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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77142 ***
+
+
+
+
+                         Monthly Supplement of
+
+                           THE PENNY MAGAZINE
+
+                                 OF THE
+
+             Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+ 32.]                   September 1 to September 29, 1832
+
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+                           THE THAMES TUNNEL.
+
+        [Illustration: Transverse Section of the Thames Tunnel.]
+
+                 [Illustration: Section of Drift-way.]
+
+As far back as the year 1802, a project was set on foot by some
+enterprising gentlemen, with a view of opening an archway under the
+Thames, between Rotherhithe and Limehouse, not far from the line of the
+present tunnel. The engineer selected for this enterprise was
+particularly qualified for such an undertaking, being an experienced
+Cornish miner. Having made some borings at the Horse-ferry and on the
+opposite side of the river, he reported that “he was firmly persuaded
+the undertaking would not cost so much as had been conceived.” A
+subscription was, in consequence, raised; and a company was formed,
+under the denomination of the “Thames Archway Company.” Surveys, plans,
+and estimates were made, and an Act of Parliament being obtained, the
+work was begun. The engineer commenced operations by sinking a shaft of
+11 feet diameter, at 330 feet from the line of the wharf on the
+Rotherhithe side. But the obstacles which he encountered from the nature
+of the ground increased to such a degree, as he proceeded, that at the
+depth of 42 feet he was obliged to desist. A subsequent report of
+borings, however, having proved very favourable, an enterprising
+proprietor engaged to complete the shaft (reduced to 8 feet diameter) to
+76 feet, at which depth it was discovered that it would be dangerous to
+go deeper. At this stage of the proceedings, viz. in August, 1807, a
+second engineer was engaged by the Company, a gentleman whose name had
+been coupled with very great enterprises in the mining department.
+Before opening the drift-way both engineers agreed to reduce its breadth
+to 2 feet 6 inches at the top, and 3 feet at the bottom. At the depth of
+76 feet they found the ground to consist of a _firm dry sand_; and there
+they opened the drift, which they carried forward in a gentle ascent. In
+November, 1807, when 394 feet of the drift had been completed, the
+services of the first engineer were dispensed with after four years and
+a half of hard labour. The Directors then agreed to give the second
+engineer £1000, by way of premium, if he succeeded in reaching the
+opposite shore. The drift was further extended to 814 feet, through
+equally firm dry ground, with the precaution, which had been employed
+from the beginning, of a substantial planking all the way. One hundred
+and thirty-eight feet more were cut through a bed of calcareous rock
+eight feet thick. But on the 21st of December, the head of the drift had
+hardly entered two feet into the stratum, which lay immediately over the
+rock, when the roof broke down in a loose state, leaving above head a
+cavity large enough for a man to stand in it. It is to be observed that
+there was no less than thirty feet of intervening ground between the
+drift and the river at the time this accident happened. The engineer
+succeeded in filling and securing the cavity; but, such was the nature
+of the whole ground above the rock, that, under the influence of an
+extraordinary high tide (on the 26th of January 1808), the ground again
+made its way fast in a loose state into the drift, and the river soon
+broke through 25 feet of ground. This same tide caused the destruction
+of the Deptford and Lewisham bridges. The engineer having succeeded in
+filling and closing this hole, the miners re-entered the drift, which
+was reduced to three feet in height, for the purpose of clearing the
+dangerous place. The miners had, therefore, to work on their knees:
+however, notwithstanding every effort to attain the opposite shore, they
+were driven away by the frequent bursts of sand and water. The engineer
+having afterwards sounded the ground from above, reported that he had no
+doubt the two fractures communicated underneath; and therefore admitted
+that it was quite impracticable to go further except by means of a
+cofferdam or caissons. On the 30th of March, 1809, the Directors offered
+a reward for the most approved plan of completing the archway.
+Fifty-four plans having been obtained by this announcement, they were
+referred to the opinion of scientific men. These gentlemen reported that
+they were unanimously of opinion, that an archway, of any useful size,
+was impracticable under the Thames by an underground excavation on any
+of the plans that had come before them; observing, at the same time,
+that they did not pretend to assign limits to the ingenuity of other
+men. A further trial was made by a third engineer, who operated from
+above the river, but it proved equally fruitless. Thus ended in 1809 all
+the exertions and the efforts made during nearly seven years, for the
+purpose of accomplishing an archway under the bed of the Thames; at the
+end of which period not so much as a drain had been completed, nor had
+the miners succeeded in working in any of those strata wherein the
+excavation for the archway must eventually have been effected.
+
+Several years afterwards, Mr. Brunel was prevailed upon by one of the
+most active promoters of the archway enterprise (Mr. J. Wyatt) to turn
+his attention to the subject; and, being furnished with the documents
+connected with the first attempt, he devised his plan with the
+impression that both the excavation and the structure might be made on a
+full scale at once.
+
+Before proceeding to an exposition of the plan adopted by Mr. Brunel,
+and of the means by which he has carried it into execution, we have to
+state that the structure of the Thames Tunnel, as represented in the
+annexed view, is 38 feet in width and 22 feet 6 inches in height
+externally and that a length of 600 feet, in the style of a double
+arcade, has been made, though one arch only is open to public
+inspection. The excavation therefore made under the Thames for this
+structure presents a sectional surface of 850 feet, which is equal to
+sixty times the area of the drift; but for a more comprehensive
+demonstration of this aggregate, the reader is to understand that the
+excavation which has been made for the Thames Tunnel is larger than the
+House of Commons, the dimensions of which are 32 feet in width and 25
+feet in height, presenting therefore only 800 feet of sectional surface.
+At high water, the head of the river is about 75 feet above the foot of
+the excavation, and consequently three times the height of that room.
+These circumstances, independently of the nature of the ground, are
+sufficient to place the work of the Thames Tunnel among the boldest
+enterprises in the art of engineering.
+
+Notwithstanding that the first attempt had contributed to discourage all
+idea of success, there were still sufficient evidences to indicate that
+by beginning in the stratum of dry firm sand, and keeping close under
+the stratum of clay forming the bottom of the river, there was space
+enough to effect the object, although the nature of the intervening
+ground had been ascertained to be very loose in many places. All the
+information obtained from the miner’s report concurred with the opinions
+of geologists in pointing out that the most eligible line for the Tunnel
+was to keep as near to the bottom of the river as the security of the
+work would permit. The first idea of the plan which appeared to the
+engineer best calculated for making an excavation fit for the object
+under so overwhelming a head of water, was suggested by the sight of a
+piece of a keel of a ship which had been eroded by the operation of the
+worm called the terido. From this he conceived it practicable, as his
+specification describes it, to make a circular opening of sufficient
+capacity at once. However, of the two modes which he described, he gave
+the preference to that of proceeding by forming simultaneously several
+contiguous excavations by means of an apparatus which has been
+denominated the shield. This shield upon the whole partakes of the
+character of a powerful cofferdam, applied in a horizontal instead of
+the vertical direction. It consists of twelve parallel frames lying
+close to each other like so many volumes in a bookcase. Each frame,
+being nearly 22 feet in height, is divided into three stories: the whole
+presents therefore thirty-six openings or cells. It is from these cells
+that the miners, operating by small quantities at a time, like so many
+teridos, are able to erode the ground in front, while others at the back
+bring up a substantial incrustation, namely the brick structure. For
+locomotive action each frame is provided with two substantial legs
+resting on equally substantial shoes, (not unlike snow-shoes); these
+legs are provided with articulations that fit the frames for a pacing
+movement. The shield has perambulated 600 feet of its assigned career;
+and has left behind a substantial structure in the form of a double
+arcade, which is now as long or nearly as the Burlington Arcade.
+
+With regard to the external form of the structure, and the mode adopted
+for its execution, it must be obvious to persons acquainted with such
+matters, that the most substantial form, and the best calculated at the
+same time to prevent, as far as practicable, any derangement in alluvial
+strata of various degrees of density, is the square form, as
+corresponding with that mode of building which is technically called
+underjoining and underlaying. Thus, in fact, the bed of the river, with
+its contents, has been underlayed, just as the Customhouse has been, to
+receive the superstructure.
+
+An indispensable requisite in a work of this nature was, that it should
+be made proof against the greatest disasters that were to be
+apprehended, notwithstanding every precaution that could be taken. Mr.
+Brunel’s plan was considered by his Grace the Duke of Wellington, by Dr.
+Wollaston, and by those engineers and scientific men who had the
+opportunity of examining the designs, and of hearing the description
+given by the engineer, as being well calculated to accomplish the
+contemplated object, although some apprehensions were raised at the time
+as to what might result from so formidable an occurrence as an irruption
+of the river, considering the extent of the devastation it might cause
+in the ground and among the works. The engineer afforded such
+explanations as allayed, in some degree, those apprehensions which, it
+must be admitted, he has since completely dispelled by undeniable facts.
+
+It was under these auspices that the plan was brought before the public
+in 1823, and that in the month of February, 1824, subscriptions were
+obtained to a large amount to carry it into effect, notwithstanding the
+novelty of the scheme, and its risks.
+
+                           [To be continued.]
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+                             BRITISH BIRDS.
+
+  [An Outline of the Smaller British Birds, by Robert A. Slaney, Esq.
+                                 M.P.]
+
+This little volume is evidently the production of an intelligent,
+humane, and truly amiable mind, whose enthusiasm on a favourite study is
+calculated to win attention and to enamour others of the same subject.
+
+It is painful to reflect, that while we are everywhere surrounded by
+natural objects, animate and inanimate, each replete with interest and
+beauty of its own, so many of us should be ignorant, and thence
+insensible and heedless of these charms. This negligence is almost
+culpable, for so slight is the expense of time and study required to
+render ourselves familiar with many of the works of nature, that the
+busiest and poorest could afford the sacrifice, and thus put themselves
+in possession of a pure and cheap source of enjoyment. But old writers
+encumbered the simplicity of natural history with Latin and Greek terms,
+and words of _interminable_ length, making appear difficult and abstruse
+what in reality is not so. It has been the laudable object of Mr.
+Slaney, as of other writers of the present day, to make these matters
+easy, as they should be. In the little volume now before us, our readers
+will find every thing perfectly intelligible to the commonest capacity,
+and its attentive perusal will delight and enrich their minds with
+numerous interesting accounts of the formation and habits of the
+beautiful winged creatures we every day see flitting around us, while,
+by indicating the course and modes of observation to be pursued, it will
+facilitate their acquirement of other and more extensive branches of
+natural history.
+
+In allusion to the general ignorance on these subjects even among the
+wealthy and educated classes of society, Mr. Slaney says very amusingly,
+“We have sometimes asked our fair young friends if they knew as many of
+the smaller birds as they could count on their fingers? They usually
+answered confidently in the affirmative, but could seldom get much
+beyond one hand.”
+
+Now this ignorance, which is mere negligence, we again say is almost
+culpable, and, as it tends to remove this ignorance by a single and
+delightful process, we therefore warmly recommend this ‘Outline of the
+Smaller British Birds.’ The reader will find in it, beside Mr. Slaney’s
+own descriptions and observations, many amusing and instructive extracts
+from some of the most distinguished writers on natural history, such as
+White of Selborne, who has so admirably described what passed under his
+own eyes in a province of England; Wilson, originally a common weaver of
+Paisley near Glasgow, who found an unknown world of beauty in the birds
+of the American wilds, his accounts of which unite the accuracy of
+philosophy with the beauty and glow of poetry; Knapp, the author of the
+‘Journal of a Naturalist;’ the late Sir Humphry Davy, &c. &c.
+
+The following extracts will give an idea of the work:--
+
+
+“Perhaps, if we take a short view of our common birds, beginning with
+the missel thrush, the largest British songster and coming down to the
+golden-crested wren, it may repay our trouble. Within these limits we
+shall find about seventy birds, varying in size, form, habits,
+structure, and notes: most of which are seen, at one or other time of
+the year, in the fields and woods which surround our dwellings, and many
+of them are constantly with us. They may be divided into hard-billed
+birds, feeding on grain, seeds, and fruits; and soft-billed birds, on
+insects and worms. Some feed on both; and many grain-eaters devour
+insects, though few of the soft-billed eat seeds. These are again
+divided into families, from some peculiarity in their formation (chiefly
+the beak): as the finches, buntings, warblers, &c.
