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diff --git a/77173-h/77173-h.htm b/77173-h/77173-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..383780b --- /dev/null +++ b/77173-h/77173-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,12887 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> + <meta charset="UTF-8"> + <title> + The Crusades | Project Gutenberg + </title> + <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover"> + <style> + +a { + text-decoration: none; +} + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +h1,h2,h3 { + text-align: center; + clear: both; +} + +h2.nobreak { + page-break-before: avoid; +} + +hr.chap { + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + clear: both; + width: 65%; + margin-left: 17.5%; + margin-right: 17.5%; +} + +hr.break { + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + clear: both; + width: 25%; + margin-left: 37.5%; + margin-right: 37.5%; +} + +img.w100 { + width: 100%; +} + +div.chapter { + page-break-before: always; +} + +ul { + list-style-type: none; +} + +li, li.indx { + margin-top: .5em; + padding-left: 2em; + text-indent: -2em; +} + +li.ifrst { + margin-top: 2em; + padding-left: 2em; + text-indent: -2em; +} + +li.isub1 { + padding-left: 4em; + text-indent: -2em; +} + +li.isub2 { + padding-left: 6em; + text-indent: -2em; +} + +p { + margin-top: 0.5em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: 0.5em; + text-indent: 1em; +} + +table { + margin: 1em auto 1em auto; + max-width: 40em; + border-collapse: collapse; +} + +td { + padding-left: 2.25em; + padding-right: 0.25em; + vertical-align: top; + text-indent: -2em; + text-align: justify; +} + +.tdc { + text-align: center; + padding: 0.75em 0.25em 0.5em 0.25em; + text-indent: 0; +} + +.in1 { + padding-left: 4.25em; +} + +.tdpg { + vertical-align: bottom; + text-align: right; + white-space: nowrap; +} + +.center { + text-align: center; + text-indent: 0; +} + +figcaption p { + text-align: center; + margin-bottom: 1em; + font-size: 90%; + text-indent: 0; +} + +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +.hanging { + padding-left: 2em; + text-indent: -2em; + margin-top: 1em; +} + +.larger { + font-size: 150%; +} + +.max40 { + margin: auto; + max-width: 40em; +} + +.mt1 { + margin-top: 1em; +} + +.noindent { + text-indent: 0; +} + +.pagenum { + position: absolute; + right: 4%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + font-style: normal; +} + +.sans { + font-family: sans-serif; +} + +.sidenote { + width: 20%; + padding: 0.5em; + margin-right: 1em; + margin-bottom: .25em; + float: left; + clear: left; + font-size: smaller; + color: black; + background: #eeeeee; + border: dashed 1px; +} + +.smaller { + font-size: 80%; +} + +.smcap { + font-variant: small-caps; + font-style: normal; +} + +.allsmcap { + font-variant: small-caps; + font-style: normal; + text-transform: lowercase; +} + +.titlepage { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 3em; + text-indent: 0; +} + +.x-ebookmaker img { + max-width: 100%; + width: auto; + height: auto; +} + + +/* Illustration classes */ +.illowp94 {width: 94%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp94 {width: 100%;} + </style> + </head> +<body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77173 ***</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_i">[i]</span></p> + +<p class="titlepage larger"><i><span class="smcap">Epochs</span> of <span class="smcap">History</span></i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smaller">EDITED BY</span><br> +EDWARD E. MORRIS, M.A.</p> + +<p class="titlepage">THE CRUSADES.</p> + +<p class="titlepage">G. W. COX, M.A.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="max40"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ii">[ii]</span></p> + +<p class="center larger sans">EPOCHS OF ANCIENT HISTORY.</p> + +<p>Edited by Rev. <span class="smcap">G. W. Cox</span> and <span class="smcap">Charles Sankey</span>, M. A. +Eleven volumes, 16mo, with 41 Maps and Plans. Price per +vol., $1.00. The set, Roxburgh style, gilt top, in box, $11.00.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">Troy—Its Legend, History, and Literature.</span> By S. G. W. +Benjamin.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The Greeks and the Persians.</span> By G. W. Cox.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The Athenian Empire.</span> By G. W. Cox.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The Spartan and Theban Supremacies.</span> By Charles Sankey.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The Macedonian Empire.</span> By A. M. Curteis.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">Early Rome.</span> By W. Ihne.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">Rome and Carthage.</span> By R. Bosworth Smith.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla.</span> By A. H. Beesley.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The Roman Triumvirates.</span> By Charles Merivale.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The Early Empire.</span> By W. Wolfe Capes.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The Age of the Antonines.</span> By W. Wolfe Capes.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<p class="center larger sans">EPOCHS OF MODERN HISTORY.</p> + +<p>Edited by <span class="smcap">Edward E. Morris</span>. Eighteen volumes, 16mo, +with 77 Maps, Plans, and Tables. Price per vol., $1.00. +The set, Roxburgh style, gilt top, in box, $18.00.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The Beginning of the Middle Ages.</span> By R. W. Church.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The Normans in Europe.</span> By A. H. Johnson.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The Crusades.</span> By G. W. Cox.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The Early Plantagenets.</span> By Wm. Stubbs.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">Edward III.</span> By W. Warburton.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The Houses of Lancaster and York.</span> By James Gairdner.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The Era of the Protestant Revolution.</span> By Frederic Seebohm.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The Early Tudors.</span> By C. E. Moberly.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The Age of Elizabeth.</span> By M. Creighton.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The Thirty Years War, 1618-1648.</span> By S. R. Gardiner.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The Puritan Revolution.</span> By S. R. Gardiner.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The Fall of the Stuarts.</span> By Edward Hale.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The English Restoration and Louis XIV.</span> By Osmond Airy.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The Age of Anne.</span> By Edward E. Morris.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The Early Hanoverians.</span> By Edward E. Morris.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">Frederick the Great.</span> By F. W. Longman.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The French Revolution and First Empire.</span> By W. O’Connor +Morris. Appendix by Andrew D. White.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap sans">The Epoch of Reform, 1830-1850.</span> By Justin Macarthy.</p> + +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iii">[iii]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp94" id="map" style="max-width: 121.875em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/map.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p>General Map for the ERA OF THE CRUSADES</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">[iv]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">[v]</span></p> + +<p class="titlepage larger">THE CRUSADES</p> + +<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">BY</span><br> +GEORGE W. COX, M.A.<br> +<span class="smaller">AUTHOR OF<br> +‘HISTORY OF GREECE’ ‘MYTHOLOGY OF THE ARYAN NATIONS’<br> +ETC.</span></p> + +<p class="titlepage"><i>WITH A MAP</i></p> + +<p class="titlepage">NEW YORK:<br> +CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS,<br> +1890.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">[vi]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">[vii]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS.</h2> + +</div> + +<table> + <tr> + <td><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span></td> + <td></td> + <td class="tdpg"><span class="allsmcap">PAGE</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER I.<br>CAUSES LEADING TO THE CRUSADES.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>The crusades a series of popular wars</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Distinction between the crusades and other wars of the Middle Ages</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Absence of local feeling in the earliest Christian traditions</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>The Christianity of St. Paul</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>The Christianity of the Roman empire</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Localism of heathen religions</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Influence of these local religions on Christianity</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Growth of local associations in Palestine</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Growth of pilgrimage to the holy places of Palestine</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Gradual decay of spiritual religion</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Encouragement given to pilgrimages</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Trade in relics</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Stimulus given by pilgrimages to commerce with the East</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>The long struggle between Rome and Persia</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>611</td> + <td> Capture of Jerusalem by the Persian king Khosru II.</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Persian invasion of Egypt</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>622-625</td> + <td>Campaigns of the emperor Heraclius</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>627</td> + <td>Battle of Nineveh</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>628</td> + <td>Restoration of the True Cross by the Persians</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>629</td> + <td>Pilgrimage of Heraclius to Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>637</td> + <td>Conquest of Palestine by Omar</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Terms of the treaty made by Omar with the Christians of Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Omar and the patriarch Sophronios</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Effects of Arabian conquest on pilgrimage to Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_14">14</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">[viii]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Uninterrupted continuance of pilgrimage</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1010</td> + <td>Ravages of the Egyptian sultan Hakem in Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Persecution of Jews in Europe</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Tax levied on pilgrims at the gates of Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Expectation of the end of the world <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1000</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>997</td> + <td>Conversion of Hungary under king Stephen</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Advance of the Seljukian Turks</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1092</td> + <td>Division of the Seljukian empire</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Appeal of the Greek emperor Alexios to Western Christendom</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1076</td> + <td>Seljukian conquest of Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Increased burdens of the Christian pilgrims</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Decline of commerce with the East</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Oppression of the Christians of Palestine</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>General indignation felt in Western Christendom</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Need of a religious sanction to sustain and direct this feeling</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER II.<br>THE COUNCIL OF CLERMONT.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Influence of Roman imperialism on the early popes</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Schemes and motives of Gregory VII.</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1074</td> + <td>His circular letter to the faithful</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1081</td> + <td>The Normans in Italy</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1095</td> + <td>Council of Piacenza</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Council of Clermont</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1093</td> + <td>Pilgrimage of the hermit Peter to Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1094</td> + <td>The mission and preaching of the hermit</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1095</td> + <td>Decrees of the council of Clermont prohibiting private wars and confirming the Truce of God</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Speech of Urban II. before the people</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>The assent of the multitude</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>The cross and the vow of the crusaders</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Motives of the crusaders</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Financial effects of the crusades</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_34">34</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[ix]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Effects of the crusades on the power of the pope and the clergy</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Dispensing power of the pope</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Tendency of the crusades to break up the feudal system</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Increasing wealth of the pope and the clergy</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Alienation, and pledging or mortgaging, of lands</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>The crusades not national enterprises</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1085</td> + <td>Condition of Europe in the time of Urban II.</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER III.<br>THE FIRST CRUSADE.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1096</td> + <td>Departure of the first rabble of crusaders under Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Second rabble under Emico and Gotschalk</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Bloody persecutions of the Jews</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>The Jews taken under the protection of the empire</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>March of Walter and his followers through Hungary and Bulgaria</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Passage of the pilgrims across the Bosporos</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Their utter destruction by Kilidje Arslan</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Rank and character of the leaders of the first crusade</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Godfrey of Bouillon and his brothers Baldwin and Eustace</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Hugh of Vermandois</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Robert of Normandy</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Robert of Flanders, and Stephen of Chartres</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Adhemar, bishop of Puy</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Raymond of Toulouse</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Bohemond</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Tancred</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Cause and effect of chivalry</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Knighthood</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Courtesy</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>August</td> + <td>Departure of the main army of the crusaders under Godfrey</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_49">49</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">[x]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Captivity of Hugh of Vermandois</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Christmas Arrival of Godfrey before the walls of Constantinople</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Policy of the emperor Alexios</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Compact between Alexios and the crusaders</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Homage of the crusaders to Alexios</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Disastrous march of Raymond of Toulouse to Constantinople</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Refusal of Raymond to do homage</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1097</td> + <td>Conduct of Alexios to the crusaders</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>March</td> + <td>Passage of the crusaders across the Bosporos</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Thorough antagonism between the crusaders and the Greeks</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Contrast between the Greek and Latin clergy</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Numbers of the crusaders</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>June</td> + <td>Siege and fall of Nice (Nikaia)</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>July 4</td> + <td>Battle of Dorylaion</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>March to Cogni and the Pisidian Antioch</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Quarrel between Godfrey and Tancred at Tarsus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Conquest of Edessa by Baldwin</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>October</td> + <td>Arrival of the crusaders before the Syrian Antioch</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Siege of Antioch</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Folly of the besiegers</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Famine in the crusading camp</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Arrival of envoys from the sultan of Egypt</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Their terms rejected by the crusaders</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1098</td> + <td>Fierce warfare between the Christians and the Turks</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>March</td> + <td>Plans of Bohemond for the reduction of Antioch</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>June</td> + <td>Betrayal of Antioch to Bohemond</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Arrival of the Persians under Kerboga</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Desertion of Stephen of Chartres</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Desperate straits of the crusaders in Antioch</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Discovery of the Holy Lance</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Fate of the discoverer</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>June 28</td> + <td>Battle of Antioch</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Defeat of Kerboga</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Antioch made a principality for Bohemond</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Mission of Hugh of Vermandois to Constantinople</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_70">70</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">[xi]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Death of Adhemar, bishop of Puy</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Siege and capture of Marra</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1099, May</td> + <td>March of the crusaders from Antioch</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>June</td> + <td>Siege of Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>July</td> + <td>Storming of the city</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Adoration of the crusaders in the church of the Sepulchre</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Exaltation of Peter the Hermit</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Second and deliberate massacre in Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Comparison of Omar and Godfrey</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Election of Godfrey to the sovereignty of Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Battle of Ascalon</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Return of the pilgrims to Europe</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER IV.<br>THE LATIN KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1099-1100</td> + <td>Reign of Godfrey</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Daimbert, patriarch of Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Assize of Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Judicial courts instituted by Godfrey</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1100-1118</td> + <td>Baldwin I.</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1101</td> + <td>Death of Stephen of Chartres</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1105</td> + <td>Death of Raymond of Toulouse</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Sequel of the career of Bohemond</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1112</td> + <td>Death of Tancred</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Effect of the crusades on the Byzantine empire</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Fresh swarms of pilgrims</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1101</td> + <td>Death of Hugh of Vermandois</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1118</td> + <td>Death of the emperor Alexios</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1118-1131</td> + <td>Baldwin II., king of Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1115</td> + <td>Conquest of Sidon</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1124</td> + <td>Conquest of Tyre</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1131-1144</td> + <td>Fulk, king of Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1144-1162</td> + <td>Baldwin III.</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1145</td> + <td>Fall of Edessa</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_85">85</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">[xii]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER V.<br>THE SECOND CRUSADE.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Bernard the apostle of the second crusade</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Sources of Bernard’s influence</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1137</td> + <td>Death of Louis VI. of France</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1146</td> + <td>Council of Vezelai</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Easter</td> + <td>Speech of Bernard</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>The Knights Templars</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Reluctance of Conrad, emperor of Germany, to join the crusade</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1147</td> + <td>Meeting of Louis VII. and the pope at St Denys</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Whitsuntide</td> + <td>Persecution of the Jews stirred up by the monk Rodolph</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Suppressed by Bernard</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>March of the crusaders under Conrad and Louis</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Refusal of Conrad to meet the emperor Manuel at Constantinople</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Supposed treachery of Manuel</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Disastrous march of Conrad and Louis</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1148</td> + <td>Visit of the French king to Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>March</td> + <td>Resolution to attack Damascus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Siege of Damascus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Treachery of the barons of Palestine</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Retreat of the army to Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Failure of the crusade</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Accusations against St Bernard</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>His answer</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1153</td> + <td>Death of St. Bernard</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER VI.<br>THE LOSS OF JERUSALEM.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Misuse of victory by the crusaders</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1151</td> + <td>Death of Joceline of Courtenay</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1153</td> + <td>Siege and fall of Ascalon</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1162</td> + <td>Death of Baldwin III. Almeric elected king of Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_98">98</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Relations of Almeric with the sultans of Egypt and Aleppo</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Mission of Shiracouh and Saladin to Egypt</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Siege and surrender of Shiracouh in Pelusium</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1163</td> + <td>Defeat of the Latins by Noureddin, sultan of Aleppo</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Alliance of Almeric with the Egyptian sultan</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1167</td> + <td>Operations of Almeric against Shiracouh</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Real designs of Almeric</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1168</td> + <td>Expedition of Almeric to Pelusium</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>His ignominious retreat</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Rise of Saladin to power in Egypt</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1169</td> + <td>Attempts to stir up a crusade</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1171</td> + <td>Suppression of the Fatimite caliphat by Saladin</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Quarrel between Saladin and the sultan of Aleppo</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1173</td> + <td>Death of Noureddin, sultan of Aleppo</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Character of Noureddin</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Baldwin IV., king of Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1186</td> + <td>Baldwin V., king of Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Guy of Lusignan, king of Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Preparations of Saladin for the reconquest of Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1187</td> + <td>Battle of Tiberias</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>July</td> + <td>Capture of Guy of Lusignan</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Loss of the True Cross</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Fruits of the victory of Saladin</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Siege and fall of Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Terms of the capitulation</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Departure of the Latins from the Holy City</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Entry of Saladin into Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Escape of Tyre under Conrad</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Further conquests of Saladin</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Causes of weakness in the kingdom of Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td class="in1">(1) Bad faith in dealing with the Moslem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td class="in1">(2) Disregard of rights of property</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td class="in1">(3) Lax military discipline</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td class="in1">(4) Total lack of statesmanship</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td class="in1">(5) General immorality</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td class="in1">(6) Desultory character of the crusades</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_112">112</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiv">[xiv]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td class="in1">(7) Quarrels and feuds of the Latin chiefs</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td class="in1">(8) Antagonistic jurisdictions of the civil power, the church, and the military orders</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER VII.<br>THE THIRD CRUSADE.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Fictitious or romantic portraits of Richard I. of England</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Real character of the actors in the third crusade</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Decay of the crusading spirit</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Change in the character of the crusades</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1174</td> + <td>Henry II. of England and the patriarch of Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1187</td> + <td>Death of Urban III.</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Pontificate of Gregory VIII.</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1188</td> + <td>Assumption of the cross by Henry II. and Philip Augustus of France</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Saladin tax or tenth</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Feuds in the family of Henry II.</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1189</td> + <td>Death of Henry II.</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>July</td> + <td>Preparations of Richard I. for the crusade</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Modes of raising money</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Persecution and massacre of Jews in England</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Fearful tragedy in York castle</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1190</td> + <td>Meeting of Richard and Philip at Vezelai</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Poetry and influence of the troubadours</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>March of Frederick I., Barbarossa, to Constantinople</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>The popes and the empire</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Death of Frederick I.</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Re-occupation of Antioch</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1189</td> + <td>Siege of Acre by the Latins of Palestine</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Rise of the Teutonic order</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1190</td> + <td>Death of Sibylla, queen of Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Conrad, titular king of Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Sept 23</td> + <td>Voyage of the English fleet to Lisbon and Messina</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Conduct of Richard I. in Sicily</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Quarrel between Richard and Philip Augustus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1191 March</td> + <td>War between Richard and the Comnenian emperor of Cyprus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_130">130</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xv">[xv]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Arrival of Richard and Philip at Acre</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>July 12</td> + <td>Surrender of Acre</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Return of Philip to France</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Massacre of five thousand Turkish hostages</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Victory of Richard at Azotus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Abortive negotiations with Saladin</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Feud between the English king and the duke of Austria</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1192</td> + <td>Henry of Champagne, titular king of Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>March of Richard towards Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Retreat of the army from Bethlehem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Relief of Jaffa</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Truce between the crusaders and Saladin</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Pilgrimage to Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Results of the third crusade</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Captivity of Richard I. in Austria</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1193</td> + <td>Exertions made for the liberation of Richard</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Richard before the diet at Hagenau</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1194</td> + <td>Release of Richard</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>His return to England</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER VIII.<br>THE FOURTH CRUSADE.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Motives of the chief promoters of the fourth crusade</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1193</td> + <td>Death of Saladin and its consequences</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Encouragement given to the crusade by the emperor Henry VI.</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1196</td> + <td>Death of Henry VI.</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Arrival of his barons with their troops in the Holy Land</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Capture of Jaffa by Saphadin</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Arrival of fresh crusaders under Conrad, bishop of Hildesheim</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1197</td> + <td>Siege of the castle of Thoron</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Complete defeat of the crusaders</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Capture of Jaffa, and massacre of the crusaders</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Almeric of Lusignan, king of Jerusalem and Cyprus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_144">144</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvi">[xvi]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER IX.<br>THE FIFTH CRUSADE.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1198</td> + <td>Election of Innocent III.</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Effect of the crusades in extending the jurisdiction of the pope</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Weakening of the imperial power</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Growing mistrust of the court of Rome by the peoples of Europe</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Effects of Innocent to remove this mistrust</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Fulk of Neuilly</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>The mission of Fulk sanctioned by the pope</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Efforts of his eloquence</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1202</td> + <td>Death of Fulk</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1200</td> + <td>The chiefs of the fifth crusade</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1201</td> + <td>Mission from the French barons to Venice</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Compact for the conveyance of the crusaders to Palestine</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1202</td> + <td>Failure of the crusaders to make up the sum agreed on with the Venetians</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Proposal to commute the payment by an expedition against Zara</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1195</td> + <td>Mission to Rome to ask aid for the dethroned Byzantine emperor, Isaac Angelus</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Determination of the Venetians to insist on the expedition to Zara</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1202</td> + <td>Siege and conquest of Zara, Nov. 15</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Proposal to direct the crusade to the restoration of Alexios at Constantinople</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Resolution to accept the terms proposed by Alexios</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Negotiations with the pope for the removal of the interdict</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1203</td> + <td>Vain attempts of Innocent to oppose the expedition</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Easter</td> + <td>Arrival of the fleet at Constantinople</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Flight of the usurper Alexios</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>The crusaders are compelled to winter at Constantinople</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Efforts of Mourzoufle to detach Alexios from the crusaders</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_160">160</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvii">[xvii]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Deposition and death of Alexios</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Resolution to set up a Latin dynasty in Constantinople</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1204</td> + <td>Siege and conquest of Constantinople</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>April</td> + <td>Horrible excesses of the crusaders</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Election of Baldwin, count of Flanders, as emperor of the East</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Election of Thomas Morosini as patriarch of Constantinople</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Embassies from Baldwin and the Venetians to the pope</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Answers of Innocent III.</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Results of the crusade to the pope and to the Venetians</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER X.<br>THE LATIN EMPIRE OF CONSTANTINOPLE.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Contrast between the Greeks and the Latins</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Attempt to upset the civilization of the old empire</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Conduct of the pope towards the Greek clergy</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Opposition of the French clergy to the new patriarch</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Partition of the empire among the crusading chiefs</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1204</td> + <td>Rise of new empires at Nice, Trebizond, and Durazzo</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1205</td> + <td>Massacre of the Latins in Thrace by order of the Bulgarian Calo-John</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>April</td> + <td>Captivity of the emperor Baldwin</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Death of Baldwin</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1206-1216</td> + <td>Henry I., brother of Baldwin, emperor of Constantinople</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1207</td> + <td>Assassination of Calo-John</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Wise government of the emperor Henry</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Death of Henry</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Peter of Courtenay, emperor of Constantinople</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1218</td> + <td>Captivity and death of Peter of Courtenay</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1219</td> + <td>Robert, emperor of Constantinople</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1228</td> + <td>John of Brienne, emperor of Constantinople</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_178">178</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xviii">[xviii]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1235</td> + <td>Siege of Constantinople by Vataces</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1237-1261</td> + <td>Baldwin II., emperor of Constantinople</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Efforts to raise money</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Sale of relics</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1255</td> + <td>Death of Vataces</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1259</td> + <td>The envoys of Baldwin repelled by Michael Paleologos</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1261</td> + <td>Recovery of Constantinople by the Greeks</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>July</td> + <td>Permanent alienation of the East from the West</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER XI.<br>THE SIXTH CRUSADE.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Chief features of the sixth crusade</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Depression of the Latins in Palestine</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1204</td> + <td>Truce between Saphadin and the Christians</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1210</td> + <td>John of Brienne, titular king of Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Zeal of Innocent III. in promoting a new crusade</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Robert of Courcon</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1215</td> + <td>Fourth council of Lateran</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1216</td> + <td>Crusade of Andrew, king of Hungary</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1218</td> + <td>Siege of Damietta</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Death of Saphadin</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Terms of peace offered by Coradin</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Mad rejection of the terms by the crusaders</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1219</td> + <td>Fall of Damietta, Nov. 5</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1220</td> + <td>March of the Christians for Cairo</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>The old terms again rejected</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Ruin of the crusaders</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1212</td> + <td>Frederick II., grandson of Barbarossa</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>The popes and the emperors</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Otho of Brunswick</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1214</td> + <td>Battle of Bouvines</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1216</td> + <td>Honorius III., pope</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1221</td> + <td>Loss of Damietta</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1222</td> + <td>Treaty of Ferentino</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1225</td> + <td>Treaty of San Germano</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Frederick, king of Naples, Sicily, and Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_191">191</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xix">[xix]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1227</td> + <td>Gregory IX., pope</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Excommunication of the emperor</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1228</td> + <td>Departure of Frederick from Brundusium</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Landing of Frederick at Ptolemais</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1229</td> + <td>Treaty between Frederick and the sultan Kameel</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Feb. 18</td> + <td>Frederick at Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Moderation of the emperor</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Condemnation of the treaty by Gregory IX.</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Return of the emperor with the crusaders to Europe</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Renewed excommunication of the emperor</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER XII.<br>THE SEVENTH CRUSADE.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Richard, earl of Cornwall, king of the Romans</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Charges of peculation against the papal collectors</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1230</td> + <td>Opposition of the pope and the emperor to the new crusade</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1239</td> + <td>Arrival of the French crusaders at Acre</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Their complete failure</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1240</td> + <td>The English crusade</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Treaty between Richard of Cornwall and the Egyptian sultan</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1242</td> + <td>Invasion of the Korasmians</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Alliance of the Templars with the Syrians</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER XIII.<br>THE EIGHTH CRUSADE.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1245</td> + <td>Council of Lyons</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1226</td> + <td>Louis IX., king of France</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Louis IX., the pope, and the emperor</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1245</td> + <td>Assumption of the cross by Louis IX.</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1248</td> + <td>Departure of Louis from France</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1249</td> + <td>Capture of Damietta</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>March of the army towards Cairo</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Total defeat of the forces under the count of Artois</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_210">210</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xx">[xx]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1250</td> + <td>The king taken prisoner</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Firmness of the king</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Terms of ransom</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Murder of Turan Shah</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Release of Louis IX.</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Pilgrimage of Louis to Nazareth</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER XIV.<br>THE NINTH CRUSADE.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Comparison of the earlier and later crusades</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1259</td> + <td>Battle between the Templars and Hospitallers</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1263</td> + <td>Invasion of Palestine by the Mameluke sultan Bibars</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Loss of Antioch</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1270</td> + <td>Second crusade of Louis IX.</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Death of the king</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1271</td> + <td>Capture of Nazareth by Edward, son of Henry III. of England</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1272</td> + <td>Return of Edward to Europe</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Vain efforts of Gregory X. to stir up a crusade</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Claims to the titular kingdom of Jerusalem</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1291</td> + <td>Loss of Acre</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER XV.<br>THE SEQUEL OF THE RELIGIOUS WARS.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Gradual decay and extinction of the crusading spirit</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Persecution and suppression of the Knights Templars</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>The Albigensian crusades</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>1212</td> + <td>The Children’s crusades</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td>Indirect results of the crusades</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><i>MAP.</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">General Map for the History of the Crusades</span></td> + <td><span style="padding-left: 7.5em;"> </span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#map"><i>To face title-page.</i></a></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[1]</span></p> + +<h1>THE CRUSADES.</h1> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.<br> +<span class="smaller">CAUSES LEADING TO THE CRUSADES.</span></h2> + +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The crusades—a series of popular wars.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1095. Nov.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1066.</div> + +<p>The Crusades were a series of wars, waged by men who +wore on their garments the badge of the Cross as a +pledge binding them to rescue the Holy Land +and the Sepulchre of Christ from the grasp of +the unbeliever. The dream of such an enterprise +had long floated before the minds of +keen-sighted popes and passionate enthusiasts: it was +realized for the first time when, after listening to the +burning eloquence of Urban II. at the council +of Clermont, the assembled multitude with +one voice welcomed the sacred war as the will of God. +If we regard this undertaking as the simple expression +of popular feeling stirred to its inmost depths, we may +ascribe to the struggle to which they thus committed +themselves a character wholly unlike that of any earlier +wars waged in Christendom, or by the powers of Christendom +against enemies who lay beyond its pale. Statesmen +(whether popes, kings, or dukes) might have availed +themselves eagerly of the overwhelming impulse imparted +by the preaching of Peter the Hermit to passions long +pent up; but no authority of pope, emperor, or king, +could suffice of itself to open the floodgates for the +waters which might sweep away the infidel. In this +sense only were men stirred, whether at the council of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[2]</span>Piacenza in 1094, or in that of Clermont, to a strife of a +wholly new kind. If Urban II. gave his blessing to the +missionaries who were to convert the Saracens at the +point of the sword, the papal benediction +had been given nearly thirty years before at +the instigation of Hildebrand to the expedition by which +the Norman William hoped to crush the free English +people and usurp the throne of the king whom they had +chosen.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Distinction between the crusades and other wars of the Middle Ages.</div> + +<p>But the movement of the Norman duke against England +was merely the work of a sovereign well awake to +his own interest and confident in the methods +by which he chose to promote it. Under the +sacred standard sent to him by Pope Alexander +II. he gathered, indeed, a motley host +of adventurers; but the religious enthusiasm +by which these may have fancied themselves to be animated +had reference chiefly to the broad acres to which +they looked forward as their recompense. The great +gulf which separated such an undertaking from the crusade +of the hermit Peter lay in the conviction, deep even +to fanaticism, that the wearers of the Cross had before +them an enterprise in which failure, disaster, and death +were not less blessed, not less objects of envy and longing, +than the most brilliant conquests and the most splendid +triumphs. They were hastening to the land where +their Divine Master had descended from his throne in +heaven to take on Himself the form of man—where for +years the everlasting Son of the Almighty Father had +patiently toiled, healing the sick, comforting the afflicted, +and raising the dead, until at length He carried, his own +Cross up the height of Calvary, and having offered up +his perfect sacrifice, put off the garments of his humiliation +when the earthquake shattered the prison-house +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[3]</span>of his sepulchre. For them the whole land had been +rendered holy by the tread of his sacred feet: and the +pilgrim who had traced the scenes of his life from his +cradle at Bethlehem to the spot of his ascent from Olivet, +might sing the <i>Nunc dimittis</i>, as having with his own eyes +seen the divine salvation.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Absence of local feeling in the earliest Christian traditions.</div> + +<p>Thus the crusade preached by Peter the Hermit, and +solemnly sanctioned by Pope Urban, was rendered possible +by the combination of papal authority +with an irresistible popular conviction. That +papal authority was the necessary result of +the old imperial tradition of Rome; the +popular conviction was the growth of a tendency which +had characterized every religion professed by Aryan or +Semitic nations; and both these causes were wholly unconnected +with the teaching of Christ and of his disciples, +as it is set before us in the New Testament. Far +from ascribing special sanctity to any one spot over +another, the emphatic declaration that the hour was +come in which men should worship the Father not +merely in Jerusalem or on the Samaritan mountain, +proclaimed a gospel which taught that all men in all +places are alike near to God in whom they live, move, +and have their being. If we turn to the narrative which +relates the Acts of the Apostles, we shall find not a sign +of the feeling which regards Bethlehem, Jerusalem, or +Nazareth, the Sea of Galilee, or the banks of the Jordan, +as places which of themselves should awaken any enthusiastic +or passionate feeling. The thoughts of the disciples, +if we confine ourselves to this record, were absorbed with +more immediate and momentous concerns. Before their +generation should pass away, the Son of Man would return +to judgment, and the dead should be summoned +from their graves to his awful tribunal. Hence any +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[4]</span>vehement longing for one spot of earth over another +was wretchedly out of place for those who held that the +time was short, and that it behooved those who had wives +to be as though they had none, those that bought as +though they possessed not, and those that wept and rejoiced +as though they wept and rejoiced not. Nay, +more, with a feeling almost approaching to impatience, +the great apostle of the Gentiles could put aside the +yearnings of a weaker sentiment and declare that +although he had known Christ in the flesh, yet henceforth +he would so know Him no more.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Christianity of St. Paul.</div> + +<p>The image, therefore, of the great founder of Christianity +was for him purely spiritual. In the letters which +he wrote to the churches formed by his converts +there is not a sign that the thought or +the sight of Bethlehem or Nazareth would +awaken in him any deeper feeling than places wholly +destitute of historical associations. If he speaks of Jerusalem, +he never implies that it had for him any special +sanctity. His mission was to preach a faith altogether +independent of time and place, and not only not needing +but even rejecting the sensuous aid afforded by visible +memorials of the Master whom he loved.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Christianity of the Roman Empire.</div> + +<p>Such was the Christianity of St. Paul; and with such +weapons it went forth to assail and throw down the +strongholds of heathenism. Three centuries +later we behold Christianity dominant as the +religion of the Roman Empire; but in its +outward aspect and in its practical working it has undergone +a vast and significant change. It cannot be supposed +that this change was wrought at once by the mere +fact of its recognition by the temporal power. The +endless debates, which fill the history of early Christianity, +on the relations of the Persons of the Trinity and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[5]</span>on the mystery of the Incarnation, may in some degree +have helped to fix the minds of men on the land where +the Saviour had lived, and on the several scenes of his +ministry; but this alone would never have sufficed to +work the revolution which Christianity has manifestly +undergone, even before we reach the age of Constantine. +The victory won over heathenism, if not merely +nominal, was at best partial. The religion of the empire +knew nothing of the One Eternal God, who demands +from all men a spontaneous submission to his righteous +law, and bids them find their highest good in his divine +love. That religion rested on the might of the Capitoline +Jupiter and the visible majesty of the Emperor; but the +real influences which were at work from the first to +modify the Christianity of St. Paul lay in the lower strata +of society, in the modes of thought and feeling prevalent +among the masses who furnished the converts of the first +two or three centuries. In these converts we cannot +doubt that there was wrought a real change,—a change +manifest chiefly in the conviction that the divine law is +binding on all, and that the state of things in the Roman +world was unspeakably shameful. In the Jesus whom +Paul preached they beheld the righteous teacher who +condemned the iniquities of godless rulers and a corrupt +people, the avenger of their unjust deeds, the loving +Redeemer in whose arms the weary and heavy-laden +might find rest, the awful Judge who should be seen at +the end of the world on his great white throne, with all +the kindreds of mankind awaiting their doom before +Him. The personal human love thus kindled in them +turned only into a different channel thoughts and feelings +which it would need centuries to root out.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Localism of heathen religions.</div> + +<p>These thoughts and feelings had been fed by that tendency +to localize incidents in the supposed history of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[6]</span>gods or heroes which is the most prominent +characteristic of all heathen religions; and +of the vast crowd of these heathen religions +or superstitions there was, if we may trust the statements +of Roman writers, scarcely one which had not its adherents +and votaries at Rome. Here were gathered the +priests and worshippers of the Egyptian Isis, the virgin +mother of Osiris, the god who rose again after his crucifixion +to gladden the earth with his splendour; here +might be seen the adorers of the Persian sun-god Mithras, +born at the winter solstice, and growing in strength +until he wins his victory over the powers of darkness +after the vernal equinox. But this idea of the death and +resurrection of the lord of light was no new importation +brought in by the theology of Egypt or Persia. The +story of the Egyptian Osiris was repeated in the Greek +stories of Sarpedon and Memnon, of Tithonos and Asklepios +(Æsculapius), of the Teutonic Baldur and Woden +(Odin). The birthplace of these deities, the scenes associated +with their traditional exploits, became holy +spots, each with its own consecrating legends, and not a +few attracting to themselves vast gatherings of pilgrims.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Influence of these local religions on Christianity.</div> + +<p>It was not wonderful therefore that the worshippers of +these or other like gods should, on professing the faith +of Christ, carry with them all that they could +retain of their old belief without utterly contradicting +the new; that his nativity should +be celebrated at the time when the sun +begins to rise in the heavens, and his resurrection when +the victory of light over darkness is achieved in the +spring. The worshipper of the Egyptian Amoun, the +ram, carried his old associations with him when he became +a follower of the Lamb of God; and the burst of +light which heralded the return of the Maiden to the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[7]</span>Mourning Mother in the Greek mysteries of Eleusis was +reproduced in the miracle still repeated year by year by +the patriarch of Jerusalem when he announces the descent +of the sacred fire in the sepulchre of Christ.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Growth of local associations in Palestine.</div> + +<p>Thus for the Christians of the third century, if not of +the second, Judæa or Palestine became a holy land; and +with the growth of devotion to the human +person of Christ grew the feeling of reverence +for every place which He had visited +and every memorial which He had left behind Him. +The impulse once given soon became irresistible. Every +incident of the gospel narratives was associated with +some particular spot, and the certainty of the verification +was never questioned by the thousands who felt that the +sight of these places brought them nearer to heaven and +was in itself a purification of their souls. They could +follow the Redeemer from the cave in which He was +born and where the Wise Men of the East laid before +Him their royal offerings, to the mount from which He +uttered his blessings on the pure, the merciful, and the +peacemakers, and thence to the other mount on which +He offered his perfect sacrifice for the sins of the whole +world. The spots associated with his passion, his burial, +his resurrection, called forth emotions of passionate veneration +which were intensified by the alleged discovery +of the cross on which He had suffered, together with the +two crosses on which the thieves had been condemned +to die. If the presence of the tablet containing the title +inscribed by Pontius Pilate still left it uncertain to which +of the crosses that tablet belonged, and to which therefore +the homage of the faithful should be paid, all doubt +was removed when a woman at the point of death on +whom the touch of two of these crosses had no effect was +restored to strength and youth by the touch of the third.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Growth of pilgrimage to the holy places of Palestine.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Gradual decay of spiritual religion.</div> + +<p>The splendid churches raised by the devout zeal of +Constantine and his mother Helena over the +cave at Bethlehem and the sepulchre at +Jerusalem became for the Christians that +which the sacred stone at Mecca and the +tomb of the prophet at Medina became afterwards for +the followers of Islam; nor can we be surprised if the +emperor whose previous life had been marked by special +devotion to the Greek and Roman sun-god transferred +the characteristics of Apollon (Apollo) to the meek and +merciful Jesus whose teaching to the last he utterly misapprehended. +The purpose which drew to Palestine the +long lines of pilgrims, which each year increased in +numbers, was not the mere aimless love of wandering +which is supposed to furnish the motive for Tartar pilgrimages +in our own as in former ages. The Aryan, so +far as we know, was never a nomadic race; but we can +understand the eagerness even of a stationary population +to undertake a long and dangerous journey, if the mere +making of it should insure the remission of their sins. +Nothing less than this was the pilgrim led to expect, who +had traversed land and sea to bathe in the Jordan and +offer up his prayers at the birthplace and tomb of his +Master. A few men, of keener discernment and wider +culture, might see the mischiefs lurking in this belief, +and protest against the superstition. Augustine, the +great doctor whose ‘Confessions’ have made his name +familiar to thousands who know nothing of his life or +teaching, might bid Christians remember that righteousness +was not to be sought in the East nor mercy in the +West, and that voyages are useless to carry us to Him +with whom a hearty faith makes us immediately present. +In these protests he might be upheld by men like Gregory +of Nyssa and Jerome; but Jerome, while he dwelt +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[9]</span>on the uselessness of pilgrimage and the absurdity of +supposing that prayers offered in one place could be +more acceptable than the same prayers offered in another, +took up his abode in a cave at Bethlehem, and +there discoursed to Roman ladies, who had crossed the +sea to listen to his splendid eloquence. Heaven, he insisted, +was as accessible from Britain as from Palestine: +but his actions contradicted his words, and his example +exercised a more potent influence than his precept. The +purely spiritual faith on which Jerome laid stress was as +much beyond the spirit of the age as the +moral feelings of a later age were behind +those of the woman who in the crusade of +St. Louis was seen carrying in her right hand a porringer +of fire, and in her left a bottle of water. With the fire +she wished, as Joinville tells us, to burn paradise, with +the water to drown hell, so that none might do good for +the reward of the one, nor avoid evil from fear of the +other, since every good ought to be done from the perfect +and sincere love which man owes to his Creator, +who is the supreme good. Such a tone of thought was +in ludicrous discord with the temper which brought +Jerome himself to Bethlehem, and which soon began to +fill the land with those who had nothing of Jerome’s +culture and the sobriety which in whatever degree must +spring from it.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Encouragement given to pilgrimages.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Trade in relics.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Stimulus given by pilgrimages to commerce with the East.</div> + +<p>The contagion spread. From almost every country +of Europe wanderers took their way to Palestine, under +the conviction that the shirt which they +wore when they entered the holy city would, +if laid by to be used as their winding-sheet, +convey them (like the carpet of Solomon in the Arabian +tale) at once to heaven. An enterprise so laudable +roused the sympathy and quickened the charity of the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[10]</span>faithful. The pilgrim seldom lacked food and shelter, +and houses of repose or entertainment were raised for +his comfort on the stages of his journey as well as in the +city which was the goal of his pilgrimage. Here he +was welcomed in the costly house which had been raised +for his reception by the munificence of Pope Gregory +the Great. If he died during his absence, his kinsfolk +envied rather than bewailed his lot: if he returned, he +had their reverence as one who had washed away his sins, +and still more perhaps as one who had brought away in +his wallet relics of value so vast and of virtue so great +that the touch of them made the journey to Palestine +almost a superfluous ceremony. Wherever these pilgrims +went, these fragments of the true cross +might be found; and the happy faith of +those who gave in exchange for them more than their +weight in gold never stopped to think that the barren +log which was supposed to have produced them must in +truth have spread abroad its branches wider than the +most magnificent cedar in Libanus. Nor probably, +even in the earliest ages, was the traffic consequent on +these pilgrimages confined to holy things. The East +was not only the cradle of Christianity, but +a land rich in spices and silks, in gold and +jewels: and the keen-sighted merchant, +looking to solid profits on earth, followed +closely on the steps of the devotee who sought his reward +in heaven.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The long struggle between Rome and Persia.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 611. Capture of Jerusalem by the Persian king, Khosru II.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Persian invasion of Egypt.</div> + +<p>The first interruption to the peaceful and prosperous +fortunes of pilgrims and merchants was caused by one +of the periodical ebbs and flows which for nearly seven +hundred years had marked the struggle between +the powers of Persia and of Rome. +The kings of the restored Persian kingdom +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[11]</span>had striven to avenge on the West the wrongs committed +by Alexander the Great, if not those even of +earlier invaders; and the enterprise which Khosru +Nushirvan had taken in hand was carried +on forty years later by his grandson Khosru +(Chosroes) II. Almost at the outset of his +irresistible course Jerusalem fell, nor was it +the fault of the Persians that the great churches of +Helena and Constantine were not destroyed utterly by +fire. Ninety thousand Christians, it is said, were put to +death: but, according to the feeling of the age, a greater +loss was sustained in the carrying off of the true cross +into Persia. From Palestine the wave of Persian conquest +spread southward into Egypt, and the greatness +of Khosru seemed to be unbounded, +when from an unknown citizen of Mecca he +received the bidding to acknowledge the unity of the +Godhead and to own Mahomed as the prophet of God. +The Persian king tore the letter to pieces, and the man +of Mecca, whose successors were to carry the crescent to +Jerusalem and Damascus, to the banks of the Nile and +the mountains of Spain, warned him that his kingdom +should be treated as he had treated his letter.