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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Sinking of the Titanic + and Great Sea Disasters + +Author: Various + +Editor: Logan Marshall + +Release Date: November 5, 2009 [EBook #781] +Last Updated: January 8, 2013 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SINKING OF THE TITANIC *** + + + + +Produced by Charles Keller, Mike Lough, and David Widger + + + + + + +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h1> + SINKING OF THE TITANIC + </h1> + <h3> + AND GREAT SEA DISASTERS + </h3> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h2> + By Various + </h2> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h2> + Edited by Logan Marshall + </h2> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + Pre-Frontispiece Caption: THE TITANIC + </p> + <p> + The largest and finest steamship in the world; on her maiden voyage, + loaded with a human freight of over 2,300 souls, she collided with a + huge iceberg 600 miles southeast of Halifax, at 11.40 P.M. Sunday April + 14, 1912, and sank two and a half hours later, carrying over 1,600 of + her passengers and crew with her. + </p> + <p> + Frontispiece Caption: CAPTAIN E. J. SMITH + </p> + <p> + Of the ill-fated giant of the sea; a brave and seasoned commander who + was carried to his death with his last and greatest ship. + </p> + <p> + Sinking of the Titanic and Great Sea Disasters + </p> + <p> + A Detailed and Accurate Account of the Most Awful Marine Disaster in + History, Constructed from the Real Facts as Obtained from Those on Board + Who Survived.......... + </p> + <p> + ONLY AUTHORITATIVE BOOK + </p> + <p> + INCLUDING Records of Previous Great Disasters of the Sea, Descriptions + of the Developments of Safety and Life-saving Appliances, a Plain + Statement of the Causes of Such Catastrophes and How to Avoid Them, the + Marvelous Development of Shipbuilding, etc. + </p> + <p> + With a Message of Spiritual Consolation by REV. HENRY VAN DYKE, D.D. + </p> + <p> + EDITED BY LOGAN MARSHALL + </p> + <p> + Author of "Life of Theodore Roosevelt," etc. + </p> + <p> + ILLUSTRATED With Numerous Authentic Photographs and Drawings + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + Dedication + </p> + <p> + To the 1635 souls who were lost with the ill-fated Titanic, and + especially to those heroic men, who, instead of trying to save + themselves, stood aside that women and children might have their chance; + of each of them let it be written, as it was written of a Greater One—"He + Died that Others might Live" + </p> + <p> + "I stood in unimaginable trance<br /> And agony that cannot be + remembered."—COLERIDGE + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <p> + Dr. Van Dyke's Spiritual Consolation to the Survivors of the Titanic + </p> + <p> + The Titanic, greatest of ships, has gone to her ocean grave. What has she + left behind her? Think clearly. + </p> + <p> + She has left debts. Vast sums of money have been lost. Some of them are + covered by insurance which will be paid. The rest is gone. All wealth is + insecure. + </p> + <p> + She has left lessons. The risk of running the northern course when it is + menaced by icebergs is revealed. The cruelty of sending a ship to sea + without enough life-boats and life-rafts to hold her company is exhibited + and underlined in black. + </p> + <p> + She has left sorrows. Hundreds of human hearts and homes are in mourning + for the loss of dear companions and friends. The universal sympathy which + is written in every face and heard in every voice proves that man is more + than the beasts that perish. It is an evidence of the divine in humanity. + Why should we care? There is no reason in the world, unless there is + something in us that is different from lime and carbon and phosphorus, + something that makes us mortals able to suffer together— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "For we have all of us an human heart." +</pre> + <p> + But there is more than this harvest of debts, and lessons, and sorrows, in + the tragedy of the sinking of the Titanic. There is a great ideal. It is + clearly outlined and set before the mind and heart of the modern world, to + approve and follow, or to despise and reject. + </p> + <p> + It is, "Women and children first!" + </p> + <p> + Whatever happened on that dreadful April night among the arctic ice, + certainly that was the order given by the brave and steadfast captain; + certainly that was the law obeyed by the men on the doomed ship. But why? + There is no statute or enactment of any nation to enforce such an order. + There is no trace of such a rule to be found in the history of ancient + civilizations. There is no authority for it among the heathen races + to-day. On a Chinese ship, if we may believe the report of an official + representative, the rule would have been "Men First, children next, and + women last." + </p> + <p> + There is certainly no argument against this barbaric rule on physical or + material grounds. On the average, a man is stronger than a woman, he is + worth more than a woman, he has a longer prospect of life than a woman. + There is no reason in all the range of physical and economic science, no + reason in all the philosophy of the Superman, why he should give his place + in the life-boat to a woman. + </p> + <p> + Where, then, does this rule which prevailed in the sinking Titanic come + from? It comes from God, through the faith of Jesus of Nazareth. + </p> + <p> + It is the ideal of self-sacrifice. It is the rule that "the strong ought + to bear the infirmities of those that are weak." It is the divine + revelation which is summed up in the words: "Greater love hath no man than + this, that a man lay down his life for his friends." + </p> + <p> + It needs a tragic catastrophe like the wreck of the Titanic to bring out + the absolute contradiction between this ideal and all the counsels of + materialism and selfish expediency. + </p> + <p> + I do not say that the germ of this ideal may not be found in other + religions. I do not say that they are against it. I do not ask any man to + accept my theology (which grows shorter and simpler as I grow older), + unless his heart leads him to it. But this I say: The ideal that the + strength of the strong is given them to protect and save the weak, the + ideal which animates the rule of "Women and children first," is in + essential harmony with the spirit of Christ. + </p> + <p> + If what He said about our Father in Heaven is true, this ideal is + supremely reasonable. Otherwise it is hard to find arguments for it. The + tragedy of facts sets the question clearly before us. Think about it. Is + this ideal to survive and prevail in our civilization or not? + </p> + <p> + Without it, no doubt, we may have riches and power and dominion. But what + a world to live in! + </p> + <p> + Only through the belief that the strong are bound to protect and save the + weak because God wills it so, can we hope to keep self-sacrifice, and + love, and heroism, and all the things that make us glad to live and not + afraid to die. + </p> + <p> + HENRY VAN DYKE. + </p> + <p> + PRINCETON, N. J., April 18, 1912. + </p> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <blockquote> + <p class="toc"> + <big><b>CONTENTS</b></big> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_TOC"> DETAILIED CONTENTS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0001"> FACTS ABOUT THE WRECK OF THE TITANIC </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0001"> CHAPTER I. FIRST NEWS OF THE GREATEST MARINE + DISASTER IN HISTORY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0002"> CHAPTER II. THE MOST SUMPTUOUS PALACE AFLOAT + </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0003"> CHAPTER III. THE MAIDEN VOYAGE OF THE TITANIC + </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0004"> CHAPTER IV. SOME OF THE NOTABLE PASSENGERS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0005"> CHAPTER V. THE TITANIC STRIKES AN ICEBERG! </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0006"> CHAPTER VI. "WOMEN AND CHILDREN FIRST!" </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0007"> CHAPTER VII. LEFT TO THEIR FATE </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0008"> CHAPTER VIII. THE CALL FOR HELP HEARD </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0009"> CHAPTER IX. IN THE DRIFTING LIFE-BOATS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0010"> CHAPTER X. ON BOARD THE CARPATHIA </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0011"> CHAPTER XI. PREPARATIONS ON LAND TO RECEIVE THE + SUFFERERS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0012"> CHAPTER XII. THE TRAGIC HOME-COMING </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_LIST"> LIST OF SURVIVORS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_LIST2"> LIST OF SURVIVORS—SECOND CABIN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0013"> CHAPTER XIII. THE STORY OF CHARLES F. HURD </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0014"> CHAPTER XIV. THRILLING ACCOUNT BY L. BEASLEY + </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0015"> CHAPTER XV. JACK THAYER'S OWN STORY OF THE + WRECK </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0016"> CHAPTER XVI. INCIDENTS RELATED BY JAMES McGOUGH + </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0017"> CHAPTER XVII. WIRELESS OPERATOR PRAISES HEROIC + WORK </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0018"> CHAPTER XVIII. STORY OF THE STEWARD </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0019"> CHAPTER XIX. HOW THE WORLD RECEIVED THE NEWS + </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0020"> CHAPTER XX. BRAVERY OF THE OFFICERS AND CREW + </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0021"> CHAPTER XXI. SEARCHING FOR THE DEAD </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_LIST3"> LIST OF IDENTIFIED DEAD </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0022"> CHAPTER XXII. CRITICISM OF ISMAY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0023"> CHAPTER XXIII. THE FINANCIAL LOSS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0024"> CHAPTER XXIV. OPINIONS OF EXPERTS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0025"> CHAPTER XXV. OTHER GREAT MARINE DISASTERS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0026"> CHAPTER XXVI. DEVELOPMENT OF SHIPBUILDING </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0027"> CHAPTER XXVII. SAFETY AND LIFE-SAVING DEVICES + </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0028"> CHAPTER XXVIII. TIME FOR REFLECTION AND REFORMS + </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0029"> CHAPTER XXIX. THE SENATORIAL INVESTIGATION </a> + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_TOC" id="link2H_TOC"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <h2> + DETAILED CONTENTS + </h2> + <blockquote> + <p> + CHAPTER I FIRST NEWS OF THE GREATEST MARINE DISASTER IN HISTORY <br /> + "The Titanic in collision, but everybody safe"—Another triumph set + <br /> down to wireless telegraphy—The world goes to sleep + peacefully—The sad <br /> awakening <br /> CHAPTER II THE MOST + SUMPTUOUS PALACE AFLOAT <br /> Dimensions of the Titanic—Capacity—Provisions + for the comfort <br /> and entertainment of passengers—Mechanical + equipment—The army of <br /> attendants required <br /> CHAPTER III + THE MAIDEN VOYAGE OF THE TITANIC <br /> Preparations for the voyage—Scenes + of gayety—The boat sails—Incidents <br /> of the voyage—A + collision narrowly averted—The boat on fire—Warned of <br /> + icebergs <br /> CHAPTER IV SOME OF THE NOTABLE PASSENGERS <br /> Sketches + of prominent men and women on board, including Major Archibald <br /> + Butt, John Jacob Astor, Benjamin Guggenheim, Isidor Straus, J. Bruce + <br /> Ismay, Geo. D. Widener, Colonel Washington Roebling, 2d, Charles + M. <br /> Hays, W. T. Stead and others <br /> CHAPTER V THE TITANIC + STRIKES AN ICEBERG! <br /> Tardy attention to warning responsible for + accident—The danger not <br /> realized at first—An + interrupted card game—Passengers joke among <br /> themselves—The + real truth dawns—Panic on board—Wireless calls for <br /> + help. <br /> CHAPTER VI "WOMEN AND CHILDREN FIRST" <br /> Cool-headed + officers and crew bring order out of chaos—Filling the <br /> + life-boats—Heartrending scenes as families are parted—Four + life-boats <br /> lost—Incidents of bravery—"The boats are + all filled!" <br /> CHAPTER VII LEFT TO THEIR FATE <br /> Coolness and + heroism of those left to perish—Suicide of <br /> Murdock—Captain + Smith's end—The ship's band plays a noble hymn as the <br /> vessel + goes down. <br /> CHAPTER VIII THE CALL FOR HELP HEARD <br /> The value of + the wireless—Other ships alter their course—Rescuers on + <br /> the way. <br /> CHAPTER IX IN THE DRIFTING LIFE-BOATS <br /> Sorrow + and suffering—The survivors see the Titanic go down with their + <br /> loved ones on board—A night of agonizing suspense—Women + help to <br /> row—Help arrives—Picking up the life-boats. + <br /> CHAPTER X ON BOARD THE CARPATHIA <br /> Aid for the suffering and + hysterical—Burying the dead—Vote of <br /> thanks to Captain + Rostron of the Carpathia—Identifying those <br /> saved—Communicating + with land—The passage to New York. <br /> CHAPTER XI PREPARATIONS + ON LAND TO RECEIVE THE SUFFERERS <br /> Police arrangements—Donations + of money and supplies—Hospital and <br /> ambulances made ready—Private + houses thrown open—Waiting for the <br /> Carpathia to arrive—The + ship sighted! <br /> CHAPTER XII THE TRAGIC HOME-COMING <br /> The + Carpathia reaches New York—An intense and dramatic <br /> moment—Hysterical + reunions and crushing disappointments at the <br /> dock—Caring for + the sufferers—Final realization that all hope for <br /> others is + futile—List of survivors—Roll of the dead. <br /> CHAPTER + XIII THE STORY OF CHARLES F. HURD <br /> How the Titanic sank—Water + strewn with dead bodies—Victims met death <br /> with hymn on their + lips. <br /> CHAPTER XIV THRILLING ACCOUNT BY L. BEASLEY <br /> Collision + only a slight jar—Passengers could not believe the vessel <br /> + doomed—Narrow escape of life-boats—Picked up by the + Carpathia. <br /> CHAPTER XV JACK THAYER'S OWN STORY OF THE WRECK <br /> + Seventeen-year-old son of Pennsylvania Railroad official tells <br /> + moving story of his rescue—Told mother to be brave—Separated + from <br /> parents—Jumped when vessel sank—Drifted on + overturned boat—Picked up <br /> by Carpathia. <br /> CHAPTER XVI + INCIDENTS RELATED BY JAMES McGOUGH <br /> Women forced into the + life-boats—Why some men were saved before <br /> women—Asked + to man life-boats. <br /> CHAPTER XVII WIRELESS OPERATOR PRAISES HEROIC + WORK <br /> Story of Harold Bride, the surviving wireless operator of the + Titanic, <br /> who was washed overboard and rescued by life-boat—Band + played ragtime <br /> and "Autumn". <br /> CHAPTER XVIII STORY OF THE + STEWARD <br /> Passengers and crew dying when taken aboard Carpathia—One + woman saved <br /> a dog—English colonel swam for hours when boat + with mother aboard <br /> capsized. <br /> CHAPTER XIX HOW THE WORLD + RECEIVED THE NEWS <br /> Nations prostrate with grief—Messages from + kings and <br /> cardinals—Disaster stirs world to necessity of + stricter regulations. <br /> CHAPTER XX BRAVERY OF THE OFFICERS AND CREW + <br /> Illustrious career of Captain E. J. Smith—Brave to the <br /> + last—Maintenance of order and discipline—Acts of heroism—Engineers + <br /> died at posts—Noble-hearted band. <br /> CHAPTER XXI + SEARCHING FOR THE DEAD <br /> Sending out the Mackay-Bennett and Minia—Bremen + passengers see <br /> bodies—Identifying bodies—Confusion in + names—Recoveries. <br /> CHAPTER XXII CRITICISM OF ISMAY <br /> + Criminal and cowardly conduct charged—Proper caution not exercised + when <br /> presence of icebergs was known—Should have stayed on + board to help <br /> in work of rescue—Selfish and unsympathetic + actions on board the <br /> Carpathia—Ismay's defense—William + E. Carter's statement. <br /> CHAPTER XXIII THE FINANCIAL LOSS <br /> + Titanic not fully insured—Valuable cargo and mail—No chance + for <br /> salvage—Life insurance loss—Loss to the Carpathia. + <br /> CHAPTER XXIV OPINIONS OF EXPERTS <br /> Captain E. K. Roden, Lewis + Nixon, General Greely and Robert H. Kirk <br /> point out lessons taught + by Titanic disaster and needed changes in <br /> construction. <br /> + CHAPTER XXV OTHER GREAT MARINE DISASTERS. <br /> Deadly danger of + icebergs—Dozens of ships perish in collision—Other <br /> + disasters. <br /> CHAPTER XXVI DEVELOPMENT OF SHIPBUILDING <br /> + Evolution of water travel—Increases in size of vessels—Is + there any <br /> limit?—Achievements in speed—Titanic not the + last word. <br /> CHAPTER XXVII SAFETY AND LIFE-SAVING DEVICES <br /> + Wireless telegraphy—Water-tight bulkheads—Submarine <br /> + signals—Life-boats and rafts—Nixon's pontoon—Life-preservers + and <br /> buoys—Rockets. <br /> CHAPTER XXVIII TIME FOR REFLECTION + AND REFORM <br /> Speed and luxury overemphasized—Space needed for + life-boats devoted to <br /> swimming pools and squash-courts—Mania + for speed records compels use of <br /> dangerous routes and prevents + proper caution in foggy weather—Life <br /> more valuable than + luxury—Safety more important than speed—An aroused <br /> + public opinion necessary—International conference recommended—Adequate + <br /> life-saving equipment should be compulsory—Speed regulations + in bad <br /> weather—Co-operation in arranging schedules to keep + vessels within <br /> reach of each other—Legal regulations. <br /> + CHAPTER XXIX THE SENATORIAL INVESTIGATION <br /> Prompt action of the + Government—Senate committee probes disaster and <br /> brings out + details—Testimony of Ismay, officers, crew passengers and <br /> + other witnesses. <br /> + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + FACTS ABOUT THE WRECK OF THE TITANIC + </h2> + <p> + NUMBER of persons aboard, 2340. Number of life-boats and rafts, 20. + Capacity of each life-boat, 50 passengers and crew of 8. Utmost capacity + of life-boats and rafts, about 1100. Number of life-boats wrecked in + launching, 4. Capacity of life-boats safely launched, 928. Total number of + persons taken in life-boats, 711. Number who died in life-boats, 6. Total + number saved, 705. Total number of Titanic's company lost, 1635. + </p> + <p> + The cause of the disaster was a collision with an iceberg in latitude + 41.46 north, longitude 50.14 west. The Titanic had had repeated warnings + of the presence of ice in that part of the course. Two official warnings + had been received defining the position of the ice fields. It had been + calculated on the Titanic that she would reach the ice fields about 11 + o'clock Sunday night. The collision occurred at 11.40. At that time the + ship was driving at a speed of 21 to 23 knots, or about 26 miles, an hour. + </p> + <p> + There had been no details of seamen assigned to each boat. + </p> + <p> + Some of the boats left the ship without seamen enough to man the oars. + </p> + <p> + Some of the boats were not more than half full of passengers. + </p> + <p> + The boats had no provisions, some of them had no water stored, some were + without sail equipment or compasses. + </p> + <p> + In some boats, which carried sails wrapped and bound, there was not a + person with a knife to cut the ropes. In some boats the plugs in the + bottom had been pulled out and the women passengers were compelled to + thrust their hands into the holes to keep the boats from filling and + sinking. + </p> + <p> + The captain, E. J. Smith, admiral of the White Star fleet, went down with + his ship. + </p> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2HCH0001" id="link2HCH0001"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <h2> + CHAPTER I. FIRST NEWS OF THE GREATEST MARINE DISASTER IN HISTORY + </h2> + <p> + "THE TITANIC IN COLLISION, BUT EVERYBODY SAFE"—ANOTHER TRIUMPH SET + DOWN TO WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY—THE WORLD GOES TO SLEEP PEACEFULLY—THE + SAD AWAKENING. + </p> + <p> + LIKE a bolt out of a clear sky came the wireless message on Monday, April + 15, 1912, that on Sunday night the great Titanic, on her maiden voyage + across the Atlantic, had struck a gigantic iceberg, but that all the + passengers were saved. The ship had signaled her distress and another + victory was set down to wireless. Twenty-one hundred lives saved! + </p> + <p> + Additional news was soon received that the ship had collided with a + mountain of ice in the North Atlantic, off Cape Race, Newfoundland, at + 10.25 Sunday evening, April 14th. At 4.15 Monday morning the Canadian + Government Marine Agency received a wireless message that the Titanic was + sinking and that the steamers towing her were trying to get her into shoal + water near Cape Race, for the purpose of beaching her. + </p> + <p> + Wireless despatches up to noon Monday showed that the passengers of the + Titanic were being transferred aboard the steamer Carpathia, a Cunarder, + which left New York, April 13th, for Naples. Twenty boat-loads of the + Titanic's passengers were said to have been transferred to the Carpathia + then, and allowing forty to sixty persons as the capacity of each + life-boat, some 800 or 1200 persons had already been transferred from the + damaged liner to the Carpathia. They were reported as being taken to + Halifax, whence they would be sent by train to New York. + </p> + <p> + Another liner, the Parisian, of the Allan Company, which sailed from + Glasgow for Halifax on April 6th, was said to be close at hand and + assisting in the work of rescue. The Baltic, Virginian and Olympic were + also near the scene, according to the information received by wireless. + </p> + <p> + While badly damaged, the giant vessel was reported as still afloat, but + whether she could reach port or shoal water was uncertain. The White Star + officials declared that the Titanic was in no immediate danger of sinking, + because of her numerous water-tight compartments. + </p> + <p> + "While we are still lacking definite information," Mr. Franklin, + vice-president of the White Star Line, said later in the afternoon, "we + believe the Titanic's passengers will reach Halifax, Wednesday evening. We + have received no further word from Captain Haddock, of the Olympic, or + from any of the ships in the vicinity, but are confident that there will + be no loss of life." + </p> + <p> + With the understanding that the survivors would be taken to Halifax the + line arranged to have thirty Pullman cars, two diners and many passenger + coaches leave Boston Monday night for Halifax to get the passengers after + they were landed. Mr. Franklin made a guess that the Titanic's passengers + would get into Halifax on Wednesday. The Department of Commerce and Labor + notified the White Star Line that customs and immigration inspectors would + be sent from Montreal to Halifax in order that there would be as little + delay as possible in getting the passengers on trains. + </p> + <p> + Monday night the world slept in peace and assurance. A wireless message + had finally been received, reading: + </p> + <p> + "All Titanic's passengers safe." + </p> + <p> + It was not until nearly a week later that the fact was discovered that + this message had been wrongly received in the confusion of messages + flashing through the air, and that in reality the message should have + read: + </p> + <p> + "Are all Titanic's passengers safe?" + </p> + <p> + With the dawning of Tuesday morning came the awful news of the true fate + of the Titanic. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0002" id="link2HCH0002"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER II. THE MOST SUMPTUOUS PALACE AFLOAT + </h2> + <p> + DIMENSIONS OF THE TITANIC—CAPACITY—PROVISIONS FOR THE COMFORT + AND ENTERTAINMENT OF PASSENGERS—MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT THE ARMY OF + ATTENDANTS REQUIRED. + </p> + <p> + THE statistical record of the great ship has news value at this time. + </p> + <p> + Early in 1908 officials of the White Star Company announced that they + would eclipse all previous records in shipbuilding with a vessel of + staggering dimensions. The Titanic resulted. + </p> + <p> + The keel of the ill-fated ship was laid in the summer of 1909 at the + Harland & Wolff yards, Belfast. Lord Pirrie, considered one of the + best authorities on shipbuilding in the world, was the designer. The + leviathan was launched on May 31, 1911, and was completed in February, + 1912, at a cost of $10,000,000. + </p> + <p> + SISTER SHIP OF OLYMPIC + </p> + <p> + The Titanic, largest liner in commission, was a sister ship of the + Olympic. The registered tonnage of each vessel is estimated as 45,000, but + officers of the White Star Line say that the Titanic measured 45,328 tons. + The Titanic was commanded by Captain E. J. Smith, the White Star admiral, + who had previously been on the Olympic. + </p> + <p> + She was 882 1/2 long, or about four city blocks, and was 5000 tons bigger + than a battleship twice as large as the dreadnought Delaware. + </p> + <p> + Like her sister ship, the Olympic, the Titanic was a four-funneled vessel, + and had eleven decks. The distance from the keel to the top of the funnels + was 175 feet. She had an average speed of twenty-one knots. + </p> + <p> + The Titanic could accommodate 2500 passengers. The steamship was divided + into numerous compartments, separated by fifteen bulkheads. She was + equipped with a gymnasium, swimming pool, hospital with operating room, + and a grill and palm garden. + </p> + <p> + CARRIED CREW OF 860 + </p> + <p> + The registered tonnage was 45,000, and the displacement tonnage 66,000. + She was capable of carrying 2500 passengers and the crew numbered 860. + </p> + <p> + The largest plates employed in the hull were 36 feet long, weighing 43 1/2 + tons each, and the largest steel beam used was 92 feet long, the weight of + this double beam being 4 tons. The rudder, which was operated + electrically, weighed 100 tons, the anchors 15 1/2 tons each, the center + (turbine) propeller 22 tons, and each of the two "wing" propellers 38 tons + each. The after "boss-arms," from which were sus-pended the three + propeller shafts, tipped the scales at 73 1/2 tons, and the forward + "boss-arms" at 45 tons. Each link in the anchor-chains weighed 175 pounds. + There were more than 2000 side-lights and windows to light the public + rooms and passenger cabins. + </p> + <p> + Nothing was left to chance in the construction of the Titanic. Three + million rivets (weighing 1200 tons) held the solid plates of steel + together. To insure stability in binding the heavy plates in the double + bottom, half a million rivets, weighing about 270 tons, were used. + </p> + <p> + All the plating of the hulls was riveted by hydraulic power, driving + seven-ton riveting machines, suspended from traveling cranes. The double + bottom extended the full length of the vessel, varying from 5 feet 3 + inches to 6 feet 3 inches in depth, and lent added strength to the hull. + </p> + <p> + MOST LUXURIOUS STEAMSHIP + </p> + <p> + Not only was the Titanic the largest steamship afloat but it was the most + luxurious. Elaborately furnished cabins opened onto her eleven decks, and + some of these decks were reserved as private promenades that were engaged + with the best suites. One of these suites was sold for $4350 for the + boat's maiden and only voyage. Suites similar, but which were without the + private promenade decks, sold for $2300. + </p> + <p> + The Titanic differed in some respects from her sister ship. The Olympic + has a lower promenade deck, but in the Titanic's case the staterooms were + brought out flush with the outside of the superstructure, and the rooms + themselves made much larger. The sitting rooms of some of the suites on + this deck were 15 x 15 feet. + </p> + <p> + The restaurant was much larger than that of the Olympic and it had a + novelty in the shape of a private promenade deck on the starboard side, to + be used exclusively by its patrons. Adjoining it was a reception room, + where hosts and hostesses could meet their guests. + </p> + <p> + Two private promenades were connected with the two most luxurious suites + on the ship. The suites were situated about amidships, one on either side + of the vessel, and each was about fifty feet long. One of the suites + comprised a sitting room, two bedrooms and a bath. + </p> + <p> + These private promenades were expensive luxuries. The cost figured out + something like forty dollars a front foot for a six days' voyage. They, + with the suites to which they are attached, were the most expensive + transatlantic accommodations yet offered. + </p> + <p> + THE ENGINE ROOM + </p> + <p> + The engine room was divided into two sections, one given to the + reciprocating engines and the other to the turbines. There were two sets + of the reciprocating kind, one working each of the wing propellers through + a four-cylinder triple expansion, direct acting inverted engine. Each set + could generate 15,000 indicated horse-power at seventy-five revolutions a + minute. The Parsons type turbine takes steam from the reciprocating + engines, and by developing a horse-power of 16,000 at 165 revolutions a + minute works the third of the ship's propellers, the one directly under + the rudder. Of the four funnels of the vessel three were connected with + the engine room, and the fourth or after funnel for ventilating the ship + including the gallery. + </p> + <p> + Practically all of the space on the Titanic below the upper deck was + occupied by steam-generating plant, coal bunkers and propelling machinery. + Eight of the fifteen water-tight compartments contained the mechanical + part of the vessel. There were, for instance, twenty-four double end and + five single end boilers, each 16 feet 9 inches in diameter, the larger 20 + feet long and the smaller 11 feet 9 inches long. The larger boilers had + six fires under each of them and the smaller three furnaces. Coal was + stored in bunker space along the side of the ship between the lower and + middle decks, and was first shipped from there into bunkers running all + the way across the vessel in the lowest part. From there the stokers + handed it into the furnaces. + </p> + <p> + One of the most interesting features of the vessel was the refrigerating + plant, which comprised a huge ice-making and refrigerating machine and a + number of provision rooms on the after part of the lower and orlop decks. + There were separate cold rooms for beef, mutton, poultry, game, fish, + vegetables, fruit, butter, bacon, cheese, flowers, mineral water, wine, + spirits and champagne, all maintained at different temperatures most + suitable to each. Perishable freight had a compartment of its own, also + chilled by the plant. + </p> + <p> + COMFORT AND STABILITY + </p> + <p> + Two main ideas were carried out in the Titanic. One was comfort and the + other stability. The vessel was planned to be an ocean ferry. She was to + have only a speed of twenty-one knots, far below that of some other modern + vessels, but she was planned to make that speed, blow high or blow low, so + that if she left one side of the ocean at a given time she could be relied + on to reach the other side at almost a certain minute of a certain hour. + </p> + <p> + One who has looked into modern methods for safeguarding + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = LIFE-BOAT AND DAVITS ON THE TITANIC + </p> + <p> + This diagram shows very clearly the arrangement of the life-boats and the + manner in which they were launched.} + </p> + <p> + a vessel of the Titanic type can hardly imagine an accident that could + cause her to founder. No collision such as has been the fate of any ship + in recent years, it has been thought up to this time, could send her down, + nor could running against an iceberg do it unless such an accident were + coupled with the remotely possible blowing out of a boiler. She would sink + at once, probably, if she were to run over a submerged rock or derelict in + such manner that both her keel plates and her double bottom were torn away + for more than half her length; but such a catastrophe was so remotely + possible that it did not even enter the field of conjecture. + </p> + <p> + The reason for all this is found in the modern arrangement of water-tight + steel compartments into which all ships now are divided and of which the + Titanic had fifteen so disposed that half of them, including the largest, + could be flooded without impairing the safety of the vessel. Probably it + was the working of these bulkheads and the water-tight doors between them + as they are supposed to work that saved the Titanic from foundering when + she struck the iceberg. + </p> + <p> + These bulkheads were of heavy sheet steel and started at the very bottom + of the ship and extended right up to the top side. The openings in the + bulkheads were just about the size of the ordinary doorway, but the doors + did not swing as in a house, but fitted into water-tight grooves above the + opening. They could be released instantly in several ways, and once closed + formed a barrier to the water as solid as the bulkhead itself. + </p> + <p> + In the Titanic, as in other great modern ships, these doors were held in + place above the openings by friction clutches. On the bridge was a switch + which connected with an electric magnet at the side of the bulkhead + opening. The turning of this switch caused the magnet to draw down a heavy + weight, which instantly released the friction clutch, and allowed the door + to fall or slide down over the opening in a second. If, however, through + accident the bridge switch was rendered useless the doors would close + automatically in a few seconds. This was arranged by means of large metal + floats at the side of the doorways, which rested just above the level of + the double bottom, and as the water entered the compartments these floats + would rise to it and directly release the clutch holding the door open. + These clutches could also be released by hand. + </p> + <p> + It was said of the Titanic that liner compartments could be flooded as far + back or as far forward as the engine room and she would float, though she + might take on a heavy list, or settle considerably at one end. To provide + against just such an accident as she is said to have encountered she had + set back a good distance from the bows an extra heavy cross partition + known as the collision bulkhead, which would prevent water getting in + amidships, even though a good part of her bow should be torn away. What a + ship can stand and still float was shown a few years ago when the Suevic + of the White Star Line went on the rocks on the British coast. The + wreckers could not move the forward part of her, so they separated her + into two sections by the use of dynamite, and after putting in a temporary + bulkhead floated off the after half of the ship, put it in dry dock and + built a new forward part for her. More recently the battleship Maine, or + what was left of her, was floated out to sea, and kept on top of the water + by her water-tight compartments only. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0003" id="link2HCH0003"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER III. THE MAIDEN VOYAGE OF THE TITANIC + </h2> + <p> + PREPARATIONS FOR THE VOYAGE—SCENES OF GAYETY—THE BOAT SAILS—INCIDENTS + OF THE VOYAGE—-A COLLISION NARROWLY AVERTED—THE BOAT ON FIRE—WARNED + OF ICEBERGS. + </p> + <p> + EVER was ill-starred voyage more auspiciously begun than when the Titanic, + newly crowned empress of the seas, steamed majestically out of the port of + Southampton at noon on Wednesday, April 10th, bound for New York. + </p> + <p> + Elaborate preparations had been made for the maiden voyage. Crowds of + eager watchers gathered to witness the departure, all the more interested + because of the notable people who were to travel aboard her. Friends and + relatives of many of the passengers were at the dock to bid Godspeed to + their departing loved ones. The passengers themselves were unusually gay + and happy. + </p> + <p> + Majestic and beautiful the ship rested on the water, marvel of + shipbuilding, worthy of any sea. As this new queen of the ocean moved + slowly from her dock, no one questioned her construction: she was fitted + with an elaborate system of + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = STEAMER "TITANIC" COMPARED WITH THE LARGEST STRUCTURES + IN THE WORLD 1. Bunker Hill Monument. Boston, 221 feet high. 2. Public + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = J. BRUCE ISMAY + </p> + <p> + Managing director of the International Mercantile Marine, and managing + director of the White....} + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = CHARLES M. HAYS + </p> + <p> + President of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railways, numbered among the heroic + men....} + </p> + <p> + water-tight compartments, calculated to make her unsinkable; she had been + pronounced the safest as well as the most sumptuous Atlantic liner afloat. + </p> + <p> + There was silence just before the boat pulled out—the silence that + usually precedes the leave-taking. The heavy whistles sounded and the + splendid Titanic, her flags flying and her band playing, churned the water + and plowed heavily away. + </p> + <p> + Then the Titanic, with the people on board waving handkerchiefs and + shouting good-byes that could be heard only as a buzzing murmur on shore, + rode away on the ocean, proudly, majestically, her head up and, so it + seemed, her shoulders thrown back. If ever a vessel seemed to throb with + proud life, if ever a monster of the sea seemed to "feel its oats" and + strain at the leash, if ever a ship seemed to have breeding and blue blood + that would keep it going until its heart broke, that ship was the Titanic. + </p> + <p> + And so it was only her due that as the Titanic steamed out of the harbor + bound on her maiden voyage a thousand "God-speeds" were wafted after her, + while every other vessel that she passed, the greatest of them dwarfed by + her colossal proportions, paid homage to the new queen regnant with the + blasts of their whistles and the shrieking of steam sirens. + </p> + <p> + THE SHIP'S CAPTAIN + </p> + <p> + In command of the Titanic was Captain E. J. Smith, a veteran of the seas, + and admiral of the White Star Line fleet. The next six officers, in the + order of their rank, were Murdock, Lightollder,{sic} Pitman, Boxhall, Lowe + and Moody. Dan Phillips was chief wireless operator, with Harold Bride as + assistant. + </p> + <p> + From the forward bridge, fully ninety feet above the sea, peered out the + benign face of the ship's master, cool of aspect, deliberate of action, + impressive in that quality of confidence that is bred only of long + experience in command. + </p> + <p> + From far below the bridge sounded the strains of the ship's orchestra, + playing blithely a favorite air from "The Chocolate Soldier." All went as + merry as a wedding bell. Indeed, among that gay ship's company were two + score or more at least for whom the wedding bells had sounded in truth not + many days before. Some were on their honeymoon tours, others were + returning to their motherland after having passed the weeks of the + honeymoon, like Colonel John Jacob Astor and his young bride, amid the + diversions of Egypt or other Old World countries. + </p> + <p> + What daring flight of imagination would have ventured the prediction that + within the span of six days that stately ship, humbled, shattered and torn + asunder, would lie two thousand fathoms deep at the bottom of the + Atlantic, that the benign face that peered from the bridge would be set in + the rigor of death and that the happy bevy of voyaging brides would be + sorrowing widows? + </p> + <p> + ALMOST IN A COLLISION + </p> + <p> + The big vessel had, however, a touch of evil fortune before she cleared + the harbor of Southampton. As she passed down stream her immense bulk—she + displaced 66,000 tons—drew the waters after her with an irresistible + suction that tore the American liner New York from her moorings; seven + steel hawsers were snapped like twine. The New York floated toward the + White Star ship, and would have rammed the new ship had not the tugs + Vulcan and Neptune stopped her and towed her back to the quay. + </p> + <p> + When the mammoth ship touched at Cherbourg and later at Queenstown she was + again the object of a port ovation, the smaller craft doing obeisance + while thousands gazed in wonder at her stupendous proportions. After + taking aboard some additional passengers at each port, the Titanic headed + her towering bow toward the open sea and the race for a record on her + maiden voyage was begun. + </p> + <p> + NEW BURST OF SPEED EACH DAY + </p> + <p> + The Titanic made 484 miles as her first day's run, her powerful new + engines turning over at the rate of seventy revolutions. On the second day + out the speed was hit up to seventy-three revolutions and the run for the + day was bulletined as 519 miles. Still further increasing the speed, the + rate of revolution of the engines was raised to seventy-five and the day's + run was 549 miles, the best yet scheduled. + </p> + <p> + But the ship had not yet been speeded to her capacity she was capable of + turning over about seventy-eight revolutions. Had the weather conditions + been propitious, it was intended to press the great racer to the full + limit of her speed on Monday. But for the Titanic Monday never came. FIRE + IN THE COAL BUNKERS + </p> + <p> + Unknown to the passengers, the Titanic was on fire from the day she sailed + from Southampton. Her officers and crew knew it, for they had fought the + fire for days. + </p> + <p> + This story, told for the first time by the survivors of the crew, was only + one of the many thrilling tales of the fateful first voyage. + </p> + <p> + "The Titanic sailed from Southampton on Wednesday, April 10th, at noon," + said J. Dilley, fireman on the Titanic. + </p> + <p> + "I was assigned to the Titanic from the Oceanic, where I had served as a + fireman. From the day we sailed the Titanic was on fire, and my sole duty, + together with eleven other men, had been to fight that fire. We had made + no headway against it." + </p> + <p> + PASSENGERS IN IGNORANCE + </p> + <p> + "Of course," he went on, "the passengers knew nothing of the fire. Do you + think we'd have let them know about it? No, sir. + </p> + <p> + "The fire started in bunker No. 6. There were hundreds of tons of coal + stored there. The coal on top of the bunker was wet, as all the coal + should have been, but down at the bottom of the bunker the coal had been + permitted to get dry. + </p> + <p> + "The dry coal at the bottom of the pile took fire, and smoldered for days. + The wet coal on top kept the flames from coming through, but down in the + bottom of the bunkers the flames were raging. + </p> + <p> + "Two men from each watch of stokers were tolled off, to fight that fire. + The stokers worked four hours at a time, so twelve of us were fighting + flames from the day we put out of Southampton until we hit the iceberg. + </p> + <p> + "No, we didn't get that fire out, and among the stokers there was talk + that we'd have to empty the big coal bunkers after we'd put our passengers + off in New York, and then call on the fire-boats there to help us put out + the fire. + </p> + <p> + "The stokers were alarmed over it, but the officers told us to keep our + mouths shut—they didn't want to alarm the passengers." + </p> + <p> + USUAL DIVERSION + </p> + <p> + Until Sunday, April 14th, then, the voyage had apparently been a + delightful but uneventful one. The passengers had passed the time in the + usual diversions of ocean travelers, amusing themselves in the luxurious + saloons, promenading on the boat deck, lolling at their ease in steamer + chairs and making pools on the daily runs of the steamship. The smoking + rooms and card rooms had been as well patronized as usual, and a party of + several notorious professional gamblers had begun reaping their usual easy + harvest. + </p> + <p> + As early as Sunday afternoon the officers of the Titanic must have known + that they were approaching dangerous ice fields of the kind that are a + perennial menace to the safety of steamships following the regular + transatlantic lanes off the Great Banks of Newfoundland. + </p> + <p> + AN UNHEEDED WARNING + </p> + <p> + On Sunday afternoon the Titanic's wireless operator forwarded to the + Hydrographic office in Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia and elsewhere + the following dispatch: + </p> + <p> + "April 14.—The German steamship Amerika (Hamburg-American Line) + reports by radio-telegraph passing two large icebergs in latitude 41.27, + longitude 50.08.—Titanic, Br. S. S." + </p> + <p> + Despite this warning, the Titanic forged ahead Sunday night at her usual + speed—from twenty-one to twenty-five knots. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0004" id="link2HCH0004"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER IV. SOME OF THE NOTABLE PASSENGERS + </h2> + <p> + SKETCHES OF PROMINENT MEN AND WOMEN ON BOARD, INCLUDING MAJOR ARCHIBALD + BUTT, JOHN JACOB ASTOR, BENJAMIN GUGGENHEIM, ISIDOR STRAWS, J. BRUCE + ISMAY, GEORGE D. WIDENER, COLONEL WASHINGTON ROEBLING, 2D, CHARLES M. + HAYS, W. T. STEAD AND OTHERS + </p> + <p> + THE ship's company was of a character befitting the greatest of all + vessels and worthy of the occasion of her maiden voyage. Though the major + part of her passengers were Americans returning from abroad, there were + enrolled upon her cabin lists some of the most distinguished names of + England, as well as of the younger nation. Many of these had purposely + delayed sailing, or had hastened their departure, that they might be among + the first passengers on the great vessel. + </p> + <p> + There were aboard six men whose fortunes ran into tens of millions, + besides many other persons of international note. Among the men were + leaders in the world of commerce, finance, literature, art and the learned + professions. Many of the women were socially prominent in two hemispheres. + </p> + <p> + Wealth and fame, unfortunately, are not proof against fate, and most of + these notable personages perished as pitiably as the more humble steerage + passengers. + </p> + <p> + The list of notables included Colonel John Jacob Astor, head of the Astor + family, whose fortune is estimated at $150,000,000; Isidor Straus, + merchant and banker ($50,000,000); J. Bruce Ismay, managing director of + the International Mercantile Marine ($40,000,000); Benjamin Guggenheim, + head of the Guggenheim family ($95,000,000): George D. Widener, son of P. + A. B. Widener, traction magnate and financier ($5,000,000); Colonel + Washington Roebling, builder of the great Brooklyn Bridge; Charles M. + Hays, president of the Grand Trunk Railway; W. T. Stead. famous publicist; + Jacques Futrelle, journalist; Henry S. Harper, of the firm of Harper & + Bros.; Henry B. Harris, theatrical manager; Major Archibald Butt, military + aide to President Taft; and Francis D. Millet, one of the best-known + American painters. + </p> + <p> + MAJOR BUTT + </p> + <p> + Major Archibald Butt, whose bravery on the sinking vessel will not soon be + forgotten, was military aide to President Taft and was known wherever the + President traveled. His recent European mission was apparently to call on + the Pope in behalf of President Taft; for on March 21st he was received at + the Vatican, and presented to the Pope a letter from Mr. Taft thanking the + Pontiff for the creation of three new American Cardinals. + </p> + <p> + Major Butt had a reputation as a horseman, and it is said he was able to + keep up with President Roosevelt, be the ride ever so far or fast. He was + promoted to the rank of major in 1911. He sailed for the Mediterranean on + March 2d with his friend Francis D. Millet, the artist, who also perished + on the Titanic. + </p> + <p> + COLONEL ASTOR + </p> + <p> + John Jacob Astor was returning from a trip to Egypt with his + nineteen-year-old bride, formerly Miss Madeline Force, to whom he was + married in Providence, September 9, 1911. He was head of the family whose + name he bore and one of the world's wealthiest men. He was not, however, + one of the world's "idle rich," for his life of forty-seven years was a + well-filled one. He had managed the family estates since 1891; built the + Astor Hotel, New York; was colonel on the staff of Governor Levi P. + Morton, and in May, 1898, was commissioned colonel of the United States + volunteers. After assisting Major-General Breckinridge, inspector-general + of the United States army, he was assigned to duty on the staff of + Major-General Shafter and served in Cuba during the operations ending in + the surrender of Santiago. He was also the inventor of a bicycle brake, a + pneumatic road-improver, and an improved turbine engine. + </p> + <p> + BENJAMIN GUGGENHEIM + </p> + <p> + Next to Colonel Astor in financial importance was Benjamin Guggenheim, + whose father founded the famous house of M. Guggenheim and Sons. When the + various Guggen-heim interests were consolidated into the American Smelting + and Refining Company he retired from active business, although he later + became interested in the Power and Mining Machinery Company of Milwaukee. + In 1894 he married Miss Floretta Seligman, daughter of James Seligman, the + New York banker. + </p> + <p> + ISIDOR STRAUS + </p> + <p> + Isidor Straus, whose wife elected to perish with him in the ship, was a + brother of Nathan and Oscar Straus, a partner with Nathan Straus in R. H. + Macy & Co. and L. Straus & Sons, a member of the firm of Abraham + & Straus in Brooklyn, and has been well known in politics and + charitable work. He was a member of the Fifty-third Congress from 1893 to + 1895, and as a friend of William L. Wilson was in constant consultation in + the matter of the former Wilson tariff bill. + </p> + <p> + Mr. Straus was conspicuous for his works of charity and was an ardent + supporter of every enterprise to improve the condition of the Hebrew + immigrants. He was president of the Educational Alliance, vice-president + of the J. Hood Wright Memorial Hospital, a member of the Chamber of + Commerce, on one of the visiting committees of Harvard University, and was + besides a trustee of many financial and philanthropic institutions. + </p> + <p> + Mr. Straus never enjoyed a college education. He was, however, one of the + best informed men of the day, his information having been derived from + extensive reading. His library, said to be one of the finest and most + extensive in New York, was his pride and his place of special recreation. + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = ACTUAL PHOTOGRAPH OF THE ICEBERG THAT SUNK THE TITANIC + </p> + <p> + Lady Duff Gordon, a prominent English woman who was aboard the...} + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = HEART-BREAKING FAREWELLS + </p> + <p> + Both men and women were loaded into the first boats, but soon the cry of + "Women first" was raised. Then came the real note of tragedy. Husbands and + wives clung to each other in farewell; some refused to be separated.