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| author | pgww <pgww@lists.pglaf.org> | 2026-01-28 04:39:39 -0800 |
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| committer | pgww <pgww@lists.pglaf.org> | 2026-01-28 04:39:39 -0800 |
| commit | 5c5b2468d2ea428bd229204a3484b6015ebb9f95 (patch) | |
| tree | 9f2f0aeb27d798a143afccce0adbe2eca06221bb | |
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margin-right: 10%; } - h1 { text-align: center; font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.4em; } - h2 { text-align: center; font-weight: normal; font-size: 1.2em; } - .pageno { right: 1%; font-size: x-small; background-color: inherit; color: silver; - text-indent: 0em; text-align: right; position: absolute; - border: thin solid silver; padding: .1em .2em; font-style: normal; - font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; } - p { text-indent: 0; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify; } - sup { vertical-align: top; font-size: 0.6em; } - .sc { font-variant: small-caps; } - .large { font-size: large; } - .xlarge { font-size: x-large; } - .small { font-size: small; } - .lg-container-b { text-align: center; } - .x-ebookmaker .lg-container-b { clear: both; } - .lg-container-l { text-align: left; } - .x-ebookmaker .lg-container-l { clear: both; } - .linegroup { display: inline-block; text-align: left; } - .x-ebookmaker .linegroup { display: block; margin-left: 1.5em; 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} - .nf-center-c1 { text-align: left; margin: 1em 0; } - .c000 { page-break-before: always; margin-top: 4em; } - .c001 { margin-top: 1em; } - .c002 { page-break-before:auto; margin-top: 2em; } - .c003 { margin-top: 2em; text-indent: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; } - .c004 { margin-top: 2em; } - .c005 { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: 0.25em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; } - .c006 { text-decoration: none; } - .c007 { border: none; border-bottom: thin solid; width: 10%; margin-left: 0; - margin-top: 1em; text-align: left; } - .c008 { margin-left: 5.56%; text-indent: -2.78%; margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 0.25em; } - .c009 { margin-left: 5.56%; text-indent: -2.78%; margin-top: 0.25em; - margin-bottom: 0.25em; } - .c010 { text-align: right; } - .c011 { border: none; border-bottom: thin solid; margin: 1em auto; } - .c012 { margin-top: 4em; } - .c013 { margin-top: 4em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; } - .c014 { margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; } - .transcribers-notes { width: 80%; margin: auto; padding: 0 1em; - color:black; background-color: #E3E4FA; border: 1px solid silver; - page-break-before:always;margin-top:4em; } - hr.divider {width:30%;margin-left:35%;margin-right:35%; } - hr.full {width:100%; } - .subtitle {margin-bottom:2em; } - .masthead {text-align:center; display:inline-block; width:100%; } - .masthead-left {float:left;text-align:left; } - .masthead-right {float:right;text-align:right; } - .masthead-left, .masthead-right {width:24%; } - .masthead-centre {margin:auto;width:50% } - .colophon {font-size:75%; } - .colophon-left {float:left; } - .colophon-right {float:right; } - .colophon-left, .colophon-right {width:48%;text-align:left; } - .clear {clear:both; } - .illo-wide {width:100%; } - div.linegroup > :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; } - .shrink {font-size:90%; } - </style> - </head> - <body> -<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77140 ***</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_233'>233</span> - <h1 class='c000' title='The Penny Magazine, September 15, 1832'>THE PENNY MAGAZINE</h1> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><span class='small'>OF THE</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><span class='large'>Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class="full"> -<div class="masthead"> -<div class="masthead-right">[<span class='sc'>September</span> 15, 1832</div> -<div class="masthead-left">29.]</div> -<div class="masthead-centre">PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY.</div> -<hr class="full"> -</div> - -<div> - <h2 class='c002'>THE WARWICK VASE.</h2> -</div> - -<div class='illo-wide'> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<a href='images/the-warwick-vase-full.jpg'><img src='images/the-warwick-vase-inline.png' alt='A large, wide vase with two handles and a number of sculpted heads.' class='ig001'></a> -</div> - -</div> -<p class='c003'>In an account which we recently gave of Warwick Castle, -we mentioned the beautiful and celebrated specimen of -Grecian art, which now embellishes the grounds of one -of the finest monuments of the feudal grandeur of England. -There is something extremely captivating to the -imagination to witness one of the most exquisite pieces of -ancient workmanship, said to be the production of Lysippus, -a statuary of the age of Alexander the Great, thus -preserved from the ravages of time, amidst the scenes -which tell their story of a past age, not so far removed -from the present day, but equally recalling lives and -actors essentially different from our present habits and -modes of thinking. ‘The Warwick Vase’ was dug up -from the ruins of the Emperor Adrian’s villa at Tivoli, and -was sent to England by the late Sir William Hamilton, in -1774. It is probably one of the most entire, and, to a -certain extent, the most beautiful specimen of ancient -sculpture which this country possesses. The material of -which it is made is white marble. Its form is nearly -spherical, with a deep reverted rim. Two interlacing -vines, whose stems run into and constitute the handles, -wreathe their tendrils, with fruit and foliage, round the -upper part. The centre is composed of antique heads, -which stand forward in grand relief. A panther’s skin, -with the thyrsus of Bacchus (a favourite antique ornament) -and other embellishments, complete the composition. -This vase is of very large size, as it is capable of -containing a hundred and sixty-three gallons. We have -seen a copy of this vase, of the original dimensions, at -Birmingham, executed in bronze; which work is one of -the many proofs which exist in this country of the intimate -union between the manufacturing arts and those -which are connected with the highest display of taste. -The importance of this union ought never to be lost -sight of.</p> - -<div class='c004'></div> -<hr class="divider"> -<div> - <h2 class='c002'>ESCAPE OF DE LATUDE FROM THE BASTILLE.</h2> -</div> - -<div class='subtitle'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div>(Concluded from the last Number.)</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c005'>De Latude goes on to detail the precautions which -he and his companion in misfortune took, in case -any of the jailers should be listening, to give feigned -names for every thing they used in their work, and -states the names used by them for each article. He -then proceeds with his narrative: “These things being -complete, we set about our principal ladder, which was -to be at least eighty feet long. We began by unravelling -our linen, shirts, napkins, nightcaps, stockings, -drawers, pocket handkerchiefs—every thing which could -supply thread or silk. As we made a ball we concealed -it in Polyphemus, (the name they called the hiding-place,) -and when we had a sufficient quantity we employed -a whole night in twisting it into a rope; and I -<span class='pageno' id='Page_234'>234</span>defy a rope-maker to have done it better.