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Campaigns of the Emperor Heraclius.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 622-625.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 627. Battle of Nineveh.</div> + +<p>For the present the signs of this catastrophe were not +to be seen. The Roman emperor was compelled to sign +an ignominious peace and to pay a yearly +tribute to the sovereign of Persia. But Heraclius +(Herakleios) woke suddenly from the +sluggishness which marked the earlier years of his reign. +The Persians were defeated among the defiles +of Mount Taurus, and the destruction of the +birthplace of Zoroaster offered some compensation +for the mischief done to the +churches of Helena and Constantine. Two +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[12]</span>years later the Roman emperor carried his arms into the +heart of the enemy’s land; and during the battle of Nineveh, +in which he won a splendid victory, he slew with his +own hands the Persian general Rhazates. Khosru fled +across the Tigris; but he could not escape from the plots +of his son, and his death in a dungeon ended the glories +of the Sassanid dynasty, under whom the Persian power +had, in the third century of our era, revived from the death +sleep into which it had sunk after the conquests of Alexander.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 628.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Restoration of the true cross by the Persians.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 629. Pilgrimage of Heraclius to Jerusalem.</div> + +<p>With Siroes, the son and murderer of Khosru, the +Roman emperor concluded a peace which not merely +delivered all his subjects from captivity, but +repaired the loss which the church of the +Holy Sepulchre had sustained by the theft of the true +cross. The great object of pilgrimage was +thus restored to Jerusalem, and thither Heraclius +(Herakleios) during the following year +betook himself to pay his vows of thanksgiving. +With the pageant which marked this +ceremony the splendour of his reign was +closed. Before his death the followers of +Mahomed had deprived him of the provinces which he +had wrested from the Persians.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 637. Conquest of Palestine by Omar.</div> + +<p>Eight years only had passed after the visit of Heraclius +(Herakleios) to Jerusalem, when the armies which +had already seized Damascus advanced to +the siege of the Holy City. A blockade of +four months convinced the patriarch Sophronios +that there was no hope of withstanding the force of +Islam: but he demanded the presence of the caliph himself +at the ratification of the treaty which was to secure a +second sacred capital to the disciples of the Prophet. +After some debate his request was granted; and Omar, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[13]</span>who on the death of Abubekr had been chosen as the +vicegerent of Mahomed, set out from Medina on a camel, +which carried for him his leathern water-bottle, his bags +of corn and dates, and his wooden dish.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Terms of the treaty made by Omar with the Christians of Jerusalem.</div> + +<p>The terms imposed by the caliph sufficiently marked +the subjection of the Christians, but they imposed no +severe hardships and perhaps showed a large +toleration. The Christians were to build no +new churches, and they were to admit Mahomedans +into those which they already had, +whether by day or by night. The cross was no longer to +be seen on the exterior of their buildings or to be paraded +in the streets. The church-bells should be tolled only, +not rung. The use of saddles and of weapons was altogether +interdicted, and the Christians, distinguished from +their conquerors by their attire, were to show their respect +for the latter by rising up to them if they were sitting. +On these conditions the Christians were not only to be +safe in their persons and fortunes, but undisturbed in the +exercise of their religion and in the use of their churches.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Omar and the patriarch Sophronios.</div> + +<p>For the observance of this last stipulation the rugged +and uncouth conqueror showed a greater care than the +patriarch who regarded his presence in the +church of the Resurrection as the abomination +of desolation in the holy place. The +hour of prayer came, and Omar asked Sophronios where +he might offer his devotions. ‘Here,’ answered the patriarch; +but Omar positively refused, and repeated his +refusal when he was led away into the church of Constantine. +At last he knelt down on the steps outside +that church, and afterwards told the patriarch that had +he worshipped within the building, the document securing +its use to the Christians would have been worthless. +His words were verified by the zeal of his followers, who +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span>insisted on inclosing within a mosque the steps on which +he had prayed: but the mosque which bears Omar’s +name rose over the great sacrificial altar of the temple, +which passed for Jacob’s stone.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Effects of Arabian conquest on pilgrimage to Jerusalem.</div> + +<p>This second conquest may have again checked the +rush of pilgrims to the Holy Land; but the difficulties +which it placed in their way only added to +the glory and the benefits of the enterprise: +and, after all, the victory of Omar did little +more than share the holy city between two +races each of which acknowledged its sanctity and reverenced +the relics of the righteous men whose bodies reposed +beneath its sacred soil. Nor had the Christians +any stronger ground of complaint than that the Saviour +whom they worshipped was regarded by their conquerors +as a prophet only inferior, if not equal, to the founder +of Islam.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Uninterrupted continuance of pilgrimage.</div> + +<p>Nearly four centuries had passed away after the submission +of Sophronios to Omar; and during this long +series of generations the West had without +let or hindrance sent forth its troops of pilgrims, +in whose train merchants may have +found sources of profit for more worldly callings. If the +palmy days during which the wanderers might regard +themselves as practically lords of the land through which +they travelled had passed away, they underwent at the +worst nothing which could greatly excite their anger or +rouse the indignation of Christendom.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1010. Ravages of the Egyptian Sultan Hakem in Jerusalem.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Persecution of Jews in Europe.</div> + +<p>Nor was this state of things materially +changed by the furious onslaught of Hakem, +the mad Fatimite sultan of Egypt, when, +spurred on by a bigotry unknown to his +predecessors, he resolved to destroy the Christian sanctuary +in Jerusalem. The rule of these earlier sovereigns +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span>of Egypt had been more beneficial to the Christians than +that of the Abbasside caliphs of Bagdad. But Hakem +cared nothing for the worldly interests of his kingdom or +of the profits to be derived from trade with the unbeliever; +and his soldiers were busied on the dignified task +of demolishing the church of the Resurrection, and in +attempts to destroy with their hammers the very cave in +which, as it was supposed, the body of the Saviour had +been laid. In this task they had but a very partial success, +and to Hakem probably the suspension for a single +year of the descent of the sacred fire scarcely outweighed +the risks of a combined attack from the maritime powers +of Christendom. For the present no such alliance was +threatened; but a cruel persecution of the +Jews in many Christian cities was a symptom +of the temper which was placing a great +gulf between men who professed nevertheless to worship +the same Almighty Father.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Tax levied on pilgrims at the gates of Jerusalem.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1000. Expectation of the end of the world.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 997. Conversion of Hungary under King Stephen.</div> + +<p>After this violent but transient storm the condition of +the pilgrims became much what it had been before, except +that a toll was now levied on each pilgrim before +he was suffered to enter the gates of Jerusalem; +but this impost may have been rather +welcomed than resented by the Christians, +as it gave to the richer among them an opportunity of +discharging it for their poorer brethren, and so of securing +for themselves a higher degree of merit. The world, +too, seemed to have taken a new lease of existence, and +everything appeared to promise a long continuance of +comparative peace. Ten years before, all +Christendom was fluttering with the expectation +of immediate judgment. At the close +of the millennium, which came to an end with the year +1000, a belief almost universal looked forward to the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[16]</span>summons which would call the dead from their graves +and cut short the course of a weary and sin-laden world. +But the tale of years had been completed, the sun continued +to rise and set as it had risen and set before, and +the flood of pilgrims soon began to stream towards the +East in greater volume than ever. Men of all ranks +and classes left their homes to offer up their prayers at +the tomb of Christ: bishops abandoned their dioceses, +princes their dominions, to visit the scenes where the +Redeemer had suffered and where He had achieved his +triumph. More numerous, more earnest, more zealous +than all, were the Franks or the Frenchmen, whose name +became henceforth in the East the common designation +of all Europeans. For the weak and inexperienced, +for the women and the youths, who pledged themselves +to the enterprise, there might be special and grave +dangers; nor were the strongest assured against serious, +if not fatal, disasters. With thirty horsemen fully +equipped, Ingulf, a secretary of William the Conqueror, +set out on his journey to the Holy Land. Of these +twenty returned on foot, with no other possessions than +their wallet and their staff. But their losses had been +caused probably by no human enemies, and the men +who had died could claim the credit of martyrdom only +in the sense in which it is accorded to the Holy Innocents +massacred by the decree of Herod. On the whole, +the difficulties of the enterprise were as much smoothed +down as in a rude and ill-governed age they +could well be. The conversion of Hungary +opened a safe highway across the heart of +Europe, and the pilgrims had a defender, as +well as a friend, in St. Stephen, the apostle of his kingdom.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Advance of the Seljukian Turks.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1092. Division of the Seljukian empire.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 325.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Appeal of the Greek Emperor Alexios to Western Christendom.</div> + +<p>But a change far greater than that which had been +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[17]</span>wrought by Omar was to be effected by a power which +had been working its way from the distant East and +menacing the existence of the Empire itself. +From the deserts of Central Asia the Seljukian +Turks had advanced westwards, overrunning +the kingdoms of the Persian empire, and subjugating +Asia Minor, the inheritance of the +Cæsars of Rome. In this task they received +no slight help from the neutrality of a great +part of the Christian population, in whom financial +exactions and ecclesiastical tyranny had awakened feelings +of strong discontent, if not of burning indignation. +The rulers of Byzantium had, indeed, done all that they +could to make the way smooth for the invaders. The +accumulation of land in the hands of a few owners had +dangerously diminished the number of inhabitants; nor +was it long before the Turks were in a majority throughout +Cappadocia, Phrygia and Galatia, and were enabled +successfully to resist the crusading hosts in countries +which they had conquered but as yesterday. The Seljukian +sovereigns who had advanced thus far on the road +to Constantinople, chose as their abode that city of Nice +(Nikaia, Nicæa) in which the first general +council of Christendom had defined the +Catholic faith on the doctrine of the Trinity in Unity. +Here these fierce invaders proclaimed the mission of +Mahomet as the prophet of God, and issued the decrees +which assigned Christian churches to profanation or destruction, +and Christian youths and maidens to a disgraceful +and shameful slavery. Mountains visible from +the dome of Sancta Sophia were already +within the borders of Turkish territory. The +danger seemed imminent, and Alexios, the +Emperor of the East, invoked the aid of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[18]</span>Latin Christendom: but the fire was not yet kindled, +and for the time his appeal was made in vain.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1076. Seljukian conquest of Jerusalem.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Increased burdens and sufferings of the Christian pilgrims.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Decline of commerce with the East.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Oppression of the Christians of Palestine.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">General indignation felt in Western Christendom.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Need of a religious sanction to sustain and direct this feeling.</div> + +<p>No long time, however, had passed before the Seljukian +Toucush was master of Jerusalem; and the Christians +learnt to their cost that servitude to +the fierce wanderers from the northern deserts +was very different from submission to +the rugged and uncultured Omar. The lawful +toll levied on the pilgrims gave way before a system +of extortion and violent robbery carried out +in every part of the land; and the mere +journey to Jerusalem involved dangers from +which the bravest might well shrink. Insults +to the persons of the pilgrims were accompanied by +insults, harder to be borne, offered to the holy places and +to those who ministered in them. The sacred offices +were savagely interrupted, and the patriarch, dragged +by his hair along the pavement, was thrown into a dungeon, +pending the payment of an exorbitant ransom. +For the pilgrims themselves there might be dangers as +they made their way through Europe: but these were +increased tenfold on the eastern side of the Hellespont. +Thus far they had journeyed in comparative +security, and the merchants who sought +to combine profit with devotion added to +that security by their numbers and their prudence. The +Easter fair of Jerusalem had drawn to the ports of Palestine +the fleets of Genoa and Pisa, and had sufficiently +rewarded the munificence of the merchants of Amalfi, +the founders of the hospital of St. John. But commerce +has no liking for perils of flood and field: and with the +risk of disaster these fleets disappeared and the caravans +were confined to those for whom the sanctuary of Jerusalem +was a goal to be reached at all costs. These went +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[19]</span>forth still by hundreds; they returned by tens or units to +recount the miseries and wanton cruelties +which they had undergone, and to draw +fearful pictures of the savage tyranny exercised +over the Christians of Jerusalem and of the East +generally. The church of Christ was in the iron grasp +of the infidel, and the blood of his martyrs cried aloud +for vengeance. Throughout the length and breadth of +Christendom a fierce indignation was stirring +the hearts of men, and the pent-up waters +needed only guidance to rush forth as a +flood over the lands defiled by the unbeliever. +But unless the enterprise was to run to waste in +random efforts, it must have the solemn sanction of religion. +The people might be ready, but popular fury acting +by itself will soon spend its strength like the hurrying +tempest. Princes might be willing for a time to +abandon their dominions: but the pressure of difficulties +abroad and at home would soon make them grow weary +of the task. There must be a constraining power to +keep them to their vows by sanctions which +stretched beyond the present life to the life +after death; and these sanctions could come +only from him who held the keys of the +kingdom of heaven, and whose seat was the rock of +Peter, Prince of the Apostles.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.<br> +<span class="smaller">THE COUNCIL OF CLERMONT.</span></h2> + +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Influence of Roman imperialism on the early popes.</div> + +<p>The Pope is the bishop of Rome, and the traditions of +the papacy delight in recalling the humble origin of his +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span>vast monarchy, at once spiritual and temporal, +ecclesiastical and secular. If the poor +Galilæan fisherman ever entered the Eternal +City, it was as a stranger who had come +to be the guide and friend of a small knot of men who +saw and hated and wished to keep themselves aloof +from the abominable corruption of Roman society. But +if Christianity itself, as we have seen (<a href="#Page_6">p. 6</a>), was, when +it had once taken root in the West, modified by the +popular feelings and old associations of the converts, the +constitution of the church was in like manner insensibly +modified by the political forms of the state with which it +had at first to wage a terrible conflict. Rome was not as +other cities: and the bishop of Rome could not long +remain like the presidents of other churches. He was +dealing with the subjects, and he lived in the heart, of +the empire. It was inevitable that the imperial tradition +should fasten on the object of their worship; nor was it +long before the exulting cry went up to heaven, Christ +lives, Christ rules, Christ is emperor (Christus vivit, +Christus regnat, Christus imperat).</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 587-604.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1073-1085.</div> + +<p>As the vicars of this invisible emperor, the popes +acquired gradually a power which overshadowed that of +the mightiest sovereigns. It was exercised +with monastic austerity by Gregory the +Great; it was wielded with the ability of a consummate +general by Gregory VII., Hildebrand. The +first Gregory was a monk, therefore also a +Manichean; in other words, one who believed in the +essential impurity of all matter; but this philosophy, if +it had any attractions for Gregory VII., was wholly subordinate +to the one absorbing passion of ecclesiastical +dominion. His aim was to subdue the world by a +spiritual army: but the issue of his conquest was not to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[21]</span>be confined to spiritual influence. It was to give him +power over kingdoms, dictation over princes, the command +of their weapons and their wealth. It was to +humble civil polity under priestly autocracy; it was to +prove, what Hildebrand scrupled not to assert, that the +civil rule was in itself the mere development and working +of the evil principle. The foundations had long +been laid; but Hildebrand left to his successors not +much to do towards completing the fabric of papal +empire. His predecessors had learnt to avail themselves +dexterously of popular feeling or the ambition of princes, +to direct wide-spread movements, if not to create them. +It was the papal sanction which had aided to depose the +degenerate Merovingian; it was the papal chrism which +had anointed the first Carolingian king. It was the diadem +of the ancient Cæsars, bestowed by the hand of +Leo III., which rested on the head of Charles the Great. +It was Hildebrand himself, who, by the hands of his +instrument, Alexander II., had transferred the crown of +England from the son of Godwine to William the Bastard +of Normandy. It has been well remarked, that although +the name had not yet been heard, yet in truth it was +now that the first crusade was preached, and it was +preached by the voice of Rome against the liberties of +England. We may note further that the preacher was a +pontiff, who, when he found it convenient to thank the +Sultan of Morocco for some indulgences granted to +Christians in his territories, could assure that infidel +ruler that both worshipped the same God and held the +same faith, though their modes of worship and their +expressions of devotion might be different.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Schemes and motives of Gregory VII.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1074. His circular letter to the faithful.</div> + +<p>The popes had become capable of setting vast armies +in motion, and of raising to a white heat the fire of a +popular sentiment which had already been kindled. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span>These two conditions were needed before the +power of Europe could be precipitated on +the infidel conquerors of Syria; and the inability +of the popes to accomplish this end if they were +not in accord with the prevalent feeling of the people is +strikingly shown in the history of Gregory VII. Eight +years after he had helped to slay Harold at Hastings, +Hildebrand addressed a letter to all who +loved and cared to defend the Catholic faith, +beseeching them to put aside all other tasks +in favour of the great work of chasing the hordes of the +Seljukian Turks beyond the bounds of the Eastern empire. +Constantinople, the new city of the Seven Hills, +was even now threatened by these barbarians; nor could +any say how soon the danger might not menace Rome +itself. It could not be doubted that the faith, the energy, +the warlike skill of Christendom would sweep away these +undisciplined unbelievers; and the victory of the faithful +would be followed by very solid gain to the popes. The +price to be paid by the emperor for his deliverance from +the Turks was his submission as a vassal to the see of +Rome; in other words, the pope was to become absolute +lord both of East and West, and the claims of the Byzantine +patriarch to a co-ordinate dignity with the successor +of St. Peter should no longer be made with impunity. +But although the scheme thus carefully drawn out was +to promote the interests of a spiritual power, for the great +mass of Latin Christians it was purely a political enterprise. +The fears and distresses of the Eastern emperor +could excite no sympathy; the Cæsar of Constantinople +was not a being who had exhibited the image of superhuman +love or shed his blood for those who had taken +delight in torturing him; and the excommunication which +Hildebrand had imprudently hurled against the emperor +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[23]</span>Nicephorus (Nikephoros) III., had left behind it in the +East a feeling not favourable to the designs of the Roman +pontiff. The letter of Hildebrand appealed to no religious +associations; it said nothing of abominations committed +in the holy places, of terrible crimes wrought on the persons +of faithful pilgrims; it was silent about the eternal +reward which the bare act of pilgrimage would win for +the believer. It was of little use to say in passing that +more than 50,000 warriors longed to rise up under his +guidance against the enemies of God and reach the sepulchre +of their Lord. He had not struck the right chord, +and Hildebrand failed to see the West gird itself for the +great conflict with the enemies of the faith.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1081. The Normans in Italy.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1082.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1083.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1085.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1087.</div> + +<p>For a time he may have supposed that the great fire +was already kindled, when with a fleet of 150 ships and +an army of 30,000 men Robert Guiscard set +sail from Brundusium (Brindisi). But the +conqueror who had done so much in Italy +was to do but little to the east of the Adriatic. While +his army put forth its whole strength before the walls of +Dyrrhachium (Durazzo), his fleet under the command of +his son Bohemond was miserably defeated; and nothing +but the wretched jealousy felt by the emperor Alexios for +his general Paleologos saved the army of Guiscard from +ruin and turned the threatened disaster into victory. +When, being compelled to return to Italy, he +left Bohemond to carry on his enterprise, the +latter overran Epeiros and had well nigh succeeded in +reducing the Thessalian Larissa, when he +too was compelled to hasten to Italy for +reinforcements both in men and money. In his absence +his deputy, Brienne, the constable of Apulia, was constrained +to abandon the siege of Kastoria and +to bind himself not to invade again the territories +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span>of the Byzantine emperor. Not many months later +Robert Guiscard gathered another armament for the conquest +of the East. He raised the siege of Corfu (Korkyra), +and had reached Cefalonia (Kephallenia), when +his career was cut short by death and his scheme for the +time seemed utterly brought to naught. The war which +Hildebrand sought to stir up against the Mahomedan +powers was not less vigorously preached by his successor +Victor III., who promised remission of sins +to all who might engage in it; but his words +called forth no bands of warriors for the recovery of Jerusalem. +The fleets of Genoa and Pisa swept the African +coasts, and gained in the shape of booty a harvest which +was to fall to the lot of few among the myriads who were +soon to leave their homes for the Holy Land.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1095. Council of Piacenza.</div> + +<p>Ten years after the death of Hildebrand three or four +thousand of the clergy and thirty thousand laymen were +gathered to meet pope Urban II. at the +council of Piacenza (Placentia). So vast a +throng could find standing ground in no +building, and the business of the council was transacted +in the plain outside the city. The envoys of the Eastern +emperor, Alexios Comnenos, were there to plead his distresses +and beseech the strenuous aid of the faithful. +The policy of checking the progress of the Turks while +they were still at a good distance from Italy may have +influenced the more statesmanlike of their hearers; the +more vehement and enthusiastic among them were +moved to tears by the pathetic recital of the Byzantine +ambassadors, and demanded loudly to be led against the +enemy. But Urban, with his heart more determinately +set upon the enterprise than any man present, felt that +the hour for the supreme decision had not yet come. +He was in a country torn by intestine divisions, where +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span>his own claim to the papacy was disputed by an anti-pope +whom with his adherents it was here his especial business +to excommunicate. He had to deal with other +matters also. Some of the clergy still refused to abandon +their wives; and the wife of the emperor Henry IV. +was present to complain of treatment unimaginably monstrous +on the part of her husband. Both emperor and +clergy must be condemned, and brought into obedience; +and Urban felt that after such business as this it would +be well to reserve his eloquence for another scene. He +therefore dismissed the envoys of Alexios with the assurance +that when the hosts of Western Christendom advanced +to the rescue of the Holy Sepulchre they would +not forget that they had work to do near Constantinople.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 799.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1095. The council of Clermont.</div> + +<p>From Piacenza Urban made his way across the Alps +to the realm of the great Charles, whose intercourse with +the ambassadors of the Caliph Harun-al-Reschid +may have laid the foundation for +the myth, expanded into a systematic fiction in the lying +Chronicle of Turpin, that he had himself smitten down +the unbelievers under the shadow of the Church of Constantine. +On the northern side of the Alps Urban could +breathe more freely. The sentence of excommunication +was impending, it is true, over Philip the First, who called +himself or was called King of France; but the great-grandson +of Hugh Capet, powerful though he might be +within his own dominion of Paris and Orleans, was little +more than nominal lord of the vast throng +of feudal chiefs who lay beyond its borders. +From his old home in the great monastery +of Clugny, Urban set off in the autumn for Clermont in +the territories of the Count of Auvergne. Before he +could reach the city, thousands of tents were pitched +without the walls for those who could find no shelter +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span>within them; and the eight days during which the +council held its sessions were spent in regulating the enterprise +about which the pope had spoken with so much +reserve at Piacenza, and in prescribing the measures to +be taken for the safety of those who might remain at +home during the absence of their natural protectors.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Pilgrimage of the hermit Peter to Jerusalem.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1093.</div> + +<p>There was now no more need for hesitation. Popular +feeling to the north of the Alps was far more deeply +moved by the woes of the pilgrims and the +conquests of the infidels than on the southern +side of the great mountain barriers; and the +wrath of the people had been fanned into an ungovernable +flame by the preaching of the hermit Peter. This +man, born at Amiens in Picardy, had forsaken his wife +and laid aside the sword which he wielded in the service +of the Counts of Boulogne, to follow the council of perfection +in silence and solitude. Like others, he felt himself +drawn by an irresistible attraction to +the Holy Land; but if his passionate yearnings +were rewarded by the privilege of offering up his +prayers before the tomb of the Redeemer, his very heart +was stirred by the sight of things, the mere recital of +which had awakened his wrath at a distance. The +Sanctuary was in the hands of the infidels; the patriarch +was reduced practically to the state of a slave, and the +pilgrim was happy who returned from the Holy City +without undergoing humiliations and buffetings scarcely +deserved by the worst of criminals. The murder of +many Christian men, the deadly wrongs done to many +Christian women, called aloud for vengeance, and the +hermit made his vow that, with the help of God, these +things should cease. His conversations with the patriarch +Simeon brought out only confessions of the incapacity +of the Greek Emperor and the weakness of his +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span>empire. ‘The nations of the West shall take up arms +in your cause,’ said the hermit; and with the patriarchal +benediction Peter hastened to obtain for the mission +which he now saw before him the sanction of the man +who claimed to be at the head of Eastern and Western +Christendom alike.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1094. The mission and preaching of the hermit.</div> + +<p>Before the Roman pontiff Peter poured forth his story +of the wrongs which called for immediate redress; but +no eloquence was needed to stir the heart of +Urban. The zeal of the pope was probably +as sincere as that of any others who engaged +in the enterprise; but it could not fail to +derive strength from the consciousness that, whatever +might be the result to the warriors of the cross, his own +power would rest henceforth on more solid foundations. +His blessing was therefore eagerly bestowed on the fervent +enthusiast who undertook to go through the length +and breadth of the land, stirring up the people to the +great work for the love of God and of their own souls. +His eloquence may have been as rude as it was ready; +but its deficiencies were more than made up by the +earnestness which gave even to the glance of his eye a +force more powerful than speech. Dwarfish in stature +and mean in person, he was yet filled with a fire which +would not stay, and the horrors which were burnt in +upon his soul were those which would most surely stir +the conscience and rouse the wrath of his hearers. His +fiery appeals carried everything before them. Wherever +he went, rich and poor, aged and young, the knight and +the peasant, thronged round the emaciated stranger, +who with his head and feet bare rode on his ass, carrying +a huge crucifix. That form, of which they beheld +the bleeding sign, he had himself seen; nay, he had received +from the Saviour a letter which had fallen down +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span>from heaven. He appealed to every feeling which may +stir the heart of mankind generally, to every motive +which should have special power with all faithful Christians. +He called upon them for the deliverance of the +land which was the cradle of their faith, for the punishment +of the barbarian who had dared to defile it, for the +rescue of the brethren who were the victims of his +tyranny. The vehemence which choked his own utterance +became contagious: his sobs and groans called +forth the tears and cries of the vast crowds who hung +upon his words, and who greedily devoured the harrowing +accounts of the pilgrims whom Peter brought forward +as witnesses to the truth of his picture. Motives more +earthly may have mingled with his austere call in the +minds of some who heard him. Of these motives the +hermit said nothing: but there is no doubt that he made +his last and most constraining appeal to that notion of +mechanical religion which the prophet Micah puts into +the mouth of Balak the king of Moab. The consciences +of some amongst his hearers might be weighed down by +the burden of sins too grievous almost for forgiveness. +He besought them to remember that such fears were +altogether misplaced, if only they made up their minds +to take part in the redemption of the Holy Land. If +they chose to become the soldiers of the cross, their salvation +was at once achieved. There was no sin, however +fearful, which would not be cancelled by the mere taking +of the vow; no sinful habits which would not be condoned +in those who might fall in battle with the unbelievers. +The excitement of the moment, the frenzy which, having +first unsettled the mind of the hermit, was by him communicated +to his hearers, threw, we cannot doubt, a +specious colouring over a degrading morality and a +hopelessly corrupting religion; but as little can we doubt +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[29]</span>that the whole temper which stirred up and kept alive +the enterprise left behind it a poisoned atmosphere +which could be cleared only by the storms and tempests +of the reformation.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Decrees of the council of Clermont, prohibiting private wars, and confirming the Truce of God.</div> + +<p>The preaching of the hermit predetermined the results +of the council of Clermont; but Urban and the throng +of bishops and abbots who were gathered +round him were well aware that something +more was needed than the enlisting of an +army of zealots for distant warfare. With +our settled laws and orderly government it +is almost impossible for us to realize the condition even +of the most advanced states of Christian Europe in an +age when the power of the king over his vassals meant +simply that which the strength or the weakness of the +vassals made it, and when the vassal, if he owed allegiance +to his lord, was bound by no ties to his fellow +vassals. The system of feudalism could not fail to feed +the worst passions of human nature; and the absence +of an authority capable of constraining all alike involved +for those who felt or fancied themselves aggrieved an +irresistible temptation to take the law into their own +hands. But the practice of private war thus set up +would sooner or later assume the form of a trade, and in +the words of William of Malmesbury things had now +come to so wretched a pass that feudal chiefs would take +each other captive on little or no pretence, and would +set their prisoners free only on the payment of an enormous +ransom. This military violence of the laity was +accompanied by corruption on the part of the clergy, +showing itself in a shameless traffic of benefices and +dignities which, in brief phrase, fell to the lot of the +highest bidder. In such a condition of things to drain +off to distant lands a large proportion of the men who at +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[30]</span>home might do something to check, if not to repress, the +mischief, would be to leave those who remained behind +defenceless. Decrees were therefore passed condemning +private wars, confirming the Truce of God which suspended +all hostilities during four days of each week, and +placing the women and the clergy under the protection +of the Church, which in an especial manner was extended +to merchants and husbandmen for three years.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Speech of Urban II. before the people.</div> + +<p>When, the business of the council being ended, Urban +ascended a lofty scaffold and began his address to the +people, he spoke to hearers for whom arguments +were no longer needed, but who were +well pleased to hear from the chief of Christendom +words which carried with them comfort and encouragement. +Three forms or versions of this speech +have been preserved to us; one in the pages of William +of Tyre, a second in those of William of Malmesbury, a +third from a manuscript in the Vatican. It is possible +that they may represent three different speeches: but the +substance of all is the same, and we are left in no doubt +of the general tenor of his words. With some inconsistency +he dwelt on the cowardice of the barbarians who +had contrived to conquer Syria and whose tyranny called +forth the appeal which he now made to them. The Turk, +shrinking from close encounters, trusted to his bow and +arrow; and the venom of his poisoned shaft, not the +bravery of a valiant warrior, inflicted death on the man +whom it struck. Their fears, he added, were justified, +for the blood which ran in the veins of men born in +countries scorched with the heat of the sun was scanty +in stream and poor in quality as compared with that +which coursed through the bodies of men belonging to +more temperate regions. ‘In these temperate regions +you were born,’ he pleaded, ‘and you have therefore a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span>title to victory which your enemies can never acquire. +You have prudence, you have discipline, you have skill +and valour, and you will go forth, through the gift of God +and the privilege of St. Peter, absolved from all your +sins. The consciousness of this freedom shall soothe +the toil of your journey, and death will bring to you the +benefits of a blessed martyrdom. Sufferings and torments +may perhaps await you. You may picture them +to yourselves as the most exquisite tortures, and the picture +may perhaps fall short of the agony which you may +have to undergo; but your sufferings will redeem your +souls at the expense of your bodies. Go then on your +errand of love, of love for the faithful who in the lands +overcome by the infidel cannot defend themselves, of +love which will put out of sight all the ties that bind you +to the spots which you have called your homes. Your +homes, in truth, they are not. For the Christian all the +world is exile, and all the world is at the same time his +country. If you leave a rich patrimony here, a better +patrimony is promised to you in the Holy Land. They +who die will enter the mansions of heaven, while the living +shall behold the sepulchre of their Lord. Blessed +are they who, taking this vow upon them, shall inherit +such a recompense: happy they who are led to such a +conflict, that they may share in such rewards.’</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The assent of the multitude.</div> + +<p>It was no wonder that words thus striking chords of +feeling already stretched to intensity should be interrupted +with the passionate cry ‘It is the will +of God! It is the will of God!’ which broke +from the assembled multitude. ‘It is, in +truth, his will,’ added the pontiff, ‘and let these words +be your war-cry when you unsheath your swords against +the enemy. You are soldiers of the cross: wear, then, +on your breasts or on your shoulders the blood-red sign +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[32]</span>of Him who died for the salvation of your souls. Wear +it as a token that his help will never fail you: wear it as +the pledge of a vow which can never be recalled.’</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The cross and the vow of the crusaders.</div> + +<p>By these words the war now proclaimed against the +Turks received the name which has become a general +title for all wars or hostile undertakings carried +on in the name of religion. Thousands +hastened at once to put on the badge and so +to take their place among the ranks of the crusaders. +The rival claims of the anti-pope withheld Urban himself +from taking the pledge to which he was clamorously +invited; and worldly prudence alone may have suggested +the wisdom of standing aloof from a conflict in which +disaster to a Roman pontiff would certainly be regarded +as a visible sign of the divine displeasure. Of the clergy, +the first to assume the cross was Adhemar (Aymer), +bishop of Puy, and as his reward he received the powers +and dignity of papal legate. At the head of the laity +Raymond, count of Toulouse, duke of Narbonne and +marquis of Provence, promised through his ambassadors +to be ready by the Feast of the Assumption, August 15, +next following the council, the day fixed for the departure +of the crusading hosts for Constantinople.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Motives of the crusaders.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1058-9.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Financial effect of the crusade.</div> + +<p>Thus was the die cast for a venture which in the eye +of a keen-sighted general or a far-seeing statesman +should have boded little good, but which +held out irresistible attractions for the great +mass of the people,—attractions which continued to +draw hundreds and thousands still to the unknown and +mysterious East, when a long series of disasters had +proved that the journey to Jerusalem was in all likelihood +a journey to the grave. For the really sincere and +devout, whose lives had been passed without reproach +and who could await the future with a clear conscience, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span>there was the deep sense of binding duty, the yearning +to be brought nearer whether on earth or in heaven to +the Master whom they loved. For the feudal chieftain +there was the fierce pastime of war which formed the +main occupation and perhaps the only delight of his life, +with the wild excitement produced by the thought that +the indulgence of his passions had now become a solemn +act of religion. There was also the prospect of vast and +permanent conquest; and the duke or count who left a +fair domain behind him might look forward to the +chance of winning a realm as splendid as +that which Robert Guiscard and his Normans +had won in Apulia and Sicily. For the common +herd and those whom gross living had rendered moral +cowards, there was the offer of a method by which they +might wipe away their guilt without changing their character +and disposition. Not a few might be caught by +the philosophy of the abbot Guibert, who boldly drew a +parallel between the crusades and holy orders or monachism. +That height of perfection which ecclesiastics +might reach in their own sphere was now attainable by +laymen through an enterprise in which their usual license +and habits of life would win them the favour of God +not less than the most unsparing austerity of the monk +or the priest. It was, in short, a new mode of salvation, +and they who were hurrying along the broad road to +destruction now found that the taking of a vow converted +it into the narrow and rugged path to heaven. Nor was +the number few of those for whom this convenient +arrangement was combined with some solid temporal +advantages. The cross on the breast or shoulder set +free from the clutches of his lord the burgher or the peasant +attached to the soil, opened the prison doors for +malefactors of every kind, released the debtor from the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[34]</span>obligation of paying interest on his debts while he wore +the sacred badge, and placed him beyond the reach of +his creditors. Lastly, the episode of a crusade might be +for the priest a pleasant interruption to the dull routine +of parochial work, to the monk an agreeable change +from the wearisome monotony of his conventual life. +The usurer and the creditor might fancy himself to be +somewhat hardly treated. Yet they were +amongst the few to whom the crazy enterprise +(crazy not from the impracticability of +its objects, but from the way in which these were followed,) +brought a solid benefit. The unthinking throng +might rush off to Palestine without making the least preparation +for their journey or their maintenance, in the +blind faith that they would be fed and clothed like the +fowls of the air or the lilies of the field. But for those +who could judge more soberly, and for those who were +not willing to forego their luxuries or their pleasures, +there was the need of providing a store of the precious +metals by means of which alone their wishes could be +gratified. The duke, who had to maintain a vast and +brilliant retinue, was compelled to mortgage his dominions; +and thus for the sum of ten thousand marks, +wrung from the lower orders in the English state, William +Rufus obtained from his brother Robert the government +of his dukedom for five years, and took care that +the prize so won should not slip again from his grasp. +Nobles and knights, setting off on the crusade, all +wished to sell land, all wished to buy arms and horses. +The arms and horses therefore became ruinously dear, +the lands ridiculously cheap. It is easy to see that the +prudent trader, the cautious merchant, the landowner +whose eye was fixed on the main chance, would stand +at an enormous advantage.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[35]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Effects of the crusades on the power of the pope and the clergy.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Dispensing power of the pope.</div> + +<p>But if these were gainers, the gains of the pope and +the sacerdotal army of which he was the chief were +greater still. If the proclamation of the crusader rendered +all private warfare a treason against Christendom, if it set +free even the noble from the power of the +overlord, and made the latter incapable of +summoning his vassal to his standard, if the +crusader, as the soldier of the Church, was +released from every other obligation, these tremendous +changes had been wrought wholly by the power of the +pope and his hierarchy. In placing the dominions of all +crusading princes under the protection of the Church, the +council of Clermont may have provided for those chiefs +a most inadequate defence; but it placed the pope on a +level above all earthly princes, and the power which withheld +the arm of the creditor from falling upon +his debtor became a vast dispensing authority, +the possession of which would have delighted +the heart and realized the highest longings of +Hildebrand. Urban did not go to Palestine: but even +there he was present in the person of his legate Adhemar, +and thus claimed the guidance of a war sanctified by his +blessing and undertaken in the cause of the Church. The +vows of the crusader were taken, again, by many who +had no present intention of fulfilling them. Sickness, or +misfortune, or qualms of conscience might lead them to +assume the fatal sign; but from that moment until they +set off on their journey they put themselves in the power +of the pope, who sometimes used with cruel effect the +hold thus obtained over emperors and kings.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Tendency of the crusades to break up the feudal system.</div> + +<p>Kings, it is true, reaped no small benefit from the impulse +which drove their vassals to the Holy Sepulchre; +and the absorption of the smaller into larger +fiefs and of these again into royal domain, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[36]</span>tended to that extension of the sovereign +power which ultimately broke up the feudal +system. But these results were far distant: +the immediate harvest was gathered by the pope.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Increasing wealth of the pope and the clergy.</div> + +<p>Thus far he had appeared by his representatives in +general or local councils; by these he had interfered in +the settlement of disputes, through these he +had negotiated with princes. But the preaching +of the crusades furnished a reason or a +pretext for sending his legates into every +land. Their primary business was to stir up the hearts +of the faithful or to keep them up to fever heat: but +scarcely less important was the task of collecting money +for the support of the crusading armies. On the clergy, +whether secular or regular, and on the monastic orders, +the pope had a claim which they dared not to call into +question, and the subsidies exacted or enjoined for this +purpose were paid with a real or a feigned cheerfulness. +To the laity the prayer for voluntary alms assumed +practically the form of a demand. Refusal would imply +lukewarmness in the faith, if not positive heresy; and +the imputation could not be incurred without peril of +temporal and even of eternal ruin. Both for the clergy +and the laity the charge for a special and temporary +purpose became a permanent tax, the proceeds of which +the pope might expend on any objects, and in the theory +of the time he could spend them on none which were +not good.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Alienation and pledging or mortgaging of lands.</div> + +<p>But for the impost thus laid upon them the clergy had +a compensation which by the nature of the case could +not be enjoyed by the laity. If a bishop +put on the cross he might lay a burden on +his estates, but he could not alienate them, +as his right over them ceased with his death; +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[37]</span>but in point of fact it was chiefly the prelates and the +monastic houses that became guardians or mortgagees +of lands belonging to men who had betaken themselves +to the Holy Land. The Jews, who amassed immense +profits on their loans to needy crusaders, had nothing to +do with the cultivation of the soil, and in most countries +could not be owners of it. But the Church was everywhere +ready with its protection and its money; nor were +there wanting enthusiasts who, as they fixed the blood-red +cross on their garment, gave up all their lands and +worldly goods to the spiritual body whose prayers they +regarded as a more than sufficient recompense. Even +they who left the Church merely the guardian of their +estates in their absence might die in the East; and if +they died without heirs the guardians became absolute +owners. If they came back, toil and disappointment +had often so worn them down that they took refuge in a +cloister and handed over to the fraternity whatever of +their property might still remain to them. The vast +gains thus accruing were all over and beyond the accumulations +amassed from the bequests of ordinary or +extraordinary penitents on their death-beds or the gifts +of enthusiastic devotees during their lifetime; and all +the land so gained to the Church was withdrawn from +the jurisdiction of the sovereign who professed to rule +the country, and thus formed a kingdom within a kingdom, +the spiritual domain threatening constantly to absorb +that of the secular monarch. A collision, followed +by violent and iniquitous spoliation, became inevitable; +and when the time was come the great fabric of ecclesiastical +wealth was plundered and demolished.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The crusades not national enterprises.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1085. Condition of Europe in the time of Urban II.</div> + +<p>In the enterprise to which Latin Christendom +thus stood committed, the several +nations or countries of Europe took very +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[38]</span>equal parts; or, rather, no nation, as such, took any part +in it at all; and in this fact we have the explanation of +that want of coherent action, and even decent or average +generalship, which is commonly seen in national undertakings. +For the crusade there was no attempt at a commissariat, +no care for a base of supplies; and the crusading +hosts were a collection of individual adventurers +who either went without making any provisions for their +journey or provided for their own needs and those of +their followers from their own resources. The number +of these adventurers were naturally determined by the +political conditions of the country from which they came. +In Italy the struggle between the pope and the anti-pope +went far towards chilling enthusiasm; and the recruits +for the crusading army came chiefly from the Normans +who had followed Robert Guiscard to the sunny southern +lands. The Spaniards were busied with a crusade nearer +home, and were already pushing back to the south the +Mahomedan dominion which had once +threatened to pass the barriers of the Pyrenees +and carry the Crescent to the shores +of the Baltic Sea. About ten years before +the council of Clermont the Moslem dynasty +of Toledo had been expelled by Alfonso, king of Gallicia: +the kingdom of Cordova had fallen twenty years earlier +(1065), and while Peter the Hermit was hurrying hither +and thither through the countries of northern Europe, +the Christians of Spain were winning victories in Murcia, +and the land was ringing with the exploits of the +dauntless Cid, Ruy Diaz de Bivar. By the Germans the +summons to the rescue of the Holy Sepulchre was received +with comparative coldness; the partisans of emperors, +who had been humbled to the dust by the predecessors +of Urban, if not by himself, were not vehemently +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[39]</span>eager to obey it. The bishops of Salzburg, +Passau, and Strasburg, the aged duke Guelf of Bavaria, +had undertaken the toilsome and perilous journey: not +one of them saw their homes again, and their death in +the distant East was not regarded by their countrymen +as an encouragement to follow their example. In England +the English were too much weighed down by the +miseries of the Conquest, the Normans too much occupied +in strengthening their position, and the king, +William the Red, more ready to take advantage of the +needs of his brother Robert than to incur any risks of +his own. The great movement came from the lands extending +from the Scheldt to the Pyrenees. Franks and +Normans alike made ready with impetuous haste for the +great adventure; and tens of thousands, who could not +wait for the formation of something like a regular army, +hurried away, under leaders as frantic as themselves, to +their inevitable doom.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.<br> +<span class="smaller">THE FIRST CRUSADE.</span></h2> + +</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1096. Departure of the first rabble of crusaders under Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless.</div> + +<p>Little more than half the time allowed for the gathering +of the crusaders had passed away, when a crowd +of some sixty thousand men and women, +neither caring nor thinking about the means +by which their ends could be attained, insisted +that the hermit Peter should lead them +at once to the holy city. Mere charity may +justify the belief that some even amongst +these may have been folk of decent lives moved by the +earnest conviction that their going to Jerusalem would do +some good; that the vast majority looked upon their vow +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span>as a license for the commission of any sin, there can be +no moral doubt; that they exhibited not a single quality +needed for the successful prosecution of their enterprise, +is absolutely certain. With a foolhardiness equal to his +ignorance, Peter undertook the task, in which he was +aided by Walter the Penniless, a man with some pretensions +to the soldier-like character. But the utter disorder +of this motley host made it impossible for them to journey +long together. At Cologne they parted company; and +15,000 under the penniless Walter made their way to the +frontiers of Hungary, while Peter led onwards a host +which swelled gradually on the march to about 40,000.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Second rabble under Emico and Gotschalk.</div> + +<p>Another army or horde of perhaps 20,000 marched under +the guidance of Emico, count of Leiningen, a third +under that of the monk Gotschalk, a man +not notorious for the purity or disinterestedness +of his motives. Behind these came a +rabble, it is said, of 200,000 men, women, and children, +preceded by a goose and a goat, or, as some have supposed, +by banners on which, as symbols of the mysterious +faith of Gnostics and Paulicians, the likeness of these +animals was painted. In this vile horde no pretence was +kept up of order or of decency. Sinning freely, it would +seem, that grace might abound, they plundered and +harried the lands through which they marched, while +3,000 horsemen, headed by some counts and gentlemen, +were not too dignified to act as their attendants and to +share their spoil.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Bloody persecutions of the Jews.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The Jews taken under the protection of the empire.</div> + +<p>But if they had no scruple in robbing Christians, their +delight was to prove the reality of their mission as soldiers +of the cross by plundering, torturing, and +slaying Jews. The crusade against the Turk +was interpreted as a crusade directed not +less explicitly against the descendants of those who had +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[41]</span>crucified the Redeemer. The streets of Verdun and +Treves, and of the great cities on the Rhine, ran red with +the blood of their victims; and if some saved their lives +by pretended conversions, many more cheated their persecutors +by throwing their property and their persons +either into the rivers or into the consuming fires. Thus +auspiciously began the mighty enterprise on which pope +Urban had insisted as the first duty of all Christians; and +thus early did the result of his preaching tend to revive +the waning power of the emperor, who interposed his +authority to this merciless onslaught on a +peaceable and useful class of his subjects. +The Jews were taken under the protection +of the empire, and for the time the change +was a real relief. Their posterity found to their cost that +their guardian might in his turn become their plunderer +and tormentor.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">March of Walter and his followers through Hungary and Bulgaria.</div> + +<p>A space of six hundred miles lay between the Austrian +frontier and Constantinople; and across the dreary waste +the followers of Walter the Penniless struggled +on, destitute of money, and rousing +the hostility of the inhabitants whom they +robbed and ill-used. In Bulgaria their misdeeds +provoked reprisals which threatened +their destruction; and none perhaps would have reached +Constantinople, if the imperial commander at Naissos +had not rescued them from their enemies, supplied them +with food, and guarded them through the remainder of +their journey. These succours involved some costs; +and the costs were paid by the sale of unarmed men +amongst the pilgrims, and especially of the women and +children, who were seized to provide the necessary funds. +Of those who formed the train of the hermit Peter, seven +thousand only, it is said, reached Constantinople.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[42]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Passage of the pilgrims across the Bosporos.</div> + +<p>Of such a rabble rout the Emperor Alexios needed +not to be afraid. He had already seen and encountered +far larger armies of Normans, Turks, and +Romans; and he now extended to this vanguard +of the hosts of Latin Christendom a +hospitality which was almost immediately abused. They +had refused to comply with his request that they should +quietly await the arrival of their fellow crusaders; and +consulting the safety of his people not less than his own, +he induced them to cross the Bosporos, and pitch their +camp on Asiatic soil, the land which they had come to +wrest from the unbelievers.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Their utter destruction by Kilidje Arslan.</div> + +<p>Alexios wished simply to be rid of their presence: +they had to deal with an enemy still more crafty and +formidable in the Seljukian Sultan David, whose surname +Kilidje Arslan marked him out as the Sword of +the Lion. The vagrants whom Peter and +Walter had brought thus far on the road to +Jerusalem were scattered about the land in +search of food; and it was no hard task for David to +cheat the main body with the false tidings that their +companions had carried the walls of Nice (Nikaia), and +were revelling in the pleasures and spoils of his capital. +The doomed horde rushed into the plain which fronts the +city; and a vast heap of bones alone remained to tell +the story of the great catastrophe, when the forces which +might more legitimately claim the name of an army +passed the spot where the Seljukian had entrapped and +crushed his victims. In this wild expedition not less, it +is said, than 300,000 human beings had already paid the +penalty of their lives.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Rank and character of the leaders of the first crusade.</div> + +<p>Still the first crusade was destined to accomplish more +than any of the seven or eight crusades which followed +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[43]</span>it; and this measure of success it achieved +probably because none of the great European +sovereigns took part in it. The Western +emperor, Henry IV., the representative of +Charles the Great was the enemy of the pope; Philip I., +king of France, had been excommunicated by Urban in +the council of Clermont; the sovereigns of Denmark, +Scotland, Sweden and Poland were as yet scarcely +brought within the community of European monarchs; +the Spanish kings had their crusades ready made at home; +and we have already seen that the English William II., +was more intent on acquiring dukedoms than on running +the risk of a blessed martyrdom at the gates of Jerusalem. +The task of setting up a Latin kingdom in Palestine +was to be achieved by princes of the second order.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Godfrey of Bouillon and his brothers Baldwin and Eustace.</div> + +<p>Of these the foremost and the most deservedly illustrious +was Godfrey, of Bouillon in the Ardennes, a kinsman +of the counts of Boulogne, and duke of +Lothringen (Lorraine). In the service of the +emperor Henry IV., the enemy or the victim +of Hildebrand, he had been the first to +mount the walls of Rome and cleave his way into the +city; he might hope that his crusading vow would be +accepted as an atonement for his sacrilege. Speaking +the Frank and Teutonic dialects with equal ease, he exercised +by his bravery, his wisdom, and the uprightness +of his life, an influence which brought to his standard, +it is said, not less than 80,000 infantry and 10,000 horsemen, +together with his brothers Baldwin and Eustace, +count of Boulogne.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Hugh of Vermandois.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Robert of Normandy.</div> + +<p>Among the most conspicuous of Godfrey’s colleagues +was Hugh, count of Vermandois, whose surname the +Great has been ascribed by some to his birth +as the brother of Philip I., the French king, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[44]</span>by others merely to his stature as ‘Hugh the long.’ +With him may be placed the Norman duke Robert, +whose carelessness had lost him the crown +of England, and who had now pawned his +duchy for a pittance scarcely less paltry than that for +which Esau bartered away his birthright. The picture +drawn of him is indeed not unlike that of the forefather of +the Edomite tribes. Careless of the future, open in his +friendship or his enmity, free from duplicity in himself +and unsuspicious of treachery in others, charming others +and injuring himself by his light-hearted cheerfulness +and his lavish generosity, Robert was a man whom the +total lack of the qualities which marked his iron-hearted +father brought to a horrible captivity and death in the +dungeons of Cardiff Castle.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Robert of Flanders and Stephen of Chartres.</div> + +<p>The number of the great chiefs who led the pilgrims +from northern Europe is completed with the names of +Robert, count of Flanders, whom his followers +lauded as the Sword and Lance of +the Christians, and of Stephen, count of +Chartres, Troyes, and Blois, the possessor, if we choose +to believe the tale, of 365 castles, and as rich in his eloquence +as in his fortresses. The same arithmetic would +have us think that the minor chiefs were more numerous +than the champions whom Agamemnon led to the Trojan +war; and the assertion is perhaps as much and as +little to be credited as the catalogue of Greek warriors in +the Iliad.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Adhemar bishop of Puy.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Raymond of Toulouse.</div> + +<p>Foremost, by virtue of his title and office, among the +leaders of the southern bands, was the papal legate +Adhemar (Aymer) bishop of Puy—a leader +rather as guiding the counsels of the army +than as gathering soldiers under his banner. A hundred +thousand horse and foot attested, we are told, the greatness, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span>the wealth, and the zeal of Raymond, +count of Toulouse, lord of Auvergne and +Languedoc, who had grown old in warfare, and won for +himself a mingled reputation for wisdom and haughtiness, +obstinacy and greed.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Bohemond.</div> + +<p>Less tinged with the fanatical enthusiasm of his comrades, +and certainly more cool and deliberate in his +ambition, Bohemond, son of Robert Guiscard, +whom we have seen fighting at Dyrrhachium +and victorious at Larissa (<a href="#Page_23">p. 23</a>), looked to the +crusade as a means by which he might regain the vast +regions extending from the Dalmatian coast to the +northern shores of the Egean. Nay, if we are to believe +William of Malmesbury, he urged Urban to set forward +the enterprise for the very purpose, partly, of thus recovering +what he was pleased to regard as his inheritance, +and in part of enabling the pontiff to suppress all opposition +in Rome. Guiscard had left his Apulian domains +to a younger son, and Bohemond was resolved, it would +seem, to add to his principality of Tarentum a kingdom +which would make him a formidable rival of the Eastern +emperor.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Tancred.</div> + +<p>Far above his companion Bohemond, rises his cousin +Tancred, the son of the marquis Odo, surnamed the +Good, and of Emma, the sister of Robert +Guiscard; and his reputation comes not +from his wealth or the greatness of his following, but +from the qualities of mind and person which raised him +indefinitely nearer than his fellows to the standard of the +‘very gentle perfect knight’ of Chaucer. In Tancred +was seen the embodiment of those peculiar sentiments +and modes of thought which gave birth to the crusades, +and to which the crusades in their turn imparted marvellous +strength and splendour.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Cause and effect of chivalry.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Knighthood.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Courtesy.