</p>
+
+<p>The voice stopped short. The Germans were
+in full possession of the fort.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="WITHOUT_THE_GLAMOUR">WITHOUT THE GLAMOUR</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Lieutenant of the Royal Irish Fusiliers That Stormed Ginchy Paints
+War’s Horrors in Vivid Language</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">It</span> is well, once in a while, to take a square
+look at the grim, the ghastly, the repellent
+aspects of war, the reality stripped of
+the glamour, and realize that heroism is not
+always manifest in valiant deeds, but is often
+expressed in endurance, in patient suffering,
+in the play or poise of the inner forces in terrible
+circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>The experiences at the storming of Ginchy
+through which Lieut. Arthur C. Young of
+the Seventh Battalion, Royal Irish Fusiliers,
+passed and which he embodied in a letter to
+a relative some days afterward, were not perhaps
+exceptional,—but his description of them
+is. It is very doubtful if a more literal, faithful
+yet graphically vivid picture of war in its
+actuality has come from the battle front. In
+simple direct language we get the horror, the
+awfulness of it—but we also get reflectively
+the quality of manhood that produces heroes.</p>
+
+<p>Lieut. Young was, at the outbreak of the
+war, a resident of Kobe, Japan, and he
+promptly volunteered, returned to England
+and joined the Fusiliers. He had had his
+share of fighting, knew right well what it
+meant to go over the top, before the day at
+Ginchy which was the subject of his letter.</p>
+
+<p>The storming of Ginchy described by Lieut.
+Young occurred Sept. 9, 1916. He says:</p>
+
+<p>“It had been taken once or twice before, I
+believe (some say four times), but even out
+here it is so difficult to get authentic news
+about things which are happening quite close
+to us that you will have to make allowances
+for my possible inaccuracies. Each time,
+however, it was recaptured by the Germans,
+for to them it was a most important stronghold,
+particularly from their artillery’s point
+of view. A gunner officer told me why this
+was. You must remember that artillery fire
+is not very effective unless there is good observation,
+for atmospheric conditions affect
+shooting considerably. Now, the best sort
+of observation is that obtained from high
+ground in a forward position—it is better
+even than airplane or balloon observation, so
+I am told. Well, Ginchy was the last bit
+of high ground which the Germans held, and
+now that they have lost it, they are dependent
+on their less certain aerial observations, or,
+failing that, they must shoot by the map,
+which is no better than guesswork. Hence the
+vital importance to the Germans of Ginchy.</p>
+
+<p>“On the night previous to the taking of
+Ginchy, my battalion had to take up a position
+on the further slope of the valley. We were
+some distance in rear at the time where the
+shells did not fall so plentifully. We had
+had nearly a week of it already, and a more
+horrible five days I have never passed in my
+life. We had been over the top from Falfemont
+Farm on the Tuesday, and had been
+thanked for our services in a special divisional
+order, but the price we had to pay for that feat
+was a big one, as the casualty list printed by
+this time only too well shows.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_148" style="max-width: 46.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_148.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Treeing a Linesman Behind the Western Front</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</span></p>
+
+<p>“I was sent out to find a habitable trench
+for my company. We moved in there at dusk.
+We faced half-right, as it were, looking up
+the slope toward Ginchy. It was like being
+near the foot of Parliament Hill, with the
+village on top. Our right flank was down
+near the bottom of the valley; our left extended
+up to the higher ground toward the
+ruins of Waterlot Farm. The trench was
+very shallow in places, where it had been
+knocked in by shell-fire. I had chosen it as
+the only one suitable in the neighborhood, but
+it was a horrible place. British dead were lying
+about everywhere. Our men had to give
+up digging in some places, because they came
+down to bodies which were buried there when
+the parapet blew in. The smell turned us
+sick. At last in desperation I went out to
+look for another trench, for I felt sure the
+Germans must have the range of the trench
+we were in, and that they would give us hell
+when dawn broke. To my joy I found that
+a very deep trench some distance back had
+just been vacated by another regiment, so we
+went in there.</p>
+
+<p>“The night was bitterly cold. I have felt
+hunger and thirst and fatigue out here to a
+degree I have never experienced them before,
+but those torments I can endure far better
+than I thought I could. But the cold—my
+word! It is dreadful. I suppose life in the
+Far East does not harden one’s constitution
+against that torture. Many a night have I
+slept out in the open, in narrow, wet trenches,
+with the rain pouring down, and almost
+groaned with the agony of cold. If two can
+huddle together, you can get some warmth,
+but the trenches are frequently too narrow for
+that. I think I feel the cold more than any
+one.</p>
+
+<p>“However, dawn broke at last. It was
+very misty. All night we had been trying to
+get into touch with the unit on our left, but
+without success. So the Captain sent me out
+with an orderly to see whether I could manage
+it. We two stumbled along, but the mist
+was so dense we could see nothing. We came
+to one trench after another, but not a living
+thing could we see—nothing but dead, British
+and German, some of them mangled beyond
+recognition. Bombs and rifles and equipment
+were lying all over the place, with here and
+there a great-coat, khaki or gray according to
+the nationality of their one-time owners, but
+of living beings we could see no sign whatsoever.
+There was a horrible stench in places
+which nearly turned our stomachs.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A DANGEROUS RECONNAISSANCE</h3>
+
+<p>“To make matters more wretched, we could
+not make sure of our direction, and were
+afraid of running into a German patrol, or
+even a German trench, for such accidents are
+by no means uncommon in this region. However,
+we managed to find our way back and
+report that up to such and such a point on
+the map (approximately) there was no one on
+our left. The Captain was not content with
+this, so I went out again, this time with another
+officer. Having a compass on this second
+occasion, I felt far more self-confidence, and
+to our mutual satisfaction we discovered that
+the unit on our left was the right flank of an
+English division. Captain —— was very
+bucked when we brought back this information.
+As the mist continued for some time
+afterward, we were able to light fires and
+make breakfast.</p>
+
+<p>“Now, I have forgotten to tell you that
+we were in reserve. The front line was some
+five or six hundred yards higher up the slope
+nearer Ginchy. We knew that a big attack
+was coming off that day, but did not think
+we should be called upon to take part. Accordingly,
+we settled down for the day, and
+most of the men slept. I felt quite at home,
+as I sat in the bottom of the deep trench,
+reading the papers I had received the previous
+day from England.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“OVER THE TOP”</h3>
+
+<p>“It was about 4 o’clock in the afternoon
+when we first learned that we should have to
+take part in the attack on Ginchy. Now,
+you probably expect me to say at this point
+in my narrative that my heart leaped with joy
+at the news and that the men gave three rousing
+cheers, for that’s the sort of thing you
+read in the papers. Well, I had been over the
+top once already that week, and knew what
+it was to see men dropping dead all around
+me, to see men blown to bits, to see men
+writhing in pain, to see men running round<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</span>
+and round, gibbering, raving mad. Can you
+wonder, therefore, that I felt a sort of sickening
+dread of the horrors which I knew we
+should all have to go through? How the
+others felt I don’t exactly know, but I don’t
+think I am far wrong when I say that their
+emotions were not far different from mine.</p>
+
+<p>“You read no end of twaddle in the papers
+at home about the spirit in which men go into
+action. You might almost think they reveled
+in the horror and the agony of it all. I saw
+one account of the battle of Ginchy in which
+the correspondent spoke of the men of a certain
+regiment in reserve as ‘almost crying
+with rage’ because they couldn’t take part in
+the show. All I can say is that I should like
+to see such superhuman beings. It is rubbish
+like this which makes thousands of people in
+England think that war is great sport. As a
+famous Yankee General said, ‘War is hell,’
+and you have only got to be in the Somme
+one single day to know it. The man who
+says he loves being in a charge is a liar, and an
+adjective liar at that.</p>
+
+<p>“But to get on with the story. We were
+ordered to move up into the front line to reinforce
+the Royal Irish Rifles. None of us
+knew for a certainty whether we were going
+over the top or not, but everything seemed to
+point that way. Guides were sent down by
+the Rifles to lead us up. We wended our way
+up slowly, keeping as much as possible to the
+trenches, which were so shallow that the deepest
+part of them did not conceal more than
+our waists, but they were something to duck
+into if we heard a shell coming. The bombardment
+was now intense. Our shells bursting
+in the village of Ginchy made it belch
+forth smoke like a volcano. The German
+shells were bursting on the slope in front of
+us. The noise was deafening. I turned to
+my servant O’Brien, who has always been
+a cheery, optimistic soul, and said, ‘Well,
+O’Brien, how do you think we’ll fare?’ and
+his answer was for once not encouraging.
+‘We’ll never come out alive, Sir!’ was his
+reply. Happily, we both came out alive, but
+I never thought we should at the time.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A CHARGE BY THE IRISH</h3>
+
+<p>“It was at this moment, just as we were
+debouching on to the scragged front line of
+trench, that we beheld a scene which stirred
+and thrilled us to the bottommost depths of
+our souls. The great charge of the Irish division
+had begun, and we had come up in the
+nick of time. Mere words must fail to convey
+anything like a true picture of the scene, but
+it is burned into the memory of all those who
+were there and saw it. Let me employ the
+simile of Parliament Hill. You are more than
+half way up it now. The flat top, where the
+village lies a heap of ruins, surrounded by a
+fence of shattered trees, is about 400 yards
+away. Between the outer fringe of Ginchy
+and the front line of our own trenches is No
+Man’s Land—a wilderness of pits, so close together
+that you could ride astraddle the partitions
+between any two of them. As you
+look half-right, obliquely along No Man’s
+Land, you behold a great host of yellow-coated
+men rise out of the earth and surge forward
+and upward in a torrent—not in extended
+order, as you might expect, but in one mass—I
+almost said a compact mass. The only
+way I can describe the scene is to ask you
+to picture five or six columns of men marching
+up hill in fours, with about a hundred yards
+between each column. Now, conceive those
+columns being gradually disorganized, some
+men going off to the right and others to the
+left to avoid shell holes. There seems to be
+no end to them. Just when you think the
+flood is subsiding, another wave comes surging
+up the beach toward Ginchy.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_151" style="max-width: 46.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_151.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Lieutenant-Colonel George L. Watson</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Wounded three times and mentioned in orders five times, he was awarded many decorations,
+French, English, Belgium, Portuguese and American. He carried out the first American gas-projector
+attack.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“We joined in on the left. There was no
+time for us any more than the others to get
+into extended order. We formed another
+stream converging on the others at the summit.
+By this time we were all wildly excited.
+Our shouts and yells alone must have struck
+terror into the Germans, who were firing
+their machine guns down the slope. But there
+was no wavering in the Irish host. We
+couldn’t run. We advanced at a steady walking
+pace, stumbling here and there, but going
+ever onward and upward. That numbing
+dread had now left me completely. Like the
+others, I was intoxicated with the glory of
+it all. I can remember shouting and bawling
+to the men of my platoon, who were only too
+eager to go on. The German barrage had
+now been opened in earnest, and shells were
+falling here, there, and everywhere in No
+Man’s Land. They were mostly dropping on
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</span>our right, but they were coming nearer and
+nearer, as if a screen were being drawn across
+our front. I knew that it was a case of ‘now
+or never’ and stumbled on feverishly. We
+managed to get through the barrage in the
+nick of time, for it closed behind us, and after
+that we had no shells to fear in front of us.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE MENTAL SIDE OF FIGHTING</h3>
+
+<p>“I mention, merely as an interesting fact
+in psychology, how in a crisis of this sort one’s
+mental faculties are sharpened. Instinct told
+us when the shells were coming gradually
+closer to crouch down in the holes until they
+had passed. Acquired knowledge, on the other
+hand—the knowledge instilled into one by lectures
+and books (of which I have only read
+one, namely, Haking’s ‘Company Training’)—told
+us that it was safer in the long run
+to push ahead before the enemy got the range,
+and it was acquired knowledge that won.
+And here’s another observation I should like
+to make by the way: I remember reading
+somewhere, I think it was in a book by Winston
+Churchill, that of the battle of Omdurman
+the writer could recollect nothing in the
+way of noise; he had an acute visual recollection
+of all that went on about him, but his
+aural recollection was nil; he could only recall
+the scene as if it were a cinematograph
+picture. Curiously, this was my own experience
+at Ginchy. The din must have been
+deafening (I learned afterward that it could
+be heard miles away), yet I have only a confused
+remembrance of it. Shells, which at
+any other time would have scared me out of
+my wits, I never so much as heard—not even
+when they were bursting quite close to me.
+One landed in the midst of a bunch of men
+about seventy yards away on my right; I
+have a most vivid recollection of seeing a tremendous
+burst of clay and earth go shooting
+up into the air—yes, and even parts of human
+bodies—and that when the smoke cleared
+away there was nothing left. I shall never
+forget that horrifying spectacle as long as I
+live, but I shall remember it as a sight only,
+for I can associate no sound with it.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“IT WAS HELL LET LOOSE”</h3>
+
+<p>“How long we were in crossing No Man’s
+Land I don’t know. It could not have been
+more than five minutes, yet it seemed much
+longer. We were now well up to the Boche.
+We had to clamber over all manner of obstacles—fallen
+trees, beams, great mounds of
+brick and rubble—in fact, over the ruins of
+Ginchy. It seems like a nightmare to me now.
+I remember seeing comrades falling round me.
+My sense of hearing returned, for I became
+conscious of a new sound, namely, the pop,
+pop, pop of machine guns and the continuous
+crackling of rifle fire. I remember men lying
+in shell holes holding out their arms and beseeching
+water. I remember men crawling
+about and coughing up blood, as they searched
+round for some place in which they could
+shelter until help could reach them. By this
+time all units were mixed up. But they
+were all Irishmen. They were cheering and
+cheering and cheering like mad. It was hell
+let loose. There was a machine gun playing
+on us near by, and we all made for it.</p>
+
+<p>“At this moment we caught our first sight
+of the Germans. They were in a trench of
+sorts, which ran in and out among the ruins.
+Some of them had their hands up. Others
+were kneeling and holding their arms out to
+us. Still others were running up and down
+the trench distractedly as if they didn’t know
+which way to go, but as we got close they
+went down on their knees, too. To the everlasting
+good name of the Irish soldiery, not one
+of these Germans, some of whom had been
+engaged in slaughtering our men up to the
+very last moment, was killed. I did not see a
+single instance of a prisoner being shot or bayoneted.
+When you remember that our men
+were now worked up to a frenzy of excitement,
+this crowning act of mercy to their foes
+is surely to their eternal credit. They could
+feel pity even in their rage.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ONLY TWO OFFICERS LEFT</h3>
+
+<p>“By this time we had penetrated the German
+front line, and were on the flat ground
+where the village once stood, surrounded by
+a wood of fairly high trees. There was no
+holding the men back. They rushed through
+Ginchy, driving the Germans before them.
+The German dead were lying everywhere,
+some of them having been frightfully mangled
+by our shell-fire. As I was clambering out of
+the front trench, I felt a sudden stab in my
+right thigh. I thought I had got a ‘blighty’
+[a wound serious enough to send him back to
+Britain], but found it was only a graze from
+a bullet, and so went on.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_152fp" style="max-width: 47.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_152fp.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Captain Douglass Campbell</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>Pilot, Air Service</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">On May 19, 1918, Captain Campbell shot down an enemy biplane east of Flirey. On May
+27th, at Montsec, he shot down one German machine and drove two others behind their
+lines. On May 28th he brought down a German Albatros and drove five others back. On
+May 31st, over Lironville, he shot down an enemy plane and routed another. On June 5th,
+though shot through the back, he destroyed another German machine over Eply.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“I managed to find my men without difficulty.
+They had rushed through the ruins of
+the village and were almost a hundred yards
+beyond the wood, where the ground dips down
+slightly into a shallow valley and mounts up
+gradually to a ridge about half a mile away.
+We were facing south here, having Delville
+Wood away to our left and Leuze Wood on
+our right. —— and I were the only two
+officers left in the company, so it was up to
+us to take charge. There were not more than
+half a dozen officers in this part of the line,
+and so we had a great deal of work to do. We
+could see the Germans hopping over the distant
+ridge like rabbits, and we had some difficulty
+in preventing our men from chasing
+them, for we had orders not to go too far.</p>
+
+<p>“We got them—Irish Fusiliers, Inniskillings,
+and Dublins—to dig in by linking up
+the shell craters, and though the men were
+tired (some wanted to smoke and others to
+make tea), they worked with a will, and before
+long we had got a pretty decent trench
+outlined.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SCENES AMONG PRISONERS</h3>
+
+<p>“While we were at work a number of Germans
+who had stopped behind, and were hiding
+in shell holes, commenced a bombing attack
+on our right. But they did not keep it
+up long, for they hoisted a white flag (a
+handkerchief tied to a rifle), as a sign of surrender.
+I should think we must have made
+about twenty prisoners. They were very
+frightened. Some of them bunked into a
+sunken road or cutting which ran straight out
+from the wood in a southerly direction, and
+huddled together, with hands upraised. They
+began to empty their pockets and hand out
+souvenirs—watches, compasses, cigars, pen-knives—to
+their captors, and even wanted to
+shake hands with us! There was no other
+officer about at the moment, so I had to find
+an escort to take the prisoners down. Among
+the prisoners was a tall, distinguished-looking
+man, and I asked him in my broken German
+whether he was an officer. ‘Ja! mein Herr!’
+was the answer I got. ‘Sprechen sie English?’
+‘Jah!’ ‘Good,’ I said, thankful that I didn’t
+have to rack my brains for any more German
+words; ‘please tell your men that no harm
+will come to them if they follow you quietly.’
+He turned round and addressed his men, who
+seemed to be very grateful that we were not
+going to kill them! I must say the officer
+behaved with real soldierly dignity, and, not
+to be outdone in politeness, I treated him with
+the same respect that he showed me. I gave
+him an escort for himself and told off three or
+four men for the remainder. I could not but
+rather admire his bearing, for he did not show
+anything like the terror that his men did.</p>
+
+<p>“I heard afterward that when Captain
+——’s company rushed a trench more to our
+right, round the corner of the wood, a German
+officer surrendered in great style. He
+stood to attention, gave a clinking salute, and
+said in perfect English, ‘Sir, myself, this other
+officer and ten men are your prisoners.’ Captain
+—— said, ‘Right you are, old chap!’
+and they shook hands, the prisoners being led
+away immediately. So you see there are certain
+amenities which are observed even on the
+bloodiest of battlefields. I believe our prisoners
+were all Bavarians, who are better mannered
+from all accounts than the Prussians.
+They could thank their stars they had Irish
+chivalry to deal with.</p>
+
+<p>“There were a great many German dead
+and wounded in the sunken road. One of
+them was an officer. He was lying at the
+entrance to a dugout. He was waving his
+arms about. I went over and spoke to him.
+He could talk a little English. All he could
+say was, ‘Comrade, I die, I die.’ I asked him
+where he was hit and he said in the stomach.
+It was impossible to move him, for our stretcher
+bearers had not yet come up, so I got my
+servant to look for an overcoat to throw over
+him, as he was suffering terribly from the cold.
+Whether or not he survived the night I do
+not know.</p>
+
+<p>“Our line was now extended across the
+sunken road and beyond the corner of the
+wood to our right. Darkness was coming on.
+Airplanes were hovering overhead, and shortly
+afterward our shells began to form a barrage
+in front. The Germans had evidently rallied,
+for we could see a long line of them coming
+up on our right, evidently from the direction
+of Leuze Wood. Our machine guns opened
+fire. The counter-attack was hung up, but the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</span>
+Germans must have dug themselves in for the
+night, for in the morning they gave us a good
+deal of trouble.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_154" style="max-width: 44.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_154.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Photo by Fairchild, New York.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Lieutenant George H. Pendleton</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">With two other officers and twenty men he was sent by the Belgian command to get information
+about the enemy. In a fight with a German patrol he was wounded, but returned to
+headquarters with the desired information. He is a great-grandson of Francis Scott Key.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>After the counter-attack had subsided, I was
+ordered to take my men and join up with the
+rest of the battalion on our right. There we
+spent the night in a trench. We must have
+been facing south. It was a miserable night
+we passed, for we were all very cold and
+thirsty. We had to keep digging. When
+morning broke it was very misty. We expected
+to be relieved at two in the morning,
+but the relief did not come till noon. Never
+shall I forget those hours of suspense. We
+were all hungry. The only food we could
+get was German black bread, which we picked
+up all over the place; also German tinned
+sausages and bully-beef. We had to lift up
+some of the dead to get at these things. Some
+of them had water bottles full of cold coffee,
+which we drank.</p>
+
+<p>“We all craved a smoke. Fortunately, the
+German haversacks were pretty well stocked
+with cigarettes and cigars. I got a handful
+of cigars off a dead German, and smoked
+them all morning. Also a tin of cigarettes.
+His chocolates also came in handy. Poor
+devil, he must have been a cheery soul when
+living, for he had a photograph of himself in
+his pocket, in a group with his wife and two
+children, and the picture made him look a
+jolly old sport. And here he was dead, with
+both legs missing! The trench (between ours
+and the wood) was stacked with dead. It
+was full of débris—bombs, shovels, and what
+not—and torn books, magazines, and newspapers.
+I came across a copy of Schiller’s
+‘Wallenstein.’</p>
+
+
+<h3>FORGETTING ENMITY</h3>
+
+<p>“Hearing moans as I went along the trench,
+I looked into a shelter or hole dug in the
+side and found a young German. He could
+not move, as his legs were broken. He begged
+me to get him some water, so I hunted round
+and found a flask of cold coffee, which I held
+to his lips. He kept saying ‘Danke, Kamerad,
+danke, danke.’ However much you may
+hate the Germans when you are fighting them,
+you can only feel pity for them when you see
+them lying helpless and wounded on the
+ground. I saw this man afterward on his
+way to the dressing station. About ten yards
+further on was another German, minus a leg.
+He, too, craved water, but I could get him
+none, though I looked everywhere. Our men
+were very good to the German wounded. In
+fact, kindness and compassion for the wounded,
+our own and the enemy’s, is about the only<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</span>
+decent thing I have seen in war. It is not at
+all uncommon to see a British and German
+soldier side by side in the same shell hole
+nursing each other as best they can and placidly
+smoking cigarettes. A poor wounded German
+who hobbled into our trench in the morning,
+his face badly mutilated by a bullet—he
+whimpered and moaned as piteously as a child—was
+bound up by one of our officers, who
+took off his coat and set to work in earnest.
+Another German, whose legs were hit, was
+carried in by our men and put into a shell
+hole for safety, where he lay awaiting the
+stretcher bearers when we left. It is with a
+sense of pride that I can write this of our
+soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>“There was a counter-attack on our left in
+the morning, and for a few minutes the machine
+guns were very active, but the Germans
+were beaten off. At last we were relieved,
+and made our way back, behind Guillemont,
+to be taken out of the line. We spent one
+night in a camp and next day came on here.
+I am writing this in a picturesque French village.
+You can see green fields and trees and
+stacks of corn and cattle when you look
+through the window. Here, at all events,
+‘grim-visaged war hath smoothed his wrinkled
+front’. I am not alone in hoping that
+we shall not have to go back to that hellish
+place.</p>
+
+<p>“Well, now, that’s the story of the great
+Irish charge at Ginchy, so far as I can tell it.
+I suppose by this time the great event has been
+forgotten by the English public. But it will
+never be forgotten by those who took part
+in it, for it is an event we shall remember
+with pride to the end of our days.</p>
+
+<p>“Need I tell you how proud we officers
+and men are of the Royal Irish Fusiliers who
+played as big a part as any in the storming
+of that stronghold, and who went into action
+shouting their old battle cry of ‘Faugh-a-Ballagh’—‘Clear
+the way!’”</p>
+<br>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>The estimated total war bill of the United States is 30 billions, which is equal to
+approximately $330 apiece for every man, woman and child in this country. The sum
+includes the 10 billions loaned to the Allies, and is estimated on the appropriations made
+by the first and second sessions of the 65th Congress, including the appropriations that
+were authorized, but were not expected to be expended before the fiscal year 1919.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="BIG_ADAMS_HARE_SOUP">BIG ADAM’S HARE SOUP</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>How the Scotch Snipers Fortified Themselves Against a German
+Attack at Dawn</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">What</span> may be described as a domestic
+scene in a dugout was presented with
+a flavor of humor by a correspondent in the
+mid-year of 1917. It was at a strategic point
+just behind the British first line trench.
+Though the men were ignorant of the reasons
+for a recent move, the fact was that
+officers were preparing to meet a German attack.
+The occupants of the dugout were
+snipers of Scotch nativity and not over fond
+of “blatherin’.” Unlike the usual failings and
+infirmities of the dugout, flooded or swampy,
+this was dry and comfortable. There were
+shelves on which their rifles were stacked,
+along with telescope sights and other instruments
+important to snipers, who are invariably
+the crack shots of the riflemen. There
+were pegs—bayonets thrust in between the
+sandbags—for the equipment of the men.
+Conveniences and advantages not a few; and
+room for comfortable grouping.</p>
+
+<p>We are introduced to the scene as preparations
+for a substantial meal are under way.
+Though the battalion had been hurried up
+from a village behind the lines where it had
+enjoyed a month’s rest, the rations had arrived,
+and moreover the careful purveyors of
+the sniper squad had brought along two plump
+hares shot the day before, and these were being
+devotionally fitted to the service of the
+inner man on the principal brazier. Another
+brazier was assigned to the less honorable
+office of heating water for tea. A few tallow
+dips feebly lighted the place and gave curious,
+half-substantial aspects to the men under the
+wavering canopy of smoke from pipes and
+cigarettes.</p>
+
+<p>A huge Scot is hanging solicitously over the
+cooking hares, wholly absorbed in the delightful
+occupation. He gives no heed to the men
+surrounding him in critical inspection of his
+performance, eagerly expectant of the result.
+These critical watchers are exceedingly careful,
+however, to make no comment to reflect
+upon the culinary skill of the man sedulously
+stirring the savory contents of the “dixie”
+over the brazier. The group reminded the
+correspondent of the gnomes Rip Van Winkle
+found in the Catskill mountains; solemn they
+were, grave with a sense of their responsibility.
+The Scots are not over given to gaiety, however
+sensitive to humor of their own conceiving.</p>
+
+<p>Gravest of all the assembly are those seated
+nearest the brazier, where the hare soup is
+stewing, and it is not difficult to infer that
+they are the veterans, the supersnipers, of the
+section. Their age, the manner in which the
+younger snipers defer to them and give them
+place, the cool confidence of their every look
+and movement, all mark them out as leaders
+among men.</p>
+
+<p>A notable group it was. Says the correspondent:</p>
+
+<p>“Each a man of distinct personality, yet
+collectively the deadliest unit on the whole
+battle-line; each of a name known outside the
+division and of a skill which has brought the
+section success in the trenches and credit on
+the test rifle-ranges behind the lines. Yet no
+trace of arrogance shows itself in their demeanor,
+and the careless observer might possibly
+have only caught a hint of the great reserve
+strength embodied in each of them. And
+all sit gravely and watch big Adam, who
+wields the spoon, stir the soup.”</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly there is a diversion from the other
+end of the dugout. Here two or three younger
+men have been sitting, and their conversation,
+gradually rising in key, has been slowly breaking
+in as a disturbing factor to the solemnity
+of their elders round the brazier. The noise
+now reaches a climax and an indignant voice
+exclaims:</p>
+
+<p>“Ye’re just a blether, Jimmy Duffus; just
+a big, bletherin’ eediot.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_157" style="max-width: 53.3125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_157.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Scots in the Village of Loos</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A Highlander Is Rescuing a Little French Girl from a Danger Alley.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“But I tell ye, Wullie, I heard the officer
+sayin’ so,” says Jimmy aggrievedly.</p>
+
+<p>“Well, even tho ye did,” rejoins Willie,
+“what richt hae ye to be turnin’ ower what
+the officer says in public?”</p>
+
+<p>“He didna tell me to keep it quate, Wullie
+Black.”</p>
+
+<p>“He didna tell ye onything at a’. It was
+jist thae big lugs o’ yours happened by at the
+time. And noo, like the big mooth ye are, ye
+goun clyping it a’ ower the place.”</p>
+
+<p>Jimmy rose threateningly, and Willie was
+not a whit behind him. Both were prepared
+for an immediate settlement. Another second<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</span>
+and they would have come to blows, but the
+sergeant intervened.</p>
+
+<p>“Come ower here, baith o’ ye,” he said
+sternly, and the two slunk up to him.</p>
+
+<p>“It was Duffus here, sairgeant, was sayin’
+that the officer was sayin’ that the Germans
+wud attack——”</p>
+
+<p>“Be quate, Black,” broke in the sergeant.
+“Ye’re but a poor, ignorant boy, Wullie,” he
+continued, speaking with great deliberation,
+“only good to hold the horse by the head. Go
+and clean that rifle or I’ll tak it from ye
+a’thegither.”</p>
+
+<p>Completely subdued by so dire a threat,
+Willie went off to this task with alacrity.
+Not only did he love his rifle, but he feared
+his sergeant’s eloquence. “And as for you,
+Duffus,” said the latter, turning to the other
+culprit, “if you do not keep your mooth shut
+aboot what your betters say, ye’ll be oot o’
+the section the morn’s mornin’. Jist mind in
+future that onything the officer wants the section
+to know, I’ll tell ye.”</p>
+
+<p>Jimmy subsided discreetly, abashed but not
+extinguished, and still bursting to blab. The
+sergeant adjusted himself to some bags of
+charcoal and dozed off. When the muffled
+sounds of impending snores assured Jimmy
+that the sergeant was asleep, he leaned eagerly
+forward and in a momentous whisper heard
+by the others discharged his high-tensioned information:</p>
+
+<p>“The officer said the Germans will attack at
+dawn!”</p>
+
+<p>Big Adam leaned forward and roused the
+sergeant. The younger man looked up inquiringly,
+expecting some authoritative statement
+on the subject. But as the sergeant
+lifted his head attentively, Big Adam, taking
+appreciative sips from the spoon, said only:</p>
+
+<p>“This is grand hare soup! Will ye tak’ a
+sup, Andra?”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_BLUE_GRASS_CANADIAN">A “BLUE GRASS” CANADIAN</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Sergeant McClintock Was Brave Enough to Confess War Has Its Scare</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">While</span> the war was at its worst one
+of our boys, a Lieutenant, who had
+done trench service from “support” to going
+“over the top,” was, after serious wounds,
+invalided home as a training officer. He wore
+a medal on his breast that attested his bravery,
+but in a little talk at a club dinner he said,
+“If you hear any fellow say he was not
+scared when going ‘over the top’ or when
+scuttling around under shell and gun fire, you
+may safely set him down as a darned liar or
+as a mental defective. We do get scared a
+plenty—but we keep on fighting. It is true
+a man may forget his scare in the excitement
+of action, and generally does; but he has
+moments when the red goes out of his face.”</p>
+
+<p>Some of the coolest, bravest men taking
+part in desperate engagements have made similar
+statements. The thing in war is not a
+question of “to be scared or not to be scared,”
+but of unfailing obedience to orders in spite
+of colorless cheeks and tremblings of the flesh.
+That is an impression one gets from such
+accounts of war as that of Sergeant Alexander
+McClintock, a Kentucky boy, who felt the
+lure so keenly that in October, 1915, he hurried
+over to Canada and as soon thereafter
+as formalities permitted he joined the Canadian
+Grenadier Guards. In due course the
+Guards were sent across and were dropped
+into the front trenches in Belgium. From that
+time onward until he was invalided home
+wearing a Distinguished Conduct Medal for
+conspicuous bravery young McClintock had
+adventures not a few, enough and varied to
+make fascinating the book he wrote, <cite>Best o’
+Luck</cite>, which the George Doran Company published
+early in 1918. The Sergeant tells his
+story capitally, whether recounting experiences
+with those formidable and ghoulish beasts, the
+trench rats, or encounters with the not altogether
+admirable trench Hun. For a long
+time the life in the trenches was dull monotony,
+about the only relief in the way of amusement
+being found in shooting rats as they
+scurried along the parapet. He says:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>A COMFORTING STAFF OFFICER</h3>
+
+<p>“At last came the night when we were to
+go ‘over the top,’ across No Man’s Land,
+and have a frolic with Fritz in his own bailiwick.
+I am endeavoring to be as accurate
+and truthful as possible in these stories of my
+soldiering, and I am therefore compelled to say
+that there wasn’t a man in the sixty who didn’t
+show the strain in his pallor and nervousness.
+Under orders, we discarded our trench-helmets
+and substituted knitted skull-caps or
+mess tin covers. Then we blackened our
+hands and faces with ashes from a camp-fire.
+After this they loaded us into motor-trucks
+and took us up to ‘Shrapnel Corner,’ from
+which point we went in on foot. Just before
+we left, a staff officer came along and gave
+us a little talk.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_159" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_159.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Photo, by Western Newspaper Union.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Lieutenant Benjamin E. Turner (Right) and His Brother,
+Private Robert I. Turner</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A man in American uniform appeared among the United States troops in the Vesle sector,
+shouted that resistance was useless, and that American officers had advised everybody to surrender;
+but Lieut. Turner ordered his men to stand fast. The alarmist was later identified as
+a German spy.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“‘This is the first time you men have been
+tested,’ he said. ‘You’re Canadians. I needn’t
+say anything more to you. They’re going to
+be popping them off at a great rate while
+you’re on your way across. Remember that
+you’d better not stand up straight, because
+our shells will be going over just six and a
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</span>half feet from the ground—where it’s level.
+If you stand up straight you’re likely to be
+hit in the head, but don’t let that worry you,
+because if you do get hit in the head you
+won’t know it. So why in hell worry about
+it?’ That was his farewell. He jumped on
+his horse and rode off.</p>
+
+<p>“The point we were to attack had been
+selected long before by our scouts. It was
+not, as you might suppose, the weakest point
+in the German line. It was, on the contrary,
+the strongest. It was considered that the
+moral effect of cleaning up a weak point would
+be comparatively small, whereas to break in at
+the strongest point would be something really
+worth while. And, if we were to take chances,
+it really wouldn’t pay to hesitate about degrees.
+The section we were to raid had a
+frontage of 150 yards and a depth of 200
+yards. It had been explained to us that we
+were to be supported by a ‘box barrage,’ or
+curtain fire from our artillery, to last exactly
+twenty-six minutes. That is, for twenty-six
+minutes from the time when we started ‘over
+the top,’ our artillery, several miles back,
+would drop a ‘curtain’ of shells all around the
+edges of that 150-yard by 200-yard section.
+We were to have fifteen minutes in which to
+do our work. Any man not out at the end
+of the fifteen minutes would necessarily be
+caught in our own fire, as our artillery would
+then change from a ‘box’ to pour a straight
+curtain fire, covering all of the spot of our
+operations.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE AGONY OF WAITING</h3>
+
+<p>“Our officers set their watches very carefully
+with those of the artillery officers before
+we went forward to the front trenches. We
+reached the front at 11 p. m., and not until
+our arrival there were we informed of the
+‘zero hour’—the time when the attack was
+to be made. The hour of 12:10 had been
+selected. The waiting from eleven o’clock
+until that time was simply an agony. Some
+of our men sat stupid and inert. Others
+kept talking constantly about the most inconsequential
+matters. One man undertook to
+tell a funny story. No one listened to it, and
+the laugh at the end was emaciated and
+ghastly. The inaction was driving us all into
+a state of funk. I could actually feel my
+nerve oozing out at my fingertips, and if we
+had had to wait fifteen minutes longer I
+shouldn’t have been able to climb out of the
+trench.”</p>
+
+<p>Finally the moment for the attack arrived.</p>
+
+<p>“We sneaked out, single file, making our
+way from shell-hole to shell-hole, nearly all
+the time on all-fours, crawling quickly over
+the flat places between the holes. The Germans
+had not sighted us, but they were squirting
+machine-gun bullets all over the place
+like a man watering a lawn with a garden-hose,
+and they were bound to get some of us.
+Behind me I heard cries of pain and groans,
+but this made little impression on my benumbed
+intelligence. From the mere fact that
+whatever had happened had happened to one
+of the other sections of ten and not to my
+own, it seemed, some way or other, no affair
+to concern me. Then a man in front of me
+doubled up suddenly and rolled into a shell-hole.
+That simply made me remember very
+clearly that I was not to stop on account of
+it. It was some one else’s business to pick
+that man up. Next, according to the queer
+psychology of battle, I began to lose my sensation
+of fear and nervousness. After I saw
+a second man go down, I gave my attention
+principally to a consideration of the irregularities
+of the German parapet ahead of us,
+picking out the spot where we were to enter
+the trench. It seems silly to say it, but I
+seemed to get some sort of satisfaction out
+of the realization that we had lost the percentage
+which we might be expected to lose
+going over. Now, it seemed, the rest of us
+were safe until we should reach the next phase
+of our undertaking.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_161" style="max-width: 45.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_161.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Captain Thomas H. Fallow</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">When heavy machine-gun fire held up his advance, Capt. Fallow led his men in an attack on
+the woods in which the enemy was situated, captured many prisoners, cleared the woods, and
+inflicted severe losses.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<h3>ALMOST CALM</h3>
+
+<p>“I heard directions given and I gave some
+myself. My voice was firm, and I felt almost
+calm. Our artillery had so torn up the
+German barbed wire that it gave us no trouble
+at all. We walked through it with only a few
+scratches. When we reached the low, sandbag
+parapet of the enemy trench we tossed
+in a few bombs and followed them right over
+as soon as they had exploded. There wasn’t
+a German in sight. They were all in their
+dugouts. But we knew pretty well where
+every dugout was located, and we rushed for
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</span>the entrances with our bombs. Everything
+seemed to be going just as we had expected
+it to go. Two Germans ran plump into me as
+I rounded a ditch angle, with a bomb in my
+hand. They had their hands up and each of
+them yelled:</p>
+
+<p>“‘Mercy, <em>Kamerad</em>!’</p>
+
+<p>“I passed them back to be sent to the rear,
+and the man who received them from me
+chuckled and told them to step lively. The
+German trenches were practically just as we
+had expected to find them, according to our
+sample. They were so nearly similar to the
+duplicate section in which we had practiced
+that we had no trouble finding our way in
+them. I was just thinking that really the
+only tough part of the job remaining would
+be getting back across No Man’s Land, when
+it seemed that the whole earth behind me
+rose in the air. For a moment I was stunned
+and half blinded by dirt blown into my face.
+When I was able to see, I discovered that all
+that lay back of me was a mass of upturned
+earth and rock, with here and there a man
+shaking himself or scrambling out of it, or
+lying still.</p>
+
+<p>“The philosophy of the British Tommies
+and the Canadians and the Australians on
+the Somme was a remarkable reflection of
+their fine courage through all that hell. They
+go about their work, paying no attention to
+the flying death about them.</p>
+
+<p>“‘If Fritz has a shell with your name and
+number on it,’ said a British Tommy to me
+one day, ‘you’re going to get it, whether you’re
+in the front line or seven miles back. If he
+hasn’t, you’re all right.’</p>
+
+<p>“Fine fighters, all. And the Scotch kilties,
+lovingly called by the Germans ‘the women
+from hell,’ have the respect of all armies. We
+saw little of the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">poilus</i>, except a few on leave.
+All the men were self-sacrificing to one another
+in that big melting-pot from which so
+few ever emerge whole. The only things it
+is legitimate to steal in the code of the trenches
+are rum and ‘fags’ (cigarettes). Every other
+possession is as safe as if it were under a
+Yale lock.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>FIRE CURTAINS</h3>
+
+<p>The method in which “curtains of fire” are
+laid down is very clearly described.</p>
+
+<p>“While I was at the front I had opportunity
+to observe three distinct types of
+barrage-fire, the ‘box,’ the ‘jumping,’ and the
+‘creeping.’ The ‘box,’ I have already described
+to you, as it is used in a raid. The
+‘jumping’ plays on a certain line for a certain
+interval and then jumps to another line. The
+officers in command of the advance know the
+intervals of time and space and keep their
+lines close up to the barrage, moving with it
+on the very second. The ‘creeping’ barrage
+opens on a certain line and then creeps ahead
+at a certain fixed rate of speed, covering every
+inch of the ground to be taken. The men of
+the advance simply walk with it, keeping
+within about thirty yards of the line on which
+the shells were falling. Eight-inch shrapnel
+and high-explosive shells were used exclusively
+by the British when I was with them in maintaining
+barrage-fire. The French used their
+‘seventy-fives,’ which are approximately of
+three-inch caliber. Of late, I believe, the
+British and French have both added gas-shells
+for this use when conditions make it possible.
+The Germans, in establishing a barrage, used
+their ‘whiz-bangs,’ slightly larger shells than
+ours, but they never seemed to have quite the
+same skill and certitude in barrage bombardment
+that our artillerymen had.</p>
+
+<p>“To attempt to picture the scene of two
+barrage-fires, crossing, is quite beyond me.
+You see two walls of flame in front of you,
+one where your own barrage is playing, and
+one where the enemy guns are firing, and you
+see two more walls of flame behind you, one
+where the enemy barrage is playing, and one
+where your own guns are firing. And amid
+it all you are deafened by Titanic explosions
+which have merged into one roar of thunderous
+sound, while acrid fumes choke and blind
+you. To use a fitting if not original phrase,
+it’s just ‘Hell with the lid off.’”</p>
+
+<p>The wound that ended McClintock’s career
+with the Canadian forces was received at the
+battle of the Somme. Major Lewis, in command
+of that section, sent for him:</p>
+
+<p>“‘McClintock,’ said he, ‘I don’t wish to
+send you to any special hazard, and so far as
+that goes we’re all going to get more or less
+of a dusting. But I want to put that machine
+gun which has been giving us so much
+trouble out of action.’</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_163" style="max-width: 46.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_163.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Lieutenant-Colonel John W. Stewart</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He carried out special operations, for the infantry and heavy artillery. Practically all of his
+work was done under fire and he was many times mentioned in orders for his extraordinary
+efficiency.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“I knew very well the machine gun he
+meant. It was in a concrete emplacement,
+walled and roofed, and the devils in charge
+of it seemed to be descendants of William
+Tell and the prophet Isaiah, They always
+knew what was coming and had their guns
+accurately trained on it before it came.</p>
+
+<p>“‘If you are willing,’ said Major Lewis,
+‘I wish you to select twenty-five men from the
+company and go after that gun the minute
+the order comes to advance. Use your own
+judgment about the men and the plan for
+taking the gun position. Will you go?’</p>
+
+<p>“‘Yes, sir,’ I answered. ‘I’ll go and pick
+out the men right away. I think we can make
+those fellows shut up shop over there.’</p>
+
+<p>“Good boy!’ he said. ‘You’ll try, all
+right.’</p>
+
+<p>“I started away. He called me back.</p>
+
+<p>“‘This is going to be a bit hot, McClintock,’
+he said, taking my hand. ‘I wish you
+the best of luck, old fellow—you and the rest
+of them.’ In the trenches they always wish
+you the best of luck when they hand you a
+particularly tough job.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE SAME TO YOU</h3>
+
+<p>“I thanked him and wished him the same.
+I never saw him again. He was killed in
+action within two hours after our conversation.
+Both he and my pal, Macfarlane, were
+shot down dead that morning.</p>
+
+<p>“When they called for volunteers to go
+with me in discharge of Major Lewis’s order
+the entire company responded. I picked out
+twenty-five men, twelve bayonet men and
+thirteen bombers. They agreed to my plan,
+which was to get within twenty-five yards of
+the gun emplacement before attacking, to place
+no dependence on rifle fire, but to bomb them
+out and take the position with the bayonet.
+We followed that plan and took the emplacement
+quicker than we had expected to do,
+but there were only two of us left when we
+got there—Private Godsall, No. 177,063, and
+myself. All the rest of the twenty-five were
+dead or down. The emplacement had been
+held by eleven Germans. Two only were left
+standing when we got in.</p>
+
+<p>“When we saw that the gun had been
+silenced and the crew disabled, Godsall and
+I worked round to the right about ten yards
+from the shell-hole where we had sheltered
+ourselves while throwing bombs into the emplacement
+and scaled the German parapet.
+Then we rushed the gun position. The officer
+who had been in charge was standing
+with his back to us, firing with his revolver
+down the trench at our men who were coming
+over at another point. I reached him before
+Godsall and bayoneted him. The other German
+who had survived our bombing threw up
+his hands and mouthed the Teutonic slogan
+of surrender, ‘Mercy, <em>Kamerad</em>,’ My bayonet
+had broken off in the encounter with the
+German officer, and I remembered that I had
+been told always to pull the trigger after
+making a bayonet thrust, as that would usually
+jar the weapon loose. In this case I
+had forgotten instructions. I picked up a
+German rifle with bayonet fixed, and Godsall
+and I worked on down the trench.</p>
+
+<p>“The German who had surrendered stood
+with his hands held high above his head,
+waiting for us to tell him what to do. He
+never took his eyes off us, even to look at
+his officer, lying at his feet. As we moved
+down the trench he followed us, still holding
+his hands up and repeating, ‘Mercy, <em>Kamerad</em>!’
+At the next trench angle we took five
+more prisoners, and as Godsall had been
+slightly wounded in the arm, I turned the
+captives over to him and ordered him to take
+them to the rear. Just then the men of our
+second wave came over the parapet like a
+lot of hurdlers. In five minutes we had taken
+the rest of the Germans in the trench section
+prisoners, had reversed the fire steps, and had
+turned their own machine guns against those
+of their retreating companies that we could
+catch sight of.”</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>Badly wounded in the knee a little later,
+the sergeant took refuge in a shell-hole. Four
+German prisoners on their way to the rear
+were requisitioned as stretcher-bearers and
+carried him in on an improvised litter.</p>
+
+
+<h3>KNICKERBOCKER WAITER</h3>
+
+<p>“It was a trip which was not without incident.
+Every now and then we would hear
+the shriek of an approaching ‘coal-box,’ and
+then my prisoner stretcher-bearers and I
+would tumble in one indiscriminate heap into
+the nearest shell-hole. If we did that once,
+we did it a half-dozen times. After each dive,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</span>
+the four would patiently reorganize and arrange
+the improvised stretcher again, and we
+would proceed. Following every tumble,
+however, I would have to tighten my tourniquets,
+and despite all I could do the hemorrhage
+from my wound continued so profuse
+that I was beginning to feel very dizzy and
+weak. On the way in I sighted our regimental
+dressing station and signed to my four
+bearers to carry me toward it. The station
+was in an old German dugout. Major Gilday
+was at the door. He laughed when he saw
+me with my own special ambulance detail.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Well, what do you want?’ he asked.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Most of all,’ I said, ‘I think I want a
+drink of rum.’</p>
+
+<p>“He produced it for me instantly.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Now,’ said he, ‘my advice to you is to
+keep on traveling. You’ve got a fine special
+detail there to look after you. Make ’em
+carry you to Poizers. It’s only five miles,
+and you’ll make it all right. I’ve got this
+place loaded up full, no stretcher-bearers, no
+assistants, no adequate supply of bandages and
+medicines, and a lot of very bad cases. If
+you want to get out of here in a week, just
+keep right on going now.’</p>
+
+<p>“As we continued toward the rear we were
+the targets for a number of humorous remarks
+from men coming up to go into the fight.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Give my regards to Blighty, you lucky
+beggar,’ was the most frequent saying.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Bli’ me,’ said one cockney Tommy, ‘there
+goes one o’ th’ Canadians with an escort from
+the Kaiser.’</p>
+
+<p>“Another man stopped and asked about my
+wound.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Good work,’ he said. ‘I’d like to have
+a nice clean one like that myself.’</p>
+
+<p>“I noticed one of the prisoners grinning at
+some remark and asked him if he understood
+English. He hadn’t spoken to me, though he
+had shown the greatest readiness to help me.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Certainly I understand English,’ he replied.
+‘I used to be a waiter at the Knickerbocker
+Hotel in New York.’ That sounded
+like a voice from home, and I wanted to hug
+him. I didn’t. However, I can say for him
+he must have been a good waiter. He gave
+me good service.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="MISTRESS_RAZZLE_DAZZLE">MISTRESS “RAZZLE DAZZLE”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Rampageous, Self-Willed Old Thing Fondly Remembered by Her Non-Commander</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Captain David Fallon</span> is a young
+Irishman, but an old soldier. Before
+1914 he had fought against the hillmen in
+India, and had won the Indian Field Medal.
+At the opening of the war he was physical
+instructor and bayonet drill master at the
+Royal Military College. So expert a teacher
+was he that the authorities decided to keep
+him at his post training new officers. Dave
+Fallon couldn’t “see it” that way. He remonstrated
+strenuously. There were other
+men—older men—professional soldiers, he insisted,
+just as capable of training men as he
+was. Anyway he couldn’t stay out of the “big
+fight.” He pointed to his long service record,
+his Frontier Medal. He would be more valuable
+at the front. The authorities finally gave
+in.</p>
+
+<p>Fallon had no wild dreams of glory and
+distinction. “It is your amateur soldier,” he
+says, “who is most filled with such aspirations.
+Not that he hasn’t a right to entertain them,
+and try to act on them, for they have led
+many new-made soldiers into great and brave
+accomplishments. I don’t mean that such
+dreams are bad for a man. They are distinctly
+good. I only mean that with regulars
+soldiering is a cold, hard business and one isn’t
+given to enhancing it with romantic imaginings.”</p>
+
+<p>Little did Fallon think when he was urging
+himself on the military authorities for active
+duty that when the war was over there would
+be few soldiers with adventures more thrilling
+and perilous than fell to his lot.</p>
+
+<p>He went through the entire terrible campaign<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</span>
+at Gallipoli. He was in numerous fierce
+trench battles. He served as an aerial observer,
+and fought enemy planes. On the
+road to Thiepval he had a shoulder smashed
+by shrapnel, but he remained in command of
+his men behind barricades made of the dead
+bodies around them in “No Man’s Land.”
+For twenty-two hours they kept the Germans
+off. Then reinforcements came. On scout
+duty he frequently penetrated German
+trenches and gun positions in the night. At
+last he was detected in the enemy trenches.
+A bomb duel ensued. He was frightfully injured
+but managed to escape.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_166" style="max-width: 34.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_166.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Photo, by International Film Service</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Clyde Graham</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">In company with an American officer he
+manned a tank and charged two towns under
+heavy German fire. The tank scattered a German
+battery and accumulated seventy prisoners.
+In peace time he is a college professor.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>These incidents and many others Captain
+Fallon relates in his book <cite>The Big Fight</cite>
+(W. J. Watt &amp; Company). One of his most
+interesting chapters is devoted to his experience
+in command of a tank. It was an amazing
+adventure.</p>
+
+<p>The Captain has fond memories of that
+good, old tank. “The dear girl was named
+‘Razzle Dazzle,’” he says.</p>
+
+<p>“She was very young, having been in service
+only three months, but rather portly. She
+weighed something over thirty tons. And in
+no way could you call the dear little woman
+pretty. She was a pallid gray and mud
+splashed when I got her and there was no
+grace in the bulging curves of her steel shape;
+or of her conical top; or her ponderous wheels.</p>
+
+<p>“She showed every aspect of being a bad,
+scrappy, old dearie. The minute I saw her
+in her lovely ugliness I knew she would like
+trouble and lots of it. She carried a six hundred
+horsepower motor. And out of her
+gray steel hoods protruded eight guns.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SHE GOES INTO ACTION</h3>
+
+<p>“The order had come to me about one in
+the morning, and it was nearly three when
+we started lumbering out toward the enemy
+trenches. We had about six hundred yards to
+cover. I knew little or nothing of her motor
+power or speed. My concern was with the
+efficiency of the guns. She pumped and
+swayed across ‘No Man’s Land’ at about
+four miles an hour. She groaned and tossed
+a great deal. And in fact, made such poor
+progress that my regiment, the Oxfords and
+Bucks, beat the old dearie to the enemy lines.
+Our men were among the barbed wire of the
+first line, fighting it, cutting it, knocking it
+down before the old ‘Razzle Dazzle’ got into
+action.</p>
+
+<p>“But she ‘carried on’ just the same. And
+when she smote the barbed-wire obstacles, she
+murdered them. She crushed those barriers
+to what looked like messes of steel spaghetti.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_167" style="max-width: 46.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_167.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant William A. Hartman</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>32nd Division, 107th Engineers, Company “F”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He was a member of a patrol sent out from the battalion post of command August 4, 1918, to
+reconnoiter the Vesle River front near Fismes for the location of possible sites for pontoon
+bridges. The patrol separated, but he continued to work alone, starting the construction of the
+bridges without orders.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Instead of sinking into trenches as I feared
+she would, she crushed them and continued to
+move forward. Of course, we were letting go
+everything we had, and from my observation
+hole, I could see the Germans didn’t like it.
+They had put up something of a stand against
+the infantry. But against the tank they were
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</span>quick to make their farewells. It was a still
+black night, but under the star-shells we
+could see them scurrying out of our way.</p>
+
+<p>“This was very sensible of them because
+we were certainly making a clean sweep of
+everything in sight and had the earth ahead
+throwing up chocolate showers of spray as if
+the ground we rode was an angry sea of
+mud.</p>
+
+<p>“Every man in the tank was shouting and
+yelling with the excitement of the thing and
+we were tossed up against each other like
+loosened peas in a pod.</p>
+
+<p>“Suddenly out of a very clever camouflage
+of tree branches and shrubbery a German machine
+gun emplacement was revealed. The
+bullets stormed and rattled upon the tank.
+But they did themselves a bad turn by revealing
+their whereabouts, for we made
+straight for the camouflage and went over
+that battery of machine guns, crunching its
+concrete foundation as if it were chalk.</p>
+
+<p>“Then we turned about and from our new
+position put the Germans under an enfilade
+fire that we kept up until every evidence was
+at hand that the Oxfords and Bucks and supporting
+battalions were holding the trenches.</p>
+
+<p>“But this was only preliminary work cut
+out for the tank to do. I had special instructions
+and a main objective. This was a sugar
+refinery. It was a one-storied building of
+brick and wood with a tiled roof. It had
+been established as a sugar refinery by the
+Germans before the war and when this occasion
+arose blossomed as a fortress with a gun
+aimed out of every window.</p>
+
+<p>“To allow it to remain standing in hostile
+hands would mean that the trenches we had
+won could be constantly battered. Its removal
+was most desirable. To send infantry
+against it would have involved huge losses
+in life. The tank was deemed the right
+weapon.</p>
+
+<p>“It was.</p>
+
+<p>“And largely because ‘Razzle Dazzle’ took
+matters into her own hands. The truth is she
+ran away.</p>
+
+<p>“We rocked and ploughed out of the
+trenches and went swaying toward the refinery.
+I ordered the round-top sealed. And we
+beat the refinery to the attack with our guns.
+But they had seen us coming and every window
+facing our way developed a working gun.
+There were about sixteen such windows. They
+all blazed at us.</p>
+
+<p>“My notion had been to circle the ‘sugar
+mill’ with ‘Razzle Dazzle’ and shoot it up
+from all sides. We were getting frightfully
+rapped by the enemy fire, but there was apparently
+nothing heavy enough to split the
+skin of the wild, old girl. Our own fire was
+effective. We knocked out all the windows
+and the red-tiled roof was sagging. As I
+say, my notion was to circle the ‘mill’ and I
+gave orders accordingly. But the ‘Razzle
+Dazzle’s’ chauffeur looked at me in distress.</p>
+
+<p>“‘The steering gear’s off, sir,’ said he.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Stop her then and we’ll let them have it
+from here,’ I ordered.</p>
+
+<p>“He made several frantic motions with the
+mechanism and said:</p>
+
+<p>“‘I can’t stop her, either.’</p>
+
+<p>“And the ‘Razzle Dazzle’ carried out her
+own idea of attack. She banged head-on into
+the ‘mill.’ She went right through a wide
+doorway, making splinters of the door; she
+knocked against concrete pillars, supports and
+walls, smashing everything in her way and
+bowled out of the other side just as the roof
+crashed in and apparently crushed and smothered
+all the artillery men beneath it.</p>
+
+<p>“On the way through, the big, powerful
+old girl bucked and rocked and reared until
+we men and the black cat inside her were
+thrown again and again into a jumble, the
+cat scratching us like a devil in her frenzy of
+fear.</p>
+
+<p>“Closed up in the tank as we were, we
+could hear the roar and crash of the falling
+‘mill,’ and from my observation port-hole I
+could observe that it was most complete. The
+place had been reduced to a mere heap. Not a
+shot came out of it at us.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SHE DEFIES CONTROL</h3>
+
+<p>“But still the ‘Razzle Dazzle’ was having
+her own way. Her motorist was signaling
+me that he had no control of her. This was
+cheerful intelligence because right ahead was
+a huge shell crater. She might slide into it
+and climb up the other side and out. I
+hoped so. But she didn’t. She hit the bottom
+of the pit, tried to push her way up and
+out, fell back, panted, pushed up again, fell
+back and then just stuck at the bottom of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</span>
+well, throbbing and moaning and maybe penitent
+for her recklessness.</p>
+
+<p>“Penitence wasn’t to do her any good. It
+wasn’t five minutes later when the Germans
+had the range of her and began smashing us
+with big shells. I ordered my men to abandon
+her and led them in a rush out of the crater
+and into small shell holes until the storm of
+fire was past.</p>
+
+<p>“When it was, ‘Razzle Dazzle’ was a
+wreck. She was cracked, distorted and shapeless.
+But the runaway engine was still plainly
+to be heard throbbing. Finally a last big
+shell sailed into the doughty tank and there
+was a loud bang and a flare. Her oil reservoir
+shot up in an enormous blaze.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Razzle Dazzle’ was no more. But she
+had accounted for the ‘refinery.’ And our
+infantry had done the rest. The German
+position was ours.</p>
+
+<p>“I was all enthusiasm for fighting ‘tanks.’
+But my superiors squelched it. For when I
+asked for command of a sister of ‘Razzle
+Dazzle’ next day, a cold-eyed aide said to me:</p>
+
+<p>“‘One tank, worth ten thousand pounds,
+is as much as any bally young officer may expect
+to be given to destroy during his lifetime.
+Good afternoon.’”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_PAINTER_SOLDIER">THE PAINTER SOLDIER</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Though Exempt by Age the Love Art Deepened Bade Him Fight for
+France</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Elsewhere</span> in this volume is told how
+an American poet, Alan Seeger, gave his
+life for France. Here is the story of a French
+painter who, freely offering his life, gave what
+was even more precious to him than life. You
+may know the name Lemordant, and you may
+know the work signed by that name; if not,
+what pleasanter introduction to both than some
+words by Mary Fanton Roberts in the <cite>Touchstone</cite>?
+She says:</p>
+
+<p>“Perhaps all unconsciously, this heroic
+French artist-soldier has found the truth about
+democracy, and he tells it to us with lightning
+strokes and splendid color. In all of his pictures
+he is a painter of the simple people: of
+the workmen, the peasants, the sailors, the fishermen,
+and women. And he paints them
+working joyously with strength and exhilaration
+and interest. He paints them running
+in the meadows and dancing on the shore and
+laughing into each other’s faces. He paints
+them as great workmen, great lovers. They
+seem, these men and women, in their bright-colored
+clothes and their vivid faces, as much
+a part of the essential beauty of life as white
+clouds racing over the blue sky on a windy
+day, as the amethyst water through which the
+women splash bringing in the nets; they are
+as genuine as the yellow shore where the brilliant
+fishing-boats lie, as the poppies in the
+field, and the tulips in the home-gardens.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>WOULD NOT REMAIN BEHIND</h3>
+
+<p>He was 37 years old when the war began,
+an age that entitled him to remain behind in
+the Home Defense Corps, but he chose to go
+to the front. Mr. Charles LeGoffic relates,
+in the <cite>Touchstone</cite>, the war experiences of
+painter Lemordant, the experiences of a veritable
+hero, hero exceptional. His first engagement
+of consequence was at Charleroi, where
+he was wounded and where he won a lieutenant’s
+commission.</p>
+
+<p>One night during the battle of the Marne,
+on the outskirts of the forest of Guebarre, his
+attention was attracted by some suspicious
+movements on the right. He crawled out,
+revolver in hand, followed by four men of
+his section, to investigate.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_170a" style="max-width: 49.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_170a.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Brown Bros.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Victor Chapman</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Another American who gave his life as a flyer
+in the Lafayette Escadrille.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_170b" style="max-width: 50.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_170b.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Paul Thompson.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Norman Prince</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">One of the organizers of the Lafayette Escadrille,
+who was killed in action in France.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“He was not mistaken; at that spot, between
+two companies, our line showed a slight opening,
+a ‘break’ which the Germans were trying
+to enter. Lemordant sent one of his men to
+alarm the nearest company, and was making
+a half-circle toward his own company when<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</span>
+a huge Boche ruffian appeared in the darkness
+and fired at him pointblank. The
+bullet shaved his cheek; other bullets whistled
+about. The little troop had been winded, and
+there was only one way to get out of it, that
+was to reply by a general fire that would give
+the impression of an attack in force. The
+enemy would perhaps be impressed by it, and
+in any event this volley would put companies
+out on the alert. In fact, on both sides the
+firing became general, even the artillery took
+part in it; a seventy-seven burst near Lemordant,
+wounded him in his right side and
+threw him into the air with his full equipment.
+The wound was not serious, but Lemordant
+fell in such a way as to dislocate his
+hip-bones and to tear his muscles. Fainting,
+he was carried away to a field-hospital, where
+he remained until the ninth. The enemy was
+now in full retreat. On the eighth we had
+crossed Le Petit Morin, on the ninth we lay
+at Montmirail and at Champaubert, on the
+battlefields of the Napoleonic epic, and the
+birth of victory came to the armies of the
+Republic in the same cradle where the Imperial
+star had shed its last rays.</p>
+
+<p>“Lemordant refused to be sent to a base
+hospital. He was not yet strong. He could
+scarcely walk, the two wooden splints which
+they had placed over his pelvis came out of
+position at each sudden movement; but the
+splendid conscience of a leader of men had
+awakened in this idealist, this dreamer who
+but yesterday was so highly prejudiced against
+the military profession. He knew that in
+war-time an officer only holds his men by his
+own example and moral authority.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>AN OFFICER’S OBLIGATION</h3>
+
+<p>“‘An officer,’ he said to me, ‘literally must
+give all his existence, all his life-blood to his
+country; he must not spare a drop; less than
+any other is he allowed to invoke the relief
+of the “slightly wounded,” which permits him
+to go to some luxurious hospital in the Côte
+d’Azur and there appeal to the tender hearts of
+the Sisters of Charity. Wounded, sick, limping,
+he must be able to say to his soldiers who
+are complaining, “But do I not march, too?”
+Then they will follow him.’</p>
+
+<p>“On the morning of October 4, 1914, the
+41st attacked near Monchy-le-Preux....
+All went well at first. From time to time,
+whenever the ground was uneven, they rushed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</span>
+forward; a few unlucky ones are dropped out
+on the way. With the rest, Lemordant, although
+himself wounded in the hand, reached
+the enemy trench and carried it.</p>
+
+<p>“A second bullet at this moment grazes his
+right temple; a third, a little while after,
+wounds him on the top of his skull. It is now
+broad day, but it is northern weather, gray,
+cheerless, dark, uncertain. In the four great
+stages of his military life this painter soldier
+knew different climates; he has run the tone-scale
+from the burning blue of Charleroi to
+the bottomless night of Craonnelle, with the
+clear starlit heaven of the Marne between.</p>
+
+<p>“Is it of that he thinks, if it be that, in
+such a moment, he can think of anything
+except the safety of his men?</p>
+
+<p>“Confused movement on the plain—on his
+right frantic silhouettes which stand bolt upright,
+whirl about, collapse; another section
+of his company engaged on the same side is
+caught on the flank by machine guns set up
+in a sort of blockhouse behind a mound, in
+front of a pile of ruined huts. Without hesitating,
+with the firmness of decision which
+never abandons him in the most critical circumstances,
+Lemordant gets his men together,
+rallies the fugitives, and throws himself on
+the blockhouse—the battery of machine guns
+is put out of action. But Lemordant, climbing
+the slope, receives a bullet pointblank
+which goes through his right knee.</p>
+
+<p>“It is his fourth wound of the day, and his
+men wish to carry him off; he refuses, feeling
+that his presence is more necessary than ever.
+In spite of the pain he merely had his leg
+set in splints, then, fortifying the positions on
+the side toward the enemy, he sends a runner
+to Major Bernard to keep him in touch with
+his advance and to call for supports. The
+man is killed on the way. Another meets the
+same fate, and in the interim the German
+counter-attack breaks loose.</p>
+
+<p>“It is launched by a whole company, and it
+is terrifying to see this gray wave rolling over
+the plain, rising, sinking, rising again, and
+growing at each rush which brings it nearer
+the mound. Lemordant, by rigid demand,
+compels his men not to fire, to control their
+nerves. The charge gets within twenty meters
+of the mound, where it gathers itself up to
+come over in a single mass with the cry
+‘<i lang="de" xml:lang="de">Vorwärts!</i>’</p>
+
+<p>“‘... Rapid fire—fire at will!’ roars Lemordant.</p>
+
+<p>“The charge vacillates, stops. Our men
+leap out of the trench to charge in turn. Lemordant,
+though wounded in the hand, in the
+forehead, on the head, and in the knee, charges
+with them, supported by a young soldier of
+his section. Chance brings him face to face
+with the <i lang="de" xml:lang="de">Oberst-leutnant</i>, who commands the
+counter-attack and whom he seizes by the
+throat; just then a fifth bullet strikes him
+over the right eye, breaking the frontal bone.
+It seems to him that his head has burst and
+that his eyes have spurted out into space.
+He falls heavily. It is all over!”</p>
+
+
+<h3>WHY THE NIGHT SO LONG</h3>
+
+<p>“How was he finally saved? He does not
+know yet. Wounded within the enemy’s lines,
+left for dead, he lay there four full days
+without care and for forty-eight hours he was
+unconscious. When he came to himself it
+was difficult to collect his thoughts. He did
+not know where he was. Around him was
+total darkness, and it did not pass away. He
+heard the groans, the death-rattle of the dying,
+the voices of the wounded who called to
+him. He dragged himself in their direction
+and asked them questions. Why did the night
+last so long? They answered that it was broad
+daylight—and he understood.</p>
+
+<p>“‘... I had thought of everything,’ he
+said to me. ‘Of death, of the most horrible
+wounds, but not of that!</p>
+
+<p>“‘... But as long as that too was necessary!’</p>
+
+<p>“Yet his martyrdom was not finished, and
+the worst of all perhaps remains. How shall
+I tell of that fearful suffering in wretched
+lazarettos, in the dung-heaps where the Germans
+laid our wounded in the villages behind
+the front! Most of them stayed there forever.
+He, with greater vitality, was carried
+to Cambrai, and from there stage by stage was
+transported to a hospital in Bavaria.</p>
+
+<p>“Melancholy journey! If he saw nothing,
+at least in the railway-stations he heard the
+yells of the mobs which crowded on the passage
+of the French wounded to gloat over their
+sufferings. Eventually his condition improved
+a little; his eyes, one pushed out of its socket,
+the other driven back in his head by the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</span>
+breaking of his frontal bone, had been put back
+in place; he began to see, he could even draw
+a few lines and make out large characters.
+But the idea of escape mastered him; two unsuccessful
+efforts had sent him to the guardhouse;
+on the third he was ordered to a reprisal
+camp; his departure was fixed for the
+next day. Calm and serene as ever, he wished
+before going to finish the series of addresses
+on the history of painting which he had undertaken
+for his fellow prisoners. In the
+course of the conference Lemordant wished to
+run over his notes; he could no longer make
+them out! A halo danced in front of him,
+obscuring everything! He had such a sense
+of anguish that he had to stop. But by a
+concentration of the will he mastered himself
+and improvised the rest of his address in a
+voice in which there was only the slightest
+trembling. At the end of the address the battalion
+chief leaped to the platform and took
+Lemordant in his arms.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>FOR THE LAST LOOK</h3>
+
+<p>“‘... What has happened to you?’ Then
+when he learned: ‘Ah, my poor friend, surely
+in your condition they can not send you to
+a reprisal camp; courage, you shall go to
+France!’</p>
+
+<p>“The commander of the guardhouse himself,
+feeling a sense of pity when he learned
+what had happened, offered to telephone to
+the camp commander and ask for a cancellation
+of the order. Lemordant refused; he
+wished to owe nothing to the destroyers of
+his country. He started for the reprisal camp.
+But there his blindness classified him almost
+immediately among the severely wounded who
+were listed for exchange. Switzerland received
+him for a time. At last arrived the
+moment when he could cross the French
+frontier.</p>
+
+<p>“He had waited for that moment with a
+sort of religious ecstasy. Blind, wounded in
+the back and side, with a broken knee, and a
+high fever, he hoped for a miracle, but expected
+one only from himself, from the power
+of his own will. He had asked the Red
+Cross nurses who had charge of him to tell
+him the moment when the train crossed the
+frontier. He would see it—see at least something
+belonging to it, no matter what—a
+hedge, a length of rail, a pebble, a tuft of
+grass. They did what he asked, took him to
+the door of the compartment, and there he
+exerted all his strength, all his will-power.
+It was not to be!</p>
+
+<p>“The frontier was left behind; he fell back
+fainting—totally blind!”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="EDITH_CAVELLMARTYR-HEROINE">EDITH CAVELL—MARTYR-HEROINE</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The English Nurse Whose Tragic Heroism and Secret Execution Made
+Germany’s Defeat More Certain</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> penitence of generations cannot suffice
+to erase from the world’s judgment
+of German character the black stigma of the
+infamies perpetrated in Belgium. The implacable,
+brutal wantonness with which they
+were committed makes those crimes unforgettable.
+Ever conspicuous among them will be
+the conscienceless execution of Edith Cavell,
+the ministering angel, the merciful nurse murdered
+by military order,—with the subsequent
+deliberate approval of Imperial Germany. A
+military technicality was invoked in the attempted
+justification of the execution of this
+brave and devoted woman, who was secretly
+tried, by a German court-martial, on the
+charge of having aided English, French and
+German soldiers to escape from Belgium, and
+hurriedly done to death. The savagery of the
+event, which occurred in Brussels, Oct. 12,
+1915, sent a wave of horror and resentment
+throughout the civilized world equaled only
+by the universal indignation aroused by the
+sinking of the <em>Lusitania</em>.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Cavell was the daughter of an English
+clergyman, the Rev. Frederick Cavell, for
+forty years vicar of Swardeston, Norfolk. In<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</span>
+1896 she entered the London Hospital to
+qualify as a trained nurse and later became
+staff nurse. In 1900 she went to Brussels
+on the invitation of Dr. Depage, a distinguished
+physician who had established in a
+suburb of Brussels a training school for Belgian
+nurses. Miss Cavell entered into the
+work so enthusiastically and furthered the
+plans of Dr. Depage with such success that
+the institution, whose influence was felt
+throughout Belgium, became the center of a
+large nursing organization of scientifically
+trained nurses. She had won the confidence
+of Dr. Depage so entirely that when, on the
+outbreak of the war, he was called to military
+service, she was left to continue the work
+in Brussels. All who came in contact with
+her agree that she was a woman of fine character
+and a capable leader, worthy of a high
+place in the list of great nurses of whom
+Florence Nightingale was the first.</p>
+
+<p>When the Germans occupied Brussels in
+1914 Miss Cavell was permitted to remain
+in the service to which she was so single-heartedly
+devoted, and it is a memorable fact, the
+more honorable to her for the ingratitude that
+rewarded her benevolent disinterestedness, that
+she and her assistants nursed with equal care
+and fidelity the wounded German soldiers and
+the Belgian victims of war. Her mission
+was one of beneficence to the maimed, the
+sick and the unfortunate, a humanitarian work
+that discriminated against none whose needs
+demanded her sympathy and aid.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HER DUTY TO HER COUNTRY</h3>
+
+<p>In the retreat of the French and British
+armies in late summer of 1914 a number of
+English and French soldiers cut off from their
+companies hid themselves in the woods, in
+trenches and in deserted houses, hoping to escape
+capture. Many were caught, and some
+of them were summarily shot. Others were
+sheltered and protected by farmers who provided
+them with civilian clothes and gave
+them employment until they could find means
+of escape into Holland. Similarly Belgian
+soldiers were given the chance to evade the
+Germans; but those who were captured were,
+in many instances if not usually, shot. It
+was because of this severity in the treatment
+of captured men that Miss Cavell the more
+readily yielded to her natural inclinations to
+aid the unfortunate who sought her help.
+That was her statement to the military court
+before which she was arraigned. She was
+asked why she had helped English soldiers to
+escape; she replied firmly that it was because
+she believed that if she had not done so the
+Germans would have shot them and that she
+thought she only did her duty to her country
+in trying to save men’s lives. Her prominence
+and her fame as nurse and comforter to the
+wounded attracted the soldiers to her as a
+sympathetic woman disposed to help, and it is
+not denied that she did help many. The Germans
+charged that she had assisted one hundred
+and thirty to get out of Belgium.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MISS CAVELL A PRISONER</h3>
+
+<p>Suspicion having been directed against her,—how
+is not clearly known—she was subjected
+to espionage and in consequence she was
+arrested August 15, 1915, and thrown into
+prison at St. Giles. This did not cause her
+any apprehension as she anticipated no more
+than a short imprisonment. She did not imagine,
+in fact, no one dreamed that the German
+authorities would with premeditation
+shoot a woman for pitying and showing mercy
+to the helpless.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Brand Whitlock, the American Minister
+to Belgium, who at that time represented
+(and until the United States entered the war
+continued to represent) British interests in
+Belgium, felt an intense sympathy with Miss
+Cavell and at once took up the matter of securing
+for her a fair and proper trial. He
+wrote a letter to Baron von der Lancken, the
+German Civil Governor of Belgium, stating
+that he had been urged by telegraph to take
+charge of the defense and requested that Mr.
+de Leval, councilor for the American Embassy,
+be allowed to see and confer with Miss
+Cavell. This letter was not answered. Mr.
+Whitlock again wrote more urgently. None
+too promptly the German Civil Governor
+finally made reply, refusing to permit anyone
+to see Miss Cavell as the Department of the
+Governor General “as a matter of principle
+does not allow an accused person to have any
+interviews whatever,” stating also that Miss
+Cavell had confessed her guilt and that her
+defense would be conducted by Mr. Braun.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>THE GERMAN WAY</h3>
+
+<p>For some reason not ascertained, Braun
+could not undertake the defense, and it was
+turned over to Mr. Kirschen, a Rumanian,
+practising law in Brussels. Mr. de Leval
+thereupon wrote to Mr. Kirschen, as he stated
+in his narrative later:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“I put myself in communication with Mr.
+Kirschen, who told me that Miss Cavell was
+prosecuted for having helped soldiers to cross
+the frontier. I asked him whether he had seen
+Miss Cavell and whether she had made any
+statement to him, and to my surprise found
+that the lawyers defending prisoners before the
+German Military Court were not allowed to
+see their clients before the trial, and were not
+shown any document of the prosecution. This,
+Mr. Kirschen said, was in accordance with the
+German military rules. He added that the
+hearing of the trial of such cases was carried
+out very carefully, and that in his opinion, although
+it was not possible to see the client before
+the trial, in fact the trial itself developed
+so carefully and so slowly, that it was generally
+possible to have a fair knowledge of all the
+facts and to present a good defense for the
+prisoner. This would especially be the case for
+Miss Cavell, because the trial would be rather
+long, as she was prosecuted with thirty-four
+other prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>“I informed Mr. Kirschen of my intention
+to be present at the trial so as to watch the
+case. He immediately dissuaded me from taking
+such attitude, which he said would cause a
+great prejudice to the prisoner, because the German
+judges would resent it and feel it almost as
+an affront if I was appearing to exercise a kind
+of supervision on the trial. He thought that
+if the Germans would admit my presence, which
+was very doubtful, it would in any case cause
+prejudice to Miss Cavell.</p>
+
+<p>“Mr. Kirschen assured me over and over
+again that the Military Court of Brussels was
+always perfectly fair, and that there was not
+the slightest danger of any miscarriage of justice.
+He promised that he would keep me
+posted on all the developments which the case
+would take and would report to me the exact
+charges that were brought against Miss Cavell
+and the facts concerning her that would be disclosed
+at the trial, so as to allow me to judge
+by myself about the merits of the case. He
+insisted that, of course, he would do all that was
+humanly possible to defend Miss Cavell to the
+best of his ability.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The trial began Thursday, Oct. 7. Some
+opinion of the value of Mr. Kirschen’s assurance
+made “over and over again that the military
+court of Brussels was always perfectly
+fair,” etc., may be formed from the facts
+that Miss Cavell was not allowed to have a
+defender of her friends’ choosing, that she had
+no record of the evidence, oral or documentary,
+to study in preparation for her defense, that
+she was kept in solitary confinement for over
+nine weeks without opportunity to consult
+even with her legal advisers, during which
+time she was subjected to repeated cross examinations,
+and statements said to have been
+made by her confessing guilt were transmitted
+by the German authorities to the lawyer who
+subsequently was to defend her.</p>
+
+<p>The trial was conducted in German, a language
+she did not understand and which had
+to be interpreted to her. As a commentator
+said, “It obviously was impossible to place
+any adequate scheme of defense with a lawyer
+whom she saw for the first time when the trial
+began, a lawyer who had had no opportunity
+of studying the documents of the prosecution.
+That Mr. Kirschen did the best he could under
+the conditions is possible, though his subsequent
+conduct did not give assurance of the
+devotion and profound interest to be expected
+of a conscientious lawyer charged with an obligation
+that appealed at once to his humanity
+and his chivalry.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>SENTENCED TO DEATH</h3>
+
+<p>The fullest account of the trial was that
+given in M. de Leval’s report to Mr. Whitlock.
+It was as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“Miss Cavell was prosecuted for having helped
+English and French soldiers, as well as Belgian
+young men, to cross the frontier and to go over
+to England. She had admitted by signing a
+statement before the day of the trial, and by
+public acknowledgment in Court, in the presence
+of all the other prisoners and the lawyers,
+that she was guilty of the charges brought
+against her, and she had acknowledged not only
+that she had helped these soldiers to cross the
+frontier, but also that some of them had thanked
+her in writing when arriving in England. This
+last admission made her case so much the more
+serious, because if it only had been proved
+against her that she had helped the soldiers
+to traverse the Dutch frontier, and no proof<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</span>
+was produced that these soldiers had reached
+a country at war with Germany, she could only
+have been sentenced for an attempt to commit
+the ‘crime’ and not for the ‘crime’ being duly
+accomplished. As the case stood the sentence
+fixed by the German military law was a sentence
+of death.</p>
+
+<p>“Paragraph 58 of the German Military Code
+says:</p>
+
+<p>“‘Will be sentenced to death for treason any
+person who, with the intention of helping the
+hostile Power, or of causing harm to the German
+or allied troops, is guilty of one of the
+crimes of paragraph 90 of the German Penal
+Code.’</p>
+
+<p>“The case referred to in above said paragraph
+90 consists in—</p>
+
+<p>“... conducting soldiers to the enemy....’</p>
+
+<p>“The penalties above set forth apply, according
+to paragraph 160 of the German Code, in
+case of war, to foreigners as well as to Germans.</p>
+
+<p>“In her oral statement before the Court Miss
+Cavell disclosed almost all the facts of the
+whole prosecution. She was questioned in
+German, an interpreter translating all the questions
+in French, with which language Miss Cavell
+was well acquainted. She spoke without
+trembling and showed a clear mind. Often she
+added some greater precision to her previous
+depositions.</p>
+
+<p>“When she was asked why she helped these
+soldiers to go to England, she replied that she
+thought that if she had not done so they would
+have been shot by the Germans, and that therefore
+she thought she only did her duty to her
+country in saving their lives.</p>
+
+<p>“The Military Public Prosecutor said that
+argument might be good for English soldiers,
+but did not apply to Belgian young men whom
+she induced to cross the frontier, and who
+would have been perfectly free to remain in
+the country without danger to their lives.</p>
+
+<p>“Mr. Kirschen made a very good plea for
+Miss Cavell, using all arguments that could be
+brought in her favor before the Court.</p>
+
+<p>“The Military Public Prosecutor, however,
+asked the Court to pass a death sentence on
+Miss Cavell and eight other prisoners among
+the thirty-five. The Court did not seem to
+agree, and the judgment was postponed.”</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>WHITLOCK ATTEMPTS TO SAVE HER</h3>
+
+<p>The duplicity of the German authorities
+was later demonstrated. The political departments
+of the Governor-General of Belgium
+had given the American Legation positive
+assurance that it would be fully informed
+of developments in the case. As late as 6.30
+o’clock on Monday evening, three days after
+the trial, the Legation was positively informed
+by Conrad, of the political department, in
+answer to direct inquiries, that sentence had
+not been pronounced. Conrad renewed his
+previous assurances that he would not fail to
+inform the American officials as soon as there
+was any news. <em>At this time sentence of death
+already had been pronounced.</em></p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_175" style="max-width: 44.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_175.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood &amp; Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Mr. Brand Whitlock,</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">American Ambassador to Belgium during
+the war.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>At 8 o’clock that evening M. de Leval
+learned through private but reliable sources
+that Miss Cavell had been sentenced to death
+at 5 o’clock that afternoon, and that she would
+be shot at 2 o’clock the next morning. Thus
+the fact of her sentence was kept as secret as
+possible, the officials denying it, and her accusers
+were evidently so fearful that even at
+the eleventh hour a plea for mercy might prevail
+that they had her shot, in the night, within
+nine hours of her conviction.</p>
+
+<p>When, at 8 o’clock, M. de Leval was informed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</span>
+of the sentence and impending execution,
+there remained but six hours in which
+to attempt to save Miss Cavell’s life. He
+hurried to Mr. Whitlock, who was ill, unable
+to leave the house, but who wrote an impassioned
+note to Baron von der Lancken, the
+Civil Governor:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>My dear Baron:—I am too ill to present my
+request to you in person, but I appeal to the
+generosity of your heart to support it and save
+this unfortunate woman from death. Have
+pity on her.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span style="padding-right: 4em">Yours sincerely,</span><br>
+<span class="smcap">Brand Whitlock</span>.<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>THE LAST PLEA FAILS</h3>
+
+<p>With this letter and a plea for clemency
+addressed to the Governor-General, M. de
+Leval and Mr. Hugh Gibson, First Secretary
+of the Legation, went to the Marquis de Villalobar,
+the Spanish Minister, to beg his coöperation.
+He most heartily joined them and
+the three went to the house of the Civil Governor.
+Mr. Gibson reported the interview
+and its negative results to the American Minister:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“Baron von der Lancken and all the members
+of his staff were absent for the evening. We
+sent a messenger to ask that he return at once
+to see us in regard to a matter of utmost urgency.
+A little after 10 o’clock he arrived, followed
+shortly after by Count Harrach and
+Herr von Falkenhausen, members of his staff.
+The circumstances of the case were explained
+to him and your note presented, and he read
+it aloud in our presence. He expressed disbelief
+in the report that sentence had actually
+been passed, and manifested some surprise that
+we should give credence to any report not emanating
+from official sources. He was quite
+insistent on knowing the exact source of our
+information, but this I did not feel at liberty
+to communicate to him. Baron von der Lancken
+stated that it was quite improbable that sentence
+had been pronounced, that even if so, it
+would not be executed within so short a time,
+and that in any event it would be quite impossible
+to take any action before morning. It
+was, of course, pointed out to him that if the
+facts were as we believed them to be, action
+would be useless unless taken at once. We
+urged him to ascertain the facts immediately,
+and this, after some hesitancy, he agreed to do.</p>
+
+<p>“He telephoned to the presiding judge of the
+court-martial and returned in a short time to
+say that the facts were as we had represented
+them, and that it was intended to carry out the
+sentence before morning. We then presented,
+as earnestly as possible, your plea for delay.
+So far as I am able to judge, we neglected to
+present no phase of the matter which might have
+had any effect, emphasizing the horror of executing
+a woman, no matter what her offense,
+pointing out that the death sentence had heretofore
+been imposed only for actual cases of espionage
+and that Miss Cavell was not even accused
+by the German authorities of anything so
+serious. I further called attention to the failure
+to comply with Mr. Conrad’s promise to inform
+the Legation of the sentence. I urged that
+inasmuch as the offences charged against Miss
+Cavell were long since accomplished, and that
+as she had been for some weeks in prison, a delay
+in carrying out the sentence could entail no
+danger to the German cause. I even went so
+far as to point out the fearful effect of a summary
+execution of this sort upon public opinion,
+both here and abroad, and, although I had no
+authority for doing so, called attention to the
+possibility that it might bring about reprisals.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THERE COULD BE NO APPEAL</h3>
+
+<p>“The Spanish Minister forcibly supported all
+our representations and made an earnest plea
+for clemency.</p>
+
+<p>“Baron von der Lancken stated that the Military
+Governor was the supreme authority
+(‘Gerichtsherr’) in matters of this sort; that
+appeal from his decision could be carried only
+to the Emperor, the Governor-General having
+no authority to intervene in such cases. He added
+that under the provisions of German martial
+law the Military Governor had discretionary
+power to accept or to refuse acceptance of an
+appeal for clemency. After some discussion he
+agreed to call the Military Governor on the
+telephone and learn whether he had already
+ratified the sentence, and whether there was
+any chance for clemency. He returned in about
+half an hour, and stated that he had been to
+confer personally with the Military Governor,
+who said that he had acted in the case of Miss
+Cavell only after mature deliberation; that the
+circumstances in her case were of such a character
+that he considered the infliction of the
+death penalty imperative; and that in view of
+the circumstances of this case he must decline
+to accept your plea for clemency or any representation
+in regard to the matter.</p>
+
+<p>“Even after Baron von der Lancken’s very
+positive and definite statement that there was
+no hope, and that under the circumstances ‘even
+the Emperor himself could not intervene,’ we
+continued to appeal to every sentiment to secure
+delay, and the Spanish Minister even led Baron
+von der Lancken aside in order to say very
+forcibly a number of things which he would have
+felt hesitancy in saying in the presence of the
+younger officers and of M. de Leval, a Belgian
+subject.</p>
+
+<p>“His Excellency talked very earnestly with
+Baron von der Lancken for about a quarter of
+an hour. During this time M. de Leval and I
+presented to the younger officers every argument
+we could think of. I reminded them of our
+untiring efforts on behalf of German subjects
+at the outbreak of war and during the siege
+of Antwerp. I pointed out that, while our
+services had been rendered gladly and without
+any thought of future favors, they should certainly
+entitle you to some consideration for
+the only request of this sort you had made since
+the beginning of the war. Unfortunately, our
+efforts were unavailing. We persevered until
+it was only too clear that there was no hope
+of securing any consideration for the case.”</p>
+</div>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_177" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_177.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood &amp; Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Final Tribute to Edith Cavell</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The funeral procession entering Westminster Abbey before being taken to the Cathedral in Norwich
+for interment.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>EDITH CAVELL’S LAST HOURS</h3>
+
+<p>M. de Leval had made application on Sunday
+evening that he and the British chaplain,
+the Rev. H. Sterling Gahan, might be permitted
+to see Miss Cavell in jail. This was
+at first refused, but on Monday evening, after
+the sentence of death had been passed, Mr.
+Gahan was allowed to visit her. Mr. Gahan
+subsequently wrote a simple and moving statement
+of what took place:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“To my astonishment and relief I found my
+friend perfectly calm and resigned. But this
+could not lessen the tenderness and intensity of
+feeling on either part during that last interview
+of almost an hour.</p>
+
+<p>“Her first words to me were upon a matter
+concerning herself personally, but the solemn
+asseveration which accompanied them was
+made expressly in the light of God and eternity.
+She then added that she wished all her
+friends to know that she willingly gave her
+life for her country, and said: ‘I have no fear<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</span>
+nor shrinking; I have seen death so often that
+it is not strange or fearful to me.’ She further
+said: ‘I thank God for this ten weeks’ quiet
+before the end.’ ‘Life has always been hurried
+and full of difficulty.’ ‘This time of rest
+has been a great mercy.’ ‘They have all been
+very kind to me here. But this I would say,
+standing as I do in view of God and eternity,
+I realize that patriotism is not enough. I must
+have no hatred or bitterness towards anyone.’</p>
+
+<p>“We partook of the Holy Communion together,
+and she received the Gospel message
+of consolation with all her heart. At the close
+of the little service I began to repeat the words
+‘Abide with me,’ and she joined softly in the
+end.</p>
+
+<p>“We sat quietly talking until it was time for
+me to go. She gave me parting messages for
+relations and friends. She spoke of her soul’s
+needs at the moment and she received the assurance
+of God’s Word as only the Christian
+can do.</p>
+
+<p>“Then I said ‘Good-bye,’ and she smiled and
+said, ‘We shall meet again.’</p>
+
+<p>“The German military chaplain was with
+her at the end and afterwards gave her Christian
+burial.</p>
+
+<p>“He told me: ‘She was brave and bright
+to the last. She professed her Christian faith
+and that she was glad to die for her country.’
+‘She died like a heroine.’”</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>VON BISSING’S DEFENSE</h3>
+
+<p>It is not surprising that the secrecy, the
+precipitate haste and the early morning hour
+of the execution gave rise to many sensational
+reports, among others that Miss Cavell fainted
+on the way, and was shot to death by the
+commanding officer as she lay unconscious.