<a id='r1'></a><a href='#f1' class='c006'><sup>[1]</sup></a> The upper -part of the building of the Bastille overhangs three -or four feet. This would necessarily occasion our ladder -to wave and swing about as we came down it, enough -to turn the strongest head. To obviate this, and to prevent -our fall, we made a second rope 160 feet long. -This rope was to be reeved through a kind of double -block without sheaves, in case the person descending -should be suspended in the air without being able to -get down lower.<a id='r2'></a><a href='#f2' class='c006'><sup>[2]</sup></a> Besides these we made several other -ropes of shorter lengths, to fasten our ladder to a cannon, -and for other unforeseen occasions. When all these ropes -were finished, we measured them—they amounted to -1400 feet. We then made 208 rounds for the rope and -wooden ladders. To prevent the noise which the rounds -would make against the wall during our descent, we -gave them coverings formed of pieces of the linings of -our morning gowns, of our waistcoats, and our under-waistcoats. -In all these preparations we employed -eighteen months, but still they were incomplete. We -had provided means to get to the top of the tower, to -get into and out of the fossé: two more were wanting—one -to climb up on the parapet; from the parapet into -the governor’s garden; from thence to get down into -the fossé of the Port St. Antoine; but the parapet -which we had to cross was always well furnished with -sentinels. We might fix on a dark and rainy night, -when the sentinels did not go their rounds, and escape -by those means, but it might rain when we climbed our -chimney, and might clear up at the very moment when -we arrived at the parapet: we should then meet with -the chief of the rounds, who constantly inspected the -parapet, and he being always provided with lights, it -would be impossible to conceal ourselves, and we should -be inevitably ruined. The other plan increased our -labours, but was the less dangerous of the two. It consisted -in making a way through the wall which separates -the fossé of the Bastille from that of the Port St. Antoine. -I considered that in the numerous floods, during -which the Seine had filled this fossé, the water must -have injured the mortar, and rendered it less difficult, -and so we should be enabled to break a passage through -the wall. For this purpose we should require an augur -to make holes in the mortar, so as to insert the points of -the two iron bars to be taken out of our chimney, and -with them force out the stones, and so make our way -through. Accordingly we made an augur with one of -the feet of our bedsteads, and fastened a handle to -it in the form of a cross. We fixed on Wednesday -the 25th February, 1756, for our flight: the river had -overflowed its banks: there were four feet of water -in the fossé of the Bastille, as well as in that of the -Port St. Antoine, by which we hoped to effect our deliverance. -I filled a leathern portmanteau with a -change of clothes for both, in case we were so fortunate -as to escape.</p> - -<p class='c005'><a id='tn-dinnerwas'></a>“Dinner was scarcely over when we set up our great -ladder of ropes, that is, we put the rounds to it, and hid -it under our beds; then we arranged our wooden ladder -in three pieces. We put our iron bars in their cases to -prevent their making a noise; and we packed up our -bottle of usquebaugh to warm us, and restore our strength -during our work in the water, up to the neck, for nine -hours. These precautions taken, we waited till our -supper was brought up. I first got up the chimney. -I had the rheumatism in my left arm, but I thought -little of the pain: I soon experienced one much more -severe. I had taken none of the precautions used by -chimney-sweepers. I was nearly choked by the soot; -and having no guards on my knees and elbows, they -were so excoriated that the blood ran down on my legs -and hands. As soon as I got to the top of the chimney -I let down a piece of twine to D’Alegre: to this he -attached the end of the rope to which our portmanteau -was fastened. I drew it up, unfastened it, and threw it -on the platform of the Bastille. In the same way we -hoisted up the wooden ladder, the two iron bars, and -all our other articles: we finished by the ladder of ropes, -the end of which I allowed to hang down to aid D’Alegre -in getting up, while I held the upper part by means of -a large wooden peg which we had prepared on purpose. -I passed it through the cord and placed it across the -funnel of the chimney. By these means my companion -avoided suffering what I did. This done, I came down -from the top of the chimney, where I had been in a -very painful position, and both of us were on the platform -of the Bastille. We now arranged our different -articles. We began by making a roll of our ladder of -ropes, of about four feet diameter, and one thick. We -rolled it to the tower called La Tour du Treson, which -appeared to us the most favourable for our descent. -We fastened one end of the ladder of ropes to a piece -of cannon, and then lowered it down the wall; then we -fastened the block, and passed the rope of 160 feet -long through it. This I tied round my body, and -D’Alegre slackened it as I went down. Notwithstanding -this precaution I swung about in the air at every -step I made. Judge what my situation was, when one -shudders at the recital of it. At length I landed without -accident in the fossé. Immediately D’Alegre lowered -my portmanteau and other things. I found a little spot -uncovered by water, on which I put them. Then my -companion followed my example; but he had an advantage -which I had not had, for I held the ladder for -him with all my strength, which greatly prevented its -swinging. It did not rain; and we heard the sentinel -marching at about four toises distance; and we were -therefore forced to give up our plan of escaping by the -parapet and the governor’s garden. We resolved to use -our iron bars. We crossed the fossé straight over to the -wall which divides it from the Port St. Antoine, and -went to work sturdily. Just at this point there was a -small ditch about six feet broad and one deep, which -increased the depth of the water. Elsewhere it was -about up to our middles; here, to our armpits. It had -thawed only a few days, so that the water had yet floating -ice in it: we were nine hours in it, exhausted by -fatigue, and benumbed by the cold. We had hardly -begun our work before the chief of the watch came -round with his lantern, which cast a light on the place -we were in: we had no alternative but to put our heads -under water as he passed, which was every half-hour. -At length, after nine hours of incessant alarm and exertion; -after having worked out the stones one by one, -we succeeded in making, in a wall of four feet six inches -thick, a hole sufficiently wide, and we both crept through. -We were giving way to our transports when we fell into -a danger which we had not foreseen, and which had -nearly been fatal to us. In crossing the fossé St. Antoine, -to get into the road to Berey, we fell into the -aqueduct which was in the middle. This aqueduct -had ten feet water over our heads, and two feet of -mud on the side. D’Alegre fell on me, and had nearly -thrown me down: had that misfortune happened we -were lost, for we had not strength enough left to get up -again, and we must have been smothered. Finding -myself laid hold of by D’Alegre, I gave him a blow with -my fist, which made him let go; and at the same instant -throwing myself forward I got out of the aqueduct. -I then felt for D’Alegre, and getting hold of his hair, -drew him to me; we were soon out of the fossé, and just -as the clock struck five were on the high road. Penetrated -by the same feeling, we threw ourselves into each -other’s arms, and after a long embrace we fell on our -knees to offer our thanks to the Almighty, who had -snatched us from so many dangers.”