</div> + +<p>When in the council of Clermont pope Urban dwelt +on the cowardice and ignoble fears of the Turks, he +probably touched a chord which grated on +the more generous and enthusiastic amongst +his hearers, and was in fact speaking as a +priest when with greater wisdom he should have used the +language of a general. There can be little doubt that +the finer spirits of the age were moved by the eager +desire of rescuing a crowd of helpless Christians from +conquerors whose might it was impossible for them to +resist, and who were worthy antagonists even for the +noblest knights of Latin and Teutonic Christendom. +The rescue of this feeble multitude could be effected only +at the cost of a great sacrifice,—the sacrifice of houses +and lands, of luxuries and pleasures: and the consciousness +of large sacrifices, cheerfully made for the weak and +suffering, is amongst the highest feelings which may be +awakened in the human heart. Thus in the most noble-minded +and disinterested of the crusading champions +there was distinctly a combination of two ideas, seemingly +discordant, yet working together to produce one definite +moral result. These were the indignation with which +they regarded the tyranny exercised over the Christians +of the East, and the involuntary respect and even admiration +which they felt for the conquerors as the most redoubtable +warriors of the age next to the foremost knights +of Christendom. The former feeling would impel them +to the most desperate efforts for the recovery of the Holy +Land and the Holy Sepulchre; the latter would place +checks dimly recognized and not always heeded on the +ferocious warfare with which they would without scruple +seek to sweep away all meaner or more savage enemies. +So far as he was actuated by such motives, the crusader +was cultivating in himself the germs of forbearance and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span>toleration which must at once to whatever extent soften +the horrors of war and which would in the end yield +more solid and satisfying fruits. In this same direction +the influence of the Church was felt with constantly increasing +power. It had been her aim to curb, when she +could not repress, the violence of her children, and to +establish by a solemn sanction that Truce of God which +prevented the practice of private war from becoming a +burden too heavy for the earth to bear. But in the expedition +for the delivery of the Holy Land war itself was +sanctified; and the knight, initiated even in past years +by rites, which, heathen in their origin, had been made +sacred by the Church, was raised almost to the level of +the priest and the monk. Henceforth the young aspirant +for the knightly dignity and office was treated much as +the catechumens had been treated in the first +Christian centuries. He must enter on his +work with clean thoughts and pure conscience, and the +spotless garment of the catechumen, purified by his long +fast, was reproduced in the white robe which the young +squire put on after cleansing his body in the bath, while +the profession of baptism was repeated in the knightly +vow which (after a special confession of sin followed by +absolution) pledged the young man to deal justly, truly, +and generously, defending the oppressed, succouring the +needy and helpless, and everywhere showing himself the +unsparing antagonist of all tyrants and evil-doers. In an +especial degree he was to be the champion of women, +the protector of children; and he rose from his knees +before the assembled clergy, dubbed a knight by the +sword of his godfather in the names of God, of our Lady, +and of St. Michael, or St. George. The nearest to the +heart of those who uttered this formula, as to that of +the young knight, was the name of the Virgin Mother, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[48]</span>whose name, it would seem, has fascinated multitudes +without curing them of savage treachery and bloodthirsty +ferocity. In feudal phrase she was his Lady +(Notre Dame), as the crucified Jesus was his Lord (Notre +Seigneur); and the adoring and humble love which he +bore for her was held to sanctify and to be reflected in +the devotion which he felt for every noble lady and more +especially for the one favoured dame who became the +idol of his heart, a star to be worshipped at a distance, +if not a queen at whose feet he might throw himself in +an ecstacy of passion. This being whom he delighted +to picture to himself as the peerless ideal of womanhood +might be the wife of another man; and these extravagant +fancies produced not unfrequently the most lamentable +and ruinous results. But the knightly or chivalrous +spirit, thus sometimes led astray, tended nevertheless to +impose moral checks on rude and savage minds which +had never felt them before; and the growth of this spirit +was ensured chiefly by the crusaders. The iniquities +wrought by the soldiers of the Cross were fearful indeed; +but the horrors of the warfare were in some small measure +softened by the honour which the foremost warriors on +both sides paid each to the bravery and good faith of the +other; and this feeling expressed itself in a word which +even now has by no means lost its meaning. The quality +of courtesy so named displayed itself in the +readiness to give place to another where +strength and power might have refused all concessions. +It was closely allied to the Christian qualities of meekness +and mercy, and any approach to this heavenly temper +was a gain indeed in a brutalized and ferocious age. The +highest glory of the crusading knight was to be a mirror +of courtesy: and this glory is especially associated with +the name of Tancred. Tancred lived, fought, and conquered: +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[49]</span>the Rinaldo whom Tasso paints in his epic +poem on the deliverance of Jerusalem is a being of +cloudland like the Greek Achilleus, the Trojan Hektor, +and the Persian Rustam.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1096. August. Departure of the main army of the crusaders under Godfrey.</div> + +<p>The miserable remnant of 3,000 men who escaped +from the field of blood before the city of the Seljukian +Sultan (<a href="#Page_41">p. 41</a>), found a refuge in Byzantine +territory about the time when the better appointed +armies of the crusaders were setting +off on their eastward journey. The most +disciplined of these troops set out with a +vast following from the banks of the Meuse and the +Moselle under Godfrey of Bouillon who led them safely +and without opposition to the Hungarian border. Here +the armies of Hungary barred the way against the advance +of a host at whose hands they dreaded a repetition +of the havoc wrought by the lawless bands of Peter +the Hermit and his self-chosen colleagues. Three weeks +passed away in vain attempts to get over the difficulty. +The Hungarian king demanded as a hostage Baldwin, +the brother of the general: the demand was refused, and +Godfrey put him to shame by surrendering himself. He +asked only for a free passage and a free market; but +although these were granted, it was not in his power to +prevent some disorder and some depredations as his +army or horde passed through the country. The mischief +might have been much worse, had not the Hungarian +cavalry, acting professedly as a friendly escort but +really as cautious warders kept close to the crusading hosts.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Captivity of Hugh of Vermandois.</div> + +<p>At length they reached the gates of Philippopolis, and +here Godfrey learnt that Hugh of Vermandois, whose +coming had been announced to the Greek +emperor Alexios by four-and-twenty knights +in golden armour, and who styled himself +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[50]</span>the brother of the king of kings and lord of all the Frankish +hosts, was a prisoner within the walls of Constantinople. +With Robert of Normandy and Robert of Flanders, +with Stephen of Chartres and some lesser chiefs, +Hugh had chosen to make his way through Italy; and +the charms of that voluptuous land had a greater effect, +it seems, in breaking up and corrupting their forces than +the delights of Capua had in weakening the soldiers of +Hannibal. With little regard to order the chiefs determined +to cross the sea as best they might. Hugh embarked +at Bari; and if we may believe Anna Comnena, +the historian and the worshipper of her father Alexios, +his fleet was broken by a tempest which shattered his +own ship on the coast between Palos and Dyrrhachium +(Durazzo), of which John Comnenos, the nephew of the +emperor, was at this time the governor. The Frank +chief was here detained until the good pleasure of Alexios +should be known. That wary and cunning prince saw +at once how much might be made of his prisoner, who +was by his orders conducted with careful respect and +ceremony to the capital. Kept here really as a hostage, +but welcomed to outward seeming as a friend, Hugh was +so completely won by the charm of manner which Alexios +well knew how and when to put on, that, paying him +homage and declaring himself his man, he promised to +do what he could to induce others to follow his example.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1096. Christmas. Arrival of Godfrey before the walls of Constantinople.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Policy of the emperor Alexios.</div> + +<p>From Philippopolis Godfrey sent ambassadors to +Alexios, demanding the immediate surrender of Hugh. +The request was refused, and Godfrey resumed +his march, treating the land through +which he passed as an enemy’s country, +until by way of Adrianople he at length appeared +before the walls of the capital at +Christmastide, 1096. The fears of Alexios were aroused +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[51]</span>by the sight of a host so vast and so formidable: they +quickened into terror as he thought of the armies which +were still on their way under the command of Bohemond +and Tancred. Of Godfrey, beyond the fact +of his mission as a crusader, he knew little +or nothing: but in Bohemond he saw one +who claimed as his inheritance no small portion of his +empire. This gathering of myriads, whom a false step +on his part might convert into open enemies, was the result +of his own entreaties urged through his envoys before +Urban II. in the council of Piacenza; and his mind +was divided between a feverish anxiety to hurry them on +to their destination and so to rid himself of their hateful +presence, and the desire to retain a hold not only on the +crusading chiefs but on any conquests which they might +make in Syria.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Compact between Alexios and the crusaders.</div> + +<p>Hugh was sent back to Godfrey’s camp; but the +quarrel was patched up, rather than ended. It was +easier to rouse suspicion and jealousy than to restore +friendship. But it was of the first importance +for Alexios that he should secure the +homage of the princes already gathered +round his capital before the arrival of his ancient enemy +Bohemond. In this he succeeded, and a compact was +made by which Alexios pledged them his word that he +would supply them with food and aid them in their eastward +march, and would protect all pilgrims passing +through his dominions. On the other hand the crusading +chiefs, as already subjects of other sovereigns, gave +their fealty to the emperor as their liege lord only for the +time during which they might remain within his borders, +and undertook to restore to him such of their conquests +as had been recently wrested from the empire. In order +to secure this treaty Alexios had been compelled to go +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[52]</span>through the fatigue of interminable audiences with the +Western warriors and to put up with not a little insolence. +The effrontery of a crusader, who flinging himself +on the imperial throne declared that he saw no +reason for standing while one rustic remained seated, +was denounced as intolerable rudeness even by his companions; +but Robert, count of Paris, if indeed it was he, +closed a brief career not many weeks later, and is more +conspicuous in modern romance than in the pages of +mediæval historians.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Homage of the crusaders to Alexios.</div> + +<p>The spirit of Bohemond was stirred deeply within +him when on reaching Constantinople he found that his +colleagues, instead of remaining independent +chiefs, had made themselves vassals of +the Byzantine monarch. But Alexios was +vigorously aided by Robert of Flanders, whose friendly +offices were the result of an alliance made with his +father eight years before; and Bohemond soon saw that +he must in appearance follow the example of his comrades, +whatever course it might suit him to take hereafter. +He became the guest of the emperor, listened +with complacency to his flatteries, accepted a magnificent +gift or bribe, and accompanied his submission with a request +for the office of Grand Domestic, or general of the +East. The emperor put him off with the promise of an +independent principality, and turned with more genuine +warmth to the honest simplicity of Godfrey. This disinterested +crusader was anxious only to fulfill his vows; +and Alexios felt that he was making no sacrifice and entering +into no inconvenient engagements by adopting +him as his son.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Disastrous march of Raymond of Toulouse to Constantinople.</div> + +<p>The policy and the bribes of Alexios had overcome +the opposition of Bohemond. He was to experience a +stouter resistance from Raymond of Toulouse, who, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[53]</span>though he had been the first to enlist, was +the last to set out on his crusade. He should +never make another journey, he said, and he +was determined to be well prepared. Wishing +to avoid, so far as he could, the lines of +march chosen by the chiefs who had preceded him, he +took the road through Lombardy. Thus far his march +was easily accomplished: but things wore a different look +when he reached the savage mountains and desolate +valleys of Dalmatia and Slavonia. The people had +driven their cattle (and their cattle formed practically +their whole property) into inaccessible glens: and instead +of plundering others the crusaders found themselves harassed +and their stragglers cut off by thieves and murderers. +Raymond retaliated by cutting off the hands and +noses of all who were taken prisoners and putting out +their eyes; and the wrath of the natives was roused to +desperate resistance. At Scodra he entered into some +sort of agreement with the Servian chief Bodin; but the +country could yield little for the support of this vast +army, which was compelled to struggle onwards under +dire difficulties. It is astonishing to hear that Raymond +could still speak of himself as the leader of a hundred +thousand warriors, when he refused flatly to do homage +to the Greek emperor.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Refusal of Raymond to do homage.</div> + +<p>The count of Toulouse scarcely regarded himself as +the vassal even of the French king. He was ready, he +said, to be the friend of Alexios on equal +terms; but he would not declare himself to +be his man. On this point he was immovable, +although Bohemond tried the effect of a threat, +which was never forgiven, that if the quarrel came to +blows, he should be found on the side of the emperor. +But Alexios soon saw that in Raymond he had to deal +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[54]</span>with an enthusiast as sincere and persistent as Godfrey. +He took his measures accordingly, and winning the heart +of the old warrior, although he failed to compel his obedience, +he confessed to him his dislike of the rude and +noisy habits of the Franks and his deep-seated fears of +Bohemond. The admiration of Anna Comnena was as +great as the esteem professed for him by her father. Raymond +in her fervent language shone among the barbarians +as the sun among the stars of heaven.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Conduct of Alexios to the crusaders.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1097. March.</div> + +<p>While Alexios was thus busied in dealing with Godfrey +and Raymond, Bohemond and Tancred, he was not less +anxiously occupied with the task of sending +across the Bosporos the swarms which might +soon become an army of devouring locusts +round his own capital. It was easier to give them a welcome +than to get rid of them: and more than two months +had passed since Christmas, when the followers +of Godfrey found themselves on the soil +of Asia. It was well to place even a narrow strait of sea +between himself and these dangerous friends, who had +threatened him at first with all the horrors of savage war. +The rumour had got abroad that Alexios meant to hem +them in among marshes, and leave them there to starve; +and an assault of the crusaders on the suburbs showed +the emperor what he might expect, if these suspicions +were not quieted. Probably he had not intended to entrap +them to their death: but he had felt less scruple in +submitting them to cheatings with debased coin and to +extortions which carried with them no sense of novelty +for his own people. Even these he found it politic to +abandon, and so zealously did he employ an opposite +method that for the time the crusaders seemed to have +become his mercenaries.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Passage of the crusaders across the Bosporos.</div> + +<p>Godfrey’s men had no sooner been landed on the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[55]</span>eastern side of the Bosporos, than all the vessels which +had transported them were brought back +to the western shore. With great astuteness, +and at the cost of large gifts, Alexios +in like manner freed the neighbourhood of his capital +from the invading multitudes. As fast as they came, +they were hurried across, and the emperor breathed +more freely when, on the feast of Pentecost, not a single +Latin pilgrim remained on the European shore.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Thorough antagonism between the crusaders and the Greeks.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Contrast between the Greek and Latin clergy.</div> + +<p>The danger of conflict had throughout been imminent; +and the danger arose, not so much from the fact +that the crusaders were armed men, marching +through the country of professed allies, +but from the thorough antagonism between +Greeks and Latins in modes of thought and +habits of life, in the first notions of civilization, law, and +duty. For the Greeks feudalism was a thing of the remote +past; in other words, was a thing unknown. To +get at a state resembling that of Western Europe they +would have had to go back for nearly twenty centuries—to +the days of Solon and of the Thessalian and Theban +nobility, who were among the most efficient allies of +Xerxes. For the crusading armies or rather for their +chiefs (of the common herd there was no need to take +any account), nothing was so hateful as a central authority +which pressed on all orders in the state alike: +nothing was so precious as local tyranny and the right +of private war, which respected neither person nor property. +For the subjects of the Eastern empire the protection +of person and property was everything, and in +order to secure this they were willing to put up with a +large amount of oppression and of corruption in their +governors. In a sense not so high perhaps as that which +the words bore in the days of Herodotos, law was still +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[56]</span>their king; and of public law the Latins could scarcely +be said to have any conception. Nor must +we forget the vast gulf which separated the +Eastern from the Western clergy. The +latter were now becoming well broken into +the yoke of celibacy which had been finally thrust upon +them by Damiani and Hildebrand; for the former marriage +was a condition for the very reception of their +orders. The Latin clergy had by this change been converted +into a close order or caste, which looked up to the +Roman pontiff as their head and hated the thought of +allegiance to any temporal ruler. This empire within +an empire was an idea which had not dawned on the +Greek or the Eastern mind; and the clergy of the West +despised their brethren of the East for their cowardly +submission to the secular arm. These, in their turn, +shrunk with horror from the sight of bishops, priests, +and monks riding with blood-stained weapons over fields +of battle, and exhibiting at other times an ignorance +equal to their ferocity. Harmony between nations and +races under such conditions is as hopeless as the voluntary +mingling of oil and water; and the result of contact +was an exasperation of the suspicion, jealousy, and +hatred which the one side felt instinctively for the supposed +treachery, lying, and violence of the other.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Numbers of the crusaders.</div> + +<p>Thus was gathered on the eastern shores of the +Hellespont and the Bosporos a host, we may well believe +more vast than that which Xerxes drove +before him for the invasion of Europe, and +leaving behind it in utter insignificance the +scanty force with which Alexander attempted and +achieved the conquest of Asia. When tribes or a nation +pour out their whole population, men, women, and children +alike, there is practically no limit to the numbers +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[57]</span>which may be set in motion; nor is it any tax on our +credulity to believe that a hundred thousand horsemen, +fully armed in the light coats of mail worn during the +first crusading age, were marshalled on the Bithynian +plains, even if we put aside as an absurd exaggeration +the notion of the chaplain of Count Baldwin, that the +whole body of the crusaders amounted to not less than +six millions.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">June. Siege and fall of Nice (Nikaia).</div> + +<div class="sidenote">July 4. Battle of Dorylaion.</div> + +<p>Their strength and valour were soon to be tested. +They were now face to face with the Turks on whose +cowardice Urban II. had enlarged with so +much complacency before the council of +Clermont. The Sultan David, or Kilidje +Arslan (<a href="#Page_41">p. 41</a>), placed his family and treasures in his +capital city of Nice (Nikaia), and retreated with 50,000 +horsemen to the mountains, whence he swooped down +from time to time on the outposts of the Christians. By +these his city was formally invested; and for seven weeks +it was assailed to little purpose by the old instruments +of Roman warfare, while some of the besiegers shot +their weapons from the hill on which were mouldering +the bones of the fanatic followers of Peter. It was protected +to the west by the Askanian lake, and so long as +the Turks had command of this lake they felt themselves +safe. But Alexios sent thither on sledges a large +number of boats, and the city, subjected to a double +blockade, submitted to the emperor, who was in no way +anxious to see the crusaders masters of the place. The +crusaders were making ready for the last assault, when +they saw the imperial banner floating on the walls. Their +disappointment at the escape of the miscreants, or unbelievers, +for so they delighted to speak of them, was +vented in threats which seemed to bode a renewal of +the old troubles: but Alexios, with gifts, which added +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[58]</span>force to his words, professed that his only desire now, +as it had been, was to forward them safely on their +journey. Nor had they to go many stages before they +found themselves again confronted with their adversary. +The conflict took place near the Phrygian +Dorylaion, and seemed at first to portend +dire defeat to the crusaders. More than once +the issue of the day seemed to be turned by the indomitable +personal bravery of the Norman Robert, of +Tancred, and of Bohemond; and when even those +seemed likely to be borne down, they received timely +succours from Godfrey, and Hugh of Vermandois, from +bishop Adhemar of Puy and from Raymond, count of +Toulouse. Still the Turks held out, and it seemed likely +that they would long hold out, when the appearance +of the last division of Raymond’s army filled them with +the fear that a new host was upon them.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">March to Cogni and the Pisidian Antioch.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Quarrel between Baldwin and Tancred at Tarsus.</div> + +<p>The crusaders had won a considerable victory. Three +thousand knights belonging to the enemy had been slain, +and Kilidje Arslan was hurrying away to +enlist the services of his kinsmen. Meanwhile +the Latin hosts were sweeping onwards, +passing Cogni (Ikonion, Iconium), Erekli (Herakleia), +and the Pisidian Antioch. Their dangers were +great; their sufferings terrible. The son of Kilidje +Arslan had hurried on before them with ten thousand +horsemen, and declared before the gates of each city +that they came as conquerors, not as fugitives. They +had ravaged the lands as they came along; in the town +they sacked the churches, plundered the houses, emptied +the granaries; and the crusaders who followed them +had to journey over a naked soil under the burning +Phrygian sun. Hundreds died from the heat: and dogs +or goats took the place of the baggage horses which had +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[59]</span>perished. At length Tancred with his troop found himself +before Tarsus, the birthplace and the home of that +single-hearted apostle who long ago had preached a +gospel strangely unlike the creed of the crusaders. Following +rapidly behind him, Baldwin saw +with keen jealousy the banner of the Italian +chief floating on its towers, and insisted on +taking the precedence. Tancred pleaded +the choice of the people and his own promise to protect +them; but the intrigues of Baldwin changed their +humour, and the rejection of Tancred by the men of +Tarsus was followed by an attempt at private war between +Tancred and Baldwin, in which the troops of +Tancred were overborne. So early was the first harvest +of murderous discord reaped among the holy warriors +of the cross. It was ruin, however, to stay where they +were; and the main army again began its march, to +undergo once more the old monotony of hardship and +peril.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Conquest of Edessa by Baldwin.</div> + +<p>A very small force would have sufficed to disorganize +and rout them as they clambered over the defiles of +Mount Taurus; nor could Raymond, recovering +from a terrible illness, or Godfrey, +suffering from wounds inflicted by a bear, +have done much to help them. But for the present +their enemies were dismayed; and Baldwin, brother of +Godfrey, hastened with eagerness to obey a summons +which besought him to aid the Greek or Armenian tyrant +of Edessa. As Alexios had done to his brother, so this +chief welcomed Baldwin as his son; but Baldwin, having +once entered into the city, cared nothing for the means +which had brought him thither, and the death of his +adoptive father was followed by the establishment at +Edessa of a Latin principality which lasted for fifty-four, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[60]</span>or, as some have thought, forty-seven years. Baldwin +had anticipated the unconditional surrender of Samosata; +but the Turkish governor had some of the Edessenes +in his power, and he refused to give up the city +except on the payment of ten thousand gold pieces. +The Turk shortly afterwards fell into Baldwin’s hands, +and was put to death.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Arrival of the crusaders before the Syrian Antioch.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1097. Oct.</div> + +<p>Meanwhile the main army of the crusaders was advancing +towards the Syrian capital, that ancient and +luxurious city whose fame had gone over the +whole Roman world for its magnificence, its +unbounded wealth, its soft delights, and its +unholy pleasures. The days of its greatest splendour +had passed away. Its walls were partially in ruins; its +buildings were in some parts crumbling away or had +already fallen; but against assailants utterly ignorant +and awkward in all that relates to the blockade of cities +it was still a formidable position. Nor could they invest +it until they had passed the iron bridge (so called from +its iron-plated gates) of nine stone arches, which spanned +the stream of the Ifrin at a distance of nine miles from the +city. This bridge was carried by the impetuous charge +of Robert of Normandy, aided by the more steady efforts +of Godfrey; and in the language of an age which delighted +in round numbers, a hundred thousand +warriors hurried across to seize the +splendid prize which now seemed almost within their +grasp.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Siege of Antioch.</div> + +<p>But the city was in the hands of men who had been +long accustomed to despise the Greeks, and who had +not yet learnt to respect the valour of the +Latins. Preparing himself for a resolute +defence, the Seljukian governor Baghasian had sent +away, as useless, if not mischievous, most of the Christians +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[61]</span>within the town; and the crusading chiefs had +begun to discuss the prudence of postponing all operations +till the spring, when Raymond of Toulouse with +some other chiefs insisted that delay would imply fear, +and that the imputation of cowardice would ensure the +paralysis of their enterprise. The city was therefore at +once invested, so far as the forces of the crusaders could +suffice to encircle it; and a siege began which in the +eyes of the military historian must be absolutely without +interest, and of which the issue was decided by paroxysms +of fanatical vehemence on the one side, and by +lack not of bravery but of generalship on the other. Of +the eastern and northern walls the blockade was complete; +of the west it was partial; and the failure to invest +a portion of the western wall, with two out of the five +gates of the city, left the movements of the Turks in this +direction free.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Folly of the besiegers.</div> + +<p>But the besiegers were in no hurry to begin the work +of death. The wealth of the harvest and the vintage +spread before them its irresistible temptations, +and the herds feeding in the rich pastures +seemed to promise an endless feast. +The cattle, the corn, and the wine were alike wasted +with besotted folly, while the Turks within the walls received +tidings, it is said, of all that passed in the crusading +camp from some Greek and Armenian Christians to +whom they allowed free egress and ingress. Of this +knowledge they availed themselves in planning the sallies +by which they caused great distress to the besiegers, +whose clumsy engines and devices seemed to produce no +result beyond the waste of time, and who felt perhaps +that they had done something when they blocked up the +gate of the bridge with huge stones dug from the neighbouring +quarries.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[62]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Famine in the crusading camp.</div> + +<p>Three months passed away; and the crusaders found +themselves not conquerors but in desperate straits from +famine. The winter rains had turned the land round +their camp into a swamp, and lack of food left them +more and more unable to resist the pestilential +diseases which were rapidly thinning +their numbers. A foraging expedition under +Bohemond and Tancred filled the camp with food: it +was again recklessly wasted. The second famine scared +away Tatikios, the lieutenant of the Greek emperor +Alexios; but the crusading chiefs were perhaps still more +disgusted by the desertion of William of Melun, called +the Carpenter, from the sledge-hammer blows which he +dealt out in battle. Hunger obtained a victory even +over the hermit Peter, who was stealing away with +William of Melun, when he with his companion was +caught by Tancred and brought back to the tent of Bohemond.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Arrival of envoys from the Fatimite sultan of Egypt.</div> + +<p>For a moment the look of things was changed by the +arrival of ambassadors from Egypt. To the Fatimite +caliph of that country the progress of the +crusading arms had thus far brought with it +but little dissatisfaction. The humiliation +of the Seljukian Turks could not fail to bring +gain to himself, if the flood of Latin conquests could be +checked and turned back in time. His generals besieged +Jerusalem and Tyre; and when the Fatimite once more +ruled in Palestine, his envoys hastened to the crusaders’ +camp to announce the deliverance of the Holy Land +from its oppressors, to assure to all unarmed and peaceable +pilgrims a month’s unmolested sojourn in Jerusalem, +and to promise them his aid during their march, on condition +that they should acknowledge his supremacy +within the limits of his Syrian empire.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[63]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Their terms rejected by the crusaders.</div> + +<p>The arguments and threats of the caliph were alike +thrown away. The Latin chiefs disclaimed +all interest in the feuds and quarrels of rival +sultans and in the fortunes of Mahomedan +sects. God Himself had destined Jerusalem for the +Christians, and if any held it who were not Christians, +these were usurpers whose resistance must be punished +by their expulsion or their death. The envoys departed +not encouraged by this answer, and still more perplexed +by the appearance of plenty and by the magnificence +of a camp in which they had expected to see a terrible +spectacle of disorder and misery.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Fierce warfare between the Christians and the Turks.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1098. March.</div> + +<p>The resolute persistence of the besiegers convinced +Baghasian of the need of reinforcements. These were +hastening to him from Cæsarea, Aleppo, and +other places, when they were cut off by Bohemond +and Raymond, who sent a multitude +of heads to the envoys of the Fatimite +caliph, and discharged many hundreds from their +engines into the city of Antioch. The Turks had their +opportunity for reprisals when the arrival of some Pisan +and Genoese ships at the mouth of the Orontes +drew off the greater part of the besieging +army. The crusaders were returning with provisions and +arms, when their enemies started upon them from an +ambuscade. The battle was fierce: but the defeat of Raymond +which threatened dire disaster was changed into +victory on the arrival of Godfrey and the Norman Robert, +whose exploits equalled or surpassed, if we are to believe +the story, even those of Arthur, Lancelot, or Tristram. +Hundreds, if not thousands, of Turks fell. Their bodies +were buried by their comrades in the cemetery without +the walls: the Christians dug them up, severed the heads +from the trunks, and paraded the ghastly trophies on their +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[64]</span>pikes, not forgetting to send a goodly number to the +Egyptian caliph, by way of showing how his Seljukian +friends or enemies had fared. The picture is disgusting; +but if we shut our eyes to these loathsome details, the +truth of the history is gone. We are dealing with the +wars of savages, and it is right that we should know this.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Plan of Bohemond for the reduction of Antioch.</div> + +<p>The next scene exhibits Godfrey and Bohemond in +fierce quarrel about a splendid tent, which, being intended +as a gift for the former, had been seized by an Armenian +chief and sent to the latter. But there was now more +serious business on hand. Rumour spoke of the near +approach of a Persian army, and the besieged +under the plea of wishing to arrange terms +of capitulation obtained a truce which they +sought probably only for the sake of gaining time. The +days passed by, but no offers were made; and their disposition +was shown by seizing a crusading knight in the +groves near the city, and tearing his body in pieces. The +Latins returned with increased fury to the siege: but the +defence, although more feeble, was still protracted, and +Bohemond began to feel not only that fraud might succeed +where force had failed, but that from fraud he might +reap not safety merely but wealth and greatness. His +plans were laid with a renegade Christian named Phirouz +(high in the favour of the governor), with whom he had +come into contact either during the truce or in some +other way. By splendid promises he ensured the zealous +aid of his new ally, and then came forward in the +council with the assurance that he could place the city +in their hands, but that he could do this only on condition +that he should rule in Antioch as Baldwin ruled in Edessa. +His claim was angrily opposed by the Provençal Raymond: +but this opposition was overruled, and it was +resolved that the plan should be carried out at once.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[65]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">June. Betrayal of Antioch to Bohemond.</div> + +<p>There was need for so doing. Rumours spread within +the city that some attempt was to be made to betray +the place to the besiegers, and hints or open +accusations pointed out Phirouz as the traitor. +Like other traitors, the renegade thought +it best to anticipate the charge by urging that the guards +of the towers should on the very next day be changed. +His proposal was received as indubitable proof of his +innocence and his faithfulness; but he had made up his +mind that Antioch should fall that night, and that night +by means of a rope ladder Bohemond with about sixty +followers (the ropes broke before more could ascend) +climbed up the wall. Seizing ten towers of which all the +guards were killed, they opened a gate, and the Christian +host rushed in. The banner of Bohemond rose on one +of the towers; the trumpets sounded for the onset, and a +carnage began in which at first the assailants took no +heed to distinguish between the Christian and the Turk. +In the awful confusion of the moment some of the besieged +made their way to the citadel, and there shut +themselves in, ready to resist to the death. Of the rest +few escaped: ten thousand, it is said, were massacred. +Baghasian with some friends passed out beyond the besiegers’ +lines; but fainting from loss of blood he fell from +his horse, and his companions hurried on. A Syrian +Christian heard his groans, and striking off his head, carried +the prize to the camp of the conquerors. Phirouz +lived to be a second time a renegade, and to close his +career as a thief.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Arrival of the Persians under Kerboga.</div> + +<p>The victory was for the crusaders a change from +famine to abundance; and their feasting was accompanied +by the wildest riot and the most filthy +debauchery. But if heedless waste may have +been one of the most venial of their sins, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[66]</span>it was the greatest of their blunders. The reports which +spoke of the approach of the Persians were not false. +The Turks within the citadel suddenly found that they +were rather besiegers than besieged, and that the Christians +were hemmed in by the myriads of Kerboga +prince of Mosul and the warriors of Kilidje Arslan. +The old horrors of famine were now repeated, but in +greater intensity; and the doom of the Latin host seemed +to be sealed.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Desertion of Stephen of Chartres.</div> + +<p>Stephen count of Chartres had deserted his companions +before the fall of the city; others now followed +his example, and with him set out on their +return to Europe. In Phrygia Stephen encountered +the emperor Alexios, who was +marching to the aid of the crusaders, not only with a +Greek army, but with a force of well appointed pilgrims +who had reached Constantinople after the departure of +Godfrey and his fellows. The story told by Stephen +drove out of his head every thought except that of his +own safety. The order for retreat was given; and the +pilgrim warriors not less than the Greeks were compelled +to turn their faces westwards. In vain Guy, a brother +of Bohemond, pleaded his duty and his vow. His words +were unheeded; and his indignation wrung from him the +desperate assertion that if the Divine Being were omnipotent, +He would not suffer such things to be done.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Desperate straits of the crusaders in Antioch.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The discovery of the Holy Lance.</div> + +<p>In Antioch the crusading soldiers were fast sinking +into utter despair. Discipline had well nigh come to an +end, and so obstinate was their refusal to +bear arms any longer, that Bohemond resolved +to burn them out of their quarters. +These were consumed by the flames, which spread so +rapidly as to fill him with fear that he had destroyed not +only their dwellings but his whole principality. His experiment +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[67]</span>brought the men back to their duty: but so despondingly +was their work done that but for some signal +succour the end, it was manifest, must soon come. In +a credulous age such succour at the darkest hour, if obtained +at all, will generally be obtained through miracle. +A Lombard priest came forward, to whom St. Ambrose +of Milan had declared in a vision that the third year of +the crusade should see the conquest of Jerusalem; another +had seen the Saviour Himself, attended by his +Virgin-Mother and the Prince of the Apostles, had heard +from his lips a stern rebuke of the crusaders for yielding +to the seductions of pagan women (as if the profession +of Christianity altered the colour and the guilt of a vice), +and lastly had received the distinct assurance that in five +days they should have the help which they needed. The +hopes of the crusaders were roused; with hope came a +return of vigorous energy; and Peter Barthelemy, chaplain +to Raymond of Toulouse, seized the opportunity for +recounting a vision which was to be something more than +a dream. To him St. Andrew had revealed +the fact that in the church of St. Peter lay +hidden the steel head of the spear which had +pierced the side of the Redeemer as He hung upon the +cross; and that Holy Lance should win them victory +over all their enemies as surely as the spear which imparted +irresistible power to the Knight of the Sangreal. +After two days of special devotion they were to search +for the long-lost weapon: on the third day the workmen +began to dig; but until the sun had set they toiled in +vain. The darkness of night made it easier for the +chaplain to play the part which Sir Walter Scott, in the +‘Antiquary,’ assigns to Herman Dousterswivel in the ruins +of St. Ruth. Barefooted and with a single garment the +priest went down into the pit. For a time the strokes of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[68]</span>his spade were heard, and then the sacred relic was +found, carefully wrapped in a veil of silk and gold. The +priest proclaimed his discovery; the people rushed into +the church; and from the church throughout the city +spread the flame of a fierce enthusiasm.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Fate of the discoverer.</div> + +<p>Nine or ten months later Peter Barthelemy paid the +penalty of his life for his fraud or his superstition. A +bribe taken by his master Raymond brought +that chief into ill odour with his comrades, +and let loose against his chaplain the tongue of Arnold, +the chaplain of Bohemond. Raymond had traded on +fresh visions of his clerk; and Arnold boldly attacked +him in his citadel by denying the genuineness of the +Holy Lance. Peter appealed to the ordeal of fire. He +passed through the flames, as it seemed, unhurt. The +bystanders pressed to feel his flesh, and were vehement +in their rejoicings at the result which vindicated his integrity. +He had really received fatal injuries. Twelve +days afterwards he died, and Raymond suffered greatly +in his dignity and his influence.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Battle of Antioch.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1098. June 28.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Defeat of Kerboga.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Antioch made a principality for Bohemond.</div> + +<p>The infidel was doomed; but the crusaders resolved +to give him one chance of escape. Peter the Hermit was +sent as their envoy to Kerboga to offer the +alternative of departure from a land which +St. Peter had bestowed on the faithful, or of baptism +which should leave him master of the city and territory +of Antioch. The reply was short and decisive. The +Turk would not embrace an idolatry which he hated and +despised, nor would he give up soil which belonged to +him by right of conquest. The report of the hermit +raised the spirit of the crusaders to fever +heat; and on the feast of St. Peter and St. +Paul they marched out in twelve divisions, in remembrance +of the mission of the twelve apostles, while Raymond +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[69]</span>of Toulouse remained to prevent the escape of the +Turks shut up in the citadel. The Holy Lance was +borne by the papal legate, Adhemar, bishop of Puy; and +the morning air laden with the perfume of roses was now +regarded as a sign assuring them of the divine favour. +They were prepared to see good omens in everything; +and they went in full confidence that departed saints +would, as they had been told, take part in the battle and +smite down the infidel. The fight (one of brute force on +the Christian side, of some little skill as well as strength +on the other) had gone on for some time when such help +seemed to become needful. Tancred had hurried to the +aid of Bohemond who was grievously pressed by Kilidje +Arslan; and Kerboga was bearing heavily on Godfrey +and Hugh of Vermandois, when, clothed in white armour +and riding on white horses, some human forms were seen +on the neighbouring heights. ‘The saints are coming to +your aid,’ shouted the bishop of Puy, and the people saw +in these radiant strangers the martyrs St. George, St. +Maurice, and St. Theodore. Without awaiting their +nearer approach the crusaders turned on the enemy with +a force and fury which were now irresistible. Their +cavalry could do little. Two hundred horses only remained +of the sixty thousand which had filled the plain a +few months before. But the hedge of spears advanced +like a wall of iron, and the Turks gave way, +broke, and fled. It was rout, not retreat; +and with the crusaders victory was followed by the +massacre of men, women, and children. The garrison +in the citadel at once surrendered. Some declared themselves +Christians and were baptized; those who refused +to abandon Islam were taken to the nearest +Mohamedan territory. The city was the +prize of Bohemond; and in his keeping +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[70]</span>it remained, although Raymond of Toulouse had made +an effort to seize it by hoisting his banner on the walls. +The work of pillage being ended, the churches were +cleansed and repaired, and their altars blazed with +golden spoils taken from the infidel. The Greek patriarch +was again seated on his throne: but he held his +office at the good pleasure of the Latins, and two years +later he was made to give place to Bernard, a chaplain +of the bishop of Puy.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Mission of Hugh of Vermandois to Constantinople.</div> + +<p>Ten months had passed away after the conquest of +Antioch when the main body of the crusading army set +out on its march to Jerusalem. They had wished to +depart at once, but their chiefs dreaded to encounter +waterless wastes at the end of a Syrian summer, +and for the present they were content +to send Hugh of Vermandois and Baldwin +of Hainault as envoys to the Greek emperor, +to reproach him with his remissness or his want +of faith. But the miseries endured by Christians and +Turks were the pleasantest tidings in the ears of Alexios, +for in the weakening of both lay his own strength; and +he saw with satisfaction the departure of Hugh, not for +Antioch, but for Europe, whither Stephen of Chartres +had preceded him.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of Adhemar, bishop of Puy.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Siege and capture of Marra.</div> + +<p>Winter came; but the chiefs still lingered at Antioch. +Some were occupied in expeditions against neighbouring +cities: but a more pressing care was the +plague which punished the foulness and disorder +of the pilgrims. A band of 1,500 Germans, +recently landed in strong health and full equipments, +were all, it is said, cut off; and among the victims +the most lamented perhaps was the papal legate +Adhemar. A feeling of discouragement was again +spreading through the army generally. The chiefs +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[71]</span>vainly entreated the pope to visit the city where the disciples +of St. Peter first received the Christian name; the +people were disheartened by the animosities and the selfish +or crooked policy of their chiefs. Raymond still +hankered after the principality of Antioch, and insisted +that Bohemond and his people, like the men of the +three trans-jordanic tribes in the days of Joshua, should +share in the last great enterprise of the crusade. More +disgraceful than these feuds were the scenes +witnessed during the siege and after the +conquest of Marra. Heedlessness and waste +soon brought the assailants to devour the flesh of dogs +and of human beings. The bodies of Turks were torn +from their sepulchres, ripped up for the gold which they +were supposed to have swallowed, and the fragments +cooked and eaten. Of the besieged many slew themselves +to avoid falling into the hands of the Christians; to some +Bohemond, tempted by a large bribe, gave an assurance +of safety. When the massacre had begun, he ordered +these to be brought forward. The weak and old he slaughtered; +the rest he sent to the slave-markets of Antioch.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1099. May march of the crusaders from Antioch.</div> + +<p>A weak attempt made by Alexios to detain +the crusaders only spurred them to more +vigorous efforts. They had already left Antioch, +and Laodicea was in their hands, +when he desired them to await his coming in June. +The chiefs, remembering the departure of Tatikios +(<a href="#Page_62">p. 62</a>) with his Byzantine troops for Cyprus, retorted +that he had broken his compact, and had therefore +no further claims on their obedience. Hastening +on their way, they crossed the plain of Berytos (Beyrout), +overlooked by the eternal snows of Lebanon, +along the narrow strip of land whence the great Phenician +cities had sent their seamen and their colonists, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[72]</span>with all the wealth of the East, to the shores of the Adriatic +and the gates of the Mediterranean. Having reached +Jaffa, they turned inland to Ramlah, a town sixteen miles +only from Jerusalem. Two days later the crusaders +came in sight of the Holy City, the object of their long +pilgrimage, the cause of wretchedness and death to +millions. As their eyes rested on the scene hallowed to +them through all the associations of their faith, the crusaders +passed in an instant from fierce enthusiasm to a +humiliation which showed itself in sighs and tears. All +fell on their knees, to kiss the sacred earth and to pour +forth thanksgivings that they had been suffered to look +upon the desire of their eyes. Putting aside their armour +and their weapons, they advanced in pilgrim’s garb and +with bare feet towards the spot which the Saviour had +trodden in the hours of his agony and his passion.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">June. Siege of Jerusalem.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">July. Storming of the city.</div> + +<p>But before their feelings of devotion could be indulged, +there was other work to be done. The chiefs took up +their posts on those sides from which the +nature of the ground gave most hope of a +successful assault. On the northern side +were Godfrey and Tancred, Robert of Flanders, and +Robert of Normandy; on the west Raymond with his +Provencals. On the fifth day, without siege instruments, +with only one ladder, and trusting to mere weight, the +crusaders made a desperate assault upon the walls. +Some succeeded in reaching the summit, and the very +rashness of their attack struck terror for a moment into +their enemies. But the garrison soon rallied, and the +invaders were all driven back or hurled from the ramparts. +The task, it was manifest, must be undertaken +in a more formal manner. Siege engines must be made, +and the palm and olive of the immediate neighbourhood +would not supply fit materials for their construction. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[73]</span>These were obtained from the woods of Shechem, a distance +of thirty miles; and the work of preparation was +carried on under the guidance of Gaston of Bearn by +the crews of some Genoese vessels which had recently +anchored at Jaffa. So passed away more than thirty +days, days of intense suffering to the besiegers. At Antioch +they had been distressed chiefly by famine: in +place of this wretchedness they had here the greater +miseries of thirst. The enemy had carefully destroyed +every place which might serve as a receptacle of water; +and in seeking for it over miles of desolate country they +were exposed to the harassing attacks of Moslem horsemen. +Nor had visions and miracles improved the +morals or discipline of the camp; and the ghost of Adhemar +of Puy appeared to rebuke the horrible sins which +were drawing down upon them the judgments of the +Almighty. Better service was done by the generosity +of Tancred, who made up his quarrel with Raymond; +and the enthusiasm of the crusaders was again roused +by the preaching of Arnold (<a href="#Page_68">p. 68</a>) and the hermit Peter. +The narrative of the siege of Jericho in the book of +Joshua suggested probably the procession in which the +clergy singing hymns preceded the laity round the walls +of the city. The Saracens on the ramparts mocked their +devotions by throwing dirt upon crucifixes: but they +paid a terrible price for these insults. On the next day +the final assault began, and was carried on through the +day with the same monotony of brute force and carnage +which marked all the operations of this merciless war. +The darkness of night brought no rest. The actual +combat was suspended, but the besieged were incessantly +occupied in repairing the breaches made by the assailants, +while these were busied in making their dispositions +for the last mortal conflict. In the midst of that +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[74]</span>deadly struggle, when it seemed that the Cross must +after all go down before the Crescent, a knight was seen +on Mount Olivet, waving his glistening shield to rouse +the champions of the Holy Sepulchre to the supreme +effort. ‘It is St. George the Martyr who has come again +to help us,’ cried Godfrey, and at his words the crusaders +started up without a feeling of fatigue and carried everything +before them. The day, we are told, was Friday, +the hour was three in the afternoon (the moment at +which the last cry from the cross announced the accomplishment +of the Saviour’s passion), when Letold of +Tournay stood, the first victorious champion of the cross, +on the walls of Jerusalem. Next to him came, we are +told, his brother Engelbert: the third was Godfrey. +Tancred with the two Roberts stormed the gate of St. +Stephen; the Provencals climbed the ramparts by ladders, +and the conquest of Jerusalem was achieved. The +insults offered a little while ago to the crucifixes +were avenged by Godfrey’s orders in +the massacre of hundreds; the carnage in +the mosque of Omar swept away the bodies of thousands +in a deluge of human blood. The Jews were all burnt +alive in their synagogues. The horses of the crusaders, +who rode up to the porch of the temple, were (so the +story goes) up to the knees in the loathsome stream; and +the forms of Christian knights hacking and hewing the +bodies of the living and the dead furnished a pleasant +commentary on the sermon of Urban at Clermont.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Adoration of the crusaders in the church of the Sepulchre.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Exaltation of Peter the Hermit.</div> + +<p>From the duties of slaughter these disciples +of the Lamb of God passed to those of +devotion. Bareheaded and barefooted, clad +in a robe of pure white linen, in an ecstasy +of joy and thankfulness mingled with profound +contrition, Godfrey entered the church of the Holy +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[75]</span>Sepulchre and knelt at the tomb of his Lord. With +groans and tears his followers came, each in his turn, to +offer his praises for the divine mercy which had vouchsafed +this triumph to the armies of Christendom. With +feverish earnestness they poured forth the vows which +bound them to sin no more, and the excitement of prayer +and slaughter, perhaps of both combined, led them to +see everything which might be needed to give effect to +the closing scene of this appalling tragedy. As the saints +had arisen from their graves when the Son of Man gave +up the ghost on Calvary, so the spirits of the pilgrims +who had died on the terrible journey came to take part +in the great thanksgiving. Foremost among them was +Adhemar of Puy, rejoicing in the prayers for forgiveness +and the resolutions of repentance which promised a new +era of peace upon earth and of good will towards all men. +With departed saints were mingled living men who deserved +all the honour which might be paid to them. The +backsliding of the hermit Peter was blotted out of the +memory of those who remembered only the fiery eloquence +which had first called them to their now triumphant +pilgrimage, and the zeal which had +stirred the heart of Christendom to cut short +the tyranny of the Unbeliever in the birth-land +of Christianity. The assembled throng fell down +at his feet, and gave thanks to God who had vouchsafed +to them such a teacher. His task was done, and in the +annals of the time Peter is heard of no more.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Second and deliberate massacre in Jerusalem.</div> + +<p>On this dreadful day Tancred had spared three hundred +captives to whom he had given a standard as a +pledge of his protection and a guarantee of +their safety. Such misplaced mercy was a +crime in the eyes of the crusaders. The +massacre of the first day may have been aggravated by +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[76]</span>the ungovernable excitement of victory: but it was resolved +that on the next day there should be offered up +a more solemn and deliberate sacrifice. The men whom +Tancred had spared were all murdered; and the wrath +of Tancred was roused not by their fate but by an act +which called his honour into question. The butchery +went on with impartial completeness, old and young, +decrepit men and women, mothers with their infants, +boys and girls, young men and maidens in the bloom of +their vigour, all were mowed down, and their bodies +mangled until heads and limbs were tossed together in +awful chaos. A few were hidden away by Raymond of +Toulouse; his motive, however, was not mercy, but the +prospects of gain in the slave-market. After this great +act of faith and devotion the streets of the Holy City +were washed by Saracen prisoners; but whether these +(like the women servants whom Odysseus strung up like +sparrows after the slaughter of the suitors) were butchered +when their work was ended we are not told.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Compassion of Omar and Godfrey.</div> + +<p>Four centuries and a half had passed away, when these +things were done, since Omar had entered Jerusalem as +a conqueror and knelt outside the church of +Constantine, that his followers might not +trespass within it on the privileges of the +Christians (<a href="#Page_13">p. 13</a>). The contrast is at the least marked +between the caliph of the Prophet and the children of +the Holy Catholic Church.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Election of Godfrey to the sovereignty of Jerusalem.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Battle of Ascalon.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Return of the pilgrims to Europe.</div> + +<p>When, the business of the slaughter being ended, the +chiefs met to choose a king for the realm which they had +won with their swords, one man only appeared +to whom the crown could fitly be +offered. Baldwin was lord of Edessa; Bohemond +ruled at Antioch; Hugh of Vermandois +and Stephen of Chartres had returned to Europe; +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[77]</span>Robert of Flanders cared not to stay; the Norman +Robert had no mind to forfeit the duchy which he had +mortgaged; and Raymond was discredited by his +avarice, and in part also by his traffic in the visions of +Peter Barthelemy. But in the city where his Lord had +worn the thorny crown, the veteran leader who had looked +on ruthless slaughter without blanching and had borne +his share in swelling the stream of blood would wear no +earthly diadem, nor take the title of king. He would +watch over his Master’s grave and the interests of his +worshippers under the humble guise of Baron and Defender +of the Holy Sepulchre; and as such, a fortnight +after his election, Godfrey departed to do +battle with the hosts of the Fatimite caliph +of Egypt, who now felt that the loss of Jerusalem was +too high a price for the humiliation of his rivals. The +conflict took place at Ascalon, and the Fatimite army +was miserably routed. Godfrey returned to Jerusalem, to +hang the sword and standard of the sultan before the Holy +Sepulchre and to bid farewell to the pilgrims who were +now to set out on their homeward journey. +He retained, with 300 knights under Tancred, +only 2,000 foot soldiers for the defence +of his kingdom; and so ended the first act in the great +drama of the crusades.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.<br> +<span class="smaller">THE LATIN KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM.</span></h2> + +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Reign of Godfrey.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Daimbert, patriarch of Jerusalem.</div> + +<p>The reign of Godfrey fell short by five days even of the +brief period of a single year; but it sufficed not only for +the discomfiture of the Egyptian sultan, +but for the foundation of a kingdom resting +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[78]</span>on an elaborate system of carefully defined laws. His +conflict with the Fatimite caliph was followed by a conflict +with Daimbert, bishop of Pisa, the new Latin patriarch +of Jerusalem. As legate of the pope Pascal II., +(Urban had died a fortnight after the fall of the Holy +City, in other words, before he could hear of +the victory of the crusaders,) Daimbert had +invested Godfrey and Bohemond with their +feudal possessions, and he lost no time in asserting the +papal claim by demanding immediate recognition as the +lord of Jerusalem and Jaffa. In each of these cities a +quarter was at once assigned to him, and the whole was +to pass into his hands if Godfrey should die without +children. Such was the compact made by the Baron and +Defender of the Holy Sepulchre; but it was not to pass +unchallenged.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Assize of Jerusalem.</div> + +<p>We have seen Godfrey in the siege and conquest of +Jerusalem wading with exultation through a sea of human +blood, seizing infants by their feet and dashing them +against the walls or whirling them over the battlements, +or aiding and abetting those who did so. But a few days +or a few weeks later this man was to be seen seated as an +impartial judge among men whom he, the king and sovereign, +regarded as his equals, setting about the grave task +of compiling a code of laws on the only basis which can +serve as the foundation of true constitutional government,—the +sanction, namely, of the laws by the men who are +to obey them. There was little enough of freedom in +the feudal system; and the system embodied in the code +popularly known as the Assize of Jerusalem +was but a reflection of the general body of +law in force throughout Western Christendom. Still the +legislation of Godfrey and his successors is full of instruction, +not merely as showing with what success the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[79]</span>system of one country may be transferred to another, +but even as throwing a clearer light on the working of +feudalism in Western Europe. The story went that the +code thus drawn up with the advice of the Latin pilgrims +was deposited in the Holy Sepulchre and was lost with +the fall of the city. The tale lies open to grave suspicion. +The whole code would form no heavy weight for a beast +of burden, while it would be an object utterly valueless +in the eyes of the Mahomedan conquerors. It is of more +importance to remark that the traditions which this lost +record was supposed to have preserved continued to +guide the Latin principalities of the East, until in <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> +1369, having undergone a final revision, they became the +laws of the Latin kingdom of Cyprus.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Judicial courts instituted by Godfrey.</div> + +<p>The legislation of this code on the relation of vassals +to their overlords, on the subject of wardship, +of judicial combats, of villenage and slavery, +may have been more minute and definite +than the laws of Western Europe; but it laid down no +new principles. A more important feature is to be found +in the judicial courts which owed their institution to the +first Latin king of Jerusalem. In the court of the barons +or peers the king himself was the president; in that of +the burgesses he was represented by the viscount, and it +is in this court that we find the popular element which +was hereafter to give a new character to the history of +Europe. It consisted of a number of the citizens chosen +for their trustworthiness and their wisdom. Popular +election, indeed was wanting; but an assembly of burgesses +sworn to judge according to the laws in all the +concerns of their equals was a germ from which good +fruit might have been looked for, if the seed had been +sown in fitting soil. Not less wise was the institution of +a third court which dealt with Syrian Christians through +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[80]</span>the Syrians themselves. But although the legislative +work of Godfrey and his successors was not wholly in +vain, it was an exotic which could live only with the +ascendency of the Latins. It was sown in blood, nursed +amid storms, and uprooted by the tempest which swept +the Western Christians from Palestine.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1100. July 18. Baldwin I.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1100-1118.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1101. Death of Stephen of Chartres.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1105. Death of Raymond of Toulouse.</div> + +<p>The death of Godfrey raised in the patriarch Daimbert +hopes which were to be disappointed. The subjects of +Godfrey had no mind to be governed by a +priest, and Tancred offered the throne to +Bohemond. But Raymond was now a captive, +and popular favour inclined to Baldwin, Godfrey’s +brother, the lord of the Mesopotamian Edessa. Resigning +his principality to his kinsman of the same name, +Baldwin hastened to Jerusalem, and was there chosen +king. At first Daimbert held aloof in sullen displeasure; +but his opposition was at length overcome, and the +patriarch poured the anointing oil over the +sovereign. Baldwin reigned for eighteen +years, and long before those years had come to an end, +the great chiefs of the first crusade had all passed away. +In his second year he was compelled to resist an Egyptian +invasion; but his army was defeated in a battle near +Ramlah, in which Stephen earl of Chartres +was taken prisoner and slain. He had been +driven back from Europe by the reproaches +of his wife Adela, a daughter of the Norman conqueror +of England, and in her judgment at least he thus redeemed +his fame. Four years later Raymond +of Toulouse died in old age on the sea-coast, +having satisfied probably neither his ambition +nor his avarice. He had conquered Tortosa and +there founded a principality: but the possession of Tripolis +which he had coveted was reserved for his son +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[81]</span>Bertrand. Bertrand enjoyed his new fief for two years +only, and was succeeded by his son Pontius, to whom +Tancred left his widow as a bride.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1103. Sequel of the career of Bohemond.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1106.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1107.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1109.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1112. Death of Tancred.</div> + +<p>The return of Bohemond to Antioch was soon followed +by his capture in a petty expedition for the enlargement +of his principality; but his place was well +filled by Tancred; and when after two years +of imprisonment Bohemond came back in +spite of all the efforts of Alexios to get possession of his +person, he found himself master not only of Antioch but +of Laodicea and Apameia. In the open war which followed +with the Byzantine emperor, Bohemond was defeated +by land, but with the aid of the Pisans was victorious +at sea. His thoughts were running probably on +another crusade when his help was invoked by Daimbert +the patriarch of Jerusalem, who took refuge at his court +from what he chose to call the tyranny of Baldwin. +With the prelate, Bohemond sailed for Italy, +leaving Tancred to rule at Antioch. His +name had gone before him, and Philip I. the French +king hastened to invite to his court the most redoubtable +of the champions of Christendom. Bohemond became +the son-in-law of Philip, and sailed again for +the land of his old exploits with 5,000 horse +and 40,000 foot. Once more he attacked Durazzo; but +the bribes of Alexios foiled his enterprise, +and Bohemond was constrained to content +himself with a treaty which admitted him to the imperial +presence as the peer of the Byzantine sovereign. He went +back to Italy and was making ready the next +year for his return to Antioch when death +cut short his vehement and stormy career. Tancred remained +lord of his principality. He was still in the prime +of his manhood, and a disposition which, as compared +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[82]</span>with that of his fellows, was generous and +merciful, might promise a long time of +righteous government for his people. But +before three years had passed Tancred died childless, of a +wound received in battle, and left his power to his kinsman +Roger.