+But it seems to be certain that the execution
+was carried out in the usual military way and
+without any aggravating incident. It was,
+however, quite in keeping with the brutal and
+conscienceless procedure throughout that the
+place of burial was kept secret, so that none
+of the friends of the martyred nurse could
+pay even the tribute of a tear at her grave.
+One needs but to look at the photographed
+face of von Bissing, the German Governor-General
+of Belgium responsible for the vindictive
+killing of Miss Cavell, to see the outward
+signs of a despicable soul. The only charitable
+thought with which one can review his
+acts is that his mind was already diseased and
+corrupted by the illness that not long after
+sent him to the final accounting for his Belgian
+infamies which—with the exception of
+Germany—roused the whole world to execration.</p>
+
+<p>It is worthy of note in this connection that
+in a talk with Mr. Karl Kitchen, a writer
+for the New York <cite>World</cite>, Von Bissing expressed
+great astonishment that an American
+newspaper man thought it worth while paying
+a visit to Brussels over “such an affair.” He
+was unable to understand “why the world is
+interested in the case. When thousands of
+innocent people have died in the war, why
+should anyone become hysterical over the death
+of one guilty woman?” And he admitted in
+the talk that the authorities had hurried on
+the execution not because Miss Cavell had
+helped fugitives to escape, but because they
+wanted to make her an example to awe the
+Belgians. He said:</p>
+
+<p>“A few years in prison is not sufficient punishment
+for an offense of this kind. For punishment
+in a case of this nature is meted out
+to deter others from committing the same offense.
+If the Cavell woman had been sent to
+prison she would have been released in two or
+three years—at the end of the war. Amnesty
+is usually granted to all prisoners convicted
+of offenses of this nature, espionage, and so
+forth, when peace is made.</p>
+
+<p>“The Cavell woman was not charged with
+espionage. The charge of aiding the enemy’s
+soldiers to escape which was made against her
+was sufficiently serious. Her death was deplorable—but
+I do not see why it should occasion
+such hysteria in America.”</p>
+
+<p>That was von Bissing’s self-justification.
+Baron von der Lancken’s plea was more
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">naïve</i>. As the execution was purely a military
+affair, he, the Civil Governor, did not interfere.
+“It would have been a breach of etiquette
+if he had done so!” It counted nothing
+with these official exponents of Kultur that
+Miss Cavell had been the compassionate and
+skillful nurse of numbers of wounded German
+soldiers in the Brussels hospitals. That offered
+them no reason for treating her with leniency.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_179" style="max-width: 47.3125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_179.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">1st Lieut. George W. Puryear</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The first American officer to escape from a German prison. While making his escape he
+was shot at six times, but by running directly at the guard who was shooting at him, and thus
+confusing his aim, he avoided being hit. He was captured July 26, 1918, and reached Switzerland,
+after swimming the Rhine.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_180a" style="max-width: 36.375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_180a.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Memorial in Norwich, England, Dedicated
+to Edith Cavell</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>It was the worse for Germany that etiquette
+and native savagery put clemency aside
+in this case. As the London <cite>Times</cite> declared,
+“The late Miss Cavell’s death came like a
+trumpet call to the British nation. It showed
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</span>once again the real character of the enemy this
+country is fighting. To the soldiers in Flanders
+it gave a fresh battle-cry and to civilians
+at home it served to re-emphasize the need of
+greater effort and great sacrifice. Before
+leaping for the trenches for a charge the soldiers
+shouted: ‘For Miss Cavell.’”</p>
+
+<p>The King and Queen of England wrote to
+the aged mother of Miss Cavell expressing
+their sympathy with her and their horror of
+the deed that took her daughter from her.
+There was a great memorial service in St.
+Paul’s, the church itself and the churchyard
+around it being crowded by every class. The
+nation was thrilled. The French also made
+the cause their own. From Allies and neutrals
+the world over came messages of sympathy
+and indignation. Nowhere, perhaps,
+was the emotion deeper than in the United
+States. The American people were aroused in
+many ways. Their national dignity was offended,
+because their representatives had been
+slighted when attempting to save the Englishwoman.
+But this resentment counted for little
+as compared with the genuine wrath at an
+act of barbarous inhumanity to a woman.</p>
+
+<p>Her name has been honored in every possible
+way—in sculpture, in painting, in verse,
+in prose, in the sermons of the clergy, in the
+oratory of statesmen, and after the armistice
+England received home her body with such
+ceremonies as are reserved for those who have
+served the country greatly. An imposing ceremony
+in the ancient Westminster Abbey was
+attended by royalty and nobility, and the
+throng within and without the Abbey represented
+every class of English life. The funeral
+procession, in which marched hundreds of
+nurses, was witnessed by vast throngs along
+the route, and was in itself a memorable spectacle.
+The body of the martyr-heroine was
+taken to her native town for burial, where a
+monument portrait of herself, in the town
+square, will perpetuate to the eye a memory
+that will never perish from the English heart.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_180b" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_180b.jpg" alt="Bombed metal bridge in the river">
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_PICARDY_HEROINE">A PICARDY HEROINE</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Story of Marcelle Semmer, Who Held Up the Advance of a German
+Army Corps</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">French</span> heroines were not few; indeed to
+be a woman of France was to be a heroine
+in those slow grinding years of the war that
+tired the soul, as it trampled the life of that
+country. But none of them was of greater
+courage or of more resolutely self-sacrificing
+purpose than a young woman of Picardy, a
+mere girl, Marcelle Semmer. She was the
+daughter of a phosphate factory owner, an
+Alsatian, who had quitted Alsace in 1871
+rather than remain as a subject of Germany.</p>
+
+<p>The story of her deeds was first given to
+the public by a lecturer at the Sorbonne, Paris,
+and was repeated by the Paris correspondent
+of the <cite>Times</cite>, but her fame had already run
+throughout the armies of France, and the
+Republic had honored her.</p>
+
+<p>After the defeat of the Allies at Charleroi,
+the French tried to make a stand along the
+Somme, but being unable to resist the overwhelming
+mass of the invaders, they fell back
+across a canal in the vicinity of Marcelle
+Semmer’s home. The enemy were in close
+pursuit. As the last group of the French
+crossed the bridge, Marcelle rushed forward
+and raising the drawbridge, threw into the
+canal the control key, without which the draw
+could not be lowered. This remarkable evidence
+of presence of mind and coolness was
+hardly to have been expected from a girl in
+such terrifying circumstances. The act was
+a daring one, as the advancing Germans did
+not hesitate to fire at her as well as at the
+retreating soldiers; but realizing that it would
+hold up the advance of the Germans she unhesitatingly
+confronted the danger. It was
+the saving grace for the French, for it was
+not until the next morning that the Germans
+were able to get together boats enough
+to form a pontoon across the canal. The
+retreat had the advantage of those precious
+hours of the hold-up.</p>
+
+<p>Though the risks were great, Marcelle remained
+in the village during the German occupation
+in order to be of possible assistance
+to the French. And she did render assistance.
+There was near the village Eclusier a subterranean
+passage used in the working of a
+phosphate mine, and in this passage Marcelle
+managed to conceal at different times sixteen
+French soldiers who had got separated from
+their command in the retreat from Charleroi
+and Mons. There she fed them, furnished
+them with civilian clothes and aided their
+escape into the French lines. It was not until
+she was helping the seventeenth to escape that
+she was caught and dragged, with a French
+soldier, before the local commandant. Asked
+if she meant deliberately to aid the soldier to
+escape, she replied firmly:</p>
+
+<p>“Yes. He is not the first. I helped sixteen
+others to get away. Do what you please with
+me. I am not afraid to die.”</p>
+
+<p>With little ceremony she was ordered to be
+shot. She was taken out for the purpose.
+The firing squad was drawn up and only
+waited the order to fire when suddenly there
+was a roar of French artillery bombarding the
+town and the position of the Germans around
+Eclusier. It was an unexpected French advance,
+and without thought of the girl the
+firing squad joined the confusion of men hurrying
+to the shelter of their defenses. Marcelle
+made her escape to the friendly subterranean
+passage. The French occupied Eclusier.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TWICE SAVED FROM THE GERMANS</h3>
+
+<p>The Somme lay between the opposing
+armies, and in the vicinity of Eclusier it forms
+a marshy lake. At flood the water covered
+the lines so that soldiers often lost their way,
+and here Marcelle found another means of
+serving France.</p>
+
+<p>The correspondent says:</p>
+
+<p>“Being thoroughly acquainted with the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</span>neighborhood, she used to pilot parties of soldiers.
+This brought her again close to death.
+While leading a squad of men who wanted to
+dig an advanced trench in the village of
+Frise she fell into the hands of a party of
+Germans.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_182" style="max-width: 49em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_182.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Corporal Fred C. Stein</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>32nd Division, 125th Infantry, Company “F”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Close to Romagnes, on October 9, 1918, Stein captured a strong enemy machine-gun nest. He
+received two wounds while endeavoring to operate the machine gun, and then received another
+wound which was in the arm and almost disabled him.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“They locked her up in the little village
+church of Frise. On the morrow, she felt
+sure, they would shoot her.</p>
+
+<p>“But once more luck and the French artillery
+were her salvation. The French across
+the Somme began a lively bombardment of
+Frise. One shell blew a large hole in the
+church wall. Through this hole, unperceived
+by her captors, Marcelle crawled.
+Creeping past the Germans scattered through
+Frise, she soon tumbled, safe and sound, into
+the nearest French trench.</p>
+
+<p>“By this time her fame had spread and rewards
+began to shower upon her. She got
+the Cross of the Legion of Honor, and some
+time later the War-Cross. In spite of all she
+had gone through, she persisted in staying in
+the Somme country and continued to work
+for the cause of France. For fifteen months
+she remained, despite shot and shell, in her
+little Somme village, taking care of wounded
+soldiers. Also among her charges was a
+woman of 90, too feeble to travel to a safer
+place. Marcelle looked out for her night and
+day with unflagging devotion.</p>
+
+<p>“Everywhere soldiers knew and admired
+her. One English General ordered his soldiers
+to salute when she passed and refrain
+from addressing her unless she spoke first.”</p>
+
+<p>Under the strain of her volunteer work she
+finally came near to a breakdown and was
+persuaded to go to Paris. There she entered
+a nurses’ school to qualify for the care of the
+wounded, work being necessary to her to shut
+away her personal sorrows, as everything she
+possessed or held dear the war had taken
+from her.</p>
+
+<p>All this and more was told at the Sorbonne
+Conference, and then, says the <cite>Times</cite> correspondent,
+the narrator made a dramatic gesture
+and exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>“‘This little heroine of Picardy, this admirable
+girl, this incarnation of the qualities
+of the woman of France, this girl of simple
+origin, flawless dignity, of serious mind, and
+gentle ways, this girl of indomitable will-power,
+is here, ladies and gentlemen, here
+among you, in this room! And I feel that
+I am the spokesman for every one of you
+when I now extend to her the expression
+of our respect, our gratitude, our admiration!’</p>
+
+<p>“The auditors, every man, woman and child
+of them, leaped to their feet, mad with enthusiasm.
+They craned their necks to catch a
+glimpse of the heroine. Unable to escape
+them, the young girl stood up, blushing.
+Through the great hall of the Sorbonne,
+where the most famous people of the world
+had been honored by France, swept a storm
+of cheers. A reward more splendid than the
+Cross of the Legion of Honor, than the War-Cross,
+than the salutes of soldiers at the front,
+had come to Marcelle Semmer.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="GIRLS_OF_THE_BATTALION">GIRLS OF THE “BATTALION”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Russian Women Who Gave Splendid Proof That Soldierly Valor Knows
+No Sex</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">When</span> first reports of the Battalion of
+Death—the regiment of Russian women—were
+read in the western world they were
+regarded as the fiction of correspondents hard
+pressed for material. Fighting Amazons belonged
+to the legendary past. But the authentic
+confirmations of the story and the official
+recognition of the battalion’s services
+presently roused a curious interest in these
+women doing heroes’ work, and there was demand
+for information concerning the redoubtable
+“Madam Butchkareff” and the circumstances
+leading to the organization of the regiment
+of which she was given command.</p>
+
+<p>The story when told more than gratified the
+expectant interest. The London <cite>Daily Telegraph</cite><span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</span>
+was the first to give the particulars as
+they are here presented.</p>
+
+<p>“Vera Butchkareff, or simply Yashka, as
+she has been christened by the men of the regiment
+to which she belonged, got much of her
+war-like spirit from her father, who fought
+through the whole of the Turkish war and
+was left a cripple for life. Her mother was
+a hard-working woman, with five children, of
+whom Yashka was the eldest, and she had to
+go out washing and cooking to earn enough
+to clothe and feed this flock.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_184" style="max-width: 44.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_184.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood &amp; Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Marie Botchkareva,</p>
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Commander of the Battalion of Death</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“At the age of five Yashka was sent out as
+nurse to a baby of three. And from that time
+she has never stopped working. She looks
+none the worse for it. Finely yet strongly
+built, with broad shoulders and healthy complexion,
+she can lift 200 pounds with the greatest
+of ease. She has never known what fear is.</p>
+
+<p>“Not long ago she remarked that during
+the last two years she had lived through so
+much that there remained but one danger yet
+to experience, that of flying. Just as she was
+saying that an aviator came up and offered to
+take her for a flight, and before the day was
+out she had exhausted her list of perils.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MARRIED AN UNKNOWN</h3>
+
+<p>“When she was sixteen years old her parents
+seized the first opportunity of getting her
+married. She never knew the man, but luckily
+as time wore on they grew very fond of each
+other, and were very happy. At first they
+both served in a shop, and thanks to their perseverance
+and frugality they were soon able
+to open a small shop of their own. But just
+as they began to prosper the war broke out,
+and he was one of the first to be called up.</p>
+
+<p>“She was very keen on accompanying him
+as a soldier, but he begged her to stay behind
+and work for her parents, whom they had
+been keeping.</p>
+
+<p>“She was always ready for any daring venture,
+and it was with great reluctance that
+she stayed at home in compliance with her
+husband’s wish. Time passed, and after long
+waiting she got the news that he had been
+killed in action in May, 1915. At once
+she went to her parents and said: ‘I have
+decided to go to the front, and you will either
+hear of my death or I shall return to you in
+honor and glory. I trust in God.’ And no
+persuasions were of any use.</p>
+
+<p>“For two years she lived in the trenches
+and fought like a man. She was wounded
+three times—in her arm, leg, and back. In
+the Lake Naroch battles there was a time
+when all the officers were killed and the men
+lost courage and lay down, too frightened to
+attack. Then she rose up and dashed forward
+calling on them to follow her. Every
+one obeyed her command, and the trench was
+captured. She has received two St. George’s
+medals and two St. George’s crosses for various
+feats of bravery. At the end of the two
+years she was legally admitted into the 28th
+Polozk Regiment.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RAISES HER BATTALION</h3>
+
+<p>“She was presented to Mr. Kerensky for
+her bravery, and after hearing all her experiences,
+the Minister of War asked what wish
+she would like to have granted. She straightway
+said: ‘I want to form a woman’s volunteer<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</span>
+battalion, which is to lead men into battle
+if they will not go of themselves.’ The
+idea was approved by Kerensky, and, with the
+sanction of the commander-in-chief, the battalion
+was formed.”</p>
+
+<p>There were 300 girls, most of them being
+recruits from the higher educational academies
+and secondary schools, with a few peasants,
+factory girls and servants. There were a few
+married women, but none with children were
+accepted. They ranged from 18 to 28 years
+in age and were of good physique, most of
+them pretty and of refined appearance. They
+wore their hair short, or their heads entirely
+shaved. They wore as uniform a soldier’s
+khaki blouse, short breeches, stockings, heavy
+soled shoes and forage cap. It was a mixed
+battalion in the matter of class; with the
+peasant and the factory girl marched the
+daughters of noble families, society women,
+writers, etc., for it was in the universities and
+schools that the Russian revolution found its
+most earnest advocates.</p>
+
+<p>These were the women who in action near
+Vilna that terrible July day exhibited great
+courage and coolness, and did such heroic service
+in the midst of a wavering and weakening,
+cowardly, panic-stricken body of troops that
+they have hardly a parallel in all history.
+Marie Golokbyova, a member of the battalion
+but eighteen years old, who enlisted from the
+high school, has told of the first engagement
+of the fighting girls.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THEIR FIRST ENGAGEMENT</h3>
+
+<p>“We went into action a fortnight after
+our arrival at the front under heavy German
+cannon fire. Given the order to advance,
+we rushed out of our trench. Feeling no
+sense of danger, we dashed toward the enemy
+in the wood. The machine guns began knocking
+over my companions. We were ordered
+to lie down. I noticed those at the front with
+me were all women. The men were further
+back.</p>
+
+<p>“I began shooting, the gun kicking my
+shoulder so hard that it is still blue and stiff.
+I was glad when we were ordered to charge
+the machine guns in the woods. We paid
+dearly, but we held on, and by night our
+scouts discovered the machine gunners and we
+shelled them out.</p>
+
+<p>“After the first attack I was attached to
+a machine gun, carrying ammunition to an advanced
+position under the fire of hidden German
+machine guns. We were advancing and
+constantly in danger of capture by the Germans.
+On one trip over newly captured
+ground I saw what I considered a wounded
+German officer lying on the ground. I went
+to help him with my gun in my right hand
+and the machine gun ammunition in my
+left.</p>
+
+<p>“Seeing me, he jumped to his knees and
+pulled out his revolver, but before he could
+shoot I dropped the ammunition and killed
+him.</p>
+
+<p>“How did I feel on taking a human life?
+I had no sensation except to rid my country
+of an enemy. There was no sentimentality.
+We were trying to kill them and they were
+trying to kill us—that is all. Any Russian
+girl or any American girl in the same position
+would have the same feeling.”</p>
+
+<p>Mme. Butchkareff—Commander Butchkareff—the
+peasant born leader of the heroic
+girls, was not only endowed with the highest
+quality of courage but she seemed to have an
+instinct for military command. She was, as
+her soldiers testified, “here, there, everywhere,”
+directing the action, adding the fire
+of her own spirit to the enthusiasm of the
+members of the battalion, urging them to
+“fight like real Russian soldiers,” and they met
+the demand. Said one of them:</p>
+
+<p>“None of us was afraid once we got
+started. We were in the midst of a great
+fusillade of shots. Then terrific big shells
+began bursting around us. We were again
+frightened a little when we first saw the dead
+about, but before very long we were jumping
+over the dead and quickly forgot all about
+them. We just forgot ourselves entirely.
+We were simply Russia fighting for her
+life.</p>
+
+<p>“As we ran forward we suddenly came
+upon a bunch of Germans immediately ahead
+of us. It was only a second until we were all
+around them.</p>
+
+<p>“They saw they were caught and threw
+down their rifles, holding up their hands.
+They were terribly frightened.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Good God! Women!’ they exclaimed.”</p>
+
+<p>It might have been better for Russia had
+all her soldiers been women.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="HER_AMBULANCE_UNIT">HER AMBULANCE UNIT</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>An English Woman’s Contribution Was Her Fortune and the Daily Risk
+of Her Life</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Among</span> the decorations worn by Mrs.
+Hilda Wynne are the French Croix de
+Guerre, the Belgian order of Leopold, and
+the Russian Order of St. George—certificates
+of preëminent service in circumstances of danger
+that demand the high courage of utter
+self-devotion. Mrs. Wynne is a young English
+woman who gave her fortune to organize
+an ambulance unit and risked her life driving
+an ambulance on the firing line. Her organization
+was known as the Bevan-Wynne Unit,
+and it cared for some 40,000 wounded soldiers
+in the course of the war. Mrs. Wynne
+visited this country in the Autumn of 1917
+for the purpose of arousing interest in the
+public in the needs of soldiers in France.
+Happily her mission was a successful one.</p>
+
+<p>While she was in Denver the <cite>Post</cite> of that
+city induced Mrs. Wynne to tell some of her
+experiences, which are here reproduced.</p>
+
+<p>“Looking upon the human courage I have
+witnessed, from this distance and in the little
+breathing space I have taken from service I
+can recall thousands of heroic acts, but the
+bravest happened on the Russian front.</p>
+
+<p>“I saw two aviators go up to certain death.
+They were a Russian and a Frenchman. Both
+were little men. They went up to meet
+twenty German aeroplanes. It was suicidal.
+But they had been ordered to go—and theirs
+was the spirit of the gallant six hundred. I
+stood near them as they made ready to go.
+They said nothing. That is one of the lessons
+you learn in war—not to waste time nor
+words.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_186" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_186.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Women Ambulance-Drivers Served With All the Allied Armies</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Many of them received decorations for conspicuous bravery while under fire.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“They got their machines ready as a rider
+tests his saddle-straps and stirrups before starting
+for his morning gallop through the park.
+A little pothering and fixing of the machinery
+and they had gone. They went straight up
+and began blazing away at the German planes.
+I watched and the cords of my heart tightened,
+for the German planes, looking like great gray
+birds with wings widespread, came closer and
+closer. They surrounded them. They formed
+a solid double circle about them. Then they
+began to fire. And I turned and covered my
+eyes with my hands. A few seconds later
+what had been aeroplanes were splintered
+wood and what had been men a broken mass
+covered by smoking rags.</p>
+
+<p>“While this was the bravest act I saw in
+two and a half years on the firing line, I
+readily recall the most pathetic. It was the
+second line of men in the Russian trenches.
+They were unarmed soldiers. There were
+no guns for them. They took their places
+there expecting that the man in front might
+drop, and the second-line man could pick up
+his gun and take his place.</p>
+
+<p>“I have seen many of the Allies die. They
+all die bravely. At Dixmude when the fusiliers
+arrived 8,000 and went out 4,000 there
+was magnificent courage in death. The
+Frenchman dies calling upon his God. The
+Englishman says nothing or feebly jests; just
+turns his face to the wall and is still. The
+Russian is mystic and secretive. The Russian
+lives behind a veil of reserve. You
+never fully know him. In the last moments
+you know by his rapt look that his soul is in
+communion with his God.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AN IMPLACABLE BREED</h3>
+
+<p>“One of the deepest, unalterable truths of
+the war is the German power of hatred. It is
+past measuring. An example occurred at Dixmude.
+When we had been there three days
+we were driven out. I took my car filled
+with the wounded across a bridge just in time.
+A second after we had crossed there was a
+roar, then a crash. A shot had torn the bridge
+to pieces. Three weeks later to our hospital
+was brought a wounded German.</p>
+
+<p>“‘I know you,’ he said. ‘We nearly got
+you at the bridge at Dixmude.’</p>
+
+<p>“‘I remember,’ I said.</p>
+
+<p>“That man’s eyes used to follow me in a
+strange way. Build no beautiful theories of
+his national animosity disappearing, or being
+swallowed up in his gratitude. There was
+no such thought in his mind. The eyes said:
+‘I wish I had killed you. But since I didn’t
+I wish I might have another chance.’</p>
+
+<p>“This, after I had driven away a group of
+zouaves who had taken everything from him,
+including his iron cross, and who were debating
+whether to toss him into the canal then
+or that night.</p>
+
+<p>“Shells have a disturbing way about them,
+more disturbing to your plans than your equanimity.
+Shells prevented my having a nice
+comfortable illness. In southern Russia one
+can get little to eat. Coarse black bread is
+the chief food. It causes various disorders.
+I, afflicted with one of them, arranged a table
+in the corner of my tent, placed remedies on
+the table, undressed, and turned in, intending
+to have a cozy illness of a few days. But
+as I lay came an angry buzzing. A shell
+hissed through, carrying away a corner of my
+tent. That ended my illness. I had no more
+time to think of it.</p>
+
+<p>“The greatest peril I encountered was not
+from shells. One becomes used to them. One
+of the greatest dangers I faced was on a dark
+night drive along a precipice in the Caucasus.
+It was while the plan to bring troops through
+Persia to Russia was expected to be successful.
+I went ahead with some ambulances. It was
+necessary to take two Russian officers across
+the mountain. I offered my services. The
+road was an oddly twisting one. On one side
+was a high wall, on the other a precipice
+whose depth no one calculated. But as I
+allowed myself to look into it at twilight I
+could see no bottom to it. We started on
+the all-night drive at dusk. The precipice
+remained with us, a foot away, most of the
+distance. Had my car skidded twelve inches
+the story would have been different.</p>
+
+<p>“Then, too, I wandered once within the
+Turkish lines, mistaking them for our own.
+But amid a courteous silence I was allowed
+to discover my mistake and escape without
+harm.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TOO BUSY TO REFUSE HER</h3>
+
+<p>“I think I owe my opportunity to do my
+bit, in the way I have, to the fact that I arrived
+in Flanders a few hours before the fight<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</span>
+and the officers were too busy to send me
+back. I had seven automobiles, and knew how
+to use them. I took them to Dixmude and
+offered the automobiles and my services to
+the cause. I established headquarters at
+Furnes, which is seven miles from Nieuport,
+eight from Dixmude, and twenty from Ypres.
+I drove along the Yser Canal to the parts of
+the field that were under the heaviest fire, for
+there, I knew, my cars and I would be most
+needed. For a year I worked for the relief
+of the wounded of the French armies. Then
+I went to Russia, where I found the need of
+help and the sacrifice of life because of lack
+of that help almost inconceivable. The French
+armies have 6,000 ambulances. The Germans
+have 6,200. Russia, with a firing line
+of 6,000 miles, has only 600 motor-ambulances.</p>
+
+<p>“I established dressing-stations in the mountains.
+Some of these were 10,000 feet above
+the sea-level. There, on the canvas stretched
+between two horses, the wounded were
+brought, or so they started. For many
+of them died in the long journey, every
+step of which was torture to a wounded
+man.</p>
+
+<p>“The most exciting experience I ever had
+was on the Galician border. We could approach
+the battle-line only along the Tarnopol
+road, which ran for fifteen miles directly under
+German guns. I was speeding along it
+with an ambulance full of wounded soldiers
+when a shell struck the roadside and exploded,
+tearing a great hole in the earth fifty feet
+away. The concussion stopped us. Then we
+went on. I travel on my luck. Some time,
+I suppose, I shall travel too far.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_TRUE_HEROINE">A TRUE HEROINE</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Type of Woman from Which Fate Fashions Jeannes D’Arc</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Had</span> there been a Myra Ivanovna in every
+sector of the Russian front in the wavering
+days, it is not extravagant to think the
+troops of the Czar might have resisted the
+propaganda as well as the guns of the Germans
+and pushed on—perhaps to Berlin.
+Myra was but twenty years of age, a Russian
+Sister of Mercy. She accompanied her
+brother, a military doctor, to the front. She
+was small, and weak and nervous, but she had
+a resolute will, an indomitable soul, and these
+gave energy and endurance to her body. She
+was one of the most active and tireless in ministering
+to the sick and wounded. The soldiers
+marveled to see so frail a creature perform
+such tasks as mark the duties of an ambulance
+nurse. Naturally, she inspired the devotion
+of those she served.</p>
+
+<p>It was in 1915. There had been heavy and
+dogged fighting and there were many
+wounded. The ambulances and the nurses
+were kept busy. Then the Germans succeeded
+in outflanking the regiment to which Myra
+was attached, and poured a deadly fire into
+the trenches. M. Kupchinsky, correspondent
+at the front for a Petrograd paper, told her
+story. The London <cite>Morning Post</cite> translated
+it. Here it is:</p>
+
+<p>“The ambulance near the 10th Regiment
+was not brought to the rear, despite the instructions
+of the commander. It was discovered
+that Sister Ivanovna was employed there in
+bandaging the wounded.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Let the ambulance station go back,’ she
+said; ‘I shall stay here, where my hands are
+wanted.’</p>
+
+<p>“The doctors and the wounded officers appealed
+in vain—she would not retreat until
+her brother ordered her to do so. No sooner,
+however, was the ambulance posted in a new
+situation than she moved back to her former
+position with a few volunteers. At this time
+the enemy’s reinforcements with machine guns
+opened a deadly fire from some heights commanding
+the position, and Ivanovna was
+slightly wounded by a bullet in the left arm.
+She bandaged the wound herself, and, without
+saying a word, continued her work.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_189" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_189.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Women in the Salvation Army Followed the American Army Wherever It Went and They
+Served Doughnuts to Men in the Front Trenches</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“The position of the regiment was a perilous
+one. Every moment the strength of the
+enemy was increasing, and the Russian ranks
+were decimated by their long exposure to
+heavy fire. It was necessary to strike a rapid
+blow, sharp and decisive; but officer after
+officer was brought in wounded, and at last
+word came that the commander himself had
+been killed. Men began to drop back from
+the front trenches. Indecision in the ranks
+threatened a panic.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SWORD IN HAND, SHE LED THE ATTACK</h3>
+
+<p>“Seeing that the men were wavering, and
+actuated by indignant horror at the unequal
+fight, Sister Myra Ivanovna drew a sword
+from the sheath of a dead officer and ran from
+the station. She was followed by some of the
+wounded soldiers, who, with tears in their
+eyes, implored her to return, and even tried
+to detain her by holding her arms, but she
+freed herself.</p>
+
+<p>“Then, her eyes burning with excitement,
+she went forward. She was not alone, for the
+soldiers were anxious to defend this frail
+woman who was leading them back to the
+trenches, her sword raised in the air.</p>
+
+<p>“The soldiers of the 10th Regiment were
+wavering in the trenches when, at the critical
+moment, Sister Myra, surrounded by a group
+of wounded soldiers, with uplifted sword,
+rushed toward the trench. At once there was
+a resounding ‘Hurrah!’ and the rifles of the
+exhausted soldiers commenced once more their
+deadly clicking.</p>
+
+<p>“For a moment Sister Myra bent toward
+the occupants of the trench, and they heard
+the word ‘<em>Golubebiki!</em>’ (Dear ones). Then,
+rising to her feet, she ran forward, her sword
+flashing in the air. All the men followed
+her. But all the time the enemy machine-guns
+were steadily spitting forth their leaden
+pellets of death, and, though losing men
+with every step, the remnants of the company
+made a wild dash for the enemy’s trench,
+which they occupied after furious work with
+the bayonet. The enemy fled precipitately,
+but in the recesses of the trench, on the bloody
+ground trodden by the feet of the eager combatants,
+lay Sister Myra Ivanovna.</p>
+
+<p>“Rough soldiers bent over her, and now that
+the excitement of the fray was over they wept
+as they tried vainly to arrest the flow of blood
+from a wound in her throat. She was carried
+out of the fire, but before she had proceeded
+far another bullet struck her, and she fell
+dead among the group of soldiers.”</p>
+
+<p>“A true heroine,” writes Mr. Kupchinsky,
+“a type of the Russian woman who is guiding
+us to victory.”</p>
+
+<p>Alas! that was in 1915.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_HEROINE_OF_HUMANITY">A HEROINE OF HUMANITY</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>This Young Englishwoman Risked Death in a Hideous Form to Save the
+Lives of Others</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> serene courage of self-devotion to
+the service of humanity does not have
+the acclaim of the world very often. We have
+not learned how to measure the values of
+quiet heroism—the heroism that works in the
+solitude. We thrill to feats of daring, we
+are rather complacent to the bravery of scientific
+experiment, though the risk of life be
+great.</p>
+
+<p>There is the story of a young Englishwoman,
+Miss Mary Davies, who, far behind
+the front with its stimulating excitement and
+without the inspiration of approving and emulous
+comrades, calmly, deliberately challenged
+death in one of its most horrible forms. She
+had seen the victims of one of the most terrible
+of war scourges—gaseous gangrene—suffering
+a loathsome death, and knew how hopelessly
+the surgeons in the laboratories of the American
+Ambulance where she served, worked to
+combat the plague. She realized that if inoculation
+with the bacilli of the disease could
+be successfully employed, thousands of wounded
+men would be saved, and she resolved to
+make the experiment.</p>
+
+<p>She had seen many examples of the horrible
+results of this infection and had observed
+the invariably fatal course of the disease
+in animals inoculated with the bacilli.
+She watched and assisted in the experiments
+in which guinea-pigs were inoculated with
+gangrene bacilli. She had become convinced
+of the efficacy of injections with quinine hydrochlorid
+and had concluded that the experiments
+on small animals had given all the results
+of which they were capable and that the
+time had come for an experiment on a normal
+human body, and not one from the battlefield,
+fatigued and wounded and possibly infected
+by other bacilli.</p>
+
+<p>Well aware that her plan would be prevented
+if it became known, she determined
+without a word to any one, to risk her life in
+an attempt to demonstrate the efficacy of the
+treatment, which she was convinced would
+cure the victims of this dread disease.</p>
+
+<p>Her preparations deliberately and completely
+made, she waited until she was about to
+leave for a holiday, so that her absence would
+not disturb the work in the laboratory. She
+chose the deadliest strain of bacilli in the laboratory,
+obtained from the latest fatal case,
+of which two drops of culture sufficed to kill
+a guinea-pig. Then she inoculated herself in
+a manner most certain to produce the disease
+in animals, injecting fifty times the amount
+used to kill a guinea-pig, making one injection
+deep into the muscles of her thigh, the other
+just beneath the skin. Two hours later she
+quietly came to the laboratory and asked to be
+treated in the same manner as the animals
+under experiment.</p>
+
+<p>The surgeons and attendants were greatly
+alarmed for her. Their experience had taught
+them the rapidity and horribleness of the effects
+of gangrene, the most dreaded and the
+most baffling of the diseases produced by the
+war. They began treatment of her at once,
+apprehensive and doubtful of results.</p>
+
+<p>Injections with a quinine solution were
+made at the points where she had inoculated
+the deadly bacilli. She was sent to the nearest
+hospital for observation and further treatment.
+Quinine injections were given a second
+time. Symptoms of a slight degree of
+infection developed within twenty-four hours,
+but they subsided without operation becoming
+necessary, and it is more than gratifying to
+know that recovery was rapid and complete.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Davies has been named a “heroine of
+science” and her brave and self-sacrificial deed
+will be properly recognized in medical science;
+but surely she has won a place in the world’s
+esteem and memory as a heroine of humanity.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ONE_OF_THE_GREAT_ACES">ONE OF THE GREAT “ACES”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Raoul Lufbery, the Connecticut Boy Who Roamed the World to Die a
+Hero in France</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> Great War brought into bold relief
+no more romantic figure or daring spirit
+than that of Major Raoul Lufbery, from
+Wallingford, Conn. The bare facts of his
+life have the flavor of incidents taken from
+the adventure story of a highly imaginative
+fiction writer. There is no need of invention
+or added color to make his history a thrilling
+tale. No presentation of it, however bald and
+commonplace the narrative, can cheat it of
+its romance and heroism. That he was one of
+the chief of the American “Aces” is in itself
+an epitome of adventure that might easily be
+elaborated into a volume.</p>
+
+<p>Lufbery was an adventurer in the dashing
+sense of the word. His blood was filled with
+the essence of unrest, the energy of motion
+that would not let him stay fixed to place.
+When he was seventeen years old Wallingford
+held him too much cabined and confined. He
+ran away from home as an explorer of the
+unknown world. Drawn, perhaps, by the
+spell of ancestral affinities, he made his way
+to France and wandered from place to place in
+the land of legend and romance, working at
+any job that would provide his keep and supply
+him with funds for his next excursion.</p>
+
+<p>From France he sailed to Algiers, where he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</span>
+remained till he had satisfied his interest, when
+he set off for other scenes—Egypt, the Balkans,
+Germany, South America and then back
+to Wallingford for a peep at the home folks.
+He chuckled appreciatively on learning that
+his father was off doing a bit of globe-vagabonding
+on his own account.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_192" style="max-width: 27.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_192.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Press Illustrating Service.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Major Raoul Lufbery, an American, Who
+Was Loved by Fellow-Flyers</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>He stopped at home for a year, when the
+wander-bubbles of his blood got into ferment
+again, and trotting down to New Orleans
+he was tempted by military possibilities and
+enlisted in the Regular Army. He was sent to
+the Philippines, where he displayed such proficiency
+as rifleman that he won all the regimental
+prizes for the best marksmanship.
+That skill in getting bullets into the right spot
+was one of his great assets when he came to
+battling in the air over the fields of France.</p>
+
+<p>But even the Army waxed tame for Lufbery,
+and when his term of enlistment expired
+he was ready and eager to nose out what the
+still strange parts of the world had to offer
+him. He sailed for Japan, sampled the beauties
+and novelties of that country and then
+dipped into China. From China he went into
+India. A characteristic anecdote is told of
+him as ticket-seller in one of the railway stations
+of India. It has been said that he sustained
+himself with any kind of odd job as
+he roamed the world, and ticket-selling was
+one of the tedious sort of occupations least to
+his liking. A pompous type of native one day
+stood at the wicket.</p>
+
+<p>“Want a ticket?” Lufbery asked.</p>
+
+<p>“Say ‘Sir’ when you speak to me,” said the
+native, loftily.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE PRICE OF A JOB</h3>
+
+<p>With never a wink, Lufbery left his place,
+approached the offended person, took him by
+the back of the neck and with neatness and
+dispatch ejected him from the station. Under
+English civil law one is promptly summoned
+for assault, and as the person Lufbery had
+treated so summarily in accord with his own
+ideas of fitness chanced to be the richest and
+most influential merchant of Bombay, the
+summons cost the ticket-seller his place.
+Cochin-China was his resort, Saigon his haven,
+and there, if you please, he viewed with envious
+admiration the aerial antics of Marc
+Pourpe, the famous trick flyer.</p>
+
+<p>There came a day when Pourpe lost his mechanic,
+and his exhibitions came to a stop
+while he made vain quest among the natives
+for a substitute. None cared for the office,
+preferring infinitely the understood foundation
+of Mother Earth to antics in the air. Quite
+right—Lufbery applied for the job. Was he
+a mechanic? No. Did he know anything
+about an aeroplane motor? Not a thing.</p>
+
+<p>“Why the deuce, then, do you come bothering
+me?” demanded the irritated Pourpe.</p>
+
+<p>“I don’t know the job now,” Lufbery said,
+“but I can learn. You only have to show me
+once. Take me on. You won’t regret it.
+I’m not afraid of work.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</span></p>
+
+<p>Marc Pourpe is quoted as saying to some
+friends later in relating the incident:</p>
+
+<p>“His reasoning was full of logic. His
+method was original. I agreed, and I will
+say that never have I seen a person more devoted,
+more intelligent and more useful. He
+is already better informed about a motor than
+most of the so-called mechanics of Paris.
+Moreover, this boy has hung his hat in every
+country in the world. He is not a man, he is
+an encyclopedia. He can tell you what the
+weather is in a given season in Japan, in
+Egypt, in America, or in France. He observes
+everything and once he has noticed it,
+it is engraved on his memory.</p>
+
+<p>“He told me that in all his travels he had
+never been more than a week without working.
+He was hospital interne at Cairo, a stevedore
+in Calcutta, station master in India, a
+soldier in America. I am glad he is now a
+mechanic.</p>
+
+<p>“If he likes it, I will take him back with
+me at the end of my tour and will keep him
+with me. It is rare to find a good mechanic.
+His name is <em>Raoul Lafberg</em>, and he spent his
+childhood in the vicinity of Bourges. If I
+return with him, you will see what a sympathetic
+character chance has thrown in my way.
+So once more in my life everything goes
+well.”</p>
+
+<p>This shift of name on the sudden from Lufbery
+to Lafberg was due to a hope that the
+Frenchified turn would the more favorably
+determine Pourpe to engage his services, especially
+as Lufbery spoke French fluently, having
+learned it in his three years’ stay in France.</p>
+
+
+<h3>JOINS THE FOREIGN LEGION</h3>
+
+<p>So it was that Lufbery, as Pourpe’s mechanic,
+found himself in France when the war
+storm burst. Pourpe, who had a new type of
+plane, promptly enlisted as a flyer for his beloved
+France. As an American Lufbery could
+not be accepted except as a member of the
+Foreign Legion, which he hastened to join in
+the expectation that he could be transferred
+thence to service with his friend, which was
+done. But they were not long together at the
+front. Pourpe was killed the first or second
+of December, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>Thereupon Lufbery applied for admission
+to the regular French air service, which was
+granted and in a short time he was on the
+front with the Escadrille of bombardment,
+V. 102.</p>
+
+<p>But it was not until he joined the newly
+organized Escadrille Lafayette that his career
+of distinction began. His first victim was
+brought down, over Etain, July 30, 1916, the
+second five days later. He was cited by the
+French Government thus:</p>
+
+<p>“A model of address, of coolness, of courage.
+He has distinguished himself by numerous
+long distance bombardments and by the
+daily combats he has had with enemy aeroplanes.
+On July 30 he unhesitatingly attacked
+at close range four enemy machines.
+He shot one of them down near our own
+lines. He successfully brought down a second
+on the 4th of August, 1916.”</p>
+
+<p>His record grew apace. He got his third
+August 8, his fourth August 12, his fifth October
+12, and became an “Ace.” In December
+he brought down two in one day after a
+fight that nearly cost him his life as his jacket
+was torn with bullets. That victory gained
+him the award of the Legion of Honor. Incidentally,
+he was the first American to receive
+from England the British Military
+Cross which was conferred on him June 12,
+1917, when his record had mounted to ten
+enemy planes.</p>
+
+<p>That tenth plane exploit, by the way, was
+memorable. Lufbery was alone at an altitude
+of 18,000 feet when, at a distance, he
+saw a formation of seven Boche machines.
+Two of them were two-seater observation machines,
+the others were the protective escort.
+He flew into the sun to wait for a chance to
+attack. Soon one of the seven cut loose from
+the others, and immediately Lufbery dived
+for it and began firing, taking the enemy by
+surprise. After thirty shots or so his gun
+jammed, but no more shots were necessary.
+The enemy machine wobbled, shifted and began
+its downward plunge, and as Lufbery
+volplaned away he saw the wrecked machine
+crash into the German trenches.</p>
+
+<p>In an article written for the French publication
+<cite>La Guerre Aérienne</cite>, Lufbery describes
+an encounter he had one day when he
+was sent scouting over the Vosges, the panoramic
+beauty of which had so enthralled him
+he flew in sheer delight of the vision, nevertheless
+“all the time on guard.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</span></p>
+
+<p>Suddenly an enemy appeared a little below
+and behind him. He wrote:</p>
+
+<p>“It is a little one-seater biplane of the Fokker
+or Halberstadt type. A glance around
+assures me that he is alone. I am surprised
+at this, for it is certainly the first time that
+a machine of this sort has deliberately placed
+itself in a position so disadvantageous for
+fighting. Perhaps it is a trap. One never
+knows! If it only may prove to be a beginner,
+lacking experience, who listens to nothing
+but his courage in his purpose to become one
+of the great Aces of his country.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>ATTACKS A MASTER OF HIS ART</h3>
+
+<p>“However that may be, the wind keeps
+blowing from the west and carries me farther
+and farther into the lines. It will not do to
+allow the Boche to have this advantage too
+long: I decide to begin the attack without losing
+another second.</p>
+
+<p>“An about face, followed by a sudden double
+spin, carries me a little behind my adversary.
+Profiting by this advantage I dive upon him,
+but with a remarkable skill he gets out of
+range of my machine gun. He has anticipated
+my maneuver and parried the blow before it
+was struck. I am now aware that I have
+to do with a master of his art. This first encounter
+has proved it to me.</p>
+
+<p>“Making my machine tango from right to
+left, I saw him again below me but much
+nearer than before by at least forty yards.</p>
+
+<p>“Suddenly he noses up as if to begin a
+looping, and in this awkward position fires a
+volley at me which I dodge by a half turn to
+the right. A second time I attack but with
+no more success. The wind carries us to the
+north of Mulhouse, and I begin to ask myself
+if I am not playing my adversary’s game
+for him in delaying longer.</p>
+
+<p>“At this moment I chanced to glance in the
+direction of Belfort, which was about twelve
+miles within our lines. I perceived in the air
+little white flakes. Evidence of the presence
+of a Boche.</p>
+
+<p>“A lucky chance! I had now an excuse for
+abandoning without loss of honor the match,
+which I confess I am not at all sorry to leave.
+Only before leaving my adversary I feel that I
+must show him that I appreciate that he is
+a valiant foe and respect him as such. Drawing
+my left arm out of the fuselage I wave
+him a sign of adieu. He understands and desires
+to show courtesy on his part, for he returns
+my farewell.</p>
+
+<p>“All my attention is turned toward him
+whom I already consider as my new prey, a
+big white two-seater of very substantial appearance.</p>
+
+<p>“I draw nearer and nearer to him. Good
+luck! For the first time since I have been a
+chaser I am going to have the good fortune to
+battle within our lines. Also this increases my
+confidence until it makes me disregard measures
+of caution, even the science of tactics.</p>
+
+<p>“Another motive impels me to take more
+than ordinary risks. I am determined that he
+shall not escape me, and I make up my mind
+to shoot at him until I have won the victory.</p>
+
+<p>“What joy if I can only lodge a ball in his
+motor, or in his gasoline tank, which would
+oblige him to make a landing on French soil!
+Then I should be able to speak with the conquered
+and ask them their impressions of the
+aerial duel in which they had just taken part.
+But there is an old French proverb which says
+‘You must not sell the skin of the bear before
+you have killed him.’ I had occasion that
+day to prove the wisdom of this as you shall
+soon see.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>“POOR COUCOU”</h3>
+
+<p>“Enough of dreaming! The moment for
+action has arrived. Quickly I place myself in
+the rear and on the tail of my enemy from
+whom I am separated by a distance of about
+fifty yards. Then I open fire with my machine
+gun, and continue firing up to the moment
+when my plane, his superior in speed,
+arrives so near the big two-seater that a collision
+seems inevitable.</p>
+
+<p>“Quickly I pull up, leap over the obstacle,
+and fall in a glide on the right wing. Increasing
+my speed I re-establish my equilibrium
+and prepare to tempt fortune a second time.</p>
+
+<p>“Curse the luck! It is of no use. The
+motor, the soul of my aeroplane, has received
+a mortal wound and is about to draw its last
+breath.</p>
+
+<p>“Turning my head I discover that the ailerons
+are also seriously injured. My enemy
+fortunately does not seem to wish to profit
+by the situation. He continues his flight in
+the direction of his own lines. Perhaps I<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</span>
+have wounded him very seriously. I hope so.
+Anyway, his flight leaves me master of the
+field. But that is a very small consolation.
+And also of short duration; for I am coming
+down faster and faster. At last I safely take
+the ground on the nearest flying field within
+gliding distance.</p>
+
+<p>“Pilots, observers, mechanics surround me
+and besiege me with questions. They have
+seen the fight and want the details. For the
+moment I do not explain much but that I
+have encountered a Boche who does not understand
+joking! Besides, I was in a hurry
+to examine the wounds of my little aeroplane.
+It is very ill, poor thing! Three bullets in
+the motor, the gasoline tank ruined, a strut
+out of commission, many holes in the hood,
+finally the left aileron was cut and broken
+off by the bullets. It had made its last flight!
+Poor Coucou!”</p>
+
+<p>An admirable story of Lufbery in <cite>Heroes
+of Aviation</cite> says in conclusion:</p>
+
+<p>“To recount all the aerial successes of this
+American champion is but to repeat the usual
+details of his sober inspection of his aeroplane
+and his arms before dawn; his calm scrutiny of
+the skies for the black crosses of the enemy
+planes; his adroit maneuvering for the best
+position from which to surprise the foe; his
+determined and patient attack; his exactness
+in machine gun marksmanship; his jubilant
+return to his comrades with another certain
+victory on his score.</p>
+
+<p>“During months of his service in France
+Lufbery suffered from acute seizures of rheumatism
+which frequently necessitated his return
+to the hospital. Quiet and unassuming
+in his conversation, Lufbery won universal
+respect from the mechanics and affectionate
+loyalty from his comrades. Every one who
+met him felt as Marc Pourpe wrote, ‘He
+is not a man, he is an encyclopedia.’</p>
+
+<p>“When America entered the war and began
+her preparations for her own Air Service in
+France, certain of the experienced fighting
+pilots who had been fighting for France were
+given charge of the new American escadrilles.
+Lufbery and William Thaw, both original
+members of N. 124, the Escadrille Lafayette,
+were commissioned Majors. To them fell
+the task of organizing the eager youths who
+were to assist in clearing from the skies of
+France the invading Huns.</p>
+
+<p>“Possessed of all the honors that his army
+could bestow upon a noble Soldier, and wracked
+with physical pains that were daily increased
+by inclement weather, an ordinary man would
+have been satisfied to seek his ease and fill his
+required duties with the instructions to his
+pilots. But Major Lufbery instructed by example,
+not by speech. Not unmindful of his
+value to his comrades as their mentor and
+commander and impelled by an ardor that
+knew no rest, Lufbery continued his active
+patrolling, exposed himself to every risk.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE LAST FLIGHT</h3>
+
+<p>“On Sunday, May 19th, the American Ace
+went aloft over Toul with his fighting
+squadron. Enemy fighting machines were
+flying over the American line. The latest
+designed Fokker aeroplane, a single-seater triplane,
+appeared deep enough within our territory
+to be cut off before he could escape.
+Lufbery darted swiftly to the attack.</p>
+
+<p>“Exact details of any air combat are known
+only to the combatants. Fighting machines
+of to-day move with a speed of 140 miles per
+hour. Approaching each other they lessen the
+distance between them at the rate of over 400
+feet each second. Let some one calculate the
+fraction of an instant given to the pilot
+in which he plans his maneuver, alters his
+position, takes his aim, and presses the trigger!</p>
+
+<p>“Lufbery’s machine fell in flames. He was
+seen to jump from the blazing mass when
+2,000 feet from the ground. A parachute attachment
+might have saved his life as his
+body was found to be uninjured from the
+enemy’s fire. A non-inflammable fuel tank
+might have permitted him to continue his attack
+until the Fokker triplane dropped as his
+nineteenth victory.</p>
+
+<p>“Deprived of these improvements, Lufbery
+died. With his lamented loss the title of the
+American Ace of Aces passed to Sergeant
+Frank L. Baylies, of New Bedford, Massachusetts,
+who after eight months at the front,
+had amassed a total of twelve enemy machines.
+Upon the gallant death of Baylies, Lieutenant
+Putnam of Brookline, Massachusetts, with ten
+official victories, headed the American list of
+Aces.”</p>
+
+<p>Though officially credited with only eighteen<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</span>
+planes brought down in single combat,
+Lufbery was, in fact, the victor over twice
+that number of enemy planes. The rule for
+official recognition requires that a fall must
+be attested by eye-witnesses in addition to the
+flyer. Many of Lufbery’s “downs” were inside
+the enemy lines beyond the observation of
+any of his comrades, and others fell in such
+a way that it could not be said positively that
+they were destroyed.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_LAFAYETTE_ESCADRILLE">THE LAFAYETTE ESCADRILLE</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>An Air Squadron Made Famous by American Youth Before America
+Entered the War</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">In</span> the first years of the war, when the war
+was yet a European War, when America
+as a nation was not ready to act, a group of
+American boys—roused by the righteousness of
+the war against Germany, and longing to help
+France—finally enlisted in the French aviation
+service. They had come to repay the debt
+America owed to the people who had sent
+Lafayette in her time of need. Therefore
+their section was given the name of Lafayette
+Escadrille. Americans glory in the homage
+paid to the daring deeds of Kiffin Rockwell,
+Victor Chapman, Norman Prince and Jim
+McConnell, of Thaw, Lufbery, Hall, Masson
+and Cowdin. Jim McConnell wrote a little
+book called <cite>Flying for France</cite> (Doubleday,
+Page &amp; Company), in which he describes with
+a vividness born of the gallant affection he
+felt for his friends and comrades the deeds of
+that glorious group, and the deaths of three
+of them. Then he too fell.</p>
+
+<p>McConnell first joined the American ambulance
+service in the Vosges, and was mentioned
+several times for conspicuous bravery
+in saving wounded under fire. It was in the
+ambulance service that he won the Croix de
+Guerre.</p>
+
+<p>Gradually, however, this heroism drew on a
+deeper feeling. The spirit of adventure gave
+way to the spirit of liberty. France’s struggle
+took on a new aspect. McConnell gave up
+the ambulance service and enlisted in the
+French flying corps.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately he began to feel something
+more than the mere bond of common danger
+drawing him to the members of the Escadrille.
+They were like brothers who had managed to
+grow up friends as well as kinsmen. They
+were a picked lot. There was William Thaw,
+of Pittsburgh, the pioneer of them all; Norman
+Prince, of Boston; Elliot Cowdin, of
+New York; Bert Hall, of Texas, and his
+chum James Bach—the first to fall into German
+hands. Bach had smashed into a tree
+in going to the assistance of a companion who
+had broken down in landing a spy in the German
+lines. Both he and his French companion
+had been captured. The last of the
+original six was Didier Masson. Soon Lufbery
+came, and Kiffin Rockwell of Asheville,
+N. C., and Victor Chapman of New York.
+Rockwell and Chapman had both been
+wounded in other branches of the service.</p>
+
+<p>It was Rockwell who brought down the Escadrille’s
+first plane in his initial aerial combat.
+“He was flying alone, when, over Thann,
+he came upon a German on reconnaissance.
+He dived and the German turned toward his
+own lines, opening fire from a long distance.
+Rockwell kept straight after him. Then, closing
+to within thirty yards, he pressed on the
+release of his machine gun, and saw the enemy
+gunner fall backward and the pilot crumple
+up sideways in his seat. The plane flopped
+downward and crashed to earth just behind
+the German trenches. Swooping close to the
+ground Rockwell saw its débris burning away
+brightly. He had turned the trick with but
+four shots and only one German bullet had
+struck his Nieuport.”</p>
+
+<p>The section was soon transferred to more
+dangerous territory. They were needed at
+Verdun. Fighting there came thick and fast.
+McConnell describes the activity of almost
+every one there. And every one was active.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</span>
+“Hall brought down a German observation
+craft. Thaw dropped a Fokker in the morning,
+and on the afternoon of the same day
+there was a big combat far behind the German
+trenches. Thaw was wounded in the arm,
+and an explosive bullet detonating on Rockwell’s
+wind-shield tore several gashes in his
+face. Despite the blood which was blinding
+him Rockwell managed to reach an aviation
+field and land. Thaw, whose wound bled profusely,
+landed in a dazed condition just within
+our lines. He was too weak to walk, and
+French soldiers carried him to a field dressing station,
+whence he was sent to Paris for further
+treatment. Rockwell’s wounds were less
+serious and he insisted on flying again almost
+immediately.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>HOW CHAPMAN FOUGHT</h3>
+
+<p>“A week or so later Chapman was wounded.
+Considering the number of fights he had been
+in and the courage with which he attacked it
+was a miracle he had not been hit before.
+He always fought against odds and far within
+the enemy’s country. He flew more than
+any of us, never missing an opportunity to go
+up, and never coming down until his gasoline
+was giving out. His machine was a sieve
+of patched-up bullet holes. His nerve was
+almost superhuman and his devotion to the
+cause for which he fought sublime. The day
+he was wounded he attacked four machines.
+Swooping down from behind, one of them, a
+Fokker, riddled Chapman’s plane. One bullet
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</span>cut deep into his scalp, but Chapman, a
+master pilot, escaped from the trap, and fired
+several shots to show he was still safe. A
+stability control had been severed by a bullet.
+Chapman held the broken rod in one hand,
+managed his machine with the other, and succeeded
+in landing on a nearby aviation field.
+His wound was dressed, his machine repaired,
+and he immediately took the air in pursuit of
+some more enemies. He would take no rest,
+and with bandaged head continued to fly and
+fight.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_197" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_197.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood &amp; Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Distinguished Aviators of the Lafayette Escadrille.</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">From the left: Lufbery, Hinkle, Thenault, Bigelow, and Thaw.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Balsley, a newcomer, managed to get
+wounded in the meantime. He had started
+out with a party of four that had met a German
+squadron. Balsley attacked the nearest
+German, “only to receive an explosive bullet
+in his thigh. Extra cartridge rollers, dislodged
+from their case, hit his arms. He was
+tumbling straight toward the trenches, but
+by an effort he regained control, righted
+the plane, and landed without disaster.</p>
+
+<p>“Soldiers carried him to shelter, and later
+he was taken to a field hospital, where he lingered
+for days between life and death. Ten
+fragments of the explosive bullet were removed
+from his stomach. He bore up bravely
+and became the favorite of the wounded officers
+in whose ward he lay. When we flew
+over to see him they would say: ‘Il est un
+brave petit gars, l’aviateur américain.’ [He’s
+a brave little fellow, the American aviator.]
+On a shelf by his bed, done up in a handkerchief,
+he kept the pieces of bullet taken out
+of him, and under them some sheets of paper
+on which he was trying to write to his
+mother, back in El Paso.</p>
+
+<p>“Balsley was awarded the Médaille Militaire
+and the Croix de Guerre, but the honors
+scared him. He had seen them decorate officers
+in the ward before they died.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE FIRST OF THEM TO DIE</h3>
+
+<p>“Then came Chapman’s last fight. Before
+leaving, he had put two bags of oranges in
+his machine to take to Balsley, who liked to
+suck them to relieve his terrible thirst, after
+the day’s flying was over. There was an
+aerial struggle against odds, far within the
+German lines, and Chapman, to divert their
+fire from his comrades, engaged several enemy
+airmen at once. He sent one tumbling to
+earth, and had forced the others off when two
+more swooped down upon him.” The wings
+of his plane suddenly buckled and the machine
+dropped like a stone.</p>
+
+<p>Chapman had only started the list of deaths.
+He was to be followed by perhaps the most
+beloved of all the section. Kiffin Rockwell
+had started off with Lufbery one morning.
+Just before he reached the lines he “spied
+a German machine under him flying at 11,000
+feet.” Rockwell had fought more combats,
+than the rest of the Escadrille put together,
+says McConnell. “He had shot down many
+German machines that had fallen in their
+lines, but this was the first time he had had
+an opportunity of bringing down a Boche in
+our territory.”</p>
+
+<p>Rockwell approached so close to the enemy
+plane that it seemed there would be a collision.
+The German aeroplane carried two machine
+guns. When Rockwell started his dive the
+enemy opened a rapid fire. “Rockwell
+plunged through the stream of lead and only
+when very close to his enemy did he begin
+shooting. For a moment it looked as if the
+German was falling, but then the French
+machine turned rapidly nose down, the wings
+of one side broke off and fluttered in the wake
+of the airplane, which hurtled earthward in
+a rapid drop. It crashed into the ground in
+a small field—a field of flowers—a few hundred
+yards back of the trenches. It was
+not more than two and a half miles from the
+spot where Rockwell, in the month of May,
+brought down his first enemy machine. The
+Germans immediately opened up on the wreck
+with artillery fire. In spite of the bursting
+shrapnel, gunners from a nearby battery
+rushed out and recovered poor Rockwell’s
+broken body.”</p>
+
+<p>“Lufbery engaged a German craft but before
+he could get to close range two Fokkers
+swooped down from behind and filled his
+aeroplane full of holes. Exhausting his ammunition,
+he landed at Fontaine, an aviation
+field near the lines. There he learned of
+Rockwell’s death and was told that two other
+French machines had been brought down
+within the hour. He ordered his gasoline tank
+filled, procured a full band of cartridges and
+soared up into the air to avenge his comrade.
+He sped up and down the lines, and made a
+wide détour to Habsheim, where the Germans
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</span>have an aviation field, but all to no avail.
+Not a Boche was in the air.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_199" style="max-width: 61.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_199.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Marines’ Watch on the Rhine</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">General Neville decorating the Colors of the 6th Regiment with the Croix de Guerre at Coblenz,
+Germany.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>No greater blow could have befallen the
+Escadrille than Rockwell’s death. “The bravest
+and best of us all is no more,” said the
+French Captain. “Kiffin was the soul of the
+Escadrille,” writes Jim McConnell. “He
+was loved and looked up to by not only every
+man in our flying corps, but by every one
+who knew him. Kiffin was imbued with the
+spirit of the cause for which he fought and
+gave his heart and soul to the performance of
+his duty. He said: ‘I pay my part for Lafayette
+and Rochambeau,’ and he gave the fullest
+measure. The old flame of chivalry burned
+brightly in this boy’s fine and sensitive being.
+With his death France lost one of her most
+valuable pilots. When he was over the lines
+the Germans did not pass—and he was over
+them most of the time.”</p>
+
+<p>“Rockwell had been given the Médaille
+Militaire and the Croix de Guerre, on the
+ribbon of which he wore four palms, representing
+the four magnificent citations he had
+received in the order of the army.”</p>
+
+<p>Kiffin was given a funeral worthy of a general.
+“His brother, Paul, who had fought in
+the Legion with him, and who had been
+rendered unfit for service by a wound, was
+granted permission to attend the obsequies.
+Pilots from all nearby camps flew over to render
+homage to Rockwell’s remains. Every
+Frenchman in the aviation at Luxeuil marched
+behind the bier. The British pilots, followed
+by a detachment of five hundred of their men,
+were in line, and a battalion of French troops
+brought up the rear. As the slow moving
+procession of blue and khaki-clad men passed
+from the church to the graveyard, airplanes
+circled at a feeble height above and showered
+down myriads of flowers.”</p>
+
+<p>The fates seemed to be envious of the
+American section in France. Rockwell had
+fallen September 23. On the 15th of October
+Norman Prince died. “It was hard to realize
+that poor old Norman had gone, but I do not
+think he minded going,” writes McConnell.
+“He wanted to do his part before being killed,
+and he had more than done it.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_200" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_200.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>International News.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">A Few Members of the Lafayette Escadrille</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_200fp" style="max-width: 46.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_200fp.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+Painting by Joseph Cummings Chase.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Corporal Walter E. Gaultney</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He was selected by his commander as an example of his finest type of soldier, being “alert,
+ingenious, speedy,” and “heedless of personal danger.”</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<h3>JIM’S TURN CAME</h3>
+
+<p>Thus did Jim McConnell—honest, tender,
+courageous Jim, Irish Jim—glory in the glory
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</span>of his friends and mourn their loss. His good
+humor and native wit remained to the last,
+but the deaths of those so dear to him were
+deepening his character. There are touches
+of tense seriousness in the book—a tragic note
+at times. It was hard to see those brave fellows
+go one by one, and so steadily. And you
+never could tell which of your remaining
+friends was to go next. Then of a sudden
+came Jim’s turn. There are a few letters
+which describe Jim’s death as tenderly as Jim
+wrote about Chapman and Rockwell and
+Prince. The affection, loyalty, and undying
+gallantry of the group is quite evident. In
+one of these letters, dated March 21, 1917,
+to Paul Rockwell, Edmond Genet tells of the
+last flight:</p>
+
+<p>“On Monday morning, Mac, Parsons, and
+myself went out at nine o’clock on the third
+patrol of the Escadrille. We had orders to
+protect observation machines along the new
+lines around the region of Ham. Mac was
+leader, I came second and Parsons followed
+me. Before we had gone very far Parsons was
+forced to go back on account of motor trouble.</p>
+
+<p>“Mac and I kept on, and up to ten o’clock
+were circling around the region of Ham,
+watching out for the heavier machines doing
+reconnoitering work below us. We went
+higher than a thousand meters. About ten,
+for some reason or other of his own, Mac suddenly
+headed into the German lines toward
+Saint Quentin—perhaps for observation purposes—and
+I naturally followed close to his
+rear and above him. At any rate we had
+gotten north of Ham and quite inside the
+hostile lines, when I saw two Boche machines
+crossing toward us from the region of Saint
+Quentin at an altitude higher than ours—we
+were then about 1,600 meters up. I supposed
+Mac saw them too. One Boche was far ahead
+of the other, and was in position to dive at
+any moment on Mac. I saw the direction
+Mac was taking, and pulled back climbing up,
+in order to gain an advantageous height over
+the nearest Boche. It was cloudy and misty
+and I had to keep my eyes on him all the time,
+so naturally I lost track of Mac.”</p>
+
+<p>The letter goes on to tell how the writer
+got back—to find Mac had not returned.</p>
+
+<p>“The one hope that we have is that some
+news of Mac will be brought by civilians who
+might have witnessed his flight over the lines
+north of Ham. We likewise hope that Mac
+was merely forced to land inside the enemy
+lines on account of a badly damaged machine,
+or a bad wound, and is well, but a prisoner.
+I wish, Paul, that I had been able to help Mac
+during his combat. The mists were thick,
+and consequently seeing any distance was difficult.
+I would have gone out that afternoon
+to look for him, but my machine was so damaged
+it took until yesterday afternoon to be
+repaired. Lieutenant de Laage and Lufbery
+did go out with their Spads, around the region
+north of Ham, toward Saint Quentin, but saw
+nothing of a Nieuport grounded or anything
+else to give news of what had occurred.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_201" style="max-width: 43.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_201.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood &amp; Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Captain James Norman Hall,</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">An American ace who was captured and made
+a prisoner of war by the Germans.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Four days later Genet wrote:</p>
+
+<p>“The evening before last definite news was
+brought to us that a badly smashed Nieuport
+had been found by French troops. Beside it
+was the body of a sergeant-pilot which had
+been there at least three days and had been
+stripped of all identification papers, flying<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</span>
+clothes and even the boots. They got the
+number of the machine, which proved without
+further question that it was poor Mac.</p>
+
+<p>“Mac has been buried right there beside
+the road, and we will see that the grave is
+decently marked with a cross. The Captain
+brought back a square piece of canvas cut
+from one of the wings, and we are going to
+get a good picture we have of Mac enlarged
+and placed on this with a frame. I suppose
+that Thaw or Johnson will attend to his belongings
+which he had asked to be sent to
+you. In the letter which he had left in case
+of his death he concludes with the following
+words: ‘Good luck to the rest of you. Vive
+la France!’</p>
+
+<p>“All honor to him, Paul. The world, as
+well as France, will look up to him just as it
+is looking up to your fine brother and the rest
+who have given their lives so freely and gladly
+for this big cause.</p>
+
+<p>“The Captain has already put in a proposal
+for a citation for Mac, and also one for me.
+Mac surely deserved it, and lots more, too.”</p>
+
+<p>McConnell was awarded the Croix de
+Guerre with palm.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_LEGENDARY_HERO">A “LEGENDARY HERO”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Place in Fame to Which the French Assign Their Miracle “Ace”</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">In</span> that charming French style of which he
+is a known master, Henry Bordeaux tells
+the story of a frail little boy, delicate as a
+girl and having the general appearance of
+one, with his long curls, his too pretty face,
+his pale complexion, his gentle manners. Because
+he was so frail of body and so uncertain
+of health he was closely looked after by
+the women of the household, which means,
+among other things, that he was quite thoroughly
+spoiled. The child looked like a
+little princess, as though adapted more to a
+future of effeminate surroundings, not like
+a boy in whose infant breast waited a great
+spirit.</p>
+
+<p>One day, when the child was about six
+years old, it suddenly occurred to the father
+that they were taking a wrong course with
+the boy. After reflection he took the boy
+on his knee and said to him:</p>
+
+<p>“I’ve a great mind to take you with me
+where I am going.”</p>
+
+<p>“Where are you going, papa?”</p>
+
+<p>“Where I am going only men go.”</p>
+
+<p>“I wish to go with you.”</p>
+
+<p>The father hesitated, but finally said:</p>
+
+<p>“After all, it is better to be too soon than
+too late. Get your hat. I’ll take you.”</p>
+
+<p>He took him to the hair-cutter’s.</p>
+
+<p>“I’m going to have my hair cut,” said the
+father. “How about yours?”</p>
+
+<p>“I wish to do as the men do,” the boy
+answered. And the beautiful curls were
+shorn.</p>
+
+<p>There were tears when the mother folded
+her transformed darling to her breast, but the
+child stiffening proudly declared: “Je suis un
+homme!”</p>
+
+<p>Bordeaux says here: “Il sera un homme,
+mais il restera longtemps un gamin aussi.
+Longtemps? Presque jusqu’à la fin—à ses
+heurs, jusqu’à la fin.”</p>
+
+<p>It was Georges Guynemer, who not so
+very long after flamed out a boy hero of
+France, doing deeds that struck the world
+with wonderment, and while the world marveled
+vanished mysteriously, leaving no trace
+behind.</p>
+
+<p>Small and feminine, educated chiefly by
+governesses and his sisters, later a day student
+at the Lyceum, afterwards for a time at Stanislas,
+he was not the stuff for a soldier, yet
+soldier he wished to be when France set out
+to repel the German horde. He was twenty
+years old then. He hastened to his father.</p>
+
+<p>“I’m going to enlist.”</p>
+
+<p>“You are in luck.”</p>
+
+<p>“Ah! you authorize me!”</p>
+
+<p>“I envy you.”</p>
+
+<p>“Then as an old soldier you can help me.
+You can speak for me.”</p>
+
+<p>“I will.”</p>
+
+<p>But it was to no avail. He was not able<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</span>
+to carry the equipment and endure the fatigue
+of a private, and the effects of a childhood’s
+illness made it impossible for him to serve
+in the cavalry. He was rejected—laughed at
+by some, be it said.</p>
+
+<p>He made a second attempt to enlist with
+no better result. Says M. Bordeaux: “He
+returned with his father to Biaritz, pale,
+silent, mournful, in such a state of rage and
+bitterness that his face was distorted.” He
+wrote to his old preceptor at Stanislas: “If I
+have to lie at the bottom of an auto-camion
+I wish to go to the front; and I will go.
+I mean to serve, it doesn’t matter where nor
+how, it doesn’t matter in what branch, but go
+to the front, serve I will.”</p>
+
+<p>That sort of spirit is not to be denied. Fate
+and circumstances make way for it.</p>
+
+<p>He met the pilot of an airplane one day
+and in conversation with him asked: “How
+can one get into the air service?”</p>
+
+<p>“See the Captain; you’ll find him at Pau.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>A SMALL BEGINNING</h3>
+
+<p>His parents, or rather his father, consenting,
+he was on his way to Pau next morning.
+He rushed to Captain Bernard-Thierry with
+his plea. The Captain objected. Georges
+pleaded, passionately, tearfully, begging even
+as a child for a desired object. The troubled
+captain made the only practicable concession—he
+would receive the youth as a mechanician
+student. The heavens opened. “That’s the
+thing! That’s the thing! I know automobiles.”
+And so it began, with hard work to
+the like of which he had never been accustomed,
+his endurance of which was problematical.
+But January 26, 1915, he was
+named as pilot student; March 10, 1915, he
+made his veritable first flight. In a letter
+to his father about this time he said: “I
+believe I am not making a reputation for prudence,
+but I hope this will come. I shall
+know soon.”</p>
+
+<p>That reputation never came, on the contrary
+it was said of him: “Returning almost
+daily from his chases with his aeroplane and
+often his clothing riddled with bullets, hurling
+himself with absolute abandon against
+three, ten, fifteen or twenty enemy machines
+in formation, among which he usually succeeded
+in bringing down one or more; exulting
+in the number of wounds which his faithful
+planes brought home as if to bear witness
+to his charmed life, and encircling them with
+red paint to make them more conspicuous; on
+two occasions shooting down an enemy plane
+with a single bullet; on May 25, 1917, bringing
+down four enemy aeroplanes in one day—these
+extraordinary exploits coupled with the
+very extraordinary energy of this slim boy
+soon placed him upon a pedestal which raised
+him high above his comrades; and by reason
+of his many miraculous escapes from certain
+death, eventually surrounded him with a halo
+of fame unknown to the French populace
+since the day of Jeanne d’Arc.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_203" style="max-width: 32.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_203.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right">
+© <cite>Underwood &amp; Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Captain Guynemer,</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">France’s immortal knight of the air.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</span></p>
+
+<p>“Conqueror in fifty-three aerial combats
+wherein the result was officially established
+by the verification of three or more eye-witnesses,
+Guynemer brought down as many
+more German aeroplanes quite as effectively
+if less officially. His comrades in the
+escadrille knew this and respected their chief
+accordingly.</p>
+
+<p>“Possessed of every decoration that a grateful
+nation could officially bestow upon him,
+conscious of a position in the public esteem
+that, tinctured as it was with the legendary,
+illumined him with more glory and worship
+than was accorded even to a Joffre or a Foch,
+Georges Guynemer fulfilled the expectations
+of his fellow countrymen, when on September
+11, 1917, he disappeared from the eyes of the
+world while in the full exercise of his duty.
+The heavens swallowed him up, and to this
+day no reliable clue to his disappearance has
+been discovered. Small wonder then that
+the people of France in contemplation of this
+last exploit of their adored hero place his memory
+with one acclaim alongside the niche so
+long occupied by the heroic Jeanne d’Arc!”</p>
+
+
+<h3>MIRACULOUS ESCAPES</h3>
+
+<p>His fellows and the soldiers in general were
+devoted to him; and that their devotion was
+something profounder than lip-service one incident
+of his career, one of his narrow escapes,
+will attest. It was in September, 1916.
+He was far within the enemy lines combating
+seven machines when a shot penetrated the
+radiator of his engine and the motor stopped.
+He was then quite fifteen miles distant from
+his own lines and about twelve thousand feet
+in the air. There was nothing for it but to
+point his machine for home, with the least
+practicable slant, and trust to the glide sustaining
+him until he could reach home lines.
+The turn made, he gave all his attention to
+his pursuers, who, not suspecting his plight
+and having a lively respect for the generalship
+of the redoubtable “Ace,” seemed to think
+discretion the better part of valor, did not
+continue the chase but dived for their own
+quarters. The machine on its glide fell
+lower and lower as he approached the trenches
+and finally the German gunners recognized
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</span>the craft as that of the dreaded young champion
+and the guns were leveled at him, and
+he was gliding through a veritable shower of
+bursting shrapnel. His machine was riddled
+and it was a grave question if it could reach
+the French lines. It crossed the German
+trenches a scant fifty feet above the heads
+of the enemy who stood up in the trenches
+in their eagerness to send a shot into the
+tattered plane that would bring it down.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_204" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_204.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>International Film Service.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">A Duel Above the Clouds</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A German plane falling in flames after a fight with a French plane.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>The French soldiers, who had watched the
+coming of the Cigogne through the rain of
+bullets and realized the helplessness of their
+idol, were recklessly and excitedly hanging
+over their trenches raging that they were
+powerless to help. Almost simultaneously
+with Guynemer’s consciousness of his inability
+to reach his lines the poilus perceived the
+fact and with yells they leaped to the rescue,
+scrambling from their trenches in a wild
+charge against the Huns.</p>
+
+<p>The aeroplane fell into a shell hole some
+forty yards short of the French lines and was
+smashed to pieces, but the charmed pilot was
+thrown free of the wreck and was absolutely
+without injury when his rescuing comrades
+picked him up and surrounding him carried
+him hurriedly to their protecting trenches.
+He is credited with saying, when they marveled
+at his escape, “I was born on Christmas
+Eve. They cannot hurt me.”</p>
+
+<p>M. Bordeaux, who is a loving biographer,
+devotes over three hundred pages to the events
+and deeds of the amazing hero, and there is
+not with it all an event recorded that is not
+worthy the record. Among them is an
+instance of the irony of fate that occasionally
+turns intended service into serious hurt. It
+was in September, 1916, in the Somme battle.
+Guynemer had shot down two Boche machines
+and was after a third at an altitude
+of 10,000 feet when a foolishly fired French
+shell meant for the enemy machine caught him
+in full flight, breaking a wing and taking off
+part of his radiator. Of course the machine
+began falling to the earth. By energetic efforts
+with the controls and the swing of his
+body Guynemer succeeded in checking the fall
+and establishing a glide, but he could not
+lessen the velocity with which he was approaching
+the ground. The catastrophe was
+witnessed by the troops and when the Spad
+crashed head first they ran to take up the
+remains of the doomed pilot. But when they
+reached the spot there stood Guynemer unharmed
+regarding mournfully the wreck of his
+machine. An idea of the force of the impact
+may be had from the fact that the nose of
+the machine was driven so deep that it could
+not be budged.</p>
+
+<p>The jubilant soldiers lifted Guynemer to
+their shoulders and bore him to the General’s
+quarters. The General embraced him and
+ordered the troops to form for review. Then
+the adored aviator was led by the General
+down the lines. One can imagine the enthusiasm,
+the emotions of the French.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WON WITHOUT ARMS</h3>
+
+<p>Guynemer kept a diary of all his doings
+day by day, and his biographer makes free use
+of it. His method of entry was laconic. He
+never stressed a point. Take as an example
+of the style and as a character sketch of the
+man his entry of January 26, 1917, when he
+did that incredible thing, brought down and
+captured a two-seater enemy machine when
+he himself was without offensive arms. He
+went up in a borrowed machine of which he
+was sufficiently contemptuous. The day before
+he had not gone up. His only diary
+entry for that day was “Je regarde voler les
+autres et ronge.”</p>
+
+<p>The translation of his entry for the 26th
+is as follows:</p>
+
+<p>“Bucquet lends me his taxi. Gun sights
+nothing, simply an emptiness. What a layout!
+Line of aim worse than pitiful.</p>
+
+<p>“12 o’clock saw a Boche at 12,000 feet.
+Up went the lift. Arrived in the sun. In
+tacking about was caught in nasty tail spin.
+Descending, I see the Boche 400 yards behind,
+firing at me. Recovering I fire ten shots. Gun
+jams completely. But the Boche seemed to
+feel some emotion and dived away full south
+with his motor wide open. Let’s follow him!</p>
+
+<p>“But I do not get too close to him, for
+fear he will see that I can’t shoot. Altimeter
+drops to 5,000 feet above Estrées-Saint-Denis.
+I maneuver my Boche as nicely as I can, and
+suddenly he redresses and sets off towards
+Rheims.</p>
+
+<p>“I essay a bluff. I mount to 2,000 feet
+over him and drop on to him like a stone.
+Made an impression on him but was beginning<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</span>
+to believe it did not take when he suddenly
+began to descend. I put myself 10
+yards behind him; but every time I showed
+my nose around the edge of his tail the gunner
+took aim at me.</p>
+
+<p>“We take the road towards Compiègne—3,000
+feet—2,000 feet again I show my nose,
+and this time the gunner stands up, takes his
+hands from his machine gun and motions to
+me that he surrenders. <em>All Right!</em></p>
+
+<p>“I see underneath his machine the four
+bombs in their resting place. 1,500 feet. The
+Boche slows down his windmill. 600 feet.
+300 feet. I swerve over him while he lands.
+I make a round or two at 300 feet and see
+that I am over an airdrome. But not having
+any gun or cartridges I cannot prevent them
+from setting fire to their taxi, a 200 H. P.
+Albatross, magnificent.</p>
+
+<p>“When I see they are surrounded I come
+down and show the two Boches my disabled
+machine gun. Some headpiece!</p>
+
+<p>“They had fired 200 shots at me. My ten
+bullets that I fired before I jammed had
+struck their altimeter and the revolution
+counter, hence their emotion! The pilot told
+me that my aeroplane I shot down day before
+yesterday at Goyancourt had gunner killed
+and pilot wounded in the knee. Hope this
+unique confirmation will be accepted by authorities.
+It will make my 30th.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE FLIGHT INTO THE UNKNOWN</h3>
+
+<p>But after he had brought down his fiftieth,
+for some unaccountable reason a change came
+over Guynemer. He became nervous and
+irritable. He lost his old vivacity, nerve, dash,
+and with them his instincts of the air seemed
+to desert him. Friends urged him to rest,
+to give over fighting and direct his genius to
+teaching others to fly. But he answered:
+“They would say I would fight no more because
+France has no more decorations to give
+me”; and he had a jealous pride to work harder
+than ever, do even more valiant deeds. And
+he did work harder. He did take greater
+risks. He engaged in combats but was unable
+to win. Luck had turned and his chums,
+his comrades, knew him to be a sick man in
+no condition to fly. They ’phoned to their
+commanding officer in Paris begging him to
+come and take Guynemer away for a recuperative
+rest. Captain Brocard responded
+promptly. He arrived at the Dunkerque
+aerodrome at nine o’clock the next morning.
+But Guynemer had ordered his machine and
+taken flight half an hour before, accompanied,
+in another machine, by Lieut. Bozon-Verduras.</p>
+
+<p>It was Sept. 11, 1918. It was Guynemer’s
+last flight. All that is known of it Bozon-Verduras
+tells. Somewhat northeast of
+Ypres, at an altitude of 12,000 feet, a two-seater
+enemy machine was discovered. Directing
+Lieut. Bozon-Verduras to take a position
+above to guard against rescue, Guynemer
+rushed to the attack. While on guard the
+Lieutenant detected a distant enemy formation
+and drove forward to intercept its course.
+But without seeing him the formation
+changed its course and the Lieutenant returned
+to position. He did not, however, see Guynemer’s
+machine, nor did several hours of extended
+search lead to any trace above or below
+of the vanished aviator. His fuel exhausted,
+the Lieutenant returned to the aerodrome hoping
+Guynemer might be there. But he was
+not. All day they waited for his return. He
+never returned. “Undoubtedly,” said some
+one of the men, “he has been taken prisoner.”</p>
+
+<p>Says M. Bordeaux:</p>
+
+<p>“Guynemer a prisoner! He had said one
+day, laughingly, ‘The Boche will never have
+me alive’—but his laugh was terrible. No
+one believed Guynemer to be a prisoner.
+What then?”</p>
+
+<p>Nothing more is known. The Germans
+made contradictory and unreliable reports
+about his death. The simple minded among
+the French believe their hero an immortal,
+taken up into his native heaven. The lofty
+minded French name him “Héros légendaire,
+tombé en plein ciel de gloire, après trois ans
+de lutte ardente,” and this they have inscribed
+on a marble plaque in the crypt of the Panthéon,
+that temple which the French hold
+sacred as the “Sepulcher of Great Men.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="WORTHY_CITATION">WORTHY CITATION</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Distinguished Service on the Battle Front for Which No Honors Provision
+Has Been Made</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">There</span> is a kind of heroism that never
+gets tagged. Many would not think it
+heroism. But when you come to analyze
+heroism into its elemental parts you find that
+it is a spiritual energy with myriad forms of
+expression, though these forms always have
+the character of self-dedication to an altruistic
+service. By that definition Capt. E. W. Zinn
+takes place in the ranks of war heroes; but if
+you have not seen what <cite>The Stars and Stripes</cite>—the
+official newspaper of the A. E. F., published
+in France—has said about him you
+probably never have heard of Capt. Zinn and
+his self-appointed mission. It is well to know
+about him; so here is the story as it appeared
+in the official organ:</p>
+
+<p>“It was Captain Zinn, a veteran of the
+French Foreign Legion and the Lafayette Escadrille,
+who, when eager young American
+aviators, fresh from their training-camps, reported
+for duty where the fighting was, assigned
+them to squadrons and each to a particular
+airplane. Thus it was that he came
+to know them all. He sent them to their
+stations. He knew what ships they would
+pilot in combat in the air, on bombing expeditions,
+on reconnaissances over the lines.</p>
+
+<p>“And now he seeks for those he sent out
+and who never returned. He asked that he
+might do it. If you talk to Captain Zinn
+about it, you know why he made the request.
+You know how he feels about that which he
+is doing. There is no mawkish sentiment
+about Captain Zinn.</p>
+
+<p>“But deep down within him Captain Zinn
+feels that he and no other should go out on
+the mission that now engages him. He has
+an interest that is intimate and personal.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_207" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_207.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>International News.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Athletes Among French Airmen</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Georges Carpentier, heavyweight boxer (the second figure from the left).</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</span></p>
+
+<p>“Already, Captain Zinn’s quest has led him
+over the greater part of northern France and
+into Belgium and Germany. Through the
+torn fields and woods in the Verdun, Château-Thierry,
+St. Mihiel, and Meuse sectors he has
+gone. He has tramped through the Argonne
+to Sedan and sought in the mountains that encircle
+Metz and hide the valley of the Moselle.
+Wherever there was fighting in which
+the American Air Service participated, there
+has gone, or will go, Zinn.</p>
+
+<p>“Out of 150 missing American aviators,
+Captain Zinn already has definitely located
+and identified the spots where seventy fell
+and were buried. It has required many days
+of painstaking search and inquiry to attain
+this result.</p>
+
+<p>“Captain Zinn has found that in a great
+many cases American fliers were buried either
+by the Germans or by civilians with no mark
+of identification left on them.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE UNIDENTIFIED</h3>
+
+<p>“Many times he has come upon a grave
+with a rude cross on which was scrawled:
+‘Unidentified American Aviator’ or ‘Two
+Unidentified American Aviators.’ He has had
+to obtain positive identification by careful examination
+of air-service records, questioning
+of peasants and civilians who saw American
+machines brought down and deductions based
+on the information he gathered. In some instances
+it has been necessary to open graves
+to make sure.</p>
+
+<p>“To start out with, Captain Zinn has the
+records of squadrons, which show, for instance,
+on what date a missing pilot went out,
+what his mission was, over what country he
+naturally would go, and what kind of machine
+he had. Perhaps an attack by an overwhelming
+force or an accident or other circumstances
+forced the pilot off the course
+marked out for him. When he failed to return,
+only speculation as to where he fell
+could be indulged in. Unless the Germans
+notified his squadron of his death and the location
+of his grave, he became one of the men
+for whom Captain Zinn now seeks.</p>
+
+<p>“There was the case of young Kenyon
+Roper, of the 91st Aero Squadron. By a
+process of elimination of facts gathered, it was
+fairly definitely established that Roper had
+come down in the night between the lines.
+Captain Zinn questions scores of peasant folk.
+But the search appeared to be hopeless. And
+then Captain Zinn heard that a small boy
+had a handkerchief that the dead flier had
+possessed. He found the boy and the handkerchief.
+And written in indelible ink on the
+little piece of linen was the name ‘Kenyon
+Roper.’ It was easy then to learn from the
+boy where the grave was and to be sure that
+Kenyon Roper lay sleeping there.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>A LAST AUTOGRAPH</h3>
+
+<p>“Then there was the case of Lester Harter,
+of the 11th Squadron. He went out and his
+machine caught fire. Harter jumped, just as
+Major Lufbery did and as other aviators
+have done, and fell many thousand feet to his
+death. When awe-stricken peasants ran from
+the fields to his crushed body they found in
+his hand a scrap of paper, and on it was written
+in hurried, jerky letters, ‘Lester Harter.’</p>
+
+<p>“Fearing lost identity among the dead, Lester
+Harter must have written his name on
+that piece of paper before he jumped from
+his machine.</p>
+
+<p>“Then there were Kinne and McElroy, of
+the 99th Aero Squadron. Only a piece of
+the tail of their machine was found. Their
+plane came down in flames between Cunel
+and Nantillois. Both jumped. One day
+their squadron commander joined in the
+search for their bodies. He hunted for
+hours in a thick wood. And he gave up. He
+was standing on the edge of a covered shell-hole,
+discouraged. Some impulse caused him
+to stir the earth in the shell-hole with his foot.
+And there he found the body of young McElroy.
+Near by they later found Kinne.</p>
+
+<p>“There are many such stories that Captain
+Zinn can tell.</p>
+
+<p>“From the information he gathers, Captain
+Zinn writes personal letters to the relatives
+of the dead aviators, telling in simple
+words how and where they went to their
+deaths. His letters usually give the first true
+account of the manner in which the fighters
+of the air met their ends. Sometimes those
+letters destroy cherished hopes that the aviators
+reported as ‘missing’ by the War Department
+might some time, somehow, turn up.
+But it is better so, says Captain Zinn.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_CHALLENGE_DUEL">A CHALLENGE DUEL</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Guns of Both Armies Suspend Fire as Captains Ball and Immelman
+Fight in Air</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">It</span> was often said in the early months of
+the war that the air combats revived the
+spirit of ancient chivalry. It was true for a
+time, but German treachery and ruthlessness
+soon changed the character of the upper warfare.
+When the raider and the dastard entered,
+gallantry necessarily gave way to grim
+and merciless antagonism.</p>
+
+<p>There were many, though, on both sides
+who felt that no glory came to aviation from
+methods of frightfulness and reprisals for
+such frightfulness and to the last there were
+instances of clean, brave fights. One of the
+last duels on the knightly lines of conduct
+was that in which Captain Immelman, “The
+Falcon” of the German army, met Captain
+Ball, one of the most brilliant airmen of the
+British Royal Flying Corps. Immelman had
+a record of some fifty-one British airplanes
+downed. Captain Ball wanted to wipe out
+this record, and the daring German at the
+same time; so one day he flew over the German
+lines and dropped the following note:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+<p class="no-indent">
+“Captain Immelman:<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>I challenge you to a man-to-man fight to take
+place this afternoon at two o’clock. I will meet
+you over the German lines. Have your anti-aircraft
+guns withhold their fire, while we decide
+which is the better man. The British guns will
+be silent.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+“Ball.”<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Ball was by that time quite renowned. The
+Germans were aware of his official record. He
+had taken part in twenty-six combats, had destroyed
+eleven hostile machines, driven two
+out of control, and forced several others to
+land.</p>
+
+<p>In these combats Captain Ball had gone up
+alone. On one occasion he had fought six
+hostile machines, twice he had fought five
+machines, and once four. When leading two
+other British aeroplanes he had attacked an
+enemy formation of eight. On each of these
+occasions he had brought down at least one
+enemy.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans knew all that, but evidently
+Ball had picked an opponent worthy of him
+not only in skill but in courage and chivalry,
+for that day the answer to the note was
+dropped from a German machine:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+<p class="no-indent">
+“Captain Ball:<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Your challenge is accepted. The guns will
+not interfere. I will meet you promptly at
+two.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+“Immelman.”<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>CHEERS FROM OPPOSING TRENCHES</h3>
+
+<p>Far and wide along the trenches the word
+was spread. Firing stopped as though a flag
+of truce had been hoisted. Germans and English
+left covers and sought positions of vantage
+from which to watch the battle royal.