</p> - -<hr class='c007'> -<div class='footnote' id='f1'> -<p class='c005'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. This is really no exaggeration.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f2'> -<p class='c005'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. This part of the narrative is by no means clear.</p> -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' id='Page_235'>235</span></div> -<div class='c004'></div> -<hr class="divider"> -<div> - <h2 class='c002'>VENOMOUS SERPENTS.</h2> -</div> - -<div class='shrink'> - -<p class='c008'>⁂ We have received the following interesting communication from -a gentleman who has spent much of a valuable life in Africa.</p> - -</div> - -<p class='c005'>The serpents of South Africa, commonly accounted the -most dangerous, are the Cobra-Capello, (or hooded snake,) -the Puff-Adder, and the Berg-Adder (<a id='tn-mountainsnake'></a>or mountain -snake.) The first of these is exceedingly fierce and active, -and sometimes, it is said, attains the formidable length -of ten feet; I have, however, never met with any of much -more than half that size. The Cobra has been known -to spring at a man on horseback, and to dart himself with -such force as to overshoot his aim. The Puff-Adder, on -the other hand, is a heavy and sluggish animal, very -thick in proportion to its length, and incapable, when -attacked in front, of projecting itself upon its enemy. -To make amends, however, it possesses the faculty of -throwing itself backward with perilous and unexpected -effect; but its disposition is inert, and unless accidentally -trod upon or otherwise provoked, it will seldom -attack mankind. The Berg-Adder, though much smaller -in size than either of the preceding, is generally considered -not less deadly, and it is the more dangerous from -its being less easily discovered and avoided.</p> - -<p class='c005'>During a residence of six years in the interior of the -Cape Colony, and in the course of various journeys -through the interior, (extending to upwards of three -thousand miles,) I have met with a considerable number -of snakes; yet I do not recollect of ever being exposed, -except in one instance, to any imminent hazard of being -bit by any of them. On the occasion referred to I was -superintending some Hottentots, whom I had employed -to clear away a patch of thicket from a spot selected for -cultivation, when one of the men, suddenly recoiling, -with signs of great alarm, exclaimed that there was a -Cobra-Capello in the bush. Not being at that time -fully aware of the dangerous character of this species of -snake, I approached to look at him. The Hottentots -called out to me to take care, for he was going to spring. -Before they had well spoken, or I had caught a view of -the reptile, I heard him hiss fiercely, and then dart himself -towards me amidst the underwood. At the same -instant, instinctively springing backward to avoid him, -I fell over a steep bank into the dry stony bed of a torrent; -by which I suffered some severe bruises, but fortunately -escaped the more formidable danger to which I -had too incautiously exposed myself. The Hottentots -then assailed the snake with sticks and stones, and forced -him (though not before he had made another spring and -missed one of them still more narrowly than myself) to -take refuge up a mimosa tree. Here he became a safe -and easy mark to their missiles, and was speedily beaten -down, with a broken back, and consequently rendered -incapable of farther mischief. The Hottentots having -cut off his head, carefully buried it in the ground, a practice -which they never omit on such occasions, and which -arises from their apprehension of some one incautiously -treading on the head of the dead snake, and sustaining -injury from its fangs; for they believe that the deathful -virus, far from being extinguished with life, retains its -fatal energy for weeks, and even months afterwards. -This snake measured nearly six feet in length, and was -the largest Cobra I have met with.</p> - -<p class='c005'>My little Hottentot corporal, Piet (or Peter) Spandilly, -who assisted in killing this Cobra, had a still -narrower escape from a small but venomous snake of -which I have forgotten the colonial appellation. Piet -and his men (six soldiers of the Cape corps, placed at -that time under my direction for the protection of our -remote settlement against the Caffres) slept in a tent -adjoining to mine, pitched in a grove of mimosas on the -brink of the Bavian’s river; and one morning when he -rose from his couch of dry grass, Piet felt some living -creature moving about his thigh in the inside of his -leathern trowsers. Thinking it was only one of the -harmless lizards which swarm in every part of South -Africa, he did not at first much mind it, but came out to -the open air laughing, and shaking his limb to dislodge -the vermin. But when a black wriggling snake -came tumbling down about his naked ancles, poor Spandilly -uttered a cry of horror, kicked the reptile off, -springing at the same moment nearly his own height -from the ground; and though he had in reality sustained -no injury, could scarcely for some time be persuaded -that he was not “a gone man.”</p> - -<p class='c005'>It is, in fact, from apprehensions of danger, or the -instinct of self-defence, far more than from any peculiar -fierceness or innate malignity, that the serpent race ever -assail man or any of the larger animals. They turn, -of course, against the foot that tramples or the hand that -threatens them; but happily nature has not armed them, -in addition to their formidable powers of destruction, -with the disposition of exerting these powers from -motives of mere wanton cruelty, or for purposes unconnected -with their own subsistence or security. Were it -otherwise, countries like the Cape would be altogether -uninhabitable. As it is, the annoyance experienced -from the numerous poisonous snakes is not such as, on -the whole, to affect in any considerable degree the comfort -of those accustomed to them.</p> - -<p class='c005'>Conversing on this subject one day with my friend -Captain Harding, who had been for many years a resident -and magistrate in the interior, I inquired whether -he had ever, in the course of his campaigns on the Caffer -and Bushman frontiers, and when necessarily obliged to -sleep in the desert or jungle in the open air, suffered -injury or incurred danger from serpents—he replied, -that the only occasion he recollected of incurring any -great hazard of this sort, was the following:—</p> - -<p class='c005'>“Being upon a military expedition across the frontier,” -said he, “I had slept one night, as usual, wrapt -in my cloak, beneath a tree. On awaking at daybreak, -the first object I perceived on raising my head from the -saddle, which served for my pillow, was the tail of an -enormous Puff-Adder lying across my breast, the head -of the reptile being muffled under the folds of the cloak -close to my body, whither it had betaken itself, apparently -for warmth, during the chillness of the night. -There was extreme hazard that if I alarmed it by -moving, it might bite me in a vital part;—seizing it -therefore softly by the tail, I pulled it out with a sudden -jerk, and threw it violently to a distance. By this means -I escaped without injury; but had I happened to have -unwittingly offended this uninvited bedfellow before I -was aware of his presence, I might in all probability -have fatally atoned for my heedlessness.”