} + </p> + <p> + GEORGE D. WIDENER + </p> + <p> + The best known of Philadelphia passengers aboard the Titanic were Mr. and + Mrs. George D. Widener. Mr. Widener was a son of Peter A. B. Widener and, + like his father, was recognized as one of the foremost financiers of + Philadelphia as well as a leader in society there. Mr. Widener married + Miss Eleanor Elkins, a daughter of the late William L. Elkins. They made + their home with his father at the latter's fine place at Eastbourne, ten + miles from Philadelphia. Mr. Widener was keenly interested in horses and + was a constant exhibitor at horse shows. In business he was recognized as + his father's chief adviser in managing the latter's extensive traction + interests. P. A. B. Widener is a director of the International Mercantile + Marine. + </p> + <p> + Mrs. Widener is said to be the possessor of one of the finest collections + of jewels in the world, the gift of her husband. One string of pearls in + this collection was reported to be worth $250,000. + </p> + <p> + The Wideners went abroad two months previous to the disaster, Mr. Widener + desiring to inspect some of his business interests on the other side. At + the opening of the London Museum by King George on March 21st last it was + announced that Mrs. Widener had presented to the museum thirty silver + plates once the property of Nell Gwyn. Mr. Widener is survived by a + daughter, Eleanor, and a son, George D. Widener, Jr. Harry Elkins Widener + was with his parents and went down on the ship. + </p> + <p> + COLONEL ROEBLING + </p> + <p> + Colonel Washington Augustus Roebling was president of the John A. Roebling + Sons' Company, manufacturers of iron and steel wire rope. He served in the + Union Army from 1861 to 1865, resigning to assist his father in the + construction of the Cincinnati and Covington suspension bridge. At the + death of his father in 1869 he took entire charge of the construction of + the Brooklyn Bridge, and it is to his genius that the success of that + great work may be said to be due. + </p> + <p> + WILLIAM T. STEAD + </p> + <p> + One of the most notable of the foreign passengers was William T. Stead. + Few names are more widely known to the world of contemporary literature + and journalism than that of the brilliant editor of the Review of Reviews. + Matthew Arnold called him "the inventor of the new journalism in England." + He was on his way to America to take part in the Men and Religion Forward + Movement and was to have delivered an address in Union Square on the + Thursday after the disaster, with William Jennings Bryan as his chief + associate. + </p> + <p> + Mr. Stead was an earnest advocate of peace and had written many books. His + commentary "If Christ Came to Chicago" raised a storm twenty years ago. + When he was in this country in 1907 he addressed a session of Methodist + clergymen, and at one juncture of the meeting remarked that unless the + Methodists did something about the peace movement besides shouting "amen" + nobody "would care a damn about their amens!" + </p> + <p> + OTHER ENGLISHMEN ABOARD + </p> + <p> + Other distinguished Englishmen on the Titanic were Norman C. Craig, M.P., + Thomas Andrews, a representative of the firm of Harland & Wolff, of + Belfast, the ship's builders, and J. Bruce Ismay, managing director of the + White Star Line. + </p> + <p> + J. BRUCE ISMAY + </p> + <p> + Mr. Ismay is president and one of the founders of the International + Mercantile Marine. He has made it a custom to be a passenger on the maiden + voyage of every new ship built by the White Star Line. It was Mr. Ismay + who, with J. P. Morgan, consolidated the British steamship lines under the + International Mercantile Marine's control; and it is largely due to his + imagination that such gigantic ships as the Titanic and Olympic were made + possible + </p> + <p> + JACQUES FUTRELLE + </p> + <p> + Jacques Futrelle was an author of short stories, some of which have + appeared in the Saturday Evening Post, and of many novels of the same + general type as "The Thinking Machine," with which he first gained a wide + popularity. Newspaper work, chiefly in Richmond, Va., engaged his + attention from 1890 to 1909, in which year he entered the theatrical + business as a manager. In 1904 he returned to his journalistic career. + </p> + <p> + HENRY B. HARRIS + </p> + <p> + Henry B. Harris, the theater manager, had been manager of May Irwin, Peter + Dailey, Lily Langtry, Amelia Bingham, and launched Robert Edeson as star. + He became the manager of the Hudson Theater in 1903 and the Hackett + Theater in 1906. Among his best known productions are "The Lion and the + Mouse," "The Traveling Salesman" and "The Third Degree." He was president + of the Henry B. Harris Company controlling the Harris Theater. + </p> + <p> + Young Harris had a liking for the theatrical business from a boy. Twelve + years ago Mr. Harris married Miss Rene Wallach of Washington. He was said + to have a fortune of between $1,000,000 and $3,000,000. He owned outright + the Hudson and the Harris theaters and had an interest in two other show + houses in New York. He owned three theaters in Chicago, one in Syracuse + and one in Philadelphia. + </p> + <p> + HENRY S. HARPER + </p> + <p> + Henry Sleeper Harper, who was among the survivors, is a grandson of John + Wesley Harper, one of the founders of the Harper publishing business. H. + Sleeper Harper was himself an incorporator of Harper & Brothers when + the firm became a corporation in 1896. He had a desk in the offices of the + publishers, but his hand of late years in the management of the business + has been very slight. He has been active in the work of keeping the + Adirondack forests free from aggression. He was in the habit of spending + about half of his time in foreign travel. His friends in New York recalled + that he had a narrow escape about ten years ago when a ship in which he + was traveling ran into an iceberg on the Grand Banks. + </p> + <p> + FRANCIS DAVID MILLET + </p> + <p> + Millet was one of the best-known American painters and many of his + canvasses are found in the leading galleries of the world. He served as a + drummer boy with the Sixtieth Massachusetts volunteers in the Civil War, + and from early manhood took a prominent part in public affairs. He was + director of the decorations for the Chicago Exposition and was, at the + time of the disaster, secretary of the American Academy in Rome. He was a + wide traveler and the author of many books, besides translations of + Tolstoi. + </p> + <p> + CHARLES M. HAYS + </p> + <p> + Another person of prominence was Charles Melville Hays, president of the + Grand Trunk and the Grand Trunk Pacific railways. He was described by Sir + Wilfrid Laurier at a dinner of the Canadian Club of New York, at the Hotel + Astor last year, as "beyond question the greatest railroad genius in + Canada, as an executive genius ranking second only to the late Edward H. + Harriman." He was returning aboard the Titanic with his wife and + son-in-law and daughter; Mr. and Mrs. Thornton Davidson, of Montreal. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0005" id="link2HCH0005"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER V. THE TITANIC STRIKES AN ICEBERG! + </h2> + <p> + TARDY ATTENTION TO WARNING RESPONSIBLE FOR ACCIDENT—THE DANGER NOT + REALIZED AT FIRST—AN INTERRUPTED CARD GAME—PASSENGERS JOKE + AMONG THEMSELVES—THE REAL TRUTH DAWNS—PANIC ON BOARD—WIRELESS + CALLS FOR HELP + </p> + <p> + SUNDAY night the magnificent ocean liner was plunging through a + comparatively placid sea, on the surface of which there was much mushy ice + and here and there a number of comparatively harmless-looking floes. The + night was clear and stars visible. First Officer William T. Murdock was in + charge of the bridge The first intimation of the presence of the iceberg + that he received was from the lookout in the crow's nest. + </p> + <p> + Three warnings were transmitted from the crow's nest of the Titanic to the + officer on the doomed steamship's bridge 15 minutes before she struck, + according to Thomas Whiteley, a first saloon steward. + </p> + <p> + Whiteley, who was whipped overboard from the ship by a rope while helping + to lower a life-boat, finally reported on the Carpathia aboard one of the + boats that contained, he said, both the crow's nest lookouts. He heard a + conversation between them, he asserted, in which they discussed the + warnings given to the Titanic's bridge of the presence of the iceberg. + </p> + <p> + Whiteley did not know the names of either of the lookout men and believed + that they returned to England with the majority of the surviving members + of the crew. + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = A GRAPHIC ILLUSTRATION OF THE FORCE WITH WHICH A VESSEL + STRIKES AN ICEBERG} + </p> + <p> + "I heard one of them say that at 11.15 o'clock, 15 minutes before the + Titanic struck, he had reported to First Officer Murdock, on the bridge, + that he fancied he saw an iceberg!" said Whiteley. "Twice after that, the + lookout said, he warned Murdock that a berg was ahead. They were very + indignant that no attention was paid to their warnings." + </p> + <p> + TARDY ATTENTION TO WARNING RESPONSIBLE FOR ACCIDENT + </p> + <p> + Murdock's tardy answering of a telephone call from the crow's nest is + assigned by Whiteley as the cause of the disaster. + </p> + <p> + When Murdock answered the call he received the information that the + iceberg was due ahead. This information was imparted just a few seconds + before the crash, and had the officer promptly answered the ring of the + bell it is probable that the accident could have been avoided, or at + least, been reduced by the lowered speed. + </p> + <p> + The lookout saw a towering "blue berg" looming up in the sea path of the + Titanic, and called the bridge on the ship's telephone. When, after the + passing of those two or three fateful minutes an officer on the bridge + lifted the telephone receiver from its hook to answer the lookout, it was + too late. The speeding liner, cleaving a calm sea under a star-studded + sky, had reached the floating mountain of ice, which the theoretically + "unsinkable" ship struck a crashing, if glancing, blow with her starboard + bow. + </p> + <p> + MURDOCK PAID WITH LIFE + </p> + <p> + Had Murdock, according to the account of the tragedy given by two of the + Titanic's seamen, known how imperative was that call from the lookout man, + the men at the wheel of the liner might have swerved the great ship + sufficiently to avoid the berg altogether. At the worst the vessel would + probably have struck the mass of ice with her stern. + </p> + <p> + Murdock, if the tale of the Titanic sailor be true, expiated his + negligence by shooting himself within sight of all alleged victims huddled + in life-boats or struggling in the icy seas. + </p> + <p> + When at last the danger was realized, the great ship was so close upon the + berg that it was practically impossible to avoid collision with it + </p> + <p> + VAIN TRIAL TO CLEAR BERG + </p> + <p> + The first officer did what other startled and alert commanders would have + done under similar circumstances, that is + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = THE LOCATION OF THE DISASTER} + </p> + <p> + he made an effort by going full speed ahead on the starboard propeller and + reversing his port propeller, simultaneously throwing his helm over, to + make a rapid turn and clear the berg. The maneuver was not successful. He + succeeded in saving his bows from crashing into the ice-cliff, but nearly + the entire length of the underbody of the great ship on the starboard side + was ripped. The speed of the Titanic, estimated to be at least twenty-one + knots, was so terrific that the knife-like edge of the iceberg's spur + protruding under the sea cut through her like a can-opener. + </p> + <p> + The Titanic was in 41.46 north latitude and 50.14 west longitude when she + was struck, very near the spot on the wide Atlantic where the Carmania + encountered a field of ice, studded with great bergs, on her voyage to New + York which ended on April 14th. It was really an ice pack, due to an + unusually severe winter in the north Atlantic. No less than twenty-five + bergs, some of great height, were counted. + </p> + <p> + The shock was almost imperceptible. The first officer did not apparently + realize that the great ship had received her death wound, and none of the + passengers had the slightest suspicion that anything more than a usual + minor sea accident had happened. Hundreds who had gone to their berths and + were asleep were unawakened by the vibration. + </p> + <p> + BRIDGE GAME NOT DISTURBED + </p> + <p> + To illustrate the placidity with which practically all the men regarded + the accident it is related that Pierre Marechal, son of the vice-admiral + of the French navy, Lucien Smith, Paul Chevre, a French sculptor, and A. + F. Ormont, a cotton broker, were in the Cafe Parisien playing bridge. + </p> + <p> + The four calmly got up from the table and after walking on deck and + looking over the rail returned to their game. One of them had left his + cigar on the card table, and while the three others were gazing out on the + sea he remarked that he couldn't afford to lose his smoke, returned for + his cigar and came out again. + </p> + <p> + They remained only for a few moments on deck, and then resumed their game + under the impression that the ship had stopped for reasons best known to + the captain and not involving any danger to her. Later, in describing the + scene that took place, M. Marechal, who was among the survivors, said: + "When three-quarters of a mile away we stopped, the spectacle before our + eyes was in its way magnificent. In a very calm sea, beneath a sky + moonless but sown with millions of stars, the enormous Titanic lay on the + water, illuminated from the water line to the boat deck. The bow was + slowly sinking into the black water." + </p> + <p> + The tendency of the whole ship's company except the men in the engine + department, who were made aware of the danger by the inrushing water, was + to make light of and in some instances even to ridicule the thought of + danger to so substantial a fabric. + </p> + <p> + THE CAPTAIN ON DECK + </p> + <p> + When Captain Smith came from the chart room onto the bridge, his first + words were, "Close the emergency doors." + </p> + <p> + "They're already closed, sir," Mr. Murdock replied. + </p> + <p> + "Send to the carpenter and tell him to sound the ship," was the next + order. The message was sent to the carpenter, but the carpenter never came + up to report. He was probably the first man on the ship to lose his life. + </p> + <p> + The captain then looked at the communicator, which shows in what direction + the ship is listing. He saw that she carried five degrees list to + starboard. + </p> + <p> + The ship was then rapidly settling forward. All the steam sirens were + blowing. By the captain's orders, given in the next few minutes, the + engines were put to work at pumping out the ship, distress signals were + sent by the Marconi, and rockets were sent up from the bridge by + Quartermaster Rowe. All hands were ordered on deck. + </p> + <p> + PASSENGERS NOT ALARMED + </p> + <p> + The blasting shriek of the sirens had not alarmed the great company of the + Titanic, because such steam calls are an incident of travel in seas where + fogs roll. Many had gone to bed, but the hour, 11.40 P. M., was not too + late for the friendly contact of saloons and smoking rooms. It was Sunday + night and the ship's concert had ended, but there were many hundreds up + and moving among the gay lights, and many on deck with their eyes strained + toward the mysterious west, where home lay. And in one jarring, + breath-sweeping moment all of these, asleep or awake, were at the mercy of + chance. Few among the more than 2000 aboard could have had a thought of + danger. The man who had stood up in the smoking room to say that the + Titanic was vulnerable or that in a few minutes two-thirds of her people + would be face to face with death, would have been considered a fool or a + lunatic. No ship ever sailed the seas that gave her passengers more + confidence, more cool security. + </p> + <p> + Within a few minutes stewards and other members of the crew were sent + round to arouse the people. Some utterly refused to get up. The stewards + had almost to force the doors of the staterooms to make the somnolent + appreciate their peril, and many of them, it is believed, were drowned + like rats in a trap. + </p> + <p> + ASTOR AND WIFE STROLLED ON DECK + </p> + <p> + Colonel and Mrs. Astor were in their room and saw the ice vision flash by. + They had not appreciably felt the gentle shock and supposed that nothing + out of the ordinary had happened. They were both dressed and came on deck + leisurely. William T. Stead, the London journalist, wandered on deck for a + few minutes, stopping to talk to Frank Millet. "What do they say is the + trouble?" he asked. "Icebergs," was the brief reply. "Well," said Stead, + "I guess it is nothing serious. I'm going back to my cabin to read." + </p> + <p> + From end to end on the mighty boat officers were rushing about without + much noise or confusion, but giving orders sharply. Captain Smith told the + third officer to rush downstairs and see whether the water was coming in + very fast. "And," he added, "take some armed guards along to see that the + stokers and engineers stay at their posts." + </p> + <p> + In two minutes the officer returned. "It looks pretty bad, sir," he said. + "The water is rushing in and filling the bottom. The locks of the + water-tight compartments have been sprung by the shock." + </p> + <p> + "Give the command for all passengers to be on deck with life-belts on." + </p> + <p> + Through the length and breadth of the boat, upstairs and downstairs, on + all decks, the cry rang out: "All passengers on deck with + life-preservers." + </p> + <p> + A SUDDEN TREMOR OF FEAR + </p> + <p> + For the first time, there was a feeling of panic. Husbands sought for + wives and children. Families gathered together. Many who were asleep + hastily caught up their clothing and rushed on deck. A moment before the + men had been joking about the life-belts, according to the story told by + Mrs. Vera Dick, of Calgary, Canada. "Try this one," one man said to her, + "they are the very latest thing this season. Everybody's wearing them + now." + </p> + <p> + Another man suggested to a woman friend, who had a fox terrier in her + arms, that she should put a life-saver on the dog. "It won't fit," the + woman replied, laughing. "Make him carry it in his mouth," said the + friend. + </p> + <p> + CONFUSION AMONG THE IMMIGRANTS + </p> + <p> + Below, on the steerage deck, there was intense confusion. About the time + the officers on the first deck gave the order that all men should stand to + one side and all women should go below to deck B, taking the children with + them, a similar order was given to the steerage passengers. The women were + ordered to the front, the men to the rear. Half a dozen healthy, husky + immigrants pushed their way forward and tried to crowd into the first + boat. + </p> + <p> + "Stand back," shouted the officers who were manning the boat. "The women + come first." + </p> + <p> + Shouting curses in various foreign languages, the immigrant men continued + their pushing and tugging to climb into the boats. Shots rang out. One big + fellow fell over the railing into the water. Another dropped to the deck, + moaning. His jaw had been shot away. This was the story told by the + bystanders afterwards on the pier. One husky Italian told the writer on + the pier that the way in which the men were shot down was horrible. His + sympathy was with the men who were shot. + </p> + <p> + "They were only trying to save their lives," he said. + </p> + <p> + WIRELESS OPERATOR DIED AT HIS POST + </p> + <p> + On board the Titanic, the wireless operator, with a life-belt about his + waist, was hitting the instrument that was sending out C. Q. D., messages, + "Struck on iceberg, C. Q. D." + </p> + <p> + "Shall I tell captain to turn back and help?" flashed a reply from the + Carpathia. + </p> + <p> + "Yes, old man," the Titanic wireless operator responded. "Guess we're + sinking." + </p> + <p> + An hour later, when the second wireless man came into the boxlike room to + tell his companion what the situation was, he found a negro stoker + creeping up behind the operator and saw him raise a knife over his head. + He said afterwards—he was among those rescued—that he realized + at once that the negro intended to kill the operator in order to take his + life-belt from him. The second operator pulled out his revolver and shot + the negro dead. + </p> + <p> + "What was the trouble?" asked the operator. + </p> + <p> + "That negro was going to kill you and steal your life-belt," the second + man replied. + </p> + <p> + "Thanks, old man," said the operator. The second man went on deck to get + some more information. He was just in time to jump overboard before the + Titanic went down. The wireless operator and the body of the negro who + tried to steal his belt went down together. + </p> + <p> + On the deck where the first class passengers were quartered, known as deck + A, there was none of the confusion that was taking place on the lower + decks. The Titanic was standing without much rocking. The captain had + given an order and the band was playing. + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = WAITING FOR THE NEWS + </p> + <p> + A Bird's eye view of the great crowds...} + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = WIRELESS STATION AT CAPE RACE + </p> + <p> + Where the first news of the Titanic disaster was received.} + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0006" id="link2HCH0006"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER VI. "WOMEN AND CHILDREN FIRST!" + </h2> + <p> + COOL-HEADED OFFICERS AND CREW BRING ORDER OUT OF CHAOS—FILLING THE + LIFE-BOATS—HEARTRENDING SCENES AS FAMILIES ARE PARTED—FOUR + LIFE-BOATS LOST—INCIDENTS OF BRAVERY—"THE BOATS ARE ALL + FILLED!" + </p> + <p> + ONCE on the deck, many hesitated to enter the swinging life-boats. Tho + glassy sea, the starlit sky, the absence, in the first few moments, of + intense excitement, gave them the feeling that there was only some slight + mishap; that those who got into the boats would have a chilly half hour + below and might, later, be laughed at. + </p> + <p> + It was such a feeling as this, from all accounts, which caused John Jacob + Astor and his wife to refuse the places offered them in the first boat, + and to retire to the gymnasium. In the same way H. J. Allison, a Montreal + banker, laughed at the warning, and his wife, reassured by him, took her + time dressing. They and their daughter did not reach the Carpathia. Their + son, less than two years old, was carried into a life-boat by his nurse, + and was taken in charge by Major Arthur Peuchen. + </p> + <p> + THE LIFE-BOATS LOWERED + </p> + <p> + The admiration felt by the passengers and crew for the matchlessly + appointed vessel was translated, in those first few moments, into a + confidence which for some proved deadly. The pulsing of the engines had + ceased, and the steamship lay just as though she were awaiting the order + to go on again after some trifling matter had been adjusted. But in a few + minutes the canvas covers were lifted from the life-boats and the crews + allotted to each standing by, ready to lower them to the water. + </p> + <p> + Nearly all the boats that were lowered on the port side of the ship + touched the water without capsizing. Four of the others lowered to + starboard, including one collapsible, were capsized. All, however, who + were in the collapsible boats that practically went to pieces, were + rescued by the other boats. + </p> + <p> + Presently the order was heard: "All men stand back and all women retire to + the deck below." That was the smoking-room deck, or the B deck. The men + stood away and remained in absolute silence, leaning against the rail or + pacing up and down the deck slowly. Many of them lighted cigars or + cigarettes and began to smoke. + </p> + <p> + LOADING THE BOATS + </p> + <p> + The boats were swung out and lowered from the A deck above. The women were + marshaled quietly in lines along the B deck, and when the boats were + lowered down to the level of the latter the women were assisted to climb + into them. + </p> + <p> + As each of the boats was filled with its quota of passengers the word was + given and it was carefully lowered down to the dark surface of the water. + </p> + <p> + Nobody seemed to know how Mr. Ismay got into a boat, but it was assumed + that he wished to make a presentation of the case of the Titanic to his + company. He was among those who apparently realized that the splendid ship + was doomed. All hands in the life-boats, under instructions from officers + and men in charge, were rowed a considerable distance from the ship + herself in order to get far away from the possible suction that would + follow her foundering. + </p> + <p> + COOLEST MEN ON BOARD + </p> + <p> + Captain Smith and Major Archibald Butt, military aide to the President of + the United States, were among the coolest men on board. A number of + steerage passengers were yelling and screaming and fighting to get to the + boats. Officers drew guns and told them that if they moved towards the + boats they would be shot dead. Major Butt had a gun in his hand and + covered the men who tried to get to the boats. + </p> + <p> + The following story of his bravery was told by Mrs. Henry B. Harris, wife + of the theatrical manager: + </p> + <p> + "The world should rise in praise of Major Butt. That man's conduct will + remain in my memory forever. The American army is honored by him and the + way he taught some of the other men how to behave when women and children + were suffering that awful mental fear of death. Major Butt was near me and + I noticed everything that he did. + </p> + <p> + "When the order to man the boats came, the captain whispered something to + Major Butt. The two of them had become friends. The major immediately + became as one in supreme command. You would have thought he was at a White + House reception. A dozen or more women became hysterical all at once, as + something connected with a life-boat went wrong. Major Butt stepped over + to them and said: + </p> + <p> + "'Really, you must not act like that; we are all going to see you through + this thing.' He helped the sailors rearrange the rope or chain that had + gone wrong and lifted some of the women in with a touch of gallantry. Not + only was there a complete lack of any fear in his manner, but there was + the action of an aristocrat. + </p> + <p> + "When the time came he was a man to be feared. In one of the earlier boats + fifty women, it seemed, were about to be lowered, when a man, suddenly + panic-stricken, ran to the stern of it. Major Butt shot one arm out, + caught him by the back of the neck and jerked him backward like a pillow. + His head cracked against a rail and he was stunned. + </p> + <p> + "'Sorry,' said Major Butt, 'women will be attended to first or I'll break + every damned bone in your body.' + </p> + <p> + FORCED MEN USURPING PLACES TO VACATE + </p> + <p> + "The boats were lowered one by one, and as I stood by, my husband said to + me, 'Thank God, for Archie Butt.' Perhaps Major Butt heard it, for he + turned his face towards us for a second and smiled. Just at that moment, a + young man was arguing to get into a life-boat, and Major Butt had a hold + of the lad by the arm, like a big brother, and was telling him to keep his + head and be a man. + </p> + <p> + "Major Butt helped those poor frightened steerage people so wonderfully, + so tenderly and yet with such cool and manly firmness that he prevented + the loss of many lives from panic. He was a soldier to the last. He was + one of God's greatest noblemen, and I think I can say he was an example of + bravery even to men on the ship." + </p> + <p> + LAST WORDS OF MAJOR BUTT + </p> + <p> + Miss Marie Young, who was a music instructor to President Roosevelt's + children and had known Major Butt during the Roosevelt occupancy of the + White House, told this story of his heroism. + </p> + <p> + "Archie himself put me into the boat, wrapped blankets about me and tucked + me in as carefully as if we were starting on a motor ride. He, himself, + entered the boat with me, performing the little courtesies as calmly and + with as smiling a face as if death were far away, instead of being but a + few moments removed from him. + </p> + <p> + "When he had carefully wrapped me up he stepped upon the gunwale of the + boat, and lifting his hat, smiled down at me. 'Good-bye, Miss Young,' he + said. 'Good luck to you, and don't forget to remember me to the folks back + home.' Then he stepped back and waved his hand to me as the boat was + lowered. I think I was the last woman he had a chance to help, for the + boat went down shortly after we cleared the suction zone." + </p> + <p> + COLONEL ASTOR ANOTHER HERO + </p> + <p> + Colonel Astor was another of the heroes of the awful night. Effort was + made to persuade him to take a place in one of the life-boats, but he + emphatically refused to do so until every woman and child on board had + been provided for, not excepting the women members of the ship's company. + </p> + <p> + One of the passengers describing the consummate courage of Colonel Astor + said: + </p> + <p> + "He led Mrs. Astor to the side of the ship and helped her to the life-boat + to which she had been assigned. I saw that she was prostrated and said she + would remain and take her chances with him, but Colonel Astor quietly + insisted and tried to reassure her in a few words. As she took her place + in the boat her eyes were fixed upon him. Colonel Astor smiled, touched + his cap, and when the boat moved safely away from the ship's side he + turned back to his place among the men." + </p> + <p> + Mrs. Ida S. Hippach and her daughter Jean, survivors of the Titanic, said + they were saved by Colonel John Jacob Astor, who forced the crew of the + last life-boat to wait for them. + </p> + <p> + "We saw Colonel Astor place Mrs. Astor in a boat and assure her that he + would follow later," said Mrs. Hippach. + </p> + <p> + "He turned to us with a smile and said, 'Ladies, you are next.' The + officer in charge of the boat protested that the craft was full, and the + seamen started to lower it. + </p> + <p> + "Colonel Astor exclaimed, 'Hold that boat,' in the voice of a man + accustomed to be obeyed, and they did as he ordered. The boat had been + lowered past the upper deck and the colonel took us to the deck below and + put us in the boat, one after the other, through a port-hole." + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = LOADING THE LIFE-BOATS + </p> + <p> + Here occurred the heart-rending separation of husbands and wives, as the + women were given precedence in the boats.} + </p> + <p> + HEART-BREAKING SCENES + </p> + <p> + There were some terrible scenes. Fathers were parting from their children + and giving them an encouraging pat on the shoulders; men were kissing + their wives and telling them that they would be with them shortly. One man + said there was absolutely no danger, that the boat was the finest ever + built, with water-tight compartments, and that it could not sink. That + seemed to be the general impression. + </p> + <p> + A few of the men, however, were panic-stricken even when the first of the + fifty-six foot life-boats was being filled. Fully ten men threw themselves + into the boats already crowded with women and children. These men were + dragged back and hurled sprawling across the deck. Six of them, screamed + with fear, struggled to their feet and made a second attempt to rush to + the boats. + </p> + <p> + About ten shots sounded in quick succession. The six cowardly men were + stopped in their tracks, staggered and collapsed one after another. At + least two of them vainly attempted to creep toward the boats again. The + others lay quite still. This scene of bloodshed served its purpose. In + that particular section of the deck there was no further attempt to + violate the rule of "women and children first." + </p> + <p> + "I helped fill the boats with women," said Thomas Whiteley, who was a + waiter on the Titanic. "Collapsible boat No. 2 on the starboard jammed. + The second officer was hacking at the ropes with a knife and I was being + dragged around the deck by that rope when I looked up and saw the boat, + with all aboard, turn turtle. In some way I got overboard myself and clung + to an oak dresser. I wasn't more than sixty feet from the Titanic when she + went down. Her big stern rose up in the air and she went down bow first. I + saw all the machinery drop out of her." + </p> + <p> + HENRY B. HARRIS + </p> + <p> + Henry B. Harris, of New York, a theatrical manager, was one of the men who + showed superb courage in the crisis. When the life-boats were first being + filled, and before there was any panic, Mr. Harris went to the side of his + wife before the boat was lowered away. + </p> + <p> + "Women first," shouted one of the ship's officers. Mr. Harris glanced up + and saw that the remark was addressed to him. + </p> + <p> + "All right," he replied coolly. "Good-bye, my dear," he said, as he kissed + his wife, pressed her a moment to his breast, and then climbed back to the + Titanic's deck. + </p> + <p> + THREE EXPLOSIONS + </p> + <p> + Up to this time there had been no panic; but about one hour before the + ship plunged to the bottom there were three separate explosions of + bulkheads as the vessel filled. These were at intervals of about fifteen + minutes. From that time there was a different scene. The rush for the + remaining boats became a stampede. + </p> + <p> + The stokers rushed up from below and tried to beat a path through the + steerage men and women and through the sailors and officers, to get into + the boats. They had their iron bars and shovels, and they struck down all + who stood in their way. + </p> + <p> + The first to come up from the depths of the ship was an engineer. From + what he is reported to have said it is probable that the steam fittings + were broken and many were scalded to death when the Titanic lifted. He + said he had to dash through a narrow place beside a broken pipe and his + back was frightfully scalded. + </p> + <p> + Right at his heels came the stokers. The officers had pistols, but they + could not use them at first for fear of killing the women and children. + The sailors fought with their fists and many of them took the stoke bars + and shovels from the stokers and used them to beat back the others. + </p> + <p> + Many of the coal-passers and stokers who had been driven back from the + boats went to the rail, and whenever a boat was filled and lowered several + of them jumped overboard and swam toward it trying to climb aboard. + Several of the survivors said that men who swam to the sides of their + boats were pulled in or climbed in. + </p> + <p> + Dozens of the cabin passengers were witnesses of some of the frightful + scenes on the steerage deck. The steerage survivors said that ten women + from the upper decks were the only cool passengers in the life-boat, and + they tried to quiet the steerage women, who were nearly all crazed with + fear and grief. + </p> + <p> + OTHER HEROES + </p> + <p> + Among the chivalrous young heroes of the Titanic disaster were Washington + A. Roebling, 2d, and Howard Case, London representative of the Vacuum Oil + Company. Both were urged repeatedly to take places in life-boats, but + scorned the opportunity, while working against time to save the women + aboard the ill-fated ship. They went to their death, it is said by + survivors, with smiles on their faces. + </p> + <p> + Both of these young men aided in the saving of Mrs. William T. Graham, + wife of the president of the American Can Company, and Mrs. Graham's + nineteen-year-old daughter, Margaret. + </p> + <p> + Afterwards relating some of her experiences Mrs. Graham said: + </p> + <p> + "There was a rap at the door. It was a passenger whom we had met shortly + after the ship left Liverpool, and his name was Roebling—Washington + A. Roebling, 2d. He was a gentleman and a brave man. He warned us of the + danger and told us that it would be best to be prepared for an emergency. + We heeded his warning, and I looked out of my window and saw a great big + iceberg facing us. Immediately I knew what had happened and we lost no + time after that to get out into the saloon. + </p> + <p> + "In one of the gangways I met an officer of the ship. + </p> + <p> + "'What is the matter?' I asked him. + </p> + <p> + "'We've only burst two pipes,' he said. 'Everything is all right, don't + worry.' + </p> + <p> + "'But what makes the ship list so?' I asked. + </p> + <p> + "'Oh, that's nothing,' he replied, and walked away. + </p> + <p> + "Mr. Case advised us to get into a boat. + </p> + <p> + "'And what are you going to do?' we asked him. + </p> + <p> + "'Oh,' he replied, 'I'll take a chance and stay here.' + </p> + <p> + "Just at that time they were filling up the third life-boat on the port + side of the ship. I thought at the time that it was the third boat which + had been lowered, but I found out later that they had lowered other boats + on the other side, where the people were more excited because they were + sinking on that side. + </p> + <p> + "Just then Mr. Roebling came up, too, and told us to hurry and get into + the third boat. Mr. Roebling and Mr. Case bustled our party of three into + that boat in less time than it takes to tell it. They were both working + hard to help the women and children. The boat was fairly crowded when we + three were pushed into it, and a few men jumped in at the last moment, but + Mr. Roebling and Mr. Case stood at the rail and made no attempt to get + into the boat. + </p> + <p> + "They shouted good-bye to us. What do you think Mr. Case did then? He just + calmly lighted a cigarette and waved us good-bye with his hand. Mr. + Roebling stood there, too—I can see him now. I am sure that he knew + that the ship would go to the bottom. But both just stood there." + </p> + <p> + IN THE FACE OF DEATH + </p> + <p> + Scenes on the sinking vessel grew more tragic as the remaining passengers + faced the awful certainty that death must be the portion of the majority, + death in the darkness of a wintry sea studded with its ice monuments like + the marble shafts in some vast cemetery. + </p> + <p> + In that hour, when cherished illusions of possible safety had all but + vanished, manhood and womanhood aboard the Titanic rose to their sublimest + heights. It was in that crisis of the direst extremity that many brave + women deliberately rejected life and chose rather to remain and die with + the men whom they loved. + </p> + <p> + DEATH FAILS TO PART MR. AND MRS. STRAUS + </p> + <p> + "I will not leave my husband," said Mrs. Isidor Straus. "We are old; we + can best die together," and she turned from those who would have forced + her into one of the boats and clung to the man who had been the partner of + her joys and sorrows. Thus they stood hand in hand and heart to heart, + comforting each other until the sea claimed them, united in death as they + had been through a long life. + </p> + <p> + "Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his + friends." + </p> + <p> + Miss Elizabeth Evans fulfilled this final test of affection laid down by + the Divine Master. The girl was the niece of the wife of Magistrate + Cornell, of New York. She was placed in the same boat with many other + women. As it was about to be lowered away it was found that the craft + contained one more than its full quota of passengers. + </p> + <p> + The grim question arose as to which of them should surrender her place and + her chance of safety. Beside Miss Evans sat Mrs. J. J. Brown, of Denver, + the mother of several children. Miss Evans was the first to volunteer to + yield to another. + </p> + <p> + GIRL STEPS BACK TO DOOM + </p> + <p> + "Your need is greater than mine," said she to Mrs. Brown. "You have + children who need you, and I have none." + </p> + <p> + So saying she arose from the boat and stepped back upon the deck. The girl + found no later refuge and was one of those who went down with the ship. + She was twenty-five years old and was beloved by all who knew her. + </p> + <p> + Mrs. Brown thereafter showed the spirit which had made her also volunteer + to leave the boat. There were only three men in the boat and but one of + them rowed. Mrs. Brown, who was raised on the water, immediately picked up + one of the heavy sweeps and began to pull. + </p> + <p> + In the boat which carried Mrs. Cornell and Mrs. Appleton there were places + for seventeen more than were carried. This too was undermanned and the two + women at once took their places at the oars. + </p> + <p> + The Countess of Rothes was pulling at the oars of her boat, likewise + undermanned because the crew preferred to stay behind. + </p> + <p> + Miss Bentham, of Rochester, showed splendid courage. She happened to be in + a life-boat which was very much crowded—so much so that one sailor + had to sit with his feet dangling in the icy cold water, and as time went + on the sufferings of the man from the cold were apparent. Miss Bentham + arose from her place and had the man turn around while she took her place + with her feet in the water. + </p> + <p> + Scarcely any of the life-boats were properly manned. Two, filled with + women and children, capsized immediately, while the collapsible boats were + only temporarily useful. They soon filled with water. In one boat eighteen + or twenty persons sat in water above their knees for six hours. + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = + </p> + <p> + In the darkness and confusion, punctuated by screams, sobs and curses, the + boats were lowered after being filled with women, children and a few men. + The sketch, drawn from description of eye-witnesses, shows the lofty side + of the stricken vessel and the laden boats descending. + </p> + <p> + THE LIFE-BOATS BEING LOWERED} + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. + LIFE-BOATS, AS SEEN FROM THE CARPATHIA + </p> + <p> + Photographs taken from the rescue ship as she reached the first boats + carrying the Titanic's sufferers.} + </p> + <p> + heard it, but have forgotten it. But I saw an order for five pounds which + this man gave to each of the crew of his boat after they got aboard the + Carpathia. It was on a piece of ordinary paper addressed to the Coutts + Bank of England. + </p> + <p> + "We called that boat the 'money boat.' It was lowered from the starboard + side and was one of the first off. Our orders were to load the life-boats + beginning forward on the port side, working aft and then back on the + starboard. This man paid the firemen to lower a starboard boat before the + officers had given the order." + </p> + <p> + Whiteley's own experience was a hard one. When the uncoiling rope, which + entangled his feet, threw him into the sea, it furrowed the flesh of his + leg, but he did not feel the pain until he was safe aboard the Carpathia. + </p> + <p> + "I floated on my life-preserver for several hours," he said, "then I came + across a big oak dresser with two men clinging to it. I hung on to this + till daybreak and the two men dropped off. When the sun came up I saw the + collapsible raft in the distance, just black with men. They were all + standing up, and I swam to it—almost a mile, it seemed to me—and + they would not let me aboard. Mr. Lightoller, the second officer, was one + of them. + </p> + <p> + "'It's thirty-one lives against yours,, he said, 'you can't come aboard. + There's not room.'" + </p> + <p> + "I pleaded with him in vain, and then I confess I prayed that somebody + might die, so I could take his place. It was only human. And then some one + did die, and they let me aboard. + </p> + <p> + "By and by, we saw seven life-boats lashed together, and we were taken + into them." + </p> + <p> + MEN SHOT DOWN + </p> + <p> + The officers had to assert their authority by force, and three foreigners + from the steerage who tried to force their way in among the women and + children were shot down without mercy. + </p> + <p> + Robert Daniel, a Philadelphia passenger, told of terrible scenes at this + period of the disaster. He said men fought and bit and struck one another + like madmen, and exhibited wounds upon his face to prove the assertion. + Mr. Daniel said that he was picked up naked from the ice-cold water and + almost perished from exposure before he was rescued. He and others told + how the Titanic's bow was completely torn away by the impact with the + berg. + </p> + <p> + K. Whiteman, of Palmyra, N. J., the Titanic's barber, was lowering boats + on deck after the collision, and declared the officers on the bridge, one + of them First Officer Murdock, promptly worked the electrical apparatus + for closing the water-tight compartments. He believed the machinery was in + some way so damaged by the crash that the front compartments failed to + close tightly, although the rear ones were secure. + </p> + <p> + Whiteman's manner of escape was unique. He was blown off the deck by the + second of the two explosions of the boilers, and was in the water more + than two hours before he was picked up by a raft. + </p> + <p> + "The explosions," Whiteman said; "were caused by the rushing in of the icy + water on the boilers. A bundle of deck chairs, roped together, was blown + off the deck with me, and I struck my back, injuring my spine, but it + served as a temporary raft. + </p> + <p> + "The crew and passengers had faith in the bulkhead system to save the ship + and we were lowering a collapsible boat, all confident the ship would get + through, when she took a terrific dip forward and the water swept over the + deck and into the engine rooms. + </p> + <p> + "The bow went clean down, and I caught the pile of chairs as I was washed + up against the rim. Then came the explosions which blew me fifteen feet. + </p> + <p> + "After the water had filled the forward compartments, the ones at the + stern could not save her, although they did delay the ship's going down. + If it wasn't for the compartments hardly anyone could have got away." + </p> + <p> + A SAD MESSAGE + </p> + <p> + One of the Titanic's stewards, Johnson by name, carried this message to + the sorrowing widow of Benjamin Guggenheim: + </p> + <p> + "When Mr. Guggenheim realized that there was grave danger," said the room + steward, "he advised his secretary, who also died, to dress fully and he + himself did the same. Mr. Guggenheim, who was cool and collected as he was + pulling on his outer garments, said to the steward:— + </p> + <p> + PREPARED TO DIE BRAVELY + </p> + <p> + "'I think there is grave doubt that the men will get off safely. I am + willing to remain and play the man's game, if there are not enough boats + for more than the women and children. I won't die here like a beast. I'll + meet my end as man.' + </p> + <p> + "There was a pause and then Mr. Guggenheim continued: + </p> + <p> + "'Tell my wife, Johnson, if it should happen that my secretary and I both + go down and you are saved, tell her I played the game out straight and to + the end. No woman shall be left aboard this ship because Ben Guggenheim + was a coward. + </p> + <p> + "'Tell her that my last thoughts will be of her and of our girls, but that + my duty now is to these unfortunate women and children on this ship. Tell + her I will meet whatever fate is in store for me, knowing she will approve + of what I do.'" + </p> + <p> + In telling the story the room steward said the last he saw of Mr. + Guggenheim was when he stood fully dressed upon the upper deck talking + calmly with Colonel Astor and Major Butt. + </p> + <p> + Before the last of the boats got away, according to some of the + passengers' narratives, there were more than fifty shots fired upon the + decks by officers or others in the effort to maintain the discipline that + until then had been well preserved. + </p> + <p> + THE SINKING VESSEL + </p> + <p> + Richard Norris Williams, Jr., one of the survivors of the Titanic, saw his + father killed by being crushed by one of the tremendous funnels of the + sinking vessel. + </p> + <p> + "We stood on deck watching the life-boats of the Titanic being filled and + lowered into the water," said Mr. Williams. "The water was nearly up to + our waists and the ship was about at her last. Suddenly one of the great + funnels fell. I sprang aside, endeavoring to pull father with me. A moment + later the funnel was swept overboard and the body of father went with it. + </p> + <p> + "I sprang overboard and swam through the ice to a life-raft, and was + pulled aboard. There were five men and one woman on the raft. Occasionally + we were swept off into the sea, but always managed to crawl back. + </p> + <p> + "A sailor lighted a cigarette and flung the match carelessly among the + women. Several screamed, fearing they would be set on fire. The sailor + replied: 'We are going to hell anyway and we might as well be cremated now + as then.'" + </p> + <p> + A huge cake of ice was the means of aiding Emile Portaleppi, of Italy, in + his hairbreadth escape from death when the Titanic went down. Portaleppi, + a second class passenger, was awakened by the explosion of one of the + bulkheads of the ship. He hurried to the deck, strapped a life-preserver + around him and leaped into the sea. With the aid of the preserver and by + holding to a cake of ice he managed to keep afloat until one of the + life-boats picked him up. There were thirty-five other people in the boat, + he said, when he was hauled aboard. + </p> + <p> + THE COWARD + </p> + <p> + Somewhere in the shadow of the appalling Titanic disaster slinks—still + living by the inexplicable grace of God—a cur in human shape, to-day + the most despicable human being in all the world. + </p> + <p> + In that grim midnight hour, already great in history, he found himself + hemmed in by the band of heroes whose watchword and countersign rang out + across the deep—"Women and children first!" + </p> + <p> + What did he do? He scuttled to the stateroom deck, put on a woman's skirt, + a woman's hat and a woman's veil, and picking his crafty way back among + the brave and chivalric men who guarded the rail of the doomed ship, he + filched a seat in one of the life-boats and saved his skin. + </p> + <p> + His name is on that list of branded rescued men who were neither picked up + from the sea when the ship went down nor were in the boats under orders to + help get them safe away. His identity is not yet known, though it will be + in good time. So foul an act as that will out like murder. + </p> + <p> + The eyes of strong men who have read this crowded record of golden deeds, + who have read and re-read that deathless roll of honor of the dead, are + still wet with tears of pity and of pride. This man still lives. Surely he + was born and saved to set for men a new standard by which to measure + infamy and shame. + </p> + <p> + It is well that there was sufficient heroism on board the Titanic to + neutralize the horrors of the cowardice. When the first order was given + for the men to stand back, there were a dozen or more who pushed forward + and said that men would be needed to row the life-boats and that they + would volunteer for the work. + </p> + <p> + The officers tried to pick out the ones that volunteered merely for + service and to eliminate those who volunteered merely to save their own + lives. This elimination process however, was not wholly successful. + </p> + <p> + THE DOOMED MEN + </p> + <p> + As the ship began to settle to starboard, heeling at an angle of nearly + forty-five degrees, those who had believed it was all right to stick by + the ship began to have doubts, and a few jumped into the sea. They were + followed immediately by others, and in a few minutes there were scores + swimming around. Nearly all of them wore life-preservers. One man, who had + a Pomeranian dog, leaped overboard with it and striking a piece of + wreckage was badly stunned. He recovered after a few minutes and swam + toward one of the life-boats and was taken aboard. + </p> + <p> + Said one survivor, speaking of the men who remained on the ship. "There + they stood—Major Butt, Colonel Astor waving a farewell to his wife, + Mr. Thayer, Mr. Case, Mr. Clarence Moore, Mr. Widener, all + multimillionaires, and hundreds of other men, bravely smiling at us all. + Never have I seen such chivalry and fortitude. Such courage in the face of + fate horrible to contemplate filled us even then with wonder and + admiration." + </p> + <p> + Why were men saved? ask: others who seek to make the occasional male + survivor a hissing scorn; and yet the testimony makes it clear that for a + long time during that ordeal the more frightful position seemed to many to + be in the frail boats in the vast relentless sea, and that some men had to + be tumbled into the boats under orders from the officers. Others express + the deepest indignation that 210 sailors were rescued, the testimony shows + that most of these sailors were in the welter of ice and water into which + they had been thrown from the ship's deck when she sank; they were human + beings and so were picked up and saved. + </p> + <p> + "WOMEN AND CHILDREN FIRST" + </p> + <p> + The one alleviating circumstance in the otherwise immitigable tragedy is + the fact that so many of the men stood aside really with out the necessity + for the order, "Women and children first," and insisted that the weaker + sex should first have places in the boats. + </p> + <p> + There were men whose word of command swayed boards of directors, governed + institutions, disposed of millions. They were accustomed merely to + pronounce a wish to have it gratified. Thousands "posted at their + bidding"; the complexion of the market altered hue when they nodded; they + bought what they wanted, and for one of the humblest fishing smacks or a + dory they could have given the price that was paid to build and launch the + ship that has become the most imposing mausoleum that ever housed the + bones of men since the Pyramids rose from the desert sands. + </p> + <p> + But these men stood aside—one can see them!