+At the appointed time both flyers rose promptly
+and made their way over “No Man’s
+Land.”</p>
+
+<p>“Cheering arose,” relates an eye-witness.</p>
+
+<p>“There were wild cheers for Ball. The
+Germans yelled just as vigorously for Immelman.</p>
+
+<p>“The cheers from the trenches continued;
+the Germans’ increased in volume; ours
+changed into cries of alarm.”</p>
+
+<p>Immelman was known to have a method
+of attack peculiar to himself. Instead of
+approaching his adversary from the side, he
+maneuvered to get squarely behind him. His
+study was to hold the nose of his machine
+almost on the tail of the aircraft he was
+pursuing. This gave him, Abbot points out,
+what used to be called in the Navy a raking
+position, for his shots would rake the whole
+body of the enemy airplane from tail to nose
+with a fair chance of hitting either the fuel
+tank, the engine, or the pilot. Failing to
+secure the position he coveted, this daring
+German would surrender it with apparent
+unconcern to the enemy, who usually fell into
+a trap. For just as the foeman’s machine
+came up to the tail of Immelman’s craft the
+latter would suddenly turn his nose straight
+to earth, drop like a stone, execute a backward
+loop and come up behind his surprised
+adversary, who thus found the tables suddenly
+turned....”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_210" style="max-width: 46.625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_210.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">1st Lieut. Philip Benson</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Volunteered for night bombing and was particularly efficient in “chassi” work. He gave the
+Germans a taste of their own medicine—by dropping bombs on German towns and firing upon
+German supply trains.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>We have left the description of the duel
+with the English in alarm.</p>
+
+<p>“Ball,” continues the eye-witness, “thousands
+of feet above us and only a speck in
+the sky, was doing the craziest things imaginable.
+He was below Immelman and was
+apparently making no effort to get above him
+and thus gaining the advantage of position.
+Rather he was swinging around, this way
+and that, attempting, it seemed, to postpone
+the inevitable.</p>
+
+<p>“We saw the German’s machine dip over
+preparatory to starting the nose-dive.</p>
+
+<p>“‘He’s gone now,’ sobbed a young soldier
+at my side, for he knew Immelman’s
+gun would start its raking fire once it was
+being driven straight down.</p>
+
+<p>“Then in a fraction of a second the tables
+were turned. Before Immelman’s plane could
+get into firing position, Ball drove his machine
+into a loop, getting above his adversary
+and cutting loose with his gun and smashing
+Immelman by a hail of bullets as he swept by.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A WREATH FOR HIS VICTIM</h3>
+
+<p>“Immelman’s airplane burst into flames and
+dropped. Ball from above followed for a few
+hundred feet and then straightened out and
+raced for home. He settled down, rose
+again, hurried back, and released a huge
+wreath of flowers, almost directly over the
+spot where Immelman’s charred body was
+being lifted from a tangled mass of metal.</p>
+
+<p>“Four days later Ball too was killed.”</p>
+
+<p>Shortly before his death Ball wrote to a
+friend: “You will be pleased to hear that I
+have ten more Huns, and that my total is
+now 40—two in front of my French rival.
+Oh, I’m having a topping time! To-day or
+to-morrow I’m being presented to Sir Douglas
+Haig. Am very pleased. I just want to
+get a few more if I can.”</p>
+
+<p>Ball’s wish was gratified. He got more
+than a few more and then—died as he had so
+often lived—fighting against great odds, for
+when last seen, on the evening of May 7,
+1917, he was high above the enemy’s lines engaging
+three German machines at once.</p>
+
+<p>What slender hope had been left for him
+was shattered by the War Office intimation
+that Ball had been killed. The brave young
+officer lost his life at a village 5½ miles
+east of La Bassée.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="AN_AMERICAN_WONDER">AN AMERICAN WONDER</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Brief but Greatly Achieving Career of Lieut. Frank Luke, Jr.—His
+Mysterious End</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Innumerable</span> are the instances, never
+to be reckoned, of the sudden meteoric
+flame of splendid daring—the sudden flash of
+the courageous soul in achievement, and the
+equally sudden extinction—that a thousand attested
+circumstances assure us characterized
+the terrible passing of the Great War. Happily
+for the world, always the better for new
+evidence that “divinity still lives in the hearts
+of men,” very many of those deeds of devoted
+heroism have been written into history for
+the inspiration of high-minded youth.</p>
+
+<p>There was no experience more aptly described
+as meteoric than that of Frank Luke,
+Jr., who joined the 27th Aero Squadron near
+Château-Thierry late in July, 1918, did brilliant
+service in that connection, and before
+the end of September had utterly disappeared
+from the knowledge of men—one of the missing
+never definitely accounted for.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</span></p>
+
+<p>Frank was a Phoenix, Arizona, boy, barely
+twenty when he entered the service. After
+a period of training in Texas he was sent to
+France and had further training at Issoudun
+and was then sent to join the squadron near
+Château-Thierry. He was an enthusiast for
+flying, never getting enough of it. It was like
+second nature to him, and he adhered to no
+rules but his own, apparently indifferent to
+safety regulations when in the air, and so
+impatient of restrictions that he almost invariably
+got lost from his flight when it went
+out in formation. This gave rise among his
+fellows to the belief that he was afraid to
+follow, his getting lost being the deliberate
+result of “funk.” In course of time, however,
+they came to understand that Frank Luke
+held no acquaintance with fear. He simply
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</span>had a method—method and initiative—and
+put his abilities to their most effective use.
+It was so good a method, so wisely reasoned
+and so admirably executed that in the space
+of seventeen days he shot down eighteen enemy
+balloons and planes.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_212" style="max-width: 46.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_212.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">Lieutenant Frank Luke</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He joined an Aero Squadron near Château-Thierry, late in July, 1918, and before the end of
+September he disappeared without being heard from again.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Lieut. Col. Harold E. Hartney, Chief of
+Gunnery in the Air Service, at that time
+Commander of the Squadron to which Luke
+belonged, gave an account of the young aviator’s
+first exploit. August 6, 1918, the First
+Pursuit Group, which included the 27th
+Squadron, was operating on the Château-Thierry
+sector. The work was seriously interfered
+with by heavy barrages of pursuit
+planes maintained by the enemy to prevent
+Allied reconnaissance over the territory being
+evacuated. Col. Hartney says:</p>
+
+
+<h3>HIS FIRST EXPLOIT</h3>
+
+<p>“Lieut. Luke believed that if he could get
+across the opposing lines unobserved and far
+enough, he would be able to take the enemy
+formations unaware and swoop down upon
+the unsuspecting rear man, shoot him down
+and get away in safety. Accordingly one day
+he went off on his own at great altitude and
+crossed over into enemy territory. Far below
+him he spied an enemy formation of six machines
+dropping down to land on their own
+aerodrome. Perfectly aware of the odds
+against him, he swooped from 15,000 feet to
+3,000 feet in one long dive, speeding at approximately
+200 miles an hour, closed in on
+the rear man, and from a distance of no more
+than twenty yards sent him crashing down.</p>
+
+<p>“The enemy formation had been taken completely
+by surprise. Before they could realize
+what had happened or engage Luke in combat
+the latter dropped to an elevation of less
+than 400 feet, and, zigzagging, made his way
+home, dodging anti-aircraft fire and machine-gun
+nests until he crossed the lines. By then
+he was completely out of gasoline and was
+compelled to make a forced landing near the
+front line. He had seen the enemy machine
+crash to earth, but was unable to give the
+location, and therefore he could not get from
+eye-witnesses on the ground the confirmation
+required to make the victory official.”</p>
+
+<p>That feat indicated the man. It was very
+soon apparent that on the occasions when he
+was “lost” he was off on adventures of his
+own, planning actions and studying the means
+to execute them,—qualifying himself for what
+he conceived to be his most valuable and effective
+service. He was a veritable hunter.</p>
+
+<p>The morning set for the opening of the St.
+Mihiel offensive, Sept. 12, 1918, the clouds
+hung low and the weather was such that ordinarily
+it would have been regarded as altogether
+unfit for flying. But Luke was not to
+be deterred by it. He was off at dawn in
+quest of enemy planes or balloons and after
+many vain explorations he finally discovered a
+German balloon at the extreme right of the
+American sector, but operated against a portion
+of the line allotted to other flyers. He
+returned to his aerodrome, and on reporting
+the balloon learned that it had been doing
+great damage by an enfilading fire, but that it
+had been attacked repeatedly without success
+both by American and French aviators. Luke
+offered to destroy the balloon and set off with
+Lieut. Fritz Wehner, his flying partner. The
+statement of eye-witnesses from the ground
+was that Luke dived suddenly out of the
+clouds taking the balloon wholly by surprise,
+but the balloon-gun which he was handling
+for the first time jammed when he attempted
+to discharge it. He rose into the clouds, got
+the gun free, immediately dived again and
+fired the heavy incendiary bullet that sent the
+balloon down in flames.</p>
+
+
+<h3>DOWNED THREE BALLOONS IN ONE DAY</h3>
+
+<p>Two days later he sent another balloon
+flaming down in somewhat more exciting circumstances.
+While he was speeding with
+an escort of other pilots, to attack three enemy
+balloons operating at an unusually low
+altitude, his escort became engaged with a
+formation of Fokkers. This would have
+made it seem to many pilots unwise to proceed
+with the attack; but Luke took advantage
+of the fight above to dive down and begin the
+assault on one of the balloons which, after
+several attempts, he succeeded in shooting
+down, though machine bullets and anti-aircraft
+shells and flaming onions were showered
+about him. As the balloon fell burning, Luke
+flew down to close range and turned loose
+his machine gun on the Huns on the ground
+with the desired result of many casualties.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</span>
+When he got back home he found that his
+machine was so full of bullet holes that a very
+few more taps would have weakened it
+enough to bring it down in collapse. But
+within five minutes he was in another machine
+and begging leave to go on a further quest.</p>
+
+<p>At 5 o’clock that afternoon he sent down
+the second balloon in flames. Later he discovered
+attempts being made to send up another
+balloon north of Verdun; he hastened back
+to his squadron and asked to be ordered
+out at dusk to surprise and destroy the big
+bag.</p>
+
+<p>He left with instructions not to descend
+on the balloon until 7.50 (that being for the
+benefit of his protective escort who would follow
+him down a few moments later). Precisely
+at 7.50 the watchers on the aerodrome
+saw the balloon flare in the darkness and
+fall to the ground.</p>
+
+<p>And so the story runs; each new adventure
+a companion thriller to the others, every machine
+in which he flew being more or less
+riddled with bullets, and the miracle is that
+the daring youth passed so many hazards unscathed.
+Col. Hartney is authority for the
+statement that balloon strafing is in reality
+“the most dangerous exploit any man in any
+branch of the service can undertake.”</p>
+
+<p>Frank Luke in seventeen days accounted
+for eighteen enemy balloons and planes. He
+was the first American flyer to win the Congressional
+Medal of Honor.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HIS END A MYSTERY</h3>
+
+<p>But there is an end to successful adventures
+as to other things, and the brilliant career of
+this Arizona lad came to abrupt conclusion,
+leaving the shadow of mystery as to just how
+the hero passed on. Here is the story of the
+last exploit as Col. Hartley tells it:</p>
+
+<p>“His next official victory was on Sept. 28,
+when he shot down a German Hanoveraner
+airplane which was being escorted by a single-seater
+Fokker.</p>
+
+<p>“That evening he did not return to his own
+aerodrome, but remained all night with the
+French squadron and went out the next day
+for the express purpose of destroying three
+balloons. The wonderful story of his exciting
+fight against hopeless odds and of his
+glorious death need not be dwelt upon. For
+his work on Sept. 29 he was awarded the
+Medal of Honor.</p>
+
+<p>“Briefly, what happened was that he flew
+over an American aerodrome and dropped a
+weighted message. The message asked that
+a lookout be kept for three drachens over on
+the German side. He was next seen to go
+over in that direction at a very high altitude,
+and when very nearly over the drachens was
+attacked by ten enemy machines. He engaged
+all of them single-handed and crashed two of
+the ten. Then he dropped—out of control,
+as it seemed, but most likely only pretending
+to be so. When he reached the level of the
+balloons he shot them down one after another
+in flames—all three of them. The anti-aircraft
+guns were very busy about the second
+balloon. After that he disappeared.”</p>
+
+<p>Beyond this all that is known is more or
+less speculative. Jan. 3, 1919, the Graves
+Registration officer of Neufchateau reported
+to the Chief of the A. E. F. Air Service on
+the subject of the grave of an unknown American
+aviator, killed Sept. 29, 1918, in the village
+of Murvaux (Meuse), and asked for possible
+information to identify the body. “Reported
+as having light hair, young, of medium
+height and rugged physique. Reported by the
+inhabitants that previous to being killed this
+man brought down three German balloons,
+two German planes and dropped hand bombs,
+killed eleven German soldiers and wounded a
+number of others. He was wounded himself
+in the shoulder and evidently had to make a
+forced landing, and upon landing opened fire
+with his automatic and fought until he was
+killed. It is also reported that the Germans
+took his shoes, leggings and money, leaving
+his grave unmarked.”</p>
+
+<p>Supporting the report is an affidavit (Jan.
+15, 1919) signed by twelve inhabitants of the
+village that gives the foregoing facts in detail
+and adds this:</p>
+
+<p>“Certify equally to have seen the German
+Commandant of the village refuse to have
+straw placed on the cart carrying the dead
+aviator to the village cemetery. This same
+officer drove away some women bringing a
+sheet to serve as a shroud for the hero, and
+said, kicking the body, ‘Get that out of my
+way as quick as possible.’”</p>
+
+<p>Two of the villagers placed the body on the
+cart.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ONE_TO_TWENTY-TWO">ONE TO TWENTY-TWO</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Formidable Odds Against Which a Young English Pilot Daringly
+Battled, Only to Fall 14,000 Feet Into the Sea</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">German</span> air-raids on London which
+were entirely without military justification,
+being a part of the scheme of frightfulness,
+resulted in the death of relatively few
+persons; but they roused British resentment
+to a pitch that had a tremendous influence
+upon the fighting spirit of the soldiers at the
+front and the aviators summoned to the defense
+of London.</p>
+
+<p>In one of the later raids, Lieutenant I. E.
+R. Young, of the Royal Flying Corps, lost
+his life in highly dramatic circumstances that
+proved his heroic quality. The event is best
+recorded, perhaps, in a letter written by
+Young’s commanding officer to the father of
+the daring aviator. The letter was as follows:</p>
+
+<p>“Your son, as you know, had only been in
+my squadron for a short time, but quite long
+enough for me to realize what a very efficient
+and gallant officer he was. He had absolutely
+the heart of a lion and was a very good pilot.
+Your son had been up on every raid of late,
+and had always managed to get in contact with
+the enemy machines. The last raid, which
+unfortunately resulted in his death, shows
+what a very gallant officer we have lost.</p>
+
+<p>“Almost single-handed he flew straight into
+the middle of the twenty-two machines, and
+both himself and his observer at once opened
+fire. All the enemy machines opened fire also,
+so he was horribly outnumbered. The volume
+of fire to which he was subjected was too
+awful for words. To give you a rough idea:
+There were twenty-two machines, each machine
+had four guns, and each gun was firing
+about 400 rounds per minute. Your son never
+hesitated in the slightest. He flew straight
+on until, as I should imagine, he must have
+been riddled with bullets. The machine then
+put its nose right up in the air and fell over,
+and went spinning down into the sea from
+14,000 feet.</p>
+
+<p>“I, unfortunately, had to witness the whole
+ghastly affair. The machine sank so quickly
+that it was, I regret, impossible to save your
+son’s body, he was so badly entangled in the
+wires, etc. H. M. S. —— rushed to the spot
+as soon as possible, but only arrived in time to
+pick up your son’s observer, who, I regret to
+state, is also dead. He was wounded six times,
+and had a double fracture in the skull.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="FROM_SADDLE_TO_COCKPIT">FROM SADDLE TO COCKPIT</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>It Was a Problem of Mud That Turned Trooper Bishop Into an
+“Ace” of the Royal Flying Corps</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">It</span> was not unnatural that intrepidity in the
+air should have commanded more of public
+attention and enthusiasm during the war
+than did the courage, daring and amazing fortitude
+of the men in the trenches. The sensation
+of novelty makes stronger appeal to the
+curious interest of humanity than do deeds
+and events no less masterful though more familiar
+to experience. So it was that the invaders
+of the air, who fought their duels or
+delivered their assaults above the clouds, came
+in for the lion’s share of the popular plaudits,—the
+miracles of the flyers having the advantage
+of the romantic and picturesque over<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</span>
+the miracles of the men who kept their feet
+on the earth. That is why there are more
+stories of the one than of the other. But are
+they not wonder stories? The career of any
+of the “Aces,” American, French, British, Italian,
+German, compels an affirmative answer.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_216" style="max-width: 41.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_216.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Colonel William A. Bishop, a Canadian
+“Ace” of the Royal Flying Corps</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Among the many is that of Col. William
+A. Bishop, a Canadian member of the British
+Royal Flying Corps, his story rather the more
+interesting by reason of his living to tell it
+himself after the battles of the air had ceased.
+He had a record of forty-nine German planes
+and balloons actually destroyed. In addition to
+this, he was the victor in eighty to a hundred
+other fights high in air, the enemy engaged
+being driven from the field, either because
+of wounds or of that discretion said to be the
+better part of valor. In recognition of these
+achievements he received the Victoria Cross,
+the Distinguished Service Order, twice bestowed,
+and the Military Cross—all in a
+single fighting season and before he was twenty-three
+years of age. Perhaps the most remarkable
+thing about it all was that the hero
+of these officially honored achievements was
+little known, until the war ended, to the public
+at large. But that was due to the fact that the
+British policy was not to emphasize the performances
+of one branch of the service more
+than those of another. It is claimed that
+there were about forty “aces” of the British
+Royal Flying Corps of whom the world has
+never heard. Only when there was repeated
+mention of a name in <cite>The Official Gazette</cite>
+was the public made aware that a flyer had
+won exceptional title to honors.</p>
+
+<p>Bishop went to England as a cavalry officer
+in a unit of the Second Canadian Division,
+and expected that his services would be in
+the saddle, not in the cockpit. That was in
+July, 1915, in a period of torrential rains and
+consequent mud—cheer-despoilers of a cavalry
+camp. It was while wallowing in knee-deep
+mud that he viewed with envy a pilot gliding
+overhead in a trim little aeroplane, and the
+sudden desire possessed him to follow that
+airy mind-free branch of the service. He
+talked with a friend in the Royal Flying Corps
+who approved his purpose, and assured him
+the transfer could be made quite easily. He
+got the transfer and was soon training as an
+observer, his first lessons being flights in a
+ponderous training “bus” (as the airmen name
+their planes) that was not equal to a speed
+of more than fifty miles an hour. In a few
+months he got the observer’s badge or insignia,
+an O with a spread wing attached to
+one side, and within a little while was making
+observations and taking photographs in
+France over the enemy lines.</p>
+
+<p>This useful work, so highly important to
+the men fighting on the ground, was drudgery
+to him because he was burning to become a
+fighter. Some six months later his longing
+was gratified; he returned to England and
+set about acquiring the knowledge and skill
+to fly “on his own.” He had the usual experience
+of the beginner,—elation over his
+first “solo”; uncertainties, anxieties as to how
+to get back to earth safely; a somewhat humiliating
+landing, etc.; but he suffered no misadventure.
+The first week in March, 1917, he
+landed in Boulogne with ten or twelve other
+flying men for his second experience on the
+fighting front.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_217" style="max-width: 47em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_217.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy Red Cross Magazine.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">In Formation</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">These airplanes have ascended early in the morning for battle formation. The range of vision
+is interesting from this altitude.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>KEEPING UP WITH THE FORMATION</h3>
+
+<p>The first time he was to go over the lines
+his orders were to bring up the rear of a
+flight of six machines, and he found keeping
+up with the formation such a busying task
+that he could be conscious of little else. “Every
+time the formation turned or did anything unexpected,”
+he says, “it took me two or three
+minutes to get back in my proper place. But
+I got back every time as fast as I could. I
+felt safe when I was with the formation and
+scared when I was out of it, for I had been
+warned many times that it is a fatal mistake
+to get detached and become a straggler. And
+I had heard of German ‘head hunters’ too.
+They are German machines that fly very high
+and avoid combat with anything like an equal
+number, but are quick to pounce down upon
+a straggler, or an Allied machine that has been
+damaged and is bravely struggling to get
+home. Fine sportsmanship that!</p>
+
+<p>“The way I clung to my companions that
+day reminded me of the little child hanging to
+its mother’s skirts while crossing a street. I
+remember I also felt as a child does when it
+is going up a dark pair of stairs and is sure
+something is going to reach out somewhere
+and grab it. I was so intent on the clinging
+part that I paid very little attention to anything
+else.”</p>
+
+<p>Some distance off was another formation on
+patrol that became engaged with a Hun formation
+and he saw the young flyer of one of the
+machines, “one of our own,” going down in
+flames, but his reflections on that incident
+were suddenly interrupted by a “bang” of
+terrifying violence close to his ears. The tail
+of his machine shot up in the air and he fell
+three or more hundred feet before he could
+recover control. It was a shot from an “Archie”
+(an anti-aircraft gun), and Colonel
+Bishop says of it: “That shot, strange to
+relate, was the closest I have ever had from
+anti-aircraft fire.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE GERMAN “FLYING PIG”</h3>
+
+<p>In his highly entertaining book, <cite>Winged
+Warfare</cite>, Colonel Bishop introduces an amusing
+incident as the finish of this night’s patrol.
+He says:</p>
+
+<p>“We continued to patrol our beat, and I
+was keeping my place so well I began to look
+about a bit. After one of these gazing spells,
+I was startled to discover that the three leading
+machines of our formation were missing.
+Apparently they had disappeared into nothingness.
+I looked around hastily, and then discovered
+them underneath me, diving rapidly.
+I didn’t know just what they were diving at,
+but I dived, too. Long before I got down
+to them, however, they had been in a short
+engagement half a mile below me, and had
+succeeded in frightening off an enemy artillery
+machine which had been doing wireless observation
+work. It was a large white German
+two-seater, and I learned after we landed
+that it was a well-known machine and was
+commonly called ‘the flying pig.’ Our patrol
+leader had to put up with a lot of teasing
+that night because he had attacked the ‘pig.’
+It seems that it worked every day on this part
+of the front, was very old, had a very bad
+pilot and a very poor observer to protect
+him.</p>
+
+<p>“It was a sort of point of honor in the
+squadron that the decrepit old ‘pig’ should
+not actually be shot down. It was considered
+fair sport, however, to frighten it. Whenever
+our machines approached, the ‘pig’ would
+begin a series of clumsy turns and ludicrous
+maneuvers, and would open a frightened fire
+from ridiculously long ranges. The observer
+was a very bad shot and never succeeded in
+hitting any of our machines, so attacking this
+particular German was always regarded more
+as a joke than a serious part of warfare. The
+idea was only to frighten the ‘pig,’ but our
+patrol leader had made such a determined dash
+at him the first day we went over that he never
+appeared again. For months the patrol leader
+was chided for playing such a nasty trick upon
+a harmless old Hun.”</p>
+
+<p>As Colonel Bishop’s story is that of one
+thrilling and perilous adventure following
+fast upon another, it is impossible to give
+his career in detail or recount even the chief
+of his many engagements. The fight in which
+he won the Military Cross is a good illustration
+of the clear judgment and fearlessness
+which characterized his exploits in general.</p>
+
+<p>The Allies had been preparing for the great
+offensive that began with the battle of Arras,
+and for a week in advance of the date set for
+the initiative (April 9th, 1917) the airmen<span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</span>
+had been carrying out orders to keep the sky
+free from prying eyes of men in planes and
+to attack and destroy enemy observation balloons.
+The balloons flew from the same places
+every day because there were batteries of anti-aircraft
+guns stationed below that area.
+Bishop was assigned to the destruction of a
+particularly annoying balloon that went up
+daily in contempt of scouting planes. The
+balloon, because of cloudy weather, did not go
+up the first day after the assignment. The
+character of the fighting may be determined
+from the fact that in two days, April 6 and 7,
+the Allies lost twenty-eight machines as against
+fifteen German machines accounted for. But,
+says Bishop, “We considered this a small
+price to pay for the amount of work accomplished
+and the number of machines engaged
+(every class of machine was thrown into the
+clearing process) coupled with the fact that
+all our work was done within the German
+lines.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>HOW HE WON THE MILITARY CROSS</h3>
+
+<p>“My own experiences on the seventh of
+April brought me my first decoration—the
+Military Cross. The thrills were all condensed
+into a period of two minutes for me.
+In that time I was fortunate enough to shoot
+down an enemy machine and destroy the ‘sausage’
+I had started for two days before. This
+should have been excitement enough, but I
+added to it by coming within fifteen feet of
+being taken a German prisoner and becoming
+an unwilling guest of the Huns for the ‘duration.’</p>
+
+<p>“I was ordered after my particular balloon
+and had climbed to about 5,000 feet before
+heading for the lines. On my way there I
+had to pass over one of our own observation
+balloons. I don’t know what it was that attracted
+my attention, but looking down I
+saw what appeared to be two men descending
+in parachutes. A moment later the balloon
+below me burst into flames. I saw the enemy
+machine which had set it on fire engaged with
+some of ours, but as I had definite orders to
+proceed straight to the lines and destroy the
+hostile balloon which had been allotted to me,
+I was unable to join in the fighting.</p>
+
+<p>“Just about this time an amusing incident
+was in progress at our aerodrome. A Colonel
+of the Corps was telephoning my squadron
+commander, informing him that one of our
+balloons had just been destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>“Well, if it is any consolation, young
+Bishop, of my squadron, has just gone over to
+get one of theirs,’ replied my commander.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Good God,’ said the Colonel, ‘I hope he
+has not made a mistake in the balloon and set
+ours on fire.’</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_219" style="max-width: 50.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_219.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Western Newspaper Union.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Colonel Bishop Inspecting a Lewis Aircraft
+Gun</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“At this moment I was serenely sailing over
+the enemy trenches keeping a sharp lookout
+for some sign of my own balloon. After flying
+five miles over the lines I discovered it
+and circled around as a preliminary to diving
+down upon it. But just then I heard the
+rattle of machine guns directly behind me and
+saw bullet holes appear as if by magic in the
+wings of my machine. I pulled back as if to
+loop, sending the nose of my machine straight
+up into the air. As I did so the enemy scout
+shot by underneath me. I stood on my tail
+for a moment or two, then let the machine
+drop back, put her nose down and dived after
+the Hun, opening fire straight behind him at
+very close range. He continued to dive away
+with increasing speed and later was reported
+to have crashed just under where the combat<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</span>
+had taken place. This victory I put down
+entirely to luck. The man flew directly in
+line with my gun and it would have been impossible
+to have missed him.</p>
+
+<p>“I proceeded now to dive for the balloon,
+but having had so much warning, it had been
+pulled down to the ground. I would have
+been justified in going home when I saw this,
+for our orders were not to go under 1,000 feet
+after the sausages. But I was just a bit peevish
+with this particular balloon, and to a certain
+extent my blood was up. So I decided to
+attack the ungainly monster in its ‘bed.’ I
+dived straight for it and when about 500
+feet from the ground, opened fire. Nothing
+happened. So I continued to dive and fire
+rapid bursts until I was only fifty feet above
+the bag. Still there were no signs of it catching
+fire. I then turned my machine gun on
+the balloon crew who were working frantically
+on the ground. They scattered and ran all
+about the field. Meantime a ‘flaming onion’
+battery was attempting to pelt me with those
+unsavory missiles, so I whirled upon them
+with a burst of twenty rounds or more. One
+of the onions had flared within a hundred
+yards of me.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>“SUDDENLY MY ENGINE HAD FAILED”</h3>
+
+<p>“This was all very exciting, but suddenly,
+with a feeling of faintness, I realized that my
+engine had failed. I thought that again, as
+during my first fight, the engine had oiled up
+from the steep diving I had done. It seemed
+but a moment before that I was coming down
+at a speed that must have been nearly 200
+miles an hour. But I had lost it all in turning
+my machine upon the people on the
+ground.</p>
+
+<p>“There was no doubt in my mind this time
+as to just where I was, and there appeared
+no alternative but to land and give myself
+up. Underneath me was a large open field
+with a single tree in it. I glided down, intending
+to strike the tree with one wing just
+at the moment of landing, thus damaging the
+machine so it would be of little use to the
+Huns, without injuring myself.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A MIRACULOUS RECOVERY</h3>
+
+<p>“I was within fifteen feet of the ground,
+absolutely sick at heart with the uselessness
+of it all, my thoughts having turned to home
+and the worry they would all feel when I
+was reported in the list of the missing, when
+without warning one of my nine cylinders
+gave a kick. Then a second one miraculously
+came to life, and in another moment the old
+engine—the best old engine in all the world—had
+picked up with a roar on all the nine cylinders.
+Once again the whole world changed
+for me. In less time than it takes to tell it
+I was tearing away for home at a hundred
+miles an hour. My greatest safety from attack
+now lay in keeping close to the ground,
+and this I did. The ‘Archies’ cannot fire
+when you are so close to earth, and few
+pilots would have risked a dive at me at the
+altitude which I maintained. The machine
+guns on the ground rattled rather spitefully
+several times, but worried me not at all. I
+had had my narrow squeak for this day and
+nothing could stop me now.</p>
+
+<p>“I even had time to glance back over my
+shoulder, and there, to my great joy, I saw
+a cloud of smoke and flames rising from
+my erstwhile <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">bête noir</i>—the sausage. We
+afterward learned it was completely destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>“It was a strange thing to be skimming
+along just above the ground in enemy territory.
+From time to time I would come on
+groups of Huns who would attempt to fire
+on me with rifles and pistols, but I would
+dart at them and they would immediately
+scatter and run for cover. I flew so low
+that when I would come to a clump of trees
+I would have to pull my nose straight up
+toward the sky and ‘zoom’ over them. Most
+of the Germans were so startled to see me
+right in their midst, as it were, they either
+forgot to fire or fired so badly as to insure
+my absolute safety. Crossing the three lines
+of German trenches was not so comfortable,
+but by zigzagging and quick dodging I negotiated
+them safely and climbed away to our
+aerodrome. There I found that no bullets
+had passed very close to me, although my
+wingtips were fairly perforated.</p>
+
+<p>“That evening I was delighted to get congratulations
+not only from my Colonel, but
+my Brigadier as well, supplemented later by
+a wire from the General commanding the Flying
+Corps. This I proudly sent home the
+same evening in a letter.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>“LIKE SHOOTING CLAY PIGEONS”</h3>
+
+<p>There seems to be a general feeling among
+airmen that theirs is not a business or profession,
+but a game. Colonel Bishop declares
+that it did not seem to him to be killing a
+man to bring down a machine; “it was more
+as if I were destroying a mechanical target,
+with no human being in it. Once or twice
+the idea that a live man had been piloting the
+machine would occur to me, and it would
+worry me a bit. My sleep would be spoiled
+perhaps for a night. I did not relish the idea
+of killing even Germans, yet, when in a combat
+in the air, it seemed more like any other
+kind of sport, and to shoot down a machine
+was very much the same as if one were shooting
+down clay pigeons. One has the great
+satisfaction of feeling that he had hit the target
+and brought it down; that one was victorious
+again.” The fascination that such a
+game has for the airman is easily understood.</p>
+
+<p>Bishop brought down his fortieth enemy
+plane six miles within the enemy lines, and
+escaped in spite of a hail of shells from anti-aircraft
+guns for five miles of the return trip,
+his machine being fairly well riddled; and,
+one day just at that time, his cup of happiness
+filled and overflowed with the award of the
+Victoria Cross.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="DODGING_JACK_DEATH">DODGING “JACK DEATH”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A German Aviator’s Perils and Escapes On An Observation Tour</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">In</span> the early days of the war, the value of
+the flying machine as a weapon was not
+by any means appreciated. It was used for
+observation and bomb-dropping purposes almost
+exclusively. The Germans were the
+first to realize its possibilities as a gunning
+as well as bombing or spying craft. They
+began carrying rifles and pistols with which
+to pot enemy aviators, and the chivalry of
+the air, so excellent a feature of the initial
+period, disappeared, for, necessarily the Allied
+aviators were not slow to follow the lead.
+It was, however, in the early stage, September,
+1914, that the duel occurred of which the following
+is an account. The narrative was written
+by the German aviator, the chief figure in
+the adventure.</p>
+
+<p>The story, the truth of which is unquestioned,
+was published originally in the Berlin
+<cite>Tageblatt</cite> from which the New York <cite>Evening
+Post</cite> made the translation. It is of special interest
+as a report of one of the first, if not
+the first of the armed encounters between belligerent
+planes.</p>
+
+
+<h3>OBSERVING THE RETREAT OF THE BRITISH</h3>
+
+<p>God be thanked! After a veritable Odyssey
+I am at last joined again this noon to my
+division. To be sure, my wanderings were
+not much to be wondered at, for, during my
+absence, my troop had advanced about sixty-five
+kilometers in a southwesterly direction.
+All the more joyfully, however, was I greeted
+on all sides, for I had already been given up
+after an absence of more than four days; and,
+indeed, I myself wondered, as I made my report
+to my commander, that Jack Death had
+so allowed me to slip through his fingers.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 6th of September,
+I had ascended from D—— with the commission
+to report the positions of the enemy at
+S—— and F—— and to make charts of the
+opposing forces which I observed. First Lieut.
+K—— went with me as a guest on the flight,
+and my brave biplane soon bore us at an altitude
+of about 800 meters above the hostile
+positions, which were repeatedly sketched and
+photographed from aloft. As we had expected,
+we were soon the objective of a lively
+bombardment, and several times I felt a
+trembling of the machine, already well known
+to me, a sign that a shot had struck one of the
+wings. After a three hours’ flight we were
+able to give our report at the office of the
+General Staff of the —— army at M——,
+and earned for it the warmest praise and half
+of a broiled chicken and an excellent Havana.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</span></p>
+
+<p>As I was making my “Kiste” ready for
+flight again in the afternoon, with the help of
+several drivers of the General Staff auto—that
+is to say, refilling the benzine tank and
+carefully patching with linen the places where
+shots had pierced—I counted four of them,
+one in the body and three in the wings—a
+Bavarian officer of the General Staff informed
+me that he would be glad to observe the retreat
+of the English along the great military
+road toward M——. I prepared the machine
+at once, and ascended at about four o’clock in
+the afternoon with Major G——, the aforementioned
+General Staff officer.</p>
+
+<p>Following the road, it was at once obvious
+that the retreat of the English was a disorderly
+one, absolutely without plan, that it had
+apparently occurred to the troops to reach the
+fortified positions at Paris as soon as possible,
+and there to make their stand.</p>
+
+<p>At Paris! My flying companion shouted
+something into my face. Although the noise
+of the motor drowned it out, I believed that
+I nevertheless understood what he meant. I
+glanced at the benzine indicator. I had sufficient
+fuel. Then I held a direct course to the
+south, and after a period of about half an
+hour we saw ahead of us in the gray distance,
+far, far below, the gray, immeasurable sea of
+stone that was the chief city of France. At
+a speed of a hundred kilometers an hour we
+rushed toward it. It became clearer and
+plainer. The chain of forts, St. Denis, Montmartre,
+stood out; from the haze there raised
+itself the filigree framework of the Eiffel
+tower. And now—now we hover over the
+mellow panorama of Paris.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE “CONQUEROR” AT PARIS</h3>
+
+<p>There lay the white church of Sacré Cœur,
+there the Gare du Nord, from which the
+French thought to leave for across the Rhine;
+there Notre Dame, there the old “Boul Mich,”
+the Boulevard St. Michel, in the Latin Quarter,
+where I Bohemianized so long as an art
+student, and over which I now flew as a conqueror.
+Unprotected beneath me lay the heart
+of the enemy, the proud glittering Babel of
+the Seine. The thought of everything hateful,
+always attached to the great city, was swallowed
+up; an emotion of possession, of power,
+alone remained. And doubly joyful we felt
+ourselves. Doubly conquerors! In a great
+circle I swept over the sea of houses. In the
+streets raised itself a murmuring of the people,
+whom the bold “German bird” astonished,
+who cannot understand how the Germans
+are turning the French discovery to their
+own service more cleverly and advantageously
+than the French themselves.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE RETURN FROM PARIS</h3>
+
+<p>For nearly an hour we had been flying in
+swoops and had been shot at vainly from here
+and there below us, when there approached
+in extremely rapid flight from the direction
+of Juvisy a French monoplane. Since it was
+much faster than my biplane, I must turn and
+seek to escape, while the major made ready
+my rifle and reached for his revolver. The
+monoplane came steadily closer and closer; I
+sought to reach an altitude of 2,000 meters,
+in order to reach the protecting clouds, but
+my pursuer, on whom we constantly kept an
+eye, climbed more rapidly than we. And
+came always closer and closer. And suddenly
+I saw at a distance of only about 500 meters
+still a second biplane, attempting to block my
+way.</p>
+
+<p>Now it was time to act. In an instant my
+companion had grasped the situation. I darted
+at the flyer before us; then a turn—the major
+raised the rifle to his cheek. Once, twice,
+thrice, he fired. Then the hostile machine,
+now beside us, and hardly a hundred meters
+away, quivered and then fell like a stone. Our
+other pursuer had in the meantime reached a
+position almost over us, and was shooting at us
+with revolvers. One bullet struck in the body
+close beside the fuel controller. Then, however,
+impenetrable mist enfolded us protectingly;
+and the clouds separated us from the
+enemy, the sound of whose motor grew ever
+more distant.</p>
+
+<p>When we came out again from the sea of
+clouds, it was toward seven o’clock. In order
+to get our position, we descended, but suddenly
+there began to burst before us and behind us
+and beside us roaring shrapnel shells. I found
+myself still always over hostile positions and
+exposed to French artillery. “The devil to
+pay again!” Ever madder grew the fire! I
+noticed that the machine received blow after
+blow, but held cold-bloodedly to my course;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</span>
+at the time, it did not come into my mind at
+all that these little pointed pieces of steel
+meant death and destruction. Something in
+mankind remains untouched by knowledge and
+logic!</p>
+
+<p>There—suddenly before me, a yellow-white
+burst of flame! The machine bounds upward;
+at the same time the major shrinks together,
+blood runs from his shoulder, the wiring of
+one of the wings is shattered. To be sure, the
+motor still booms and thunders as before, but
+the propeller fails. An exploding grenade
+had knocked it to pieces, torn one of the wings
+to shreds, and smashed the major’s shoulder.
+Steeply my machine sinks to the ground. By
+calling up all my power, I succeed in getting
+the machine into a gliding flight, and I throw
+the biplane down into the tops of the forest
+trees. I crash through the branches and tree
+crowns. I strike heavily, and know no more
+what goes on around me.</p>
+
+<p>When I wake again from my unconsciousness,
+I find Major G. lying beside me on the
+ground, in the midst of a group of Landwehr
+men. German outposts had recognized me as
+a friend, and had forced their way into the
+woods, although only in small numbers, to
+protect me. Major G. had suffered a severe
+injury to his shoulder, which made it necessary
+to transfer him to the nearest field hospital.
+I, however, had only sustained a bruise
+on my leg, and after the application of an
+emergency bandage remained with the outpost,
+later to find my way, by all possible—and
+some impossible—means of transportation,
+back to my troop.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="WARNEFORDS_TRIUMPH">WARNEFORD’S TRIUMPH</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Brilliant Exploit That Marked the First “Down” of a “Zepp” by
+Airplane</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> air raids on the coast towns of England
+were regarded as the most brutally
+wanton of the cowardly “frightfulness” tactics
+of the Germans employed against England.
+The killing of non-combatants, chiefly
+women and children, and the destruction of
+private property were the only material results
+of those raids, but the moral indignation
+of the world was aroused. After a period
+of suspension of this sort of warfare the Germans
+once more, in June, 1915, began raiding
+the East and Northeast Coast, the most serious
+of any that had happened being the raid
+of June 6.</p>
+
+<p>The raiders sailed over a town on the East
+Coast during the night and bombed it at their
+leisure. One large drapery house was struck
+and was completely wrecked, the entire building—a
+somewhat old one—collapsing. Adjoining
+these premises, with only a narrow
+roadway between, there was one of the most
+beautiful Norman churches in England. The
+church was wholly uninjured save a few of
+the panes in the glass windows. A rumor was
+spread over the country, and was generally believed,
+that a large number of girls and women
+“lived in” on the draper’s premises, and were
+killed when the house was struck. This rumor
+was false. The drapery firm had ceased
+to house its attendants on the premises for a
+couple of years before the raid. Some working-class
+streets were very badly damaged, a
+number of houses destroyed, and many people
+injured. It was one of the peculiarities of
+this raid that, unlike results from most of the
+others, all the people injured were struck while
+indoors. The total casualties here were twenty-four
+killed, about sixty seriously injured,
+and a larger number slightly injured.</p>
+
+<p>The outrage was quickly avenged by a
+young British naval airman, Flight Sub-Lieutenant
+R. A. J. Warneford, in one of the
+most brilliant aerial exploits of the war—the
+first Zeppelin brought down by an aeroplane.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Warneford, who was only 22 years of
+age, was the son of an Anglo-Indian railway
+engineer, and before the war was in the mercantile
+marine. He went home to “do something”
+for his country, enlisted in the 2nd
+Sportsman’s Battalion, was transferred to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</span>
+Royal Naval Air Service, passed the tests for
+a pilot’s certificate within a few days, and was
+given a commission. He was noted at the
+flying school as one of the most brilliant pupils
+the instructors had ever known. A month
+after obtaining his commission he went to
+France, where his reckless daring soon made
+him conspicuous in a service where venturesomeness
+is the general rule. On the morning
+of June 7, 1915, at 3 a.m., he encountered a
+Zeppelin returning from the coast of Flanders
+to Ghent, and chased it, mounting above
+it and sailing over it at a height of 6,000 feet.
+Zeppelin and aeroplane exchanged shots, and
+when the Zeppelin was between one and two
+hundred feet immediately below him he
+dropped six bombs on it. One bomb hit the
+Zeppelin fairly, causing a terrific explosion,
+and setting the airship on fire from end to
+end.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_224" style="max-width: 42.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_224.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Leslie Weekly.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Tragic Death of Lieut. Warneford</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A few days after he had destroyed a Zeppelin, he fell to his death while making a flight near
+Paris. With him Henry Beach Needham, an American writer, was also killed.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Warneford’s aeroplane was caught by the
+force of the explosion and turned upside down,
+but he succeeded in righting it before it
+touched the ground. He was forced to alight
+within the German lines. Nevertheless he
+restarted his engine, though not without great
+difficulty, and in due course returned to his
+station without damage. Only the framework
+of the Zeppelin was left, the crew being
+all burned or mangled, and the body of
+the machine being completely destroyed. The
+flaming framework dropped on the Convent
+School of St. Amandsberg, killing one nun
+and burning two Sisters who had rushed into
+the street with children in their arms. The
+machine on which Warneford made this
+attack was a Morane “Parasol,” a little monoplane
+with a pair of wings raised well above
+the pilot’s head. This construction gives the
+aviator full view on either side below, thus
+enabling him to take good aim for bomb dropping.
+The Morane of that type was also
+noted as a quick-climbing machine, a very
+decided advantage in attacking Zeppelins.</p>
+
+<p>The story of Warneford’s triumph sent a
+thrill through England. The King promptly
+sent a personal telegram of congratulation to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</span>
+him, and conferred upon him the Victoria
+Cross. The telegram ran as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“I most heartily congratulate you upon
+your splendid achievement of yesterday, in
+which you single-handed destroyed an enemy
+Zeppelin.</p>
+
+<p>“I have much pleasure in conferring upon
+you the Victoria Cross for this gallant act.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+“<span class="smcap">George</span> R.I.”<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Next day the French War Minister, on the
+recommendation of General Joffre, awarded
+Warneford the Cross of the Legion of Honor.
+It was known that he was returning on a
+visit to England. A splendid public welcome
+was prepared for him. He went first, however,
+to Paris, and there in company with
+Henry Needham, an American journalist, he
+set out on a new Henry Farman biplane,
+which he proposed to take by air to Dunkirk.
+Warneford and his passenger had risen to 700
+feet when the machine wobbled violently for
+a few seconds, and then overturned, throwing
+them both out. They were both killed instantly.
+The return to England was different
+from that which had been anticipated. In the
+late evening of June 21, a fortnight after the
+deed which won him fame, the train carrying
+Warneford’s body came into Victoria Station.
+Thousands of people had assembled there to
+pay their final tributes to the hero, and the
+little procession of the coffin covered by the
+Union Jack, mounted on a gun-carriage, and
+guarded by seamen of the Royal Naval Division,
+moved out amid the bared heads of the
+silent crowd. Warneford was buried in
+Brompton Cemetery.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>The strictly American aviation operations started in the middle of March, 1918, with
+the patrolling of the front from Villeneuve-les-Vertus by an American pursuit squadron
+using planes of the French-built Nieuport-28 type. These operations were in the nature
+of a tryout of the American trained aviators, and their complete success was followed
+by an immediate increase of the aerial forces at the front, with enlargement of their
+duties and field of action. By the middle of May, 1918, squadrons of all types—pursuit,
+observation, and bombing—as well as balloon companies were in operation over
+a wide front. These squadrons were equipped with the best available types of British
+and French-built service planes.</p>
+</div>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_226" style="max-width: 46.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_226.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Pilot in the Forward Gondola of a Zeppelin</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The front gondola of a Zeppelin is screened to protect the pilot and assistants. Searchlights
+and other means of illumination are carried on board to be used when necessary.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ONE_MINUTE_PLUS">ONE MINUTE PLUS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Three Attacking Hun Machines Downed by “Ricky” in About Seventy
+Ticks</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">No</span> one has succeeded better than Boyd
+Cable, in the <cite>Red Cross Magazine</cite>, in
+conveying an impression of what “Quick
+Work” means in the war combats between
+aeroplanes when the fighting machines are in
+expert hands. But after all it is doubtful
+if one can realize in reading how quick the
+action was, inasmuch as the fight took less
+time than you will require to read one of
+these columns aloud. As Mr. Cable says:</p>
+
+<p>“It is difficult, if not indeed impossible, to
+convey in words what is perhaps the most
+breath-catching wonder of air fighting work,
+the furious speed, the whirling rush, the sheer
+rapidity of movement of the fighting machines,
+and the incredible quickness of a pilot’s brain,
+hand, and eye to handle and maneuver a machine,
+and aim and shoot a gun under these
+speed conditions. I can only ask you to try
+to remember that a modern fast scout is
+capable of flying at well over a hundred miles
+an hour on the level, and at double that (one
+may not be too exact) in certain circumstances,
+and that in such a fight as I am going to try
+to describe here the machines were moving at
+anything between these speeds. If you can
+bear this in mind, or even realize it—I am
+speaking to the non-flying reader—you will
+begin to understand what airmen-o’-war work
+is, to believe what a pilot once said of air fighting:
+‘You don’t get time to think. If you
+stop to think, you’re dead.’</p>
+
+<p>“When the flight of half a dozen scout machines
+was getting ready to start on the usual
+‘offensive patrol’ over Hunland, one of the
+pilots, ‘Ricky-Ticky’ by popular name, had
+some slight trouble with his engine. It was
+nothing much, a mere reluctance to start up
+easily, and since he did get her going before
+the flight was ready to take off, he naturally
+went up with it. He had a little more trouble
+in the upward climb to gain a height sufficient
+for the patrol when it crossed the line to stand
+the usual respectable chance of successfully
+dodging the usual ‘Archie’ shells.</p>
+
+<p>“Ricky, however, managed to nurse her up
+well enough to keep his place in the formation,
+and was still in place when they started
+across the lines. Before they were far over
+Hunland he knew that his engine was missing
+again occasionally, and was not pulling as
+she ought to, and from a glance at his indicators
+and a figuring of speed, height, and engine
+revolutions was fairly certain that he was
+going almost full out to keep up with the other
+machines, which were flying easily and well
+within their speed.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>FOLLOWING THE CHANCE</h3>
+
+<p>“This was where he would perhaps have
+been wise to have thrown up and returned
+to his ’drome. He hung on in the hope that
+the engine would pick up again—as engines
+have an unaccountable way of doing—and
+even when he found himself dropping back
+out of place in the formation he still stuck
+to it and followed on. He knew the risk of
+this; knew that the straggler, the lame duck,
+the unsupported machine is just exactly what
+the Hun flyer is always on the lookout for;
+knew, too, that his Flight-Commander before
+they had started had warned him (seeing the
+trouble he was having to start up) that if
+he had any bother in the air or could not
+keep place in the formation to pull out and
+return. Altogether, then, the trouble that
+swooped down on him was his own fault, and
+you can blame him for it if you like. But
+if you do you’ll have to blame a good many
+other pilots who carry on, and in spite of
+the risk, do their best to put through the job
+they are on. He finally decided—he looked
+at the clock fixed in front of him to set a
+time and found it showed just over one minute
+to twelve—in one minute, at noon exactly, if
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</span>his engine had not steadied down to work,
+he would turn back for home.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_228" style="max-width: 46.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_228.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy Red Cross Magazine.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Airplanes in Battle Formation</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">When the first light of day appeared enemy and allied airplanes both ascended and fought
+for the supremacy of the air.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“At that precise moment—and this was the
+first warning he had that there were Huns
+about—he heard a ferocious rattle of machine
+gun fire, and got a glimpse of streaking
+flame and smoke from the tracer bullets whipping
+past him. The Huns, three of them and
+all fast fighting scouts, had seen him coming,
+had probably watched him drop back out of
+place in the flight, had kept carefully between
+him and the sun so that his glances round and
+back had failed to spot them in the glare,
+and had then dived headlong on him, firing
+as they came.</p>
+
+<p>“They were coming down on him from
+astern and on his right side, or, as the Navals
+would put it, on his starboard quarter, and
+they were perhaps a hundred to a hundred
+and fifty yards off when Ricky first looked
+round and saw them. His first and most
+natural impulse was to get clear of the bullets
+that were spitting round and over him,
+and in two swift motions he had opened his
+engine full out, thrust his nose a little down,
+and was off full pelt. Promptly the three
+astern swung a little, opened out as they
+wheeled, dropped their noses, and came after
+Ricky, still a little above him, and so fairly
+astern that only the center one could keep
+a sustained accurate fire on him. (A scout’s
+gun being fixed and shooting between the
+blades of the propeller—gun and engine being
+synchronized so as to allow the bullet to
+pass out as the blade is clear of the muzzle—means
+that the machine itself must be aimed
+at the target for the bullets to hit, and two
+outer machines of the three could only so aim
+their machines by pointing their noses to converge
+on the center one—a risky maneuver
+with machines traveling at somewhere about
+a hundred miles an hour.)</p>
+
+<p>“But the fire of that center one was too
+horribly close for endurance, and Ricky knew
+that although his being end-on made him the
+smaller target, it also made his machine the
+more vulnerable to a raking shot which, piercing
+him fore and aft, could not well fail to
+hit petrol tank, or engine, or some other vital
+spot. He could do nothing in the way of
+shooting back, because, being a single-seater
+scout himself, his two guns were trained one
+to shoot straight forward through the propeller,
+the other, mounted on the top plane on a
+curved mount allowing the gun to be grasped
+by the handle above him and pulled back and
+down, to shoot from direct ahead to straight
+up? Neither could shoot backward.</p>
+
+<p>“Ricky, the first shock of his surprise over,
+had gauged the situation, and, it must be admitted,
+it was</p>
+
+
+<h3>“DANGEROUS IF NOT DESPERATE</h3>
+
+<p>“He had dropped back and back from the
+flight, until now they were something like a
+mile ahead of him. A mile, it is true, does
+not take a modern machine long to cover, but
+then, on the other hand, neither does an air
+battle take long to fight, especially with odds
+of three to one. With those bullets sheeting
+past him and already beginning to rip and
+crack through his wings, any second might see
+the end of Ricky. It was no use thinking
+longer of running away, and even a straight-down
+nose-dive offered no chance of escape,
+both because the Huns could nose-dive after
+him and continue to keep him under fire, and
+because he was well over Hunland, and the
+nearer he went to the ground the better target
+he would make for the anti-aircraft gunners
+below. He must act, and act quickly.</p>
+
+<p>“A thousand feet down and a quarter of
+a mile away was a little patch of cloud.
+Ricky swerved, dipped, and drove ‘all out’ for
+it. He was into it—400 yards remember—in
+about the time it takes you to draw three level
+quiet breaths, and had flashed through it—five
+or six hundred feet across it might have
+been—in a couple of quick heart-beats. The
+Huns followed close, and in that half-dozen
+seconds Ricky had something between fifty and
+a hundred bullets whizzing and ripping past
+and through his wings. As he leaped clear
+of the streaming wisps of the cloud’s edge he
+threw one look behind him and pulled the
+joy-stick hard in to his stomach. Instantly
+his machine reared and swooped up in the loop
+he had decided on, up and over and round.
+At the first upward zoom Ricky had pulled
+down the handle of his top gun and brought
+it into instant action. The result was that as
+he shot up and over in a perfect loop the center
+machine, which had been astern of him,
+flashed under and straight through the stream
+of his bullets.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</span></p>
+
+<p>“Ricky whirled down in the curve of his
+loop with his gun still shooting, but now that
+he had finished his loop and flattened out,
+shooting up into the empty air while his enemy
+hurtled straight on and slightly downward
+ahead of him. Instantly Ricky threw
+his top gun out of action, and having now
+reversed positions, and having his enemy
+ahead, steadied his machine to bring his bow
+gun sights to bear on her. But before he
+could fire he saw the hostile’s left upper plane
+twist upward, saw the machine spin side on,
+the top plane rip and flare fiercely back and
+upward, the lower plane buckle and break, and
+the machine turning over and over plunge
+down and out of his sight. One of his bullets
+evidently had cut some bracing wires or
+stays, and the wing had given to the strain
+upon it. So much Ricky just had time to
+think, but immediately found himself in a
+fresh danger.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CLEVER WORK</h3>
+
+<p>“The two remaining hostiles had flashed
+past him at the same time as the center one,
+while he threw his loop over it, but realizing
+apparently on the instant what his maneuver
+was, they both swung out and round while
+he passed in his loop over the center machine.
+It was smart work on the part of the two
+flanking hostiles. They must have instantly
+divined Ricky’s dodge to get astern of them
+all, and their immediate circle out and round
+counteracted it, and as he came out of his loop
+brought them circling in again on him. In
+an instant Ricky was suddenly roused to the
+fresh danger by two following short bursts
+of fire which flashed and flamed athwart him,
+and caught a glimpse of the other two closing
+in and again astern of him and ‘sitting on
+his tail.’</p>
+
+<p>“Both were firing as they came, and again
+Ricky felt the sharp rip and crack of explosive
+bullets striking somewhere on his machine,
+and an instant later knew that the two were
+following him and hailing lead upon him. He
+cursed savagely. He had downed one enemy,
+but here apparently he was little if any better
+off with two intact enemies in the worst possible
+position for him, ‘on his tail,’ and both
+shooting their hardest. A quick glance ahead
+showed him the white glint of light on the
+wheeling wings of his flight, attracted by the
+rattle of machine guns, circling and racing to
+join the fight.</p>
+
+<p>“But fast as they came, the fight was likely
+to be over before they could arrive, and with
+the crack and snap of bullets about him and
+his own two guns powerless to bear on the
+enemy, it looked uncomfortably like odds on
+the fight ending against him. Another loop
+they would expect and follow over—and the
+bullets were crippling him every instant. Savagely
+he threw his controls over, and his machine
+slashed out and down to the right in a
+slicing two-hundred-foot side-slip.</p>
+
+<p>“The right-hand machine whirled past him
+so close that he saw every detail of the pilot’s
+dress—the fur-fringed helmet, dark goggles,
+black sweater. He caught his machine out of
+her downward slide, drove her ahead, steadied
+her, and brought his sights to bear on the
+enemy a scant twenty yards ahead, and poured
+a long burst of fire into her. He saw the bullets
+break and play on and about the pilot and
+fuselage. Then came a leaping flame, and a
+spurt of black smoke whirling out from her;
+Ricky had a momentary glimpse of the pilot’s
+agonized expression as he glanced wildly
+around, and next instant saw a trailing black
+plume of smoke and the gleam of a white underbody
+as the enemy nose-dived down in a
+last desperate attempt to make a landing before
+his machine dissolved in flames about him.</p>
+
+<p>“With a sudden burst of exultation Ricky
+realized his changed position. A minute before
+he was in the last and utmost desperate
+straits, three fast and well-armed adversaries
+against his single hand. Now, with two down,
+it was man to man—no, if he wished, it was
+all over, because the third hostile had swung
+left, had her nose down, and was ‘hare-ing’ for
+home and down toward the covering fire of
+the German anti-aircraft batteries. Already
+she was two to three hundred yards away,
+and the first German Archie soared up and
+burst with a rending ‘Ar-rrgh’ well astern of
+him. But Ricky’s blood was up and singing
+songs of triumph in his ears. Two out of
+three downed; better make a clean job of it
+and bag the lot.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>MAKING A CLEAN JOB</h3>
+
+<p>“His nose dipped and his tail flicked up,
+and he went roaring down, full out, after his
+last Hun. A rapid crackle of one machine
+gun after another struck his ear before ever
+he had the last hostile fully centered in his
+sights. Ricky knew that at last the flight
+had arrived and were joining in the fight. But
+he paid no heed to them; his enemy was in
+the ring of his sights now, so with his machine
+hurling down at the limit of speed of a falling
+body plus all the pull of a hundred and
+odd horsepower, the whole fabric quivering
+and vibrating under him, the wind roaring
+past and in his ears, Ricky snuggled closer in
+his seat, waited till his target was fully and
+exactly centered in his sights, and poured in
+a long, clattering burst of fire.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_231" style="max-width: 46.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_231.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Major James A. Meissner</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He was decorated for bravery in action in the Toul sector. He attacked many enemy observation
+balloons. He was shot down in his plane several times.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“The hostile’s slanting nose-dive swerved
+into a spin, an uncontrolled side-to-side plunge,
+back again into a spinning dive that ended in
+a straight-downward rush and a crash end on
+into the ground.</p>
+
+<p>“Whether it was Ricky or some other machine
+of the flight that got this last hostile
+will never be known. Ricky himself officially
+reported having crashed two, but declined to
+claim the third as his. On the other hand,
+the rest of the flight, after and always, with
+enthusiastic unanimity, insisted that she was
+Ricky’s very own, that he had outplayed, outfought,
+and killed three Huns in single combat
+with them—one down and t’other come on.
+If Ricky himself could not fairly and honestly
+claim all rights to the last Hun, the flight did.
+‘<em>Three!</em>’ they said vociferously in mess that
+night, and would brook no modest doubts
+from him.</p>
+
+<p>“As the last Hun went reeling down, Ricky,
+in the official language of the combat reports,
+‘rejoined formation and continued the patrol.’
+He pulled the stick toward him and rose
+buoyantly, knowing that he was holed over and
+over again, that bullets, and explosive bullets
+at that, had ripped and rent and torn the
+fabrics of his machine, possibly had cut away
+some strut or stay or part of the frame. But
+his engine appeared to be all right again, had
+never misbehaved a moment during the fight,
+was running now full power and blast; his
+planes swept smooth and steady along the
+wind levels, his controls answered exactly to
+his tender questioning touch. He had fought
+against odds of three to one and—he had won
+out. He was safe, barring accident, to land
+back in his own ’drome; and there were two
+if not three Huns down on his brazen own
+within the last—how long?</p>
+
+<p>“At the moment of his upward zoom on the
+conclusion of the fight he glanced at his
+clock which had not been hit by the enemy
+fire, could hardly believe what it told him,
+was only convinced when he recalled that
+promise to himself to turn back at the end
+of that minute, and had his belief confirmed
+by the flight’s count of the time between their
+first hearing shots and their covering the distance
+to join him. His clock marked exactly
+noon. The whole fight, from the firing of
+the first shot to the falling away of the last
+Hun, had taken bare seconds over the one minute.
+That pilot was right; in air fighting ‘you
+don’t get time to think.’”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_PICTURES_ARE_GOOD">“THE PICTURES ARE GOOD”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>That’s All That Observation Pilot Miller Cared About When the End
+Came</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Among</span> the men killed at Château-Thierry
+was John Q. Miller, of Fairview,
+N. C., first lieutenant of the air service,
+shot down July 24, 1918. He was one
+of the airmen of whom the public had probably
+not heard, for his courage and daring
+were not as spectacular as the bravery of Luke,
+Rickenbacker or Lufbery. At the time of
+his death he was the greatest observation pilot
+on the front, according to the story of Major
+Elmer R. Haslett in an issue of <cite>United States
+Air Service</cite>, the official publication of the
+Army and Navy Air Service Association.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_233" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_233.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">At the Tomb of Napoleon</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">In this historic spot a hero of the World War is being decorated for bravery.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>The unsung, silent heroes of the air are
+the observation pilots, who at the risk of life
+go forward into impossible places to get pictures
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</span>of enemy positions and come back with
+their machines riddled with shrapnel from
+“archie” fire. At the outset Miller, says
+Major Haslett, attracted attention for the
+serious way in which he took his work. He
+took assignment after assignment when he
+might have stayed back in the barracks, and
+never failed to complete his mission. Momentarily
+driven off by hostile aircraft or by too
+heavy “archie,” he would return to the job
+and come back with his pictures or observations,
+and his plane so full of holes that it
+had to be salvaged.</p>
+
+
+<h3>IN SPITE OF WOUNDS</h3>
+
+<p>Six Germans finally brought Miller and
+his observer down on his last trip over the
+lines, but not until the photographs had been
+made. Badly wounded, Miller pulled his
+plane out of a spin and landed his observer
+with the pictures. Major Haslett says:</p>
+
+<p>“He gave the plane the gun, and they took
+off on Johnny’s last ride. The plane accompanying
+was piloted by Lieut. Baker and an
+observer by the name of Lieut. Jack Lumsden,
+both of whom were the very finest of
+our personnel. On this mission Thompson,
+I believe, was taking photographs—oblique
+views—which must be taken very low, in fact,
+dangerously low, in order that the advancing
+troops may see from the photographs exactly
+what is in front of them. It was a very
+poor day, and the clouds were low.</p>
+
+<p>“As they were just finishing this perilous
+work, a drove of eleven Huns swooped out
+of the clouds and made for them. Five attacked
+Lumsden and Baker, and six attacked
+Thompson and Miller. Our boys were about
+two or three kilometers within the enemy’s
+lines, and, with such a superiority of numbers,
+of course, were immediately outclassed.</p>
+
+<p>“The Hun planes surrounded Thompson
+and Miller, pouring in lead from all sides.
+Thompson, who had shot down a Boche before
+and had been in a number of scraps, was
+giving them the fight of his life. Miller was
+heading toward No Man’s Land. It is hard
+in such a fight to know exactly one’s location,
+and it is better to pick out one’s general direction
+when at such a low altitude, and be sure
+the plane is on the friendly side of the line
+before hitting the ground.</p>
+
+<p>“While still about a kilometer within German
+territory, a bullet struck Miller in the
+chest and another in the arm. Thompson
+told me that Miller put his hand over the
+fuselage as if semi-conscious, then the plane
+started to go from right to left, climb and
+dive as if partly under control.</p>
+
+<p>“As Thompson described it, it seemed as
+if Miller were doing his best to keep up his
+strength to go on with the flight. They
+crossed the lines, and as they did so Miller
+motioned to him in one of his conscious
+moments as if to point to home. He then
+put the plane into a dive.</p>
+
+<p>“One of the German planes had dropped
+out of the combat, but the others were determined
+upon putting the plane down in
+flames or out of control. In these last few
+seconds they closed in with every gun concentrated
+on Miller. This fighting was so
+close that Thompson was aiming point blank.
+Miller was shot again; he made some sort
+of a motion as if falling forward.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MILLER’S RALLYING FEAT</h3>
+
+<p>“In a moment Thompson scored a direct
+burst into one of the planes; it made a sudden
+climb, then went into a tail spin from which
+it never recovered. Thompson swung his
+tourrelle round to get the one coming up on
+his tail. While himself falling, by sheer
+good fortune Thompson, fighting to the end,
+turned loose all he had, and the plane underneath
+his tail ceased firing, dived and fell
+within a hundred yards of the other he had
+just got.</p>
+
+<p>“The three remaining Huns followed Miller
+down. One of them got Thompson in
+the arm and leg with an explosive bullet. The
+plane was out of control. By some miracle,
+Thompson says, as they were about to strike
+earth, Miller came out of his forward position,
+pulled the stick back, and the plane
+landed without a crash.</p>
+
+<p>“Thompson had enough strength to jump
+out of the cockpit and run around to Miller,
+who, with a strength that was superhuman,
+was climbing out of the cockpit, bleeding
+profusely, his face ghostly white.</p>
+
+<p>“He reached his arms up, man-like, and
+let them rest limply on Thompson’s shoulders.
+With closed eyes, and with a voice barely<span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</span>
+audible, he mumbled: ‘Thompson, God bless
+you! They got me, but I got you home, boy—and
+we brought the pictures back. Get a
+motorcycle, Tommy, and take them to headquarters.
+You write a report—I can’t, Tommy;
+you see I can’t, Tommy. And be sure to
+put in it that the pictures are good—that the
+mission was successful.’</p>
+
+<p>“These were his last words, and he fell
+over unconscious. His wounds were of a hopeless
+nature, and he died without regaining
+consciousness a few minutes later in a sort of
+improvised dressing station in the front lines.</p>
+
+<p>“Well, those are incidents in the life of
+the observation game.</p>
+
+<p>“The official records credit Johnny Miller
+with the destruction of two enemy planes, and
+the French Government has bestowed upon
+him posthumously the Croix de Guerre with
+Palm, but those of us who had the pleasure
+of serving with him and who have lived to
+tell the tale credit Johnny Miller with having
+been just a plain, ordinary, brave fellow, who
+gave his life with all willingness to insure
+the successful completion of the mission to
+which his country assigned him.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="SUBDUING_THE_TURK">SUBDUING THE TURK</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>When Captain Butt, the British Ace, Found Bakshish a Cure of Captivity</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">When</span> the war broke out, Alan Bott
+was one of the younger set of newspaper
+men in London. Soon after England cast
+in her lot with France, Bott was training with
+the airmen. Right speedily he became a fighting
+flyer and anon an Ace, with seven German
+planes to his credit. He won the Victoria
+Cross, and the rank of Captain. Readers may
+remember having heard him lecture when he
+made a tour of this country early in 1919,
+and gave very impressive pictures of adventures
+in the air. Not many aviators had the
+varied experiences that fell to the fortune of
+Captain Bott, for though he was for a time
+with his fellows of the Royal British Air
+Force operating in France, he was transferred
+to the East later and many of his thrilling adventures
+were in the Holy Land. He gave an
+account of one of these soon after his arrival
+in this country. He said:</p>
+
+<p>“It all began when I fell out of the clouds
+from a height of six thousand feet and bumped
+my nose after a fight with a Boche plane.
+It wasn’t exactly a fight with one plane,
+either. I was chasing a Boche who had a
+machine nearly as fast as mine, and by the
+time I caught up with him we were forty
+miles behind the enemy lines and above some
+rough, rocky, partly wooded hills.</p>
+
+<p>“I was just beginning to pepper the Boche
+when two enemy scout planes I had not seen
+literally dropped from the clouds right above
+and shot me up, especially the petrol tank.
+I whirled and crashed down, and the next
+thing I knew it was moonlight and my leg
+was paining like the deuce, held down by
+part of my engine. It was a very lonely,
+desert spot, and I figured that hill would be
+my last resting-place. I figured they would
+name it after me.</p>
+
+<p>“Whether fortunately or not a bunch of
+Arabs came along, sort of bandits, I suppose,
+and found me. As far as I could make
+out, after they lifted the engine off me they
+were tossing up whether they should kill me
+or turn me over to the Turks and get some
+bakshish, which is a popular pastime in that
+part of the country. They used to say that
+with £1,000 you could bribe the Grand Vizier
+himself.</p>
+
+<p>“While they were drawing lots to see
+whether I would live or die, a party of Turkish
+soldiers came along and chased the Arabs
+off, but detained me. In fact, they were decent
+enough to take me to an Austrian hospital
+at Afion-Kara-Hisson, about seventy
+miles from our base at Jaffa. It was three
+weeks before I could get around much, and
+then I foolishly tried to escape. My leg was
+so bad that the attempt was a foozle, as the
+guards caught me up before I had gone very
+far.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_236" style="max-width: 43.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_236.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Pearl J. Wines</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>90th Division, 358th Infantry, Company “E”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">While fighting in the St. Mihiel sector on September 12, 1918, Wines was wounded in his side
+by a party of Germans. Becoming infuriated he engaged the entire party: killed three of them,
+and captured the other two without aid of any kind.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<h3>IN JAIL AT NAZARETH</h3>
+
+<p>“Finally, I was taken to Nazareth and put
+in a criminal jail with murderers and brigands,
+all filthy brutes. At first I was put in an
+underground dungeon, with one other man,
+an Arab, whose great penchant was chasing
+cooties. There were other English prisoners
+there, and we were all treated pretty badly.
+Our food consisted of a bowl of soup and a
+loaf of bread each day. It was some bread!</p>
+
+<p>“Several of us planned to escape and tried
+several stunts, none of which appealed to the
+Turks, until I selfishly hit on the scheme of
+becoming temporarily insane. I was very
+crazy, for a few days, and then the highly
+ornate boss of the jail shook his head seriously
+and said he would have to send me to Constantinople.</p>
+
+<p>“We finally began to rumble across the
+desert in a very slow train, and I decided to
+drop off at the first convenient way-station and
+cut across lots for Jaffa. We were quite near
+Constantinople before an opportunity came,
+and then, at the psychological moment, there
+was a very opportune train wreck, and I
+walked away and hid in among some rocks.</p>
+
+<p>“When night came I met a Turkish officer
+dressed in a German uniform, and then
+worked the popular game of bakshish, which
+is really the national game of Turkey.</p>
+
+<p>“I gave the officer a couple of Turkish
+pounds and he peeled the uniform. He put
+on mine and I have no doubt he was duly
+captured by the guards. I went to Constantinople
+and was saluted very regularly by
+Turkish and German soldiers. It took a lot
+of dodging to keep clear of the Germans in
+Constantinople, but I managed to get along,
+having a lot of fun sometimes in the cafés,
+listening to the gossip and plotting.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A STOWAWAY ON A “HELL SHIP”</h3>
+
+<p>“It appeared at that time that Turkey had
+been ready for quite a while to sign a separate
+peace, but the Allies couldn’t get the idea.
+My greatest desire was to get out of Constantinople,
+and I finally stowed away on a
+little rusty cargo-steamer bound for Odessa.
+We were rolling around the Black Sea one
+day when the crew were seized with Bolshevism
+and went on strike.</p>
+
+<p>“It was great on that ship with the engines
+dead. We rolled and rolled for days on end.
+I had bought a Russian sailor’s uniform by
+that time and so could go about without fear
+of capture. The main thing was to get a
+crust of bread and cup of water. It was a
+hell ship and no mistake, with the sun beating
+down all day and the officers and crew
+in continual fights.</p>
+
+<p>“Finally they patched up a truce and we
+made Odessa, the trip taking almost three
+weeks. It was bad in Odessa and when we
+heard that Bulgaria had made a separate peace
+I decided to make a try for the Bulgarian
+coast. I stowed away aboard another cargo
+steamship and finally reached Bulgaria and
+my British countrymen.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_DARING_PURSUIT">A DARING PURSUIT</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>In An Ordinary Plane Aviator Bone Chased a German Sea-Plane Over
+Sea</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">On</span> Sunday, March 19, 1916, four German
+sea-planes sailed over East Kent,
+England, in a bombing raid upon defenseless
+towns—Deal, Margate, Ramsgate—and arrived
+over Dover about 2 o’clock in the afternoon
+and dropped more than a dozen bombs,
+doing a considerable amount of damage. One
+bomb went through the roof of a Home where
+there were a large number of children; fortunately,
+the children, at the first sound of
+the raiders, had been taken to the shelter of
+the basement. Several children going to Sunday
+school were killed or injured. A woman
+walking along the street was blown into a
+doorway of a shop and badly hurt. The invaders
+were given very little time to do their
+work. British aeroplanes rose in pursuit. A
+sharp fight followed, both attackers and defenders
+using their machine guns freely in the
+air. One British airman particularly distinguished
+himself. Flight Commander R. J.
+Bone, R. N., pursued one of the German sea-planes
+out to sea for nearly 30 miles, in a
+small single-seater land machine. There, after
+an engagement lasting about a quarter of an
+hour, he forced it to descend, the German
+machine having been hit many times, and the
+observer disabled or killed. For this, Flight
+Commander Bone received the D. S. O.</p>
+
+<p>The commander left the aerodrome while
+the enemy machine was still in sight, and
+making no attempt to climb steeply, kept the
+enemy in view. After a pursuit of nearly 30
+miles he rose to 9,000 feet, 2,000 feet above
+the enemy. Rapidly overhauling the other
+machine, he attempted to make a vertical dive
+for it, both sides firing vigorously. Then he
+maneuvered ahead of the other and steered
+straight at him, diving below him and turning
+with a vertical right-hand bank immediately
+under him.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BROUGHT HIM DOWN</h3>
+
+<p>The German pilot swerved his machine to
+the left before they met, and the Englishman
+as he passed could see the German observer
+hanging over the right side of the fuselage, apparently
+dead or severely wounded. The gun
+was cocked at an angle of 45 degrees. Continuing
+his courageous maneuvers, Flight-Commander
+Bone brought his machine within
+15 or 20 feet of the enemy, and poured in
+five or six bursts of six rounds until the enemy
+dived deeply, with smoke pouring from
+his machine. The propeller stopped, but the
+pilot kept control and succeeded in landing
+safely on the water. Here the English airman
+had to leave him, as he could not come down
+on a land machine, and his engine showed
+signs of giving out.</p>
+
+<p>One machine apparently escaped from the
+fight at Dover and rapidly made its way to
+Deal, where it dropped seven bombs, doing
+considerable damage to property, but not killing
+or injuring any persons. A second pair
+of sea-planes appeared over Ramsgate at 2.10
+p.m. and dropped bombs on the town. Four
+children on their way to Sunday school were
+killed, and a man driving a motor-car near
+by was also killed. A hospital for Canadian
+troops was damaged, but no one in the building
+was hurt, and the nurses went out in the
+streets to assist in the work of tending the
+injured. One of the sea-planes traveled on
+from Ramsgate to Margate, where it dropped
+a bomb, damaging a house. The German aircraft
+were now all pursued by British machines
+and driven out to sea.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_ROOSEVELT_BOYS">THE ROOSEVELT BOYS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Four Sons of a Famous Fighter Gather Their Own Laurels of War</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> Roosevelts are not the only family to
+have given four sons to the cause of their
+country, and those other sons have fought as
+bravely as Archibald and Theodore and Kermit,
+and died as daringly as Quentin. It isn’t,
+then, because the sacrifices of the Roosevelts
+are unique that they have become so dear to
+the hearts of Americans. The Roosevelts
+would be the first to decry any attempt to
+single out their deeds as any nobler than the
+deeds of their millions of comrades in arms.
+It seems only fair, however, to the traditions
+of our democracy that having recounted so
+many exploits by heroes who before the war
+were not known outside their little towns, we
+should include a few of the many, many names
+which proved that connection with more noted
+families did not make them any slower to welcome
+the dangers which war brought alike to
+rich and poor.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ARCHIE GOES TO FRANCE</h3>
+
+<p>Back in June, 1917, Theodore Roosevelt,
+Jr., went across with Archie. Theodore was
+a Major then; Archie a Captain. Both were
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</span>assigned to General Pershing’s staff. In August
+it was reported that the two, anxious for
+real action, had been transferred to the 26th
+Infantry. So anxious was Archie to get into
+line duty that he accepted a reduction to Second
+Lieutenancy in order to get into the
+trenches.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_239" style="max-width: 50.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_239.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Pirie MacDonald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Theodore Roosevelt</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The late Ex-President of the United States, and great American Patriot.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>All this had happened quickly. It was only
+in April that Archie had been engaged to
+Grace Lockwood. Some five days after that he
+had passed his examination for the Officers’
+Reserve Corps. By April 15 he had married.
+June 20 he left Plattsburg with confidential
+orders. June 25 his father announced that
+Archie and Theodore had left for France.</p>
+
+<p>Archie did not stay long as a Second Lieutenant.
+By Christmas, following distinguished
+service in leading patrols in No Man’s
+Land, General Pershing recommended that
+Archie be promoted. In February Archie was
+made a Captain. One month later Captain
+Archie was wounded in the arm and leg by
+shrapnel. He received the French War Cross
+while lying on the operating table. “He lay
+wounded for fourteen hours unattended,”
+writes an American surgeon in a letter home.
+In May Archie was reported able to walk
+again.</p>
+
+<p>His wounds did not make Archie callous to
+the suffering of others. In July (1918) we
+read that “Archie’s request for aid for Sergeant
+F. A. Ross whose hand was amputated
+will be heeded by Colonel Roosevelt.”</p>
+
+<p>A shrapnel wound of its nature usually
+results in more serious complications than an
+ordinary bullet wound. On July 13 the Captain
+had to undergo another operation for partial
+paralysis of the left arm. His spirit never
+wavered. When wounded he had directed that
+the wounded men in his command be attended
+first. Archie was hurt worse than he knew. It
+would take eight months, at least, for him to
+recover. In September he was brought back
+to the United States for special treatment.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_240" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_240.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Theodore Roosevelt and Family at the Time He Was Governor of the
+State of New York</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>THEODORE, THE IDOL OF HIS MEN</h3>
+
+<p>In the meantime Theodore was making
+himself feared, loved and famous. He was a
+Major, we said. He had been a Major once
+before, but under what different conditions—a
+Major in the Connecticut National Guards.
+He got into action from the very start. You
+could find him at the head of the most dangerous
+charges. In June (1918) he was cited
+for bravery after he had been gassed in the
+fight at Cantigny.</p>
+
+<p>Theodore, too, retained his tenderness despite
+war’s horrors. In July we read of his
+paying homage to Lieut. G. Gustofson, Jr.
+In September he writes to the widow of Lieut.
+Newbold telling her that he would be proud
+to have his two little sons grow up to live
+and die like the Lieutenant. Theodore’s men
+made an idol of him. That, however, did
+not save him a second wound—this time
+(July 24) it was in the left knee. He received
+it while leading a battalion in a charge
+at Ploisy. It was the same fearlessness which
+a month before had called forth the official
+citation.</p>
+
+<p>“On the day of our attack on Cantigny,
+although gassed in the lungs and gassed in
+the eyes to blindness, Major Roosevelt refused
+to be removed and retained the command
+of his battalion under a heavy
+bombardment throughout the engagement.”</p>
+
+<p>After his second operation Major Roosevelt
+was promoted once more, and it was as
+Lieutenant-Colonel that in November he occupied
+the headquarters of von Hindenburg’s
+son at Luxemburg.</p>
+
+
+<h3>KERMIT IN MESOPOTAMIA AND FRANCE</h3>
+
+<p>The Major’s younger brother Kermit had,
+like the rest, come in from the very start, but
+fortune kept at least this one member of the
+family a little safer. He had left Plattsburg
+to accept a position in the British Army as
+early as July, 1917. In September he was
+made Temporary Honorary Captain. After
+being rewarded with the Distinguished Service
+Order for bravery with the British in Mesopotamia,
+Kermit, through the aid of Lord
+Derby, obtained a transfer to the American
+Army. In April he was appointed Captain.
+By June he had received the British Military
+Cross.</p>
+
+
+<h3>QUENTIN</h3>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_241" style="max-width: 36.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_241.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="right fs80"><cite>© Underwood and Underwood.</cite></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, Junior.</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He was gassed in the fight at Cantigny, and
+wounded when making a charge at Ploisy.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Kermit, Archibald, Theodore—all have
+done their duty, but, of course, death has
+made the youngest of the Roosevelts dearest
+to American hearts. Perhaps, indeed, the
+death of no other man at the front has so
+touched the people as that of young Lieutenant
+Quentin. He stands almost like the symbol
+of young America giving itself up for freedom.
+“In the sorrow of his parents,” writes
+the <cite>Outlook</cite>, “his fellow-countrymen have felt
+the sorrow of all who have lost sons in this
+struggle. In the pride his parents have simply
+expressed his fellow-countrymen have been
+able to understand in part the pride of all<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</span>
+those who have learned that for his purpose
+of making mankind free God has had need
+of their dearest. In honoring Quentin Roosevelt
+Americans honor all those young men who
+have rendered to their country their full
+measure of devotion.”</p>
+
+<p>Part of the special glory of the Roosevelts
+comes from the fact that they were watched
+so closely. Quentin, especially, was known to
+the nation from his very childhood. The nation
+knew him, and it watched him. Quentin
+died fighting against odds—a symbol of
+young American manhood.</p>
+
+<p>When we think of what Colonel Roosevelt
+and his sons stood for in this war there is
+something soul-stirring in the fact that the
+father and his youngest boy have both so suddenly
+passed away, and in the light of all this
+there is a pathetic significance in the answer
+which Colonel Roosevelt gave to the man who
+at a public meeting asked the Colonel why
+he himself had not gone across:</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_242" style="max-width: 49.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_242.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Quentin Roosevelt’s Entrance Card Into the
+Ecole de Tir Aerien</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“I asked not only to go over there, but I
+came with one hundred thousand more men
+in my hands to help. And I will tell you,
+you man over there, that I have sent my four
+sons. I have sent over my four boys, for
+each of whose lives I care a thousand times
+more than I care for my own.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_242a" style="max-width: 36.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_242a.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Dr. Richard Derby,</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Corps, Army of the
+United States.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Of these four sons Kermit received his
+cross for bravery. Archibald and Theodore
+rose steadily from rank to rank—wounds and
+honor marking their path. And Quentin gave
+his life. There is something more than fortitude
+in the words of the proud, strong, old
+man bearing up against the saddest of tidings:</p>
+
+<p>“Quentin’s mother and I are very glad he
+got to the front and had the chance to render
+some service to his country, and to show the
+stuff there was in him before his fate befell
+him.”</p>
+
+<p>Quentin Roosevelt was not yet twenty-one.
+He was born in Washington, November 19,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</span>
+1897, while his father was Assistant Secretary
+of the Navy. After 1901 Quentin, starting
+out as the “White House baby,” kept
+Washington interested and amused for seven
+years.</p>
+
+<p>Sturdy, impetuous, frank, and democratic,
+he was friends with everybody. He rode locomotives
+between Washington and Philadelphia
+with his chums, the engineers and firemen of
+the Baltimore &amp; Ohio and the Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime, he was captain also of a crew
+of warrior Indians recruited from members
+of his classes in a public school.</p>
+
+<p>One day, during an illness of his brother
+Archie, Quentin decided that a sight of a pet
+pony might prove better than the White House
+doctor’s prescriptions.</p>
+
+<p>Without waiting for permission he went
+out to the stables, introduced the Shetland into
+one of the private elevators, and had the little
+horse on the way into his sick brother’s room
+before he was stopped.</p>
+
+<p>As recorded by the New York <cite>Times</cite>:
+“Quentin’s life while in Washington—he was
+running around here in kilts and afterward
+in short trousers when his father was President—was
+just the adventurous childhood of
+the boy who later slammed his motor cycle
+into a tree at Oyster Bay when he was trying
+to establish a new speed record and smiled
+when a home-assembled automobile took a
+corner under his guidance on one wheel. He
+was not afraid for himself and worried only
+about the expense of rebuilding the motor
+cycle.”</p>
+
+<p>Quentin was sent to Harvard. He took a
+prominent part in athletics. He inherited his
+father’s pluck and determination. Like his
+father, too, Quentin suffered from a defect
+of vision. That is why when the first officers
+training-camp was organized and Archie
+was admitted and won a commission, Quentin,
+on account of his eyes, was rejected.</p>
+
+<p>He thereupon applied for enlistment in the
+Canadian Flying Corps. That was in April,
+1917. When the United States decided to
+send troops to Europe he was transferred to
+the United States Signal Corps as a private.</p>
+
+<p>He underwent a brief period of training at
+Mineola. He reached France a few weeks
+after Archie, who, we remember, was then a
+Captain. Theodore, Jr., was already commanding
+one of the first American battalions
+to go under fire. Kermit also had by that
+time sailed for the war zone.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HE MAKES A DOWN</h3>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_243" style="max-width: 24.9375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_243.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Captain Kermit Roosevelt</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Quentin became known to his fellow flyers
+as “Q.” Before the fatal day he had been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</span>
+fighting in the air five weeks. A few days
+before that last fight Quentin had a very
+narrow escape. He was cut off by a cloud
+from his fellows and coming out of the clouds
+saw three aviators whom he took for Americans.
+When he got quite close he found they
+were Boches, and coolly opened fire on them.
+All three attacked him. Quentin “did” for
+one of them and got home safe. An account
+of this is included in Captain McLanahan’s
+description of Quentin’s last days.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_244" style="max-width: 25.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_244.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Lieutenant Quentin Roosevelt</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“Our airdrome was north of Verdun, about
+twenty miles back of the American front line.
+Quentin had joined us June 1. He had been
+instructor at the aviation school at Issoudun,
+and I had formed his acquaintance there. I
+left Issoudun for patrol work at the front
+about two months before Quentin was allowed
+to join us. They liked his work at
+the aviation school so well that he had a hard
+time to obtain leave to get into the more perilous
+work at the front, for which he was always
+longing.</p>
+
+<p>“Our regular occupation in the patrol service
+consisted of two flights a day, each lasting
+from an hour and a half to two hours. As
+this involved the necessity of going over the
+enemy lines, it was, of course, extremely trying
+upon the nerves. I doubt whether anybody,
+except perhaps the most foolhardy, ever
+performed this sort of work without feeling
+greatly exhausted after a few hours of so tense
+a strain. Nevertheless, we were often required,
+when circumstances demanded it, to
+go aloft four or even more times in the course
+of a day. This was of rare occurrence and
+only when the enemy showed extreme activity
+and every resource at our command had
+to be called into service in opposition.</p>
+
+<p>“Usually a patrol consisted of three squads
+of from six to eight planes, one squad going
+to a height of 20,000 feet, the second 12,000,
+and the third 4,000 feet. They would fly
+in V formation, the leader about a hundred
+feet below the level of the next two, these
+100 feet lower than those next after them,
+and so on to the last ones of the squad, who
+were always the highest.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>July 14 was an exceptionally fine day for
+the sort of work the squadron was doing.
+“We went up at eleven o’clock in the forenoon,”
+says Captain McLanahan, and describes
+the flight and the fatal fight that followed:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“There were eight of us, all, at that time,
+Lieutenants—Curtis, of Rochester, N. Y.;
+Sewall, of Bath, Me.; Mitchell, of Manchester,
+Mass.; Buford, of Nashville, Tenn.;
+Roosevelt, Hamilton, Montague, and I. As<span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</span>
+was customary, we chatted together before
+we went up, and of course, planned what we
+were going to do. It was arranged that Lieutenant
+Hamilton was to lead, and in case of
+any hitch to his motor Lieutenant Curtis was
+to take his place in the van.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_245a" style="max-width: 22.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_245a.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Western Newspaper Union.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Captain Archie Roosevelt</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">on Fifth Avenue in New York. He was wounded
+in action.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_245b" style="max-width: 48.3125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_245b.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Facsimile of Quentin Roosevelt’s record card
+in the Ecole de Aerien de Casuaz.</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The captain’s remarks at the bottom of the card:
+“Very good pilot; regular landings; very good
+shot; excellent military spirit, and very daring.”</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“There was a rather stiff wind blowing in
+the direction of the German lines, and when
+we reached an altitude of about 10,000 feet
+we began to be carried with great rapidity
+toward them. We had not yet sighted any
+enemy airplanes after we had been aloft an
+hour. Hamilton’s motor went wrong about
+that time and he had to glide back home.
+In a few minutes he was followed by Montague,
+whose motor also had gone back on him.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>MEETING THE ENEMY</h3>
+
+<p>“Half an hour after this, when we were
+five miles inside the German lines, we saw
+six of their Fokker planes coming toward us.
+They had been concealed until then by clouds
+between them and us, they flying on the under<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</span>
+side of the clouds. Our planes were of the
+Nieuport type, of the lightest pursuing kind,
+and in almost every respect like the type the
+Germans approaching us were using. The
+chief difference was that they carried stationary
+motors while ours were rotary ones, which
+gave us a trifle the advantage in turning.