+
+“In considering the birds to which we have confined our view, we find
+they divide themselves into three sets--winter visiters, summer
+visiters, and sojourners.
+
+“The smaller winter visiters, about five in number, come to our
+hospitable shores in autumn, and leave us in the spring. They all come
+from colder climates; and as the frost locks up their sources of
+subsistence in the north, (where, in summer, they have built their nests
+and reared their young,) led by that wonderful instinct which their
+Maker has implanted, they direct their airy flight across the mountain
+and the flood.
+
+“The summer visiters, on the other hand, coming to us in the spring, and
+leaving us in the autumn, all come from the south; and depart again to
+the regions of the sun as winter approaches.
+
+“The winter visiters are all (except the grey wag-tail), hard-billed
+birds, fitted to feed on seeds, berries, and fruits found during our
+winters. They are chiefly gregarious, and seem by their numbers to band
+themselves together against the piercing season!”
+
+
+The Fieldfare, the Redwing, the Starling, are the commonest of these
+winter visitors.
+
+
+“Let us turn to our summer visiters. They come to us in the spring, as
+the weather becomes warmer, the earth clothed with vegetation, and the
+air and surface of the ground begin to teem with insect life; when the
+chrysalis bursts its case, the worm, and slug, and caterpillar, ‘and
+every creeping thing after his kind,’ come forth; then appear, led by an
+unseen hand, myriads of soft-billed warblers from distant lands, formed
+to thin the insect race, and whose services warmly deserve our gratitude
+and protection.
+
+“From March till May ten thousand busy pinions ply the air, by day and
+night, and bring those melodious visiters from all the southern
+countries, where the parching heat at this season renders their food
+difficult to procure. As they arrive, they disperse throughout the
+country,--
+
+          ‘They to their grassy couch, these to their nests.’
+
+Each grove and shrubbery, each ‘bosky dell from side to side,’ each
+heath and upland common, each hedge and garden and petty rural
+homestead, receives some of these wandering minstrels. It is probable
+they return year after year, if undisturbed, to the same haunts; and
+perhaps revisit with as much pleasure as ourselves the well-known scenes
+of their youth--
+
+            ‘When Nature pleased, for life itself was new,
+             And the heart pictured what the fancy drew.’
+
+“We may smile at the idea of fancy or feeling in a bird; yet those who
+have closely watched those beautiful beings will readily believe as much
+difference in their dispositions as Cowper found in the temper of his
+hares. The ‘mellow lark who at Heaven’s gate sings’ must be endowed with
+instincts--superior to those of the ‘poor beetle that we tread upon.’
+Memory birds possess in a considerable degree. Swallows will choose out
+the same nook for their nest year after year. That elegant little bird,
+the common fly-catcher, is attached to the same spot. A pair built for
+three summers successively in the same place, close to the writer’s
+study window; and their chase for gnats and other insects was under his
+view, as he sat reading: and for a considerable period the parent birds,
+‘from early dawn till latest eve,’ might be observed catching
+assiduously our English muskitoes.”
+
+
+Among the most interesting of these summer visitors are the nightingale,
+the whitethroat, the redstart, the fly-catcher, the swallow, and the
+cuckoo.
+
+The third division, viz., sojourners or resident birds, are then
+considered. Of these only five belong to the soft-billed birds, namely,
+the robin and the wren, the hedge-sparrow, and the black and white water
+wagtail. In the classes of hard-billed birds always with us, are the
+nuthatch, the blackbird, the thrush, the greenfinch, the bullfinch, the
+goldfinch, the chaffinch, the sparrow, the lark, and others too numerous
+to mention here, but which will be found classified, and very ably
+described in Mr. Slaney’s volume.
+
+
+“About twenty song birds of passage come to us, and rear their young in
+our island. Of these some are local species, and some but partially and
+thinly scattered. These guests of summer remain to enjoy our finest
+weather, when the warmth of the climate, and the richness of vegetation,
+and the harmony of nature, invite us abroad. We think that our fair
+readers might double the pleasure of their walks if they knew each note
+of their tiny visitant, and distinguished the form and plumage of every
+feathered songster.--p. 12.
+
+“The nightingale is celebrated in all countries: its sober plumage of
+tawny brown would never attract our attention, though its light and
+elegant form might excite admiration. This delightful songster is not
+found north of Shrewsbury in the west, or Doncaster in the east; and is
+seldom seen in Devonshire or Cornwall. ‘It has been observed that it is
+not seen but where cowslips grow plentifully,’ indicating a damp, cool
+soil, and probably yielding those insects it delights in. All writers
+praise the song of this bird. We will only quote the eloquent
+expressions of a naturalist (Wilson) called forth by a songster of the
+new world:--
+
+“‘When every object around conveys the sensation of joy, and heaven’s
+abundance is, as it were, showering around us the grateful heart beats
+in unison with the varying elevated strains of this bird. We listen to
+its notes in a kind of ecstasy as a hymn to the great and most adorable
+Creator of all. Abject must that heart be, and callous those feelings,
+and depraved that taste, which neither the charms of nature, nor the
+melody of innocence, nor the voice of gratitude or devotion, can
+reach.’”--p 16.
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+                            LAMBETH PALACE.
+
+             [Illustration: Gate-house of Lambeth Palace.]
+
+Lambeth Palace, which stands on the right bank of the Thames, within
+half a mile of Westminster Bridge, has been for many centuries the
+principal residence of the Archbishops of Canterbury. The manor belonged
+originally to the see of Rochester, to which it had been granted, before
+the Norman Conquest, by a sister of Edward the Confessor; and it was
+obtained in exchange for some other lands, by Baldwin, Archbishop of
+Canterbury, in the year 1189. There is reason to believe, however, that
+the Archbishops had a house here for at least a century before this
+time. The ancient possession of Lambeth by the see of Rochester is still
+commemorated by the payment to the latter, in two half-yearly sums, of
+five marks of silver, in consideration of the lodging, fire-wood,
+forage, and other accommodations which the Bishops of Rochester had been
+accustomed to receive here whenever they visited London. When the
+Archbishops of Canterbury first obtained possession of the place, the
+buildings on it appear to have been old and mean. With the exception of
+the Chapel, the whole of the present structure has certainly been
+erected since the middle of the thirteenth century.
+
+The Palace, as it now appears, is an irregular but very extensive pile,
+exhibiting specimens of almost every style of architecture that has
+prevailed during the last seven hundred years. The oldest part of it, as
+we have just said, is the Chapel, which is supposed to have been built
+towards the close of the twelfth century. It consists of two apartments,
+divided by a richly-ornamented screen, and measuring together 72 feet in
+length by 25 in breadth. The height of the Chapel is 30 feet. Under it
+is another apartment of smaller dimensions, formed by a series of
+arches, supported by pillars, and now used as a cellar, though in
+ancient times it may not improbably have served as a place of worship.
+Another of the most remarkable portions of the edifice, the Great Hall,
+was originally erected by Archbishop Chicheley in the beginning of the
+reign of Henry VI.; but after the Palace had been sold by the Parliament
+in the time of the Commonwealth, this magnificent apartment was pulled
+down. It was rebuilt, however, on the old site, and in close imitation
+of the former hall, after the Restoration, by Archbishop Juxon, at an
+expense of £10,500. It stands on the right of the principal courtyard,
+and is built of fine red brick, the walls being supported by stone
+buttresses, and also coped with stone, and surmounted by large balls or
+orbs. The length of this noble room is 93 feet, its breadth 38, and its
+height 50. The roof, which is of oak and elaborately carved, is
+particularly splendid and imposing. The Gate-house, which forms the
+principal entry to the Palace, was erected by Cardinal Morton, about the
+year 1490, and is a very beautiful and magnificent structure. It
+consists of two lofty towers, from the summits of which is one of the
+finest views in the neighbourhood of the metropolis. In front of this
+gate the ancient archiepiscopal _dole_, or alms, is still distributed
+every Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday, to thirty poor parishioners of
+Lambeth. Ten are served each day, among whom are divided three stone of
+beef, ten pitchers of broth, thickened with oatmeal, five quartern
+loaves, and twenty-pence in copper.
+
+One of the most interesting portions of Lambeth Palace is the stone
+building called the Lollard’s Tower. It was erected by Archbishop
+Chicheley, in the early part of the fifteenth century, as a place of
+confinement for the unhappy heretics from whom it derives its name.
+Under the tower is an apartment of somewhat singular appearance, called
+the _post room_, from a large post in the middle of it by which its flat
+roof is partly supported. The prison in which the poor Lollards were
+confined is at the top of the tower, and is reached by a very narrow
+winding staircase. Its single doorway, which is so narrow as only to
+admit one person at a time, is strongly barricaded by both an outer and
+an inner door of oak, each three inches and a half thick, and thickly
+studded with iron. The dimensions of the apartment within are 12 feet in
+length, by 9 in width, and 8 in height; and it is lighted by two
+windows, which are only 28 inches high, by 14 inches wide on the inside,
+and about half as high and half as wide on the outside. Both the walls
+and roof of the chamber are lined with oaken planks an inch and a half
+thick; and eight large iron rings still remain fastened to the wood, the
+melancholy memorials of the barbarous tyranny whose victims formerly
+pined in this dismal prison-house. Many names, and fragments of
+sentences, are rudely cut out on various parts of the walls.
+
+Among the other principal apartments are the Library, containing a very
+extensive and valuable collection of books and manuscripts, founded by
+Archbishop Bancroft in 1610: and the Long Gallery, generally supposed to
+have been the work of Cardinal Pole, who possessed the see from the
+death of Archbishop Cranmer in 1556 till 1558. This noble room contains
+many portraits, of which several are in the highest degree interesting
+as works of art, or on account of the individuals whom they represent.
+
+Besides these apartments, the palace contains many others well deserving
+of notice, but which we cannot here attempt to describe. We may merely
+mention the Guardroom, an ancient and venerable chamber, 56 feet in
+length, and adorned by a splendid timber roof; the Presence Chamber,
+also of considerable antiquity: the great Dining-room, which contains a
+series of portraits of all the Archbishops, from Laud to Cornwallis
+inclusive; the old and new Drawing-rooms, the latter a fine room
+measuring 33 feet by 22, built by Archbishop Cornwallis; and the
+Steward’s Parlour, probably built by Archbishop Cranmer. In a future
+number we shall describe the extensive additions to Lambeth Palace which
+have been made by his Grace the present Archbishop. The palace is
+surrounded by a park and gardens, very tastefully laid out, and
+occupying in all about eighteen acres. Among the ornaments of the
+grounds are particularly deserving of notice two Marseilles fig-trees,
+of great size, and still bearing an abundance of delicious fruit, which
+tradition asserts to have been planted by Cardinal Pole.
+
+              [Illustration: Doorway in Lollard’s Tower.]
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+                              EMIGRATION.
+
+ [Hints on Emigration to Upper Canada, &c., by Martin Doyle. Price One
+                    Shilling. Second Edition, 1832.]