</p> - -<p class='c005'>It is not very unusual for snakes of various sorts to be -found in the houses at the Cape, nor does it, in ordinary -cases, excite any violent alarm when such inmates are -discovered. They make their way both through the -roofs and under the walls, in search of food and shelter, -and especially in pursuit of mice, which many of them -chiefly subsist upon. During my residence in the interior, -however, I recollect only two instances of their -being found in my own cabin. On one of these occasions -I had sent a servant girl (a bare-legged Hottentot) -to bring me some article from a neighbouring hut. It -was after night-fall; and on returning with it, she cried -out before entering the cabin—“Oh, Mynheer! Mynheer! -what shall I do? A snake has twined itself round my -ancles, and if I open the door he will come into the -house.” “Never mind,” I replied. “open the door, -and let him come if he dare.” She obeyed, and in -glided the snake, luckily without having harmed the -poor girl. I stood prepared and instantly smote him -dead; and afterwards found him to be one of the very -venomous sort called <i>Nachtslang</i>.</p> - -<p class='c005'>People get used to these things, and even Europeans -by degrees come to regard them with much indifference. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_236'>236</span>Just before leaving the colony, I spent a week or two -with my friend Major Pigot, at his residence near Graham’s -Town; and going one day to take a book from -some shelves in the drawing-room, I found a beautiful -yellow snake, about five feet long, lying asleep upon the -uppermost range of books. It lay so still that I at first -thought it was a stuffed specimen; but perceiving a -slight movement in its tail, I lent him such a thwack -with a quarto volume as broke the poor fellow’s back, -and enabled me to demolish him at my leisure. I -afterwards learned that another snake had been killed a -few days previously in the very same spot, and a third in -Major P.’s dressing-room. They had all entered through -a loop-hole which had casually been left open, and -apparently had no other object in coming there (mousing -apart) than literary seclusion.</p> - -<p class='c005'>Such as these are no very uncommon occurrences, -and as such pass even for subjects of jocularity amidst -the adventures of a wild country. Instances, however, -both frightful and revolting, sometimes occur.</p> - -<p class='c005'>It is well known that the Bushmen, a tribe of wild -Hottentots who inhabit the mountains and deserts of -South Africa, imbue the points of their arrows in a -strong and subtle poison, and that the venom of the -most dangerous serpents to be found in that country -forms a principal ingredient in its composition. The -boldness and dexterity displayed by these wild huntsmen, -and by many also of the colonial Hottentots, in -searching out and seizing alive the formidable Cobra-Capello -and Puff-Adder, are truly astonishing. Still -more surprising is it to witness the snake-hunter extracting -from the yet living and writhing reptile, held -fast by his naked foot planted on its neck, the little bag -containing the secreted venom, which the rage of the -animal injects into the wound made by its fangs at the -moment it strikes its victim—to see him take this, and -fearlessly drink its contents, as school-boys in England -would suck the blob of the honey-bee! The swallowing -of this venom, they conceive, renders them in time proof -against its deleterious effects, when it is brought into -immediate contact with the blood, whether by the bite of -a snake or the barb of an arrow.</p> - -<div class='illo-wide'> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<a href='images/venomous-serpents-full.jpg'><img src='images/venomous-serpents-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a> -<div class='ic002'> -<p>[Cobra-Capello.]</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c005'>Several of the most respectable Dutch colonists assured -me, as a fact which had come within their own -knowledge, that there are to be found among the wandering -Bushmen persons whom they term <i>slang-meesters</i> -(snake-masters,) who actually possess the power of -charming the fiercest serpents, and of readily curing their -bite; and who pretend that they can communicate to -others their mysterious powers and invulnerability, by -putting them through a regular course of <em>poison-eating</em>.</p> - -<p class='c005'>The more usual object, however, of the Bushman in -catching serpents (exclusive of their value to him as an -article of food,) is to procure poison for his arrows. The -animal venom, too thin and volatile to preserve its -efficacy long unimpaired when used alone, is skilfully -concocted into a black glutinous consistency, by the -admixture of powerful vegetable and mineral poisons; -the former being generally the juice of the root of a -species of amaryllis, called by the boors, from this circumstance, -the <i>gift-bol</i>, or poison-bulb; the latter, a -bituminous or unctuous substance which is said to exude -from certain rocks and caverns. With this deadly mixture -the dwarfish and despised African anoints the desperate -weapons with which he resists (though unavailingly) -the aggressions of the colonists, and sometimes -cruelly revenges the injuries they have inflicted.</p> - -<div class='c004'></div> -<hr class="divider"> -<div> - <h2 class='c002'>FINGAL’S CAVE.</h2> -</div> - -<div class='illo-wide'> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<a href='images/fingals-cave-1-full.jpg'><img src='images/fingals-cave-1-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a> -<div class='ic002'> -<p>[Distant View of Staffa.]</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c003'>Staffa, one of the Hebrides, or Western Isles of Scotland, -lies a few miles to the west of Mull, within a sort -of bay formed by the two projecting extremities of that -island, and a short distance to the north-east of the more -celebrated islet of the same group, Iona, or Icolmkill. -It forms part of the county of Argyle, and of the parish -of Kilninian, the principal portion of which is in Mull. -Staffa is a very small island, scarcely a mile in length -from north to south, and about half that extent at its -greatest breadth from east to west. Although one of the -most wonderful natural curiosities in the world, and -lying so near our own shores, this island appears to -have remained almost entirely unnoticed till a comparatively -very recent period. It is said, in most of the late -accounts of it (which are in great part copied from one -another,) that its columns and caverns are shortly described -by Buchanan. In point of fact, however, that -historian merely mentions its name. It is not, we -believe, so much as named by Martin in his account of -the Western Isles, published in the beginning of last -century. Its existence was first made generally known -by Sir Joseph Banks who visited it in August, 1772, -and whose account was printed in the second volume -of ‘Pennant’s Tour in Scotland.’ Banks, in the course -of a voyage to Iceland, in company with Dr. Uno -von Troil (afterwards Archbishop of Upsal,) was induced -to put in at a port in Mull, where he was very -hospitably received by Mr. Maclean, the principal proprietor -of the island. At Mr. Maclean’s the travellers -<span class='pageno' id='Page_237'>237</span>met with a Mr. Leach, an Irish gentleman, who told -them that the day before, in the course of a fishing excursion, -he had fallen in with what, in his opinion, was -one of the greatest wonders in the world, though none -of his Highland acquaintances seemed ever to have had -their attention attracted to it. His account so greatly -excited the curiosity of Banks and his friend, that it was -resolved forthwith to make an expedition to the island. -They reached it, and found it to be by far the most stupendous -example of that striking production of nature, -basaltic architecture, of which they had ever heard.