+But this was more than neutralized by the
+very much greater inflammable material in
+our machines.</p>
+
+<p>“When we got to within 500 feet of each
+other both sides began firing. The weapons
+on each side were virtually identical, each
+Nieuport and each Fokker carrying two machine
+guns. As each plane had but one occupant,
+upon whom, of course, devolved the
+work not only of steering his craft but firing
+the guns, there was an arrangement by which
+these two duties could be executed with, so
+to speak, one movement. The steering gear
+and the firing and aiming devices were adjusted
+to a stick in front of the aviator, in
+such a manner that his hand could clutch all
+three levers at once and work each by a
+slight pressure.</p>
+
+<p>“Each of the machine guns carried about
+250 rounds of ammunition, and unless it got
+jammed it was capable of firing the entire
+lot in half a minute. In order to determine
+whether the aim is accurate some of the bullets
+are so constructed that they emit smoke
+and can thus be seen. These are called tracers.
+Without them it would be well-nigh impossible
+to gage one’s range so far up in the
+air, remote from anything by which comparisons
+could be made to rectify the judgment
+in aiming.</p>
+
+<p>“From the moment that I singled out the
+enemy whom I was to engage in duel I naturally
+lost sight of everything else and kept
+my eyes pretty well glued upon him alone.
+Now and then, of course, I would, when I
+got a chance, look backward, too. For one
+can never tell but that another enemy plane,
+having disposed of its opponent, may pay his
+respects to another one.</p>
+
+<p>“But if anybody imagines that an aviator
+engaged in battle with an active opponent
+gets a chance to help along an associate, or
+even to pay attention to what is happening
+to any of the others, he is mistaken. One has
+to be on the alert for every move the enemy
+makes, and even do a lot of correct guessing
+as to what would be the most logical next
+move for him to make. For it is upon that
+next move that the entire fortunes of the war
+for those particular two aviators may hinge.</p>
+
+<p>“After I had fired every round of ammunition,
+which seemed to be about the same
+time as my adversary discovered himself to
+be in the same plight, we drew away from
+each other and flew toward our respective
+bases. During our duel my airplane had
+become separated from the others of our
+unit and I could see no trace of them. I assumed,
+however, that they were either still
+fighting or had also finished and were on their
+way back home. Somehow I did not think
+of the third alternative, namely, that anything
+serious had happened to any of them.</p>
+
+<p>“Indeed, one’s thoughts are so completely
+directed toward the business in hand, especially
+during a fight, that there is not a moment’s
+time that can be devoted to other matters,
+even those of the dearest, tenderest, or
+most sacred nature. To divert the mind even
+for an instant from the grim business of battle
+itself would be scarcely short of suicidal.
+And the home-bound journey after the battle
+is enlivened by so continuous a gauntlet of
+bursting enemy anti-aircraft shells that they
+suffice to keep the mind engaged in ways and
+means of dodging them until the home base is
+finally reached. During an air-battle, of
+course, the anti-aircraft guns are silent, for
+their shells would be equally dangerous for
+friend and foe.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>ALL BUT QUENTIN RETURNED</h3>
+
+<p>Lieutenants Buford and McLanahan arrived
+after all of the others, except Lieutenant
+Roosevelt, had returned to the field. They
+were not worried about him at the time, but
+when hours went by and he failed to return,
+they knew that something had gone wrong.
+Still, they did not think he had been killed.
+As Captain McLanahan explains:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“We were encouraged to hope for the best
+by the fact that Quentin had remained out a
+considerable time longer than the rest of us
+three days before. On that occasion he had
+become separated from the squad, I don’t just
+know in what way, and when we saw him
+again he jumped out of his airplane in great<span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</span>
+excitement and so radiant with elation and
+with so broad a smile that his teeth showed
+exactly in the same famous way as his father’s
+used to do. He never reminded us so much
+of his father as on that occasion.</p>
+
+<p>“He told us that after losing track of us
+he sighted a group of airplanes which he believed
+to be ours and headed his airplane
+toward them. He was too cautious, however,
+to take anything for granted, and so in steering
+toward the group he kept himself in the
+rear of them, and when he got closer he discovered
+that they had the cross of the Germans
+painted on them.</p>
+
+<p>“His first impulse was to get away as fast
+as possible; but then the hero in him spoke
+up and he decided to avail himself of the
+chance to reduce the number of our enemies
+by at least one. And so, flying quite close to
+the last one of the airplanes, he fired quickly
+and with such good aim that the plane immediately
+went down, spinning around, with
+its nose pointed to the ground.</p>
+
+<p>“‘I guess I got that one all right,’ he said;
+but he did not wait to see what the final outcome
+might be, for aviators are full of tricks
+and, by feigning disaster to their own machine,
+often succeeded in drawing an overconfident
+enemy to destruction. Quentin knew this;
+and moreover, he had another big contract
+on his hands, namely, to get away from the
+associates of the man whom he had attacked.
+They all turned upon him, firing from a
+dozen machine guns; but in firing his own gun
+he had wheeled about at the same instant,
+and in that way had a big handicap over the
+pursuers. He kept far enough in advance of
+them to get back within the American lines
+before they were able to lessen the distance
+sufficiently to make their shells effective. The
+rate of speed, by the way, was 140 miles an
+hour.</p>
+
+<p>“Despite his excitement and the really exceptional
+achievement, Quentin modestly refrained
+from declaring positively that he had
+bagged his man. It was only afterward, when
+we learned through an artillery observation-balloon
+that the airplane brought down by
+Quentin had been seen to strike the earth with
+a crash, that he himself felt satisfied that he
+was entitled to be regarded the victor. This
+was the occasion which brought him the Croix
+de Guerre.”</p>
+</div>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_247" style="max-width: 27.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_247.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood, and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>When the day passed and Quentin failed
+to return, his associates still remained hopeful
+that he had landed in the enemy lines, and
+had been taken prisoner. But there was
+further news, bad news, as Captain McLanahan
+relates:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“Even this forlorn hope was dispelled the
+following day, when news was received that
+an observation-balloon’s crew had seen a Nieuport
+machine fall at Chamery, east of Fère-en-Tardenois,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</span>
+the place where Quentin had gone
+into the battle.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>GERMANS REPORT DEATH</h3>
+
+<p>“A few days after that German aviators
+flying over the American lines dropped notes
+announcing that Lieut. Quentin Roosevelt had
+been killed by two bullet wounds in the head
+and had been buried with military honors by
+the Germans.</p>
+
+<p>“After the armistice was signed, we saw
+the aviator who had killed Quentin. He was
+a non-commissioned officer and one of the
+most expert flyers in the enemy’s air service.
+After the armistice he was acting as an inspector
+in the surrender of German airplanes
+to the Allies.</p>
+
+<p>“This man said that when he learned that
+the officer whom he had brought down belonged
+to so prominent a family in America
+he felt sorry.</p>
+
+<p>“‘He was identified by a metal identification-plate
+fastened by a little chain to his
+wrist,’ said the German, ‘and I was then told
+of the young man’s prominence and his own
+personal popularity. Of course, even if I
+had known during the battle who he was, I
+would not have hesitated to try my best to
+down him; because, if I hadn’t, he surely
+would have downed me.</p>
+
+<p>“‘He made a gallant fight, although I recognized
+almost from the beginning of our
+duel that he was not as experienced as some
+others I had encountered and won out against.</p>
+
+<p>“‘As it was, he dipped and circled and
+looped and tried in a variety of ways to get
+above and behind me. It was not at all an
+easy task for me to get the upper hand and
+down him.’”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_248" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_248.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">When the Great American Patriot Died Flyers Dropped Wreaths from
+the Air Over the Roosevelt Home at Sagamore Hill</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Simple praise this is, but sincere we feel.
+The German felt sorry for our boy-hero.
+“He made a gallant fight,” he said. And he
+was not the only German who was forced to
+give due admiration to the dauntless American.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</span>The enemy buried him with military
+honors, and marked his grave. The German
+Cross, however, has been removed from
+the grave of Quentin. The grave is now
+simply fenced with stones. The French strew
+flowers over it. It bears a soldier’s inscription:</p>
+
+<p>“Here rests on the field of honor First
+Lieutenant Quentin Roosevelt, killed in action
+July, 1918.”</p>
+
+<p>A memorial just as eloquent in its simplicity
+is the letter from General Pershing to
+the father of Quentin:</p>
+
+<p>“Lieutenant Quentin Roosevelt during his
+whole career in the air service both as a cadet
+and as a flying officer was a model of the best
+type of young American manhood.”</p>
+
+<p>Quentin is a hero—a soldier—an officer—yet
+most of all he remains to our memory as
+our ex-President’s youngest boy. Eleanor
+Reed expresses this lasting appeal in her poem
+to Quentin, in the New York <cite>Times</cite>:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“Young Roosevelt is dead—and I whose son</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Is just a little boy, too young to go,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Read with bewildered eyes the tales recalled</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Of pranks the little White House boy had played.”</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="JUST_WHAT_HE_WANTED">JUST WHAT HE WANTED</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Restless Seeker After Excitement, the War Filled the Bill for Lieutenant
+Roberts</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Few</span> young men enlisted for the war more
+frankly in the spirit of adventure than did
+Lieutenant E. M. Roberts, an American boy,
+born in Duluth, and seemingly born with the
+unrest of the winds of the Northwest in his
+blood. When he was but ten years old he ran
+away from home in obedience to the restless
+longing to fare for himself, go whither he
+listed, and taste the ruggedness of nature in
+experience. He tried lumbering in the Northwest.
+He crossed the border into Canada and
+successively turned his hand to many things—mining,
+automobile repair, railroad construction,
+cow-punching, sheep-raising, etc.—getting
+a liberal education in the “University of Hard
+Knocks,” as he expressed it, but never finding
+just the excitement he vaguely yearned for.</p>
+
+<p>He was in Calgary in October, 1914, and
+by chance learned from a newspaper in which
+he had wrapped a purchase, that there was
+war doing in Europe. It struck him that the
+thing sought, the desired excitement, was now
+ready to hand. He met an old friend and
+talked the news with him. The friend told
+him that there had been a call that morning
+for men for service in Europe. “Let’s join!”
+Both were of the same mind; both were ready
+for adventure. Next morning he enlisted as a
+member of the 10th Canadian Infantry Battalion.
+But the officer in charge of the barracks
+knew Roberts, and recalling that he was
+familiar with mechanics, transferred him to a
+mechanical transport section, not at all to his
+liking, mechanics being but a tame affair.</p>
+
+<p>In time he went with the battalion to
+France as driver of a lorry. He got a dose
+of gas at Ypres and was sent back to England
+for hospital treatment. On recovery he
+was returned to France as Section Sergeant,
+his duty being to scout the roads ahead on a
+motor cycle. He found that he was getting
+very little out of the war but hard work,
+plodding knee deep in mud much of the time
+while up there the flyers were having a jolly,
+enviable time. Ambition to get into the Royal
+Flying Corps seized him and never let go of
+him, but it was long before the opportunity
+to join came to him. Much experience of
+many kinds came his way, despatch riding
+among the rest, before the happy day when
+he was attached to an air squadron as gunner
+on probation, the getting of which position
+was in itself an adventure, as is duly set forth
+in <cite>A Flying Fighter</cite>, the intensely interesting
+story of his career told by Roberts himself.</p>
+
+<p>Though on the way he was yet far from
+his goal. He had first to go into the trenches
+to learn what infantrymen had to go through.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</span>
+He got a thorough lesson, which included
+prowls in No Man’s Land, charging enemy
+trenches and plunging in to prod with the
+bayonet and fling hand grenades and much
+like matter rather adapted, one would imagine,
+to disqualify an aspirant for service in the
+air, for rising above ground. But he arrived
+in due time at the dignity of an accepted aviator,
+and made his first flight. Then came the
+excitement of shooting down his first Hun,
+but we pass that and many other arresting incidents
+and exploits of his apprenticeship to
+come to his account of an exceptional sort of
+encounter with hostile planes that has in it all
+the elements of dramatic surprise.</p>
+
+<p>He was assigned to pilot duty with a scout
+and fighting squadron doing service in France,
+and his first turn of service consisted of patrol
+duty for three days running. It was an
+uneventful start, nothing occurring in the three
+days. On the fourth day he went up again
+on patrol to 20,000 feet. He was looking for
+Huns up there but found none. As it was
+very cold he decided to go down a way, and
+shut off power. He says:</p>
+
+<p>“At the level of 18,000 feet, I found myself
+sweeping along a very large peak of
+cloud. Intending to spoil its pretty formation
+I dived into it, and coming out on the other
+side, found myself along side of a Hun plane
+of the Albatross type. [Roberts was in a
+Spad.] I had no intimation at all that a Hun
+was present, and I guess he was in the same
+position.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“THE HUN WAVED AT ME AND I WAVED AT
+HIM”</h3>
+
+<p>“I suppose he was as much surprised as I
+was when he saw me emerging from the cloud.
+Neither of us could shoot at the other for
+the reason that the guns of the machines we
+were flying were fixed to the machine so that
+the machine itself has to be pointed.</p>
+
+<p>“We were so close together that this could
+not be done without our ramming one another,
+which both of us had to avoid if we
+did not wish to crash to the earth together.</p>
+
+<p>“The Hun waved at me and I waved at
+him.</p>
+
+<p>“We found ourselves in a very peculiar
+situation. I was so close to him that I could
+see with the naked eye every detail of his
+machine. His face also I could see quite
+clearly, even to the wrinkles around his mouth.</p>
+
+<p>“There was something odd in our position.
+I had to smile at the thought that we were
+so close together and yet dared not harm one
+another. The Hun also smiled. Then I
+reached down to feel the handle on my pressure
+reservoir to make sure that it was in its
+proper place, for I knew that one of us would
+soon have to make a break.</p>
+
+<p>“I had never before met a Hun at such
+close quarters in the air and though we flew
+parallel to one another for only a few minutes,
+the time seemed like a week. I remembered
+some of the tactics told me by some of the
+older and best fighters in the corps, and was
+wondering how I could employ them. Finally
+a thought occurred to me. Two machines
+flying at the same height are not necessarily
+on exactly the same level, as they keep going
+up and down for about 20 feet.</p>
+
+<p>“I was flying between the Hun and his
+own lines and I had fuel for another hour
+and a quarter anyway. I wanted to make
+sure of this bird, but decided to play a waiting
+game. We continued our flight side by
+side.</p>
+
+<p>“After a while, however, much sooner than
+I expected, the Hun began to get restless and
+started to maneuver for position; like myself
+he was utilizing the veriest fraction of every
+little opportunity in his endeavor to out-maneuver
+the antagonist. Finally, the Hun
+thought he had gotten the lead.</p>
+
+<p>“I noticed that he was trying to side-slip,
+go down a little, evidently for the purpose of
+shooting me from underneath, but not far
+enough for me to get a dive on him. I was
+not quite sure as yet that such was really his
+intention, but the man was quick. Before I
+knew what had happened he had managed to
+put five shots into my machine, but all of them
+missed me.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE HUN SPINS EARTHWARD</h3>
+
+<p>“I maneuvered into an offensive position as
+quickly as I could, and before the Hun could
+fire again I had my machine gun pelting him.
+My judgment must have been fairly good.</p>
+
+<p>“The Hun began to spin earthward. I
+followed to finish him, keeping in mind, meanwhile,
+that it is an old game in flying to let
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</span>the other man think you are hit. This bit
+of strategy will often give an opportunity to
+get into a position that will give you the drop
+on your antagonist. The ruse is also sometimes
+used to get out of a fight when in trouble
+with gun jam, or when bothered by a defective
+motor.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_251" style="max-width: 46.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_251.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant James B. Lepley</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>42nd Division, 168th Infantry, Company “M”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">On the night of July 14 and 15, 1918, to the northeast of Châlons-sur-Marne, near Souain, Lepley
+left his trench in a dense gas attack, and made his way to a wood through a rain of shrapnel. He
+went in search of two men lost from his platoon. He found them and guided them back to the
+trenches. A few days later, near Sergy, he led his platoon in a charge upon six machine-gun
+emplacements, which they captured, together with over thirteen prisoners of the Prussian Guards.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“I discovered soon that this precaution was
+not necessary, for the Hun kept spinning
+down to the ground. He landed with a
+crash.</p>
+
+<p>“A few minutes later I landed two fields
+away from the wreck and ran over to see the
+kill I had made.</p>
+
+<p>“I had hit the Hun about fifty times and
+had nearly cut off both his legs at the hips.</p>
+
+<p>“There was nothing left in the line of souvenirs,
+as the Tommies had gotten to the
+wreck before I did. I carried off a piece of
+his props and had a stick made of it. That
+night we had a celebration over the first Hun
+I had brought down behind our own line since
+I became a pilot.</p>
+
+<p>“Next day I went out to get another Hun
+to add to my collection. I was in the act of
+crossing the Hun lines when, bang! to the
+right of me came a thud, and my engine
+stopped. Revenge, I thought. I volplaned
+to the ground, made a good landing in a field
+just behind our lines, and, ’phoning up the
+squad, I then had another engine brought out
+to replace mine.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AVIATOR PRICE DOWNS THREE PLANES</h3>
+
+<p>“On my way to the squadron I witnessed
+one of the greatest air fights I have ever seen.
+It took place above the cemetery of P——.</p>
+
+<p>“Three Huns were aloft behind their own
+lines, and back of them was one of our patrolling
+scouts.</p>
+
+<p>“The Hun does not believe in coming over
+our lines if he can possibly help it, and generally
+he will maneuver so that any engagement<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</span>
+will have to be waged over German territory.</p>
+
+<p>“One of our men named Price, who was
+coming in from patrol, was pilot of the scout,
+which was flying at the same height as the
+Hun aircraft, about 12,000 feet. Price was
+well behind the Hun lines when they saw him,
+and all three of them made for him at once.
+I happened to be at an artillery observation
+post, which I had to pass on my way home,
+and so was able to get a good view of the
+combat.</p>
+
+<p>“The foremost of the Huns made straight
+for Price, and for a minute it looked as
+though he intended ramming him. The combatants
+separated again and began to fire upon
+one another, as the tut-tut-tut of the machine
+guns told me. Of a sudden one Hun volplaned,
+while another made straight for Price.
+I wondered what Price would do, but saw
+the next moment that he had ‘zoomed’ over
+the second Hun machine, which just then
+swooped down upon him. While Price was
+‘zooming’ I noticed that the first Hun was
+falling to the ground, having either been disabled
+or killed by Price’s machine gun.</p>
+
+<p>“Yet within a few moments the second Hun
+also crashed to earth, and the third was now
+making for home as fast as his motor would
+carry him; but Price chased and quickly
+caught up with him. It was an exciting race.
+Price was working his machine gun for all
+the thing was worth, and before long the third
+Hun went down.</p>
+
+<p>“Just five minutes had been required for
+the fight. When I met Price later I congratulated
+him. I remember wishing him all
+the good luck a fellow could have. But that
+did not help, for within a month he, too, came
+down in a heap.”</p>
+
+<p>Roberts won his lieutenant’s commission
+and achieved the distinction of Ace before he
+returned home. He was four times wounded
+in mid-air.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>In April, 1918, the American forces just going into active sectors had three squadrons,
+two for observation and one for pursuit. Their strength totaled 35 planes. In May,
+1918, the squadrons were increased to nine. The most rapid growth occurred after
+July, 1918, when American De Haviland planes were becoming available in quantity
+for observation and day bombing service, and by November, 1918, the number of squadrons
+increased to 45, with a total of 740 planes in action.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_RED_BATTLE_FLYER">“THE RED BATTLE FLYER”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Von Richthofen’s Brilliant Career in the Air an Offset to His Failure as
+a Uhlan</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> cheery egotism of a man fully assured
+within himself that he merits his
+own good opinion is the dominant note of
+Captain Baron Manfred Freiherr von Richthofen’s
+account of his experiences as a flyer.
+It is not an offensive egotism; you do not
+resent it; though you may smile, wondering
+that a spirit so entirely valiant could so lock
+arms with that quality of juvenile vanity commonly
+described as “cockiness.” Von Richthofen
+was a remarkable fellow, the most debonair
+as well as the most redoubtable of the
+German aviators and really entitled to exemption
+from the opprobrious terms of “Hun” and
+“Boche.” Though a resolute foe he did not
+forget that he was a gentleman, an aristocrat,
+and he played the game on that level. He
+was easily the foremost of aviators—as far as
+official recognition can determine priority—at
+the time of his death, April 21, 1918. He
+then had a record of 80 downs—70 aeroplanes
+and 10 observation balloons. His nearest rival
+at that time was Major Raymond Collishaw,
+the British Ace, with a record of 77.</p>
+
+<p>Von Richthofen was shot down on the
+Amiens front, over the Somme, April 21st, and
+his machine, a new and elaborate triplane of
+the Fokker type, recently presented to him—its
+speed was 140 miles an hour and it could
+climb 15,000 feet in 17 minutes—fell in the
+British lines. The esteem in which he was
+held by those who had so often sought to
+shoot him down was attested in his burial with
+full military honors and the tributes of genuine
+admiration heaped on his grave. In the
+fifteen months of his active flying he became
+the favorite of the Kaiser and the idol of the
+Germany Army. Some one has said, perhaps
+not too extravagantly, that the fall of Amiens,
+then besieged, would not have compensated
+Germany for the loss she sustained in the
+death of the greatest and most beloved of her
+heroes of the air.</p>
+
+<p>Von Richthofen belonged to the country
+gentry, of noble family. He entered the Cadet
+Corps when he was eleven years old. In 1911
+he entered the Army. At the outbreak of the
+war he was a lieutenant of Uhlans. He
+went to the Western front with his regiment.
+His first experience with whistling bullets
+was when he and his company of Uhlans,
+out to ascertain the strength of the enemy in
+the forest near Virton, were caught in a trap.
+They fled in wild disorder, not without casualties.
+He was in the trenches before Verdun
+and found it “boresome.” When off duty he
+sought amusement shooting game in the forest
+of La Chaussée. So passed several months.
+Then one day he rebelled against inactivity.
+It was not the thing for which he went to
+war. He made his plea to the higher powers.
+With much grumbling his prayer was granted.
+He joined the Flying Service in May, 1915.
+He made his first flight the next day as an
+observer. Of that experience he wrote in his
+book:</p>
+
+
+<h3>HIS FIRST FLIGHT</h3>
+
+<p>“The draft from the propeller was a beastly
+nuisance. I found it quite impossible to make
+myself understood by the pilot. Everything
+was carried away by the wind. If I took up
+a piece of paper it disappeared. My safety
+helmet slid off. My muffler dropped off. My
+jacket was not sufficiently buttoned. In short,
+I felt very uncomfortable. Before I knew
+what was happening, the pilot went ahead at
+full speed and the machine started rolling.
+We went faster and faster. I clutched the
+sides of the car. Suddenly, the shaking was
+over, the machine was in the air and the earth
+dropped away from under me.</p>
+
+<p>“I had been told the name of the place to
+which we were to fly. I was to direct my
+pilot. At first we flew right ahead, then my
+pilot turned to the right, then to the left,
+but I had lost all sense of direction above our
+own aerodrome. I had not the slightest notion
+where I was!”</p>
+
+<p>He continued—with steadily increasing
+knowledge of aircraft—to serve as an observer
+until October 10, 1915, when, having passed
+his examination and been accepted as a pilot,
+he had the ecstasy of his first solo-flight. In
+his book (<cite>The Red Battle Flyer</cite>, translated by
+T. Ellis Barker, published by Robert M. McBride
+&amp; Company), he describes that flight:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“I started the machine. The aeroplane
+went at the prescribed speed and I could not
+help noticing that I was actually flying. After
+all I did not feel timorous but rather elated.
+I did not care for anything. I should not
+have been frightened no matter what happened.
+With contempt of death I made a
+large curve to the left, stopped the machine
+near a tree, exactly where I had been ordered
+to, and looked forward to see what would
+happen. Now came the most difficult thing,
+the landing. I remembered exactly what
+movements I had to make. I acted mechanically
+and the machine moved quite differently
+from what I had expected. I lost my balance,
+made some wrong movements, stood on my
+head and I succeeded in converting my aeroplane
+into a battered school ’bus. I was very
+sad, looked at the damage which I had done
+to the machine, which after all was not very
+great, and had to suffer from other people’s
+jokes.</p>
+
+<p>“Two days later I went with passion at the
+flying and suddenly I could handle the apparatus.”</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>THE BOELCKE CIRCUS</h3>
+
+<p>It was not, however, until September 17,
+1915, when he was a member of the newly
+organized Boelcke flying squadron that came
+to be known as the Circus, that he scored his
+“first English victim.” It was “a gloriously
+fine day, and therefore only to be expected
+that the English would be very active,” so
+under the leadership of Boelcke the squadron
+took the air. As they approached the front,
+Boelcke discovered an Allied squadron going
+in the direction of Cambrai. There were
+seven of the Allies to five of the Germans.
+They came within range. Here is a sample
+of that “cockiness” with which von Richthofen
+described his various and manifold encounters:</p>
+
+<p>“The Englishman nearest to me was traveling
+in a large boat painted with dark colors.
+I did not reflect very long but took my aim
+and shot. He also fired and so did I, and both
+of us missed our aim. A struggle began and
+the great point for me was to get to the rear
+of the fellow because I could only shoot forward
+with my gun. He was differently
+placed, for his machine gun was movable. It
+could fire in all directions.</p>
+
+<p>“Apparently he was no beginner, for he
+knew exactly that his last hour had arrived
+at the moment when I get at the back of him.
+At that time I had not yet the conviction ‘He
+must fall!’ which I have now on such occasions,
+but, on the contrary, I was curious to
+see whether he would fall. There is a great
+difference between the two feelings. When
+one has shot down one’s first, second or third
+opponent, then one begins to find out how the
+trick is done.</p>
+
+<p>“My Englishman twisted and turned, going
+criss-cross. I did not think for a moment that
+the hostile squadron contained other Englishmen
+who conceivably might come to the aid
+of their comrade. I was animated by a single
+thought: ‘The man in front of me must come
+down, whatever happens.’ At last a favorable
+moment arrived. My opponent had apparently
+lost sight of me. Instead of twisting
+and turning he flew straight along. In a fraction
+of a second I was at his back with my excellent
+machine. I gave a short series of shots
+with my machine gun. I had gone so close
+that I was afraid I might dash into the Englishman.
+Suddenly, I nearly yelled with joy,
+for the propeller of the enemy machine had
+stopped turning. I had shot his engine to
+pieces; the enemy was compelled to land, for
+it was impossible for him to reach his own
+lines. The English machine was curiously
+swinging to and fro. Probably something had
+happened to the pilot. The observer was no
+longer visible. His machine gun was apparently
+deserted. Obviously I had hit the
+observer and he had fallen from his seat.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HIS FIRST VICTIMS</h3>
+
+<p>“The Englishman landed close to the flying
+ground of one of our squadrons. I was so excited
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</span>that I landed also and my eagerness was
+so great that I nearly smashed up my machine.
+The English flying machine and my own stood
+close together. I rushed to the English machine
+and saw that a lot of soldiers were running
+towards my enemy. When I arrived I
+discovered that my assumption had been correct.
+I had shot the engine to pieces and both
+the pilot and observer were severely wounded.
+The observer died at once and the pilot while
+being transported to the nearest dressing station.
+I honored the fallen enemy by placing a
+stone on his beautiful grave.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_254fp" style="max-width: 49.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_254fp.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+Painting by Joseph Cummings Chase.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Herman Korth</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>32nd Division, 121st Machine Gun Battalion, Company D</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Under heavy fire from machine guns and artillery. Sergeant Korth crawled to the crest of
+a hill, near Juvigny, north of Soissons, August 31, 1918, setting stakes to line the American
+artillery on enemy machine-gun emplacements. He remained in observation in this perilous
+position for half an hour, signaling back when American troops were endangered by the
+fire of the batteries.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“When I came home Boelcke and my other
+comrades were already at breakfast. They
+were surprised that I had not turned up. I
+reported proudly that I had shot down an
+Englishman. All were full of joy, for I was
+not the only victor. As usual, Boelcke had
+shot down an opponent for breakfast and
+every one of the other men also had downed
+an enemy for the first time.</p>
+
+<p>“I would mention that since that time no
+English squadron ventured as far as Cambrai
+as long as Boelcke’s squadron was there.”</p>
+
+<p>“Still,” said von Richthofen, in his airily
+patronizing way, “the Englishman is a smart
+fellow. That we must allow. Sometimes the
+English came down to the very low altitude
+and visited Boelcke in his quarters upon which
+they threw bombs. They absolutely challenged
+us to battle and never refused fighting.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>BOELCKE’S FINISH</h3>
+
+<p>But October 28, 1916 (when the squadron
+had 40 downs to its credit), Boelcke, von
+Richthofen and four others flying in formation
+saw at a distance “two impertinent Englishmen
+in the air who actually seemed to be enjoying<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</span>
+the terrible weather.” The struggle
+began. “Boelcke tackled one, I the other.
+I had to let go because one of the German
+machines got in my way.” All that seems to
+have interested him further in the fight was
+the fact that Boelcke’s machine suffered a sort
+of collision with one of the other German
+machines, a part of his planes was broken off,
+his machine was no longer steerable and it
+fell. Boelcke was killed.</p>
+
+<p>Some little time after he had brought down
+his sixteenth victim von Richthofen was given
+the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Ordre pour le Mérite</i> and appointed commander
+of the Eleventh Chasing Squadron.
+It was then that the idea seized him to paint
+his machine a flaming red, which became afterward
+the personal identification of the Captain,
+who became famous through the adventures
+and success he had with his machine—<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le
+Petit Rouge</i>, as “everyone got to know
+my red bird.”</p>
+
+<p>French, English, and American airmen who
+gained wisdom at the front may find an amusing
+flavor in a sage remark of von Richthofen
+about the time he became captain of the squadron.
+“In my opinion, the aggressive spirit is
+everything and that spirit is very strong in us
+Germans. Hence we shall always retain the
+domination of the air.” Events did not altogether
+sustain the boast.</p>
+
+<p>But it is not necessary to object strongly to
+the complacency of a man who fought with
+undiminished valor throughout his flying career,
+accounted for 80 enemy machines, and
+died at last, shot down over the enemy’s lines.
+If he was self-confident to the degree of vanity,
+his audacity was truly admirable. He
+lacked just ten days of attaining his twenty-sixth
+birthday when he fell. The English
+grudged him no honors.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE WORLD’S GREATEST LAUNCHING</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>American shipbuilders established a world’s record on July 4, 1918, by launching 92
+ships of 450,000 deadweight tonnage—one third more than the tonnage produced during
+the fiscal year, 1915-16. The previous year’s record of total tonnage was 398,000
+tons in 1901. American Labor’s answer to Germany’s unrestricted warfare was the
+launching on one day of 54,000 tons more shipping than had been constructed in any
+previous year.</p>
+</div>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_256" style="max-width: 46.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_256.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Lieutenant Pat O’Brien</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">An American youth who, in the early part of the war, joined the Canadian Royal Flying Corps.
+Shot down from a height of 8,000 feet, he was captured by the Germans. Afterwards making his
+escape, he passed through 72 days of harrowing ordeal leading finally to safety.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="PAT_OBRIEN_OUTWITS_THE_HUN">PAT O’BRIEN OUTWITS THE HUN</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Remarkable Story of an American Boy in a Seventy-two Days’
+Ordeal of Escape from the Germans</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> publishers of his book, <cite>Outwitting
+the Hun</cite>, were not extravagant when
+they advertised Lieut. Pat O’Brien’s story as
+“one of the strangest and most thrilling since
+the outbreak of the war.” No one else had
+quite such an experience, and that he lived to
+tell of it was due to indomitable Irish pluck
+rather than to any favor of circumstances. You
+get the flavor of the capital book he wrote
+and the tone of the man from the name he
+transferred to the title page. There is no
+Lieut. Patricius, or even Lieut. Patrick
+O’Brien; but straightforward character-delivery
+in plain “Lieut. Pat. O’Brien.” and you
+get from it an odd sort of subconscious assurance
+that the very extraordinary story he tells
+of his escape from the Germans is every whit
+true. Yet, between his being shot down from
+a height of 8,000 feet and the last item of his
+seventy-two days of anguish and adventure in
+escaping the Huns there is many a challenge
+to credulity. There can be but little of his
+story reproduced here.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AS A FIGHTING SCOUT</h3>
+
+<p>Pat started flying, in Chicago, in 1912. “I
+was then eighteen years old,” he says, “but I
+had had a hankering for the air ever since I
+can remember....</p>
+
+<p>“In the early part of 1916, when trouble
+was brewing in Mexico, I joined the American
+Flying Corps. I was sent to San Diego,
+where the Army flying school is located, and
+spent about eight months there, but as I was
+anxious to get into active service and there
+didn’t seem much chance of America ever
+getting into the war, I resigned and, crossing
+over to Canada, joined the Royal Flying
+Corps at Victoria, B. C.</p>
+
+<p>“I was sent to Camp Borden, Toronto,
+first to receive instruction and later to instruct.
+While a cadet I made the first loop
+ever made by a cadet in Canada, and after
+I had performed the stunt I half expected
+to be kicked out of the service for it. Apparently,
+however, they considered the source
+and let it go at that. Later on I had the
+satisfaction of introducing the loop as part of
+the regular course of instruction for cadets in
+the R. F. C., and I want to say right here
+that Camp Borden has turned out some of the
+best fliers that have ever gone to France.</p>
+
+<p>“In May, 1917, I and seventeen other
+Canadian fliers left for England on the <em>Megantic</em>,
+where we were to qualify for service
+in France....</p>
+
+<p>“Within a few weeks after our arrival
+in England all of us had won our ‘wings’—the
+insignia worn on the left breast by every
+pilot on the western front.</p>
+
+<p>“We were all sent to a place in France
+known as the Pool Pilots’ Mess. Here men
+gather from all the training squadrons in
+Canada and England and await assignments
+to the particular squadron of which they are
+to become members.”</p>
+
+<p>He was soon “called” to a squadron stationed
+about eighteen miles back of the Ypres
+Line. There were eighteen pilots. The
+routine was two flights a day, each of two
+hours’ duration. He presently found that
+his squadron “was some hot squadron,” the
+fliers being assigned to special-duty work,
+“such as shooting up trenches at a height of
+fifty feet from the ground.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>CAPTURED BY THE HUN</h3>
+
+<p>Pat holds August 17, 1917, as a day he
+will “not easily forget.” He has fairly good
+reason for thinking the day a fixity in his
+memory, for, as he says:</p>
+
+<p>“I killed two Huns in a double-seated machine
+in the morning, another in the evening,
+and then I was captured myself. I may have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</span>
+spent more eventful days in my life, but I
+can’t recall any just now.”</p>
+
+<p>Considering the fact that he had been shot
+down from a height of 8,000 feet the miracle
+is that he became “a prisoner of war.” His
+fellows of the squadron who had seen the
+fight took it as a matter of fact that he had
+been killed outright. One realizes that a
+chap who could come through that sort of juggle
+with death was quite equal to his later
+adventures.</p>
+
+<p>Convalescent, after some time spent in
+a hospital, O’Brien was sent to the officers’
+prison camp at Courtrai, preparatory
+to transfer to a prison in the interior of Germany.
+He remained there nearly three weeks,
+to which he devotes an interesting chapter.
+He had many fellow prisoners, and, of course,
+one frequent topic of conversation was “what
+were the chances of escape?” There were
+many ingenious plans but O’Brien did not
+remain to attempt to carry out any of them.
+September 9th he and six other officers were
+marked off for transfer into Germany, and
+later were marched to the train that was to
+convey them. They were objects of derision
+to the crowd gathered at the station.
+There were twelve coaches, eleven of them
+containing troops going home on leave, the
+twelfth, fourth class, filthy, being reserved for
+the prisoners, eight of them under four guards.</p>
+
+<p>He proposed to the other officers that if
+the eight of them would at a given signal
+jump on the four guards and overpower them,
+they could, when the train slowed down on
+approaching a village, leap to the ground and
+take to flight. But the others turned the
+plan down on the ground that if they did get
+free they would be recaptured speedily.
+O’Brien therefore resolved to make a try on
+his own account by a leap from a window
+when the train was in motion. After long
+self-debate, as they were getting nearer and
+nearer to their destination he successfully put
+his resolution into effect.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MAKING HIS ESCAPE</h3>
+
+<p>Then began one of the most remarkable
+series of perils, hardships, struggles and curious
+adventures that fell to the lot of any
+individual in the course of the war. With
+the aid of a map, which he had stolen from a
+guard’s room at Courtrai, he set out with the
+distant Holland frontier as his objective. It
+is a narrative that loses by condensation, for
+there is hardly an adventure or experience
+that has not novel interest as O’Brien relates
+it. To avoid detection and capture he had
+to secrete himself by day, all his travel being
+by night. His guide was the Pole Star. “But
+for it I wouldn’t be here to-day.”</p>
+
+<p>About the ninth night he crossed into Luxemburg,
+but though the principality was officially
+neutral it offered no safer haven than
+Belgium would. Discovery would have been
+followed by the same consequences as capture
+in Germany proper. In the nine nights he
+had traveled perhaps seventy-five miles.</p>
+
+<p>He was nine or ten days getting across
+Luxemburg, a task that could have been
+accomplished in two days of normal travel,
+but swollen feet and knees, aching body and
+a hunger-griping stomach together with the
+necessity of stealth to avoid discovery, German
+guards, workmen and others often having
+to be widely circled are not conducive
+to speed. About the eighteenth day after his
+leap from the train he entered Belgium, and
+some days later brought up at the Meuse
+between Namur and Huy, where it was at
+least half a mile wide. There he came nearest
+of all to giving up the struggle. But he
+must get across. There was nothing to do
+but swim.</p>
+
+<p>There were adventures in Belgium, some
+amusing, some harrowing, all of them perilous
+to an English officer escaped from captivity.
+When, after narrow escapes not a few he
+reached the Holland frontier, one of the greatest
+of his herculean tasks presented itself.
+He had to pass the triple barbed-wire
+barrier with its electrically charged nine-foot-high
+fence. With hands and sticks he resolutely
+set to work to dig under the deadly
+barrier—hard work and most dangerous. He
+was forced to stop from time to time to
+escape detection. At last, on November 19,
+1917, the hole was finished. He writhed
+through and into Holland territory.</p>
+
+<p>A few more difficulties to surmount, then
+on board train for Rotterdam, a run to London,
+a presentation to the King, some banquet
+pleasures in London and, crowning all,
+home again, “in the little town of Momence,
+Illinois, on the Kankakee River.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_TRACK_AND_TRACKLESS_WINNER">A TRACK AND TRACKLESS WINNER</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Eddie Rickenbacker, Who Won Popularity as an Auto Racer, Snatched
+Lasting Glory from the Void.</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> spirit of adventure had won for Eddie
+Rickenbacker a wide popularity long
+before he began plucking laurels from the
+skies. His performances as an automobile
+racer had made him the idol of lovers of that
+perilous sport and taught him the cool judgment
+and generalship in dealing with velocities
+which served him to such good purpose
+when he exchanged automobiles for aeroplanes.
+When America entered the war Rickenbacker
+was in England on automobile business, but
+hastened back to America with the intention
+of organizing a flying squadron of motor
+drivers for service in France. His plan was
+not possible at the time from the government
+point of view, and Rickenbacker accepted the
+position of chauffeur to General Pershing and
+sailed with that officer. It was not long after,
+however, that the loftier ambition found its
+channel and at Villeneuve, March 4, 1918,
+he became a member of Squadron 94, the so-called
+“Hat-in-the-Ring” squadron of which
+Major Lufbery was the commander. Lufbery
+was then America’s top ace, his service
+of more than three years in the French Air
+Service and with the Lafayette Escadrille having
+netted him seventeen Huns, omitting those
+not officially recorded. A little over two
+months later, May 19, 1918, Major Lufbery
+was killed by a leap from his flaming machine.
+The title of American Ace of Aces passed
+from Lufbery to Lieutenant Paul Baer, who,
+with a record of nine victories, had not gotten
+over his repugnance to shooting down an
+enemy aviator. Two days later Baer was shot
+down and captured. Lieutenant Frank Baylies
+succeeded to the title. He was killed
+June 12th with 13 victories to his credit. Then
+David Putnam, with 12 victories, took the
+lead. He was shot down in flames. Rickenbacker,
+who in the period between March and
+July had accounted for seven enemy machines,
+next was ace of aces for a brief time, but
+Frank Luke took the title from him in a
+single day’s stunning exploit, as told in the
+special story of that amazing young man. In
+due course, however, the Rickenbacker record
+grew becomingly and in addition to attaining
+the highest score on downs he conspicuously
+distinguished himself in the service as Squadron
+Commander. Some of his eulogists do
+not hesitate to give him preëminence as a commander
+because of the judgment he exercised
+in protecting himself and guarding the safety
+of less competent pilots.</p>
+
+<p>Not a few aviators have written books descriptive
+of their experiences and there is quite
+a library of these high adventure stories; but
+it is probable that the uncommonly voluminous
+book Rickenbacker has contributed to the long
+list is one of the most valuable because of the
+great variety of interesting matter it comprises.
+Indeed <cite>Fighting the Flying Circus</cite> has historic
+importance as well as storied interest and
+is not by any means a glorification of its
+author. That fact makes it rather difficult
+to take from the book the material wanted for
+a personal sketch without including attractive
+matter that would speedily exceed our limits
+of space—for example, the complete narrative
+of the exploit with “Rumpler Number 16”;
+or the story of Douglas Campbell, America’s
+first ace; or the story of Jimmy Meissner,
+who piloted his machine with the canvas
+gone; and others.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CHAGRIN A SAVING GRACE</h3>
+
+<p>Before Rickenbacker scored a victory he
+suffered many disappointments, and felt the
+chagrin of seeing his expected quarry escape.
+There was serviceable virtue in it all nevertheless,
+as he admits in his account of downing
+his first Hun. He says:</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_260" style="max-width: 57.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_260.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Captain “Eddie” Rickenbacker with His Mother and Sister</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“My preparation for combat fighting in the
+air was a gradual one. As I look back upon
+it now, it seems that I had the rare good
+fortune to experience almost every variety of
+danger that can beset the war pilot before I
+ever fired a shot at an enemy from an aeroplane.</p>
+
+<p>“This good fortune is rare, it appears to me.
+Many a better man than myself has leaped
+into his stride and begun accumulating victories
+from his very first flight over the lines.
+It was a brilliant start for him and his successes
+brought him instant renown. But he
+had been living on the cream at the start and
+was unused to the skim-milk of aviation. One
+day the cream gave out and the first dose of
+skim-milk terminated his career.</p>
+
+<p>“So despite the weeks and weeks of disappointment
+that attended my early fighting
+career, I appreciated even then the enormous
+benefit that I would reap later from these
+experiences. I can now most solemnly affirm
+that had I won my first victory during my
+first trips over the lines I believe I would<span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</span>
+never have survived a dozen combats. Every
+disappointment that came to me brought with
+it an enduring lesson that repaid me eventually
+tenfold. If any one of my antagonists
+had been through the same school of disappointments
+that had so annoyed me it is probable
+that he, instead of me, would now be
+telling his friends back home about his series
+of victories over the enemy.”</p>
+
+<p>It was April 29, 1918, that he had his turn
+of luck. He was in the air with Captain
+James Norman Hall following a course
+towards Pont-à-Mousson, as that experienced
+flyer led the way.</p>
+
+<p>“Whether or not he knew all along that a
+German craft was in that region I could not
+tell. But when he began to change his direction
+and curve up into the sun I followed
+close behind him knowing that there was a
+good reason for this maneuver. I looked
+earnestly about me in every direction.</p>
+
+<p>“Yes! There was a scout coming towards
+us from north of Pont-à-Mousson. It was
+at about our altitude. I knew it was a Hun
+the moment I saw it, for it had the familiar
+lines of their new Pfalz. Moreover, my confidence
+in James Norman Hall was such that
+I knew he couldn’t make a mistake. And he
+was still climbing into the sun, carefully keeping
+his position between its glare and the
+oncoming fighting plane. I clung as closely
+to Hall as I could. The Hun was steadily
+approaching us, unconscious of his danger, for
+we were full in the sun.</p>
+
+<p>“With the first downward dive of Jimmy’s
+machine I was by his side. We had at least
+a thousand feet advantage over the enemy and
+we were two to one numerically. He might
+outdive our machines, for the Pfalz is a famous
+diver, while our faster climbing Nieuports had
+a droll little habit of shedding their fabric
+when plunged too furiously through the air.
+The Boche hadn’t a chance to outfly us. His
+only salvation would be in a dive towards his
+own lines.</p>
+
+<p>“These thoughts passed through my mind in
+a flash and I instantly determined upon my
+tactics. While Hall went in for his attack I
+would keep my altitude and get a position the
+other side of the Pfalz, to cut off his retreat.</p>
+
+<p>“No sooner had I altered my line of flight
+than the German pilot saw me leave the sun’s
+rays. Hall was already half-way to him when
+he stuck up his nose and began furiously climbing
+to the upper ceiling. I let him pass me
+and found myself on the other side just as
+Hall began firing. I doubt if the Boche had
+seen Hall’s Nieuport at all.</p>
+
+<p>“Surprised by discovering this new antagonist,
+Hall, ahead of him, the Pfalz immediately
+abandoned all idea of a battle and
+banking around to the right started for home,
+just as I had expected him to do. In a trice
+I was on his tail. Down, down we sped with
+throttles both full open. Hall was coming
+on somewhere in my rear. The Boche had
+no heart for evolutions or maneuvers. He was
+running like a scared rabbit, as I had run
+from Campbell. I was gaining upon him
+every instant and had my sights trained dead
+upon his seat before I fired my first shot.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WITHOUT A RETURN SHOT</h3>
+
+<p>“At 150 yards I pressed my triggers. The
+tracer bullets cut a streak of living fire into
+the rear of the Pfalz tail. Raising the nose
+of my aeroplane slightly the fiery streak lifted
+itself like a stream of water pouring from a
+garden hose. Gradually it settled into the
+pilot’s seat. The swerving of the Pfalz course
+indicated that its rudder no longer was held
+by a directing hand. At 2,000 feet above the
+enemy’s lines I pulled up my headlong dive
+and watched the enemy machine continuing on
+its course. Curving slightly to the left the
+Pfalz circled a little to the south and the
+next minute crashed onto the ground just at
+the edge of the woods a mile inside their own
+lines. I had brought down my first enemy
+aeroplane and had not been subjected to a
+single shot!”</p>
+
+<p>So capital a beginning had an appropriate
+sequence of performances and honors to match,
+among them, as early as May 15th, the Croix
+de Guerre. That day, too, Lieutenant Jimmy
+Meissner, the merriest, most reckless member
+of the squadron, took to his breast the Croix
+de Guerre, and much ado the two had to keep
+their elation within the limits of decorum,
+which stunt flying for the entertainment of the
+French officials did not diminish. Rickenbacker
+says:</p>
+
+<p>“Suddenly Jimmy Meissner stood by my
+side, grinning his most winsome grin. ‘Rick,’
+said he, ‘I feel that “Hate-the-Hun” feeling<span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</span>
+creeping over me. What do you say to going
+up and getting a Boche?’</p>
+
+<p>“‘Right!’ I called back over my shoulder.
+‘Come along. We’ll take a real ride.’</p>
+
+<p>“As luck would have it, we had hardly left
+the ground when we saw a Hun two-seater,
+probably a Rumpler machine, very high above
+us. The Rumpler has the highest ceiling of
+any of the German two-seaters and frequently
+they sail along above us at an elevation quite
+impossible for the Nieuport to reach. It is
+maddening to attain one’s maximum height
+and see the enemy still sailing imperturbably
+along, taking his photographs and scorning
+even to fire an occasional burst at one. We
+climbed at our fastest to overtake this fellow
+before he could reach his safety spot. Evidently
+he got ‘wind up,’ for after a few
+minutes climbing he sheered off towards Germany
+and disappeared from our view. We
+completed our patrol of the lines without
+finding another enemy in the sky and returned
+to our field, where we landed with the mutual
+vow that on the morrow we would begin
+seriously our palm collecting shows until we
+might dangle our new Croix de Guerre well
+down below our knees.</p>
+
+<p>“Jimmy looked contemplatively down at my
+long legs.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Have a heart, Rick!’ he said softly, ‘think
+of the cost of the red tape!’”</p>
+
+<p>As combats in the air, however varied in
+the performance, have a great similarity in
+narrative, it were bootless to follow the captain
+through the many experiences that earned
+his distinction. The earlier incidents were
+when the squadron was confined to the use of
+Nieuports because more satisfactory machines
+were not available. He dwells with some
+pride of possession on the later equipment of
+Spads. Soon after getting them he had become
+Flight Commander, and relates an unusual
+experience to illustrate the extent to
+which the Flight Leader of a squadron feels
+himself morally bound to go.</p>
+
+<p>“Six of my Spads were following me in
+a morning’s patrol over the enemy’s lines in
+the vicinity of Rheims. We were well along
+towards the front when we discovered a number
+of aeroplanes far above us and somewhat
+behind our side of the lines. While we made
+a circle or two, all the while steadily climbing
+for higher altitude, we observed the darting
+machines above us exchanging shots at one
+another. Suddenly the fracas developed into
+a regular free-for-all.</p>
+
+<p>“Reaching a slightly higher altitude at a
+distance of a mile or two to the east of the
+mêlée, I collected my formation and headed
+about for the attack. Just then I noticed that
+one side had evidently been victorious. Seven
+aeroplanes remained together in compact formation.
+The others had streaked it away, each
+man for himself.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SEVEN TO SEVEN</h3>
+
+<p>“As we drew nearer we saw that the seven
+conquerors were in fact enemy machines.
+There was no doubt about it. They were
+Fokkers. Their opponents, whether American,
+French or British, had been scattered and
+had fled. The Fokkers had undoubtedly seen
+our approach and had very wisely decided to
+keep their formation together rather than
+separate to pursue their former antagonists.
+They were climbing to keep my squad ever a
+little below them, while they decided upon
+their next move.</p>
+
+<p>“We were seven and they were seven. It
+was a lovely morning with clear visibility, and
+all my pilots, I knew, were keen for a fight. I
+looked over the skies and discovered no reason
+why we shouldn’t take them on at any terms
+they might require. Accordingly I set our
+course a little steeper and continued straight
+on towards them.</p>
+
+<p>“The Spad is a better climber than the
+Fokker. Evidently the Boche pilots opposite
+us knew this fact. Suddenly the last four in
+their formation left their line of flight and
+began to draw away in the direction of Soissons—still
+climbing. The three Fokkers in
+front continued towards us for another minute
+or two. When we were separated by less
+than a quarter of a mile the three Heinies
+decided that they had done enough for their
+country, and putting down their noses, they
+began a steep dive for their lines.</p>
+
+<p>“To follow them was so obvious a thing
+to do that I began at once to speculate upon
+what this maneuver meant to them. The four
+rear Fokkers were well away by now, but the
+moment we began to dive after the three
+ahead of us they would doubtless be prompt
+to turn and select a choice position behind our<span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</span>
+tails. Very well! We would bank upon this
+expectation of theirs and make our plans
+accordingly!</p>
+
+<p>“We were at about 17,000 feet altitude.
+The lines were almost directly under us. Following
+the three retreating Fokkers at our
+original level, we soon saw them disappear
+well back into Germany. Now for the wily
+four that were probably still climbing for
+altitude!</p>
+
+<p>“Arriving over Fismes I altered our course
+and pointed it towards Soissons, and as we
+flew we gained an additional thousand feet.
+Exactly upon the scheduled time we perceived
+approaching us the four Fokkers who were
+now satisfied that they had us at a disadvantage
+and might either attack or escape, as
+they desired. They were, however, at precisely
+the same altitude at which we were now flying.</p>
+
+<p>“Wigwagging my wings as a signal for the
+attack, I sheered slightly to the north of them
+to cut off their retreat. They either did not
+see my maneuver or else they thought we were
+friendly aeroplanes, for they came on dead
+ahead like a flock of silly geese. At two
+hundred yards I began firing.</p>
+
+<p>“Not until we were within fifty yards of
+each other did the Huns show any signs of
+breaking. I had singled out the flight leader
+and had him nicely within my sights, when
+he suddenly piqued downwards, the rest of
+his formation immediately following him. At
+the same instant one of my guns—the one
+having a double feed—hopelessly jammed.
+And after a burst of twenty shots or so from
+the other gun it likewise failed me! There
+was no time to pull away for repairs!</p>
+
+<p>“Both my guns were useless. For an instant
+I considered the advisability of withdrawing
+while I tried to free the jam. But
+the opportunity was too good to lose. The
+pilots behind me would be thrown into some
+confusion when I signaled them to carry on
+without me. And moreover the enemy pilots
+would quickly discover my trouble and would
+realize that the flight leader was out of the
+fight. I made up my mind to go through
+with the fracas without guns and trust to
+luck to see the finish. The next instant we
+were ahead of the quartet and were engaged
+in a furious dog-fight.</p>
+
+<p>“Every man was for himself. The Huns
+were excellent pilots and seemed to be experienced
+fighters. Time and again I darted into
+a good position behind or below a tempting
+target, with the sole result of compelling the
+Fritz to alter his course and get out of his
+position of supposed danger. If he had known
+I was unarmed he would have had me at his
+mercy. As it was I would no sooner get into
+a favorable position behind him than he would
+double about and the next moment I found
+myself compelled to look sharp to my own
+safety.</p>
+
+<p>“In this manner the whole revolving circus
+went tumbling across the heavens—always
+dropping lower and steadily traveling deeper
+into the German lines. Two of my pilots had
+abandoned the scrap and turned homewards.
+Engines or guns had failed them. When at
+last we had fought down to 3,000 feet and
+were some four miles behind their lines, I
+observed two flights of enemy machines coming
+up from the rear to their rescue. We
+had none of us secured a single victory—but
+neither had the Huns. Personally I began to
+feel a great longing for home. I dashed out
+ahead of the foremost Spad and frantically
+wigwagging him to attention I turned my little
+’bus towards our lines. With a feeling of
+great relief I saw that all four were following
+me and that the enemy reënforcements were
+not in any position to dispute our progress.</p>
+
+<p>“On the way homeward I struggled with
+my jammed guns—but to no result. Despite
+every precaution these weapons will fail a
+pilot when most needed. I had gone through
+with a nerve-racking scrap, piquing upon
+deadly opponents with a harmless machine.
+My whole safety had depended upon their not
+knowing it.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>AS SQUADRON COMMANDER</h3>
+
+<p>The night of September 24th Rickenbacker
+received the order promoting him to the command
+of the 94 Squadron, his pride and
+pleasure being greater than he could find
+words to express. He had been with the
+squadron since the first day at the front; but
+three of the original members were left—Reed
+Chambers, Thorn Taylor, and himself. He
+took counsel for himself that night and formulated
+rules for himself. He would never ask
+a pilot to go on a mission he would not
+undertake himself. He would lead by example
+as well as by precept. He would accompany
+the new pilots to watch their errors and
+give them more confidence by showing their
+dangers. He would work harder than ever
+he did as a pilot. Full of enthusiasm to carry
+out his purpose he started out the next morning
+on a lone, voluntary patrol and within
+half an hour returned to the aerodrome with
+two more victories to his credit—“the first
+double-header I had so far won.” He discovered
+a pair of L. V. G. two-seater machines,
+above which was a formation of five Fokkers.
+From a position well up in the sun Rickenbacker
+drove down at the nearest Fokker and
+sent it crashing with the first volley. The
+Huns were so surprised by the suddenness of
+the attack and the drop of one of them that
+their only thought was of escape. Before they
+recovered their wits and renewed their formation,
+one of the L. V. G. two-seaters was
+shot down in flames, and quite content with
+his morning’s work Rickenbacker put on gas
+and piqued for home.</p>
+
+<p>October 30th Rickenbacker won his 25th
+and 26th victories, the last that were added
+to his score. But on November 9th Major
+Kirby, who had just joined the 94 Squadron
+for a little air fighting experience, was one of
+a party of four who flew off for a try at
+the retreating Huns, and shot down an enemy
+plane across the Meuse. This was the last
+plane shot down in the war. Rather exultingly,
+pardonably so, Captain Rickenbacker
+says:</p>
+
+<p>“Our old 94 Squadron had won the first
+American victory over enemy aeroplanes when
+Alan Winslow and Douglas Campbell had
+dropped two biplane machines on the Toul
+aerodrome. 94 Squadron had been first to
+fly over the lines and had completed more
+hours flying at the front than any other
+American organization. It had won more victories
+than any other—and now, for the last
+word, it had the credit of bringing down the
+last enemy aeroplane of the war!”</p>
+
+<p>And this word from Laurence Driggs:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+<p>“After having visited some sixty-odd British
+flying squadrons at the front, many of the
+French escadrilles and all of the American
+squadrons, I was given the pleasure of entering
+Germany, after the armistice was signed,
+as the guest of the Hat-in-the-Ring Squadron,
+of which Captain Rickenbacker was and
+is the commanding officer. In no other organization
+in France did I find so great a loyalty
+to a leader, such true squadron fraternalism,
+such subordination of the individual to the
+organization. In other words, the commander
+of 94 Squadron had perfected the finest flying
+corps I have ever seen.”</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_GUNBOAT">THE GUNBOAT</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent"><em>By</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Dana Burnet</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Out in the good, clean water where it’s blue and wide and deep,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">The pride of Britain’s navy lies with thunders all asleep,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And the men they fling their British songs along the open sky,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But the little modest gunboat, she’s a-creepin’ in to die!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">The First Line’s swingin’ lazy on the purple outer ring,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">The proudest ships that ever kept the honor of a King!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But nosin’ down the roadway past the bones of other wrecks</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Goes the doughty little gunboat with her manhood on her decks!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Oh, the First Line’s in the offing, with its shotted lightnings pent,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">The proudest fleet that ever kept the King in his sacrament!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But down the death-sown harbor where a ship may find her grave,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">The plucky little gunboat is a-sinkin’ ’neath the wave!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Then sing your British chanteys to the ends of all the seas,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And fling your British banners to the Seven Oceans’ breeze—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But when you tell the gallant tale beneath the open sky</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Give honor to the gunboat that was not too small to die!</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CAPTAIN_FRYATTS_MURDER">CAPTAIN FRYATT’S MURDER</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Court-Martial in Which Vengeful Malice Mocked Justice and the Rules
+of Naval War In the Lust of Blood</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Brutal</span> blundering was a German characteristic
+throughout the war. Indeed
+it has been declared more than once that her
+abandonment of moral restraints and obligations,
+imposed by international codes and the
+laws of humanity, is responsible for Germany’s
+overthrow. Without entering into that question
+it is admitted that two of the German
+blunders—both of which were subjects of diplomatic
+efforts at prevention—which incensed
+the world and roused the United States from
+its dream of neutrality were the murders of
+Edith Cavell and Capt. Charles Fryatt. We
+have told the story of Miss Cavell; that of
+Capt. Fryatt is no less a testimony to German
+turpitude if less revolting to sentiment in that
+the first was a nurse, a ministering angel to
+the sick and wounded (German soldiers included)
+whose offense was due to her compassion
+for the helpless and hunted.</p>
+
+<p>Capt. Fryatt, an Englishman, was master
+of the Great Eastern Railway Company’s
+steamer <em>Brussels</em>, a merchant vessel. June
+23, 1916, the <em>Brussels</em> was captured by German
+warships. (The circumstances of the
+capture are presented in the report of First
+Officer Hartwell, which follows later.) The
+steamer, its officers and the crew were taken
+to Zeebrugge and searched. On Capt. Fryatt
+was found a gold watch that had been
+presented to him by the Mayor of Harwich
+at a public demonstration in his honor, the
+inscription commemorating an incident of
+March 20, 1915, when Capt. Fryatt attempted
+to ram the German submarine <em>U-33</em>,
+to avoid capture or destruction. After a brief
+imprisonment at Zeebrugge he was transferred
+to Bruges, where, July 27th, he was tried by
+court-martial, was condemned to be shot as a
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">franc-tireur</i> and was executed that same afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>June 28th the English Government first
+learned of the Germans’ intention to try
+Fryatt by court-martial, and immediately undertook
+to arrange for his proper defense.
+Sir Edward Grey telegraphed to the American
+Ambassador at Berlin requesting his efforts
+in this behalf and that he would convey
+to the German authorities the contention of
+the English Government that “in committing
+the act impugned Capt. Fryatt acted legitimately
+and in self-defense for the purpose of
+evading capture or destruction, and that the
+act of a merchant ship in steering for an
+enemy submarine and forcing her to dive is
+essentially defensive and precisely on the same
+footing as the use by a defensively armed vessel
+of her defensive armament in order to resist
+capture, which both the United States and
+His Majesty’s Government hold to be the
+exercise of an undoubted right.”</p>
+
+<p>In spite of possible influence and efforts,
+Ambassador Gerard’s intervention was unavailing,
+and on July 27th, the very day of
+the execution, he telegraphed to London that
+his efforts to secure a postponement of the
+trial were futile because the German Government
+insisted that “the German submarine
+witnesses could not be further detained.” In
+other words, the men whose business it was to
+conduct a sea campaign of lawlessness and
+“frightfulness” could not be delayed from their
+destructive work by anything so paltry as a
+consideration of justice and honor in the trial
+of a prisoner.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GERMAN EXULTATION</h3>
+
+<p>Neither Sir Edward Grey and Ambassador
+Gerard, nor others interested in securing a fair
+trial for the accused, imagined that his trial
+and execution would be the hurried work of
+an afternoon, and there was consternation
+when a Reuter despatch of July 28th gave the
+first news of the shooting and made public
+the German <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">communiqué</i> as follows:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“The accused was condemned to death because
+although he was not a member of a combatant
+force, he made an attempt on the afternoon
+of March 20, 1915, to ram the German
+submarine <em>U-33</em> near the Maas Lighthouse. The
+accused as well as the first officer and the chief
+engineer of the steamer received at the time
+from the British Admiralty a gold watch as a
+reward of his brave conduct on that occasion,
+and his action was mentioned with praise in the
+House of Commons.</p>
+
+<p>“On the occasion in question, disregarding the
+U-boat’s signal to stop and show his national
+flag, he turned at a critical moment at high
+speed on the submarine, which escaped the
+steamer by a few meters only by immediately
+diving. He confessed that in so doing he had
+acted in accordance with instructions from the
+Admiralty.</p>
+
+<p>“One of the many nefarious <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">franc-tireur</i> proceedings
+of the British Merchant Marine against
+our war vessels has thus found a belated but
+merited expiation.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This report aroused intense indignation in
+England, and hardly less resentful feelings in
+neutral countries, especially in the United
+States, whose Ambassador in Berlin was the
+intermediary of the English protest against the
+basis of the court-martial. At once the British
+Foreign Office addressed a note to Ambassador
+Page in London in which was the statement:</p>
+
+<p>“His Majesty’s Government finds it difficult
+to believe that a master of a merchant
+ship who, after German submarines adopted
+the practice of sinking merchant vessels without
+warning and without regard to the lives
+of passengers or crew, took the only means at
+his disposal of saving not only the vessel but
+the lives of all on board can have been deliberately
+shot in cold blood for that action”;
+and the request was made that urgent inquiry
+be made by the United States Embassy at
+Berlin.</p>
+
+<p>The inquiry made it only too clear that the
+report was authoritative. Premier Asquith, in
+the House of Commons, July 31st, said: “I
+deeply regret that it appears to be true that
+Captain Fryatt has been murdered by the
+Germans.” That he was not speaking extravagantly
+in using the word “murdered” is
+evidenced by the fact that naval and military
+experts, including those of Holland, strongly
+suspected of more than a casual sympathy with
+the Germans, concurred in denouncing the execution
+as a “judicial murder,” and insisting
+that Fryatt was entitled to be regarded as a
+prisoner of war. In the subsequent review of
+the case it was demonstrated conclusively by
+many citations from German legal and military
+naval sources in declarations and regulations
+made in 1914 and earlier that “Capt.
+Fryatt was well within his rights in attempting
+to ram a hostile marine.” Had he sent the
+submarine with her crew to the bottom by
+shell fire in avoiding capture or destruction, he
+would have been held as a prisoner of war if
+subsequently captured, but because he used
+the only weapon at his command to escape the
+enemy vessel itself, “he was condemned to execution
+by a court of German naval officers as
+a <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">franc-tireur</i>.”</p>
+
+<p>August 15th, in the House of Commons,
+Premier Asquith declared: “This country
+will not tolerate a resumption of diplomatic
+relations with Germany after the war until
+reparation is made for the murder of Capt.
+Fryatt.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE FIRST OFFICER’S REPORT</h3>
+
+<p>The first officer of the <em>Brussels</em>, referred to
+in the German <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">communiqué</i> quoted, was William
+Hartwell. He was interned in Holland
+and from there sent the following report to
+Mr. C. Busk, one of the officials of the Great
+Eastern Railway. It gives all the particulars
+known of the arrest and execution of Capt.
+Fryatt:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“Sir: This being the first opportunity since
+the capture of the <em>Brussels</em> in 1916, I will endeavor
+to give you details of the capture and
+happenings up to July 27th, this being the date
+of Capt. Fryatt’s death. I beg to report that
+on June 22d the steamship <em>Brussels</em> left Rotterdam
+with cargo and passengers for Tilbury,
+stopping at the Hook of Holland. She left
+the Hook Quay at 11 p. m. on that day, the
+weather being very fine and clear. All saloon
+and cabin lights were extinguished before passing
+the North Pier Light. Directly after passing
+it, a very bright light was shown from the
+beach, about four miles north of the Hook,
+followed by a bright star, such as a rocket would
+throw. After a lapse of ten minutes this was
+repeated. On both occasions Capt. Fryatt
+and myself remarked upon it, as we had never
+seen similar lights on any previous occasions.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</span>
+After passing the Maas Light Vessel, all Board
+of Trade Regulation Lights were darkened.
+Five miles west of the light vessel a very small
+craft, probably a submarine not submerged,
+commenced Morseing the letter ‘S’ at intervals.
+No other lights were visible.</p>
+
+<p>“After running for one hour and thirty minutes,
+an extra sharp lookout was kept for a
+steamer that was going in the same direction
+and without lights, the port and starboard
+lights of the <em>Brussels</em> being put on for the
+time being. At 12:46 craft without lights were
+seen at a point on the starboard bow, traveling
+at a great speed in the opposite direction.
+These proved to be German destroyers of
+the latest type, five in all. Two came alongside
+on the starboard side, and one on the port
+side, the other two following close behind.
+During the time the destroyers were approaching
+their commanders were shouting orders to
+stop, asking the name of the ship, and threatening
+to fire on us. No firing occurred, however.
+As soon as Capt. Fryatt was assured
+that the destroyers were German, he gave orders
+for all passengers to be ready to take
+to the boats if necessary, and quietly instructed
+me to destroy all dispatches and official papers.
+His instructions were carried out, and as the
+last bag was destroyed German seamen, armed
+with pistols and bombs, appeared on the starboard
+alleyway. I passed through the saloon to
+the deck and met more German seamen, who
+were driving all the crew they could find
+over the rail on to the destroyers. I was
+ordered over the rail, but refused to go, and
+then met the officer who came on board to take
+charge. He requested me to show him to the
+bridge, which I did. He greeted Capt. Fryatt,
+and congratulated himself over the great prize.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GERMAN INTELLIGENCE</h3>
+
+<p>“Satisfied that all was well, the destroyers left
+and made for Zeebrugge. The course was
+given for the Schouwenbank light vessel, and
+the order was given for full speed ahead, but
+no reply came from the engine room, as the
+engineers had been driven over the side with
+the majority of the crew. This greatly excited
+the German officer, who drew his revolver
+and threatened to shoot Capt. Fryatt and myself
+if we failed to assist him, and to blow up
+the ship if the orders to the engine room were
+not complied with at once. It was some minutes
+before the German officer could be convinced
+that the engineers and most of the crew
+were on the destroyers. He then ordered his
+own men to the engine room, and instead of
+going full speed ahead, the engines were put
+on full speed astern. This also angered the
+officer, and matters became very unpleasant
+on the bridge. I was ordered to go to the
+engine room to inform the Germans of their
+mistake. By this time the steam was greatly
+falling back, owing to the stokers being away,
+and the order was given that all on board,
+except Capt. Fryatt and myself, should maintain
+steam till the ship arrived at Zeebrugge.
+On reaching the Schouwenbank light vessel the
+German flag was hoisted, and directly after
+the Flushing mail boat for Tilbury passed
+quite close.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_267" style="max-width: 41.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_267.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Naval Honors for Captain Fryatt</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The body received from Belgium is being escorted
+in lengthy procession through the streets
+of Dover.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Capt. Fryatt was assured that soon after
+her arrival at Tilbury the capture of the
+<em>Brussels</em> would be reported. The <em>Brussels</em>
+was met and escorted by several airplanes to
+Zeebrugge, where the destroyers were already
+moored. On arrival at Zeebrugge the <em>Brussels</em>
+was moored alongside the Mole. The engineers
+and crew all returned. The crew were
+sent to their quarters and kept under armed
+guard. The officers and engineers were placed
+under a guard in the smokeroom, and Captain
+the same in his room. The Belgian refugees
+were closely searched, and landed at Zeebrugge.
+After a stay of about five hours the <em>Brussels</em>
+left and proceeded to Bruges under her own
+steam.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_268" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_268.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Memorial Service to Captain Fryatt at St. Paul’s, London</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“For some reason Capt. Fryatt was kept in
+his cabin, and I was sent to the bridge, not
+to assist or officiate in any way, but simply
+to stand under guard and to be questioned at
+intervals by the Germans if they could get
+the right answers. During the passage from
+Zeebrugge to Bruges both sides of the canal
+were thronged in places, and both the soldiers
+and the marine Landsturm were greatly excited.
+On reaching Bruges the crew were
+taken off and sent to a waiting shed. Only
+Capt. Fryatt and myself, with many German
+officers, remained on board. After we had
+been questioned at lunch Capt. Fryatt and I
+were photographed, and we then joined the
+crew in the shed, being afterward taken to a
+building in the town. All of us, including
+stewardesses and twenty-five Russians, were
+packed in, leaving scarcely standing room.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SHIPPED LIKE CATTLE</h3>
+
+<p>“After some hours, following a request to
+the prison commandant, the stewardesses were
+allowed separate quarters in the top of the
+building. Otherwise they were treated in the
+same way as male prisoners until they were
+separated to go to a different camp. At 3
+a. m., on June 25th, orders came for all to be
+ready for the train to Germany, the stewardesses
+joining us at the station. At 5 a. m.
+we all left, closely packed, in cattle trucks,
+and on arrival at Ghent we were escorted to
+very dirty and unhealthful quarters underground.
+At 5 a. m. on the following day we
+left Ghent for Germany, via Cologne, where
+the stewardesses and Russians were separated
+to go to other camps. After being exhibited
+at Berlin, as at Hanover and other stations,
+the rest went to Ruhleben, where they arrived
+at 5 p. m., June 28th. Two days later Capt.
+Fryatt and I received orders to the effect that
+we were to be prepared to leave the camp at
+8 p. m. for Bruges on ship’s business.</p>
+
+<p>“We arrived at Bruges at 7 a. m., on July
+2d, after visiting Ostend by mistake on the part<span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</span>
+of the escort. We reported to the port commandant
+at 9 a. m., and were taken from
+him to the town prison and put in cells. From
+then onward we were treated as criminals. We
+were occasionally visited by German officials
+and questioned as to the submarine and other
+subjects, on which Capt. Fryatt made a clear
+and open statement to the Germans, with nothing
+condemning to himself. From the time of
+being placed in the prison at Bruges to July 15th
+I saw Capt. Fryatt and spoke to him on several
+occasions, after which I never spoke to him
+until one hour before he was shot.</p>
+
+<p>“I will endeavor to make you understand
+the so-called tribunal or trial. On July 24th
+Capt. Fryatt and myself were questioned and
+cross-questioned in the prison, and, so far as I
+could learn, Capt. Fryatt never added to or departed
+from his opening statement. It was
+then that we were first informed of the tribunal
+that was to follow. On July 26th we were
+told to be ready for the tribunal, which was to
+take place at Bruges Town Hall on the 27th
+at 11 a. m. On July 27th at 9 a. m. the door
+of the cell was opened, and an escort was waiting.
+To my surprise, four of the crew were
+in the waiting cell. Each man was escorted to
+the Town Hall, Capt. Fryatt and I being the
+last to go, and placed under a strong guard
+until the trial began.</p>
+
+<p>“At 12 noon Capt. Fryatt was called into
+his place before the so-called bench, and repeated
+his previous statement. I followed and
+answered questions that appeared to be ridiculous,
+not appearing either to defend or condemn
+Capt. Fryatt. At the same time an officer
+in uniform appeared, and, approaching
+Capt. Fryatt and myself, informed us in
+broken English that he was for the defense.
+The Naval Commandant of the port conducted
+the trial, and also acted as interpreter. At 4
+p. m. the Naval Commandant informed us that
+all was over so far, and that the decision, resting
+with the naval officers, would be made known to
+us in our cells.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SIXTEEN BULLETS</h3>
+
+<p>“After being again placed in the cells, the
+chief warder of the prison came to me at 5:30
+p. m. and told me I was to go and stop with
+Capt. Fryatt, as that was his last night. I
+then met Capt. Fryatt, who was very much distressed,
+not so much because of the verdict, but
+of the unfair and cowardly manner in which
+everything was done. He told me himself that
+he was to be shot on the next morning, and
+after having a talk for about an hour—it was
+then 6:30 p. m.—the prison official took his
+watch from his pocket and said that in a short
+time the escort would be there, and Capt.
+Fryatt would be shot at 7 p. m. The last
+twenty-five minutes I spent with him were appalling.
+At 6:55 p. m. I wished him good-bye,
+and promised I would deliver his last messages,
+which were many, and returned to my cell.</p>
+
+<p>“Punctually at 7 p. m., a very short distance
+from the prison walls, a band commenced to
+play, and poor Fryatt was no more. Late the
+same evening an official came to my cell and
+described to me, in the best way he could, how
+Fryatt died. He was shot by sixteen rifles,
+the bullets of which penetrated through his
+heart, carrying with them the clothes he was
+wearing through the body and out at the back.</p>
+
+<p>“Sir, I was and am still proud of Capt.
+Fryatt’s manly conduct right up to the last,
+and I may add that there was not a German
+present at the trial who could face him.”</p>
+</div>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_269" style="max-width: 40.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_269.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Captain Fryatt’s Grave</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>The Germans made a long official statement
+in an impotent attempt to justify this vengeful
+murder.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_270" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_270.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>D. Davison.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The <em>Deutschland</em> Arriving at Baltimore</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The <em>Deutschland’s</em> maiden trip was a trans-Atlantic voyage from Bremen. Its cargo was worth over two hundred thousand
+dollars in dyestuffs and medicines of German manufacture.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="JULES_VERNE_VINDICATED">JULES VERNE VINDICATED</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>How Capt. Paul Koenig of the <em>Deutschland</em> Turned Incredible Fiction Into
+Practical Reality</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">There</span> was a very positive thrill throughout
+the world when the startling report
+was published that a German submarine had
+crossed the Atlantic and, on July 10, 1915,
+entered an American port. It had not been
+believed possible at that time for a submarine
+to make so great and perilous a voyage, and
+the first news of the unique achievement was
+somewhat sceptically received. But when
+there was no remaining doubt that the
+<em>Deutschland</em>, dodging and evading British hostile
+craft, had actually voyaged from Bremen
+to Baltimore, Capt. Paul Koenig, commander
+of the U-boat, was prominently head-lined
+in the press.</p>
+
+<p>This historic event was interesting not only
+as something new and wonderful in marine
+annals, but there was a graver interest in the
+demonstration of the fact that distance from
+the base of operations was no sure protection
+from submarine warfare. No little alarm
+was manifested in the United States for a
+time. But this subsided, and the romantic
+side of the exploit appealed to the dullest imagination.</p>
+
+<p>When Capt. Koenig returned to Germany
+he wrote his experiences in book form, parts of
+which have been translated into several languages.
+No more absorbing story than Koenig’s
+own could easily be written, and from
+an American version of it the following excerpts
+were made.</p>
+
+<p>After leaving port the <em>Deutschland</em> traveled
+submerged until they were far out in the
+North Sea on their westerly course. It was
+about two o’clock in the morning. Capt.
+Koenig thought it safe to rise to the surface
+and gave orders for the emptying of the tanks.
+But as the boat approached the surface it began
+to toss and plunge in a way that gave
+warning of a storm above. The nearer the
+surface the wilder the antics of the boat,
+which occasionally indulged in regular leaps.
+The emptying of the tanks went calmly on
+nevertheless, Capt. Koenig being of the order
+of men not to be moved from a purpose by
+so inconsiderable a thing as an ill-mannered
+sea. They got to the surface without too
+much disorder. Then says Capt. Koenig:</p>
+
+<p>“I was just about to give orders to put
+on the oil-engines—when—what was that?
+That dark stripe over there—wasn’t that a
+smoke-flag? <em>Donnerwetter!</em> It’s a destroyer!</p>
+
+<p>“With one leap I am back in the turret
+and have closed the tower-hatch. ‘Alarm—submerge
+quickly—depth rudder—go to twenty
+meters.’</p>
+
+<p>“The whole boat trembles and shakes under
+the increased pressure and makes a couple
+of real jumps; it literally reels in the wild
+sea. Will it not go down pretty soon? With
+a sudden jerk the <em>Deutschland</em> darts below the
+surface and now, bending her bow lower and
+lower, rapidly descends into the depths. The
+light of the just dawning day disappears from
+the turret windows, the manometer shows in
+quick succession, two, three, six, ten meters.
+But the bow drops lower and lower.</p>
+
+<p>“The boat had bent forward in an angle of
+36 degrees and stood on its head, as it were.
+Its bow rested on the sea’s bottom and its
+stern was violently swinging back and forth.
+The manometer showed a depth of about
+fifteen meters. I quickly realized our situation.
+It was something less than comfortable.</p>
+
+<p>“We were revealing our position by a peculiar
+buoy, and we expected momentarily to
+hear the crashing blow of a shell in the stern.
+But everything remained quiet. The screws
+could no longer betray us. Also it probably
+was still too dark up there, and the destroyer
+perhaps had enough of its own troubles in the
+wild sea.</p>
+
+<p>“There must have been a combination of
+several causes. Aside from the fact that only
+in the most extraordinary and rare cases is it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</span>
+possible for a big boat to submerge against a
+high sea, it is conceivable that in the haste
+which was forced upon us by the destroyer
+the tanks were not completely emptied of air.</p>
+
+<p>“But, above all, I recall that my first
+thought was the cargo. ‘Is the cargo safely
+stored? Can it lose its equilibrium?’ Curious
+as it may sound in retrospect, that is what
+I instinctively thought of. A ‘big steamer’
+captain doesn’t easily get rid of his second
+nature, even on a U-boat.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A WASH, A FEAST AND A NIGHT’S REST ON
+THE OCEAN BOTTOM</h3>
+
+<p>“We have submerged and placed ourselves
+on the bottom. We are in no hurry. Why
+should we not for once give ourselves a little
+rest? Our resting-place was rather deep, but
+therefore safer and calmer.</p>
+
+<p>“This night on the bottom of the sea was
+truly a recreation for us all. One could for
+once take a good wash and go to bed in
+peace, without fearing to be frightened at
+the next moment with a ‘Hey-a’ in the speaking-tube.</p>
+
+<p>“But before resting we had a regular banquet.
+Both the phonographs were playing and
+the glasses were raised, filled with French
+champagne.</p>
+
+<p>“Our good Stücke, who was our steward,
+kitchen boy, and maid of all work, at the
+same time served us in such a dignified manner
+as if he were still a steward in the dining-room
+of the <em>Kronprinzessin Cecile</em>, as if he
+had never been in French captivity for nearly
+a whole year, in order to develop his ability
+in our company at the bottom of the sea.</p>
+
+<p>“Again we come to the surface the next
+morning. The pump is working with a hissing
+noise as we climb upward. On the twenty-meter
+depth the boat loses its stability.</p>
+
+<p>“First, we can see it on the manometer,
+then it is noticed on the depth rudder, which
+becomes more difficult to handle. And as the
+boat at times moves in unexpected jumps we
+realize there must be a considerable sea above.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RISING TO THE SURFACE</h3>
+
+<p>“I now carefully rise to the periscope depth
+and proceed for a time in this position and
+am looking around. Nothing can be seen except
+a stormy army of white wave-crests. This
+weather suits me exactly, as we need not be
+on our guard so very closely.</p>
+
+<p>“I decided therefore to rise to the surface.
+But before this is done the boat must be
+placed across the wind, as the long heavy
+hull would not otherwise be able to climb out
+of the water.</p>
+
+<p>“At slow speed, we place the <em>Deutschland</em>
+right across the seas. The boat rolls fearfully.
+It feels just as if the soul would shake out of
+its body, and now it obeys the deep rudder
+and its nose rises slowly out of the water.</p>
+
+<p>“When we are completely out of the water
+the ship makes the alarming motions of a
+pendulum all around the compass. Then
+comes the unpleasant moment when we have
+to turn the ship slowly into its course.</p>
+
+<p>“Protected by the thick conning tower windows,
+which the heavy seas are continually
+washing over and streaming down, with arms
+and legs ready to withstand the sharp twistings
+of our craft, I keep watch on all sides.”</p>
+
+<p>They were getting out of the North Sea
+into the Atlantic currents, in an increasing
+storm. The boat plunged and tossed sickeningly
+and the navigation was hard work.
+Finally they were free of the turbulent sea
+and rode into the ocean proper and its less
+angry motion.</p>
+
+
+<h3>OUT INTO THE BROAD ATLANTIC</h3>
+
+<p>“The reception of the Atlantic can not be
+called cordial. We undoubtedly had got accustomed
+to much during the past days, but
+I decide as far as possible to save my men’s
+nerves so that they will be able to withstand
+that which was about to come. I therefore
+selected the southerly course, hoping to get
+better weather, but I was not entirely successful.
+The seas continually sweep over the
+boat from stem to stern, because it is too heavy
+to be lifted out of them as other steamers are.</p>
+
+<p>“It certainly was not pleasant in the conning-tower,
+but it was a thousand times better
+than below deck, where the crew, because
+of the unbroken rolling of the ship, began
+to suffer on account of seasickness in the close
+and stagnant air. Many an old sailor offered
+himself on the altar of Neptune for the first
+time.</p>
+
+<p>“On the third day the storm begins to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</span>
+abate, the sea becomes calmer, and we can
+open all the hatches in order to get air and
+dry out. All who were off duty came up to
+stretch themselves on the deck in the sunshine
+and pull themselves together again after their
+confinement and suffering during the rough
+weather, which certainly was necessary. With
+pale faces, worn out by sleepless nights, they
+came out of the hatches, but hardly had they
+reached the fresh air and had felt the beautiful
+sea-wind blowing on their cheeks refreshingly
+before the dear cigars or pipes were produced.”</p>
+
+<p>Following days were fair for a time and
+the boat rode the surface. It was the daily
+practice on fair days to put the <em>Deutschland</em>
+through her diving exercises so important to
+efficiency in a sudden emergency. A very
+considerable part of the westward trip was
+made on the surface, though storms and the
+prospect of unfriendly encounters often
+enough sent them below.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A DUMMY SMOKE-STACK</h3>
+
+<p>“During the calm days we had prepared a
+clever disguise which would change us from
+a submarine to a regular steamer. Out of
+sail-cloth we had made a smoke-stack which,
+with steel rings, we could fasten to the periscope
+and raise it up. To cover the conning-tower
+we had a dressing of sail-cloth so that
+it would look like the deck-house on a small
+freight-steamer. In this way we made ready
+for any possibility and directed our course
+through the beautiful sunshine until one evening
+at half-past seven a steamer appeared
+ahead of us on the port bow. We knew at
+once that he would pass close if we continued
+on our course. We changed it a little, swinging
+off a few points in order to test our disguise.</p>
+
+<p>“The smoke-stack is hoisted on the periscope
+and bellies out in the wind. In order to make
+it more real we build a fire in the lower opening,
+using cotton soaked in oil for fuel. At
+the same moment the conning-tower disappears
+under the cover, which trembles in the breeze.
+The oily cotton loses its honor and only
+stinks. There is no smoke coming from it.
+Every one is standing blowing with cheeks
+puffed out until our ‘tradelose,’ a foxy Berliner,
+fetches an air-pump and gets a big flame
+in our fake stoke-hole. With one hurrah his
+trick is rewarded; above the smoke-stack’s upper
+opening we could see a slender stream of
+smoke only to diminish to nothing in the next
+minute. We roar with laughter and again
+make ready to proceed with our dummy smoke-stack
+minus smoke.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_273" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_273.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>International Film Service.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The <em>Deutschland</em> Arriving at Bremen, Having Returned from a Trans-Atlantic
+Voyage</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“When our boatswain, Humke, comes with
+a jar filled with tar, the air-pump again starts
+to work, and at last big clouds of smoke pour
+out of the funnel. The effect was great.
+The steamer, which was at a distance, suddenly
+changes its course and comes straight
+for us.</p>
+
+<p>“This we had never expected. I therefore
+order the mast taken down and make ready
+for diving. Our canvas covering disappears
+from the conning-tower and with a deep bow
+the smoke-stack comes down.</p>
+
+<p>“As soon as the steamer sees this change
+in our make-up, fear fills his heart. He
+changes his course and flees, throwing thick,
+black clouds of smoke which we admire not
+without a feeling of jealousy.</p>
+
+<p>“Without hindrance we again hoist our funnel.
+The masts are raised. And while our
+steamer speeds away in her wild flight we
+laugh so the tears run down our cheeks.</p>
+
+<p>“Our fine disguise which was intended to
+let us pass unnoticed had instead attracted
+the steamer’s attention to us. He undoubtedly
+took us for a wreck or a ship in distress
+and came toward us with the kind intentions
+to save us. When he could suddenly see
+himself the target for the devilish cunning of
+a foxy U-boat he fled precipitately.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</span></p>
+
+<p>“What did the people of the steamer think
+when they recovered from their scare? Maybe
+they felt proud to have been able to escape
+from the heartless ‘pirate.’ And we, who
+would have been so proud if our disguise had
+worked a little better, were preparing to sink
+below the surface to avoid him.</p>
+
+<p>“Well, we thought, ‘better luck next time,’
+and we improved our invention with the result
+that two days later, while throwing off
+solid clouds of smoke, we passed by a steamer
+which we met without causing the least
+suspicion.”</p>
+
+<p>And so without mishap or misadventure the
+<em>Deutschland</em> fared to her destination, tarried
+some while in the American port where officers
+and men were discreetly entertained,
+the United States being a neutral country
+then. Suddenly, mysteriously she put to sea
+again. Many were the rumors of disaster to
+her—for the return trip was long and beset
+with peril from paroling and watchful destroyers
+eager to catch sight of her; but in due
+course and in triumphant contradiction of reports
+of her destruction the first authentic
+news was of her safe return to the home harbor.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="WEDDIGENS_WONDER_FEAT">WEDDIGEN’S WONDER FEAT</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Dramatic Sinking of Three British Cruisers by U-boat in the Early
+Days of the War</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Early</span> on the morning of September 22,
+1914, three 12,000-ton armored cruisers
+of the British Navy—the <em>Aboukir</em>, the <em>Cressy</em>,
+and the <em>Hogue</em>—were torpedoed in the North
+Sea and sunk by a German submarine, with a
+loss of 1,433 men. The news startled the whole
+world. It was as if three Goliaths, imposing,
+formidable, on parade in panoply, challenging
+the stoutest, had succumbed impotently to
+the assault of the diminutive David—for it
+was a solitary submarine that sank the naval
+giants in less than an hour. So adroit,
+rapid and precise had been the maneuvers of
+the submarine that the officers of the attacked
+warships were of the belief that there were
+several of the invisible devil-boats, and that
+the guns of the <em>Cressy</em> sank one of them. Nor
+did they become the wiser until Captain Lieutenant
+Otto Weddigen, commander of <em>U-9</em>,
+made report of his exploit on his return to
+Wilhelmshaven, whence he had set forth for
+the enterprise. Conditions, be it said, were entirely
+favorable to him, for the sea was calm,
+and the weather clear. The three cruisers,
+unsuspicious, were steaming along in close
+formation, patrolling the silent sea, and they
+gave him a famous victory—the destruction of
+the first warships by the U-boat.</p>
+
+<p>There follow three separate accounts of
+the event as related by three different sources,
+the first being that of an officer of the <em>Cressy</em>,
+published in the <cite>Manchester Guardian</cite>.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_275" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_275.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Press Photo Syndicate.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Crew Quarters Aboard a German Submarine</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The vast machinery leaves but little room for the crew. They enjoy none of the conveniences found on vessels that ply above water.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>EYE-WITNESS ACCOUNT BY AN OFFICER OF THE
+<em>Cressy</em></h3>
+
+<p>“I was awakened about 6:15 by the increase
+of our speed, and, thinking it was nothing
+more than just a slight spurt to take up
+our day patrol position, I lay quiet. However,
+about ten minutes later I felt the engines
+going full speed astern, so, guessing at
+once that something out of the ordinary was
+happening, I sat up, and, opening my scuttle,
+looked out. Conceive the jump I gave when
+I saw the <em>Aboukir</em>, about half a mile away,
+heeling over to port so that the starboard
+copper plates were plainly visible glistening
+red in the sun. I could also see considerable
+commotion on board her, and one of her starboard
+sea boats was lowered half-way, but
+seemed to have stuck there.</p>
+
+<p>“While I watched she seemed to heel over
+still more, so I leapt from my bunk, and, running
+into the next cabin, I found —— jumping
+out of his bunk, and together we ran up
+on to the quarterdeck. From there we could
+see that in the short time we had taken getting
+up on deck she turned over much more,
+and was down by the head, and while we
+watched we could see the sun shining on pink,
+naked men walking down her sides inch by
+inch as she heeled over, some standing, others
+sitting down and sliding into the water, which
+was soon dotted with heads. All this time we
+were hard at it lowering boats.</p>
+
+<p>“Both the sea-boats had gone, manned by
+nucleus crews, and Lieutenant ——’s voice
+could be heard as he directed the hands working
+the main derrick, which was hoisting up
+the launch—a boat capable of holding two or
+three hundred men. Other men under the
+direction of another lieutenant were busily
+throwing overboard every bit of wood that
+they could find for the swimming men to
+clutch—an act which materially aided in our
+escape afterward. I then ran along to the
+sick-bay and ordered the stewards to get hot
+blankets and coffee ready, and went below to
+get into some clothes.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“THE SHIP LIFTED, QUIVERING ALL OVER”</h3>
+
+<p>“I had only been in my cabin about a minute
+when there was a terrific crash, and the
+ship lifted up, quivering all over. A second
+or two later another and duller crash, and
+a great cloud of smoke, followed by a torrent
+of water, came pouring in through my open
+scuttle. The noise for a second or two was
+deafening; everything seemed to be breaking,
+and somewhere or other I could hear dishes
+and glass being crashed to pieces on the deck,
+and, in addition, all the lights in the ship
+went out. I ran out of my cabin and along
+to the first ladder, the aft deck being in darkness
+and full of smoke; conceive my dismay
+when I found that it had fallen down.”</p>
+
+<p>However, he found another ladder, farther
+on. On the deck was worse confusion than
+before. There was nothing left to do but
+make escape in the shortest possible order.