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Effect of the crusades on the Byzantine empire.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Fresh swarms of pilgrims.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1101. Death of Hugh of Vermandois.</div> + +<p>The only man who had derived permanent benefit +from these crusading expeditions was the man to whom +it might be supposed that they had caused +the greatest mischief and annoyance. It was +of the first importance to the safety of the +Byzantine empire that the Turks should be drawn away +from the nearer countries of Bithynia and Phrygia. This +great result the crusade fully achieved. The capital of +the Turkish sultan of Roum was transferred from Nice to +the remote and obscure city of Cogni (Iconium, Ikonion;) +the authority of the Greek emperor was re-established +over all the maritime regions of Asia Minor; and the +existence of his empire prolonged for nearly 350 years. +But Alexios, with his crafty and scheming temper to +which incessant occupation in tasks serious or trifling +brought a sense of self-importance, was pre-eminently a +man to think more of annoyances than of grave disasters. +For him accordingly it was grief of spirit that Latin chiefs +should fail to do him homage for distant conquests, the +possession of which could bring him no good; and he +had a standing ground of quarrel and complaint in the +trouble given or the alarm caused by the hosts of pilgrims +which Europe poured out upon the East as soon as the +tidings were brought that Jerusalem was in the hands of +the Christians. It certainly cannot be said +that the pilgrims left Alexios much time for +idleness. A rabble more disorderly than that of Walter +the Penniless followed the armies of Godfrey and his +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[83]</span>confederates. These were Lombards headed by the +archbishop of Milan; and when Alexios insisted on their +crossing the Bosporos before more should come, they +broke out into open war and attempted to storm the +quarter of Blachernai. These were followed by a better +appointed force under the count of Blois and the constable +of the emperor of Germany, who spoke with confidence +of attacking Bagdad and destroying the caliphat. +But the dress of the Greek clergy in some Phrygian town +excited their wrath. Priests and others were massacred; +and the sequel of the expedition was as disastrous as +that of the hordes cut off by Kilidje Arslan at the hill of +bones (<a href="#Page_42">p. 42</a>). No better success attended the companies +gathered under the standards of the count of Nevers, +the count of Poitiers, and Hugh of Vermandois. With +the last of these chiefs came hundreds of ladies who +looked for nothing less than a triumphal march from +Constantinople to Jerusalem: for almost all of these a +journey of unspeakable misery came to an +end in the slave-markets of Bagdad and +other great cities of the East. The counts +of Nevers and of Poitiers reached Antioch on foot with a +few followers: Hugh of Vermandois managed to escape +to Tarsus, and there he died.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of the emperor Alexios.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1118.</div> + +<p>An endless series of wars, some of which were forced +upon him while others were mere blunders, was to occupy +the life of Alexios to its close. Throughout +it may be said that successful dissimulation +and even successful treachery brought him +greater delight than the most decisive victory in the +field. Some of his worst faults are recorded as constituting +his greatest merits in the turgid pages of his +daughter Anna: but she and her mother Irene were to +learn, as he lay almost at the last gasp, that they too +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[84]</span>could be sufferers by his astuteness. He allowed +his son John to frustrate at the last +moment their most cherished scheme, and his wife bade +him farewell with the plain-spoken phrase, ‘You die, as +you have lived,—a hypocrite.’</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1118-1131. Baldwin II. king of Jerusalem.</div> + +<p>While the days of Alexios were drawing to an end at +Constantinople, Baldwin king of Jerusalem was dying in +Egypt, whither he had gone in the hope of crippling the +power of the Fatimite sultan. His body was embalmed, +brought back to Jerusalem, and laid in the sepulchre of +Godfrey. On the day of his funeral the great council +met to elect his successor. His brother +Eustace was absent in Europe; and the +crown was offered to his kinsman, Baldwin +du Bourg, who had been recommended for +the post by the first king, and whose claim was urged by +Joceline of Courtenay. In his gratitude Baldwin invested +Joceline with the principality of Edessa.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1115. Conquest of Sidon.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1124. Conquest of Tyre.</div> + +<p>It may be enough to say of this king that during his +reign, as in that of his predecessor, the limits of the +Latin power were being gradually extended, the new +acquisitions being bestowed on princes who held them +as fiefs of the kingdom of Jerusalem. After a siege of +six weeks Sidon had fallen, in the days of the first Baldwin. +In this blockade the Latins were aided +to good purpose by the fleet and army of the +Norwegian Siward. Nine years later the +Venetian doge Michael came to worship at the Holy +Sepulchre, and offered the help of his fleet for the reduction +of Ascalon or Tyre. The choice fell upon Tyre, and +the doge stipulated that one half of that city should +remain to himself in absolute sovereignty, +while the Venetians should also have a +church, a street, and other privileges in Jerusalem. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[85]</span>The siege lasted five months, when the still +great, and once peerless, Phenician city was compelled +to yield and become the seat of a Christian archbishopric. +But if the crusading dominions were thus enlarged, +it is perhaps of little use to speak of the greatest extent +reached by a kingdom almost as restless and as changeful +as the sea.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1131-1144. Fulk, king of Jerusalem.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1144-1162. Baldwin III.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1145. Fall of Edessa.</div> + +<p>The third successor of Godfrey on the throne of Jerusalem +was Fulk of Anjou, whose lot on the whole was +more tranquil than that of his predecessors, +although in attempting to aid Raymond +count of Tripoli against Zenghis, sultan of +Aleppo, he was shut up in the castle of Barin +or Montferrat, and compelled to purchase his safety with +gold. He was succeeded by his son Baldwin, +a boy thirteen years of age, who was +soon to see what the prowess of the West +could do in a second crusade. The feuds of the Christian +princes of Antioch and Edessa gave to Zenghis an +opportunity of attacking the principalities of Joceline of +Courtenay. For eighteen days the inhabitants of Edessa +awaited in terrible suspense the result of a siege in which +for them surrender meant death. The deeds of Godfrey +and his fellows on the fall of Jerusalem were still fresh +in the memory of their enemies, and the heralds of +Zenghis were not slack in teaching his men that conquest +brought with it the right of pillage. The Turks +learnt the lesson in spirit as well as in letter; +and on the fall of Edessa the deeds of blood +and cruelty showed that Moslems might be +apt pupils in the horrible school in which the Christians +had attained a standard of ideal excellence. The story +told once needs not to be told again. The murder of +Zenghis awakened in Joceline of Edessa the hope that +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[86]</span>the lost city might be recovered. The attempt issued in +a second disaster; and nothing remained but an appeal +to the religious enthusiasm of Western Christendom.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.<br> +<span class="smaller">THE SECOND CRUSADE.</span></h2> + +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Bernard the apostle of the second crusade.</div> + +<p>What Peter the Hermit had been for the first crusade, +that St. Bernard was for the second; and on Peter, +Bernard looked down with undisguised contempt. +The failure of that first great enterprise +he ascribes to the wretched councils of +the fanatical guide whose name he supposes that his +hearers or correspondents have sometimes heard. To +the holy war which he felt himself called upon to kindle, +he looked forward without the least misgiving, and the +proud confidence which he feels and everywhere expresses +may be taken as a special characteristic of Western +monachism in its palmiest days. While the monks +of the East were losing themselves more and more in the +mists of dreamy or useless speculation, the cell of the +Western monk became an imperial chamber from which +went forth the letters which were to cheer or counsel the +Vicar of Christ, to rebuke kings and statesmen, to warn +and guide the faithful, to recall the wanderer to the fold, +and to confound the unbeliever. For these high offices +he had a commission higher than that of any earthly +authority. They fell within the range of his duty as the +member of a society, the soldier of an army, which was +to fight the battles of the King of kings. He was the +knight sheathed in the impenetrable armour of the Spirit, +and he bore in his hand the invincible sword of faith. +He had learnt the language, and transferred to his +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[87]</span>monastic life the images and terms, of feudalism. For +him action was everything; solitude with its essential +idea of rest was in comparison of this as nothing. He +fled from his home to the cloister, because he could there +fight better against material and spiritual corruption. +He chose the most severe schools which he could find +for the exercise of his self-discipline. He withdrew from +these into wilder deserts, if they failed to meet his ideal +of self-mortification. He established what he called a +reform, if existing rules appeared to him too indulgent +to human weakness. Such was the life of St. Bernard. +He was from first to last a crusader, and the most pertinacious +and successful of his crusades was against the +peace and quiet of his own family. His mother had +made a secret vow to devote all her children to God; +and Bernard held it among the first of his duties to see +that her vow should be fulfilled. Power, wealth, and +dignity in the world were within his grasp: he threw +them all aside. The holy house of Molesme had sent +forth some of its most austere members under an +Englishman named Stephen Harding, and these found +a ruder and more savage home on the borders of Champagne +and Burgundy, at Citeaux, the cradle of the great +Cistercian order. Thither came Bernard in his early +manhood, and there he remained until he in his turn +went forth to found a new house in the gloomy and ill-famed +valley to which he gave a name associated for +ever with his memory. Here at Clairvaux his father +took the habit of a monk, and died in his arms. His +brothers and his sisters had made their profession before +him,—not all without a struggle; but who should resist +the Divine Will? The wife of one of his brothers refused +to make the sacrifice of her husband’s love: but a +sudden illness convinced her of the perils of disobedience, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[88]</span>and like her husband she found her home in a +convent.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Sources of Bernard’s influence.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1130.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1140.</div> + +<p>This was the man whom the tidings of the fall of +Edessa filled with profound emotion. He could no more +doubt the duty of ridding the Holy Land of +unbelievers than he could call into question +his own mission against all ungodliness and +sin. But if it had been right to rush to the rescue of the +Holy Sepulchre when it was still in the hands of the +infidel, it was still more right, it was indispensably necessary, +to keep that sacred place and the land in which +it lay from falling again under the old despotism. For +Bernard, when his mind was once fixed on any enterprise, +there could be no rest, as there could also be no +measure in the vehemence of his eloquence. The +energy with which he espoused the cause of +Innocent II. against a rival pope had invested +him with an influence second to that of no other +man of his age; and he had wielded this power +with tremendous effect against Abelard, +the keenest and most daring thinker of Latin Christendom.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of Louis VI. of France.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1137.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1142.</div> + +<p>Three years before the council of Sens, which under +the direction of Bernard condemned the propositions or +heresies of Abelard, died the French king +Louis VI., surnamed the Fat, the monarch +(if so he might be called) of a scanty kingdom +the enlargement of which would best be promoted +by advantageous marriages. Of such an opportunity +Louis the Fat eagerly availed himself when William, +lord of Poitou and Guienne, the wide region lying between +the Loire and the Adour, offered his daughter and +heiress Eleanor as the wife of the heir to the French +crown. By right of this marriage Louis VII. +found himself on the death of his father and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[89]</span>of his father-in-law possessed of a far larger kingdom +and greater resources than he had expected to inherit; +and he might have made it the business of his life to +guard and extend his dominions at home, had he not +felt himself suddenly called to take up his cross and +follow the example of his great-uncle, Hugh of Vermandois. +In a war with Theobald, count of Champagne, he +had stormed and set fire to the castle of +Vitry. To escape from his soldiers the people +had taken refuge in a neighbouring church. To this +building the flames spread, and all within it, men, +women, and children, 1,300, it is said, in number, were +burnt. The sight of the scorched and charred bodies +filled the king with horror and grief: sickness followed, +and he determined to work out his repentance by leading +his armies to the Holy Land. His remorse was +quickened by the eloquence of Bernard, and Louis put +on the blood-red cross in the council of Vezelay.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1146. Easter. Council of Vezelay.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Speech of Bernard.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The Knights Templars.</div> + +<p>From this council the pope, Eugenius III., was absent. +His place was more than supplied by his friend and +adviser, whose voice stirred the depths of +every heart. The letter of Eugenius held out +to the crusaders all the promises which had +been assured to them by Urban at Clermont, and warned +them against the vices which had brought disaster and +disgrace on the arms of Christendom. But for the moment +every other feeling than that of fierce yearning for +conflict was swept away by the furious torrent of Bernard’s +oratory. He preached to the Knights Templars, the +members of that splendid order which was already +astonishing the world with its valour and its +haughtiness. Associated at first for the protection +of pilgrims on the road to Jerusalem, they had +established themselves in the Holy City itself, and received +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[90]</span>from Baldwin II. some ground to +the east of the Temple; and the mosque of +Omar, purified from its defilements, became the church +of the order. The fiery warriors who professed themselves +the humble guardians of the Holy Sepulchre +needed no stimulus of rhetoric to spur them on: and the +rhetoric of Bernard was fierce enough to stir even the +most peaceable. In this new philosophy butchery was +the surest means of grace, and carnage imparted indelible +sanctity. ‘The Christian who slays the unbeliever +in the Holy War is sure of his reward, more sure if he is +slain. The Christian glories in the death of the Pagan, +because by it Christ is glorified; by his own death both +he himself and Christ are still more glorified.’ The floodgates +of enthusiasm were once again opened wide; and +the scenes of the council of Clermont were reproduced +with little change. Accompanied by the French king +who wore the cross conspicuously on his dress, Bernard +mounted a wooden platform and addressed the impassioned +multitude. His speech was scarcely ended when +all with one voice cried aloud for the cross. The saint +gave or scattered the badges which had been provided. +When these were exhausted, he tore up his own dress to +furnish more.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Reluctance of Conrad emperor of Germany to join the crusade.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1147. Whitsuntide. Meeting of Louis VII. and the pope at St. Denys.</div> + +<p>But if Louis was eager to depart, Conrad +of Germany hung back. The Emperor felt +more anxious about the reduction of refractory +princes than for the slaughter of unknown +infidels. Christmas came; and at +Spires first, afterwards at Ratisbon, Bernard strove to +impress on him the paramount duty of the crusade. +Conrad promised to give his answer on the following +day; and on that day Bernard preached a sermon, +painting in awful colours the terrors of the Great Assize +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[91]</span>when all the kindreds of the nations should be gathered +before the judgment-seat of the Son of Man. He implored +the emperor to think of the account which he +would then have to give, and of the infinite shame and +endless agony which would be his portion, if he should +then stand convicted of unjust stewardship. Conrad +was melted to tears, and promised to take the cross. +Bernard was prepared for him and for all, and fastened +the badge on their shoulders at once. Taking from the +altar the consecrated banner, he delivered it to the emperor, +and the hand of God was seen in the crowd of +thieves and ruffians who thronged to enlist themselves as +champions of the cross. Four months later +Louis welcomed the pope at St. Denys, and +received from Eugenius at the altar the +wallet and staff of the pilgrim, with the +banner which was to lead him to victory. +The wishes of the devout turned naturally to Bernard +rather than to others of whose earnestness they could not +have equal assurance; but to their prayers that he would +head the enterprise he replied that he was no general +and that they must find some one to lead them who was +skilled in the handling of earthly armies.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Persecution of the Jews stirred up by the monk Rodolph.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Suppressed by Bernard.</div> + +<p>When the followers of Peter the Hermit and Walter +the Penniless began their march along the Rhinelands, +their crusading zeal vented itself first in +horrible cruelties practised on the Jews (<a href="#Page_40">p. +40</a>). That vile example was followed by +the bands now gathered round the standard +of the emperor. The appetite for blood was whetted by +the wolfish howlings of the monk Rodolph; and the +spell of bigotry enlisted on his side a man otherwise +well deserving the reverence of all ages, Peter the Venerable, +abbot of Clugny. But the fanaticism of Bernard +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[92]</span>could not fasten itself on men against whom +not even a semblance of wrong could be +charged; and he refused to punish them +now for the crimes of their forefathers in the days of +Pontius Pilate. ‘God has punished the Jews,’ he said, +‘by their dispersion; it is not for man to punish them by +murder.’ Rodolph was sent back to his monastery: +but it was no easy task to repress the fury of a multitude +already drunk with the blood of hundreds of victims in +all the great Rhine cities.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">March of the crusaders under Conrad and Louis.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Refusal of Conrad to meet the emperor Manuel at Constantinople.</div> + +<p>Conrad and Louis had met at Mainz. With Louis +came his wife Eleanor; and here he was joined by the +counts of Toulouse, Nevers, Flanders and +other chiefs of the crusade, among these +being, it is said, Robert de Mowbray and the +earl of Warren and Surrey from England. +The story of the enterprise is soon told. The numbers +of the host were vast, but numbers, never easily ascertained, +are least of all to be depended upon in such expeditions +as these. The order of disciplined armies may +have lessened the perils and lightened the hardships of +the passage across Europe; and the troop of women who +with spear and shield, headed by the Golden-footed Dame, +marched on, as they thought, to conquest, may have +congratulated themselves on the pleasantness of their +task. The real danger began when they had passed from +Europe into Asia. The suspicions of Conrad +had been soon and vehemently excited +against the Greek emperor Manuel, grandson +of Alexios. These suspicions were so +much strengthened before he reached Constantinople +that he refused all interviews with him and +crossed the Bosporus without coming into his presence.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Supposed treachery of Manuel.</div> + +<p>The French king was more complaisant; but if he was +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[93]</span>satisfied with the welcome given to him by Manuel in +person, he was alarmed and indignant at the +news that the Byzantine sovereign was in +secret correspondence with the Turkish sultan +of Cogni (Iconium, Ikonion). His indignation was +fully shared by his army; and while some held that the +paramount duty which called them to Palestine should +overbear the avenging of all private wrongs, others insisted +that a power which had allowed the Holy Sepulchre +and the Holy Land itself to slip from its grasp, and had +only placed hindrances in the way of the pilgrims and +champions of the cross, should be swept utterly away.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Disastrous march of Conrad and Louis.</div> + +<p>For the present the storm was lulled; and the crusaders +went on their way, to find that the guides with which +Manuel had furnished them led them into +arid deserts or betrayed them directly to the +enemy. Conrad had already lost thousands +or tens of thousands in Lykaonia, when the French king, +who had been cheated with false tidings of his triumphant +progress, received on the shores of the Askanian +lake (<a href="#Page_57">p. 57</a>) the news of his great disaster. Conrad +himself soon followed the miserable fugitives who had +told his dismal story, and the two sovereigns resolved to +strike off from the beaten path and make their way +through the lands bordering the eastern shores of the +Egean Sea. They had advanced as far as the Lydian +Philadelphia, when the threatening appearance of things +impelled many to return to Constantinople, and Conrad +himself embarked near Ephesus. Louis with his people +pressed on to the banks of the Meander, where the Turks +who hastened to attack them were signally defeated. +This defeat was more than avenged in the mountain +passes beyond Laodicea whence after fearful slaughter +the French reached the Pamphylian Attaleia. From this +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[94]</span>seaport it was proposed that all, whether soldiers or +pilgrims, should go by sea to Antioch. It was decided +that the latter only should take ship, as Louis urged +that the warriors ought to follow in the steps of the conquerors +of Jerusalem. But the ships promised by the +governor of Attaleia proved to be wholly insufficient for +this purpose. The king embarked with his army, and +the pilgrims with the sick were left in charge of the count +of Flanders. The guard was inadequate; the sick were +murdered by the people of Attaleia; the Turks bore +down hardly on the pilgrims. The count of Flanders +escaped by sea, and seven thousand miserable wanderers +struggled onwards on the road by which they hoped to +reach Jerusalem. Their journey was soon ended by the +martyrdom which according to the promise of Urban and +Eugenius was to ensure their salvation.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Visit of the French king to Jerusalem.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1148. March.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Resolution to attack Damascus.</div> + +<p>The arrival of the French king with his forces at Antioch +caused no slight alarm to the Turks of Cæsarea +and Aleppo. But although he was earnestly +pressed to take advantage of their dismay by +striking a sudden blow, nothing could dissuade +him to put off his journey to Jerusalem; and the +entreaties of Eleanor, who was well content +to stay where she was, excited in him mingled +feelings of resentment and suspicion. +After disasters so terrible his entrance into Jerusalem +bore too much likeness to a triumph; and after a council +with Conrad, who had reached Ptolemais, the project of +rescuing Edessa, which had been the very +purpose of the crusade, was for the time +abandoned for the siege, and, as it was +hoped, the conquest, of the more important and nearer +city of Damascus.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Siege of Damascus.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Treachery of the barons of Palestine.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Retreat of the army to Jerusalem.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Failure of the crusade.</div> + +<p>With the aid of the Knights of the Temple and of St. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[95]</span>John, the siege of this city was prosecuted +with a skill and vigour which seemed to +leave no doubt of the result. The Damascenes +were in despair, and not a few turned their +thoughts to flight as the only means of safety: but with +incredible infatuation the king of the French and the +German emperor took counsel not for the completion of +the enterprise but for the disposal of the city when it +should have been conquered. The decision that it +should be given to Thierry, count of Flanders, roused +the indignation of the barons of Palestine, who now +scrupled not to add treachery to the long catalogue of +their crimes. Bribed by the Turks, they assured +the sovereigns that they would have +better success by attacking the city from another +quarter than from that on which their toil had been +all but rewarded by its capture. Abandoning their former +position in the rich gardens before the town, they +soon found themselves on barren soil, with scanty supplies +or none, and with a hopeless task before them. It +was easier to suspect than to punish the treachery of their +advisers; and possibly on account of this treachery the +proposal that they should attack Ascalon +was rejected. The army retreated to Jerusalem. +Conrad went back with the remnant +of his troops to Europe. A year later his example was +followed by the French king and his wife, of whose conduct +Louis had formed suspicions fully +justified by certain judgments pronounced +by her in Provençal Courts of Love. Only +a few months more had passed before he obtained a +divorce on the plea of consanguinity, and Eleanor transferred +her vast inheritance to her second husband the +Norman duke Henry, afterwards Henry II. of England.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[96]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Accusations against St. Bernard.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">His answer.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1153. Death of Bernard.</div> + +<p>So ended in utter shame and ignominy the second +crusade. The event seemed to give the lie +to the glowing promises and prophecies of +St. Bernard. So vast had been the drain +of population to feed this holy war that, in the phrase of +an eye-witness, the cities and castles were empty, and +scarcely one man was left to seven women; and now it +was known that the fathers, the husbands, the sons, or +the brothers of these miserable women would see their +earthly homes no more. The cry of anguish charged +Bernard with the crime of sending them forth on an +errand in which they had done absolutely nothing and +had reaped only wretchedness and disgrace. For a +time Bernard himself was struck dumb: but +he soon remembered that he had spoken with +the authority of God and of his vicegerent, and that the +guilt or failure must lie at the door of the pilgrims. +Like those who had gone before them, these men had +given loose to their passions and filled their camps with +debauchery and confusion; and such abominations the +Divine Righteousness could never tolerate. Nay, Bernard +could even see now the folly, if not the iniquity, of +allowing thieves and murderers to take part in an enterprise +in which only the devout and faithful were worthy +to share. But such considerations were too cold to +satisfy permanently the temper of the age. The thoughts +of the many, if not of the few, went back into the old +channel, when the monk John declared that the slaughtered +pilgrims had died with the exulting joy of martyrs +at the thought of their deliverance from a wicked world; +and that from the lips of St. Peter and St. John themselves +he had the assurance that the ranks of fallen +angels had been filled up with the spirits of those who +had died as champions and pilgrims of the cross whether +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[97]</span>in the Holy Land or on the journey across +the intervening countries. For Bernard +also the saints and angels, he said, were +impatiently waiting. Five years later it was in his +power to add that their desires and his had been fulfilled.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI.<br> +<span class="smaller">THE LOSS OF JERUSALEM.</span></h2> + +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Misuse of victory by the crusaders.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1151. Death of Joceline of Courtenay.</div> + +<p>The second crusade not only failed in its purpose: it did +nothing towards the maintenance of the waning ascendency +of the Latins. Even victories brought +with them no solid result, and in not a few +instances victory was misused with a folly +closely allied to madness. The success of Joceline of +Courtenay in a battle with Noureddin, son of Zenghis +and sultan of Aleppo, might have recovered for him his +lost city of Edessa: he chose rather to indulge in the +dangerous luxury of insult, and the renewed +efforts of the enemy were rewarded by the +capture of Joceline, his imprisonment and +death. His widow, by the advice of Baldwin +III., king of Jerusalem, surrendered to the Greek +emperor for a stipulated sum such places as still remained +in her possession; and the dangers gathering +round the Latin kingdom were seen in an inroad of +Turcomans who reached the Mount of Olives.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Siege and fall of Ascalon.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1153. July.</div> + +<p>This inroad was, it is true, severely punished. The +king was absent with his army: but the knights of the +military orders who were in Jerusalem led +out such of the people as could be got under +arms and set fire to the camp of the enemy. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[98]</span>These on their retreat were intercepted by Baldwin, and +in the conflict 5,000 of their number, it is said, were slain. +The tide seemed to have turned again in +favour of the Christians, when, after an obstinate +siege which at one moment was all +but abandoned, the city of Ascalon fell into their hands.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1162. Almeric, king of Jerusalem.</div> + +<p>But the change was one of appearance only. The +interminable series of wars, or rather of forays and reprisals, +went on; and amidst such contests +the life of Baldwin closed in early manhood. +He was thirty-three years of age: but in +that short time he had won such love as his subjects had +to bestow, together with the admiration of his enemies. +He died childless, and although some opposition was +made to the choice, his brother Almeric was elected to +fill his place.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Relations of Almeric with the sultans of Egypt and Aleppo.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 741-771.</div> + +<p>Almost at the beginning of his reign the affairs of the +Latin kingdom became complicated with those of Egypt; +and the Christians are seen fighting by the +side of one Mahomedan race, tribe, or faction +against another. The divisions of Islam may +have turned less on points of theology, but +they were scarcely less bitter than those of Christendom; +and Noureddin, the sultan of Aleppo, eagerly embraced +the opportunity which gave him a hold on the Fatimite +caliph of Egypt, when Shawer the grand vizier of that +caliph came into his presence as a fugitive. A soldier +named Dargham had risen up and deposed him, and the +deposition of the vizier was the deposition of the real +ruler, for the Fatimite caliphs themselves +were now merely the puppets which the +Merovingian kings had been in the days of Charles Martel +and Pepin.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Mission of Shiracouh and Saladin into Egypt.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Siege and surrender of Shiracouh in Pelusium.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1163. Defeat of the Latins by Noureddin, sultan of Aleppo.</div> + +<p>Among the generals of Noureddin were Shiracouh and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[99]</span>his nephew Saladin (Salah-ud-deen) of the shepherd tribe +of the Koords. These Noureddin despatched +into Egypt to effect the restoration of Shawer. +His enemy Dargham had sought by lavish +offers to buy the aid of the Latins: but the terms were +still unsettled when he was worsted in a battle by Shiracouh +and slain. Shawer again sat in his old seat; +but with success came the fear that his supporters might +prove not less dangerous than his enemies. He refused +to fulfil his compact with Noureddin and ordered his +generals to quit the country. Shiracouh replied by the +capture of Pelusium, and Shawer, more successful than +Dargham in obtaining aid from Jerusalem, besieged +Shiracouh in his newly conquered city with +the help of the army of Almeric. The Latin +king after a fruitless blockade of some +months found himself called away to meet dangers nearer +home; and the besieged general, not knowing the cause, +accepted an offer of capitulation binding him +to leave Egypt after the surrender of his prisoners. +But the Latin armies were transferred +from Egypt only to undergo a desperate defeat +at the hands of Noureddin in the territory +of Antioch, and thus to leave Antioch itself at the +mercy of the enemy.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Alliance of Almeric with the Egyptian sultan.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Operations of Almeric against Shiracouh.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1167.</div> + +<p>Noureddin may have hesitated to attack Antioch from +the fear that such an enterprise might bring upon him the +arms of the Greek emperor. He was more anxious to +extinguish the Fatimite power in Egypt,—in +other words, to become lord of countries +hemming in the Latin kingdom to the south +as well as to the north; and it was precisely this danger +which king Almeric knew that he had most reason to +fear. To put the best colour on his design, Noureddin +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[100]</span>obtained from Mostadhi, the caliph of Bagdad, the +sanction which converted his enterprise into a war as +holy as that which the Norman conqueror waged against +Harold of England. The story of the war attests the +valour of both sides, under the alternations of disaster +and success. The Latin king had already entered Cairo, +when a large part of the force of Shiracouh was overwhelmed +by a terrific sandstorm. But the retreat of +Shiracouh across the Nile failed to reassure the Egyptians. +Almeric received 200,000 gold pieces for the continuance +of his help, with the promise that 200,000 more +should be paid to him on the complete destruction of their +enemies; and the treaty was ratified in the presence of +the powerless sovereign whose consent was never asked +for the alliances or treaties of the minister who was his +master. The remaining events of the campaign were a +battle in which a part of the army of Almeric +was defeated by Shiracouh and his nephew +Saladin; the surrender of Alexandria on the +summons of Shiracouh; and the blockade of that city by +Almeric, who at length obtained from the +Turk the pledge that after an exchange of +prisoners he would lead his forces away from Egypt, on +the condition that the road to Syria should be left open +to him.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Real designs of Almeric.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1168.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Expedition of Almeric to Pelusium.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">His ignominious retreat.</div> + +<p>The banners of Almeric and the Fatimite caliph waved +together on the walls of Alexandria; but on either side +the peace or truce was a mere makeshift for +the purpose of gaining time. Neither the +Latin king nor the sultan of Aleppo had given up the +thought of the conquest of Egypt; and Almeric found a +ready cause of quarrel in the plea that since his own +return to Palestine the Egyptians had entered into communication +with their enemy and his. The king of Jerusalem +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[101]</span>had lately married the niece of the Greek +emperor, and the latter promised to aid the expedition +with his fleet. The help of the Knights Hospitallers +was easily obtained, while (some said, on this account) +that of the Knights Templars was refused. At length +with a large and powerful army Almeric left +Jerusalem, pretending that his destination +was the Syrian town of Hems: but after a while his +march was suddenly turned. In ten days he reached +Pelusium; and the storm and capture of that +city were followed by a wanton carnage +which served to increase, if anything could +increase, the reputation of the Christians for merciless +cruelty. The prayers of the vizir Shawer for help were +now directed as earnestly to the Turkish sultan as they +had once been to the Latin king of Jerusalem; but his +envoys were also sent to Almeric offering him a million +pieces of gold, of which a tenth part was produced on +the spot. Almeric took the bribe; and when his army +looked for nothing less than the immediate sack of Cairo, +they were told that they must remain idle while the rest +of the money was being collected. The vizir took care +that the gathering should not be ended before the +soldiers of Noureddin had reached the frontier; and +Almeric found too late that he was caught +in the trap which his own greed had laid for +him. He could himself do nothing but retreat, and his +retreat was as disastrous as it was ignominious. The +Greek fleet had shown itself off the mouths of the Nile, +and had sailed away again. The Greek emperor could +not be punished; but a scapegoat for the failure of the +enterprise was found in the grand-master of the Hospitallers, +who was deprived of his dignity by his knights.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Rise of Saladin to power in Egypt.</div> + +<p>The triumph of Shiracouh brought with it the fall of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[102]</span>the vizir Shawer, who was seized and put to death, while +the man whose aid he had invoked, was +chosen to fill his place. But Shiracouh himself +lived only two months; and then, by +way of choosing one whose love of pleasure and lack of +influence seemed to promise a career of useful insignificance, +the Fatimite caliph made the young Saladin his +minister. The caliph was mistaken. Saladin brought +back his Koords, and so used the treasures which his +office placed at his command, that the new yoke became +stronger than the old one.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1169. Attempts to stir up a crusade.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1171.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Suppression of the Fatimite caliphat by Saladin.</div> + +<p>To the Latins the exaltation of Saladin signified the +formation of a really formidable power on their southern +frontier. Their alarm prompted embassies to the court +of the Eastern emperor and the princes of Western +Christendom. But the time was not yet +come for a third crusade; and only from +Manuel was any help obtained. His fleet +aided the Latins in a fruitless siege of Damietta; and a +terrible earthquake which laid Aleppo in ruins and shattered +the walls of Antioch saved them from +attack by the army of Noureddin which was +approaching from the north. Still, in spite of conspiracies +or revolutions of the old nobility, the power of Saladin +was growing, and at length he dealt with the mock +sovereignty of the Fatimites as Pepin dealt with that of +the Merovingians. The last Fatimite sultan, then prostrate +in his last illness, never knew that the public +prayer had been offered in the name of the +caliph of Bagdad; but Saladin had the glory +of ending a schism which had lasted two +hundred years, and from Mostadhi, the +vicar of the Prophet, he received the gift of a linen robe +and two swords.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[103]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Quarrel between Saladin and the sultan of Aleppo.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1178. Death of Noureddin, sultan of Aleppo.</div> + +<p>But the healing of one schism led only to the opening +of another. Saladin was the servant of the sultan of +Aleppo, and he had been recognized and +confirmed in office by Mostadhi strictly on +the score of this lieutenancy. But the new +vizir of Egypt had no mind to obey any +longer the summons of his old master; and to his threat +of chastisement Saladin in his council of emirs retorted +by a threat of war. His vehemence was cooled when +his own father declared before the assembly that, were +he so commissioned by Noureddin, he would strike his +son’s head off from his shoulders. In private, he let +Saladin know that his mistake lay not in thinking of resistance, +but in speaking of it; and a letter sent by his +advice sufficed for the present to smooth matters over. +But the time of quietness could not last +long. The designs of Saladin became continually +more manifest, and Noureddin was +on his way to Egypt when he was struck +down by illness and died at Damascus.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Character of Noureddin.</div> + +<p>In the sultan of Aleppo, as in the general who had +risen to greatness through his favour, we have a man to +whom the chronicles of the time and of later +ages delighted to ascribe the magnanimity +and simplicity of Omar. It must at the least +be admitted that the ideal of Moslem courtesy and +chivalry is more refined and generous than that of +Western Christendom, and that the truth of the picture +drawn of Noureddin receives some support from the enthusiastic +eulogies of William, archbishop of Tyre. ‘I +fear God,’ he replied to his queen who complained that +she had not enough even for her wants; ‘I am but the +treasurer of the people. But I have three shops in +Hems; these you may take, and this is all that I have to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[104]</span>give.’ He made it his business to provide everywhere +mosques, hospitals, schools, and resting-places for travellers; +and justice, it is said, was as impartially administered +in his time as in the days of the English Alfred.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1173. Baldwin IV., king of Jerusalem.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1183.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1186. Baldwin V. king of Jerusalem.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1186. Guy of Lusignan, king of Jerusalem.</div> + +<p>The widow of Noureddin held the fortress of Paneas; +and her husband’s death encouraged Almeric to undertake +the siege. A bribe to abandon it was at first refused. +A fortnight later it was accepted: but Almeric +returned to Jerusalem only to die. His life had lasted +only five years longer than that of his predecessor +Baldwin; but it had been long +enough to win for him a reputation for consummate +avarice and meanness. His son +and successor, Baldwin IV., was a leper; and his disease +made such rapid strides as to make it necessary to delegate +his authority to another. His first choice fell on +Guy of Lusignan, the husband of his sister Sibylla; but +either the weakness of Guy or the quarrels of the barons +brought everything into confusion, and Baldwin, foiled +in his wish to annul his marriage, devised +his crown to Baldwin, the infant son of Sibylla +by her first marriage, Raymond II., count of Tripoli, +being nominated regent and Joceline of Courtenay +the guardian of the child. But within three years the +leper king died, followed soon after by the +infant Baldwin V.; and in the renewed strife +consequent on these events Guy of Lusignan +managed to establish himself by +right of his wife king of Jerusalem. He was still quite +a young man, but he had earned for himself +an evil name. The murderer of Patric, +earl of Salisbury, he had been banished by +Henry II., from his dominions in France: +and the opinion of those who knew him found expression +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[105]</span>in the words of his brother Geoffrey, ‘Had they +known me, the men who made my brother king would +have made me a god.’</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Preparations of Saladin for the reconquest of Jerusalem.</div> + +<p>Guy was king: but Raymond of Tripoli refused him +his allegiance. Guy besieged him in Tiberias, and Raymond +made a treaty with Saladin. But +Saladin was now minded to seize a higher +prey. He was master of Syria and Egypt: +he was resolved that the Crescent should once more displace +the Cross on the mosque of Omar. Pretexts for +the war were almost superfluous; but he had an abundance +of them in the ravages committed by barons of +the Latin kingdom on the lands and the property of +Moslems. Fifty thousand horsemen and a vast army on +foot gathered under his standard, when he declared his +intention of attacking Jerusalem: but their first assault +was on the castle of Tiberias. On hearing these ominous +tidings Raymond of Tripoli at once laid aside all thought +of private quarrels. Hastening to Jerusalem he said that +the safety of his own city was a very secondary matter, +and earnestly besought Guy to confine himself to a +strictly defensive war, which would soon reduce the invader +to the extremity of distress. The advice was wise +and good; but the grand-master of the Templars fastened +on the very nobleness of his self-sacrifice and the +disinterestedness of his counsel as proof of some sinister +design which they were intended to hide.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1187. July. Battle of Tiberias.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Capture of Guy of Lusignan.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Loss of the true cross.</div> + +<p>Had it been Baldwin III. to whom he was speaking, +the insinuation would have been thrust aside with scorn +and disgust. To the mean mind of Guy it carried with +it its own evidence; and it was resolved to meet the +Saracen on ground of his own choosing. The troops of +Saladin were already distressed by heat and +thirst when they encountered the Latin army +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[106]</span>from Jerusalem. The issue of the first day’s fighting +was undecided; but the heat of a Syrian summer +night was for the Christians rendered more terrible by +the stifling smoke of woods set on fire by the orders of +Saladin. Parched with thirst, and well knowing that on +the event of that day depended the preservation of the +Holy Sepulchre, the crusaders at sunrise rushed with +their fierce war-cries on the enemy. Before them the +golden glory of morning lit up the radiant shores of the +tranquil sea where the Galilæan fisherman had heard +from the lips of Jesus of Nazareth the word of life. But +nearer still was a memorial yet more holy, a pledge of +divine favour yet more assuring. On a hillock hard by +was raised the relic of the true cross, and this hillock was +many times a rallying point during this bloody day. +There was little of generalship perhaps on either side; +and where men are left to mere hard fighting, numbers +must determine the issue. The hosts of Saladin far outnumbered +those of the Latin chiefs; and +for these retreat ended in massacre. The +king and the grand-master of the Templars +were taken prisoners; the holy relic which +had spurred them on to desperate exertion +fell into the hands of the infidels.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Fruits of the victory of Saladin.</div> + +<p>The victory of Saladin was rich in its fruits. Tiberias +was taken. Berytos, Acre, Cæsarea, Jaffa opened their +gates; Tyre alone was saved by the heroism +of Conrad of Montferrat, brother of the first +husband of queen Sibylla. Not caring to +undertake a regular siege, Saladin marched to Ascalon, +and offered its defenders an honourable peace, which after +some hesitation was accepted.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Siege and fall of Jerusalem.</div> + +<p>The rejection of Raymond’s advice had left Jerusalem +practically at the mercy of Saladin. It was crowded +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[107]</span>with people: but the garrison was scanty, +and the armies which should have defended +it were gone. Their presence would not, probably, +have availed to give a different issue to the siege; +but it must have added fearfully to its horrors. Saladin +had made up his mind that the Latin kingdom must fall, +and he would have fought on until either he or his +enemies could fight no longer. Numbers, wealth, resources, +military skill, instruments of war, all combined +to give him advantages before which mere bravery must +sooner or later go down; and protracted resistance +meant nothing more than the infliction of useless misery. +Saladin may have been neither a saint nor a hero; but it +cannot be denied that his temper was less fierce and his +language more generous than that of the Christians who +under Godfrey had deluged the city with blood. He +had no wish, he said, so to defile a place hallowed by its +associations for Moslems as well as Christians, and if the +city were surrendered, he pledged himself not merely to +furnish the inhabitants with the money which they might +need, but even to provide them with new homes in Syria. +But superstition and obstinacy are to all intents and purposes +words of the same meaning. The offer, honourable +to him who made and carrying no ignominy to those who +might accept it, was rejected, and Saladin made a vow +that entering the city as an armed conqueror he would +offer up within it a sacrifice as awful as that by which the +crusaders had celebrated their loathsome triumph. Most +happily for others, most nobly for himself, he failed to +keep this vow to the letter. Fourteen days sufficed to +bring the siege to an end. The Christians had done +what they could to destroy the military engines of their +enemies; the golden ornaments of the churches had +been melted down and turned into money; but no solid +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[108]</span>advantage was gained by all their efforts. The conviction +of the Christian that death brought salvation to +the champions of the cross, the assurance of the Moslem +that to those who fell fighting for the creed of Islam the +gates of paradise were at once opened, only added to +the desperation of the combatants and to the fearfulness +of the carnage. At length the besieged discovered +that the walls near the gate of St. Stephen had been undermined, +and at once they abandoned all hope of +safety except from miraculous intervention. Clergy and +laity crowded into the churches, their fears quickened by +the knowledge that the Greeks within the city were treating +with the enemy. The remembrance of Saladin’s +offer now came back with more persuasive power; but to +the envoys whom they sent the stern answer was returned +that he was under a vow to deal with the Christians as +Godfrey and his fellows had dealt with the Saracens. +Yet, conscious or unconscious of the inconsistency of his +words with the oath which he professed to have sworn, +he promised them his mercy if they would at once surrender +the city. The besieged resolved to trust the word +of the conqueror, as they could not resist his power. The +agreement was made that the nobles and fighting men +should be taken to Tyre which still held out under Conrad; +that the Latin inhabitants should be redeemed at the +rate of ten crowns of gold for each man, five for each +woman, one for each child; and that, failing this ransom, +they should remain slaves. On the sick and the helpless +he waged no war; and although the Knights of the Hospital +were among the most determined of his enemies, +he would allow their brethren to remain for a year in +their attendance on the sufferers who could not be moved +away.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Terms of the capitulation.</div> + +<p>In the exasperation of a religious warfare now extended +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[109]</span>over nearly a century these terms were very merciful. +It may be said that this mercy was +the right of a people who submitted to the +invader, and that in the days of Godfrey +and Peter the Hermit the defenders had resisted to the +last. It is enough to answer that the capitulation of the +Latins was a superfluous ceremony and that Saladin knew +it to be so, while, if the same submission had been +offered to the first crusaders, it would have been sternly +and fiercely refused.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Departure of the Latins from the Holy City.</div> + +<p>Four days were allowed to the people to prepare for +their departure. On the fifth they passed through the +camp of the enemy, the women carrying +or leading their children, the men bearing +such of their household goods as they were +able to move. On the approach of the +queen and her ladies in the garb and with the gestures +of suppliants Saladin himself came forward, and with +genuine courtesy addressed to them words of encouragement +and consolation. Cheered by his generous language, +they told him that for their lands, their houses, +and their goods they cared nothing. Their prayer was +that he would restore to them their fathers, their husbands, +and their brothers. Saladin granted their request, +added his alms for those who had been left orphans or +destitute by the war, and remitted a portion of the ransom +appointed for the poor. In this way the number +of those who remained unredeemed was reduced to +eleven or twelve thousand; and Saracenic slavery, although +degrading, was seldom as cruel as the slavery +which has but as yesterday been extinguished by the +most fearful of recent wars.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Entry of Saladin into Jerusalem.</div> + +<p>The entry of Saladin into Jerusalem was accompanied +by the usual signs of triumph. Amidst the waving of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[110]</span>banners and the clash of martial music he +advanced to the mosque of Omar on the +summit of which the Christian cross still +flashed in the clear air. A wail of agony burst from the +Christians who were present as this emblem was hurled +down to the earth and dragged through the mire. For +two days it underwent this indignity, while the mosque +was purified from its defilements by streams of rosewater, +and dedicated afresh to the worship of the One +God adored by Islam. The crosses, the relics, the +sacred vessels of the Christian sanctuaries, which had +been carefully stowed away in four chests, had fallen +into the hands of the conquerors, and it was the wish of +Saladin to send them to the caliph of the Prophet as the +proudest trophies of his victory. Even this wish he +generously consented to forego. The chests were left +in the keeping of the patriarch, and the price put upon +them, 52,000 golden byzants, was paid by Richard of +England.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Escape of Tyre under Conrad.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Further conquests of Saladin.</div> + +<p>Conrad still held out in Tyre, nor was he induced to +surrender even when Saladin himself assailed +its walls. The siege was raised: and +the next personage to appear before its +gates was Guy of Lusignan, who, having regained his +freedom, insisted on being admitted as lord of the city. +The grand-master of the Templars seconded his demand. +The reply was short and decisive. The people would +own no other master than the gallant knight +who had so nobly defended them. But the +escape of Tyre had no effect on the general +issue of the war. Town after town submitted to Saladin; +and the long series of his triumphs closed when he entered +the gates of Antioch.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[111]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Causes of weakness in the kingdom of Jerusalem.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">(1) Bad faith in dealing with the Moslem.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">(2) Disregard of rights of property.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">(3) Lax military discipline.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">(4) Lack of statesmanship.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">(5) General immorality.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">(6) Desultory character of the crusades.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">(7) Quarrels and feuds of the Latin chiefs.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">(8) Antagonistic jurisdictions of the civil power, the Church, and the military orders.</div> + +<p>Eighty-eight years had passed away since the crusaders +of Godfrey and Tancred had stood triumphant on +the walls of the Holy City; and during all +those years the Latin kingdom had seldom +rested from wars and forays, from feuds and +dissensions of every kind. From the first it +displayed no characteristics which could give it any +stability; from the first it exhibited signs which foreboded +its certain downfall. (1) It sanctified treachery, for it +rested on the principle that no faith was to +be kept with the unbeliever; and the sowing +of wind by the constant breach of solemn +compact made them reap the whirlwind. A right of +pasturage round Paneas had been granted to the Mahomedans +by Baldwin III. When the ground was +covered with their sheep, the Christian troops burst in, +murdered the shepherds, and drove away their flocks,—not +with the sanction, we may hope, of the most high-minded +of the Latin kings of Jerusalem. (2) It recognized +no title to property except in those who +professed the faith of Christ, and the power +to commit injustice with practical impunity +tended still further to demoralize the people. (3) It gave +full play to the passions of men in random +wars and petty forays, while it did nothing +to keep up or to promote either military +science or the discipline without which that science becomes +useless. (4) It was marked by an almost total +lack of statesmanship. In a country so circumstanced +a wise ruler would strain every +nerve to conciliate the conquered people, to +strengthen himself by alliances which should be firmly +maintained and by treaties which should be scrupulously +kept, to weaken such states as he might fail to win over +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[112]</span>to his friendship by anticipating combinations which +might bring with them fatal dangers for his power. That +the history of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem presents +a mournful and even ludicrous contrast to this picture, it +must surely be unnecessary to say. In the case of +Egypt alone did the Latin kings show some sense of the +course which prudence called upon them to take; and +even here this course was followed with miserable indecision, +and at last disgracefully abandoned through mere +lust of gold. (5) It had to deal with an immorality +not of its own creating, but which +in mere regard to its own safety it should have striven to +keep well in check. No such efforts were made, and the +words of William of Tyre (even if taken with a qualification), +when he speaks of the Latin women, point to a +state of things which must involve grave and +imminent peril. (6) It was the misfortune of +this kingdom that it was called into being +by troops of adventurers banded together (it cannot be +said, confederated) for a religious rather than a political +purpose; in other words, for personal rather than for +public ends. It started therefore without any principle +of cohesion. The warriors who engaged in the enterprise +might abandon it when they thought that they had +fulfilled the conditions of their vow, and although the +continuance of their efforts was indispensably needed +for the military and political success of the undertaking. +(7) The private and personal character of these enterprises +led to the perpetuation and multiplication of private +and personal interests, and thus to the +endless divisions and feuds between the +barons of the kingdom, which were a constant +scandal and menace and which led frequently to +deliberate treachery. (8) It encouraged, or permitted, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[113]</span>or was compelled to tolerate the growth of +societies which arrogated to themselves an +independent jurisdiction, and thus rendered +impossible a central authority of sufficient +coercive power. The origin of the military +orders may have been in the highest degree edifying. +The Knights Templars might begin as the humble guardians +of the Holy Places: the Knights Hospitallers +may have been the poor brothers of St. John bound to +the service of the sick and helpless among the pilgrims +of the cross. But in a land where they might at any +time encounter a merciless or at the least a detested enemy, +they were justified in bearing arms; the necessity +of bearing arms involved the need of discipline; and +the discipline of an enthusiastic fraternity cut off from +the world and centred upon itself cannot fail to become +formidable. The natural strength of these orders was +increased by immunities and privileges granted partly by +the Latin kings of Jerusalem, but in greater part by the +popes. The Hospitallers, as bestowing their goods to +feed the poor and to entertain pilgrims, were freed from +the obligation of paying tithe, or of giving heed to interdicts +even if these were laid upon the whole country +while it was expressly asserted that no patriarch or prelate +should dare to pass any sentence of excommunication +against them. In other words, a society was called +into existence directly antagonistic to the clergy, and an +irreconcilable conflict of claims was the inevitable consequence. +Nor can we be surprised to find the clergy +complaining that the knights, not content with the immunities +secured to themselves, gave shelter to persons +who, not belonging to their order but lying under sentence +of excommunication, sought to place themselves +under their protection. But if the Knights of the Hospital +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[114]</span>had thus their feuds with the clergy, they had feuds +still more bitter with the rival order of the Templars. +With different interests and different aims, the one +sought to promote enterprises against which the other +protested, or stickled about points of precedence when +common decency called for harmonious action, or withheld +its aid when that aid was indispensable for the very +safety of the state. Thus we have the triple discord of +the king and his barons struggling against the claims +of the clergy, and the military orders in conflict with the +barons and the clergy alike. Of a state so circumstanced +the words are emphatically true that a house divided +against itself shall not stand.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.<br> +<span class="smaller">THE THIRD CRUSADE.</span></h2> + +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Fictitious or romantic portraits of Richard I. of England.</div> + +<p>A halo of false glory surrounds the third crusade from +the associations which connect it with the lion-hearted +king of England. The exploits of Richard +I. have stirred to enthusiasm the dullest of +chroniclers, have furnished themes for jubilant +eulogies, and have shed over his life +that glamour which cheats even sober-minded men as +they read the story of his prototype Achilleus in the +tale of Troy. They have done even more, for, if we +may believe the narrative, they excited the same vehement +admiration in his most redoubtable enemy; and +the romance of youth or even of maturer age fastens on +the picture which exhibits the brother of Saladin in the +thick of mortal fight as sending to him two Arabian +chargers by way of lauding the hero for dealing wounds +and death on a multitude of his people.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[115]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Real character of the actors in the third crusade.</div> + +<p>When we turn from the picture to the reality, we +shall see in this third crusade an enterprise in which the +fiery zeal which does something towards redeeming +the savage brutalities of Godfrey +and the first crusaders is displaced by base +and sordid greed, by intrigues utterly of the earth earthy, +by wanton crimes from which we might well suppose +that the sun would hide away its face; and in the leaders +of this enterprise we shall see men in whom, morally, +there is scarcely a single quality to relieve the monotonous +blackness of their infamy, in whom, strategically, a +very little generalship comes to the aid of a blind brute +force, and in some of whom, personally, an animal courage +or ferocity, which fears no danger and knows no +fatigue, surmounts a thousand difficulties and charms the +vast multitudes who find their highest delight in the +worship or idolatry of mere power. As a military leader +Richard I. of England is beneath contempt when compared +with the first Napoleon; but he may fairly compete +with him as a criminal. Alaric the Goth and Attila the +Hun never professed to be sovereigns of a civilized +people; but in no sense have they a better title to be regarded +as scourges of mankind.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Decay of the crusading spirit.</div> + +<p>Undertakings which depend on the temper and resources +of individual men are not likely to be carried out +with unswerving persistence; and this ebb +and flow of purpose and energy is especially +manifest in the history of the crusades. +With any marked success comes a feeling of self-complacency +in the thought that a vow has been strictly fulfilled +or a duty thoroughly discharged; and the result is +either slackness or total indifference to matters which +thus far seemed in their importance to leave everything +else in the shade. Assuredly there was little indeed in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[116]</span>the lives of the later Latin kings of Jerusalem to keep +alive the enthusiasm which had been roused by the +preaching of the hermit Peter; and for the time a change +seems to pass over the spirit of the dream which for +nearly a hundred years had been beguiling Western +Christendom.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1179.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Change in the character of the crusades.</div> + +<p>The impulse (it can scarcely be dignified with the +name of policy) which led Almeric (<a href="#Page_100">p. 100</a>) to fix his +thoughts on the conquest of Egypt, is the nearest approach +to the temper of the true statesman and general exhibited +in the history of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem. It +aimed not only at preventing a combination of hostile +powers to the north and south fraught with fatal dangers +for any dominion which might lie between them, but it +seemed to promise the possession of a country of immense +importance to the merchant and the trader. This advantage +was clearly seen and eagerly aimed at +by the third Lateran council, which insisted +that the conquest of Damietta should be the first object +of every crusade, the maintenance of the kingdom of +Jerusalem at best only the second. In +short, these expeditions had in strictness of +speech ceased to be crusades, unless an exception +is to be made in the case of the sainted Louis +IX. of France. With him, as with Godfrey and the first +crusaders, the religious motive absorbed every other. +In the rest the professed object of the scheme is made an +excuse for roving forays or political conquests, or is +feebly carried out as an irksome or even repulsive task, +while the harmony indispensable for success is sacrificed +for quarrels and deadly feuds which would do credit to +the society of savages.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Henry II. of England and the patriarch of Jerusalem.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1174.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1177.