+
+The name of Martin Doyle is no doubt familiar to many of our readers,
+and if it is not, we hope to make it so by directing their attention to
+a sensible little book on Emigration to Upper Canada. It is chiefly
+addressed, as its title tells us, to “the middle and lower classes of
+Great Britain and Ireland,” who being blessed with health, strength, and
+the laudable desire of improving their condition, meditate a trip across
+the Atlantic. Whether the causes which annually induce so many thousands
+to quit their native shores are likely to increase or diminish, we can
+yet hardly form a judgment, but this we do know, that while the
+industrious emigrant, who is hard pressed at home, will undoubtedly be a
+gainer by the change, and while the province of Upper Canada is daily
+receiving a vigorous and healthy population into her bosom, we of the
+old country cannot at present consider ourselves otherwise than as
+losers by the change. It may be urged that a new market will be created
+in the Canadas for the products of British industry, and that thus
+emigration may ultimately, and indeed in no short period, prove
+beneficial to the mother-country. Such advantages we may reasonably
+expect, if the produce of Upper Canada is at all times freely allowed to
+enter our markets; but in the mean time we lose the honest and
+industrious labourer, we lose the small capitalist who has been
+struggling against difficulties at home, while the lazy, the vicious,
+and the good-for-nothings are left behind.
+
+But as people _will_ emigrate with the hope of improving their
+condition, it is not fair to grumble at them for trying to mend their
+fortune. Let us rather give them every reasonable facility for doing so,
+and above all let us encourage every attempt to show them what is really
+the state of an emigrant to our American provinces, and what
+qualifications are essential to ensure his success. This our friend
+Martin, we think, has successfully accomplished in a little shilling
+book, in which he treats of the soil, climate, animal and vegetable
+productions, of Upper Canada, mingling with his remarks on these
+subjects sound sense and good advice. His picture of the fertility of
+these countries must make a hungry labourer’s mouth water,--to think of
+the plenty of Indian corn, of wheat, oats, barley, &c., all raised on a
+virgin soil, with no labour but the sowing, after the necessary
+preliminaries of cutting down the trees or barking them are finished. We
+do not think that the products of Upper Canada are at all overrated by
+our author, save perhaps in the article of fruits, when he tells us (p.
+42) that “pine-apples are raised without trouble, and melons and grapes
+grow wild in the woods:” it is of very little importance whether
+pine-apples can be easily raised or not, as we are persuaded turnips
+will prove a more profitable crop,--but we doubt the fact. As to the
+wild melons and the grapes, there is no danger of a man eating them in a
+country where bread, meat, and potatoes abound; otherwise we might put
+in a word of caution against them.
+
+Though Martin Doyle has perhaps not been at all inclined to underrate
+the advantages open to an emigrant into Upper Canada, he has at the same
+time carefully avoided all such false views as might seduce the man who
+is comfortable at home to try the discomforts inseparable from settling
+in a new land. We fully agree with him in advising those who are well
+off at home to stay there, and to weigh all matters carefully before
+they think of leaving it. The industrious labourer who struggles hard
+against poverty, the skilful carpenter or shoe-maker, and others of the
+same class, may, by industry and perseverance, provide for their
+families in Canada, and find a refuge from the threatening evils of
+poverty. The single man who is disposed to the same adventure may lay
+the foundation of wealth and respectability by a few years of steady
+labour in the new world, But there is _one_ condition on which we are
+glad to see that Martin Doyle has most strongly insisted--_sobriety_;
+which everywhere is an essential, but in North America it is all in all.
+In a country where the cheapness of ardent spirits, the very general
+want of some comfortable beverage such as beer, and the contagion of bad
+example, are all combined, it is indispensable that the emigrant arm
+himself with every possible precaution against the assaults of the
+beastly and degrading vice of drunkenness. Dram-drinking spreads
+disease, poverty, vice, and misery, from the fertile banks of the North
+American lakes to the warm and tropical shores of the Mexican gulf: it
+is destroying more than war and famine cut off in older and less
+favoured parts of the world. Let then the drunkard stay at home to
+finish his short and filthy course: he will not improve his condition or
+his health by a settlement in the Canadas. We sincerely hope that the
+efforts of many excellent and enlightened men, both in North America and
+elsewhere, are even now doing something towards eradicating the vice of
+drunkenness.
+
+We believe Martin Doyle’s little book contains as much information as a
+man can require who thinks of going to the Canadas, and we strongly
+recommend its perusal to them as well as to others who are interested in
+the subject of emigration. As far as we are able to judge, the facts are
+in general correct, and have been collected with all proper diligence
+and discrimination. The advice is sound and wholesome; and a spirit of
+benevolence breathes through the whole. Not having space for any
+extracts, we must limit ourselves to noticing a mode of preparing milk
+for sea use, which is recommended to those who take provisions for the
+voyage. “Milk, after having been boiled should be carefully sealed up in
+jars, and if loaf sugar be added to it, there is no danger of its not
+keeping fresh during the voyage.”
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+                           THE STEAM ENGINE.
+
+ [Lectures on the Steam-Engine, by the Rev. Dionysius Lardner, LL. D.
+       4th Edit. 12mo. London, 1832. Taylor. Price 7_s._ 6_d._]
+
+This is decidedly the best popular account which we have of the
+Steam-Engine,--the most accurate and complete and at the same time the
+most intelligible and interesting. The book is intended for the use of
+unscientific readers, or of the public generally; but it has the unusual
+advantage, for a work of this description, of being written by a person
+of the highest scientific acquirements. The utmost dependence,
+therefore, may be placed on the correctness of the various descriptions
+and explanations it presents; they are stripped indeed of those
+technicalities which would have rendered them both repulsive and obscure
+to ordinary readers,--but the substance of the statement which remains,
+although thus transformed from a full and precise detail to a general
+outline, is still, in so far as it goes, perfectly clear and
+satisfactory. The volume contains all that most persons, with the
+exception of engineers and mathematicians, can be supposed desirous of
+knowing about the exceedingly curious and important subject of which it
+treats. It both describes the steam-engine as it now exists, and it
+relates its origin and past history. After a preliminary lecture on the
+natural forces on which the action of the contrivance depends, the
+author proceeds to recount and describe the successive inventions and
+improvements of the Marquis of Worcester--of Captain Savery--of Newcomen
+and Cawdley--of Humphrey Potter (the boy who first hit upon the plan of
+making the engine work its own valves),--and finally of the illustrious
+Watt. The various parts of Watt’s single and double-acting engines are
+explained with the fulness which their importance deserves in the fifth
+and the three following lectures, the modifications which since his time
+have been introduced in the valves, the boiler, the furnace, &c., being
+also noticed. The ninth lecture is occupied with an account of the
+double-cylinder engines of Hornblower and Woolf, and also of a very
+ingenious and elegant machine, possessing certain peculiar and valuable
+recommendations, suggested by the late Reverend Mr. Cartwright, the
+well-known inventor of the power-loom. These expositions are in general
+distinguished by very remarkable clearness--and, illustrated as they are
+by abundance of excellent woodcuts and copper-plates, they can hardly
+fail to be perfectly and easily understood even by those who have been
+but little accustomed to such investigations.
+
+The part of the book, however, on account of which we principally notice
+it at present, is the new matter which appears for the first time in
+this edition, and which relates to the two latest among the various
+extraordinary applications of the power of steam;--the wonders that have
+been performed by it on the Liverpool and Manchester railway, and the
+still more recent experimental achievements of the several projectors
+who have for some time past been endeavouring to introduce steam-coaches
+upon our common roads. The two long chapters which are devoted to these
+subjects, the first especially, contain a number of facts which had not
+previously been laid before the public, and some of which are of
+considerable interest.
+
+The locomotive (or travelling) engines which are employed on the
+Liverpool railway are all what are called high-pressure engines. One of
+Watt’s most ingenious contrivances was his condensing apparatus, by
+which, previous to every stroke of the piston, he created a vacuum in
+the part of the cylinder through which it had to be driven, and thereby
+enabled it to be sent forward through that space with a much inferior
+pressure of steam to what would otherwise have been required. But in the
+steam-engines affixed to coaches it is found convenient to dispense with
+this apparatus, on account of its complexity, its weight, the room which
+it would occupy, and above all the constant supply of cold water which
+would be requisite to keep it in action. The consequence is that in
+these engines and others similarly constructed, a much greater force of
+steam is necessary to make the piston do its work; and they are on that
+account denominated high-pressure engines. It is only within the last
+thirty years that they have been introduced, and the most remarkable
+proofs of their power have been afforded on the Liverpool railway, which
+was opened only about two years ago.
+
+Some time before it was opened a contest took place on this railway
+between three different steam-coaches. The Rocket, constructed by Mr.
+Stevenson; the Sans-pareil, by Mr. Hackworth; and the Novelty, by
+Messrs. Braithwait and Ericson, for a prize of £500, offered by the
+Directors to that which should accomplish the greatest distance in the
+shortest time. On this occasion the Rocket, which gained the prize, went
+over the space of 30 miles in 2 hours 6 minutes and 49 seconds, being at
+the average rate of 14⅕ miles per hour. But in the course of the journey
+it sometimes proceeded at the rate of above 29 miles an hour, and its
+slowest motion was about 11½ miles in that time[1]. In May last, Dr.
+Lardner saw the engine called the Victory draw on the same rail-road the
+weight of 92 tons 19 cwt. 1 quarter, in twenty waggons, together with
+its tender containing fuel and water, from Liverpool to Manchester, a
+distance of 30 miles, in 1 hour 34 minutes and 45 seconds, besides 10
+minutes spent in taking in water. The speed on this occasion was in some
+places 25½ miles an hour, and on level ground, where there was no wind,
+it was generally 20 miles an hour. On another day, the engine called the
+Samson drew fifty waggons laden with merchandise, and, with itself,
+making a gross weight of above 233 tons, the same distance in 2 hours
+and 40 minutes, exclusive of delays upon the road for watering, &c., the
+rate of motion having varied from 9 to 16 miles an hour, and being on an
+average nearly 12 miles an hour. The coke consumed in this journey was
+1762 lbs., or a quarter of a pound per ton per mile. The attendance
+required is only an engine-man and a fire-boy, the former of whom is
+paid 1_s._ 6_d._ for each trip, and the later 1_s_. The expense of the
+original construction of the engines, however, and of their wear and
+tear is very great, though not nearly so great on the latter account,
+Dr. Lardner assures us, as has been sometimes stated. The price of one
+of the most improved engines at first is about £800, and it will travel
+from 25,000 to 30,000 miles without costing as much more for repairs.
+Notwithstanding many extra expenses which this undertaking, as the first
+of the kind, has had to bear, and from the experience purchased by which
+future speculators will profit, it has been perfectly successful in a
+commercial point of view. The profits on the capital invested have been
+from the first above 6 per cent. per annum; and during the latter six
+months of 1831, it was at the rate of above 8 per cent. per annum; and
+it has since probably exceeded that amount. The original £100 shares
+already sell for above £200. On the other hand the advantages to the
+public have been as great as to the proprietors. Fully 600,000
+passengers now pass by the rail-road in the course of the year between
+Liverpool and Manchester, or four times as many as used formerly to make
+the journey. The transference of merchandise is also effected both with
+infinitely greater speed, and at a vast reduction of expense.
+
+Some time ago a work was published by Mr. Gordon, the engineer, on the
+application of steam as a moving power for coaches on common turnpike
+roads, the facts contained in which were principally derived from the
+report on this subject of the Committee of the House of Commons, which
+was ordered to be printed on the 12th of October last. Dr. Lardner has
+here availed himself of the information supplied by the same most
+interesting and important parliamentary paper; some of the curious
+details given in which we may possibly take another opportunity of
+laying before our readers. In the meanwhile we can only afford room for
+the general conclusions to which the Committee came on the evidence
+brought before them. They are as follows:--
+
+
+“1. That carriages can be propelled by steam on common roads at an
+average rate of ten miles per hour.
+
+“2. That at this rate they have conveyed upwards of fourteen passengers.
+
+“3. That their weight, including engine, fuel, water, and attendants,
+may be under three tons.
+
+“4. That they can ascend and descend hills of considerable inclination
+with facility and safety.
+
+“5. That they are perfectly safe for passengers.
+
+“6. That they are not (or need not be, if properly constructed)
+nuisances to the public.
+
+“7. That they will become a speedier and cheaper mode of conveyance than
+carriages drawn by horses.