+He climbed down into the sea.</p>
+
+<p>“The first piece I clung to had sharp edges
+which hurt, so I left that and swam to a table
+floating near. Then another man came up
+and climbed on to my table, so I left it to him
+and struck out for a large spar which I caught
+sight of some little distance off. This afforded
+a very comfortable hold, and I lay over
+it, kicking gently with my legs to keep them
+warm, and I looked about me. Both the
+<em>Aboukir</em> and the <em>Hogue</em> had gone, and the
+<em>Cressy</em> was in front of me, about a quarter
+of a mile away. Then she began to fire her
+guns, and, hearing the shells going over my
+head, I looked behind, and there, about 300
+yards off, I saw the periscope of a submarine.</p>
+
+<p>“For some time the firing continued, several
+of the shells bursting most unpleasantly near,
+and then the men on the <em>Cressy</em> started cheering,
+and I heard after that they were unanimously
+of the opinion—true or not, I don’t
+know—that they had sunk one of the submarines.
+However, the firing continued for some
+time, till there was a sudden explosion, and
+a great column of smoke, black as ink, flew
+up as high as the <em>Cressy’s</em> funnels, while she
+heeled over about ten degrees. Nothing much
+further seemed to happen, however, and, looking
+about me, I caught sight of —— hanging
+on to a large fender of twigs, which kept revolving
+and ducking him under, so, calling to
+him, I started to push my spar toward him
+till I got near enough, and then, giving it a
+vigorous shove, pushed it alongside him and
+swam after it.</p>
+
+<p>“The two of us clung to that for some<span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</span>
+time, till the sound of an explosion made us
+look round to see the spray and smoke disappearing,
+and as we watched another torpedo
+struck, and the <em>Cressy</em> heeled right over and
+almost entirely disappeared in a very short
+space of time, the last few feet of ‘island,’
+however, taking a very long time to go. Soon
+after this I realized the wonderful fact that
+as the <em>Hogue</em> sank she must have righted herself,
+for the picket boat and steam pinnace had
+in some miraculous way floated clear quite
+undamaged, though half full of water, and
+were now about one hundred yards from us.
+Turning the spar so that it lay pointing toward
+the boats, and slipping the fingers of my left
+hand into a notch that seemed made for the
+purpose, I turned on my side and started to
+tow the spar toward the boats.</p>
+
+<p>“These were soon reached, and we found
+that some four or five people had already
+boarded them. With their help we scrambled
+on board, having been in the water about an
+hour and a quarter. After this there is not
+much to tell. The <em>Flora</em> hove in sight when
+we had been in the boat about an hour, followed
+by the <em>Titan</em>, and in an hour more we
+naked, shivering mortals were all taken off to
+the former.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE OFFICIAL REPORT</h3>
+
+<p>In the official report to the Admiralty made
+by Commander Bertram W. L. Nicholson
+we find the expression of the belief that there
+were several submarines, and that one was
+sunk. The report is quoted:</p>
+
+<p>“The <em>Aboukir</em> was struck at about 6.25 a.m.
+on the starboard beam. The <em>Hogue</em> and
+<em>Cressy</em> closed and took up a position, the
+<em>Hogue</em> ahead of the <em>Aboukir</em>, and the <em>Cressy</em>
+about 400 yards on her port beam. As soon
+as it was seen that the <em>Aboukir</em> was in danger
+of sinking all the boats were sent away from
+the <em>Cressy</em>, and a picket boat was hoisted out
+without steam up. When cutters full of the
+<em>Aboukir’s</em> men were returning to the <em>Cressy</em>,
+the <em>Hogue</em> was struck, apparently under the
+aft 9.2 magazine, as a very heavy explosion
+took place immediately. Almost directly after
+the <em>Hogue</em> was hit we observed a periscope on
+our port bow about 300 yards off.</p>
+
+<p>“Fire was immediately opened and the engines
+were put full speed ahead with the intention
+of running her down. Our gunner,
+Mr. Dougherty, positively asserts that he hit
+the periscope and that the submarine sank.
+An officer who was standing alongside the
+gunner thinks that the shell struck only floating
+timber, of which there was much about,
+but it was evidently the impression of the men
+on deck, who cheered and clapped heartily,
+that the submarine had been hit. This particular
+submarine did not fire a torpedo at the
+<em>Cressy</em>.</p>
+
+<p>“Captain Johnson then maneuvered the ship
+so as to render assistance to the crews of the
+<em>Hogue</em> and <em>Aboukir</em>. About five minutes later
+another periscope was seen on our starboard
+quarter and fire was opened. The track of
+the torpedo she fired at a range of 500 to
+600 yards was plainly visible and it struck us
+on the starboard side just before the after-bridge.</p>
+
+<p>“The ship listed about 10 degrees to the
+starboard and remained steady. The time was
+7.15 a.m. All the watertight doors, deadlights
+and scuttles had been securely closed
+before the torpedo struck the ship. All the
+mess stools and table shores, and all available
+timber below and on deck had been previously
+got up and thrown over side for the saving of
+life.</p>
+
+<p>“A second torpedo fired by the same submarine
+missed and passed about 10 feet astern.
+About a quarter of an hour after the first torpedo
+had hit a third torpedo fired from a submarine
+just before the starboard beam hit us
+under the No. 5 boiler room. The time was
+7.30 a.m. The ship then began to heel rapidly,
+and finally turned keel up, remaining so
+for about twenty minutes before she finally
+sank, at 7.55 a.m.</p>
+
+<p>“A large number of men were saved by
+casting adrift on Pattern 3 target. The steam
+pinnace floated off her clutches, but filled and
+sank.</p>
+
+<p>“The second torpedo which struck the
+<em>Cressy</em> passed over the sinking hull of the
+<em>Aboukir</em>, narrowly missing it. It is possible
+that the same submarine fired all three torpedoes
+at the <em>Cressy</em>.</p>
+
+<p>“The conduct of the crew was excellent
+throughout. I have already remarked on the
+bravery displayed by Captain Phillips, master
+of the trawler <em>L. T. Coriander</em>, and his crew,
+who picked up 156 officers and men.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_278" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_278.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Press Photo Syndicate.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Daily Wash Aboard a German Torpedo Boat</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Germany’s torpedo boats were outclassed by her U-boats. In the battle of Jutland the world first heard of the torpedo boats’ extensive use.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>CAPT. WEDDIGEN’S OWN STORY</h3>
+
+<p>And here is the story of the daring enterprise,
+one of the most extraordinary of naval
+exploits, told by Captain Lieutenant Otto
+Weddigen, Commander of <em>U-9</em>. He was 32
+years old at the time, and for the five years
+preceding had been attached to the submarine
+flotilla. He was married but twenty-four
+hours to his boyhood sweetheart, a Miss Prete
+of Hamburg, before he set out on the adventure
+that offered more than an even chance
+of making the bride a widow. Besides himself
+there were twenty-five men in the <em>U-9</em>
+and they were a picked crew.</p>
+
+<p>Weddigen’s own story of the cruise, first
+published in the United States by the New
+York <cite>World</cite>, was in part as follows:</p>
+
+<p>“I set out from a North Sea port on one
+of the arms of the Kiel Canal and set my
+course in a southwesterly direction. The name
+of the port I cannot state officially, but it has
+been guessed at; nor am I permitted to say
+definitely just when we started, but it was not
+many days before the morning of Sept. 22,
+when I fell in with my quarry.</p>
+
+<p>“When I started from home the fact was
+kept quiet and a heavy sea helped to keep
+the secret, but when the action began the sun
+was bright and the water smooth.</p>
+
+<p>“I had sighted several ships during my passage,
+but they were not what I was seeking.
+English torpedo boats came within, my reach,
+but I felt there was bigger game further on,
+so on I went. I traveled on the surface except
+when we sighted vessels, and then I submerged,
+not even showing my periscope, except
+when it was necessary to take bearings.
+It was ten minutes after 6 on the morning of
+Tuesday when I caught sight of one of the big
+cruisers of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>“I was then eighteen sea miles northwest
+of the Hook of Holland. I had then traveled
+considerably more than 200 miles from my
+base. My boat was one of an old type, but
+she had been built on honor, and she was behaving
+beautifully. I had been going ahead
+partly submerged, with about five feet of my
+periscope showing. Almost immediately I
+caught sight of the first cruiser and two
+others. I submerged completely and laid my
+course so as to bring up in the center of the
+trio, which held a sort of triangular formation.
+I could see their gray-black sides riding
+high over the water.</p>
+
+<p>“When I first sighted them they were near
+enough for torpedo work, but I wanted to
+make my aim sure, so I went down and in on
+them. I had taken the position of the three
+ships before submerging, and I succeeded in
+getting another flash through my periscope before
+I began action. I soon reached what I
+regarded as a good shooting point.”</p>
+
+<p>[The officer was not permitted to give this
+distance, but it is understood to have been considerably
+less than a mile, although the German
+torpedoes had an effective range of four
+miles.]</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE SHOT WENT STRAIGHT AND TRUE</h3>
+
+<p>“Then I loosed one of my torpedoes at the
+middle ship. I was then about twelve feet
+under water, and got the shot off in good
+shape, my men handling the boat as if she had
+been a skiff. I climbed to the surface to get
+a sight through my tube of the effect, and discovered
+that the shot had gone straight and
+true, striking the ship, which I later learned
+was the <em>Aboukir</em>, under one of her magazines,
+which in exploding helped the torpedo’s work
+of destruction.</p>
+
+<p>“There was a fountain of water, a burst of
+smoke, a flash of fires and part of the cruiser
+rose in the air. Then I heard a roar and felt
+reverberations sent through the water by the
+detonation. She had been broken apart, and
+sank in a few minutes. The <em>Aboukir</em> had
+been stricken in a vital spot and by an unseen
+force; that made the blow all the greater.</p>
+
+<p>“Her crew were brave, and even with
+death staring them in the face kept to their
+posts, ready to handle their useless guns, for
+I submerged at once. But I had stayed on
+top long enough to see the other cruisers,
+which I learned were the <em>Cressy</em> and the
+<em>Hogue</em>, turn and steam full speed to their dying
+sister, whose plight they could not understand,
+unless it had been due to an accident.</p>
+
+<p>“The ships came on a mission of inquiry and
+rescue, for many of the <em>Aboukir’s</em> crew were
+now in the water, the order having been given,
+‘Each man for himself.’</p>
+
+<p>“But soon the other two English cruisers
+learned what had brought about the destruction
+so suddenly.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</span></p>
+
+<p>“As I reached my torpedo depth I sent a
+second charge at the nearest of the oncoming
+vessels, which was the <em>Hogue</em>. The English
+were playing my game, for I had scarcely to
+move out of my position, which was a great
+aid, since it helped to keep me from being
+detected.</p>
+
+<p>“The attack on the <em>Hogue</em> went true. But
+this time I did not have the advantageous aid
+of having the torpedo detonate under the magazine,
+so for twenty minutes the <em>Hogue</em> lay
+wounded and helpless on the surface before
+she heaved, half turned over and sank.</p>
+
+<p>“But this time, the third cruiser knew that
+the enemy was upon her and she sought as best
+she could to defend herself. She loosed her
+torpedo defense batteries on boats, starboard
+and port, and stood her ground as if more
+anxious to help the many sailors who were in
+the water than to save herself. In common
+with the method of defending herself against
+a submarine attack, she steamed in a zigzag
+course, and this made it necessary for me to
+hold my torpedoes until I could lay a true
+course for them, which also made it necessary
+for me to get nearer to the <em>Cressy</em>. I had
+come to the surface for a view, and saw how
+wildly the fire was being sent from the ship.
+Small wonder that was when they did not
+know where to shoot, although one shot went
+unpleasantly near us.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE CRESSY TURNS TURTLE</h3>
+
+<p>“When I got within suitable range, I sent
+away my third attack. This time I sent a
+second torpedo after the first to make the
+strike doubly certain. My crew were aiming
+like sharpshooters and both torpedoes went to
+their bullseye. My luck was with me again,
+for the enemy was made useless and at once
+began sinking by her head. Then she careened
+far over, but all the while her men stayed at
+the guns looking for their invisible foe. They
+were brave and true to their country’s sea
+traditions. Then she eventually suffered a
+boiler explosion and completely turned turtle.
+With her keel uppermost, she floated until the
+air got out from under her and then she sank
+with a loud sound, as if from a creature in
+pain.</p>
+
+<p>“The whole affair had taken less than one
+hour from the time of shooting off the first
+torpedo until the <em>Cressy</em> went to the bottom.
+Not one of the three had been able to use any
+of its big guns. I knew the wireless of the
+three cruisers had been calling for aid. I was
+still quite able to defend myself, but I knew
+that news of the disaster would call many
+English submarines and torpedo-boat destroyers,
+so, having done my appointed work, I
+set my course for home.</p>
+
+<p>“My surmise was right, for before I got
+very far some British cruisers and destroyers
+were on the spot, and the destroyers took up
+the chase. I kept under water most of the
+way, but managed to get off a wireless to the
+German fleet that I was heading homeward
+and being pursued. I hoped to entice the enemy,
+by allowing them now and then a glimpse
+of me, into the zone in which they might be
+exposed to capture or destruction by German
+warships; but, although their destroyers saw
+me plainly at dusk on the 22nd, and made a
+final effort to stop me, they abandoned the attempt,
+as it was taking them too far from
+safety, and needlessly exposing them to attack
+from our fleet and submarines.</p>
+
+<p>“How much they feared our submarines and
+how wide was the agitation caused by my good
+little <em>U-9</em> is shown by the English reports
+that a whole flotilla of German submarines
+had attacked the cruisers, and that this flotilla
+had approached under cover of the flag of
+Holland.</p>
+
+<p>“These reports were absolutely untrue.</p>
+
+<p>“I reached the home port on the afternoon
+of the 23rd and on the 24th went to Wilhelmshaven
+to find the news of my effort had
+become public. My wife, dry-eyed when I
+went away, met me with tears. Then I
+learned that my little vessel and her brave
+crew had won the plaudits of the Kaiser, who
+had conferred upon my co-workers the Iron
+Cross of the second class and upon me the
+Iron Cross of the first and second classes.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="TORPEDOED">TORPEDOED!</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Nurse’s Graphic Personal Narrative of the Wanton Destruction of the
+<em>Sussex</em></h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">On</span> a clear day with the sea a perfect mirror
+reflecting the blue sky, the French
+Channel Steamer <em>Sussex</em> left Folkstone harbor
+on its fateful trip for Dieppe, March 24,
+1916. Among the passengers was an English
+nurse attached to a French hospital, who was
+returning to duty from a month’s leave of
+absence in England. The <em>Sussex</em> was a small
+but finely built, stout passenger boat, unarmed.
+She left harbor at 1.30 in the afternoon,
+and in a short time encountered in the
+Channel thousands of floating bags of a jettisoned
+cargo. A group of passengers, standing
+by the rail, began to discuss the possibilities
+of torpedoing. A British officer, who had
+braved dangers at Undros, laughed, saying
+that it was not submarine weather, the Germans
+being afraid to show themselves in a
+calm sea. Soon the others of the group
+strolled off leaving the nurse alone watching
+a Belgian officer exercising his dog on the
+deck. Presently they went away, and the
+nurse turned to look out at the sea and watch
+for a periscope.</p>
+
+<p>What followed the nurse tells, as her personal
+experience, in an article published in
+<cite>Blackwood’s Magazine</cite>:</p>
+
+<p>“It grew cold, and I was beginning to
+think of going back to my sheltered chair to
+roll myself up in my rug, when in a moment
+the whole earth and heaven seemed to explode
+in one head-splitting roar. In the thousandth
+part of a second my mind told me ‘Torpedoed—forward—on
+my right’—and then the sensation
+of falling, with my limbs spread-eagle,
+through space.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_281" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_281.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">The <em>Sussex</em> Beached</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">This channel ferryboat was torpedoed at night while carrying a large number of distinguished passengers.
+The force of the explosion broke her amidships.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“When I came to myself again I was groping
+amid a tangle of broken wires with an
+agonizing pain in my back and the fiercest
+headache I had ever known. My hair was
+down, and plastered to my chin with blood
+that seemed to be coming from my mouth.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</span>There was more blood on my coat-sleeve. I
+was conscious that I was bleeding freely internally
+with every movement. My first
+definite thought was, ‘If only it is all a ghastly
+nightmare!’ But I remembered. My next
+thought was a passionately strong desire not to
+die by drowning—then. I crawled free of the
+wires that were coiled all about me and
+stood up.</p>
+
+
+<h3>DEAFENED AND UNABLE TO SPEAK</h3>
+
+<p>“In one unsteady glance I took in a number
+of things. Near me a horrible piece of something,
+and a dead woman. (Afterwards I
+wondered why I was so sure she was dead and
+never stooped to make sure.) <em>Below me, on
+the quarterdeck and second-class promenade
+deck</em>, numbers of people moving to and fro,
+many with lifebelts on. I never heard a
+sound from them, but it did not strike me as
+odd then. Now I know I was deafened. So
+I had been blown up on to the top deck, to
+the other end of the ship. I swayed to and
+fro, and looked for a stairway, but could find
+none, and began to be aware that I had only
+a few moments of consciousness left me.</p>
+
+<p>“Something must be done if I was not to
+drown. I forced my will to concentrate on
+it, and came to the side, where I found three
+men looking down on a lowered boat. I also
+saw a lifebelt on the ground. I picked it
+up and, not having the strength to put it on,
+I tried to ask the men to tie it for me. Then
+I found I could not speak. So I held it up,
+and one, an American, understood, and hastily
+tied it. Then I saw one of them catch hold
+of a loose davit rope and swarm down it to the
+boat. There was my one chance, I decided.
+My arms were all right, but would my legs
+work? I took hold, and made a mighty effort
+to cross my knees round the rope: I succeeded.
+Then I slid down till I was just above the
+water.</p>
+
+
+<h3>INTO ONE LIFEBOAT</h3>
+
+<p>“I waited till the roll of the ship brought
+me near enough to the boat to catch, with my
+right hand, another rope that I saw hanging
+plumb above it, while I hung on with my
+left. It came within reach: I caught it, let
+go with my left, and lowered myself into the
+boat. Then I wanted to sink down in her
+bottom and forget everything, but I dared
+not, for men were pouring into her. I saw a
+man’s knee hooked over the side of the boat
+where I sat. I could not see his body, but it
+was in the water, between us and the side of
+the <em>Sussex</em>. As in a dream I held on to his
+knee with my left hand with all the grip I
+had left, and with my right held on to the seat
+on which I sat. I could do nothing to help
+him in, but on the other hand, so long as I
+remained conscious, his knee-hold should not
+be allowed to slip. No one took any notice
+of either of us. Gradually I began to hear
+again. The men in the boat were shouting
+that there was no more room, that the boat
+was full. One last man tumbled in and then
+the people in the boat pushed away, and men
+on the <em>Sussex</em> helped. Others continually
+threw gratings and planks overboard.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ALMOST SWAMPED</h3>
+
+<p>“Our boat was dangerously overcrowded.
+Already she was half swamped. I wondered
+when she would upset. A man on either side
+seized gratings and towed them alongside.
+One made a herculean effort and pulled the
+man whose knee I had been holding into our
+boat, and nearly upset her. No one said a
+word. He was an elderly man, and his fat
+face was white and piteous. His hands never
+ceased trembling. He had had a terrible
+fright. Some one suggested getting out the
+oars, and others said it was impossible, as they
+were underneath us all. However, it was
+managed, and several men stood up and
+changed places. Again we nearly upset. I
+joined with the others in commanding these
+wild folk to sit still. Three oars were produced.
+One was given to a young and sickly
+looking Frenchman opposite to me. He did
+not know how to use it. Everyone shouted
+to get away from the steamer. The water
+had now reached my knees, and I began to
+notice how cold it was.</p>
+
+<p>“I saw three other women in the boat.
+They sat together, white and silent, in the
+stern, nor ever moved. They were French
+women. Some one noticed that the water was
+increasing and there was a wild hullabaloo of
+alarm. A Belgian—the man who had pulled
+into the boat the man whose knee I held—called
+for hats with which to bale, setting the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</span>example with his. But we were so tightly
+packed that no one could get at the water,
+whereupon the Belgian climbed overboard on
+to one of the gratings I have already mentioned,
+and a young Belgian soldier followed
+his example on the other side. They held on to
+our gunwale with their fingers. This somewhat
+relieved the congestion, enabling us to bail.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_283" style="max-width: 45.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_283.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Brigadier-General Leroy Eltinge</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Deputy Chief of Staff, G. H. Q., A. E. F.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Sometimes the people in the boat bailed
+furiously, sometimes they stopped and stared
+stupidly about them. Some shouted ‘Ramez!
+Ramez!’ Others equally excited yelled ‘Mais
+non! Videz l’eau! Videz l’eau!’ I apologized
+to my immediate neighbors for that I
+had no hat to lend, and for that I was too
+hurt to stoop, but I put my hands on the erring
+oar the young Frenchman was feebly moving
+across my knees, and did my best to guide his
+efforts. As often as not he put it flat on the
+water, and sometimes he merely desisted altogether,
+and gazed vacantly in front of him.
+The Belgian asked for a handkerchief, and
+groping in the water at the bottom of the
+boat, found a hole and caulked it as best he
+could. Thereafter the bailers kept the water
+from increasing, but did little to reduce it.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE <em>SUSSEX</em> STILL AFLOAT</h3>
+
+<p>“Looking around I saw our steamer riding
+quite happily on the water with her bows clean
+gone. Afterwards I learned that the torpedo
+had cut off her fore-part, to within an inch
+or two of where I had been standing, and
+that it had sunk. I saw another full boat
+being rowed away from the ship, and an overturned
+one with two people sitting on her
+keel. I saw a man seated on a grating. All
+were convinced that help would be forthcoming
+speedily. And still the <em>Sussex</em> floated.
+Four times I remarked—by way of a <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">ballon
+d’essai</i>—that it seemed as if she were not going
+to sink, and always there was an outcry to
+row, and get away from her. The Belgian
+and the Belgian soldier evidently thought as
+I did. They proposed that we should return
+before we were swamped ourselves. Once
+again a hysterical outburst. One man jumped
+to his feet and shrieked, and asked us if it
+were to hell that we intended returning? I
+began to be afraid that he and those who
+thought as he did would throw us others into
+the sea, but common-sense told me that to
+remain all night in that overcrowded half-swamped
+boat would be to court death.</p>
+
+<p>“We saw at last that the other boat was
+returning. This was our chance. Example
+is a wonderful thing in dealing with mob hysteria.
+Tentatively the two Belgians and I
+proposed that we should go as close to the
+steamer as prudence permitted, and ask the
+Captain if she were going to sink. If his answer
+were favorable, those who desired should
+go on board, and any who liked could go off
+again in the boat. If his answer were unfavorable,
+we would stand off again. The
+maniac still shrieked his protests, but the rest
+of the boat was with us. But no one seemed
+to know how to turn the boat. As soon as we
+told one to backwater, the other two did likewise.
+It seemed hopeless. Finally, we let
+the other two oars pull, and I myself tried to
+induce my <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">vis-à-vis</i> to ‘ramez au sens contraire,’
+which was the nearest approach I
+could get to ‘backwater’ in French. He was
+too dazed to understand, so I simply set my
+teeth and pulled against him, and in about
+fifteen minutes the boat gradually came round
+in a wide circle. How I longed to be whole
+again so that I could take his oar right away
+and cox that mad boat! With my injured
+back and inside I could only just compass
+what I did. The pain kept me from collapsing,
+and the exertion from freezing.</p>
+
+<p>“It looked as though we were to be
+swamped, after all, within ten yards of the
+<em>Sussex’s</em> gaping bows, for our crew, in their
+excitement, had forgotten to bail for some
+minutes. As we floated in under her sides I
+made a final appeal, which a young Belgian
+put into more forcible French, for everybody
+to keep calm and not upset the boat at the last.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BACK TO THE SHIP</h3>
+
+<p>“The women now spoke for the first time—and
+it was to appeal to the excited boat’s load
+to let me be taken off first, since I was injured.
+I found I could not stand, so sat in the middle
+of the seat trying to trim the boat while the
+men scrambled out. I was left alone at last;
+and the water that came over the gunwale
+poured over my legs to my waist, some of it
+soaking through my thick great-coat and chilling
+me to the bone. The boat was floating
+away. Some one shouted to me to get up.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</span>I got on to my hands and knees on the seat
+and tried to crawl along the side, but the
+change of position nearly caused me to faint
+with pain. Then the Belgian managed to get
+hold of the boat and hold her, and some sailors
+leaned out of the hatchway in the <em>Sussex’s</em> side
+and grasped me by the arms and pulled me up
+and in as though I had been a sack. There
+were many far worse hurt than I, and they
+left me propped against a wall. The Belgian
+again came to the rescue, and half dragged
+me to the top of the second saloon stairway.
+I got down by levering myself on my hands on
+the rails, while he supported me under the
+arms.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_285" style="max-width: 51.9375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_285.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy of Leslies.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Searching for U-Boats in the North Sea</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A fleet of torpedo boats combing the seas for German raiders. The Allied Fleets maintained their
+vigil until the German Navy was surrendered at Scapa Flow.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Once in the saloon, he and the young Belgian
+soldier took off my loosely fixed lifebelt
+and laid me on a couch. One forced a glass
+of whisky down my throat, which burned and
+gave me back renewed consciousness, while
+the other ran for brandy. I was terribly cold,
+and the good Belgian took off my boots and
+puttees and stockings and chafed my feet till
+one was warm. The other had no sensation
+for over twelve hours, and five days later,
+when it was radiographed, proved to be
+sprained and fractured.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“WHAT IS IT TO DIE?”</h3>
+
+<p>“After that, long hours of waiting. A
+woman shrieked incessantly up on deck. A
+man with a wounded head came and sat patiently
+in a corner. A girl, complaining of a
+pain in her chest, came down the stairs and
+lay down on a corner couch. She never moved
+nor spoke again. By midnight she was dead.
+None of us guessed, none of us knew. She
+died bravely and silently, quite alone. Another
+woman showed signs of approaching hysteria.
+A young Belgian officer, who had been
+attending her, suddenly ceased his gallantry,
+and standing sternly before her, said brusquely,
+‘After all, if the very worst comes, you can
+only die. What is it to die?’ The words
+acted on her like a douche of cold water. She
+became herself again and never murmured.
+We others, perhaps, benefited too. It is nerve-racking
+work lying helpless in a damaged
+vessel, wondering whether the rescue ship or
+another enemy submarine will appear first on
+the scene. And no ship came. At intervals
+the Belgian boy soldiers came down to reassure
+us: ‘The wireless had been repaired.
+Forty vessels were searching for us. There
+was a light to starboard. We were drifting
+towards Boulogne. The “Phares” of the coast
+were in sight.’ But no ship came. The light
+to starboard faded. Another appeared, and
+faded too.</p>
+
+<p>“Then we heard the regular boom of a
+cannon or a rocket. We all knew that something
+must have blocked our wireless, but no
+one said so. The Belgian came down to sleep,
+fixing his lifebelt first. With him came a
+good French-woman, who was very kind to
+me and washed the blood from my face and
+rinsed out my bleeding mouth. She was
+very hungry, and all I could do to help her
+was to hold her jewels while she went on
+deck to search for her hand baggage, and,
+later, to give her some soaked food out of my
+pocket. There was no food left anywhere.
+She said some brave words, too, about death
+coming to all, only coming once, and being
+soon over. How much one person’s courage
+can help others at such a time! Then she tied
+on a lifebelt and went to sleep beside me. The
+ship was rolling now, and the seas slapped
+noisily against her somewhere, jarring her all
+through her frame. But the Captain had said
+she would not sink for eighteen hours, and
+we all believed his word implicitly. Still, it
+was an ugly noise, and seemed to betoken her
+helplessness.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“WOMEN AND CHILDREN FIRST”</h3>
+
+<p>“And then at last the news of rescue! A
+French fishing-boat was coming! ‘Women
+and children first,’ the young Belgians cried.
+My Belgian succorer roused himself and
+fetched my stockings and boots. My right
+boot would not go on. My puttees he could
+not manage, and so he tied them round me.
+He was always cool and practical and matter-of-fact.
+‘I have been in the Belgian Congo,’
+he explained, ‘and in shipwrecks before. I
+know what to do, and I am not alarmed.
+You can trust entirely to me.’ And I did.
+There was a great bump as the fishing-boat
+came alongside, and a rush upstairs. Once
+more I was left alone, for my Belgian friend
+had gone up to see about getting me helped
+on board. He came back to say that the
+crush was so great that he would wait till it
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</span>was over and then take me. It seemed a
+long time, but he came back at last, only to
+find he could not lift me. Then he went
+away calling for an ‘homme de bonne volonté’
+to help. A young Chinese responded, and together
+they staggered up the heaving stairway
+with me. When they reached the ship’s rail
+it was to hear that the boat had gone! A
+British torpedo boat was coming, we were
+told, and so the fisherman had gone off with
+as many as he could safely carry to Boulogne.
+With her went my hope of reaching
+my own hospital in France. I had been sure
+the destroyer would take her load to England.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_287" style="max-width: 47.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_287.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80"><cite>Courtesy of Leslies.</cite></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sinking of the <em>Falaba</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">After torpedoing the ship, the U-boat came to the surface and gave the command “Abandon
+ship.” Shortly afterward the <em>Falaba</em> broke into flames and was destroyed.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Perhaps half an hour passed, and then the
+destroyer came. This time one of the French
+sailors helped him to carry me, and I was
+placed on my back, across the ship’s rail, and
+when the roll brought her near enough to the
+destroyer, British sailors grasped my arms and
+pulled me over. For one sickening second my
+legs dangled between the two ships, but the
+sailors hauled me in just before the impact
+came. They carried me to the chart-house
+and laid me on the couch, and before long the
+Belgian joined me, and, utterly exhausted, lay
+down on the floor. From that moment I felt
+entirely safe. We English are brought up to
+feel complete confidence in the British Navy,
+much as they teach us to trust in Providence.
+And the Navy deserves our confidence.</p>
+
+<p>“It took a long time to transfer all the remaining
+passengers of the <em>Sussex</em> to H. M. S.
+——, for the sea was becoming restless, and
+the two ships hammered and thumped at each
+other’s sides to such purpose that the rescuing
+destroyer had to go into dock for repairs
+when her labors were over and she had landed
+us all safely.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_VALLEYS_OF_THE_BLUE_SHROUDS">THE VALLEYS OF THE BLUE SHROUDS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent">(<em>Where the Valiant Poilus Were Buried in Their Blue Uniforms</em>)</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent"><em>By</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">John Finley</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O shards of walls that once held precious life,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Now scattered, like the bones the Prophet saw</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Lying in visioned valleys of the slain</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Ere One cried: “Son of Man, can these bones live?”</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O images of heroes, saints, and Christs,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Pierced, broken, thrust in hurried sepulture</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">In selfsame tombs with tinsel, dross, and dreg,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And without time for either shrift or shroud!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O smold’ring embers of Love’s hearthstone fires,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Quenched by the fiercer fires of hellish hate,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">That have not where to kindle flames again</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To light succeeding generations on!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O ghost-gray ashes of cathedral towers</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">That toward the sky once raised appealing hands</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To beg the God of all take residence</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And hold communion with the kneeling souls!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O silent tongues of bells that once did ring</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Matin and Angelus o’er peaceful fields,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Now shapeless slag that will to-morrow serve</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To make new engines for still others’ woe!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O dust that flowered in finial and foil</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And bright in many-petaled windows bloomed,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Now unto dust returned at cannon’s breath</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To lay thy faded glories on the crypt!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O wounded cities that have been beloved</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">As Priam’s city was by Hecuba,—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Sad Hecuba, who ere in exile borne,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Beheld her Hector’s child Astyanax</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Spitted on spears (as if a Belgian babe)</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And saw the walls in smoke and flame ascend</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To hover heav’nward with wide-brooding wings</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Above the “vanished thing” that once was Troy!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O shards of sanctuaries and of homes!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">O embers, ashes gray, and glinting dust!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Ye who were tile or tower in Laon or Ypres,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">A village by the Somme, a church in Roye,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">A bit of glass in Reims, a convent bell</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">In St. Dié, a lycée in Verdun,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">A wayside crucifix in Mézières,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Again I hear a cry: “Can these bones live?”</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Yes! As the bones, o’er which the Prophet cried</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And called the breath from Heav’n’s four winds to breathe.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Sprang straightway, bone to bone, each to its place,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To frame in flesh the features and the forms</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">They still remembered and still loved to hold</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Once more on earth—so shall ye rise again!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Out of their quarries, cumulus, the clouds</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Will furnish back your flame in crystal stone;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">The cirrus dawns in Parsee tapestries</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">With azure broiderings will clothe your walls;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">The nimbus noons will shower golden rain</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And sunset colors fill each Gothic arch;</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">For o’er thy stricken vales, O valiant France,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Our love for thee shall prophesy anew,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And Heav’n’s Four Winds of Liberty, allied,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Shall breathe unpoisoned in thy streets till they</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Shall pulse again with life that laughs and sings,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And yet remembers, singing through its tears</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">The music of an everlasting song—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Remembers, proudly and undyingly,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><em>The hero dust that lies in shrouds of blue</em></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><em>But rises as thy soul, immortal France!</em></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">
+Dr. Finley and <cite>The Yale Review</cite>.<br>
+</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="RIZZO_SINKS_THE_WIEN">RIZZO SINKS THE <em>WIEN</em></h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>An Italian Lieutenant Braves Batteries and Mines and Harbor Wire in
+Novel Feat</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> Germans and Austrians, knowing
+that it would be folly for them to risk
+a naval battle, kept their navies cooped up in
+harbors and rivers to the intense disgust of
+real jackies, who thought it quite unbearable
+at times that while the Allied fleets were roaming
+about the high seas begging for a fight
+the enemy was shutting itself up. English
+and French and American sailors were so
+hungry for action that they occasionally took
+unwarranted chances for the sake of getting
+at the enemy, and more than once these daring
+leaders were at the same time rebuked for
+their recklessness and rewarded for their
+bravery and success.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most brilliant and picturesque
+of naval adventures fell to the credit of a
+young Italian who achieved a plan that
+startled the Austrians and Germans as much
+as it delighted the Allies.</p>
+
+<p>Lieut. Rizzo is really a Sicilian, strong and
+handsome. He is about thirty years old—young
+enough to go through with a daring
+feat, old enough to be careful. Moreover,
+there were two boats that carried out the
+plan, and the second boat was in charge of an
+elderly man, sixty-two years old, a fire-eater
+though.</p>
+
+<p>The task was quite definite. In the Trieste
+harbor the Austrians kept several ships which
+were a source of great annoyance to the Italians.
+Especially hateful was the <em>Wien</em> and
+her sister the <em>Monarch</em>. She carried four
+10-inch guns and six 6-inch guns and a crew
+of 441 officers and men. A month before the
+<em>Wien</em> had shelled the lower Piave line and
+Italian motor boats had tried their torpedoes
+on her. She had a narrow escape. Then she
+was stored at Trieste. She must have felt
+herself quite safe with her sister ship, the
+<em>Monarch</em>, drawing by her. They were behind
+steel nets fringed with mines. And
+all day and all night sentries watched.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant’s Rizzo’s plans were all laid.
+But he had no false hopes. He knew of the
+Austrian combination of nets and mines, and
+knew that at best he had great chances of
+being blown to pieces. He started out, though,
+with his two little launches—really not much
+bigger than a ship’s lifeboat.</p>
+
+
+<h3>DUMBFOUNDED AUSTRIANS</h3>
+
+<p>There was a mist on the sea. It was after
+midnight when they crawled in toward the
+coast. It was in December, and they could
+just about make out the white city of Trieste.
+The two boats stole toward the harbor. One
+of the chief problems of Rizzo was that of
+the huge steel cables attached to the nets;
+but these he managed to cut apart, thus making
+his way through the nets.</p>
+
+<p>They came nearer the harbor. It is an
+affair of three piers, making two channels.
+These channels were closed by booms and
+nets. Mines were linked to the piers by great
+steel hawsers.</p>
+
+<p>The boats crept up to one pier. Rizzo
+climbed up and took in the situation. There
+was nobody on that pier. On the middle
+pier, however, was a guardroom. There
+could be heard the sound of voices in that
+room, and the barking of dogs, and the
+monotonous rhythms of the sentry patrolling
+the middle pier.</p>
+
+<p>“Lieutenant Rizzo,” Percival Gibbon
+wrote to the New York <cite>Times</cite>, “crawled
+back and gave the order, and up came his
+men, crawling on hands and knees over the
+concrete, passing the big cutting tools from
+hand to hand, groping their way to the cables.
+Some set to work to cut them, while two
+men scanned the shore lest some sentry should
+arrive.</p>
+
+<p>“The cutting instruments worked well. It
+needed only a strong jar to set the mines<span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</span>
+exploding, but the cutters bit their way
+through strand after strand of twisted steel
+wire. Three cables above water were severed
+without trouble; the five more below;
+water were grappled and hauled to the surface
+and cut in their turn.</p>
+
+<p>“At last the weight of the net and its
+attachments tore the last steel strands asunder,
+the whole great cobweb of metal and
+explosives sank, and the harbor lay open.
+Rizzo and his men crawled back to their
+boats. Those boats moved like shadows
+toward the <em>Wien</em> and the <em>Monarch</em>. Rizzo
+backed off till he had his enemy at 150 yards.
+His second boat, commanded by the old petty
+officer, shifted out upon his beam to get a
+line which cleared the <em>Wien’s</em> bow and commanded
+the <em>Monarch’s</em> great steel flank.
+Rizzo raised his arm in that gloom and saw
+the answering gesture of the petty officer. It
+was the moment to let her go. In a second
+four long steel devils were sliding through
+the water for the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>“A roar, a blast of flame, a waterspout
+raining on them, and a second roar as the
+<em>Monarch</em>, too, got her dose.</p>
+
+<p>“A searchlight flashed out from the <em>Wien</em>
+and sawed at the darkness. A scream sounded
+over the water: <em>Wer da?</em> (Who’s there?)
+There were shoutings and stampings along
+the deck of the wounded ship, searchlights
+waking along the shore and on the breakwaters,
+and anti-aircraft guns arousing everywhere.
+No one in Trieste knew whence the
+attack had come, whether from air or sea.
+The sky was festooned with bursting shell,
+while the ships in the harbor opened with
+their guns toward the harbor mouth, shelling
+the mist of the Adriatic at random. By the
+light of that furious illumination the Italian
+sailors saw the great bulk of the <em>Wien</em> listing
+toward them.</p>
+
+<p>“By this time they were making for the
+harbor mouth. Shells spouted all around
+them, but not one hit them, and both boats
+saw before they left that last subsidence, that
+wriggle and resignation with which a great
+ship goes under.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="EDITH_CAVELL">EDITH CAVELL</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent"><em>By</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Laurence Binyon</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">She was binding the wounds of her enemies when they came—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">The lint in her hand unrolled.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">They battered the door with their rifle-butts, crashed it in:</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">She faced them gentle and bold.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">They haled her before the judges where they sat</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In their places, helmet on head.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">With question and menace the judges assailed her, “Yes,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">I have broken your law,” she said.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“I have tended the hurt and hidden the hunted, have done</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">As a sister does to a brother,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Because of a law that is greater than that you have made,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Because I could do none other.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“Deal as you will with me. This is my choice to the end,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">To live in the life I vowed.”</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">“She is self-confessed,” they cried; “she is self-condemned.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">She shall die, that the rest may be cowed.”</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">In the terrible hour of the dawn, when the veins are cold,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">They led her forth to the wall.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">“I have loved my land,” she said, “but it is not enough:</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Love requires of me all.</div><span class="pagenum" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“I will empty my heart of the bitterness, hating none.”</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And sweetness filled her brave</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">With a vision of understanding beyond the hour</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">That knelled to the waiting grave.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">They bound her eyes, but she stood as if she shone.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">The rifles it was that shook</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">When the hoarse command rang out. They could not endure</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">That last, that defenseless look.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">And the officer strode and pistoled her surely, ashamed</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">That men, seasoned in blood,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Should quail at a woman, only a woman,—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">As a flower stamped in the mud.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">And now that the deed was securely done, in the night</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">When none had known her fate,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">They answered those that had striven for her, day by day:</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">“It is over, you come too late.”</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">And with many words and sorrowful-phrased excuse</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Argued their German right</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To kill, most legally; hard though the duty be,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">The law must assert its might.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Only a woman! yet she had pity on them,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">The victim offered slain</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To the gods of fear that they worship. Leave them there,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Red hands, to clutch their gain!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">She bewailed not herself, and we will bewail her not,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">But with tears of pride rejoice</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">That an English soul was found so crystal-clear</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">To be triumphant voice</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Of the human heart that dares adventure all</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">But live to itself untrue,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And beyond all laws sees love as the light in the night,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">As the star it must answer to.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">The hurt she healed, the thousands comforted—these</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Make a fragrance of her fame.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But because she stept to her right on through death</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">It is Victory speaks her name.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">
+From <em>The Cause</em>. Messrs. Houghton Mifflin Company.<br>
+</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="AS_OF_OLD">AS OF OLD</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>An Engagement When Pistol and Cutlass Revived Memories of Notable
+Sea Fights of the Past</h3>
+
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">A friendly</span> ghost of the old grappling
+and boarding days at sea came to give
+the color of romance to one of the encounters
+between British and German ships in the latter
+part of April, 1917. And a touch of ancient
+charm is given to the experience in the
+fact that the hero of the engagement was a
+gallant and daring midshipman, for the honors
+really fall to Midshipman Donald Gyles
+of the good ship <em>Broke</em>—a British destroyer.</p>
+
+<p>Appropriately too, it was a dark and calm
+night. The <em>Broke</em> (whose commander was
+Capt. Evans, the antarctic explorer) and the
+sister destroyer <em>Swift</em> were steaming leisurely
+in a westerly course on patrol duty. Suddenly,
+quite in the vein of romance, the lookout
+of the <em>Swift</em> made out, not more than six
+hundred yards distant, a flotilla of six German
+destroyers. Here was a how-d’ye-do,
+when you consider that a distance of a thousand
+yards is a disagreeably close range in these
+days of far-speaking guns. The Germans
+were the first to fire, but the <em>Swift</em> lost no
+time in making reply and also put on steam in
+an attempt to ram the foremost enemy destroyer.
+She failed of her purpose and ran
+beyond the enemy line, but turning about she
+sent a torpedo into one of the enemy ships
+and made a second dash at the leader, which
+again escaped a ramming and took to flight.
+The <em>Swift</em> gave chase.</p>
+
+<p>The <em>Broke</em> was giving excellent account of
+herself meanwhile. She had torpedoed one
+of the enemy and then opened fire with every
+gun. The other enemy destroyers were frantically
+working for full speed. The <em>Broke</em>
+swung around and rammed one of them square
+abreast the after funnel, so that the two boats
+were locked. Then began the desperate hand-to-hand
+conflict reminiscent of ancient days.
+The <em>Broke</em> raked the enemy’s decks point
+blank with fire from big guns, maxims, rifle
+and pistol. Two other German destroyers
+came to the rescue and poured a furious fire
+on the <em>Broke</em>, killing twelve of the eighteen
+men of the gun crew.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A HAND-TO-HAND FIGHT ON DECK</h3>
+
+<p>It might have been that at such a disadvantage
+the <em>Broke</em> would fall speedy victim to
+superior numbers. But something more
+than numbers and preponderance of force
+enter into the audit of the militant; and the
+“something more” in this instance was the
+spirit and understanding of Midshipman
+Gyles. Although wounded in the eye he kept
+all the foremost guns in action, himself helping
+the sorely reduced crew to load. While
+he was occupied in this way Germans began
+swarming over the <em>Broke’s</em> forecastle from
+the rammed destroyer, and to escape the blinding
+flashes of the forecastle guns began pushing
+aft, roaring and shouting like a frenzied mob.
+A graphic account of what happened was published
+right after the event:</p>
+
+<p>“The midshipman, amid the dead and
+wounded of his own gun-crews, and half
+blinded himself by blood, met the onset single-handed
+with an automatic revolver. He was
+grappled by a German, who tried to wrest
+the revolver away. Cutlasses and bayonets being
+among the British equipment in anticipation
+of such an event, the German was
+promptly bayoneted by Seaman Ingleson. The
+remainder of the invaders, except two who
+feigned death, were driven over the side, the
+two being taken prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>“Two minutes after ramming, the <em>Broke</em>
+wrenched herself free from her sinking adversary
+and turned to ram the last of the three
+remaining German boats. She failed in this
+object but, in swinging around, succeeded in
+hitting the boat’s consort on the stem with a
+torpedo. Hotly engaged with the two fleeing
+destroyers, the <em>Broke</em> attempted to follow the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</span><em>Swift</em> in the direction she was last seen, but
+a shell struck the <em>Broke’s</em> boiler-room, disabling
+her main engines.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_294" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_294.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy of Hunter.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Through the North Sea</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Night and day the Allied Fleets patrolled the North Sea, watching for U-boats and waiting for the German Navy to act.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Thus freed from pursuit the enemy ships
+made off swiftly and disappeared in the darkness.
+In spite of her disability the <em>Broke</em> made
+such headway as her crippled engines were capable
+of in quest of the <em>Swift</em>. Soon a burning
+German destroyer was sighted and immediately
+its crew saw the <em>Broke</em> they rushed
+to the rails shouting for mercy and begging to
+be saved. Disregarding the danger and unsuspicious
+of treachery the <em>Broke</em> steered slowly
+toward the burning ship. The German
+crew redoubled their plea, “Save, Save,” and
+then suddenly opened fire on the vessel coming
+to their rescue.</p>
+
+<p>The <em>Broke</em> in her crippled condition was
+not able to maneuver for safety, but she had
+her guns and happily they served her. She
+silenced the German with four shots and then,
+the desert of baseness, torpedoed the German
+amidships.</p>
+
+<p>The <em>Swift</em> had a somewhat different experience.
+She had, owing to impaired speed, abandoned
+the pursuit of the first destroyer, and
+began a search for other quarry. After a
+time she sighted a motionless destroyer from
+which came calls for help. She approached
+cautiously with guns ready for instant action
+and presently made out that it was the destroyer
+that the <em>Broke</em> had rammed. The
+Germans were shouting, “We surrender,” but
+the <em>Swift</em> was wary, suspecting treachery, and
+waited. In a little while the destroyer keeled
+and went down stem first, the crew jumping
+into the water.</p>
+
+<p>The <em>Swift</em> switched on her searchlights and
+there being no enemy ship visible, lowered her
+boats and rescued the Germans swimming
+toward her. Then the <em>Broke</em> and the <em>Swift</em>
+reported to each other on the details of the
+engagement and those who remained of the
+two crews cheered each other well nigh as long
+a time as the thrilling engagement itself had
+lasted.</p>
+
+<p>And let not be forgotten, when quiet heroisms
+are remembered, the conduct of Seaman
+William Rowles, helmsman of the <em>Broke</em>.
+Though hit four times by shell fragments he
+stuck to the wheel during the entire action
+and only betrayed the fact that he was wounded
+by fainting as he reported to his captain,
+“I’m going off now, Sir.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="DEATH_IN_A_SUBMARINE">DEATH IN A SUBMARINE</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>One of a Crew That Was Saved Tells of the Thrilling Moments Just Before
+the Final Plunge</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Many</span> submarines, rammed or shot, were
+sent to the bottom with their crews,
+and for the most part the world has been
+left to imagine how the doomed men met
+their fate. There is always a desire, deeper
+than mere curiosity, to know how men behave
+in such circumstances; now and then the desire
+is gratified, and we have learned that
+brave men go down to death cooped in a
+submarine with the same resolute calm with
+which brave men meet death in any guise.
+That the spirit of man is a wondrous thing
+the war has given new proof in myriad
+ways.</p>
+
+<p>A survivor tells the story of the crew of
+the <em>Monge</em>, a French submarine commanded
+by Lieutenant Morillot, rammed by an Austrian
+warship and sunk in the Adriatic, Dec.
+29, 1915. It was more than a year after
+that date before any of the details became
+known. Then the letter of one of the crew
+released from an Austrian military prison was
+published, giving the thrilling particulars.
+After telling how the warship smashed into
+the submarine the letter continued:</p>
+
+<p>“The water enters in torrents. The safety
+hatch is closed, but the <em>Monge</em> descends very
+swiftly; it reaches a depth of 200 feet, and
+the plates crack under the pressure of the
+water. We give ourselves up as forever lost.
+Our vessel is being crushed; we feel it flattening
+in upon us. No one says a word, but<span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</span>
+everybody works. Orders are executed as in
+ordinary times; no panic, not a cry.</p>
+
+<p>“We are facing the most certain and perhaps
+the most hideous death, yet our commander
+is superb in his coolness, and he has
+a crew that is worthy of him. The steel
+braces supporting the hull—bars as thick as
+my fist—are twisted like so many wires. The
+accumulators fall down on each other; the
+electric current is intensified, the fuses burn
+out, the acid decomposes—it is the second
+phase; after the crushing comes asphyxiation.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Courage! Courage! We are rising!’
+That is the cry of the second torpedo master,
+for to him belongs the most delicate and certain
+of all our remedies. In fact, we feel
+that we are rising, and in a minute or two
+we have gone from a depth of 200 feet to
+the surface. We are saved!</p>
+
+<p>“Alas! A third ordeal! The Austrians
+have seen us and begin shelling us at short
+range. A single shell pierces our hull. The
+commandant orders for the third time: ‘To
+your posts for the dive!’ This time all is
+indeed ended; the motors no longer act, none
+of the machinery runs, and the water keeps
+pouring in. Everybody goes to his post without
+a murmur, and yet we all know that this
+time death awaits us—and what a death!
+The commandant changes his mind. Our vessel
+is lost; why sacrifice the crew? He lets
+his arms drop, and two big tears roll down
+his cheeks, tears of pride and of impotence.</p>
+
+<p>“In a calm voice, however, he tells us to
+save ourselves. The impossible had been attempted;
+we could give up with a light
+heart.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_296" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_296.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">The Conning Tower of a New British Submarine of the “L” Type</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Before rising to the surface the commandant
+asks us to cry three times, ‘<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Vive la
+France!</i>’ and to sing the ‘<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Marseillaise</i>.’ Such
+were the last words and orders of the man
+who was and remained the commandant of
+the <em>Monge</em>, for he chose not to leave his
+beloved boat. As soon as we reached the
+deck we complied with his request and thrice
+shouted ‘<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Vive la France!</i>’ and sang the refrain
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</span>of the ‘<cite>Marseillaise</cite>.’ When the water rose
+to our waists we had only time to throw
+ourselves into the sea. The <em>Monge</em> sank on
+Dec. 29, 1915, at 2:30 in the morning. There
+were three deaths—the commandant and two
+mechanician quartermasters.”</p>
+
+<p>Afterward the French Government honored
+Lieutenant Morillot by giving his name
+to a ship captured from the enemy; but one
+wonders why so gallant an officer should have
+been so unprofitably sacrificed to a naval
+tradition. Captains go down with their ships
+because tradition and court-martials have
+made it more honorable than living to serve
+their country in new duties and responsibilities.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_NOTABLE_EXPLOIT">A NOTABLE EXPLOIT</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Two Italian Naval Officers Destroy an Austrian Dreadnought in a Novel
+Way</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Lieut. Col. R. Rossetti</span> of the
+Italian Naval Construction Corps and
+his friend, Dr. Paolucci, also of the Navy, on
+the night of October 31-Nov. 1, 1918, destroyed
+an Austrian dreadnought in circumstances
+as thrilling as they were exceptional.
+They struck an entirely new note in marine
+warfare.</p>
+
+<p>The Austrian warship <em>Viribus Unitis</em>, having
+a displacement of 20,010 tons, and an
+armament of twelve 12-inch guns, and representing
+a cost of $13,000,000, was moored
+in the harbor of Pola, about as secure a place
+as she could possibly have been at rest in.
+The entrance of the harbor was formidably
+fortified; it was a most important naval base
+and was guarded accordingly. Obstacles and
+obstructions, however, did not dismay Col.
+Rossetti, who was of a mind to blow up the
+greatest and newest of Austrian dreadnoughts
+of the super variety. He was of an inventive
+faculty, this daring Genoese, and he devised
+an apparatus, a curious motor, the especial
+purpose of which was to enable a swimmer to
+get a mine safely over the obstructions that
+closed Pola harbor.</p>
+
+<p>With this device supporting the necessary
+mine, Col. Rossetti and Dr. Paolucci swam
+into the harbor in the night. They had approached
+as near as was expedient in the
+chaser <em>M. A. S. 95</em> which towed the apparatus.
+They left the chaser with the parting
+whisper “<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Vive il Re!</i>” and steered their course
+between two lighthouses until they came to
+the obstruction at the extreme end of the
+jetty. The obstruction consisted of long beams
+bound together at the ends by wire rope.
+Buoys at intervals kept the obstruction in position.
+The apparatus was put in a line with
+the beams and dragged slowly forward for
+about a quarter of an hour. At a certain
+point the beams were submerged and the men
+could no longer guide themselves by them, so
+the motor was put into action to reach the
+inner edge of the obstruction. In his official
+report Col. Rossetti gave in detail by hours
+the incidents and events that followed. The
+report is quoted:</p>
+
+<p>“On our left (that is, toward the open
+sea) I have noticed a submarine with one
+tower. She is on the surface, and passes, darkened
+and noiseless, between the harbor obstruction
+and the chaser which had brought us.
+I can see her like a shadow against the
+sky, and point her out to Dr. Paolucci.</p>
+
+<p>“About 11.15 p.m.—We can distinctly see
+a red light shining at intervals and moving
+up and down along the jetty. Probably it
+is on a patrol boat stationed between the jetty
+and the outside obstructions. This will not
+affect us, however, for here we shall be keeping
+to the outer side of the obstructions.</p>
+
+
+<h3>PAOLUCCI EXPLORES</h3>
+
+<p>“About 11.45 p.m.—We are nearing the
+jetty and are about 100 meters from it after
+passing rapidly through the second diagonal.
+At my request Dr. Paolucci swims off to explore
+in the direction of the jetty, and returns<span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</span>
+in a few minutes to say that we can proceed.
+During this pause I notice that a rather strong
+current runs northward along the coast. We
+move on until we reach the jetty, and then
+work along parallel with it, placing ourselves
+between our apparatus and the jetty. We
+have a good hand hold, as the jetty is made
+of blocks of cement, piled one on another.
+The current, too, is in our favor. Everything
+is going smoothly, but we are losing far too
+much time, so I venture to start the motor
+once more. This is not really imprudent—notwithstanding
+the phosphorescence produced
+by increased speed—for the breakwater, with
+large intervals between the cement masses,
+surely cannot be patrolled at night by a sentry.
+We are in a dead sector as far as sentries
+are concerned.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_298" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_298.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">The <em>Viribus Unitis</em>, an Austrian Dreadnought Ready for an Engagement
+in the Adriatic</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“12.30 a.m.—Still clinging to the jetty, we
+reach a group of chains that are fastened to
+the top of the jetty and hang down toward
+the water. I judge this may be the end of
+the last diagonal of the first observation, and
+conclude, therefore, that we must be about
+200 meters from the small opening of the
+jetty. Dr. Paolucci again goes alone to explore
+the opening. He soon returns with the
+report that we may advance. We are under
+way again by about 12.45. When the opening
+is clearly visible I silence the motor and we
+proceed hand-over-hand.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AVOIDS A SENTRY BOAT</h3>
+
+<p>“About 1 a.m.—We have reached the edge
+of the opening, always sticking close to the
+jetty, which now slopes down to the opening
+and is guarded by a small gun (of about fifty
+millimeters), which is silhouetted against the
+sky as we pass under it at a distance of about
+five meters.</p>
+
+<p>“A strong current coming from the interior
+of the roadstead meets the current flowing
+along the coast and drives us—despite all our
+efforts—out to sea in the direction of the
+northern extremity of the jetty. The motor
+is started into full action and we manage to
+make a wide loop toward the left, returning
+to the small opening.</p>
+
+<p>“Here, too, we find an obstruction formed
+by several sections of floating beams, joined
+with wire ropes. Here and there points project
+above the water. Having satisfied ourselves
+that the obstruction has no submerged
+nets, we decide to climb over it while passing
+our apparatus underneath, and the plan is
+carried out without accident. We follow the
+inner side of this obstruction back to the jetty—easily<span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</span>
+recognized by the cannon and sentry-post
+which we had already seen from the
+other side. Still creeping along the jetty for
+a few meters, we find ourselves near the bow
+of a tug, moored there, and can hear the hissing
+noise of a jet of steam. A little further
+off, stern toward the jetty, is a large boat
+that guards the port. This is indicated on
+our chart, so we decide to turn toward the
+inner harbor.</p>
+
+<p>“About 2 a.m.—We reach the third obstruction,
+which runs parallel to the jetty,
+without encountering that running from the
+jetty on the right of the guard boat to the
+large opening of the port. The obstruction
+now to be overcome is made up of a row of
+metal cylinders, with tops projecting about
+twenty centimeters above the water, supporting,
+about sixty centimeters below the water
+level, a metal cable to which a net is attached.
+Given the distance between buoys, and the
+depth at which the net begins, it is easy
+to pass this barrier. About ten meters behind
+it is a second, and then a third, all parallel
+and of the same type. These are passed without
+real difficulty, though we have lost time
+between the second and third series. A boat
+was moored not more than thirty meters from
+us, and we had to move with extreme caution
+and very slowly.</p>
+
+<p>“It is easy to know where we are. Ahead
+and to our left, I can recognize Valmaggiore
+and the rocky mass near the curve toward the
+interior of the port. We consult the pocket
+compass, but it is full of water and will not
+work. Once past the third section of this
+obstruction, I steer in an oblique line to the
+right, the direction in which I believe we
+shall find the last series of obstructions—those
+projecting from the north coast and running
+perpendicular to the jetty.</p>
+
+<p>“The first big ships—dark, shadowy forms—are
+barely visible on our right. Going forward,
+we can see three other ships, further in,
+that show lighted cabins and portholes, and
+that have white deck-lights.</p>
+
+
+<h3>NEARING THE SHIP</h3>
+
+<p>“About 3 a.m.—We reach and pass, without
+trouble, a triple series of obstructions similar
+to the preceding ones. Sure of our position,
+I steer so as to pass between the north<span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</span>
+coast and the line of big ships, along which
+we move for about 200 meters, now always
+fighting against the current.</p>
+
+<p>“It is late, and we fear that the air pressure
+of 120 atmospheres will not be sufficient
+to insure our return to the chaser. After consultation,
+we agree to continue as far as the
+flagship, which had been pointed out to us
+as of special importance. After sinking this
+we will endeavor to land on the north coast,
+sink our apparatus and dispose of our waterproof
+suits. Then, in the uniform of Italian
+naval officers, which we wear underneath the
+waterproof, we will try to reach a place called
+Fontaine, near Rovigno, where it has been
+agreed that a motor boat will wait for us
+each night from the 2d to the 7th of November.</p>
+
+<p>“As we move toward the ship I detach a
+small device that had been added at the last
+moment. It is supposed to insure an easy
+mooring for the propelling apparatus, but fails
+to work. To rid ourselves of this incumbrance
+I unsheathe my knife, lose the sheath, and am
+obliged to stick the knife into the wooden
+cover of the apparatus. (I mention this merely
+because it will explain why, later, I was
+so long under the <em>Viribus Unitis</em>.)</p>
+
+<p>“At this time an incident occurs that very
+nearly puts an end to the whole business.
+We find that, with no apparent cause, our apparatus
+is gradually, unmistakably, sinking—especially
+at the stern, where I am. Greatly
+disturbed, I endeavor to counteract this sinking
+by crossing my legs beneath the stern, and
+by accelerating the motor, at the same time
+working to open the little valve that lets air
+into the balance tank at the stern. After a
+hurried examination, I find that the valve for
+flooding the afterpart is open; how it happened
+I cannot imagine. The valve is finally
+closed, and when air is readmitted the apparatus
+returns to its normal condition. Without
+doubt these were the most exciting moments
+of the trip.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_300" style="max-width: 47em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_300.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Corporal F. H. McKaig</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>2nd Division, 6th Marines, 83rd Company</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He was acting as battalion runner. The Germans were counter-attacking around Jaulny; but
+Corporal McKaig with truest heroism carried the messages through the most dense enemy artillery
+and machine-gun fire.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“We continue slowly and cautiously until
+4.30 when we find ourselves at the bow of the
+<em>Viribus Unitis</em>, the last of the six ships that
+are drawn up in line. At about 100 meters
+from the ship’s bow the motor is stopped, and
+I move to the head of our apparatus and
+prepare the first weapon of offense. The time
+for the explosion must be calculated from 4.30
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</span>a.m., and the mine is so regulated that it will
+go off four hours from that time. This,
+however, is changed before finally sinking the
+mine.</p>
+
+<p>“It takes from 4.30 until 4.45 to detach
+the mine from our propelling apparatus.
+Meanwhile the current carries us along parallel
+to the right side of the ship at a distance
+of sixty meters. We have drifted too far
+toward the stern so, by using our arms as in
+swimming, and by putting the propeller very
+gently into action, we succeed in turning our
+apparatus and in getting back toward the bow
+of the ship near the lower boom, at a distance
+of about twenty-five meters from the right
+side. After another slight change of position
+toward the rear, on account of the current,
+I detach the mine, and, swimming, push it before
+me until it touches the hull.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ALL LIGHTED UP</h3>
+
+<p>“The ship is lighted up and shows all the
+movement that is usual during the night.
+Some one speaks on the bridge (also lighted);
+some one is walking the deck. The spot
+toward which I am swimming is between the
+second and third of the 150-millimeter guns—counting
+from the stern—which corresponds
+roughly to the position of the principal motors.
+It is a convenient position for the sure sinking
+of the ship.</p>
+
+<p>“On the weapon of offense is a contrivance
+for fixing the machine to the hull of the ship.
+It is connected by a small rope that must be
+loosened or cut. I set to work, but the knot
+is intricate and my knife is sticking in the
+wooden cover of the apparatus. Consequently,
+as the rope is wet and my hands numb with
+cold, it takes a long time to untie that knot.
+Finally, after about twenty minutes, the knot
+yields. I then attach the device to the hull,
+and also fasten it to a rope that I find secured
+to the ship at this point. During the operation
+(it is about 5.15) I hear the morning bugle—it
+is sounded repeatedly—soon followed by the
+noise of all hands on board awake and moving.
+Ashes are thrown out close to me, and
+more steps sound on the deck. I must hasten
+and complete the work. I change the clockwork
+regulating the explosion from 4 to 2;
+consequently the explosion should take place
+at 6.30. I detach the bandage of linen and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</span>
+cork that has floated the mine, and sink it.
+It is now 5.30.</p>
+
+<p>“I swim away from the ship as quickly as
+possible; the sky is cloudy, but in the east
+are signs of dawn. It is a question whether
+I can succeed in reaching our apparatus or
+whether I must swim ashore and try to make
+my way to the point where they will be waiting
+for us. Happily, on my right I soon see
+Dr. Paolucci and the apparatus about fifty
+meters from the ship, and I soon reach them.</p>
+
+<p>“Again taking command, I send the apparatus
+as rapidly as possible toward the bow of
+the ship, and parallel to it, hoping to get
+away from her and to gain the north coast
+as we had planned. The ship’s crew is now
+awake, and they must have discovered us by
+the excessive natural phosphorescence, which
+was increased by the more rapid movement of
+our apparatus. Suddenly a searchlight is
+operated upon the bridge and the light is
+thrown on us. We remain breathlessly still
+for a few moments, hoping against hope that
+we may not be seen. The light remains stationary
+on us and we move very slowly, for,
+although no shot has been fired, we understand
+that we have been discovered and that a
+boat will now be sent out to us.</p>
+
+<p>“Dr. Paolucci, at the bow, now prepares
+the second mine, while I open the valves that
+will sink the apparatus. In this way, while
+a motor boat is leaving the ship and approaching,
+we abandon our apparatus which drifts
+slowly forward—sinking—with the mine that
+will destroy it. Our mission is ended.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TAKEN ON BOARD</h3>
+
+<p>“The motor boat reaches us, paying no attention
+to our apparatus, and they take us on
+board. It is 5.45. We are recognized as
+Italians and they take us to the ladder on the
+port side of the ship. A crowd of sailors receives
+us at the top of the ladder. We feel
+it our duty to shout ‘<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Viva l’Italia!</i>’ This demonstration,
+contrary to what might be expected,
+is received in a spirit rather more cordial
+than hostile. To our surprise we notice the
+new Jugoslav insignia on the caps. We are
+asked, in Venetian dialect, how we come to be
+here. We answer (as Commander Ciano had
+suggested) that we lighted on the water in
+a hydroplane which we had afterward sunk.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</span>In the meantime they are escorting us aft.
+The friendly reception and the changed nationality
+of the fleet cause us to hesitate a bit;
+we consult and come to a decision, asking to
+speak with the Captain on a very important
+and urgent matter. The Captain is called,
+and it is 6 o’clock when he receives me in his
+cabin. I give him Dr. Paolucci’s knife, which
+I find myself still holding, and inform him
+that his ship is in immediate and very serious
+danger. The Captain inquires the nature of
+the serious danger and asks if other ships are
+in the same peril. I answer that I cannot
+disclose the nature of the danger and that no
+other ship is involved.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_302" style="max-width: 50.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_302.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Stacy A. Lewis</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>1st Division, 2nd Machine-Gun Battalion, Company “A”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">On July 22, 1918, near Soissons, with great daring Sergeant Lewis killed an entire machine-gun
+crew and captured their guns. He voluntarily organized a machine-gun crew, with which in the
+hottest shell fire he advanced and gave battle to the enemy.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“The Captain picks up his lifebelt and
+leaves the cabin at once, giving loud orders
+in German that all should leave the ship. We
+follow him up on deck, where he repeats the
+order—obeyed, scatteringly, by all. I ask the
+Captain to permit Dr. Paolucci and myself to
+leave the ship. He consents, and we go down
+the ladder at the right and swim off toward
+the ship’s stern with the current, but impeded
+by the great weight of our clothing. Numbers
+of swimming sailors pass us, as well as
+boats loaded with members of the crew.
+Searchlight signals are flashed to the nearest
+ship, <em>Tegethoff</em>, which sends boats to our
+assistance.</p>
+
+<p>“About 6.20 a boat picks us up and takes
+us back to the ladder on the right of the
+<em>Viribus Unitis</em>, where a large boat is waiting
+for the remainder of the crew. When we
+reach the deck we are received with threats,
+though the men are not especially violent. I
+lose sight of Dr. Paolucci in the crowd. It
+seems that they no longer believe in our warning
+or in the danger. A sailor begins to rip
+up my waterproof suit with his knife; others
+go through my pockets.</p>
+
+<p>“There is a short, smothered thunderclap;
+the ship shivers violently, while a crest of
+foam is thrown up all along her starboard side.
+External damage is very slight, but the ship
+heels over to the right, at first very rapidly,
+then more slowly, but steadily. Most of the
+crowd has left us; a few, however, now
+close in, threatening to shut us up on board.
+The Captain, who stands a few meters off,
+shows no interest in our fate. I appeal to
+him, reminding him that we are prisoners of
+war; that what we have done, as belligerents,
+gives us the right to have our persons respected;
+that the threatened treatment is contrary
+to rules of war. The Captain acknowledges
+the justice of my protest, again gives
+permission for us to leave, and gives orders
+in German for a boat within hailing distance
+on the left of the stern to return and take
+us off the ship. I succeed meanwhile, with
+the help of Dr. Paolucci, in ridding myself
+of my waterproof suit, which had hampered
+me in swimming and which the sailors had
+ripped open.</p>
+
+<p>“Dr. Paolucci and I let ourselves down into
+the water on the port side of the stern. We
+are both pulled into the boat and can watch
+the end of the <em>Viribus Unitis</em>. She is still
+settling on the right. When the water almost
+reaches the deck—although the ship is
+still high out of the water—she suddenly
+heels over with remarkable rapidity. In a
+few seconds nothing is visible save the flat
+bottom of the keel and the four screws—encircled
+by smoke, flames, and fragments of
+shattered wood—while the sea all around is
+lashed up into frothy waves. One sailor in
+our boat gives vent to his grief in a most
+touching manner; all the others appear indifferent.
+If my calculations are correct not ten
+minutes elapsed between the explosion and
+the end.</p>
+
+<p>“I have learned with sincere grief that Captain
+Ianko Vukovic de Podkapelski of the
+<em>Viribus Unitis</em> was wounded by a fragment
+of the sunken ship while swimming to a place
+of safety. He was picked up and carried to
+the hospital in Pola but died a few hours
+afterward. Throughout, he was most chivalrous,
+and treated us with all the consideration
+that one could expect from an honorable
+enemy.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FREED AFTER THE ARMISTICE</h3>
+
+<p>“We were landed on the neighboring shore
+and taken, under escort, on board the <em>Hapsburg</em>.
+There we were despoiled of our clothing
+and given Austrian uniforms. Then we
+were removed to the arsenal, where we arrived
+at 8. From that moment we became
+prisoners of war, but for four days only. On
+the signing of the armistice with Austria, Italian
+naval forces entered Pola—and we were
+free.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="RESCUE_EXTRAORDINARY">RESCUE EXTRAORDINARY</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Impossible Done in Saving Fifty Lives from the Flooded and Sunken
+Submarine <em>K-13</em></h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">One</span> of the most dramatic episodes of the
+war, one in which the tragedy of suspense
+was exemplified with thrilling intensity,
+had nothing to do with siege or battlefield,
+though it partook of the nature and perils of
+both. It was the salving of the <em>K-13</em>. The
+story was first made public in its completeness,
+two years after the event, by Bennet Copplestone,
+who presented the facts, as he obtained
+them at first hand, in a vivid article contributed
+to the <cite>Cornhill Magazine</cite>.</p>
+
+<p>The story, which could not be released until
+the war ended, is of such absorbing interest
+that it is here reproduced with little abbreviation.
+Mr. Copplestone begins:</p>
+
+<p>“I was in Scotland when this happened that
+I write of, and I took the details in all their
+intimate simplicity from the mouths of the
+chief actors—from the salvors who sweated
+blood that they might be in time to pluck live
+men out of a steel coffin; from those who lay
+below and who, drugged by poisoned air, remained
+throughout indifferent to the issue,
+whether of life or death. It was a queer paradox
+of a fight in which the salvors, not those
+saved, got all the excitement and all the thrills.</p>
+
+<p>“<em>K-13</em> was a fleet submarine of a new type,
+more like a submersible destroyer than an ordinary
+underwater boat. Fairfields of Govan
+built her, and even now it were unwise to be
+too explicit in description. But some few details
+are necessary for an understanding of
+my story. She was over three hundred feet
+long and displaced two thousand tons when
+submerged. Unlike most submarines, which
+are driven on the surface by internal combustion
+engines, <em>K-13</em> was a turbine-engined
+steamer with two funnels fitted with watertight
+covers for closing when she dived. The
+ventilators which fed air to her boiler room
+were also equipped for rapid closing down. A
+bulkhead cut off the boiler and engine rooms
+from the central control room, and another
+bulkhead forward divided the control room
+from the foc’sle. Thus, like Cæsar’s Gaul,
+<em>K-13</em> was divided into three parts. Of her
+armament, which does not concern us here,
+I will observe a discreet silence, though to me
+it was of absorbing interest. But I must say
+something of her upper works. The conning
+tower was large and humped forward, so that
+a man could stand upright under the hump
+yet needed to stoop to reach the hatch, which
+was on the lower unhumped portion. Above
+the conning tower was a chart-house and
+bridge, and, of course, a mast stayed in the
+usual fashion. For a submarine, therefore,
+the <em>K-13</em> had a lot of top hamper, and a
+passage from the conning-tower hatch, when
+the submarine was under water, towards the
+upper air was thickly studded with perils
+from the chart-house roof and the stays of
+the bridge and the mast. Yet two men did
+pass out; one was caught and killed; the
+other’s luck held—he was not killed.</p>
+
+<p>“At noon on Monday, January 29, 1917,
+<em>K-13</em> left her builders’ yard to carry out diving
+trials in the Gareloch. A large party
+was on board. In charge of her was Commander
+Herbert—‘Baralong’ Herbert—and
+with him went Commander Goodheart, who
+had been appointed skipper of another K of
+similar type. Many of Fairfields’s staff were
+there, for <em>K-13</em> had not yet been taken over
+by the Admiralty. There were Percy Hillhouse,
+the yard’s Naval Architect, Bullen, the
+draughtsman in charge of submarine construction—a
+man who knew every nut and bolt that
+went to her—Searle, the Admiralty overseer,
+and McLean, the yard manager of the K submarines.
+It was no complement of amateurs
+which manned the <em>K-13</em> upon her fatal trip.
+While steaming down the Clyde she grounded
+slightly at Whiteinch, but suffered no hurt.
+No harm was done, and <em>K-13</em> went on to the
+Gareloch, and there passed successfully
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</span>through her trials. She was accepted for the
+Royal Navy by the Admiralty officials.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_304fp" style="max-width: 48em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_304fp.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+Painting by Joseph Cummings Chase.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Master Signal Electrician E. J. Moore</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>89th Division, 314th Field Signal Battalion, Company C</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">On November 5th Moore aided in extending and maintaining a line of communication to
+the assaulting battalion of the 355th Infantry between Beauclair and Lauencille. On the
+night of November 10th he rendered invaluable aid to the 356th Infantry in Pouilly, extending
+a telephone line to them, and thence to La Pignepp Farm.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<h3>“ONE MORE DIVE”—THEN SUNK</h3>
+
+<p>“Then it was that the unexpected happened,
+as it always does at sea. Herbert decided to
+take one more dive—perhaps just for luck,
+perhaps to satisfy himself upon some nicety
+of trim. He gave the order to close down and
+dive and the <em>K-13</em> dived. Though the order
+had been given to close down, and the reply
+received that the order had been carried out,
+the ventilators had been left open. Instantly
+the water poured into the engine and boiler
+rooms, drowning those within, and <em>K-13</em> sank
+by the stern. The water flowing towards the
+control room bulkhead compressed the air in
+the room and indicated immediately what had
+happened to the alert senses of Commander
+Herbert. ‘Our ears began to sing’ say those
+who were within the belly of the ship.</p>
+
+<p>“All this occupied a space of time measured
+in seconds. In a few more seconds Herbert
+had all compartments closed tight and the
+forward tanks blown. The hydroplanes, too,
+were set to rise, but the resources of seamanship
+could not overcome the loss of buoyancy.
+Overweighted by her flooded boiler and engine
+rooms <em>K-13</em> sank to the bottom, grounding
+upright on the mud in twelve fathoms of
+water. No blowing of ballast tanks could
+bring her up, for the calculations of her builders
+showed that with all tanks empty she
+would still be too heavy by four hundred tons
+to float. There is very little reserve of buoyancy
+about even the biggest of submarines.</p>
+
+<p>“While Herbert in <em>K-13</em> had been struggling
+to rise, his efforts were detected and
+understood by skilled seamen above. An E
+submarine had been attending the trials, and
+her officers saw at once from the surging mass
+of air-bubbles that Herbert was blowing his
+tanks and was in grave difficulties. Submarines
+dive when trimmed to float awash, and
+descend or ascend by delicate movements of
+the horizontal rudders (hydroplanes). In
+this trim when diving they are lighter than the
+water displaced, and do not need to blow tanks
+in order to rise. Much time was saved by the
+presence of the E-boat, for, when <em>K-13</em> did
+not rise, and quite evidently could not rise, she
+dashed off at once to gather assistance. Had
+Herbert and Goodheart down below known
+how quickly help was being summoned above
+they might not have made that fatal though
+most gallant effort to pass out through the
+conning-tower hatch.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HURRYING TO THE RESCUE</h3>
+
+<p>“It was at 3.30 in the afternoon that <em>K-13</em>
+came to rest upon the bottom of the Gareloch,
+and the short winter’s day in the North was
+drawing towards sunset. As soon as the commander
+of the E-boat had marked the spot
+where <em>K-13</em> lay, he pressed at full speed for
+Greenock, flashing as he went aerial signals
+to the Senior Naval Officer in Glasgow. A
+salvage steamer, which was lying at Greenock,
+went off at once and picked up two hoppers
+and two tugs as consorts. Telegrams were
+dispatched to Fairfields and to Glasgow, and
+the news spread quickly through those circles
+whose business it is to be well informed. Not
+a moment was lost by those upon whose shoulders
+rested the responsibility of the salvage
+operations. By the early hours of Tuesday,
+long before daylight, a fleet of seven vessels
+had collected at the spot below which, seventy
+feet down, <em>K-13</em> rested motionless in the mud.
+There were the Greenock salvage steamer,
+the two tugs, the two hoppers, and two E-boats.
+With them, in charge of everything
+and responsible for everything, was the
+S. N. O., Captain (now Rear-Admiral) Brian
+Barttelot, and with him was his naval assistant,
+Captain Corbett.</p>
+
+<p>“The problem before the salvors bristled
+with novel difficulties. In peace and war we
+had lost many submarines, but never had a
+live man been taken out of one which had
+sunk. Barttelot was limited by what was mechanically
+possible. He had not—as I confess
+now that I had when composing ‘The
+Last of the Grenvillas’—the guiding light of
+a precedent. First he had to get into continuous
+communication with the survivors of <em>K-13’s</em>
+company, for without their coöperation
+he was helpless to aid them. Then he had to
+devise a rapid and effective means to supply
+them with air and food for a period which
+might stretch into days. And, lastly, he had
+to get them out. That was the worst of his
+problems—how to get them out. For remember
+<em>K-13</em> was a great bulky double-skinned<span class="pagenum" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</span>
+lump of a vessel of two thousand solid tons
+and of more than three hundred feet in
+length. She was not the kind of craft which
+could easily be raised.</p>
+
+<p>“But although Barttelot’s difficulties were
+great his advantages were greater. He had
+nothing to fear from bad weather—the Gareloch
+is narrow and well sheltered. He had
+within reach the incalculable resources of the
+biggest shipbuilding center in the world. And
+there in Glasgow he had, too, just round the
+corner, the builders of <em>K-13</em>, who knew the
+work of their own hands as a man knows the
+picture which he has painted or the book which
+he has written. There was yet another advantage,
+and one which was not small. There
+inside <em>K-13</em>, if they could be got at, were
+four of Fairfields’s experts who would supply
+that intimate technical knowledge of the craft
+which the salvors themselves could not possess.
+Once communication had been established,
+Fairfields in Glasgow and Fairfields
+in <em>K-13</em> would be linked to the chain of salvage,
+and would lift success from the barely
+possible up to the almost probable.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TUBES FOR AIR AND FOOD</h3>
+
+<p>“Meanwhile Fairfields in Glasgow were
+hard at work. A special staff of draughtsmen
+and mechanics were put on to the construction
+of two flexible tubes, one designed for the passage
+of air and food, and the other for bringing
+up the men one by one, if no other and
+better means was found to be possible. The
+first tube, in comparison with the second, was
+easy of construction. It was seven inches in
+diameter and fitted with a screw union to
+connect with the circular ammunition hoist
+beside one of the deck guns of <em>K-13</em>. The
+other, built of steel sections, was designed to
+fit tightly over the torpedo hatch by means
+of a connecting frame. The first was the more
+immediately urgent, for until it was completed
+and fixed in place the survivors in the
+sunken submarine must remain coffined. Both
+were put in hand long before communication
+had been established between the salvors and
+<em>K-13</em>, and here one sees how completely the
+lives of all the imprisoned men depended upon
+Fairfields’s exact knowledge. Both tubes
+would have been useless unless their dimensions
+had been precisely correct. There was
+no need to press Fairfields’s workmen not to
+waste a moment; by night as well as by day
+they threw into their pious task every ounce
+of energy and every refinement of skill which
+they possessed. To lay hand to the work was
+an honor for which all eagerly competed.
+Though both tubes were completed in an astonishingly
+short time, and the first proved to
+be invaluable, the efficiency of the second—the
+man-saver—was not tested. Other means
+were successfully employed to get the men
+out. But this does not detract in any way
+from the merits of its design and of its rapid
+accomplishment. Battles may be won without
+calling upon the reserves, but he would
+be a very poor general who had not the reserves
+ready, if need be, at his call.</p>
+
+<p>“For the time being the salvage party could
+do little except to send divers down and to
+open up communications with the men whom
+they had come to save. Until the first tube,
+which I have just described, was ready to
+their hands, they could take few active measures.
+The vessels and plant at Barttelot’s disposal
+were quite incapable of raising the great
+hull which lay below them, and the famous
+Ranger, for which he had telegraphed to Liverpool,
+could not arrive till the following day.
+The Ranger, owned by the Liverpool Salvage
+Association, had been requisitioned by the Admiralty
+early in the war, and had proved as
+powerfully effective in war as she had been in
+peace. She is worthy of her name, for under
+Captain Young—the most accomplished of living
+salvage officers—she has ranged over the
+world, picking up wrecks a dozen times her
+size with an ease which looks almost miraculous.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A JOB THAT CALLED FOR FINESSE</h3>
+
+<p>“I have seen her at work. She is a little
+old composite steamer built of iron and teak—incredibly
+old, fifty years at least; she knocks
+about among wreckage as indifferent to hard
+blows as was Nansen’s Fram; and she brings
+to her never-ending jobs gear and brains which
+make their incredible accomplishment seem
+easy. <em>K-13</em>, emptied of men, would soon have
+been lightened and raised by the Ranger’s
+tremendous steam pumps—she will lift a
+dreadnought if it be not damaged beyond
+possibility of patching up by her divers—but
+<em>K-13</em>, with fifty living men inside, called for
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</span>finesse rather than power. It was the men,
+not the ship, that Barttelot and Young were
+out to save.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_307" style="max-width: 51.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_307.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Photo by Paul Thompson.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Result of a Depth-Charge Explosion</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The depth charge was the most efficacious means in dealing with the submarine. The charges
+varied from one to over six hundred pounds of TNT—trinitrotoluol.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“And while in the cold pale light of that
+Tuesday morning in the North the salvors
+sent down divers to call in friendly Morse
+upon their comrades below, and to cheer them
+with the assurance of rescue, the unexpected
+happened again, as it always does at sea. Suddenly
+before the astonished eyes of the salvage
+party up shot a column of foam and bubbles,
+and in the center of an artificial whirlpool
+gyrated stern upwards a human body. And a
+very live body it proved to be when up-ended
+and pulled clear of the water. Involuntarily,
+without the smallest intention of quitting,
+Commander Herbert had been boosted by the
+ill-mannered high-pressure air out of his own
+ship, and flung, a bedraggled, gasping figure,
+in shirt and trousers, almost into the arms of
+his would be rescuers. How he came out I
+will now tell, and in doing so will return to
+3.30 p.m. on the Monday when <em>K-13</em> settled
+down in the mud of the Gareloch.</p>
+
+
+<h3>INSIDE THE SUNKEN SHIP</h3>
+
+<p>“She lay upon an even keel in seventy feet
+of water. In her flooded after-compartment,
+shut off from the control room by a strong
+closed bulkhead, were twenty-eight dead bodies,
+including that of Engineer Lieutenant
+Lane. The engine room and boiler room staffs—twenty-three
+men of the navy and five of
+Fairfields—had all been instantly drowned
+when the submarine dived with her ventilators
+open. The fore bulkhead had also been
+closed, and in the control room were gathered
+the fifty-one survivors of the disaster. The
+air pressure in the compartment, raised by the
+inflow of water to about two atmospheres,
+dulled the sense of all and induced an apathy
+which increased into hopeless fatalism as the
+slow hours passed. Among the men there was
+little talking. One heard at first an almost
+careless comment, ‘Rotten way to die. We
+would sooner go under fighting Germans.’
+That was all; no complaints and no trace of
+panic. No one expected to be saved, and no
+one cared very much. With Herbert and
+Goodheart, his guest, it was, of course, different.
+Upon them and on Fairfields’s officials
+rested a nerve-racking responsibility.</p>
+
+<p>“At first there appeared to be little danger
+that the survivors would lack for air. The
+high-pressure bottles were far from empty,
+and the bodies and minds of those within
+<em>K-13</em> were suffering from too much air, not
+from too little. Food they could do without
+for a long while, for no one wanted to eat,
+and even after supplies came from above few
+ate. The men were not hungry, but thirst
+devoured them, a thirst little appeased by
+copious draughts of water.</p>
+
+
+<h3>DANGER OF POISONOUS GASES</h3>
+
+<p>“The real dangers lay unseen below and
+around. Behind the after-bulkhead stood a
+wall of water at a pressure of thirty-one
+pounds to the square inch, against which the
+strength of the steel, supported by the air
+pressure in the control room, was a sufficient
+barrier. But though the bulkhead might
+have been in little danger of collapse, it could
+not prevent water from leaking through.
+Those leaks were the deadly peril. If the
+oozing salt water had reached the fully
+charged electric batteries of the vessel poisonous
+chlorine gas would have been given off
+and the control room turned into a mortuary.
+The batteries never were reached, but the risk,
+even the probability that they would be, was
+always present to the subconscious minds of
+officers and men. Perhaps it was this, as much
+as the air pressure, which caused that disbelief
+in rescue which remained with them up to the
+moment of actual safety.</p>
+
+<p>“But though the salt water did not turn the
+batteries into ministers of death, it did its best
+to suffocate the unhappy men who crowded
+<em>K-13’s</em> control room. It reached and short-circuited
+the switch, causing some of the cables
+to fuse. Fumes of stinking smoke from the
+burning insulation befouled the air, and the
+fire was put out with the greatest difficulty.
+The switch could not be touched and the current
+cut off, so no method of extinction remained
+except to beat out the fire with lumps
+of wood wrapped in cloth. In this way it was
+extinguished but the stink remained.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THROUGH THE CONNING-TOWER HATCH—A
+DARING IDEA</h3>
+
+<p>“It was on Tuesday morning that Goodheart
+obtained permission from Herbert to go<span class="pagenum" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</span>
+out through the conning-tower hatch and to
+carry news of the disaster to the world outside.
+No one in the sunken vessel knew anything
+of the work of salvage which had begun
+within a few minutes of the <em>K-13’s</em> fatal last
+dive. To the officers and men of <em>K-13</em> it
+seemed that they were isolated and already
+dead to the human family. The risks of the
+issue from the conning tower were beyond
+experience, but the attempt at any rate was
+accepted by the gallant Goodheart as a sacred
+duty. If he could get out alive, then the survivors
+of <em>K-13</em> would no longer be dead to
+the world and might conceivably be saved.