</p> - -<p class='c005'>At that time the Giant’s Causeway in Ireland was the -chief collection of pillars of basalt which was generally -known either to the public or among scientific inquirers. -Since then, many other specimens of the same phenomenon -have been described by travellers and geologists -in Wales, Iceland, Germany, Italy, France, and other -countries. Various theories have been suggested to -account for the origin and formation of these pillars. -They may be described generally as consisting of a -greyish or brownish stone, of finer or coarser grain, -formed into clusters of angular columns, having each -from three or four to six or seven sides or faces, and in -many cases so regularly cut, if we may so express ourselves, -as to rival the symmetry of human architecture. -Sometimes these columns are found as it were chopped -down into fragments, and lying scattered and in confusion -like a heap of ruins; in other instances, although -the several blocks which compose each shaft still adhere -firmly together, the inclination of the whole from the -perpendicular is so considerable as to present at best -only the appearance of an edifice half fallen down; but -in some rare specimens the magnificent pile stands -almost as erect as any work of human hands, thus -forming a structure in which all the regularity of art is -combined with a grandeur which art never reached. -From the circumstance of lava being always an accompaniment -of these basaltic formations, it is now commonly -held that they are a volcanic product, or in other -words have been thrown up from the earth by the action -of internal fire. It does not, however, seem so easy to -explain how the fused stone, in the process of cooling, -crystallized into the regular shapes which it now exhibits. -This effect can only be supposed to have taken -place in virtue of certain affinities or mutual tendencies -naturally belonging to the atoms of which the material -consists.</p> - -<p class='c005'>The island of Staffa is a mere mass of lava and basalt. -The columns of the latter substance, which compose -the chief part of it, are generally hidden beneath a -thin layer of soil; but in many places, even of the surface -of the island, they are to be found shooting out -through this acquired covering; and the stone is every -where come at on digging a few feet down. Around -almost the whole circumference of the island the rock -stands bare to the view. The grassy top of the isle -seems to be supported nearly all round on a range of -pillars, in some places indeed so low as to be almost on -a level with the surface of the water, but for the greater -part elevated far above it, and in some places rising into -the air to the lofty height of 150 feet. The name of -this extraordinary isle, accordingly, describes it by its -most remarkable feature. Staffa is a Norse term, meaning -staffs or columns.</p> - -<div class='illo-wide'> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<a href='images/fingals-cave-2-full.jpg'><img src='images/fingals-cave-2-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a> -<div class='ic002'> -<p>[Entrance to Fingal’s Cave.]</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c005'>The highest part of the line of pillars is at the southern -end of the island; and it is here that the celebrated natural -excavation called Fingal’s Cave is situated. Its -opening is very near the south-east corner, and it extends -nearly due north. The name by which it is commonly -known, we may remark in passing, would rather appear -to be merely a modern and accidental designation. Sir -Joseph Banks states, that upon asking his Highland -guide what it was called, the boy answered in Gaelic, -the Cave of Finlin; and in reply to a second question, -explained Finlin to be Finlin-Mac-Coul; or, as he had -been called by the English translator of Ossian’s poems, -Fingal. This fragment of criticism, however, we may -fairly suppose to have been really the remark, not of the -guide, but of the interpreter. A subsequent visitor of -Staffa, the French geologist, M. Faujas Saint Fond, -says, that on making minute and careful inquiry into the -matter, on the spot and in the neighbourhood, he could -not learn that any person there knew the cave by the -name which Banks had given it. It was universally -<span class='pageno' id='Page_238'>238</span>called Uamh an Binn, that is, the Cave of Music. And -the explanation which he received of Banks’s error, or -rather that of his interpreter, was, that <i>binn</i> being pronounced -<i>vinn</i>, and <i>Finlin</i> being in the genitive <i>Fin</i>, -of which the sound is nearly the same, the one word -had been mistaken for the other. This is a curious -and not an uninstructive example of the degree of certainty -that belongs to information thus obtained. However, -it is not impossible, whatever be the common name -of the cave, that there may be also a tradition of its -having been the work of the great Fingal, to whom -other such stupendous miracles of nature in various other -parts of the Highlands of Scotland are popularly ascribed, -and who has also, we believe, the credit of being -the architect of the Giant’s Causeway in the sister -island. This conjecture is rather confirmed by an anecdote -which is related by another traveller among the -Hebrides, Dr. Thomas Garnett, who has also given us -an account of Staffa. “Our interpreter,” says he, “on -hearing me express my admiration of this wonder of -nature, told me that it was generally considered as the -work of Fion-macool, but that for his part he thought it -had been built by St. Columba!”</p> - -<p class='c005'>The excavation in question, at all events, is a vast -opening, 42 feet in width at the mouth, extending 227 -feet in depth, and gradually diminishing from nearly -100 to about 50 feet in height, supported throughout on -both sides by perpendicular columns of extraordinary -regularity. The opening is surmounted by a noble arch, -and from this to the farther extremity of the cave the roof -extends in an unbroken surface, composed in some parts -of smooth and unvariegated rock, in others at the ends -of pillars stuck together in groups or bunches, and with -the stalagmitic substance which fills up the interstices, -displaying a species of mosaic work of great regularity -and beauty. On the west side the wall of pillars is -36 feet in height; but on the east, although the roof is -of the same elevation, they spring from a much higher -base, and are themselves only 18 feet in length. Along -this side is a narrow footpath, raised above the water -which covers the floor, along which it is possible for an -expert climber to make his way to the farther end of the -cave, although the attempt is rather hazardous. The -proper and usual mode of viewing the cave is by entering -it in a boat; but even this can only be done with -safety when the weather is tolerably calm. From the -opening being so spacious there is abundance of light to -the extremity; and from the same cause the waves, when -there is a heavy sea, roll into it with great force. Dr. -von Troil, who has given us a description of it in his -Letters on Iceland, states that, very far in, there is a hole -in the rock below the water, which makes a singularly -agreeable sound on the flux and reflux of the tide. It -is this melodious murmur of the waters passing into it, -which has doubtless given origin to its common name of -the Cave of Music.