+
+“8. That, as they admit of greater breadth of tire than other carriages,
+and as the roads are not acted on so injuriously as by the feet of
+horses in common draught, such carriages will cause less wear of roads
+than coaches drawn by horses.
+
+“9. That rates of toll have been imposed on steam-carriages, which would
+prohibit their being used on several lines of road, were such charges
+permitted to remain unaltered.”
+
+
+The toll-bills complained of have since been repealed. “At the moment
+that I write,” says Dr. Lardner, “several steam-carriages are in process
+of construction for regular work upon the public roads of England. Some
+are about to be established between Paddington and the Bank, upon the
+New Road; others between London and Greenwich, and other places in the
+vicinity of the metropolis. Another it is stated, is to run between
+London and Birmingham. The first impulse once received, the progress
+will be rapid, and the effect of proportionate importance.”
+
+-----
+
+Footnote 1:
+
+  In another place Dr. Lardner states that “the engine which conveyed
+  Mr. Huskisson to Manchester, after the unhappy occurrence which took
+  place at the great trial, moved at the rate of 35 miles an hour.” (p.
+  206.)
+
+
+                         ---------------------
+
+
+                       THE HALL OF ELTHAM PALACE.
+
+Near the village of Eltham in Kent, about eight miles south east from
+London, stood anciently one of the most magnificent of the English royal
+palaces. The property is ascertained to have belonged to the Crown in
+the time of the Saxons. The Conqueror granted it to one of his Norman
+followers; but having again been forfeited to the Crown, it was given by
+Edward I. to one of the most powerful barons of those times--John de
+Vesci. Soon after this it came into the possession of Anthony Bec, the
+famous military Bishop of Durham, who is accused, however, of having
+made the acquisition by the most shameless violation of his trust, as
+guardian of the legal heir. Bec is the earliest proprietor of the manor
+who is recorded to have erected any buildings on the site of the
+palace--although there can be little doubt that there was a house there
+before his time. He built a large and splendid mansion, which appears to
+have been completed soon after the middle of the thirteenth century,
+King Henry III., accompanied by his queen and all the principal
+nobility, having kept his Christmas here in 1269. This was probably the
+warming of the house. On the death of the Bishop, which took place here
+in 1310, the manor of Eltham fell again to the crown, in the possession
+of which it has ever since remained. For the next two centuries the
+place was a favourite residence of our monarchs. Edward II.’s son John
+was born here in 1315, and was thence called John of Eltham. In the
+reign of Edward III. the Parliament was on several occasions assembled
+at Eltham; and here that prince, in 1365, entertained his captive, John,
+King of France, with sumptuous hospitality. The palace was almost
+entirely rebuilt by Edward IV., who, on the conclusion of the work in
+1482 is recorded to have kept his Christmas in the Hall with great state
+and splendour. Large additions were afterwards made to the building by
+Henry VII., who, like his predecessors, generally lived here, and was
+wont to dine every day in the hall, surrounded by his barons. At this
+time the royal palace of Eltham consisted of four quadrangles enclosed
+within a high wall, beyond which was a moat of great width: the whole
+formed an irregular area, approaching to a square in shape, to which the
+principal entry was over a bridge and through a gateway in the north
+wall. There was also another bridge and gate at the opposite side of the
+inclosure. Of the buildings the most important part consisted of a high
+range which crossed the court from east to west, and included the hall,
+the chapel, and the state apartments. To the palace were attached a
+garden and three parks, comprehending together above 1300 acres, besides
+the demesne lands of 400 acres more. These parks were stocked with deer,
+and many fine old trees that still remain testify how richly wooded the
+place must have formerly been.
+
+Of all this magnificence but little now remains; and many parts of the
+buildings can scarcely be traced even in their foundations. Henry VIII.
+deserted Eltham for the new palace of Greenwich, which, as being nearer
+to London, was probably found to be a more convenient residence. After
+this Eltham was only occasionally visited by the sovereign; which it
+sometimes was even in the time of James I. On the establishment of the
+Commonwealth the place was seized by the parliament and sold; and at the
+same time the parks were broken into, and the deer dispersed and killed
+by the soldiers and the common people. The work of devastation, thus
+begun, was continued until the greater part of the palace also was first
+reduced to a heap of ruins, and then swept away altogether; and although
+the property was recovered by the crown at the Restoration, no pains
+seem to have been taken to save the remnant of the pile from spoliation
+and destruction. On the contrary, the business of demolition was now
+carried on upon system: the old palace was turned into a quarry; and
+stone after stone was carried away as it was wanted for even the meanest
+purposes, until scarcely anything remained which it was thought worth
+while to remove. Fortunately, it was considered that the hall would make
+a good barn; and to this ignoble appropriation, which so well hit the
+economical humour of the times, we owe the preservation, in a state of
+comparative entireness, of this principal and most interesting portion
+of the noble old palace of Eltham.
+
+                 [Illustration: Hall of Eltham Palace.]
+
+According to Mr. Buckler, who published a valuable account of this
+palace a few years ago, the length of the hall in the inside is above
+101 feet by about 36½ in width. “The interior,” says this writer, “is
+magnificent. The taste and talent of ages are concentrated in its
+design; and it is scarcely possible to imagine proportions more just and
+noble, a plan more perfect, ornaments more appropriate and beautiful; in
+a word, a whole more harmonious than this regal banquetting-room.” The
+windows, which, however, have been long built up, are ranged in couples
+along both sides; and each series is terminated by a bay window at the
+west or upper end of the hall. But the most conspicuous ornament of this
+fine room is its splendid roof. “The main beams of the roof,” says Mr.
+Buckler, “are full 17 inches square and 28 feet long, perfectly straight
+and sound throughout, and are the produce of trees of the most stately
+growth. A forest must have yielded its choicest timber for the supply of
+this building; and it is evident that the material has been wrought with
+incredible labour and admirable skill.”
+
+This hall was undoubtedly the erection of Edward IV., whose well-known
+symbol, the expanded rose, is still to be seen on various parts of the
+building. About four years ago the public attention was called to the
+state of this beautiful remnant of our ancient architecture, which it
+was understood there was an intention of levelling with the ground, on
+the pretext that the roof in some parts showed signs of decay, and
+threatened to fall if not taken down. It had been resolved, it seems, to
+remove the roof to some new building at Windsor or else where, and then
+to demolish the rest of the hall. By the exertions, however, of some
+individuals of taste and influence a reconsideration of the subject was
+obtained; and eventually it was determined by the Government to advance
+a small sum, in order to effect such a partial repair of the hall as
+might at least secure its stability for the present. The work was
+committed to the superintendence of Mr. Smirke, by whom it was executed
+with much ability; and the roof is now once more restored, as far as was
+practicable, to its original strength and beauty. In other respects,
+however, the hall, we believe, still remains in the state in which it
+was previous to the repairs and continues to be used as a barn.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+ ⁂ The Office of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge is at
+                        59, Lincoln’s Inn Fields.
+
+                LONDON:--CHARLES KNIGHT, PALL-MALL EAST.
+
+  _Shopkeepers and Hawkers may be supplied Wholesale by the following
+ Booksellers, of whom, also, any of the previous Numbers may be had:--_
+
+ _London_, GROOMBRIDGE, Panyer Alley.
+ _Bath_, SIMMS.
+ _Birmingham_, DRAKE.
+ _Bristol_, WESTLEY and Co.
+ _Carlisle_, THURNAM; and SCOTT.
+ _Derby_, WILKINS and SON.
+ _Devonport_, BYERS.
+ _Doncaster_, BROOKE and CO.
+ _Exeter_, BALLE.
+ _Falmouth_, PHILIP.
+ _Hull_, STEPHENSON.
+ _Kendal_, HUDSON and NICHOLSON.
+ _Leeds_, BAINES and NEWSOME.
+ _Lincoln_, BROOKE and SONS.
+ _Liverpool_, WILLMER and SMITH.
+ _Manchester_, ROBINSON; and WEBB and SIMMS.
+ _Newcastle-upon-Tyne_, CHARNLEY.
+ _Norwich_, JARROLD and SON.
+ _Nottingham_, WRIGHT.
+ _Oxford_, SLATTER.
+ _Plymouth_, NETTLETON.
+ _Portsea_, HORSEY, Jun.
+ _Sheffield_, RIDGE.
+ _Staffordshire, Lane End_, C. WATTS.
+ _Worcester_, DEIGHTON.
+ _Dublin_, WAKEMAN.
+ _Edinburgh_, OLIVER and BOYD.
+ _Glasgow_, ATKINSON and CO.
+ _New York_, JACKSON.
+
+            Printed by WILLIAM CLOWES, Duke Street, Lambeth.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                          Transcriber’s Notes
+
+
+This file uses _underscores_ to indicate italic text. New original cover
+art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain. Itemized
+changes from the original text:
+
+ • p. 257: Replaced “succeeeded” with “succeeded” in phrase “The
+   engineer having succeeded in filling and closing this hole.”
+ • p. 258: Replaced single with double opening quotation mark before
+   phrase “The smaller winter visiters, about five in number.”
+ • p. 259: Added closing quotation mark after phrase “catching
+   assiduously our English muskitoes.”
+ • p. 259: Added opening square bracket before subheading “Hints on
+   Emigration to Upper Canada.”
+ • p. 260: Replaced comma with period after phrase “the Archbishops had
+   a house here for at least a century before this time.”
+ • p. 260: Replaced “Chichely” with “Chicheley” in phrase “It was
+   erected by Archbishop Chicheley, in the early part of the fifteenth
+   century.”
+ • p. 262: Replaced comma with closing parentheses in phrase “The
+   locomotive (or travelling) engines which are employed on the
+   Liverpool railway.”
+ • p. 264: Added period after phrase “restored, as far as was
+   practicable, to its original strength and beauty.”
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77142 ***
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+       .illo-wide {width:100%; }
+       div.linegroup > :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }
+       .shrink {font-size:90%; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>   
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77142 ***</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c1'>
+<div class='nf-center c000'>
+    <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_257'>257</span>Monthly Supplement of</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <h1 class='c001' title='The Penny Magazine, September 1 to September 29 , 1832'>THE PENNY MAGAZINE</h1>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c1'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><span class='small'>OF THE</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c1'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><span class='large'>Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="full">
+<div class="masthead">
+<div class="masthead-right"></div>
+<div class="masthead-left">32.]</div>
+<div class="masthead-centre"><span class='sc'>September 1 to September 29</span>, 1832</div>
+<hr class="full">
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c003'>THE THAMES TUNNEL.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='illo-wide'>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<a href='images/the-thames-tunnel-1-full.jpg'><img src='images/the-thames-tunnel-1-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>[Transverse Section of the Thames Tunnel.]</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div class='illo-left'>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<a href='images/the-thames-tunnel-2-full.jpg'><img src='images/the-thames-tunnel-2-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>[Section of Drift-way.]</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>As far back as the year 1802, a project was set on
+foot by some enterprising gentlemen, with a view of
+opening an archway under the Thames, between Rotherhithe
+and Limehouse, not far from the line of the present
+tunnel. The engineer selected for this enterprise was
+particularly qualified for such an undertaking, being an
+experienced Cornish miner. Having made some borings
+at the Horse-ferry and on the opposite side of the river,
+he reported that “he was firmly persuaded the undertaking
+would not cost so much as had been conceived.”
+A subscription was, in consequence, raised; and a
+company was formed, under the denomination of the
+“Thames Archway Company.” Surveys, plans, and
+estimates were made, and an Act of Parliament being
+obtained, the work was begun. The engineer commenced
+operations by sinking a shaft of 11 feet diameter,
+at 330 feet from the line of the wharf on the Rotherhithe
+side. But the obstacles which he encountered from the
+nature of the ground increased to such a degree, as he
+proceeded, that at the depth of 42 feet he was obliged to
+desist. A subsequent report of borings, however, having
+proved very favourable, an enterprising proprietor engaged
+to complete the
+shaft (reduced to 8 feet
+diameter) to 76 feet, at
+which depth it was discovered
+that it would
+be dangerous to go
+deeper. At this stage of
+the proceedings, viz. in
+August, 1807, a second
+engineer was engaged
+by the Company, a
+gentleman whose name
+had been coupled with very great enterprises in the mining
+department. Before opening the drift-way both engineers
+agreed to reduce its breadth to 2 feet 6 inches at the top,
+and 3 feet at the bottom. At the depth of 76 feet they
+found the ground to consist of a <em>firm dry sand</em>; and there
+they opened the drift, which they carried forward in a gentle
+ascent. In November, 1807, when 394 feet of the drift
+had been completed, the services of the first engineer were
+dispensed with after four years and a half of hard labour.