+If he were killed, well, he would be killed
+in the way of business. While it was Herbert’s
+plain duty to stick to his ship, it was
+equally Goodheart’s duty to clear out and to
+be jolly quick about it. So he argued, and
+Herbert, a man of the same fine quality, accepted
+his arguments as palpably sound. Nothing
+remained except to devise means and methods
+of exit.</p>
+
+<p>“It was decided to go forth by way of the
+conning-tower hatch and to use high-pressure
+air from the bottles to speed the passage. I
+have explained how one part of the conning
+tower was humped. The general idea was for
+Goodheart and Herbert to climb up into the
+conning tower and to take station together
+under this hump, where they had head room
+to stand upright. They would then close the
+lower hatch which gave upon the control room
+and have nothing between them and the upper
+outside water except a bolted sheet of steel.
+The density of the air cooped up with them
+would be roughly two atmospheres (twenty-eight
+pounds to the square inch) and the
+water pressure outside about thirty-one pounds.
+If, then, the sea-cocks were opened the water
+would flow in not too furiously and would
+fill the lower part of the tower, but would
+be prevented by the imprisoned air from rising
+very high in the hump. There the men
+could stand in extreme discomfort, no doubt,
+and under severe pressure, but, nevertheless,
+alive and active. Then those inside would
+turn on high-pressure air in large quantities
+so as to expel the water and to give Goodheart
+a handsome lift from behind when he sought
+to be gone through the upper hatch. Herbert
+went with Goodheart to help him and to wish
+him Godspeed in his passing, but with no intention
+of following in his path. His place
+was with his men. It was a path both tortuous
+and full of unknown dangers. Above
+the conning tower was a chart-house, of which
+the roof opposed a formidable obstacle to a
+vertical ascent. There was a large manhole
+in this roof, but, unluckily for Goodheart’s
+bold scheme, it was not cut directly above
+the hatch. This inclination of the passage out
+caused Goodheart’s death.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“DIED A MOST GALLANT OFFICER”</h3>
+
+<p>“The two officers made their way to the
+conning tower, secured the lower hatch, then
+through the opened sea-cocks in rushed the water,
+but standing in security under the hump
+the heads and shoulders of the men remained
+uncovered. A moment later, according to
+plan, the high-pressure air from below was
+driven in and the bolts of the upper hatch
+withdrawn. ‘Good-bye, sir,’ said Goodheart;
+I’ll try now,’ and stooping under the open
+hatch he was carried forth. Those were his
+last words, for, missing the aperture above,
+he was caught under the roof of the chart-house
+and drowned.</p>
+
+<p>“There died a most gallant young officer, to
+whose memory, months afterwards, a posthumous
+award was made of the Albert Medal in
+gold. The powerful air, forced in by the
+pressure from the bottles, continued to surge
+into the conning tower, driving the water before
+it and tearing the helpless Herbert from
+his retreat under the hump. He was whirled
+out in the center of a column of air and
+water, carried safely through the manhole in
+the roof of the chart-house and clear of the
+mast stays, and delivered at the surface like
+a scrap of wreckage. He went up with both
+hands before his face, and declares, according
+to my authorities, that he breathed all through
+his ascent. He was picked up immediately
+and insisted upon giving all possible information
+and guidance to the salvors before accepting
+any of their kind offices for himself.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MORSE CODE CONVERSATIONS</h3>
+
+<p>“We have reached noon on Tuesday and
+the survivors of <em>K-13</em> have been entombed
+for more than twenty hours. No word had
+yet come to them from outside of the efforts
+which were actively in progress for their rescue.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</span>But they were not destined to remain
+much longer in ignorance. Even while Herbert
+and Goodheart were making that effort
+at communication, which had been so grievously
+costly, the leaden soles of a diver were
+planted on the submarine’s deck. At first
+attempts were made to flash signals through
+the periscope, but the surer and simpler
+method of tapping Morse dots and dashes
+on the steel plating was quickly substituted.
+Between the inner and outer skins of <em>K-13</em>
+were interposed five feet of water, admitted
+through flap valves in order to distribute the
+pressure when she penetrated the depths of the
+sea. Linked together by stays and trusses,
+these two skins formed an encircling girder
+of immense strength. Water is an excellent
+conductor of sound, and the Morse taps of
+the divers without could have been readily
+heard and interpreted by those within had
+their senses not been dulled by the thick bad
+atmosphere. Conduction was indeed so good
+that the replies of <em>K-13</em>, struck on the frames
+of the ship, were picked up and read without
+difficulty by the salvors on the surface of the
+loch. It happened, therefore, that though
+outside talked to inside and replies were received,
+it was by no means easy to get inside,
+to grasp and to carry out precisely what outside
+wanted done. And it was found to be
+particularly difficult to secure the exact and
+essential coöperation of those within <em>K-13</em>
+when that flexible tube arrived which had
+been designed by Fairfields to be screwed into
+an ammunition hoist upon the deck.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_310" style="max-width: 48.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_310.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Clarence W. Dawson</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>168th Infantry, Company “B”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Near Badonville, on March 5, 1918, a small group of combatants had survived a bombardment
+on their front line. They were wounded and entirely surrounded. Sergeant Dawson was the
+Corporal of the group, and when the Germans attempted to mop them up, he bravely resisted
+them and succeeded in repelling their attempts to raid the position until assistance came to them.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<h3>“THE LIMITS OF HUMAN ENDURANCE”</h3>
+
+<p>“This was in the early hours of Wednesday
+morning, and by that time the unhappy
+men imprisoned within the submarine were
+approaching the limits of human endurance.
+Though no chlorine gas actually had been
+given off by the electric batteries, the air in
+the control room was so foul as to be almost
+unbreathable. Fresh air from the bottles,
+without means to expel the poisonous atmosphere
+of the ship, would only have increased
+a density which was already unbearable.
+Many in drugged sleep forgot their troubles,
+and even those few upon whose alertness
+hung the lives of all, had become drowsy and
+sluggish. Vitality was ebbing; the love of
+life, and with it the expectation of rescue,
+had passed from all. The company of <em>K-13</em>
+may be divided during this period of imprisonment
+into sleepers and somnambulists, and it
+was only because trained minds retained some
+small part of their habitual control over exhausted
+bodies that the somnambulists were
+able to understand and to coöperate sufficiently
+with the salvors to bring this story to its
+happy conclusion.</p>
+
+<p>“The long flexible tube, seven inches in
+diameter, which was to open up a clear passage
+between <em>K-13</em> and the upper air, arrived
+at 4. a.m. on Wednesday morning, but it was
+not until four hours later that it was in place
+and in effective operation. To the eager salvers
+the delays were exasperating; there were
+many more delays, even more exasperating, to
+be suffered, before their job was finished.
+They had to explain to the enfeebled folk
+within precisely where the tube was to be
+fixed up and how they were themselves to
+complete the open passage. The tube was
+designed to screw, by means of an adaptor,
+into an ammunition hoist, and, when this was
+done, it needed but the removal of the retaining
+plate inside to put the device to immediate
+use.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FRESH AIR AT LAST!</h3>
+
+<p>“When the salvors had done their part it
+was for the prisoners to do the rest—to remove
+the inner plate as quickly as they pleased.
+But when it came to explaining this not very
+complicated operation by tapping out messages
+in Morse on the deck it was by no
+means easy to get <em>K-13’s</em> survivors to take
+it in. By patient repetition that was done at
+last, and then the divers busied themselves
+with fixing up the tube. They had to measure
+the screw threads, so that the adaptor
+might be made to fit accurately and to prepare
+a packing of tow soaked in tallow to exclude
+the water. A salvage steamer is a traveling
+workshop and divers are skilled mechanics, so
+that this part of the job, though it might consume
+time, presented no difficulties. By eight
+o’clock on the Wednesday morning the tube
+had been screwed firmly into place, the inner
+plate of the hoist had been removed, and the
+men, who had for forty and a half hours lain
+buried in a steel coffin, were at length enabled<span class="pagenum" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</span>
+to draw into their impoverished lungs
+air which was free from pollution. It was
+scarcely the fresh air of heaven, for it came
+out of an E-boat’s bottles, but though tinned it
+was a draught of infinite refreshment. The
+pumps of <em>K-13</em> were at once set working and
+the two days’ accumulations of foul smells
+and gases were thankfully expelled. A pipe
+run down the now open tube brought blasts
+of high-pressure air which were allowed to
+expand and to blow away all festering impurities;
+this pipe also brought replenishment to
+<em>K-13’s</em> bottles. With the power of her
+charged batteries and her refilled air-bottles,
+she was now ready to play her part in the
+work of salvage.</p>
+
+<p>“The salvors had got through in time to
+save, but the margin was small. At 6 a.m.,
+two hours before the tube was opened into
+the sunken submarine, the water leaking
+through the after-bulkhead had short-circuited
+the lighting cables, and <em>K-13</em> was utter
+darkness. To the men imprisoned it must
+have seemed the darkness of the tomb. Even
+the strongest among them could not have
+borne up very much longer. They were so
+little capable of excitement that not a man
+cheered when the air-tube was opened.</p>
+
+
+<h3>LEAKS IN THE BULKHEAD</h3>
+
+<p>For the salvors the worst had passed, but
+for the prisoners the worst had yet to come.
+Fourteen more hours of suffering had to be
+endured before the rescue was completed,
+and they were hours more full of perils than
+those which had passed. The devils of the
+sea were not willing to yield their prey to
+the efforts of man. One of these perils was
+the old haunting threat of chlorine gas intensified.
+Of the others I will tell in their
+place. When the control room was opened
+up to the outer air by the tube which had
+been fitted the pressure within fell to the normal.
+It had been raised when the submarine
+sank by the intrusion of hundreds of tons of
+water into the enclosed space of the hull. But
+the pressure in the flooded compartments and
+upon the bulkhead, which alone stood between
+the survivors and death by drowning, remained
+at thirty-one pounds to the square inch. The
+leaks in this bulkhead at once increased and
+the water gushed through in greater volume.
+It looked as if the means which had saved the
+men from a slow death from suffocation would
+hand them over to a quick death from poison
+gas.</p>
+
+<p>“If the salt water had reached the powerful
+batteries it must have been decomposed into its
+constituents and given off gas in deadly volumes.
+The expedient was adopted of pumping
+the incoming water into the bilge, but this
+could not continue indefinitely. Time was
+now an even more urgent factor in the rescue
+than it had been during the previous two
+days. This was fully understood by the salvors,
+who furiously yet with orderly precision
+redoubled their efforts. It was decided not to
+attempt the removal of the men one by one
+through Fairfields’s big steel tube which had
+been made to fit over the torpedo hatch. The
+method was too uncertain and, even if feasible,
+too slow. Instead of risking all upon this
+doubtful means of egress, Barttelot determined
+to throw all the energies of his plant and staff
+into raising the bows of <em>K-13</em> above the water
+and cutting a hole through her double skin.
+The <em>Ranger</em> was on the way and would soon
+arrive; what he could not do without her
+would become comparatively easy with her
+powerful assistance.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TILTING UP THE BOW</h3>
+
+<p>“In the afternoon she came, and Barttelot,
+though he remained responsible, gladly handed
+over the entire direction of the critical operations
+to Captain Young. They could not have
+passed into better hands. No experience in
+salvage in any part of the world counts beside
+that of Young and his <em>Ranger</em>. Sunset
+was approaching, and night would soon overshadow
+the Gareloch. But this mattered little.
+The <em>Ranger</em>, accustomed to work at all
+hours of the night and day, was equipped with
+arc lights which could shatter any darkness.
+It was easy now to communicate with <em>K-13</em>
+through the tube and to make clear how she
+was to help herself. She was over three hundred
+feet long—three hundred and forty feet,
+to be precise—and did not need to be tilted
+very steeply to bring her nose and upper
+bow plates clear of the surface. But to be
+got up into a working position she must be
+lightened forward. This was done by blowing
+all the forward oil tanks. The heavily loaded
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</span>stern held tight in the Gareloch mud, but the
+bows were free and, as the tanks were blown,
+they lifted rapidly. They heaved up through
+ten degrees, and the salvors who were watching
+for the movement instantly whipped steel
+hawsers under the fore-part of the submarine
+and secured the ends to bollards on tugs
+alongside. <em>K-13</em> was up, but would she remain
+up? It seemed most unlikely, and remained
+most unlikely until the end.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_313" style="max-width: 47.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_313.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Captain Maurice W. Howe</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>42nd Division, 167th Infantry</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">In the early hours of September 22, 1918, Captain Howe with his company successfully raided the
+village of Haumont; causing decimating losses among the enemy and taking seventeen prisoners.
+Then alone he went to Haumont a second time to make sure that none of his men were left
+there wounded.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“The hawsers—six-inch—were too light for
+the job, but none stronger were at hand. No
+sooner were the bows of <em>K-13</em> up and secured
+than her stern began to slip backwards into
+the mud. Before she brought up against hard
+ground she had gone back thirty feet. More
+hawsers were whipped under her and held,
+but there was no security that they would continue
+to hold. There was no security for
+anything. It was a fight for life against the
+ruthless chances and devilries of the sea.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CUTTING A HOLE IN THE SIDE</h3>
+
+<p>“The supreme risk had to be taken of cutting
+a big hole through the outer and inner
+skins. If when it was cut the hawsers parted,
+or <em>K-13</em> by burying her stern still more deeply
+escaped from their embrace, all would be over.
+The men remaining in the vessel, forty-nine
+of them, would follow into the shades their
+dead messmates whose bodies lay in the boiler
+and engine rooms. But whatever the risk the
+hole had to be cut, and that quickly.</p>
+
+<p>“Inside the submarine, hope, which may
+have flickered a little when the air-tube was
+first opened, had given place to the old dull
+apathy. Food and drink had been passed
+down the tube, but appetite for them had vanished.
+They struggled mechanically, as
+trained British seamen always will so long as
+life is in them; they struggled mechanically
+like automata against the incoming water.
+It was difficult to move about upon the most
+urgent duties. The wet and slippery floor of
+the control room lay now on a long upward
+slant upon which the half-dazed seamen
+stumbled and fell. There was no lack of
+courage; no one grumbled or lamented; but
+frail human bodies have their limits of endurance,
+and those limits had been reached.</p>
+
+<p>“Yet the men worked on and did their utmost
+to carry out the directions of those who
+led them. The place where the hole was
+about to be cut lay far towards the bows, and
+to reach it from within the fore bulkhead
+must be opened. But when it was sought to
+unclose the bulkhead which divided the control
+room from the foc’sle, it was found that
+the door had jammed and would not slide
+back. For hours this miserable shut door
+stood between these men and freedom.
+Somehow at last it was got open, but no one
+has clearly told me how. It was not until
+the survivors of <em>K-13</em> had for a long time
+been above water that they became voluble—and
+untrustworthy. At the moment of rescue,
+or shortly afterwards, they remembered as
+little as one on awakening in the morning remembers
+the details of a dream. Yet they
+remembered that door, how it stood there obdurate
+for hours and at last yielded. Though
+how it had stuck or why it yielded they could
+not say.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“A DEVIL OF A LOT OF WATER”</h3>
+
+<p>“Meanwhile the hole in the bows was being
+cut, and the cutting of this holes supplies
+me with one pleasing bit of comedy with
+which to round off this rather grim story.
+Any acetylene plant makes butter of steel
+plates, and it was very rapid work to draw
+the spouting white flame, fed from the <em>Ranger’s</em>
+plant, round a rough circle marked out
+on <em>K-13’s</em> bows. The outer skin was quickly
+cut through. Within lay water filling up the
+space honeycombed with cross ties between the
+inner and outer skins. Before the inner hole
+could be cut, this water must be pumped out.
+The place selected for the hole could not be
+reached by the steam salvage pumps, so the
+men working upon the submarine’s hull were
+compelled to fit gear for pumping the water
+out by hand. They knew that it was no more
+than five feet deep, so they bent their backs to
+it cheerfully. But they were less cheerful
+when they found that their efforts produced
+no appreciable result. ‘There must be a devil
+of a lot of water between these skins,’ said
+they, and bent to the task once more. Shift
+followed shift, and the pumping went on. It
+was a tiresome, backwearying business, but
+precious lives were at stake, and they would
+get that water down and the inner hole cut
+if they died of disgust in the doing of it. But<span class="pagenum" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</span>
+the water showed no sign of going down.
+How long this pumping went on I cannot say
+with precision. Admittedly it was hours,
+probably as many hours as it took to pry open
+that obtrusive bulkhead door, for some of
+the survivors of <em>K-13</em> had got through their
+job and arrived under the pumpers’ feet while
+they were still pumping.</p>
+
+<p>“It then occurred to the slaves of the hand-pump
+to seek after enlightenment from those
+whom they were pumping to save. ‘How long
+is it going to take,’ asked they, ‘to get rid of
+this damned water between the skins?’ They
+were asked by one of Fairfields’s experts how
+long they had been pumping. The reply was
+‘Hours.’ ‘Have you closed the flap valves?’
+dryly asked the man of Fairfields. They
+hadn’t; the water was coming in just as fast
+as they pumped it out; they had been trying
+with hand-gear to pump out the ocean!</p>
+
+
+<h3>SAVED AFTER 54½ HOURS</h3>
+
+<p>“After this little discovery progress became
+rapid. The valves, which admitted water
+between the skins, were closed and it did
+not take long then to get through. A hole
+was cut by acetylene flame in the inner skin
+and the way out was opened at last. It was
+ten o’clock on Wednesday evening, January
+31, fifty-four and a half hours after <em>K-13</em> had
+sunk, that her forty-nine survivors emerged
+into the blazing arc lights which shone from
+the <em>Ranger’s</em> masts. They could not speak;
+many of them could scarcely walk. One by
+one they were helped by kindly hands along
+a gangway to a tug and thence to the shore.
+They stumbled ashore, unconscious of the
+cheers which greeted them, gazing without
+recognition upon the friends who welcomed
+them. And so to Shandon, where they were
+put straight into hot baths and lifted thence
+into bed. For they were dumb and perished
+with cold. It is always cold in a deep-diving
+submarine even in high summer; in the bowels
+of <em>K-13</em>, lying seventy feet deep in the
+Northern mid-winter, the cold, though little
+noticed at the time, had been paralyzing.
+Forty hours of bad and poisonous air, fifty-four
+hours of bitter cold, had brought the
+bright flame of these men’s life down to a
+poor flicker. But recovery was rapid, and
+not one of the survivors disappointed by dying
+those who had saved him.</p>
+
+<p>“Twenty hours after the last man had been
+plucked out of <em>K-13</em> the hawsers which held
+her up parted, and she sank to the bottom of
+the Gareloch.</p>
+
+<p>“The world did not ring with news of
+the story which I have told, for the censor
+forbade. But His Majesty, who was a sailor
+before he was a King and remains first and
+always a sailor, sent to Barttelot a telegram
+of which the purport, rendered in the language
+of the naval signal book, ran ‘Maneuver Well
+Executed.’”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="I_HAVE_A_RENDEZVOUS_WITH_DEATH">I HAVE A RENDEZVOUS WITH DEATH</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent"><em>By</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Alan Seeger</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent4">I have a rendezvous with Death</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">At some disputed barricade,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">When Spring comes back with rustling shade</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And apple-blossoms fill the air—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I have a rendezvous with Death</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">When Spring brings back blue days and fair.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent4">It may be he shall take my hand</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And lead me into his dark land</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And close my eyes and quench my breath—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">It may be I shall pass him still.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I have a rendezvous with Death</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">On some scarred slope of battered hill,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">When Spring comes round again this year</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And the first meadow-flowers appear.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent4">God knows ’twere better to be deep</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Pillowed in silk and scented down,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Where Love throbs out in blissful sleep</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Pulse nigh to pulse, and breath to breath,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Where hushed awakenings are dear....</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But I’ve a rendezvous with Death</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">At midnight in some flaming town,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">When Spring trips north again this year,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And I to my pledged word am true,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I shall not fail that rendezvous.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">From <cite>Poems</cite>. Copyrighted 1916 by Charles Scribner’s Sons. By permission of the Publishers.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_316" style="max-width: 42.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_316.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">A Poster Used for the Marine Recruiting Campaign</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="TRICKING_THE_TURK">TRICKING THE TURK</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Lieutenant-Commander Holbrook’s Perilous Adventure to Surprise and
+Blow Up a Warship at the Dardanelles</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">It</span> hardly need surprise any one that each of
+a multiplicity of deeds and feats of daring
+and heroic adventure should, by different writers,
+correspondents, or official observers, be
+described as the most notable, the most brilliant,
+or the most courageous undertaking or
+achievement of the war. The simple fact is
+that the unparalleled war called for the souls
+and spirit and mental qualities of men as never
+did war before, and so many things were done
+that amounted to triumphs over the impossible,
+each one of which taken by itself seemed to
+overtop all others, that it would require a
+concourse of Solomons to determine which was
+the supreme excellence. They were all striking
+enough to command the superlatives of
+description. And some of these great accomplishments
+need but a few lines for their recital.
+It is not the volume of words that determines
+the value.</p>
+
+<p>One of these briefly recorded deeds was
+that of Lieutenant-Commander Norman D.
+Holbrook, of the British submarine <em>B-11</em>,
+which “all his brother officers concur in regarding
+as one of the finest individual feats
+performed during the war.”</p>
+
+<p>In the Dardanelles the old Turkish battleship
+<em>Messudiyeh</em> lay in guard of the mine
+fields, and, acting on his own initiative, Lieutenant-Commander
+Holbrook set out to sink
+the old ship by torpedoing her at her anchorage
+where she idled under the protecting guns
+of the land forts. It was, from the viewpoint
+of the conservative minded, a mad enterprise.
+Even under the most favorable conditions the
+underwater navigation of the Dardanelles is
+most perilous, beset with forbidding difficulties,
+so swift are the currents that never cease
+racing through the straits, producing swift
+whirlpools and strong eddies as they strike
+projections. But when to these natural obstructions
+and dangers are added five distinct
+rows of mines it would seem that running the
+Dardanelles in a submarine would prove a
+feat quite impossible of accomplishment. That
+is what many said dissuasively; but Lieutenant
+Holbrook is apparently one of those who hold
+the opinion that nothing conceivable is impossible.
+He set out with Lieutenant Sydney
+Thornton Winn, his second in command, and
+his regular crew. Cautiously, slowly the <em>B-11</em>
+stole along toward its objective, fairly crawling
+to avoid the rows of mines and beat the
+swirling currents. Arrived clear of the mines,
+but uncertain of the exact location of the
+<em>Messudiyeh</em>, Lieutenant Holbrook deliberately
+came to the surface in the bay, took an
+informing survey, submerged again and a little
+while later rose in perfect position for a shot
+and sent a torpedo crashing into the side of
+the astonished old warship that immediately
+proceeded about the business of sinking to the
+bottom of the sea.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A COMPASSLESS RETURN</h3>
+
+<p>But the shot that settled the <em>Messudiyeh</em>
+aroused the forts and started the torpedo
+boats, and the <em>B-11</em> became the target of the
+guns. She promptly sought refuge by a dive
+and had to lie submerged for several hours to
+elude her hunters. The object of the hazardous
+excursion accomplished, there was the
+problem of getting back, which was now
+gravely complicated by the fact that the compass
+of <em>B-11</em> went wrong in the commotion
+and was not dependable. The Lieutenant had
+to find his way out without it. But he did
+it; passing again the five rows of mines, escaping
+the swirl of the currents that seemed
+rushing to slam the submarine against the
+rocks, returning to station safely and without
+casualty or mishap.</p>
+
+<p>That was Dec. 14 and Dec. 26 the London
+<cite>Gazette</cite> published the announcement that the
+King had approved the grant of the Victoria<span class="pagenum" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</span>
+Cross to Lieutenant Holbrook, and that Lieutenant
+Winn had been made a Companion of
+the Distinguished Service Order. A writer
+at that time said:</p>
+
+<p>“That the torpedoed battleship was guarding
+the mine field adds a touch of comedy to
+the proceedings that must have been singularly
+gratifying to Lieutenant Holbrook and
+his gallant companions who crept along the
+sea floor with him that eventful day.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CANADIANS">CANADIANS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent"><em>By</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">W. H. Ogilvie</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">With arrows on their quarters and with numbers on their hoofs,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">With the trampling sound of twenty that re-echoes in the roofs,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Low of crest and dull of coat, wan and wild of eye,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Through our English village the Canadians go by.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Shying at a passing cart, swerving from a car,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Tossing up an anxious head to flaunt a snowy star,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Racking at a Yankee gait, reaching at the rein,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Twenty raw Canadians are tasting life again!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Hollow-necked and hollow-flanked, lean of rib and hip,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Strained and sick and weary with the wallow of the ship,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Glad to smell the turf again, hear the robin’s call,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Tread again the country road they lost at Montreal!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Fate may bring them dule and woe; better steeds than they</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Sleep beside the English guns a hundred leagues away;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But till war hath ned of them, lightly lie their reins,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Softly fall the feet of them along the English lanes.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Author and <cite>Country Life</cite>.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="FIRST_OF_ITS_KIND">FIRST OF ITS KIND</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Eye-witness Account of a Duel at Sea between Great Steamers Built for
+Passenger Traffic</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Early</span> in the war the Cunard trans-Atlantic
+steamer <em>Carmania</em> was converted
+into an auxiliary cruiser. Painted black from
+stem to stern (that was before the art of
+“camouflage” was introduced), and mounted
+with eight 4.7 guns, she left Liverpool for a
+reconnoitering cruise in the South Atlantic.
+Between 600 and 700 miles east of the coast
+of Brazil there is a small island of rock known
+as Trinidad (not to be confused with the
+West Indian Island of that name). The
+<em>Carmania</em> came in sight of this island one
+morning toward the end of September and
+discovered three steamers in the vicinity. As
+soon as these steamers caught sight of the
+piratical looking <em>Carmania</em> they moved about
+uncertainly for a time and then made off.
+But when it was apparent that the black intruder
+was alone, the largest of the three
+steamers turned back. This ship proved to be
+the <em>Cap Trafalgar</em>, a magnificent steamer, the
+chief of the Hamburg-South American Line,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</span>
+built for the special purpose of successful competition
+with the British Royal Mail in securing
+the South American passenger traffic and
+shipping trade. She too was equipped as an
+auxiliary cruiser, with eight 4.1 guns, up to
+date, their newness offsetting the extra caliber
+of the <em>Carmania’s</em> older guns.</p>
+
+<p>The tonnage of the <em>Carmania</em> was 19,524,
+that of the <em>Cap Trafalgar</em>, 18,710. Splendid
+targets, both “so colossal,” said a writer, “as
+to be beyond the possibility of a failure to hit
+with any gun-layer.” A well-matched pair—ocean-going
+palaces, taken from their peaceful
+pursuits, transformed into war machines,
+neither having any appreciable advantage over
+the other as a belligerent, and now ranged
+against each other for a decisive duel. There
+was a fair field, too, for the two steamers
+seen with the <em>Cap Trafalgar</em> continued their
+retreat and disappeared across the horizon,
+though one returned later.</p>
+
+<p>It was the first sea duel of its kind. Never
+before had two floating hotels played at gun fire
+with each other, each intent on sending
+the other to Davy Jones’s locker if possible.
+When the action began the vessels were separated
+by about 8,000 yards, and their nearest
+approach was about 4,000 yards. As the sinking
+of its enemy was the aim, the guns of each
+combatant were directed at the water line of
+the other. Of the first few shells fired by
+the <em>Cap Trafalgar</em>, three made holes in the
+<em>Carmania</em> at and above the water line, one
+tore through the stewards’ quarters, one
+smashed the lower deck galley and carried
+away the fire main leading to the bridge and
+fore-part of the ship, the latter the most serious
+damage.</p>
+
+<p>A report of the engagement written two
+hours after, by one who took part in it was
+published in the <cite>War Album De-Luxe</cite>, from
+which the following is taken:</p>
+
+
+<h3>A DISTURBED LUNCHEON</h3>
+
+<p>“One never saw such a scatter as when we
+sat down to lunch and ‘Action!’ was sounded!
+Feeling ran high that this time we were in
+earnest; everyone was at his post in the twinkling
+of an eye. Ten minutes afterwards the
+conflict started, at a range of about six miles,
+both ships closing rapidly. The din that followed
+was unnatural and terrifying, and men’s
+hearts leaped to their mouths, for here was
+death amongst us. But the heat of work
+changed white faces to red. Blood once seen
+revives savagery in the human breast, and all
+our thoughts, after those first few moments,
+were concentrated in the grim work at hand,
+which was to sink as speedily as possible the
+monster that was vomiting red and steaming
+arrogantly towards us.</p>
+
+<p>“By a clever maneuver our captain turned
+the ship round just as the enemy was bringing
+his pom-poms into play as well as the big guns,
+and brought our starboard battery, fresh and
+eager, to bear. Then we turned into demons,
+in a scene that had turned diabolical. Screaming
+shrapnel, returned by salvos of common
+shell, splinters everywhere, lumps of iron,
+patches of paint, a hurricane of things flying,
+hoarse shouting, and unintelligible sounds
+from dry throats, men discarding garments,
+and laughing with delirium—over all a white
+pall hiding the ghastly work.</p>
+
+<p>“What matter that a shot cannoned down
+the after companion and laid low three of
+the whip party? Volunteers were not wanting
+to close in the breach and keep up a brisk
+supply of ammunition to the hungry guns.
+Or that a shot glanced off the shield of No. 1
+gun, past the officer in charge, and blew away
+the neck of a corporal of Marines passing
+projectiles along the deck, leaving him leaning
+over the magazine hatchway, head dangling
+down, and dripping blood on to the madmen
+working below? Or that a shell burst by
+the feet of a man carrying another one in his
+hands?</p>
+
+<p>“Word went round that we were on fire
+forward—the bridge, in fact, was blazing. A
+shell had torn through the cabins below, setting
+them alight, and the flames by this time
+reached and enveloped the bridge, since water
+could not be turned on in the first instance,
+as the main on the lower deck had been shot
+away. But the ill news was more than compensated
+for by the frenzied announcement
+that the enemy was also on fire and listing,
+moreover, on his side. So our main control
+was gone. The captain, first lieutenant, and
+navigating party had to leave the bridge to
+the flames—not before gaining us victory,
+however, by the splendid way they handled the
+ship in heading off the enemy, preventing him
+from turning round and bringing his idle
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</span>guns on the port side to bear, and by keeping
+him on our starboard quarter so we were able
+to use five of our guns to his four.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_320" style="max-width: 47.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_320.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Major William A. Snow</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>2nd Division, 2nd Engineers, Company “E”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He was cited four times in Division orders and twice recommended for the Distinguished Service
+Cross. He went into the first line at Verdun March, 1918. When the British were attacked
+by the Germans in the vicinity of Beauvais, in April, he received his majority in time to be in
+command of a battalion at Château-Thierry.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“The enemy listed a little more, and our
+work was done; his shooting became higher
+and more erratic, then stopped altogether.
+We ceased firing, and turned our attention to
+fighting the flames roaring up on high in the
+fore part of the ship. Luckily, we were able
+to stop the engines and keep the ship before
+the wind. The bridge and all its precious
+fittings and contents were doomed, as also the
+cabins below it; the officers who occupied
+them lost all their effects. A fireproof door
+in the staircase leading to the lower cabins
+effectually kept the fire from spreading in this
+direction, otherwise there might not have been
+very much left of the <em>Carmania</em>. The action
+raged hotly for an hour; after that, desultory
+firing was continued until the end.</p>
+
+<p>“Of the two colliers that accompanied the
+enemy, one steamed away at the commencement
+of the action and was never seen again.
+The other, and smaller of the two, followed
+suit until he noticed the plight of his escort,
+and returned to pick up the survivors. Anon,
+an order went round the decks: ‘All firemen
+down below.’ The firemen had been doing
+yeoman service, running hoses and buckets of
+water to the scene of the fire, just as the
+stewards had distinguished themselves by taking
+round water and limejuice to the guns’
+crews under shell fire, and also helping with
+carrying away the wounded. The reason for
+this order was ominous. The yeoman of
+signals had sighted smoke on the horizon to
+the north, and made out a bunch of funnels.
+It could not but be the <em>Dresden</em>, or whatever
+German cruiser the armed merchantman we
+fought was in company with, returning to the
+assistance of her consort, who had been signaling
+to her during the action. A great pity,
+indeed, one of our cruisers was not in touch
+with us at the time. What a fine haul it
+would have been!</p>
+
+<h3><em>Vale</em>, CAP TRAFALGAR!</h3>
+
+<p>“Just as we got the fire well in hand, and
+were starting to run to the American coast,
+we beheld the most awe-inspiring sight of our
+lives—the last moments of an ocean leviathan.
+The wounded ship, distant from us about five
+miles, suddenly lurched over on the starboard
+beam-ends, looking for all the world as if she
+were about to turn turtle. Lower and lower
+she went, until her huge funnels were level
+with the water, pointing in our direction like
+two tunnels side by side, and dense clouds
+of smoke and steam escaped from all parts of
+her as from a volcano in a high state of activity.
+As quickly again, the mammoth
+righted herself; down, down went her bows;
+up and up her stern, till quite one-third of
+the hull stood upright to the sky; then, with
+a majestic plunge, she slid beneath the waves,
+game to the end, for the last to disappear
+was the German flag.</p>
+
+<p>“A ring of foam and half a dozen boats
+crowded with dark forms were all that were
+left at 2 p.m. of the brave <em>Cap Trafalgar</em> and
+her ornate saloons and winter gardens, the
+ship that conveyed Prince Henry of Prussia
+on his triumphant tour of the South American
+Republics.”</p>
+
+<p>The casualties of the <em>Carmania</em> are reported
+to have amounted to nine men killed and
+twenty-six wounded out of four hundred and
+twenty-one hands all told, a low percentage
+owing to the wide distribution of the various
+parties. The survivors of the <em>Cap Trafalgar</em>
+landed at Buenos Ayres consisted of eighteen
+officers and two hundred and ninety-two men,
+which would give her casualties at about eight
+officers and one hundred men if she carried
+the same number of men as the <em>Carmania</em>.</p>
+
+<p>Seventy-nine direct hits were counted on the
+<em>Carmania</em>, and innumerable small holes from
+splinters; her boats were riddled, as also masts
+and ventilators; her rigging and wireless
+aerial were shot away.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="NOT_TO_BE_FORGOTTEN">NOT TO BE FORGOTTEN</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Men Who Captained the Merchant Ships Are Among the Heroes of
+the War</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">By</span> telling the story of Captain Frank M.
+Custance, of the Royal Navy Reserve, as
+typical of the stories of a coterie of merchant
+ship men in the service, Mr. Ralph E. Cropley
+most interestingly reminds the public that
+the war was not altogether won by the men in
+the trenches. The merchant ship commanders
+played some small part in the winning. Indeed,
+Mr. Cropley goes somewhat further.
+He concludes his story of Captain Custance,
+which appeared in the New York <cite>Evening
+Post</cite>, with this paragraph:</p>
+
+<p>“Without their valor this war would have
+been over long ago and Germany would have
+won. I say this without reserve, for it is the
+truth. It has only been by their untiring sacrifices
+that the soldiers have gotten to the
+trenches at all and been kept supplied with
+munitions and food. The merchant ship men
+have done work which gold cannot pay for
+and never have thought of themselves—simply
+of the great cause which to them has meant
+the end of cruelty.”</p>
+
+<p>Though Captain Custance is an English
+seaman he is familiarly known to Americans
+who have sailed between New York and
+Bermuda in the winter or to the Land of the
+Midnight Sun in summer, for he was Captain
+of the tourist boat <em>Arcadian</em> that made
+those trips in the different seasons. He was
+up among the Norwegian fords when England
+entered the war, and it was a question
+whether he could save his ship by evading the
+Germans. Not that he personally had any
+question about it. He proceeded to act with
+the calm assurance characteristic of his conduct
+in normal sailings, quietly determined to get
+safely away. So, excellent seaman that he
+was, “in the darkness of that famous Monday
+night of Aug. 4, 1914, without a pilot, he
+took her through the dangerous ford to sea.
+’Twas indeed a feat.”</p>
+
+<p>But there were dangers at sea, too, for it
+was necessary to avoid any ship or craft that
+heaved in sight, and constant vigilance, with
+much dodging, was necessary before he got
+into Liverpool with his American passengers
+saved from anything so unpleasant and perilous
+as drifting in open boats on the high seas.
+With equal success he landed them in New
+York some days later, their number having
+been added to by Americans stranded in England.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TURNED TO MINE-SWEEPING</h3>
+
+<p>Then the <em>Arcadian</em> was dismantled and
+turned into a transport, and Captain Custance
+took her back to England filled with Canadian
+troops. But wanting a more war-like job he
+appealed to the Admiralty and eventually was
+assigned to the perilous duty of mine-sweeping,
+to keep the sea about the Orkneys free from
+the floating or sunk mines, to the sowing and
+planting of which the Germans were devoting
+their devilish activities. When it is borne in
+mind that Captain Custance was then 46 years
+old, with wife and several children, one may
+appreciate the patriotic zeal that kept him in
+this dangerous employ for two years. During
+that time he stuck at it with never a glimpse
+at his family until he was called to London
+to have the King confer on him the D. S. O.</p>
+
+<p>Those broad-beamed boats known as trawlers
+in which the fishermen ply their calling
+were the instruments employed in mine-sweeping,
+and admirable they were for the business,
+but comfortless enough for other purposes.
+Said the Captain in a letter: “It’s no joke
+monkeying about in a tiny craft hunting ‘tin
+fishes.’ In daylight it’s bad enough, but at
+night it’s extremely dangerous, as one can’t
+see the sea, and one is liable to half swamp
+oneself in turning. And as far as any comfort
+below goes, there isn’t any. Everything is
+damp and cold, and the steward loses the
+greater part of your food in bringing it to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</span>you, and what you finally receive is a cold,
+unpalatable mess. Yet, by God! it’s something
+to be out here having a chance to bag a bally
+German swine.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_323" style="max-width: 47.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_323.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant William Herren</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>58th Infantry, Machine-Gun Company</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">His company was fighting near Villa Savage. The majority of their machine guns were destroyed.
+On the morning of April 7, 1918, Sergeant Herren went through a deathly artillery bombardment
+in order to get more machine guns and ammunition for his company. With his reinforcements
+and bravery he enabled the right flank of his company to advance, and capture a German
+machine-gun position and repulse counter-attacks.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Besides the danger from mines there was the
+excitement of submarine shelling of the fleet
+every now and then. In one attack of that
+kind Custance’s trawler struck a mine and
+sank. After that the Captain was given a
+steam yacht, no longer at her best, the <em>Mingary</em>,
+in which he did patrol work, visited and
+overhauled neutral ships, and kept a weather
+eye out for submarines and mines.</p>
+
+<p>The performance that gained him the D. S.
+O. was the day after the Jutland naval fight,
+when the German fleet had fled, leaving only
+the submarines to prowl and finish off the
+wounded if possible. The dreadnought <em>Warspite</em>
+was one of the wounded and poorly protected
+by destroyers as she toiled along with
+deranged steering gear. The Captain saw
+three submarines maneuvering against the
+<em>Warspite</em>, and despite the fact that the chances
+were all against him in an attempt to beat
+off three submarines with his little yacht and
+its tiny guns Custance rushed the <em>Mingary</em>
+pell mell to the rescue, acting with such suddenness
+that he took one submarine by surprise
+and was able to ram it, got so close that
+he could use his guns on the next one and
+sink it and so thoroughly scared the third one
+that it submerged instantly without an offer
+of fight.</p>
+
+<p>Later the Captain was in command of the
+<em>Maid of Honor</em> in convoying colliers across
+the English Channel by night. There were no
+lights, there was no signaling by whistle, there
+was traffic both ways, troop ships, darkness
+everywhere. Skilled navigators were necessary—men
+of the merchant ship sort. Out
+of all his convoys going or coming, only three
+ships were torpedoed, only two being lost.</p>
+
+<p>In the final part of the war he crossed and
+recrossed the Atlantic in convoy. It was then
+that the <em>Justicia</em> was torpedoed. “She remained
+afloat for twenty-four hours, and Custance
+would have saved her if a German had
+not dived under the ring of patrol boats that
+surrounded her and fired a finishing torpedo.”</p>
+
+<p>In getting off the dying <em>Justicia</em> Custance
+nearly lost his life, yet, says Mr. Cropley,
+“I received a very apologetic letter saying he
+was sorry he hadn’t been able to save the
+cigarettes he was bringing over to me.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHRISTMAS_IN_THE_TRENCHES">CHRISTMAS IN THE TRENCHES</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent">(<em>An Incident</em>)</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent"><em>By</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Dan Burnet</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent">I</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0 drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Still</span> the guns!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">There’s a ragged music on the air,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">A priest had climbed the ruined temple’s stair,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Ah, still the guns!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">It’s Christmas morning. Had ye all forgot?</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Peace for a little while, ye battle-scarred—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Or do ye fear to cool those minds grown hot?</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Up the great lovely tower, wracked and marred,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">An old priest toils—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Men of the scattered soils,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Men of the British mists,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Men of France!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Put by the lance.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Men of Irish fists,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Men of heather,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Kneel together—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Men of Prussia,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Great dark men of Russia,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Kneel, kneel!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Hark how the slow bells peal.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">A thousand leagues the faltered music runs,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Ah, still the wasting thunder of the guns,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Still the guns!</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent">II</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Out of the trenches lifts a half-shamed song,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">“Holy Night”</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Here, where the sappers burrowed all night long</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">To bring the trench up for the morrow’s fight,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">A British lad, with face unwonted white,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Looks at the sky and sings a carol through,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">“God rest you merry, gentlemen!”</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">It was the only Christmas thing he knew.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And there were tears wrung out of hard-lipped men,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Tears in the strangest places,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Tears on troopers’ faces!</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent">III</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">They had forgotten what a life was for,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">They had been long at suffering and war,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">They had forgot old visions, one by one,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">But now they heard the tolling bell of Rheims,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Tolling bell of Rheims;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">They saw the bent priest, white-haired in the sun,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Climb to the hazard of the weakened spire,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">They saw, and in them stirred their hearts’ desire</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">For Streets and Cities, Shops and Homes and Farms,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">They only wanted space to love and live;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">They felt warm arms about them—women’s arms,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And such caresses as a child might give</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Coming all rosy in the early day</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">To kiss his world awake....</div>
+    <div class="verse indent30">The British lad</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Broke off his carol with a sob. The play</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Of churchly musics, solemn, strange, and sad,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Fluttered in silver tatters down the wind,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Flung from the tower where the guns had sinned</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Across the black and wounded fields.... The bell</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Sang on—a feeble protest to the skies,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Until the world stood like a halted hell,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And men with their dead brothers at their feet</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Drew dirty sleeves across their tired eyes,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Finding the cracked chimes overwhelming sweet.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent">IV</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Aye, still the guns!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And heed the Christmas bell,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Ye who have done Death’s work so well,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Ye worn embattled ones,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Kneel, kneel!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Put by the blood-stained steel,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Men from the far soils and the scattered seas,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Go down upon your knees,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">While there lives one with peace upon his eyes,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">While hope’s faint song is fluttered to the skies,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">In that brief space between the Christmas suns,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Still the guns!</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="SPYING_AT_ITS_WORST">SPYING AT ITS WORST</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The German Secret Service System the Scrap Basket of Official Honor</h3>
+
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Though</span> the knowledge of an enemy’s
+plans, purposes and preparatory measures
+is of the highest importance in military
+campaigning, and though the utmost of courage
+and daring are often necessary to obtain
+the required information, the office of the
+spy has, from time immemorial, been contemned
+of men. There was but one fate for
+the captured spy under military rule. Even
+when the bravery and devotion of the adventuring
+spy have been admitted to admiration
+there has remained the instinctive aversion
+to the office. The reason for the almost universal
+mental attitude is that spying usually,
+if not invariably, involves treachery, the betrayal
+of trust and confidence gained by professions
+of friendship and sympathetic opinion.
+The word “spies” stirs the spleen of wholesome
+minded persons. It implies craft, duplicity,
+perversity. Few men have been willing
+to confess themselves spies. However
+greedily the sensational or adventure-loving
+reader may follow the narrative of the experiences,
+the desperate chances, the hazards,
+the daring risks, the narrow escapes of the
+successful spy, there is nevertheless a regretful
+wish that the valor, the intelligence, had
+found a nobler medium of expression.</p>
+
+<p>But because there is such a thing as fearless,
+generous self-sacrifice in the performance
+of undertakings or obligations that come under
+the general classification of spying, it is
+perhaps unfortunate that no attempt has been
+made to discriminate what may be termed
+honorable (in a military sense) espionage
+from ignoble spying. Surely there is a vast
+distinction between the soldier who volunteers
+to penetrate an enemy’s lines to ascertain
+particular facts and the person who under the
+protection of social or official privilege wins
+trust only to betray it. In the second class
+there probably is no more despicable violation
+of moral responsibility recorded in the history
+of nations than the German intrigue against
+the United States when this country was still
+at peace with Germany. The indictment is
+clearly drawn in a few words in the Flag
+Day address of President Wilson, June 14,
+1917. He said speaking of the German Government:</p>
+
+<p>“They filled our unsuspecting communities
+with vicious spies and conspirators and sought
+to corrupt the opinion of our people in their
+own behalf. When they found they could
+not do that, their agents diligently spread
+sedition amongst us and sought to draw our
+own citizens from their allegiance—and some
+of these agents were men connected with the
+official embassy of the German Government
+itself here in our own capital.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>ITS DIPLOMATIC AIDS</h3>
+
+<p>Their Ambassador, Count Johann von
+Bernstorff; their military attaché, Capt. Franz
+von Papen; their naval attaché, Capt. Karl
+Boy-Ed; their financial agent, Dr. Heinrich
+Albert, were the diplomatic and social spies
+who engineered and supplied with necessary
+information the vicious under-agents of the
+spy system of which sedition and violence were
+the shameful instruments.</p>
+
+<p>With patient diligence, John Price Jones,
+a newspaper man, attached to the New York
+<cite>Sun</cite>, collected—from documentary evidence,
+from Secret Service officials and by means of
+his own investigation over a period of eighteen
+months—a vast amount of valuable and exact
+information, the vital part of which Small,
+Maynard and Company subsequently published
+in book form, under the title <em>The
+German Secret Service in America</em>. The information
+in that book, substantiated by governmental
+and other evidence, is authoritative,
+and we are indebted to it for much of the
+matter in this article.</p>
+
+<p>Of the organization of the spy system he
+says:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</span></p>
+
+<p>“Count von Bernstorff, once his nation had
+declared war upon France and England, went
+to war with the United States. As ambassador,
+diplomatic courtesy gave him a scope of
+observation limited only by the dignity of his
+position. A seat in a special gallery in the
+Senate and House of Representatives was
+always ready for his occupancy; he could virtually
+command the attention of the White
+House; and senators, congressmen and office-holders
+from German-American districts respected
+him. Messengers kept him in constant
+touch with the line-up of Congress on
+important issues, and two hours later that
+line-up was known in the Foreign Office in
+Berlin. As head and front of the German
+spy system in America, he held cautiously
+aloof from all but the most instrumental acquaintances:
+men and women of prominent
+political and social influence who he knew
+were inclined, for good and sufficient reasons,
+to help him. One woman, whose bills he paid
+at a Fifth Avenue gown house, was the wife
+of a prominent broker and another woman of
+confessedly German affiliations who served
+him lived within a stone’s throw of the Metropolitan
+Museum and its nearby phalanx of
+gilded dwellings (her husband’s office was in
+a building at 11 Broadway, of which more
+anon); a third, woman intimate lived in a
+comfortable apartment near Fifth Avenue—an
+apartment selected for her, though she was
+unaware of it, by secret agents of the United
+States.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BAIT FOR INGÉNUES</h3>
+
+<p>“During the early days of the war the
+promise of social sponsorship which any embassy
+in Washington could extend proved bait
+for a number of ingénues of various ages,
+with ambition and mischief in their minds,
+and the gracious Ambassador played them
+smoothly and dexterously. Mostly they were
+not German women, for the German women
+of America were not so likely to be useful
+socially, nor as a type so astute as to qualify
+them for von Bernstorff’s delicate work. To
+those women whom he chose to see he was
+courteous, and superficially frank almost to
+the point of naïveté. The pressure of negotiation
+between Washington and Berlin became
+more and more exacting as the war progressed,
+yet he found time to command a
+campaign whose success would have resulted
+in disaster to the United States. That he
+was not blamed for the failure of that campaign
+when he returned to Germany in April,
+1917, is evidenced by his prompt appointment
+to the court of Turkey, a difficult and important
+post, and in the case of Michaelis, a
+stepping-stone to the highest post in the Foreign
+Office.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_327" style="max-width: 32.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_327.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Count Johann von Bernstorff.</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">German ambassador to the United States at
+the time the <em>Lusitania</em> was torpedoed. One of
+his many acts of duplicity was the sending of a
+secret message to Germany asking for funds
+to be used to influence members of the United
+States Congress.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Upon the shoulders of Dr. Heinrich
+Albert, privy counselor and fiscal agent of
+the German Empire, fell the practical execution<span class="pagenum" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</span>
+of German propaganda throughout
+America. He was the American agent of a
+government which has done more than any
+other to coöperate with business towards the
+extension of influence abroad, on the principle
+that ‘the flag follows the constitution.’ As
+such he had had
+his finger on the
+pulse of American
+trade, had
+catalogued exhaustively
+the
+economic resources
+of the
+country, and held
+in his debt, as his
+nation’s treasurer
+in America,
+scores of bankers,
+manufacturers
+and traders
+to whom Germany
+had extended
+subsidy.
+As such also he was the paymaster of the
+Imperial secret diplomatic and consular
+agents.</p>
+
+<figure class="figleft illowp45" id="i_b_328a" style="max-width: 15.3125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_328a.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Bain.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Dr. Dumba</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Austrian Ambassador</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>“You could find him almost any day until
+the break with Germany in a small office in
+the Hamburg-American Building (a beehive
+of secret agents) at No. 45 Broadway, New
+York. He was tall and slender, and wore
+the somber frock coat of the European business
+man with real grace. His eyes were blue
+and clear, his face clean-shaven and faintly
+saber-scarred, and his hair blond. He impressed
+one as an unusual young man in a
+highly responsible position. His greeting to
+visitors, of whom he had few, was punctilious,
+his bow low, and his manner altogether polite.
+He encouraged conversation rather than offered
+it. He had none of the ‘hard snap’ of
+the energetic, outspoken, brusque American
+man of business. Dr. Albert was a smooth-running,
+well-turned cog in the great machine
+of Prussian militarism.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CORRUPTION FUND OF MILLIONS</h3>
+
+<p>“Upon him rested the task of spending between
+$2,000,000 and $3,000,000 a week for
+German propaganda. He spent thirty millions
+at least in secret agency work, also
+known by the uglier names of bribery, sedition
+and conspiracy. He admitted that he wasted
+a half million.</p>
+
+<p>“His methods were quiet and successful,
+and his participation in the offenses against
+America’s peace might have passed unproven
+had he not been engaged in a too-absorbing
+conversation one day in August, 1915, upon a
+Sixth Avenue elevated train. He started up
+to leave the train at Fiftieth Street, and carelessly
+left his portfolio behind him—to the
+tender care of a United States Secret Service
+man. It contained documents revealing his
+complicity in enterprises the magnitude of
+which beggars the imagination. The publication
+of certain of those documents awoke the
+slumbering populace to a feeling of chagrin
+and anger almost equal to his own at the loss
+of his dossier. And yet he stayed on in
+America, and returned with the ambassadorial
+party to Germany only after the severance of
+diplomatic relations in 1917, credited with expert
+generalship on the economic sector of the
+American front.</p>
+
+<p>“Germany’s military attaché to the United
+States was Captain Franz von Papen. His
+mission was the study of the United States
+army. In August, 1914, it may be assumed
+that he had absorbed most of the useful information
+of the
+United States
+army, which at
+that moment was
+no superhuman
+problem. In July
+of that year he
+was in Mexico,
+observing, among
+other matters, the
+effect of dynamite
+explosions
+on railways. He
+was quite familiar
+with Mexico.
+According
+to Admiral von
+Hintze he had
+organized a military unit in the lukewarm
+German colony in Mexico City, and he used
+one or more of the warring factions in the
+southern republic to test the efficacy of various
+means of warfare.</p>
+
+<figure class="figright illowp45" id="i_b_328b" style="max-width: 15.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_328b.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Bain.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Captain von Papen</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">German Military Attaché</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>“Von Papen operated from New York after<span class="pagenum" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</span>
+the outbreak of war. “German reservists
+who had been peaceful farmers, shopkeepers or
+waiters, all over the United States, were mobilized
+for service, and paraded through Battery
+Park in New York shouting ‘Deutschland,
+Deutschland über alles!’ to the strains
+of the Austrian hymn, while they waited for
+Papen’s orders from a building near by, and
+picked quarrels with a counter procession of
+Frenchmen screaming the immortal ‘Marseillaise.’
+Up in his office sat the attaché, summoning,
+assigning, despatching his men on missions
+that were designed to terrorize America
+as the spiked helmets were terrorizing Belgium
+at that moment.</p>
+
+<p>“... Although von Papen marshaled his
+consuls, his reservists, his thugs, his women,
+and his skilled agents, for a programme of violence
+the like of which America had never
+experienced, the military phase of the war was
+not destined for decision here, and there is
+again something ironical in the fact that the
+arrogance of Captain von Papen’s outrages
+hastened the coming of war to America and
+the decline of Captain von Papen’s style of
+warfare in America.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BOY-ED, A TURKISH HALF-BREED</h3>
+
+<p>“The Kaiser’s naval attaché at Washington
+was Karl Boy-Ed, the child of a German
+mother and a Turkish father, who had elected
+a naval career and shown a degree of aptitude
+for his work which qualified him presently
+for the post of chief lieutenant to von Tirpitz.
+He was one of the six young officers who were
+admitted to the chief councils of the German
+navy, as training for high executive posts....
+His duties took him all over the world as
+naval observer, and he may be credited more
+than casually with weaving the plan-fabric of
+marine supremacy with which Germany proposed
+in due time to envelop the world.</p>
+
+<p>“He impressed diplomatic Washington in
+1911 as a polished cosmopolite. Polished he
+was, measured by the standards of diplomatic
+Washington, for rare was the young American
+of Boy-Ed’s age who had his cultivation,
+his wide experience, and his brilliant charm.
+He was sought after by admiring mothers
+long before he was sought after by the Secret
+Service; he moved among the clubs of Washington
+and New York making intimates of
+men whose friendship and confidence would
+serve the Fatherland, cloaking his real designs
+by frivolity and frequent attendances at social
+functions. His peace-time duties had been
+to study the American navy; to familiarize
+himself with its ship power and personnel, with
+its plans for expansion, its theories of strategy,
+its means of supply, and finally, with the coast
+defenses of the country. He had learned his
+lesson, and furnished Berlin with clear reports.
+On those reports, together with those
+of his colleagues in other countries, hinged
+Germany’s readiness to enter war, for it
+would have been folly to attempt a war of
+domination with America an unknown, uncatalogued
+naval power. (It will be well to
+recall that the submarine is an American invention,
+and that Germany’s greatest submarine
+development took place in the years
+1911-14.)</p>
+
+<p>“And then, suddenly, he dropped the cloak.
+The Turk in him stood at attention while
+the German in him gave him sharp orders—commands
+to be carried out with Oriental
+adroitness and Prussian finish. Then those
+who had said lightly that ‘Boy-Ed knows
+more about our navy than Annapolis itself’
+began to realize that they had spoken an
+alarming truth. His war duties were manifold.
+Like von Papen, he had his corps of
+reservists, his secret agents, his silent forces
+everywhere ready for active coöperation in
+carrying out the naval enterprises Germany
+should see fit to undertake in Western waters.</p>
+
+<p>“America learned gradually of the machinations
+of the four executives, Bernstorff, Albert,
+Papen and Boy-Ed. America had not
+long to wait for evidences of their activity, but
+it was a long time before the processes of
+investigation revealed their source. It was
+inevitable that they could not work undiscovered
+for long, and they seem to have realized
+that they must do the utmost damage at top
+speed. Their own trails were covered for a
+time by the obscure identities of their subordinates.
+The law jumps to no conclusions.
+Their own persons were protected by diplomatic
+courtesy. It required more than two
+years of tedious search for orthodox legal evidence
+to arraign these men publicly in their
+guilt, and when that evidence had finally been
+obtained, and Germany’s protest of innocence
+had been deflated, it was not these men who
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</span>suffered, but their country, and the price she
+paid was war with America.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_330" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_330.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy of Leslie’s Weekly.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">A Deadly Torpedo Leaving the Tube of an American Destroyer</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A Whitehead torpedo at the instant it leaves the tube. This tube is above the water line. Torpedo-boat destroyers carry both this kind of tubes
+and submerged ones. The torpedo, when fired from above the water, submerges itself to a depth determined by the adjustment of its horizontal
+steering gear, and thereafter runs its course at an even depth beneath the surface.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<h3>GERMANY’S SECRET ARMY</h3>
+
+<p>“A hundred or more of their subordinates
+have been convicted of various criminal offenses
+and sent to prison. Still more were
+promptly interned in prison camps at the
+outbreak of war in 1917. The secret army
+included all types, from bankers to longshoremen.
+Many of them were conspicuous figures
+in American public life, and of these no small
+part were allowed to remain at large under
+certain restrictions—and under surveillance.
+Germany’s army in the United States was
+powerful in numbers; the fact that so many
+agents were working destruction probably
+hastened their discovery; the loyalty of many
+so-called German-Americans was always questionable.
+The public mind, confused as it
+had never been before by the news of war,
+was groping about for sound fundamentals,
+and was being tantalized with false principles
+by the politicians. Meanwhile Count von
+Bernstorff was watching Congress and the
+President, Dr. Albert was busy in great
+schemes, Captain von Papen was commanding
+an active army of spies, and Captain Boy-Ed
+was engaged in a bitter fight with the British
+navy.”</p>
+
+<p>But long after the departure of the principals
+for their native land the enterprises they
+had inaugurated persisted.</p>
+
+<p>Among the pre-war activities the German
+government made a contract with Dr. Karl
+Buenz, American head of the Hamburg-American
+Line, for the provisioning, during
+war, of German ships at sea, the contract
+being jealously guarded in the German Embassy
+at Washington. Merchant ships were
+to be used for the purpose. July 31, 1914, a
+cablegram from Berlin called on Dr. Buenz
+to begin filling his contract. The first ship
+to be loaded (with coal) was the <em>Berwind</em>,
+and the question arose as to who among the
+conspirators should apply for the clearance
+papers. Finally G. B. Kulenkampff, a banker
+and exporter, was directed to do so. He
+swore to a false manifest of the cargo and
+got the papers. The <em>Berwind</em> carried food
+as well as coal for the provisioning of German
+warships to be found at secretly designated
+points, and her destination was not Buenos
+Ayres as the clearance papers declared, so
+the United States was unwittingly a party to
+German naval operations, on the third day of
+the war, by German mendacity. The <em>Berwind</em>
+sailed for a little island known as Trinidad
+(not the British West Indian island) about 70°
+east of Brazil, and there her cargo was transferred
+to five German ships, one of which
+was the <em>Kap-Trafalgar</em>, presently sunk by the
+British auxiliary cruiser, the <em>Carmania</em>, which
+steamed into view while the <em>Trafalgar</em>, the
+<em>Berwind</em> and one other of the vessels were
+still at Trinidad.</p>
+
+<p>It is interesting to know that most of the
+ships chartered for this lawless purpose did
+not carry out the intention. The <em>Unita</em> was
+one of them and we are told:</p>
+
+<p>“Her skipper was Eno Olsen, a Canadian
+citizen born in Norway. Urhitzler, the German
+spy placed aboard, made the mistake of
+assuming that Olsen was friendly to Germany.
+He gave him his ‘orders,’ and the
+skipper balked. ’“Nothing doing,” I told
+the supercargo,’ Captain Olsen testified later,
+with a Norwegian twist to his pronunciation.
+‘She’s booked to Cadiz, and to Cadiz she
+goes!’ So the supercargo offered me $500 to
+change my course. “Nothing doing—nothing
+doing for a million dollars,” I told him. The
+third day out he offered me $10,000. Nothing
+doing. So,’ announced Captain Olsen
+with finality, ‘I sailed the <em>Unita</em> to Cadiz and
+after we got there I sold the cargo and looked
+up the British consul.’”</p>
+
+<p>Under the Buenz contract twelve ships
+were either purchased or chartered at a total
+cost of $1,419,394, and it is said that of their
+shiploads of supplies less than $30,000 worth
+were ever transferred to German war vessels.
+Buenz, after much delay in the proceedings,
+was sentenced to eighteen months’ imprisonment
+in the Federal penitentiary at Atlanta.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE WIRELESS TREACHERIES</h3>
+
+<p>The Sayville Wireless Station on Long
+Island was for a long time a successfully controlled
+medium for the direction of spy and
+propaganda work in this country as well as
+for communication with wireless stations in
+Germany, in Central and South America, with
+wireless ships interned, etc., etc. To this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</span>
+and the other German-owned commercial
+plants in the United States Capt. Boy-Ed
+added amateur stations of more or less extended
+radius as auxiliaries. But owing to
+complaints of frequent interference with regular
+messages, the “United States presently
+ordered the closing of all private wireless stations,
+and those amateurs who had been listening
+out of sheer curiosity to the air conversation
+cheerfully took down their antennæ. Not
+so, however, a prominent woman in whose
+residence on Fifth Avenue lay concealed a
+powerful receiving apparatus. Nor did the
+interned ships obey the order: apparatus apparently
+removed was often rigged in the shelter
+of a funnel, and operated by current supplied
+from an apparently innocent source.
+And the secret service discovered stations also
+in the residences of wealthy Hoboken Germans,
+and in a German-American ‘mansion’
+in Hartford, Connecticut.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_332" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_332.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood, and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">German Spies in France</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">After living for ten years in France, they were discovered giving information to the Germans
+by telephone. They confessed and were shot.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Later suspicions were aroused by the activities
+of the German wireless, but the German
+operators were not at once removed. The
+United States began taking down the seemingly
+meaningless jargon that came every
+morning from the Nauen Station near Berlin.
+It was two years later, however, that
+a key to the jumble was discovered and the
+code revealed. Two codes in fact were
+found.</p>
+
+<p>“The chief significance of the discovery of
+the two codes is their conclusive proof that
+while von Bernstorff was protesting to the
+American government that he could not get
+messages through to Berlin, nor replies from
+the Foreign Office, he was actually in daily,
+if not hourly, communication with his superiors.
+Messages were sent out by his confidential
+operators under the very eyes of the
+American naval censors. After the break
+of diplomatic relations with Berlin, in February,
+1917, the authorities set to work decoding
+the messages, and the State Department
+from time to time issued for publication
+certain of the more brutal proofs of Germany’s
+violation of American neutrality. The
+Ambassador and his Washington establishment<span class="pagenum" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</span>
+had served for two years and a half
+as the ‘central exchange’ of German affairs
+in the western world. After his departure
+communication from German spies here was
+handicapped only by the time required to forward
+information to Mexico; from that point
+to Berlin air conversation continued uninterrupted.”</p>
+
+<p>It may be noted in passing that Captain
+Karl Grasshof of the cruiser <em>Geier</em>, that took
+refuge from the British by tying up in Honolulu
+harbor, gave high proof of the German
+nice sense of honor in respect of hospitality.
+He instituted a series of afternoon concerts by
+the ship’s band, that the music might drown
+out the noise of the wireless apparatus as he
+sent messages to raiders at sea or threw off
+false reports in English, the purpose of which
+was to make trouble between the United
+States and Japan. He said at one time that
+von Papen inspired this peculiar treachery,
+but afterwards denied it.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TO INVADE CANADA</h3>
+
+<p>On the military side, one of von Papen’s
+brilliant projects was to organize the German
+reservists in the United States into an army
+for the invasion of Canada. The plan was
+to transport men and guns by night from
+ports of the Great Lakes by means of powerful
+motor boats and attack defenseless lake
+cities, the object being to arouse such fear
+in the Canadians that they would keep their
+troops for home defense instead of sending
+them to the aid of England. This, however,
+was a project from which the craftier Bernstorff
+recoiled as smacking too much of open
+violence. Then von Papen proposed a scheme
+to blow up the Welland Canal as a terrorizing
+job. The plot was ascribed to “two
+Irishmen, prominent members of Irish associations,
+both of whom had fought in the
+Irish rebellion.”</p>
+
+<p>The spy, Horst von der Goltz, was the
+active agent in the preliminary steps, such as
+recruiting men for the job, securing explosives,
+etc., Papen, in the name of Steffens, supplying
+the money and giving the necessary instructions.
+But after being carried forward almost
+to the point of action the Welland enterprise
+was, for some unknown reason, suddenly abandoned
+and the dynamite (three hundred
+pounds in suitcases), which had been taken to
+Niagara Falls, was left with an aviator, and
+Goltz, with his immediate associate, Constance
+Covani, a private detective, returned to New
+York. Von Papen was much provoked by the
+failure of his second plan to terrorize Canada.
+Goltz was sent on some commission to
+Germany in October, sailing on a forged passport,
+got safely to Berlin and, on his return
+trip in November, was arrested in England,
+spy fashion. After a protracted imprisonment,
+Goltz agreed to turn State’s evidence against
+his fellow conspirators. A number of arrests
+resulted, and the plots against Canada were
+fully revealed.</p>
+
+<p>As more and more precise rules for the
+issue of passports were made by the government
+the difficulties of the conspirators in
+making direct communication with Berlin increased
+correspondingly. It devolved upon
+von Papen to provide for the supply of passports
+to meet the needs of couriers and others
+who could not get passports in their own
+names.</p>
+
+<p>“The military attaché selected Lieutenant
+Hans von Wedell, who had already made a
+trip as courier to Berlin for his friend, Count
+von Bernstorff. Von Wedell was married
+to a German baroness. He had been a newspaper
+reporter in New York, and later a lawyer.
+He opened an office in Bridge Street,
+New York, and began to send out emissaries
+to sailors on interned German liners, and to
+their friends in Hoboken, directing them to
+apply for passports. He sent others to the
+haunts of tramps on the lower East Side, to
+the Mills Hotel, and other gathering places
+of the down-and-outs, offering ten, fifteen or
+twenty dollars to men who would apply for
+and deliver passports. And he bought them!
+He spent much time at the Deutscher Verein,
+and at the Elks’ Club in 43rd Street where he
+often met his agents to give instructions and
+receive passports. His bills were paid by
+Captain von Papen.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>MANUFACTURING PASSPORTS</h3>
+
+<p>The passports secured in this way by von
+Wedell and by his successor, Carl Ruroede,
+Sr., in the employ of Oelrichs &amp; Co., were
+supplied to reservist officers whom the General
+Staff had ordered back to Berlin, and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</span>also to spies whom von Papen wished to send
+to England, France, Italy or Russia. Among
+the latter was Anton Kuepferle, who was
+captured in England, confessed and killed
+himself in Brixton jail.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_334" style="max-width: 53.1875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_334.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>International News.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Anti-German Riots in Britain</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The destruction of the <em>Lusitania</em> by a German submarine caused anti-German riots in many
+parts of the world. These started in Liverpool when the bodies of dead members of the crew were
+brought to their homes there, and spread rapidly to other parts of the United Kingdom. The
+photograph shows the looting of a German’s residence in High Street, London.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>When it became obvious that passports
+must be serving the ends of persons other than
+those to whom they were issued the government
+demanded that each passport should have
+the photograph of the bearer. But this did
+not disconcert the conspirators, as <em>The German
+Secret Service in America</em> tells us. It
+says: “The Germans found it a simple matter
+to give a general description of a man’s eyes,
+color of hair, and age to fit the person who
+was actually to use the document; then forwarded
+the picture of the applicant to be
+affixed. The applicant receiving the passport
+would sell it at once. Even though the official
+seal was stamped on the photograph the
+Germans were not dismayed.</p>
+
+<p>“Adams [Albert G. Adams, a United States
+Secret Service agent, who had insinuated himself
+into Ruroede’s confidence] rushed into
+Ruroede’s office one day waving a sheaf of
+five passports issued to him by the government.
+Adams was ostensibly proud of his
+work, Ruroede openly delighted.</p>
+
+<p>“‘I knew I could get these passports easily,’
+he boasted to Adams. ‘Why, if Lieutenant
+von Wedell had kept on here he never
+could have done this. He always was getting
+into a muddle.’</p>
+
+<p>“‘But how can you use these passports
+with these pictures on them?’ asked the agent.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Oh, that’s easy,’ answered Ruroede.
+‘Come in the back room. I’ll show you.’ And
+Ruroede, before the observant eyes of the
+Department of Justice, patted one of the passports
+with a damp cloth, then with adhesive
+paste fastened a photograph of another man
+over the original bearing the imprint of the
+United States seal.</p>
+
+<p>“‘We wet the photograph,’ said Ruroede,
+‘and then we affix the picture of the man who
+is to use it. The new photograph also is
+dampened, but when it is fastened to the
+passport there still remains a sort of vacuum
+in spots between the new picture and the old
+because of ridges made by the seal. So we
+turn the passport upside down, place it on a
+soft ground—say a silk handkerchief—and
+then we take a paper-cutter with a dull point,
+and just trace the letters on the seal. The
+result is that the new photograph dries exactly
+as if it had been stamped by Uncle Sam.
+You can’t tell the difference.’</p>
+
+
+<h3>NABBED AT SEA</h3>
+
+<p>“Through Adams’ efforts Ruroede and four
+Germans, one of them an officer in the German
+reserves, were arrested on January 2, on
+the Scandinavian-American liner <em>Bergensfjord</em>
+outward bound to Bergen, Norway.
+They had passports issued through Adams at
+Ruroede’s request under the American names
+of Howard Paul Wright, Herbert S. Wilson,
+Peter Hanson and Stanley F. Martin.</p>
+
+<p>“Von Wedell himself was a passenger on
+the <em>Bergensfjord</em>, but when he was lined up
+with the other passengers, the Federal agents,
+who did not have a description of him, missed
+him and left the vessel. He was later (January
+11) taken off the ship by the British,
+however, and transferred to another vessel
+for removal to a prison camp. She struck a
+German mine and sank, and von Wedell is
+supposed to have drowned.”</p>
+
+<p>An explicit letter from von Wedell to von
+Bernstorff dispelled any possibility of doubt
+that the German Ambassador was fully cognizant
+of the false passport frauds.</p>
+
+<p>“Ruroede was sentenced to three years in
+Atlanta prison. The four reservists, pleading
+guilty, protested they had taken the passports
+out of patriotism and were fined $200 each.</p>
+
+<p>“The arrest of Ruroede exposed the New
+York bureau, and made it necessary for the
+Germans to shift their base of operations, but
+did not put an end to the fraudulent passport
+conspiracy. Capt. Boy-Ed assumed the burden,
+and hired men to secure passports for
+him.”</p>
+
+<p>But the increased vigilance and thoroughness
+of the British reduced this service to a
+negligible quantity before the entrance of the
+United States into the war squelched it
+entirely.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_336" style="max-width: 46em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_336.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">From the Fighting Top of the Battleship <em>Wyoming</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The <em>Wyoming</em> is 562 feet in length, of 26,000 tons displacement, and carries twelve 12-inch and
+twenty-one 5-inch guns.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>An incident in connection with the arrest
+of Ruroede is related by French Strother in
+his story “Fighting German Spies” published
+in <cite>The World’s Work</cite>. Ruroede “was being
+urged by the Assistant United States District
+Attorney to ‘come across’ with the facts
+about his activities in the passport frauds, and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</span>he had stood up pretty well against the persuasions
+and hints of the attorney and the
+doubts and fears of his own mind. About
+eleven o’clock at night, as he was for the
+many’th time protesting his ignorance and his
+innocence, another agent of the Bureau of
+Investigation walked across the far end of
+the dimly lit room—in one door and out another—accompanied
+by a fair-haired lad of
+nineteen.</p>
+
+<p>“‘My God!’ exclaimed Ruroede, ‘have they
+got my son, too? The boy knows nothing at
+all about this.’</p>
+
+<p>“This little ghost-walking scene, borrowed
+from <em>Hamlet</em>, broke down Ruroede’s reserve,
+and he came out with pretty much all the
+story, ending with the melancholy exclamation
+‘I thought I was going to get an Iron Cross;
+but what they ought to do is to pin a little tin
+stove on me.’”</p>
+
+
+<h3>A SENSATIONAL CAPTURE</h3>
+
+<p>In addition to von Papen, Dr. Albert and
+Boy-Ed, one of Bernstorff’s effective agents
+was Wolf von Igel, who was the leader of
+the dynamite men of the conspiracy. He set
+up at 60 Wall Street ostensibly in the “advertising”
+business. Attention was attracted
+to him by the fact that his visitors during
+the two years he was undisturbed were Germans
+who had nothing whatever to do with
+advertising. Moreover, conspicuous in his
+office was a large safe bearing the insignia of
+the German Imperial Government. Suspicions
+were aroused and by degrees these
+suspicions were strengthened by circumstances
+and incidents that indicated von Igel as a
+German agent. Therefore, as the New York
+<cite>Times</cite> reported, one morning in April, 1916,
+while von Igel was engaged preparing a mass
+of papers taken from the safe for transfer to
+Washington, the office was entered by four
+United States Secret Service agents from the
+Department of Justice, who made their way
+past the guardians always on duty, put von
+Igel under arrest, and undertook to seize the
+papers. The German was powerful and
+brave. With the aid of one associate he stubbornly
+fought the officers, striving to rescue
+the papers, to close the safe, to get to the
+telephone and communicate with his superiors.
+Revolvers were drawn by the Secret Service
+men. They produced no effect upon the
+intrepid von Igel.</p>
+
+<p>“This is German territory,” he shouted.
+“Shoot me and you will bring on war.”</p>
+
+<p>There was no shooting. But after a protracted
+struggle the defenders were overpowered
+and the papers seized. The German
+Embassy at once entered its protest. These
+were official papers. They were sacrosanct.
+The diplomatic prerogative of a friendly nation
+had been overridden and the person of
+its representative insulted. To this the State
+Department replied that the invaded premises
+at 60 Wall Street were described in the contract
+as a private business office for the carrying
+on of advertising, and that von Igel had
+not been formally accredited as a German
+representative.</p>
+
+<p>When the papers were examined by the
+Department of Justice the reason for von
+Igel’s determined fight became apparent.
+Here, in the form of letters, telegrams, notations,
+checks, receipts, ledgers, cashbooks, cipher
+codes, lists of spies, and other memoranda
+and records were found indications—in
+some instances of the vaguest nature, in
+others of the most damning conclusiveness—that
+the German Imperial Government,
+through its representatives in a then friendly
+nation, was concerned with—</p>
+
+<p>Violation of the laws of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Destruction of lives and property in merchant
+vessels on the high seas.</p>
+
+<p>Irish revolutionary plots against Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>Fomenting ill-feeling against the United
+States in Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>Subornation of American writers and lecturers.</p>
+
+<p>Financing of propaganda.</p>
+
+<p>Maintenance of a spy system under the
+guise of a commercial investigation bureau.</p>
+
+<p>Subsidizing of a bureau for the purpose of
+stirring up labor troubles in munition plants.</p>
+
+<p>The bomb industry and other related activities.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most significant papers in the
+von Igel collection was a letter directly convicting
+von Papen of paying money to a
+plotter (Paul Koenig, manager of an alleged
+Bureau of Investigation established by
+the Hamburg-American Steamship Company
+for secret service purposes) designing to blow<span class="pagenum" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</span>
+up merchant ships sailing from the port of
+New York. Koenig had reported the make
+of the bombs which it was proposed to use.
+They were made to look like lumps of coal,
+to be concealed in the coal laden on steamers
+of the Allies. By this or other means thirty
+ships carrying munitions to the Allies were
+sunk.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MORE BERNSTORFF CRAFT</h3>
+
+<p>Closely related to and to some extent under
+the guidance of von Igel was the German and
+Austro-Hungarian Labor Information and
+Relief Bureau, with central headquarters at
+136 Liberty Street, New York City, and
+branches in Cleveland, Detroit, Bridgeport,
+Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, and Chicago. The
+head of the enterprise was Hans Liebau, from
+whom it took its familiarly accepted name of
+the “Liebau Employment Agency.” During
+the trying days which followed the arrest of
+the Welland Canal conspirators it was unwaveringly
+asserted that the Liebau concern
+was a bona fide employment agency and nothing
+else, with no object other than to secure
+positions for German, Austrian, or Hungarian
+workmen seeking employment. That
+was for publication only. In von Igel’s papers
+the truth appears, brought out by the refusal
+of the Austro-Hungarian Embassy to continue
+its subsidies to the bureau.</p>
+
+<p>That the Austro-Hungarian Embassy had
+taken official cognizance of the bureau previously,
+however, is disclosed in the letter written
+by the Ambassador to the Austro-Hungarian
+Minister for Foreign Affairs, which was
+found in the possession of James F. J. Archibald
+by the British authorities August 30,
+1915. In this letter the Ambassador stated:</p>
+
+<p>“It is my impression that we can disorganize
+and hold up for months, if not entirely prevent,
+the manufacture of munitions in Bethlehem
+and the Middle West, which, in the
+opinion of the German Military Attaché, is
+of importance and amply outweighs the comparatively
+small expenditure of money involved.”</p>
+
+<p>Representations on behalf of the bureau’s
+efficiency were made, under date of March
+24, 1916, in a letter to the German Ambassador,
+von Bernstorff:</p>
+
+<p>“Engineers and persons in the better class of
+positions, and who had means of their own,
+were persuaded by the propaganda of the bureau
+to leave war material factories.”</p>
+
+<p>The report comments with unconcealed
+amusement upon the fact that munitions concerns
+innocently wrote the bureau for workmen
+(which, of course, were not furnished)
+and continues in reviewing later conditions in
+the munitions industry:</p>
+
+<p>“The commercial employment bureaus of
+the country have no supply of unemployed technicians....
+Many disturbances and suspensions
+which war material factories have had
+to suffer, and which it was not always possible
+to remove quickly, but which on the contrary
+often led to long strikes, may be attributed
+to the energetic propaganda of the
+employment bureau.”</p>
+
+<p>The captured documents contained letters
+and communications that established intimate
+relations between the German Diplomatic
+Service and the Irish revolutionary movement.
+Among others was the letter concerning a
+Justice of the New York Supreme Court,
+Daniel F. Cohalan, beginning, “Judge Cohalan
+requests the transmission of the following
+remarks.” The remarks are then quoted as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p>“The revolution in Ireland can only be
+successful if supported from Germany, otherwise
+England will be able to suppress it, even
+though it be only after hard struggles. Therefore
+help is necessary. This should consist,
+primarily, of aerial attacks in England and a
+diversion of the fleet simultaneously with Irish
+revolution. Then, if possible, a landing of
+troops, arms, and ammunition in Ireland, and
+possibly some officers from Zeppelins. This
+would enable the Irish ports to be closed
+against England and the establishment of stations
+for submarines on the Irish coast and the
+cutting off of the supply of food for England.
+The services of the revolution may therefore
+decide the war.”</p>
+
+<p>“He asks that a telegram to this effect be
+sent to Berlin,” the letter continues. It is but
+fair to say that Judge Cohalan has denied
+making the request.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_339" style="max-width: 43.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_339.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">Poster for the Fourth Liberty Loan</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Other documents revealed the German Secret
+Service dealings with Sir Roger Casement,
+subsequently executed by the British for
+treason, but though the Department of Justice
+had this incriminating evidence, it did
+not reach the Attorney General until the afternoon
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</span>following the arrest of Casement.
+The cause of Casement’s arrest was not,
+therefore, information furnished by the Department,
+as was loosely charged at the time.</p>
+
+
+<h3>LANSING’S REVELATION</h3>
+
+<p>The most sensational of the revelations of
+German plotting in the United States was made
+by Secretary Lansing on September 21, 1916,
+when he published without comment a telegram
+written by Ambassador Bernstorff himself
+and asking his government for $50,000
+to be used in influencing Congress. This was
+not one of the papers taken from von Igel,
+but was of much later date, and Mr. Lansing
+stated that the cablegram had not been sent
+to Germany through the State Department,
+leaving it to be implied that it went by way
+of some neutral legation.</p>
+
+<p>There was a veritable storm of excitement
+in Congress over the imputation of bribery,
+some Congressmen in the heat of the moment
+intimating that they knew what members had
+benefited from the fund. But later it was
+made evident that Bernstorff had no idea of
+bribery but of starting a volume of letters and
+telegrams from various parts of the country
+to influence Congressmen against a declaration
+of war. Some time afterwards Secretary Lansing
+made public the fact that when Bernstorff
+asked for the $50,000 to influence the
+American Congress he was already aware that
+Germany was about to resume her ruthless
+submarine warfare which she had assured the
+United States would be abandoned.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE BOLO PASHA FOLLY</h3>
+
+<p>The most amazing instance thus far discovered
+of the German government’s lavish
+waste of the German people’s money for useless
+intrigues in other countries is that revealed
+after the arrest of Paul Bolo, alias
+Bolo Pasha, in Paris, Sept. 29, 1917. The
+following account is taken from the <cite>New
+York Times Current History</cite>:</p>
+
+<p>“Bolo had long been under suspicion and
+had been temporarily under arrest several
+weeks before, but only upon receipt of important
+evidence from the United States was
+he imprisoned without bail. He is a Frenchman,
+born at Marseilles, and, according to an
+article in the Paris <cite>Matin</cite>, is a brother of an
+eloquent French prelate of that name. He has
+had an adventurous career in various countries,
+including Egypt, and at the beginning
+of the war he was penniless; but when in
+Switzerland in March, 1915, he met Abbas
+Hilmi, former Khédive of Egypt, and apparently
+concluded an arrangement by which he
+was to receive $2,500,000 to be used in influencing
+the French press in favor of a German
+peace. The plan was approved by Gottlieb
+von Jagow, German Foreign Minister,
+who was to pay the money partly through the
+ex-Khédive and partly through Swiss and
+American banks.</p>
+
+<p>“In accordance with this arrangement
+$1,000,000 was paid by roundabout methods
+through Swiss banks, to avert suspicion. Abbas
+Hilmi and an associate are said to have
+collected $50,000 as a commission. After that
+time Bolo Pasha and Abbas Hilmi seemed to
+have fallen out, for their relations ceased.
+At the time of his arrest Bolo was said to have
+received $8,000,000 from Germany, of which
+$2,500,000 had been traced to the Deutsche
+Bank. Large portions of this sum were said
+to have been paid through an American channel.
+The actual facts, now proved by the documents,
+go far toward confirming those original
+estimates.</p>
+
+<p>“Bolo arrived in New York on February
+22, 1916, and left on March 17 following. He
+had rooms at the Plaza Hotel, and was careful
+not to be seen in public with German agents.
+He saw Bernstorff secretly in Washington.</p>
+
+<p>“When the French government got an inkling
+of his traitorous activities it appealed to
+Governor Whitman of New York for evidence,
+and ten days’ work by Merton E.
+Lewis, the Attorney General of the State, assisted
+by an expert accountant, resulted in sensational
+disclosures which were made public
+on the evening of October 3. The evidence,
+which included photographic reproductions of
+many telltale checks, letters, and telegrams,
+revealed the fact that Count Bernstorff, then
+German Ambassador at Washington, had
+eagerly fallen in with Bolo’s proposition to betray
+France by corrupting the press in favor
+of a premature peace and had advanced him
+the enormous sum of $1,683,500 to finance the
+plot. The State Department and Ambassador
+Jusserand examined the evidence and attested
+its genuineness.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_341" style="max-width: 51.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_341.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+From <cite>Punch</cite>, Sept. 9, 1914.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">India for the King</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The man on horseback is a Hindu. To his right is a Mohammedan, to his left a Parsee. This
+cartoon from <cite>Punch</cite> depicts the loyalty of the natives of India in the World War.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</span></p>
+
+<p>“Many banks had been used to confuse and
+hide the transaction, but the persons and agencies
+who figured knowingly in it are Bolo
+Pasha, Ambassador von Bernstorff, and two
+bankers—Hugo Schmidt, former New York
+agent of the Deutsche Bank of Berlin, who
+acted as Bernstorff’s financial agent, and
+Adolph Pavenstedt, former head of the New
+York banking house of G. Amsinck &amp; Co.</p>
+
+<p>“Of the mass of documents exhibited by
+Attorney General Lewis, the most important
+was a letter written by Bolo Pasha to the
+New York City branch of the Royal Bank
+of Canada on March 14, 1916, three days
+before he sailed to return to France. That
+letter reads:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+<p class="right">
+“‘New York, March 14, 1916.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>“‘The Royal Bank of Canada, New York,
+N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Gentlemen: You will receive from
+Messrs. G. Amsinck &amp; Co. deposits for the
+credit of my account with you, which deposits
+will reach the aggregate amount of about
+$1,700,000, which I wish you to utilize in the
+following manner:</p>
+
+<p>“‘First—Immediately on receipt of the first
+amount on account of this sum pay to Messrs.
+J. P. Morgan &amp; Co., New York City, the
+sum of $170,068.03, to be placed to the credit
+of the account with them of Senator Charles
+Humbert, Paris.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Second—Establish on your books a credit
+of $5,000, good until the 31st of May, in
+favor of Jules Bois, Biltmore Hotel, this
+amount to be utilized by him at the debit
+of my account according to his needs, and the
+unused balance to be returned to me.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Third—Transfer to the credit of my
+wife, Mme. Bolo, with agency T of Comptoir
+National d’Escompte de Paris a sum of
+about $524,000, to be debited to my account
+as such transfers are made by you at best rate
+and by small amounts.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Fourth—You will hold, subject to my
+instructions, when all payments are complete,
+a balance of not less than $1,000,000.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span style="padding-right: 6em">“‘Yours truly,</span><br>
+
+“‘<span class="smcap">Bolo Pasha</span>.’<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>“That is how the $1,683,500, which was
+the exact amount Bernstorff ordered Schmidt
+to place at the service of Bolo, came into the
+latter’s actual possession.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BERNSTORFF THE MASTER MIND</h3>
+
+<p>“Direct evidence that Count Bernstorff was
+the master mind behind the plot on this side
+of the Atlantic came to light in five dispatches
+that were made public by Secretary Lansing
+on October 5. These messages were exchanged
+in the Spring of 1916:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“‘<em>The Department of State communicates
+to the press the following telegrams bearing
+upon the case of Bolo Pasha, exchanged between
+Count von Bernstorff and Herr von
+Jagow, German Minister of Foreign Affairs.</em></p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>“‘Number 679, Feb. 26. I have received
+direct information from an entirely trustworthy
+source concerning a political action
+in one of the enemy countries which would
+bring peace. One of the leading political personalities
+of the country in question is seeking
+a loan of one million seven hundred thousand
+dollars in New York, for which security will
+be given. I was forbidden to give his name
+in writing. The affair seems to me to be of
+the greatest possible importance. Can the
+money be provided at once in New York?
+That the intermediary will keep the matter
+secret is entirely certain. Request answer by
+telegram. A verbal report will follow as
+soon as a trustworthy person can be found to
+bring it to Germany.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+“‘<span class="smcap">Bernstorff.</span>’<br>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>“‘Number 150, Feb. 29. Answer to telegram
+Number 679. Agree to the loan, but
+only if peace action seems to you a really serious
+project, as the provision of money in New
+York is for us at present extraordinarily difficult.
+If the enemy country is Russia have
+nothing to do with the business, as the sum
+of money is too small to have any serious effect
+in that country. So, too, in the case of Italy,
+where it would not be worth while to spend
+so much.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+“‘<span class="smcap">Jagow.</span>’<br>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>“‘Number 685, March 5. Please instruct
+Deutsche Bank to hold nine million marks at
+disposal of Hugo Schmidt. The affair is very
+promising. Further particulars follow.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+“‘<span class="smcap">Bernstorff.</span>’<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_343" style="max-width: 45.1875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_343.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant William M. Butterfield</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>32nd Division, 125th Infantry, Company “G”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A descendant of the famous Rebel general, Milo J. Butterfield. He was made a corporal and
+requested to be reduced to the rank of private, in order to get to the front more quickly. He
+participated in three drives: Château-Thierry, Soissons, and Argonne. He was made a Sergeant in
+Company “G” as a reward for his splendid fighting in the latter offensive.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“‘Number 692, March 20. With reference
+to telegram Number 685, please advise
+our Minister in Berne that some one will call
+on him who will give him the passport Sanct
+Regis and who wishes to establish relations
+with the Foreign Office. Intermediary further
+requests that influence may be brought
+to bear upon our press to pass over the change
+in the inner political situation in France so
+far as possible in silence, in order that things
+may not be spoiled by German approval.</p>
+
+<p class="right">“‘<span class="smcap">Bernstorff.</span>’</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>“‘Number 206, May 31. The person announced
+in Telegram 692 of March 20 has
+not yet reported himself at the legation at
+Berne. Is there any more news on your side
+of Bolo?</p>
+
+<p class="right">“‘<span class="smcap">Jagow.</span>’</p>
+</div>
+<br>
+
+<p>“In France the most sensational feature of
+the case was Bolo’s payment of $170,000 to
+Senator Charles Humbert, owner of <cite>Le Journal</cite>.