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1180.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1185.</div> + +<p>But until the Cross had been thrust aside for the Crescent +on the mosque of Omar, the task of stirring up the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[117]</span>Western princes for another crusade was +neither easy nor successful. The crusading +spirit was never strong in Henry II. of +England, and even after the quarrel with +Becket had come to an end with his death, he had a +convenient excuse for staying at home in the dangers +which menaced his dominions from the +north. But with the captivity of his enemy +William this pretext vanished. The Scottish king swore +to hold his kingdom as a fief of the English crown; +and Henry, unable any longer to resist the arguments +or entreaties of the French king, Louis VII., promised +to combine his forces as duke of Normandy +with those of his liege lord for the +succour of the Christians in the Holy Land. The death +of Louis, which cut short this design, brought +no bitter disappointment to Henry; but +when, some five years later, Heraclius (Herakleios), +patriarch of Jerusalem, kneeling before him +with the count of Tripoli and the grand-master +of the Hospitallers, placed in his hands the +sceptre of his kinsman Fulk of Anjou and of the kings +who had succeeded him, with the keys of the Holy City +and the Holy Sepulchre, the English monarch was careful +to address them in words which conveyed encouragement +while they committed him to nothing. He would +ask the advice of his council; and his question was so +put as to show clearly what he would wish the answer to +be. He desired to know whether his duty called him to +govern and guard his subjects at home or to break +lances with Saracens to prop up the tottering sway of +a distant sovereign. There was no doubt in the mind +of his barons and prelates that the nearer work had a +paramount call on him; and the promise of Henry to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[118]</span>contribute 50,000 marks for the needs of the Latin kingdom +in Palestine was received by the patriarch with a +dissatisfaction which manifestly excited the king’s anger. +Not a whit abashed, Heraclius bade him deal with himself +as he had dealt with the martyr Thomas of Canterbury, +and expressed himself as not less ready to die by +his hands than by those of the less cruel Saracens. +This ridiculous taunt was allowed to pass without rebuke, +and Heraclius departed unhurt after consecrating the +church of the Knights Templars in the city of London.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1187. Death of Urban III.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Pontificate of Gregory VIII.</div> + +<p>But the fall of Jerusalem cast a new colour over questions +of policy and duty. A few days after that event, +and in all likelihood before he could have +heard of it, pope Urban III. died at Verona, +oppressed with grief not for a disaster of +which he was ignorant, but for the death struggle which +seemed imminent between the papal and the imperial +power. His successor Gregory VIII., whose short pontificate +was ended in less than two months, +bewailed the event as a catastrophe affecting +the whole of Christendom; but he was +probably not unconscious that for the papacy it might +create a diversion which might rescue it from dire peril, +if not destruction. The few days of life which remained +to him were spent in writing letters to reawaken the +spirit which had been roused successively by the hermit +Peter and the sainted Bernard. The divine wrath was +to be appeased by a fast of five years, and the consciousness +of shameless corruption and venality inspired +the cardinals to promise that they would take no more +bribes for the furtherance or perversion of justice, and +that they would never mount again on horseback until +the land once trodden by the Saviour should have ceased +to be polluted by the feet of the unbeliever.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[119]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1188. Assumption of the cross by Henry II. and Philip Augustus of France.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Saladin tax or tenth.</div> + +<p>Pope Gregory died on a journey undertaken for the +purpose of making peace between the republics of +Genoa and Pisa, whose fleets were of the +first importance for the carrying out of the +scheme which he had at heart. A few +weeks later the broad plain between Gisors +and Trie witnessed the meeting of Henry +of England and Philip Augustus, the young French king, +to hear the cause of the Christians in Palestine pleaded +by William, archbishop of Tyre, the historian of the first +and second crusades. The two sovereigns assumed the +cross, and their example was followed by the count of +Champagne, the count of Flanders, and a crowd of +barons and knights. It was agreed that the English +cross should be white, and the Flemish green, the French +retaining the red. Henry hastened to England, and obtained +from a council held at Geddington in Northamptonshire +the imposition of a tax called the Saladin tithe. +Every one who refused to join the crusade +was to pay a tenth of all his goods movable +or immovable. The sum thus raised was 70,000<i>l.</i>; +but it is astonishing to learn that a sum almost as +large, 60,000<i>l.</i>, was extorted from the scanty company of +Jews settled in England. Whether the burden pressed +heavily upon them, we cannot tell. Worse things were in +store for them before many months should pass away.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Feuds in the family of Henry II.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1183.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1188.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1189.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1186. July. Death of Henry II.</div> + +<p>It is possible that Henry may now have really intended +to fulfil a promise with which thus far he had only dallied. +He sent messengers to the Hungarian +king Bela, and Isaac Angelus, the Eastern +emperor, to request a safe transit and free +market for his followers. The demand was granted: +but Henry now had other concerns to occupy him. The +wretched quarrels which were the inevitable consequence +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[120]</span>of petty principalities and the complicated tenures of +feudalism had assumed their most hateful form among +the princes of the house of Anjou. Of the legitimate +sons of Henry II., Henry, Richard, and John, it is hard +to say which led the most disgraceful life and earned the +most shameful reputation. The tyranny of Richard in +Aquitaine was monstrous even in an age notorious for +its cruelty and its treachery; but it was probably no disinterested +sympathy for his victims which brought +against him the forces of his elder brother Henry, and +of his half-brother Geoffrey, the son of that Rosamond +Clifford into whose history the popular talk of that +or of a later day introduced a tale common to the folklore +of many lands. The strife was for the time appeased +by their father, against whom these dutiful children +now turned their arms. The day fixed +for the battle was drawing nigh when the +young prince or king Henry (he had been crowned <span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> +1169 by the bishops excommunicated by Thomas of +Canterbury shortly before his martyrdom) was cut off +by a sudden attack of fever; and Richard, as the eldest +surviving son, looked on himself as heir to the crown +of England. But it soon became plain that the affections +of his father were fixed on his younger son John, one of +the most despicable of cowards and most contemptible +of traitors. The discovery led Richard to renew his intimacy +with the French king, Philip Augustus, to whose +sister Adelais or Alix he had long since been betrothed. +That princess had passed into the custody of the English +king, and had, it was said, borne him a child; but of +this Richard for the present took no count, as backed +by Philip Augustus, he insisted on her surrender +and on receiving the fealty of the +barons as his father’s heir-apparent. On this second +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[121]</span>point the king’s answer was ambiguous; and Richard, +exclaiming indignantly that he now believed what before +he had thought impossible, knelt down at the feet +of Philip, and, demanding from him protection in his +just rights, did homage to him for all his father’s dominions +in France. In the war which followed Henry +was driven from the castles of Mans, Amboise, and +Tours. His body was wasted with disease, and he was +induced to meet his son and the French +king on a plain near Tours. A thunderstorm, +in which the lightning twice fell near them, unnerved +him still more. He agreed to pay 20,000 marks +to Philip, to surrender Adelais, and to allow his vassals +to swear fealty to Richard, and asked only to see the +list of the names of barons who had joined the confederacy +of the French king. At the head +was the name of his own son John. He +read no further. A raging fever came on, +during which he heaped curses on his unnatural +children; and in a week he died.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Preparations of Richard I. for the crusade.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Modes of raising money.</div> + +<p>Richard was now king of England; but he was not +the man to fix his thoughts on the wilder schemes which +had filled the mind of his father. The power +and wealth of his kingdom were things to be +used for spreading his own renown, and this +renown could be won and extended nowhere so well as +in the Holy Land, and in no other way so gloriously as in +cleaving the bodies of unbelievers with his deadly broadsword. +It was the ambition of a ruffian, gilded over +with a thin varnish borrowed from the chivalry of Tancred +(<a href="#Page_45">p. 45</a>); and he proceeded to gratify it at the expense +of the real interests whether of the kingdom or of +himself. The sum which he needed for his enterprise far +exceeded the 100,000 marks which his father’s greed or +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[122]</span>economy had amassed in the treasury at +Salisbury. Richard sold the earldom of +Northumberland for 1,000<i>l.</i> to the bishop of +Durham for the term of his life: for 3,000<i>l.</i> he received +into favour his brother Geoffrey, now archbishop of York: +for 10,000<i>l.</i> he resigned to William the Scottish king all the +rights over Scotland which the latter had conceded to +Henry, together with the castles of Roxburgh and Berwick; +and then departed for Normandy on the same +errand of plunder and exaction.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Persecution and massacre of Jews in England.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Fearful tragedy in York castle.</div> + +<p>Both the first and the second crusade had been marked +at their outset by persecutions and massacres of the +Jews. The third was to furnish no exception. +The Jews of England felt probably that +a storm was gathering, and they hastened to +conciliate the king with costly presents. Their eagerness +unhappily outran their discretion. Richard, knowing the +feeling of the people, had ordered that no Jews should +appear before him on the coronation day. Disregarding +this command, some of them, mingling with the crowd, +entered the palace, were thrust out by the mob, and murdered. +The fire, thus kindled, spread furiously. Every +Jew in the streets was cut down: every house belonging +to a Jew was plundered and burnt. Some attempt was +made to check the slaughter. Three men were hanged; +but they were charged, not with murdering Jews, but with +robbing Christians under pretence that they were Jews, +or with setting houses on fire to the danger or hurt of the +property of Christians. The iniquity was not confined to +London. The same things were done in all the great +cities. At York, as at Lincoln, the wealthy Jews hurried +with their goods into the castle. At Lincoln +they found safety: at York they unhappily +interpreted the departure of the governor +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[123]</span>from the castle as a sign that he was plotting against them +with the Christians of the town, and closed the gates +against him on his return. In his anger he induced the +sheriff of the county to order his armed bands to the assault: +and these were joined by the populace whose fury +showed at once that they meant much more than the mere +recovery of the castle. The besieged could hear the +fierce cry of a canon regular, of the Premonstratensian +order, who hounded on the mob to ‘destroy the enemies +of Christ.’ They knew that their doom was sealed; but +if they must die, they might still choose the mode of their +death. In a council summoned to debate the matter, the +rabbi urged that they should avoid frightful insults and +barbarous torments for their wives and children as well +as for themselves by voluntarily rendering up their souls +to the Creator, and falling by their own hands. The +deed, he urged, was both reasonable and sanctioned by +their law, as well as made famous by the men who in the +deadly struggle between Jerusalem and Rome had slain +themselves at Massada. To some his counsel seemed +wise, to others a hard saying. The rabbi cut the discussion +short by bidding all to depart in peace who could not +approve his counsel. A few only left the chamber. In +a few hours the work of death was done, and the castle +was left in flames. The few, who could not summon +courage to follow the example of their brethren, offered +from the walls to open the gates and submit to baptism, +if their lives should be spared. The terms were granted +and the surrender was made; and by way of keeping +faith the Christians rushing in slaughtered every living +thing within the walls. These were venial offences; but the +men of York added to them an act which was a real +crime, and one of the deepest dye, in the eyes of king +Richard. They hastened to the cathedral, and seizing on +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[124]</span>all the bonds and obligations which had been laid up in +the archives burnt them in the nave. These bonds on the +death of those who held them would all have escheated +to the king; and the bishop of Ely, the chancellor, was +commissioned to search out and punish the offenders. +But the ringleaders had made their escape across the +Scottish border; and justice even in the matter of robbery +was baffled.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1190. Meeting of Richard and Philip at Vezelai.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Poetry and influence of the troubadours.</div> + +<p>Richard, having filled his coffers so far as he could, +met Philip Augustus at Vezelai where, forty-four years +before, the pleadings of St. Bernard had +seemed to stir the heart of Christendom to +efforts which must be successful. The voice +which now had most power was not that of +the priest, the hermit, or the saint. It was +that of the troubadour; and if for the present +his harp might be attuned to lofty measures, and his +words might convey lessons almost as austere as those +of pope Urban II., there was at least the danger that a +very moderate measure of success might lead the minstrel +to arouse emotions of a less devout sort and tempt +his hearers to less exalted delights than those of prayer +and meditation. The forces of the two kings amounted, +it is said, to 100,000 men. The discipline which kept them +together may be pictured from the rules which enacted +that murderers should be tied to the bodies of their victims +and hurled into the sea, that they who drew their swords +in anger should lose their hands, and that thieves should +be tarred and feathered and in that plight put on shore.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">March of Frederick I. Barbarossa to Constantinople.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The popes and the empire.</div> + +<p>While Philip and Richard were on their way to Sicily, +Frederick I., emperor of the West, commonly known as +Barbarossa or Red Beard, was on his way +to Constantinople. He had fought a long +battle with the pope or the man who called +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[125]</span>himself pope. He had himself set up an anti-pope, as +the imperialist popes were called; and with the sanction +of this anti-pope, who styled himself Pascal III., he had +attacked Rome, beaten down the gates of St. Peter’s +with hatchets and axes, and seen his troops advance +filling the church with blood as they fought their way to +the high altar. In the midst of this carnage +Pascal III. had placed the crown on the +head of the empress Beatrice, and had blessed again the +diadem of Frederick. He had had to contend with a +mightier enemy than the pope in the fearful pestilence +which broke out within his camp; and his flight from +Rome had ensured the victory of pope Alexander III., +the somewhat hesitating friend of Thomas of Canterbury. +But although the warfare of previous years was succeeded +by an apparent peace, Frederick lost no opportunity +of strengthening himself against the papacy; and +in the days of Urban III. he had gained much by securing +for his son Henry the hand of Constantia, heiress of +the kingdom of Sicily. The old strife might have been +renewed; but the heart of Barbarossa was stirred by the +tidings from the Holy Land or the letters of Gregory +VIII., and his armies advanced under his standard +through Hungary towards the capital of the Eastern +empire. That capital Barbarossa, like his predecessor +Conrad (<a href="#Page_93">p. 93</a>), refused to enter. The Byzantine Cæsar +had with scant courtesy allowed him the privilege of +buying food for his men; he had studiously withheld +from him the titles which implied a divided empire.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of Frederick I.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1190.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Re-occupation of Antioch.</div> + +<p>The steadier discipline, the more decent order which +marked the army of Barbarossa seemed to promise a +better result to his enterprise. They had +defeated the Turks in a general battle, and +had taken the Seljukian capital of Cogni +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[126]</span>(Iconium), (<a href="#Page_82">p. 82</a>); but a great disaster, nothing less than +the loss of their leader himself, awaited them. Frederick +was drowned in a Pisidian river, as some said +while he was crossing it; as others had it, +from the effects of bathing. The misery and suffering +which had fallen to the lot of the earlier crusaders now +weighed heavily upon them: and the +wretched story is sufficiently told, if it be +true that not a tenth of the number which +crossed the Bosporos lived to enter Antioch. The few +who made their way thus far found a city almost deserted +by the Turkish soldiers, and Antioch once more had a +Christian government.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1189. Siege of Acre.</div> + +<p>But while the sovereigns of the West were thus preparing +for another great effort on their behalf, the Latins +of Palestine were struggling hard to win +back their lost supremacy, and were aided +by crowds of armed pilgrims, whose immense +numbers have to be taken into account if we wish +to realize the extent of the drain to which the population +of Europe was thus subjected. Too impatient to wait, +these wanderers hurried, with whatever motives, to the +scenes where, as they supposed, honour could not fail to +be won, even if wealth and happiness should not be their +portion. The conflict now turned on the possession of +Acre, the key of the whole region lying to the west of +the Jordan. It had opened its gates to Saladin soon +after the battle of Tiberias; and before Richard of England +and Philip Augustus set foot on the Holy Land it +had been besieged for nearly two years by Guy of Lusignan, +titular king of Jerusalem, with an army which +the influx of pilgrims from Europe had raised, it is said, +to 100,000 men. But the besiegers had little generalship, +and the mischief done to their effectiveness by vice and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[127]</span>debauchery was completed by a fearful pestilence which +swept them away by thousands.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Rise of the Teutonic order.</div> + +<p>In the midst of this misery a few German merchants, +from the coast of the Baltic, sought to mitigate suffering +by running up the sails of their ships as +tents for the sick and dying. The happy +results which followed their work led to an +organization similar to that of the orders of the Temple +and the Hospital. Like those orders, the Teutonic +knights rose to power and distinction, and in the history +of the crusade of Frederick II., we shall find their +grand-master, Herman of Salza, in high favour both +with the emperor and with the pope, his implacable +antagonist. With the failure of the crusades in the +East the order was transferred to the more forbidding +regions which had sent forth its founders, and +their crusade was turned against the heathen of the +Lithuanian, Prussian, Esthonian, and other tribes. They +preached the gospel with the sword, and their efforts +were followed at least by military success. Their grasp +on the lands which they overran was never relaxed, +and the last grand-master became the sovereign of a +state which has grown into the modern kingdom of +Prussia.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1190. Death of Sibylla, queen of Jerusalem.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Conrad, titular king of Jerusalem.</div> + +<p>The sickness and vice which wasted the forces of the +crusaders before Acre were powerfully aided by feuds +among the chiefs. Sibylla, the sister of Baldwin +IV., and wife of Guy of Lusignan, was +carried off by the plague. Her two children +died with her, and her husband found himself +stripped of the privilege which had made him at +least the shadow of a king. Isabel, the sister of his +wife, still lived, and having got rid of her first husband +Humphry, lord of Thoron, was now married to Conrad, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[128]</span>marquis of Tyre. As thus wedded to the +heiress of Almeric, Conrad claimed the +sovereignty of Jerusalem, and the decision +of the point was reserved for the kings of England and +France.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Voyage of the English fleet to Lisbon and Messina.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1190. Sept. 23.</div> + +<p>These kings were now on their way to the East. +Richard had journeyed by land to Genoa, while his fleet, +having crossed the bay of Biscay, anchored +at Lisbon, where his forces found a crusade +ready to their hands. The town of Santarem, +forty miles above Lisbon, was blockaded by +the Saracen emir. With the aid of the English the Portuguese +raised the siege and then found themselves compelled +to fight with their deliverers in the streets of Lisbon. +The crusaders thought that they carried with them a +license for universal plunder and insult; and it was not +without difficulty and much bloodshed that they were +persuaded by their leaders to reserve the application of +their theory for more distant lands. The summer was +coming to an end when Richard, having +joined his fleet on the Italian coast, entered +Messina almost in the guise of a conqueror, to the terror +of the Sicilians and the disgust of the French king +Philip.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Conduct of Richard I. in Sicily.</div> + +<p>Then, as through almost the whole of its chequered +history, Sicily was a prize for which contending kings and +adventurers intrigued, or fought. It was now +held by Tancred, an illegitimate son of the +Apulian duke Roger. His sister Constantia, +the legitimate daughter of Roger, was the wife of Henry, +son of Frederick Barbarossa, who wished to make the +island a portion of his own imperial realm (<a href="#Page_125">p. 125</a>). He +was foiled by Tancred, who took the further precaution +of imprisoning Joanna, the widow of his predecessor +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[129]</span>William called the Good. Joanna was the sister of the +English Richard, who was not slow in demanding her +freedom, her dower, and the legacies which William the +Good had left to his father Henry II. His demands were +accompanied by robbery and violence, and his followers +hastened to imitate his example. They came to open +strife with the people in the streets of Messina; and the +battle was followed by the plundering of the town. But +the raising of the English standard on the walls was interpreted +as an insult by Philip Augustus, and Richard +was constrained to appease his wrath by placing the city +in the charge of the Knights Templars and Hospitallers.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Quarrel between Richard and Philip Augustus.</div> + +<p>The dispute with Tancred was made up +by the betrothal of his infant daughter to +Arthur, duke of Brittany, that luckless victim +of the cruelty of John whom Shakespeare has made +famous. But the quarrels of these champions of the +cross are tangled like links in a twisted chain. By way +of showing his friendly feeling, Tancred placed in Richard’s +hand a letter bearing the signature of the French +king and inviting Tancred to a private alliance against +Richard. The latter charged Philip Augustus with the +treachery, and was charged in turn with producing forged +letters by way of devising an escape from his engagement +with his sister Adelais. Richard had offered to +marry Berengaria, daughter of Sancho, king of Navarre, +and with studied coarseness he told Philip that he could +have nothing to do with the mother of his father’s child. +So was changed into mortal hatred that alliance which +in its early days had led them to eat at the same table +and rest in the same bed.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1191. March. War between Richard and the Comnenian emperor of Cyprus.</div> + +<p>Thus passed away the winter in disgraceful quarrels +and in lavish outlays of money scarcely less disgraceful. +In the spring the French king sailed for Acre. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[130]</span>Richard went to Rhodes, and while he remained +there sick, he heard that some of his +people had been wrecked on the coast of Cyprus, +robbed of their goods, and imprisoned +by Isaac the Comnenian prince who called +himself emperor of the island. His demand for compensation +was unheeded. The English fleet appeared before +Limasol, the southernmost town of the island: and the +English troops were soon masters of the city. Isaac +entered into a treaty which bound him to serve with 500 +knights in the crusade, and in the event of good behaviour +Richard promised him the restoration of his kingdom. +But fear got the better of his prudence. He made his +escape, and again met the English king in battle. The +fight was followed by his surrender, and Richard ordered +him to be kept in a castle on the coast of Palestine.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Arrival of Richard and Philip at Acre.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1191. July 12.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Surrender of Acre.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Return of Philip to France.</div> + +<p>Here, in the town which under the name of Paphos +had won for itself a pre-eminence in vice and folly, +Richard was married to Berengaria of Navarre. Here +also he received and promised to take up the cause of Guy +of Lusignan, the weightiest argument for so doing being +found in the fact that Philip Augustus had taken up that +of Conrad. Thus the two kings reached Acre only to +complicate old feuds with new strifes. The +siege had lasted nearly two years. In the +plain was gathered the crusading host, still +magnificent in its appointments; on the heights were +assembled the Turkish armies under the black banner of +Saladin. Richard had loitered on the road as long as it +suited his fancy or his ambition to do so; and he had +overwhelmed with a torrent of reproach and abuse the +envoys from the chiefs before Acre who dared to confront +him at the Cyprian Famagosta with the reproof that +his business was not to dethrone Comnenian princes and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[131]</span>take their kingdoms, but to do battle with the Turk for +the sacred heritage of Christendom. He reached Acre, +prostrated with intermittent fever; but indifference to the +enterprise had given way to a fiery zeal. He had himself +carried out on a mattress to point the balistæ which +by discharging stones served in some measures the purposes +of modern artillery. But at first the two kings +would not act together, and this division of forces enabled +the besieged to stand out. Their reconciliation, whether +real or seeming, led to a combined action which was +soon rewarded by the offer of surrender. The terms now +proposed were rejected, and Saladin cheered the besieged +with the hope of succours to be received from Egypt. The +help came not, and Saladin was compelled to assent to a +harder compact. The piece of the true cross was to be +given up, the Christian prisoners set free, +and some thousands of hostages were to be +detained for the payment, within forty days, of 200,000 +pieces of gold. The surrender was made. Richard took +up his abode in the palace, Philip went to the house of +the Templars, and the flags of the two kings +floated from the ramparts. Philip now regarded +himself as absolved from his vow, and he announced +his determination to return to +France. Richard parted from his ally with +undissembled anger and contempt, and +Philip, sailing to Tyre, gave to Conrad that half of the +city of Acre which had been reserved for himself.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Massacre of 5,000 Turkish hostages.</div> + +<p>The forty days wore on. Saladin would not or could +not restore the relics of the true cross or make up the +200,000 pieces. Richard warned him what +the consequences of neglect would be; and +he kept his word. On the fortieth day two +thousand seven hundred hostages were led to the top of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[132]</span>a hill from which all that passed might be seen in the +camp of Saladin; and at a signal from the king these two +thousand seven hundred infidels were all cut down. The +soldiers hacked open their bodies to search for the jewels +and gold which they were supposed to have swallowed, +and to obtain the gall which they kept as medicine. In +such praiseworthy deeds as these the Christians could +act with admirable concert. At the same hour hostages +almost equalling in number the victims of Richard were +slaughtered on the walls of the city by the duke of Burgundy, +the representative of Philip Augustus.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Victory of Richard at Azotus.</div> + +<p>The recovery of Acre was for these merciful and devout +champions of the cross a sufficient reason for plunging +into beastly debauchery and excess, from which it +was no easy task to tear them away. At length the +army of Richard moved southwards, marching in compact +array along the coast, while the fleet, generally in +sight, advanced along the shore. On their left hung the +hosts of Saladin, whose policy it was to wear out his +enemy, in a country the fortresses of which he had dismantled, +without fighting any pitched battles. In this +way the crusaders and their enemies had reached the +neighbourhood of Azotus (Ashdod), when Richard resolved +to face his adversary. The right wing was under +Jacob of Avesnes; the left was held by the Duke of +Burgundy; the English king was in the +centre. The disposition of the battle showed +some approach to generalship on his part; +and his coolness was seen in the steadiness with which +he reserved for the decisive moment the charge of his +horsemen. Their tremendous onset broke the Turkish +ranks. The victory was decisive: but it was purchased +with the death of Jacob of Avesnes, which Richard +mourned as a costly sacrifice.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[133]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Abortive negotiations with Saladin.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1191. November.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Feud between the English king and the duke of Austria.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1192. April 27.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Henry of Champagne titular king of Jerusalem.</div> + +<p>His next move was to Jaffa, although he had wished +to go on to Ascalon. The French barons insisted on the +necessity of rebuilding the walls of Jaffa; +and in spite of the sluggishness which with +the crusaders almost always followed strenuous +exertion, the task was at length completed. +Richard resolved to renew the war with vigour, +and announced to Saladin that nothing less would content +him than the surrender of all the territory which had +been included in the kingdom of Jerusalem under Baldwin +the leper, (<a href="#Page_104">p. 104</a>). Saladin replied by an offer to +yield up all lands lying between the Jordan and the sea; +but it soon became clear that the negotiations were a +mere pretext for gaining time, and Richard +determined to advance upon Jerusalem. The +army reached Ramlah, encountering some +hardships from rain and tempests. Still it seemed +that they might soon win the prize to which they had +looked forward as the adequate recompense of all +human toil. It was not to be so, and the hindrance +came from the military orders and from the men of Pisa. +These asserted that the reconquest of Jerusalem would +be the dissolution of the enterprise. The army would +never be kept together, so soon as they had once paid +their vows before the tomb of the Redeemer. The +crusaders fell back to Ascalon, and there the winter was +spent partly in restoring the fortifications, but for the +more part in incessant feuds. The duke of Austria had +learnt during the siege of Acre to look on Richard as an +enemy. The cause, it was said, was an +insult done to the Austrian banner, which +Richard, on seeing it raised upon the ramparts, +seized and flung into the ditch. The +hatred thus excited was embittered, we are told, by the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[134]</span>injunction or desire for the personal help of all in the +camp for the rebuilding of the walls of Ascalon. The +duke replied that he was neither a mason nor a carpenter; +and the lion-hearted king retorted by a kick which +threw him down. This may be romance or fiction; but +the disorganization of the force is sufficiently shown by +the facts that the claim of Conrad to the throne of Jerusalem +was urged by the Genoese, that of Guy by the men +of Pisa; that the French abandoned the camp because +Richard was no longer able to pay them; and that the +jealousy of Conrad could be satisfied with nothing less +than an alliance with Saladin. The end had almost come. +Richard knew that his presence in England was a matter +of life and death, and he now in his offers to the Turkish +sultan abated his claim to the mere possession of the holy +city and the restoration of the true cross. To this last +surrender Saladin had in the previous negotiations made +no objection. He had now become more orthodox or +more scrupulous, and he could not give even indirect +encouragement to the idolatry which would worship a +piece of wood. Nor was a treaty set on foot for the marriage +of Richard’s sister Joanna to Saphadin the sultan’s +brother more successful. The English king even consented +to give up the cause of Guy and sanction the +choice of Conrad of Tyre for the Latin crown. The murder +of Conrad by two of the fraternity known +as the Assassins drew on Richard a storm of +indignation; but evidence for the crime there was none. +A more popular claimant appeared in Henry, count of +Champagne, whose election to the throne of +Godfrey was followed by his marriage to the +widow of Conrad. The grief of Guy was +consoled by the sovereignty of Cyprus which +was still in the hands of his descendants when the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[135]</span>Crescent in 1453 displaced the Cross on Justinian’s +church in Constantinople.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">March of Richard towards Jerusalem.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Retreat of the army from Bethlehem.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Relief of Jaffa.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Truce between the crusaders and Saladin.</div> + +<p>Disunion and bad generalship had practically sealed +the doom of the crusade; but for Richard the capture +of Jerusalem still had greater charms than +the punishment of his brother John. In +June, accordingly, the army once more +began its march to the Holy City. The tidings of his +approach caused almost panic terror among the Turks; +but when they had reached Bethlehem the crusaders discovered +that their forces were insufficient for the investment +of the city; that to a commissariat they could +scarcely make a pretence; that they ran an imminent +risk of being cut off from their base of supplies; and, +lastly, that the Turks had destroyed the wells and cisterns +for miles round. It was impossible to resist the +logic of these facts; and Richard made a last desperate +effort to divert their joint forces to an invasion of Egypt +and the attack of Cairo. He was led up a hill from +which he was told that he might see Jerusalem; +he held up his shield before his face +as being unworthy to behold the city which +he had failed to wrest from the power of the infidel. The +army was broken up. Some went to Jaffa, more to Acre; +and Saladin, advancing with rapid marches to the former +city, so pressed it that the besieged pledged themselves +to surrender if within twenty-four hours they should not +be effectually succoured. Within that time Richard appeared +upon the scene. His onset was more fierce, his +valour and exploits more astonishing than +ever. The besiegers retreated in confusion, +to learn presently with greater shame that they had been +scared by a mere handful of Christian horsemen. But +if the splendid bravery of the English king struck terror +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[136]</span>into the multitude, there were not lacking some, it is +said, in which it excited a chivalrous admiration. Richard +was dismounted, we are told, in the thick of the +fight, and Saladin’s brother Saphadin, whose son Richard +had at his request knighted, sent him two horses to +enable him to renew the struggle. The crusaders were +victorious: but Richard had no wish to use the advantage +thus gained except for the purpose of gaining the +best terms from the enemy. The compact ultimately +made pledged them to a truce of three years +and eight months. Ascalon was to be dismantled: +but the Christians were to remain +in possession of Jaffa and Tyre with the country between +them; and all pilgrims were to have the right of entering +Jerusalem untaxed.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Pilgrimage to Jerusalem.</div> + +<p>Of this privilege the French at Acre desired to avail +themselves. Richard indignantly refused their request. +They had done nothing to secure the peace +or to deserve it; and their allies only should +be suffered to enter the Sacred City. Among +these pilgrims was the bishop of Salisbury, who became +the guest of Saladin and heard from his lips praises of +the valour of Richard which were not extended to his +generalship. The thrust was rather evaded than parried +by the reply that the earth could not produce two warriors +who could be put into comparison with the Syrian +sultan and the English king.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Results of the third crusade.</div> + +<p>So ended the third crusade, with its work barely more +than begun, or rather marred by the infatuated waste of +splendid opportunities; yet not with an extremity +of humiliation which would convince +even devotees of the absurdity of +further efforts. A large strip of coast bounded by two +important cities still remained as a base of operations in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[137]</span>any renewed contest, and much had been done to neutralize +the effects which without doubt Saladin had anticipated +from his victory at Tiberias and his conquest +of Jerusalem.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Captivity of Richard I. in Austria.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1192. Dec. 21.</div> + +<p>On the morning after his embarkation at Acre, Richard +turned to take a last look on the fading shores of +Palestine. ‘Most holy land,’ he exclaimed +with outstretched arms, ‘I commend thee +to the care of the Almighty! May He grant +me life to return and deliver thee from the yoke of the +infidels!’ His fleet, carrying his wife and sister, had preceded +him and reached Sicily in safety. He himself followed +in a single ship, and at the end of a month of +baffling winds found himself at Corfu, where he hired +some trading vessels to take him to Ragusa and Zara. +Sailing on, he was thrown by a storm on the Istrian +coast between Aquileia and Venice, when the perils of +his situation must have begun to force themselves upon +him. The kinsfolk of Conrad of Tyre bore no love for +his supposed murderer; the French king was in treaty +with his brother John; and Henry VI., the emperor of +Germany, and son of Barbarossa, owed him a grudge +for his alliance with Tancred of Sicily (<a href="#Page_128">p. 128</a>). Still +Richard thought, it seems, that a pilgrim’s disguise and +an unshorn beard would carry him through all dangers. +Having reached the fortress of Goritz, which was held by +Maynard, a nephew of Conrad, he sent his companion, +Baldwin of Bethune, with the gift of a ruby ring, to ask +a passport for himself and Hugh the merchant, pilgrims +going home from Jerusalem. Maynard looked long at the +ruby, and at length said, ‘This jewel can come only from +a king; that king must be Richard of England. Tell him +he may come to me in peace.’ Not trusting his promise, +Richard fled during the night. Baldwin and seven others +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[138]</span>who remained with him were seized and kept as hostages. +At Freisach six more of his companions were +taken, although Richard himself escaped with one knight +and a boy who knew the language of the country. This +boy, sent to the market at Erperg, near Vienna, showed +his money too freely, was caught, put to the torture, and +revealed the name of his master. Surrounded in his +house by troops of armed men, Richard refused to yield +except to their chief; and that chief hastened +to take charge of him. It was Leopold, +who may have felt that he could now +taste the sweets of revenge for the insults (whatever these +may have been) which Richard had put upon him in +Palestine. But Leopold was induced to compound with +his feelings by a bribe of 60,000<i>l.</i>; and Richard, as the +prisoner of Henry VI., was closely guarded in a Tyrolese +castle.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1193. Exertions made for the liberation of Richard.</div> + +<p>The tidings of his captivity were received with sorrow +by his subjects generally, with undissembled joy by his +brother John and Philip Augustus of France. +Of these two princes the former prepared to +fight for the crown, and after the first reverse +accepted an armistice: the latter, having +sent to Richard to renounce his allegiance, invaded Normandy, +and met with a complete repulse at Rouen. At +length the place of Richard’s imprisonment was discovered +by William Longchamp, bishop of Ely, the +English chancellor; or, as the romance would have it, by +his faithful minstrel Blondel. The pope was at once +assailed with entreaties to come forward for his rescue. +Peter of Blois, archdeacon of Bath, reminded Cælestine +III. of his debt of gratitude to so faithful a son of the +Church. His mother Eleanor wrote to him in less measured +terms. Where, she asked, was the zeal of Elijah +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[139]</span>against Ahab, of John the Baptist against Herod, of +Alexander III. against the father of the emperor who +had wrought this iniquity in Christendom? ‘For trifling +reasons your cardinals are sent in all their power to the +most savage lands; in this great cause you have appointed +not even a subdeacon or an acolyth. You would not +have much debased the dignity of the holy see had you +set out in person to rescue him. Restore to me my son, +O man of God, if thou art indeed a man of God and not +a man of blood. If you remain lukewarm, the Most High +may require his blood at your hands.’ In later letters she +asks him if he thinks that his soul can be safe while he is +thus slack in rescuing the sheep of his fold, and tells him +that he ought to be willing to lay down his life for one in +whose behalf he was unwilling to speak or write a single +word. The truth is that Cælestine was full of zeal for +Richard’s cause: he was only waiting with true papal +caution for Richard’s deliverance to express his zeal +emphatically.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Richard before the diet at Hagenau.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1194. Feb. 4. Release of Richard.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">His return to England.</div> + +<p>At length, after nearly four months, Richard was +brought before the diet at Hagenau. The captive might +have pleaded the incompetence of the tribunal; +he chose to answer the charges brought +against him with arguments which convinced +his judges of his innocence and made the emperor willing +to treat about his ransom. This ransom was raised by +new taxes laid on his subjects, whose resources, even +when taxed to the uttermost, seemed unlikely to satisfy +imperial avarice; and there was the further danger that +whatever might be the sum raised, John might outbid +them. This upright and honourable prince had offered +to pay to Henry VI. the sum of 20,000<i>l.</i> for every month +during which the imprisonment of Richard might be prolonged; +but there was a limit to the patience of the German +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[140]</span>barons, and their words convinced +Henry that this limit had been reached. +Richard was released, hostages being given +for that portion of his ransom which was not paid on the +spot. His deliverance set free the tongue of pope Cælestine, +who now wrote to the Austrian duke as well as to +the emperor, insisting that the ransom should be given +back and the hostages restored. The emperor paid no +heed to the command, but Leopold was brought to obedience +by the discipline of excommunication +and sickness, and Richard after four years’ +absence landed in his own kingdom to impoverish his +people by fresh exactions for quarrels as useless as the +enterprise which had taken him across the seas.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.<br> +<span class="smaller">THE FOURTH CRUSADE.</span></h2> + +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Motives of the chief promoters of the fourth crusade.</div> + +<p>The story of the fourth crusade is soon told. It was +an effort prompted by the policy of a pope to whom the +diversion of forces which the German emperor +might turn against himself was of supreme +importance,—of an emperor whose +consciousness of ill desert made him +catch eagerly at an opportunity for winning the favour of +his German subjects—and of chiefs who hoped to take +advantage of the weakened condition of the Turks for +the promotion of their personal interests against the +wishes and even against the warning and protests of the +Latin Christians in Palestine.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1193. Death of Saladin and its consequences.</div> + +<p>Saladin, the chivalrous antagonist of the lion-hearted +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[141]</span>Richard, was dead; and the fabric of his empire soon +showed signs of decay. His brother Saphadin, +upheld by Saladin’s soldiers, maintained +his ground against the competition of Saladin’s +children who ruled in Egypt, Damascus, and +Aleppo. But although Christians and Mahomedans +were alike weighed down by the pressure of a terrible +famine, the Knights of St. John longed to strike a blow +by which they thought that they could surely crush their +enemies. Their efforts to stir up a crusade in England +and in Europe were seconded by pope Cælestine III., +who promised all the spiritual rewards which had called +forth the heroism or the brutality of the earlier pilgrim +warriors. On Philip Augustus all entreaties were thrown +away. Richard of England, it is said, was nursing +dreams of conquests which were to place him in the seat +of the Byzantine Cæsars: but for the time he was busied +with the less pleasing task of wringing money from impoverished +subjects.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Encouragement given to the crusade by the emperor Henry VI.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1196. Death of Henry VI.</div> + +<p>But if pope Cælestine hoped that by urging this crusade +he should rid himself of his mortal enemy, he was +doomed to disappointment. The death of Tancred, +king of Sicily, and of his heir enabled the emperor +Henry VI., the son of Barbarossa to claim the island by +right of his wife Constantia (<a href="#Page_128">p. 128</a>); and the +force which Germany might bring together +for the reconquest of the Holy Land could +be made available for strengthening the imperial +power in Southern Europe. Thus the enterprise +received his strongest approval, and his encouragement +stirred up a throng of barons, knights and prelates to +assume the cross. But he had no intention of journeying +to Palestine in person. Money and men he was +ready to contribute; but his own task lay nearer home. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[142]</span>He had levelled the walls of Capua and +Naples, and was besieging a Sicilian castle, +when his own imprudence brought on a fever +which cut short at the age of thirty a career shameful +for its merciless and wholesale tyranny.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Arrival of his barons with their troops in the Holy Land.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Capture of Jaffa by Saphadin.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Arrival of fresh crusaders under Conrad, bishop of Hildesheim.</div> + +<p>His barons with their followers reached the Holy Land +at a time when, although the truce made with Saladin +(<a href="#Page_135">p. 135</a>) had expired, the Latin Christians were +not disposed to renew hostilities. But the +Germans had come to fight, not to debate; +and their energy was to be tested by Saphadin, +who resolved to be first in striking a blow. Jaffa was +taken before any succour could reach it from +Acre, its inhabitants slaughtered by hundreds +or by thousands, and its fortifications, +the work on which Richard and his soldiers had toiled +so hard (<a href="#Page_132">p. 132</a>), utterly demolished. The arrival of a +second body of German crusaders seemed to justify a +fresh movement which was directed against Berytos. +Saphadin compelled them to fight between Tyre and +Sidon: but he did so to his grievous cost. His army was +for the time broken, and Jaffa with Sidon and other cities +came again into the possession of the Christians. +In the town of Berytos they found, it +is said, provisions stored up for three years, +and the power and confidence of the conquerors +were largely increased by the arrival +of a third body of armed pilgrims led by Conrad, bishop +of Hildesheim, chancellor of the empire.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1197. Siege of the castle of Thoron.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Complete defeat of the Crusaders.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1197. Capture of Jaffa, and massacre of the crusaders.</div> + +<p>The crusaders were, in all seeming, in the +full career of victory; but the advantages +which they had gained were lost almost in +a moment by their own infatuated bloodthirstiness. +They had besieged the castle of Thoron, and so undermined +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[143]</span>the rocks on which it rested, that the garrison, +foreseeing the inevitable end, agreed to surrender on +the single stipulation that they should be allowed a free +passage into Moslem territory. The terms were accepted; +but so loud were still the threats of vengeance, so +persistent, it is said, the assurances which the Frenchmen +gave to the besieged of the deadly intentions of the +Germans, that the miserable garrison resolved to fight to +the death rather than fall into their hands. They lined +the passages which the besiegers had scooped out in the +rock, and their desperate resistance filled with dismay +the savages who but a little while ago had +been crying out for their blood. The disorganization +which had not once or twice +disgraced the armies of the earlier crusaders was seen +again in even greater degree. The chiefs fled from the +camp in the night, and their followers woke to find +themselves deserted. A confusion ensued so utter and +helpless that an enemy might have won a victory almost +without striking a blow; but the Saracens were scarcely +less exhausted than the Christians, and these on being +gathered after their dispersion were able to accuse each +the other of obstinacy, cowardice, or treachery. Conrad +of Hildesheim, hastening to Jaffa with the purpose of +restoring its walls, had won a battle fought against Saphadin +at a cost fully equal to any profit which might +accrue from it. The tidings of the death of Henry VI. +dealt the final blow to the enterprise, by recalling to +Germany those princes who had an interest in the election +of the emperor. Those who remained +behind took refuge in Jaffa, only, however +to meet their doom a few months later at +the hands of a Moslem host which suddenly +attacked and stormed the city, while the Germans were +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[144]</span>showing their devotion to St. Martin by drinking themselves +into a state of helpless stupidity.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Almeric of Lusignan king of Jerusalem and Cyprus.</div> + +<p>In spite of these disasters the mockery of the Latin +kingdom of Jerusalem was still carried on. On the death +of Henry of Champagne (<a href="#Page_134">p. 134</a>), his widow Isabella was +advised by the grand-master of the Hospitallers +to marry Almeric of Lusignan who +had recently succeeded his brother Guy as +king of Cyprus. Isabella showed no unwillingness +to follow this counsel, and with her fourth husband +she added the title of queen of Cyprus to that of +queen of Jerusalem. If the politics of the time represented +Cyprus as a convenient retreat in cases of emergency, +such considerations have little interest or none. +The only valid plea for keeping up the fiction of the Latin +kingdom in Palestine would be found in the likelihood +that the abandonment of the title would be regarded +throughout Europe as a confession of defeat, and would +be followed by the complete extinction of the crusading +impulse.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX.<br> +<span class="smaller">THE FIFTH CRUSADE.</span></h2> + +</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1198. Election of Innocent III.</div> + +<p>At its outset, if not in its results, the fifth crusade exhibits +something like a return to the spirit of the age which +gave so vast a force to the preaching of the hermit Peter +and the eloquence of Urban II. In the chair of St. Peter +there was now seated a man of far greater +power than the pope who stirred the Western +world to a fever of enthusiasm at the +council of Clermont. At the age of thirty-seven—an age +without example, perhaps, in the annals of the papacy—Lothair, +of the house of Conti, cardinal of St. Mark, had +been chosen pope by the unanimous voice of all the cardinals +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[145]</span>who were present, at a time when every other +power seemed to be tottering, if not in the very throes of +dissolution. The Byzantine empire was in its decrepitude; +the Latin kingdom of Palestine was reduced to a +mere strip of coast; an infant was king of Naples; the +French king Philip Augustus was paying in whatever measure +the penalties of an evil life; the man who was hoping +to wear the English crown was the vindictive and despicable +John, whose treachery had slain his father. Everywhere +was disunion, faction, and deadly hatred: and in +the midst of this chaos appeared the one man whose serene +tranquillity, based on the consciousness of a superhuman +commission and on the sanction of a divine law, +was undisturbed by the storms raging around him. The +influence, righteously acquired by Leo and Gregory the +Great, and vastly extended (not altogether by the most +righteous means) by Gregory VII. (<a href="#Page_20">p. 20</a>) was wielded +with even greater effect by the youthful pontiff whose eye +surveyed with calm yet exhaustive scrutiny the troubled +scene of European politics.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Effect of the crusades in extending the jurisdiction of the pope.</div> + +<p>To this exalted position the undefined claims of previous +popes would probably never have raised Innocent +III., had it not been for the crusades. In +these enterprises the popes had a pretext +ready to hand for interfering with the affairs +of every nation and country, for suspending +or annulling civil jurisdiction, for levying +taxes under the name of alms, for releasing barons from +the allegiance due to their sovereigns, inferior tenants +from their chiefs, debtors from their creditors. The crusade +became a task which the popes might impose for +their souls’ health on refractory emperors and kings. All +whose hearts were filled with the love of Christ must long +to take part in the holy work of rescuing his sepulchre +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[146]</span>from the hands of the unbelievers. If any were careless +or indifferent to a duty thus constraining, it must be because +their lives were not as pure, their faith not so sound +as it should be, and by such men the divine power for rebuke +and even chastisement committed to the vicars of +Christ and of the prince of the apostles must make itself +felt. If kings and great feudal chiefs would prove themselves +to be good Christians, they must put on the cross: +and the assumption of the badge imposed an obligation +from which, if the popes were bent on keeping them to it, +it would be almost, if not altogether, hopeless for them +to escape. If they resisted, their sentence was excommunication; +and excommunication, not removed, meant +death here and hereafter.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Weakening of the Imperial power.</div> + +<p>The effect of this policy (for such, however sincere +some of the popes may have been, it assuredly must be +called) showed itself especially in the weakening +of the imperial power, without which +such a supremacy as that of Innocent III. +over the sovereigns of his age would have been an impossibility. +The emperor Conrad had been driven to +take the cross by the awful pictures which Bernard drew +of the judgment day (<a href="#Page_90">p. 90</a>): he came back shorn practically +of all his power. Barbarossa had obeyed the +papal bidding, only to die in a distant land; and the +struggle was to be renewed in a later crusade with a +sovereign who was only in his cradle when the cardinal +Lothair began his career as pope.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Growing mistrust of the court of Rome by the peoples of Europe.</div> + +<p>But if the crusades and the undefined powers which +they brought to the popes carried to its utmost +height the fabric of their supremacy, +they began at the same time to undermine +it. At no time had the Roman court possessed +a high reputation for pecuniary +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[147]</span>probity; more commonly it had been known as the +seed-bed in which venality, jobbery, and corruption +flourished with rank luxuriance. All at once, owing to +the new impulse given to the energies of Christendom, +the popes became the possessors or administrators of +revenues more vast than any of which in earlier ages +they could have ventured to dream. Then as in these +enterprises failure followed on failure, and the results +attained seemed wholly inadequate to the outlay, the +suspicion was awakened that the funds obtained for the +crusades were sometimes diverted to other purposes. +The suspicion might be unjust, and the popes might +appoint barons and bishops not belonging to their court +to be trustees of revenues which were not even to be +kept in Italy. Still in spite of these precautions the old +sayings were repeated, and they came not unfrequently +with chilling force just when the crusading enthusiasm +had been fanned into the fiercest flame.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Efforts of Innocent to remove this mistrust.</div> + +<p>This suspicion threatened to be fatal to the new enterprise +which Innocent sought to promote for the salvation +of the Holy Land,—nay, for that of all +Christians whether of the East or the West. +Not even Urban II. had been more fervent +in his exhortations, more lavish in his +promises of eternal happiness, more stern in his threatenings +of endless perdition. Still from these loftier +regions he had to descend to defences against charges +of personal corruption, and to appoint for the management +of the crusading revenues committees to which it +was supposed that suspicion could not possibly attach +itself. More than this, the pope and his cardinals must +show themselves ready to bear to the full the burdens +which they sought to lay upon others. A tenth of all +their revenues would be devoted to the rescue of the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[148]</span>Holy Land from the power of the infidel. The clergy +in all other countries were to contribute at least a fortieth +part, and the laity should be everywhere urged to contribute +to the utmost of their power. The funds so raised +were to be put into a safe place, the amount only being +notified at Rome: and hard-hearted indeed must he be +who would hold aloof from such a work of love and +mercy.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Fulk of Neuilly.</div> + +<p>But the indifference with which his words were everywhere +received furnishes a fresh proof that the work of +a genuine crusade can be set in motion only +by the combination of authority with the +enthusiasm of the demagogue. So it had been in the +days of the hermit Peter (<a href="#Page_26">p. 26</a>), and of the saint who +had tried to cover the hermit with contempt. So, happily +for Innocent, it was now, when Fulk, a parish priest +of Neuilly near Paris, was smitten with the crusading +fever. Even as a priest he had for a time led a life of +miserable slackness, if not of gross vice; but his heart +was touched with the penitence which was kindled in +Mary Magdalene or Mary of Egypt. He had striven to +atone for his sins by the severest asceticism, and to +remedy his deplorable ignorance by attending the lectures +of Peter the Chanter, in whom Innocent hoped to find +the most eloquent preacher of his crusade. This hope +was not to be realized. Peter was seized by a fatal illness, +but his last words bequeathed to Fulk the mission +which he had himself received from the pope.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1189.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1198. The mission of Fulk sanctioned by the pope.</div> + +<p>Even before the death of Peter, Fulk had preached in +the streets and lanes of the great city, and his words +had melted the most obdurate and evil-lived +sinners to tears. Still the spell of his oratory +seemed to be losing its power, and he had gone back +to his parish work at Neuilly when the last charge of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[149]</span>Peter the Chanter animated him with an irresistible impulse. +He came forward now not merely as the preacher +of a crusade, but as the stern reprover of vice and of +spiritual wickedness in high places. Like Urban and +Eugenius, Innocent saw his opportunity. He wrote to +Fulk, expressing his hearty approbation of his work, and +bidding him, in concert with some of the Black and +White monks, and with the sanction of the legate Peter +of Capua, go up and down the land calling +on all men to repent and to give proof +of penitence by hastening to the land of +promise.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Effects of his eloquence.</div> + +<p>Soon the tidings spread from city to city that a preacher +had appeared whose powers were not inferior to those of +St. Bernard. His miracles were not indeed +so numerous, nor, for the most part, of the +sort which ascribed to Bernard the excommunication of +troublesome flies, who under this potent sentence fell +dead from the ceiling, and were swept up from the +floor by shovelfuls. His humour was not less ready than +his eloquence. His hearers strove for pieces of his +clothing to be kept as sacred relics. One noisy bystander +had caused him special annoyance. He turned +to his audience, and told them that he had not blessed +his own garments, but that he would bless those of this +man. In a moment the man’s clothes were in tatters, +and the fragments carried off in triumph as relics endowed +with miraculous power.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1202. Death of Fulk.</div> + +<p>Yet, taken at its best, the effect of Fulk’s preaching +was not equal to that of Bernard or of Peter the Hermit. +His words might enjoin high austerities: his appearance +might not belie his words, but it did not convey indisputable +evidence of their truth. He looked and lived much +like other men; and, what was worse, he had to do +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[150]</span>battle with the fatal suspicion which Innocent had striven +with the utmost earnestness to shake off. He became the +receiver of vast sums of money; and murmurs would make +themselves heard which asserted that all these moneys +were not used as they ought to be. His influence was on +the whole waning: but he was not to see the beginning +of the enterprise which he had so strenuously +promoted. Fulk died of a fever at Neuilly, +while the crusaders were still at Venice, and his mantle +seemed to fall on the Cistercian abbot Martin.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1200. The chiefs of the fifth crusade.</div> + +<p>Other preachers also girded up their loins for the great +work, and their words told especially on some of the +younger men among the French princes. Foremost +among these was Theobald, count of Champagne, who +had seen only twenty summers, and whose +goal was well nigh reached already. With +him Louis, count of Blois and Chartres, cast +in his lot, followed by Simon of Montfort, +the infamous leader of the yet future Holy War against +the Albigensians, Walter of Brienne, and with many +others, last but not least Geoffrey of Villehardouin, +marshal of Champagne, the historian of the crusade. +Some months later the badge was assumed by Baldwin, +count of Flanders, by Hugh of St. Pol, by the count of +Perche, and many more.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Mission from the French barons to Venice.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1201.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Compact for the conveyance of the crusaders to Palestine.</div> + +<p>The followers of these chiefs amounted already to a +formidable army. But the leaders had no adequate +navy at their command, and the history of all the preceding +expeditions had convinced men at +last of the desperate risks to be encountered +in the land journey across Europe and the +Lesser Asia. One state alone there was +which was fully equal to all demands that might be made +upon it for ships; and of the crusades this state at least +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[151]</span>had no just reason to complain. These armed pilgrimages +had vastly increased its commerce and its profits, +and had produced in Europe a general desire for eastern +products which insured the continuance of this wide-spread +trade. To Venice accordingly the +eyes of the crusading chiefs were turned, +and the envoys of the counts of Blois, Flanders, and +Champagne appeared there in the first week of Lent +before the doge, or duke, Henry Dandolo, venerable in +his age of more than ninety years, and the victim of that +Byzantine cruelty which had almost, if not wholly, deprived +him of his sight. ‘Sire,’ said Villehardouin, the +ambassador from the count of Champagne, ‘we are +come in the name of the great barons of France, who +are pledged to avenge by the conquest of Jerusalem the +insults offered to our Lord Jesus Christ. From no other +state can they obtain the help which they desire, and +they implore you for the sake of the Holy Cross and the +Holy Sepulchre to furnish them with ships and all other +things necessary for conveying their men across the +sea.’ ‘On what terms?’ asked the doge. ‘On any that +you may name,’ was the reply, ‘so long as we may be +able to bear them.’ The doge promised an answer at +the end of eight days; and when these were passed, the +envoys were told that for four marks of +silver for each horse and two for each man +the republic would furnish ships, provisioned +for nine months, for the conveyance +of 4,500 knights with their horses, 9,000 squires, and 20,000 +infantry. The total cost would be 85,000 marks of +silver; but the republic would further join the expedition +with 50 galleys of its own. The terms were not unreasonable, +and the envoys departed, some homewards, +some to seek further aid from Genoa and Pisa. Here +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[152]</span>they fared but ill; and Villehardouin reached Troyes +only to find Theobald the count of Champagne prostrate +with hopeless sickness. In his joy at seeing him, the +young man mounted his horse: but it was for the last +time. In a few days he died, and the count of Perche +soon followed him to the grave.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1202. Failure of the crusaders to make up the sum agreed on with the Venetians.</div> + +<p>The count of Champagne was to have been the chief +of the enterprise. The offer of the command was now +refused by the duke of Burgundy as by many others: it +was accepted at last by Boniface, marquis of Montferrat. +But it was not until the following year that the crusading +forces were fairly in motion; and their lack +of cohesion was at once seen in all its mischievous +effects. Venice may have driven—there +is no just ground for thinking that she +had driven—a hard bargain; but as it was +certain that from her terms she would make +no abatement, it was clear that the interests of the crusaders +should lead them to adhere to or give up the compact +in a body. To divide their forces was merely to lay a +heavier burden on those who should still seek the aid of +Venice. But of two courses the crusaders were well nigh +sure to choose the worse, and while some sailed across the +bay of Biscay and through the straits of Gibraltar, others +embarked at Marseilles. Others again found their way to +ports in Southern Italy, leaving Villehardouin to deplore +at Venice the wretched mischief wrought by these desertions. +It seemed at first that they had dealt a death-blow +to the enterprise. The Venetian fleet was ready, in perfect +order and magnificently equipped: but the price, the +85,000 silver marks, must be paid in advance, and the +counts of Flanders and St. Pol and the marquis of Montferrat +could only make up 51,000 after selling all their +plate and putting the utmost strain upon their credit.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[153]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Proposal to commute the payment by an expedition against Zara.</div> + +<p>Of this dilemma the doge proposed a solution which +at first excited the astonishment, the dismay, and even +the disgust of the crusaders. The war which +pope Innocent had striven to kindle was +strictly a holy war, directed only against the +infidel for the rescue of lands, which formed +the inalienable heritage of Christendom. But +the Venetian doge now announced that the 34,000 marks +might be discharged by conquering for the republic the +town of Zara, which had been, so he averred, unjustly +seized by the king of Hungary. The summer wore on. +The feast of the Nativity of the Virgin had come round, +when Dandolo, ascending the pulpit in the church of St. +Mark, declared his readiness to live or die with the pilgrims +of the cross, and then, going to the high altar, fixed +the blood-red badge on his high cotton cap. The sight +called forth the tears and wakened the enthusiasm of all +who were present. The less pleasant features of the +compact lost their repulsive aspect; and the interests of +Venice were further consulted by the agreement that +she should have one half of all conquests that might be +made.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1195. Mission to Rome to seek aid for the dethroned Byzantine emperor, Isaac Angelus.</div> + +<p>A new actor now appeared upon the scene. For some +years past the palace of the Byzantine Cæsars had been +defiled by a series of bloody murders or of +mutilations still more cruel. Emperor after +emperor had been put to death or blinded +and thrust into a dungeon. The latter +penalty was the doom of Isaac Angelus +when his throne was usurped by his brother +Alexios, a tyrant not wise in his generation. Isaac, +laxly guarded, was able to communicate with his partisans; +his son Alexios, having contrived to make his +escape in a Pisan vessel to Ancona, appeared to plead +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[154]</span>his cause before Innocent at Rome. He received no +genial welcome. The pope had perhaps a better hope +of bringing about the submission of the Eastern to the +Western church through the possessor of a throne than +through claimants or pretenders. He was better received +at the court of his brother-in-law, the Swabian chief +Philip; and his messengers now appeared in Venice to +implore the help of the commercial republic and the +high chivalry of Western Christendom.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Determination of the Venetians to insist on the expedition to Zara.</div> + +<p>Not impossibly the vision which this crusade was destined +for time to realize may have floated before the +mind of Dandolo, as he listened to their earnest pleadings; +but for the present he confined himself +to words of encouragement and sympathy. +The task immediately before them was the +conquest of Zara; and Venice stuck to her +bond with inflexible pertinacity. In vain the abbot +Martin, who with his followers had crossed the Tyrolese +Alps, protested against the invasion of territories belonging +to the Hungarian king who had himself assumed the +cross. They were told that the scheme might be given +up on the payment of the 34,000 silver marks. In vain +Innocent sent his cardinal legate Peter of Capua with +orders to interdict the Venetians from assailing Zara +even with their own forces, and to lead the army of the +pilgrims himself to Palestine. The legate was told that +he might embark in their fleet if he pleased, but that he +must not dare to exercise his legatine authority when +he had done so. The indignant cardinal hastened to +Rome. Some few drew back from the enterprise: and +the marquis of Montferrat pleaded pressing engagements +which withheld him at present from taking the +command.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Siege and conquest of Zara.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1202. Nov. 15.</div> + +<p>But with the main body of the crusaders the Venetian +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[155]</span>fleet set sail, in a magnificent order and with a display +of power which seemed capable of sweeping +everything before it. The people of Zara, +dismayed at the sight of the armament, offered +at once to surrender on the best terms which they +could get. The doge promised to consider the matter +with the barons: but while they were thus in council, +Simon of Montfort, the destined hero of a bloody crusade +against heretical Christians, upbraided the Zarans with +their cowardice, and assured them that the conquest of +Zara was no part of the crusading plan. When the summons +for the envoys came from the doge’s tent, they were +nowhere to be found. They had hastened back into the +city, and the walls had been manned for a siege. In the +camp Guido, the abbot of Vaux Cernay, warned the army +that they were pilgrims of the cross, under oath not to +make war against Christians in communion with the Holy +See. In high wrath Dandolo insisted that the barons +should keep to their engagements. Few dared, perhaps +few wished, to gainsay him. For five days Zara was besieged; +on the sixth it fell. The doge took +possession, but he divided the spoil with his +allies.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Proposal to divert the crusade to the restoration of Alexios at Constantinople.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">December.</div> + +<p>The reduction of Zara raised hopes which were to be +speedily disappointed. The crusaders wished to sail at +once for the Holy Land. The doge was determined +to guard his conquest against attacks +from the Hungarian king. Winter +was coming on; the countries of Western +Asia were suffering grievously from famine, +and a voyage then undertaken would bring with it the +miseries of starvation. The only course was to make Zara +their winter quarters. The proposal called forth vehement +opposition, which was not suppressed without +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[156]</span>bloodshed. The arrival of the marquis of +Montferrat to take the chief command gave +promise of more harmonious action; but the crusade was +to be a second time diverted from its original purpose. +Envoys came from the Byzantine Alexios and the Swabian +Philip urging that the purposes of the expedition +would be better achieved by placing Alexios on the throne +of Constantinople than by attempts, which would certainly +be in vain, to wrest Palestine from the Saracens. +They insisted that the crusader’s vow was really a vow +to promote in every way the cause of God, of right, and +of justice; and in no way would this cause be more surely +furthered than by restoring the disinherited prince to +the throne of which he had been robbed by an usurper. +They pleaded that in this instance interest and duty went +hand in hand. It would be the first business of Alexios +after his restoration to bring the Eastern church into submission +to the Roman church and see; his next task +would be to aid the crusaders to the best of his power in +the work which they had most at heart. He would not +only feed the whole army and give them 400,000 silver +marks: but he would also join them in person, or send +10,000 men at his own charge.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Resolution to accept the terms proposed by Alexios.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Negotiations with the pope for the removal of the interdict.</div> + +<p>The announcement of this proposal drew from the +abbot of Vaux Cernay the passionate rejoinder that they +were in arms only against Saracens, and +that to Syria only would they go. But +though he was firmly seconded by his +partisans, there was practically no reply to +the retort that in Syria they could do nothing, and that +Jerusalem could be won only through Constantinople or +Egypt. Words and tempers ran high: but the treaty +with Alexios was accepted by the marquis of Montferrat +and the count of Flanders, and the destination of the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[157]</span>army was fixed. The numbers of that army were slowly +diminished through the weeks of winter. The terrors of +the papal interdict hung like a cloud over +the host, and the barons resolved to send +envoys who should assure Innocent that the +diversion to Zara, which they and he alike +lamented, was to be laid wholly to the charge of those +faithless knights who by departing from other ports left +their comrades without the means of paying the money +due to the Venetians. Of the new compact made with +Alexios they prudently said nothing: and Innocent, +while he agreed to suspend the interdict till the arrival +of his legate Peter of Capua, insisted that the barons +must still make atonement for their offence. Against +the Venetians he took a higher tone. The envoys must +carry with them a letter excommunicating these marauders. +The marquis Boniface received the brief, but, +instead of publishing it, he wrote to Innocent, sending +the submission of the barons and saying that the Venetians +were about to entreat his forgiveness for the conquest +of Zara. No such entreaties came: and Innocent +issued fresh orders that his brief should be placed in the +hands of the doge. If this was done, it produced no result: +and Innocent was startled, if not dismayed, when +he learnt that the spoilers of Zara were making ready +to sin on a larger scale. He denounced the whole +scheme with seemingly vehement indignation. The emperor +of Constantinople may have been guilty of blinding +his brother and usurping his throne; but his empire, +he insisted, was under the special protection of the Holy +See. It was no part of their business or their vow to +avenge the wrongs of the prince Alexios; it was their +first and paramount duty to avenge the wrongs done to +their Redeemer, the sign of whose cross they bore upon +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[158]</span>their shoulders. Nay, more, the Byzantine emperor +had, at the special request of the pope, promised to +furnish provisions for the crusaders: and the promise +of the Eastern Cæsar might be trusted. If it should fail, +then they might forcibly take what they wanted, at the +same time paying or promising to pay the value in money.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1203. Easter.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Vain attempts of Innocent to oppose the expedition.</div> + +<p>Dandolo was in no mood to have his course checked +by either papal pleadings or papal threats. The day of +embarkation had arrived, and Simon of +Montfort, impenetrable in his gloomy bigotry, +hastened away to join the king of Hungary, +the faithful servant of the pope. The +other chiefs went on board the Venetian +fleet, with perhaps a shrewd suspicion that their success +would be followed by a marked change in the tone and +language of the pope. But whatever might be his desire +to keep on good terms with the reigning monarch, his longing +to see the Byzantine church brought back to Roman +subjection was altogether more intense. This submission +would be the immediate result of the enthronement +of Alexios, and the crusaders would depart for the Holy +Land, (the vision of a Latin empire at Byzantium had +not yet dawned upon their minds,) rich not only in the +blessing of the pope, but in a wealth of sacred relics +which, now stored up in the churches of the capital, +ought to pass into the hands of the faithful children of +the Roman obedience.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1203. Arrival of the fleet at Constantinople.</div> + +<p>About the time of the summer solstice, the Venetian +fleet anchored in the Propontis nine miles to the west of +the Imperial city. A few days later the +army was at Scutari, where they received a +message from the reigning emperor Alexios +promising them aid in their passage through +Asia Minor, on the condition that during their stay on +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[159]</span>the shores of the Bosporos they should do his subjects +no harm. The reply was a summons to the usurper to +descend from his throne, with a promise that on this condition +they would obtain for him the pardon of his nephew, +the rightful sovereign.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Flight of the usurper Alexios.</div> + +<p>This young prince was paraded by the Venetian fleet +in front of the walls; but the proclamation which called +upon the people to acknowledge him as their sovereign +was received with contemptuous silence or with showers +of arrows, and no alternative remained but +that of open war. The struggle presents +few features of real interest: as a series of +military operations it has little value or none. The imperial +fleet consisted, it is said, of only twenty ships, and +these useless, the anchors, cables, and sails having been +sold by the admiral, a brother of the empress. The army +exhibited all the pageantry of war, and lacked almost +every soldierly quality. The port of Constantinople and +the town of Galata were soon in the possession of the +invaders, and the siege of the city was begun, so far as +the efforts of a force which could assail but an insignificant +extent of wall deserves the name. The first flag +planted on one of the towers was placed there by the +men of Dandolo’s ship; and Dandolo himself, setting +fire to the surrounding houses, kept off the imperial +troops while his crew fortified themselves in their position. +The Latins and the Greeks were now face to face. +The splendid ranks of the Byzantine army stood, as it +might seem, ready for battle, when Alexios gave the signal +for retreat and sealed his own downfall. That night +he fled from the city. The blind Isaac Angelus, drawn +from his dungeon, was again clad in the imperial robes, +and his son Alexios was admitted to share his imperial +dignity.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[160]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">The crusaders are compelled to spend the winter at Constantinople.</div> + +<p>The task of the crusaders in Europe seemed to be +now done. Their heralds announced to the Egyptian +sultan that they would soon take summary +vengeance unless he surrendered the Holy +Land. The Pisans who had aided the +usurping Alexios made up their quarrel +with Venice. The French barons asked +the forgiveness of the pope for the attack made upon +Constantinople, and Innocent replied that it must depend +on the fulfilment of the promises made by Alexios. +This prince, having paid part of the money which he +had sworn to give them, bade them remember how dear +must be to himself the cost of alliance with them, and how +greatly he must need their help to stem the tide of +unpopularity. In short, he let them know that in or +near Constantinople they must find their winter quarters. +It was absurd to think of encountering the risk of a voyage +during the winter: and even if they went, they +could do nothing against the Turks until spring. He +would then see that nothing should be left undone +towards furthering the success of the crusade.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Efforts of Mourzoufle to detach Alexios from the crusaders.</div> + +<p>The northern pilgrims received these proposals with +murmurs of anger. But the decision lay really with +Dandolo, and Dandolo declared that at this season of +the year the ships of the republic should not be exposed +to useless dangers. The army remained where it was: +but new troubles came thick and fast. Religious antagonism +ran out into brawls and fights. An accidental +conflagration preyed for eight days on the +streets and houses of the city. The rage +excited by these losses was increased by the +exactions to which the young Alexios was +driven in order to meet his engagements with the crusaders, +and was lashed into madness when his officers +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[161]</span>stripped the churches of their gold and silver ornaments. +The indignation of the people found utterance in the +vehement eloquence of Alexios Ducas, called Mourzoufle +from his dark and shaggy eyebrows; and his protests so +far swayed the youthful emperor as to make him remiss +in carrying out his compact with his allies. These told +him plainly that to that compact he must strictly adhere, +or, failing in this, must prepare himself for war.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Deposition and death of Alexios.</div> + +<p>During the night following the day in which he received +this warning Alexios sent a squadron of fire-ships +against the Venetian fleet. The danger was +great; but the Venetian sailors were as +prompt as they were brave. The deadly +ships were turned aside into open water, and a Pisan +merchant ship was the only vessel set on fire and destroyed. +It was the last exploit of Alexios. Another +revolution hurled him from the throne, which after one +or two more emperors had been set up and put down +passed to Mourzoufle. The new Cæsar showed some +aptitude for war, but he preferred to try the effect of +negotiations with Dandolo. The old doge retorted that +with an usurper he could have no dealings, and that, if +he sought peace, he should replace his master Alexios +on the throne. Mourzoufle resolved that this demand +should not be made a second time: and that night Alexios +was slain in prison.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Resolution to set up a Latin dynasty in Constantinople.</div> + +<p>For the fate of their former ally the crusaders professed +to feel a profound sympathy; and their grief prompted +the resolution of cutting the evil at its root by placing a +Latin emperor on the seat of the Eastern +Cæsars. The compact was accordingly +drawn up. The booty to be obtained within +the city was to be shared equally between the +French and the Venetians; and a committee of twelve, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[162]</span>half French, half Venetian, should elect the new sovereign, +who was to have one-fourth part of the city with +the palaces of Blachernai and Boukoleon, the rest of the +city being shared by the two allied powers. Venice, +freed from all feudal obligations to the Greek empire, +should be equally free from all feudal dependence on +the Latin sovereign, while the Latin patriarch should +be chosen from the nation to which the emperor might +not belong.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1204. April. Siege and conquest of Constantinople.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Horrible excesses of the crusaders.</div> + +<p>The second siege of Constantinople is as devoid of interest +as the first. The success of the Greeks on the +first day was followed by a series of disasters +which on the fourth day enabled the +Latins to force their way through the gates. +Mourzoufle shut himself up in his palace. +A third conflagration desolated the city. In the morning +the conquerors learnt that the usurper had fled with +many of the inhabitants. The Latin conquest was accomplished. +The Byzantine clergy alone urged continued +resistance; but when they presented Theodore +Lascaris to the people as their emperor, their silence +showed that the appeal was made in vain. Then, seeing +that nothing more could be done, the patriarch John +Kamateros fled from the sight of the awful scenes which +disgraced the triumph of the Latins. The three Western +bishops had strictly charged the crusaders to respect +the churches and the persons of the clergy, the monks, +and the nuns. They were talking to the winds. In the +frantic excitement of victory all restraint was +flung aside, and the warriors of the cross +abandoned themselves with ferocious greed +to their insatiable and filthy lewdness. With disgusting +gestures and in shameless attire an abandoned woman +screamed out a drunken song from the patriarchal chair +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[163]</span>in the church of Sancta Sophia, the magnificent work of +Justinian. Wretches blind with fury drained off draughts +of wine from the vessels of the altar: the table of oblation, +famed for its exquisite and costly workmanship, +was shattered: the splendid pulpit with its silver ornaments +utterly defaced. Mules and horses were driven +into the churches to bear away the sacred treasures; if +they fell, they were lashed and goaded till their blood +streamed upon the pavement. While the savages were +employed on these appropriate tasks, the more devout +were busy in ransacking the receptacles of holy relics, +and laying up a goodly store of wonder-working bones +or teeth to be carried away to the churches of the great +cities on the Rhine, the Loire, or the Seine. ‘How,’ +asks the pope, ‘shall the Greek Church return to ecclesiastical +unity and to respect for the Apostolic See, +when they have seen in the Latins only examples of +wickedness and works of darkness, for which they might +justly loathe them worse than dogs?’ The question +might well be asked: and we may be well assured that +Innocent would not be likely to over-colour the picture +in favour of the Greeks, and that his informers would not +care to put before him in their naked hideousness iniquities +which it would be a sin to describe.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Election of Baldwin, count of Flanders, emperor of the East.</div> + +<p>The first task of the conquerors was to elect a chief +and share the spoil. The committee of twelve met in +the chapel of the palace and invoked the +aid of the Holy Spirit. The six French +electors were all ecclesiastics,—the abbot +of Loces, the bishops of Troyes, Soissons, +Halberstadt, and Bethlehem, and the archbishop-elect +of Acre. Their first choice fell on Dandolo. His wisdom, +his energy, his undaunted courage, seemed to point +him out as the best man fitted to rule the empire in the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[164]</span>winning of which he had played the chief part. But the +old man cared little for the office, and to the Venetians +the combination of the powers of emperor and doge in +the same person probably boded ill for the best interests +of the commercial republic. There remained only two +who could well be placed in competition for the prize. +The marquis of Montferrat, the lord of a petty principality +at the foot of the Alps, could be no object of Venetian +jealousy, while his age and character well qualified +him for the office. But Baldwin of Flanders, at the age +of thirty-two, was in the first flush of vigorous manhood; +he was come of the race of Charles the Great, and the +French king was his cousin. He was also the feudal +sovereign of a wealthy territory and the leader of a +powerful army raised among his own people. The electors +came to an unanimous decision, and this decision +announced to the barons, who were waiting outside, that +the count of Flanders was the Eastern Cæsar. Boniface +of Montferrat at once did homage to him as his lord; +and the old doge was the only man not called upon to +make this act of submission. Borne on the shields of +his comrades Baldwin was carried to the church of +Sancta Sophia and there was invested with the purple +buskins. Three weeks later he was crowned by the papal +legate, the new patriarch not having been yet elected.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Election of Thomas Morosini as patriarch of Constantinople.</div> + +<p>This election was to the Venetians a subject of greater +anxiety than the choice of a temporal sovereign. There +was no room here for the fear that Venice +might become an insignificant dependency +of a vast empire; and they set to work with +their usual promptitude and coolness. The +canonical regularity of the election was, as they supposed, +ensured by the appointment of Venetian priests +to be canons of Sancta Sophia; and these canons were +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[165]</span>placed under oath to elect none but a Venetian. Their +choice fell on Thomas Morosini, a member of one of +their noblest houses and a man highly esteemed by Innocent +III.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Embassies from Baldwin and the Venetians to the pope.</div> + +<p>The Roman pontiff played his part with consummate +skill. While the usurping Alexios was on the throne, he +had striven to secure through his help the +submission of the Eastern church. No sooner +had he fled, than Innocent reminded his +nephew Alexios of the promises of obedience +which he had personally made, and urged the crusaders +to insist on the immediate fulfilment of this promise. In +no other way could they justify themselves for diverting +to other purposes the forces which had been enrolled +solely for the redemption of the Holy Land. He had +now to deal with a new order of things. The emperor +Baldwin had prayed him to ratify the compact made with +the Venetians, to stir up afresh the zeal of Western +Europe for the maintenance of the Latin empire in the +East, to send forth new armies who in the countries now +brought under Latin sway would assuredly reap an abundant +harvest, and to reinforce the Latin clergy by a multitude +of new recruits. The Venetians had besought his +forgiveness for attacking Zara, his sanction of the conquest +of Constantinople. They could not bring themselves +to believe that the people of Zara were really +under his protection, and hence they had determined to +bear with the excommunication in patient silence until +the pontiff should learn the truth. For what they had +done at Byzantium the young Alexios was chargeable, not +they. He had tried to send fire-ships among their fleet, +and it was indispensable for their own safety and that of +their allies to deprive him of the power of doing further +mischief.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[166]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Answers of Innocent III.</div> + +<p>The satisfaction which Innocent felt, and avowed that +he felt, was expressed in carefully guarded terms. He +was rejoiced to be able to revoke the excommunication +of the Venetians, and so high +was his admiration of the valour and wisdom +of Dandolo that he could not comply with the prayer of +the venerable doge to be relieved from further obligation +under his vow. The hero who could bear so lightly the +burden of ninety winters must not deprive the crusade +of services which would ensure success to the enterprise +and a glorious reward for himself. To the delicate praise +which thus took the form of a command he added the +assurance that he had taken the Latin empire under his +special protection, and had prayed the sovereigns and +prelates of the West to exert themselves to the utmost in +its behalf. He had felt himself bound to pass a stern +condemnation on the deeds of horrible violence and +lewdness committed by the crusaders in the sacking of a +Christian city; but he could not withhold the admission +that the history of the conquest was a memorable commentary +on the parables of the talents and the vineyard. +The Greeks had done nothing with the good things committed +to their trust: far from aiding, they had seriously +hindered, the warriors of the cross and even done their +best to destroy them. They had kept up a causeless +schism; they had turned a deaf ear to all entreaties which +called upon them to come back to the unity of the Church; +and they had now paid the penalty by seeing their inheritance +in the hands of better husbandmen who would +bring forth fruit in due season. But if Innocent was thus +complaisant with the secular empire, he laid a heavy +hand on the spiritual power which the Venetians hoped +to secure as their special portion. The pope had a stern +censure for the conduct both of the Venetians and the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[167]</span>French in daring to seize on the temporalities of the +Eastern church and to portion out along with other +lands and property all that might remain over and above +the amount deemed sufficient for the maintenance of the +Latin clergy. Nor could he allow the validity of Morosini’s +election, whether by a self-constituted chapter or +by priests chosen by a purely secular authority. The +election, in short, was null and void; but so great was +his regard for the Venetians, so high his esteem for +Morosini, that he would himself appoint to the Byzantine +patriarchate the man whom they had chosen, and invest +him with singular privileges. These privileges involved +a reservation of certain appeals to the pope; and the +very plenitude of the powers thus bestowed served only +to show with the greater clearness the paramount sovereignty +of the Roman pontiff to whom he owed his dignity +and his jurisdiction.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Results of the crusades to the pope and to the Venetians.</div> + +<p>The great crusade promoted by Innocent had thus +produced results very different from those which he had +looked for. It had not touched the power of the Syrian +sultans; it had not struck a blow on the soil of Palestine. +But on the whole he had no cause to complain. It had +widely extended the limits of his supremacy, +and had subdued a spiritual rebellion which +had rent asunder the seamless robe of Christ. +But if the pope was a gainer, Venice had +secured to herself advantages, more solid perhaps, certainly +more enduring. By the conquest of Zara she had +laid the foundations of her vast commercial empire; and +her factories at Pera needed only the defence of her +fleets, while the Latins in Byzantium had to guard themselves +against attacks by land. She had her settlements +in the richest islands of the Egean, and in every harbour +was seen the flag of the maritime republic. This growth +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[168]</span>of her commerce was, moreover, fostering in her a spirit +of antagonism to ecclesiastical authority, of which Innocent +seems to have foreseen the issue, and which he +sought with all his power to crush. The abbot of St. +Felix in Venice was consecrated, by the command of +Ziani, the successor of Henry Dandolo, to the archbishopric +of Zara, the sanction of the pope not being first +asked. The wrath of Innocent blazed forth at once. +He reviewed in the harshest terms the general policy of +the Venetians in the conduct of the crusade. It was true +that they had taken Zara, and even that they had overthrown +the Byzantine empire: but what would not an army, +which had won such victories, have achieved in the Holy +Land? Had the crusaders fulfilled their vows, not only +must Egypt have been subdued, and the cross replaced +on the dome of Omar, but Syria itself must have been +swept clear of all Saracen dominion. That this glorious +result had not been brought about already, was the fault +of the Venetians and of them alone. He could not +therefore recognize their archbishop, and he insisted on +their submission under pain of the censures which were +ready to fall upon them. There is no evidence to show +that the Venetians took the reproof to heart, or that they +vouchsafed any reply.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X.<br> +<span class="smaller">THE LATIN EMPIRE OF CONSTANTINOPLE.</span></h2> + +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Contrast between the Greeks and the Latins.</div> + +<p>We have already (<a href="#Page_55">p. 55</a>) marked the broad contrast +between the character of the Greeks and that of the +Latin and Teutonic nations of Western +Europe; between the centralized and legal +government of the one and the feudalism of +the other; between the restlessness and ambition which +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[169]</span>in the West ran out into constant private war, and the +habit of almost unreflecting obedience which had left the +subjects of the Eastern Cæsars unable to cope with +rougher and ruder spirits except with the weapons supplied +by cunning, fraud, and treachery. The crusaders had +come to a people which to a large extent might be described +as in a state of decrepitude, but to a land nevertheless +which was not less Christian than Italy or France, +nay, which boasted churches of an antiquity more venerable +than those of Milan, Ravenna, and Rome itself,—to +a land ruled by a system of law which has affected +the legislation of every nation in Europe,—to a land +where Antony and Basil had reared the fabric of monachism +long before the days of the Nursian Benedict +or the Scottish Columba,—to a land where the ritual of +the Church had taken root while Christianity was in its +cradle, and had moulded the life, the thoughts, the very +being of all its members.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Attempt to upset the civilization of the old empire.</div> + +<p>This time-honoured civilization the Western champions +of the cross now fancied that they could crush or sweep +away. Not one of them cared to think that +he was dealing with Christians or with the +subjects of the ancient empire of Octavius or +of Constantine. For them the land, not less than Syria +and Egypt, was a part of heathendom; the people savages +to be brought under a yoke as heavy as that of the +Western serfs; their patriarchs, their bishops, their +priests, and their monks were ministers of a false faith +beyond the pale of charity or mercy. Wiser conquerors +might have mingled with the people, and through intermarriage +might have infused new vigour into the feeble +mass. By Baldwin and his allies a rigid line was drawn +separating the present from the past. All dignities, +offices, and lands were forfeited; all were shared exclusively +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[170]</span>among the conquerors. If they were still under an +emperor, this emperor was not the autocrat who represented +the majesty of Rome, but a mere feudal chief +whose barons, although owing him homage, regarded +themselves as practically his peers. In short, Baldwin +and his comrades held that they might do at Constantinople +what Godfrey and his allies had done in Palestine. +The code of Justinian gave place to the Assize of Jerusalem +(<a href="#Page_78">p. 78</a>), and not a single Greek was permitted to +take part in the administration of this law.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Conduct of the pope towards the Greek clergy.</div> + +<p>As it was with the secular order of things, so was it +with the spiritual. The pope annulled without scruple +the election of Morosini by self-chosen or +state-appointed canons: but he did so only +because his own authority was imperilled, not +at all because they were invading the jurisdiction of a +patriarch whose throne was as ancient as that of Innocent +himself. Just as though they had been mere priests +of Baal or Mahomedan Imams, the Greek clergy were +all driven from their churches (<a href="#Page_163">p. 163</a>), and the people +compelled to abandon their venerable liturgy for that of +the Church of Rome. The emperor besought the pope +to send out bands of priests as though for the conversion +of a heathen country, and to furnish Dominican and +Cistercian monks for the purposes of reforming the stereotyped +monachism of the East. Innocent was indeed +full of exultation. His letters everywhere called on the +faithful to succour the devoted missionaries who were +preaching the Gospel in the churches of Constantinople +and bringing home to the people the enormity of the +heresy which denied the procession of the Holy Spirit +from the Son as well as from the Father. ‘Samaria,’ he +said, ‘had now returned to Jerusalem; God had transferred +the empire of the Greeks from the proud to the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[171]</span>lowly, from the superstitious to the religious, from the +schismatics to the Catholics, from the disobedient to the +devoted servants of God.’ He was impressed with the +needfulness of sending young men from the schools of +Paris to strengthen themselves by the learning of the +East: Philip Augustus summoned young Greeks to Paris +to receive instruction in the creed and ritual of the West. +Both were playing with edged tools. The pope and the +king were both encouraging that intercourse of thought +which was in the end to scatter to the winds the theory +of the divine right of temporal despots and the infallibility +of spiritual rulers.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Opposition of the French clergy to the new patriarch.</div> + +<p>The order of things so set up lasted a little longer than +the Latin principality of Edessa (<a href="#Page_59">p. 59</a>). It was essentially +the piece of new cloth patched into the +old garment, the new wine poured into old +leathern bottles only to burst them. In its +relation to the conquered race it had no +more stability than the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem (<a href="#Page_111">p. +111</a>); and in itself gave play to all the jealousies and +quarrels which disgraced the feudal states of Western +Europe. The strife began before the landing of Morosini. +While yet at Rome, he had been warned by the +pope to have nothing to do with the schemes of Venetian +statesmen, and to show no preference in his new home +for men of Venetian birth. In Venice he was compelled +to abjure this promise, to swear that Venetians alone +should be canons of Sancta Sophia, and that, so far as +his power might extend, he would strive to secure to a +Venetian the succession to his patriarchate. Nothing +more would be needed beyond the rumours of these intrigues +to rouse the suspicions of the French clergy; and +accordingly, when Morosini approached the shore, not +one obeyed his summons. To the Greeks the sleek and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[172]</span>beardless prelate and his coarse-looking and beardless +priests were alike repulsive. Morosini was left almost +alone. He threatened with excommunication the clergy +who would not admit his authority; his menaces were +treated with indifference or contempt.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Partition of the empire among the crusading chiefs.</div> + +<p>The conquerors had indeed won for themselves a domain +almost appalling in its extent; and the sharing of +the prize was soon followed by the quarrelling +of robbers over their booty. Not three +months after the fall of Constantinople the +emperor led his forces against his vassal Boniface +of Montferrat, now the lord of Thessalonica: and +the quarrel which was for the time made up was a significant +token of the future history of his empire. The time +was come for carrying out the compact made before the +conquest. The aged Dandolo became despot of Romania, +and in his new sovereignty he died, leaving to his +countrymen the task of strengthening and extending +their commercial empire by means of a chain of factories +along the mainland and in the islands of the Adriatic +and the Archipelago. The task was too costly even +for the resources of Venice: and the commercial republic +was constrained to govern her possessions by that +feudal system to which her constitution was utterly opposed. +For Boniface, the chivalrous rival of Baldwin, the +lordship of Crete had less attractions than the kingdom +of the Macedonian Thessalonica: but his wanderings +did not end here. Thebes, Athens, Argos, received his +followers within their gates; and the resistance of Corinth +and Napoli was speedily overpowered. The count +of Blois received the dukedom of Nicæa (Nikaia, Nice), +the count of St. Pol the lordship of Demetria, a city about +twenty miles to the south of Adrianople, while Geoffrey +of Villehardouin, now marshal of Romania as well as of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[173]</span>Champagne, found a splendid home on the banks of the +Hebros.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1204. Rise of new empires at Nice, Trebizond, and Durazzo.</div> + +<p>But the power of the old Byzantine Cæsars was rather +divided than crushed by the Latin crusaders. The +wretched Mourzoufle, caught by the Latins, +was hurled from the Theodosian column; +but Theodore Lascaris, the son-in-law of the +Alexios who dethroned Isaac Angelus, established +himself at Nicæa first as despot +then as emperor, and in no long time had extended his +power from the Bosporos to the banks of the Meander. +Other parts of the empire were likewise in revolt against +the new Cæsars. The governors of Trebizond, without +changing their titles at first, became sovereigns of their +province, and laid the foundations of their later empire. +A power not less formidable sprung up in Epirus (Epeiros) +and had its centre within the walls of that city of Durazzo +which is especially associated with the history of +Bohemond. The conquerors were now to feel the effects +of feudal subordination, which was only another name +for real anarchy. The terror which they had inspired +when their combined forces assailed the walls of Constantinople +was rapidly lessened when their dispersal +betrayed their scanty powers of cohesion, and when encounters +in the field proved to be not always irresistible.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Massacre of the Latins in Thrace by order of the Bulgarian Calo-John.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1205. April. Captivity of the emperor Baldwin.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of Baldwin.</div> + +<p>The storm burst on the Latins from a +quarter in which they had not looked for it. +The chief of the Bulgarians, John or Calo-John, +had at first greeted Baldwin with the +freedom of an equal as well as the heartiness +of a friend; but the retort that in the count of +Flanders he must recognize his emperor roused a resentment +which led him to make common cause with the +insurgent Greeks. Waiting until Baldwin’s brother +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[174]</span>Henry had with a large force crossed the Hellespont, +he gave the signal for slaughter, and the Latins were +forthwith cut down in the towns and villages of Thrace. +Baldwin at once sent a messenger to recall his brother; +but before he could return, he set out with 140 knights +and their retinues, followed by the aged Dandolo. The +force was perilously small; but good order and discipline +might have more than compensated this disadvantage. +All desultory action was forbidden; the order +was disregarded by the count of Blois who was himself +surprised and slain, while the emperor +Baldwin became a prisoner. The army was +saved by the wisdom, fortitude, and heroism +of Villehardouin, whose masterly retreat +is perhaps the only piece of true generalship in the +whole military history of the crusades. But the empire +was already little more than the shadow of its former +self. A few fortresses on the shore of the Propontis now +formed with the capital the imperial domain of the +Latins. Calo-John was in the full tide of success. The +pope, for whom he had but a little while ago professed a +deep devotion, entreated him to have mercy on his +enemies and to release the emperor. This last request +was, he said, beyond mortal power to grant. +Baldwin had already died in prison. How, +no one ever knew. Stories grew up which +told of horrible barbarities practised on the defenceless +captive; and the common belief that great men cannot +die brought forward twenty years later in Flanders a man +who gave himself out as the true sovereign of the country, +and won from thousands a faith not to be shaken by the +discovery of his imposture and the ignominious death +which followed it.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Henry, (brother of Baldwin,) emperor of Constantinople.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1205.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1207.</div> + +<p>The career of Alexander the Great and of Baldwin +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[175]</span>was cut short at the same early age. The reign of Baldwin’s +younger brother Henry was extended +over ten years, and closed when he was +forty-four years old. It began in darkness +and gloom, it was followed by a time of +overwhelming disasters: but in itself it is +the only period in the history of the Latin empire on +which our thoughts may rest with anything approaching +to satisfaction. Twelve months had passed while he +acted as regent for his brother before he could be brought +to believe that Baldwin no longer lived, and to assume +the imperial title. Dandolo had already ended his long +life at Constantinople. Boniface of Montferrat +was soon to follow him, after his disputes +with the emperor on points of homage had been +settled by the marriage of Henry to his +daughter Agnes. Boniface died in a war +with Calo-John; and with him his friend Geoffrey of +Villehardouin disappears from history.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Assassination of Calo-John.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Wise government of the emperor Henry.</div> + +<p>But the tide was now to turn against the Bulgarian +chief. The Greeks, who had looked to Calo-John as to +one who would restore to them their freedom +and their laws, found that they were dealing +with a savage whose mind ran on massacre +and on those wholesale deportations of conquered tribes +which have in all ages delighted the hearts of Eastern +despots. The cruelties of the tyrant taught them that in +the Latin emperor they might perhaps find a friend. +At their prayer for help Henry took the field with a dangerously +scanty force; and the retreat of Calo-John was +probably caused less through fear of the Latin army +than by the desertion of his Comans. Not long afterwards +the Bulgarian chief was killed in his tent, while +besieging Thessalonica. With his successor Vorylas +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[176]</span>Henry made an honourable peace; a treaty with the +Greek sovereigns of Nice and Epirus (Epeiros) left to +him undisturbed possession of an ample territory; and +the rest of his life was spent in conscientious efforts for +its just and orderly government. Clearly seeing the +fatal folly of that exclusive system which +was so dear to the hearts of crusaders generally, +Henry resolved to govern Greeks +through Greeks. The great offices of the state were +thrown open to them, in great part filled by them. To +the tyranny which repressed the use of the Eastern +liturgy and thrust on the people a theological dogma he +opposed a passive resistance: to the theory of papal supremacy +he gave a significant answer by having his +throne placed on the right hand of the patriarch’s chair +in the church of Sancta Sophia. His presumption was +rebuked by Innocent III.; but Henry was none the more +deterred from prohibiting the alienation of fiefs which +was adding only to the wealth and power of the clergy.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1207. Death of Henry.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Peter of Courtenay emperor of Constantinople.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1218. Captivity and death of Peter of Courtenay.</div> + +<p>Henry died at Thessalonica; and with him the male +line of the counts of Flanders came to an end. But the +daughter of Henry’s sister Yolande was +married to Andrew, king of Hungary; and +to the Latins it seemed that the choice of a +powerful sovereign as their emperor might be the salvation +of their dynasty. The prize had no attractions for +Andrew: and the offer of the crown was in a fatal hour +accepted by Peter of Courtenay, count of +Auxerre, the husband of Yolande herself, +who had won his spurs in a crusade, not +against Turks and Saracens, but against the +Albigensian heretics of Provence. To raise a decent force +which might guard him on the march to his capital +Peter was compelled to sell or mortgage the best part of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[177]</span>his territories; and when he reached Rome, the pope, +Honorius III., careful to avoid anything which might +seem to recognize his authority over the old imperial +city, crowned him in a church without the walls. The +means of transport across the sea he had been obliged +to seek from the Venetians. They were granted, but +under conditions similar to those which had been imposed +on Baldwin and his allies. He must recover +Durazzo for the republic, as for her they had conquered +Zara. His success was not greater than +that of Bohemond, and his miserable march +from Durazzo led him into trackless mountains, +amongst which he fell into the hands of +his enemies. With him the papal legate became a captive.</p> + +<p>At once the pope threatened to place the Epirot sovereign +under his ban; but it soon became evident that his +anxiety was for the legate, not for the emperor. The +former was released; the latter was probably murdered +in prison; and the successor of Henry died without seeing +the city of which he was the Cæsar.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Robert, emperor of Constantinople.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1219.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1224.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1228.</div> + +<p>While Peter of Courtenay pined in his dungeon, his +wife Yolande, in the midst of her grief, anxiety, and apprehension, +gave birth to Baldwin, the luckless child with +whom the Latin dynasty was to reach its close. Death +soon brought relief from her sorrows; and the barons had +again before them the task of choosing an emperor. +Namur, the inheritance of Yolande, had passed to her +eldest son Philip, who was too prudent to change the substance +of his principality for the shadow of +an empire. The crown was offered to her +second son Robert, who set out on his journey, +by way of Germany and the Danube, through the +territories of his brother-in-law, the king of +Hungary. He was crowned by the patriarch +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[178]</span>in Justinian’s church; but the pageant preceded an +endless line of disasters. Demetrius, the son and successor +of the marquis Boniface, was expelled from his +kingdom of Thessalonica: and the remains of Asiatic +territory still in the hands of the Latins were +seized by the Nicæan emperor, John Vataces, +the son-in-law of Theodore Lascaris. Still more ominous +was the fact that these conquests were achieved by +the aid of French mercenaries. The house was indeed +divided against itself; and the champions of the cross +had learnt the art of turning their arms to profit in the +service of the highest bidder or the most successful +general. To disaster in the field was added vice, with its +issue crime, in the palace: and Robert, in an agony of +grief and rage at the mutilation of a woman for whom he +had wished to thrust aside his wife, the daughter of +Vataces, sought comfort and redress at the feet of the +Roman pontiff. He was told to go back to his capital +and there do his duty. The weight of his +humiliation was a burden beyond his +strength. Death relieved him from the duty of obedience +to the papal order.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">John of Brienne, emperor of Constantinople.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1235. Siege of Constantinople by Vataces.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1237-1261. Baldwin II., emperor of Constantinople.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Efforts to raise money.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Sale of relics.</div> + +<p>Baldwin, the youngest son of Yolande, was a child only +seven years old when Robert died; and the barons of +the Latin empire felt that the imperial power, +shadowy though it had become, could not +yet be entrusted to his hands. They resolved +to offer it in the mean season to John of Brienne, +titular king of Jerusalem, by right of his wife Mary, +daughter of Isabella (<a href="#Page_144">p. 144</a>) and Conrad of Montferrat, +and grand-daughter of king Almeric. This veteran +warrior, now more than eighty years of age, whom in his +earlier years we shall meet in the crusade of Frederick +II., was induced to accept the title of emperor on condition +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[179]</span>that Baldwin should marry his second daughter and +succeed him on the throne. But his energy was impaired, +whether by age or by desire for rest. He did not +reach Constantinople till 1231, two years after his election: +and the Greek traditions are silent +about the exploits which he is said by the +Latins to have performed during a siege of +the city by the forces of Vataces and the Bulgarian chief +Azan. On his death began the ignominious reign of the +second Baldwin, a reign of twenty-five years, most of +which were spent in foreign lands for the +purpose of exciting pity for his sorrows and +raising alms to relieve his needs. His success +was not equal to his importunities. If +at the council of Lyons which excommunicated Frederick +II. he was placed on the right hand of the pope, at +Dover he was asked how he could presume without +leave to enter an independent territory. In England he +received 700 marks: at Rome the pontiff +loaded him with indulgences and proclaimed +a crusade in his favour. The sainted Louis of France +was moved to tears of sympathy by the story of his +wrongs: but his arms were directed to Egypt, not to Constantinople. +Still, by alienating his marquisate of Namur +and his lordship of Courtenay, he contrived to return to +the East with an army of 30,000 men. But the next scene +of his history exhibits him as the ally of the sultan of +Iconium, on whom he bestowed his niece, and of the +Comans, in whose pagan rites he did not hesitate to take +part. His needs became more pressing, and he bethought +him of the sacred relics which still remained +in the churches of Constantinople. Of these +the most precious was the crown of thorns which had +circled the brow of the Redeemer, and for which he received +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[180]</span>from Louis IX. 10,000 marks of silver. At smaller +prices he disposed of the baby linen used by the Virgin +Mary in the cave of Bethlehem, the lance and sponge used +in the Passion on Calvary, and the rod of Moses, all of +which, with some others, were transferred to the exquisite +chapel in Paris which still attests the munificence +and perfect taste of the sainted king of France.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1255. Death of Vataces.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1259. The envoys of Baldwin repelled by Michael Paleologos.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1261. July. Recovery of Constantinople by the Greeks.</div> + +<p>Meanwhile the power of Vataces was being extended +on every side: and only his submission to the Roman +doctrine respecting the procession of the +Holy Spirit was needed to secure a papal +declaration in his favour. That submission +was not made; and his death brought a respite to the +Latin emperor. But when Baldwin sent his envoys to +see what territorial concessions could be obtained from +Michael Paleologos, the colleague and guardian of John, +the grandson of Vataces, they were curtly +told that he would yield them not a foot of +land. By the payment of an annual tribute +amounting to the whole sum received +from the customs and excise of Constantinople +the Latin Cæsar might secure peace: if he refused +these terms, he must prepare for war. The great quarrel +was soon decided. Michael had bestowed the title of +Cæsar on his general Alexios Strategopoulos; and by +his orders this general went to keep close watch on the +capital, under the pledge that he would run no dangerous +risks. He failed to keep his promise, and when with +a scanty band of followers he clambered over the unguarded +walls, he began to tremble at his own rashness. +But his volunteers (for so they were termed) would listen +to no arguments for retreat. The die was cast, and the +result was victory. The Greeks rose on all hands at the +cry which called them to the rescue of their ancient empire; +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[181]</span>the Genoese were not unwilling to take revenge +upon their Venetian enemies; and the Latin emperor +with his chief vassals, embarking on board +the Venetian fleet, sailed first to Euboia and +thence to Italy. The capital of the Eastern +empire was freed from the presence and the +yoke of its Western conquerors; but for thirteen years +longer Baldwin bore about with him an empty title which +won for him the commiseration or the contempt of thousands +who could not be brought to stir hand or foot in +his service. His pretensions were maintained by his son +Philip, and through his grand-daughter Catharine passed +to her husband Charles of Valois, brother of Philip the +Fair of France.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Permanent alienation of the East from the West.</div> + +<p>Next after, perhaps even before, the deliverance of the +Holy Land and the restoration of the Latin kingdom of +Jerusalem, the wish dearest to the heart of +Innocent III. was the recovery of the Greek +communion to the unity of the Church. He +was also statesman enough to see that his +wishes would best be realized by a closer union between +the subjects of the Eastern and the Western empires. +The death-blow to these hopes and yearnings was dealt by +his own crusade. In itself, and in the events which followed +it, not a single thing was lacking which could exaggerate +suspicion into vehement jealousy, and intensify +dislike into burning hatred. There was the merciless intolerance +which regarded Christian patriarchs with their +clergy and their laity as heathens because they questioned +the supremacy of the pope and refused to add one +word to one proposition in the Nicene creed. There was +the cruelty which intruded strangers into the places of +those who had taught and ministered to the people, and +which suppressed a ritual hallowed by the associations +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[182]</span>of ages. There was the gross injustice which thrust +Greeks out of every high, or responsible, or lucrative office, +and which imposed on them a system of law utterly +alien to their wishes, thoughts, and habits. There was +the savage fury which had made the streets of the capital +run with blood, and defiled its sanctuaries with blasphemy +and massacre. Last, but perhaps not least, was +the brutality which had shattered or committed to the +flames all that was beautiful in art, costly in materials, +exquisite in workmanship, precious from its rarity or the +absolute impossibility of restoring it. The tombs of the +emperors were burst open and rifled: the masterpieces +of ancient sculptors were thrown down and shattered. +In the Venetians alone the impulse to destroy was weaker +than the temptation to theft, and the horses of Lysippos, +borne across the sea to Venice, still stand above the +gorgeous portals of the basilica of St. Mark. The Greeks +were left with a bitter hatred of the laws, the customs, +the government of Latin Christendom; and an impassable +gulf remained yawning between the churches of the East +and the West, which no efforts have thus far been able +to close or to bridge over.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI.<br> +<span class="smaller">THE SIXTH CRUSADE.</span></h2> + +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Chief features of the sixth crusade.</div> + +<p>The infatuation by which in every instance the champions +of the cross had nullified or thrown away the advantages +gained by their victories was to be shown +not less persistently in the sixth crusade. +But the short-sighted obstinacy of the mass +was to be brought out in more prominent relief by its +contrast with the moderation and sagacity of the great +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[183]</span>sovereign whose name is especially associated with this +enterprise. In the career of this remarkable man we +have a picture in which we see running together or side +by side the lines which belong to the old order of things +with others which seem to belong exclusively to the +modern civilization of Europe. The struggle between +Frederick II. and Gregory II. anticipated in more than +one of its features the struggle between Leo X. and Luther.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Depression of the Latins in Palestine.</div> + +<p>The famine which Dandolo urged on the leaders of +the fifth crusade (<a href="#Page_153">p. 153</a>) as a reason for delaying their +voyage to Palestine till the spring which followed +the conquest of Zara, pressed less +heavily on the Latin Christians in the Holy +Land than the destruction wrought by an earthquake +which laid many cities in ruins and which was regarded +as a presage of the last judgment. In spite of this belief +much money and labour was spent in repairing the +shattered walls of Acre; and amongst the captives impressed +for the work was, it is said, the Persian poet +Saadi.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1204. Truce between Saphadin and the Christians.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1206.</div> + +<p>Both sides in fact were greatly weakened and depressed: +and the tidings that Constantinople was in the +hands of Boniface, Dandolo, and Baldwin +carried with them for Saphadin a conclusive +reason for concluding a peace of six years +with the Christians. But before the six +years had come to an end the death of Almeric and his +wife had left to Mary, the daughter of Isabella +and Conrad of Tyre, the titular sovereignty +of Jerusalem. Unable to find on the spot a man +of sufficient energy and ability to share with her the +shadowy dignity, the barons invoked the aid of the +French king, Philip Augustus, to find her a husband. His +choice fell on John of Brienne, who promised to lead a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[184]</span>powerful army to Palestine within two years. The prospect +of this formidable increase to the strength of his +enemies led Saphadin to propose a renewal of the peace, +and to give as guarantees of his good faith any ten +castles which they might choose to name. As we might +expect, the approval of the Teutonic knights and the +Hospitallers called forth the angry protests of the Templars +and the clergy: and the decision was given for war.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1210. John of Brienne, titular king of Jerusalem.</div> + +<p>Three hundred knights only accompanied John of +Brienne when he set out for Palestine. In England the +wretched John was defying the pope while the kingdom +for his sake lay under the papal interdict; the French +king was more anxious to turn that interdict to his own +advantage than to face once more the perils of a distant +enterprise; and for the time even Innocent III. felt that +the chastisement of Christian heretics was a +more pressing duty than the deliverance of +the Holy Sepulchre. Hence the marriage +of John of Brienne to Mary, and their coronation +as king and queen of Jerusalem, were soon followed +by the sterner business of war. In his encounters +with Saphadin his exploits may have equalled those of +Tancred; but he was compelled to write and tell the +pope that the Latin kingdom was attenuated to the +shadow of a shade.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Zeal of Innocent III. in promoting a new crusade.</div> + +<p>His entreaties roused in the pope the old crusading +spirit. Innocent revoked the indulgences which had +made the crusade against the Albigenses as +attractive as the crusade against the Saracens; +and in his encyclical letter he declared +that the Moslem power was tottering +and ready to vanish away. It had lasted 666 years, the +mystic number which showed it to be the Beast of the +Apocalypse. A little while ago he had written to the sultan +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[185]</span>of Aleppo to thank him for his moderation to the +Christians and his respect for their religion. He now demanded +of Saphadin the peaceable and immediate surrender +of all Palestine, as a country from which he was +deriving far more of annoyance than of profit.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Robert of Courcon.</div> + +<p>The crusade which Innocent now wished to set in motion +was preached in France by Robert of +Courcon, an Englishman whom he had +made his legate. This pupil of Fulk of +Neuilly had inherited all his earnestness with some portion +of his eloquence; nor, if the numbers whom he +enrolled as pilgrims be taken as a test, was his success +much less splendid. But in truth the barons and knights +who engaged in these expeditions were getting tired of +the zeal which invited the maimed, the halt, the blind, +and the leper to take the kingdom of heaven by violence; +and the same charge which had been heard in +the days of Fulk was now urged with greater force +against his disciple. Robert was convicted of diverting +to other purposes money given solely for the recovery +of the Holy Land; but he had a firm friend in Innocent +who, in 1218, appointed him the colleague of Pelagius, +bishop of Albano, in his legatine commission.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1215. Fourth council of Lateran.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1216.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Crusade of Andrew, king of Hungary.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1217.</div> + +<p>A few months sufficed after the council of Clermont +to get together and send forth the armies of the first crusade: +for these latter enterprises the time of preparation +was extending to years. In his sermons +preached before the fourth council of Lateran +Innocent declared his intention of +accompanying the champions of the cross to the scene +of their exploits; and the troubadours in their songs extolled +him as their firm and courageous guide. But +another year had passed before the king of +a people who had done what they could to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[186]</span>bar the way of the first crusaders was prepared to set +forth on his eastward journey. The ships +of Venice conveyed Andrew, king of Hungary, +first to Cyprus, and thence to Palestine, +where an unsuccessful attack on a tower or castle +on Mount Thabor seems to have disgusted him with the +undertaking. He determined to return to +Hungary, and he reached home with +scant glory, but rich in relics gathered in Armenia and +Greece.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1218. Siege of Damietta.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of Saphadin.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Terms of peace offered by Coradin.</div> + +<p>In the following year another force, which had been +brought together at Cologne and on its way had done +some work in Portugal by taking Alcazar from the +Moors, joined the Templars and Teutonic knights who +had fortified a post on mount Carmel. These warriors +now inclined to the policy of Almeric I. which had aimed +at attacking and recovering Palestine through +Egypt. The siege of Damietta was begun; +the castle was soon taken; and the Christians +were still further aided by the disorders which in +Egypt followed the death of Saphadin, and +which drove his son, the Egyptian sultan +Kameel, to take refuge in Arabia. In the crusaders’ +camp success, as usual, produced arrogance and sloth. +Their strength was increased by the arrival of new bands +from France under the counts of Nevers and la Marche, +from England under William Longsword, earl of Salisbury, +and from Italy under the bishop of Albano and +Robert of Courcon. The latter landed only to be cut +off by sickness; and while the other chiefs lay idle, +Kameel was brought back to his throne by his brother +the Syrian sultan Coradin. At length the siege was +resumed with some vigour and good fortune: and Coradin, +knowing the consequences which the fall of Damietta +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[187]</span>would bring with it, dismantled the walls of Jerusalem +and then offered peace to the +besiegers, pledging himself to rebuild the +walls which he had just thrown down, and +to surrender not only the piece of the true cross but the +whole of Palestine, with the exceptions of the castles of +Karac and Montreal for the purpose of protecting the +pilgrims for Mecca.