+The Directors then agreed to give the second engineer
+£1000, by way of premium, if he succeeded in reaching
+the opposite shore. The drift was further extended to
+814 feet, through equally firm dry ground, with the precaution,
+which had been employed from the beginning,
+of a substantial planking all the way. One hundred and
+thirty-eight feet more were cut through a bed of calcareous
+rock eight feet thick. But on the 21st of December,
+the head of the drift had hardly entered two feet
+into the stratum, which lay immediately over the rock,
+when the roof broke down in a loose state, leaving above
+head a cavity large enough for a man to stand in it.
+It is to be observed that there was no less than thirty
+feet of intervening ground between the drift and the river
+at the time this accident happened. The engineer succeeded
+in filling and securing the cavity; but, such was
+the nature of the whole ground above the rock, that,
+under the influence of an extraordinary high tide (on
+the 26th of January 1808), the ground again made its
+way fast in a loose state into the drift, and the river soon
+broke through 25 feet of ground. This same tide caused
+the destruction of the Deptford and Lewisham bridges.
+<a id='tn-succeeded'></a>The engineer having succeeded in filling and closing
+this hole, the miners re-entered the drift, which was reduced
+to three feet in height, for the purpose of clearing
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_258'>258</span>the dangerous place. The miners had, therefore, to work
+on their knees: however, notwithstanding every effort to
+attain the opposite shore, they were driven away by the
+frequent bursts of sand and water. The engineer having
+afterwards sounded the ground from above, reported that
+he had no doubt the two fractures communicated underneath;
+and therefore admitted that it was quite
+impracticable to go further except by means of a cofferdam
+or caissons. On the 30th of March, 1809, the
+Directors offered a reward for the most approved plan of
+completing the archway. Fifty-four plans having been
+obtained by this announcement, they were referred to
+the opinion of scientific men. These gentlemen reported
+that they were unanimously of opinion, that an
+archway, of any useful size, was impracticable under the
+Thames by an underground excavation on any of the
+plans that had come before them; observing, at the same
+time, that they did not pretend to assign limits to the
+ingenuity of other men. A further trial was made by
+a third engineer, who operated from above the river, but
+it proved equally fruitless. Thus ended in 1809 all the
+exertions and the efforts made during nearly seven
+years, for the purpose of accomplishing an archway
+under the bed of the Thames; at the end of which
+period not so much as a drain had been completed, nor
+had the miners succeeded in working in any of those
+strata wherein the excavation for the archway must
+eventually have been effected.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Several years afterwards, Mr. Brunel was prevailed
+upon by one of the most active promoters of the archway
+enterprise (Mr. J. Wyatt) to turn his attention to the
+subject; and, being furnished with the documents connected
+with the first attempt, he devised his plan with
+the impression that both the excavation and the structure
+might be made on a full scale at once.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Before proceeding to an exposition of the plan adopted
+by Mr. Brunel, and of the means by which he has carried
+it into execution, we have to state that the structure of the
+Thames Tunnel, as represented in the annexed view, is
+38 feet in width and 22 feet 6 inches in height externally
+and that a length of 600 feet, in the style of a double arcade,
+has been made, though one arch only is open to public
+inspection. The excavation therefore made under the
+Thames for this structure presents a sectional surface
+of 850 feet, which is equal to sixty times the area of the
+drift; but for a more comprehensive demonstration of
+this aggregate, the reader is to understand that the
+excavation which has been made for the Thames Tunnel
+is larger than the House of Commons, the dimensions
+of which are 32 feet in width and 25 feet in height,
+presenting therefore only 800 feet of sectional surface.
+At high water, the head of the river is about 75 feet
+above the foot of the excavation, and consequently three
+times the height of that room. These circumstances,
+independently of the nature of the ground, are sufficient
+to place the work of the Thames Tunnel among
+the boldest enterprises in the art of engineering.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Notwithstanding that the first attempt had contributed
+to discourage all idea of success, there were still
+sufficient evidences to indicate that by beginning in
+the stratum of dry firm sand, and keeping close under the
+stratum of clay forming the bottom of the river, there
+was space enough to effect the object, although the
+nature of the intervening ground had been ascertained
+to be very loose in many places. All the information
+obtained from the miner’s report concurred with the
+opinions of geologists in pointing out that the most
+eligible line for the Tunnel was to keep as near to the
+bottom of the river as the security of the work would
+permit. The first idea of the plan which appeared to
+the engineer best calculated for making an excavation fit
+for the object under so overwhelming a head of water,
+was suggested by the sight of a piece of a keel of a ship
+which had been eroded by the operation of the worm
+called the terido. From this he conceived it practicable,
+as his specification describes it, to make a circular
+opening of sufficient capacity at once. However, of
+the two modes which he described, he gave the preference
+to that of proceeding by forming simultaneously
+several contiguous excavations by means of an apparatus
+which has been denominated the shield. This
+shield upon the whole partakes of the character of a
+powerful cofferdam, applied in a horizontal instead of
+the vertical direction. It consists of twelve parallel
+frames lying close to each other like so many volumes
+in a bookcase. Each frame, being nearly 22 feet in
+height, is divided into three stories: the whole presents
+therefore thirty-six openings or cells. It is from these
+cells that the miners, operating by small quantities at
+a time, like so many teridos, are able to erode the
+ground in front, while others at the back bring up a
+substantial incrustation, namely the brick structure. For
+locomotive action each frame is provided with two
+substantial legs resting on equally substantial shoes,
+(not unlike snow-shoes); these legs are provided with
+articulations that fit the frames for a pacing movement.
+The shield has perambulated 600 feet of its assigned
+career; and has left behind a substantial structure in the
+form of a double arcade, which is now as long or nearly
+as the Burlington Arcade.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>With regard to the external form of the structure,
+and the mode adopted for its execution, it must be obvious
+to persons acquainted with such matters, that the
+most substantial form, and the best calculated at the same
+time to prevent, as far as practicable, any derangement
+in alluvial strata of various degrees of density, is the
+square form, as corresponding with that mode of building
+which is technically called underjoining and underlaying.
+Thus, in fact, the bed of the river, with
+its contents, has been underlayed, just as the Customhouse
+has been, to receive the superstructure.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>An indispensable requisite in a work of this nature
+was, that it should be made proof against the greatest
+disasters that were to be apprehended, notwithstanding
+every precaution that could be taken. Mr. Brunel’s
+plan was considered by his Grace the Duke of Wellington,
+by Dr. Wollaston, and by those engineers and
+scientific men who had the opportunity of examining
+the designs, and of hearing the description given by the
+engineer, as being well calculated to accomplish the
+contemplated object, although some apprehensions were
+raised at the time as to what might result from so
+formidable an occurrence as an irruption of the river,
+considering the extent of the devastation it might cause
+in the ground and among the works. The engineer
+afforded such explanations as allayed, in some degree,
+those apprehensions which, it must be admitted, he has
+since completely dispelled by undeniable facts.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>It was under these auspices that the plan was brought
+before the public in 1823, and that in the month of
+February, 1824, subscriptions were obtained to a large
+amount to carry it into effect, notwithstanding the novelty
+of the scheme, and its risks.</p>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div><span class='small'>[To be continued.]</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='c006'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c003'>BRITISH BIRDS.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='subtitle'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c006'>
+    <div>[An Outline of the Smaller British Birds, by Robert A. Slaney, Esq. M.P.]</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'>This little volume is evidently the production of an
+intelligent, humane, and truly amiable mind, whose
+enthusiasm on a favourite study is calculated to win
+attention and to enamour others of the same subject.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>It is painful to reflect, that while we are everywhere
+surrounded by natural objects, animate and inanimate,
+each replete with interest and beauty of its own, so
+many of us should be ignorant, and thence insensible and
+heedless of these charms. This negligence is almost
+culpable, for so slight is the expense of time and study
+required to render ourselves familiar with many of the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_259'>259</span>works of nature, that the busiest and poorest could afford
+the sacrifice, and thus put themselves in possession
+of a pure and cheap source of enjoyment. But old
+writers encumbered the simplicity of natural history with
+Latin and Greek terms, and words of <em>interminable</em> length,
+making appear difficult and abstruse what in reality is
+not so. It has been the laudable object of Mr. Slaney,
+as of other writers of the present day, to make these
+matters easy, as they should be. In the little volume
+now before us, our readers will find every thing perfectly
+intelligible to the commonest capacity, and its attentive
+perusal will delight and enrich their minds with numerous
+interesting accounts of the formation and habits of the
+beautiful winged creatures we every day see flitting around
+us, while, by indicating the course and modes of observation
+to be pursued, it will facilitate their acquirement of
+other and more extensive branches of natural history.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>In allusion to the general ignorance on these subjects
+even among the wealthy and educated classes of society,
+Mr. Slaney says very amusingly, “We have sometimes
+asked our fair young friends if they knew as many of the
+smaller birds as they could count on their fingers? They
+usually answered confidently in the affirmative, but could
+seldom get much beyond one hand.”</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Now this ignorance, which is mere negligence, we
+again say is almost culpable, and, as it tends to remove
+this ignorance by a single and delightful process, we
+therefore warmly recommend this ‘Outline of the Smaller
+British Birds.’ The reader will find in it, beside
+Mr. Slaney’s own descriptions and observations, many
+amusing and instructive extracts from some of the most
+distinguished writers on natural history, such as White
+of Selborne, who has so admirably described what passed
+under his own eyes in a province of England; Wilson,
+originally a common weaver of Paisley near Glasgow,
+who found an unknown world of beauty in the birds of the
+American wilds, his accounts of which unite the accuracy
+of philosophy with the beauty and glow of poetry;
+Knapp, the author of the ‘Journal of a Naturalist;’ the
+late Sir Humphry Davy, &#38;c. &#38;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The following extracts will give an idea of the work:—</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c004'>“Perhaps, if we take a short view of our common birds,
+beginning with the missel thrush, the largest British songster
+and coming down to the golden-crested wren, it may
+repay our trouble. Within these limits we shall find about
+seventy birds, varying in size, form, habits, structure, and
+notes: most of which are seen, at one or other time of the
+year, in the fields and woods which surround our dwellings,
+and many of them are constantly with us. They may be
+divided into hard-billed birds, feeding on grain, seeds, and
+fruits; and soft-billed birds, on insects and worms. Some
+feed on both; and many grain-eaters devour insects, though
+few of the soft-billed eat seeds. These are again divided into
+families, from some peculiarity in their formation (chiefly the
+beak): as the finches, buntings, warblers, &#38;c.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“In considering the birds to which we have confined our
+view, we find they divide themselves into three sets—winter
+visiters, summer visiters, and sojourners.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><a id='tn-smallerwinter'></a>“The smaller winter visiters, about five in number, come
+to our hospitable shores in autumn, and leave us in the
+spring. They all come from colder climates; and as the
+frost locks up their sources of subsistence in the north,
+(where, in summer, they have built their nests and reared
+their young,) led by that wonderful instinct which their
+Maker has implanted, they direct their airy flight across the
+mountain and the flood.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“The summer visiters, on the other hand, coming to us in
+the spring, and leaving us in the autumn, all come from the
+south; and depart again to the regions of the sun as winter
+approaches.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“The winter visiters are all (except the grey wag-tail),
+hard-billed birds, fitted to feed on seeds, berries, and fruits
+found during our winters. They are chiefly gregarious, and
+seem by their numbers to band themselves together against
+the piercing season!”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>The Fieldfare, the Redwing, the Starling, are the
+commonest of these winter visitors.</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c004'>“Let us turn to our summer visiters. They come to us in
+the spring, as the weather becomes warmer, the earth clothed
+with vegetation, and the air and surface of the ground begin
+to teem with insect life; when the chrysalis bursts its case,
+the worm, and slug, and caterpillar, ‘and every creeping
+thing after his kind,’ come forth; then appear, led by an
+unseen hand, myriads of soft-billed warblers from distant
+lands, formed to thin the insect race, and whose services
+warmly deserve our gratitude and protection.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“From March till May ten thousand busy pinions ply the
+air, by day and night, and bring those melodious visiters
+from all the southern countries, where the parching heat at
+this season renders their food difficult to procure. As they
+arrive, they disperse throughout the country,—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>‘They to their grassy couch, these to their nests.’</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'>Each grove and shrubbery, each ‘bosky dell from side to
+side,’ each heath and upland common, each hedge and garden
+and petty rural homestead, receives some of these wandering
+minstrels. It is probable they return year after year,
+if undisturbed, to the same haunts; and perhaps revisit with
+as much pleasure as ourselves the well-known scenes of their
+youth—</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>‘When Nature pleased, for life itself was new,</div>
+      <div class='line'> And the heart pictured what the fancy drew.’</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'>“We may smile at the idea of fancy or feeling in a bird;
+yet those who have closely watched those beautiful beings
+will readily believe as much difference in their dispositions as
+Cowper found in the temper of his hares. The ‘mellow lark
+who at Heaven’s gate sings’ must be endowed with instincts—superior
+to those of the ‘poor beetle that we tread upon.’