+The money was in part payment for
+1,100 bonds of that newspaper. Senator
+Humbert immediately came out with a statement
+to prove that he was entirely unaware
+of the treasonable purpose of the purchases.
+He gave facts showing that Bolo Pasha had
+used his contract with <cite>Le Journal</cite> to extract
+money from Germany. On Oct. 12, the
+French Military Court appointed a sequestrator
+for the money advanced to Senator Humbert.
+It amounted in all to $1,200,000 and
+was handed over to the care of the Deposit
+and Consignment office, a section of the Ministry
+of Finance.</p>
+
+<p>“Whatever the total number of millions extracted
+from the German government by
+Bolo Pasha, the utter futility of the expenditure,
+so far as Germany is concerned, must
+remain one of the most striking features of
+the case.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>A CONTINUING EVIL</h3>
+
+<p>The exposures of German intrigue and the
+departure from this country of the official
+representatives of Germany who had so grossly
+abused their diplomatic privileges did not by
+any means put an end to pro-German activities
+and expenditures. They were uninterrupted
+though necessarily transferred to channels
+of less commanding importance. What
+was true late in 1917, was practically true
+of the major part of 1918, before the armistice.
+Societies as well as individuals continued
+to distribute German money and carry
+on pro-German or anti-English propaganda.
+The <cite>New York Times</cite> said in October, 1917:</p>
+
+<p>“The thing needs no proof. She is paying
+every man who will accept pay for the same
+purpose for which, before the war began, she
+was paying every man who would accept pay
+to handicap and weaken the arm of the American
+government.</p>
+
+<p>“How are we to recognize the trail of her
+money? Before the war she was organizing
+strikes, blowing up factories, and purchasing
+the creation of a false public opinion against
+trading with the Allies. The outbreak of
+war somewhat altered her aims; there have
+been no purchased strikes lately and no dynamiting
+of factories. Her aim, which is always
+the same—the weakening of the government’s
+arm—can now be best attained by
+creating a false public opinion in favor of laying
+down our arms and consenting to peace
+before the objects of the war are attained.
+All her own moves from Berlin are now directed
+to that end, and when we find a movement
+in the United States which duplicates
+the moves from Berlin it is safe to assume
+that Germany is backing it in the same way
+in which she backed other movements, to
+quote von Bernstorff, ‘on former occasions.’</p>
+
+<p>“It makes no difference that some of the
+men who are engaged in this movement may
+be merely foolish or deluded and not in receipt
+of money from Wilhelmstrasse. There
+are others who are, and these dupes are merely
+their tools. One and all they are doing the
+work for which Germany pays those who get
+the pay and those who do not. The ignorant
+zealot goes where the paid traitor sends him.
+That the ignorant zealot does not know the
+paid traitor is paid does not alter in the slightest
+the deadly effect of his action, the deadly
+effect calculated on and purposed by the German
+paymaster.”</p>
+
+<p>The <cite>New York Tribune</cite>, commenting on
+the facility of espionage and propaganda by
+Germans, said:</p>
+
+<p>“Conditions are incredible. These enemy
+aliens, acting as spies and carriers of information,
+are everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>“They are going freely to and fro.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</span></p>
+
+<p>“They are in the Army and Navy.</p>
+
+<p>“They occupy hundreds of observation
+posts.</p>
+
+<p>“They are in possession of hundreds of
+sources of information of military value.</p>
+
+<p>“They are in factories producing war-materials.</p>
+
+<p>“They are in all the drug and chemical
+laboratories.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_345" style="max-width: 52.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_345.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Tribitsch Lincoln</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The man in the middle, exmember of parliament,
+is hand-cuffed to a detective. He confessed
+that he was a spy for the German government.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“‘If you discharge the Germans,’ says Herman
+A. Metz, a manufacturer of drugs and
+chemicals, ‘you will close every chemical plant
+in the country.’”</p>
+
+
+<h3>ORGANIZED PROPAGANDA</h3>
+
+<p>To quote again from <cite>The German Secret
+Service in America</cite>:</p>
+
+<p>“Many of the peace movements which were
+set going during the first three years of the
+war were sincere, many were not. A mass
+meeting held at Madison Square Garden in
+1915 at which Bryan was the chief speaker,
+was inspired by Germany. In the insincere
+class falls also the ‘Friends of Peace,’ organized
+in 1915. Its letterhead bore the invitation:
+‘Attend the National Peace Convention,
+Chicago, Sept. 5 and 6,’ and incidentally
+betrayed the origin of the society. The letterhead
+stated that the society represented the
+American Truth Society (an offshoot of the
+National German-American Alliance), The
+American Women of German Descent, the
+American Fair Play Society, the German-American
+Alliance of Greater New York, the
+German Catholic Federation of New York,
+the United Irish-American Societies and the
+United Austrian and Hungarian-American
+Societies. Among the ‘honorable vice-chairmen’
+were listed Edmund von Mach, John
+Devoy, Justices Goff and Cohalan (a trinity
+of Britonophobes), Colquitt of Texas, ex-Congressman
+Buchanan (of Labor’s National
+Peace Council fame), Jeremiah O’Leary (a
+Sinn Feiner, mentioned in official cables from
+Zimmermann to Bernstorff as a good intermediary
+for sabotage), Judge John T. Hylan,
+Richard Bartholdt (a congressman active in
+the German political lobby), and divers officers
+of the Alliance.</p>
+
+<p>“The American Truth Society, Inc., the
+parent of the Friends of Peace, was founded
+in 1912 by Jeremiah O’Leary, a Tammany
+lawyer later indicted for violation of the Espionage
+Act, who disappeared when his case
+came up for trial in May, 1918; Alphonse
+Koelble, who conducted the German-American
+Alliance’s New York political clearing
+house; Gustav Dopslaff, a German-American
+banker, and others interested in the German
+cause. In 1915 the Society, whose executives
+were well and favorably known to the German
+embassy, began issuing and circulating noisy
+pamphlets, with such captions as ‘Fair Play
+for Germany,’ and ‘A German-American
+War.’ O’Leary and his friends also conducted
+a mail questionnaire of Congress in an
+effort to catalogue the convictions of each
+member on the blockade and embargo questions.
+Their most insidious campaign was an
+effort to frighten the smaller banks of the
+country from participating in Allied loans, by
+threats of a German ‘blacklist’ after the war,
+to organize a ‘gold protest’ to embarrass
+American banking operations, and in general
+to harass the Administration in its international
+relations.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_346" style="max-width: 42.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_346.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">Prize Winning War Savings Poster</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“So with their newspapers, rumor-mongers,
+lecturers, peace societies, alliances, bunds,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</span>vereins, lobbyists, war relief workers, motion
+picture operators and syndicates, the Germans
+wrought hard to avert war. For two
+years they nearly succeeded. America was
+under the narcotic influence of generally comfortable
+neutrality, and a comfortable nation
+likes to wag its head and say ‘there are two
+sides to every question.’ But whatever these
+German agents might have accomplished in
+the public mind—and certainly they were sowing
+their seed in fertile ground—was nullified
+by acts of violence, ruthlessness at sea, and
+impudence in diplomacy. The left hand
+found out what the right hand was about.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>PAUL KOENIG, THE ATLAS LINE’S MAN</h3>
+
+<p>One of the delectable agents of the Bernstorff-von
+Papen intrigues was a “bull-headed
+Westphalian” named Paul Koenig, who had
+been one of the Hamburg-American Line’s
+detectives in service with the subsidiary company,
+the Atlas Line. His duties brought
+him into close relations with sailors, tug-captains,
+wharf-rats, longshoremen and keepers
+of dives of the lowest sort. That experience,
+coupled with the fact that he was, as his apelike
+countenance suggests, crafty and brutal,
+made him an ideal man for von Papen’s more
+dastardly purposes, especially as Koenig had
+under him the company’s police force of ten
+or twelve men, obedient to his will. Here was
+a nice little organization ready to hand.</p>
+
+<p>On von Papen’s request the Atlas Line put
+Koenig entirely at his disposal, and no time
+was lost in making use of his service. Under
+von Papen, Koenig became the chief of a
+majority of the German Secret Service groups
+in the eastern part of the country. Gradually
+his work extended to the execution of commissions
+for the higher-ups, Bernstorff, Dr.
+Albert, the curious Austrian Ambassador, Dr.
+Dumba, as well as the orders of von Papen.
+He was a sort of factotum to them on various
+occasions, guard, messenger, investigator, etc.
+But to preserve the air of unsuspicious employment
+the Line continued to pay his wages,
+his work for the conspirators being covered
+by special bills and von Papen’s special checks.
+Koenig kept a book in which were listed the
+names of hundreds of persons—German-Americans
+and Americans, clerks, army reservists,
+scientists, city and federal employees,
+etc.—indicating his wide range of sources of
+information and the effectiveness of his system
+of poisonous propaganda.</p>
+
+<p>His staff had numbers and special initials
+as well as aliases for identification in correspondence
+and telephone or other communications.
+He provided against the tapping of
+his telephone wires by talking in code. His
+code seems to have been devised with some
+sense of humor in the possibility of sending
+listeners-in on wild-goose chases, which was
+often the result. Then to prevent being
+shadowed he had one or two of his own men
+trail him, ready to notify him by signal if
+he seemed to be the object of too persistent
+attention. It is said he had the trick, when
+being followed, of suddenly turning a corner
+and waiting until the detective came up, when,
+taking a good look to identify the follower,
+he would go on with a boisterous laugh. By
+this trick he came to know quite a number
+of the agents of the Department of Justice.
+Such a cunning and cautious fellow of course
+gave the police a deal of trouble to keep tabs
+on him. Mr. John Price Jones says in his
+book:</p>
+
+
+<h3>A SUPERSUBTLE KNAVE</h3>
+
+<p>“So elusive did he become that it was necessary
+to evolve a new system of shadowing him
+in order to keep him in sight without betraying
+that he was under surveillance. One detective,
+accordingly, would be stationed several
+blocks away and would start out ahead of
+Koenig. The ‘front shadow’ was signaled
+by his confederates in the rear whenever
+Koenig turned a corner, so that the man in
+front might dart down a cross-street and maneuver
+to keep ahead of him. If Koenig
+boarded a street car the man ahead would hail
+the car several blocks beyond, thus avoiding
+suspicion. In more than one instance detectives
+in the rear, guessing that he was
+about to take a car, would board it several
+blocks before it got abreast of Koenig.</p>
+
+<p>“It was impossible to overhear direct conversation
+between Koenig and any man to
+whom he was giving instructions. Some of
+his workers he never permitted to meet him
+at all, but when he kept a rendezvous it was
+in the open, in the parks in broad daylight,
+or in a moving-picture theater, or in the Pennsylvania
+Station, or the Grand Central Terminal.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</span>
+There he could make sure that nobody
+was eavesdropping. If he met an agent
+in the open for the first time he gave him
+some such command as this:</p>
+
+<p>“‘Be at Third Avenue and Fifty-ninth
+Street at 2:30 to-morrow afternoon beside a
+public telephone booth there. When the telephone
+rings answer it.’</p>
+
+<p>“The man would obey. On the minute
+the telephone would ring and the man would
+lift the receiver. A strange voice told him to
+do certain things—either a definite assignment,
+or instructions to be at a similar place
+on the following day to receive a message.
+Or he might be told to meet another man, who
+would give him money and further orders.
+The voice at the other end of the wire spoke
+from a public telephone booth and was thus
+reasonably sure that the wire he was talking
+over was not tapped.”</p>
+
+<p>But cunning, like vaulting ambition, sometimes
+“doth o’erleap itself,” and Koenig’s
+fall into the clutches of the law was due to
+that excess of caution that forbade him to
+trust any of his men or assistants. His rule
+was to employ no one man more than once
+in any service that gave him a “hold” on
+Koenig sufficient to warrant blackmail or
+threaten exposure. The detectives found this
+out, by observation. Then they noticed that
+one George Fuchs, a young relative with
+whom Koenig had been quite chummy at first,
+came to be seen less and less in his company.
+The detectives thereupon set about making
+the acquaintance of Fuchs and getting into his
+good grace. It did not take them long to
+learn that he was resentful of his unappreciative
+relative, and they gave sympathetic ear
+to his complaints. The desired result was the
+betrayal of Koenig to the authorities.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="AS_TO_SPIES_IN_ENGLAND">AS TO SPIES IN ENGLAND</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Dozen Were Shot, Hundreds Were Imprisoned, But “Cherished Spies”
+Were Allowed To Go Free Because Their Work Was So Bad.</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">There</span> has never been a war since the
+one in which the daughter of Jupiter and
+Leda, the inconstant Helen, figured so conspicuously,
+that has not had its fact or fiction
+of “beautiful” women. Whether it be Homer
+or Timothy Tubbmutton who wields the recording
+pen, there is always the woman beautiful
+to flavor the narrative. And usually
+the “beautiful” is a clever spy who casts a
+seductive spell over diplomats, statesmen, generals
+or, if need be, corporals of the guard.
+Inevitably a war of a magnitude to take in
+every clime and nation offered alluring field
+for the play of the reportorial or literary imagination,
+and we have had—in novel, movie
+and magazine as well as in the columns of the
+press—stories unlimited about beautiful
+women spies.</p>
+
+<p>It goes without saying that, with the rarest
+possible exception, beauty is not a feature of
+the type of person whose mentality delights
+in “treasons, stratagems and spoils.” But we
+seldom have an authoritative pronouncement
+on the subject, and for that reason it is particularly
+interesting to reproduce in part an
+interview Miss Gertrude Lynch had with an
+English secret service official in 1917 while
+the war was still very much on. Miss Lynch
+was one of the “Vigilantes,” an association of
+American writers whose object was to “help
+win the war” by the dissemination of educative
+information. The interview with the
+English official was to get some light on the
+German espionage system as applied to England.
+Though not named, the official is described
+as the spy expert of England. A
+great many spies, of one and another sort, were
+nabbed in England. The article says:</p>
+
+
+<h3>ONLY A DOZEN SHOT</h3>
+
+<p>“There have only been twelve spies shot
+since the beginning of the war, but hundreds
+are either in penal servitude for life or serving
+shorter sentences. The actual number
+was not known to the official who talked with
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</span>me on this topic—with the distinct understanding
+that I should not mention his name
+or title. He is the acknowledged authority on
+the spy evil. Not far from where we sat, in
+a formidable cabinet which looked as if it
+held other interesting documents, the papers
+taken from von Papen were carefully locked.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_349" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_349.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy of Leslie’s Weekly.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">French and German Soldiers as Comrades in Death</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Clearing a battlefield after the advance of the French armies in September, 1915. The fallen of both armies were loaded together on wagons and
+hauled to convenient places for interment. Their identity was learned from numbered metal tags on cords around the neck, or sewn into the clothing.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“‘No woman spies have been shot in England
+and only one among the feminine lot—a
+bad lot—who are serving sentence could possibly
+lay claim to being a “beautiful lady” spy.
+This woman had all the hall-marks of the
+fiction and cinema character, charming in
+manner, well gowned, having plenty of money,
+traveling about luxuriously, and was finally
+nabbed with the incriminating papers on her.
+But the popular conception of the feminine
+secret agent rarely exists outside of sensational
+stories because only women without
+moral sense can take up this profession, and
+when a woman is devoid of moral sense she is
+sure to be devoid of the other qualities that
+might make her work efficacious.</p>
+
+<p>“‘There are, of course, numberless men and
+women who would be spies if they had not
+been interned, and, among the 30,000 Germans
+who are at this moment so confined,
+there are doubtless several who treasure the
+belief that they would have been of inestimable
+use to their country; but as they will
+never get a chance to prove themselves wrong
+that poor solace is permitted them.</p>
+
+<p>“‘We have,’ continued my informant, ‘a
+great number of “cherished spies” with us.
+These are the spies who go about plying their
+profession and believing themselves the personification
+of that cleverness the Germans
+demand for this work. That is why we have
+dubbed them “Our Cherished Ones.” They
+are carefully watched. We let them go on
+doing bad work because it is much better to
+keep a bad spy doing bad work than it is to
+take him and perhaps have a spy who might
+do good work sent in his place.</p>
+
+<p>“‘We would hate to lose our “cherished
+spies.” We don’t intend to!</p>
+
+<p>“‘America has the job of the century. I
+wouldn’t know where to tell her to begin.
+Spies that were there and have left had plenty
+of time to lay their plans before the unrestricted
+submarine warfare began.</p>
+
+<p>“‘With 8,000,000 Germans in America,
+what you have to find out is whether or not
+a German has been denationalized, a process
+that can only be gone through in Germany.
+It is not enough to know that he has been
+naturalized and that he claims to be a good
+citizen to your country. The fact that he has
+become a naturalized citizen does not free
+him from the call to fight for his own land.
+If he is denationalized as well as naturalized
+you are then safe, but not before. In England
+we had only a very small number who were
+found to be denationalized, a fairly negligible
+unit.</p>
+
+<p>“‘I should say that the rush by foreigners
+immediately after the declaration of war in
+America was not because before they had been
+indifferent or hostile, but because they feared
+to be called upon to fight for their own countries.
+You will probably find that many of
+the Germans had been denationalized and were
+finishing up the process.’”</p>
+
+
+<h3>AMERICA’S HIGH-CLASS SPIES</h3>
+
+<p>America had a monopoly of the so-called
+high-class spies, according to this authority.
+The average German spy was described as a
+man who has one or more convictions hanging
+over his head—an unsentenced criminal—and
+these men were paid only about $250 a
+month. The statement continues:</p>
+
+<p>“‘The last spy we caught was only a day or
+so ago. We had been after him for some time
+and he was traveling with a perfectly good
+American passport.</p>
+
+<p>“‘The high-class spies with you are responsible
+for the sabotage, for the strikes on the
+docks and in the factories. They are pacifists,
+anticonscriptionists. It is a situation terribly
+serious for you. They are going to delay
+what they can not prevent. Don’t flatter
+yourselves that the important spies have been
+driven out. If I had been a spy in America
+and the warning had been given to me so
+long in advance, I would have laid my lines
+very well. Look out for those lines; you
+may trip.</p>
+
+<p>“‘What should be done with a spy in America?
+He should be shot as soon as his espionage
+has been proved. No weakness should
+be permitted because he has many affiliations
+there.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_351" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_351.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">French Peasants Sent to the Front by Germans</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">In certain areas in France the German commanders feared that the inhabitants would give information to the French armies, and so moved all
+the population either into concentration camps near the front or to points a long way in the rear of the lines. Here is shown a wagon train filled
+with peasants who had been forced to leave their homes with only the few necessities these civilian heroes could carry.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“‘I was in Germany eight years ago. Everywhere
+I was asked, “Are you ready to fight
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</span>America?” That was the pretty little German
+game. Even then they were dying to rub
+into us the fact that America was our enemy.
+In the beginning, when the commercial party—Herr
+Ballin and his clique—were in power,
+they pretended a great affection for you. It
+was contrary to their desire that the submarine
+warfare became so terrible—not because they
+hated its brutalities, don’t make any mistake
+about that, but because they thought it a
+diplomatic blunder. Then and now they have
+a press which harps on the unfriendly feeling
+that exists between you and us. That often
+reiterated phrase that “America is fighting
+Great Britain’s battles for her” was made in
+Germany.</p>
+
+<p>“‘I’m not such a fool as to think that America
+loved us in the past, but that she ever
+hated us as the Germans have said and that
+we have hated her as they still say in subtle,
+indefinable ways in some of your papers, is
+unbelievable by either of the parties concerned.
+Nations have faults as do individuals. We’ve
+made mistakes. We may have talked a little
+too much about the <em>Shannon</em> and <em>Chesapeake</em>
+and you too much about Bunker Hill and that
+tea-party in Boston Harbor. Let’s have an
+end to it—it all helps Germany too much.
+Take away the text-books from your children
+which teach them to hate us. If you try it,
+the German school-teachers will try to keep
+them, see if they don’t.</p>
+
+<p>“‘America ought to love us now if she has
+not in the past, if national love is founded on
+respect, as it should be. We can point to
+ourselves with pride. We have given up in
+this war the thing we most believed in—personal
+freedom. We have made untold sacrifices
+and we are ready to give up everything—everything.
+Anything in your press that
+makes you see these facts in a distorted way
+is false, spy-work of the subtle, underground,
+submarine mentality sort that the Germans
+excel in.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Look out for it. It isn’t the work of the
+“lovely lady spy” or that of the man with a
+conviction suspended while he does their dirty
+work that you are in danger from. It is just
+where I have pointed out.</p>
+
+<p>“‘You asked me a while ago what England
+would do in case Germany won. I will tell
+you and you can draw from it the lesson of
+spy—and other German effort.</p>
+
+<p>“‘If Germany should win, there won’t be
+any one here when it happens to know anything
+about it.’”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="EDITH_CAVELLS_BETRAYER">EDITH CAVELL’S BETRAYER</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Traitor of Belgium Posing as an Allied Soldier Served the Germans</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> basest of the spies in the German
+Service of whom there is any account
+probably was Gaston Quien, the betrayer of
+Edith Cavell. He was a degraded moral type,
+and had been convicted of various minor offenses
+before the war, being a “bad citizen.”
+He was at St. Quentin when the Germans arrived
+there, and according to testimony he at
+once placed himself on familiar terms with
+them. He was nicknamed “Doublemetre”
+(Two-yarder) because of his great stature.
+The Germans saw that they could make use
+of him, and proceeded to do so.</p>
+
+<p>The circumstances of his employment were
+about as follows:</p>
+
+<p>In 1915 the German commanders in Northern
+France and Belgium were angered at the
+fact that hundreds of Belgian and Allied
+soldiers hidden in various villages were eventually
+smuggled through the lines into Holland
+or France by an organization known to have
+its headquarters in Brussels.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_353" style="max-width: 42.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_353.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">A Loan Poster</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Quien opportunely arrived in Brussels and
+posed as an Allied aviator who had been
+obliged to alight behind the German lines,
+and, after burning his plane, had evaded capture.
+Along with several French soldiers, he
+was hidden for a time at the château of Prince
+and Princess Crouy. There Louise Thuliez,
+the school teacher decorated early in 1919
+with the Legion of Honor, secretly passed him
+on to Brussels, by way of Mons. At Brussels
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</span>he was lodged for several days in Miss
+Cavell’s nursery. Finally an engineer named
+Capiau and Mme. Bodart accompanied him
+and a group of Allied soldiers to the Dutch
+frontier, where, by payment of $15 a head
+to smugglers, they were conducted into Dutch
+territory.</p>
+
+<p>Once at The Hague, Quien made no further
+effort to get into France. Instead, he
+returned to Brussels and betrayed to the
+Germans the entire organization for helping
+Allied soldiers out of Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Cavell was tried and executed soon
+afterward. Miss Thuliez also was sentenced
+to death, but pardoned. Princess Crouy,
+Mme. Bodart and Capiau were sentenced to
+twelve years at hard labor. An architect
+named Bauco, also betrayed by Quien, was
+shot at the same time Miss Cavell met her
+fate. Quien continued in the employ of the
+Germans in various capacities, finally establishing
+himself in Interlaken, where he worked
+with their most noted spies. After the armistice
+he was arrested and tried for treason in a
+Belgian court. He was found guilty, but was
+not executed, pending an appeal.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="EDITH_CAVELL2">EDITH CAVELL</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent"><em>By</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">George Edward Woodberry</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0 drop-cap">The world hath its own dead; great motions start</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In human breasts, and make for them a place</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In that hushed sanctuary of the race</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Where every day men come, kneel, and depart.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Of them, O English nurse, henceforth thou art,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">A name to pray on, and to all a face</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Of household consecration; such His grace</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Whose universal dwelling is the heart.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O gentle hands that soothed the soldier’s brow,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And knew no service save of Christ the Lord!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">Thy country now is all humanity!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">How like a flower thy womanhood doth show</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In the harsh scything of the German sword,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">And beautifies the world that saw it die!</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">By permission of <cite>Scribner’s Magazine</cite> and author.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_354fp" style="max-width: 46.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_354fp.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+Painting by Joseph Cummings Chase.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Corporal John R. O’Brien</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>Second Division, 23rd Infantry, Company K</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">After his platoon commander had been severely wounded and his sergeant had been killed
+on June 6, 1918, he assumed command, kept the men on the line, controlled their fire, and
+by good advice and judgment conserved life.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_SPY_MILL">THE SPY MILL</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>It Did Not Wait for Winds to Swing Its Arms for German Guidance</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">In</span> a book, recently published, called <cite>Espions,
+Espionnage</cite>, one story has to do
+with a windmill: “Celebrated along the
+whole Aisne front, there existed at
+Craonne a mill boldly designated, ‘Mill of the
+Spy.’... The miller, devoted to the interests
+of our enemies, had found the means of
+informing them of the movements of our
+troops by disposing the arms of the mill in
+different positions.” The French has a beautifully
+final sound—“the miller, devoted to
+the interests of our enemies.” “But to tell the
+truth, neither the miller himself nor the actual
+information which he was able to impart,
+made a great deal of difference in the fighting.
+What it was, that made, or almost made, the
+difference, I believe, has never been satisfactorily
+ascertained. The miller at least was
+not there, then. Of course he may have had
+confederates, but if so, the destruction of the
+mill was so sudden, so complete, that there
+was left no trace of them.”</p>
+
+<p>The information given by the mill to the
+Germans was almost entirely negligible, and
+would have penetrated to them anyway
+through the medium of the spies with which
+both lines were always swarming. Of course,
+at first, before they realized the agency of the
+mill, the French were not a little troubled
+and disconcerted by the amount of data the
+Germans seemed to possess, and the speed with
+which it was acquired. For instance, for a
+while the Boches amused themselves with
+knowingly greeting each regiment as it moved
+up to take its turn in the front line trench.
+There was a measure of clairvoyance implied
+in the big white board with black lettering
+that would go up on top of the German
+barbed wire as surely as there was a change
+of guard on the French side: “Bonjour, 77e!”
+or the number of French trench casualties:
+“Morts ——,” “Blessés ——.” And so it
+went on day after day.</p>
+
+<p>A week of this, in dull, rainy weather, was
+enough to set nerves on edge, but then they
+caught the miller, whose execution put, it was
+thought, the quietus on the mill. And upon
+the morning of the 27th of November, they
+moved forward stealthily to the surprise
+attack.</p>
+
+<p>Then a poilu looked back. It was a miserable,
+gray, shrouded morning, when the
+shadow cast by any object is merely a blur
+around that object—the whole a blot upon a
+cloudy plain. The mill stood, a black, spectral
+shape in the fog, on a slight eminence,
+the most commanding point in the surrounding
+country. As he looked, suddenly a long,
+black arm fell, abruptly, while the corresponding
+one, lighter in color, rose a foot or two.
+Besides the troops, it was the only moving
+thing in that breathless landscape. “Sacré-bleu!”
+a poilu exclaimed. As one and another
+began to gape behind them at his
+sudden start of surprise, slowly the whole
+motion was reversed. Light arm down, black
+arm up. Nothing more occurred. The mill
+was as motionless as they, though afterwards
+some of them declared that they had been able
+to see Tom Bene himself, hanging, with a
+ghastly face, athwart the arms, as men are
+sometimes hung to the spokes of a wheel.
+Then, as a sound came from the German
+trenches, as with one impulse, the men rushed—back
+toward the mill, which they literally,
+by means of fire and bombs, tore shred from
+shred. Then they turned to meet the Germans,
+who, warned by this extraordinary wigwagging,
+by whatever agency or agencies, had
+instituted a counter-attack. The French were
+not driven, but they stood the attack in their
+own trenches. “Afterwards, to those who had
+been there to see, more vivid than the angels
+at Mons, more vivid than the vision of the
+Little Corporal, to those who thought they
+saw it, was that gray morning, the foiled attack,
+and this malevolent motion of a secret
+intelligence in a dream landscape.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_356" style="max-width: 41.625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_356.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Century.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Belfry of the Cathedral at Ypres</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">No city had more bombardments than Ypres during the World War. The Germans used
+heavy siege-guns which made great holes often 50 feet across and 30 feet deep. This picture
+shows the effect of the great shells on the great cathedral of Ypres.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ALOIS_THE_SILENT">ALOIS THE SILENT</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>He Planned to End the War by Slaying Its Instigator and Failing—Died</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">One</span> of the hero-martyrs of Belgium was
+Alois Van Keirsbilk, a well-to-do citizen
+of Thielt, beloved of his townspeople, a man
+of family, and a zealous patriot. He did what
+he might to serve, and many, they say in
+Thielt, were the services rendered. But
+there came a day when the rumor went round
+that the German Kaiser and his entourage
+were to visit Thielt, and Van Keirsbilk suddenly
+conceived a great project for the salvation
+of Belgium, for the liberation of the world
+from the nightmare of war. Egbert Hans
+tells the story of Alois Van Keirsbilk and it
+was first published in its completeness in the
+<cite>New York Times</cite> of Sunday, June 22, 1919.
+But a little abbreviated, it is here reproduced
+as Hans told it:</p>
+
+<p>“Thielt was the headquarters of the Fourth
+German Army and sheltered the Commander-in-Chief
+with a staff of hundreds of officers.
+Alois Van Keirsbilk was chief conductor on
+the railway between Thielt and Bruges. Also
+he was the chief of a secret organization which
+had only one object—‘help to our boys and
+death to the enemy.’ The organization was
+in communication with the Belgian army
+through spies who made regular trips into
+Holland across the ‘cable of death,’ and many
+a German plan originated at headquarters in
+Thielt failed, thanks to the activity of Alois
+and his men.</p>
+
+<p>“It was not long before Alois saw his
+chance for a big stroke. The Kaiser was
+coming to Thielt on the first of November.
+A desperate attack was to be made against
+the Belgian forces along the Yser and from
+there on against Ypres and Dunkirk, and
+Wilhelm II in person was to inspect the
+preparations.</p>
+
+<p>“Kill the Kaiser and the war will be over,
+was the firm conviction of Alois and his
+friends, and they set to work. Alois acquired
+all the information that his organization
+could procure as to the movements and schedule
+of the imperial visitor, and sent all the
+details to his agents in the Belgian army, with
+the request that airmen be sent at the opportune
+moment ‘to kill the Kaiser!’</p>
+
+<p>“Only one of the three messengers who
+were sent out reached the other side of the
+electric cable, for at that time the guards
+were doubled. But one was sufficient, and
+when the first of November came Alois felt
+confident that something would happen.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“THE BEST LAID PLANS”</h3>
+
+<p>“The big dinner at which the Kaiser and
+his staff were to gather around the table, and
+for which all the best silver in town had been
+requisitioned, was to begin at 2 o’clock. At
+that moment anxious eyes watched the sky
+toward the west. Would they come, the airmen
+with their bombs to do the deed that
+would finish the war? Would they be in
+time?</p>
+
+<p>“At 2.15 there was a speck in the blue sky.
+It grew bigger and bigger, and bigger, and
+soon the watchers distinguished three flying
+machines. In haste Alois communicated with
+his friends. Barely had those who were
+warned taken shelter when the first explosion
+was heard. Then for a few minutes the
+town of Thielt shuddered as bomb after bomb
+exploded.</p>
+
+<p>“It was a well-managed raid and the daring
+airmen escaped in safety, but it was all in
+vain. There had been a sudden change in the
+Kaiser’s schedule and the war lord had left
+Thielt at 2 o’clock sharp. During the bombardment
+his motor cars were speeding along
+the road to Bruges and his life was safe.</p>
+
+<p>“But the commander of the Fourth German
+Army raged in his private office at the
+<i lang="de" xml:lang="de">kommandatur</i>. The secret of the visit had
+plainly got out. The Kaiser, the idol of 70,000,000
+Germans, had barely escaped death.
+The guilty had to be found and punished.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</span></p>
+
+<p>“A contra-spy system was organized at once
+and large sums were promised for any bit
+of information. Slowly but surely Alois was
+drawn into the net woven by a most minute
+and complete investigation. On Feb. 2 he
+was summoned to the <i lang="de" xml:lang="de">kommandatur</i> and taken
+prisoner. Already three of his coöperators
+were there.</p>
+
+<p>“It was then that Alois Van Keirsbilk
+showed the courage which won for him the
+name of ‘the Silent Hero.’ He knew that one
+word spoken lightly might betray the whole of
+his organization, and his last word to his
+friends who were still free had been, ‘Do not
+let my absence or death scare you; but keep
+up the work that we have been doing.’ After
+his arrest nothing could induce him to speak
+even a word. All devices, old and new, were
+tried by the <i lang="de" xml:lang="de">kommandatur</i>—tortures as well
+as promises, the menaces of a cruel death, and
+the promise of life in luxury. It was all in
+vain. Perhaps Alois thought of the many
+lives he had in his hands. Anyway, he remained
+silent.</p>
+
+<p>“He was condemned to death on Feb. 25,
+and then the Germans created and applied as
+devilish a scheme of mental torture for a human
+being as could be devised. Alois had
+two children, and a third was to be born
+soon.</p>
+
+<p>“‘On the day that new life enters your
+home your life will end unless you speak,’ said
+the German inquisitor. Undoubtedly Alois
+thought of his wife, who would be calling for
+him that day more than ever. Perhaps he
+thought of the new baby also. Nevertheless
+he was still true to his name, ‘the Silent.’</p>
+
+<p>“On the 5th of April a little girl was born
+in the Van Keirsbilk home. It might seem
+unbelievable, but evidently the Germans had
+waited for the event. On the same day they
+sent official word to ‘Madame Van Keirsbilk’
+that if she desired to see her husband still
+alive, she could see him that day at 3 o’clock
+in the prison at Ghent. A merciful neighbor
+nurse saw to it that the message did not reach
+the mother, then nursing her day-old baby.
+Instead the eldest girl, 10 years old, was sent
+to the prison to see her father. Full of joy,
+in her happy ignorance, she exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>“‘Oh, father, you must come home with
+me. We have a little sister, and mother wants
+to show it to you. Come, father!’</p>
+
+<p>“But father could not come. He pressed
+his little girl in his arms. He could not tell
+her she would never see him again, for he
+wanted to spare the mother, who had to live
+for the children. Not a word did he say.
+One kiss, and the big prison gate closed after
+the child, while her father prepared himself
+to die.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FACED DEATH A HERO</h3>
+
+<p>“His end came next morning at half-past
+five in the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">cour</i> of the prison. Four Belgians
+were to fall that day. When Van Keirsbilk
+arrived at the place of execution three were
+already lying dead against the wall. For
+some unknown reason he went to the muzzles
+of twelve German rifles alone.</p>
+
+<p>“He refused to be blindfolded. ‘Let not a
+German hand touch me in this solemn moment
+when I die for my country. I have no
+fear of your bullets,’ the Belgians heard that
+he said, and erect he waited for the moment
+when his agony would come to an end. A
+few seconds later his body, with those of his
+comrades in death, was thrown into the
+ditch.</p>
+
+<p>“In the afternoon of the same day a German
+soldier knocked at the door of the ‘Widow
+Van Keirsbilk’ and delivered a parcel to the
+devoted neighbor who was caring for the new
+baby and its mother. The woman opened it,
+and with horror found that it contained the
+suit of clothes of the unhappy master of the
+house. That was the German announcement
+of his death.</p>
+
+<p>“Loving friends managed to keep the news
+from the widow for several days, although the
+continual absence of her husband plainly made
+her fear. But one morning she was looking
+through the window into the street, when
+the church bells began to ring for a funeral
+service. The people attending looked up at
+her and nodded with sympathy. None told
+her, but perhaps the unhappy woman read
+the pity that was in the eyes of the passers-by.
+Nobody knows, but suddenly a terrible look
+of suspicion came into her eyes. She rushed
+downstairs, where the neighbor nurse was preparing
+the meal for the children, and, seizing
+her by the arms, cried out:</p>
+
+<p>“‘Who is dead? For whom are the bells
+ringing? Is it for Alois? Tell me, or I will
+run out into the street and find out. I must
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</span>know where Alois is. I must know it if he
+is dead.’ Then and there the sad news had
+to be broken, and the widow of Alois began
+a time of lonely misery only broken by the
+struggle to keep her three children fed and
+clothed.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_359" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_359.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy of Red Cross Magazine.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">A Long-Range Bombardment</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Italian artillery bombarding Austrian trenches on a distant mountain-side, preparatory to a general attack.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Egbert Hans concludes his story of Alois
+the Silent:</p>
+
+<p>“To-day the Belgian flag flows again from
+the tower of Thielt and the thrifty people of
+Flanders are busy rebuilding their homes.
+Many of the men are missing; some died on
+the battlefield, others in prison, but all died
+fighting for the small strip of land they called
+their own, and those who remain cherish the
+memory of their heroes. They will tell their
+stories to their children and grandchildren,
+thus adding another page to the glorious history
+of Flanders, and among those stories will
+be that of Alois Van Keirsbilk, who tried to
+end the war by ending its instigator, and who
+failed and died, silent.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="EYE_OF_THE_MORNING">EYE OF THE MORNING</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Popular Dutch Dancer Who Played the Rôle of German Spy
+to Her Cost</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">A story</span> redolent of intrigue, adventure
+and a kind of romance is that of
+“Mata-Hari”—which is Japanese for “Eye-of-the
+Morning,” and is the name by which a
+Dutch dancer was known in the rendezvous
+of the light world of the European capitals
+before the war. Her real name is Marguerite
+Gertrude Zelle McLeod, and in 1917
+her public and dashing career of art and adventure
+came to an abrupt stop by her arrest,
+trial, condemnation, and imprisonment, under
+sentence of death, in the prison of St. Lazare,
+Paris. She was condemned as a German spy,
+the specific offense being the betrayal to the
+Germans of the secret of the new, carefully
+guarded war weapon, the Tank. Reams
+have been written about this woman since her
+arrest, but nothing probably that would have
+anything like the interest for the public that
+will attach to the “memoirs,” the writing of
+which, reporters say, was her prison occupation.</p>
+
+<p>Among the stories published at the time was
+one in the New York <cite>World</cite> in October,
+1917, that presented what was known of her
+connection with the leak of the tank secret.
+The success of the tank depended largely on
+the element of surprise when it was put into
+the fighting front. Therefore the planning,
+construction and shipment of tanks to the
+Somme were conducted with the utmost possible
+secrecy. Necessarily, however, a certain
+number of persons in France and England
+were in a position to know; but, as it took a
+good many months to get the machines in
+readiness and habituate a crew to their rolling,
+pitching, sickening motion, the circle of
+those who knew more or less about it increased,
+and in some way not yet explained,
+Mata-Hari learned something of the secret.
+It is rumored that a member of the Chamber
+of Deputies inadvertently gave her her first
+information. The <cite>World</cite> said the rumor was
+strengthened by the fact that Mata-Hari had
+plenty of coal for her apartment during the
+fuel famine that winter. That in itself is
+proof enough to everybody of her intimacy
+with some high official, as few people, short
+of Deputies, had influence enough to obtain a
+hundredweight of coal during the bitter
+months of January, February, and March.</p>
+
+<p>“In any event, Mata-Hari learned vaguely
+of tanks early in 1916, when the Krupp guns
+of the Crown Prince were daily booming
+nearer and nearer to Verdun in that terrific
+struggle which was to mark the turning-point
+of the war. Mata-Hari also learned that the
+tanks were being constructed in England, and
+would be shipped to France via certain ports—and
+she got the names of the ports, too.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_361" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_361.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">Zeppelin <em>L-15</em> Sinking Off the Kentish Coast</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The airship was brought down April 1, 1916, by British anti-aircraft guns.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Suddenly, Mata-Hari, then in Paris, decided
+to return to Holland, her native land,
+explaining to curious inquirers that she married
+a Dutch army officer with a Scotch name
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</span>(McLeod) who had divorced her and that
+she was going to arrange a settlement.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SHE ACQUIRES A DRAGON</h3>
+
+<p>“The dancer proceeded to Rotterdam. Investigation
+there has since proved that she had
+no ‘communal rights property’ to settle with
+any one, and further that Captain MacLeod
+of the Dutch Army was known among his
+fellow officers as pronouncedly pro-German.</p>
+
+<p>“Soon Mata-Hari returned to Paris. She
+was seen at the Café de Paris and at Maxim’s,
+and at Armenonville in the Bois with an
+English officer who wore on the lapel of his
+collar, as insignia denoting his branch of service,
+a little twisted brass dragon. Months
+later, when more of these badges were seen
+on British officers passing through Paris, it
+became known that the dragon was of the
+official insignia denoting service with the
+tanks.</p>
+
+<p>“Mata-Hari sported a new bauble soon after
+taking up with the Englishman—a jeweled
+replica of his gold insignia—her dragon had
+real emeralds for eyes, and a carrot-shaped
+ruby for a tongue darting from its opened
+fangs.</p>
+
+<p>“In May, 1916, a little more than a month
+before the Somme offensive opened and tanks
+were first used, Mata-Hari appeared before
+the police magistrate of her district and requested
+a safe conduct to visit a certain port
+in France. The reason she gave was that her
+fiancé, an English officer, was seriously
+wounded and in hospital there. He had sent
+for her to come to see him. Perhaps they
+would be married at his death-bed if he
+could not recover, she volunteered, dabbing
+at her eyes with a lace handkerchief. The
+safe conduct was made out, and Mata-Hari
+arrived at a certain French port almost simultaneously
+with the first consignment of tanks
+shipped over from England.”</p>
+
+<p>She spent the greater part of her time for
+a week strolling about the town making frequent
+excursions by night, and then just a
+month before Foch and Haig began their
+drive along the Somme she appeared again in
+Paris.</p>
+
+<p>“The first thing she did was to apply for
+a visé on her passport permitting her to go to
+Spain. San Sebastian was the place she mentioned,
+as she explained she wished to attend
+the horse-races there. Her papers were
+stamped and sealed and she left almost immediately
+for the fashionable winter resort in the
+south.</p>
+
+<p>“Madrid, Spain, and Nauen, Germany, are
+in constant wireless communication. There
+are other radio stations, privately owned, in
+Spain which can flash messages to Germany,
+according to Allied intelligence officers who
+have investigated. And of course there are
+innumerable German agents, spies, and propaganda
+disseminators infesting the land of the
+Dons.</p>
+
+<p>“Secret service reports disclose the fact that
+Mata-Hari was seen much in company at
+San Sebastian race-track with a man long
+looked upon with suspicion by the French
+government. He was a frequent caller upon
+her at the hotel where she stopped, and it
+was reported that he made many of the big
+bets she placed on horses that did not materialize
+as winners.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AGAIN THE DEPUTY</h3>
+
+<p>“Soon Mata-Hari came back to Paris and
+the apartment near the Bois de Boulogne.
+And once more the limousine owned by the
+individual whom rumor has branded a Deputy
+began rolling up to her door twice a week
+and sometimes oftener.</p>
+
+<p>“Then came the simultaneous Franco-British
+offensive at the Somme. Tanks went into
+action for the first time, and according to
+General Haig’s official <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">communiqué</i> his
+‘Land ships achieved satisfactory results.’”</p>
+
+<p>But, notwithstanding the “satisfactory results,”
+several of the tanks were surprisingly
+put out of action and the investigation of the
+how and the wherefore revealed the fact that
+they had been disabled by a peculiar, small-caliber
+penetrating shell unlike anything
+known before. They were fired by guns of a
+special manufacture.</p>
+
+<p>Instantly it became evident that the enemy
+had become aware of what was in store for
+him and had constructed an “anti-tank” gun.
+And when the booty in the captured German
+positions was examined, the British found they
+had several good specimens of Krupps’ newest
+weapon. Several German officers of higher
+rank taken prisoners confirmed suspicions by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</span>
+explaining they had received description of
+the tanks several weeks before, and had been
+instructed how to combat them.</p>
+
+<p>Suspicion aroused, items of information,
+curious circumstances in accountable movements,
+bits of gossip were put together and
+military law took charge of Mata-Hari.</p>
+
+<p>For some reason the finish of her memoirs
+is not yet; but the fictionist, attempting to
+forecast a sensation, has written this:</p>
+
+<p>“So Mata-Hari writes feverishly, and all
+Paris waits eagerly!—except the one who
+waits apprehensively—to see if she will name
+the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">ami</i> who gave her the first inkling of the
+tanks.</p>
+
+<p>“Pinned to the corsage of the Empire-cut
+black silk dress which Mata-Hari wears in
+her narrow cell in St. Lazare prison is a
+curious gold brooch. It is shaped like a
+twisted dragon, and its eyes are emeralds!”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="BETTER_WRECKER_THAN_SPY">BETTER WRECKER THAN SPY</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Scion of a Noble Prussian Family Who Failed to Deliver the Goods</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Though</span> he may not have been a conspicuous
+success as a spy, Gustav Constantin
+Alvo von Alvensleben had a very decided
+record as a wrecker. Through his
+directive genius many concerns, industrial and
+financial, went to utter smash, involving the
+loss of an unknown but huge number of millions
+of dollars and causing a suicide or two.
+In the brief span of years between 1904 and
+1911 Alvo rose from the precarious state of
+a hobo to the lofty plane of millionairedom.
+That is a performance that requires some doing,
+and indicates a mental aptitude for the
+peculiar office of “playing your fellow man”
+considerably above the ordinary.</p>
+
+<p>And Gustav, or, as he was more commonly
+named, Alvo, played with no mean counters.
+Among his clients was Kaiser Wilhelm himself,
+who, through Alvo, invested two and a
+half million dollars in British Columbia timber.
+Other clients were the ex-Chancellor
+Bethmann-Hollweg, Gen. von Mackensen,
+the conqueror of Rumania; Emma von
+Mumm, the champagne queen; Bertha Krupp,
+the gun woman, and others of equal prominence
+in Germany. The companies he organized
+or coupled up with his enterprises—nearly
+all of which collapsed when the shadow of war
+blighted Alvo’s golden prospects—included the
+Alvensleben Canadian Finance and General
+Investment Company, the Standard Fish and
+Fertilizer Co., the Vancouver Timber and
+Trading Co., the Piercite Powder Co., the
+German-Canadian Trust Co., etc. Also with
+these went several of the Pacific Coast’s largest
+financial and industrial concerns, including
+the Bank of Vancouver, the Issaquah and
+Superior Coal Mining Company of Seattle,
+and the Dominion Trust Company, whose
+failure following the alleged suicide of its
+managing director, W. R. Arnold, was one
+of the greatest scandals in the history of the
+Dominion of Canada.</p>
+
+<p>Two private banks of Seattle closed their
+doors as a result of their connection with the
+I. and S. Coal Company, one of the projects
+of the gambler-financier. The final liquidation
+of his original real estate and financial
+company in Vancouver disclosed liabilities of
+over one and a half millions, with assets of
+about $3,000, insufficient to satisfy the liquidator’s
+fees.</p>
+
+
+<h3>NOT A NONDESCRIPT</h3>
+
+<p>It is assumed that Alvo would have been
+able to extricate himself from his difficulties
+and avert the bankruptcy into which he was
+forced but for the outbreak of war. The
+fatality lay in the fact that all his investments
+were in countries with which the
+Kaiser was or was about to be at war.</p>
+
+<p>But to begin at the beginning, as we find
+it in an issue of the <cite>Canadian Courier</cite> of
+October, 1917, when Alvo’s career came to
+a conclusion, temporarily at least, by his internment
+as a spy.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_364" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_364.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>National Service.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Protecting French Works of Art</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A scaffolding built around the statue of “Flore” at Versailles to protect it from enemy air raids.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>He was not a mere nondescript adventurer.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</span>He was the youngest son of Count Werner
+Alvo von Alvensleben, erstwhile German Ambassador
+to Russia, when Nicholas was Czar.
+The young man had a taste for the livelier
+side of life, gaily dissipated his allowance and
+seemed to regard college life not so much as
+an educational purpose as a convenience to the
+sowing of wild oats. This was not at all to
+the liking of Papa von Alvensleben and in an
+hour of unsuppressed wrath and resentment he
+cast the young man off and bade him shift for
+himself. This was an unexpected climax to
+his pleasure quest, and rather shocked Alvo.
+He remembered that the Kaiser was an intimate
+friend of his father’s, of the family indeed,
+and it jarred his pride to be an outcast
+from a circle of such distinction. He felt
+under obligation to reëstablish himself in the
+good graces of his father and the august personage
+whom he had so often familiarly
+<em>hoched</em>. So he set out to subdue some fraction
+of the world to his service and credit.
+He did not immediately find a field of action.</p>
+
+<p>It was in the rôle of a hobo that he drifted
+into Western America and began casting about
+for the horn of plenty from which he hoped
+to shake substantial advantage. Two inches
+above six feet in stature, two years under
+forty years of age, he was typically Prussian,
+stubborn, unreasonable, of violent temper. But
+he was a good talker and not without imagination.
+Behold him arrived in Seattle. The
+<cite>Canadian Courier</cite> says:</p>
+
+
+<h3>HOBO TO MILLIONAIRE</h3>
+
+<p>“He was practically dead broke. An employment
+office extracted from him the usual
+$2 fee—all he had—and sent him to a job in
+a lumber-mill some distance from the city.
+Alvo tramped many miles to the mill only
+to be refused employment upon his ticket.
+He could scarcely speak any English, but he
+knew how to use his fists. Walking all the
+way back to Seattle, he proceeded to beat up
+the employment agent in thorough and picturesque
+fashion. Afterward he secured temporary
+rough work at various mills along
+Puget Sound.</p>
+
+<p>“His first job in British Columbia was the
+whitewashing of a salmon-cannery at the little
+village of Ladner, near the mouth of the
+Fraser River. His wardrobe included overalls
+and a dozen dress-shirts—the latter relics
+of his grander days—but he had no socks.
+From wielding the whitewash-brush to hauling
+the nets was the next step, and it was not
+long before the Prussian Junker’s son was engaged
+in partnership with a rough-neck fisherman
+making nightly trips out into the Gulf
+of Georgia, and doing his share in one of the
+hardest and most dangerous callings in the
+world, that of a deep-sea salmon-fisher.</p>
+
+<p>“In two months, with the money obtained
+from his salmon fishing, he was enabled to
+purchase an ancient mare and a light wagon.
+Over night he blossomed out as a produce-dealer,
+buying poultry and dairy products
+from the farmers in the vicinity of Ladner.
+These he brought to the city of Vancouver
+and sold them from house to house in opposition
+to the Chinamen. Business increased,
+and the staid old Vancouver Club, a hoary
+and the most exclusive institution, in which
+only the most elect held membership, became
+his best customer.</p>
+
+<p>“But Alvo did not stay long in the business;
+but went up by leaps and bounds. Real-estate
+clerk, then curb-broker, then large independent
+dealer were some of his upward steps,
+until two years after he had sold his last load
+of produce to the Vancouver Club he was
+himself a member.”</p>
+
+<p>There was one little incident of the club
+life which pleasantly reminds us that Alvo
+was not an upstart and therefore not a snob.
+He was entertaining a German baron soon
+after having become a member, and he noticed
+that the waiter eyed him very curiously. Presently
+divining the reason, Alvo suddenly
+looked up at the waiter and said: “Yes, by
+jingo, I’m the man who used to deliver
+chickens at the back door. Now go on serving
+dinner, and stop staring.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>PLAYS THE GAME WELL</h3>
+
+<p>“When the real-estate boom struck Vancouver
+in 1905,” continues the <cite>Courier</cite>, “Alvensleben
+was quick to see the opportunities
+in land. The old wild gambling spirit of his
+youthful days was still strong upon him. He
+was the man for the moment, reckless, willing
+to take chances, and a born mixer. He
+cabled relatives in Berlin, who had heard of
+his early successes, and induced them to invest<span class="pagenum" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</span>
+large sums of money. His first investment
+yielded enormous and quick profit, and thus
+established his prestige in Germany, for he
+promptly repaid the investors with a 1,000
+per cent. on their money. In the next three
+years he made several visits to Germany,
+brought men of royal blood to the Pacific
+coast, and was given several audiences with
+the Kaiser, whose accredited representative he
+became. In all probability, at a very conservative
+estimate, Alvensleben caused $20,000,000
+of German capital to be invested in
+British Columbia and Washington State.</p>
+
+<p>“In 1908, after a very romantic courtship,
+he married Edith Mary Westcott, a popular
+Vancouver girl, daughter of one of the leading
+society matrons. Following the marriage
+the financier purchased the largest private estate
+in Vancouver’s most select residential district,
+Point Grey, where he erected a magnificent
+home. His name, high foreign connections,
+and expenditure on entertainment that
+set a hitherto unknown high mark in the very
+British city of Vancouver, quickly brought
+him valuable social connections.</p>
+
+<p>“His business ventures broadened with
+astounding rapidity, but most of his purchases
+for himself and clients were made on ‘agreements,’
+with the expectations of making big
+margins in the prevalent boom. A good salesman
+himself, he was also the easiest mark
+for wildcat schemes who ever came out of
+Europe, owing to his gambling mania. Soon
+his companies became loaded up with timberlands,
+bought at inflated prices, wild lands,
+doubtful mining leases, Alberta oil shares, and
+other unproductive assets. Some of his
+wealthy clients thrust upon him their useless
+sons, whom he was forced to maintain in his
+office at high salaries.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SHY ON DIVIDENDS</h3>
+
+<p>“In 1912 the first trouble arose over dividends
+not being forthcoming from his investments.
+He was still strong in Berlin and
+went there and raised fresh capital with
+which he succeeded in placating some of his
+investors. Then he was attacked in a Vancouver
+German paper which charged him with
+unscrupulous methods in handling foreign capital.
+Copies of this were mailed to Berlin
+to members of the Reichstag by the Vancouver
+editors, and the matter was brought
+up for discussion by that body. Alvo was
+game. He sued the local paper and secured
+judgment in a criminal action against the
+editors. But the fat was in the fire as far
+as his German clients were concerned, though
+he managed to keep his affairs afloat.</p>
+
+<p>“In the early part of 1914 the financier’s
+creditors, both in Europe and Canada, were
+pressing him. He was tied up in such a mass
+of deals, counter-deals, and trades of property
+with Arnold and the Dominion Trust Company
+that an army of auditors has never as
+yet succeeded in untangling them. He owed
+over $10,000 to one of Vancouver’s chartered
+banks on some Victoria Island timber deals,
+which he had anticipated selling to the British
+Columbia government for a park reserve.
+The Vancouver manager and a dozen of the
+staff were dismissed through their connection
+with this loan.”</p>
+
+<p>He doubtless had advance notice of the
+outbreak of war, for he suddenly left Canada.</p>
+
+<p>Later interviewed by a New York paper
+he said he could “best serve his country and
+his clients by returning to the Pacific Coast,”
+and from the outbreak of the war until his
+arrest on the suspicion that he was implicated
+in a plot to steal the plans of the Puget Sound
+Navy Yard of Bremerton, he remained in
+Seattle and other American Pacific Coast
+cities.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE WIND-UP</h3>
+
+<p>“Rumors were afloat several times that he
+had visited Vancouver in disguise. After one
+of these reports appearing in the local papers,
+Alvensleben wrote to a friend in Vancouver,
+saying: ‘You can tell the good people of Vancouver
+I have something better to do than
+visit their city in the disguise of a Hindu or
+any other of their numerous allies.’</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_367" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_367.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Exhausted French Soldiers Resting in a Farmyard</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A pile of straw was a welcome couch to men who had been for days in the trenches near the Yser. Men under artillery fire were often unable to
+get any sleep for several days. Sometimes their nerves were so shattered that they were unable to sleep after they were relieved. Deafness from
+the concussion of their own heavy artillery was also a frequent occurrence.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Alvensleben’s brother, Bodo, who was in
+charge of the Victoria branch of the Alvensleben
+Canadian Finance and General Investment
+Company, left hurriedly a few days
+before the outbreak of war to join his unit.
+The wildest rumors were circulated as to the
+spying operations of the brothers. It was
+said that Bodo had been taken off a ship by
+a British man-of-war, and when searched had
+in his possession the plans of the Canadian
+navy-yard at Esquimalt, and for this he was
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</span>shot. Alvo denied the report, but whatever
+happened to this escaping brother, British censorship
+has never let out. Joachim von Alvensleben,
+an elder brother, well known from
+his various visits to Vancouver, was killed
+early in the war.”</p>
+
+<p>The third and most brilliant of the brothers,
+the gambler-financier Alvo, was arrested
+at Portland and taken to Seattle, where he
+was interned “till the end of the war.” Concerning
+his subsequent proceedings there is no
+important information; at all events his meteoric
+career made a chapter of life which Vancouverites
+will never tire of discussing.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="DELICATE_SCRUPLES">DELICATE SCRUPLES</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>One of Von Papen’s Dynamiters More Conscientious than His Chief</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">“Porter,</span> boss?” The remark was an
+entirely facetious one, but the brakeman
+did not like to have his humor disregarded.
+Therefore when he got home he
+told his wife about the rum party he had met
+in the cut above the Vanceboro railroad bridge—a
+six-footer, carrying a suitcase. The brakeman
+would have been rather more than disgruntled,
+if Werner Horn had closed with his
+offer—that is, he would have been, had he
+known that the suitcase contained dynamite,
+and that its owner was an <i lang="de" xml:lang="de">Oberleutnant</i> in the
+German army. The man with the suitcase had
+passed for a Swede in the hotel at Vanceboro,
+and his appearance warranted it. But his
+recent experience as manager of a coffee plantation
+in Moka, Guatemala, had not effaced
+the imprint of ten years in the service. He
+marched out upon the bridge, the brakeman
+having disappeared, as if he were taking a
+town. He was going into the enemy’s territory
+and fire his single shot. He was going
+to blow up the bridge, over whose rails flowed
+a tide of death to the Germans—cargoes of
+guns and shells bound for St. John and Halifax.</p>
+
+<p>He would have preferred to join his regiment
+and fight, but von Papen had been unable
+to get him passage when he reported, at
+the time of the outbreak of the war, and told
+him that this affair was equally his duty. The
+Kaiser’s agent had likewise informed him, to
+soothe him, for Horn had refused to endanger
+innocent human lives—that there were
+no more passenger trains after eleven. It was
+now nearly midnight. Suddenly a whistle
+shrieked behind him, and in a moment the
+glaring lights of an express train’s locomotive
+shone upon him. Horn clutched with one
+hand at a steel rod of the bridge, and swung
+out over the river, holding the suitcase safe
+behind him with the other. The train thundered
+by, and left him to recover his footing
+on the ice-coated bridge. Once more, this time
+from the Canadian side, an express thundered
+past, and again he went through the same
+painful process.</p>
+
+<p>He might have blown up the bridge comfortably,
+from the American side, but this he
+had refused to do. America was a neutral
+country. Germany was not at war with
+America, therefore to blow up the American
+side of the bridge was an outrage, a crime.
+He struggled on, the biting wind in his face.
+Past the middle now—a spy, liable to the
+penalty of death.</p>
+
+<p>There was a fifty-minute fuse with his
+dynamite, but when he saw that the passenger-trains
+continued to run (von Papen’s schedules
+must have been out-of-date), Horn decided
+that what he was to do must be done
+at once, before another train started across.
+Feeling with his benumbed fingers in his
+pocket for a knife, he cut off the fuse and with
+it the long half-hour that was his chance of
+escape from capture. A very slim chance, if
+you like, through the Maine woods knee-deep
+in snow, but still a chance.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE EXPLOSION</h3>
+
+<p>He fixed the dynamite against a girder of
+the bridge above the Canadian bank of the
+river, adjusted the explosive cap, and touched
+his cigar to the end of the three-minute fuse.
+Then he stumbled back across the gale-swept
+icy bridge, and back into the hotel at Vanceboro,
+just as the dynamite exploded with a
+report that broke half the windows in the
+town, and twisted rods and girders on the
+bridge. Everybody in Vanceboro was aroused,
+but Horn, after a futile attempt to rub his
+hands and feet with snow, turned in and
+went to sleep. He had seen all he wanted to
+of dynamite. In a town turned out of doors
+with excitement, sleeping was in itself an act
+to arouse suspicion.</p>
+
+<p>People remembered the tall Swede who had
+been hanging around Vanceboro for a couple
+of days, and the suitcase which he had been
+seen to hide in a wood-pile near the tracks.
+After some delay, during which Horn slept
+peacefully, the sheriff and a couple of Canadian
+constables were got on the job, and they
+took him at about noon in Teague’s Hotel.
+He was wearing German colors on both
+sleeves, for he had been told that they would
+be regarded, were he caught, in the light of
+a uniform. He offered little resistance, but
+in telling his story, he interpolated an innocent
+lie that caused the Canadian officials a
+good deal of anxiety. He had not brought
+the dynamite in his suitcase, he said, but had
+carried the empty suitcase to the bridge,
+where an Irishman from Canada, in response
+to the pass-word “Tommy,” had given him
+the dynamite. This detail he afterwards
+cleared up, when asked to set his name to a
+paper concluding, “I certify on my honor as
+a German officer that the foregoing statements
+are true.” He would not sign a lie and
+set his name to it as the truth.</p>
+
+<p>“Too scrupulous for a spy,” one of the
+newspapers called him, in the perplexities
+awakened by this early manifestation of the
+afterwards famous bomb-plot, “and too thickheaded
+for an honest man.” Werner Horn
+was extradited to Canada, and everybody
+joined in congratulating the man, whoever
+he might have been, who slept in the lower
+berth the night Horn took an upper for
+Vanceboro. It had developed during the trial
+that the big German, to disencumber himself,
+had chucked the suitcase under the lower
+berth, against the shoes and the hot-water
+pipes, then had climbed into the upper, to
+sleep peacefully through the night as was his
+wont. The evil effects of dynamite were comparatively
+novel at that time, even to bomb-plotters.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="FRUSTRATED_DIABOLISM">FRUSTRATED DIABOLISM</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Ruthless Tool of German Duplicity Fails Only Because He Trusted the
+Wrong Man with His Secret</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">One</span> of the most nefarious of the schemes
+formulated in Germany and financed by
+the German government for operation in this
+country in the period of our neutrality, and
+of which von Papen was aware, was that
+which one Robert Fay undertook to carry
+out in 1915. This man had invented an infernal
+machine, the purpose of which was to
+blow up ships at sea to prevent the transportation
+of munitions and food supplies from
+this country to France and England. The
+story was well told in the <cite>World’s Work</cite> after
+Fay and his accomplices had been jailed.</p>
+
+<p>The device was a box containing forty
+pounds of trinitrotoluol, to be fastened to the
+rudder post of a vessel, and so geared to the
+rudder itself that its oscillations would slowly
+release the catch of a spring, which would
+then drive home the firing pin and cause an
+explosion that would instantly tear off the
+whole stern of the ship, sinking it in midocean
+in a few minutes. Experts in mechanics
+and experts in explosives and experts in shipbuilding
+all tested the machine, and all agreed
+that it was perfect for the work which Fay
+had planned that it should do.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_370" style="max-width: 48.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_370.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">The Hand-to-Hand Fight on Board the Destroyer <em>Broke</em></p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Fay had three of these machines completed,
+he had others in course of construction, he
+had bought and tested the explosive to go into
+them, he had cruised New York harbor in a
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</span>motor boat and proved by experience that he
+could attach them undetected where he wished,
+and he had the names and sailing dates of
+the vessels that he meant to sink without a
+trace. Only one little link that broke—and
+the quick and thorough work of American
+justice—robbed him of another Iron Cross besides
+the one he wore.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A PLOT HATCHED IN GERMANY</h3>
+
+<p>Fay and his device came straight from the
+heart of the German Army, with the approval
+and the money of his government behind him.
+He, like Werner Horn, came originally from
+Cologne; but they were very different men.
+Where Horn was almost childishly simple,
+Fay’s mind was subtle and quick to an extraordinary
+degree. Where Horn had been humane
+to the point of risking his life to save
+others, Fay had spent months in a cold-blooded
+solution of a complex problem in destruction
+that he knew certainly involved a horrible
+death for dozens, and more likely hundreds,
+of helpless human beings. Horn refused to
+swear to a lie even where the lie was a matter
+of no great moment. Fay told at his trial a
+story so ingenious that it would have done
+credit to a novelist and would have been
+wholly convincing if other evidence had not
+disproved the substance of it. The truth of
+the case runs like this:</p>
+
+<p>Fay was in Germany when the war broke
+out and was sent to the Vosges Mountains in
+the early days of the conflict. Soon men were
+needed in the Champagne sector, and Fay was
+transferred to that front. Here he saw some
+of the bitterest fighting of the war, and here
+he led a detachment of Germans in a surprise
+attack on a trench full of Frenchmen in superior
+force. His success in this dangerous
+business won him an Iron Cross of the second
+class. During these days the superiority of
+the Allied artillery over the German caused
+the Germans great distress, and they became
+very bitter when they realized, from a study
+of the shells that exploded around them, how
+much of this superiority was due to the material
+that came from the United States for
+use by the French and British guns. Fay’s
+ingenious mind formed a scheme to stop this
+supply, and he put his plan before his superior
+officers. The result was that, in a few weeks,
+he left Germany, armed with passports and
+$3,500 in American money, bound for the
+United States on the steamer <em>Rotterdam</em>. He
+reached New York on April 23, 1915.</p>
+
+<p>One of Fay’s qualifications for the task he
+had set for himself was his familiarity with
+the English language and with the United
+States. He had come to America in 1902,
+spending a few months on a farm in Manitoba
+and then going on to Chicago, where he
+had worked for several years for the J. I.
+Case Machinery Company, makers of agricultural
+implements. During these years, Fay
+was taking an extended correspondence school
+course in electrical and steam engineering, so
+that altogether he had a good technical background
+for the events of 1915. In 1906, he
+went back to Germany.</p>
+
+<p>What he may have lacked in technical
+equipment, Fay made up by the first connection
+he made when he reached New York in
+1915. The first man he looked up was Walter
+Scholz, his brother-in-law, who had been
+in this country for four years and who was
+a civil engineer and had studied mechanical
+engineering on the side. When Fay arrived,
+Scholz had been out of a job in his own profession
+and was working on a rich man’s estate
+in Connecticut. Fay, armed with plenty
+of money and his big idea, got Scholz to go
+into the scheme with him, and the two were
+soon living together in a boarding house at
+28 Fourth Street, Weehawken, across the
+river from uptown New York,</p>
+
+
+<h3>A SHAM GARAGE</h3>
+
+<p>To conceal the true nature of their operations
+they hired a small building on Main
+Street and put a sign over the door announcing
+themselves in business as “The Riverside
+Garage.” They added verisimilitude to this
+scheme by buying a second-hand car in bad
+condition and dismantling it, scattering the
+parts around the room so that it would look
+as if they were engaged in making repairs.
+Every once in a while they would shift these
+parts about so as to alter the appearance of
+the place. However, they did not accept any
+business—whenever a man took the sign at its
+face value and came in asking to have work
+done, Fay or Scholz would take him to a
+nearby saloon and buy him a few drinks and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</span>
+pass him along by referring him to some other
+garage in the neighborhood.</p>
+
+<p>The most of their time they spent about the
+real business in hand. They took care to
+have the windows of their room in the boarding
+house heavily curtained to keep out prying
+eyes, and here under a student lamp, they
+spent hours over mechanical drawings which
+were afterward produced in evidence at the
+trial of their case. The mechanism that Fay
+had conceived was carefully perfected on
+paper, and then they confronted the task of
+getting the machinery assembled. Some of the
+parts were standard—that is, they could be
+bought at any big hardware store. Others,
+however, were peculiar to this device and had
+to be made to order from the drawings. They
+had the tanks made by a sheet metal worker
+named Ignatz Schiering, at 344 West 42nd
+Street, New York. Scholz went to him with
+a drawing, telling him that it was for a gasoline
+tank for a motor boat. Scholz made several
+trips to the shop to supervise some of
+the details of the construction and once to order
+more tanks of a new size and shape.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time Scholz went to Bernard
+McMillan, doing business under the name of
+McMillan &amp; Werner, 81 Center Street, New
+York, to have him make a special kind of
+wheels and gears for the internal mechanism
+of the bomb, from sketches which Scholz supplied.
+At odd times between June 10th and
+October 20th McMillan was working on these
+things and delivered the last of them to Scholz
+just a few days before he was arrested.</p>
+
+<p>In the meanwhile Fay was taking care of
+the other necessary elements of his scheme. Besides
+the mechanism of the bomb, he had to
+become familiar with the shipping in the port
+of New York, and he had to get the explosive
+with which to charge the bomb. For the
+former purpose he and Scholz bought a motor
+boat—a 28-footer—and in this they cruised
+about New York harbor at odd times, studying
+the docks at which ships were being loaded
+with supplies for the Allies and calculating the
+best means and time for placing the bombs on
+the rudder posts of these ships. Fay finally
+determined by experience that between two
+and three o’clock in the morning was the best
+time. The watchmen on board the ships were
+at that hour most likely to be asleep or the
+night dark enough so that he could work in
+safety. He made some actual experiments in
+fastening the empty tanks to the rudder posts,
+and found that it was perfectly feasible to do
+so. His scheme was to fasten them just above
+the water line on a ship while it was light,
+so that when it was loaded they were submerged
+and all possibility of detection was removed.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE ROAD TO BETRAYAL</h3>
+
+<p>The getting of explosives was, however, the
+most difficult part of Fay’s undertaking. This
+was true not only because he was here most
+likely to arouse suspicion, but also because
+of his relative lack of knowledge of the thing
+he was dealing with. He did know enough,
+however, to begin his search for explosives
+in the least suspicious field, and it was only
+as he became ambitious to produce a more
+powerful effect that he came to grief.</p>
+
+<p>The material he decided to use at first
+was chlorate of potash. This substance in
+itself is so harmless that it is an ingredient of
+tooth powders and is used commonly in other
+ways. When, however, it is mixed with any
+substance high in carbons, such as sugar, sulphur,
+charcoal, or kerosene, it becomes an explosive
+of considerable power. Fay set about
+to get some of the chlorate.</p>
+
+<p>Fay’s fellow conspirators were Germans—some
+of them German-Americans—and each
+in his own way was doing the work of the
+Kaiser in this country. Herbert Kienzle was
+a dealer in clocks with a store on Park Place,
+in New York. He had learned the business
+in his father’s clock factory deep in the Black
+Forest in Germany and had come to this country
+years ago to go into the same business,
+getting his start by acting as agent for his
+father’s factory over here.</p>
+
+<p>One of the first things in Fay’s carefully
+worked out plan was to locate a place to which
+he could quietly retire when his work of destruction
+should be done—a place where he
+felt he could be safe from suspicion. After a
+talk with Kienzle he decided that Lusk’s
+Sanatorium, at Butler, N. J., would serve the
+purpose. This sanatorium was run by Germans
+and Kienzle was well known there.
+Acting on a prearranged plan with Kienzle,
+Fay went to Butler and was met at the station
+by a man named Bronkhorst, who was in
+charge of the grounds at the sanatorium.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</span>
+They identified each other by prearranged
+signals and Fay made various arrangements,
+some of which are of importance later in the
+story.</p>
+
+<p>Another friend of Kienzle’s was Max Breitung,
+a young German employed by his uncle,
+E. N. Breitung, who was in the shipping business
+in New York. Breitung supplied Fay
+with the information he needed regarding
+munitions-laden ships which Fay should elect
+to destroy.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_373" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_373.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">German Prisoners Recaptured After an Escape from Fort McPherson</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Fay asked Kienzle how he could get some
+chlorate of potash, and Kienzle asked his
+young friend Breitung if he could help him
+out. Breitung said he could, and went at
+once to another German who was operating
+in New York ostensibly as a broker in copper
+under the name of Carl L. Oppegaard, though
+his real name was Paul Siebs, and for the purpose
+of this story he might as well be known
+by that name. Siebs had also been in this
+country in earlier days, and during his residence
+in Chicago, from 1910 to 1913, he had
+become acquainted with young Breitung. He,
+too, had gone back to Germany before the
+war, but soon after it began he had come back
+to the United States under his false name, ostensibly
+as an agent of an electrical concern in
+Gothenburg, Sweden, for the purpose of buying
+copper. He frankly admitted later that
+this copper was intended for reëxport to Germany
+to be used in the manufacture of munitions
+of war. He did not have much success
+in his enterprise and he was finally forced to
+make a living from hand to mouth by small
+business transactions of almost any kind. He
+could not afford a separate office, so he rented
+desk room in the office of the Whitehall Trading
+Company, a small subsidiary of the Raymond-Hadley
+Corporation. His desk was in
+the same room with the manager of the company,
+Carl L. Wettig.</p>
+
+<p>When Breitung asked Siebs to buy him
+some chlorate of potash Siebs was delighted at
+the opportunity to make some money and immediately
+undertook the commission. He had
+been instructed to get a small amount, perhaps
+200 pounds. He needed money so badly,
+however, that he was very glad to find that the
+smallest kegs of the chlorate of potash were
+112 pounds each, and he ordered three kegs.
+He paid for them with money supplied by
+Breitung and took a delivery slip for it. Ultimately
+this delivery slip was presented by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</span>
+Scholz, who appeared one day with a truck
+and driver and took the chemical away.</p>
+
+
+<h3>POTASH TOO WEAK</h3>
+
+<p>Fay and Scholz made some experiments
+with the chlorate of potash and Fay decided
+it was not strong enough to serve his purpose.
+He then determined to try dynamite.
+Again he wished to avoid suspicion and this
+time, after consultation with Kienzle, he recalled
+Bronkhorst down at the Lusk Sanatorium
+in New Jersey. Bronkhorst, in his
+work as superintendent of the grounds at the
+sanatorium, was occasionally engaged in laying
+water mains in the rocky soil there, and
+for this purpose kept dynamite on hand. Fay
+got a quantity of dynamite from him. Later,
+however, he decided that he wanted a still
+more powerful explosive.</p>
+
+<p>Again he applied to Kienzle, and this time
+Kienzle got in touch with Siebs direct. By
+prearrangement, Kienzle and Siebs met Fay
+underneath the Manhattan end of the Brooklyn
+Bridge, and there Siebs was introduced
+to Fay. They walked around City Hall Park
+together discussing the subject; and Fay, not
+knowing the name of what he was after, tried
+to make Siebs understand what explosive he
+wanted by describing its properties. Siebs
+finally realized that what Fay had in mind was
+trinitrotoluol, one of the three highest explosives
+known. Siebs finally undertook to get
+some of it for him, but pointed out to him
+the obvious difficulties of buying it in as small
+quantities as he wanted. It was easy enough
+to buy chlorate of potash because that was in
+common commercial use for many purposes.
+It was also easy to buy dynamite because that
+also is used in all kinds of quantities and for
+many purposes. But trinitrotoluol is too
+powerful for any but military use, and it is
+consequently handled only in large lots and
+practically invariably is made to the order
+of some government. However, Siebs had an
+idea and proceeded to act on it, and without
+any delay.</p>
+
+<p>He went back to the Whitehall Trading
+Company, where he had desk room, and saw
+his fellow occupant, Carl Wettig. Wettig
+had been engaged in a small way in a brokerage
+business in war supplies, and had even
+taken a few small turns in the handling of
+explosives. He agreed to do what he could
+to fill the order.</p>
+
+<p>Carl Wettig was the weak link in Fay’s
+chain of fortune. He did indeed secure the
+high explosive that Fay wanted, and was in
+other ways obliging. But he got the explosive
+from a source that would have given Fay heart
+failure if he had known of it, and he was
+obliging for reasons that Fay lived to regret.
+Siebs made his inquiry of Wettig on the 19th
+of October. The small quantity of explosives
+that he asked for aroused Wettig’s suspicions,
+and as soon as he promised to get it he went
+to the French Chamber of Commerce near
+by and told them what he suspected and asked
+to be put in touch with responsible police
+authorities under whose direction he wished
+to act in supplying the trinitrotoluol.</p>
+
+<p>From that moment Fay, Siebs, and Kienzle
+were “waked up in the morning and put to
+bed at night” by detectives from the police department
+of New York City and operatives
+of the Secret Service of the United States.
+By arrangement with them Wettig obtained a
+keg containing twenty-five pounds of trinitrotoluol,
+and in the absence of Fay and Scholz
+from their boarding house in Weehawken, he
+delivered it personally to their room and left
+it on their dresser. He told Siebs he had
+delivered it and Siebs promptly set about collecting
+his commission from Fay.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TAKEN INTO CUSTODY</h3>
+
+<p>Siebs had some difficulty in doing this, because
+Fay and Scholz, being unfamiliar with
+the use of the explosive, were unable to explode
+a sample of it and decided that it was no
+good. They had come home in the evening
+and found the keg on their dresser and had
+opened it. Inside they found the explosive in
+the form of loose white flakes. To keep it
+more safely, they poured it out into several
+small cloth bags. They then took a sample
+of it and tried by every means they could
+think of to explode it. They even laid some
+of it on an anvil and broke two or three
+hammers pounding on it, but could get no result.
+They then told Siebs that the stuff he
+had delivered was useless. Siebs repeated
+their complaint to Wettig, and Wettig volunteered
+to show them how it should be handled.
+Accordingly, he joined them the following<span class="pagenum" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</span>
+day at their room in Weehawken and
+went with them out into the woods behind
+Fort Lee, taking along a small sample of the
+powder in a paper bag. In the woods the
+men picked up the top of a small tin can,
+built a fire in the stump of a tree, and melted
+some of the flake TNT in it. Before it
+cooled, Wettig embedded in it a mercury
+cap. When cooled after being melted,
+TNT forms a solid mass resembling resin
+in appearance, and is now more powerful because
+more compact.</p>
+
+<p>However, before the experiment could be
+concluded, one of the swarm of detectives who
+had followed them into the woods stepped
+on a dry twig, and when the men started at
+its crackling, the detectives concluded they had
+better make their arrests before the men might
+get away; and so all were taken into custody.
+A quick search of their boarding house, the
+garage, a storage warehouse in which Fay had
+stored some trunks, and the boathouse where
+the motor boat was stored resulted in rounding
+up the entire paraphernalia that had been
+used in working out the whole plot. All the
+people connected with every phase of it were
+soon arrested.</p>
+
+<p>Out of the stories these men told upon examination
+emerged not only the hideous perfection
+of the bomb itself, but the direct hand
+that the German government and its agents
+in this country had in the scheme of putting
+it to its fiendish purpose. First of all appeared
+Fay’s admission that he had left Germany with
+money and a passport supplied by a man in
+the German Secret Service. Later, on the
+witness stand, when Fay had had time enough
+carefully to think out the most plausible story,
+he attempted to get away from this admission
+by claiming to have deserted from the German
+Army. He said that he had been financed
+in his exit from the German Empire by a
+group of business men who had put up a lot
+of money to back an automobile invention of
+his, which he had worked on before the war
+began. These men, so he claimed, were afraid
+they would lose all their money if he should
+happen to be killed before the invention was
+perfected. This tale, ingenious though it was,
+was too fantastic to be swallowed when taken
+in connection with all the things found in
+Fay’s possession when he was arrested. Beyond
+all doubt his scheme to destroy ships
+was studied and approved by his military superiors
+in Germany before he left, and that
+scheme alone was his errand to this country.</p>
+
+
+<h3>EXPLAINED TOO MUCH</h3>
+
+<p>Far less ingenious and equally damning was
+his attempt to explain away his relations with
+von Papen. The sinister figure of the military
+attaché of the German Embassy at Washington
+leers from the background of all the
+German plots; and this case was no exception.
+It was known that Fay had had dealings with
+von Papen in New York, and on the witness
+stand he felt called upon to explain them in
+a way that would clear the diplomatic service
+of implication in his evil doings. He declared
+that he had taken his invention to von Papen
+and that von Papen had resolutely refused to
+have anything to do with it. This would have
+been well enough if Fay’s explanation had
+stopped here.</p>
+
+<p>But Fay’s evil genius prompted him to make
+his explanation more convincing by an elaboration
+of the story, so he gave von Papen’s
+reasons for refusal. These were not because
+the Fay device was calculated to do murder
+upon hundreds of helpless men, nor because
+to have any part in the business was to play
+the unneutral villain under the cloak of diplomatic
+privilege. Not at all. At the first interview,
+seeing only a rough sketch and hearing
+only Fay’s description of preliminary experiments,
+von Papen’s sole objection was:</p>
+
+<p>“Well, you might obtain an explosion once,
+and the next ten apparatuses might fail.”</p>
+
+<p>To continue Fay’s explanation:</p>
+
+<p>“He casually asked me what the cost of it
+would be and I told him in my estimation the
+cost would not be more than $20 apiece. [$20
+apiece for the destruction of thirty lives and a
+million-dollar ship and cargo!] As a matter
+of fact in Germany I will be able to get these
+things made for half that price. ‘If it is not
+more than that,’ von Papen said, ‘you might
+go ahead, but I cannot promise you anything
+whatever.’”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_376" style="max-width: 46.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_376.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy of Leslie’s Weekly.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The French Nation Celebrates</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">One of the most impressive features of the national holiday observances in Paris on July
+14th, 1918, was the parade by Russian troops led by a giant color-bearer marching along the
+Grand Boulevard amid the applause of enormous crowds. These were a portion of the army
+sent by the Czar, to fight for the Allies in France. Persistent rumors that thousands of Russians
+were landed in England to fight on the Western front proved a hoax.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Fay then went back to his experiments and
+when he felt that he had practically perfected
+his device he called upon von Papen for the
+second time. This time von Papen’s reply
+was:</p>
+
+<p>“Well, this thing has been placed before our
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</span>experts and also we have gone into the political
+condition of the whole suggestion. Now
+in the first place our experts say this apparatus
+is not at all seaworthy; but as regards political
+conditions I am sorry to say we cannot
+consider it and, therefore, we cannot consider
+the proposition any further.”</p>
+
+<p>In other words, with no thought of the
+moral turpitude of the scheme, with no
+thought of the abuse of diplomatic freedom,
+but only with thoughts of the practicability
+of this device, and of the effect upon political
+conditions of its use, von Papen had put the
+question before technical men and before von
+Bernstorff, and their decision had been adverse
+solely on those considerations—first, that it
+would not work, and second, that it would
+arouse hostility in the United States. At no
+stage, according to Fay’s best face upon the
+matter, was any thought given to its character
+as a hideous crime.</p>
+
+
+<h3>PERFECTED DEVILRY</h3>
+
+<p>The device itself was studied independently
+by two sets of military experts of the United
+States government with these results:</p>
+
+<p>First, that it was mechanically perfect; second,
+that it was practical under the conditions
+of adjustment to a ship’s rudder which
+Fay had devised; and third, that the charge
+of trinitrotoluol for which the container was
+designed, was nearly half the quantity which
+is used on our own floating mines and which
+is calculated upon explosion twenty feet from
+a battleship to put it out of action, and upon
+explosion in direct contact, absolutely to destroy
+and sink the heaviest superdreadnought.
+In other words, beyond all question the bomb
+would have shattered the entire stern of any
+ship to which it was attached, and would have
+caused it to sink in a few minutes.</p>
+
+<p>A brief description of the contrivance reveals
+the mechanical ingenuity and practical
+efficiency of Fay’s bomb. A rod attached to
+the rudder, at every swing the rudder gave,
+turned up, by one notch, the first of the
+beveled wheels within the bomb. After a
+certain number of revolutions of that wheel,
+it in turn gave one revolution to the next;
+and so on through the series. The last wheel
+was connected with the threaded cap around
+the upper end of the square bolt, and made
+this cap slowly unscrew, until at length the
+bolt dropped clear of it and yielded to the
+waiting pressure of the strong steel spring
+above. This pressure drove it downward and
+brought the sharp points at its lower end
+down on the caps of the two rifle cartridges
+fixed below it—like the blow of a rifle’s hammer.
+The detonation from the explosion of
+these cartridges would set off a small charge
+of impregnated chlorate of potash, which in
+turn would fire the small charge of the more
+sluggish but stronger dynamite, and that in
+turn would explode the still more sluggish but
+tremendously more powerful trinitrotoluol.</p>
+
+<p>The whole operation, once the spring was
+free, would take place in a flash; and instantly
+its deadly work would be accomplished.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WHAT FAY PICTURED</h3>
+
+<p>Picture the scene that Fay had in his mind
+as he toiled his six laborious months upon this
+dark invention. He saw himself, in imagination,
+fixing his infernal box upon the rudder
+post of a ship loading at a dock in New York
+harbor. As the cargo weighed the ship down,
+the box would disappear beneath the water.
+At length the ship starts on its voyage, and,
+as the rudder swings her into the stream, the
+first beat in the slow, sure knell of death for
+ship and crew is clicked out by its very turning.
+Out upon the sea the shift of wind and
+blow of wave require a constant correction
+with the rudder to hold the true course forward.
+At every swing the helmsman unconsciously
+taps out another of the lurking beats
+of death. Somewhere in midocean, perhaps
+at black midnight, in a driving storm, the patient
+mechanism hid below has turned the last
+of its calculated revolutions. The neck piece
+from the bolt slips loose, the spring drives
+downward, there is a flash, a deafening explosion,
+and five minutes later a few mangled
+bodies and a chaos of floating wreckage are
+all that is left above the water’s surface.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="HERES_TO_CONSTABLE_RITCHINGS">HERE’S TO CONSTABLE RITCHINGS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>It Is Probable that His Record is Unique in the Annals of War Since
+Spartan Days</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Few</span> men have the modest estimate of duty
+in relation to self that has given an unsought
+celebrity to Arthur Ritchings of Cardiff,
+Wales. If his conduct may be taken as
+evidence of his philosophy of life, doing one’s
+duty in the world confers no particular distinction
+on the individual—the discharge of a
+moral obligation establishing no title to swank,
+swagger or puffed-upness. Possibly it is necessary
+to be a Welshman to appreciate Ritchings’
+mental attitude, for it seems that the
+people of Cardiff saw nothing abnormal or
+eccentric in the behavior of their townsman,
+regarding it quite as a matter of course. Indeed
+it was a London paper that acquainted
+the Cardiffians that they had in their midst
+a hero deserving of especial respect. We get
+the particulars from the same source.</p>
+
+<p>When Germany fell foul of Belgium, Arthur
+Ritchings was a member of the Cardiff
+Constabulary, in plain terms, a policeman.
+As soon as England declared war in 1914,
+Ritchings threw aside his truncheon, and other
+police insignia, and enlisted in the Army as
+a private. He served in that capacity for
+three years, doing the job with thoroughness,
+having an eye single to duty. Though unobtrusive
+in all his doings, not in the least inclined
+to celebrate in canticles of self-praise
+his deeds in trench or field, he nevertheless
+came to the notice of his superiors finally,
+and in November, 1917, his bravery won him
+promotion on the field. He was made second
+lieutenant. But he went right ahead in his
+normal way, yet, having once attracted their
+attention, he could not keep out of the view
+of his superiors, and so in February, 1918,
+they called him up and gave him to understand
+that in their opinion he measured up to a
+captaincy. But Ritchings just went right on
+being Ritchings, and so they made him a
+major. Then they made him a lieutenant
+colonel, and there is no conjecturing what
+they would have had to do with him had the
+war continued a little longer. As it was they
+made him a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor,
+pinned on his breast the Croix de Guerre with
+palms, gave him the Military Cross, and did
+what they could to persuade him that as he had
+been a gallant and daring soldier so also had
+he been an able and decisive officer. In the
+meantime the Germans had done what they
+could to further his interests by wounding him
+on six different occasions.</p>
+
+<p>Now, the war having been fought and won,
+his duty no longer commanding the wear of
+khaki, Lieutenant Colonel Ritchings retired
+from the Army and returned to his native
+Cardiff. His townsmen welcomed him, congratulating
+him that he had managed to escape
+death for a further enjoyment of the
+unemotional serenity of the sturdy Welsh
+town. The Chairman of the Municipal
+Bench publicly declared that he was glad to
+see Ritchings back, and spoke approvingly of
+the fact that his war record was a credit to
+the town.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HIS HOME HONORS</h3>
+
+<p>Then Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Ritchings—with
+four years of active military service to
+his credit and field rank worn at the front,
+with a breast-load of decorations and the
+proved ability to command over 3,000 fighting
+men—stepped over to police headquarters,
+took up his truncheon and resumed his familiar
+duties as a common policeman in a mining
+town, where the care of drunks and disorderlies
+alone taxed his military genius.</p>
+
+<p>There the matter might have ended but for
+the interests of a person who had no particular
+business to come fussing around in Cardiff
+affairs. This person happened to be one
+of those ordinary mortals who hold the notion
+that certain honors attached to heroism and
+military achievement are not sufficiently<span class="pagenum" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</span>
+represented by mere medals and things, and
+this person thought it in high degree outrageous
+that a man who had lifted himself by
+valor from private to lieutenant colonel
+should be permitted to walk a beat and swing
+a club as a means of serving the Crown. This
+indignant person wrote a passionate letter to
+the London <cite>Times</cite>, with the result that Cardiff
+took a second view of the situation, and the
+Watch Committee (a sort of police commissioner)
+took the ex-lieutenant colonel off his
+beat and gave him the lofty job of training
+the police to the proper dignity of constabulary
+service.</p>
+
+<p>This, however, did not entirely satisfy outside
+admirers of Ritchings, honorable as it
+might seem to Cardiffians, so the Lord Mayor
+was pressed for information whether there was
+any intention of appointing the distinguished
+officer to a higher and more responsible position
+on the force. That dignitary (and a
+Lord Mayor truly esteems himself a dignitary
+in England) went to the extent of admitting
+that he thought that he might say
+that all the members of the Watch Committee
+were in sympathy with the idea, and that he
+had no doubt that when the opportunity occurred
+Colonel or Constable Ritchings would
+be given a place better suited to his merits.</p>
+
+<p>And what said Ritchings concerning himself?