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Mad rejection of the terms by the crusaders.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">1219. Nov. 5. Fall of Damietta.</div> + +<p>All that the crusaders could even hope to +accomplish was thus within their grasp. +But the eagerness of king John of Brienne, +with the Teutonic knights and the French, to seize the +prize was for the Templars and Hospitallers, +with the Italians and the papal legate, +a sufficient reason for rejecting the proffers +of the sultan with indignant contempt. Folly carried +the day. Damietta was taken, and the Christians +hurried in to plunder and to slay. The pillage was +abundant enough; but in the work of slaughter pestilence +had been beforehand with them. Three thousand +only remained, it is said, of the 70,000 who were shut up +in the city at the beginning of the siege, and to these +plague-stricken wretches life was promised on condition +that they should clear the streets and houses of the dead +bodies of their kinsfolk.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1220. March of the Christians for Cairo.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The old terms again rejected.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Ruin of the crusaders.</div> + +<p>The crusades had everything once more in their +hands; but the winter was allowed to pass by without +further action. When spring came round +the legate, in opposition to the remonstrance +of John of Brienne, insisted on attempting +the conquest of Egypt. On their march to Cairo they +received from the Sultan Kameel the same +offers which they had rejected during the +siege of Damietta; and they rejected them +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[188]</span>again. But the Nile was fast rising. The Egyptians +opened the sluices; the camp of the crusaders was +inundated; their tents and baggage swept +away. It was now the turn of the legate to +sue for peace, and he offered to surrender Damietta. In +the Saracen camp it was no easy task for the Sultan +Kameel to repress the stern indignation with which many +of the chiefs demanded the utter destruction of the enemy. +He urged the vast importance of doing nothing which +should excite fresh crusades in Europe, while Syria was +menaced and ravaged by Tartar invasions, and of recovering +Damietta without a blow from a garrison strong +enough to sustain a siege as long as that which had come +to an end a few months ago.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Frederick II., grandson of Barbarossa.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1212.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The popes and the emperors.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1200.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Otho of Brunswick.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1214. Battle of Bouvines.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1216. Honorius III. pope.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1220.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Nov. 22.</div> + +<p>The triumph of the Egyptian sultan seemed to be +complete; but he had now to encounter an +enemy of a very different temper. At the +age of eighteen Frederick, the son of the infamous +Henry VI. and grandson of Frederick Barbarossa, +had been summoned by the pope to assume the imperial +crown which Otho of Brunswick, the son of +Henry the Lion, was pronounced to have +forfeited by his misdeeds. It was the old story. The +strife between pope and anti-pope was but a reflection of +the almost fiercer strife of rival emperors; and in this +struggle the pope naturally inclined to that +side from which the church was likely to +reap the most advantage. Otho, the nephew +of Richard Cœur de Lion, came of a house which had +been generally loyal and faithful to the Roman pontiffs; +his rival belonged to the Swabian house of Hohenstaufen, +at whose hands the popes had experienced more of +enmity than of friendship. The remembrance of the +days of Frederick Barbarossa was vivid in the mind of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[189]</span>Innocent III., to whom the two emperors +appealed after their coronation. The deliberation +was grave and long; but the issue was not doubtful. +Otho’s rival Philip was ‘an obstinate persecutor of +the Church’, and he was even then scheming to deprive +the pontiff of his kingdom of Sicily. He must be put +down before he could reach his full strength; and therefore +the pope declared himself for Otho, himself devoted +to the Church, by his mother’s side from the royal house +of England, by his father from the duke of Saxony, all +loyal sons of the Church. ‘Him, therefore, we proclaim +king; him we summon to take on himself the imperial +crown.’ Innocent, like the frogs in the fable, was only +exchanging king Log for king Stork. The +reign of Otho was a period of desperate +strife and anarchy in Germany, of desperate +struggles on his part to throw off the papal yoke. +The pope turned his eye on the youthful Frederick, then +basking in the sunshine of his Sicilian paradise and giving +promise of the brilliant qualities of his nature which +were afterwards to be sullied by darker lines of angry +passion. In 1212 Frederick was chosen emperor at Frankfort. +In 1214 his victory at Bouvines shattered +the power of Otho. The gratitude of +Frederick for the favour of the pope had +been shown by taking the crusader’s vow and pledging +himself to lead an army for the recovery of the Holy +Land. While his rival Otho lived, it was impossible for +him to fulfil his promise. Two years before his death +Innocent III. had passed away from the scene of proud +dominion and unceasing toil, and the more +moderate and kindly Honorius III. sat in +his seat. In courteous language which +might pass for that of friendship, the pope besought him +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[190]</span>to march to the rescue of the Holy Sepulchre; but the +dark shadows were already stealing across the clear sky. +Without asking the sanction of the pope Frederick by a +compact made with his vassals and prelates at the Diet +of Frankfort procured the election of his son +Henry to the crown of Germany. Honorius +expressed his displeasure at a step which seemed designed +to unite permanently the Sicilian kingdom with +the empire. Frederick hastened to say that he had no +such wish, and that Sicily should revert to the pope if he +should die without lawful heirs. When, a +little while later, he was crowned with his +queen by the pope in the church of St. Peter’s, Frederick +promised that part of his army should be ready for +the crusade in March of the following year, while he +himself would follow in August with the rest.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1221. Loss of Damietta.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1222. April.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Treaty of Ferentino.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1225. July. Treaty of San Germano.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Frederick, king of Naples, Sicily, and Jerusalem.</div> + +<p>But Frederick had enough, and more than enough, to +do in dealing with the turbulent barons of Apulia and in +guarding against Saracen insurrection in +Sicily. A fleet of forty ships was sent to no +purpose: and the tidings of the loss of +Damietta were construed as an expression of divine displeasure +for his slackness. It was clear that only a vast +army under a skilful general could turn the scale in favour +of the Latin Christians of Palestine: but nothing was +said of the besotted folly which had more than once flung +aside all the advantages which could possibly be gained +by the most successful crusade. Such an army could not, +however, be got together in a month or in a year. The +decision was postponed from a meeting at +Veroli to a meeting at Verona which never +took place. When next the pope and emperor met at +Ferentino (March 1223), it was agreed that +two years more should be spent in preparations, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[191]</span>and that Frederick, now a widower, should marry +Iolante, the daughter of the titular king of Jerusalem, and +thus as his heir go forth to the maintenance of his own +rights. King John of Brienne, who was present at the +debate, started at once on a mission in which he hoped to +achieve a success not unlike that of the hermit Peter, of +Bernard, or Fulk of Neuilly. But the times were changed, +and king John could only report to the pope the impossibility +of moving at the time named in the treaty of Ferentino. +A new agreement was made at San +Germano, postponing the departure of the +army for two years longer. Four months +later Frederick married Iolante, and proceeded at once +to deprive his father-in-law of his shadowy royalty. John +of Brienne, he insisted, was king only by right of his +wife: by her death the title had passed to his daughter, +and to him as her husband, and he, Frederick, +was thus king of Naples, Sicily, and +Jerusalem. John was furious, but he could +revenge himself only by accusations, whether true or +false, of gross and habitual profligacy on the part of the +young emperor.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1227. Gregory IX. pope.</div> + +<p>‘Never did pope love emperor as he loved his son +Frederick.’ Such were the words of Honorius when he +parted from him after his coronation at Rome. Before +the close of his pontificate in 1227 the gentle pontiff had +to address not a few stern remonstrances to his loving +son. The real struggle was reserved for the papacy of +the cardinal Ugolino, a kinsman of Innocent +III., who assumed the triple crown at +the age of eighty years. To an eloquence +unrivalled in his own day, to a profound knowledge of +the canon law and the decretals, Gregory IX. united the +monastic severity of Gregory the Great and the inexorable +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[192]</span>will of Gregory VII. The sovereign with whom he +had to deal was still a young man of only thirty-three, a +young man with whose wishes and dreams, with whose +tastes and accomplishments, Gregory had nothing whatever +in common. Frederick had been born and bred in +Sicily; and in the voluptuous splendours of that beautiful +island, in the luxury of its sunshine, in the gorgeous +profusion and glory of its vegetation, his youth passed +in a passion of delight, fed by the charms of music, +poetry, painting, and a rich literature which laid at his +feet the treasures of ancient knowledge. From the lays +of the troubadour and the company of noble knights +and fair women, Frederick could turn to men learned +in the lore of the East and in the philosophy of Alexandria +and Athens. His life was far from faultless. With +more truth it may be described as one of license which +cast to the winds, at least for himself, the moral code of +priests and monks, but a license to which all grossness +and coarse rioting, all unrefined and boorish vices, were +altogether abhorrent. Here in his southern paradise +Frederick could say, with a freedom horrifying to the +sacerdotal spirit of the age, that if God had seen his +beautiful home he would never have chosen the barren +land of Judæa for the abode of his own people. Here +too he was subjected to influences which were likely to +cultivate a temper far more disliked and dreaded by +popes and their followers than irreverence or even blasphemous +profanity. Around him were gathered populations +brought from many lands, all softened by the +genial and delicious climate. The Norman had here laid +aside some of his northern roughness, and become an +apt disciple of the gay science in which Frederick had +won a foremost place. Even the Germans were toned +down to something like decency of demeanour and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[193]</span>language: and in contrast to these were numbers of +Jews, who surpassed the Christians as much in refinement +and learning as in their wealth, and of Saracens +not less polished, not less cultivated, who delighted to +call themselves subjects of Frederick and to submit +themselves peaceably to his rule. Frederick was, in +short, learning the dangerous lessons of toleration, and +his eyes were being gradually opened to the perilous +views which have become the orthodox creed of modern +statesmen. As a ruler, he could survey without dislike +the mingling of different religions, and see that an empire +surpassing the wildest dreams of feudal grandeur +could be achieved by the extension and freedom of a +commerce spread over all portions of the earth. As a +man of learning he could promote the cultivation of a +philosophy which, whatever might be its merit, could +not fail to set the mind working and accustom it to regard +all questions as matters to be settled by reason and +evidence, not by authority. A picture more repulsive to +the mind of a man like Gregory IX. cannot well be imagined. +The light-hearted enjoyment and the liberal +government of the one were hopelessly opposed to the +monastic gloom and ingrained despotism of the other.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1227. Excommunication of the emperor.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1228.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Departure of Frederick from Brundusium.</div> + +<p>Frederick may have been slow in fulfilling his promise: +there is no evidence that he ever deliberately intended +to break it. But he had no intention of wading through +a sea of blood if he could obtain his ends without striking +a blow. He had already had some friendly intercourse +with the Egyptian sultan: and from these relations +he was hereafter to reap good fruit. For the present +they served only to excite the anger +of Gregory, whose patience was exhausted +when at length Frederick gathered his +forces at Brundusium (Brindisi) only to see +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[194]</span>them decimated by fever, and when he himself, having +set out with his fleet, was compelled to return after +three days to the harbour of Otranto. On St. Michael’s +day the pope excommunicated Frederick with bell, book, +and candle. In his discourse to the Apulian bishops, +the subjects of Frederick, he spoke of the tender care +with which the Church had nursed him in his infancy +and childhood in order that he might fight the serpents +and basilisks whom she had unwittingly fostered in her +bosom. She had borne him on her shoulders; she had +rescued him from those who would have slain him; she +had hoped to find in him a protecting staff and support. +These hopes had been cheated. Frederick had purposely +exposed his army at Brundusium to pestilence, +and after pretending to set off on his voyage for Palestine +had returned under a false plea of illness to the +luxuries of the baths of Puteoli. On St. Martin’s day +and again on Christmas day the excommunication was +repeated with all its appalling ceremonies. The sentence +was by the pope’s orders to lie published in all churches +of his obedience. By one of the clergy of Paris, who +professed to know merely the fact of the quarrel and +nothing of the merits of the case, it was published as a +sentence of condemnation against the one who might be +in the wrong. ‘I excommunicate the aggressor, and I +absolve the sufferer.’ Frederick appealed not to the pope, +but to the sovereigns of Christendom. His illness had +been real, the accusations of the pope wanton and cruel. +‘The Christian charity which should hold all things together +is dried up at its source, in its stem, not in its +branches. What had the pope done in England but stir +up the barons against John, and then abandon them to +death or ruin? The whole world paid tribute to his +avarice. His legates were everywhere, gathering where +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[195]</span>they had not sown, and reaping where they had not +strawed.’ But although he thus dealt in language as +furious as that of the pope, the thought of breaking +definitely with him and of casting aside his crusading +vow as a worthless mockery never seems to have entered +his mind. He undertook to bring his armies together +again with all speed, and to set off on his expedition. +His promise only brought him into fresh trouble +with the pope, who in the Holy Week next +following laid under interdict every place in +which Frederick might happen to be. If this censure +should be treated with contempt, his subjects +were at once absolved from their allegiance. +The emperor went on steadily +with his preparations, and then went to Brundusium. +He was met by papal messengers who strictly forbade +him to leave Italy until he had offered satisfaction for +his offences against the Church. In his turn Frederick, +having sailed to Otranto, sent his own envoys to the +pope to demand the removal of the interdict; and these, +of course, were dismissed with contempt.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Landing of Frederick at Ptolemais.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1229. Feb. 13. Treaty between Frederick and the sultan Kameel.</div> + +<p>In September the emperor landed at Ptolemais; but +the emissaries of the pope had preceded him, and he +found himself under the ban of the clergy +and shunned by their partisans. The patriarch +and the masters of the military +orders were to see that none served under his polluted +banners. The charge was given to willing servants: +but Frederick found friends in the Teutonic knights +under their grand-master Herman of Salza, as well as +with the body of pilgrims generally. He determined to +possess himself of Joppa, and summoned all the crusaders +to his aid. The Templars refused to stir, if any orders +were to be issued in his name; and Frederick agreed +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[196]</span>that they should run in the name of God and Christendom. +But while the enemy was aided greatly by the +divisions among the Christians, the death of the Damascene +sultan Moadhin was of little use to Frederick. The +Egyptian sultan Kameel was now in a position of +greater independence, and his eagerness for an alliance +with the emperor had rapidly cooled down. Frederick +on his side still resolved to try the effect of negotiation. +His demands extended at first, it is said, to +the complete restoration of the Latin kingdom, +and ended, if we are to believe Arabian +chroniclers, in almost abject supplications. +At length the treaty was signed. It +surrendered to the emperor the whole of Jerusalem except +the Temple or mosque of Omar, the keys of which +were to be retained by the Saracens; but Christians +under certain conditions might be allowed to enter it for +the purpose of prayer. It further restored to the Christians +the towns of Jaffa, Bethlehem, and Nazareth.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Frederick at Jerusalem.</div> + +<p>To Frederick the conclusion of this treaty was a reason +for legitimate satisfaction. It enabled him to hasten +back to his own dominions, where a papal +army was ravaging Apulia and threatening +Sicily. One task only remained for him in the East. +He must pay his vows at the Holy Sepulchre. But here +also the hand of the pope lay heavy upon him. Not +merely Jerusalem but the Sepulchre itself passed under +the interdict as he entered the gates of the city, and the +infidel Moslem saw the churches closed and all worship +suspended at the approach of the Christian emperor. +On Sunday, in his imperial robes, and attended by a +magnificent retinue, Frederick went to his coronation as +king of Jerusalem in the church of the Sepulchre. Not +a single ecclesiastic was there to take part in the ceremony. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[197]</span>The archbishops of Capua and Palermo stood +aloof, while Frederick, taking the crown from the high +altar, placed it on his head. By his orders his friend +Herman of Salza read an address in which the emperor +acquitted the pope for his hard judgment of him and +for his excommunication, and added that a real knowledge +of the facts would have led him to speak not +against him, but in his favour. He confessed his desire +to put to shame the false friends of Christ, his accusers +and slanderers, by the restoration of peace and unity, +and to humble himself before God and before his Vicar +upon earth.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Moderation of the emperor.</div> + +<p>From the Saracens he won golden opinions. The +kadi silenced a muezzin who had to proclaim the hour of +prayer from a minaret near the house in +which the emperor lodged, because he +added to his call the question, ‘How is it +possible that God had for his son Jesus the son of Mary?’ +Frederick marked the silence of the crier when the hour +of prayer came round. On learning the cause he rebuked +the kadi for neglecting on his account his duty +and his religion, and warned him that if he should visit +him in his kingdom he would find no such ill-judged +deference. He showed no dissatisfaction, it is said, +with the inscription which declared that Saladin had +purified the city from those who worshipped many gods, +or any displeasure when the Mahomedans in his train +fell on their knees at the times for prayer. His thoughts +about the Christians were shown, it was supposed, when, +seeing the windows of the Holy Chapel barred to keep +out the birds which might defile it, he asked, ‘You +may keep out the birds; but how will you keep out the +swine?’</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Condemnation of the treaty by Gregory IX.</div> + +<p>In glowing terms Frederick wrote to the sovereigns of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[198]</span>Europe, announcing the splendid success which he had +achieved rather by the pen than by the sword. He +scarcely knew what a rock of offence he +had raised up amongst Christian and Moslem +alike. By a few words on a sheet +of parchment the Christian emperor had deprived his +people of the hope of getting their sins forgiven by murdering +unbelievers: by the same words the Moslem sultan +had prevented his subjects from ensuring an entrance +to the delights of paradise by the slaughter of the +Nazarenes. From Gerold, patriarch of Jerusalem, a +letter went to the pope, full of virulent abuse of the emperor +as a traitor, an apostate, and a robber; but even +before he received this letter Gregory had condemned +what he chose to consider as a monstrous attempt to reconcile +Christ and Belial, and to set up Mahomed as an +object of worship in the temple of God. ‘The antagonist +of the cross,’ he wrote, ‘the enemy of the faith and +of all chastity, the wretch doomed to hell, is lifted up +for adoration, by a perverse judgment, and by an intolerable +insult to the Saviour, to the lasting disgrace of the +Christian name and the contempt of all the martyrs who +have laid down their lives to purify the Holy Land from +the defilements of the Saracens.’</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Return of the emperor with the crusaders to Europe.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Renewed excommunication of the emperor.</div> + +<p>But Frederick in his turn could be firm and unyielding. +He returned from Jerusalem to Joppa, from Joppa to Ptolemais; +and there learning that a proposal +had been made to establish a new order of +knights, he declared that no one should +without his consent levy soldiers within his dominion. +Summoning all the Christians within the city to the +broad plain without the gates, he spoke his mind freely +about the conduct of the patriarch and the Templars, with +all who aided and abetted them, and insisted that all the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[199]</span>pilgrims, having now paid their vows, should return at +once to Europe. On this point he was inexorable. His +archers took possession of the churches; two friars who +denounced him from the pulpit were scourged through +the streets; the patriarch was shut up in his palace; and +the commands of the emperor were carried out. Frederick +returned to Europe, to find that the pope had been +stirring up Albert of Austria to rebel against him, and +that the papal forces were in command of +John of Brienne, who may have been the +author of the false news of Frederick’s +death, and who certainly proclaimed himself as the +only emperor. To the pope Frederick sent his envoys, +Herman of Salza at their head. They were dismissed +with contempt; and their master was again placed under +the greater excommunication with the Albigensians, the +Poor Men of Lyons, the Arnoldists, and other heretics who +in the eyes of the faithful were the worst enemies of the +Christian church. Such was the reward of the man who +had done more towards the re-establishment of the Latin +kingdom in Palestine than had been done by the lion-hearted +Richard, and who, it may fairly be said, had +done it without shedding a drop of blood.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII.<br> +<span class="smaller">THE SEVENTH CRUSADE.</span></h2> + +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Richard, earl of Cornwall, king of the Romans.</div> + +<p>The number of the crusades might be largely extended +if we gave the name to all the minor expeditions to the +Holy Land in the intervals between the +greater enterprises to which the term has +been commonly applied. Yet the expedition +led by Richard, earl of Cornwall, king of the Romans +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[200]</span>and brother of Henry III. of England, as being scarcely +less remarkable than that of Frederick II., and for the +same reason, may fairly be reckoned as the seventh of +these extravagant and ill-starred enterprises.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Charges of peculation against the papal collectors.</div> + +<p>Time had softened in some degree the spirit which +had animated the first crusaders; but in the events which +follow the return of Frederick we see something +like an honest reaction against the +diversion to other purposes of money contributed +for the deliverance of Palestine. +These diversions had become so frequent that the papal +collectors regarded it as an annoyance or an insult if +any refused to commute by money payments their engagements +as crusaders.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1230. Opposition of the pope and the emperor to the new crusade.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1236-1239.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Arrival of the French crusaders at Acre.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Their complete failure.</div> + +<p>The peace which the Egyptian sultan Kameel had +made with Frederick was little more than a truce. It +was to last for ten years; but even during that term the +compact was kept with no rigid strictness +perhaps on either side. Thousands of +Christians were slain, it is said, on their passage +from Acre to Jerusalem, and envoys +were sent to Gregory IX. and to Frederick, with whom +he had been reconciled at Anagni, to entreat the equipment +of another crusade. The crusade was enjoined, +accordingly, but, as it seemed, with little +sincerity; and when the French barons, +headed by Theobald, count of Champagne and king of +Navarre, and Hugh, duke of Burgundy, met in council +at Lyons, they were commanded by the papal legate to +adjourn their discussions and to return home. The request +was peremptorily refused; but when their plans +seemed to be in all respects matured, the ambassadors +of Frederick himself besought them to wait until he +could give them effectual help. Even to this appeal they +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[201]</span>turned a deaf ear: and although Frederick charged his +officers to withhold all aid from the crusaders, these +barons still insisted on carrying out their design and +found their way to Acre. Before they +reached it, Kameel had seized Jerusalem +and dismantled the tower of David; and +the crusaders had before them a task not less arduous +than that which Godfrey of Bouillon and +his followers had to encounter. Their failure +was complete; it can scarcely be said that they even +attempted to grapple with it.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1240. The English crusade.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Treaty between Richard of Cornwall and the Egyptian sultan.</div> + +<p>The English crusade which under Richard of Cornwall +and William Longsword (son of the +earl of Salisbury, but not earl of Salisbury +himself) embarked at Dover for France, and +having journeyed across France set sail from Marseilles +in spite of a papal prohibition, was followed by results +far more solid. On reaching Acre, they found the affairs +both of Christians and Moslems in a state of strange +confusion through treaties which neither side was able +strictly to carry out. But the quarrel which +had broken out afresh between the sultans +of Egypt and Damascus told greatly in +their favor. The march of Richard to Jaffa +led to negotiations, and by the treaty which followed +them the Egyptian sultan granted him terms even more +favourable than those which had been conceded to +Frederick II.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1242. Invasion of the Korasmians.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Alliance of the Templars and the Syrians.</div> + +<p>Palestine was once more virtually in the hands of the +Christians, and in their hands it virtually remained, until, +two years later, the Latin kingdom was +again swept away by a foe more merciless +than any which the crusaders had yet encountered. +The brutal hordes, which Genghis Khan +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[202]</span>had set in motion from the remote wilds of Tartary, +drove out from the Korasmian territories myriads of +myriads scarcely less brutal than themselves. The fugitive +Korasmians burst into Palestine. Jerusalem was +deserted by its garrison, and the savages hastened to +glut themselves with blood. The living were cut down, +the dead torn from their graves, and thousands of pilgrims, +decoyed back to the city by the display of crusading +banners from the walls, furnished fresh victims for +the awful sacrifice. In this desperate strait +the Templars made common cause with the +Syrians. A battle was fought in which the +grand-masters of the Templars and Hospitallers were +slain, the only survivors being thirty-three Templars, +sixteen Hospitallers, and three Teutonic knights. The +Korasmians were for the present in league with the +Egyptian sovereign; but this harmony was soon followed +by enmity. The Korasmians were defeated and +scattered, and the tempest of barbarian invasion came +to an end.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII.<br> +<span class="smaller">THE EIGHTH CRUSADE.</span></h2> + +</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1245. Council of Lyons.</div> + +<p>The havoc wrought by the Korasmian inroad was +alleged by pope Innocent IV. as a reason for +sending forth another crusade. In a council +held at Lyons, the bishop of Berytos dwelt on +the miserable state of the Christians in the Holy Land, +and it was resolved that another effort should be made +for its deliverance. Honorius wrote to Henry III. of +England to impress upon him the duty of taking up the +cross like his lion-hearted predecessor; but Henry had in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[203]</span>Simon of Montfort, earl of Leicester, a more pressing +antagonist than Egyptian sultans or Korasmian savages. +The pope found fuel more easily kindled in the heart of +Louis IX., king of France.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1226. Louis IX., king of France.</div> + +<p>This saint, the very type of royal monks and devotees, +was ten years old when on the death of his father Louis +VIII. he succeeded to the throne. By his +mother, Blanche of Castile, the regent of the +kingdom, the child was brought up with a +strictness to which he answered with unbounded docility. +In his early youth the beauty of some fair maidens drew +from him a glance expressive of some admiration: his +mother told him that she would rather see him dead than +that he should entertain even a sinful thought. His own +will would have led him to assume the obligations of the +cloister; but the interests of the state demanded his marriage, +and his wife, Margaret of Provence, passed with her +husband under the rigid discipline of the queen-mother. +His severity to himself grew with his years. At night +he would rise from his bed and pace his chamber in the +coldest season. A shift of the coarsest haircloth worn +next to his skin furnished a desirable torture. Fruit he +tasted only once in the year. On Fridays he never +changed his dress, and never laughed. The iron chain +scourges which he carried at his waist in an ivory case +drew blood from his shoulders once every week of the +year and thrice in every week during Lent. He would +walk for miles to distant churches wearing shoes without +soles. He would scarcely content himself with two, +three, and even four masses a day; and if he made a +journey, his chaplain recited the offices on the road. +Even monks tried to check an asceticism almost exceeding +that which was demanded by the rules of Benedict, +Dominic, or Francis; the king asked whether he would +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[204]</span>have incurred the same rebuke had he spent twice as +much time in hawking and dicing. No reproach, no +sarcasm, no insult, could disturb the serenity of his humble +soul. ‘You are not a king of France,’ exclaimed a +woman who was pleading her cause before him; ‘you +are a king only of priests and monks. It is a pity that you +are king of France. You ought to be turned out.’ ‘You +speak truly,’ answered Louis. ‘It has pleased God to +make me king: it had been well had He chosen some +one better able to govern this kingdom rightly.’ The +woman was sent away with a gift of money: and money +was a thing on which the king set little store, and which +he seldom needed except for the purchase of relics. +Here his avarice was unbounded; and we have seen +him paying the enormous sum of 10,000 silver marks for +the ‘genuine crown of thorns’ preserved in the church +of Sancta Sophia (<a href="#Page_173">p. 173</a>). To such a man absolute +obedience and implicit trust not only in God but in every +article or proposition set forth as forming part of the +Christian faith were the first, the most indispensable of +all virtues. Not one point in all the theology of the +Church was to be called into question; there was not +one which was not to be received as absolutely true. +‘Do you know the name of your father?’ he asked his +seneschal, the lord of Joinville, who accompanied him +to Palestine, and whose inimitable memoirs bring the +man and his age before us in living reality. ‘Yes,’ +answered the seneschal; ‘his name was Simon.’ ‘How +do you know that?’ again asked Louis. ‘Because my +mother has told me so many times.’ ‘Then,’ answered +the king, ‘you ought perfectly to believe the articles of +the faith which the apostles of our Lord have testified to +you, as you have heard the Credo chanted every Sunday.’ +For questioning and argument his system had no place. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[205]</span>Under no circumstances could there ever be need of any. +He related to Joinville with hearty approval the conduct +of a knight, who, during a disputation between some Jews +and the monks of the abbey of Clugny, asked leave of +the abbot to say a few words. With some difficulty his +request was granted. Raising himself on his crutches, +the old warrior beckoned the rabbi to draw near, and +then put to him one question. ‘Do you believe in the +Virgin Mary, who bore our Saviour Jesus Christ, and that +she was a virgin when she was the mother of God?’ The +Jew answered promptly that he believed not one word of +it. ‘Fool that thou art,’ replied the knight, ‘for daring to +enter a Christian monastery when thou disbelievest these +things. For this madness thou shalt now pay.’ Lifting +up his crutch, he struck the man a blow on the ear which +smote him to the ground. His comrades fled away from +the scene of controversy, while the abbot came forward +to reprove the knight for his folly. ‘Thou art the greater +fool,’ was the retort, ‘in permitting an assembly from +which good Christians might by listening to their arguments +have gone away unbelievers.’ The king, Joinville +tells us, clinched the moral of the story in the following +words: ‘No one, however learned or perfect a theologian +he may be, ought to dispute with Jews. The layman, +whenever he hears the Christian faith impugned, should +defend it with a sharp-edged sword which he should +drive up to the hilt into the bodies of the unbelievers.’</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Louis IX., the pope and the emperor.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1239.</div> + +<p>We cannot really know the history of an age, if we do +not really know some at least of the men who lived in it: +and this fact gives in the case of Louis IX. +an importance to details which we might be +tempted to pass with a sigh, perhaps, or a +smile. ‘Do you wash the feet of the poor on Holy +Thursday?’ he asked the lord of Joinville. ‘Oh, fie!’ +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[206]</span>was the answer; ‘no, never will I wash the feet of such +fellows.’ ‘It is ill said, indeed,’ answered the king, ‘for +you should never hold in disdain what God did for our +instruction; for He who is Lord and Master of the universe +did on that day, Holy Thursday, wash the feet of +all His apostles, telling them that He who was their +Master had thus done, that they in like manner might do +the same to each other. I therefore beg of you, out of +love to Him first, and then from regard to me, that you +will accustom yourself to do so.’ Another sermon, the +gentleness of which makes us forget its tedious prosing, +rebuked Joinville’s impetuosity in saying that he would +rather have committed thirty deadly sins than be a leper. +Louis was, in short, a man who would have loved all +men, had he not been taught to believe that unbelief, +heresy, or even doubt (honest doubt was for him, of +course, a thing inconceivable), put the unbeliever or +doubter beyond the pale of Christian charity. For Jews, +then, or infidels he avowed the most burning hatred, although +probably this hatred would have vanished like +morning mist before the sight of Jew or infidel in dire +distress or agony. But in spite of his bigotry and +narrowness, his stern asceticism, his incessant sermonizing, +there was in him a depth of sweetness and +gentleness, a genuine goodness of heart and life, which +won for him the love of thousands who made little +attempt to follow his example. In an age infamous for +its foulness of speech and the profanity of its oaths the +purity of his language was never tarnished. In his +quaint phrases Joinville says of him, ‘I never heard him, +at any time, utter an indecent word nor make use of the +devil’s name, which is now very commonly uttered by +every one—a practice which, I firmly believe, far from +being agreeable to God, is highly displeasing to Him.’ +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[207]</span>Nay, more, these qualities were in him combined with a +sound sense and a firmness of will which made him in +all cases of right and duty hard as adamant, and effectually +crushed the contempt which some might have +been tempted to feel for his superstitions. He could +bear rebuke patiently: but they who thought that they +might take advantage of his devotion to encroach on his +rights as king or even on the rights of his neighbours +found themselves speedily undeceived. When Gregory +IX., after his second and final rupture with Frederick II., +deposed him from his imperial throne and +offered the dignity to Louis’s brother Robert, +the meek and gentle king replied to the pope in the following +words:—Whence is this pride and daring of the +pope, which thus disinherits a king who has no superior, +nor even an equal, among Christians,—a king not convicted +of the crimes laid to his charge? Even if these +crimes were proved, no power could depose him but that +of a general council. On his transgressions the judgment +of his enemies is of no weight, and his deadliest +enemy is the pope. To us he has not only thus far appeared +guiltless, he has been a good neighbour: we see +no cause for suspicion either of his worldly loyalty or of +his Catholic faith. This we know, that he has fought +valiantly for our Lord Jesus Christ both by sea and land. +So much religion we have not found in the pope, who +endeavoured to confound and wickedly supplant him in +his absence, while he was engaged in the cause of God.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1245. Assumption of the cross by Louis IX.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1244. Dec. 10.</div> + +<p>In this cause, as interpreted by the religion of the time, +this guiltless but stout-hearted champion of justice and +right was now to peril limb and life without +a shade of fear and with as complete a lack +of every quality needed in a general and +leader of armies. A more thorough contrast to Frederick +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[208]</span>whom he thus valiantly defended it would be impossible +to imagine. To him the learning, the grace, the refinement +of heathen philosophers and poets, the music and +the songs of all poets of all ages, were beyond expression +horrible. Of an intercommunion of nations founded on +commerce, learning, and art, he could have not the +faintest notion. To the best of his power he would administer +justice in his own land so long as he remained +in it; when his duty as a champion of the cross called +him elsewhere, he would leave it with fifty thousand men +in his train, having formed no military plans, but under +a profound conviction that God whom he sought to serve +would fight his battles, and that, if it should not be so, +the result would be due only to his own sins and sinfulness. +To the remonstrances of his mother, who sought +to dissuade him from the enterprise, his ear was utterly +deaf. He was seized with illness: life seemed to be gone; +an attendant, thinking that it had gone, drew +a covering over his face. It was withdrawn +by another, and the king was heard to say, ‘God has +raised me from the dead: give me the cross.’ The die +was cast. Nine months later, he assumed the badge +publicly in the parliament of Paris; and at Christmas in +the same year he distributed to his courtiers his usual +gift of a new robe to each. By his orders a red cross +had been embroidered on these garments between the +shoulders, and the nobles owned themselves fairly entrapped. +They must accompany the king.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Departure of Louis from France.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1249.</div> + +<p>Two years more were spent in preparations. On the +12th of June 1248 Louis received from the papal legate +at the abbey of St. Denis his purse and pilgrim’s +staff with the Oriflamme or sacred +banner of the saint. At the end of August +he sailed from France. Eight months were spent in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[209]</span>Cyprus, where his people were fed in great part by the +emperor Frederick. The kindness called forth a warm +letter to the pope, pleading for the absolution of a man +who had thus befriended the soldiers of the cross. His +letter was treated with contempt. In the +spring of the next year he sailed for Egypt; +and as soon as his fleet was off Damietta, his envoys +hastened to the sultan with alarming pictures of their +master’s power, and with a summons for immediate submission. +The sultan replied that his cause was just; +that those who made war without just cause should +perish; and that mighty armaments had often been destroyed +by a handful of soldiers.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Capture of Damietta.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">June.</div> + +<p>The campaign began with a signal success. The garrison +of Damietta, struck with something like panic fear, +fled at the sight of the fifty thousand crusaders +landing in the pomp of military +parade. The place was taken; but the people had hurried +away to Cairo, having first set fire to +that quarter of the city in which they had +stored their merchandise and their most valuable property. +This victory had its usual result on the crusaders. +The tenor of Louis’s saintly life was unbroken; but +within a stone’s throw of his tent his people were indulging +in unbounded debauchery.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">March of the army towards Cairo.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Total defeat of the forces under the count of Artois.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1250. The king taken prisoner.</div> + +<p>Later in the season an addition to their force was made +by 200 English knights under William Longsword (<a href="#Page_194">p. +194</a>) now bishop of Salisbury; and in November +the army began its march towards +Cairo. Their progress, never easy, owing +to the assaults of the enemy, was effectually checked at +the canal of Ashmoun. The causeways which they attempted +to construct were destroyed, and their machines +burnt with Greek fire. At length a Bedoween, for a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[210]</span>large bribe, showed them a ford. The passage was effected, +and the enemy fled before them on the other +side. With good order and discipline the crusaders +might now have achieved some solid success. But the +count of Artois, brother of the king, could not wait to be +joined by the main army. He must press on at once +against the fugitives. In vain the grand-master of the +Templars reminded him of the folly of trusting to a feeling +of passing fear. The count deliberately imputed his +advice to systematic treachery. ‘Do you suppose,’ replied +the Templar with calm dignity, ‘that we have left +our homes and our substance, and taken the religious +habit in a strange land, only to betray the cause of God +and to forfeit our salvation?’ The bishop of Salisbury +offered his mediation: it was rejected with a biting insult. +In thorough disorder the crusaders rushed into +Mansourah; and seeing their condition at a glance the +Mamelukes rushed upon their prey. A sufficient force +was sent to cut off all communication between the men +with the count of Artois and the main army under the king. +Boiling water, stones, blazing wood, were +hurled upon them from the houses. The +count of Artois was killed before he could +see the full effects of his folly; and his +death was soon followed by that of William Longsword. +The utter destruction of his force was prevented only by +succour from the king who, feeble though he may have +been as a general, showed in the hour of danger a +dauntless and unselfish bravery. Both sides had suffered +fearfully; but the king was cut off from Damietta, +and sickness of a singularly malignant kind began to +waste his camp. Louis offered the enemy a treaty based +on the exchange of Damietta for the lordship of Jerusalem. +The negotiation failed, and retreat became inevitable; +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[211]</span>but at the river and before the canal they had +to fight at desperate disadvantage. The +courage of the king was unbroken; but his +strength was gone. He sank down in a +state of exhaustion after exertions worthy of the English +Richard, and awoke to find himself a prisoner. Some +there were, says Joinville, to whom the idea of retreat +was intolerable; and the thought of the age is vividly +marked in the story which tells us how James du Chastel, +bishop of Soissons, preferred to live with God to returning +to the land of his birth, how he made a charge on +the Turks, as if he alone meant to fight their whole +army, and how they soon sent him to God and placed him +in the company of martyrs by forthwith cutting him down.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Firmness of the king.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Terms of ransom.</div> + +<p>The crusade seemed to be closing in hopeless disaster. +The queen at Damietta was about to become a mother, +when she heard the tidings of her husband’s captivity. +A premature birth followed. She called her babe Tristan, +the child of sorrow. Louis himself had to undergo +greater misery. Of 10,000 Christian prisoners in Mansourah +those only who embraced the faith of Islam were +allowed to live. Some recanted, and Louis had the bitterness +of witnessing their apostasy: the vast majority +stood firm, and he had the agony of seeing +them die. But at no time was he known to +exhibit a more unclouded trust in God, a +more cool bravery towards his enemy. Peace was +offered to him if he would surrender all the Christian +fortresses in Syria. He answered that they were not his +to surrender, and that he could not dispose of that which +belonged to Frederick II. as king of Jerusalem. He was +threatened with torture to his limbs, with +the degradation of being carried from city +to city and exposed for the gratification of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[212]</span>sight-seers. He replied quietly, ‘I am your prisoner. +You may do with me as you will.’ At last it was arranged +that Damietta should be given up, that the king +should pay one million byzants for his own ransom, and +half a million French livres for his barons. He demurred +to the amount for himself, but agreed at once to +the other. ‘The king of France,’ he said, ‘must not +haggle about the freedom of his subjects.’ Not to be +outdone by his unselfishness, the sultan Turan Shah +struck off one fifth from his ransom.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Murder of Turan Shah.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Release of Louis IX.</div> + +<p>It was almost the last act of the sultan’s +life. His murder heightened the dangers +of the Christian captives; the firmness of +Louis in refusing to take an oath couched in what he +pronounced to be blasphemous language increased them +still more. The difficulty was at length got over; and +after enduring sufferings for which the Saracens +said (if we may believe Joinville) that +if they had had to undergo them they would +have renounced Mahomed, the king was free.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Pilgrimage of Louis to Nazareth.</div> + +<p>Still Louis, with the bare relics of his army, could not +bring himself to return home. He had written again and +again to urge on Henry of England the duty +of coming himself with instant and effectual +succour; he could not think that Henry +would disregard his entreaties, especially when these +were backed by offers of the surrender of Normandy. +He still fancied that the Vicar of Christ himself, having +made up his long quarrel with Frederick, would hasten +to join his faithful children and lead them in a supreme +effort which could not fail of success. He was abandoned +by his brothers the counts of Anjou and Poitou; but +with his faithful seneschal he made a pilgrimage in sackcloth +to Nazareth. The sight of the Holy Sepulchre, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[213]</span>the dearest longing of his heart, he firmly denied himself. +The permission to visit it was freely offered by the +sultan of Damascus: but Louis would not leave behind +for future sovereigns a precedent by which they might +reap the fruits of an enterprise in which they had +failed. He returned to Europe like Richard of England, +humbled but not dishonoured;—rather, to speak more +strictly, having won that serene renown which was soon +to place his name in the long catalogue of the saints.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XIV">CHAPTER XIV.<br> +<span class="smaller">THE NINTH CRUSADE.</span></h2> + +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Comparison of the earlier and later crusades.</div> + +<p>Throughout the history of the crusades the wisdom +of the general or the statesman is conspicuous by its +absence; and we may fairly compare the +long series of these wild enterprises with the +erratic course and fitful splendour of a comet +which at the moment of its greatest brilliancy rushes off +into an ocean of darkness. They carried with them, as +we have seen (<a href="#Page_107">p. 107</a>), not one of the elements of permanent +success, while they lasted long enough to impoverish +myriads and carry misery and grief to the +homes of millions. But the qualities which had won for +the earlier crusaders whatever renown they may have +acquired, were exhibited in full measure to the end. +Their absolute fearlessness, their firm persistence in the +faith which alone they could allow to be true, their heroic +endurance of the suffering which in hours of triumph +they seldom hesitated to inflict on others, are beyond +question; but all these are virtues which apart from the +sagacity of the wise ruler may be brilliant but must be +eminently useless.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[214]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1259. Battle between the Templars and Hospitallers.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1263. Invasion of Palestine by the Mameluke Sultan Bibars.</div> + +<p>This wisdom the Latin Christians of Palestine were +destined never to learn. Disunion ran perpetually into +quarrels,—quarrel sometimes into open warfare. Between +the Venetians and the men of Pisa and Genoa +there was but at best but a hollow truce. The side which +the Templars might take in a dispute was +not that which would be taken by the Hospitallers +or the Teutonic knights; and the +schism of the two former of these orders +led in 1259 to a pitched battle from which scarcely a +Templar escaped alive. From slaughtering each other +the champions of the cross passed to the slaughter-houses +of Saracen executioners. The savage warriors of the +Mameluke sultan Bibars seized Nazareth and Acre, torturing +to death those who had not been happy enough +to fall on the battle-field. Ninety Hospitallers held the +fortress of Azotus! the last of them died +when at length their enemies stormed the +walls. The castle of Saphouri was surrendered +by the Templars on the condition +that the garrison, numbering 600 men in +all, should be safely conveyed to the next Christian +town. The sultan flung the treaty to the winds, and +gave them a few hours to make their choice between +death and apostasy. The prior and two Franciscan +monks besought their companions to stand fast in their +faith; and when the sultan demanded their answer, +not a man shrunk from the penalty of refusal. All were +slaughtered, the prior with the two monks being flayed +alive.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Loss of Antioch.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1268.</div> + +<p>At length the tidings reached Europe that Bohemond +VI. had been driven from Antioch and that his city had +passed into the hands of the unbelievers. +The saintly Louis still yearned for the rescue +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[215]</span>of the holy places; but the memory of his past disasters +led him to fear that his sinfulness or his bad +generalship might again bring disgrace on +the Christian arms. His diffidence called forth the encouragement +of pope Clement IV., who with greater importunity +urged Henry III. of England to do his duty by +taking the cross. Three years had passed since the fatal +defeat of Simon of Montfort, earl of Leicester, +at Evesham: but the country, although +not in actual war, was by no means in a state of repose, +and we might wonder why at such a time the prince who +was afterwards to reign as Edward I. should pledge himself +to the new crusade, were it not clear that the enterprise +was one which might be used for the purpose of +drawing away from England men who might be troublesome +or dangerous to his father or to himself. Edward +took good care that the earl of Gloucester whom he feared +the most should share his perils, if not his glory, in the +East.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Second crusade of Louis IX.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1270.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Death of the king.</div> + +<p>With sixty thousand men, Louis IX., accompanied by +the counts of Flanders, Brittany, Champagne, and other +barons, left France to return to it no more. +A storm drove the fleet to Sardinia; and +there it was decided that the crusaders +should in the first instance go to Tunis. Charles of +Anjou, the sovereign of Sicily, was anxious +to maintain the rights of Christendom by +exacting a tribute paid formerly to his predecessors: the +devout Louis remembered, it is said, the messages by +which the king of Tunis had expressed his wish to embrace +Christianity, and thought that the presence of a +large army would give him courage to make open confession +of the true faith. The army landed and had +encamped, we are told, on the site of Carthage, when a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[216]</span>plague broke out, and amongst its crowd of victims +struck the king. His whole life had been a prayer: it +remained to the last a prayer for others rather than for +himself. With serene submission to the +divine counsels he stretched himself on his +couch of ashes, and as he uttered the words, ‘I will enter +Thy house, O Lord, I will worship in Thy sanctuary,’ +he died.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1271. Capture of Nazareth by Edward, son of Henry III. of England.</div> + +<p>When the English Edward at last arrived in the camp, +he saw that the idea of reaching Palestine before the +winter was impracticable, and made up his mind to return +to Sicily until the spring. When at length he reached +Acre, he found that his name carried with +it much of the terror associated with that of +Richard Plantagenet. The Christians hastened +to his standard, and with 7,000 men he +attacked and took Nazareth, slaying the people with +a massacre as pitiless as any which had sullied the +chronicles of the crusades. It was his first and his last +victory in Palestine. His campaign was cut short by +sickness, and the dagger of an assassin sent by the emir +of Joppa as a bearer of letters touching his conversion to +Christianity well nigh cut short his life. Edward hurled +the murderer to the floor and stabbed him to the heart. +But the dagger was undoubtedly poisoned; and it needed +more than ordinary skill on the part of the surgeons to +arrest the progress of the venom. The sides of the wound +were carefully pared away; and the strength of youth +with the tender nursing of his wife Eleanor did the rest. +The romancers of a later age framed the tale that he +must have died, had she not with her lips sucked the +poison from the wound.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1272. Return of Edward to Europe.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Vain efforts of Gregory X. to stir up a crusade.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1274.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1276.</div> + +<p>It was clear that nothing more could be done in the +Holy Land, and Edward knew not how soon his presence +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[217]</span>might become indispensable in England. A +peace was made for ten years, and the +English crusaders set out on their homeward +voyage. For a long series of years Europe had been +making vigorous efforts, and the result of these efforts +had been nothing more substantial or permanent than +the lines left on the sea sand by an ebbing tide. For +one moment it seemed that the spirit of the dream might +be changed, when Theobald, archdeacon of Liege, the +friend of the English Edward, was summoned from +Acre to fill the chair of St. Peter as Gregory X. Theobald +had been an eye-witness of the desperate +calamities which were crushing the +Latins of Palestine, and he called the princes +of Europe to the rescue with a zeal worthy of Innocent +III. or of Urban II. A council held at Lyons +decreed a new crusade. Rodolph of Hapsburg, +not yet firm in his imperial dignity, pledged himself +to join it; and his example was followed by Michael +Paleologos who thirteen years earlier (1287) had put +down the Latin dynasty in Constantinople. +But Gregory died in less than two years +after the assembly at Lyons, and his visions of renewed +conquests in Palestine died with him.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Claims to the titular kingdom of Jerusalem.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1289.</div> + +<p>In the Holy Land itself the miserable Christian remnant +adhered to its old tradition of fighting about shadows +when the substance had been already lost. +Hugh III. of Cyprus had had himself crowned +at Tyre as king of Jerusalem. The Templars +urged the claims of Charles of Anjou; the +Hospitallers insisted with more sense that the dispute +might be postponed until they had recovered the kingdom +the title to which they were debating. A few years +later, when Henry II. of Cyprus held this shadowy +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[218]</span>dignity, the grand-master of the Templars +pleaded before Nicholas IV. the wrongs of +the Latins which could be avenged only by the blood of +the Saracens. But the power of the ancient spell was +broken. Nicholas was ready to furnish some men, but +these were ruffians and criminals, the very offscourings +of the people: money he obstinately refused to give. +The grand-master was not more successful elsewhere; +and the Italian robbers formed the whole force with +which he returned to Palestine.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Loss of Acre.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1291.</div> + +<p>The last forlorn struggle was made at Acre. Here, as +elsewhere, the valour of the Templars shone conspicuous. +The grand-master rejected the bribes of the +sultan; but the latter cared little whether he +could work on the venality of his enemies or whether he +could not. His Mamelukes were not less courageous +than the Templars, and their numbers were +overwhelming. The assault began; the +titular king of Jerusalem, Henry II. of Cyprus, besought +the Teutonic knights to occupy his post, promising to +return the next morning. His request was granted: but +before the morning came, Henry was on his way to +Cyprus. The attack was renewed with greater fury; but +the Christians had lost all heart. The master of the +Templars had been killed by a poisoned arrow, and +seven Knights Hospitallers sailed away, the last remnant +of the magnificent order which had braved successfully a +thousand dangers. The city was lost: but the horrors +of the siege were not ended. The people had hurried to +the shore; a storm prevented them from embarking; +and the very sea was reddened by the blood of the last +victims of a wild and fanatical superstition.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[219]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XV">CHAPTER XV.<br> +<span class="smaller">THE SEQUEL OF THE RELIGIOUS WARS.</span></h2> + +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Gradual decay and extinction of the crusading spirit.</div> + +<p>The crusades had come to an end. The embers smouldered +on: but it was to the last degree unlikely that they +would be rekindled. The great military orders +withdrew to seek a field for their energies +elsewhere; the Teutonic knights to the +dreary regions of Lithuania and Poland,—the +knights of the Hospital first to Cyprus, then to Rhodes +where, after many a hard fight with Greeks and Saracens, +they achieved the conquest of the whole island and settled +down to repose in their earthly paradise. The dream +of returning to Palestine still haunted the mind of Edward I., +who by his will left 30,000<i>l.</i> for the equipment +and maintenance of the knights who were to bear his +heart to the Holy Land; but probably the last reflection +of the old fire is seen in the words by which Henry V. in +his dying moments asserted the bounden duty of princes +to build the walls of Jerusalem, and declared that, had he +been spared for a longer life, or had he lived in quieter +times, he would have undertaken this task of restoration. +Even now, perhaps, the task was one of no insuperable +difficulty. Its practicability had been shown more than +once by its accomplishment; but it was one which must +be taken in hand in the spirit of that wise and tolerant +statesmanship which seeks to further the interests of the +subject population, and to make one people of the conquerors +and the conquered. This idea was, as we have +seen, deliberately rejected by the first crusaders, and, +with the single exception of the emperor Henry at Constantinople +(<a href="#Page_170">p. 170</a>), by all who followed them. There is +no reason to suppose that the English Henry V. would +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[220]</span>have been animated by a wiser spirit and a larger charity +than the companions of Godfrey and Tancred.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Persecution and suppression of the Knights Templars.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1309.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1314.</div> + +<p>The soil of Palestine had been watered abundantly +with the blood both of Christians and of infidels. The +soil of Europe, chiefly that of France, was to +drink the blood of that haughty but valiant +order which had done as much to destroy as +to maintain the hold of Latin Christendom +on Palestine. Among all the monstrous iniquities which +perjured kings and godless statesmen have ever perpetrated, +the lies and cruelties, the persistent and diabolical +injustice which attended the suppression of the Knights +Templars must hold very nearly the first place. These +men may have, nay undoubtedly they had, committed +enormous crimes themselves; but these were crimes done +in the sight of the sun and shared by all crusaders of +every generation, the saintly Louis of France forming, it +would seem, the solitary exception. Now, when their +services were no longer needed or could no more be of +use in Palestine, the benefits to be derived from a confiscation +of their properties became patent to +Philip the Fair, the brutal tyrant, the profligate +murderer, the unscrupulous thief, who bullied the +pope, Clement V., into a recognition of charges which +at first he had rightly cast aside as absurd, extravagant, +and impossible. False witness, tortures, hunger, thirst, +darkness, filth, and disease in sunless dungeons, were +all used with consummate skill and pertinacity to subdue +the warriors who in the field had never quailed. +Taken one by one, some made confessions which were +drawn from them by excruciating agonies, and which, +when these agonies ceased, were indignantly withdrawn. +With his remaining comrades the last grand-master +died, solemnly asserting the innocence +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[221]</span>of his order—an innocence unquestionably real, +if we confine ourselves to the charges brought against +them by Philip and his myrmidons; and the kings of +France, made wealthier by their iniquities, laid up another +count for the great indictment to be brought +against their luckless representative in the French revolution. +In England the proceedings against the Templars, +shameful though they were, fell infinitely short of +the disgrace which covered the king and the judges of +France: but in both countries it was seen what might +be done by malignant lies uttered boldly under the plea +of maintaining the truth and the righteousness of God.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1208-1249. The Albigensian crusades.</div> + +<p>In this process we see, in fact, the legitimate result of +the crusades. The unbelief of the Saracen was a sufficient +reason for wresting from him a country +which was regarded as the inalienable heritage +of Christendom: the alleged unbelief +or profanity of Templars was a sufficient +reason for hounding on judges to their destruction; and +the heresies truly or falsely alleged against any persons +whatsoever would be a thorough warrant for carrying +fire and sword through their land, if gentler means +failed to extort submission. The lesson had been soon +learnt; and while Dandolo and Baldwin were laying the +foundations of the short-lived Latin empire at Constantinople, +Innocent was preaching a crusade against the +peaceable, although perhaps not strictly orthodox, subjects +of count Raymond of Toulouse. The attempt to +put down error by force was producing its natural fruits; +and men like Bernard and Innocent were brought to +consider every means lawful, every weapon hallowed, +against the wretched enemies of Christ and of his +Church. Horrible miscreants, like the inquisitors Fulk +of Marseilles and Arnold of Amaury, could without a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[222]</span>pang of remorse involve in one common slaughter the +aged and the young, the mother and the infant; and +Simon of Montfort, cased in the triple armour of a heart +harder than the nether millstone, could exult with savage +joy over the massacres of his sword and the torments +of the Inquisition. In this awful chaos Frederick +II., the enemy of the pope, the friends of Saracenic +philosophers, of Moslem women, joined furiously in the +fray. Near in its ideal, and similar in some points of its +development, as was the careless society of the troubadour +to his own luxurious civilization in Sicily, yet not a +sign is there to show that he regarded with the least +emotion its rapid and terrible catastrophe. His appreciation +of their Gay Science, of their art, their refinement, +and their luxury, was chilled and quenched by the +thought of the vile crowd of Petrobrussians and other +vulgar heretics, by whom these careless voluptuaries +were surrounded. Well may it be said that never in any +history were the principles of justice, the faith of treaties, +common humanity so trampled under foot as in the Albigensian +crusade, ‘Slay on; God will know his own,’ +was the cry of the papal legate before the walls of +Beziers; and this easy method of settling a long controversy +was the moral logically drawn from the preaching +of the hermit Peter and of Bernard of Clairvaux.