+Memory birds possess in a considerable degree. Swallows
+will choose out the same nook for their nest year after year.
+That elegant little bird, the common fly-catcher, is attached
+to the same spot. A pair built for three summers successively
+in the same place, close to the writer’s study window;
+and their chase for gnats and other insects was under his
+view, as he sat reading: and for a considerable period the
+parent birds, ‘from early dawn till latest eve,’ might be observed
+<a id='tn-muskitoes'></a>catching assiduously our English muskitoes.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>Among the most interesting of these summer visitors
+are the nightingale, the whitethroat, the redstart, the
+fly-catcher, the swallow, and the cuckoo.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The third division, viz., sojourners or resident birds,
+are then considered. Of these only five belong to the
+soft-billed birds, namely, the robin and the wren, the
+hedge-sparrow, and the black and white water wagtail.
+In the classes of hard-billed birds always with us, are
+the nuthatch, the blackbird, the thrush, the greenfinch,
+the bullfinch, the goldfinch, the chaffinch, the sparrow,
+the lark, and others too numerous to mention here, but
+which will be found classified, and very ably described
+in Mr. Slaney’s volume.</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c004'>“About twenty song birds of passage come to us, and rear
+their young in our island. Of these some are local species,
+and some but partially and thinly scattered. These guests
+of summer remain to enjoy our finest weather, when the
+warmth of the climate, and the richness of vegetation, and
+the harmony of nature, invite us abroad. We think that our
+fair readers might double the pleasure of their walks if they
+knew each note of their tiny visitant, and distinguished the
+form and plumage of every feathered songster.—p. 12.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“The nightingale is celebrated in all countries: its sober
+plumage of tawny brown would never attract our attention,
+though its light and elegant form might excite admiration.
+This delightful songster is not found north of Shrewsbury in
+the west, or Doncaster in the east; and is seldom seen in
+Devonshire or Cornwall. ‘It has been observed that it is
+not seen but where cowslips grow plentifully,’ indicating a
+damp, cool soil, and probably yielding those insects it delights
+in. All writers praise the song of this bird. We will only
+quote the eloquent expressions of a naturalist (Wilson) called
+forth by a songster of the new world:—</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“‘When every object around conveys the sensation of joy,
+and heaven’s abundance is, as it were, showering around us
+the grateful heart beats in unison with the varying elevated
+strains of this bird. We listen to its notes in a kind of ecstasy
+as a hymn to the great and most adorable Creator of all.
+Abject must that heart be, and callous those feelings, and
+depraved that taste, which neither the charms of nature, nor
+the melody of innocence, nor the voice of gratitude or devotion,
+can reach.’”—p 16.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div><span class='pageno' id='Page_260'>260</span></div>
+<div class='c006'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c003'>LAMBETH PALACE.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='illo-wide'>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<a href='images/lambeth-palace-1-full.jpg'><img src='images/lambeth-palace-1-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>[Gate-house of Lambeth Palace.]</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>Lambeth Palace, which stands on the right bank of
+the Thames, within half a mile of Westminster Bridge,
+has been for many centuries the principal residence of
+the Archbishops of Canterbury. The manor belonged
+originally to the see of Rochester, to which it had been
+granted, before the Norman Conquest, by a sister of
+Edward the Confessor; and it was obtained in exchange
+for some other lands, by Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury,
+in the year 1189. There is reason to believe,
+however, that <a id='tn-archbishops'></a>the Archbishops had a house here for at
+least a century before this time. The ancient possession
+of Lambeth by the see of Rochester is still commemorated
+by the payment to the latter, in two half-yearly
+sums, of five marks of silver, in consideration of the
+lodging, fire-wood, forage, and other accommodations
+which the Bishops of Rochester had been accustomed to
+receive here whenever they visited London. When the
+Archbishops of Canterbury first obtained possession of
+the place, the buildings on it appear to have been old
+and mean. With the exception of the Chapel, the whole
+of the present structure has certainly been erected since
+the middle of the thirteenth century.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The Palace, as it now appears, is an irregular but very
+extensive pile, exhibiting specimens of almost every style
+of architecture that has prevailed during the last seven
+hundred years. The oldest part of it, as we have just
+said, is the Chapel, which is supposed to have been
+built towards the close of the twelfth century. It consists
+of two apartments, divided by a richly-ornamented
+screen, and measuring together 72 feet in length by 25
+in breadth. The height of the Chapel is 30 feet.
+Under it is another apartment of smaller dimensions,
+formed by a series of arches, supported by pillars, and
+now used as a cellar, though in ancient times it may not
+improbably have served as a place of worship. Another
+of the most remarkable portions of the edifice, the Great
+Hall, was originally erected by Archbishop Chicheley in
+the beginning of the reign of Henry VI.; but after the
+Palace had been sold by the Parliament in the time of
+the Commonwealth, this magnificent apartment was
+pulled down. It was rebuilt, however, on the old site,
+and in close imitation of the former hall, after the
+Restoration, by Archbishop Juxon, at an expense of
+£10,500. It stands on the right of the principal courtyard,
+and is built of fine red brick, the walls being supported
+by stone buttresses, and also coped with stone,
+and surmounted by large balls or orbs. The length of
+this noble room is 93 feet, its breadth 38, and its height
+50. The roof, which is of oak and elaborately carved,
+is particularly splendid and imposing. The Gate-house,
+which forms the principal entry to the Palace, was erected
+by Cardinal Morton, about the year 1490, and is a very
+beautiful and magnificent structure. It consists of two
+lofty towers, from the summits of which is one of the
+finest views in the neighbourhood of the metropolis. In
+front of this gate the ancient archiepiscopal <i>dole</i>, or alms,
+is still distributed every Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday,
+to thirty poor parishioners of Lambeth. Ten are
+served each day, among whom are divided three stone
+of beef, ten pitchers of broth, thickened with oatmeal,
+five quartern loaves, and twenty-pence in copper.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>One of the most interesting portions of Lambeth
+Palace is the stone building called the Lollard’s Tower.
+<a id='tn-chicheley'></a>It was erected by Archbishop Chicheley, in the early part
+of the fifteenth century, as a place of confinement for
+the unhappy heretics from whom it derives its name.
+Under the tower is an apartment of somewhat singular
+appearance, called the <i>post room</i>, from a large post in
+the middle of it by which its flat roof is partly supported.
+The prison in which the poor Lollards were confined is
+at the top of the tower, and is reached by a very narrow
+winding staircase. Its single doorway, which is so
+narrow as only to admit one person at a time, is
+strongly barricaded by both an outer and an inner door
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_261'>261</span>of oak, each three inches and a half thick, and thickly
+studded with iron. The dimensions of the apartment
+within are 12 feet in length, by 9 in width, and 8 in
+height; and it is lighted by two windows, which are
+only 28 inches high, by 14 inches wide on the inside,
+and about half as high and half as wide on the outside.
+Both the walls and roof of the chamber are lined with
+oaken planks an inch and a half thick; and eight large
+iron rings still remain fastened to the wood, the melancholy
+memorials of the barbarous tyranny whose victims
+formerly pined in this dismal prison-house. Many
+names, and fragments of sentences, are rudely cut out
+on various parts of the walls.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Among the other principal apartments are the Library,
+containing a very extensive and valuable collection of
+books and manuscripts, founded by Archbishop Bancroft
+in 1610: and the Long Gallery, generally supposed to
+have been the work of Cardinal Pole, who possessed the
+see from the death of Archbishop Cranmer in 1556 till
+1558. This noble room contains many portraits, of
+which several are in the highest degree interesting as
+works of art, or on account of the individuals whom
+they represent.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Besides these apartments, the palace contains many
+others well deserving of notice, but which we cannot here
+attempt to describe. We may merely mention the Guardroom,
+an ancient and venerable chamber, 56 feet in
+length, and adorned by a splendid timber roof; the
+Presence Chamber, also of considerable antiquity: the
+great Dining-room, which contains a series of portraits
+of all the Archbishops, from Laud to Cornwallis inclusive;
+the old and new Drawing-rooms, the latter a fine
+room measuring 33 feet by 22, built by Archbishop Cornwallis;
+and the Steward’s Parlour, probably built by
+Archbishop Cranmer. In a future number we shall describe
+the extensive additions to Lambeth Palace which
+have been made by his Grace the present Archbishop.
+The palace is surrounded by a park and gardens, very tastefully
+laid out, and occupying in all about eighteen acres.
+Among the ornaments of the grounds are particularly
+deserving of notice two Marseilles fig-trees, of great size,
+and still bearing an abundance of delicious fruit, which
+tradition asserts to have been planted by Cardinal Pole.</p>
+
+<div class='illo-wide'>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<a href='images/lambeth-palace-2-full.jpg'><img src='images/lambeth-palace-2-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>[Doorway in Lollard’s Tower.]</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='c006'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c003'>EMIGRATION.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='subtitle'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c006'>
+    <div>[<a id='tn-hintson'></a>Hints on Emigration to Upper Canada, &#38;c., by Martin Doyle. Price One Shilling. Second Edition, 1832.]</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'>The name of Martin Doyle is no doubt familiar to many
+of our readers, and if it is not, we hope to make it so by
+directing their attention to a sensible little book on Emigration
+to Upper Canada. It is chiefly addressed, as
+its title tells us, to “the middle and lower classes of Great
+Britain and Ireland,” who being blessed with health,
+strength, and the laudable desire of improving their condition,
+meditate a trip across the Atlantic. Whether the
+causes which annually induce so many thousands to quit
+their native shores are likely to increase or diminish, we
+can yet hardly form a judgment, but this we do know,
+that while the industrious emigrant, who is hard pressed
+at home, will undoubtedly be a gainer by the change,
+and while the province of Upper Canada is daily receiving
+a vigorous and healthy population into her bosom, we
+of the old country cannot at present consider ourselves
+otherwise than as losers by the change. It may be
+urged that a new market will be created in the Canadas
+for the products of British industry, and that thus emigration
+may ultimately, and indeed in no short period,
+prove beneficial to the mother-country. Such advantages
+we may reasonably expect, if the produce of Upper
+Canada is at all times freely allowed to enter our markets;
+but in the mean time we lose the honest and industrious
+labourer, we lose the small capitalist who has been
+struggling against difficulties at home, while the lazy, the
+vicious, and the good-for-nothings are left behind.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>But as people <em>will</em> emigrate with the hope of improving
+their condition, it is not fair to grumble at them for
+trying to mend their fortune. Let us rather give them
+every reasonable facility for doing so, and above all let
+us encourage every attempt to show them what is really
+the state of an emigrant to our American provinces, and
+what qualifications are essential to ensure his success.