+Why, merely this, that he “recognized
+as every right-thinking man would that he had
+a moral obligation to return to the Cardiff
+police force for the reason that the ratepayers
+had been contributing during his absence to
+the support of his dependents at home.”</p>
+
+<p>Well, Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Ritchings,
+here’s hats off to you!</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="WHAT_GILLES_BROUGHT_IN">WHAT GILLES BROUGHT IN</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Driving His Automobile over a Shell-Swept Road a French Lad Braved
+Death to Deliver the Dead</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">It</span> was during the dreadful few days when
+the Germans came closest to Paris, a
+French writer tells us. Gilles Thurmand—sixteen
+years old, whose mother kept the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Côte
+d’Or</i>—had got hold of an old motor-car which
+had been smashed up in the first days of the
+rush to the front, had tinkered with it until
+it ran again, and then had driven it out to
+see what he could pick up. He went in the
+direction of Givres, for he heard that there
+were a good many wounded along the roads,
+and the French were yielding. He had come
+as far as a little coppice, where he slowed
+down at the sight of a couple of French uniforms.
+The Germans began suddenly to shell
+the part of the road over which he had just
+driven. He did not pay much attention to
+this at the time, for he was so engrossed with
+the French officers, of whom there were three
+standing, and a fourth badly wounded. They
+had been cut off from their regiment, and
+were left in this little patch of wood either
+to be killed by one of the enemy’s shells, or
+to be taken prisoner. “Get in,” Gilles told
+them, “and we’ll make a run for it. I’m game
+if you are.” He was extremely proud of having
+to do with so many officers at once, and
+besides, he thought, it might be the means of
+getting him admitted into the Army. Just
+as they were lifting the wounded man onto
+the floor of the vehicle, which was about the
+size of a Ford limousine, Gilles’ sharp eyes
+spied another blue coat through the trees at a
+little distance away, and he ran over to the
+man, who wore the uniform of a captain. He
+was squatting over something in the denser
+underbrush, and raised up hastily as Gilles
+came toward him.</p>
+
+<p>“Let me get you out of this,” said Gilles,
+“along with these others.”</p>
+
+<p>“Yes, come with us,” said Major Hervé,
+the senior officer of the party, limping toward
+them to find out the cause of the delay. The
+strange officer responded rather thickly that
+he couldn’t—that he had his duty to perform,
+and would prefer to remain at his post. The
+major, finding that arguing with him was
+of no avail, commanded him rather shortly
+to follow the rest, and when he still demurred,
+ordered the other three to bring him. They<span class="pagenum" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</span>
+did so, gently enough, believing him to be
+a little unbalanced by shell-fire. Then they
+all climbed into the crazy vehicle, shut the
+door, and Gilles, mounting to the front seat,
+set out to drive them through a quarter of a
+mile of fire and brimstone, which was as near
+to hell as anything he had ever imagined.</p>
+
+<p>Shells whizzed past, and bullets hailed upon
+the roof. Once or twice Gilles heard a faint
+cry in the back of the motor, and he knew
+some one was hit, but he bent doggedly to his
+wheel, and didn’t once look round, for fear,
+as he phrased it, that he would “lack courage
+to go on again.” Though a bomb ripped
+off the fender and nearly capsized the car,
+Gilles himself was not touched, and presently
+he drove into a silence as deafening as the
+noise had been. It was the outskirts of a
+camp, and there were a few simple little
+everyday noises like the rattling of dishes and
+the chopping of wood. But it was like the
+cemetery of Père La Chaise to Gilles. He
+could not hear a sound. Two or three Frenchmen
+in khaki came running toward him as he
+slid off the box and opened the rear door.
+Three dead bodies tumbled out. The two
+left inside were those of the last-found officer
+and the badly wounded man. They, too,
+were dead. How had they been killed? Not
+by shell fire, certainly. Examination proved
+that they had died by pistol shots. Gilles,
+taken into custody, his teeth chattering with
+fear, pointed out the officer who had forcibly
+been made a member of their party. The man
+was searched. There were found upon him
+a spare telephone receiver and a map of the
+district, together with other evidence proving
+him a German spy. He had probably been
+directing the German fire at the moment when
+Gilles had so inopportunely come upon him.
+His great reluctance to join the party was explained.
+During their wild ride he had apparently
+found time to put a bullet through
+the head of each of his unsuspecting captors.
+Whether one of them or he himself had caused
+his own death, could not be discovered.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_380" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_380.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">“Tell Her Not to Worry”</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“Dear Father, guard our gallant men</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Within whose hearts is love enshrined,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And bring them safely home again</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To those they cannot leave behind!”</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="right">
+Arthur Guiterman.<br>
+</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_ROCK_OF_THE_MARNE">THE ROCK OF THE MARNE</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Story of Col. U. G. McAlexander and the Heroic 38th Infantry,
+Defender’s of the Surmelin Valley, the “Gateway to Paris”</h3>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80 wsp">By CAPTAIN J. W. WOOLRIDGE, U. S. Infantry</p>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">When</span> two divisions of German shock
+troops pile up on a regiment of American
+fighting men, one does not need to be gifted
+in imagination to see war in all its ramifications
+and vicissitudes.</p>
+
+<p>I admit that to those of us who participated
+the picture as a whole is blurred by proximity
+while spots are multicolored and accentuated
+into sheets of concentrated lightning.</p>
+
+<p>The historian of the future will view the
+battle from afar and do much better, particularly
+as he will not be hampered by individual
+facts. Therefore we shall tell you the story
+and not the history of the 38th’s recent unpleasantness.</p>
+
+<p>The scene is laid in that erstwhile heavenly
+little valley of the Surmelin which finds its
+resting place on the banks of the River Marne.
+The semi-mountainous ridges that flank this
+little valley are wooded with what the French
+call trees; they are tangled with shrubs and
+second growths that make for ideal machine-gun
+nests, as we shall see.</p>
+
+<p>Down in the bosom of the valley meanders
+the Surmelin river, so called we presume because
+the French do not know our word
+“crick.” It is heavily foliaged creek; its
+value we first recognized in its production of
+trout through the agency of the festive “OF”
+grenade tossed into its tiny pools.</p>
+
+<p>This valley is a series of golden wheat fields
+and garden patches. Not fields as you know
+them but as the French crofter laboriously
+cultivates by hand to the limits of one man’s
+activities—small, though profuse, spots of
+shining cereal decorated resplendently with
+carmine red poppies. * * * * *</p>
+
+<p>The maps show this valley to be the gateway
+to Paris—that is, from the farthest point
+of the second German drive to the Marne.
+Would you call it the 38th’s good fortune to
+be given this gateway to defend? Anyway,
+the fates so decreed and we were rushed by
+the fastest means possible from our training
+billets, with French beds five feet high, at
+Arc, Cour le Vecque, and Comprey, to stem
+the tide and thereby block the way to Paris.</p>
+
+<p>The 38th had made some marches before
+and has since, but none of us will forget
+when we pulled into the woods back of St.
+Eugene that last day of our trek. We had
+revised the tables of field equipment on the
+way so that when we got there we didn’t
+bother to spread our blankets. We simply
+laid down and hoped in a maudlin, disconnected
+way one of the shells the Germans
+welcomed us with would make a direct hit
+and end it all.</p>
+
+<p>The Colonel was right there ahead of us.
+Nobody ever knows how he does it but he is
+always ahead of us and we have gotten used
+to a confident feeling of knowing it’s all right
+to go anywhere the Colonel is ahead. He
+warned us about aeroplane observation and
+gas shells and said, “Be ready for orders to
+move up!”</p>
+
+<p>Our position was taken without delay on
+the south bank of the Marne, which is about
+fifty yards wide and which at that time separated
+us from the enemy. The Colonel gave
+orders directly opposite to the “live and let
+live” principle. “Don’t let anything alive
+show itself on the other side except those you
+go over and get for information!”</p>
+
+<p>So we gave them some lessons in rifle fire.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>With the French opposite them the Germans
+had an insulting and cocky way of
+strolling about their business in plain view
+at a few hundred yards. The French custom
+of running themselves ragged trying to
+hit the enemy with a hand grenade did not
+appeal to us, so we became, in the German<span class="pagenum" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</span>
+opinion, disgustingly belligerent with our
+rifles.</p>
+
+<p>Their movements soon after our advent became
+surreptitious and reptilian. So at night
+we paddled over in various nondescript flotillas,
+dug them out of their holes or chased
+their patrols around a bit—and sometimes
+got chased back again somewhat the worse
+for wear. They sprinkled us with H. E.’s
+and gas and we likewise sprinkled them. It
+was a great game and we thrived on it.</p>
+
+<p>One dark night a patrol of theirs came
+over right at the point of a sentry post of
+ours. As they reached for the bank with a
+boat-hook a Yank accommodatingly took hold
+and pulled them in. He said, “Come on over,
+Fritz. We are waiting for you,” and our
+men proceeded to pacify one boat load of misdirected
+Huns.</p>
+
+<p>That sort of thing was our daily, or rather
+nightly, ration, until prisoners and intelligence
+officers began to tell a new story. The Boche
+were preparing for another grand offensive
+and this time their objective was Paris with
+no stops.</p>
+
+<p>The French on our right were generous
+with their warnings and made feverish arrangements
+for something or other—we
+thought at the time it was for battle. Aeroplanes
+and scouts verified this rumor and it
+looked like business. So the whole thing so
+far as our sector was concerned—the Gateway
+to Paris, the Valley of the Surmelin—was
+put up to the Colonel, U. G. McAlexander,
+who at once proceeded to make hay while
+the making was good.</p>
+
+<p>“Rowe, you hold the front line with two
+companies of your battalion, don’t you?”</p>
+
+<p>“Yes, sir, with two companies in their immediate
+support,” answered Major Rowe,
+commander of the 2nd Battalion.</p>
+
+<p>“Very well,” said the Colonel. “Thicken
+the lines by moving one company up. This
+will give you three company fronts on our
+sector and your remaining company will entrench
+themselves in echelon formation, so,”
+indicating on map with pencil marks the exact
+position he wished them in. “They will
+act in close support on the extreme right and
+also as a right flank rearguard. The weak
+point on this line is on our right. I don’t
+believe the French will hold and I shall arrange
+my regiment to meet that contingency.”</p>
+
+<p>This was a direct statement as usual; no
+equivocation in the Colonel’s remarks. But
+we were all greatly surprised, as everybody
+else had complete confidence in the gallantry
+of the French division on our right. It
+was our first introduction to the depth of the
+man in his preparation for battle. But
+for his judgment on their instability this
+would be a requiem, not a story.</p>
+
+<p>The regiment was arranged on advanced
+and original principles of “formation in
+depth.” The 2nd Battalion, Major Rowe,
+as above; then the 1st Battalion, Major Keeley,
+and the 3rd, Major Lough. The Colonel
+looked us over individually and collectively,
+took a rifle to a point near the river in broad
+daylight, sniped a while as though to challenge
+the enemy, and said, “Let ’em come.”</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>The evening of July 14th (1918) came
+with a darkness you could feel. French crickets
+cricked in a language we could not understand.
+Night birds winged their uncertain
+way in pursuit of life, liberty, and happiness.
+Frogs croaked and walked—not hopped—after
+the manner of no other frogs on
+earth. The Y.M.C.A.—God bless them!—sent
+chocolates and cigarettes down to the
+men in the very front lines. The rolling
+kitchens steamed up in preparation of the
+boys’ one hot meal per day to be delivered by
+carrying parties to the front. Company commanders
+made the usual night reconnaissance
+of their positions, chatted with the lieutenants
+and again learned that a plebiscite of the men
+would produce a reiteration of the Colonel’s
+“Let ’em come.”</p>
+
+<p>Our artillery lugged over the usual intermittent
+harrassing fire, but the murmuring
+pines and whispering hemlocks went A.W.O.L.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
+so far as looking out for the Germans
+was concerned. For all the noise they made
+you could hear your eyelashes meet. Their
+quiet finally became ominous and there was
+a general stiffening of our cerebral vertebra.</p>
+
+<p>At exactly 12 o’clock it happened.</p>
+
+<p>All the demons of hell and its ally, Germany,
+were unleashed in a fierce uproar that
+transcended all bombardments of the past.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</span>
+It thundered and rained shells, H.E.’s shrapnel
+and gas. They swept our sector as with
+a giant scythe, and as far back as their guns
+would reach.</p>
+
+<p>For hours that seemed weeks we huddled
+in our tiny splinter proofs or open slit trenches
+in the horrible confusion of it all, but we lovingly
+patted our, as yet, cold steel and
+awaited the second shock we knew would
+come—the shock of bodies, material bodies
+that we could see, feel and fight—something
+tangible, so that we could release our mad
+lust to kill this great snake that was slowly
+coiling around us, this furious beast that was
+volcanically tearing at our vitals.</p>
+
+<p>God, what hallucinations under a pounding
+like that!</p>
+
+<p>Yes, we wanted them to come. We wanted
+anything to come that we could see, feel, and
+fight. We wanted to fight, I tell you. Not
+to lie there on the rocking ground with hell
+crashing and the devils snatching at our guts,
+our eyes, our lungs.</p>
+
+<p>What was that in our lungs?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Damn them, Gas!</p>
+
+<p>They are not satisfied to drench us at long
+distances with all the steel they can crowd
+into space but the dirty, ghoulish, primeval
+Hun racks his warped and tortured brain for
+a method more becoming the slime and filth
+of his rotten being.</p>
+
+<p>Well, so be it. We fight him back with
+his weapons, so on with the gas masks, it’s
+only a bluff. He can’t come himself in his
+poison—and he’s coming, he’s coming! It
+became a song in our hearts—“He’s Coming!
+He’s Coming!”</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>We began to brighten perceptibly. Instead
+of the earth rocking it became the gentle
+tossing of a languorous, moonlit sea. We
+leaned our heads in genuine affection against
+the dirt sides of our little slit trench and
+began to marvel at its motherly shelter. How
+they could churn up the whole world and
+never drop one in! Of course they could
+not drop one in. They had no brain, the
+swine.</p>
+
+<p>If a chemist could run them through a
+Pasteur filter, he would get a trace of intellectual
+process about the mental grade of the
+Pithecanthropus erectus!</p>
+
+<p>That’s it. He is shooting away his fireworks
+in the vain hope of something. Wonder
+what it is. Anyway, he shot it away
+for eight hours on our support and reserve
+lines, but at about 4 o’clock on the morning
+of the 15th he lifted his general bombardment
+on the front line and started a rolling
+barrage, one hundred meters in three minutes.</p>
+
+<p>Behind it, almost hugging it, they came!</p>
+
+<p>God, weren’t we glad to see the grayness
+of them!</p>
+
+<p>This was more like. Something we could
+see, feel and fight. And when we say they
+came we mean two divisions of them.</p>
+
+<p>“When two divisions of German shock
+troops pile up on a regiment of American
+fighting men”—Do you remember what we
+told you!</p>
+
+<p>Well! they piled up, at first with excellent
+formation and a distribution of machine guns,
+as bumble bees distribute themselves after
+the small boy wallops their nest with his
+handful of switches—all over everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>On the river bank where they came in
+crowds, boats, and pontoon bridges, it was
+eye to eye, tooth to tooth, and hand-to-hand.
+It was a strange silence after the barrage had
+passed. The tack-tack-tack of machine guns,
+mounted and firing from boats as they came,
+and the clash of steel as the bayonets met
+sounded like a death stillness compared to it.</p>
+
+<p>The lines on the river were fought out
+completely. The barrage had not reached the
+railway bank and reënforcements could not
+be sent to them. They paid the supreme
+price, but the action delayed the enemy advance
+so that the organizations in depth could
+unlimber and meet the advance with the result
+as stated above—this is a story, not a requiem.</p>
+
+<p>Their barrage got away from them, an unpardonable
+crime in military science but humanly
+pardonable when one learns they
+thought it impossible to be met and fought
+on the river bank.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>Our line of resistance was the Metz-Paris
+Railway. The embankment is some nine feet
+high with tiny slit trenches on the forward
+edge but not sufficiently forward to be on the
+military crest. When the Boche started their
+advance across the wheat fields intervening,
+some five hundred yards, this embankment<span class="pagenum" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</span>
+became a living thing and American Springfields
+began to laugh in their faces.</p>
+
+<p>That wasn’t fair. They had been assured
+with all German sangfroid that there would
+be no resistance after their barrage. But
+those were shock troops brought from afar
+with orders. “To Paris. No Stop-overs.”</p>
+
+<p>Though their brains became loose-leaf
+ledgers with no index and the Kaiser became
+a more ghastly figure, they were fighters. I
+should say, professional soldiers. So they
+came on. We admit they looked like the
+whole German army and we had to wonder
+if the little old Springfield would keep on
+laughing. We had been warned of a big
+offensive, but we did not know the Boche
+thought our front was like a city park, free
+for all.</p>
+
+<p>The Springfield did keep on laughing and
+after covering about half the distance they
+were transferred from a soldiers’ maneuver
+column into a German military omelet. However,
+their machine guns had infiltrated
+through the high wheat and covered our front
+as flies cover spilled molasses.</p>
+
+<p>The rest hit the ground and continued
+their advance in a more becoming manner, like
+a mole. They wriggled themselves, many of
+them to the very foot of the railway embankment,
+where they were safe from our fire for
+the above mentioned reason. They rested,
+then charged the crest, were hurled back;
+rested, threw stick grenades and charged
+some more, but never successfully, until the
+splendid heroes of that line joined their comrades
+of the river bank, joined them on that
+long journey to that land which knows no
+war.</p>
+
+<p>Then came the supporting troops from their
+immediate rear in a charge to which history
+will never do justice. They couldn’t come
+before, as there is only room for a certain
+number to fight on the forward edge. To
+the Germans on the embankment the Kaiser
+must have taken on a more material aspect;
+they saw visions of Paris, but visions only,
+which disappeared like mist in the sunshine.</p>
+
+<p>It was not sunshine that hit them. No.
+It was an earthquake. San Francisco one
+April morning of 1906 had nothing on that
+shock which must have been felt back in the
+Reichstag. Bayonets, rifle butts, fists and
+teeth. Our boys in khaki were overwhelmed
+by numbers in gray.</p>
+
+<p>But the McAlexander spirit; that is God-given
+and Heaven-sent!</p>
+
+<p>The Colonel had said, “Let ’em come.”
+Well, here they are, and God, the joy of it
+all!</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>Did you ever turn yourself loose in a mad
+passion that knew no limit? Were you ever
+blinded by blood and lust to kill and let yourself
+go in a crowd where you could feel their
+bodies crumble and sink to the depths below
+you, then brace yourself on them, and destroy,
+destroy, destroy!</p>
+
+<p>I hope not, but we did—and what do numbers
+amount to against spirit? In San Francisco
+the earthquake subsided and we were
+left to contemplate and ponder. There was
+no subsiding of these seismic demons of
+Colonel Ulysses Grant McAlexander, once
+they had their orders. We were to hold that
+railroad. Did we hold it, Go down there
+and count the German graves. Six hundred
+before one company alone. Ask the prisoners,
+pens of them, why they didn’t fulfil their
+mission. They don’t know just what happened,
+but whatever it was, it was awful,
+colossal.</p>
+
+<p>Sir, they did not even take the first line
+of resistance of the 38th. An officer, later
+captured, stated that only twelve of the 6th
+Grenadiers, the Kaiser’s favorite Prussian
+shock troops, returned to their side of the
+Marne.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, back they went, and they stood not
+upon the manner of their going, although I
+will say their machine guns covered their
+retreat to the limit of their ability. Without
+their usual “nest” arrangement they were
+comparatively easy picking for us. For instance,
+during the retreat Corporal Newell
+with his squad augmented by two men went
+down into the field and captured five guns,
+killing or capturing their crews.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>During the heat of battle one lone private
+crawled down the embankment through the
+wheat to the flank of a machine-gun crew who
+were too busy on their front to know where
+his shots were coming from. He picked off
+seven Germans and dragged the gun back<span class="pagenum" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</span>
+with him. These incidents are not typical,
+but they serve to illustrate the many, many
+remarkable individual feats of heroism of the
+38th, under the stress of battle.</p>
+
+<p>No grander man lived than Lieutenant
+Kenneth P. Murray, killed in a flank attack
+which started in a line from the railway to
+the church in Mézy, drove in one hundred
+and eighty-five prisoners, but from which only
+three returned, the company commander and
+two privates. Lieutenant Mercer M. Phillips
+died on the railway with a blood-dripping
+bayonet on the rifle in his hands. Lieutenant
+David C. Calkins, whose troops blocked the
+enemy’s progress at the river edge until the
+barrage passed and those in his support could
+get into action, made the supreme sacrifice.</p>
+
+<p>Many, many other splendid souls, born
+leaders of brave men, joined the great majority
+with a smile on their lips and pistols
+empty.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Colonel Frank H. Adams, that
+great soldier with a lion’s heart, and yet who
+led his command by an irresistible personal
+magnetism, by precept and example and never
+an unkind word—that big, handsome, he-fighter
+won the Distinguished Service Cross
+by standing in the way of a whole regiment,
+not one that he had any direct connection
+with, but one nearby that was practically
+routed by the shock the 38th stood and fought
+back. He brought comparative order out of
+chaos and succeeded in getting them in a
+support position.</p>
+
+<p>We could mention hundreds of great deeds
+by great men on that day, but this is a story
+of the 38th, not of the indomitable spirits
+that go to make it up, or we would never
+reach the end.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>At 10 o’clock, on the 15th, our front was
+fairly cleared and we were beginning to feel
+that it was a great day, when something else
+happened. Can you, who were not with us,
+imagine how a prohibitionist feels on a yachting
+party? Completely surrounded by hell
+and damnation and can’t get off.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy had penetrated to our left like
+the boll weevil through a Southerner’s cotton
+patch and fortified himself with minenwerfers,
+machine guns and barbed wire. They
+did not penetrate to our right. No, they
+simply walked over and wondered how much
+of a hike it was to Paris. We were then
+aware of the reason for “Feverish preparations
+on the part of the French on our right.”</p>
+
+<p>Do you remember what we told you? We
+thought it was to fight, but evidently no such
+idea ever marred the sweet thoughts of the
+131st. Say what you please, make any defense
+you like. They weren’t there. And
+that’s the business we have in hand just now.
+They weren’t there. Whence they came or
+whither they went we know not. A. W. O.
+L. most likely, but that is neither here nor
+there.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of July 15, 1918, when
+Colonel McAlexander was hurling battalion
+after battalion of the 38th into the Surmelin
+valley, the Gateway to Paris, and out-fighting,
+out-maneuvering, out-generaling the
+Kaiser’s favorites, there were no friendly
+troops on our right where they had been on
+the evening of the 14th.</p>
+
+<p>However, thank God for a real soldier’s instinct.
+The Colonel had anticipated and was
+prepared to meet a right flank attack. Good
+old Captain Reid was there to meet them
+when they tried to consolidate their line
+through our regiment. He met them first
+with rifle fire, then with the bayonet, and
+finally with butts. He fought them all over
+the ridge and down on every side except our
+side. He never let them set foot on our sector
+of the Marne and though it cost him
+nearly his entire command he was there when
+fresher troops could get to him for relief.</p>
+
+<p>On the left we repulsed a heavy rear attack
+and a light flank attack with a handful
+of the most exhausted troops in France—old
+“G” company reduced to fifty-two men
+from two hundred and fifty-one—taking up
+new positions and fighting off ten to one is
+a picture that will ever live in the memory
+of the 38th.</p>
+
+<p>Major Rowe made desperate efforts to reinforce,
+but the Boche, just at that place,
+had us under direct fire of Austrian 88’s,
+German 77’s, and one pounders. You know
+what direct fire means. Effective forces can’t
+be sent against it, that’s all.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>So, for three days we fought on our flanks,
+for three days the German high command
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</span>gave us all they had in their desperation to
+open the gateway. The Colonel received an
+order. “Fall back if you think best.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_386" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_386.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">“THE DAY IS DONE.”</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">After a long, hard day, the voice of the bugle was a welcome sound to the ears of the tired soldiers.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>He answered, “Is it up to my decision?”</p>
+
+<p>The answer: “Yes.”</p>
+
+<p>The Colonel’s answer: “Then I hold my
+lines!”</p>
+
+<p>God, what a world of torture and yet solace
+in that answer! What a world of pain and
+joy! We were shot to ribbons, cut to small
+sections, unfed, and oh, so tired; but the drive
+would never have stopped once they consolidated
+their lines through the 38th.</p>
+
+<p>It was Paris for them and a terrible defeat
+for us if we withdrew and gave them
+the little Surmelin valley. The Colonel had
+been studying the attack orders taken from
+captured German officers and knew as no one
+else knew what it meant to fall back.</p>
+
+<p>He was there for a soldier’s purpose and
+did a soldier’s duty. He paid an awful price,
+made sacrifices of officers and men that tore
+his heart to pieces. But he held the Gateway
+to Paris and not only that, drove them
+back across the Marne and <em>followed them
+across</em>.</p>
+
+<p>Believe it or not, it was an absolute physical
+impossibility, but we went right on after them
+and fought them again at Jaulgonne—still
+nobody on our right, mind you—where for
+several days and several nights it steadily
+rained and where for the same length of time
+we hammered them with shot and bayonet
+until they fell back with such impetus that
+our next big battle was at Fismes on the
+River Vesle.</p>
+
+<p>One soldier was heard to remark: “I
+don’t see any more prisoners coming in. I
+wonder what can be the matter?”</p>
+
+<p>Second soldier: “Didn’t you hear the
+Colonel say he had all the information he
+needed?”</p>
+
+<p>There are not many of us left of the old
+38th. There has been considerable talk in
+French circles about “Regiment d’elite,” “unconquerable
+tenacity,” and the like. Yes, our
+flag is to be decorated with the Croix de
+Guerre and it is generally recognized in high
+French command that “McAlexander’s defense
+was peculiarly American in conception,
+plan and execution.” You see we have been
+under French command and our deeds have
+not been recounted at home. All the glory
+goes to the High Command.</p>
+
+<p>Things like this though, we keep close to
+our hearts:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+<p class="right">
+27 July, 1918.</p>
+<p class="no-indent">
+General Order I.<br>
+<span style="padding-left: 2em">(From the Field.)</span><br>
+To the Officers and Men of the<br>
+<span style="padding-left: 6em">38th U. S. Infantry.</span><br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The Colonel commanding the regiment wishes
+to praise you for the heroic manner in which
+you took your baptism of fire on July 15, 1918,
+upon the banks of the Marne. No regiment in
+the history of our nation has ever shown a finer
+spirit or performed a greater deed.</p>
+
+<p>Let us cherish within our hearts the memory
+of our fallen comrades. Salute them! Then
+forward!</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">McAlexander.</span><br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>And look at this for an official report and
+try to remember if in all history such a feat
+was ever before accomplished:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+<p class="right">
+<span style="padding-right: 1em">Headquarters, 38th U. S. Infantry.</span><br>
+A. P. O. 740, France, 8 August, 1918.</p>
+<p class="no-indent">
+From: Commanding Officer, 38th U. S. Infantry.<br>
+To: The Adjutant General, U. S. Army.<br>
+<span style="padding-left: 4em">(Through Military Channels.)</span><br>
+Subject: Capture of Prisoners from Three German Divisions.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>1. In the second battle of the Marne, July
+15-23, 1918, the 38th U. S. Infantry was attacked
+on the south bank of the Marne, July 15-18, by
+two German divisions, and it captured prisoners
+from each of their regiments, namely:</p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+<td class="tdl bl bt"></td>
+<td class="tdl">6th Grenadier Guards</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">10th Division</td>
+<td class="tdl bl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">47th Infantry</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+<td class="tdl bl bb"></td>
+<td class="tdl">398th Infantry</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr" style="height:10px"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+<td class="tdl bl bt"></td>
+<td class="tdl">5th Grenadier Guards</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">36th Division</td>
+<td class="tdl bl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">128th Infantry</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+<td class="tdl bl bb"></td>
+<td class="tdl">175th Infantry</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>2. On July 22, 1918, this regiment attacked the
+10th Division Landwehr on the north bank of
+Marne and captured prisoners from its three
+regiments, namely:</p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+<td class="tdl bl bt"></td>
+<td class="tdl">372nd Infantry</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">10th Division Landwehr</td>
+<td class="tdl bl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">377th Infantry</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+<td class="tdl bl bb"></td>
+<td class="tdl">378th Infantry</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>3. It is believed that the capture of prisoners
+from nine enemy regiments during nine days
+of battle constitutes a record justifying a report
+to the War Department.</p>
+
+<p>4. Identification of twenty-one separate and
+distinct regimental and other units were secured
+from enemy positions in front of this regiment.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">U. G. McAlexander</span>,<br>
+Colonel, 38th U. S. Infantry.<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3><span class="fs130 bold">FOOTNOTES:</span></h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> Military abbreviation for “absent without
+leave.”</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="AMERICAS_HIGHEST_WAR_HONOR">AMERICA’S HIGHEST WAR HONOR</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The 78 Soldiers Who Won the Congressional Medal of Honor for an
+Act of Supreme Courage</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">England’s</span> most coveted reward for
+heroism in battle is the Victoria Cross.
+France gives her <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Médaille Militaire</i>; Germany,
+her Iron Cross.</p>
+
+<p>There has been little need of war medals
+in the United States, but with the entrance
+of this country into the war Congress established
+its medal of honor—called by its full
+title, The Congressional Medal of Honor.</p>
+
+<p>This decoration is given only to those who
+achieve an act of supreme courage, or, as
+“General Orders” have it, to those who in
+action “have fought with conspicuous gallantry
+and intrepidity above and beyond the
+call of duty.”</p>
+
+<p>Seventy-eight of the 1,200,000 men in the
+A. E. F. received these awards. Fifty-seven
+of this number were enlisted men, twenty-one
+were officers. Nineteen awards were posthumous.
+For every 15,400 soldiers who were
+in action one received the Congressional
+Medal.</p>
+
+<p>The best showing was made by the 30th
+Division, the National Guard organization of
+the Carolinas and Tennessee. Second honors
+go to the 89th Division, which is the selective
+draft unit of Western Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska,
+Colorado, South Dakota, and New
+Mexico. The third largest is the 33rd or
+National Guard Division of Illinois. Fourth
+honors go to the famous 2nd Division of
+Regulars, which includes the Marines, while
+fifth place is shared by the two New York
+divisions, the 27th and 77th. The list follows:</p>
+
+
+<h3>1ST DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Colyer, Wilbur E., Sergeant</em>, Co. A, 1st Engineers,
+1st Division, Ozone Park, L. I.—Verdun,
+France, Oct. 9, 1918. Volunteering with two other
+soldiers to locate machine-gun nests, Sergeant
+Colyer advanced on the hostile positions to a
+point where he was half surrounded by the nests,
+which were in ambush. He killed the gunner of
+one gun with a captured German grenade and
+then turned this gun on the other nests, silencing
+all of them before he returned to his platoon. He
+was later killed in action.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Ellis, Michael B., Sergeant</em>, Co. C, 28th Infantry,
+1st Division, East St. Louis, Ill.—Exermont,
+France, Oct. 5, 1918. During the entire day’s
+engagement he operated far in advance of the
+first wave of his company, voluntarily undertaking
+most dangerous missions and single-handed attacking
+and reducing machine-gun nests. Flanking
+one emplacement, he killed two of the enemy
+with rifle fire and captured seventeen others. Later
+he single-handed advanced under heavy fire and
+captured twenty-seven prisoners, including two
+officers and six machine guns, which had been
+holding up the advance of the company. The
+captured officers indicated the locations of four
+other machine guns, and he in turn captured
+these, together with their crews, at all times
+showing marked heroism and fearlessness.</p>
+
+
+<h3>2ND DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Bart, Frank J., Private</em>, Co. C, 9th Infantry, 2nd
+Division, Newark, N. J.—Médéah Farm, France,
+Oct. 3, 1918. Private Bart, being on duty as a
+company runner, when the advance was held up
+by machine-gun fire voluntarily picked up an
+automatic rifle, ran out ahead of the line, and
+silenced a hostile machine-gun nest, killing the
+German gunners. The advance then continued,
+and, when it was again hindered shortly afterward
+by another machine-gun nest, this courageous
+soldier repeated his bold exploit by putting
+the second machine gun out of action.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Cukela, Louis, First Lieutenant</em>, 5th Regiment
+Marines, 2nd Division, Minneapolis, Minn.—Villers-Cotterets,
+France, July 18, 1918. When his
+company, advancing through a wood, met with
+strong resistance from an enemy strong point,
+Lieutenant Cukela (then Sergeant) crawled out
+from the flank and made his way toward the
+German lines in the face of heavy fire, disregarding
+the warnings of his comrades. He succeeded
+in getting behind the enemy position and rushed
+a machine-gun emplacement, killing or driving
+off the crew with his bayonet. With German hand
+grenades he then bombed out the remaining portion
+of the strong point, capturing four men and
+two damaged machine guns.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Hoffman, Charles F., Gunnery Sergeant</em>, 5th
+Regiment Marines, Second Division, Brooklyn, N.
+Y.—Château-Thierry, France, June 6, 1918. Immediately
+after the company to which he belonged
+had reached its objective on Hill 142, several
+hostile counter-attacks were launched against the
+line before the new position had been consolidated.
+Sergeant Hoffman was attempting to organize a
+position on the north slope of the hill when he
+saw twelve of the enemy, armed with five light
+machine guns, crawling toward his group. Giving
+the alarm, he rushed the hostile detachment,
+bayoneted the two leaders, and forced the others
+to flee, abandoning their guns. His quick action,
+initiative, and courage drove the enemy from a
+position from which they could have swept the
+hill with machine-gun fire and forced the withdrawal
+of our troops.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Kocak, Matej, Sergeant</em>, Co. C, 5th Regiment
+Marines, 2nd Division, Albany, N. Y.—Soissons,
+France, July 18, 1918. When the advance of his
+battalion was checked by a hidden machine-gun
+nest he went forward alone, unprotected by covering
+fire from his own men, and worked in
+between the German position in the face of fire
+from an enemy covering detachment. Locating
+the machine-gun nest, he rushed it, and with
+his bayonet drove off the crew. Shortly after
+this he organized twenty-five French colonial
+soldiers who had become separated from their
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</span>company, and led them in attacking another machine-gun
+nest, which was also put out of action.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_389" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_389.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">American Troops on Parade in Paris on July 4, 1919</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Immediately after the ceremonies incident to the naming of the “Avenue du President Wilson.”</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Kelly, John Joseph, Private</em>, 6th Regiment
+Marines, 2nd Division, Chicago, Ill.—Blanc Mont
+Ridge, France, Oct. 3, 1918. Private Kelly ran
+through our own barrage 100 yards in advance
+of the front line, and attacked an enemy machine-gun
+nest, killing the gunner with a grenade,
+shooting another member of the crew with his
+pistol, and returned through the barrage with
+eight prisoners.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Van Iersal, Louis, Sergeant</em>, Co. M, 9th Infantry,
+2nd Division, Newark, N. Y.—Mouzon,
+France, Nov. 9, 1918. While a member of the
+reconnoissance patrol sent out at night to ascertain
+the condition of a damaged bridge, Sergeant
+Van Iersal volunteered to lead a party across the
+bridge in the face of heavy machine-gun and rifle
+fire from a range of only 75 yards. Crawling
+alone along the débris of the ruined bridge, he
+came upon a trap, which gave away and precipitated
+him into the water. In spite of the swift
+current, he succeeded in swimming across the
+stream, and found a lodging place among the
+timbers on the opposite bank. Disregarding the
+enemy fire, he made a careful investigation of
+the hostile position by which the bridge was
+defended and then returned to the other bank
+of the river, reporting this valuable information
+to the battalion commander.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Pruitt, John H., Corporal</em>, 78th Co., 6th Regiment
+of Marines, 2nd Division, Phoenix, Ariz.—Blanc
+Mont Ridge, France, Oct. 3, 1918. Corporal
+Pruitt single-handed attacked two machine guns,
+capturing them and killing two of the enemy. He
+then captured forty prisoners in a dugout near
+by. This gallant soldier was killed soon afterward
+by shell fire while he was sniping at the
+enemy.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_390" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_390.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">Made in France</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">American locomotive builders assembling an engine in shops behind the battle lines.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<h3>3RD DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Barkley, John L., Private, first class</em>, Company
+K, 4th Infantry, 3rd Division, Blairstown, Mo.—Cunel,
+France, Oct. 7, 1918. Private Barkley,
+who was stationed in an observation post half a
+kilometer from the German line, on his own
+initiative repaired a captured enemy machine gun
+and mounted it in a disabled French tank near
+his post. Shortly afterward, when the enemy
+launched a counter-attack against our forces,
+Private Barkley got into the tank, waited under
+the hostile barrage until the enemy line was
+abreast of him, and then opened fire, completely
+breaking up the counter-attack and killing and
+wounding a large number of the enemy. Five
+minutes later an enemy 77-millimeter gun opened
+fire on the tank point blank. One shell struck
+the driver wheel of the tank, but this soldier,
+nevertheless, remained in the tank; and after the
+barrage ceased broke up a second enemy counter-attack,
+thereby enabling our forces to gain and
+hold Hill 253.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Hays, George Price, First Lieutenant</em>, 10th
+Field Artillery, 3rd Division, Okarchee, Okla.—Grèves
+Farm, France, July 14-15, 1918. At the
+very outset of the unprecedented artillery bombardment
+by the enemy of July 14-15, 1918, his
+line of communication was destroyed beyond repair.
+Despite the hazard attached to the mission
+of runner, he immediately set out to establish
+contact with the neighboring post of command;
+and, further established liaison with two French
+batteries, visiting their position so frequently that
+he was mainly responsible for the accurate fire
+therefrom. While thus engaged, seven horses
+were shot under him and he was severely wounded.
+His activity, under most severe fire was an
+important factor in checking the advance of the
+enemy.</p>
+
+
+<h3>5TH DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Allworth, Edward S., Captain</em>, 60th Infantry,
+5th Division, Crawford, Wash.—Cléry-le-Petit,
+France, Nov. 5, 1918. While his company was
+crossing the Meuse River and Canal at a bridgehead
+opposite Cléry-le-Petit, the bridge over the
+canal was destroyed by shell fire and Captain
+Allworth’s command became separated, part of
+it being on the east bank of the canal and the
+remainder on the west bank. Seeing his advance
+units making slow headway up the steep slope
+ahead, this officer mounted the canal bank and
+called for his men to follow. Plunging in, he
+swam across the canal under fire from the enemy,
+followed by his men. Inspiring his men by his
+example of gallantry, he led them up the slope,
+joining his hard-pressed platoons in front. By
+his personal leadership he forced the enemy back
+for more than a kilometer, overcoming machine-gun
+nests and capturing a hundred prisoners,
+whose number exceeded that of the men in his
+command. The exceptional courage and leadership
+displayed by Captain Allworth made possible
+the reëstablishment of a bridgehead over the
+canal and the successful advance of other troops.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Woodfill, Samuel, First Lieutenant</em>, 60th Infantry,
+5th Division, Fort Thomas, Ky.—Cunel,
+France, Oct. 12, 1918. While he was leading his
+company against the enemy his line came under
+heavy machine-gun fire, which threatened to hold
+up the advance. Followed by two soldiers at
+25 yards, this officer went out ahead of his first
+line toward a machine-gun nest and worked his
+way around its flank, leaving the two soldiers in
+front. When he got within 10 yards of the gun
+it ceased firing, and four of the enemy appeared,
+three of whom were shot by Lieutenant Woodfill.
+The fourth, an officer, rushed at Lieutenant
+Woodfill, who attempted to club the officer with
+his rifle. After a hand-to-hand struggle, Lieutenant
+Woodfill killed the officer with his pistol.
+His company thereupon continued to advance
+until shortly afterward another machine-gun nest
+was encountered. Calling his men to follow,
+Lieutenant Woodfill rushed ahead of his line in
+the face of heavy fire from the nest; and when
+several of the enemy appeared above the nest he
+shot them, capturing three other members of the
+crew and silencing the gun. A few minutes later
+this officer for the third time demonstrated conspicuous
+daring by charging another machine-gun
+position, killing five men in one machine-gun pit
+with his rifle. He then drew his revolver and
+started to jump into the pit, when two other
+gunners only a few yards away turned their gun
+on him. Failing to kill them with his revolver,
+he grabbed a pick lying near by and killed both
+of them. Inspired by the exceptional courage
+displayed by this officer, his men pressed on to
+their objective under severe shell and machine-gun
+fire.</p>
+
+
+<h3>26TH DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Dilboy, George, Private, first class</em>, Co. H, 103rd
+Infantry, 26th Division, Boston, Mass.—Belleau,
+France, July 18, 1918. After his platoon had
+gained its objective along a railroad embankment,
+Private Dilboy, accompanying his platoon
+leader to reconnoiter the ground beyond, was
+suddenly fired upon by an enemy machine gun
+from 100 yards. From a standing position on
+the railroad track, fully exposed to view, he
+opened fire at once, but, failing to silence the
+gun, rushed forward with his bayonet fixed
+through a wheat field toward the gun emplacement,
+falling within twenty-five yards of the gun
+with his right leg nearly severed above the knee
+and with several bullet holes in his body. With
+undaunted courage he continued to fire into the
+emplacement from a prone position, killing two
+of the enemy and dispersing the rest of the crew.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Perkins, Michael J., Private, first class</em>, Company
+D, 101st Infantry, 26th Division, Boston,
+Mass.—Belieu Bois, France, Oct. 27, 1918. He,
+voluntarily and alone, crawled to a German “pillbox”
+machine-gun emplacement, from which
+grenades were being thrown at his platoon.
+Awaiting his opportunity, when the door was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</span>
+again opened and another grenade thrown, he
+threw a bomb inside, bursting the door open;
+and then, drawing his trench knife, rushed into
+the emplacement. In a hand-to-hand struggle he
+killed or wounded several of the occupants and
+captured about twenty-five prisoners, at the same
+time silencing seven machine guns.</p>
+
+
+<h3>27TH DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Eggers, Alan Louis, Sergeant</em>, M. G. Company,
+107th Infantry, 27th Division, Summit, N. J.—Le
+Catelet, France, Sept. 29, 1918. Becoming separated
+from their platoon by a smoke barrage,
+Sergeant Eggers, Sergeant John C. Latham, and
+Corporal Thomas E. O’Shea took cover in a
+shell hole well within the enemy’s lines. Upon
+hearing a call for help from an American tank
+which had become disabled 30 yards from them,
+the three soldiers left their shelter and started
+toward the tank under heavy fire from German
+machine guns and trench mortars. In crossing
+the fire-swept area Corporal O’Shea was mortally
+wounded; but his companions, undeterred, proceeded
+to the tank, rescued a wounded officer,
+and assisted two wounded soldiers to cover in a
+sap of a nearby trench. Sergeant Eggers and Sergeant
+Latham then returned to the tank in the
+face of the violent fire, dismounted a Hotchkiss
+gun, and took it back to where the wounded men
+were, keeping off the enemy all day by effective
+use of the gun, and later bringing it, with the
+wounded men, back to our lines under cover of
+darkness.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_392" style="max-width: 54.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_392.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Two Officers of the United States Army Aviation Section, Lieutenant Morrow
+and Lieutenant Holliday, making a flight in a Burgess Tractor.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Gaffney, Frank, Private, first class</em>, 108th Infantry,
+27th Division, Lockport, N. Y.—Ronssoy,
+France, Sept. 29, 1918. Private Gaffney, an automatic
+rifleman, pushed forward alone with his
+gun, after all the other members of his squad had
+been killed, discovered several Germans placing
+a heavy machine gun in position. He killed the
+crew, captured the gun, bombed several dugouts,
+and, after killing four more of the enemy with
+his pistol, held the position until reinforcement
+came up, when eighty prisoners were captured.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Latham, John Cridland, Sergeant</em>, M. G. Co.,
+107th Infantry, 27th Division, Westmoreland,
+England.—Le Catelet, France, Sept. 29, 1918. Becoming
+separated from their platoon by a smoke
+barrage, Sergeant Latham, Sergeant Alan L. Eggers,
+and Corporal Thomas E. O’Shea took cover
+in a shell hole well within the enemy’s lines.
+Upon hearing a call for help from an American
+tank, which had become disabled thirty yards
+from them, the three soldiers left their shelter
+and started toward the tank under heavy fire
+from German machine guns and trench mortars.
+In crossing the fire-swept area Corporal O’Shea
+was mortally wounded, but his companions, undeterred,
+proceeded to the tank, rescued a
+wounded officer, and assisted two wounded soldiers
+to cover in the sap of a nearby trench.
+Sergeant Latham and Sergeant Eggers then returned
+to the tank, in the face of the violent fire,
+dismounted a Hotchkiss gun, and took it back
+to where the wounded men were, keeping off the
+enemy all day by effective use of the gun and
+later bringing it, with the wounded men, back to
+our lines under cover of darkness.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Luke, Frank, Jr., Lieutenant</em>, 27th Aero Squadron,
+Phoenix, Ariz.—Murvaux, France, Sept. 29,
+1918. After having previously destroyed a number
+of enemy aircraft within seventeen days, he
+voluntarily started on a patrol after German observation
+balloons. Though pursued by eight
+German planes, which were protecting the enemy
+balloon line, he unhesitatingly attacked and shot
+down in flames three German balloons, being
+himself under heavy fire from ground batteries
+and the hostile planes. Severely wounded, he
+descended to within fifty meters of the ground;
+and flying at this low altitude near the town of
+Murvaux, opened fire upon enemy troops, killing
+six and wounding as many more. Forced to
+make a landing and surrounded on all sides by
+the enemy, who called upon him to surrender,
+he drew his automatic pistol and defended himself
+gallantly until he fell dead from a wound
+in the chest.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>O’Shea, Thomas E., Corporal</em>, M. G. Co., 107th
+Infantry, 27th Division, Summit, N. J.—Le
+Catelet, France, Sept. 29, 1918. Becoming separated
+from their platoon by a smoke barrage.
+Corporal O’Shea, with two other soldiers, took
+cover in a shell hole well within the enemy’s
+lines. Upon hearing a call for help from an
+American tank, which had become disabled thirty
+yards from them, the three soldiers left their
+shelter and started toward the tank under heavy
+fire from German machine guns and trench mortars.
+In crossing the fire-swept area Corporal
+O’Shea was mortally wounded and died of his
+wounds shortly afterward.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Waalker, Reider, Sergeant</em>, Co. A, 105th Infantry,
+27th Division, Noretrand, Norway.—Ronssoy,
+France, Sept. 27, 1918. In the face of
+heavy artillery and machine-gun fire, he crawled
+forward in a burning British tank in which some
+of the crew were imprisoned, and succeeded in
+rescuing two men. Although the tank was then
+burning fiercely and contained ammunition which
+was likely to explode at any time, this soldier
+immediately returned to the tank, and, entering
+it, made a search for the other occupants, remaining
+until he satisfied himself that there were
+no more living men in the tank.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Turner, William S., First Lieutenant</em>, 105th
+Infantry, 27th Division, Dorchester, Mass.—Ronssoy,
+France, Sept. 27th, 1918. He led a small
+group of men to the attack, under terrific artillery
+and machine-gun fire, after they had become
+separated from the rest of the company
+in the darkness. Single-handed he rushed an
+enemy machine gun which had suddenly opened
+fire on his group and killed the crew with his
+pistol. He then pressed forward to another machine-gun
+post, 25 yards away, and had killed
+one gunner himself by the time the remainder
+of his detachment arrived and put the gun out
+of action. With the utmost bravery he continued
+to lead his men over three lines of hostile
+trenches, cleaning up each one as they advanced,
+regardless of the fact that he had been wounded
+three times, and killed several of the enemy in
+hand-to-hand encounters. After his pistol ammunition
+was exhausted, this gallant officer seized
+the rifle of a dead soldier, bayoneted several
+members of a machine-gun crew, and shot the
+others. Upon reaching the fourth-line trench,
+which was his objective, Lieutenant Turner captured
+it with the nine men remaining in his group,
+and resisted a hostile counter-attack until he was
+finally surrounded and killed.</p>
+
+
+<h3>28TH DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Mestrovitch, James I, Sergeant</em>, Co. C, 111th
+Infantry, 28th Division, Fresno, Cal.—Fismette,
+France, Aug. 10, 1918. Seeing his company commander
+lying wounded thirty yards in front of
+the line after his company had withdrawn to a
+sheltered position behind a stone wall, Sergeant
+Mestrovitch voluntarily left cover and crawled
+through heavy machine-gun and shell-fire to
+where the officer lay. He took the officer upon
+his back and crawled back to a place of safety,
+where he administered first-aid treatment, his
+exceptional heroism saving the officer’s life.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_394" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_394.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">“Listening In”</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">An American Signal Battalion outpost “listening in” on a suspicious wire somewhere in France. Complete telephone units
+including women operators went over with the American troops.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<h3>29TH DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Costin, Henry G., Private</em>, Co. H, 115th Infantry,
+29th Division, Cape Charles, Va.—Bois
+de Consenvoye, France, Oct. 8, 1918. When the
+advance of his platoon had been held up by
+machine-gun fire and a request was made for
+an automatic-rifle team to charge the nest, Private
+Costin was the first to volunteer. Advancing
+with his team under terrific fire of enemy artillery,
+machine guns, and trench mortars, he continued
+after all his comrades had become casualties,
+and he himself had been seriously wounded.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_395">[Pg 395]</span>He operated his rifle until he collapsed. His
+act resulted in the capture of about 100 prisoners
+and several machine guns. He succumbed from
+the effects of his wounds shortly after the accomplishment
+of his heroic deed.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Gregory, Earl D., Sergeant</em>, H. Q. Co., 116th
+Infantry, 29th Division, Chase City, Va.—Boise
+de Consenvoye, north of Verdun, France, Oct. 8,
+1918. With the remark, “I will get them,” Sergeant
+Gregory seized a rifle and a trench-mortar
+shell which he used as a hand grenade, left his
+detachment of the trench-mortar platoon, and,
+advancing ahead of the infantry, captured a machine
+gun and three of the enemy. Advancing
+still further from the machine-gun nest, he captured
+a 7.5-centimeter mountain howitzer, and,
+entering a dugout in the immediate vicinity, single-handed
+captured nineteen of the enemy.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Regan, Patrick, Second Lieutenant</em>, 115th Infantry,
+29th Division, Los Angeles, Cal.—Bois de
+Consenvoye, France, Oct. 8, 1918. While leading
+his platoon against a strong enemy machine-gun
+nest which had held up the advance of two
+companies, Lieut. Regan divided his men into
+three groups, sending one group to either flank,
+and he himself attacking with an automatic-rifle
+team from the front. Two of the team were
+killed outright, while Lieut. Regan and the third
+man were seriously wounded, the latter unable
+to advance. Although severely wounded, Lieut.
+Regan dashed with empty pistol into the machine-gun
+nest, capturing thirty Austrian gunners
+and four machine guns. This gallant deed permitted
+the companies to advance, avoiding a
+terrific enemy fire. Despite his wounds, he continued
+to lead his platoon forward until ordered
+to the rear by his commanding officer.</p>
+
+
+<h3>30TH DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Adkinson, Joseph B., Sergeant</em>, Co. C, 119th
+Infantry, 30th Division, Atoka, Tenn.—Bellicourt,
+France, Sept. 29, 1918. When murderous machine-gun
+fire at a range of fifty yards had made
+it impossible for his platoon to advance, and had
+caused the platoon to take cover, Sergeant Adkinson
+alone, with the greatest intrepidity, rushed
+across the fifty yards of open ground directly
+into the face of the hostile machine gun, kicked
+the gun from the parapet into the enemy trench,
+and at the point of the bayonet captured the
+three men manning the gun. The gallantry and
+quick decision of this soldier enabled the platoon
+to resume its advance.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Blackwell, Robert L., Private</em>, 119th Infantry,
+30th Division, Hurdles Mills, N. C.—Saint Souplet,
+France, Oct. 11, 1918. When his platoon
+was almost surrounded by the enemy and his
+platoon commander asked for volunteers to carry
+a message calling for reinforcements, Private
+Blackwell volunteered for this mission, well
+knowing the extreme danger connected with it.
+In attempting to get through the heavy shell and
+machine-gun fire this gallant soldier was killed.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Dozier, James C., First Lieutenant</em>, Co. G, 118th
+Infantry, 30th Division, Rock Hill, S. C.—Montbrehain,
+France, Oct. 8, 1918. In command of
+two platoons, Lieutenant Dozier was painfully
+wounded in the shoulder early in the attack, but
+he continued to lead his men, displaying the highest
+bravery and skill. When his command was
+held up by heavy machine-gun fire he disposed
+his men in the best cover available, and with a
+soldier continued forward to attack a machine-gun
+nest. Creeping up to the position in the
+face of intense fire, he killed the entire crew with
+hand grenades and his pistol; and a little
+later captured a number of Germans who had
+taken refuge in a dugout nearby.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Foster, Gary Evans, Sergeant</em>, Co. F, 118th
+Infantry, 30th Division, Inman, S. C.—Montbrehain,
+France, Oct. 8, 1918. When his company
+was held up by violent machine-gun fire
+from a sunken road Sergeant Foster, with an
+officer, went forward to attack the hostile machine-gun
+nests. The officer was wounded, but
+Sergeant Foster continued on alone in the face
+of heavy fire and by effective use of hand grenades
+and his pistol killed several of the enemy
+and captured eighteen.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Hall, Thomas Lee, Sergeant</em>, Co. G, 118th Infantry,
+30th Division, Fort Hill, S. C.—Montbrehain,
+France, Oct. 8, 1918. Having overcome
+two machine-gun nests under his skillful leadership,
+Sergeant Hall’s platoon was stopped 800
+yards from its final objective by machine-gun fire
+of particular intensity. Ordering his men to
+take cover in a sunken road, he advanced alone
+on the enemy machine-gun post and killed five
+members of the crew with his bayonet and
+thereby made possible the further advance of the
+line. While attacking another machine-gun nest
+later in the day this gallant soldier was mortally
+wounded.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Heriot, James D., Corporal</em>, Co. I, 118th Infantry,
+30th Division, Providence, S. C.—Vaux-Andigny,
+France, Oct. 12, 1918. Corporal Heriot,
+with four other soldiers, organized a combat
+group and attacked an enemy machine-gun nest
+which had been inflicting heavy casualties on his
+company. In the advance two of his men were
+killed, and because of the heavy fire from all
+sides the remaining two sought shelter. Unmindful
+of the hazard attached to his mission,
+Corporal Heriot, with fixed bayonet, alone
+charged the machine gun, making his way through
+the fire for a distance of thirty yards and forcing
+the enemy to surrender. During his exploit he
+received several wounds in the arm, and later in
+the same day, while charging another nest, he
+was killed.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Hilton, Richmond H., Sergeant</em>, Co. H, 118th
+Infantry, 30th Division, Westville, S. C.—Brancourt,
+France, Oct. 11, 1918. While Sergeant
+Hilton’s company was advancing through the village
+of Brancourt it was held up by intense<span class="pagenum" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</span>
+enfilading fire from a machine gun. Discovering
+that this fire came from a machine-gun nest
+among shell holes at the edge of the town, Sergeant
+Hilton, accompanied by a few other soldiers
+but well in advance of them, pressed on
+toward this position, firing with his rifle until his
+ammunition was exhausted, and then with his
+pistol killing six of the enemy and capturing ten.
+In the course of this daring exploit he received
+a wound from a bursting shell, which resulted
+in the loss of his arm.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Karnes, James E., Sergeant</em>, Co. D, 117th Infantry,
+30th Division, Knoxville, Tenn.—Estrées,
+France, Oct. 8, 1918. During an advance his
+company was held up by a machine gun which
+was enfilading the line. Accompanied by another
+soldier, he advanced against this position
+and succeeded in reducing the nest by killing
+three and capturing seven of the enemy and their
+guns.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Lemert, Milo, First Sergeant</em>, Co. H, 119th
+Infantry, 30th Division, Grossville, Tenn.—Bellicourt,
+France, Sept. 29, 1918. Seeing that the
+left flank of his company was held up, he located
+the enemy machine-gun emplacement which
+had been causing heavy casualties. In the face
+of heavy fire he rushed it single-handed, killing
+the entire crew with grenades. Continuing along
+the enemy trench in advance of the company, he
+reached another emplacement which he also
+charged, silencing the gun with grenades. A
+third machine-gun emplacement opened upon him
+from the left, and, with similar skill and bravery,
+he destroyed this also. Later, in company with
+another sergeant, he attacked a fourth machine-gun
+nest, being killed as he reached the parapet
+of the emplacement. His courageous action in
+destroying in turn four enemy machine-gun nests
+prevented many casualties among his company
+and very materially aided in achieving the objective.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Talley, Edward R., Sergeant</em>, Co. L, 117th Infantry,
+30th Division, Russellville, Tenn.—Ponchaux,
+France, Oct. 7, 1918. Undeterred by seeing
+several comrades killed in attempting to put
+a hostile machine-gun nest out of action, Sergeant
+Talley attacked the position single-handed.
+Armed only with a rifle, he rushed the nest in
+the face of intense enemy fire, killed or wounded
+at least six of the crew, and silenced the gun.
+When the enemy attempted to bring forward
+another gun and ammunition, he drove them back
+by effective fire from his rifle.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Villepigue, John C., Corporal</em>, Co. M, 118th
+Infantry, 30th Division, Camden, S. C.—Vaux-Andigny,
+France, Oct. 15, 1918. Having been
+sent out with two other soldiers to scout through
+the village of Vaux-Andigny, he met with strong
+resistance from enemy machine-gun fire, which
+killed one of his men and wounded the other.
+Continuing forward without aid, 500 yards in
+advance of his platoon and in the face of enemy
+machine-gun and artillery fire, he encountered
+four of the enemy in a dugout, whom he attacked
+and killed with a hand grenade. Crawling
+forward to a point 150 yards in advance of
+his first encounter, he rushed a machine-gun nest,
+killing four and capturing six of the enemy and
+taking two light machine guns. After being
+joined by his platoon he was severely wounded
+in the arm.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Ward, Calvin, Private</em>, Co. D, 117th Infantry,
+30th Division, Morristown, Tenn.—Estrées,
+France, Oct. 8, 1918. During an advance Private
+Ward’s company was held up by a machine gun,
+which was enfilading the line. Accompanied by
+a non-commissioned officer, he advanced against
+this post and succeeded in reducing the nest by
+killing three and capturing seven of the enemy
+and their guns.</p>
+
+
+<h3>31ST DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Slack, Clayton K., Private</em>, Co. E, 124th Infantry,
+31st Division, Lampson, Wis.—Consenvoye,
+France, Oct. 8, 1918. Observing German
+soldiers under cover fifty yards away on the left
+flank, Private Slack, upon his own initiative,
+rushed them with his rifle, and, single-handed,
+captured ten prisoners and two heavy-type machine
+guns, thus saving his company and neighboring
+organizations from heavy casualties.</p>
+
+
+<h3>33RD DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Allex, Jake, Corporal</em>, Co. H, 131st Infantry,
+33rd Division, Chicago.—At Chipilly Ridge,
+France, Aug. 9, 1918. At a critical point in the
+action, when all the officers with his platoon
+had become casualties, Corporal Allex took command
+of the platoon and led it forward until the
+advance was stopped by fire from a machine-gun
+nest. He then advanced alone for about thirty
+yards in the face of intense fire and attacked the
+nest. With his bayonet he killed five of the
+enemy, and when it was broken used the butt
+end of his rifle, capturing fifteen prisoners.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Anderson, Johannes S., Sergeant</em>, Co. B, 132d
+Infantry, 33rd Division, Chicago, Ill.—Consenvoye,
+France, Oct. 8, 1918. While his company
+was being held up by intense artillery and machine-gun
+fire, Sergeant Anderson, without aid,
+voluntarily left the company and worked his way
+to the rear of the nest that was offering the
+most stubborn resistance. His advance was made
+through an open area and under constant hostile
+fire; but the mission was successfully accomplished,
+and he not only silenced the gun and
+captured it, but also brought back with him
+twenty-three prisoners.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Gumpertz, Sydney G., First Sergeant</em>, Co. E,
+132nd Infantry, 33rd Division, New York City.—Bois
+de Forges, France, Sept. 26, 1918. When
+the advancing line was held up by machine-gun
+fire, Sergeant Gumpertz left the platoon of which
+he was in command, and started with two other<span class="pagenum" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</span>
+soldiers through a heavy barrage toward the
+machine-gun nest. His two companions soon became
+casualties from bursting shell, but Sergeant
+Gumpertz continued on alone in the face
+of direct fire from the machine gun, jumped into
+the nest and silenced the gun, capturing nine of
+the crew.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Hill, Ralyn, Corporal</em>, Co. H, 129th Infantry,
+33rd Division, Oregon, Ill.—Dannevoux, France,
+Oct. 7, 1918. Seeing a French aeroplane fall out
+of control on the enemy side of the Meuse River
+with its pilot injured, Corporal Hill voluntarily
+dashed across the footbridge to the side of the
+wounded man, and, taking him on his back,
+started back to his lines. During the entire
+exploit he was subjected to murderous fire of
+enemy machine guns and artillery, but he successfully
+accomplished his mission and brought
+his man to a place of safety, a distance of several
+hundred yards.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Loman, Berger, Private</em>, Co. H, 132nd Infantry,
+33rd Division, Chicago.—Consenvoye, France, Oct.
+9, 1918. When his company had reached a point
+within 100 yards of its objective, to which it
+was advancing under terrific machine-gun fire,
+Private Loman, voluntarily and unaided, made
+his way forward, after all others had taken
+shelter from the direct fire of an enemy machine
+gun. He crawled to a flank position of the gun,
+and, after killing or capturing the entire crew,
+turned the machine gun on the retreating enemy.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Mallon, George H., Captain</em>, 132nd Infantry,
+33rd Division, Kansas City, Mo.—Bois de Forges,
+France, Sept. 26, 1918. Becoming separated from
+the balance of his company because of a fog,
+Captain Mallon, with nine soldiers, pushed forward
+and attacked nine active hostile machine
+guns, capturing all of them without the loss of
+a man. Continuing on through the woods, he
+led his men in attacking a battery of four 155-millimeter
+howitzers, which were in action, rushing
+the position and capturing the battery and
+its crew. In this encounter Captain Mallon personally
+attacked one of the enemy with his fists.
+Later, when the party came upon two more machine
+guns, this officer sent men to the flanks
+while he rushed forward directly in the face
+of the fire and silenced the guns, being the first
+one of the party to reach the nest. The exceptional
+gallantry and determination displayed
+by Captain Mallon resulted in the capture of
+100 prisoners, eleven machine guns, four 155-millimeter
+howitzers, and one anti-aircraft gun.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Pope, Thomas A., Corporal</em>, Co. E, 131st Infantry,
+33rd Division, Chicago.—Hamel, France,
+July 4, 1918. His company was advancing behind
+the tanks when it was halted by hostile machine-gun
+fire. Going forward alone, he rushed a
+machine-gun nest, killed several of the crew with
+his bayonet, and, standing astride of his gun,
+held off the others until reinforcements arrived
+and captured them.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Sandlin, Willie, Private</em>, Co. A, 132nd Infantry,
+33rd Division, Hayden, Ky.—Bois de Forges,
+France, Sept. 26, 1918. He showed conspicuous
+gallantry in action by advancing alone directly
+on a machine-gun nest which was holding up
+the line with its fire. He killed the crew with
+a grenade and enabled the line to advance. Later
+in the day he attacked alone and put out of
+action two other machine-gun nests, setting a
+splendid example of bravery and coolness to his
+comrades.</p>
+
+
+<h3>35TH DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Skinker, Alexander R., Captain</em>, 138th Infantry,
+35th Division, St. Louis, Mo.—Cheppy, France,
+Sept. 26, 1918. Unwilling to sacrifice his men
+when his company was held up by terrific machine-gun
+fire from iron “pill boxes” in the
+Hindenburg line, Captain Skinker personally led
+an automatic rifleman and a carrier in an attack
+on the machine guns. The carrier was killed
+instantly, but Captain Skinker seized the ammunition
+and continued through an opening in
+the barbed wire, feeding the automatic rifle until
+he, too, was killed.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Wold, Nels, Private</em>, Co. I, 138th Infantry, 35th
+Division, McIntosh, Minn.—Cheppy, France,
+Sept. 26, 1918. He rendered most gallant service
+in aiding the advance of his company, which had
+been held up by machine-gun nests, advancing
+with one other soldier and silencing the guns,
+bringing with him upon his return eleven prisoners.
+Later the same day he jumped from a
+trench and rescued a comrade who was about
+to be shot by a German officer, killing the officer
+during the exploit. His actions were entirely
+voluntary, and it was while attempting to rush
+a fifth machine-gun nest that he was killed. The
+advance of his company was mainly due to his
+great courage and devotion to duty.</p>
+
+
+<h3>36TH DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Sampler, Samuel H., Sergeant</em>, Co. M, 142nd
+Infantry, 36th Division, Mangum, Okla.—St.
+Etienne, France, Oct. 8, 1918. His company having
+suffered severe casualties during an advance
+under machine-gun fire, was finally stopped.
+Sergeant Sampler, then a Corporal, detected the
+position of the enemy machine guns on an elevation.
+Armed with German hand grenades,
+which he had picked up, he left the line and
+rushed forward in the face of heavy fire until
+he was near the hostile nest, where he grenaded
+the position. His third grenade landed among
+the enemy, killing two, silencing the machine
+guns and causing the surrender of twenty-eight
+Germans, whom he sent to the rear as prisoners.
+As a result of his act the company was immediately
+enabled to resume the advance.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Turner, Harold L., Corporal</em>, Co. F, 142nd Infantry,
+36th Division, Seminole, Okla.—St.
+Etienne, France, Oct. 8, 1918. After his platoon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</span>
+had started the attack, Corporal Turner assisted
+in organizing a platoon consisting of the battalion
+scouts, runners, and a detachment of the
+Signal Corps. As second in command of this
+platoon, he fearlessly led them forward through
+heavy enemy fire, continually encouraging the
+men. Later he encountered deadly machine-gun
+fire which reduced the strength of his command
+to but four men, and these were obliged to take
+shelter. The enemy machine-gun emplacement,
+twenty-five yards distant, kept up a continual fire
+from four machine guns. After the fire had
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_399">[Pg 399]</span>shifted momentarily, Corporal Turner rushed
+forward with fixed bayonet and charged the
+position alone, capturing the strong point, with
+a complement of fifty Germans and four machine
+guns. His remarkable display of courage and
+fearlessness was instrumental in destroying the
+strong point, the fire from which had blocked
+the advance of his company.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_398" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_398.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">American Troops at the Double-Quick</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">This picture shows our boys charging on snow-covered ground.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<h3>42ND DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Manning, Sidney E., Corporal</em>, Co. C, 167th
+Infantry, 42nd Division, Flomaton, Ala.—Breuvannes,
+France, July 28, 1918. When his platoon
+commander and platoon sergeant had both become
+casualties soon after the beginning of an
+assault on strongly fortified heights overlooking
+the Ourcq River, Corporal Manning took command
+of his platoon, which was near the center
+of the attacking line. Though himself severely
+wounded, he led forward the thirty-five men remaining
+in the platoon, and finally succeeded in
+gaining a foothold on enemy position, during
+which time he had received more wounds, and
+all but seven of his men had fallen. Directing
+the consolidation of the position, he held off a
+large body of the enemy only fifty yards away
+by fire from his automatic rifle. He declined
+to take cover until the line had been entirely
+consolidated with the line of the platoon on the
+flank, when he dragged himself to shelter, suffering
+from nine wounds in all parts of the body.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Neibaur, Thomas C., Private</em>, Co. M, 167th
+Infantry, 42nd Division, Sumner City, Idaho.—Landers,
+St. Georges, France, Oct. 16, 1918. On
+the afternoon of Oct. 16, 1918, when the Côte de
+Chatillon had just been gained after bitter fighting
+and the summit of that strong bulwark in
+the Kriemhilde Stellung was being organized,
+Private Neibaur was sent out on patrol with
+his automatic-rifle squad to enfilade enemy machine-gun
+nests. As he gained the ridge he set
+up his automatic rifle and was directly thereafter
+wounded in both legs by fire from a hostile
+machine gun on his flank. The advance wave of
+the enemy troops counter-attacking had about
+gained the ridge; and, although practically cut
+off and surrounded, the remainder of his detachment
+being killed or wounded, this gallant soldier
+kept his automatic rifle in operation to such
+effect that by his own efforts and by fire from
+the skirmish line of his company, at least 100
+yards in his rear, the attack was checked. The
+enemy wave being halted and lying prone, four
+of the enemy attacked Private Neibaur at close
+quarters. These he killed. He then moved along
+among the enemy lying on the ground about
+him. In the midst of the fire from his own lines,
+and by coolness and gallantry, he captured eleven
+prisoners at the point of his pistol, and, although
+painfully wounded, brought them back
+to our lines. The counter-attack in full force
+was arrested, to a large extent, by the single
+efforts of this soldier, whose heroic exploits took
+place against the sky line in full view of his
+entire battalion.</p>
+
+
+<h3>77TH DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Kaufman, Benjamin, First Sergeant</em>, Co. K,
+308th Infantry, 77th Division, Brooklyn, N. Y.—Forest
+d’Argonne, France, Oct. 4, 1918. He took
+out a patrol for the purpose of attacking an
+enemy machine gun which had checked the advance
+of his company. Before reaching the gun
+he became separated from his patrol, and a machine-gun
+bullet shattered his right arm. Without
+hesitation he advanced on the gun alone,
+throwing grenades with his left hand and charging
+with an empty pistol, taking one prisoner and
+scattering the crew, bringing the gun and prisoner
+back to the first-aid station.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>McMurtry, George G., Captain</em>, 308th Infantry,
+77th Division, New York City.—Forest d’Argonne,
+France, Oct. 2-8, 1918. Captain McMurtry
+commanded a battalion which was cut off
+and surrounded by the enemy; and, although
+wounded in the knee by shrapnel on Oct. 4th and
+suffering great pain, he continued throughout
+the entire period to encourage his officers and
+men with a resistless optimism that contributed
+largely toward preventing panic and disorder
+among the troops who, without food, were cut
+off from communication with our lines. On Oct.
+4th, during a heavy barrage, he personally directed
+and supervised the moving of the wounded
+to shelter before himself seeking shelter. On
+Oct. 6th, he was again wounded in the shoulder
+by a German grenade, but continued personally
+to organize and direct the defense against the
+German attack on the position until the attack
+was defeated. He continued to direct and command
+his troops, refusing relief, and after assistance
+arrived personally led his men out of
+the position before permitting himself to be
+taken to the hospital on Oct. 8th. During this
+period the successful defense of the position was
+due largely to his efforts.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Miles, L. Wardlaw, Captain</em>, 308th Infantry,
+77th Division, Princeton, N. J.—Révillon, France,
+Sept. 14, 1918. Captain Miles volunteered to
+lead his company in a hazardous attack on a
+commanding trench position near the Aisne
+Canal, which other troops had previously attempted
+to take without success. His company
+immediately met with intense machine-gun fire,
+against which it had no artillery assistance, but
+Captain Miles preceded the first wave and assisted
+in cutting a passage through the enemy’s
+wire entanglements. In so doing he was wounded
+five times by machine-gun bullets, both legs
+and one arm being fractured, whereupon he
+ordered himself placed on a stretcher and had
+himself carried forward to the enemy trench in
+order that he might encourage and direct his
+company, which by this time had suffered numerous
+casualties. Under the inspiration of this
+officer’s indomitable spirit his men held the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_400">[Pg 400]</span>
+hostile position and consolidated the front line
+after an action lasting two hours, at the conclusion
+of which Captain Miles was carried to
+the aid station against his will.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Peck, Archie A., Private</em>, Co. A, 307th Infantry,
+77th Division, Hornell, N. Y.—Forest d’Argonne,
+France, Oct. 6, 1918. While engaged with two
+other soldiers on patrol duty he and his comrades
+were subjected to the direct fire of an enemy
+machine gun, at which time both his companions
+were wounded. Returning to his company, he
+obtained another soldier to accompany him to
+assist in bringing in the wounded men. His
+assistant was killed in the exploit, but he continued
+on, twice returning, and safely bringing
+in both men, being under terrific machine-gun
+fire during the entire journey.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Smith, Frederick E., Lieutenant Colonel</em>, 308th
+Infantry, 77th Division, Portland, Ore.—Binarville,
+France, Sept. 28, 1918. When communication
+from the forward regimental post of command
+to the battalion leading the advance had
+been interrupted temporarily by the infiltration
+of small parties of the enemy armed with machine
+guns, Lieut. Col. Smith personally led a
+party of two other officers and ten soldiers, and
+went forward to re-establish runner posts and
+carry ammunition to the front line. The guide
+became confused and the party strayed to the
+left flank beyond the outposts of supporting
+troops, suddenly coming under fire from a group
+of enemy machine guns only fifty yards away.
+Shouting to the other members of his party to
+take cover, this officer, in disregard of his own
+danger, drew his pistol and opened fire on the
+German gun crew. About this time he fell, severely
+wounded in the side; but, regaining his
+footing, he continued to fire on the enemy until
+most of the men in his party were out of danger.
+Refusing first-aid treatment, he then made his
+way in plain view of the enemy to a hand
+grenade dump and returned under continued
+heavy machine-gun fire for the purpose of making
+another attack on the enemy emplacements.
+As he was attempting to ascertain the exact
+location of the nearest nest, he again fell, mortally
+wounded.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Whittlesey, Charles W., Lieutenant Colonel</em>,
+308th Infantry, 77th Division, Pittsfield, Mass.—Binarville,
+in the Forest d’ Argonne, France,
+Oct. 2-7, 1918. Although cut off for five days
+from the remainder of his division, Major Whittlesey
+maintained his position which he had
+reached under orders received for an advance;
+and held his command, consisting originally of
+463 officers and men of the 308th Infantry and
+of Company K of the 307th Infantry together,
+in the face of superior numbers of the enemy
+during the five days. Major Whittlesey and his
+command were thus cut off, and no rations or
+other supplies reached him, in spite of determined
+efforts which were made by his division.
+On the fourth day Major Whittlesey received
+from the enemy a written proposition to surrender,
+which he treated with contempt, although
+he was at that time out of rations and had suffered
+a loss of about 50 percent. in killed and
+wounded of his command and was surrounded
+by the enemy.</p>
+
+
+<h3>78TH DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Sawelson, William, Sergeant</em>, Co. —, 312th
+Infantry, 78th Division, Harrison, N. J.—Grandpré,
+France, Oct. 26, 1918. Hearing a wounded
+man in a shell hole some distance away calling
+for water, Sergeant Sawelson, upon his own
+initiative, left shelter and crawled through heavy
+machine-gun fire to where the man lay, giving
+him what water he had in his canteen. He then
+went back to his own shell hole, obtained more
+water and was returning to the wounded man
+when he was killed by a machine-gun bullet.</p>
+
+
+<h3>82ND DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Pike, Emory J., Lieutenant Colonel</em>, Division
+Machine Gun Officer, 82nd Division, Des Moines,
+Iowa.—Vandières, France, Sept. 15, 1918. Having
+gone forward to reconnoiter new machine-gun
+positions, Colonel Pike offered his assistance
+in reorganizing advance infantry units, which
+had become disorganized during a heavy artillery
+shelling. He succeeded in locating only about
+twenty men, but with these he advanced; and
+when later joined by several infantry platoons
+rendered inestimable service in establishing outposts,
+encouraging all by his cheeriness, in spite
+of the extreme danger of the situation. When
+a shell had wounded one of the men in the outpost,
+Colonel Pike immediately went to his aid
+and was severely wounded himself when another
+shell burst in the same place. While waiting
+to be brought to the rear, Colonel Pike continued
+in command, still retaining his jovial manner
+of encouragement, directing the reorganization
+until the position could be held. The entire
+operation was carried on under terrific bombardment;
+and the example of courage and devotion
+to duty, as set by Colonel Pike, established the
+highest standard of morale and confidence to all
+under his charge. The wounds he received were
+the cause of his death.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>York, Alvin C., Sergeant</em>, Co. G, 328th Infantry,
+82nd Division, Pall Mall, Tenn.—Châtel-Chéhéry,
+France, Oct. 8, 1918. After his platoon had suffered
+heavy casualties and three other non-commissioned
+officers had become casualties, Corporal
+York assumed command. Fearlessly leading
+seven men, he charged, with great daring, a
+machine-gun nest which was pouring deadly and
+incessant fire upon his platoon. In this heroic
+feat the machine-gun nest was taken, together
+with four officers and 128 men and several guns.</p>
+
+
+<h3>89TH DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Barger, Charles D., Private, first class</em>, Co. L,
+354th Infantry, 89th Division, Stotts City, Mo.—Bois<span class="pagenum" id="Page_401">[Pg 401]</span>
+de Bantheville, France, Oct. 31, 1918. Learning
+that two daylight patrols had been caught out
+in No Man’s Land and were unable to return,
+Private Barger and another stretcher bearer, upon
+their own initiative, made two trips 500 yards
+beyond our lines, under constant machine-gun fire,
+and rescued two wounded officers.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Barkeley, David B., Private</em>, Co. A, 356 Infantry,
+89th Division, San Antonio, Texas.—Pouilly,
+France, Nov. 9, 1918. When information
+was desired as to the enemy’s position on
+the opposite side of the River Meuse, Private
+Barkeley, with another soldier, volunteered without
+hesitation and swam the river to reconnoiter
+the exact location. He succeeded in reaching the
+opposite bank, despite the evident determination
+of the enemy to prevent a crossing. Having obtained
+his information, he again entered the water
+for his return, but before his goal was reached
+he was seized with cramps and drowned.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Chiles, Marcellus H., Captain</em>, 356th Infantry,
+89th Division, Denver, Col.—Le Champy-Bas,
+France, Nov. 3, 1918. When his battalion, of
+which he had just taken command, was halted
+by machine-gun fire from the front and left flank
+he picked up the rifle of a dead soldier and,
+calling on his men to follow, led the advance
+across a stream, waist deep, in the face of the
+machine-gun fire. Upon reaching the opposite
+bank this gallant officer was seriously wounded
+in the abdomen by a sniper; but before permitting
+himself to be evacuated he made complete arrangements
+for turning over his command to
+the next senior officer; and under the inspiration
+of his fearless leadership his battalion reached
+its objective. Captain Chiles died shortly after
+reaching the hospital.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Forrest, Arthur J., Sergeant</em>, Co. D, 354th Infantry,
+89th Division, Hannibal, Mo.—Rémonville,
+France, Nov. 1, 1918. When the advance of his
+company was stopped by bursts of fire from a
+nest of six enemy machine guns, he worked his
+way single-handed without being discovered to
+a point within fifty yards of the machine-gun
+nest. Charging, single-handed, he drove out the
+enemy in disorder, thereby protecting the advance
+platoon from annihilating fire, and permitting the
+resumption of the advance of his company.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Funk, Jesse N., Private, first class</em>, 354th Infantry,
+89th Division, Calnan, Col.—Bois de
+Bantheville, France, Oct. 31, 1918. Learning that
+two daylight patrols had been caught out in No
+Man’s Land and were unable to return, Private
+Funk and another stretcher bearer, upon their
+own initiative, made two trips 500 yards beyond
+our lines, under constant machine-gun fire, and
+rescued two wounded officers.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Furlong, Richard A., First Lieutenant</em>, 353rd Infantry,
+89th Division, Detroit, Mich.—Bantheville,
+France, Nov. 1, 1918. Immediately after the
+opening of the attack in the Bois de Bantheville,
+when his company was held up by severe machine-gun
+fire from the front, which killed his
+company commander and several soldiers, Lieutenant
+Furlong moved out in advance of the line
+with great courage and coolness, crossing an
+open space several hundred yards wide. Taking
+up a position behind the line of machine guns,
+he closed in on them, one at a time, killing a
+number of the enemy with his rifle, putting four
+machine-gun nests out of action, and driving
+twenty German prisoners into our lines.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Hatler, M. Waldo, Sergeant</em>, Co. B, 356th Infantry,
+89th Division, Neosho, Mo.—Pouilly,
+France, Nov. 8, 1918. When volunteers were
+called for to secure information as to the enemy’s
+position on the opposite bank of the Meuse River,
+Sergeant Hatler was the first to offer his services
+for this dangerous mission. Swimming across
+the river, he succeeded in reaching the German
+lines after another soldier who had started with
+him had been seized with cramps and drowned
+in midstream. Alone he carefully and courageously
+reconnoitered the enemy’s positions, which
+were held in force, and again successfully swam
+the river, bringing back information of great
+value.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Johnston, Harold I., Sergeant</em>, Co. A, 356th Infantry,
+89th Division, Denver, Col.—Pouilly,
+France, Nov. 9, 1918. When information was desired
+as to the enemy’s position on the opposite
+side of the River Meuse, Sergeant Johnston, with
+another soldier, volunteered without hesitation
+and swam the river to reconnoiter the exact
+location of the enemy. He succeeded in reaching
+the opposite bank, despite the evident determination
+of the enemy to prevent a crossing.
+Having obtained his information, he again entered
+the water for his return. This was accomplished
+after a severe struggle, which so exhausted
+him that he had to be assisted from the
+water, after which he rendered his report of the
+exploit.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Wickersham, J. Hunter, Second Lieutenant</em>,
+353rd Infantry, 89th Division, Denver, Col.—Limey,
+France, Sept. 12, 1918. Advancing with
+his platoon during the St. Mihiel offensive, he
+was severely wounded in four places by the
+bursting of a high-explosive shell. Before receiving
+any aid for himself he dressed the wounds
+of his orderly who was wounded at the same time.
+Then, although weakened by the loss of blood,
+he ordered and accompanied the further advance
+of his platoon. His right hand and arm being
+disabled by wounds, he continued to fire his revolver
+with his left hand, until, exhausted by
+loss of blood, he fell and died from his wounds
+before aid could be administered.</p>
+
+
+<h3>91ST DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Katz, Philip C., Sergeant</em>, Co. C, 363rd Infantry,
+91st Division, San Francisco, Cal.—Eclis-fontaine,
+France, Sept. 26, 1918. After his company<span class="pagenum" id="Page_402">[Pg 402]</span>
+had withdrawn for a distance of 200 yards
+on a line with the units on its flanks, Sergeant
+Katz learned that one of his comrades had been
+left wounded in an exposed position at the point
+from which the withdrawal had taken place.
+Voluntarily crossing an area swept by heavy machine-gun
+fire, he advanced to where the wounded
+soldier lay and carried him to a place of safety.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Miller, Oscar F., Major</em>, 361st Infantry, 91st Division,
+Los Angeles, Cal.—Gesnes, France, Sept.
+28, 1918. After two days of intense physical and
+mental strain, during which Major Miller had
+led his battalion in the front line of the advance
+through the forest of Argonne, the enemy was
+met in a prepared position south of Gesnes.
+Though almost exhausted, he energetically reorganized
+his battalion and ordered an attack.
+Upon reaching open ground, the advancing line
+began to waver in the face of machine-gun fire
+from the front and flanks, and direct artillery
+fire. Personally leading his command group
+forward between his front line companies, Major
+Miller inspired his men by his personal courage;
+and they again pressed on toward the hostile
+position. As this officer led the renewed attack
+he was shot in the right leg, but he nevertheless
+staggered forward at the head of his command.
+Soon afterward he was again shot in the right
+arm, but he continued the charge, personally
+cheering his troops on through the heavy machine-gun
+fire. Just before the objective was
+reached he received a wound in the abdomen
+which forced him to the ground, but he continued
+to urge his men on, telling them to push
+on to the next ridge and leave him where he
+lay. He died from his wounds a few days later.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Seibert, Lloyd M., Sergeant</em>, Co. F., 364th Infantry,
+91st Division, Salinas, Cal.—Epinonville,
+France, Sept. 26, 1918. Suffering from illness,
+Sergeant Seibert remained with his platoon and
+led his men with the highest courage and leadership
+under heavy shell and machine-gun fire.
+With two other soldiers he charged a machine-gun
+emplacement in advance of their company,
+he himself killing one of the enemy with a shotgun
+and captured two others. In this encounter
+he was wounded, but he nevertheless continued
+in action; and when a withdrawal was ordered
+he returned with the last unit, assisting a wounded
+comrade. Later in the evening he volunteered
+and carried in wounded until he fainted from
+exhaustion.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>West, Chester H., First Sergeant</em>, Co. D, 363rd
+Infantry, 91st Division, Idaho, Falls, Idaho.—Bois
+de Cheppy, France, Sept. 26, 1918. While
+making his way through a thick fog with his
+automatic-rifle section, his advance was halted
+by direct and unusual machine-gun fire from
+two guns. Without aid he at once dashed through
+the fire, and attacking the nest killed two of the
+gunners, one of whom was an officer. This
+prompt and decisive hand-to-hand encounter on
+his part enabled his company to advance further
+without the loss of a man.</p>
+
+
+<h3>93RD DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Robb, George S., First Lieutenant</em>, 369th Infantry,
+93rd Division, Saline, Kan.—Séchault,
+France, Sept 29-30, 1918. While leading his
+platoon in the assault on Séchault, Lieutenant
+Robb was severely wounded by machine-gun fire;
+but rather than go to the rear for proper treatment
+he remained with his platoon until ordered
+to the dressing station by his commanding officer.
+Returning within forty-five minutes, he remained
+on duty throughout the entire night, inspecting
+his lines and establishing outposts. Early the
+next morning he was again wounded, once again
+displaying his remarkable devotion to duty by
+remaining in command of his platoon. Later the
+same day a bursting shell added two more
+wounds, the same shell killing his commanding
+officer and two officers of his company. He
+then assumed command of the company and organized
+its position in the trenches. Displaying
+wonderful courage and tenacity at the critical
+times, he was the only officer of his battalion
+who advanced beyond the town; and by clearing
+machine-gun and sniping posts, contributed largely
+to the aid of his battalion in holding their
+objective. His example of bravery and fortitude
+and his eagerness to continue with his mission
+despite severe wounds set before the enlisted
+men of his command a most wonderful standard
+of morale and self-sacrifice.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TANK CORPS</h3>
+
+<p><em>Call, Donald M., Second Lieutenant</em>, Tank Corps,
+Larchmont, N. Y.—Varennes, France, Sept. 26,
+1918. During an operation against enemy machine-gun
+nests west of Varennes, Lieutenant
+Call, then Corporal, was in a tank with an officer,
+when half of the turret was knocked off by a
+direct artillery hit. Choked by gas from the
+high-explosive shell, he left the tank and took
+cover in a shell hole thirty yards away. Seeing
+that the officer did not follow, and thinking that
+he might be alive, Corporal Call returned to
+the tank under intense machine-gun and shell
+fire and carried the officer over a mile under
+machine-gun and sniper fire to safety.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Roberts, Garold W., Corporal</em>, Tank Corps,
+San Francisco, Cal.—Montrebeau Woods, France,
+Oct. 4, 1918. Corporal Roberts, a tank driver,
+was moving his tank into a clump of bushes to
+afford protection to another tank which had
+become disabled. The tank slid into a shell hole
+ten feet deep and filled with water, and was
+immediately submerged. Knowing that only one
+of the two men in the tank could escape, Corporal
+Roberts said to the gunner, “Well, only
+one of us can get out, and out you go.” Whereupon
+he pushed his companion through the back
+door of the tank and was himself drowned.</p>
+<br>
+
+
+<div class="transnote">
+<h2 class="bold fs120">Transcriber’s Notes</h2>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 37 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">They let go their ammuntion belts</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">They let go their ammunition belts</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 50 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">Colonel Montgomery commandered General O’Ryan’s racing car</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">Colonel Montgomery commandeered General O’Ryan’s racing car</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 64 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">generally understod among us brothers</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">generally understood among us brothers</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 75 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">The comandming officer of the 32nd</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">The commanding officer of the 32nd</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 78 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">into the French capital were greeted with enthsuiasm</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">into the French capital were greeted with enthusiasm</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 82 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">Had is done what had been intended</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">Had it done what had been intended</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 106 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">a fierce bombardment from the enemy’s adtillery</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">a fierce bombardment from the enemy’s artillery</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 127 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">I could not restrtain myself any longer</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">I could not restrain myself any longer</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 277 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">picked up 156 offcers and men</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">picked up 156 officers and men</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 309 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">Involntarily, without the smallest intention of quitting</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">Involuntarily, without the smallest intention of quitting</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 345 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">(an offishoot of the National German-American Alliance)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">(an offshoot of the National German-American Alliance)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 383 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">awaited the second shock we knew would some</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">awaited the second shock we knew would come</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 390 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">further established liason with two French batteries</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">further established liaison with two French batteries</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75487 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+
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author	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-02-28 08:21:05 -0800
committer	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-02-28 08:21:05 -0800
commit	a83477259b591e15687be577fff935114816fa84 (patch)
tree	54ab38ed5620fd61be8071c06f76d0887e600bbe /75487-h