</p> - -<p class='c005'>According to Dr. Macculloch, who, in his Description -of the Western Islands, has given the latest and most -accurate account of Staffa that has appeared, the basaltic -pillars of this cave are “of one ingredient only, which is -a granular splintery material resembling clinkstone, -highly coloured with iron, but of a greenish black hue.” -Between the several pillars has exuded a yellowish substance, -producing everywhere a deep contrast of two distinctly -defined colours, which admirably relieves what -would otherwise be the sombre aspect of the cave. The -stone, according to Dr. Garnett, is in many places richly -coloured with light green, yellow, and orange, produced -by different species of lichen growing on it. Dr. Macculloch -says, in concluding his account, “It would be -no less presumptuous than useless to attempt a description -of the picturesque effect of that to which the pencil -itself is inadequate. But if this cave were even destitute -of that order and symmetry, that richness arising from -multiplicity of parts, combined with greatness of dimensions -and simplicity of style, which it possesses; still the -prolonged length, the twilight gloom, half concealing -the playful and varying effects of reflected light, the -echo of the measured surge as it rises and falls, the -transparent green of the water, and the profound and -fairy solitude of the whole scene, could not fail strongly -to impress a mind gifted with any sense of beauty in art -or in nature. If to those be added that peculiar sentiment -with which nature perhaps most impresses us when she -allows us to draw comparisons between her works and -those of art, we shall be compelled to own it is not without -cause that celebrity has been conferred on the Cave -of Fingal.”</p> - -<div class='c004'></div> -<hr class="divider"> -<div> - <h2 class='c002'>SCOTTISH HUSBANDMEN OF THE LAST CENTURY</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c003'>The patriarchal simplicity of manners which about the -middle of last century, so especially characterised the -Scottish husbandmen of the Lowlands, was calculated, -in a high degree, to foster deep affections, and a sober -but manly earnestness both of principle and deportment; -and it may be fairly stated as one of the happy privileges -of the Scottish church, that so large a number of -its ministers have sprung from this virtuous and valuable -order of men. The following brief description of -the mode of life and household discipline of a Scottish -farmer of former days, is a sketch, by an eye-witness, -from early recollections of scenes long gone by:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in4'>“When old simplicity was yet in prime;</div> - <div class='line in4'> For now among our glens the faithful fail,</div> - <div class='line in4'> Forgetful of their sires in olden time;</div> - <div class='line in4'> That grey-haired race is gone, of look sublime,</div> - <div class='line in4'> Calm in demeanour, courteous, and sincere,</div> - <div class='line in4'> Yet stern when duty called them, as their clime,</div> - <div class='line in4'> When it flings off the autumnal foliage sere,</div> - <div class='line'> And shakes the shuddering woods with solemn voice severe.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c005'>The habitation of a Scottish husbandman in the -southern counties, sixty or seventy years ago, was generally -a plain, substantial stone building, holding a middle -rank between the residences of the inferior gentry and the -humble cottages of the labouring peasantry. The farm-house, -with the small windows of its second story often -projecting through the thatched roof, occupied for the -most part, the one side of a quadrangle, in which the -young cattle were folded; the other three sides being -enclosed and sheltered by the barns, stables, and other -farm offices. A kitchen-garden stocked with the common -potherbs then in use, and sometimes with a few -fruit trees, extended on one side, sheltered perhaps by a -hedge of boortree or elder, and often skirted by a few -aged forest trees; while the low, thatched dwellings of -the hinds and cotters stood at a little distance, each with -its small cabbage-garden, or <i>kail-yard</i>, behind, and its -stack of peat, or turf fuel in front.</p> - -<p class='c005'>An upland farm, of the common average size, extending -to three, four or five hundred acres, partly arable -and partly pastoral, usually employed three or four -ploughs; and the master’s household, exclusive of his -own family, consisted of six or seven unmarried servants, -male and female. The married servants—namely, a -head shepherd, and a <i>hind</i> or two (as the married -ploughmen were termed)—occupied cottages apart; as -likewise did the <i>cotters</i>, who were rather a sort of farm-retainers -than servants, being bound only to give the -master, in lieu of rent, their services in hay-time and -harvest, and at other stated periods. The whole, however, -especially in remote situations, formed a sort of little -independent community in themselves, deriving their -subsistence almost exclusively from the produce of the -farm. The master’s household alone usually amounted -to fifteen or twenty souls; and the whole population of -the farm, or <i>onstead</i>, to double or treble that number,—a -number considerably greater, perhaps, than will -<span class='pageno' id='Page_239'>239</span>now be commonly found on a farm of the same extent,—but -maintained with much frugality, and always industriously -occupied, though not oppressed with labour.</p> - -<p class='c005'>Little of the jealous distinction of ranks which now -subsists between the farming class and their hired servants, -was then known. The connexion between master -and servant had less of a commercial, and more of a -patriarchal character. Every household formed but one -society. The masters (at that time generally a sober, -virtuous, and religious class) extended a parental care -over their servants, and the servants cherished a filial -affection for their masters. They sat together, they ate -together, they often wrought together; and after the -labours of the day were finished, they assembled together -around the blazing fire in the “farmer’s ha’,” conversing -over the occurrences of the day, the floating -rumours of the country, or “auld warld stories;” and -not unfrequently religious subjects were introduced, or -the memory of godly men, and of those who, in evil -times, had battled or suffered for the right, was affectionately -commemorated. This familiar intercourse was -equally decorous as it was kindly,—for decent order and -due subordination were strictly maintained. It was the -great concern of masters and mistresses, when new servants -were required, to obtain such as were of sober and -religious habits: if one of a different character got in, his -dismissal, at the first term, was certain. Servants in those -days never thought of changing masters, unless something -occurred which rendered the change indispensable.</p> - -<p class='c005'>At ordinary meals, the master (or <i>good-man</i>, as he -was termed) took his seat at the head of the large hall -table, the mistress sitting on his right hand, the children -on his left, the men-servants next in station, and the -maid-servants at the bottom,—one of the latter serving. -The use of tea was then unknown, except in the houses -of the gentry. Porridge was the constant dish at breakfast -and supper; at dinner broth and meat, milk, cheese, -and butter. Twice in the year, exclusive of extraordinary -occasions, there was a farm festival, in which every inhabitant -of the place partook; namely, the <i>kirn</i> or harvest-home, -at the close of autumn, and the celebration of -the new year. On these occasions, an abundant feast of -baked and boiled cheered the heart of the humblest labourer -on the land, and was closed with decent hilarity -by a cheerful beaker or two of home-brewed ale.