+This our friend Martin, we think, has successfully accomplished
+in a little shilling book, in which he treats of the
+soil, climate, animal and vegetable productions, of Upper
+Canada, mingling with his remarks on these subjects
+sound sense and good advice. His picture of the fertility
+of these countries must make a hungry labourer’s
+mouth water,—to think of the plenty of Indian corn, of
+wheat, oats, barley, &#38;c., all raised on a virgin soil, with
+no labour but the sowing, after the necessary preliminaries
+of cutting down the trees or barking them are
+finished. We do not think that the products of Upper
+Canada are at all overrated by our author, save perhaps
+in the article of fruits, when he tells us (p. 42) that
+“pine-apples are raised without trouble, and melons and
+grapes grow wild in the woods:” it is of very little importance
+whether pine-apples can be easily raised or not,
+as we are persuaded turnips will prove a more profitable
+crop,—but we doubt the fact. As to the wild melons
+and the grapes, there is no danger of a man eating them
+in a country where bread, meat, and potatoes abound;
+otherwise we might put in a word of caution against
+them.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Though Martin Doyle has perhaps not been at all inclined
+to underrate the advantages open to an emigrant
+into Upper Canada, he has at the same time carefully
+avoided all such false views as might seduce the man
+who is comfortable at home to try the discomforts inseparable
+from settling in a new land. We fully agree
+with him in advising those who are well off at home to
+stay there, and to weigh all matters carefully before they
+think of leaving it. The industrious labourer who
+struggles hard against poverty, the skilful carpenter or
+shoe-maker, and others of the same class, may, by industry
+and perseverance, provide for their families in
+Canada, and find a refuge from the threatening evils of
+poverty. The single man who is disposed to the same
+adventure may lay the foundation of wealth and respectability
+by a few years of steady labour in the new world,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_262'>262</span>But there is <em>one</em> condition on which we are glad to see
+that Martin Doyle has most strongly insisted—<em>sobriety</em>;
+which everywhere is an essential, but in North America
+it is all in all. In a country where the cheapness of
+ardent spirits, the very general want of some comfortable
+beverage such as beer, and the contagion of bad example,
+are all combined, it is indispensable that the emigrant
+arm himself with every possible precaution against the
+assaults of the beastly and degrading vice of drunkenness.
+Dram-drinking spreads disease, poverty, vice, and
+misery, from the fertile banks of the North American
+lakes to the warm and tropical shores of the Mexican
+gulf: it is destroying more than war and famine cut off
+in older and less favoured parts of the world. Let then
+the drunkard stay at home to finish his short and filthy
+course: he will not improve his condition or his health
+by a settlement in the Canadas. We sincerely hope that
+the efforts of many excellent and enlightened men, both
+in North America and elsewhere, are even now doing
+something towards eradicating the vice of drunkenness.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>We believe Martin Doyle’s little book contains as
+much information as a man can require who thinks of
+going to the Canadas, and we strongly recommend its
+perusal to them as well as to others who are interested
+in the subject of emigration. As far as we are able to
+judge, the facts are in general correct, and have been collected
+with all proper diligence and discrimination. The
+advice is sound and wholesome; and a spirit of benevolence
+breathes through the whole. Not having space
+for any extracts, we must limit ourselves to noticing a
+mode of preparing milk for sea use, which is recommended
+to those who take provisions for the voyage.
+“Milk, after having been boiled should be carefully
+sealed up in jars, and if loaf sugar be added to it, there is
+no danger of its not keeping fresh during the voyage.”</p>
+
+<div class='c006'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c003'>THE STEAM ENGINE.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='subtitle'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c006'>
+    <div>[Lectures on the Steam-Engine, by the Rev. Dionysius Lardner, LL. D. 4th Edit. 12mo. London, 1832. Taylor. Price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>]</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'>This is decidedly the best popular account which we
+have of the Steam-Engine,—the most accurate and complete
+and at the same time the most intelligible and
+interesting. The book is intended for the use of unscientific
+readers, or of the public generally; but it has
+the unusual advantage, for a work of this description,
+of being written by a person of the highest scientific acquirements.
+The utmost dependence, therefore, may be
+placed on the correctness of the various descriptions and
+explanations it presents; they are stripped indeed of
+those technicalities which would have rendered them
+both repulsive and obscure to ordinary readers,—but the
+substance of the statement which remains, although
+thus transformed from a full and precise detail to a
+general outline, is still, in so far as it goes, perfectly
+clear and satisfactory. The volume contains all that
+most persons, with the exception of engineers and mathematicians,
+can be supposed desirous of knowing about
+the exceedingly curious and important subject of which
+it treats. It both describes the steam-engine as it now
+exists, and it relates its origin and past history. After
+a preliminary lecture on the natural forces on which the
+action of the contrivance depends, the author proceeds
+to recount and describe the successive inventions and
+improvements of the Marquis of Worcester—of Captain
+Savery—of Newcomen and Cawdley—of Humphrey
+Potter (the boy who first hit upon the plan of making
+the engine work its own valves),—and finally of the
+illustrious Watt. The various parts of Watt’s single
+and double-acting engines are explained with the fulness
+which their importance deserves in the fifth and
+the three following lectures, the modifications which
+since his time have been introduced in the valves, the
+boiler, the furnace, &#38;c., being also noticed. The ninth
+lecture is occupied with an account of the double-cylinder
+engines of Hornblower and Woolf, and also of a
+very ingenious and elegant machine, possessing certain
+peculiar and valuable recommendations, suggested by
+the late Reverend Mr. Cartwright, the well-known inventor
+of the power-loom. These expositions are in
+general distinguished by very remarkable clearness—and,
+illustrated as they are by abundance of excellent woodcuts
+and copper-plates, they can hardly fail to be perfectly
+and easily understood even by those who have
+been but little accustomed to such investigations.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The part of the book, however, on account of which
+we principally notice it at present, is the new matter
+which appears for the first time in this edition, and
+which relates to the two latest among the various
+extraordinary applications of the power of steam;—the
+wonders that have been performed by it on the
+Liverpool and Manchester railway, and the still
+more recent experimental achievements of the several
+projectors who have for some time past been endeavouring
+to introduce steam-coaches upon our common
+roads. The two long chapters which are devoted
+to these subjects, the first especially, contain a number
+of facts which had not previously been laid before the
+public, and some of which are of considerable interest.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><a id='tn-locomotive'></a>The locomotive (or travelling) engines which are employed
+on the Liverpool railway are all what are called
+high-pressure engines. One of Watt’s most ingenious
+contrivances was his condensing apparatus, by which,
+previous to every stroke of the piston, he created a vacuum
+in the part of the cylinder through which it had
+to be driven, and thereby enabled it to be sent forward
+through that space with a much inferior pressure of
+steam to what would otherwise have been required.
+But in the steam-engines affixed to coaches it is found
+convenient to dispense with this apparatus, on account
+of its complexity, its weight, the room which it would
+occupy, and above all the constant supply of cold water
+which would be requisite to keep it in action. The consequence
+is that in these engines and others similarly
+constructed, a much greater force of steam is necessary
+to make the piston do its work; and they are on that account
+denominated high-pressure engines. It is only
+within the last thirty years that they have been introduced,
+and the most remarkable proofs of their power
+have been afforded on the Liverpool railway, which was
+opened only about two years ago.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Some time before it was opened a contest took place
+on this railway between three different steam-coaches.
+The Rocket, constructed by Mr. Stevenson; the Sans-pareil,
+by Mr. Hackworth; and the Novelty, by Messrs.
+Braithwait and Ericson, for a prize of £500, offered by
+the Directors to that which should accomplish the
+greatest distance in the shortest time. On this occasion
+the Rocket, which gained the prize, went over the space
+of 30 miles in 2 hours 6 minutes and 49 seconds,
+being at the average rate of 14⅕ miles per hour. But
+in the course of the journey it sometimes proceeded at
+the rate of above 29 miles an hour, and its slowest
+motion was about 11½ miles in that time<a id='r1'></a><a href='#f1' class='c008'><sup>[1]</sup></a>. In May
+last, Dr. Lardner saw the engine called the Victory
+draw on the same rail-road the weight of 92 tons
+19 cwt. 1 quarter, in twenty waggons, together with its
+tender containing fuel and water, from Liverpool to
+Manchester, a distance of 30 miles, in 1 hour 34
+minutes and 45 seconds, besides 10 minutes spent in
+taking in water. The speed on this occasion was in
+some places 25½ miles an hour, and on level ground,
+where there was no wind, it was generally 20 miles
+an hour. On another day, the engine called the Samson
+drew fifty waggons laden with merchandise, and,
+with itself, making a gross weight of above 233 tons,
+the same distance in 2 hours and 40 minutes, exclusive
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_263'>263</span>of delays upon the road for watering, &#38;c., the rate of
+motion having varied from 9 to 16 miles an hour, and
+being on an average nearly 12 miles an hour. The
+coke consumed in this journey was 1762 lbs., or a
+quarter of a pound per ton per mile. The attendance
+required is only an engine-man and a fire-boy, the former
+of whom is paid 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> for each trip, and the
+later 1<i>s</i>. The expense of the original construction of
+the engines, however, and of their wear and tear is very
+great, though not nearly so great on the latter account,
+Dr. Lardner assures us, as has been sometimes stated.
+The price of one of the most improved engines at first
+is about £800, and it will travel from 25,000 to 30,000
+miles without costing as much more for repairs. Notwithstanding
+many extra expenses which this undertaking,
+as the first of the kind, has had to bear, and from
+the experience purchased by which future speculators
+will profit, it has been perfectly successful in a commercial
+point of view. The profits on the capital invested
+have been from the first above 6 per cent. per annum;
+and during the latter six months of 1831, it was at the
+rate of above 8 per cent. per annum; and it has since
+probably exceeded that amount. The original £100
+shares already sell for above £200. On the other hand
+the advantages to the public have been as great as to
+the proprietors. Fully 600,000 passengers now pass by
+the rail-road in the course of the year between Liverpool
+and Manchester, or four times as many as used formerly
+to make the journey. The transference of merchandise
+is also effected both with infinitely greater speed, and at
+a vast reduction of expense.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Some time ago a work was published by Mr. Gordon,
+the engineer, on the application of steam as a moving
+power for coaches on common turnpike roads, the facts
+contained in which were principally derived from the
+report on this subject of the Committee of the House of
+Commons, which was ordered to be printed on the 12th
+of October last. Dr. Lardner has here availed himself
+of the information supplied by the same most interesting
+and important parliamentary paper; some of the curious
+details given in which we may possibly take another
+opportunity of laying before our readers. In the meanwhile
+we can only afford room for the general conclusions
+to which the Committee came on the evidence
+brought before them. They are as follows:—</p>
+
+<div class='shrink'>
+
+<p class='c004'>“1. That carriages can be propelled by steam on common
+roads at an average rate of ten miles per hour.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“2. That at this rate they have conveyed upwards of fourteen
+passengers.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“3. That their weight, including engine, fuel, water, and
+attendants, may be under three tons.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“4. That they can ascend and descend hills of considerable
+inclination with facility and safety.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“5. That they are perfectly safe for passengers.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“6. That they are not (or need not be, if properly constructed)
+nuisances to the public.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“7. That they will become a speedier and cheaper mode of
+conveyance than carriages drawn by horses.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“8. That, as they admit of greater breadth of tire than
+other carriages, and as the roads are not acted on so injuriously
+as by the feet of horses in common draught, such
+carriages will cause less wear of roads than coaches drawn by
+horses.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>“9. That rates of toll have been imposed on steam-carriages,
+which would prohibit their being used on several lines
+of road, were such charges permitted to remain unaltered.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>The toll-bills complained of have since been repealed.