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The children’s crusades.</div> + +<div class="sidenote"><span class="allsmcap">A. D.</span> 1212.</div> + +<p>It is possible that the historian who seeks to account +for all the characteristics which mark the era of the crusades +may connect these expeditions with +some events which should be traced to other +causes. The impulses which bring vast crowds together +for any purpose are always more or less contagious: and +the middle ages exhibit, throughout, a series of enthusiastic +risings. The outbreak of the Pastoureaux, or Shepherds +(so called from their supposed simplicity), which +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[223]</span>for a time led astray even Blanche of Castile (<a href="#Page_196">p. 196</a>), +took place, perhaps only by an accidental coincidence, +while Louis IX. was a captive in Egypt: but it was only +one of a thousand instances of what has well been +termed superstition set in motion. To this class belong +probably the expeditions known as the Children’s crusades, +although these were started with the idea of recovering +the Holy Cross from the infidel. A few words +may suffice to tell the miserable story how in +France under the boy Stephen 30,000 children +encamped around Vendome; how 10,000 were lost +or had strayed away before they reached Marseilles a +month later; how there they waited under a conviction +that the waters of the Mediterranean would be cloven +asunder to give them a passage on dry land; how at +length two merchants offered ‘for the cause of God and +without charge’ to convey them in ships to Palestine; +and how the 5,000 children, who sailed from the harbour +chanting the hymn <i>Veni Creator Spiritus</i>, found themselves +at the end of their voyage in the slave markets of +Alexandria and Algiers. A pendant to this woful tale is +found in the sufferings of the 20,000 German boys and +girls who set out in the same year from Cologne under +the peasant lad Nicholas 20,000 strong, and of whom +5,000 only reached Genoa. Of the rest some had returned +home: some marched to Brindisi, and, setting +sail for Palestine, were never heard of more. The fortune +of those who found their way to Genoa was more +happy. Invited to settle there by the senate, many became +wealthy, and not a few, rising to distinction, +founded some of the noblest families in the state.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Indirect results of the crusades.</div> + +<p>But as the motives which led to the crusades were +complex, so their results were complex also. The picture +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">[224]</span>must not be presented only in its darker +aspects. We have seen the effect which they +produced on the growth of the temporal +power of the popes. We must not forget that by rolling +back the tide of Mahomedan conquest from Constantinople +for upwards of four centuries they probably saved +Europe from horrors the recital of which might even now +make our ears tingle; that by weakening the resources +and the power of the barons they strengthened the +authority of the kings acting in alliance with the citizens +of the great towns; that this alliance broke up the feudal +system, gradually abolished serfdom, and substituted the +authority of a common law for the arbitrary will of chiefs +who for real or supposed affronts rushed to the arbitrament +of private war. Worthless in themselves, and +wholly useless as means for founding any permanent +dominion in Palestine or elsewhere, these enterprises +have affected the commonwealths of Europe in ways of +which the promoters never dreamed. They left a wider +gulf between the Greek and the Latin churches, between +the subjects of the Eastern empire and the nations of +Western Europe; but by the mere fact of throwing East +and West together they led gradually to that interchange +of thought and that awakening of the human intellect to +which we owe all that distinguishes our modern civilization +from the religious and political systems of the +middle ages.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[225]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="INDEX">INDEX.</h2> + +</div> + +<ul> + +<li class="ifrst">Abbasside caliphs of Bagdad, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Abelard, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Abubekr, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Acre, siege of, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">surrender of, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Adelais, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Adhemar, bishop of Puy, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Albigensians, crusades against the, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Alexander II., pope, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Alexandria, surrender of, to Almeric, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Alexios, brother of Isaac Angelus, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Alexios emperor of the East, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">extorts the homage of the crusaders, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">his conduct to the crusaders, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">fails to aid them, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">benefited by the crusaders, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Alexios, son of Isaac Angelus, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Alexios Strategopoulos, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Alfonso, king of Gallicia, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Almeric, king of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Almeric of Lusignan, king of Cyprus and titular king of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Amalfi, merchants of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Andrew, king of Hungary, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Anna Comnena, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Antioch, siege of, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">betrayed to Bohemond, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">fall of, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Arnold, chaplain of Bohemond, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Arnold of Amaury, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Arthur of Brittany, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Artois, count of, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ascalon, Battle of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">fall of, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Assize of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Augustine, St., <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Austria, Leopold, duke of, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Azan the Bulgarian, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Azotus, battle of, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Baghasian, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Baldwin I., brother of Godfrey of Bouillon, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Baldwin II., emperor of the East, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Baldwin II., king of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Baldwin III., king of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Baldwin IV., king of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Baldwin V., king of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Baldwin du Bourg, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Baldwin, lord of Edessa, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">king of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Baldwin of Flanders, emperor of the East, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Baldwin of Hainault, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Barbarossa [<a href="#Frederick_I">Frederick I.</a>]</li> + +<li class="indx">Bela, king of Hungary, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Berengaria, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bernard, patriarch of Antioch, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bernard, St., <a href="#Page_86">86 <i>et seq.</i></a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bertrand of Toulouse, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Blanche of Castile, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Blondel, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bodin, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bohemond, son of Robert Guiscard, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Boniface, marquis of Montferrat, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bouvines, battle of, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Brienne, constable of Apulia, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Brienne, John of, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bulgarians, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Calo John, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Charles of Anjou, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Charles the Great, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Chivalry, cause and effect of, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Chosroes [<a href="#Khosru">Khosru</a>]</li> + +<li class="indx">Christianity, the, of the first century, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">influence of paganism upon, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">modified by the Roman imperial tradition, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cid, the, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Clement IV., pope, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Clement V., pope, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cogni [<a href="#Iconium">Iconium</a>]</li> + +<li class="indx">Conrad, bishop of Hildesheim, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Conrad, emperor of Germany, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Conrad of Tyre, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Constantia, heiress of Sicily, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Constantine, church of, at Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Constantinople, first siege of, by the Latins, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">second siege and conquest of, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Latin emperors of, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li> + <li class="isub2">Baldwin I., <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</li> + <li class="isub2"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[226]</span>Henry, brother of Baldwin, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</li> + <li class="isub2">Peter of Courtenay, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li> + <li class="isub2">Robert, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</li> + <li class="isub2">John of Brienne, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</li> + <li class="isub2">Baldwin II., <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Latin empire of, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">recovery of, by the Greeks, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Coradin, sultan of Syria, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Council of Clermont, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Council of Lyons, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Council of Nice, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Council of Piacenza, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Councils of Lateran, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Courtenay, Joceline of, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Courtenay, Peter of, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Courtesy, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Courts of Love, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cross, discovery of the true, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">recovery of, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Crusaders, numbers of the, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">ferocity of the, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Crusades, causes tending to, <a href="#Page_1">1 <i>et seq.</i></a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">financial effects of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">effects of, on the power of the pope and the clergy, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">on the feudal system, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">not national enterprises, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">against the Albigensians, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">the Children’s, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">indirect results of the, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Daimbert, patriarch of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Damascus, siege of, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Damietta, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dandolo, Henry, doge of Venice, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dargham, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li class="indx">David [<a href="#Kilidje_Arslan">Kilidje Arslan</a>]</li> + +<li class="indx">Demetrius, lord of Thessalonica, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dorylaion, battle of, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Durazzo, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Edessa, conquest of, by Baldwin, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">by Zenghis, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Edward I., of England, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Eleanor of Poitou, wife of Louis VII., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">marries Henry of Normandy, afterwards Henry II. of England, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">writes to Cælestine III., <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Eleanor, wife of Edward I., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Emico, count of Leiningen, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Engelbert of Tournay, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Eugenius III., pope, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Eustace, count of Boulogne, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Fatimite sultans of Egypt, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ferentino, treaty of, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> + +<li class="indx" id="Frederick_I">Frederick I., Barbarossa, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Frederick II., grandson of Barbarossa, <a href="#Page_183">183 <i>et seq.</i></a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fulk of Anjou, king of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fulk of Marseilles, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fulk of Neuilly, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Genghis Khan, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Geoffrey, archbishop of York, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Geoffrey of Villehardouin, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gerold, patriarch of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Godfrey of Bouillon, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">baron and defender of the Holy Sepulchre, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">reign and death of, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gotschalk, the monk, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Greeks and Latins, antagonism between, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gregory I., the Great, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gregory VII., pope [<a href="#Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a>]</li> + +<li class="indx">Gregory VIII., pope, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + +<li class="indx" id="Gregory_IX">Gregory IX., pope, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gregory X., pope, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Guelf, duke of Bavaria, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Guibert, abbot, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Guido, abbot of Vaux Cernay, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Guiscard, Robert, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Guy of Lusignan, king of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">of Cyprus, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Hakem, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Harun-al-Reschid, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Helena, church of, at Bethlehem, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Henry II., king of Cyprus, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Henry II. of England, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Henry IV., emperor, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Henry V. of England, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Henry VI., emperor, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Henry, Latin emperor of the East, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Henry of Champagne, titular king of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + +<li class="indx" id="Heraclius">Heraclius, emperor of the East, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Heraclius, patriarch of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Herakleios [<a href="#Heraclius">Heraclius</a>]</li> + +<li class="indx">Herman of Salza, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> + +<li class="indx" id="Hildebrand">Hildebrand [Gregory VII.], <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21 <i>et seq.</i></a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hohenstaufen, house of, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Holy Land, growth of local traditions in the, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Honorius III., pope, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hospitallers, or knights of St. John, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, + <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">[227]</span>Hugh III., king of Cyprus, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hugh of Vermandois, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hungary, conversion of, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst" id="Iconium">Iconium, sultan of, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ingulf, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Innocent II., pope, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li class="indx" id="Innocent_III">Innocent III., pope, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Innocent IV., pope, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Isaac Angelus, emperor of the East, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Isaac of Cyprus, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Isabella, sister of Baldwin IV., king of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">James du Chastel, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Jerome, St., at Bethlehem, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Jerusalem, Assize of, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Latin kingdom of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Latin kings of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Godfrey, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Baldwin I., <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Baldwin II., <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Fulk of Anjou, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Baldwin III., <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Almeric, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Baldwin IV., <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Baldwin V., <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Guy of Lusignan, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Henry of Champagne (titular), <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Almeric of Lusignan (titular), <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Jerusalem, captured by the Persians, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">by Omar, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">by Hakem, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">by the Seljukian Toucush, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">by the first crusaders, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">by Saladin, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">by Kameel, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Jews, persecution of the, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Jews, plunder of the, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Joanna, sister of Richard I., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Joceline of Courtenay, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li class="indx">John Comnenos, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li class="indx">John of Brienne, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> + +<li class="indx">John of England, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">John, St., Hospital of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li class="indx">John the monk, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Joinville, <a href="#Page_206">206 <i>et seq.</i></a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Kameel, sultan of Egypt, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">treaty of, with Frederick II., <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">takes Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kerboga, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx" id="Khosru">Khosru II., <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Khosru Nushirvan, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li class="indx" id="Kilidje_Arslan">Kilidje Arslan, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Knighthood, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Knights Hospitallers, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, + <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Knights Templars, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Knights, Teutonic, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Korasmians, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Lance, discovery of the holy, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lateran, councils of, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Latin empire of Constantinople, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">kingdom of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">emperors of Constantinople, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">kings of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Latins and Greeks, antagonism between, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Leo III., pope, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Letold of Tournay, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lothair, cardinal [<a href="#Innocent_III">Innocent III.</a>]</li> + +<li class="indx">Louis VI., the Fat, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Louis VII., king of France, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Louis IX., king of France, <a href="#Page_203">203 <i>et seq.</i></a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lusignan, Almeric of, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Guy of, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lyons, council of, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Mahomed, embassy from, to Khosru II., <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mamelukes, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Manuel, emperor of the East, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Marra, siege of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mary, niece of Baldwin IV., king of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Maynard, nephew of Conrad of Tyre, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Merovingian kings of France, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Moadhin, sultan of Damascus, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Montferrat, marquis of, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Montfort, Simon of, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Montfort, Simon of, earl of Leicester, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Morosini, Thomas, patriarch of Constantinople, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mostadhi, caliph of Bagdad, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mourzoufle, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Nicæa, Nikaia [<a href="#Nice">Nice</a>]</li> + +<li class="indx" id="Nice">Nice, Seljukian sovereigns of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">siege of, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Nicephorus III., emperor, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Nicolas IV., pope, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Nicolas, the child crusader, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Nineveh, battle of, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Noureddin, sultan of Aleppo, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Omar, the caliph, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Oriflamme, the, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Otho of Brunswick, emperor, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Pascal II., pope, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pastoureaux, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pelagius, bishop of Albano, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Peter Barthelemy, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Peter of Blois, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Peter of Capua, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Peter the Chanter, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[228]</span>Peter of Courtenay, Latin emperor of the East, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Peter the Hermit, <a href="#Page_26">26 <i>et seq.</i></a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Philip Augustus, king of France, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Philip I., king of France, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Philip IV., the Fair, king of France, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Philip of Namur, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Philip of Swabia, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Philip [titular], Latin emperor of the East, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Piacenza, council of, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pilgrimage, growth of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pilgrims, tax on, at Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Phirouz, the renegade, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Placentia, council of, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pontius, son of Bertrand of Toulouse, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Raymond, count of Toulouse, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Raymond of Tripoli, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Rhazates, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Richard, earl of Cornwall, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Richard I’st of England, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">at Messina, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">at Rhodes, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">at Acre, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">retreats from Bethlehem, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">at Jaffa, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">imprisonment, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">return of, to England, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Robert, count of Flanders, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Robert, count of Paris, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Robert duke of Normandy, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Robert, Latin emperor of the East, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Robert of Courcon, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Rodolph of Hapsburg, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Rodolph the Monk, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Roger, successor of Tancred, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Saadi, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Saladin tax or tithe, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Saladin, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">enters Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Samosata, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li class="indx">San Germano, treaty of, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Saphadin, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">takes Jaffa, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">offers peace, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Seljukian Turks, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Shawer, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Shepherds of Pastoureaux, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Shiracouh, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sibylla, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sidon, conquest of, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Simon of Montfort, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Simon of Montfort, earl of Leicester, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Siroes, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Siward, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sophronios, patriarch of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Stephen, apostle of Hungary, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Stephen, count of Chartres, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Stephen Harding, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Stephen, the child crusader, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Tancred, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tancred, son of Roger of Apulia, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tatikios, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Templars, knights, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Teutonic knights, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Theobald, archdeacon of Liege, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Theobald, count of Champagne, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Theodore Lascaris, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Thierry, count of Flanders, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Thoron, siege of, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tiberias, battle of, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Toucush, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Trebizond, empire of, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tristan, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Truce of God, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Turan Shah, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tyre, conquest of, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Ugolino [<a href="#Gregory_IX">Gregory IX.</a>]</li> + +<li class="indx">Urban II., pope, at Piacenza, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">at Clermont, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Urban III., pope, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Vataces, John, emperor of Nicæa, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Venice, growth of the power of, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Victor III., pope, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Villehardouin, Geoffrey of, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Vorylas, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Walter of Brienne, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Walter the Penniless, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li class="indx">William Longchamp, bishop of Ely, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li class="indx">William Longsword, bishop of Salisbury, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> + +<li class="indx">William Longsword, earl of Salisbury, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> + +<li class="indx">William of Melun, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li class="indx">William of Scotland, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li class="indx">William of Tyre, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li class="indx">William the Conqueror, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li class="indx">William Rufus, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Zara, expedition to, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Zenghis, sultan of Aleppo, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ziani, doge of Venice, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> + +</ul> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p class="center smaller">“<i>The volumes contain the ripe results of the studies of men who +are authorities in their respective fields.</i>”—<span class="smcap">The Nation.</span></p> + +<p class="center larger">EPOCHS OF HISTORY</p> + +</div> + +<table> + <tr> + <td><p class="center"><b>EPOCHS OF<br> + ANCIENT HISTORY</b></p></td> + <td><p class="center"><b>EPOCHS OF<br> + MODERN HISTORY</b></p></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><p class="center">Eleven volumes, 16mo,<br> + each $1.00.</p></td> + <td><p class="center">Eighteen volumes, 16mo,<br> + each $1.00.</p></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>The Epoch volumes have most successfully borne the test of +experience, and are universally acknowledged to be the best series +of historical manuals in existence. They are admirably adapted in +form and matter to the needs of colleges, schools, reading circles, +and private classes. Attention is called to them as giving the +utmost satisfaction as class hand-books.</p> + +<hr class="break"> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Noah Porter</span>, <i>President of Yale College</i>.</p> + +<p>“The ‘Epochs of History’ have been prepared with knowledge +and artistic skill to meet the wants of a large number of +readers. To the young they furnish an outline or compendium. +To those who are older they present a convenient sketch of the +heads of the knowledge which they have already acquired. The +outlines are by no means destitute of spirit, and may be used with +great profit for family reading, and in select classes or reading clubs.”</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Charles Kendall Adams</span>, <i>President of Cornell University</i>.</p> + +<p>“A series of concise and carefully prepared volumes on special +eras of history. Each is also complete in itself, and has no especial +connection with the other members of the series. The works are +all written by authors selected by the editor on account of some +especial qualifications for a portrayal of the period they respectively +describe. The volumes form an excellent collection, especially +adapted to the wants of a general reader.”</p> + +<hr class="break"> + +<p class="center"><i>The Publishers will supply these volumes to teachers at SPECIAL +NET RATES, and would solicit correspondence concerning +terms for examination and introduction copies.</i></p> + +<hr class="break"> + +<p class="center">CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS, Publishers<br> +743-745 Broadway, New York</p> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<p class="center larger">THE GREAT SUCCESS OF THE SERIES</p> + +<p class="noindent">is the best proof of its general popularity, and the excellence of +the various volumes is further attested by their having been +adopted as text-books in many of our leading educational institutions. +The publishers beg to call attention to the following list +comprising some of the most prominent institutions using volumes +of the series:</p> + +<ul> + <li>Smith College, Northampton, Mass.</li> + <li>Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, Vt.</li> + <li>Yale Univ., New Haven, Conn.</li> + <li>Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass.</li> + <li>Bellewood Sem., Anchorage, Ky.</li> + <li>Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, Tenn.</li> + <li>State Univ., Minneapolis, Minn.</li> + <li>Christian Coll., Columbia, Mo.</li> + <li>Adelphi Acad., Brooklyn, N. Y.</li> + <li>Earlham Coll., Richmond, Ind.</li> + <li>Granger Place School, Canandaigua, N. Y.</li> + <li>Salt Lake Acad., Salt Lake City, Utah.</li> + <li>Beloit Col., Beloit, Wis.</li> + <li>Logan Female Coll., Russellville, Ky.</li> + <li>No. West Univ., Evanston, Ill.</li> + <li>State Normal School, Baltimore, Md.</li> + <li>Hamilton Coll., Clinton, N. Y.</li> + <li>Doane Coll., Crete, Neb.</li> + <li>Princeton College, Princeton, N. J.</li> + <li>Williams Coll., Williamstown, Mass.</li> + <li>Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.</li> + <li>Illinois Coll., Jacksonville, Ill.</li> + <li>Univ. of South, Sewaunee, Tenn.</li> + <li>Wesleyan Univ., Mt. Pleasant, Ia.</li> + <li>Univ. of Cal., Berkeley, Cal.</li> + <li>So. Car. Coll., Columbia, S. C.</li> + <li>Amsterdam Acad., Amsterdam, N. Y.</li> + <li>Carleton Coll., Northfield, Minn.</li> + <li>Wesleyan Univ., Middletown, Mass.</li> + <li>Albion Coll., Albion, Mich.</li> + <li>Dartmouth Coll., Hanover, N. H.</li> + <li>Wilmington Coll., Wilmington, O.</li> + <li>Madison Univ., Hamilton, N. Y.</li> + <li>Syracuse Univ., Syracuse, N. Y.</li> + <li>Univ. of Wis., Madison, Wis.</li> + <li>Union Coll., Schenectady, N. Y.</li> + <li>Norwich Free Acad., Norwich, Conn.</li> + <li>Greenwich Acad., Greenwich, Conn.</li> + <li>Univ. of Neb., Lincoln, Neb.</li> + <li>Kalamazoo Coll., Kalamazoo, Mich.</li> + <li>Olivet Coll., Olivet, Mich.</li> + <li>Amherst Coll., Amherst, Mass.</li> + <li>Ohio State Univ., Columbus, O.</li> + <li>Free Schools, Oswego, N. Y.</li> +</ul> + +<hr class="break"> + +<p class="center">Bishop <span class="smcap">J. F. Hurst</span>, <i>ex-President of Drew Theol. Sem.</i></p> + +<p>“It appears to me that the idea of Morris in his Epochs is +strictly in harmony with the philosophy of history—namely, that +great movements should be treated not according to narrow +geographical and national limits and distinction, but universally, +according to their place in the general life of the world. The +historical Maps and the copious Indices are welcome additions +to the volumes.”</p> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<p class="center larger">EPOCHS OF ANCIENT HISTORY.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>A SERIES OF BOOKS NARRATING THE HISTORY OF +GREECE AND ROME, AND OF THEIR RELATIONS TO +OTHER COUNTRIES AT SUCCESSIVE EPOCHS.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Edited by</i></p> + +<p class="center">Rev. <span class="smcap">G. W. Cox</span> and <span class="smcap">Charles Sankey</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p class="center">Eleven volumes, 16mo, with 41 Maps and Plans.</p> + +<p class="center">Sold separately. Price per vol., $1.00.</p> + +<p class="center">The Set, Roxburgh style, gilt top, in box, $11.00.</p> + +<hr class="break"> + +<p class="hanging"><b>TROY—ITS LEGEND, HISTORY, AND +LITERATURE.</b> By <span class="smcap">S. G. W. Benjamin</span>.</p> + +<p>“The task of the author has been to gather into a clear +and very readable narrative all that is known of legendary, +historical, and geographical Troy, and to tell the story of +Homer, and weigh and compare the different theories in the +Homeric controversy. The work is well done. His book is +altogether candid, and is a very valuable and entertaining +compendium.”—<i>Hartford Courant.</i></p> + +<p>“As a monograph on Troy, covering all sides of the question, +it is of great value, and supplies a long vacant place in +our fund of classical knowledge.”—<i>N. Y. Christian Advocate.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE GREEKS AND THE PERSIANS.</b> By +Rev. <span class="smcap">G. W. Cox</span>.</p> + +<p>“It covers the ground in a perfectly satisfactory way. +The work is clear, succinct, and readable.”—<i>New York +Independent.</i></p> + +<p>“Marked by thorough and comprehensive scholarship and +by a skillful style.”—<i>Congregationalist.</i></p> + +<p>“It would be hard to find a more creditable book. The +author’s prefatory remarks upon the origin and growth of +Greek civilization are alone worth the price of the volume.”—<i>Christian +Union.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE—From the Flight +of Xerxes to the Fall of Athens.</b> By Rev. +<span class="smcap">G. W. Cox</span>.</p> + +<p>“Mr. Cox writes in such a way as to bring before the +reader everything which is important to be known or learned; +and his narrative cannot fail to give a good idea of the men +and deeds with which he is concerned.”—<i>The Churchman.</i></p> + +<p>“Mr. Cox has done his work with the honesty of a true +student. It shows persevering scholarship and a desire to +get at the truth.”—<i>New York Herald.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE SPARTAN AND THEBAN SUPREMACIES.</b> +By <span class="smcap">Charles Sankey</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>“This volume covers the period between the disasters of +Athens at the close of the Pelopenesian war and the rise of +Macedon. It is a very striking and instructive picture of the +political life of the Grecian commonwealth at that time.”—<i>The +Churchman.</i></p> + +<p>“It is singularly interesting to read, and in respect to +arrangement, maps, etc., is all that can be desired.”—<i>Boston +Congregationalist.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE MACEDONIAN EMPIRE—Its Rise and +Culmination to Death of Alexander the +Great.</b> By <span class="smcap">A. M. Curteis</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>“A good and satisfactory history of a very important period. +The maps are excellent, and the story is lucidly and vigorously +told.”—<i>The Nation.</i></p> + +<p>“The same compressive style and yet completeness of +detail that have characterized the previous issues in this +delightful series, are found in this volume. Certainly the art +of conciseness in writing was never carried to a higher or +more effective point.”—<i>Boston Saturday Evening Gazette.</i></p> + +<p class="mt1">⁂ <i>The above five volumes give a connected and complete +history of Greece from the earliest times to the death of +Alexander.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>EARLY ROME—From the Foundation of the +City to its Destruction by the Gauls.</b> By +<span class="smcap">W. Ihne</span>, Ph.D.</p> + +<p>“Those who want to know the truth instead of the traditions +that used to be learned of our fathers, will find in the +work entertainment, careful scholarship, and sound sense.”—<i>Cincinnati +Times.</i></p> + +<p>“The book is excellently well done. The views are those +of a learned and able man, and they are presented in this +volume with great force and clearness.”—<i>The Nation.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>ROME AND CARTHAGE—The Punic Wars.</b> +By <span class="smcap">R. Bosworth Smith</span>.</p> + +<p>“By blending the account of Rome and Carthage the accomplished +author presents a succinct and vivid picture of +two great cities and people which leaves a deep impression. +The story is full of intrinsic interest, and was never better +told.”—<i>Christian Union.</i></p> + +<p>“The volume is one of rare interest and value.”—<i>Chicago +Interior.</i></p> + +<p>“An admirably condensed history of Carthage, from its +establishment by the adventurous Phœnician traders to its +sad and disastrous fall.”—<i>New York Herald.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE GRACCHI, MARIUS, AND SULLA.</b> By +<span class="smcap">A. H. Beesley</span>.</p> + +<p>“A concise and scholarly historical sketch, descriptive of +the decay of the Roman Republic, and the events which paved +the way for the advent of the conquering Cæsar. It is an +excellent account of the leaders and legislation of the republic.”—<i>Boston +Post.</i></p> + +<p>“It is prepared in succinct but comprehensive style, and is +an excellent book for reading and reference.”—<i>New York +Observer.</i></p> + +<p>“No better condensed account of the two Gracchi and the +turbulent careers of Marius and Sulla has yet appeared.”—<i>New +York Independent.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE ROMAN TRIUMVIRATES.</b> By the Very Rev. +<span class="smcap">Charles Merivale</span>, D.D.</p> + +<p>“In brevity, clear and scholarly treatment of the subject, +and the convenience of map, index, and side notes, the +volume is a model.”—<i>New York Tribune.</i></p> + +<p>“An admirable presentation, and in style vigorous and +picturesque.”—<i>Hartford Courant.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE EARLY EMPIRE—From the Assassination +of Julius Cæsar to the Assassination +of Domitian.</b> By Rev. <span class="smcap">W. Wolfe Capes</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>“It is written with great clearness and simplicity of style, +and is as attractive an account as has ever been given in +brief of one of the most interesting periods of Roman +History.”—<i>Boston Saturday Evening Gazette.</i></p> + +<p>“It is a clear, well-proportioned, and trustworthy performance, +and well deserves to be studied.”—<i>Christian at +Work.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE AGE OF THE ANTONINES—The Roman +Empire of the Second Century.</b> By Rev. +<span class="smcap">W. Wolfe Capes</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>“The Roman Empire during the second century is the +broad subject discussed in this book, and discussed with +learning and intelligence.”—<i>New York Independent.</i></p> + +<p>“The writer’s diction is clear and elegant, and his narration +is free from any touch of pedantry. In the treatment of +its prolific and interesting theme, and in its general plan, the +book is a model of works of its class.”—<i>New York Herald.</i></p> + +<p>“We are glad to commend it. It is written clearly, and +with care and accuracy. It is also in such neat and compact +form as to be the more attractive.”—<i>Congregationalist.</i></p> + +<p class="mt1">⁂ <i>The above six volumes give the History of Rome from +the founding of the City to the death of Marcus Aurelius +Antoninus.</i></p> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<p class="center larger">EPOCHS OF MODERN HISTORY.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>A SERIES OF BOOKS NARRATING THE HISTORY OF +ENGLAND AND EUROPE AT SUCCESSIVE EPOCHS +SUBSEQUENT TO THE CHRISTIAN ERA.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Edited by</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Edward E. Morris</span>.</p> + +<p class="center">Eighteen volumes, 16mo, with 74 Maps, Plans, and Tables.</p> + +<p class="center">Sold separately. Price per vol., $1.00.</p> + +<p class="center">The Set, Roxburgh style, gilt top, in box, $18.00.</p> + +<hr class="break"> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE BEGINNING OF THE MIDDLE AGES—England +and Europe in the Ninth Century.</b> +By the Very Rev. <span class="smcap">R. W. Church</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>“A remarkably thoughtful and satisfactory discussion of +the causes and results of the vast changes which came upon +Europe during the period discussed. The book is adapted to +be exceedingly serviceable.”—<i>Chicago Standard.</i></p> + +<p>“At once readable and valuable. It is comprehensive and +yet gives the details of a period most interesting to the student +of history.”—<i>Herald and Presbyter.</i></p> + +<p>“It is written with a clearness and vividness of statement +which make it the pleasantest reading. It represents a great +deal of patient research, and is careful and scholarly.”—<i>Boston +Journal.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE NORMANS IN EUROPE—The Feudal +System and England under the Norman +Kings.</b> By Rev. <span class="smcap">A. H. Johnson</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>“Its pictures of the Normans in their home, of the Scandinavian +exodus, the conquest of England, and Norman +administration, are full of vigor and cannot fail of holding the +reader’s attention.”—<i>Episcopal Register.</i></p> + +<p>“The style of the author is vigorous and animated, and he +has given a valuable sketch of the origin and progress of the +great Northern movement that has shaped the history of +modern Europe.”—<i>Boston Transcript.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE CRUSADES.</b> By Rev. <span class="smcap">G. W. Cox</span>.</p> + +<p>“To be warmly commended for important qualities. The +author shows conscientious fidelity to the materials, and such +skill in the use of them, that, as a result, the reader has +before him a narrative related in a style that makes it truly +fascinating.”—<i>Congregationalist.</i></p> + +<p>“It is written in a pure and flowing style, and its arrangement +and treatment of subject are exceptional.”—<i>Christian +Intelligencer.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE EARLY PLANTAGENETS—Their +Relation to the History of Europe; The +Foundation and Growth of Constitutional +Government.</b> By Rev. <span class="smcap">W. Stubbs</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>“Nothing could be desired more dear, succinct, and well +arranged. All parts of the book are well done. It may be +pronounced the best existing brief history of the constitution +for this, its most important period.”—<i>The Nation.</i></p> + +<p>“Prof. Stubbs has presented leading events with such fairness +and wisdom as are seldom found. He is remarkably +clear and satisfactory.”—<i>The Churchman.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>EDWARD III.</b> By Rev. <span class="smcap">W. Warburton</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>“The author has done his work well, and we commend it +as containing in small space all essential matter.”—<i>New York +Independent.</i></p> + +<p>“Events and movements are admirably condensed by the +author, and presented in such attractive form as to entertain +as well as instruct.”—<i>Chicago Interior.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK—The +Conquest and Loss of France.</b> By +<span class="smcap">James Gairdner</span>.</p> + +<p>“Prepared in a most careful and thorough manner, and +ought to be read by every student.”—<i>New York Times.</i></p> + +<p>“It leaves nothing to be desired as regards compactness, +accuracy, and excellence of literary execution.”—<i>Boston +Journal.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE ERA OF THE PROTESTANT REVOLUTION.</b> +By <span class="smcap">Frederic Seebohm</span>. With Notes, on +Books in English relating to the Reformation, by Prof. +<span class="smcap">George P. Fisher</span>, D.D.</p> + +<p>“For an impartial record of the civil and ecclesiastical +changes about four hundred years ago, we cannot commend a +better manual.”—<i>Sunday-School Times.</i></p> + +<p>“All that could be desired, as well in execution as in plan. +The narrative is animated, and the selection and grouping of +events skillful and effective.”—<i>The Nation.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE EARLY TUDORS—Henry VII., Henry +VIII.</b> By Rev. <span class="smcap">C. E. Moberley</span>, M.A., late Master in +Rugby School.</p> + +<p>“Is concise, scholarly, and accurate. On the epoch of which +it treats, we know of no work which equals it.”—<i>N. Y. Observer.</i></p> + +<p>“A marvel of clear and succinct brevity and good historical +judgment. There is hardly a better book of its kind to be +named.”—<i>New York Independent.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE AGE OF ELIZABETH.</b> By Rev. <span class="smcap">M. +Creighton</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>“Clear and compact in style; careful in their facts, and +just in interpretation of them. It sheds much light on the +progress of the Reformation and the origin of the Popish +reaction during Queen Elizabeth’s reign; also, the relation of +Jesuitism to the latter.”—<i>Presbyterian Review.</i></p> + +<p>“A clear, concise, and just story of an era crowded with +events of interest and importance.”—<i>New York World.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR—1618-1648.</b> +By <span class="smcap">Samuel Rawson Gardiner</span>.</p> + +<p>“As a manual it will prove of the greatest practical value, +while to the general reader it will afford a clear and interesting +account of events. We know of no more spirited and attractive +recital of the great era.”—<i>Boston Saturday Evening Gazette.</i></p> + +<p>“The thrilling story of those times has never been told so +vividly or succinctly as in this volume.”—<i>Episcopal Register.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE PURITAN REVOLUTION; and the First +Two Stuarts, 1603-1660.</b> By <span class="smcap">Samuel Rawson +Gardiner</span>.</p> + +<p>“The narrative is condensed and brief, yet sufficiently comprehensive +to give an adequate view of the events related.”—<i>Chicago +Standard.</i></p> + +<p>“Mr. Gardiner uses his researches in an admirably clear +and fair way.”—<i>Congregationalist.</i></p> + +<p>“The sketch is concise, but clear and perfectly intelligible.”—<i>Hartford +Courant.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE ENGLISH RESTORATION AND LOUIS +XIV., from the Peace of Westphalia to the +Peace of Nimwegen.</b> By <span class="smcap">Osmund Airy</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>“It is crisply and admirably written. An immense amount +of information is conveyed and with great clearness, the +arrangement of the subjects showing great skill and a thorough +command of the complicated theme.”—<i>Boston Saturday +Evening Gazette.</i></p> + +<p>“The author writes with fairness and discrimination, and +has given a clear and intelligible presentation of the time.”—<i>New +York Evangelist.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE FALL OF THE STUARTS; and Western +Europe.</b> By Rev. <span class="smcap">Edward Hale</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>“A valuable compend to the general reader and scholar.”—<i>Providence +Journal.</i></p> + +<p>“It will be found of great value. It is a very graphic +account of the history of Europe during the 17th century, +and is admirably adapted for the use of students.”—<i>Boston +Saturday Evening Gazette.</i></p> + +<p>“An admirable handbook for the student.”—<i>The Churchman.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE AGE OF ANNE.</b> By <span class="smcap">Edward E. Morris</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>“The author’s arrangement of the material is remarkably +clear, his selection and adjustment of the facts judicious, his +historical judgment fair and candid, while the style wins by +its simple elegance.”—<i>Chicago Standard.</i></p> + +<p>“An excellent compendium of the history of an important +period.”—<i>The Watchman.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE EARLY HANOVERIANS—Europe from +the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle.</b> +By <span class="smcap">Edward E. Morris</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>“Masterly, condensed, and vigorous, this is one of the +books which it is a delight to read at odd moments; which +are broad and suggestive, and at the same time condensed in +treatment.”—<i>Christian Advocate.</i></p> + +<p>“A remarkably clear and readable summary of the salient +points of interest. The maps and tables, no less than the +author’s style and treatment of the subject, entitle the volume +to the highest claims of recognition.”—<i>Boston Daily Advertiser.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>FREDERICK THE GREAT, AND THE SEVEN +YEARS’ WAR.</b> By <span class="smcap">F. W. Longman</span>.</p> + +<p>“The subject is most important, and the author has treated +it in a way which is both scholarly and entertaining.”—<i>The +Churchman.</i></p> + +<p>“Admirably adapted to interest school boys, and older +heads will find it pleasant reading.”—<i>New York Tribune.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, AND FIRST +EMPIRE.</b> By <span class="smcap">William O’Connor Morris</span>. With +Appendix by <span class="smcap">Andrew D. White</span>, LL.D., ex-President of +Cornell University.</p> + +<p>“We have long needed a simple compendium of this period, +and we have here one which is brief enough to be easily run +through with, and yet particular enough to make entertaining +reading.”—<i>New York Evening Post.</i></p> + +<p>“The author has well accomplished his difficult task of +sketching in miniature the grand and crowded drama of the +French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire, showing +himself to be no servile compiler, but capable of judicious +and independent criticism.”—<i>Springfield Republican.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE EPOCH OF REFORM—1830-1850.</b> By +<span class="smcap">Justin McCarthy</span>.</p> + +<p>“Mr. McCarthy knows the period of which he writes +thoroughly, and the result is a narrative that is at once entertaining +and trustworthy.”—<i>New York Examiner.</i></p> + +<p>“The narrative is clear and comprehensive, and told with +abundant knowledge and grasp of the subject.”—<i>Boston +Courier.</i></p> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<p class="center larger">IMPORTANT HISTORICAL WORKS.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE DAWN OF HISTORY. An Introduction +to Pre-Historic Study.</b> New and Enlarged Edition. +Edited by <span class="smcap">C. F. Keary</span>. 12mo, cloth, $1.25.</p> + +<p>This work treats successively of the earliest traces of man; +of language, its growth, and the story it tells of the pre-historic +users of it; of early social life, the religions, mythologies, +and folk-tales, and of the history of writing. The present +edition contains about one hundred pages of new matter, +embodying the results of the latest researches.</p> + +<p>“A fascinating manual. In its way, the work is a model +of what a popular scientific work should be.”—<i>Boston Sat. +Eve. Gazette.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE ORIGIN OF NATIONS.</b> By Professor <span class="smcap">George +Rawlinson</span>, M.A. 12mo, with maps, $1.00.</p> + +<p>The first part of this book discusses the antiquity of civilization +in Egypt and the other early nations of the East. The +second part is an examination of the ethnology of Genesis, +showing its accordance with the latest results of modern +ethnographical science.</p> + +<p>“A work of genuine scholarly excellence, and a useful +offset to a great deal of the superficial current literature on +such subjects.”—<i>Congregationalist.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>MANUAL OF MYTHOLOGY. For the Use +of Schools, Art Students, and General +Readers. Founded on the Works of Petiscus, +Preller, and Welcker.</b> By <span class="smcap">Alexander +S. Murray</span>, Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, +British Museum. With 45 Plates. Reprinted from the +Second Revised London Edition. Crown 8vo, $1.75.</p> + +<p>“It has been acknowledged the best work on the subject +to be found in a concise form, and as it embodies the results +of the latest researches and discoveries in ancient mythologies, +it is superior for school and general purposes as a handbook +to any of the so-called standard works.”—<i>Cleveland Herald.</i></p> + +<p>“Whether as a manual for reference, a text-book for school +use, or for the general reader, the book will be found very +valuable and interesting.”—<i>Boston Journal.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE HISTORY OF ROME, from the Earliest +Time to the Period of Its Decline.</b> By Dr. +<span class="smcap">Theodor Mommsen</span>. Translated by <span class="smcap">W. P. Dickson</span>, D.D., +LL.D. Reprinted from the Revised London Edition. Four +volumes, crown 8vo. Price per set, $8.00.</p> + +<p>“A work of the very highest merit; its learning is exact +and profound; its narrative full of genius and skill; its +descriptions of men are admirably vivid.”—<i>London Times.</i></p> + +<p>“Since the days of Niebuhr, no work on Roman History +has appeared that combines so much to attract, instruct, and +charm the reader. Its style—a rare quality in a German +author—is vigorous, spirited, and animated.”—Dr. <span class="smcap">Schmitz</span>.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE PROVINCES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. +From Cæsar to Diocletian.</b> By <span class="smcap">Theodor +Mommsen</span>. Translated by <span class="smcap">William P. Dickson</span>, D.D., +LL.D. With maps. Two vols., 8vo, $6.00.</p> + +<p>“The author draws the wonderfully rich and varied picture +of the conquest and administration of that great circle of +peoples and lands which formed the empire of Rome outside +of Italy, their agriculture, trade, and manufactures, their +artistic and scientific life, through all degrees of civilization, +with such detail and completeness as could have come from +no other hand than that of this great master of historical research.”—Prof. +<span class="smcap">W. A. Packard</span>, Princeton College.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE HISTORY OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC.</b> +Abridged from the History by Professor <span class="smcap">Theodor Mommsen</span>, +by <span class="smcap">C. Bryans</span> and <span class="smcap">F. J. R. Hendy</span>. 12mo, $1.75.</p> + +<p>“It is a genuine boon that the essential parts of Mommsen’s +Rome are thus brought within the easy reach of all, and the +abridgment seems to me to preserve unusually well the glow +and movement of the original.”—Prof. <span class="smcap">Tracy Peck</span>, Yale +University.</p> + +<p>“The condensation has been accurately and judiciously +effected. I heartily commend the volume as the most adequate +embodiment, in a single volume, of the main results of modern +historical research in the field of Roman affairs.”—Prof. +<span class="smcap">Henry M. Baird</span>, University of City of New York.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE HISTORY OF GREECE.</b> By Prof. Dr. +<span class="smcap">Ernst Curtius</span>. Translated by Adolphus William Ward, +M.A., Fellow of St. Peter’s College, Cambridge, Prof. of +History in Owen’s College, Manchester. Five volumes, +crown 8vo. Price per set, $10.00.</p> + +<p>“We cannot express our opinion of Dr. Curtius’ book better +than by saying that it may be fitly ranked with Theodor +Mommsen’s great work.”—<i>London Spectator.</i></p> + +<p>“As an introduction to the study of Grecian history, no +previous work is comparable to the present for vivacity and +picturesque beauty, while in sound learning and accuracy of +statement it is not inferior to the elaborate productions which +enrich the literature of the age.”—<i>N. Y. Daily Tribune.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>CÆSAR: a Sketch.</b> By <span class="smcap">James Anthony Froude</span>, +M.A. 12mo, gilt top, $1.50.</p> + +<p>“This book is a most fascinating biography and is by far +the best account of Julius Cæsar to be found in the English +language.”—<i>The London Standard.</i></p> + +<p>“He combines into a compact and nervous narrative all +that is known of the personal, social, political, and military +life of Cæsar; and with his sketch of Cæsar includes other +brilliant sketches of the great man, his friends, or rivals, +who contemporaneously with him formed the principal figures +in the Roman world.”—<i>Harper’s Monthly.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>CICERO. Life of Marcus Tullius Cicero.</b> By +<span class="smcap">William Forsyth</span>, M.A., Q.C. 20 Engravings. New +Edition. 2 vols., crown 8vo, in one, gilt top, $2.50.</p> + +<p>The author has not only given us the most complete and +well-balanced account of the life of Cicero ever published; +he has drawn an accurate and graphic picture of domestic life +among the best classes of the Romans, one which the reader +of general literature, as well as the student, may peruse with +pleasure and profit.</p> + +<p>“A scholar without pedantry, and a Christian without cant, +Mr. Forsyth seems to have seized with praiseworthy tact the +precise attitude which it behooves a biographer to take when +narrating the life, the personal life of Cicero. Mr. Forsyth +produces what we venture to say will become one of the +classics of English biographical literature, and will be welcomed +by readers of all ages and both sexes, of all professions +and of no profession at all.”—<i>London Quarterly.</i></p> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<p class="center larger">VALUABLE WORKS ON CLASSICAL LITERATURE.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE HISTORY OF ROMAN LITERATURE. +From the Earliest Period to the Death of +Marcus Aurelius.</b> With Chronological Tables, etc., +for the use of Students. By <span class="smcap">C. T. Cruttwell</span>, M.A. Crown +8vo, $2.50.</p> + +<p>Mr. Cruttwell’s book is written throughout from a purely +literary point of view, and the aim has been to avoid tedious +and trivial details. The result is a volume not only suited +for the student, but remarkably readable for all who possess +any interest in the subject.</p> + +<p>“Mr. Cruttwell has given us a genuine history of Roman +literature, not merely a descriptive list of authors and their +productions, but a well elaborated portrayal of the successive +stages in the intellectual development of the Romans and the +various forms of expression which these took in literature.”—<i>N. +Y. Nation.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>A HISTORY OF GREEK LITERATURE. +From the Earliest Period of Demosthenes.</b> +By <span class="smcap">Frank Byron Jevons</span>, M.A., Tutor in the University +of Durham. Crown 8vo, $2.50.</p> + +<p class="center smaller"><i>UNIFORM WITH THE ABOVE.</i></p> + +<p>The author goes into detail with sufficient fullness to make +the history complete, but he never loses sight of the commanding +lines along which the Greek mind moved, and a +clear understanding of which is necessary to every intelligent +student of universal literature.</p> + +<p>“It is beyond all question the best history of Greek literature +that has hitherto been published.”—<i>London Spectator.</i></p> + +<p>“With such a book as this within reach there is no reason +why any intelligent English reader may not get a thorough +and comprehensive insight into the spirit of Greek literature, +of its historic development, and of its successive and chief +masterpieces, which are here so finely characterized, analyzed, +and criticised.”—<i>Chicago Advance.</i></p> + +<hr class="chap"> + +<p class="center larger">TRANSLATIONS OF PLATO.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>THE DIALOGUES OF PLATO. Translated +into English, with Analysis and Introductions.</b> +By <span class="smcap">B. Jowett</span>, M.A., Master of Balliol College, +Oxford. A new and cheaper edition. Four vols., crown 8vo, +per set, $8.00.</p> + +<p>“The present work of Professor Jowett will be welcomed +with profound interest, as the only adequate endeavor to +transport the most precious monument of Grecian thought +among the familiar treasures of English literature. The +noble reputation of Professor Jowett, both as a thinker and a +scholar, is a valid guaranty for the excellence of his performance.”—<i>New +York Tribune.</i></p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>SOCRATES. A Translation of the Apology, +Crito, and parts of the Phædo of Plato.</b> +Containing the Defence of Socrates at his Trial, his Conversation +in Prison, with his Thoughts on the Future Life, and +an Account of his Death. With an Introduction by Professor +W. W. Goodwin, of Harvard College. 12mo, cloth, $1.00; +paper, 50 cents.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>TALKS WITH SOCRATES ABOUT LIFE. +Translations from the Gorgias and the +Republic of Plato.</b> 12mo, cloth, $1.00; paper, 50 +cents.</p> + +<p class="hanging"><b>A DAY IN ATHENS WITH SOCRATES. +Translations from the Protagoras and the +Republic of Plato.</b> Being conversations between +Socrates and other Greeks on Virtue and Justice. 12mo, +cloth, $1.00; paper, 50 cents.</p> + +<p>“Eminent scholars, men of much Latin and more Greek, +attest the skill and truth with which the versions are made; +we can confidently speak of their English grace and clearness. +They seem a ‘model of style,’ because they are without +manner and perfectly simple.”—<span class="smcap">W. D. Howells.</span></p> + +<p>“We do not remember any translation of a Greek author +which is a better specimen of idiomatic English than this, or +a more faithful rendering of the real spirit of the original +into English as good and as simple as the Greek.”—<i>New York +Evening Post.</i></p> + +<p class="center mt1">CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS,<br> +743 and 745 Broadway, New York.</p> + +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77173 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/77173-h/images/cover.jpg b/77173-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4af5d38 --- /dev/null +++ b/77173-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/77173-h/images/map.jpg b/77173-h/images/map.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..29fb058 --- /dev/null +++ b/77173-h/images/map.jpg |