</p> - -<p class='c005'>But the religious order of the family was the distinguishing -trait. The whole household assembled in -the hall (or kitchen) in the morning, before breakfast, for -family worship, and in the evening before supper. The -good-man, of course, led their devotions, every one having -his Bible in his hand. This was the stated course even -in seed-time and harvest; between five and six in the -morning was the hour of prayer in these busy seasons.</p> - -<p class='c005'>On Sabbath all went to church, however great the -distance, except one person, in turn, to take care of the -house or younger children, and others to tend the cattle. -After a late dinner, on their return, the family assembled -around the master, who first catechised the children and -then the servants. Each was required to tell what he -remembered of the religious services in which they had -joined; each repeated a portion of the shorter catechism; -and all were then examined on heads of divinity, from -the mouth of the master. Throughout the whole of the -Sabbath, all worldly concerns except such as necessity -or mercy required to be attended to, were strictly laid -aside; and nothing was allowed to enter into conversation -save subjects of religion.</p> - -<p class='c005'>These homely details may perhaps seem, at first sight, -calculated to corroborate, in some respects, the exaggerated -notions which prevail in England, respecting the -religious austerity of the old Presbyterians; and readers, -looking exclusively to the strictness of their discipline, -their alleged “proscription of all amusements,” the -limited education, the want of books, and, above all, the -want of refinement which, according to our modern -notions, might be expected to be the necessary result of -familiar association with menial servants,—may possibly -picture to themselves a state of society altogether -clownish, melancholy, and monotonous. Yet this would -be a very false estimate of the real character and condition -of the old Scottish tenantry.</p> - -<p class='c005'>The life of the husbandman and his dependents, in -those days, were so far from being unenlivened by mirth -and enjoyment, that there was in truth much more real -enjoyment than is now often to be witnessed. They had -more <em>leisure</em> to be merry than their descendants, and -there was, in reality, no proscription of <em>innocent</em> amusements. -Spring and autumn were the only seasons that -required <em>very</em> arduous labour in the old system of husbandry; -and then those seasons came round with an air -of more festivity, and more of a heart-stirring aspect -about them, and their toils were encountered with a -more grateful alacrity than in our days:—at least so it -appears to one who looks back upon them. At other -seasons of the year the labours were comparatively light. -The <i>winning</i> of peats and hay, ewe-milking, sheep-shearing, -the dairy, and the tending of the flocks and herds, -chiefly occupied the jocund days of summer. In winter -their leisure was still greater, and their enjoyments not -less diversified. Field-sports were eagerly followed in the -intervals of labour, or when frost and snow had stopped -the progress of the plough; nor were the peasantry then -restrained from such hardy amusements by the enforcement -of demoralizing game-laws. At other times, the -grave good-man would toss down to his sons and servant-lads -the foot-ball or the <i>kitticat</i>, and bid them take a bout -to warm their youthful blood. And in the long winter -evenings, when seated around the fire, harmless mirth -and jocularity pleasantly alternated with more grave and -instructive conversation; nor did any puritanical sourness -forbid the recitation of the old romantic border -ballads and legends, or the singing of the sweet pastoral -songs, of which both the poetry and the music were, like -the broom and birch of the braes around them, the -spontaneous and unsophisticated growth of their own -beautiful country. And thus, with very few books of -mere amusement, and without any games of chance, or -stimulating liquors, our simple ancestors managed to -beguile their hours of leisure and relaxation cheerfully -and innocently; and, on the whole perhaps, quite as -rationally, if not quite so elegantly, as their more bustling -and ambitious offspring. Amidst the manifold improvements -of more recent times, (the value of which, in -many respects, we are far from denying,) it may yet be -considered very questionable, whether <em>all</em> that has been -abandoned of former manners has been equally well -replaced, and whether even our progress in refinement -has not been but too dearly purchased by the sacrifice -of qualities still more valuable.</p> - -<div class='shrink'> - -<p class='c009'>⁂ The preceding article is extracted from a ‘Memoir of the Rev. -Dr. Waugh,’ and has been furnished to us, with some alterations, -by the writer, himself the son of a Scottish farmer.</p> - -</div> - -<div class='c004'></div> -<hr class="divider"> -<div> - <h2 class='c002'>INSCRIPTION.</h2> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c004'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Pizarro here was born; a greater name</div> - <div class='line'>The list of glory boasts not, toil and pain,</div> - <div class='line'>Famine, and hostile elements, and hosts</div> - <div class='line'>Embattled, failed to check him in his course;</div> - <div class='line'>Not to be wearied, not to be deterred,</div> - <div class='line'>Not to be overcome. A mighty realm</div> - <div class='line'>He overran, and with relentless arms</div> - <div class='line'>Slew or enslaved its unoffending sons,</div> - <div class='line'>And wealth, and power, and fame, were his rewards.</div> - <div class='line'>There is another world beyond the grave,</div> - <div class='line'>According to their deeds where men are judged.</div> - <div class='line'>O reader! if thy daily bread be earned</div> - <div class='line'>By daily labour,—yea however low,</div> - <div class='line'>However wretched be thy lot assigned,</div> - <div class='line'>Thank thou, with deepest gratitude, the God</div> - <div class='line'>Who made thee, that thou art not such as he.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='c010'><span class='sc'>Southey</span>.</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' id='Page_240'>240</span></div> -<div class='c004'></div> -<hr class="divider"> -<div> - <h2 class='c002'>THE WEEK.</h2> -</div> - -<div class='illo-wide'> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<a href='images/the-week-1-full.jpg'><img src='images/the-week-1-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a> -<div class='ic002'> -<p>[Marshal Turenne.]</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c003'>September 16.