+“At the moment that I write,” says Dr. Lardner, “several
+steam-carriages are in process of construction for
+regular work upon the public roads of England. Some
+are about to be established between Paddington and the
+Bank, upon the New Road; others between London
+and Greenwich, and other places in the vicinity of the
+metropolis. Another it is stated, is to run between
+London and Birmingham. The first impulse once
+received, the progress will be rapid, and the effect of
+proportionate importance.”</p>
+
+<hr class='c009'>
+<div class='footnote' id='f1'>
+<p class='c005'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. In another place Dr. Lardner states that “the engine which
+conveyed Mr. Huskisson to Manchester, after the unhappy occurrence
+which took place at the great trial, moved at the rate of 35
+miles an hour.” (p. 206.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class='c006'></div>
+<hr class="divider">
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c003'>THE HALL OF ELTHAM PALACE.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c004'>Near the village of Eltham in Kent, about eight miles
+south east from London, stood anciently one of the most
+magnificent of the English royal palaces. The property
+is ascertained to have belonged to the Crown in the
+time of the Saxons. The Conqueror granted it to one
+of his Norman followers; but having again been forfeited
+to the Crown, it was given by Edward I. to one of
+the most powerful barons of those times—John de Vesci.
+Soon after this it came into the possession of Anthony
+Bec, the famous military Bishop of Durham, who is
+accused, however, of having made the acquisition by the
+most shameless violation of his trust, as guardian of the
+legal heir. Bec is the earliest proprietor of the manor
+who is recorded to have erected any buildings on the
+site of the palace—although there can be little doubt that
+there was a house there before his time. He built a
+large and splendid mansion, which appears to have been
+completed soon after the middle of the thirteenth century,
+King Henry III., accompanied by his queen and
+all the principal nobility, having kept his Christmas
+here in 1269. This was probably the warming of the
+house. On the death of the Bishop, which took place
+here in 1310, the manor of Eltham fell again to the crown,
+in the possession of which it has ever since remained.
+For the next two centuries the place was a favourite residence
+of our monarchs. Edward II.’s son John was
+born here in 1315, and was thence called John of Eltham.
+In the reign of Edward III. the Parliament was on several
+occasions assembled at Eltham; and here that
+prince, in 1365, entertained his captive, John, King of
+France, with sumptuous hospitality. The palace was
+almost entirely rebuilt by Edward IV., who, on the conclusion
+of the work in 1482 is recorded to have kept his
+Christmas in the Hall with great state and splendour.
+Large additions were afterwards made to the building
+by Henry VII., who, like his predecessors, generally lived
+here, and was wont to dine every day in the hall, surrounded
+by his barons. At this time the royal palace of
+Eltham consisted of four quadrangles enclosed within a
+high wall, beyond which was a moat of great width:
+the whole formed an irregular area, approaching to a
+square in shape, to which the principal entry was over
+a bridge and through a gateway in the north wall.
+There was also another bridge and gate at the opposite
+side of the inclosure. Of the buildings the most important
+part consisted of a high range which crossed the
+court from east to west, and included the hall, the
+chapel, and the state apartments. To the palace were
+attached a garden and three parks, comprehending
+together above 1300 acres, besides the demesne lands of
+400 acres more. These parks were stocked with deer,
+and many fine old trees that still remain testify how
+richly wooded the place must have formerly been.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Of all this magnificence but little now remains; and
+many parts of the buildings can scarcely be traced even
+in their foundations. Henry VIII. deserted Eltham for
+the new palace of Greenwich, which, as being nearer to
+London, was probably found to be a more convenient
+residence. After this Eltham was only occasionally
+visited by the sovereign; which it sometimes was even in
+the time of James I. On the establishment of the Commonwealth
+the place was seized by the parliament and
+sold; and at the same time the parks were broken into,
+and the deer dispersed and killed by the soldiers and the
+common people. The work of devastation, thus begun,
+was continued until the greater part of the palace also
+was first reduced to a heap of ruins, and then swept
+away altogether; and although the property was recovered
+by the crown at the Restoration, no pains seem
+to have been taken to save the remnant of the pile from
+spoliation and destruction. On the contrary, the business
+of demolition was now carried on upon system: the
+old palace was turned into a quarry; and stone after
+stone was carried away as it was wanted for even the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_264'>264</span>meanest purposes, until scarcely anything remained
+which it was thought worth while to remove. Fortunately,
+it was considered that the hall would make a
+good barn; and to this ignoble appropriation, which so
+well hit the economical humour of the times, we owe
+the preservation, in a state of comparative entireness, of
+this principal and most interesting portion of the noble
+old palace of Eltham.</p>
+
+<div class='illo-wide'>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<a href='images/eltham-palace-full.jpg'><img src='images/eltham-palace-inline.png' alt='' class='ig001'></a>
+<div class='ic001'>
+<p>[Hall of Eltham Palace.]</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'>According to Mr. Buckler, who published a valuable
+account of this palace a few years ago, the length of the
+hall in the inside is above 101 feet by about 36½ in
+width. “The interior,” says this writer, “is magnificent.
+The taste and talent of ages are concentrated in
+its design; and it is scarcely possible to imagine proportions
+more just and noble, a plan more perfect, ornaments
+more appropriate and beautiful; in a word, a
+whole more harmonious than this regal banquetting-room.”
+The windows, which, however, have been long
+built up, are ranged in couples along both sides; and
+each series is terminated by a bay window at the west
+or upper end of the hall. But the most conspicuous
+ornament of this fine room is its splendid roof. “The
+main beams of the roof,” says Mr. Buckler, “are full
+17 inches square and 28 feet long, perfectly straight
+and sound throughout, and are the produce of trees of
+the most stately growth. A forest must have yielded
+its choicest timber for the supply of this building; and
+it is evident that the material has been wrought with
+incredible labour and admirable skill.”</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>This hall was undoubtedly the erection of Edward IV.,
+whose well-known symbol, the expanded rose, is still to
+be seen on various parts of the building. About four
+years ago the public attention was called to the state of
+this beautiful remnant of our ancient architecture, which
+it was understood there was an intention of levelling
+with the ground, on the pretext that the roof in some
+parts showed signs of decay, and threatened to fall if
+not taken down. It had been resolved, it seems, to remove
+the roof to some new building at Windsor or else
+where, and then to demolish the rest of the hall. By
+the exertions, however, of some individuals of taste and
+influence a reconsideration of the subject was obtained;
+and eventually it was determined by the Government to
+advance a small sum, in order to effect such a partial
+repair of the hall as might at least secure its stability for
+the present. The work was committed to the superintendence
+of Mr. Smirke, by whom it was executed with
+much ability; and the roof is now once more <a id='tn-strengthandbeauty'></a>restored, as
+far as was practicable, to its original strength and beauty.
+In other respects, however, the hall, we believe, still remains
+in the state in which it was previous to the repairs
+and continues to be used as a barn.</p>
+
+<hr class='c010'>
+<div class='colophon'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c000'>
+    <div>⁂ The Office of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge is at 59, Lincoln’s Inn Fields.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div>LONDON:—CHARLES KNIGHT, PALL-MALL EAST.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div><i>Shopkeepers and Hawkers may be supplied Wholesale by the following Booksellers, of whom, also, any of the previous Numbers may be had:—</i></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='colophon-left'>
+
+<div class='lg-container-l'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'><i>London</i>, <span class='sc'>Groombridge</span>, Panyer Alley.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Bath</i>, <span class='sc'>Simms</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Birmingham</i>, <span class='sc'>Drake</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Bristol</i>, <span class='sc'>Westley</span> and Co.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Carlisle</i>, <span class='sc'>Thurnam</span>; and <span class='sc'>Scott</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Derby</i>, <span class='sc'>Wilkins</span> and <span class='sc'>Son</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Devonport</i>, <span class='sc'>Byers</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Doncaster</i>, <span class='sc'>Brooke</span> and <span class='sc'>Co.</span></div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Exeter</i>, <span class='sc'>Balle</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Falmouth</i>, <span class='sc'>Philip</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Hull</i>, <span class='sc'>Stephenson</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Kendal</i>, <span class='sc'>Hudson</span> and <span class='sc'>Nicholson</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Leeds</i>, <span class='sc'>Baines</span> and <span class='sc'>Newsome</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Lincoln</i>, <span class='sc'>Brooke</span> and <span class='sc'>Sons</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Liverpool</i>, <span class='sc'>Willmer</span> and <span class='sc'>Smith</span>.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div class='colophon-right'>
+
+<div class='lg-container-l'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'><i>Manchester</i>, <span class='sc'>Robinson</span>; and <span class='sc'>Webb</span> and <span class='sc'>Simms</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Newcastle-upon-Tyne</i>, <span class='sc'>Charnley</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Norwich</i>, <span class='sc'>Jarrold</span> and <span class='sc'>Son</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Nottingham</i>, <span class='sc'>Wright</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Oxford</i>, <span class='sc'>Slatter</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Plymouth</i>, <span class='sc'>Nettleton</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Portsea</i>, <span class='sc'>Horsey</span>, Jun.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Sheffield</i>, <span class='sc'>Ridge</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Staffordshire, Lane End</i>, C. <span class='sc'>Watts</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Worcester</i>, <span class='sc'>Deighton</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Dublin</i>, <span class='sc'>Wakeman</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Edinburgh</i>, <span class='sc'>Oliver</span> and <span class='sc'>Boyd</span>.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Glasgow</i>, <span class='sc'>Atkinson</span> and <span class='sc'>Co.</span></div>
+      <div class='line'><i>New York</i>, <span class='sc'>Jackson</span>.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<div class='clear'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>Printed by <span class='sc'>William Clowes</span>, Duke Street, Lambeth.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c002'>
+</div>
+<div>
+
+<p class='c011'></p>
+
+</div>
+<div class='transcribers-notes'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c1'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div><span class='xlarge'>Transcriber’s Notes</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain. Itemized changes from the original text:</p>
+  <ul  class='ul_1'>
+    <li><a href='#tn-succeeded'>p. 257</a>: Replaced “succeeeded” with “succeeded” in phrase “The engineer 
+    having succeeded in filling and closing this hole.”
+    </li>
+    <li><a href='#tn-smallerwinter'>p. 258</a>: Replaced single with double opening quotation mark before 
+    phrase “The smaller winter visiters, about five in number.”
+    </li>
+    <li><a href='#tn-muskitoes'>p. 259</a>: Added closing quotation mark after phrase “catching 
+    assiduously our English muskitoes.”
+    </li>
+    <li><a href='#tn-hintson'>p. 259</a>: Added opening square bracket before subheading “Hints on 
+    Emigration to Upper Canada.”
+    </li>
+    <li><a href='#tn-archbishops'>p. 260</a>: Replaced comma with period after phrase “the Archbishops had 
+    a house here for at least a century before this time.”
+    </li>
+    <li><a href='#tn-chicheley'>p. 260</a>: Replaced “Chichely” with “Chicheley” in phrase “It was erected 
+    by Archbishop Chicheley, in the early part of the fifteenth century.”
+    </li>
+    <li><a href='#tn-locomotive'>p. 262</a>: Replaced comma with closing parentheses in phrase “The 
+    locomotive (or travelling) engines which are employed on the Liverpool railway.”
+    </li>
+    <li><a href='#tn-strengthandbeauty'>p. 264</a>: Added period after phrase “restored, as far as was 
+    practicable, to its original strength and beauty.”
+    </li>
+  </ul>
+
+</div>
+
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77142 ***</div>
+  </body>
+  <!-- created with ppgen.py 3.57e (with regex) on 2025-10-28 09:58:56 GMT -->
+</html>
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diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
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+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for eBook #77142
+(https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/77142)