—This is the anniversary of the birth of -Marshal Turenne, one of the most renowned generals -of modern times. Henri de la Tour d’Auvergne, Viscount -Turenne, was the second son of the Duke de -Bouillon, Prince of Sedan, in Champaigne, where he -was born in 1611. His mother was Elizabeth of -Nassau, daughter of William, Prince of Orange, commonly -called William the First, the illustrious founder of -the Dutch republic. His father having died, Turenne -was sent by his mother, at the early age of thirteen, to -the Netherlands, to be trained to the art of war under -his uncle, Prince Maurice, who, since the assassination -of William in 1584, had presided over the affairs of that -country. The young recruit was placed at first in the -ranks, and served for a year as a common soldier, taking -his share in all the labours and hardships of his comrades, -before he was raised to a post of command. -In 1630 he returned to France, and was immediately -invested with the command of a regiment. In 1634, -having made a brilliant display of his skill and courage -at the siege of the fortress of La Motte in Lorraine, he -was raised to the rank of Marechal de Camp. The next -year he was sent to Germany to take part in the war -against the Emperor. From this date till his death, he -was almost constantly engaged in active service; and -for the next forty years <a id='tn-turenne'></a>no military name in France, or -in Europe, was more renowned than that of Turenne, -but we cannot here follow him through his successive -campaigns. He was made a Marshal of France in -1642, at the early age of twenty-seven, and Marshal-General -of the French armies on the marriage of -Louis IV. in 1660. The chief scenes of his exploits -were Holland and Flanders, Italy, and different parts -of Germany. He also took a leading part in the civil -dissensions which distracted his native country during -the minority of Louis XIV., espousing in the first instance -the cause of the Fronde, or combination of malcontented -nobility, but afterwards taking the side of the -court, and fighting as valiantly against his late associates. -The career of Turenne was closed by one of the -accidents of war which may befall the highest or the -humblest soldier. As he was reconnoitring the position -of the Austrian General Montecuculi, near Saltzbach, -he was struck by a cannon ball, and fell dead from his -horse, on the 27th of July, 1675. Turenne had married -in 1653 the daughter of the Duke de la Force, who died -however in 1666, without leaving children. This lady -was a person of great piety, and strongly attached to -the Protestant faith, of which her ancestors had been -among the first and most strenuous defenders. While -she lived, Turenne, a Protestant also by education and -by descent, both on his father’s and mother’s side, resisted -all the solicitations of the court to change his religion. -Not long after the death of his wife, however, after professing -to have studied the points in dispute between the -two churches, he publicly declared himself a Catholic. -In sagacity, steady perseverance, self-reliance, and many -of the other qualities which go to form an able commander -of an army, Marshal Turenne has scarcely been -surpassed; and he was also brave as his sword, and so -wholly devoted in heart to his profession, that he thought -as little of its toils as of its dangers, and was at all times -ready to share both with the meanest in the camp. -Hence he was the idol of his men as well as their pride; -they not only admired, and followed with alacrity to the -field, the consummate captain and hero of a hundred -victories, but they loved the man. This military spirit -was the soul of Turenne’s character and the source both -of its bright and of its darker points. Indeed, bred as he -was to the trade of arms almost from his childhood, and -living in an age of such incessant warfare, it was hardly -possible that he should have been anything more than a -mere soldier. His name will be eternally disgraced by the -ravages which he caused to be committed in the campaign -of 1674, in the Palatinate, or the dominions of the -Elector of Palatine. At the same time it should be -borne in mind that war was the spirit of his age; and it -would be unjust to pronounce upon the character of an -individual, who certainly possessed many high qualities, -by subjecting him to the standard by which we have -learnt to estimate the pretensions of mere warriors.</p> - -<div class='illo-wide'> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<a href='images/the-week-2-full.jpg'><img src='images/the-week-2-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a> -<div class='ic002'> -<p>[French Cavalier.]</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<hr class='c011'> -<div class='colophon'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c012'> - <div>⁂ The Office of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge is at 59, Lincoln’s Inn Fields.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div>LONDON:—CHARLES KNIGHT, PALL-MALL EAST.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><i>Shopkeepers and Hawkers may be supplied Wholesale by the following Booksellers, of whom, also, any of the previous Numbers may be had:—</i></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='colophon-left'> - -<div class='lg-container-l'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><i>London</i>, <span class='sc'>Groombridge</span>, Panyer Alley, Paternoster Row.</div> - <div class='line'><i>Bath</i>, <span class='sc'>Simms</span>.</div> - <div class='line'><i>Birmingham</i>, <span class='sc'>Drake</span>.</div> - <div class='line'><i>Bristol</i>, <span class='sc'>Westley</span> and Co.</div> - <div class='line'><i>Carlisle</i>, <span class='sc'>Thurnam</span>; and <span class='sc'>Scott</span>.</div> - <div class='line'><i>Derby</i>, <span class='sc'>Wilkins</span> and <span class='sc'>Son</span>.</div> - <div class='line'><i>Doncaster</i>, <span class='sc'>Brooke</span> and <span class='sc'>Co.</span></div> - <div class='line'><i>Falmouth</i>, <span class='sc'>Philip</span>.</div> - <div class='line'><i>Hull</i>, <span class='sc'>Stephenson</span>.</div> - <div class='line'><i>Leeds</i>, <span class='sc'>Baines</span> and <span class='sc'>Newsome</span>.</div> - <div class='line'><i>Lincoln</i>, <span class='sc'>Brooke</span> and <span class='sc'>Sons</span>.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='colophon-right'> - -<div class='lg-container-l'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><i>Liverpool</i>, <span class='sc'>Willmer</span> and <span class='sc'>Smith</span>.</div> - <div class='line'><i>Manchester</i>, <span class='sc'>Robinson</span>; and <span class='sc'>Webb</span> and <span class='sc'>Simms</span>.</div> - <div class='line'><i>Newcastle-upon-Tyne</i>, <span class='sc'>Charnley</span>.</div> - <div class='line'><i>Norwich</i>, <span class='sc'>Jarrold</span> and <span class='sc'>Son</span>.</div> - <div class='line'><i>Nottingham</i>, <span class='sc'>Wright</span>.</div> - <div class='line'><i>Sheffield</i>, <span class='sc'>Ridge</span>.</div> - <div class='line'><i>Worcester</i>, <span class='sc'>Deighton</span>.</div> - <div class='line'><i>Dublin</i>, <span class='sc'>Wakeman</span>.</div> - <div class='line'><i>Edinburgh</i>, <span class='sc'>Oliver</span> and <span class='sc'>Boyd</span>.</div> - <div class='line'><i>Glasgow</i>, <span class='sc'>Atkinson</span> and <span class='sc'>Co.</span></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='clear'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Printed by <span class='sc'>William Clowes</span>, Duke Street, Lambeth.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001'> -</div> -<div> - -<p class='c013'></p> - -</div> -<div class='transcribers-notes'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><span class='xlarge'>Transcriber’s Notes</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain. Itemized changes from the original text:</p> - <ul class='ul_1'> - <li><a href='#tn-dinnerwas'>p. 234</a>: Added opening quotation mark before phrase “Dinner was - scarcely over when we set up our great ladder of ropes.” - </li> - <li><a href='#tn-mountainsnake'>p. 235</a>: Added period after phrase “or mountain snake.” - </li> - <li><a href='#tn-turenne'>p. 240</a>: Replaced period with comma after phrase “no military name in - France, or in Europe, was more renowned than that of Turenne.” - </li> - </ul> - -</div> - -<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77140 ***</div> - </body> - <!-- created with ppgen.py 3.57e (with regex) on 2025-10-28 09:34:17 GMT --> -</html> |