—and gave place not + merely to the delicate and the refined, but to the scared Czech woman from + the steerage, with her baby at her breast; the Croatian with a toddler by + her side, coming through the very gate of Death and out of the mouth of + Hell to the imagined Eden of America. + </p> + <p> + To many of those who went it was harder to go than to stay there on the + vessel gaping with its mortal wounds and ready to go down. It meant that + tossing on the waters they must wait in suspense, hour after hour even + after the lights of the ship were engulfed in appalling darkness, hoping + against hope for the miracle of a rescue dearer to them than their own + lives. + </p> + <p> + It was the tradition of Anglo-Saxon heroism that was fulfilled in the + frozen seas during the black hours of Sunday night. The heroism was that + of the women who went, as well as of the men who remained! + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0007" id="link2HCH0007"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER VII. LEFT TO THEIR FATE + </h2> + <p> + COOLNESS AND HEROISM OF THOSE LEFT TO PERISH—SUICIDE OF MURDOCK—CAPTAIN + SMITH'S END—THE SHIP'S BAND PLAYS A NOBLE HYMN AS THE VESSEL GOES + DOWN + </p> + <p> + THE general feeling aboard the ship after the boats had left her sides was + that she would not survive her wound, but the passengers who remained + aboard displayed the utmost heroism. + </p> + <p> + William T. Stead, the famous English journalist, was so litt{l}e alarmed + that he calmly discussed with one of the passengers the probable height of + the iceberg after the Titanic had shot into it. + </p> + <p> + Confidence in the ability of the Titanic to remain afloat doubtlessly led + many of the passengers to death. The theory that the great ship was + unsinkable remained with hundreds who had entrusted themselves to the + gigantic hulk, long after the officers knew that the vessel could not + survive. + </p> + <p> + The captain and officers behaved with superb gallantry, and there was + perfect order and discipline among those who were aboard, even after all + hope had been abandoned for the salvation of the ship. + </p> + <p> + Many women went down, steerage women who were unable to get to the upper + decks where the boats were launched, maids who were overlooked in the + confusion, cabin passengers who refused to desert their husbands or who + reached the decks after the last of the life-boats was gone and the ship + was settling for her final plunge to the bottom of the Atlantic. + </p> + <p> + Narratives of survivors do not bear out the supposition that the final + hours upon the vessel's decks were passed in darkness. They say the + electric lighting plant held out until the last, and that even as they + watched the ship sink, from their places in the floating life-boats, her + lights were gleaming in long rows as she plunged under by the head. Just + before she sank, some of the refugees say, the ship broke in two abaft the + engine room after the bulkhead explosions had occurred. + </p> + <p> + COLONEL ASTOR'S DEATH + </p> + <p> + To Colonel Astor's death Philip Mock bears this testimony. + </p> + <p> + "Many men were hanging on to rafts in the sea. William T. Stead and + Colonel Astor were among them. Their feet and hands froze and they had to + let go. Both were drowned." + </p> + <p> + The last man among the survivors to speak to Colonel Astor was K. + Whiteman, the ship's barber. + </p> + <p> + "I shaved Colonel Astor Sunday afternoon," said Whiteman. "He was a + pleasant, affable man, and that awful night when I found myself standing + beside him on the passenger deck, helping to put the women into the boats, + I spoke to him. + </p> + <p> + "'Where is your life-belt?' I asked him. + </p> + <p> + "'I didn't think there would be any need of it,' he said. + </p> + <p> + "'Get one while there is time,' I told him. 'The last boat is gone, and we + are done for.' + </p> + <p> + "'No,' he said, 'I think there are some life-boats to be launched, and we + may get on one of them.' + </p> + <p> + "'There are no life-rafts,' I told him, 'and the ship is going to sink. I + am going to jump overboard and take a chance on swimming out and being + picked up by one of the boats. Better come along.' + </p> + <p> + "'No, thank you,' he said, calmly, 'I think I'll have to stick.' + </p> + <p> + "I asked him if he would mind shaking hands with me. He said, 'With + pleasure,' gave me a hearty grip, and then I climbed up on the rail and + jumped overboard. I was in the water nearly four hours before one of the + boats picked me up." + </p> + <p> + CAPTAIN WASHED OVERBOARD + </p> + <p> + Murdock's last orders were to Quartermaster Moody and a few other petty + officers who had taken their places in the rigid discipline of the ship + and were lowering the boats. Captain Smith came up to him on the bridge + several times and then rushed down again. They spoke to one another only + in monosyllables. + </p> + <p> + There were stories that Captain Smith, when he saw the ship actually going + down, had committed suicide. There is no basis for such tales. The + captain, according to the testimony of those who were near him almost + until the last, was admirably cool. He carried a revolver in his hand, + ready to use it on anyone who disobeyed orders. + </p> + <p> + "I want every man to act like a man for manhood's sake," he said, "and if + they don't, a bullet awaits the coward." + </p> + <p> + With the revolver in his hand—a fact that undoubtedly gave rise to + the suicide theory—the captain moved up and down the deck. He gave + the order for each life-boat to make off and he remained until every boat + was gone. Standing on the bridge he finally called out the order: "Each + man save himself." At that moment all discipline fled. It was the last + call of death. If there had been any hope among those on board before, the + hope now had fled. + </p> + <p> + The bearded admiral of the White Star Line fleet, with every life-saving + device launched from the decks, was returning to the deck to perform the + sacred office of going down with his ship when a wave dashed over the side + and tore him from the ladder. + </p> + <p> + The Titanic was sinking rapidly by the head, with the twisting sidelong + motion that was soon to aim her on her course two miles down. Murdock saw + the skipper swept out; but did not move. Captain Smith was but one of a + multitude of lost at that moment. Murdock may have known that the last + desperate thought of the gray mariner was to get upon his bridge and die + in command. That the old man could not have done this may have had + something to do with Murdock's suicidal inspiration. Of that no man may + say or safely guess. + </p> + <p> + The wave that swept the skipper out bore him almost to the thwart of a + crowded life-boat. Hands reached out, but he wrenched himself away, turned + and swam back toward the ship. + </p> + <p> + Some say that he said, "Good-bye, I'm going back to the ship." + </p> + <p> + He disappeared for a moment, then reappeared where a rail was slipping + under water. Cool and courageous to the end, loyal to his duty under the + most difficult circumstances, he showed himself a noble captain, and he + died a noble death. + </p> + <p> + SAW BOTH OFFICERS PERISH + </p> + <p> + Quartermaster Moody saw all this, watched the skipper scramble aboard + again onto the submerged decks, and then vanish altogether in a great + billow. + </p> + <p> + As Moody's eye lost sight of the skipper in this confusion of waters it + again shifted to the bridge, and just in time to see Murdock take his + life. The man's face was turned toward him, Moody said, and he could not + mistake it. There were still many gleaming lights on the ship, flickering + out like little groups of vanishing stars, and with the clear starshine on + the waters there was nothing to cloud or break the quartermaster's vision. + </p> + <p> + "I saw Murdock die by his own hand," said Moody, "saw the flash from his + gun, heard the crack that followed the flash and then saw him plunge over + on his face." + </p> + <p> + Others report hearing several pistol shots on the decks below the bridge, + but amid the groans and shrieks and cries, shouted orders and all that + vast orchestra of sounds that broke upon the air they must have been faint + periods of punctuation + </p> + <p> + BAND PLAYED ITS OWN DIRGE + </p> + <p> + The band had broken out in the strains of "Nearer, My God, to Thee," some + minutes before Murdock lifted the revolver to his head, fired and toppled + over on his face. Moody saw all this in a vision that filled his brain, + while his ears drank in the tragic strain of the beautiful hymn that the + band played as their own dirge, even to the moment when the waters sucked + them down. + </p> + <p> + Wherever Murdock's eye swept the water in that instant, before he drew his + revolver, it looked upon veritable seas of drowning men and women. From + the decks there came to him the shrieks and groans of the caged and + drowning, for whom all hope of escape was utterly vanished. He evidently + never gave a thought to the possibility of saving himself, his mind + freezing with the horrors he beheld and having room for just one central + idea—swift extinction. + </p> + <p> + The strains of the hymn and the frantic cries of the dying blended in a + symphony of sorrow. + </p> + <p> + Led by the green light, under the light of stars, the boats drew away, and + the bow, then the quarter, then the stacks and last the stern of the + marvel ship of a few days before passed beneath the waters. The great + force of the ship's sinking was unaided by any violence of the elements, + and the suction, not so great as had been feared, rocked but mildly the + group of boats now a quarter of a mile distant from it. + </p> + <p> + Just before the Titanic disappeared from view men and women leaped from + the stern. More than a hundred men, according to Colonel Gracie, jumped at + the last. Gracie was among the number and he and the second officer were + of the very few who were saved. + </p> + <p> + As the vessel disappeared, the waves drowned the majestic + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = DEPTH OF OCEAN WHERE THE TITANIC WENT DOWN + </p> + <p> + The above etching shows a diagram of the ocean depths between the shore of + Newfoundland (shown at the top to the left, by the heavily shaded part) to + 800 miles out, where the Titanic struck an iceberg and sank. Over the + Great Bank of Newfoundland the greatest depth is about 35 fathoms, or 210 + feet. Then there is a sudden drop to 105 fathoms, or 630 feet, and then + there is a falling away to 1650 fathoms or 9900 feet, then 2000 fathoms or + 12,000 feet, and about where the Titanic sank 2760 fathoms or 16,560 + feet.} + </p> + <p> + hymn which the musicians played as they went to their watery grave. The + most authentic accounts agree that this hymn was not "Nearer, My God, to + Thee," which it seems had been + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = CARPATHIA + </p> + <p> + The Cunard liner which brought the survivors of the Titanic to New York.} + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = THE HERO WIRELESS OPERATOR OF THE TITANIC + </p> + <p> + Photograph of Harold...} + </p> + <p> + played shortly before, but "Autumn," which is found in the Episcopal + hymnal and which fits appropriately the situation on the Titanic in the + last moments of pain and darkness there. One line, "Hold me up in mighty + waters," particularly may have suggested the hymn to some minister aboard + the doomed vessel, who, it has been thought, thereupon asked the remaining + passengers to join in singing the hymn, in a last service aboard the + sinking ship, soon to be ended by death itself. + </p> + <p> + Following is the hymn: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + God of mercy and compassion! + Look with pity on my pain: + Hear a mournful, broken spirit + Prostrate at Thy feet complain; + Many are my foes, and mighty; + Strength to conquer I have none; + Nothing can uphold my goings + But Thy blessed Self alone. + + Saviour, look on Thy beloved; + Triumph over all my foes; + Turn to heavenly joy my mourning, + Turn to gladness all my woes; + Live or die, or work or suffer, + Let my weary soul abide, + In all changes whatsoever + Sure and steadfast by Thy side. + When temptations fierce assault me, + When my enemies I find, + Sin and guilt, and death and Satan, + All against my soul combined, + Hold me up in mighty waters, + Keep my eyes on things above, + Righteousness, divine Atonement, + Peace, and everlasting Love. +</pre> + <p> + It was a little lame schoolmaster, Tyrtaeus, who aroused the Spartans by + his poetry and led them to victory against the foe. + </p> + <p> + It was the musicians of the band of the Titanic—poor men, paid a few + dollars a week—who played the music to keep up the courage of the + souls aboard the sinking ship. + </p> + <p> + "The way the band kept playing was a noble thing," says the wireless + operator. "I heard it first while we were working the wireless, when there + was a rag-time tune for us, and the last I saw of the band, when I was + floating, struggling in the icy water, it was still on deck, playing + 'Autumn.' How those brave fellows ever did it I cannot imagine." + </p> + <p> + Perhaps that music, made in the face of death, would not have satisfied + the exacting critical sense. It may be that the chilled fingers faltered + on the pistons of the cornet or at the valves of the French horn, that the + time was irregular and that by an organ in a church, with a decorous + congregation, the hymns they chose would have been better played and sung. + But surely that music went up to God from the souls of drowning men, and + was not less acceptable than the song of songs no mortal ear may hear, the + harps of the seraphs and the choiring cherubim. Under the sea the + music-makers lie, still in their fingers clutching the broken and battered + means of melody; but over the strident voice of warring winds and the + sound of many waters there rises their chant eternally; and though the + musicians lie hushed and cold at the sea's heart, their music is heard + forevermore. + </p> + <p> + LAST MOMENTS + </p> + <p> + That great ship, which started out as proudly, went down to her death like + some grime silent juggernaut, drunk with carnage and anxious to stop the + throbbing of her own heart at the bottom of the sea. Charles H. + Lightoller, second officer of the Titanic, tells the story this way: + </p> + <p> + "I stuck to the ship until the water came up to my ankles. There had been + no lamentations, no demonstrations either from the men passengers as they + saw the last life-boat go, and there was no wailing or crying, no outburst + from the men who lined the ship's rail as the Titanic disappeared from + sight. + </p> + <p> + "The men stood quietly as if they were in church. They knew that they were + in the sight of God; that in a moment judgment would be passed upon them. + Finally, the ship took a dive, reeling for a moment, then plunging. I was + sucked to the side of the ship against the grating over the blower for the + exhaust. There was an explosion. It blew me to the surface again, only to + be sucked back again by the water rushing into the ship + </p> + <p> + "This time I landed against the grating over the pipes, which furnish a + draught for the funnels, and stuck there. There was another explosion, and + I came to the surface. The ship seemed to be heaving tremendous sighs as + she went down. I found myself not many feet from the ship, but on the + other side of it. The ship had turned around while I was under the water. + </p> + <p> + "I came up near a collapsible life-boat and grabbed it. Many men were in + the water near me. They had jumped at the last minute. A funnel fell + within four inches of me and killed one of the swimmers. Thirty clung to + the capsized boat, and a life-boat, with forty survivors in it already, + finally took them off. + </p> + <p> + "George D. Widener and Harry Elkins Widener were among those who jumped at + the last minute. So did Robert Williams Daniel. The three of them went + down together. Daniel struck out, lashing the water with his arms until he + had made a point far distant from the sinking monster of the sea. Later he + was picked up by one of the passing life-boats. + </p> + <p> + "The Wideners were not seen again, nor was John B. Thayer, who went down + on the boat. 'Jack' Thayer, who was literally thrown off the Titanic by an + explosion, after he had refused to leave the men to go with his mother, + floated around on a raft for an hour before he was picked up." + </p> + <p> + AFLOAT WITH JACK THAYER + </p> + <p> + Graphic accounts of the final plunge of the Titanic were related by two + Englishmen, survivors by the merest chance. One of them struggled for + hours to hold himself afloat on an overturned collapsible life-boat, to + one end of which John B. Thayer, Jr., of Philadelphia, whose father + perished, hung until rescued. + </p> + <p> + The men gave their names as A. H. Barkworth, justice of the peace of East + Riding, Yorkshire, England, and W. J. Mellers, of Christ Church Terrace, + Chelsea, London. The latter, a young man, had started for this country + with his savings to seek his fortune, and lost all but his life. + </p> + <p> + Mellers, like Quartermaster Moody, said Captain Smith did not commit + suicide. The captain jumped from the bridge, Mellers declares, and he + heard him say to his officers and crew: "You have done your duty, boys. + Now every man for himself." Mellers and Barkworth, who say their names + have been spelled incorrectly in most of the lists of survivors, both + declare there were three distinct explosions before the Titanic broke in + two, and bow section first, and stern part last, settled with her human + cargo into the sea. + </p> + <p> + Her four whistles kept up a deafening blast until the explosions, declare + the men. The death cries from the shrill throats of the blatant steam + screechers beside the smokestacks so rent the air that conversation among + the passengers was possible only when one yelled into the ear of a + fellow-unfortunate. + </p> + <p> + "I did not know the Thayer family well," declared Mr. Barkworth, "but I + had met young Thayer, a clear-cut chap, and his father on the trip. The + lad and I struggled in the water for several hours endeavoring to hold + afloat by grabbing to the sides and end of an overturned life-boat. Now + and again we lost our grip and fell back into the water. I did not + recognize young Thayer in the darkness, as we struggled for our lives, but + I did recall having met him before when we were picked up by a life-boat. + We were saved by the merest chance, because the survivors on a life-boat + that rescued us hesitated in doing so, it seemed, fearing perhaps that + additional burdens would swamp the frail craft. + </p> + <p> + "I considered my fur overcoat helped to keep me afloat. I had a life + preserver over it, under my arms, but it would not have held me up so well + out of the water but for the coat. The fur of the coat seemed not to get + wet through, and retained a certain amount of air that added to buoyance. + I shall never part with it. + </p> + <p> + "The testimony of J. Bruce Ismay, managing director of the White Star + Line, that he had not heard explosions before the Titanic settled, + indicates that he must have gotten some distance from her in his + life-boat. There were three distinct explosions and the ship broke in the + center. The bow settled headlong first, and the stern last. I was looking + toward her from the raft to which young Thayer and I had clung." + </p> + <p> + HOW CAPTAIN SMITH DIED + </p> + <p> + Barkworth jumped, just before the Titanic went down. He said there were + enough life-preservers for all the passengers, but in the confusion many + may not have known where to look for them. Mellers, who had donned a + life-preserver, was hurled into the air, from the bow of the ship by the + force of the explosion, which he believed caused the Titanic to part in + the center. + </p> + <p> + "I was not far from where Captain Smith stood on the bridge, giving full + orders to his men," said Mellers. "The brave old seaman was crying, but he + had stuck heroically to the last. He did not shoot himself. He jumped from + the bridge when he had done all he could. I heard his final instructions + to his crew, and recall that his last words were: 'You have done your + duty, boys. Now every man for himself.' + </p> + <p> + "I thought I was doomed to go down with the rest. I stood on the deck, + awaiting my fate, fearing to jump from the ship. Then came a grinding + noise, followed by two others, and I was hurled into the deep. Great waves + engulfed me, but I was not drawn toward the ship, so that I believe there + was little suction. I swam about for more than one hour before I was + picked up by a boat." + </p> + <p> + A FAITHFUL OFFICER + </p> + <p> + Charles Herbert Lightoller, previously mentioned, stood by the ship until + the last, working to get the passengers away, and when it appeared that he + had made his last trip he went up high on the officers' quarters and made + the best dive he knew how to make just as the ship plunged down to the + depths. This is an excerpt from his testimony before the Senate + investigating committee: + </p> + <p> + "What time did you leave the ship?" + </p> + <p> + "I didn't leave it." + </p> + <p> + "Did it leave you?" + </p> + <p> + "Yes, sir." + </p> + <p> + Children shall hear that episode sung in after years and his own + descendants shall recite it to their bairns. Mr. Lightoller acted as an + officer and gentleman should, and he was not the only one. + </p> + <p> + A MESSAGE FROM A NOTORIOUS GAMBLER + </p> + <p> + That Jay Yates, gambler, confidence man and fugitive from justice, known + to the police and in sporting circles as J. H. Rogers, went down with the + Titanic after assisting many women aboard life-boats, became known when a + note, written on a blank page torn from a diary: was delivered to his + sister. Here is a fac-simile of the note: + </p> + <p> + {illust.} + </p> + <p> + This note was given by Rogers to a woman he was helping into a life-boat. + The woman, who signed herself "Survivor," inclosed the note with the + following letter. + </p> + <p> + "You will find note that was handed to me as I was leaving the Titanic. Am + stranger to this man, but think he was a card player. He helped me aboard + a life-boat and I saw him help others. Before we were lowered I saw him + jump into the sea. If picked up I did not recognize him on the Carpathia. + I don't think he was registered on the ship under his right name." + </p> + <p> + Rogers' mother, Mrs. Mary A. Yates, an old woman, broke down when she + learned son had perished. + </p> + <p> + "Thank God I know where he is now," she sobbed. "I have not heard from him + for two years. The last news I had from him he was in London." + </p> + <p> + FIFTY LADS MET DEATH + </p> + <p> + Among the many hundreds of heroic souls who went bravely and quietly to + their end were fifty happy-go-lucky youngsters shipped as bell boys or + messengers to serve the first cabin passengers. James Humphreys, a + quartermaster, who commanded life-boat No. 11, told a li{t}tle story that + shows how these fifty lads met death. + </p> + <p> + Humphreys said the boys were called to their regular posts in the main + cabin entry and taken in charge by their captain, a steward. They were + ordered to remain in the cabin and not get in the way. Throughout the + first hour of confusion and terror these lads sat quietly on their benches + in various parts of the first cabin. + </p> + <p> + Then, just toward the end when the order was passed around that the ship + was going down and every man was free to save himself, if he kept away + from the life-boats in which the women + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = "WHO HATH MEASURED THE WATERS IN THE HOLLOW OF HIS + HAND."—Isaiah XL:xii} + </p> + <p> + were being taken, the bell boys scattered to all parts of the ship. + </p> + <p> + Humphreys said he saw numbers of them smoking cigarettes and joking with + the passengers. They seemed to think that their violation of the rule + against smoking while on duty was a sufficient breach of discipline. + </p> + <p> + Not one of them attempted to enter a life-boat. Not one of them was saved. + </p> + <p> + THE HEROES WHO REMAINED + </p> + <p> + The women who left the ship; the men who remained—there is little to + choose between them for heroism. Many of the women compelled to take to + the boats would have stayed, had it been possible, to share the fate of + their nearest and dearest, without whom their lives are crippled, broken + and disconsolate. + </p> + <p> + The heroes who remained would have said, with Grenville. "We have only + done our duty, as a man is bound to do." They sought no palms or crowns of + martyrdom. "They also serve who only stand and wait," and their first + action was merely to step aside and give places in the boats to women and + children, some of whom were too young to comprehend or to remember. + </p> + <p> + There was no debate as to whether the life of a financier, a master of + business, was rated higher in the scale of values than that of an ignorant + peasant mother. A woman was a woman, whether she wore rags or pearls. A + life was given for a life, with no assertion that one was priceless and + the other comparatively valueless. + </p> + <p> + Many of those who elected to remain might have escaped. "Chivalry" is a + mild appellation for their conduct. Some of the vaunted knights of old + were desperate cowards by comparison. A fight in the open field, or + jousting in the tournament, did not call out the manhood in a man as did + the waiting till the great ship took the final plunge, in the knowledge + that the seas round about were covered with loving and yearning witnesses + whose own salvation was not assured. + </p> + <p> + When the roll is called hereafter of those who are "purged of pride + because they died, who know the worth of their days," let the names of the + men who went down with the Titanic be found written there in the sight of + God and men. + </p> + <p> + THE OBVIOUS LESSON + </p> + <p> + And, whatever view of the accident be taken, whether the moralist shall + use it to point the text of a solemn or denunciatory warning, or whether + the materialist, swinging to the other extreme, scouts any other theory + than that of the "fortuitous concurrence of atoms," there is scarcely a + thinking mortal who has heard of what happened who has not been deeply + stirred, in the sense of a personal bereavement, to a profound humility + and the conviction of his own insignificance in the greater universal + scheme. + </p> + <p> + Many there are whom the influences of religion do not move, and upon whose + hearts most generous sentiments knock in vain, who still are overawed and + bowed by the magnitude of this catastrophe. No matter what they believe + about it, the effect is the same. The effect is to reduce a man from the + swaggering braggart—the vainglorious lord of what he sees—the + self-made master of fate, of nature, of time, of space, of everything—to + his true microscopic stature in the cosmos. He goes in tears to put + together again the fragments of the few, small, pitiful things that + belonged to him. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Though Love may pine, and Reason chafe, + There came a Voice without reply." +</pre> + <p> + The only comfort, all that can bring surcease of sorrow, is that men + fashioned in the image of their Maker rose to the emergency like heroes, + and went to their grave as bravely as any who have given their lives at + any time in war. The hearts of those who waited on the land, and agonized, + and were impotent to save, have been laid upon the same altars of + sacrifice. The mourning of those who will not be comforted rises from + alien lands together with our own in a common broken intercession. How + little is the 882 feet of the "monster" that we launched compared with the + arc of the rainbow we can see even in our grief spanning the frozen boreal + mist! + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "The best of what we do and are, + Just God, forgive!" +</pre> + <p> + THE ANCIENT SACRIFICE + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +And still our work must go on. It is the business of men and women +neither to give way to unavailing grief nor to yield to the crushing +incubus of despair, but to find hope that is at the bottom of +everything, even at the bottom of the sea where that glorious virgin of +the ocean is dying. "And when she took unto herself a mate + She must espouse the everlasting sea." +</pre> + <p> + Even so, for any progress of the race, there must be the ancient sacrifice + of man's own stubborn heart, and all his pride. He must forever "lay in + dust life's glory dead." He cannot rise to the height it was intended he + should reach till he has plumbed the depths, till he has devoured the + bread of the bitterest affliction, till he has known the ache of hopes + deferred, of anxious expectation disappointed, of dreams that are not to + be fulfilled this side of the river that waters the meads of Paradise. + There still must be a reason why it is not an unhappy thing to be taken + from "the world we know to one a wonder still," and so that we go bravely, + what does it matter, the mode of our going? It was not only those who + stood back, who let the women and children go to the boats, that died. + There died among us on the shore something of the fierce greed of + bitterness, something of the sharp hatred of passion, something of the mad + lust of revenge and of knife-edge competition. Though we are not aware of + it, perhaps, we are not quite the people that we were before out of the + mystery an awful hand was laid upon us all, and what we had thought the + colossal power of wealth was in a twinkling shown to be no more than the + strength of an infant's little finger, or the twining tendril of a plant. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Lest we forget; lest we forget!" +</pre> + <p> + {"illustration", really "music" Lyrics = + </p> + <p> + God of mercy and compassion, Look with pity on my pain; Hear a mournful, + broken spirit Prostrate at Thy feet complain; Many are my foes and mighty; + Strength to conquer I have none; Nothing can uphold my goings But they + blessed Self alone. AMEN + </p> + <p> + {2nd Stanza} Saviour, look on Thy beloved, Triumph over all my foes, Turn + to heavenly joy my mourning, Turn to gladness all my woes; Live or die, or + work or suffer Let my weary soul abide, In all changes whatsoever, Sure + and steadfast by Thy side: + </p> + <p> + {3rd Stanza} When temptations fierce assault me, When my enemies I find, + Sin and guilt, and death and Satan, All against my soul combined, Hold me + up in mighty waters, Keep my eyes on things above—Rightousness,{sic} + divine atonement Peace and everlasting love,} + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = LATITUDE 41.46 NORTH, LONGITUDE 50.14 WEST WHERE + MANHOOD PERISHED NOT} + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = LOWERING OF THE LIFE-BOATS FROM THE TITANIC + </p> + <p> + It is easy to understand why...} + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = PASSENGERS LEAVING THE TITANIC IN THE LIFE-BOATS + </p> + <p> + The agony and despair which possessed the occupants of these boats as they + were carried away from the doomed giant, leaving husbands and brothers + behind, is almost beyond description. It is little wonder that the strain + of these moments, with the physical and mental suffering which followed + during the early morning hours, left many of the women still hysterical + when they reached New York.} + </p> + <p> + WHERE MANHOOD PERISHED NOT + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Where cross the lines of forty north + And fifty-fourteen west + There rolls a wild and greedy sea + With death upon its crest. + No stone or wreath from human hands + Will ever mark the spot + Where fifteen hundred men went down, + But Manhood perished not. + + Old Ocean takes but little heed + Of human tears or woe. + No shafts adorn the ocean graves, + Nor weeping willows grow. + Nor is there need of marble slab + To keep in mind the spot + Where noble men went down to death, + But manhood perished not! + + Those men who looked on death and smiled, + And trod the crumbling deck, + Have saved much more than precious lives + From out that awful wreck. + Though countless joys and hopes and fears + Were shattered at a breath, + 'Tis something that the name of Man + Did not go down to death. + + 'Tis not an easy thing to die, + E'en in the open air, + Twelve hundred miles from home and friends, + In a shroud of black despair. + A wreath to crown the brow of man, + And hide a former blot + Will ever blossom o'er the waves + Where Manhood perished not. + + HARVEY P. THEW + {spelling uncertain due to poor printing} +</pre> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0008" id="link2HCH0008"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER VIII. THE CALL FOR HELP HEARD + </h2> + <p> + THE VALUE OF THE WIRELESS—OTHER SHIPS ALTER THEIR COURSE—RESCUERS + ON THE WAY + </p> + <p> + "WE have struck an iceberg. Badly damaged. Rush aid." + </p> + <p> + Seaward and landward, J. G. Phillips, the Titanic's wireless man, had + hurled the appeal for help. By fits and starts—for the wireless was + working unevenly and blurringly—Phillips reached out to the world, + crying the Titanic's peril. A word or two, scattered phrases, now and then + a connected sentence, made up the message that sent a thrill of + apprehension for a thousand miles east, west and south of the doomed + liner. + </p> + <p> + The early despatches from St. John's, Cape Race, and Montreal, told + graphic tales of the race to reach the Titanic, the wireless appeals for + help, the interruption of the calls, then what appeared to be a successful + conclusion of the race when the Virginian was reported as having reached + the giant liner. + </p> + <p> + MANY LINES HEAR THE CALL + </p> + <p> + Other rushing liners besides the Virginian heard the call and became on + the instant something more than cargo carriers and passenger greyhounds. + The big Baltic, 200 miles to the eastward and westbound, turned again to + save life, as she did when her sister of the White Star fleet, the + Republic, was cut down in a fog in January, 1909. The Titanic's mate, the + Olympic, the mightiest of the seagoers save the Titanic herself, turned in + her tracks. All along the northern lane the miracle of the wireless worked + for the distressed and sinking White Star ship. The Hamburg-American + Cincinnati, the Parisian from Glasgow, the North German Lloyd Prinz + Friedrich Wilhelm, the Hamburg-American liners Prinz Adelbert and Amerika, + all heard the C. Q. D. and the rapid, condensed explanation of what had + happened. + </p> + <p> + VIRGINIAN IN DESPERATE HASTE + </p> + <p> + But the Virginian was nearest, barely 170 miles away, and was the first to + know of the Titanic's danger. She went about and headed under forced + draught for the spot indicated in one of the last of Phillips' messages—latitude + 41.46 N. and longitude 50.14 W. She is a fast ship, the Allan liner, and + her wireless has told the story of how she stretched through the night to + get up to the Titanic in time. There was need for all the power of her + engines and all the experience and skill of her captain. The final + fluttering Marconigrams that were released from the Titanic made it + certain that the great ship with 2340 souls aboard was filling and in + desperate peril. + </p> + <p> + Further out at sea was the Cunarder, Carpathia, which left New York for + the Mediterranean on April 13th. Round she went and plunged back westward + to take a hand in saving life. And the third steamship within short + sailing of the Titanic was the Allan liner Parisian away to the eastward, + on her way from Glasgow to Halifax. + </p> + <p> + While they sped in the night with all the drive that steam could give + them, the Titanic's call reached to Cape Race and the startled operator + there heard at midnight a message which quickly reached New York: + </p> + <p> + "Have struck an iceberg. We are badly damaged. Titanic latitude 41.46 N., + 50.14 W." + </p> + <p> + Cape Race threw the appeal broadcast wherever his apparatus could carry. + </p> + <p> + Then for hours, while the world waited for a crumb of news as to the + safety of the great ship's people, not one thing more was known save that + she was drifting, broken and helpless and alone in the midst of a waste of + ice. And it was not until seventeen hours after the Titanic had sunk that + the words came out of the air as to her fate. There was a confusion and + tangle of messages—a jumble of rumors. Good tidings were trodden + upon by evil. And no man knew clearly what was taking place in that + stretch of waters where the giant icebergs were making a mock of all that + the world knew best in ship-building. + </p> + <p> + TITANIC SENT OUT NO MORE NEWS + </p> + <p> + It was at 12.17 A. M., while the Virginian was still plunging eastward, + that all communication from the Titanic ceased. The Virginian's operator, + with the Virginian's captain at his elbow, fed the air with blue flashes + in a desperate effort to know what was happening to the crippled liner, + but no message came back. The last word from the Titanic was that she was + sinking. Then the sparking became fainter. The call was dying to nothing. + The Virginian's operator labored over a blur of signals. It was hopeless. + So the Allan ship strove on, fearing that the worst had happened. + </p> + <p> + It was this ominous silence that so alarmed the other vessels hurrying to + the Titanic and that caused so much suspense here. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0009" id="link2HCH0009"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER IX. IN THE DRIFTING LIFE-BOATS + </h2> + <p> + SORROW AND SUFFERING—THE SURVIVORS SEE THE TITANIC GO DOWN WITH + THEIR LOVED ONES ON BOARD—A NIGHT OF AGONIZING SUSPENSE—WOMEN + HELP TO ROW—HELP ARRIVES—PICKING UP THE LIFE-BOATS + </p> + <p> + SIXTEEN boats were in the procession which entered on the terrible hours + of rowing, drifting and suspense. Women wept for lost husbands and sons, + sailors sobbed for the ship which had been their pride. Men choked back + tears and sought to comfort the widowed. Perhaps, they said, other boats + might have put off in another direction. They strove, though none too sure + themselves, to convince the women of the certainty that a rescue ship + would appear. + </p> + <p> + In the distance the Titanic looked an enormous length, her great bulk + outlined in black against the starry sky, every port-hole and saloon + blazing with light. It was impossible to think anything could be wrong + with such a leviathan, were it not for that ominous tilt downwards in the + bows, where the water was now up to the lowest row of port-holes. + Presently, about 2 A. M., as near as can be determined, those in the + life-boats observed her settling very rapidly with the bows and the bridge + completely under water, and concluded it was now only a question of + minutes before she went. So it proved She slowly tilted straight on end + with the stern vertically upwards, and as she did, the lights in the + cabins and saloons, which until then had not flickered for a moment, died + out, came on again for a single flash, and finally went altogether. At the + same time the machinery roared down through the vessel with a rattle and a + groaning that could be heard for miles, the weirdest sound surely that + could be heard in the middle of the ocean, a thousand miles away from + land. But this was not yet quite the end. + </p> + <p> + TITANIC STOOD UPRIGHT + </p> + <p> + To the amazement of the awed watchers in the life-boats, the doomed vessel + remained in that upright position for a time estimated at five minutes; + some in the boat say less, but it was certainly some minutes that at least + 150 feet of the Titanic towered up above the level of the sea and loomed + black against the sky. + </p> + <p> + SAW LAST OF BIG SHIP + </p> + <p> + Then with a quiet, slanting dive she disappeared beneath the waters, and + the eyes of the helpless spectators had looked for the last time upon the + gigantic vessel on which they had set out from Southampton. And there was + left to the survivors only the gently heaving sea, the life-boats filled + with men and women in every conceivable condition of dress and undress, + above the perfect sky of brilliant stars with not a cloud, all tempered + with a bitter cold that made each man and woman long to be one of the crew + who toiled away with the oars and kept themselves warm thereby—a + curious, deadening; bitter cold unlike anything they had felt before. + </p> + <p> + "ONE LONG MOAN" + </p> + <p> + And then with all these there fell on the ear the most appalling noise + that human being has ever listened to—the cries of hundreds of + fellow-beings struggling in the icy cold water, crying for help with a cry + that could not be answered. + </p> + <p> + Third Officer Herbert John Pitman, in charge of one of the boats, + described this cry of agony in his testimony before the Senatorial + Investigating Committee, under the questioning of Senator Smith: + </p> + <p> + "I heard no cries of distress until after the ship went down," he said. + </p> + <p> + "How far away were the cries from your life-boat?" + </p> + <p> + "Several hundred yards, probably, some of them." + </p> + <p> + "Describe the screams." + </p> + <p> + "Don't, sir, please! I'd rather not talk about it." + </p> + <p> + "I'm sorry to press it, but what was it like? Were the screams spasmodic?" + </p> + <p> + "It was one long continuous moan." + </p> + <p> + The witness said the moans and cries continued an hour. + </p> + <p> + Those in the life-boats longed to return and pick up some of the poor + drowning souls, but they feared this would mean swamping the boats and a + further loss of life. + </p> + <p> + Some of the men tried to sing to keep the women from hearing the cries, + and rowed hard to get away from the scene of the wreck, but the memory of + those sounds will be one of the things the rescued will find it difficult + to forget. + </p> + <p> + The waiting sufferers kept a lookout for lights, and several times it was + shouted that steamers' lights were seen, but they turned out to be either + a light from another boat or a star low down on the horizon. It was hard + to keep up hope. + </p> + <p> + WOMEN TRIED TO COMMIT SUICIDE + </p> + <p> + "Let me go back—I want to go back to my husband—I'll jump from + the boat if you don't," cried an agonized voice in one life-boat. + </p> + <p> + "You can do no good by going back—other lives will be lost if you + try to do it. Try to calm yourself for the sake of the living. It may be + that your husband will be picked up somewhere by one of the fishing + boats." + </p> + <p> + The woman who pleaded to go back, according to Mrs. Vera Dick, of Calgary, + Canada, later tried to throw herself from the life-boat. Mrs. Dick, + describing the scenes in the life-boats, said there were half a dozen + women in that one boat who tried to commit suicide when they realized that + the Titanic had gone down. + </p> + <p> + "Even in Canada, where we have such clear nights," said Mrs. Dick, "I have + never seen such a clear sky. The stars were very bright and we could see + the Titanic plainly, like a great hotel on the water. Floor after floor of + the lights went out as we watched. It was horrible, horrible. I can't bear + to think about it. From the distance, as we rowed away, we could hear the + band playing 'Nearer, My God to Thee.' + </p> + <p> + "Among the life-boats themselves, however, there were scenes just as + terrible, perhaps, but to me nothing could outdo the tragic grandeur with + which the Titanic went to its death. To realize it, you would have to see + the Titanic as I saw it the day we set sail—with the flags flying + and the bands playing. Everybody on board was laughing and talking about + the Titanic being the biggest and most luxurious boat on the ocean and + being unsinkable. To think of it then and to think of it standing out + there in the night, wounded to death and gasping for life, is almost too + big for the imagination. + </p> + <p> + SCANTILY CLAD WOMEN IN LIFE-BOATS + </p> + <p> + "The women on our boat were in nightgowns and bare feet—some of them—and + the wealthiest women mingled with the poorest immigrants. One immigrant + woman kept shouting: 'My God, my poor father! He put me in this boat and + would not save himself. Oh, why didn't I die, why didn't I die? Why can't + I die now?' + </p> + <p> + "We had to restrain her, else she would have jumped over-board. It was + simply awful. Some of the men apparently had said they could row just to + get into the boats. We paid no attention to cowardice, however. We were + all busy with our own troubles. My heart simply bled for the women who + were separated from their husbands. + </p> + <p> + "The night was frightfully cold, although clear. We had to huddle together + to keep warm. Everybody drank sparingly of the water and ate sparingly of + the bread. We did not know when we would be saved. Everybody tried to + remain cool, except the poor creatures who could think of nothing but + their own great loss. Those with the most brains seemed to control + themselves best." + </p> + <p> + PHILADELPHIA WOMEN HEROINES + </p> + <p> + How Mrs. George D. Widener, whose husband and son perished after kissing + her good-bye and helping her into one of the boats, rowed when exhausted + seamen were on the verge of collapse, was told by Emily Geiger, maid of + Mrs. Widener, who was saved with her. + </p> + <p> + The girl said Mrs. Widener bravely toiled throughout the night and + consoled other women who had broken down under the strain. + </p> + <p> + Mrs. William E. Carter and Mrs. John B. Thayer were in the same life-boat + and worked heroically to keep it free from the icy menace. Although Mrs. + Thayer's husband remained aboard the Titanic and sank with it, and + although she had no knowledge of the safety of her son until they met, + hours later, aboard the Carpathia, Mrs. Thayer bravely labored at the oars + throughout the night. + </p> + <p> + In telling of her experience Mrs. Carter said: + </p> + <p> + "When I went over the side with my children and got in the boat there were + no seamen in it. Then came a few men, but there were oars with no one to + use them. The boat had been filled with passengers, and there was nothing + else for me to do but to take an oar. + </p> + <p> + "We could see now that the time of the ship had come. She was sinking, and + we were warned by cries from the men above to pull away from the ship + quickly. Mrs. Thayer, wife of the vice-president of the Pennsylvania + Railroad, was in my boat, and she, too, took an oar. + </p> + <p> + "It was cold and we had no time to clothe ourselves with warm overcoats. + The rowing warmed me. We started to pull away from the ship. We could see + the dim outlines of the decks above, but we could not recognize anybody." + </p> + <p> + MANY WOMEN ROWING + </p> + <p> + Mrs. William R. Bucknell's account of the part women played in the rowing + is as follows: + </p> + <p> + "There were thirty-five persons in the boat in which the captain placed + me. Three of these were ordinary seamen, supposed to manage the boat, and + a steward. + </p> + <p> + "One of these men seemed to think that we should not start away from the + sinking ship until it could be learned whether the other boats would + accommodate the rest of the women. He seemed to think that; more could be + crowded into ours, if necessary. + </p> + <p> + "'I would rather go back and go down with the ship than leave under these + circumstances.' he cried. + </p> + <p> + "The captain shouted to him to obey orders and to pull for a little light + that could just be discerned miles in the distance. I do not know what + this little light was. It may have been a passing fishing vessel, which, + of course could not know our predicament. Anyway, we never reached it. + </p> + <p> + "We rowed all night, I took an oar and sat beside the Countess de Rothes. + Her maid had an our and so did mine. The air was freezing cold, and it was + not long before the only man that appeared to know anything about rowing + commenced to complain that his hands were freezing: A woman back of him + handed him a shawl from about her shoulders. + </p> + <p> + "As we rowed we looked back at the lights of the Titanic. There was not a + sound from her, only the lights began to get lower and lower, and finally + she sank. Then we heard a muffled explosion and a dull roar caused by the + great suction of water. + </p> + <p> + "There was not a drop of water on our boat. The last minute before our + boat was launched Captain Smith threw aboard a bag of bread. I took the + precaution of taking a good drink of water before we started, so I + suffered no inconvenience from thirst." + </p> + <p> + Mrs. Lucien Smith, whose young husband perished, was another heroine. It + is related by survivors that she took turns at the oars, and then, when + the boat was in danger of sinking, stood ready to plug a hole with her + finger if the cork stopper became loose. + </p> + <p> + In another boat Mrs. Cornell and her sister, who had a slight knowledge of + rowing, took turns at the oars, as did other women. + </p> + <p> + The boat in which Mrs. J. J. Brown, of Denver, Col., was saved contained + only three men in all, and only one rowed. He was a half-frozen seaman who + was tumbled into the boat at the last minute. The woman wrapped him in + blankets and set him at an oar to start his blood. The second man was too + old to be of any use. The third was a coward. + </p> + <p> + Strange to say, there was room in this boat for ten other people. Ten + brave men would have received the warmest welcome of their lives if they + had been there. The coward, being a quartermaster and the assigned head of + the boat, sat in the stern and steered. He was terrified, and the women + had to fight against his pessimism while they tugged at the oars. + </p> + <p> + The women sat two at each oar. One held the oar in place, the other did + the pulling. Mrs. Brown coached them and cheered them on. She told them + that the exercise would keep the chill out of their veins, and she spoke + hopefully of the likelihood that some vessel would answer the wireless + calls. Over the frightful danger of the situation the spirit of this woman + soared. + </p> + <p> + THE PESSIMIST + </p> + <p> + And the coward sat in his stern seat, terrified, his tongue loosened with + fright. He assured them there was no chance in the world. He had had + fourteen years' experience, and he knew. First, they would have to row one + and a half miles at least to get out of the sphere of the suction, if they + did not want to go down. They would be lost, and nobody would ever find + them. + </p> + <p> + "Oh, we shall be picked up sooner or later," said some of the braver ones. + No, said the man, there was no bread in the boat, no water; they would + starve—all that big boatload wandering the high seas with nothing to + eat, perhaps for days. + </p> + <p> + "Don't," cried Mrs. Brown. "Keep that to yourself, if you feel that way. + For the sake of these women and chil-dren, be a man. We have a smooth sea + and a fighting chance. Be a man." + </p> + <p> + But the coward only knew that there was no compass and no chart aboard. + They sighted what they thought was a fishing smack on the horizon, showing + dimly in the early dawn. The man at the rudder steered toward it, and the + women bent to their oars again. They covered several miles in this way—but + the smack faded into the distance. They could not see it any longer. And + the coward said that everything was over. + </p> + <p> + They rowed back nine weary miles. Then the coward thought they must stop + rowing, and lie in the trough of the waves until the Carpathia should + appear. The women tried it for a few moments, and felt the cold creeping + into their bodies. Though exhausted from the hard physical labor they + thought work was better than freezing. + </p> + <p> + "Row again!" commanded Mrs. Brown. + </p> + <p> + "No, no, don't," said the coward. + </p> + <p> + "We shall freeze," cried several of the women together. "We must row. We + have rowed all this time. We must keep on or freeze." + </p> + <p> + When the coward still demurred, they told him plainly and once for all + that if he persisted in wanting them to stop rowing, they were going to + throw him overboard and be done with him for good. Something about the + look in the eye of that Mississippi-bred oarswoman, who seemed such a + force among her fellows, told him that he had better capitulate. And he + did. + </p> + <p> + COUNTESS ROTHES AN EXPERT OARSWOMAN + </p> + <p> + Miss Alice Farnam Leader, a New York physician, escaped from the Titanic + on the same boat which carried the Countess Rothes. "The countess is an + expert oarswoman," said Doctor Leader, "and thoroughly at home on the + water. She practically took command of our boat when it was found that the + seaman who had been placed at the oars could not row skilfully. Several of + the women took their place with the countess at the oars and rowed in + turns, while the weak and unskilled stewards sat quietly in one end of the + boat." + </p> + <p> + MEN COULD NOT ROW + </p> + <p> + "With nothing on but a nightgown I helped row one of the boats for three + hours," said Mrs. Florence Ware, of Bristol, England. + </p> + <p> + "In our boat there were a lot of women, a steward and a fireman. None of + the men knew anything about managing a small boat, so some of the women + who were used to boats took charge. + </p> + <p> + "It was cold and I worked as hard as I could at an oar until we were + picked up. There was nothing to eat or drink on our boat." + </p> + <p> + DEATHS ON THE LIFE-BOATS + </p> + <p> + "The temperature must have been below freezing," testified another + survivor, "and neither men nor women in my boat were warmly clothed. + Several of them died. The officer in charge of the life-boat decided it + was better to bury the + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = SURVIVORS OF THE GREAT MARINE DISASTER + </p> + <p> + The first authentic photograph,...} + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = Copyright by Campbell Studio. N. Y. + </p> + <p> + COLONEL AND MRS. JOHN JACOB ASTOR + </p> + <p> + Mrs. Astor, nee Miss Madeline Force, was rescued. Colonel Astor who + bravely refused to take a place in the life-boats, went down with the + Titanic.} + </p> + <p> + bodies. Soon they were weighted so they would sink and were put overboard. + We could also see similar burials taking place from other life-boats that + were all around us." + </p> + <p> + GAMBLERS WERE POLITE + </p> + <p> + In one boat were two card sharps. With the same cleverness that enabled + them to win money on board they obtained places in the boats with the + women. + </p> + <p> + In the boat with the gamblers were women in their night-gowns and women in + evening dress. None of the boats were properly equipped with food, but all + had enough bread and water to keep the rescued from starving until the + expected arrival of help. + </p> + <p> + To the credit of the gamblers who managed to escape, it should be said + that they were polite and showed the women every courtesy. All they wanted + was to be sure of getting in a boat. That once accomplished, they reverted + to their habitual practice of politeness and suavity. They were even + willing; to do a little manual labor, refusing to let women do any rowing. + </p> + <p> + The people on that particular boat were a sad group. Fathers had kissed + their daughters good-bye and husbands had parted from their wives. The + card sharps, however philosophized wonderfully about the will of the + Almighty and how strange His ways. They said that one must be prepared for + anything; that good always came from evil, and that every cloud had a + silvery lining{.} + </p> + <p> + "Who knows?" said one. "It may be that everybody on board will be saved." + Another added: "Our duty is to the living. You women owe it to your + relatives and friends not to allow this thing to wreck your reason or + undermine your health." And they took pains to see that all the women who + were on the life-boat had plenty of covering to keep them from the icy + blasts of the night. + </p> + <p> + HELP IN SIGHT + </p> + <p> + The survivors were in the life-boats until about 5.30 A. M. About 3 A. M. + faint lights appeared in the sky and all rejoiced to see what was supposed + to be the coming dawn, but after watching for half an hour and seeing no + change in the intensity of the light, the disappointed sufferers realized + it was the Northern Lights. Presently low down on the horizon they saw a + light which slowly resolved itself into a double light, and they watched + eagerly to see if the two lights would separate and so prove to be only + two of the boats, or whether these lights would remain together, in which + case they should expect them to be the lights of a rescuing steamer. + </p> + <p> + To the inexpressible joy of all, they moved as one! Immediately the boats + were swung around and headed for the lights. Someone shouted: "Now, boys, + sing!" and everyone not too weak broke into song with "Row for the shore, + boys." Tears came to the eyes of all as they realized that safety was at + hand. The song was sung, but it was a very poor imitation of the real + thing, for quavering voices make poor songs. A cheer was given next, and + that was better—you can keep in tune for a cheer. + </p> + <p> + THE "LUCKY THIRTEEN" + </p> + <p> + "Our rescuer showed up rapidly, and as she swung round we saw her cabins + all alight, and knew she must be a large steamer. She was now motionless + and we had to row to her. Just then day broke, a beautiful quiet dawn with + faint pink clouds just above the horizon, and a new moon whose crescent + just touched the horizon. 'Turn your money over, boys,' said our cheery + steersman, 'that is, if you have any with you,' he added. + </p> + <p> + "We laughed at him for his superstition at such a time, but he countered + very neatly by adding: 'Well, I shall never say again that 13 is an + unlucky number; boat 13 has been the best friend we ever had.' Certainly + the 13 superstition is killed forever in the minds of those who escaped + from the Titanic in boat 13. + </p> + <p> + "As we neared the Carpathia we saw in the dawning light what we thought + was a full-rigged schooner standing up near her, and presently behind her + another, all sails set, and we said: 'They are fisher boats from the + Newfoundland bank and have seen the steamer lying to and are standing by + to help.' But in another five minutes the light shone pink on them and we + saw they were icebergs towering many feet in the air, huge, glistening + masses, deadly white, still, and peaked in a way that had easily suggested + a schooner. We glanced round the horizon and there were others wherever + the eye could reach. The steamer we had to reach was surrounded by them + and we had to make a detour to reach her, for between her and us lay + another huge berg." + </p> + <p> + A WONDERFUL DAWN + </p> + <p> + Speaking of the moment when the Carpathia was sighted. Mrs. J. J. Brown, + who had cowed the driveling quartermaster, said: + </p> + <p> + "Then, knowing that we were safe at last, I looked about me. The most + wonderful dawn I have ever seen came upon us. I have just returned from + Egypt. I have been all over the world, but I have never seen anything like + this. First the gray and then the flood of light. Then the sun came up in + a ball of red fire. For the first time we saw where we were. Near us was + open water, but on every side was ice. Ice ten feet high was everywhere, + and to the right and left and back and front were icebergs. Some of them + were mountain high. This sea of ice was forty miles wide, they told me. We + did not wait for the Carpathia to come to us, we rowed to it. We were + lifted up in a sort of nice little sling that was lowered to us. After + that it was all over. The passengers of the Carpathia were so afraid that + we would not have room enough that they gave us practically the whole ship + to ourselves." + </p> + <p> + It had been learned that some of the passengers, in fact all of the women + passengers of the Titanic who were rescued, refer to "Lady Margaret," as + they called Mrs. Brown as the strength of them all. + </p> + <p> + TRANSFERRING THE RESCUED + </p> + <p> + Officers of the Carpathia report that when they reached the scene of the + Titanic's wreck there were fifty bodies or more floating in the sea. Only + one mishap attended the transfer of the rescued from the life-boats. One + large collapsible life-boat, in which thirteen persons were seated, turned + turtle just as they were about to save it, and all in it were lost. + </p> + <p> + THE DOG HERO + </p> + <p> + Not the least among the heroes of the Titanic disaster was Rigel, a big + black Newfoundland dog, belonging to the first officer, who went down with + the ship. But for Rigel the fourth boat picked up might have been run down + by the Carpathia. For three hours he swam in the icy water where the + Titanic went down, evidently looking for his master, and was instrumental + in guiding the boatload of survivors to the gangway of the Carpathia. + </p> + <p> + Jonas Briggs, a seaman abroad the Carpathia, now has Rigel and told the + story of the dog's heroism. The Carpathia was moving slowly about, looking + for boats, rafts or anything which might be afloat. Exhausted with their + efforts, weak from lack of food and exposure to the cutting wind and + terror-stricken, the men and women in the fourth boat had drifted under + the Carpathia's starboard bow. They were dangerously close to the + steamship, but too weak to shout a warning loud enough to reach the + bridge. + </p> + <p> + The boat might not have been seen were it not for the sharp barking of + Rigel, who was swimming ahead of the craft, and valiantly announcing his + position. The barks attracted the attention of Captain Rostron; and he + went to the starboard end of the bridge to see where they came from and + saw the boat. He immediately ordered the engines stopped, and the boat + came alongside the starboard gangway. + </p> + <p> + Care was taken to get Rigel aboard, but he appeared little affected by his + long trip through the ice-cold water. He stood by the rail and barked + until Captain Rostron called Briggs and had him take the dog below. + </p> + <p> + A THRILLING ACCOUNT OF RESCUE + </p> + <p> + Mr. Wallace Bradford, of San Francisco, a passenger aboard the Carpathia, + gave the following thrilling account of the rescue of the Titanic's + passengers. + </p> + <p> + "Since half-past four this morning I have experienced one of those + never-to-be-forgotten circumstances that weighs heavy on my soul and which + shows most awfully what poor things we mortals are. Long before this + reaches you the news will be flashed that the Titanic has gone down and + that our steamer, the Carpathia, caught the wireless message when + seventy-five miles away, and so far we have picked up twenty boats + estimated to contain about 750 people. + </p> + <p> + "None of us can tell just how many, as they have been hustled to various + staterooms and to the dining saloons to be warmed up. I was awakened by + unusual noises and imagined that I smelled smoke. I jumped up and looked + out of my port-hole, and saw a huge iceberg looming up like a rock off + shore. It was not white, and I was positive that it was a rock, and the + thought flashed through my mind, how in the world can we be near a rock + when we are four days out from New York in a southerly direction and in + mid-ocean. + </p> + <p> + "When I got out on deck the first man I encountered told me that the + Titanic had gone down and we were rescuing the passengers. The first two + boats from the doomed vessel were in sight making toward us. Neither of + them was crowded. This was accounted for later by the fact that it was + impossible to get many to leave the steamer, as they would not believe + that she was going down. It was a glorious, clear morning and a quiet sea. + Off to the starboard was a white area of ice plain, from whose even + surface rose mammoth forts, castles and pyramids of solid ice almost as + real as though they had been placed there by the hand of man. + </p> + <p> + "Our steamer was hove to about two and a half miles from the edge of this + huge iceberg. The Titanic struck about 11.20 P. M. and did not go down + until two o'clock. Many of the passengers were in evening dress when they + came aboard our ship, and most of these were in a most bedraggled + condition. Near me as I write is a girl about eighteen years old in a + fancy dress costume of bright colors, while in another seat near by is a + women in a white dress trimmed with lace and covered with jaunty blue + flowers. + </p> + <p> + "As the boats came alongside after the first two all of them contained a + very large proportion of women. In fact, one of the boats had women at the + oars, one in particular containing, as near as I could estimate, about + forty-five women and only about six men. In this boat two women were + handling one of the oars. All of the engineers went down with the steamer. + Four bodies have been brought aboard. One is that of a fireman, who is + said to have been shot by one of the officers because he refused to obey + orders. Soon after I got on deck I could, with the aid of my glasses, + count seven boats headed our way, and they continued to come up to half + past eight o'clock. Some were in sight for a long time and moved very + slowly, showing plainly that the oars were being handled by amateurs or by + women. + </p> + <p> + "No baggage of any kind was brought by the survivors. In fact, the only + piece of baggage that reached the Carpathia from the Titanic is a small + closed trunk about twenty-four inches square, evidently the property of an + Irish female immigrant. While some seemed fully dressed, many of the men + having their overcoats and the women sealskin and other coats, others came + just as they had jumped from their berths, clothed in their pajamas and + bath robes." + </p> + <p> + THE SORROW OF THE LIVING + </p> + <p> + Of the survivors in general it may be said that they escaped death and + they gained life. Life is probably sweet to them as it is to everyone, but + what physical and mental torture has been the price of life to those who + were brought back to land on the Carpathia—the hours in life-boats, + amid the crashing of ice, the days of anguish that have succeeded, the + horrors of body and mind still experienced and never to be entirely absent + until death affords them its relief. + </p> + <p> + The thought of the nation to-day is for the living. They need our + sympathy, our consolation more than do the dead, and, perhaps, in the + majority of the cases they need our protecting care as well. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0010" id="link2HCH0010"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER X. ON BOARD THE CARPATHIA + </h2> + <p> + AID FOR THE SUFFERING AND HYSTERICAL—BURYING THE DEAD—VOTE OF + THANKS TO CAPTAIN ROSTRON OF THE CARPATHIA—IDENTIFYING THOSE SAVED—COMMUNICATING + WITH LAND—THE PASSAGE TO NEW YORK. + </p> + <p> + IF the scenes in the life-boats were tear-bringing, hardly less so was the + arrival of the boats at the Carpathia with their bands of terror-stricken, + grief-ridden survivors, many of them too exhausted to know that safety was + at hand. Watchers on the Carpathia were moved to tears. + </p> + <p> + "The first life-boat reached the Carpathia about half-past five o'clock in + the morning," recorded one of the passengers on the Carpathia. "And the + last of the sixteen boats was unloaded before nine o'clock. Some of the + life-boats were only half filled, the first one having but two men and + eleven women, when it had accommodations for at least forty. There were + few men in the boats. The women were the gamest lot I have ever seen. Some + of the men and women were in evening clothes, and others among those saved + had nothing on but night clothes and raincoats." + </p> + <p> + After the Carpathia had made certain that there were no more passengers of + the Titanic to be picked up, she threaded her way out of the ice fields + for fifty miles. It was dangerous work, but it was managed without + trouble. + </p> + <p> + AID FOR THE SUFFERING AND HYSTERICAL + </p> + <p> + The shrieks and cries of the women and men picked up in life-boats by the + Carpathia were horrible. The women were clothed only in night robes and + wrappers. The men were in their night garments. One was lifted on board + entirely nude. All the passengers who could bear nourishment were taken + into the dining rooms and cabins by Captain Rostron and given food and + stimulants. Passengers of the Carpathia gave up their berths and + staterooms to the survivors. + </p> + <p> + As soon as they were landed on the Carpathia many of the women became + hysterical, but on the whole they behaved splendidly. Men and women + appeared to be stunned all day Monday, the full force of the disaster not + reaching them until Tuesday night. After being wrapped up in blankets and + filled with brandy and hot coffee, the first thoughts were for their + husbands and those at home. Most of them imagined that their husbands had + been picked up by other vessels, and they began flooding the wireless + rooms with messages. It was almost certain that those who were not on + board the Carpathia had gone down to death. + </p> + <p> + One of the most seriously injured was a woman who had lost both her + children. Her limbs had been severely torn; but she was very patient. + </p> + <p> + WOMEN SEEKING NEWS + </p> + <p> + In the first cabin library women of wealth and refinement mingled their + grief and asked eagerly for news of the possible arrival of a belated + boat, or a message from other steamers telling of the safety of their + husbands. Mrs. Henry B. Harris, wife of a New York theatrical manager, + checked her tears long enough to beg that some message of hope be sent to + her father-in-law. Mrs. G. Thorne, Miss Marie Young, Mrs Emil Taussig and + her daughter, Ruth, Mrs. Martin Rothschild, Mrs. William Augustus Spencer, + Mrs. J. Stewart White and Mrs. Walter M. Clark were a few of those who lay + back, exhausted, on the leather cushions and told in shuddering sentences + of their experiences. + </p> + <p> + Mrs. John Jacob Astor and the Countess of Rothes had been taken to + staterooms soon after their arrival on shipboard. + </p> + <p> + Before noon, at the captain's request, the first cabin passengers of the + Titanic gathered in the saloon and the passengers of other classes in + corresponding places on the rescue ship. Then the collecting of names was + begun by the purser and the stewards. A second table was served in both + cabins for the new guests, and the Carpathia's second cabin, being better + filled than its first, the second class arrivals had to be sent to the + steerage. + </p> + <p> + TEARS THEIR ONLY RELIEF + </p> + <p> + Mrs. Jacques Futrelle, wife of the novelist, herself a writer of note, sat + dry eyed in the saloon, telling her friends that she had given up hope for + her husband. She joined with the rest in inquiries as to the chances of + rescue by another ship, and no one told her what soon came to be the fixed + opinion of the men—that all those saved were on the Carpathia. + </p> + <p> + "I feel better," Mrs. Futrelle said hours afterward, "for I can cry now." + </p> + <p> + Among the men conversation centered on the accident and the responsibility + for it. Many expressed the belief that the Titanic, in common with other + vessels, had had warning of the ice packs, but that in the effort to + establish a record on the maiden run sufficient heed had not been paid to + the warnings. + </p> + <p> + "God knows I'm not proud to be here," said a rich New York man. "I got on + a boat when they were about to lower it and when, from delays below, there + was no woman to take the vacant place. I don't think any man who was saved + is deserving of censure, but I realize that, in contrast with those who + went down, we may be viewed unfavorably." He showed a picture of his baby + boy as he spoke. + </p> + <p> + PITIFUL SCENES OF GRIEF + </p> + <p> + As the day passed the fore part of the ship assumed some degree of order + and comfort, but the crowded second sabin and rear decks gave forth the + incessant sound of lamentation. A bride of two months sat on the floor and + moaned her widowhood. An Italian mother shrieked the name of her lost son. + </p> + <p> + A girl of seven wept over the loss of her Teddy bear and two dolls, while + her mother, with streaming eyes, dared not tell the child that her father + was lost too, and that the money for which their home in England had been + sold had gone down with him. Other children clung to the necks of the + fathers who, because carrying them, had been permitted to take the boats. + </p> + <p> + In the hospital and the public rooms lay, in blankets, several others who + had been benumbed by the water. Mrs. Rosa Abbott, who was in the water for + hours, was restored during the day. K. Whiteman, the Titanic's barber, who + declared he was blown off the ship by the second of the two explosions + after the crash, was treated for bruises. A passenger, who was thoroughly + ducked before being picked up, caused much amusement on this ship, soon + after the doctors were through with him, by demanding a bath. + </p> + <p> + SURVIVORS AID THE DESTITUTE + </p> + <p> + Storekeeper Prentice, the last man off the Titanic to reach this ship, was + also soon over the effects of his long swim in the icy waters into which + he leaped from the poop deck. + </p> + <p> + The physicians of the Carpathia were praised, as was Chief Steward Hughes, + for work done in making the arrivals comfortable and averting serious + illness. + </p> + <p> + Monday night on the Carpathia was one of rest. The wailing and sobbing of + the day were hushed as widows and orphans slept. Tuesday, save for the + crowded condition of the ship, matters took somewhat their normal + appearance. + </p> + <p> + The second cabin dining room had been turned into a hospital to care for + the injured, and the first, second and third class dining rooms were used + for sleeping rooms at night for women, while the smoking rooms were set + aside for men. All available space was used, some sleeping in chairs and + some on the floor, while a few found rest in the bathrooms. + </p> + <p> + Every cabin had been filled, and women and children were sleeping on the + floors in the dining saloon, library and smoking rooms. The passengers of + the Carpathia had divided their clothes with the shipwrecked ones until + they had at least kept warm. It is true that many women had to appear on + deck in kimonos and some in underclothes with a coat thrown over them, but + their lives had been spared and they had not thought of dress. Some + children in the second cabin were entirely without clothes, but the women + had joined together, and with needles and thread they could pick up from + passenger to passenger, had made warm clothes out of the blankets + belonging to the Carpathia. + </p> + <p> + WOMEN BEFRIENDED ONE ANOTHER + </p> + <p> + The women aboard the Carpathia did what they could by word and act to + relieve the sufferings of the rescued. Most of the survivors were in great + need of clothing, and this the women of the Carpathia supplied to them as + long as their surplus stock held out. + </p> + <p> + J. A. Shuttleworth, of Louisville, Ky., befriended Mrs. Lucien Smith, + whose husband went down with the Titanic. Mrs. Smith was formerly Miss + Eloise Hughes, daughter of Representative and Mrs. James A. Hughes, of + Huntington, W. Va., and was on her wedding trip. Mr. Shuttleworth asked + her if there wasn't something he could do for her. She said that all the + money she had was lost on the Titanic, so Mr. Shuttleworth gave her $500 + </p> + <p> + DEATHS ON THE CARPATHIA + </p> + <p> + Two of the rescued from the Titanic died from shock and exposure before + they reached the Carpathia, and another died a few minutes after being + taken on board. The dead were W. H. Hoyte, first cabin; Abraham Hormer, + third class, and S. C. Sirbert, steward, and they were buried at sea the + morning of April 15th, latitude 41.14 north, longitude 51.24 west. P. + Lyon, able seaman, died and was buried at sea the following morning. + </p> + <p> + An assistant steward lost his mind upon seeing one of the Titanic's + rescued firemen expire after being lifted to the deck of the Carpathia. + </p> + <p> + An Episcopal bishop and a Catholic priest from Montreal read services of + their respective churches over the dead. + </p> + <p> + The bodies were sewed up in sacks, heavily weighted at the feet, and taken + to an opening in the side of the ship on the lower deck not far above the + water line. A long plank tilted at one end served as the incline down + which the weighted sacks slid into the sea. + </p> + <p> + "After we got the Titanic's passengers on board our ship," said one of the + Carpathia's officers, "it was a question as to where we should take them. + Some said the Olympic would come out and meet us and take them on to New + York, but others said they would die if they had to be lowered again into + small boats to be taken up by another, so we finally turned toward New + York, delaying the Carpathia's passengers eight days in reaching + Gibraltar." + </p> + <p> + SURVIVORS WATCH NEW BOATS + </p> + <p> + There were several children on board, who had lost their parents—one + baby of eleven months with a nurse who, coming on board the Carpathia with + the first boat, watched with eagerness and sorrow for each incoming boat, + but to no avail. The parents had gone down. + </p> + <p> + There was a woman in the second cabin who lost seven children out of ten, + and there were many other losses quite as horrible. + </p> + <p> + MR. ISMY "PITIABLE SIGHT" + </p> + <p> + Among the rescued ones who came on board the Carpathia was the president + of the White Star Line. + </p> + <p> + "Mr. Ismay reached the Carpathia in about the tenth life-boat," said an + officer. "I didn't know who he was, but afterward heard the others of the + crew discussing his desire to get something to eat the minute he put his + foot on deck. The steward who waited on him, McGuire, from London, says + Mr. Ismay came dashing into the dining room, and throwing himself in a + chair, said: 'Hurry, for God's sake, and get me something to eat; I'm + starved. I don't care what it costs or what it is; bring it to me.' + </p> + <p> + "McGuire brought Mr. Ismay a load of stuff and when he had finished it, he + handed McGuire a two dollar bill. 'Your money is no good on this ship,' + McGuire told him. 'Take it.' + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = DIAGRAM OF THE TITANIC'S ARRANGEMENT AND EQUIPMENT + </p> + <p> + The Titanic was far and away the largest and finest vessel ever built, + excepting only her sister-ship, the Olympic. Her dimensions were: Length, + 882 1/2 feet; Beam, 92 feet, Depth (from keel to tops of funnels), 175 + feet Tonnage, 45,000. Her huge hull, divided into thirty watertight + compartments, contained nine steel decks, and provided accommodation for + 2,500 passengers, besides a crew of 890.} + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = UPPER DECK OF THE TITANIC, LOOKING FORWARD} + </p> + <p> + insisted Mr. Ismay, shoving the bill in McGuire's hand. I am well able to + afford it. I will see to it that the boys of the Carpathia are well + rewarded for this night's work.' This promise started McGuire making + inquiries as to the identity of the man he had waited on. Then we learned + that he was Mr. Ismay. I did not see Mr. Ismay after the first few hours. + He must have kept to his cabin." + </p> + <p> + A passenger on the Carpathia said there was no wonder that none of the + wireless telegrams addressed to Mr. Ismay were answered until the one that + he sent yesterday afternoon to his line, the White Star. + </p> + <p> + "Mr. Ismay was beside himself," said this woman passenger, "and on most of + the voyage after we had picked him up he was being quieted with opiates on + orders of the ship's doctor. + </p> + <p> + FIVE DOGS AND ONE PIG SAVED + </p> + <p> + "Five women saved their pet dogs, carrying them in their arms. Another + woman saved a little pig, which she said was her mascot. Though her + husband is an Englishman and she lives in England she is an American and + was on her way to visit her folks here. How she cared for the pig aboard + ship I do not know, but she carried it up the side of the ship in a big + bag. I did not mind the dogs so much, but it seemed to me to be too much + when a pig was saved and human beings went to death. + </p> + <p> + "It was not until noon on Monday that we cleared the last of the ice, and + Monday night a dense fog came up and continued until the following + morning, then a strong wind, a heavy sea, a thunderstorm and a dense fog + Tuesday night, caused some uneasiness among the more unnerved, the fog + continuing all of Tuesday. + </p> + <p> + "A number of whales were sighted as the Carpathia was clearing the last of + the ice, one large one being close by, and all were spouting like + geysers." + </p> + <p> + VOTE OF THANKS TO CARPATHIA + </p> + <p> + "On Tuesday afternoon a meeting of the uninjured survivors was called in + the main saloon for the purpose of devising means of assisting the more + unfortunate, many of whom had lost relatives and all their personal + belongings, and thanking Divine Providence for their deliverance. The + meeting was called to order and Mr. Samuel Goldenberg was elected + chairman. Resolutions were then passed thanking the officers, surgeons, + passengers and crew of the Carpathia for their splendid services in aiding + the rescued and like resolutions for the admirable work done by the + officers, surgeons and crew of the Titanic. + </p> + <p> + "A committee was then appointed to raise funds on board the Carpathia to + relieve the immediate wants of the destitute and assist them in reaching + their destinations and also to present a loving cup to the officers of the + Carpathia and also a loving cup to the surviving officers of the Titanic. + </p> + <p> + "Mr. T. G. Frauenthal, of New York, was made chairman of the Committee on + Subscriptions. + </p> + <p> + "A committee, consisting of Mrs. J. J. Brown, Mrs William Bucknell and + Mrs. George Stone, was appointed to look after the destitute. There was a + subscription taken up and up to Wednesday the amount contributed totaled + $15,000. + </p> + <p> + "The work of the crew on board the Carpathia in rescuing was most noble + and remarkable, and these four days that the ship has been overcrowded + with its 710 extra passengers could not have been better handled. The + stewards have worked with undying strength—although one was overcome + with so much work and died and was put to his grave at sea. + </p> + <p> + "I have never seen or felt the benefits of such royal treatment. I have + heard the captain criticised because he did not answer telegrams, but all + that I can say is that he showed us every possible courtesy, and if we had + been on our own boats, having paid our fares there, we could not have had + better food or better accommodations. + </p> + <p> + "Men who had paid for the best staterooms on the Carpathia left their + rooms so that we might have them. They fixed up beds in the smoking rooms, + and mattresses everywhere. All the women who were rescued were given the + best staterooms, which were surrendered by the regular passengers. None of + the regular passengers grumbled because their trip to Europe was + interrupted, nor did they complain that they were put to the inconvenience + of receiving hundreds of strangers. + </p> + <p> + "The women on board the Carpathia were particularly kind. It shows that + for every cruelty of nature there is a kindness, for every misfortune + there is some goodness. The men and women took up collections on board for + the rescued steerage passengers. Mrs. Astor, I believe, contributed $2000, + her check being cashed by the Carpathia. Altogether something like $15,000 + was collected and all the women were provided with sufficient money to + reach their destination after they were landed in New York." + </p> + <p> + Under any other circumstances the suffering would have been intolerable. + But the Good Samaritans on the Carpathia gave many women heart's-ease. + </p> + <p> + The spectacle on board the Carpathia on the return trip to New York at + times was heartrending, while at other times those on board were quite + cheerful. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0011" id="link2HCH0011"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XI. PREPARATIONS ON LAND TO RECEIVE THE SUFFERERS + </h2> + <p> + POLICE ARRANGEMENTS—DONATIONS OF MONEY AND SUPPLIES—HOSPITALS + AND AMBULANCES MADE READY—PRIVATE HOUSES THROWN OPEN—WAITING + FOR THE CARPATHIA TO ARRIVE—THE SHIP SIGHTED! + </p> + <p> + NEW YORK CITY, touched to the heart by the great ocean calamity and + desiring to do what it could to lighten the woes and relieve the + sufferings of the pitiful little band of men and women rescued from the + Titanic, opened both its heart and its purse. + </p> + <p> + The most careful and systematic plans were made for the reception and + transfer to homes, hotels or institutions of the Titanic's survivors. + Mayor Gaynor, with Police Commissioner Waldo, arranged to go down the bay + on the police boat Patrol, to come up with the Carpathia and take charge + of the police arrangements at the pier. + </p> + <p> + In anticipation of the enormous number that would, for a variety of + reasons, creditable or otherwise, surge about the Cunard pier at the + coming of the Carpathia, Mayor Gaynor and the police commissioner had seen + to it that the streets should be rigidly sentineled by continuous lines of + policemen Under Inspector George McClusky, the man of most experience, + perhaps, in handling large crowds, there were 200 men, including twelve + mounted men and a number in citizens' clothes. For two blocks to the + north, south and east of the docks lines were established through which + none save those bearing passes from the Government and the Cunard Line + could penetrate. + </p> + <p> + With all arrangements made that experience or information could suggest, + the authorities settled down to await the docking of the Carpathia. No + word had come to either the White Star Line or the Cunard Line, they said, + that any of the Titanic's people had died on that ship or that bodies had + been recovered from the sea, but in the afternoon Mayor Gaynor sent word + to the Board of Coroners that it might be well for some of that body to + meet the incoming ship. Coroners Feinberg and Holtzhauser with Coroner's + Physician Weston arranged to go down the bay on the Patrol, while Coroner + Hellenstein waited at the pier. An undertaker was notified to be ready if + needed. Fortunately there was no such need. + </p> + <p> + EVERY POSSIBLE MEASURE THOUGHT OF + </p> + <p> + Every possible measure of relief for the survivors that could be thought + of by officials of the city, of the Federal Government, by the heads of + hospitals and the Red Cross and relief societies was arranged for. The + Municipal Lodging House, which has accommodations for 700 persons, agreed + to throw open its doors and furnish lodging and food to any of the + survivors as long as they should need it. Commissioner of Charities + Drummond did not know, of course, just how great the call would be for the + services of his department. He went to the Cunard pier to direct his part + of the work in person. Meanwhile he had twenty ambulances ready for + instant movement on the city's pier at the foot of East Twenty-sixth + Street. They were ready to take patients to the reception hospital + connected with Bellevue or the Metropolitan Hospital on Blackwell's + Island. Ambulances from the Kings County Hospital in Brooklyn were also + there to do their share. All the other hospitals in the city stood ready + to take the Titanic's people and those that had ambulances promised to + send them. The Charities ferryboat, Thomas S. Brennan, equipped as a + hospital craft, lay off the department pier with nurses and physicians + ready to be called to the Cunard pier on the other side of the city. St. + Vincent's Hospital had 120 beds ready, New York Hospital twelve, Bellevue + and the reception hospital 120 and Flower Hospital twelve. + </p> + <p> + The House of Shelter maintained by the Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid + Society announced that it was able to care for at least fifty persons as + long as might be necessary. The German Society of New York, the Irish + Immigrant Society, the Italian Society, the Swedish Immigrant Society and + the Young Men's Christian Association were among the organizations that + also offered to see that no needy survivor would go without shelter. + </p> + <p> + Mrs. W. A. Bastede, whose husband is a member of the staff of St. Luke's + Hospital, offered to the White Star Line the use of the newly opened ward + at St. Luke's, which will accommodate from thirty to sixty persons. She + said the hospital would send four ambulances with nurses and doctors and + that she had collected clothing enough for fifty persons. The line + accepted her offer and said that the hospital would be kept informed as to + what was needed. A trustee of Bellevue also called at the White Star + offices to offer ambulances. He said that five or six, with two or three + doctors and nurses on each, would be sent to the pier if required. + </p> + <p> + Many other hospitals as well as individuals called at the mayor's office, + expressing willingness to take in anybody that should be sent to them. A + woman living in Fiftieth Street just off Fifth Avenue wished to put her + home at the disposal of the survivors. D. H. Knott, of 102 Waverley Place, + told the mayor that he could take care of 100 and give them both food and + lodging at the Arlington, Holly and Earl Hotels. Commissioner Drummond + visited the City Hall and arranged with the mayor the plans for the relief + to be extended directly by the city. Mr. Drummond said that omnibuses + would be provided to transfer passengers from the ship to the Municipal + Lodging House. + </p> + <p> + MRS. VANDERBILT'S EFFORTS + </p> + <p> + Mrs. W. K. Vanderbilt, Jr., spent the day telephoning to her friends, + asking them to let their automobiles be used to meet the Carpathia and + take away those who needed surgical care. It was announced that as a + result of Mrs. Vanderbilt's efforts 100 limousine automobiles and all the + Fifth Avenue and Riverside Drive automobile buses would be at the Cunard + pier. + </p> + <p> + Immigration Commissioner Williams said that he would be at the pier when + the Carpathia came in. There was to be no inspection of immigrants at + Ellis Island. Instead, the commissioner sent seven or eight inspectors to + the pier to do their work there and he asked them to do it with the + greatest possible speed and the least possible bother to the shipwrecked + aliens. The immigrants who had no friends to meet them were to be provided + for until their cases could be disposed of. Mr. Williams thought that some + of them who had lost everything might have to be sent back to their homes. + Those who were to be admitted to the United States were to be cared for by + the Women's Relief Committee. + </p> + <p> + RED CROSS RELIEF + </p> + <p> + Robert W. de Forest, chairman of the Red Cross Relief Committee of the + Charity Organization Society, after conferring with Mayor Gaynor, said + that in addition to an arrangement that all funds received by the mayor + should be paid to Jacob H. Schiff, the New York treasurer of the American + Red Cross, the committee had decided that it could turn over all the + immediate relief work to the Women's Relief Committee. + </p> + <p> + The Red Cross Committee announced that careful plans had been made to + provide for every possible emergency. + </p> + <p> + The emergency committee received a telegram that Ernest P. Bicknell, + director of the American Red Cross, was coming from Washington. The Red + Cross Emergency Relief Committee was to have several representatives at + the pier to look out for the passengers on the Carpathia. Mr. Persons and + Dr. Devine were to be there and it was planned to have others. + </p> + <p> + The Salvation Army offered, through the mayor's office, accommodation for + thirty single men at the Industrial Home, 533 West Forty-eighth Street, + and for twenty others at its hotel, 18 Chatham Square. The army's training + school at 124 West Fourteenth Street was ready to take twenty or thirty + survivors. R. H. Farley, head of the White Star Line's third class + department, said that the line would give all the steerage passengers + railroad tickets to their destination. + </p> + <p> + Mayor Gaynor estimated that more than 5000 persons could be accommodated + in quarters offered through his orders. Most of these offers of course + would have to be rejected. The mayor also said that Colonel Conley of the + Sixty-ninth Regiment offered to turn out his regiment to police the pier, + but it was thought that such service would be unnecessary. + </p> + <p> + CROWDS AT THE DOCKS + </p> + <p> + Long before dark on Thursday night a few people passed the police lines + and with a yellow card were allowed to go on the dock; but reports had + been published that the Carpathia would not be in till midnight, and by 8 + o'clock there were not more than two hundred people on the pier. In the + next hour the crowd with passes trebled in number. By 9 o'clock the pier + held half as many as it could comfortably contain. The early crowd did not + contain many women relatives of the survivors. Few nervous people could be + seen, but here and there was a woman, usually supported by two male + escorts, weeping softly to herself. + </p> + <p> + On the whole it was a frantic, grief-crazed crowd. Laborers rubbed + shoulders with millionaires. + </p> + <p> + The relatives of the rich had taxicabs waiting outside the docks. The + relatives of the poor went there on foot in the rain, ready to take their + loved ones. + </p> + <p> + A special train was awaiting Mrs. Charles M. Hays, widow of the president + of the Grand Trunk Railroad. A private car also waited Mrs. George D. + Widener. + </p> + <p> + EARLY ARRIVALS AT PIER + </p> + <p> + Among the first to arrive at the pier was a committee from the Stock + Exchange, headed by R. H. Thomas, and composed of Charles Knoblauch, B. M. + W. Baruch, Charles Holzderber and J. Carlisle. Mr. Thomas carried a long + black box which contained $5000 in small bills, which was to be handed out + to the needy steerage survivors of the Titanic as they disembarked. + </p> + <p> + With the early arrivals at the pier were the relatives of Frederick White, + who was not reported among the survivors, though Mrs. White was; Harry + Mock, who came to look for a brother and sister; and Vincent Astor, who + arrived in a limousine with William A. Dobbyn, Colonel Astor's secretary, + and two doctors. The limousine was kept waiting outside to take Mrs. Astor + to the Astor home on Fifth Avenue. + </p> + <p> + EIGHT LIMOUSINE CARS + </p> + <p> + The Waldorf-Astoria had sent over eight limousine car to convey to the + hotel these survivors: + </p> + <p> + Mrs. Mark Fortune and three daughters, Mrs. Lucien P. Smith, Mrs. J. + Stewart White, Mrs. Thornton Davidson, Mrs. George C. Douglass, Mrs. + George D. Widener and maid, Mrs. George Wick, Miss Bonnell, Miss E. + Ryerson, Mrs. Susan P. Ryerson, Mrs. Arthur Ryerson, Miss Mary Wick, the + Misses Howell, Mrs. John P. Snyder and Mr. and Mrs. D. H. Bishop. + </p> + <p> + THIRTY-FIVE AMBULANCES AT THE PIER + </p> + <p> + At one time there were thirty-five ambulances drawn up; outside the Cunard + pier. Every hospital in Manhattan, Brooklyn and the Bronx was represented. + Several of the ambulances came from as far north as the Lebanon Hospital, + in the Bronx, and the Brooklyn Hospital, in Brooklyn. + </p> + <p> + Accompanying them were seventy internes and surgeons from the staffs of + the hospitals, and more than 125 male and female nurses. + </p> + <p> + St. Vincent's sent the greatest number of ambulances, at one time, eight + of them from this hospital being in line at the pier. + </p> + <p> + Miss Eva Booth, direct head of the Salvation Army, was at the pier, + accompanied by Miss Elizabeth Nye and a corps of her officers, ready to + aid as much as possible. The Sheltering Society and various other similar + organizations also were represented, all ready to take care of those who + needed them. + </p> + <p> + An officer of the Sixty-ninth Regiment, N. G. N. Y., offered the White + Star Line officials, the use of the regiment's armory for any of the + survivors. + </p> + <p> + Mrs. Thomas Hughes, Mrs. August Belmont and Mgrs. Lavelle and McMahon, of + St. Patrick's Cathedral, together with a score of black-robed Sisters of + Charity, representing the Association of Catholic Churches, were on the + pier long before the Carpathia was made fast, and worked industriously in + aiding the injured and ill. + </p> + <p> + The Rev. Dr. William Carter, pastor of the Madison Avenue Reformed Church, + was one of those at the pier with a private ambulance awaiting Miss Sylvia + Caldwell, one of the survivors, who is known in church circles as a + mission worker in foreign fields + </p> + <p> + FREE RAILROAD TRANSPORTATION + </p> + <p> + The Pennsylvania Railroad sent representatives to the pier, who said that + the railroad had a special train of nine cars in which it would carry free + any passenger who wanted to go immediately to Philadelphia or points west. + The Pennsylvania also had eight taxicabs at the pier for conveyance of the + rescued to the Pennsylvania Station, in Thirty-third Street. + </p> + <p> + Among those who later arrived at the pier before the Carpathia docked were + P. A. B. Widener, of Philadelphia, two women relatives of J. B. Thayer, + William Harris, Jr., the theatrical man, who was accompanied by Dr + Dinkelspiel, and Henry Arthur Jones, the playwright. + </p> + <p> + RELATIVES OF SAVED AND LOST + </p> + <p> + Commander Booth, of the Salvation Army, was there especially to meet Mrs. + Elizabeth Nye and Mrs. Rogers Abbott, both Titanic survivors. Mrs. + Abbott's two sons were supposed to be among the lost. Miss Booth had + received a cablegram from London saying that other Salvation Army people + were on the Titanic. She was eager to get news of them. + </p> + <p> + Also on the pier was Major Blanton, U. S. A., stationed at Washington, who + was waiting for tidings of Major Butt, supposedly at the instance of + President Taft. + </p> + <p> + Senator William A. Clark and Mrs. Clark were also in the company. Dr. John + R. MacKenty was waiting for Mr. and Mrs. Henry S. Harper. Ferdinand W. + Roebling and Carl G. Roebling, cousins of Washington A. Roebling, Jr., + whose name is among the list of dead, went to the pier to see what they + could learn of his fate. + </p> + <p> + J. P. Morgan, Jr., arrived at the pier about half an hour before the + Carpathia docked. He said he had many friends on the Titanic and was + eagerly awaiting news of all of them. + </p> + <p> + Fire Commissioner Johnson was there with John Peel, of Atlanta, Gal, a + brother of Mrs. Jacques Futrelle. Mrs. Futrelle has a son twelve years old + in Atlanta, and a daughter Virginia, who has been in school in the North + and is at present with friends in this city, ignorant of her father's + death. + </p> + <p> + A MAN IN HYSTERICS + </p> + <p> + There was one man in that sad waiting company who startled those near him + about 9 o'clock by dancing across the pier and back. He seemed to be + laughing, but when he was stopped it was found that he was sobbing. He + said that he had a relative on the Titanic and had lost control of his + nerves. + </p> + <p> + H. H. Brunt, of Chicago, was at the gangplank waiting for A. Saalfeld, + head of the wholesale drug firm of Sparks, White & Co., of London, who + was coming to this country on the Titanic on a business trip and whose + life was saved. + </p> + <p> + WAITING FOR CARPATHIA + </p> + <p> + During the afternoon and evening tugboats, motor boats and even sailing + craft, had been waiting off the Ambrose Light for the appearance of the + Carpathia. + </p> + <p> + Some of the waiting craft contained friends and anxious relatives of the + survivors and those reported as missing. + </p> + <p> + The sea was rough and choppy, and a strong east wind was blowing. There + was a light fog, so that it was possible to see at a distance of only a + few hundred yards. This lifted later in the evening. + </p> + <p> + First to discover the incoming liner with her pitiful cargo was one of the + tugboats. From out of the mist there loomed far out at sea the incoming + steamer. + </p> + <p> + RESCUE BOAT SIGHTED + </p> + <p> + "Liner ahead!" cried the lookout on the tug to the captain. + </p> + <p> + "She must be the Carpathia," said the captain, and then he turned the nose + of his boat toward the spot on t he horizon. + </p> + <p> + Then the huge black hull and one smokestack could be distinguished. + </p> + <p> + "It's the Carpathia," said the captain. "I can tell her by the stack." + </p> + <p> + The announcement sent a thrill through those who heard it. Here, at the + gate of New York, was a ship whose record for bravery and heroic work + would be a famuliar{sic} name in history. + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = Copyright by G. V. Buck. MRS. LUCIEN P. SMITH + </p> + <p> + Formerly Miss Eloise Hughes, daughter of Representative and Mrs. James A. + Hughes, of West Virginia. Mrs. Smith and her husband were passengers on + the Titanic. Mrs. Smith was saved, but her husband went to a watery grave. + Mr. and Mrs. Smith were married only a few months ago.} + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = MAJOR ARCHIBALD BUTT + </p> + <p> + Military Aide to President Taft. Of Major Butt, who was one of the victims + of the Titanic, one of the survivors said: "Major Butt was the real leader + in all of that rescue work. He made the men stand back and helped the + women and children into the boats. He was surely one of God's noblemen."} + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0012" id="link2HCH0012"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XII. THE TRAGIC HOME-COMING + </h2> + <p> + THE CARPATHIA REACHES NEW YORK—AN INTENSE AND DRAMATIC MOMENT—HYSTERICAL + REUNIONS AND CRUSHING DISAPPOINTMENTS AT THE DOCK—CARING FOR THE + SUFFERERS—FINAL REALIZATION THAT ALL HOPE FOR OTHERS IS FUTILE—LIST + OF SURVIVORS—ROLL OF THE DEAD + </p> + <p> + IT was a solemn moment when the Carpathia heaved in sight. There she + rested on the water, a blur of black—huge, mysterious, awe-inspiring—and + yet withal a thing to send thrills of pity and then of admiration through + the beholder. + </p> + <p> + It was a few minutes after seven o'clock when she arrived at the entrance + to Ambrose Channel. She was coming fast steaming at better than fifteen + knots an hour, and she was sighted long before she was expected. Except + for the usual side and masthead lights she was almost dark, only the upper + cabins showing a glimmer here and there. + </p> + <p> + Then began a period of waiting, the suspense of which proved almost too + much for the hundreds gathered there to greet friends and relatives or to + learn with certainty at last that those for whom they watched would never + come ashore. + </p> + <p> + There was almost complete silence on the pier. Doctors and nurses, members + of the Women's Relief Committee, city and government officials, as well as + officials of the line, moved nervously about. + </p> + <p> + Seated where they had been assigned beneath the big customs letters + corresponding to the initials of the names of the survivors they came to + meet, sat the mass of 2000 on the pier. + </p> + <p> + Women wept, but they wept quietly, not hysterically, and the sound of the + sobs made many times less noise than the hum and bustle which is usual on + the pier among those awaiting an incoming liner. + </p> + <p> + Slowly and majestically the ship slid through the water, still bearing the + details of that secret of what happened and who perished when the Titanic + met her fate. + </p> + <p> + Convoying the Carpathia was a fleet of tugs bearing men and women anxious + to learn the latest news. The Cunarder had been as silent for days as + though it, too, were a ship of the dead. A list of survivors had been + given out from its wireless station and that was all. Even the approximate + time of its arrival had been kept a secret. + </p> + <p> + NEARING PORT + </p> + <p> + There was no response to the hail from one tug, and as others closed in, + the steamship quickened her speed a little and left them behind as she + swung up the channel. + </p> + <p> + There was an exploding of flashlights from some of the tugs, answered + seemingly by sharp stabs of lightning in the northwest that served to + accentuate the silence and absence of light aboard the rescue ship. Five + or six persons, apparently members of the crew or the ship's officers, + were seen along the rail; but otherwise the boat appeared to be deserted. + </p> + <p> + Off quarantine the Carpathia slowed down and, hailing the immigration + inspection boat, asked if the health officer wished to board. She was told + that he did, and came to a stop while Dr. O'Connell and two assistants + climbed on board. Again the newspaper men asked for some word of the + catastrophe to the Titanic, but there was no answer, and the Carpathia + continued toward her pier. + </p> + <p> + As she passed the revenue cutter Mohawk and the derelict destroyer Seneca + anchored off Tompkinsville the wireless on the Government vessels was seen + to flash, but there was no answering spark from the Carpathia. Entering + the North River she laid her course close to the New Jersey side in order + to have room to swing into her pier. + </p> + <p> + By this time the rails were lined with men and women. They were very + silent. There were a few requests for news from those on board and a few + answers to questions shouted from the tugs. + </p> + <p> + The liner began to slacken her speed, and the tugboat soon was alongside. + Up above the inky blackness of the hull figures could be made out, leaning + over the port railing, as though peering eagerly at the little craft which + was bearing down on the Carpathia. + </p> + <p> + Some of them, perhaps, had passed through that inferno of the deep sea + which sprang up to destroy the mightiest steamship afloat. + </p> + <p> + "Carpathia, ahoy!" was shouted through a megaphone. + </p> + <p> + There was an interval of a few seconds, and then, "Aye, aye," came the + reply. + </p> + <p> + "Is there any assistance that can be rendered?" was the next question. + </p> + <p> + "Thank you, no," was the answer in a tone that carried emotion with it. + Meantime the tugboat was getting nearer and nearer to the Carpathia, and + soon the faces of those leaning over the railing could be distinguished. + </p> + <p> + TALK WITH SURVIVORS + </p> + <p> + More faces appeared, and still more. + </p> + <p> + A woman who called to a man on the tugboat was asked? "Are you one the + Titanic survivors?" + </p> + <p> + "Yes," said the voice, hesitatingly. + </p> + <p> + "Do you need help?" + </p> + <p> + "No," after a pause. + </p> + <p> + "If there is anything you want done it will be attended to." + </p> + <p> + "Thank you. I have been informed that my relatives will meet me at the + pier." + </p> + <p> + "Is it true that some of the life-boats sank with the Titanic?" + </p> + <p> + "Yes. There was some trouble in manning them. They were not far enough + away from her." + </p> + <p> + All of this questioning and receiving replies was carried on with the + greatest difficulty. The pounding of the liner's engines, the washing of + the sea, the tugboat's engines, made it hard to understand the woman's + replies. + </p> + <p> + ALL CARED FOR ON BOARD + </p> + <p> + "Were the women properly cared for after the crash?" she was asked. + </p> + <p> + "Oh, yes," came the shrill reply. "The men were brave—very brave." + Here her voice broke and she turned and left the railing, to reappear a + few moments later and cry: + </p> + <p> + "Please report me as saved." + </p> + <p> + "What name?" was asked. She shouted a name that could not be understood, + and, apparently believing that it had been, turned away again and + disappeared. + </p> + <p> + "Nearly all of us are very ill," cried another woman. Here several other + tugboats appeared, and those standing at the railing were besieged with + questions. + </p> + <p> + "Did the crash come without warning?" a voice on one of the smaller boats + megaphoned. + </p> + <p> + "Yes," a woman answered. "Most of us had retired. We saved a few of our + belongings." + </p> + <p> + "How long did it take the boat to sink?" asked the voice. + </p> + <p> + TITANIC CREW HEROES + </p> + <p> + "Not long," came the reply? "The crew and the men were very brave. Oh, it + is dreadful—dreadful to think of!" + </p> + <p> + "Is Mr. John Jacob Astor on board?" + </p> + <p> + "No." + </p> + <p> + "Did he remain on the Titanic after the collision?" + </p> + <p> + "I do not know." + </p> + <p> + Questions of this kind were showered at the few survivors who stood at the + railing, but they seemed too confused to answer them intelligibly, and + after replying evasively to some they would disappear. + </p> + <p> + RUSHES ON TO DOCK + </p> + <p> + "Are you going to anchor for the night?" Captain Rostron was asked by + megaphone as his boat approached Ambrose Light. It was then raining + heavily. + </p> + <p> + "No," came the reply. "I am going into port. There are sick people on + board." + </p> + <p> + "We tried to learn when she would dock," said Dr. Walter Kennedy, head of + the big ambulance corps on the mist-shrouded pier, "and we were told it + would not be before midnight and that most probably it would not be before + dawn to-morrow. The childish deception that has been practiced for days by + the people who are responsible for the Titanic has been carried up to the + very moment of the landing of the survivors." + </p> + <p> + She proceeded past the Cunard pier, where 2000 persons were waiting her, + and steamed to a spot opposite the White Star piers at Twenty-first + Street. + </p> + <p> + The ports in the big inclosed pier of the Cunard Line were opened, and + through them the waiting hundreds, almost frantic with anxiety over what + the Carpathia might reveal, watched her as with nerve-destroying leisure + she swung about in the river, dropping over the life-boats of the Titanic + that they might be taken to the piers of the White Star Line. + </p> + <p> + THE TITANIC LIFE-BOATS + </p> + <p> + It was dark in the river, but the lowering away of the life-boats could be + seen from the Carpathia's pier, and a deep sigh arose from the multitude + there as they caught this first glance of anything associated with the + Titanic. + </p> + <p> + Then the Carpathia started for her own pier. As she approached it the + ports on the north side of pier 54 were closed that the Carpathia might + land there, but through the two left open to accommodate the forward and + after gangplanks of the big liner the watchers could see her looming + larger and larger in the darkness till finally she was directly alongside + the pier. + </p> + <p> + As the boats were towed away the picture taking and shouting of questions + began again. John Badenoch, a buyer for Macy & Co., called down to a + representative of the firm that neither Mr. nor Mrs. Isidor Straus were + among the rescued on board the Carpathia. An officer of the Carpathia + called down that 710 of the Titanic's passengers were on board, but + refused to reply to other questions. + </p> + <p> + The heavy hawsers were made fast without the customary shouting of ship's + officers and pier hands. From the crowd on the pier came a long, + shuddering murmur. In it were blended sighs and hundreds of whispers. The + burden of it all was: "Here they come." + </p> + <p> + ANXIOUS MEN AND WOMEN + </p> + <p> + About each gangplank a portable fence had been put in place, marking off + some fifty feet of the pier, within which stood one hundred or more + customs officials. Next to the fence, crowded close against it, were + anxious men and women, their gaze strained for a glance of the first from + the ship, their mouths opened to draw their breaths in spasmodic, + quivering gasps, their very bodies shaking with suppressed excitement, + excitement which only the suspense itself was keeping in subjection. + </p> + <p> + These were the husbands and wives, children, parents, sweethearts and + friends of those who had sailed upon the Titanic on its maiden voyage. + </p> + <p> + They pressed to the head of the pier, marking the boats of the wrecked + ship as they dangled at the side of the Carpathia and were revealed in the + sudden flashes of the photographers upon the tugs. They spoke in whispers, + each group intent upon its own sad business. Newspaper writers, with pier + passes showing in their hat bands, were everywhere. + </p> + <p> + A sailor hurried outside the fence and disappeared, apparently on a + mission for his company. There was a deep-drawn sigh as he walked away, + shaking his head toward those who peered eagerly at him. Then came a man + and woman of the Carpathia's own passengers, as their orderly dress showed + them to be. + </p> + <p> + Again a sigh like a sob swept over the crowd, and again they turned back + to the canopied gangplank. + </p> + <p> + THE FIRST SURVIVORS + </p> + <p> + Several minutes passed and then out of the first cabin gangway; tunneled + by a somber awning, streamed the first survivors. A young woman, hatless, + her light brown hair disordered and the leaden weight of crushing sorrow + heavy upon eyes and sensitive mouth, was in the van. She stopped, + perplexed, almost ready to drop with terror and exhaustion, and was caught + by a customs official. + </p> + <p> + "A survivor?" he questioned rapidly, and a nod of the head answering him, + he demanded: + </p> + <p> + "Your name." + </p> + <p> + The answer given, he started to lead her toward that section of the pier + where her friends would be waiting. + </p> + <p> + When she stepped from the gangplank there was quiet on the pier. The + answers of the woman could almost be heard by those fifty feet away, but + as she staggered, rather than walked, toward the waiting throng outside + the fence, a low wailing sound arose from the crowd. + </p> + <p> + "Dorothy, Dorothy!" cried a man from the number. He broke through the + double line of customs inspectors as though it was composed of wooden toys + and caught the woman to his breast. She opened her lips inarticulately, + weakly raised her arms and would have pitched forward upon her face had + she not been supported. Her fair head fell weakly to one side as the man + picked her up in his arms, and, with tears streaming down his face, + stalked down the long avenue of the pier and down the long stairway to a + waiting taxicab. + </p> + <p> + The wailing of the crowd—its cadences, wild and weird—grew + steadily louder and louder till they culminated in a mighty shriek, which + swept the whole big pier as though at the direction of some master hand. + </p> + <p> + RUMORS AFLOAT + </p> + <p> + The arrival of the Carpathia was the signal for the most sensational + rumors to circulate through the crowd on the pier. + </p> + <p> + First, Mrs. John Jacob Astor was reported to have died at 8.06 o'clock, + when the Carpathia was on her way up the harbor. + </p> + <p> + Captain Smith and the first engineer were reported to have shot themselves + when they found that the Titanic was doomed to sink. Afterward it was + learned that Captain Smith and the engineer went down with their ship in + perfect courage and coolness. + </p> + <p> + Major Archibald Butt, President Taft's military aide, was said to have + entered into an agreement with George D. Widener, Colonel John Jacob Astor + and Isidor Straus to kill them first and then shoot himself before the + boat sank. It was said that this agreement had been carried out. Later it + was shown that, like many other men on the ship, they had gone down + without the exhibition of a sign of fear. + </p> + <p> + MRS. CORNELL SAFE + </p> + <p> + Magistrate Cornell's wife and her two sisters were among the first to + leave the ship. They were met at the first cabin pier entrance by + Magistrate Cornell and a party of friends. None of the three women had + hats. One of those who met them was Magistrate Cornell's son. One of Mrs. + Cornell's sisters was overheard to remark that "it would be a dreadful + thing when the ship began really to unload." + </p> + <p> + The three women appeared to be in a very nervous state. Their hair was + more or less dishevelled. They were apparently fully dressed save for + their hats. Clothing had been supplied them in their need and everything + had been done to make them comfortable. One of the party said that the + collision occurred at 9.45. + </p> + <p> + Following closely the Cornell party was H. J. Allison of Montreal, who + came to meet his family. One of the party, who was weeping bitterly as he + left the pier, explained that the only one of the family that was rescued + was the young brother. + </p> + <p> + MRS. ASTOR APPEARED + </p> + <p> + In a few minutes young Mrs. Astor with her maid appeared. She came down + the gangplank unassisted. She was wearing a white sweater. Vincent Astor + and William Dobbyn, Colonel Astor's secretary, greeted her and hurried her + to a waiting limousine which contained clothing and other necessaries of + which it was thought she might be in need. The young woman was white-faced + and silent. Nobody cared to intrude upon her thoughts. Her stepson said + little to her. He did not feel like questioning her at such a time, he + said. + </p> + <p> + LAST SEEN OF COLONEL ASTOR + </p> + <p> + Walter M. Clark, a nephew of the senator, said that he had seen Colonel + Astor put his wife in a boat, after assuring her that he would soon follow + her in another. Mr. Clark and others said that Colonel and Mrs. Astor were + in their suite when the crash came, and that they appeared quietly on deck + a few minutes afterward. + </p> + <p> + Here and there among the passengers of the Carpathia and from the + survivors of the Titanic the story was gleaned of the rescue. Nothing in + life will ever approach the joy felt by the hundreds who were waiting in + little boats on the spot where the Titanic foundered when the lights of + the Carpathia were first distinguished. That was at 4 o'clock on Monday + morning. + </p> + <p> + DR. FRAUENTHAL WELCOMED + </p> + <p> + Efforts were made to learn from Dr. Henry Franenthal{sic} something about + the details of how he was rescued. Just then, or as he was leaving the + pier, beaming with evident delight, he was surrounded by a big crowd of + his friends. + </p> + <p> + "There's Harry! There he is!" they yelled and made a rush for him. + </p> + <p> + All the doctor's face that wasn't covered with red beard was aglow with + smiles as his friends hugged him and slapped him on the back. They rushed + him off bodily through the crowd and he too was whirled home. + </p> + <p> + A SAD STORY + </p> + <p> + How others followed—how heartrending stories of partings and of + thrilling rescues were poured out in an amazing stream—this has all + been told over and over again in the news that for days amazed, saddened + and angered the entire world. It is the story of a disaster that nations, + it is hoped, will make impossible in the years to come. + </p> + <p> + In the stream of survivors were a peer of the realm, Sir Cosmo Duff + Gordon, and his secretary, side by side with plain Jack Jones, of + Birmingham, able seaman, millionaires and paupers, women with bags of + jewels and others with nightgowns their only property. + </p> + <p> + MORE THAN SEVENTY WIDOWS + </p> + <p> + More than seventy widows were in the weeping company. The only large + family that was saved in its entirety was that of the Carters, of + Philadelphia. Contrasting with this remarkable salvage of wealthy + Pennsylvanians was the sleeping eleven-months-old baby of the Allisons, + whose father, mother and sister went down to death after it and its nurse + had been placed in a life-boat. + </p> + <p> + Millionaire and pauper, titled grandee and weeping immigrant, Ismay, the + head of the White Star Company, and Jack Jones from the stoke hole were + surrounded instantly. Some would gladly have escaped observation. Every + man among the survivors acted as though it were first necessary to explain + how he came to be in a life-boat. Some of the stories smacked of + Munchausen. Others were as plain and unvarnished as a pike staff. Those + that were most sincere and trustworthy had to be fairly pulled from those + who gave their sad testimony. + </p> + <p> + Far into the night the recitals were made. They were told in the rooms of + hotels, in the wards of hospitals and upon trains that sped toward + saddened homes. It was a symposium of horror and heroism, the like of + which has not been known in the civilized world since man established his + dominion over the sea. + </p> + <p> + STEERAGE PASSENGERS + </p> + <p> + The two hundred and more steerage passengers did not leave the ship until + 11 o'clock. They were in a sad condition. The women were without wraps and + the few men there were wore very little clothing. A poor Syrian woman who + said she was Mrs. Habush, bound for Youngstown, Ohio, carried in her arms + a six-year-old baby girl. This woman had lost her husband and three + brothers. "I lost four of my men folks," she cried. + </p> + <p> + TWO LITTLE BOYS + </p> + <p> + Among the survivors who elicited a large measure of sympathy were two + little French boys who were dropped, almost naked, from the deck of the + sinking Titanic into a life-boat. From what place in France did they come + and to what place in the New World were they bound? There was not one iota + of information to be had as to the identity of the waifs of the deep, the + orphans of the Titanic. + </p> + <p> + The two baby boys, two and four years old, respectively, were in charge of + Miss Margaret Hays, who is a fluent speaker of French, and she had tried + vainly to get from the lisping lips of the two little ones some + information that would lead to the finding of their relatives. + </p> + <p> + Miss Hays, also a survivor of the Titanic, took charge of the almost naked + waifs on the Carpathia. She became warmly attached to the two boys, who + unconcernedly played about, not understanding the great tragedy that had + come into their lives. + </p> + <p> + The two little curly-heads did not understand it all. Had not their pretty + nineteen-year-old foster mother provided them with pretty suits and little + white shoes and playthings a-plenty? Then, too, Miss Hays had a Pom dog + that she brought with her from Paris and which she carried in her arms + when she left the Titanic and held to her bosom through the long night in + the life-boat, and to which the children became warmly attached. All three + became aliens on an alien shore. + </p> + <p> + Miss Hays, unable to learn the names of the little fellows, had dubbed the + older Louis and the younger "Lump." "Lump" was all that his name implies, + for he weighed almost as much as his brother. They were dark-eyed and + brown curly-haired children, who knew how to smile as only French children + can. + </p> + <p> + On the fateful night of the Titanic disaster and just as the last boats + were pulling away with their human freight, a man rushed to the rail + holding the babes under his arms. He cried to the passengers in one of the + boats and held the children aloft. Three or four sailors and passengers + held up their arms. The father dropped the older boy. He was safely + caught. Then he dropped the little fellow and saw him folded in the arms + of a sailor. Then the boat pulled away. + </p> + <p> + The last seen of the father, whose last living act was to save his babes, + he was waving his hand in a final parting. Then the Titanic plunged to the + ocean's bed. + </p> + <p> + BABY TRAVERS + </p> + <p> + Still more pitiable in one way was the lot of the baby survivor, + eleven-months-old Travers Allison, the only member of a family of four to + survive the wreck. His father, H. J. Allison, and mother and Lorraine, a + child of three, were victims of the catastrophe. Baby Travers, in the + excitement following the crash, was separated from the rest of the family + just before the Titanic went down. With the party were two nurses and a + maid. + </p> + <p> + Major Arthur Peuchen, of Montreal, one of the survivors, standing near the + little fellow, who, swathed in blankets, lay blinking at his nurse, + described the death of Mrs. Allison. She had gone to the deck without her + husband, and, frantically seeking him, was directed by an officer to the + other side of the ship. + </p> + <p> + She failed to find Mr. Allison and was quickly hustled into one of the + collapsible life-boats, and when last seen by Major Peuchen she was + toppling out of the half-swamped boat. J. W. Allison, a cousin of H. J. + Allison, was at the pier to care for Baby Travers and his nurse. They were + taken to the Manhattan Hotel. + </p> + <p> + Describing the details of the perishing of the Allison family, the rescued + nurse said they were all in bed when the Titanic hit the berg. + </p> + <p> + "We did not get up immediately," said she, "for we had + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = WHITE STAR STEAMER TITANIC GYMNASIUM} + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = Copyright, 1912, Underwood & Underwood. CAPTAIN A. + H. ROSTROM + </p> + <p> + Commander of the Carpathia, which rescued the survivors of the Titanic + from the life-boats in the open sea and brought them to New York. After + the Senatorial Investigating Committee had examined Captain Rostrom, at + which time this specially posed photograph was taken, Senator William + Alden Smith, chairman of the committee, said of Captain Rostrom: "His + conduct of the rescue shows that he is not only an efficient seaman, but + one of nature's noblemen."} + </p> + <p> + not thought of danger. Later we were told to get up, and I hurriedly + dressed the baby. We hastened up on deck, and confusion was all about. + With other women and children we clambered to the life-boats, just as a + matter of precaution, believing that there was no immediate danger. In + about an hour there was an explosion and the ship appeared to fall apart. + We were in the life-boat about six hours before we were picked up." + </p> + <p> + THE RYERSON FAMILY + </p> + <p> + Probably few deaths have caused more tears than Arthur Ryerson's, in view + of the sad circumstances which called him home from a lengthy tour in + Europe. Mr. Ryerson's eldest son, Arthur Larned Ryerson, a Yale student, + was killed in an automobile accident Easter Monday, 1912. + </p> + <p> + A cablegram announcing the death plunged the Ryerson family into mourning + and they boarded the first steamship for this country. If{sic} happened to + be the Titanic, and the death note came near being the cause of the + blotting out of the entire family. + </p> + <p> + The children who accompanied them were Miss Susan P. Ryerson, Miss Emily + B. Ryerson and John Ryerson. The latter is 12 years old. + </p> + <p> + They did not know their son intended to spend the Easter holidays at their + home at Haverford, Pa. until they were informed of his death. John Lewis + Hoffman, also of Haverford and a student of Yale, was killed with young + Ryerson. + </p> + <p> + The two were hurrying to Philadelphia to escort a fellow-student to his + train. In turning out of the road to pass a cart the motor car crashed + into a pole in front of the entrance to the estate of Mrs. B. Frank Clyde. + The college men were picked up unconscious and died in the Bryn Mawr + Hospital. + </p> + <p> + G. Heide Norris of Philadelphia, who went to New York to meet the + surviving members of the Ryerson family, told of a happy incident at the + last moment as the Carpathia swung close to the pier. There had been no + positive information that young "Jack" Ryerson was among those saved—indeed, + it was feared that he had gone down with the Titanic, like his father, + Arthur Ryerson. + </p> + <p> + Mr. Norris spoke of the feeling of relief that came over him as, watching + from the pier, he saw "Jack" Ryerson come from a cabin and stand at the + railing. The name of the boy was missing from some of the lists and for + two days it was reported that he had perished. + </p> + <p> + CAPTAIN ROSTRON'S REPORT + </p> + <p> + Less than 24 hours after the Cunard Line steamship Carpathia came in as a + rescue ship with survivors of the Titanic disaster, she sailed again for + the Mediterranean cruise which she originally started upon last week. Just + before the liner sailed, H. S. Bride, the second Marconi wireless operator + of the Titanic, who had both of his legs crushed on a life-boat, was + carried off on the shoulders of the ship's officers to St. Vincent's + Hospital. + </p> + <p> + Captain A. H. Rostron, of the Carpathia, addressed an official report, + giving his account of the Carpathia's rescue work, to the general manager + of the Cunard Line, Liverpool. The report read: "I beg to report that at + 12.35 A. M. Monday 18th inst. I was informed of urgent message from + Titanic with her position. I immediately ordered ship turned around and + put her in course for that position, we being then 58 miles S. 52—E. + 'T' from her; had heads of all departments called and issued what I + considered the necessary orders, to be in preparation for any emergency. + </p> + <p> + "At 2.40 A. M. saw flare half a point on port bow. Taking this for granted + to be ship, shortly after we sighted our first iceberg. I had previously + had lookouts doubled, knowing that Titanic had struck ice, and so took + every care and precaution. We soon found ourselves in a field of bergs, + and had to alter course several times to clear bergs; weather fine, and + clear, light air on sea, beautifully clear night, though dark. + </p> + <p> + "We stopped at 4 A. M., thus doing distance in three hours and a half, + picking up the first boat at 4.10 A. M.; boat in charge of officer, and he + reported that Titanic had foundered. At 8.30 A. M. last boat picked up. + All survivors aboard and all boats accounted for, viz., fifteen + life-boats, one boat abandoned, two Berthon boats alongside (saw one + floating upwards among wreckage), and according to second officer (senior + officer saved) one Berthon boat had not been launched, it having got + jammed, making sixteen life-boats and four Berthon boats accounted for. By + the time we had cleared first boat it was breaking day, and I could see + all within area of four miles. We also saw that we were surrounded by + icebergs, large and small, huge field of drift ice with large and small + bergs in it, the ice field trending from N. W. round W. and S. to S. E., + as far as we could see either way. + </p> + <p> + "At 8 A. M. the Leyland S. S. California came up. I gave him the principal + news and asked him to search and I would proceed to New York; at 8.50 + proceeded full speed while researching over vicinity of disaster, and + while we were getting people aboard I gave orders to get spare hands along + and swing in all our boats, disconnect the fall and hoist up as many + Titanic boats as possible in our davits; also get some on forecastle heads + by derricks. We got thirteen lifeboats, six on forward deck and seven in + davits. After getting all survivors aboard and while searching I got a + clergyman to offer a short prayer of thankfulness for those saved, and + also a short burial service for their loss, in saloon. + </p> + <p> + "Before deciding definitely where to make for, I conferred with Mr. Ismay, + and as he told me to do what I thought best, I informed him, I considered + New York best. I knew we should require clean blankets, provisions and + clean linen, even if we went to the Azores, as most of the + passsengers{sic} saved were women and children, and they hysterical, not + knowing what medical attention they might require. I thought it best to go + to New York. I also thought it would be better for Mr. Ismay to go to New + York or England as soon as possible, and knowing I should be out of + wireless communication very soon if I proceeded to Azores, it left + Halifax, Boston and New York, so I chose the latter. + </p> + <p> + "Again, the passengers were all hysterical about ice, and I pointed out to + Mr. Ismay the possibilities of seeing ice if I went to Halifax. Then I + knew it would be best to keep in touch with land stations as best I could. + We have experienced great difficulty in transmitting news, also names of + survivors. Our wireless is very poor, and again we have had so many + interruptions from other ships and also messages from shore (principally + press, which we ignored). I gave instructions to send first all official + messages, then names of passengers, then survivors' private messages. We + had haze early Tuesday morning for several hours; again more or less all + Wednesday from 5.30 A. M. to 5 P. M.; strong south-southwesterly winds and + clear weather Thursday, with moderate rough sea. + </p> + <p> + "I am pleased to say that all survivors have been very plucky. The + majority of women, first, second and third class, lost their husbands, + and, considering all, have been wonderfully well. Tuesday our doctor + reported all survivors physically well. Our first class passengers have + behaved splendidly, given up their cabins voluntarily and supplied the + ladies with clothes, etc. We all turned out of our cabins and gave them to + survivors—saloon, smoking room, library, etc., also being used for + sleeping accommodation. Our crew, also turned out to let the crew of the + Titanic take their quarters. I am pleased to state that owing to + preparations made for the comfort of survivors, none were the worse for + exposure, etc. I beg to specially mention how willing and cheerful the + whole of the ship's company behaved, receiving the highest praise from + everybody. And I can assure you I am very proud to have such a company + under my command. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "A. H. ROSTRON." +</pre> + <p> + The following list of the survivors and dead contains the latest revisions + and corrections of the White Star Line officials, and was furnished by + them exclusively for this book. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_LIST" id="link2H_LIST"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LIST OF SURVIVORS + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + FIRST CABIN + + ANDERSON, HARRY. + ANTOINETTE, MISS. + APPIERANELT, MISS. + APPLETON. MRS. E. D. + ABBOTT, MRS. ROSE. + ALLISON, MASTER, and nurse. + ANDREWS, MISS CORNELIA I. + ALLEN, MISS. E. W. + ASTOR, MRS. JOHN JACOB, and maid. + AUBEART, MME. N., and maid. + + BARRATT, KARL B. + BESETTE, MISS. + BARKWORTH, A. H. + BUCKNELL, MRS. W. + BOWERMAN, MISS E. + BROWN, MRS. J. J. + BURNS, MISS C. M. + BISHOP, MR. AND MRS. D. H. + BLANK, H. + BESSINA, MISS A. + BAXTER, MRS. JAMES. + BRAYTON, GEORGE. + BONNELL, MISS LILY. + BROWN, MRS. J. M. + BOWEN, MISS G. C. + BECKWITH, MR. AND MRS. R. L. + BISLEY, MR. AND MRS. + BONNELL, MISS C. + + CASSEBEER, MRS. H. A. + CARDEZA, MRS. J. W. + CANDELL, MRS. CHURCHILL. + CASE, HOWARD B. + CAMARION, KENARD. + CASSEBORO, MISS D. D. + CLARK, MRS. W. M. + + CHIBINACE, MRS. B. C. + CHARLTON, W. M. + CROSBY, MRS E. G. + CARTER, MISS LUCILLE. + CALDERHEAD, E. P. + CHANDANSON, MISS VICTOTRINE. + CAVENDISH, MRS. TURRELL, and maid. + CHAFEE, MRS. H. I. + CARDEZA, MR. THOMAS. + CUMMINGS, MRS. J. + CHEVRE, PAUL. + CHERRY, MISS GLADYS. + CHAMBERS, MR. AND MRS. N. C. + CARTER, MR. AND MRS. W. E. + CARTER, MASTER WILLIAM. + COMPTON, MRS. A. T. + COMPTON, MISS S. R. + CROSBY, MRS. E. G. + CROSBY, MISS HARRIET. + CORNELL, MRS. R. C. + CHIBNALL, MRS. E. + + DOUGLAS, MRS. FRED. + DE VILLIERS, MME. + DANIEL, MISS SARAH. + DANIEL, ROBERT W. + DAVIDSON, MR. AND MRS. THORNTON, + and family. + DOUGLAS, MRS. WALTER, and maid. + DODGE, MISS SARAH. + DODGE, MRS. WASHINGTON, and son. + DICK, MR. AND MRS. A. A. + DANIELL, H. HAREN. + DRACHENSTED, A. + DALY, PETER D. + + ENDRES, MISS CAROLINE. + ELLIS, MISS +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + LIST OF SURVIVORS—FIRST CABIN (CONTINUED) + + EARNSHAW, MRS. BOULTON. + EUSTIS, MISS E. + EMMOCK, PHILIP E. + + FLAGENHEIM, MRS. ANTOINETTE. + FRANICATELLI, MISY. + FYNN, J. I. + FORTUNE, MISS ALICE + FORTUNE, MISS ETHEL. + FORTUNE, MRS. MARK. + FORTUNE, MISS MABEL. + FRAUENTHAL, DR. AND MRS. H. W. + FRAUENTHAL, MR. AND MRS. T. G + FROLICHER, MISS MARGARET. + FROLICHER, MAY AND MRS. + FROLICHER, MISS N. + FUTRELLE, MRS. JACQUES. + + GRACIE, COLONEL ARCHIBALD. + GRAHAM, MR. AND MRS. WILLIAM. + GRAHAM, MISS M. + GORDON, SIR COSMO DUFF. + GORDON, LADY. + GIBSON, MISS DOROTHY. + GOLDENBERG, MR. AND MRS. SAMUEL. + GOLDENBERG, MISS ELLA. + GREENFIELD, MRS. L. P. + GREENFIELD, G. B. + GREENFIELD, WILLIAM. + GIBSON, MRS. LEONARD. + GOOGHT, JAMES. + + HAVEN, MR. HENRY B. + HARRIS, MRS. H. B. + HOLVERSON, MRS. ALEX. + HOGEBOOM, MRS. J. C. + HAWKSFORD, W. J. + HARPER, HENRY, and man servant. + HARPER, MRS. H. S. + HOLD, MISS J. A. + HOPE, NINA. + HOYT, MR. AND Mrs. FRED. + HORNER, HENRY R. + HARDER, MR. AND MRS. GEORGE. + HAYS, MRS. CHARLES M., and daughter. + HIPPACH, MISS JEAN. + HIPPACH, MRS. IDA S. + + ISMAY, J. BRUCE. + + JENASCO, MRS. J. + + KIMBALL, MR. AND MRS. ED. N. + KENNYMAN, F. A. + KENCHEN, MISS EMILE. + + LONGLEY, MISS G. F. + LEADER, MRS. A. F. + LEAHY, MISS NORA. + LAVORY, MISS BERTHA. + LINES, MRS. ERNEST. + LINES, MISS MARY. + LINDSTROM, MRS. SINGIRD. + LESNEUR, GUSTAVE, JR. + + MADILL, MISS GEORGETTE A. + MAHAN, MRS. + MELICARD, MME. + MENDERSON, MISS LETTA. + MAIAIMY, MISS ROBERTA. + MARVIN, MRS. D. W. + MARECHELL, PIERRE. + MARONEY, MRS. R. + MEYER, MRS. E. I. + MOCK, MR. P. E. + MIDDLE, MME. M. OLIVE. + MINAHAN, MISS DAISY. + MINAHAN, MRS. W. E. + MCGOUGH, JAMES. + + NEWELL, MISS ALICE. + NEWELL, MISS MADELINE. + NEWELL, WASHINGTON. + NEWSON, MISS HELEN. + + O'CONNELL, MISS R. + OSTBY, E. C. + + LIST OF SURVIVORS—FIRST CABIN (CONTINUED) + + OSTBY, MISS HELEN. + OMUND, FIEUNAM. + + PANHART, MISS NINETTE. + PEARS, MRS. E. + POMROY, MISS ELLEN. + POTTER, MRS. THOMAS, JR. + PEUCHEN, MAJOR ARTHUR. + PEERCAULT, MISS A. + + RYERSON, JOHN. + RENAGO, MRS. MAMAM. + RANELT, MISS APPIE. + ROTHSCHILD, MRS. LORD MARTIN. + ROSENBAHM, MISS EDITH. + RHEIMS, MR. AND MRS GEORGE. + ROSIBLE, MISS H. + ROTHES, COUNTESS. + ROBERT, MRS. EDNA. + ROLMANE, C. + RYERSON, ALISS SUSAN P. + RYERSON, MISS EMILY. + RYERSON, MRS. ARTHUR, and maid. + + STONE, MRS. GEORGE M. + SKELLER, MRS. WILLIAM. + SEGESSER, MISS EMMA. + SEWARD, FRED. K. + SHUTTER, MISS. + SLOPER, WILLIAM T. + SWIFT, MRS. F. JOEL. + SCHABERT, MRS. PAUL. + SHEDDEL, ROBERT DOUGLASS. + SNYDER, MR. AND MRS. JOHN. + SEREPECA, ALISS AUGHSTA. + SILVERTHORN, R. SPENCER. + SAALFELD, ADOLF. + STAHELIN, MAX. + SIMOINUS, ALFONSIUS. + SMITH, MRS. LUCIEN P. + STEPHENSON, MRS. WALTER. + SOLOMON, ABRAHAM. + SILVEY, MRS. WILLIAM B + STENMEL, MR. AND MRS. HELEERY + SPENCER, MRS. W. A., and maid. + SLAYTER, MISS HILDA. + SPEDDEN, MR. AND MRS. F. O., and child. + STEFFANSON, H. B. + STRAUS, MRS., maid of. + SCHABERT, MRS. EMMA. + SLINTER, MRS. E. + SIMMONS, A. + + TAYLOR, MISS. + TUCKER, MRS., and maid. + THAYER, MRS. J. B. + THAYER, J. B., JR. + TAUSSIG, MISS RUTH. + TAUSSIG. MRS. E. + THOR, MISS ELLA. + THORNE, MRS. G. + TAYLOR, MR. AND MRS. E. Z + TROUT, MISS JESSIE. + TUCKER, GILBERT. + + WOOLNER, HUGH. + WARD, MISS ANNA. + WILLIAMS, RICHARD M., JR. + WARREN, MRS. P. + WILSON, MISS HELEN A. + WILLIARD, MISS C. + WICK, MISS MARY. + WICK, GEO. + WIDENER, valet of. + WIDENER, MRS. GEORGE D., and maid. + WHITE, MRS. J. STUART. + + YOUNG, MISS MARIE. +</pre> + <p> + <a name="link2H_LIST2" id="link2H_LIST2"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LIST OF SURVIVORS—SECOND CABIN + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + ABESSON, MRS. MANNA. + ABBOTT, MRS. R. + ARGENIA, MRS., and two children. + ANGEL, F. + ANGLE, WILLIAM. + + BAUMTHORPE, MRS. L. + BALLS, MRS. ADA E. + BUSS, MISS KATE. + BECKER, MRS. A. O., and three children + BEANE, EDWARD. + BEANE, MRS. ETHEL, + BRYHI, MISS D. + BEESLEY, MR. L. + BROWN, MR. T. W. S. + BROWN, MISS E. + BROWN, MRS. + BENTHAN, LILLIAN W. + BYSTRON, KAROLINA + BRIGHT, DAGMAR. + BRIGHT, DAISY. + + CLARKE, MRS. ADA. + CAMERON, MISS. C. + CALDWELL, ALBERT F. + CALDWELL, MRS. SYLVAN + CALDWELL, ALDEN, infant. + CRISTY, MR. AND MRS. + COLLYER, MRS. CHARLOTTE. + COLLYER, MISS MARJORIE + CHRISTY, MRS. ALICE. + COLLET, STITART. + CHRISTA, MISS DIJCIA. + CHARLES, WILLIAM. + CROFT, MILLIE MALL. + + DOLING, MRS. ELSIE. + DREW, MRS. LULU. + DAVIS, MRS. AGNES. + DAVIS, MISS MARY. + DAVIS, JOHN M. + DUVAN, FLORENTINE. + DUVAN, MRS. A. + DAVIDSON, MISS MARY. + DOLING, MISS ADA. + DRISCOLL, MRS. B. + DEYSTROM, CAROLINE. + + EMCARMACION, MRS. RINALDO. + + FAUNTHORPE, MRS. LIZZIE + FORMERY, MISS ELLEN. + + GARSIDE, ETHEL. + GERRECAI, MRS. MARCY. + GENOVESE, ANGERE. + + HART, MRS. ESTHER. + HART, EVA. + HARRIS, GEORGE. + HEWLETT, MRS. MARY. + HEBBER, MISS S. + HOFFMAN, LOLA. + HOFFMAN, LOUIS. + HARPER, NINA. + HOLD, STEPHEN. + HOLD, MRS. ANNA. + HOSONO, MASABTJMI. + HOCKING, MR. AND MRS. GEORGE. + HOCKING, MISS NELLIE. + HERMAN, MRS. JANE, 2 daughters + HEALY, NORA. + HANSON, JENNIE. + HAMATAINEN, W. + HAMATAINEN, ANNA. + HARNLIN, ANNA, and Child + + ILETT, BERTHA. + + JACKSON, MRS. AMY. + JULIET, LUVCHE. + JERWAN, MARY. + JUHON, PODRO. + JACOBSON, MRS. + + KEANE, MISS NORA H. + KELLY, MRS. F. + KANTAR, MRS. S. + + LEITCH, JESSIE. + LAROCHE, MRS. AND MISS SIMMONE. + + LIST OF SURVIVORS—SECOND CABIN (CONTINITED) + + LAROCHE, MISS LOUISE. + LEHMAN, BERTHA. + LAUCH, MRS. ALEX. + LANIORE, AMELIA. + LYSTROM, MRS. C. + + MELLINGER, ELIZABETH. + MELLINGER, child. + MARSHALL, MRS. KATE. + MALLETT, A. + MALLETT, MRS. and child. + MANGE, PAULA. + MARE, MRS. FLORENCE. + MELLOR, W. J. + McDEARMONT, MISS LELA. + McGOWAN, ANNA. + + NYE, ELIZABETH. + NASSER, MRS. DELIA. + NUSSA, MRS. A. + + OXENHAM, PERCY J. + + PHILLIPS, ALICE. + PALLAS, EMILIO. + PADRO, JITLIAN. + PRINSKY, ROSA. + PORTALTTPPI, EMILIO. + PARSH, MRS. L. + PLETT, B. + + QUICK, MRS. JANE. + QUICK, MRS. VERA W. + QUICK, MISS PHYLLIS. + + REINARDO, MISS E. + RIDSDALE, LUCY. + RENOUF, MRS. LILY. + RUGG, MISS EMILY. + RICHARDS, M. + ROGERS, MISS SELINA. + RICHARDS, MRS. EMILIA, two boys, and + MR. RICHARDS, JR. + + SIMPSON, MISS. + SINCOCK, MISS MAUDE. + SINKKONNEN, ANNA. + SMITH, MISS MARION. + SILVEN, LYLLE. + + TRANT, MRS J. + TOOMEY, MISS. E. + TROUTT, MISS E. + TROUTT, MISS CECELIA. + + WARE, MISS H. + WATTER, MISS N. + WILHELM, C. + WAT, MRS. A., and two children. + WILLIAMS, RICHARD M., JR. + WEISZ, MATHILDE. + WEBBER, MISS SIJSDD. + WRIGHT, MISS MARION. + WATT, MISS BESSIE. + WATT, MISS BERTHA. + WEST, MRS. E. A. + WEST, MISS CONSTANCE. + WEST, MISS BARBARA. + WELLS, ADDIE. + WELLS, MASTER. +</pre> + <p> + A list of surviving third cabin passengers and crew is omitted owing to + the impossibility of obtaining the correct names of many. + </p> + <p> + ROLL OF THE DEAD + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + FIRST CABIN + + ALLISON, H. J. + ALLISON, MRS., and maid. + ALLISON, MISS. + ANDREWS, THOMAS. + ARTAGAVEYTIA, MR. RAMON. + ASTOR, COL. J. J., and servant. + ANDERSON, WALKER. + + ROLL OF THE DEAD—FIRST CABIN (CONTINUED) + + BEATTIE, T. + BRANDEIS, E. + BUCKNELL, MRS. WILLIAM, maid of. + BAHMANN, J. + BAXTER, MR. AND MRS. QUIGG. + BJORNSTROM, H. + BIRNBAHM, JACOB. + BLACKWELL, S. W. + BOREBANK, J. J. + BOWEN, MISS. + BRADY, JOHN B. + BREWE, ARLBLIR J. + BUTT, MAJOR A. + + CLARK, WALTER M. + CLIFFORD, GEORGE Q. + COLLEY, E. P. + CARDEZA, T. D. M., servant of. + CARDEZA, MRS. J. W., maid of. + CARLSON, FRANK. + CORRAN, F. M. + CORRAN, J. P. + CHAFEE, MR. H. I. + CHISHOLM, ROBERT. + COMPTON, A. T. + CRAFTON, JOHN B. + CROSBY, EDWARD G. + CUMMINGS, JOHN BRADLEY. + + DULLES, WILLIAM C. + DOUGLAS, W. D. + DOUGLAS, MASTER R., nurse of. + + EVANS, MISS E. + + FORTUNE, MARK. + FOREMAN, B. L. + FORTUNE, CHARLES. + FRANKLIN, T. P. + FUTRELLE, J. + + GEE, ARTHUR. + GOLDENBERG, E. L. + GOLDSCHMIDT, G. B. + GIGLIO, VICTOR. + GUGGENHEIM, BENJAMIN. + + HAYS, CHARLES M. + HAYS, MRS. CHARLES, maid of. + HEAD, CHRISTOPHER. + HILLIARD, H. H. + HIPKINS, W. E. + HOGENHEIM, MRS. A. + HARRIS, HENRY B. + HARP, MR. AND MRS. CHARLES M. + HARP, MISS MARGARET, and maid. + HOLVERSON, A. M. + + ISLAM, MISS A. E. + ISMAY, J. BRUCE, servant of. + + JULIAN, H. F. + JONES, C. C. + + KENT, EDWARD A. + KENYON, MR. AND MRS. F. R. + KLABER, HERMAN. + + LAMBERTH, WILLIAM, F. F. + LAWRENCE, ARTHUR. + LONG, MILTON. + LEWY, E. G. + LOPING, J. H. + LINGREY, EDWARD. + + MAGUIRE, J. E. + McCAFFRY, T. + McCAFFRY, T., JR. + McCARTHY, T. + MIDDLETON, J. C. + MILLET, FRANK D. + MINAHAN, DR. + MEYER, EDGAR J. + MOLSON, H. M. + MOORE, C., servant. + + NATSCH, CHARLES. + NEWALL, MISS T. + NICHOLSON, A. S. + + OVIES, S. + OBNOUT, ALFRED T. + + ROLL OF THE DEAD—FIRST CABIN (CONTINUED) + + PARR, M. H. W. + PEARS, MR. AND MRS. THOMAS. + PENASCO, MR. AND MRS. VICTOR. + PARTNER, M. A. + PAYNE, Y. + POND, FLORENCE, and maid. + PORTER, WALTER. + PUFFER, C. C. + + REUCHLIN, J. + ROBERT, MRS. E., maid of. + ROEBLING, WASHINGTON A., 2d. + ROOD, HUGH R. + ROES, J. HUGO. + ROTHES, COUNTESS, maid of. + ROTHSCHILD, M. + ROWE, ARTHUR. + RYERSON, A. + + SILVEY, WILLIAM B. + SPEDDEN, MRS. F. O., maid of + SPENCER, W. A. + STEAD, W. T. + STEHLI, MR. AND MRS. MAX FROLICHER. + STONE, MRS. GEORGE, maid of. + STRAUS, MR. AND MRS. ISIDOR. + SUTTON, FREDERICK. + SMART, JOHN M. + SMITH, CLINCH. + SMITET, R. W. + SMITH, L. P. + + TAUSSIC, EMIL. + THAYER, MRS., maid of. + THAYER, JOHN B. + THORNE, G. + + VANDERHOOF, WYCKOFF. + + WALKER, W. A. + WARREN, F. M. + WHITE, PERCIVAL A. + WHITE, RICHARD F. + WIDENER, G. D. + WIDENER, HARRY. + WOOD, MR. AND MRS. FRANK P. + WEIR, J. + WILLIAMS, DUANE. + WRIGHT, GEORGE. +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + SECOND CABIN + + ABELSON, SAMSON. + ANDREW, FRANK. + ASHBY, JOHN. + ALDWORTH, C. + ANDREW, EDGAR. + + BRACKEN, JAMES H. + BROWN, MRS. + BANFIELD, FRED. + BRIGHT, NARL. + BRAILY, bandsman. + BREICOUX, bandsman. + BAILEY, PERCY. + BAINBRIDGE, C. R. + BYLES, THE REV. THOMAS. + BEAUCHAMP, H. J. + BERG, MISS E. + BENTHAN, I. + BATEMAN, ROBERT J. + BUTLER, REGINALD. + BOTSFORD, HULL. + BOWEENER, SOLOMON. + BERRIMAN, WILLIAM. + + CLARKE, CHARLES. + CLARK, bandsman. + COREY, MRS. C. P. + CARTER, THE REV. ERNEST. + CARTER, MRS. + COLERIDGE, REGINALD, + CHAPMAN, CHARLES. + CUNNINGHAM, ALFRED. + CAMPBELL, WILLIAM. + COLLYER, HARVEY. + CORBETT, MRS. IRENE. + + ROLL OF THE DEAD—SECOND CABIN (CONTINUED) + + CHAPMAN, JOHN E. + CHAPMAN, MRS. E. + COLANDER, ERIC. + COTTERILL, HARBY. + + DEACON, PERCY. + DAVIS, CHARLES. + DIBBEN, WILLIAM. + DE BRITO, JOSE. + DENBORNY, H. + DREW, JAMES. + DREW, MASTER M. + DAVID, MASTER J. W. + DOUNTON, W. J. + DEL VARLO, S. + DEL VARLO, MRS. + + ENANDER, INGVAR. + EITEMILLER, G. F. + + FROST, A. + FYNNERY, MR. + FAUNTHORPE, H. + FILLBROOK, C. + FUNK, ANNIE. + FAHLSTROM, A. + FOX, STANLEY W. + + GREENBERG, S. + GILES, RALPH. + GASKELL, ALFRED. + GILLESPIE, WILLIAM. + GILBERT, WILLIAM. + GALL, S. + GILL, JOHN. + GILES, EDGAR. + GILES, FRED. + GALE, HARRY. + GALE, PHADRUCH. + GARVEY, LAWRENCE. + + HICKMAN, LEONARD. + HICKMAN, LENVIS. + HUME, bandsman. + HICKMAN, STANLEY. + HOOD, AMBROSE, + HODGES, HENRY P. + HART, BENJAMIN. + HARRIS, WALTER. + HARPER, JOHN. + HARBECK, W. H. + HOFFMAN, MR. + HERMAN, MRS. S. + HOWARD, B. + HOWARD, MRS. E. T. + HALE, REGINALD. + HILTUNEN, M. + HUNT, GEORGE. + + JACOBSON, MR. + JACOBSON, SYDNEY. + JEFFERY, CLIFFORD. + JEFFERY, ERNEST. + JENKIN, STEPHEN. + JARVIS, JOHN D. + + KEANE, DANIEL. + KIRKLAND, REV. C. + KARNES, MRS. F. G. + KEYNALDO, MISS. + KRILLNER, J. H. + KRINS, bandsman. + KARINES, MRS. + KANTAR, SELNA. + KNIGHT, R. + + LENGAM, JOHN. + LEVY, R. J. + LAHTIMAN, WILLIAM. + LAUCH, CHARLES. + LEYSON, R. W. N. + LAROCHE, JOSEPH. + LAMB, J. J + + McKANE, PETER. + MILLING, JACOB. + MANTOILA, JOSEPEI, + MALACHARD, NOLL. + MORAWECK, DR. + + ROLL OF THE DEAD—SECOND CABIN (CONTINUED) + + MANGIOVACCHI, E. + McCRAE, ARTHUR G. + McCRIE, JAMES M. + McKANE, PETER D. + MUDD, THOMAS. + MACK, MRS. MARY. + MARSHALL, HENRY. + MAYBERG, FRANK H. + MEYER, AUGUST. + MYLES, THOMAS. + MITCHELL, HENRY. + MATTHEWS, W. J. + + NESSEN, ISRAEL. + NICHOLLS, JOSEPH C. + NORMAN, ROBERT D. + + OTTER, RICHARD. + + PHILLIPS, ROBERT. + PONESELL, MARTIN. + PAIN, DR. ALFRED. + PARKES, FRANK. + PENGELLY, F. + PERNOT, RENE. + PERUSCHITZ, REV. + PARKER, CLIFFORD. + PULBAUM, FRANK + + RENOUF, PETER H. + ROGERS, HARRY. + REEVES, DAVID. + + SLEMEN, R. J. + SOBEY, HAYDEN. + SLATTER, MISS H. M. + STANTON, WARD. + SWORD, HANS K. + STOKES, PHILIP J. + SHARP, PERCIVAL. + SEDGWICK, MR. F. W. + SMITH, AUGUSTUS. + SWEET, GEORGE. + SJOSTEDT, ERNST. + + TAYLOR, bandsman. + TURPIN, WILLIAM J. + TURPIN, MRS. DOROTHY. + TURNER, JOHN H. + TROUPIANSKY, M. + TIRVAN, MRS. A. + + VEALE, JAMES. + + WATSON, E. + WOODWARD, bandsman. + WARE, WILLIAM J. + WEISZ, LEOPOLD. + WHEADON, EDWARD. + WARE, JOHN J. + WEST, E. ARTHUR. + WHEELER, EDWIN. + WERMAN, SAMUEL. +</pre> + <p> + The total death list was 1635. Third cabin passengers and crew are not + included in the list here given owing to the impossibility of obtaining + the exact names of many. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0013" id="link2HCH0013"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XIII. THE STORY OF CHARLES F. HURD + </h2> + <p> + HOW THE TITANIC SANK—WATER STREWN WITH DEAD BODIES—VICTIMS MET + DEATH WITH HYMN ON THEIR LIPS + </p> + <p> + THE Story of how the Titanic sank is told by Charles F. Hurd, who was a + passenger on the Carpathia. + </p> + <p> + He praised highly the courage of the crew, hundreds of whom gave their + lives with a heroism which equaled but could not exceed that of John Jacob + Astor, Henry B. Harris, Jacques Futrelle and others in the long list of + first-cabin passengers. The account continues: + </p> + <p> + "The crash against the iceberg, which had been sighted at only a quarter + mile distance, came almost simultaneously with the click of the levers + operated from the bridge, which stopped the engines and closed the + water-tight doors. Captain Smith was on the bridge a moment later, + summoning all on board to put on life preservers and ordering the + life-boats lowered. + </p> + <p> + "The first boats had more male passengers, as the men were the first to + reach the deck. When the rush of frightened men and women and crying + children to the decks began, the 'women first' rule was rigidly enforced. + </p> + <p> + "Officers drew revolvers, but in most cases there was no use for them. + Revolver shots heard shortly before the Titanic went down caused many + rumors, one that Captain Smith had shot himself, another that First + Officer Murdock had ended his life, but members of the crew discredit + these rumors. + </p> + <p> + "Captain Smith was last seen on the bridge just before the ship sank, + leaping only after the decks had been washed away. + </p> + <p> + "What became of the men with the life-preservers was a question asked by + many since the disaster. Many of these with life-preservers were seen to + go down despite the preservers, and dead bodies floated on the surface as + the boats moved away. + </p> + <p> + "Facts which I have established by inquiries on the Carpathia, as + positively as they could be established in view of the silence of the few + surviving officers, are: + </p> + <p> + "That the Titanic's officers knew, several hours before the crash, of the + possible nearness of the icebergs. + </p> + <p> + "That the Titanic's speed, nearly 23 knots an hour, was not slackened. + </p> + <p> + "That the number of life-boats on the Titanic was insufficient to + accommodate more than one-third of the passengers, to say nothing of the + crew. Most members of the crew say there were sixteen life-boats and two + collapsibles; none say there were more than twenty boats in all. The 700 + escaped filled most of the sixteen life-boats and the one collapsible + which got away, to the limit of their capacity. + </p> + <p> + "Had the ship struck the iceberg head on at whatever + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = MRS. GEORGE D. WIDENER + </p> + <p> + Mrs. Widener was saved,....} + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = George D. WIDENER + </p> + <p> + Who with his son....} + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. WILLIAM + T. STEAD + </p> + <p> + The great English writer, who was a passenger on board the ill-fated White + Star Line Steamer Titanic.} + </p> + <p> + speed and with whatever resulting shock, the bulkhead system of + water-tight compartments would probably have saved the vessel. As one man + expressed it, it was the impossible that happened when, with a shock + unbelievably mild, the ship's side was torn for a length which made the + bulkhead system ineffective." + </p> + <p> + After telling of the shock and the lowering of the boats the account + continues: + </p> + <p> + "Some of the boats, crowded too full to give rowers a chance, drifted for + a time. Few had provisions or water, there was lack of covering from the + icy air, and the only lights were the still undimmed arcs and + incandescents of the settling ship, save for one of the first boats. There + a steward, who explained to the passengers that he had been shipwrecked + twice before, appeared carrying three oranges and a green light. + </p> + <p> + "That green light, many of the survivors say, was to the shipwrecked + hundreds as the pillar of fire by night. Long after the ship had + disappeared, and while confusing false lights danced about the boats, the + green lantern kept them together on the course which led them to the + Carpathia. + </p> + <p> + "As the end of the Titanic became manifestly but a matter of moments, the + oarsmen pulled their boats away, and the chilling waters began to echo + splash after splash as passengers and sailors in life-preservers leaped + over and started swimming away to escape the expected suction. + </p> + <p> + "Only the hardiest of constitutions could endure for more than a few + moments such a numbing bath. The first vigorous strokes gave way to + heart-breaking cries of 'Help! Help!' and stiffened forms were seen + floating on the water all around us. + </p> + <p> + "Led by the green light, under the light of the stars, the boats drew + away, and the bow, then the quarter, then the stacks and at last the stern + of the marvel-ship of a few days before, passed beneath the waters. The + great force of the ship's sinking was unaided by any violence of the + elements, and the suction, not so great as had been feared, rocked but + mildly the group of boats now a quarter of a mile distant from it. + </p> + <p> + "Early dawn brought no ship, but not long after 5 A. M. the Carpathia, far + out of her path and making eighteen knots, instead of her wonted fifteen, + showed her single red and black smokestack upon the horizon. In the joy of + that moment, the heaviest griefs were forgotten. + </p> + <p> + "Soon afterward Captain Rostron and Chief Steward Hughes were welcoming + the chilled and bedraggled arrivals over the Carpathia's side. + </p> + <p> + "Terrible as were the San Francisco, Slocum and Iroquois disasters, they + shrink to local events in comparison with this world-catastrophe. + </p> + <p> + "True, there were others of greater qualifications and longer experience + than I nearer the tragedy—but they, by every token of likelihood, + have become a part of the tragedy. The honored—must I say the + lamented—Stead, the adroit Jacques Futrelle, what might they not + tell were their hands able to hold pencil? + </p> + <p> + "The silence of the Carpathia's engines, the piercing cold, the clamor of + many voices in the companionways, caused me to dress hurriedly and awaken + my wife, at 5.40 A. M. Monday. Our stewardess, meeting me outside, pointed + to a wailing host in the rear dining room and said. 'From the Titanic. + She's at the bottom of the ocean.' + </p> + <p> + "At the ship's side, a moment later, I saw the last of the line of boats + discharge their loads, and saw women, some with cheap shawls about their + heads, some with the costliest of fur cloaks, ascending the ship's side. + And such joy as the first sight of our ship may have given them had + disappeared from their faces, and there were tears and signs of faltering + as the women were helped up the ladders or hoisted aboard in swings. For + lack of room to put them, several of the Titanic's boats, after unloading, + were set adrift. + </p> + <p> + "At our north was a broad ice field, the length of hundreds of Carpathias. + Around us on other sides were sharp and glistening peaks. One black berg, + seen about 10 A. M., was said to be that which sunk the Titanic." + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0014" id="link2HCH0014"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XIV. THRILLING ACCOUNT BY L. BEASLEY + </h2> + <p> + COLLISION ONLY A SLIGHT JAR—PASSENGERS COULD NOT BELIEVE THE VESSEL + DOOMED—NARROW ESCAPE OF LIFE-BOATS—PICKED UP BY THE CARPATHIA + </p> + <p> + AMONG the most connected and interesting stories related by the survivors + was the one told by L. Beasley, of Cambridge, England. He said: + </p> + <p> + "The voyage from Queenstown had been quite uneventful; very fine weather + was experienced, and the sea was quite calm. The wind had been westerly to + southwesterly the whole way, but very cold, particularly the last day; in + fact after dinner on Saturday evening it was almost too cold to be out on + deck at all. + </p> + <p> + ONLY A SLIGHT JAR + </p> + <p> + "I had been in my berth for about ten minutes, when, at about 11.15 P. M., + I felt a slight jar, and then soon after a second one, but not + sufficiently violent to cause any anxiety to anyone, however nervous they + may have been. However, the engines stopped immediately afterward, and my + first, thought was, 'She has lost a propeller.' + </p> + <p> + "I went up on the top (boat) deck in a dressing gown, and found only a few + persons there, who had come up similarly to inquire why we had stopped, + but there was no sort of anxiety in the minds of anyone. + </p> + <p> + "We saw through the smoking room window a game of cards going on, and went + in to inquire if they knew anything; it seems they felt more of the jar, + and, looking through the window, had seen a huge iceberg go by close to + the side of the boat. They thought we had just grazed it with a glancing + blow, and that the engines had been stopped to see if any damage had been + done. No one, of course, had any conception that the vessel had been + pierced below by part of the submerged iceberg. + </p> + <p> + "The game went on without any thought of disaster and I retired to my + cabin, to read until we went on again. I never saw any of the players or + the onlookers again. + </p> + <p> + SOME WERE AWAKENED + </p> + <p> + "A little later, hearing people going upstairs, I went out again and found + everyone wanting to know why the engines had stopped. No doubt many were + awakened from sleep by the sudden stopping of a vibration to which they + had become accustomed during the four days we had been on board. + Naturally, with such powerful engines as the Titanic carried, the + vibration was very noticeable all the time, and the sudden stopping had + something the same effect as the stopping of a loud-ticking grandfather's + clock in a room. + </p> + <p> + "On going on deck again I saw that there was an undoubted list downward + from stern to bows, but, knowing nothing of what had happened, concluded + some of the front compartments had filled and weighed her down. I went + down again to put on warmer clothing, and as I dressed heard an order + shouted, 'All passengers on deck with life-belts on.' + </p> + <p> + "We all walked slowly up, with the belts tied on over our clothing, but + even then presumed this was only a wise precaution the captain was taking, + and that we should return in a short time and retire to bed. + </p> + <p> + "There was a total absence of any panic or any expressions of alarm, and I + suppose this can be accounted for by the exceedingly calm night and the + absence of any signs of the accident. + </p> + <p> + "The ship was absolutely still, and except for a gentle tilt downward, + which I don't think one person in ten would have noticed at that time, no + signs of the approaching disaster were visible. She lay just as if she + were waiting the order to go on again when some trifling matter had been + adjusted. + </p> + <p> + "But in a few moments we saw the covers lifted from the boats and the + crews allotted to them standing by and coiling up the ropes which were to + lower them by the pulley blocks into the water. + </p> + <p> + "We then began to realize it was more serious than had been supposed, and + my first thought was to go down and get some more clothing and some money, + but, seeing people pouring up the stairs, decided it was better to cause + no confusion to people coming up. Presently we heard the order: + </p> + <p> + "'All men stand back away from the boats, and all ladies retire to next + deck below'—the smoking-room deck or B deck. + </p> + <p> + MEN STOOD BACK + </p> + <p> + "The men all stood away and remained in absolute silence leaning against + the end railings of the deck or pacing slowly up and down. + </p> + <p> + "The boats were swung out and lowered from A deck. When they were to the + level of B deck, where all the women were collected, they got in quietly, + with the exception of some who refused to leave their husbands. + </p> + <p> + "In some cases they were torn from them and pushed into the boats, but in + many instances they were allowed to remain because there was no one to + insist they should go. + </p> + <p> + "Looking over the side, one saw boats from aft already in the water, + slipping quietly away into the darkness, and presently the boats near me + were lowered, and with much creaking as the new ropes slipped through the + pulley blocks down the ninety feet which separated them from the water. An + officer in uniform came up as one boat went down and shouted, "When you + are afloat row round to the companion ladder and stand by with the other + boats for orders.' + </p> + <p> + "'Aye, aye, sir,' came up the reply; but I don't think any boat was able + to obey the order. When they were afloat and had the oars at work, the + condition of the rapidly settling boat was so much more a sight for alarm + for those in the boats than those on board, that in common prudence the + sailors saw they could do nothing but row from the sinking ship to save at + any rate some lives. They no doubt anticipated that suction from such an + enormous vessel would be more dangerous than usual to a crowded boat + mostly filled with women. + </p> + <p> + "All this time there was no trace of any disorder; no panic or rush to the + boats and no scenes of women sobbing hysterically, such as one generally + pictures as happening at such times everyone seemed to realize so slowly + that there was imminent danger. When it was realized that we might all be + presently in the sea with nothing but our life-belts to support us until + we were picked up by passing steamers, it was extraordinary how calm + everyone was and how completely self-controlled. + </p> + <p> + "One by one, the boats were filled with women and children, lowered and + rowed away into the night. Presently the word went round among the men, + 'the men are to be put in boats on the starboard side.' + </p> + <p> + "I was on the port side, and most of the men walked across the deck to see + if this was so I remained where I was and soon heard the call: + </p> + <p> + "'Any more ladies?' + </p> + <p> + "Looking over the side of the ship, I saw the boat, No. 13, swinging level + with B deck, half full of ladies. Again the call was repeated, 'Any more + ladies?' + </p> + <p> + "I saw none come on, and then one of the crew, looking up, said: + </p> + <p> + "'Any more ladies on your deck, sir?' + </p> + <p> + "'No,' I replied. + </p> + <p> + "'Then you had better jump.' + </p> + <p> + "I dropped in, and fell in the bottom, as they cried 'lower away.' As the + boat began to descend two ladies were pushed hurriedly through the crowd + on B deck and heaved over into the boat, and a baby of ten months passed + down after them. Down we went, the crew calling to those lowering each end + to 'keep her level,' until we were some ten feet from the water, and here + occurred the only anxious moment we had during the whole of our experience + from leaving the deck to reaching the Carpathia. + </p> + <p> + "Immediately below our boat was the exhaust of the condensers, a huge + stream of water pouring all the time from the ship's side just above the + water line. It was plain we ought to be quickly away from this, not to be + swamped by it when we touched water. + </p> + <p> + NO OFFICER ABOARD + </p> + <p> + "We had no officer aboard, nor petty officer or member of the crew to take + charge. So one of the stokers shouted: 'Someone find the pin which + releases the boat from the ropes and pull it up!' No one knew where it + was. We felt on the floor and sides, but found nothing, and it was hard to + move among so many people—we had sixty or seventy on board. + </p> + <p> + "Down we went and presently floated, with our ropes still holding us, the + exhaust washing us away from the side of the vessel and the swell of the + sea urging us back against the side again. The result of all these forces + was an impetus which carried us parallel to the ship's side and directly + under boat 14, which had filled rapidly with men and was coming down on us + in a way that threatened to submerge our boat. + </p> + <p> + "'Stop lowering 14,' our crew shouted, and the crew of No. 14, now only + twenty feet above, shouted the same. But the distance to the top was some + seventy feet and the creaking pulleys must have deadened all sound to + those above, for down she came, fifteen feet, ten feet, five feet and a + stoker and I reached up and touched her swinging above our heads. The next + drop would have brought her on our heads, but just before she dropped + another stoker sprang to the ropes, with his knife. + </p> + <p> + JUST ESCAPED ANOTHER BOAT + </p> + <p> + "'One,' I heard him say, 'two,' as his knife cut through the pulley ropes, + and the next moment the exhaust stream had carried us clear, while boat 14 + dropped into the water, into the space we had the moment before occupied, + our gunwales almost touching. + </p> + <p> + "We drifted away easily, as the oars were got out, and headed directly + away from the ship. The crew seemed to me to be mostly stewards or cooks + in white jackets, two to an oar, with a stoker at the tiller. There was a + certain amount of shouting from one end of the boat to the other, and + discussion as to which way we should go, but finally it was decided to + elect the stoker, who was steering, as captain, and for all to obey his + orders. He set to work at once to get into touch with the other boats, + calling to them and getting as close as seemed wise, so that when the + search boats came in the morning to look for us, there would be more + chance for all to be rescued by keeping together. + </p> + <p> + "It was now about 1 A. M.; a beautiful starlight night, with no moon, and + so not very light. The sea was as calm as a pond, just a gentle heave as + the boat dipped up and down in the swell; an ideal night, except for the + bitter cold, for anyone who had to be out in the middle of the Atlantic + ocean in an open boat. And if ever there was a time when such a night was + needed, surely it was now, with hundreds of people, mostly women and + children, afloat hundreds of miles from land. + </p> + <p> + WATCHED THE TITANIC + </p> + <p> + "The captain-stoker told us that he had been at sea twenty-six years, and + had never yet seen such a calm night on the Atlantic. As we rowed away + from the Titanic, we looked back from time to time to watch her, and a + more striking spectacle it was not possible for anyone to see. + </p> + <p> + "In the distance it looked an enormous length, its great bulk outlined in + black against the starry sky, every port-hole and saloon blazing with + light. It was impossible to think anything could be wrong with such a + leviathan, were it not for that ominous tilt downward in the bows, where + the water was by now up to the lowest row of port-holes. + </p> + <p> + "Presently, about 2 A. M., as near as I can remember, we observed it + settling very rapidly, with the bows and the bridge completely under + water, and concluded it was now only a question of minutes before it went; + and so it proved." + </p> + <p> + Mr. Beasley went on to tell of the spectacle of the sinking of the + Titanic, the terrible experiences of the survivors in the life-boats and + their final rescue by the Carpathia as already related. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0015" id="link2HCH0015"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XV. JACK THAYER'S OWN STORY OF THE WRECK + </h2> + <p> + SEVENTEEN-YEAR-OLD SON OF PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD OFFICIAL TELLS MOVING + STORY OF HIS RESCUE—TOLD MOTHER TO BE BRAVE—SEPARATED FROM + PARENTS—JUMPED WHEN VESSEL SANK—DRIFTED ON OVERTURNED BOAT + PICKED UP BY CARPATHIA + </p> + <p> + ONE of the calmest of the passengers was: young Jack Thayer, the + seventeen-year-old son of Mr. and Mrs. John B. Thayer. When his mother was + put into the life-boat he kissed her and told her to be brave, saying that + he and his father would be all right. He and Mr. Thayer stood on the deck + as the small boat in which Mrs. Thayer was a passenger made off from the + side of the Titanic over the smooth sea. + </p> + <p> + The boy's own account of his experience as told to one of his rescuers is + one of the most remarkable of all the wonderful ones that have come from + the tremendous catastrophe: + </p> + <p> + "Father was in bed, and mother and myself were about to get into bed. + There was no great shock, I was on my feet at the time and I do not think + it was enough to throw anyone down. I put on an overcoat and rushed up on + A deck on the port side. I saw nothing there. I then went forward to the + bow to see if I could see any signs of ice. The only ice I saw was on the + well deck. I could not see very far ahead, having just come out of a + brightly lighted room. + </p> + <p> + "I then went down to our room and my father and mother came on deck with + me, to the starboard side of A deck. We could not see anything there. + Father thought he saw small pieces of ice floating around, but I could not + see any myself. There was no big berg. We walked around to the port side, + and the ship had then a fair list to port. We stayed there looking over + the side for about five minutes. The list seemed very slowly to be + increasing. + </p> + <p> + "We then went down to our rooms on C deck, all of us dressing quickly, + putting on all our clothes. We all put on life-preservers, and over these + we put our overcoats. Then we hurried up on deck and walked around, + looking out at different places until the women were all ordered to + collect on the port side. + </p> + <p> + SEPARATED FROM PARENTS + </p> + <p> + "Father and I said good-bye to mother at the top of the stairs on A deck. + She and the maid went right out on A deck on the port side and we went to + the starboard side. As at this time we had no idea the boat would sink we + walked around A deck and then went to B deck. Then we thought we would go + back to see if mother had gotten off safely, and went to the port side of + A deck. We met the chief steward of the main dining saloon and he told us + that mother had not yet taken a boat, and he took us to her. + </p> + <p> + "Father and mother went ahead and I followed. They went down to B deck and + a crowd got in front of me and I was not able to catch them, and lost + sight of them. As soon as I could get through the crowd I tried to find + them on B deck, but without success. That is the last time I saw my + father. This was about one half an hour before she sank. I then went to + the starboard side, thinking that father and mother must have gotten off + in a boat. All of this time I was with a fellow named Milton C. Long, of + New York, whom I had just met that evening. + </p> + <p> + "On the starboard side the boats were getting away quickly. Some boats + were already off in a distance. We thought of getting into one of the + boats, the last boat to go on the forward part of the starboard side, but + there seemed to be such a crowd around I thought it unwise to make any + attempt to get into it. He and I stood by the davits of one of the boats + that had left. I did not notice anybody that I knew except Mr. Lindley, + whom I had also just met that evening. I lost sight of him in a few + minutes. Long and I then stood by the rail just a little aft of the + captain's bridge. + </p> + <p> + THOUGHT SHIP WOULD FLOAT + </p> + <p> + "The list to the port had been growing greater all the time. About this + time the people began jumping from the stern. I thought of jumping myself, + but was afraid of being stunned on hitting the water. Three times I made + up my mind to jump out and slide down the davit ropes and try to make the + boats that were lying off from the ship, but each time Long got hold of me + and told me to wait a while. He then sat down and I stood up waiting to + see what would happen. Even then we thought she might possibly stay + afloat. + </p> + <p> + "I got a sight on a rope between the davits and a star and noticed that + she was gradually sinking. About this time she straightened up on an even + keel and started to go down fairly fast at an angle of about 30 degrees. + As she started to sink we left the davits and went back and stood by the + rail about even with the second funnel. + </p> + <p> + "Long and myself said good-bye to each other and jumped up on the rail. He + put his legs over and held on a minute and asked me if I was coming. I + told him I would be with him in a minute. He did not jump clear, but slid + down the side of the ship. I never saw him again. + </p> + <p> + "About five seconds after he jumped I jumped out, feet first. I was clear + of the ship; went down, and as I came up I was pushed away from the ship + by some force. I came up facing the ship, and one of the funnels seemed to + be lifted off and fell towards me about 15 yards away, with a mass of + sparks and steam coming out of it. I saw the ship in a sort of a red + glare, and it seemed to me that she broke in two just in front of the + third funnel. + </p> + <p> + "This time I was sucked down, and as I came up I was pushed out again and + twisted around by a large wave, coming up in the midst of a great deal of + small wreckage. As I pushed my hand from my head it touched the cork + fender of an over- + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = READING ROOM OF THE TITANIC} + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = Copyright, 1912. International News Service. THE + SENATORIAL INVESTIGATION—ISMAY ON THE GRILL + </p> + <p> + J. Bruce Ismay, Managing Director of the........} + </p> + <p> + turned life-boat. I looked up and saw some men on the top and asked them + to give me a hand. One of them, who was a stoker, helped me up. In a short + time the bottom was covered with about twenty-five or thirty men. When I + got on this I was facing the ship. + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = SKETCHES OF THE TITANIC BY "JACK" THAYER + </p> + <p> + These sketches were outlined by John B. Thayer, Jr., on the day of the + disaster, and afterwards filled in by L. D. Skidmon, of Brooklyn.} + </p> + <p> + "The stern then seemed to rise in the air and stopped at about an angle of + 60 degrees. It seemed to hold there for a time and then with a hissing + sound it shot right down out of sight with people jumping from the stern. + The stern either pivoted around towards our boat, or we were sucked + towards it, and as we only had one oar we could not keep away. There did + not seem to be very much suction and most of us managed to stay on the + bottom of our boat. + </p> + <p> + "We were then right in the midst of fairly large wreckage, with people + swimming all around us. The sea was very calm and we kept the boat pretty + steady, but every now and then a wave would wash over it. + </p> + <p> + SAID THE LORD'S PRAYER + </p> + <p> + "The assistant wireless operator was right next to me, holding on to me + and kneeling in the water. We all sang a hymn and said the Lord's Prayer, + and then waited for dawn to come. As often as we saw the other boats in a + distance we would yell, 'Ship ahoy!' But they could not distinguish our + cries from any of the others, so we all gave it up, thinking it useless. + It was very cold and none of us were able to move around to keep warm, the + water washing over her almost all the time. + </p> + <p> + "Toward dawn the wind sprang up, roughening up the water and making it + difficult to keep the boat balanced. The wireless man raised our hopes a + great deal by telling us that the Carpathia would be up in about three + hours. About 3.30 or 4 o'clock some men on our boat on the bow sighted her + mast lights. I could not see them, as I was sitting down with a man + kneeling on my leg. He finally got up and I stood up. We had the second + officer, Mr. Lightoller, on board. We had an officer's whistle and + whistled for the boats in the distance to come up and take us off. + </p> + <p> + "It took about an hour and a half for the boats to draw near. Two boats + came up. The first took half and the other took the balance, including + myself. We had great difficulty about this time in balancing the boat, as + the men would lean too far, but we were all taken aboard the already + crowded boat, and in about a half or three-quarters of an hour later we + were picked up by the Carpathia. + </p> + <p> + "I have noticed Second Officer Lightoller's statement that 'J. B. Thayer + was on our overturned boat,' which would give the impression that it was + father, when he really meant it was I, as he only learned my name in a + subsequent conversation on the Carpathia, and did not know I was + 'junior'." + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0016" id="link2HCH0016"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XVI. INCIDENTS RELATED BY JAMES McGOUGH + </h2> + <p> + WOMEN FORCED INTO THE LIFE-BOATS—WHY SOME MEN WERE SAVED BEFORE + WOMEN—ASKED TO MAN LIFE-BOATS + </p> + <p> + SURROUNDED by his wife and members of his family, James McGough, of + Philadelphia, a buyer for the Gimbel Brothers, whose fate had been in + doubt, recited a most thrilling and graphic picture of the disaster. + </p> + <p> + As the Carpathia docked, Mrs. McGough, a brother and several friends of + the buyer, met him, and after the touching reunion had taken place the + party proceeded to Philadelphia. + </p> + <p> + Vivid in detail, Mr. McGough's story differs essentially from one the + imagination would paint. He declared that the boat was driving at a high + rate of speed at the time of the accident, and seemed impressed by the + calmness and apathy displayed by the survivors as they tossed on the + frozen seas in the little life-boats until the Carpathia picked them up. + </p> + <p> + The Titanic did not plunge into the water suddenly, he declared, but + settled slowly into the deep with its hundreds of passengers. + </p> + <p> + "The collision occurred at 20 minutes of 12," said Mr. McGough. "I was + sleeping in my cabin when I felt a wrench, not severe or terrifying. + </p> + <p> + "It seemed to me to be nothing more serious than the racing of the screw, + which often occurs when a ship plunges her bow deep into a heavy swell, + raising the stern out of water. We dressed hurriedly and ran to the upper + deck. There was little noise or tumult at the time. + </p> + <p> + "The promenade decks being higher from the base of the ship and thus more + insecure, strained and creaked; so we went to the lower decks. By this + time the engines had been reversed, and I could feel the ship backing off. + Officers and stewards ran through the corridors, shouting for all to be + calm, that there was no danger. We were warned, however, to dress and put + life-preservers on us. I had on what clothing I could find and had stuffed + some money in my pocket. + </p> + <p> + PARTING OF ASTOR AND BRIDE + </p> + <p> + "As I passed the gymnasium I saw Colonel Astor and his young wife + together. She was clinging to him, piteously pleading that he go into the + life-boat with her. He refused almost gruffly and was attempting to calm + her by saying that all her fears were groundless, that the accident she + feared would prove a farce. It proved different, however. + </p> + <p> + "None, I believe, knew that the ship was about to sink. I did not realize + it just then. When I reached the upper deck and saw tons of ice piled upon + our crushed bow the full realization came to me. + </p> + <p> + "Officers stood with drawn guns ordering the women into the boats. All + feared to leave the comparative safety of a broad and firm deck for the + precarious smaller boats. Women clung to their husbands, crying that they + would never leave without them, and had to be torn away. + </p> + <p> + "On one point all the women were firm. They would not enter a Life-boat + until men were in it first. They feared to trust themselves to the seas in + them. It required courage to step into the frail crafts as they swung from + the creaking davits. Few men were willing to take the chance. An officer + rushed behind me and shouted: + </p> + <p> + "'You're big enough to pull an oar. Jump into this boat or we'll never be + able to get the women off.' I was forced to do so, though I admit that the + ship looked a great deal safer to me than any small boat. + </p> + <p> + "Our boat was the second off. Forty or more persons were crowded into it, + and with myself and members of the crew at the oars, were pulled slowly + away. Huge icebergs, larger than the Pennsylvania depot at New York, + surrounded us. As we pulled away we could see boat after boat filled and + lowered to the waves. Despite the fact that they were new and supposedly + in excellent working order, the blocks jammed in many instances, tilting + the boats, loaded with people, at varying angles before they reached the + water. + </p> + <p> + BAND CONTINUED PLAYING + </p> + <p> + "As the life-boats pulled away the officers ordered the bands to play, and + their music did much to quell panic. It was a heart-breaking sight to us + tossing in an eggshell three-fourths of a mile away, to see the great ship + go down. First she listed to the starboard, on which side the collision + had occurred, then she settled slowly but steadily, without hope of + remaining afloat. + </p> + <p> + "The Titanic was all aglow with lights as if for a function. First we saw + the lights of the lower deck snuffed out. A while later and the second + deck illumination was extinguished in a similar manner. Then the third and + upper decks were darkened, and without plunging or rocking the great ship + disappeared slowly from the surface of the sea. + </p> + <p> + "People were crowded on each deck as it lowered into the water, hoping in + vain that aid would come in time. Some of the life-boats caught in the + merciless suction were swallowed with her. + </p> + <p> + "The sea was calm—calm as the water in a tumbler. But it was + freezing cold. None had dressed heavily, and all, therefore, suffered + intensely. The women did not shriek or grow hysterical while we waited + through the awful night for help. We men stood at the oars, stood because + there was no room for us to sit, and kept the boat headed into the swell + to prevent her capsizing. Another boat was at our side, but all the others + were scattered around the water. + </p> + <p> + "Finally, shortly before 6 o'clock, we saw the lights of the Carpathia + approaching. Gradually she picked up the survivors in the other boats and + then approached us. When we were lifted to the deck the women fell + helpless. They were carried to whatever quarters offered themselves, while + the men were assigned to the smoking room. + </p> + <p> + "Of the misery and suffering which was witnessed on the rescue ship I know + nothing. With the other men survivors I was glad to remain in the smoking + room until New York was reached, trying to forget the awful experience. + </p> + <p> + "To us aboard the Carpathia came rumors of misstatements which were being + made to the public. The details of the wreck were wofully misunderstood. + </p> + <p> + "Let me emphasize that the night was not foggy or cloudy. There was just + the beginning of the new moon, but every star in the sky was shining + brightly, unmarred by clouds. The boats were lowered from both sides of + the Titanic in time to escape, but there was not enough for all. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0017" id="link2HCH0017"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XVII. WIRELESS OPERATOR PRAISES HEROIC WORK + </h2> + <p> + STORY OF HAROLD BRIDE, THE SURVIVING WIRELESS OPERATOR OF THE TITANIC, WHO + WAS WASHED OVERBOARD AND RESCUED BY LIFE-BOAT—BAND PLAYED RAG-TIME + AND "AUTUMN" + </p> + <p> + ONE of the most connected and detailed accounts of the horrible disaster + was that told by Harold Bride, the wireless operator. Mr. Bride said: + </p> + <p> + "I was standing by Phillips, the chief operator, telling him to go to bed, + when the captain put his head in the cabin. + </p> + <p> + "'We've struck an iceberg,' the captain said, 'and I'm having an + inspection made to tell what it has done for us. You better get ready to + send out a call for assistance. But don't send it until I tell you.' + </p> + <p> + "The captain went away and in ten minutes, I should estimate the time, he + came back. We could hear a terrific confusion outside, but there was not + the least thing to indicate that there was any trouble. The wireless was + working perfectly. + </p> + <p> + "'Send the call for assistance,' ordered the captain, barely putting his + head in the door. + </p> + <p> + "'What call shall I send?' Phillips asked. + </p> + <p> + "'The regulation international call for help. Just that.' + </p> + <p> + "Then the captain was gone Phillips began to send 'C. Q. D.' He flashed + away at it and we joked while he did so. All of us made light of the + disaster. + </p> + <p> + "The Carpathia answered our signal. We told her our position and said we + were sinking by the head. The operator went to tell the captain, and in + five minutes returned and told us that the captain of the Carpathia, was + putting about and heading for us + </p> + <p> + GREAT SCRAMBLE ON DECK + </p> + <p> + "Our captain had left us at this time and Phillips told me to run and tell + him what the Carpathia had answered. I did so, and I went through an awful + mass of people to his cabin. The decks were full of scrambling men and + women. I saw no fighting, but I heard tell of it. + </p> + <p> + "I came back and heard Phillips giving the Carpathia fuller directions. + Phillips told me to put on my clothes. Until that moment I forgot that I + was not dressed. + </p> + <p> + "I went to my cabin and dressed. I brought an overcoat to Phillips. It was + very cold. I slipped the overcoat upon him while he worked. + </p> + <p> + "Every few minutes Phillips would send me to the captain with little + messages. They were merely telling how the Carpathia was coming our way + and gave her speed. + </p> + <p> + "I noticed as I came back from one trip that they were putting off women + and children in life-boats. I noticed that the list forward was + increasing. + </p> + <p> + "Phillips told me the wireless was growing weaker. The captain came and + told us our engine rooms were taking water and that the dynamos might not + last much longer. We sent that word to the Carpathia. + </p> + <p> + "I went out on deck and looked around. The water was pretty close up to + the boat deck. There was a great scramble aft, and how poor Phillips + worked through it right to the end I don't know. + </p> + <p> + "He was a brave man. I learned to love him that night and I suddenly felt + for him a great reverence to see him standing there sticking to his work + while everybody else was raging about. I will never live to forget the + work of Phillips for the last awful fifteen minutes. + </p> + <p> + "I thought it was about time to look about and see if there was anything + detached that would float. I remembered that every member of the crew had + a special life-belt and ought to know where it was. I remembered mine was + under my bunk. I went and got it. Then I thought how cold the water was. + </p> + <p> + "I remembered I had an extra jacket and a pair of boots, and I put them + on. I saw Phillips standing out there still sending away, giving the + Carpathia details of just how we were doing. + </p> + <p> + "We picked up the Olympic and told her we were sinking by the head and + were about all down. As Phillips was sending the message I strapped his + life-belt to his back. I had already put on his overcoat. Every minute was + precious, so I helped him all I could. + </p> + <p> + BAND PLAYS IN RAG-TIME + </p> + <p> + "From aft came the tunes of the band. It was a rag-time tune, I don't know + what. Then there was 'Autumn.' Phillips ran aft and that was the last I + ever saw of him. + </p> + <p> + "I went to the place where I had seen a collapsible boat on the boat deck, + and to my surprise I saw the boat and the men still trying to push it off. + I guess there wasn't a sailor in the crowd. They couldn't do it. I went up + to them and was just lending a hand when a large wave came awash of the + deck. + </p> + <p> + "The big wave carried the boat off. I had hold of a row-lock and I went + off with it. The next I knew I was in the boat. + </p> + <p> + "But that was not all. I was in the boat and the boat was upside down and + I was under it. And I remember realizing I was wet through, and that + whatever happened I must not breathe, for I was under water. + </p> + <p> + "I knew I had to fight for it and I did. How I got out from under the boat + I do not know, but I felt a breath of air at last. + </p> + <p> + "There were men all around me hundreds of them. The sea was dotted with + them, all depending on their life-belts. I felt I simply had to get away + from the ship. She was a beautiful sight then. + </p> + <p> + "Smoke and sparks were rushing out of her funnel, and there must have been + an explosion, but we had heard none. We only saw the big stream of sparks. + The ship was gradually turning on her nose just like a duck does that goes + down for a dive. I had one thing on my mind—to get away from the + suction. The band was still playing, and I guess they all went down. + </p> + <p> + "They were playing 'Autumn' then. I swam with all my might. I suppose I + was 150 feet away when the Titanic, on her nose, with her after-quarter + sticking straight up in the air, began to settle slowly. + </p> + <p> + "When at last the waves washed over her rudder there wasn't the least bit + of suction I could feel. She must have kept going just as slowly as she + had been. + </p> + <p> + "I forgot to mention that, besides the Olympic and Carpathia, we spoke + some German boat, I don't know which, and told them how we were. We also + spoke the Baltic. I remembered those things as I began to figure what + ships would be coming toward us. + </p> + <p> + "I felt, after a little while, like sinking. I was very cold. I saw a boat + of some kind near me and put all my strength into an effort to swim to it. + It was hard work. I was all done when a hand reached out from the boat and + pulled me aboard. It was our same collapsible. + </p> + <p> + "There was just room for me to roll on the edge. I lay there, not caring + what happened. Somebody sat on my legs; they were wedged in between slats + and were being wrenched. I had not the heart left to ask the man to move. + It was a terrible sight all around—men swimming and sinking. + </p> + <p> + "I lay where I was, letting the man wrench my feet out of shape. Others + came near. Nobody gave them a hand. The bottom-up boat already had more + men than it would hold and it was sinking. + </p> + <p> + "At first the larger waves splashed over my head and I had to breathe when + I could. + </p> + <p> + "Some splendid people saved us. They had a right-side-up boat, and it was + full to its capacity. Yet they came to us and loaded us all into it. I saw + some lights off in the distance and knew a steamship was coming to our + aid. + </p> + <p> + "I didn't care what happened. I just lay, and gasped when I could and felt + the pain in my feet. At last the Carpathia was alongside and the people + were being taken up a rope ladder. Our boat drew near, and one b{y} one + the men were taken off of it. + </p> + <p> + "The way the band kept playing was a noble thing. I heard it first while + we were working wireless, when there was a rag-time tune for us, and the + last I saw of the band, when I was floating out in the sea, with my + life-belt on, it was still on deck playing 'Autumn.' How they ever did it + I cannot imagine. + </p> + <p> + "That and the way Phillips kept sending after the captain told him his + life was his own, and to look out for himself, are two things that stand + out in my mind over all the rest." + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0018" id="link2HCH0018"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XVIII. STORY OF THE STEWARD + </h2> + <p> + PASSENGERS AND CREW DYING WHEN TAKEN ABOARD CARPATHIA—ONE WOMAN + SAVED A DOG—ENGLISH COLONEL SWAM FOR HOURS WHEN BOAT WITH MOTHER + CAPSIZED + </p> + <p> + SOME of the most thrilling incidents connected with the rescue of the + Titanic's survivors are told in the following account given by a man + trained to the sea, a steward of the rescue ship Carpathia: + </p> + <p> + "At midnight on Sunday, April 14th, I was promenading the deck of the + steamer Carpathia, bound for the Mediterranean and three days out from New + York, when an urgent summons came to my room from the chief steward, E. + Harry Hughes. I then learned that the White Star liner Titanic, the + greatest ship afloat, had struck an iceberg and was in serious + difficulties. + </p> + <p> + "We were then already steaming at our greatest power to the scene of the + disaster, Captain Rostron having immediately given orders that every man + of the crew should stand by to exert his utmost efforts. Within a very few + minutes every preparation had been made to receive two or three thousand + persons. Blankets were placed ready, tables laid with hot soups and + coffee, bedding, etc., prepared, and hospital supplies laid out ready to + attend to any injured. + </p> + <p> + "The men were then mustered in the saloon and addressed by the chief + steward. He told them of the disaster and appealed to them in a few words + to show the world what stuff Britishers were made of, and to add a + glorious page to the history of the empire; and right well did the men + respond to the appeal. Every life-boat was manned and ready to be launched + at a moment's notice. Nothing further could be done but anxiously wait and + look out for the ship's distress signal. + </p> + <p> + "Our Marconi operator, whose unceasing efforts for many hours deserve the + greatest possible praise, was unable at this time to get any reply to the + urgent inquiries he was sending out, and he feared the worst. + </p> + <p> + "At last a blue flare was observed, to which we replied with a rocket. Day + was just dawning when we observed a boat in the distance. + </p> + <p> + ICEBERG AND FIRST BOAT SIGHTED + </p> + <p> + "Eastward on the horizon a huge iceberg, the cause of the disaster, + majestically reared two noble peaks to heaven. Rope ladders were already + lowered and we hove to near the life-boat, which was now approaching us as + rapidly as the nearly exhausted efforts of the men at the oars could bring + her. + </p> + <p> + "Under the command of our chief officer, who worked indefatigably at the + noble work of rescue, the survivors in + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = Above: MAIN STAIRWAY ON TITANIC. TOP E DECK Below: + SECOND LANDING. C DECK. GRAND STAIRWAY} + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = MRS. JOHN B. THAYER + </p> + <p> + Mrs. Thayer and her son were....} + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = JOHN B. THAYER + </p> + <p> + Second Vice-President of the...} + </p> + <p> + the boat were rapidly but carefully hauled aboard and given into the hands + of the medical staff under the organization of Dr. McGee. + </p> + <p> + "We then learned the terrible news that the gigantic vessel, the + unsinkable Titanic, had gone down one hour and ten minutes after striking. + </p> + <p> + "From this time onward life-boats continued to arrive at frequent + intervals. Every man of the Carpathia's crew was unsparing in his efforts + to assist, to tenderly comfort each and every survivor. In all, sixteen + boatloads were receives, containing altogether 720 persons, many in simply + their night attire, others in evening dress, as if direct from an + after-dinner reception, or concert. Most conspicuous was the coolness and + self-possession, particularly of the women. + </p> + <p> + "Pathetic and heartrending incidents were many. There was not a man of the + rescue party who was not moved almost to tears. Women arrived and + frantically rushed from one gangway to another eagerly scanning the fresh + arrivals in the boats for a lost husband or brother. + </p> + <p> + A CAPSIZED BOAT + </p> + <p> + "One boat arrived with the unconscious body of an English colonel. He had + been taking out his mother on a visit, to three others of her sons. He had + succeeded in getting her away in one of the boats and he himself had found + a place in another. When but a few-yards from the ill-fated ship the boat + containing his mother capsized before his eyes. + </p> + <p> + "Immediately he dived into the water and commenced a frantic search for + her. But in vain. Boat after boat endeavored to take him aboard, but he + refused to give up, continuing to swim for nearly three hours until even + his great strength of body and mind gave out and he was hauled unconscious + into a passing boat and brought aboard the Carpathia. The doctor gives + little hope of his recovery. + </p> + <p> + "There were, I understand, twelve newly married couples aboard the big + ship. The twelve brides have been saved, but of the husbands all but one + have perished. That one would not have been here, had he not been urged to + assist in manning a life-boat. Think of the self-sacrifice of these eleven + heroes, who stood on the doomed vessel and parted from their brides + forever, knowing full well that a few brief minutes would end all things + for themselves. + </p> + <p> + "Many similar pathetic incidents could be related. Sad-eyed women roam + aimlessly about the ship still looking vainly for husband, brother or + father. To comfort them is impossible. All human efforts are being exerted + on their behalf. Their material needs are satisfied in every way. But who + can cure a broken heart? + </p> + <p> + SAVED HER POMERANIAN + </p> + <p> + "One of the earliest boats to arrive was seen to contain a woman tenderly + clasping a pet Pomeranian. When assisted to the rope ladder and while the + rope was being fastened around her she emphatically refused to give up for + a second the dog which was evidently so much to her. He is now receiving + as careful and tender attention as his mistress. + </p> + <p> + "A survivor informs me that there was on the ship a lady who was taking + out a huge great Dane dog. When the boats were rapidly filling she + appeared on deck with her canine companion and sadly entreated that he + should be taken off with her. It was impossible. Human lives, those of + women and children, were the first consideration. She was urged to seize + the opportunity to save her own life and leave the dog. She refused to + desert him and, I understand, sacrificed her life with him. + </p> + <p> + "One elderly lady was bewailing to a steward that she had lost everything. + He indignantly replied that she should thank God her life was spared, + never mind her replaceable property. The reply was pathetic: + </p> + <p> + "'I have lost everything—my husband,' and she broke into + uncontrollable grief. + </p> + <p> + FOUR BOATS ADRIFT HE SAYS + </p> + <p> + "One incident that impressed me perhaps more than any other was the burial + on Tuesday afternoon of four of the poor fellows who succeeded in safely + getting away from the doomed vessel only to perish later from exhaustion + and exposure as a result of their gallant efforts to bring to safety the + passengers placed in their charge in the life-boats. They were: + </p> + <p> + "W. H. Hoyte, Esq., first class passenger. + </p> + <p> + "Abraham Hornner, third class passenger. + </p> + <p> + "S. C. Siebert, steward. + </p> + <p> + "P. Lyons, sailor. + </p> + <p> + "The sailor and steward were unfortunately dead when taken aboard. The + passengers lived but a few minutes after. They were treated with the + greatest attention. The funeral service was conducted amid profound + silence and attended by a large number of survivors and rescuers. The + bodies, covered by the national flag, were reverently consigned to the + mighty deep from which they had been, alas, vainly, saved. + </p> + <p> + "Most gratifying to the officers and men of the Carpathia is the + constantly expressive appreciation of the survivors." + </p> + <p> + He then told of the meeting of the survivors in the cabin of the Carpathia + and of the resolution adopted, a statement of which has already been given + in another chapter. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0019" id="link2HCH0019"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XIX. HOW THE WORLD RECEIVED THE NEWS + </h2> + <p> + NATIONS PROSTRATE WITH GRIEF—MESSAGES FROM KINGS AND CARDINALS—DISASTER + STIRS WORLD TO NECESSITY OF STRICTER REGULATIONS + </p> + <p> + YOUNG and old, rich and poor were prostrated by the news of the disaster. + Even Wall Street was neglected. Nor was the grief confined to America. + European nations felt the horror of the calamity and sent expressions of + sympathy. President Taft made public cablegrams received from the King and + Queen of England, and the King of Belgium, conveying their sympathy to the + American people in the sorrows which have followed the Titanic disaster. + The President's responses to both messages were also made public. + </p> + <p> + The following was the cablegram from King George, dated at Sandringham: + </p> + <p> + "The Queen and I are anxious to assure you and the American nation of the + great sorrow which we experienced at the terrible loss of life that has + occurred among the American citizens, as well as among my own subjects, by + the foundering of the Titanic. Our two countries are so intimately allied + by ties of friendship and brotherhood that any misfortunes which affect + the one must necessarily affect the other, and on the present terrible + occasion they are both equally sufferers. + </p> + <p> + "GEORGE R. AND I." + </p> + <p> + President Taft's reply was as follows: + </p> + <p> + "In the presence of the appalling disaster to the Titanic the people of + the two countries are brought into community of grief through their common + bereavement. The American people share in the sorrow of their kinsmen + beyond the sea. On behalf of my countrymen I thank you for your + sympathetic message. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "WILLIAM H. TAFT." +</pre> + <p> + The message from King Albert of Belgium was as follows: + </p> + <p> + "I beg Your Excellency to accept my deepest condolences on the occasion of + the frightful catastrophe to the Titanic, which has caused such mourning + in the American nation." + </p> + <p> + The President's acknowledgment follows: + </p> + <p> + "I deeply appreciate your sympathy with my fellow-countrymen who have been + stricken with affliction through the disaster to the Titanic." + </p> + <p> + MESSAGE PROM SPAIN + </p> + <p> + King Alfonso and Queen Victoria sent the following cablegram to President + Taft: + </p> + <p> + "We have learned with profound grief of the catastrophe to the Titanic, + which has plunged the American nation in mourning. We send you our + sincerest condolence, and wish to assure you and your nation of the + sentiments of friendship and sympathy we feel toward you." + </p> + <p> + A similar telegram was sent to the King of England. + </p> + <p> + The many expressions of grief to reach President Taft included one signed + jointly by the three American Cardinals, who were in New York attending + the meeting of the trustees of the Catholic University. It said: + </p> + <p> + "TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES: + </p> + <p> + "The archbishops of the country, in joint session with the trustees of the + Catholic University of America, beg to offer to the President of the + United States their expression of their profound grief at the awful loss + of human lives attendant upon the sinking of the steamship Titanic, and at + the same time to assure the relatives of the victims of this horrible + disaster of our deepest sympathy and condolence. + </p> + <p> + "They wish also to attest hereby to the hope that the law-makers of the + country will see in this sad accident the obvious necessity of legal + provisions for greater security of ocean travel. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "JAMES CARDINAL GIBBONS," Archbishop of Baltimore. + "JOHN CARDINAL FARLEY," Archbishop of New York. + "WILLIAM CARDINAL O'CONNELL," Archbishop of Boston. +</pre> + <p> + HOUSE ADJOURNED + </p> + <p> + Formal tribute to the Titanic's dead was paid by the House of + Representatives when it adjourned for twenty-four hours. + </p> + <p> + The prayer of the Rev. Henry N. Couden in opening the House session was, + in part: + </p> + <p> + "We thank Thee that though in the ordinary circumstances of life + selfishness and greed seem to be in the ascendancy, yet in times of + distress and peril, then it is that the nobility of soul, the Godlike in + man, asserts itself and makes heroes." + </p> + <p> + The flags on the White House and other Government buildings throughout the + country were at half-staff. + </p> + <p> + ROME MOURNED MAJOR BUTT + </p> + <p> + A special telegram from Rome stated that one of the victims most regretted + was Major Butt, whose jovial, bright character made many friends there. + Besides autograph letters from the Pope and Cardinal Merry del VaI{sic?} + to President Taft, the major had with him a signed photograph of the + Pontiff, given by him personally. + </p> + <p> + Cardinal Merry del Val had several conversations with Major Butt, who + declared that the cardinal was "the first gentleman of Europe." Shortly + before he was leaving Rome, regretting that he had not a signed picture of + Cardinal Merry del Val, Major Butt entrusted a friend to ask for one. The + cardinal willingly put an autograph dedication on a picture, recalling + their pleasant intercourse. + </p> + <p> + LONDON NEWSPAPERS CONDEMN LAXITY OF LAW + </p> + <p> + British indignation, which is not easily excited, was aroused over the + knowledge that an antiquated law enables steamship companies to fail to + provide sufficient life-boats to accommodate the passengers and crew of + the largest liners in the event of such a disaster as that which occurred + to the Titanic. It will be insisted that there be an investigation of the + loss of life in the Titanic and that the shortage of boats be gone into + thoroughly. + </p> + <p> + The newspapers commented adversely on the lack of boats and their views + were emphasized by the knowledge that no attempt has been made to change + the regulations in the face of the fact that the inadequacy of boats in + such an emergency was called to the attention of Parliament at the time of + the collision between the White Star liner Olympic and the cruiser Hawke. + It was pointed out at this time that German vessels, much smaller in size + than the Olympic, carried more boats and also that these boats were of + greater capacity. + </p> + <p> + T. W. Moore, Secretary of the Merchant Service Guild, when seen at the + guild's rooms in Liverpool, said: + </p> + <p> + "The Titanic disaster is an example, on a colossal scale, of the + pernicious and supine system of officials, as represented by the Board of + Trade. Modern liners are so designed that they have no accommodations for + more life-boats. Among practical seamen it has long been recognized that + the modern passenger ship has nothing like adequate boat capacity. + </p> + <p> + "The Board of Trade has its own views, and the shipowners also have their + views, which are largely based upon the economical factor. The naval + architects have their opinions, but the practical merchant seaman is not + consulted. + </p> + <p> + "The Titanic disaster is a complete substantiation of the agitation that + our guild has carried on for nearly twenty years against the scheme that + has precluded practical seamen from being consulted with regard to boat + capacity and life-saving appliances. + </p> + <p> + HOUSE OF COMMONS INVESTIGATION + </p> + <p> + Immediate and searching inquiry into the Titanic disaster was promised on + the floor of the House of Commons April 18th, by President Sidney Buxton, + of the Board of Trade, which controls all sea-going vessels. + </p> + <p> + Buxton, in discussing the utterly inadequate life-saving equipment of the + big liner, declared that the committee of the board in charge of + life-saving precautions had recently recommended increased life-boats, + rafts and life-preservers on all big ships, but that the requirements had + been found unsatisfactory and had not been put in force. He frankly + admitted the necessity for increased equipment without delay. + </p> + <p> + The board, he said, was utterly unable to compel the transatlantic vessels + to reduce their speed in the contest for "express train" ships. He also + said the board could not force ships to take the southerly passage in the + spring to avoid ice. + </p> + <p> + The regulations under which the Titanic carried life-boat accommodations + for only about one-third of her passengers and crew had not been revised + by the committee since 1894. At that time the regulations were made for + ships of "10,000 tons or more." The Titanic's tonnage was 45,000, for + which the present requirements are altogether insufficient. + </p> + <p> + WORK OF RAISING RELIEF FUNDS PROMPT + </p> + <p> + Several foreign governments telegraphed to the British Government messages + of condolence for the sufferers. The King sent a donation of $2625 to the + Mansion House fund. Queen Mary donated $1310 and Queen Alexandra $1000 to + the same fund. + </p> + <p> + Oscar Hammerstein proffered, and the lord mayor accepted, the use of his + opera house for an entertainment in aid of the fund. + </p> + <p> + The Shipping Federation donated $10,500 to the Mayor of Southampton's + fund, taking care to explain that the White Star Line was not affiliated + with the Federation. + </p> + <p> + Some public institutions also offered to take care of the orphaned + children of the crew. + </p> + <p> + Large firms contributed liberally to the various relief funds, while + Covent Garden and other leading theaters prepared special performances to + aid in the relief work. + </p> + <p> + INDIGNANT GERMANY DEMANDS REFORMS + </p> + <p> + All Germany as well as England was stunned and grieved by the magnitude of + the horror of the Titanic catastrophe. Anglo-German recriminations for the + moment ceased, as far as the Fatherland was concerned, and profound and + sincere compassion for the nation on whom the blow had fallen more heavily + was the supreme note of the hour. + </p> + <p> + The Kaiser, with his characteristic promptitude, was one of the first to + communicate his sympathy by telegraph to King George and to the White Star + Line. Admiral Prince Henry of Prussia did likewise, and the first act of + the Reichstag, after reassembling on Tuesday, was to pass a standing vote + of condolence with the British people in their distress. + </p> + <p> + GERMAN LAWS ALSO INADEQUATE + </p> + <p> + The German laws, governing the safety appliances on board trans-oceanic + vessels, seem to be as archaic and inadequate as those of the British + Board of Trade. The maximum provision contained in the German statutes + refers to vessels with the capacity of 50,000 cubic metres, which must + carry sixteen life-boats. The law also says that if this number of + life-boats be insufficient to accommodate all the persons on board, + including the crew, there shall be carried elsewhere in the vessel a + correspondingly additional number of collapsible life-boats, suitable + rafts, floating deck-chairs and life-buoys, as well as a generous supply + of life-belts. + </p> + <p> + A vessel of 10,000 tons was a "leviathan" in the days when the German law + was passed, and it appears to have undergone no change to meet the + conditions, imposed by the construction of vessels twice or three times + 10,000 tons, like the Hamburg-American Kaiserin Auguste Victoria, or the + North German Lloyd George Washington, to say nothing of the 50,000-ton + Imperator, which is to be added to the Hamburg fleet next year. + </p> + <p> + The German lines seem, like the White Star Company, to have reckoned + simply with the practical impossibility of a ship like the Titanic + succumbing to the elements + </p> + <p> + PERSONAL ANXIETY + </p> + <p> + Although Germany's and Berlin's direct interest in the passengers aboard + the Titanic was less than that of London, New York or Paris, there was the + utmost concern for their fate. + </p> + <p> + Ambassador Leishman and other members of the American Embassy were + particularly interested in hearing about Major "Archie" Butt, who passed + through Berlin, less than a month before the disaster, en route from + Russia and the Far East. Vice-president John B. Thayer and family, of + Philadelphia, were also in Berlin a fortnight ago and were guests of the + American Consul General and Mrs. Thackara. A score of other lesser known + passengers had recently stayed in Berlin hotels, and it was local friends + or kinsmen of theirs who were in a state of distressing unrest over their + fate. + </p> + <p> + Their anxiety was aggravated by the old-fogey methods of the German + newspapers, which are invariably twelve or fifteen hours later than + journals elsewhere in Europe on world news events. Although New York, + London and Paris had the cruel truth with their morning papers on Tuesday, + it was not until the middle of the forenoon that "extras" made the facts + public in Berlin. + </p> + <p> + William T. Stead was well and favorably known in Germany, and his fate was + keenly and particularly mourned. Germans have also noted that many + Americans of direct Teutonic ancestry or origin were among the shining + marks in the death list. Colonel John Jacob Astor is claimed as of German, + extraction, as well as Isidor Straus, Benjamin Guggenheim, Washington + Roebling and Henry B. Harris. All of them had been in Germany frequently + and had a wide circle of friends and acquaintances. + </p> + <p> + Only one well-known resident of Berlin was aboard the Titanic, Frau + Antoinette Flegenheim, whose name appears among the rescued. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0020" id="link2HCH0020"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XX. BRAVERY OF THE OFFICERS AND CREW + </h2> + <p> + ILLUSTRIOUS CAREER OF CAPTAIN E. J. SMITH—BRAVE TO THE LAST—MAINTENANCE + OF ORDER AND DISCIPLINE—ACTS OF HEROISM—ENGINEERS DIED AT + POSTS—NOBLE-HEARTED BAND + </p> + <p> + IN the anxious hours of uncertainty, when the air cracked and flashed with + the story of disaster, there was never doubt in the minds of men ashore + about the master of the Titanic. Captain Smith would bring his ship into + port if human power could mend the damage the sea had wrought, or if human + power could not stay the disaster he would never come to port. There is + something Calvinistic about such men of the old-sea breed. They go down + with their ships, of their own choice. + </p> + <p> + Into the last life-boat that was launched from the ship Captain Smith with + his own hand lifted a small child into a seat beside its mother. As the + gallant, officer performed his simple act of humanity several who were + already in the boat tried to force the captain to join them, but he turned + away resolutely toward the bridge. + </p> + <p> + That act was significant. Courteous, kindly, of quiet demeanor and soft + words, he was known and loved by thousands of travelers. + </p> + <p> + When the English firm, A. Gibson & Co.9 of Liverpool, purchased the + American clipper, Senator Weber, in 1869, Captain Smith, then a boy, + sailed on her. For seven years he was an apprentice on the Senator Weber, + leaving that vessel to go to the Lizzie Fennell, a square rigger, as + fourth officer. From there he went to the old Celtic of the White Star + Line as fourth officer and in 1887 he became captain of that vessel. For a + time he was in command of the freighters Cufic and Runic; then he became + skipper of the old Adriatic. Subsequently he assumed command of the + Celtic, Britannic, Coptic (which was in the Australian trade), Germanic, + Baltic, Majestic, Olympic and Titanic, an illustrious list of vessels for + one man to have commanded during his career. + </p> + <p> + It was not easy to get Captain Smith to talk of his experiences. He had + grown up in the service, was his comment, and it meant little to him that + he had been transferred from a small vessel to a big ship and then to a + bigger ship and finally to the biggest of them all. + </p> + <p> + "One might think that a captain taken from a small ship and put on a big + one might feel the transition," he once said. "Not at all. The skippers of + the big vessels have grown up to them, year after year, through all these + years. First there was the sailing vessel and then what we would now call + small ships—they were big in the days gone by—and finally the + giants to-day." + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = VESSEL WITH BOTTOM OF HULL RIPPED OPEN + </p> + <p> + A view of the torpedo destroyer Tiger, taken in drydock after her + collision with the Portland Breakwater last September; the damage to the + Tiger, which is plainly shown in the photograph, is of the same character, + though on a smaller scale, as that which was done to the Titanic.} + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = A VIEW OF THE OLYMPIC + </p> + <p> + The sister-ship of the Titanic, showing the damage done to her hull in the + collision with British war vessel, Hawke, in the British Channel.} + </p> + <p> + DISASTER TO OLYMPIC + </p> + <p> + Only once during all his long years of service was he in trouble, when the + Olympic, of which he was in command, was rammed by the British cruiser + Hawke in the Solent on September 20, 1911. The Hawke came steaming out of + Portsmouth and drew alongside the giantess. According to some of the + passengers on the Olympic the Hawke swerved in the direction of the big + liner and a moment later the bow of the Hawke was crunching steel plates + in the starboard quarter of the Olympic, making a thirty-foot hole in her. + She was several months in dry dock. + </p> + <p> + The result of a naval court inquiry was to put all the blame for the + collision on the Olympic. Captain Smith, in his testimony before the naval + court, said that he was on the bridge when he saw the Hawke overhauling + him. The Olympic began to draw ahead later or the Hawke drop astern, the + captain did not know which. Then the cruiser turned very swiftly and + struck the Olympic at right angles on the quarter. The pilot gave the + signal for the Olympic to port, which was to minimize the force of the + collision. The Olympic's engines had been stopped by order of the pilot. + </p> + <p> + Up to the moment the Hawke swerved, Captain Smith said, he had no anxiety. + The pilot, Bowyer, corroborated the testimony of Captain Smith. That the + line did not believe Captain Smith was at fault, notwithstanding the + verdict of the board of naval inquiry, was shown by his retention as the + admiral of the White Star fleet and by his being given the command of the + Titanic. + </p> + <p> + Up to the time of the collision with the Hawke Captain Smith when asked by + interviewers to describe his experiences at sea would say one word, + "uneventful." Then he would add with a smile and a twinkle of his eyes: + </p> + <p> + "Of course there have been winter gales and storms and fog and the like in + the forty years I have been on the seas, but I have never been in an + accident worth speaking of. In all my years at sea (he made this comment a + few years ago) I have seen but one vessel in distress. That was a brig the + crew of which was taken off in a boat by my third officer. I never saw a + wreck. I never have been wrecked. I have never been in a predicament that + threatened to end in disaster of any sort." + </p> + <p> + THE CAPTAIN'S LOVE OF THE SEA + </p> + <p> + Once the interviewer stopped asking personal questions, Captain Smith + would talk of the sea, of his love for it, how its appeal to him as a boy + had never died. + </p> + <p> + "The love of the ocean that took me to sea as a boy has never died." he + once said. "When I see a vessel plunging up and down in the trough of the + sea, fighting her way through and over great waves, and keeping her keel + and going on and on—the wonder of the thing fills me, how she can + keep afloat and get safely to port. I have never outgrown the wild + grandeur of the sea." + </p> + <p> + When he was in command of the Adriatic, which was built before the + Olympic, Captain Smith said he did not believe a disaster with loss of + life could happen to the Adriatic. + </p> + <p> + "I cannot conceive of any vital disaster happening to the Adriatic," he + said. "Modern shipbuilding has gone beyond that. There will be bigger + boats. The depth of harbors seems to be the great drawback at present. I + cannot say, of course, just what the limit will be, but the larger boat + will surely come. But speed will not develop with size, so far as + merchantmen are concerned. + </p> + <p> + "The traveling public prefers the large comfortable boat of average speed, + and anyway that is the boat that pays. High speed eats up money mile by + mile, and extreme high speed is suicidal. There will be high speed boats + for use as transports and a wise government will assist steamship + companies in paying for them, as the English Government is now doing in + the cases of the Lusitania and Mauretania, twenty-five knot boats; but no + steamship company will put them out merely as a commercial venture." + </p> + <p> + Captain Smith believed the Titanic to be unsinkable. + </p> + <p> + BRAVE TO THE LAST + </p> + <p> + And though the ship turned out to be sinkable, the captain, by many acts + of bravery in the face of death, proved that his courage was equal to any + test. + </p> + <p> + Captain Inman Sealby, commander of the steamer Republic, which was the + first vessel to use the wireless telegraph to save her passengers in a + collision, spoke highly of the commander of the wrecked Titanic, calling + him one of the ablest seamen in the world. + </p> + <p> + "I am sure that Captain Smith did everything in his power to save his + passengers. The disaster is one about which he could have had no warning. + Things may happen at sea that give no warning to ships' crews and + commanders until the harm comes. I believe from what I read that the + Titanic hit an iceberg and glanced off, but that the berg struck her from + the bottom and tore a great hole." + </p> + <p> + Many survivors have mentioned the captain's name and narrated some + incident to bring out his courage and helpfulness in the emergency; but it + was left to a fireman on board the Titanic to tell the story of his death + and to record his last message. This man had gone down with the White Star + giantess and was clinging to a piece of wreckage for about half an hour + before he finally joined several members of the Titanic's company on the + bottom of a boat which was floating about among other wreckage near the + Titanic. + </p> + <p> + Harry Senior, the fireman, with his eight or nine companions in distress, + had just managed to get a firm hold in the upturned boat when they saw the + Titanic rearing preparatory to her final plunge. At that moment, according + to the fireman's story, Captain Smith jumped into the sea from the + promenade deck of the Titanic with a little girl clutched in his arms. It + took only a few strokes to bring him to the upturned boat, where a dozen + hands were stretched out to take the little child from his arms and drag + him to a point of safety. + </p> + <p> + "Captain Smith was dragged onto the upturned boat," said the fireman. "He + had a life-buoy and a life-preserver. He clung there for a moment and then + he slid off again. For a second time he was dragged from the icy water. + Then he took off his life-preserver, tossed the life-buoy on the inky + waters, and slipped into the water again with the words: "I will follow + the ship." + </p> + <p> + OTHER FAITHFUL MEN + </p> + <p> + Nor was the captain the only faithful man on the ship. Of the many stories + told by survivors all seem to agree that both officers and crew behaved + with the utmost gallantry and that they stuck by the ship nobly to the + last. + </p> + <p> + "Immediately after the Titanic struck the iceberg," said one of the + survivors, "the officers were all over the ship reassuring the passengers + and calming the more excitable. They said there was no cause for alarm. + When everything was quieted they told us we might go back to bed, as the + ship was safe. There was no confusion and many returned to their beds. + </p> + <p> + "We did not know that the ship was in danger until a comparatively short + time before she sank. Then we were called on deck and the life-boats were + filled and lowered. + </p> + <p> + "The behavior of the ship's officers at this time was wonderful. There was + no panic, no scramble for places in the boats." + </p> + <p> + Later there was confusion, and according to most of the passengers' + narratives, there were more than fifty shots fired upon the deck by + officers or others in the effort to maintain the discipline. + </p> + <p> + FIFTH OFFICER LOWE + </p> + <p> + A young English woman who requested that her name be omitted told a + thrilling story of her experience in one of the collapsible boats which + had been manned by eight of the crew from the Titanic. The boat was in + command of the fifth officer, H. Lowe, whose actions she described as + saving the lives of many people. Before the life-boat was launched he + passed along the port deck of the steamer, commanding the people not to + jump in the boats, and otherwise restraining them from swamping the craft. + When the collapsible was launched Officer Lowe succeeded in putting up a + mast and a small sail. He collected the other boats together, in some + cases the boats were short of adequate crews, and he directed an exchange + by which each was adequately manned. He threw lines connecting the boats + together, two by two, and thus all moved together. Later on he went back + to the wreck with the crew of one of the boats and succeeded in picking up + some of those who had jumped overboard and were swimming about. On his way + back to the Carpathia he passed one of the collapsible boats which was on + the point of sinking with thirty passengers aboard, most of them in scant + night-clothing. They were rescued just in the nick of time. + </p> + <p> + ENGINEERS DIED AT POSTS + </p> + <p> + There were brave men below deck, too. "A lot has been printed in the + papers about the heroism of the officers," said one survivor, "but little + has been said of the bravery of the men below decks. I was told that + seventeen enginemen who were drowned side by side got down on their knees + on the platform of the engine room and prayed until the water surged up to + their necks. Then they stood up, clasped hands so as to form a circle and + died together. All of these men helped rake the fires out from ten of the + forward boilers after the crash. This delayed the explosion and + undoubtedly permitted the ship to remain afloat nearly an hour longer, and + thus saved hundreds of lives." + </p> + <p> + In the list of heroes who went down on the Titanic the names of her + engineers will have a high place, for not a single engineer was saved. + Many of them, no doubt, could not get to the deck, but they had equally as + good a chance as the firemen, sixty-nine of whom were saved. + </p> + <p> + The supposition of those who manned the Titanic was that the engineers, + working below, were the first to know the desperate character of the + Titanic's injury. The watch called the others, and from that time until + the vessel was ready for her last plunge they were too hard at work to + note more than that there was a constant rise of water in the hull, and + that the pumps were useless. + </p> + <p> + It was engineers who kept the lights going, saw to the proper closing of + bulkhead doors and kept the stoke hole at work until the uselessness of + the task was apparent. Most of them probably died at their post of duty. + </p> + <p> + The Titanic carried a force of about sixty engineers, and in addition she + had at least twenty-five "guarantee" engineers, representatives of Harland + and Wolff, the builders, and those who had the contract for the + engineering work. This supplementary force was under Archie Frost, the + builders' chief engineer, and the regular force was under Chief Engineer + William Bell, of the White Star Line. + </p> + <p> + On the line's ships there is the chief engineer, senior and junior second, + senior and junior third, and senior and junior fourth engineers. The men + are assigned each to his own task. There are hydraulic, electric, pump and + steam packing men, and the "guarantee" engineers, representing the + builders and the contractors. + </p> + <p> + The duty of the "guarantee" engineers is to watch the working of the great + engines, and to see that they are tuned up and in working order. They also + watch the working of each part of the machinery which had nothing to do + with the actual speed of the ship, principally the electric light dynamos + and the refrigerating plant. + </p> + <p> + NOBLE-HEARTED BAND + </p> + <p> + "But what of the bandsmen? Who were they?" + </p> + <p> + This question was asked again and again by all who read the story of the + Titanic's sinking and of how the brave musicians played to the last, + keeping up the courage of those who were obliged to go down with the ship. + </p> + <p> + Many efforts were made to find out who the men were, but little was made + public until the members of the orchestra of the steamship Celtic reached + shore for the first time after the disaster. One of their first queries + was about the musicians of the Titanic. Their anxiety was greater than + that of any New Yorker, for the members of the band of the Celtic knew + intimately the musicians of the ill-fated liner. + </p> + <p> + "Not one of them saved!" cried John S. Carr, 'cellist on the Celtic. "It + doesn't seem possible they have all gone. + </p> + <p> + "We knew most of them well. They were Englishmen, you know—every one + of them, I think. Nearly all the steamship companies hire their musicians + abroad, and the men interchange between the ships frequently, so we get a + chance to know one another pretty well. The musicians for the Titanic were + levied from a number of other White Star ships, but most of the men who + went down with the Titanic had bunked with us at some time." + </p> + <p> + "The thing I can't realize is that happy 'Jock' Hume is dead," exclaimed + Louis Cross, a player of the bass viol. "He was the merriest, happiest + young Scotchman you ever saw. His family have been making musical + instruments in Scotland for generations. I heard him say once that they + were minstrels in the old days. It is certainly hard to believe that he is + not alive and having his fun somewhere in the world." + </p> + <p> + At least he helped to make the deaths of many less cruel. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0021" id="link2HCH0021"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXI. SEARCHING FOR THE DEAD + </h2> + <p> + SENDING OUT THE MACKAY-BENNETT AND MINIA—BREMEN PASSENGERS SEE + BODIES—IDENTIFYING BODIES—CONFUSION IN NAMES—RECOVERIES + </p> + <p> + A FEW days after the disaster the cable steamer Mackay-Bennett was sent + out by the White Star Line to cruise in the vicinity of the disaster and + search for missing bodies. + </p> + <p> + Two wireless messages addressed to J. Bruce Ismay, president of the + International Mercantile Marine Company, were received on April 21st at + the offices of the White Star Line from the cable ship Mackay-Bennett, via + Cape Race, one of which reported that the steamship Rhein had sighted + bodies near the scene of the Titanic wreck. The first message, which was + dated April 20th, read: + </p> + <p> + "Steamer Rhein reports passing wreckage and bodies 42.1 north, 49.13 west, + eight miles west of three big icebergs. Now making for that position. + Expect to arrive 8 o'clock to-night. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (Signed) "MACKAY-BENNETT." +</pre> + <p> + The second message read: + </p> + <p> + "Received further information from Bremen (presumably steamship Bremen) + and arrived on ground at 8 o'clock P. M. Start on operation to-morrow. + Have been considerably delayed on passage by dense fog. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (Signed) "MACKAY-BENNETT." +</pre> + <p> + After receiving these messages Mr. Ismay issued the following statement: + </p> + <p> + "The cable ship Mackay-Bennett has been chartered by the White Star Line + and ordered to proceed to the scene of the disaster and do all she could + to recover the bodies and glean all information possible. + </p> + <p> + "Every effort will be made to identify bodies recovered, and any news will + be sent through immediately by wireless. In addition to any such message + as these, the Mackay-Bennett will make a report of its activities each + morning by wireless, and such reports will be made public at the offices + of the White Star Line. + </p> + <p> + "The cable ship has orders to remain on the scene of the wreck for at + least a week, but should a large number of bodies be recovered before that + time she will return to Halifax with them. The search for bodies will not + be abandoned until not a vestige of hope remains for any more recoveries. + </p> + <p> + "The Mackay-Bennett will not make any soundings, as they would not serve + any useful purpose, because the depth where the Titanic sank is more than + 2000 fathoms." + </p> + <p> + On April 22d the first list of twenty-seven names of bodies recovered was + made public. It contained that of Frederick Sutton, a well-known member of + the Union League of Philadelphia. It did not contain the name of any other + prominent man who perished, although it was thought that the name "George + W. Widen" might refer to George D. Widener, son of P. A. B. Widener, of + Philadelphia. The original passenger lists of the Titanic did not mention + "Widen," which apparently established the identity of the body as that of + Mr. Widener, who, together with his son, Harry, was lost. + </p> + <p> + The wireless message, after listing the names, concluded, "All preserved," + presumably referring to the condition of the bodies. + </p> + <p> + A number of the names in the list did not check up with the Titanic's + passenger list, which led to the belief that a number of the bodies + recovered were members of the Titanic's crew. + </p> + <p> + MINIA SENT TO ASSIST + </p> + <p> + At noon, April 23d, there was posted on the bulletin in the White Star + office this message from the Mackay-Bennett dated Sunday, April 21st: + </p> + <p> + "Latitude, 41.58; longitude, 49.21. Heavy southwest swell has interfered + with operations. Seventy-seven bodies recovered. All not embalmed will be + buried at sea at 8 o'clock to-night with divine service. Can bring only + embalmed bodies to port." + </p> + <p> + To Captain Lardner, master of the Mackay-Bennett, P. A. S. Franklin, + vice-president of the White Star Line, sent an urgent message asking that + the company be advised at once of all particulars concerning the bodies + identified, and also given any information that might lead to the + identification of others. He said it was very important that every effort + be made to bring all of the bodies possible to port. + </p> + <p> + Mr. Franklin then directed A. G. Jones, the Halifax agent of the White + Star Line, to charter the Minia and send her to the assistance of the + Mackay-Bennett. Mr. Jones answered this telegram, and said that the Minia + was ready to proceed to sea, but that a southeast gale, which generally + brings fog, might delay her departure. She left for Halifax. + </p> + <p> + NAMES BADLY GARBLED + </p> + <p> + On April 24th no wireless message was received from the Mackay-Bennett, + but the White Star Line officials and telegraphers familiar with the + wireless alphabet were busy trying to reconcile some of the names received + with those of persons who went down on the Titanic. That the body of + William T. Stead, the English journalist and author, had been recovered by + the Mackay-Bennett, but through a freakish error in wireless transmission + the name of another was reported instead, was one of the theories advanced + by persons familiar with the Morse code. + </p> + <p> + BREMEN SIGHTED MORE THAN A HUNDRED BODIES + </p> + <p> + When the German liner Bremen reached New York the account of its having + sighted bodies of the Titanic victims was obtained. + </p> + <p> + From the bridge, officers of the ship saw more than a hun-dred bodies + floating on the sea, a boat upside down, together with a number of small + pieces of wood, steamer chairs and other wreckage. As the cable ship + Mackay-Bennett was in sight, and having word that her mission was to look + for bodies, no attempt was made by the Bremen's crew to pick up the + corpses. + </p> + <p> + In the vicinity was seen an iceberg which answered the description of the + one the Titanic struck. Smaller bergs were sighted the same day, but at + some distance from where the Titanic sank. + </p> + <p> + The officers of the Bremen did not care to talk about the tragic + spectacle, but among the passengers several were found who gave accounts + of the dismal panorama through which their ship steamed. + </p> + <p> + Mrs. Johanna Stunke, a first-cabin passenger, described the scene from the + liner's rail. + </p> + <p> + "It was between 4 and 5 o'clock, Saturday, April 20th," she said, "when + our ship sighted an iceberg off the bow to the starboard. As we drew + nearer, and could make out small dots floating around in the sea, a + feeling of awe and sadness crept over everyone on the ship. + </p> + <p> + "We passed within a hundred feet of the southernmost drift of the + wreckage, and looking down over the rail we distinctly saw a number of + bodies so clearly that we could make out what they were wearing and + whether they were men or women. + </p> + <p> + "We saw one woman in her night dress, with a baby clasped closely to her + breast. Several women passengers screamed and left the rail in a fainting + condition. There was another woman, fully dressed, with her arms tight + around the body of a shaggy dog. + </p> + <p> + "The bodies of three men in a group, all clinging to one steamship chair, + floated near by, and just beyond them were a dozen bodies of men, all of + them encased in life-preservers, clinging together as though in a last + desperate struggle for life. We couldn't see, but imagined that under them + was some bit of wreckage to which they all clung when the ship went down, + and which didn't have buoyancy enough to support them. + </p> + <p> + "Those were the only bodies we passed near enough to distinguish, but we + could see the white life-preservers of many more dotting the sea, all the + way to the iceberg. The officers told us that was probably the berg hit by + the Titanic, and that the bodies and ice had drifted along together." + </p> + <p> + Mrs. Stunke said a number of the passengers demanded that the Bremen stop + and pick up the bodies, but the officers assured them that they had just + received a wireless message saying the cable ship Mackay-Bennett was only + two hours away fron{sic} the spot, and was coming for that express + purpose. + </p> + <p> + Other passengers corroborated Mrs. Stunke. + </p> + <p> + THE IDENTIFED{sic} DEAD. + </p> + <p> + On April 25th the White Star Line officials issued a corrected list of the + identified dead. While the corrected list cleared up two or more of the + wireless confusions that caused so much speculation in the original list, + there still remained a few names that so far as the record of the Titanic + showed were not on board that ship when she foundered. + </p> + <p> + The new list, however, established the fact that the body of George D. + Widener, of Philadelphia, was among those on the Mackay-Bennett, and two + of the bodies were identified as those of men named Butt. + </p> + <p> + THE MACKAY-BENNETT RETURNS TO PORT + </p> + <p> + After completing her search the Mackay-Bennett steamed for Halifax, + reaching that port on Tuesday, April 30th. With her flag at half mast, the + death ship docked slowly. Her crew manned the rails with bared heads, and + on the aft deck were stacked the caskets with the dead. The vessel carried + on board 190 bodies, and announcement was made that 113 other bodies had + been buried at sea. + </p> + <p> + Everybody picked up had been in a life-belt and there were no bullet holes + in any. Among those brought to port were the bodies of two women. + </p> + <p> + THE MINIA GIVES UP THE SEARCH + </p> + <p> + When at last the Minia turned her bow toward shore only thirteen + additional bodies had been recovered, making a total of 316 bodies found + by the two ships. + </p> + <p> + Further search seemed futile. Not only had the two vessels gone thoroughly + over as wide a field as might likely prove fruitful, but, in addition, the + time elapsed made it improbable that other bodies, if found, could be + brought to shore. Thus did the waves completely enforce the payment of + their terrible toll. + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = ISADOR STRAUS + </p> + <p> + The New York millionaire merchant and philanthropist who lost his life + when the giant Titanic foundered at sea after hitting an iceberg.} + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = ICEBERG PHOTOGRAPHED NEAR SCENE OF DISASTER + </p> + <p> + This photograph shows what is quite...} + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_LIST3" id="link2H_LIST3"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LIST OF IDENTIFIED DEAD + </h2> + <p> + Following is a list of those whose identity was wholly or partially + established: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + ASTOR, JOHN JACOB. + ADONIS, J. + ALE, WILLIAM. + ARTAGAVEYTIA, RAMON. + ASHE, H. W. + ADAHL, MAURITZ. + ANDERSON, THOMAS. + ADAMS, J. + ASPALANDE, CARL. + ALLEN, H. + ANDERSON, W. Y. + ALLISON, H. J. + + BUTT, W. (seaman). + BUTT, W. (may be Major Butt). + BUTTERWORTH, ABELJ. + BAILEY, G. F. + BARKER, E. T. + BUTLER, REGINALD. + BIRNBAUM, JACOB. + BRISTOW, R. C. + BUCKLEY, KATHERINE. + + CHAPMAN, JOHN H. + CHAPMAN, CHARLES. + CONNORS, P. + CLONG, MILTON. + COX, DENTON. + CAVENDISH, TYRRELL w. + CARBINES, W. + + DUTTON, F. + DASHWOOD, WILLIAM. + DULLES, W. C. + DOUGLAS, W. D. + DRAZENOUI, YOSIP (referring probably to + Joseph Draznovic). + DONATI, ITALO (waiter). + + ENGINEER, A. E. F. + ELLIOTT, EDWARD. + + FARRELL, JAMES. + FAUNTHORPE, H. + + GILL, J. H. + GREENBERG, H. + GILINSKI, LESLIE. + GRAHAM, GEORGE. + GILES, RALPH. + GIVARD, HANS C. + + HANSEN, HENRY D. + HAYTOR, A. + HAYS, CHALES M. + HODGES, H. P. + HELL, J. C. + HEWITT, T. + HARRISON, H. H. + HALE, REG. + HENDEKERIC, TOZNAI. + HINTON, W. + HARBECK, W. H. + HOLVERDON, A. O. (probably A. M. + Halverson of Troy). + HOFFMAN, LOUIS M. + HINCKLEY, G. + Hospital Attendant, no name given. + + JOHANSEN, MALCOLM. + JOHANSEN, ERIC. + JOHANSSON, GUSTAF J. + JOHANSEN, A. F. + JONES, C. C. + + KELLY, JAMES. + + LAURENCE, A. + LOUCH, CHARLES. + LONG, MILTON C. + LILLY, A. + LINHART, WENZELL. + MARRIORTT, W. H. (no such name appears + on the list of passengers or crew). + MANGIN, MARY. + McNAMEE, MRS. N. (probably Miss + Elleen McNamee.) + MACK, MRS. + MONROE, JEAN. + McCAFFRY, THOMAS. + MORGAN, THOMAS. + MOEN, SEGURD H. + + NEWELL, T. H. + NASSER, NICOLAS. + NORMAN, ROBERT D. + + PETTY, EDWIN H. + PARTNER, AUSTIN. + PENNY, OLSEN F. + POGGI, ——. + + RAGOZZI, A. BOOTHBY. + RICE, J. R. + ROBINS, A. + ROBINSON, J. M. + ROSENSHINE, GEORGE. + + STONE, J. + STEWARD, 76. + STOKES, PHILIP J. + STANTON, W. + + STRAUS, ISIDOR. + SAGE, WILLIAM. + SHEA, ——. + SUTTON, FREDERICK. + SOTHER, SIMON. + SCHEDID, NIHIL. + SWANK, GEORGE. + SEBASTIANO, DEL CARLO. + STANBROCKE, A. + + TOMLIN, ETNEST P. + TALBOT, G. + + VILLNER, HENDRICK K. + VASSILIOS, CATALEVAS (thought to be a + confusion of two surnames). + VEAR, W. (may be W. J. Ware or W. T. + Stead). + + WIDENER, GEORGE W. + WILLIAMS, LESLIE. + WIRZ, ALBERT + WIKLUND, JACOB A. + WAILENS, ACHILLE. + WHITE, F. F. + WOODY, O. S. + WERSZ, LEOPOLD. + + ZACARIAN, MAURI DER. +</pre> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0022" id="link2HCH0022"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXII. CRITICISM OF ISMAY + </h2> + <p> + CRIMINAL AND COWARDLY CONDUCT CHARGED—PROPER CAUTION NOT EXERCISED + WHEN PRESENCE OF ICEBERGS WAS KNOWN—SHOULD HAVE STAYED ON BOARD TO + HELP IN WORK OF RESCUE—SELFISH AND UNSYMPATHETIC ACTIONS ON BOARD + THE CARPATHIA—ISMAY'S DEFENSE—WILLIAM E. CARTER'S STATEMENT + </p> + <p> + FROM the moment that Bruce Ismay's name was seen among those of the + survivors of the Titanic he became the object of acrid attacks in every + quarter where the subject of the disaster was discussed. Bitter criticism + held that he should have been the last to leave the doomed vessel. + </p> + <p> + His critics insisted that as managing director of the White Star Line his + responsibility was greater even than Captain Smith's, and while granting + that his survival might still be explained, they condemned his apparent + lack of heroism. Even in England his survival was held to be the one great + blot on an otherwise noble display of masculine courage. + </p> + <p> + A prominent official of the White Star Line shook his head meaningly when + asked what he thought of Ismay's escape with the women and children. The + general feeling seemed to be that he should have stayed aboard the sinking + vessel, looking out for those who were left, playing the man like Major + Butt and many another and going down with the ship like Captain Smith. + </p> + <p> + He was also charged with urging a speed record and with ignoring + information received with regard to icebergs. + </p> + <p> + FEELING IN ENGLAND + </p> + <p> + The belief in England was that the captain of the Carpathia had acted + under Ismay's influence in refusing to permit any account of the disaster + to be transmitted previous to the arrival of the vessel in New York. + Ismay's telegram making arrangements for the immediate deportation of the + survivors among the Titanic's crew was taken to be part of the same scheme + to delay if not to prevent their stories of the wreck from being obtained + in New York. + </p> + <p> + Another circumstance which created a damaging impression was Ismay's + failure to give the names of the surviving crew, whose distraught families + were entitled to as much consideration as those whose relatives occupied + the most expensive suites on the Titanic. The anguish endured by the + families of members of the crew was reported as indescribable, and + Southampton was literally turned into a city of weeping and tragic pathos. + The wives of two members of the crew died of shock and suspense. + </p> + <p> + CRIED FOR FOOD + </p> + <p> + Mr. Ismay's actions while on the Carpathia were also criticised as selfish + and unwarrantable. + </p> + <p> + "For God's sake get me something to eat, I'm starved. I don't care what it + costs or what it is. Bring it to me." + </p> + <p> + This was the first statement made by Mr. Ismay a few minutes after he was + landed on the Carpathia. It is vouched for by an officer of the Carpathia + who requested that his name be withheld. This officer gave one of the most + complete stories of the events that took place on the Carpathia from the + time she received the Titanic's appeal for assistance until she landed the + survivors at the Cunard Line pier. + </p> + <p> + "Ismay reached the Carpathia in about the seventh life-boat," said the + officer. "I didn't know who he was, but afterward I heard the other + members of the crew discussing his desire to get something to eat the + minute he put his foot on deck. The steward who waited on him reported + that Ismay came dashing into the dining room and said. + </p> + <p> + "'Hurry, for God's sake, and get me something to eat, I'm starved. I don't + care what it costs or what it is. Bring it to me.'" + </p> + <p> + "The steward brought Ismay a load of stuff and when he had finished it he + handed the man a two dollar bill. 'Your money is no good on this ship,' + the steward told him. + </p> + <p> + "'Take it,' insisted Ismay. 'I am well able to afford it. I will see to it + that the boys of the Carpathia are well rewarded for this night's work.' + </p> + <p> + "This promise started the steward making inquiries as to the identity of + the man he had waited on. Then we learned that he was Ismay. I did not see + Ismay after the first few hours. He must have kept to his cabin." + </p> + <p> + REPLY TO CHARGES + </p> + <p> + Mr. Ismay's plans had been to return immediately to England, and he had + wired that the steamer Cedric be held for himself and officers and members + of the crew; but public sentiment and subpoenas of the Senate's + investigating committee prevented. In the face of the criticism aimed + against him Mr. Ismay issued a long statement in which he not only + disclaimed responsibility for the Titanic's fatal collision, but also + sought to clear himself of blame for everything that happened after the + big ship was wrecked. + </p> + <p> + He laid the responsibility for the tragedy on Captain Smith. + </p> + <p> + He expressed astonishment that his own conduct in the disaster had been + made the subject of inquiry. He denied that he gave any order to Captain + Smith. His position aboard was that of any other first cabin passenger, he + insisted, and he was never consulted by the captain. He denied telling + anyone that he wished the ship to make a speed record. He called attention + to the routine clause in the instructions to White Star captains ordering + them to think of safety at all times. He did not dine with the captain, he + said, and when the ship struck the berg, he was not sitting with the + captain in the saloon. + </p> + <p> + The managing director added that he was in his stateroom when the + collision occurred. He told of helping to send women and children away in + life-boats on the starboard side, and said there was no woman in sight on + deck when he and William E. Carter, of Bryn Mawr, Pa., entered the + collapsible boat—the last small craft left on that side of the + vessel. He asserted that he pulled an oar and denied that in sending the + three messages from the Carpathia, urging the White Star officials to hold + the Cedric for the survivors of the Titanic's officers and crew, he had + any intention to block investigation of the tragedy. Ismay asserted that + he did not know there was to be an investigation until the Cunarder + docked. + </p> + <p> + Mr. William E. Carter, of Bryn Mawr, who, with his family, was saved, + confirmed Mr. Ismay's assertions. + </p> + <p> + "Mr. Ismay's statement is absolutely correct," said Mr. Carter. "There + were no women on the deck when that boat was launched. We were the very + last to leave the deck, and we entered the life-boat because there were no + women to enter it. + </p> + <p> + "The deck was deserted when the boat was launched, and Mr. Ismay and + myself decided that we might as well enter the boat and pull away from the + wreck. If he wants me, I assume that he will write to me. + </p> + <p> + "I can say nothing, however, that he has not already said, as our + narratives are identical; the circumstances under which we were rescued + from the Titanic were similar. We left the boat together and were picked + up together, and, further than that, we were the very last to leave the + deck. + </p> + <p> + "I am ready to go to Washington to testify to the truth of Mr. Ismay's + statement, and also to give my own account at any time I may be called + upon. If Mr. Ismay writes to me, asking that I give a detailed account of + our rescue I will do so." + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0023" id="link2HCH0023"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXIII. THE FINANCIAL LOSS + </h2> + <p> + TITANIC NOT FULLY INSURED—VALUABLE CARGO AND MAIL—NO CHANCE + FOR SALVAGE—LIFE INSURANCE LOSS—LOSS TO THE CARPATHIA + </p> + <p> + SO great was the interest in the tragedy and so profound the grief at the + tremendous loss of life that for a time the financial loss was not + considered. It was, however, the biggest ever suffered by marine insurance + brokers. + </p> + <p> + The value of the policy covering the vessel against all ordinary risks was + $5,000,000, but the whole of this amount was not insured, because British + and Continental markets were not big enough to swallow it. The actual + amount of insurance was $3,700,000, of which the owners themselves held + $750,000. + </p> + <p> + As to the cargo, it was insured by the shippers. The company has nothing + to do with the insurance of the cargo, which, according to the company's + manifest, was conservatively estimated at about $420,000. Cargo, however, + was a secondary matter, so far as the Titanic was concerned. The ship was + built for high-priced passengers, and what little cargo she carried was + also of the kind that demanded quick transportation. The Titanic's freight + was for the most part what is known as high-class package freight, + consisting of such articles as fine laces, ostrich feathers, wines, + liquors and fancy food commodities. + </p> + <p> + LOST MAIL MAY COST MILLIONS + </p> + <p> + Prior to the sailing of the vessel the postal authorities of Southampton + cabled the New York authorities that 3435 bags of mail matter were on + board. + </p> + <p> + "In a load of 3500 bags," said Postmaster Morgan, of New York, "it is a + safe estimate to say that 200 contained registered mail. The size of + registered mail packages varies greatly, but 1000 packages for each mail + bag should be a conservative guess. That would mean that 200,000 + registered packages and letters went down with the Titanic. + </p> + <p> + "This does not mean, however, that Great Britain will be held financially + responsible for all these losses. There were probably thousands of + registered packages from the Continent, and in such cases the countries of + origin will have to reimburse the senders. Moreover, in the case of money + being sent in great quantities, it is usual to insure the registry over + and above the limit of responsibility set by the country of origin. + </p> + <p> + "Probably if there were any shipping of securities mounting up to + thousands of dollars, it will be the insurance companies which will bear + the loss, and not the European post-offices at all." + </p> + <p> + In the case of money orders, the postmaster explained, there would be no + loss, except of time, as duplicates promptly would be shipped without + further expense. + </p> + <p> + The postmaster did not know the exact sum which the various European + countries set as the limit of their guarantee in registered mail. In + America it is $50. + </p> + <p> + Underwriters will probably have to meet heavy claims of passengers for + luggage, including jewelry. Pearls of one American woman insured in London + were valued at $240,000. + </p> + <p> + NO CHANCE FOR SALVAGE + </p> + <p> + The Titanic and her valuable cargo can never be recovered, said the White + Star Line officials. + </p> + <p> + "Sinking in mid-ocean, at the depth which prevails where the accident + occurred," said Captain James Parton, manager of the company, "absolutely + precludes any hopes of salvage." + </p> + <p> + LIFE INSURANCE LOSS + </p> + <p> + In the life insurance offices there was much figuring over the lists of + those thought to be lost aboard the Titanic. Nothing but rough estimates + of the company's losses through the wreck were given out. + </p> + <p> + LOSS TO THE CARPATHIA + </p> + <p> + The loss to the Carpathia, too, was considerable. It is, of course, the + habit of all good steamship lines to go out of their way and cheerfully + submit to financial loss when it comes to succoring the distressed or the + imperiled at sea. Therefore, the Cunard line in extending the courtesies + of the sea to the survivors of the Titanic asked for nothing more than the + mere acknowledgment of the little act of kindness. The return of the + Carpathia cost the line close to $10,000. + </p> + <p> + She was delayed on her way to the Mediterranean at least ten days and was + obliged to coal and provision again, as the extra 800 odd passengers she + was carrying reduced her large allowance for her long voyage to the + Mediterranean and the Adriatic very much. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0024" id="link2HCH0024"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXIV. OPINIONS OF EXPERTS + </h2> + <p> + CAPTAIN E. K. RODEN, LEWIS NIXON, GENERAL GREELY AND ROBERT H. KIRK POINT + OUT LESSONS TAUGHT BY TITANIC DISASTER AND NEEDED CHANGES IN CONSTRUCTION + </p> + <p> + THE tremendous loss of life necessarily aroused a discussion as to the + cause of the disaster, and the prevailing opinion seemed to be that the + present tendency in shipbuilding was to sacrifice safety to luxury. + </p> + <p> + Captain Roden, a well-known Swedish navigator, had written an article + maintaining this theory in the Navy, a monthly service magazine, in + November, 1910. With seeming prophetic insight he had mentioned the + Titanic by name and portrayed some of the dangers to which shipbuilding + for luxury is leading. + </p> + <p> + He pointed out that the new steamships, the Olympic and Titanic, would be + the finest vessels afloat, no expense being spared to attain every + conceivable comfort for which men or women of means could possibly ask—staterooms + with private shower-baths, a swimming pool large enough for diving, a + ballroom covering an entire upper deck, a gymnasium, elaborate cafes, a + sun deck representing a flower garden, and other luxuries. + </p> + <p> + After forcibly pointing out the provisions that should be made for the + protection of life, Captain Roden wrote in conclusion: + </p> + <p> + "If the men controlling passenger ships, from the ocean liner down to the + excursion barge, were equally disposed to equip their vessels with the + best safety appliances as they are to devise and adopt implements of + comfort and luxury, the advantage to themselves as well as to their + patrons would be plainly apparent." + </p> + <p> + VIEW OF LEWIS NIXON + </p> + <p> + Lewis Nixon, the eminent naval architect and designer of the battleship + Oregon, contributed a very interesting comment. He said in part: + </p> + <p> + "Here was a vessel presumed, and I think rightly so, to be the perfection + of the naval architect's art, yet sunk in a few hours by an accident + common to North Atlantic navigation. + </p> + <p> + THE UNSINKABLE SHIP + </p> + <p> + "An unsinkable ship is possible, but it would be of little use except for + flotation. It may be said that vessels cannot be built to withstand such + an accident. + </p> + <p> + "We might very greatly subdivide the forward compartments, where much + space is lost at best, making the forward end, while amply strong for + navigation purposes, of such construction that it would collapse and take + up some of the energy of impact; then tie this to very much stronger + sections farther aft. Many such plans will be proposed by those who do not + realize the momentum of a great vessel which will snap great cables like + ribbons, when the motion of the vessel is not perceptible to the eye. + </p> + <p> + "The proper plan is to avoid the accident, and if an accident is + unavoidable to minimize the loss of life and property." + </p> + <p> + VIEW OF ROBERT H. KIRK + </p> + <p> + The Titanic disaster was discussed by Robert H. Kirk, who installed the + compartment doors in the ships of the United States Navy. Mr. Kirk's + opinion follows: + </p> + <p> + "The Titanic's disaster will cause endless speculation as to how similar + disasters may be avoided in the future. + </p> + <p> + BULKHEAD DOORS PROBABLY OPEN + </p> + <p> + "The Titanic had bulkheads, plenty of them, for the rules of the British + Board of Trade and of Lloyds are very specific and require enough + compartments to insure floating of the ship though several may be flooded. + She also had doors in the bulkheads, and probably plenty of them, for she + was enormous and needed easy access from one compartment to another. It + will probably never be known how <i>FEW</i> of these doors were closed + when she struck the iceberg, but the probability is that many were open, + for in the confusion attending such a crash the crews have a multitude of + duties to perform, and closing a door with water rushing through it is + more of a task than human muscle and bravery can accomplish. + </p> + <p> + "A Lloyds surveyor in testing one of these hand-operated doors started two + men on the main deck to close it. They worked four hours before they had + carried out his order. If all the doors on the ship had worked as badly as + this one, what would have happened in event of accident?" + </p> + <p> + MANIA FOR SPEED + </p> + <p> + General Adolphus W. Greely, U. S. A., noted American traveler and Arctic + explorer, vehemently denounced the sinking of the Titanic and the loss of + over 1600 souls as a terrible sacrifice to the American mania for speed. + He gave his opinion that the Titanic came to grief through an attempt on + the part of the steamship management to establish a new record by the + vessel on her maiden voyage. + </p> + <p> + The Titanic, General Greely declared, had absolutely no business above + Cape Race and north of Sable Island on the trip on which she went to her + doom. Choosing the northern route brought about the dire disaster, in his + mind, and it was the saving of three hours for the sake of a new record + that ended in the collision with the tragic victory for the ghostlike + monster out of the far north. + </p> + <p> + It was the opinion of General Greely, capable of judging after his many + trips in quest of the pole, that neither Captain Smith nor any of his + officers saw the giant iceberg which encompassed their ruin until they + were right upon it. Then, the ship was plunging ahead at such frightful + velocity that the Titanic was too close to avert striking the barrier + lined up across its path. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0025" id="link2HCH0025"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXV. OTHER GREAT MARINE DISASTERS + </h2> + <p> + DEADLY DANGER OF ICEBERGS—DOZENS OF SHIPS PERISH IN COLLISION—OTHER + DISASTERS + </p> + <p> + THE danger of collision with icebergs has always been one of the most + deadly that confront the mariner. Indeed, so well recognized is this peril + of the Newfoundland Banks, where the Labrador current in the early spring + and summer months floats southward its ghostly argosy of icy pinnacles + detached from the polar ice caps, that the government hydrographic offices + and the maritime exchanges spare no pains to collate and disseminate the + latest bulletins on the subject. + </p> + <p> + THE ARIZONA + </p> + <p> + A most remarkable case of an iceberg collision is that of the Guion Liner, + Arizona, in 1879. She was then the greyhound of the Atlantic, and the + largest ship afloat—5750 tons except the Great Eastern. Leaving New + York in November for Liverpool, with 509 souls aboard, she was coursing + across the Banks, with fair weather but dark, when, near midnight, about + 250 miles east of St. John's, she rammed a monster ice island at full + speed eighteen knots. Terrific was the impact. + </p> + <p> + The welcome word was passed along that the ship, though sorely stricken, + would still float until she could make harbor. The vast white terror had + lain across her course, + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = THE SHAPE OF AN ICEBERG + </p> + <p> + Showing the bulk and formation under water and the consequent danger to + vessels even without actual contact with the visible part of the iceberg.} + </p> + <p> + stretching so far each way that, when described, it was too late to alter + the helm. Its giant shape filled the foreground, towering high above the + masts, grim and gaunt and ghastly, immovable as the adamantine buttresses + of a frowning seaboard, while the liner lurched and staggered like a + wounded thing in agony as her engines slowly drew her back from the + rampart against which she had flung herself. + </p> + <p> + She was headed for St. John's at slow speed, so as not to strain the + bulkhead too much, and arrived there thirty-six hours later. That little + port—the crippled ship's hospital—has seen many a strange + sight come in from the sea, but never a more astounding spectacle than + that which the Arizona presented the Sunday forenoon she entered there. + </p> + <p> + "Begob, captain!" said the pilot, as he swung himself over the rail. "I've + heard of carrying coals to Newcastle, but this is the first time I've seen + a steamer bringing a load of ice into St. John's." + </p> + <p> + They are a grim race, these sailors, and, the danger over, the captain's + reply was: "We were lucky, my man, that we didn't all go to the bottom in + an ice box." + </p> + <p> + DOZENS OF SHIPS PERISH + </p> + <p> + But to the one wounded ship that survives collision with a berg, a dozen + perish. Presumably, when the shock comes, it loosens their bulkheads and + they fill and founder, or the crash may injure the boilers or engines, + which explode and tear out the sides, and the ship goes down like a + plummet. As long ago as 1841, the steamer President, with 120 people + aboard, crossing from New York to Liverpool in March, vanished from human + ken. In 1854, in the same month, the City of Glasgow left Liverpool for + Philadelphia with 480 souls, and was never again heard of. In February, + 1856, the Pacific, from Liverpool for New York, carrying 185 persons, + passed away down to a sunless sea. In May, 1870, the City of Boston, from + that port for Liverpool, mustering 191 souls, met a similar fate. It has + always been thought that these ships were sunk by collision with icebergs + or floes. As shipping traffic has expanded, the losses have been more + frequent. In February, 1892, the Naronic, from Liverpool for New York; in + the same month in 1896, the State of Georgia, from Aberdeen for Boston; in + February, 1899, the Alleghany, from New York for Dover; and once more in + February, 1902, the Huronian, from Liverpool for St. John's—all + disappeared without leaving a trace. Between February and May, the Grand + Banks are most infested with ice, and collision therewith is' the most + likely explanation of the loss of these steamers, all well manned and in + splendid trim, and meeting only the storms which scores of other ships + have braved without a scathe. + </p> + <p> + TOLL OF THE SEA + </p> + <p> + Among the important marine disasters recorded since 1866 are the + following: + </p> + <p> + 1866, Jan. 11.—Steamer London, on her way to Melbourne, foundered in + the Bay of Biscay; 220 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1866, Oct. 3.—Steamer Evening Star, from New York to New Orleans, + foundered; about 250 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1867, Oct. 29.—Royal Mail steamers Rhone and Wye and about fifty + other vessels driven ashore and wrecked at St Thomas, West Indies, by a + hurricane; about 1,000 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1873, Jan. 22.—British steamer Northfleet sunk in collision off + Dungeness; 300 lives lost + </p> + <p> + 1873, Nov. 23.—White Star liner Atlantic wrecked off Nova Scotia; + 547 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1873, Nov. 23.—French line Ville du Havre, from New York to Havre, + in collision with ship Locharn and sunk in sixteen minutes; 110 lives + lost. + </p> + <p> + 1874, Dec. 24.—Emigrant vessel Cospatrick took fire and sank off + Auckland; 476 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1875, May 7.—Hamburg Mail steamer Schiller wrecked in fog on Scilly + Islands; 200 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1875, Nov. 4.—American steamer Pacific in collision thirty miles + southwest of Cape Flattery; 236 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1878, March 24.—British training ship Eurydice, a frigate, foundered + near the Isle of Wight; 300 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1878, Sept. 3.—British iron steamer Princess Alice sunk in the + Thames River; 700 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1878, Dec. 18.—French steamer Byzantin sunk in collision in the + Dardanelles with the British steamer Rinaldo; 210 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1879, Dec. 2.—Steamer Borussia sank off the coast of Spain; 174 + lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1880, Jan. 31.—British trading ship Atlanta left Bermuda with 290 + men and was never heard from. + </p> + <p> + 1881, Aug. 30.—Steamer Teuton wrecked off the Cape of Good Hope; 200 + lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1883, July 3.—Steamer Daphne turned turtle in the Clyde; 124 lives + lost. + </p> + <p> + 1884, Jan. 18.—American steamer City of Columbus wrecked off Gay + Head Light, Massachusetts; 99 lived lost. + </p> + <p> + 1884, July 23.—Spanish steamer Gijon and British steamer Lux in + collision off Finisterre; 150 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1887, Jan. 29.—Steamer Kapunda in collision with bark Ada Melore off + coast of Brazil; 300 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1887, Nov. 15.—British steamer Wah Young caught fire between Canton + and Hong Kong; 400 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1888, Sept. 13.—Italian steamship Sud America and steamer La France + in collision near the Canary Islands; 89 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1889, March 16.—United States warships Trenton, Vandalia and Nipsic + and German ships Adler and Eber wrecked on Samoan Islands; 147 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1890, Jan. 2.—Steamer Persia wrecked on Corsica; 130 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1890, Feb. 17.—British steamer Duburg wrecked in the China Sea; 400 + lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1890, March 1.—British steamship Quetta foundered in Torres Straits; + 124 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1890, Dec. 27.—British steamer Shanghai burned in China Seas; 101 + lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1891, March 17.—Anchor liner Utopia in collision with British + steamer Anson off Gibraltar and sunk; 574 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1892, Jan. 13.—Steamer Namehow wrecked in China Sea; 414 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1892, Oct. 28.—Anchor liner Romania, wrecked off Portugal; 113 lives + lost. + </p> + <p> + 1893, Feb. 8.—Anchor liner Trinairia, wrecked off Spain; 115 lives + lost. + </p> + <p> + 1894, June 25.—Steamer Norge, wrecked on Rockall Reef, in the North + Atlantic; nearly 600 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1895, Jan. 30.—German steamer Elbe sunk in collision with British + steamer Crathie in North Sea; 335 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1898, July 4.—French line steamer La Bourgogne in collision with + British sailing vessel Cromartyshire; 571 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1898, Nov. 27.—American steamer Portland, wrecked off Cape Cod, + Mass.; 157 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1901, April 1.—Turkish transport Aslam wrecked in the Red Sea; over + 180 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1902, July 21.—Steamer Primus sunk in collision with the steamer + Hansa on the Lower Elbe; 112 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1903, June 7.—French steamer Libau sunk in collision with steamer + Insulerre near Marseilles; 150 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1904, June 15. General Slocum, excursion steamboat, took fire going + through Hell Gate, East River; more than 1000 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1906, Jan. 21.—Brazilian battleship Aquidaban sunk near Rio Janeiro + by an explosion of the powder magazines; 212 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1906, Jan. 22.—American steamer Valencia lost off Cloose, Pacific + Coast; 140 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1906, Aug. 4.—Italian emigrant ship Sirio struck a rock off Cape + Palos; 350 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1906, Oct. 21.—Russian steamer Variag, on leaving Vladivostock, + struck by a torpedo and sunk; 140 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1907, Feb. 12.—American steamer Larchmond sunk in collision off + Rhode Island coast; 131 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1907, July 20.—American steamers Columbia and San Pedro collided on + the Californian coast; 100 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1907, Nov. 26.—Turkish steamer Kaptain foundered in the North Sea; + 110 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1908, March 23.—Japanese steamer Mutsu Maru sunk in collision near + Hakodate; 300 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1908, April 30.—Japanese training cruiser Matsu Shima sunk off the + Pescadores owing to an explosion; 200 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1909, Jan. 24.—Collision between the Italian steamer Florida and the + White Star liner Republic, about 170 miles east of New York during a fog; + a large number of lives were saved by the arrival of the steamer Baltic, + which received the "C. Q. D.," or distress signal sent up by wireless by + the Republic January 22. The Republic sank while being towed; 6 lives + lost. + </p> + <p> + 1910, Feb. 9.—French line steamer General Chanzy off Minorca; 200 + lives lost. + </p> + <p> + 1911, Sept. 25.—French battleship Liberte sunk by explosion in + Toulon harbor; 223 lives lost. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0026" id="link2HCH0026"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXVI. DEVELOPMENT OF SHIPBUILDING + </h2> + <p> + EVOLUTION OF WATER TRAVEL—INCREASES IN SIZE OF VESSELS—IS + THERE ANY LIMIT?—ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPEED—TITANIC NOT THE LAST + WORD. + </p> + <p> + THE origin of travel on water dates back to a very early period in human + history, men beginning with the log, the inflated skin, the dug-out canoe, + and upwards through various methods of flotation; while the paddle, the + oar, and finally the sail served as means of propulsion. This was for + inland water travel, and many centuries passed before the navigation of + the sea was dreamed of by adventurous mariners. + </p> + <p> + The paintings and sculptures of early Egypt show us boats built of sawn + planks, regularly constructed and moved both by oars and sails. At a later + period we read of the Phoenicians, the most daring and enterprising of + ancient navigators, who braved the dangers of the open sea, and are said + by Herodotus to have circumnavigated Africa as early as 604 B. C. Starting + from the Red Sea, they followed the east coast, rounded the Cape, and + sailed north along the west coast to the Mediterranean, reaching Egypt + again in the third year of this enterprise. + </p> + <p> + The Carthaginians and Romans come next in the history of shipbuilding, + confining themselves chiefly to the Mediterranean, and using oars as the + principal means of propulsion. Their galleys ranged from one to five banks + of oars. The Roman vessels in the first Punic war were over 100 feet long + and had 300 rowers, while they carried 120 soldiers. They did not use + sails until about the beginning of the fourteenth century B. C. + </p> + <p> + Portugal was the first nation to engage in voyages of discovery, using + vessels of small size in these adventurous journeys. Spain, which soon + became her rival in this field, built larger ships and long held the lead. + Yet the ships with which Columbus made the discovery of America were of a + size and character in which few sailors of the present day would care to + venture far from land. + </p> + <p> + England was later in coming into the field of adventurous navigation, + being surpassed not only by the Portuguese and Spanish, but by the Dutch, + in ventures to far lands. + </p> + <p> + Europe long held the precedence in shipbuilding and enterprise in + navigation, but the shores of America had not long been settled before the + venturous colonists had ships upon the seas. The first of these was built + at the mouth of the Kennebec River in Maine. This was a staunch little + two-masted vessel, which was named the Virginia, supposed to have been + about sixty feet long and seventeen feet in beam. Next in time came the + Restless, built in 1614 or 1615 at New York, by Adrian Blok, a Dutch + captain whose ships had been burned while lying at Manhattan Island. This + vessel, thirty-eight feet long and of eleven feet beam, was employed for + several years in exploring the Atlantic coast. + </p> + <p> + With the advent of the nineteenth century a new ideal in naval + architecture arose, that of the ship moved by steam-power instead of + wind-power, and fitted to combat with the seas alike in storm and calm, + with little heed as to whether the wind was fair or foul. The steamship + appeared, and grew in size and power until such giants of the wave as the + Titanic and Olympic were set afloat. To the development of this modern + class of ships our attention must now be turned. + </p> + <p> + As the reckless cowboy of the West is fast becoming a thing of the past, + so is the daring seaman of fame and story. In his place is coming a class + of men miscalled sailors, who never reefed a sail or coiled a cable, who + do not know how to launch a life-boat or pull an oar, and in whose career + we meet the ridiculous episode of the life-boats of the Titanic, where + women were obliged to take the oars from their hands and row the boats. + Thus has the old-time hero of the waves been transformed into one fitted + to serve as a clown of the vaudeville stage. + </p> + <p> + The advent of steam navigation came early in the nineteenth century, + though interesting steps in this direction were taken earlier. No sooner + was the steam-engine developed than men began to speculate on it as a + moving power on sea and land. Early among these were several Americans, + Oliver Evans, one of the first to project steam railway travel, and James + Rumsey and John Fitch, steamboat inventors of early date. There were + several experimenters in Europe also, but the first to produce a practical + steamboat was Robert Fulton, a native of Pennsylvania, whose successful + boat; the Clermont, made its maiden trip up the Hudson in 1807. A crude + affair was the Clermont, with a top speed of about seven miles an hour; + but it was the dwarf from which the giant steamers of to-day have grown. + </p> + <p> + Boats of this type quickly made their way over the American rivers and + before 1820 regular lines of steamboats were running between England and + Ireland. In 1817 James Watt, the inventor of the practical steam-engine, + crossed in a steamer from England to Belgium. But these short voyages were + far surpassed by an American enterprise, that of the first ocean + steamship, the Savannah, which crossed the Atlantic from Savannah to + Liverpool in 1819. + </p> + <p> + Twelve years passed before this enterprise was repeated, the next steam + voyage being in 1831, when the Royal William crossed from Quebec to + England. She used coal for fuel, having utilized her entire hold to store + enough for the voyage. The Savannah had burned pitch-pine under her + engines, for in America wood was long used as fuel for steam-making + purposes. As regards this matter, the problem of fuel was of leading + importance, and it was seriously questioned if a ship could be built to + cross the Atlantic depending solely upon steam power. Steam-engines in + those days were not very economical, needing four or five times as much + fuel for the same power as the engines of recent date. + </p> + <p> + It was not until 1838 that the problem was solved. On April 23d of that + year a most significant event took place. Two steamships dropped anchor in + the harbor of New York, the Sirius and the Great Western. Both of these + had made the entire voyage under steam, the Sirius, in eighteen and a half + and the Great Western in fourteen and a half days, measuring from + Queenstown. The Sirius had taken on board 450 tons of coal, but all this + was burned by the time Sandy Hook was reached, and she had to burn her + spare spars and forty-three barrels of rosin to make her way up the bay. + The Great Western, on the contrary, had coal to spare. + </p> + <p> + Two innovations in shipbuilding were soon introduced. These were the + building of iron instead of wooden ships and the replacing of the paddle + wheel by the screw propeller. The screw-propeller was first successfully + introduced by the famous Swede, John Ericsson, in 1835. His propeller was + tried in a small vessel, forty-five feet long and eight wide, which was + driven at the rate of ten miles an hour, and towed a large packet ship at + fair speed. Ericsson, not being appreciated in England, came to America to + experiment. Other inventors were also at work in the same line. + </p> + <p> + Their experiments attracted the attention of Isambard Brunel, one of the + greatest engineers of the period, who was then engaged in building a large + paddle-wheel steamer, the Great Britain. Appreciating the new idea, he had + the engines of the new ship changed and a screw propeller introduced. This + ship, a great one for the time, 322 feet long and of 3443 tons, made her + first voyage from Liverpool to New York in 1845, her average speed being + 12 1/4 knots an hour, the length of the voyage 14 days and 21 hours. + </p> + <p> + By the date named the crossing of the Atlantic by steamships had become a + common event. In 1840 the British and Royal Mail Steam Packet Company was + organized, its chief promoter being Samuel Cunard, of Halifax, Nova + Scotia, whose name has long been attached to this famous line. + </p> + <p> + The first fleet of the Cunard Line comprised four vessels, the Britannia, + Acadia, Caledonia and Columbia. The Unicorn, sent out by this company as a + pioneer, entered Boston harbor on June 2, 1840, being the first steamship + from Europe to reach that port. Regular trips began with the Britannia, + which left Liverpool on July 4, 1840. For a number of years later this + line enjoyed a practical monopoly of the steam carrying trade between + England and the United States. Then other companies came into the field, + chief among them being the Collins Line, started in 1849, and of short + duration, and the Inman Line, instituted in 1850. + </p> + <p> + We should say something here of the comforts and conveniences provided for + the passengers on these early lines. They differed strikingly from those + on the leviathans of recent travel and were little, if any, superior to + those on the packet ships, the active rivals at that date of the steamers. + Then there were none of the comfortable smoking rooms, well-filled + libraries, drawing rooms, electric lights, and other modern improvements. + The saloons and staterooms were in the extreme after part of the vessel, + but the stateroom of that day was little more than a closet, with two + berths, one above the other, and very little standing room between these + and the wall. By paying nearly double fare a passenger might secure a room + for himself, but the room given him did not compare well even with that of + small and unpretentious modern steamers. + </p> + <p> + Other ocean steamship companies gradually arose, some of which are still + in existence. But no especial change in ship-building was introduced until + 1870, when the Oceanic Company, now known as the White Star Line, built + the Britannic and Germanic. These were the largest of its early ships. + They were 468 feet long and 35 feet wide, constituting a new type of + extreme length as compared with their width. In the first White Star ship, + the Oceanic, the improvements above mentioned were introduced, the saloons + and staterooms being brought as near as possible to the center of the + ship. All the principal lines built since that date have followed this + example, thus adding much to the comfort of the first-class passengers. + </p> + <p> + Speed and economy in power also became features of importance, the tubular + boiler and the compound engine being introduced. These have developed into + the cylindrical, multitubular boiler and the triple expansion engine, in + which a greater percentage of the power of the steam is utilized and four + or five times the work obtained from coal over that of the old system. The + side-wheel was continued in use in the older ships until this period, but + after 1870 it disappeared. + </p> + <p> + It has been said that the life of iron ships, barring disasters at sea, is + unlimited, that they cannot wear out. This statement has not been tested, + but the fact remains that the older passenger ships have gone out of + service and that steel has now taken the place of iron, as lighter and + more durable. + </p> + <p> + Something should also be said here of the steam turbine engine, recently + introduced in some of the greatest liners, and of proven value in several + particulars, an important one of these being the doing away with the + vibration, an inseparable accompaniment of the old style engines. The + Olympic and Titanic engines were a combination of the turbine and + reciprocating types. In regard to the driving power, one of the recent + introductions is that of the multiple propeller. The twin screw was first + applied in the City of New York, of the Inman line, and enabled her to + make in 1890 an average speed of a little over six days from New York to + Queenstown. The best record up to October, 1891, was that of the Teutonic, + of five days, sixteen hours, and thirty minutes. Triple-screw propellers + have since then been introduced in some of the greater ships, and the + record speed has been cut down to the four days and ten hours of the + Lusitania in 1908 and the four days, six hours and forty-one minutes of + the Mauretania in 1910. + </p> + <p> + The Titanic was not built especially for speed, but in every other way she + was the master product of the shipbuilders' art. Progress through the + centuries has been steady, and perhaps the twentieth century will prepare + a vessel that will be unsinkable as well as magnificent. Until the fatal + accident the Titanic and Olympic were considered the last words on + ship-building; but much may still remain to be spoken. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0027" id="link2HCH0027"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXVII. SAFETY AND LIFE-SAVING DEVICES + </h2> + <p> + WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY—WATER-TIGHT BULKHEADS—SUBMARINE SIGNALS—LIFE-BOATS + AND RAFTS—NIXON'S PONTOON—LIFE-PRESERVERS AND BUOYS—ROCKETS + </p> + <p> + THE fact that there are any survivors of the Titanic left to tell the + story of the terrible catastrophe is only another of the hundreds of + instances on record of the value of wireless telegraphy in saving life on + shipboard. Without Marconi's invention it is altogether probable that the + world would never have known of the nature of the Titanic's fate, for it + is only barely within the realm of possibility that any of the Titanic's + passengers' poorly clad, without proper provisions of food and water, and + exposed in the open boats to the frigid weather, would have survived long + enough to have been picked up by a transatlantic liner in ignorance of the + accident to the Titanic. + </p> + <p> + Speaking (since the Titanic disaster) of the part which wireless + telegraphy has played in the salvation of distressed ships, Guglielmo + Marconi, the inventor of this wonderful science, has said: + </p> + <p> + "Fifteen years ago the curvature of the earth was looked upon as the one + great obstacle to wireless telegraphy. By various experiments in the Isle + of Wight and at St. John's I finally succeeded in sending the letter S + 2000 miles. + </p> + <p> + "We have since found that the fog and the dull skies in the vicinity of + England are exceptionally favorable for wireless telegraphy." + </p> + <p> + Then the inventor told of wireless messages being transmitted 2500 miles + across the Abyssinian desert, and of preparation for similar achievements. + </p> + <p> + "The one necessary requirement for continued success is that governments + keep from being enveloped in political red tape," said he. + </p> + <p> + "The fact that a message can be flashed across the wide expanse of ocean + in ten minutes has exceeded my fondest expectations. Some idea of the + progress made may be had by citing the fact that in eleven years the range + of wireless telegraphy has increased from 200 to 3000 miles. + </p> + <p> + "Not once has wireless telegraphy failed in calling and securing help on + the high seas. A recognition of this is shown in the attitude of the + United States Government in compelling all passenger-carrying vessels + entering our ports to be equipped with wireless apparatus." + </p> + <p> + Of the Titanic tragedy, Marconi said: + </p> + <p> + "I know you will all understand when I say that I entertain a deep feeling + of gratitude because of the fact that wireless telegraphy has again + contributed to the saving of life." + </p> + <p> + WATER-TIGHT BULKHEADS + </p> + <p> + One of the most essential factors in making ships safe is the construction + of proper bulkheads to divide a ship into water-tight compartments in case + of injury to her hull. Of the modern means of forming such compartments, + and of the complete and automatic devices for operating the watertight + doors which connect them, a full explanation has already been given in the + description of the Titanic's physical features, to which the reader is + referred. A wise precaution usually taken in the case of twin and triple + screw ships is to arrange the bulkheads so that each engine is in a + separate compartment, as is also each boiler or bank of boilers and each + coal bunker. + </p> + <p> + SUBMARINE SIGNALS + </p> + <p> + Then there are submarine signals to tell of near-by vessels or shores. + This signal arrangement includes a small tank on either side of the + vessel, just below the water line. Within each is a microphone with wires + leading to the bridge. If the vessel is near any other or approaching + shore, the sounds; conveyed through the water from the distant object are + heard through the receiver of the microphone. These arrangements are + called the ship's ears, and whether the sounds come from one side of the + vessel or the other, the officers can tell the location of the shore or + ship near by. If both ears record, the object is ahead. + </p> + <p> + LIFEBOATS AND RAFTS + </p> + <p> + The construction of life-boats adapts them for very rough weather. The + chief essentials, of course, are ease in launching, strength in + withstanding rough water and bumping when beached; also strength to + withstand striking against wreckage or a ship's side; carrying capacity + and lightness. Those carried on board ship are lighter than those used in + life-saving service on shore. Safety is provided by air-tight tanks which + insure buoyancy in case the boat is filled with water. They have also + self-righting power in case of being overturned; likewise self-emptying + power. Life-boats are usually of the whaleboat type, with copper air-tight + tanks along the side beneath the thwarts, and in the ends. + </p> + <p> + Life-boats range from twenty-four to thirty feet in length and carry from + thirty to sixty persons. The rafts carry from twenty to forty persons. The + old-fashioned round bar davits can be got for $100 to $150 a set. The new + style davits, quick launchers in type, come as low as $400 a set. + </p> + <p> + According to some naval constructors, an ocean steamship can carry in + davits enough boats to take care of all the passengers and crew, it being + simply a question as to whether the steamship owners are willing to take + up that much deck room which otherwise would be used for lounging chairs + or for a promenade. + </p> + <p> + Nowadays all life-boats are equipped with air tanks to prevent sinking, + with the result that metal boats are as unsinkable as wooden ones. The + metal boats are considered in the United States Navy as superior to wooden + ones, for several reasons: They do not break or collapse; they do not, in + consequence of long storage on deck, open at the seams and thereby spring + a leak; and they are not eaten by bugs, as is the case with wooden boats. + </p> + <p> + Comparatively few of the transatlantic steamships have adopted metal + life-boats. Most of the boats are of wood, according to the official + United States Government record of inspection. The records show that a + considerable proportion of the entire number of so-called "life-boats" + carried by Atlantic Ocean liners are not actually life-boats at all, but + simply open boats, without air tanks or other special equipment or + construction. + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = CHAMBERS COLLAPSIBLE LIFE RAFT} + </p> + <p> + Life-rafts are of several kinds. They are commonly used on large passenger + steamers where it is difficult to carry sufficient life-boats. In most + cases they consist of two or more hollow metal or inflated rubber floats + which support a wooden deck. The small rafts are supplied with life-lines + and oars, and the larger ones with life-lines only, or with life-lines and + sails. + </p> + <p> + The collapsible feature of the Chambers raft consists of canvas-covered + steel frames extending up twenty-five inches from the sides to prevent + passengers from being pitched off. When the rafts are not in use these + side frames are folded down on the raft. + </p> + <p> + The collapsible rafts are favored by the ship-owners because such boats + take up less room; they do not have to be carried in the davits, and they + can be stowed to any number required. Some of the German lines stack their + collapsible rafts one above another on deck. + </p> + <p> + NIXON'S PONTOON + </p> + <p> + Lewis Nixon, the well-known ship designer, suggests the construction of a + pontoon to be carried on the after end of the vessel and to be made of + sectional air-tight compartments. One compartment would accommodate the + wireless outfit. Another compartment would hold drinking water, and still + another would be filled with food. + </p> + <p> + The pontoon would follow the line of the ship and seem to be a part of it. + The means for releasing it before the sinking of the vessel present no + mechanical problem. It would be too large and too buoyant to be sucked + down with the wreck. + </p> + <p> + The pontoon would accommodate, not comfortably but safely, all those who + failed to find room in the life-boats. + </p> + <p> + It is Mr. Nixon's plan to instal a gas engine in one of the compartments. + With this engine the wireless instrument would remain in commission and + direct the rescuers after the ship itself had gone down. + </p> + <p> + LIFE PRESERVERS AND BUOYS + </p> + <p> + Life-preservers are chiefly of the belt or jacket type, made to fit about + the body and rendered buoyant by slabs of cork sewed into the garment, or + by rubber-lined air-bags. The use of cork is usually considered + preferable, as the inflated articles are liable to injury, and jackets are + preferable to belts as they can be put on more quickly. + </p> + <p> + Life-buoys are of several types, but those most common are of the ring + type, varying in size from the small one designed to be thrown by hand to + the large hollow metal buoy capable of supporting several people. The + latter are usually carried by sea-going vessels and are fitted with lamps + which are automatically lighted when the buoy is dropped into the water. + </p> + <p> + ROCKETS + </p> + <p> + American ocean-going steamers are required to have some approved means of + firing lines to the shore. Cunningham rockets and the Hunt gun are largely + used. The inaccuracy of the rocket is of less importance when fired from a + ship than when fired from shore. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0028" id="link2HCH0028"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXVIII. TIME FOR REFLECTION AND REFORMS + </h2> + <p> + SPEED AND LUXURY OVEREMPHASIZED—SPACE NEEDED FOR LIFE-BOATS DEVOTED + TO SWIMMING POOLS AND SQUASH-COURTS—MANIA FOR SPEED RECORDS COMPELS + USE OF DANGEROUS ROUTES AND PREVENTS PROPER CAUTION IN FOGGY WEATHER—LIFE + MORE VALUABLE THAN LUXURY—SAFETY MORE IMPORTANT THAN SPEED—AN + AROUSED PUBLIC OPINION NECESSARY—INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE + RECOMMENDED—ADEQUATE LIFE-SAVING EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE COMPULSORY—SPEED + REGULATIONS IN BAD WEATHER—COOPERATION IN ARRANGING SCHEDULES TO + KEEP VESSELS WITHIN REACH OF EACH OTHER—LEGAL REGULATIONS + </p> + <p> + IT is a long time since any modern vessel of importance has gone down + under Nature's attack, and in general the floating city of steel laughs at + the wind and waves. She is not, however, proof against disaster. The + danger lies in her own power—in the tens of thousands of horse power + with which she may be driven into another ship or into an iceberg standing + cold and unyielding as a wall of granite. In view of this fact it is of + the utmost importance that present-day vessels should be thoroughly + provided with the most efficient life-saving devices. These would seem + more important than fireplaces, squash-courts and many other luxuries with + which the Titanic was provided. The comparatively few survivors of the + ill-fated Titanic were saved by the life-boats. The hundreds of others who + went down with the vessel perished because there were no life-boats to + carry them until rescue came. + </p> + <p> + SURVIVORS URGE REFORM + </p> + <p> + The survivors urge the need of reform. In a resolution drawn up after the + disaster they said: + </p> + <p> + "We feel it our duty to call the attention of the public to what we + consider the inadequate supply of life-saving appliances provided for the + modern passenger steamships and recommend that immediate steps be taken to + compel passenger steamers to carry sufficient boats to accommodate the + maximum number of people carried on board. The following facts were + observed and should be considered in this connection: The insufficiency of + life-boats, rafts, etc.; lack of trained seamen to man same (stokers, + stewards, etc., are not efficient boat handlers); not enough officers to + carry out emergency orders on the bridge and superintend the launching and + control of life-boats; the absence of search lights. + </p> + <p> + "The Board of Trade allows for entirely too many people in each boat to + permit the same to be properly handled. On the Titanic the boat deck was + about seventy-five feet from the water and consequently the passengers + were required to embark before lowering the boats, thus endangering the + operation and preventing the taking on of the maximum number the boats + would hold. Boats at all times should be properly equipped with + provisions, water, lamps, compasses, lights, etc. Life-saving boat drills + should be more frequent and thoroughly carried out and officers should be + armed at both drills. There should be greater reduction of speed in fog + and ice, as damage if collision actually occurs is liable to be less. + </p> + <p> + INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE RECOMMENDED + </p> + <p> + "In conclusion we suggest that an international conference be called to + recommend the passage of identical laws providing for the safety of all at + sea, and we urge the United States Government to take the initiative as + soon as possible." + </p> + <p> + That ocean liners take chances with their passengers, though known to the + well informed, is newly revealed and comes with a shock of surprise and + dismay to most people. If boats are unsinkable as well as fireproof there + is no need of any life-boats at all. But no such steamship has ever been + constructed. + </p> + <p> + That it is realized that life-boats may be necessary on the best and + newest steamships is proved by the fact that they carry them even beyond + the law's requirements. But if life-boats for one-third of those on the + ship are necessary, life-boats for all on board are equally necessary. The + law of the United States requires this, but the law and trade regulations + of England do not, and these controlled the Titanic and caused the death + of over sixteen hundred people. + </p> + <p> + True, a steamship is rarely crowded to her capacity, and ordinarily + accommodations in life-boats for a full list would not be needed. But that + is no argument against maximum safety facilities, for when disaster comes + it comes unexpectedly, and it might come when every berth was occupied. So + there must be life-boats for use in every possible emergency. Places must + be found for them and methods for handling them promptly. + </p> + <p> + Suppose a vessel to be thus equipped, would safety be insured? In calm + weather such as the Titanic had, yes, for all that would be needed would + be to keep the small boats afloat until help came. The Titanic could have + saved everyone aboard. In heavy weather, no. As at present arranged, if a + vessel has a list, or, in non-nautical language, has tipped over on one + side, only the boats upon the lower side can be dropped, for they must be + swung clear of the vessel to be lowered from the davits. + </p> + <p> + So there is a problem which it is the duty of marine designers to solve. + They have heretofore turned their attention to the invention of some new + contrivance for comfort and luxury. Now let them grasp the far more + important question of taking every soul from a sinking ship. They can do + it, and while they are about it, it would be well to supplement life-boats + with other methods. + </p> + <p> + We like to think and to say that nothing is impossible in these days of + ceaseless and energetic progress. Certainly it is possible for the brains + of marine designers to find a better way for rescue work. Lewis Nixon, + ship-builder and designer for years, is sure that we can revolutionize + safety appliances. He has had a plan for a long time for the construction + of a considerable section of deck that could be detached and floated off + like an immense raft. He figures that such a deck-raft could be made to + carry the bulk of the passengers. + </p> + <p> + That may seem a bit chimerical to laymen, but Nixon is no layman. His + ideas are worthy of every consideration. Certain it is that something + radical must be done, and that the maritime nations must get together, not + only in the way of providing more life-saving facilities, but in agreeing + upon navigation routes and methods. + </p> + <p> + Captain William S. Sims, of the United States Navy, who is in a position + to know what he is talking about, has made some very pointed comments on + the subject. He says: + </p> + <p> + "The truth of the matter is that in case any large passenger steamship + sinks, by reason of collision or other fatal damage to her flotability, + more than half of her passengers are doomed to death, even in fair + weather, and in case there is a bit of a sea running none of the loaded + boats can long remain afloat, even if they succeed in getting safely away + from the side, and one more will be added to the long list of 'the ships + that never return.' + </p> + <p> + "Most people accept this condition as one of the inevitable perils of the + sea, but I believe it can be shown that the terrible loss of life + occasioned by such disasters as overtook the Bourgogne and the Titanic and + many other ships can be avoided or at least greatly minimized. Moreover, + it can be shown that the steamship owners are fully aware of the danger to + their passengers; that the laws on the subject of life-saving appliances + are wholly inadequate; that the steamship companies comply with the law, + though they oppose any changes therein, and that they decline to adopt + improved appliances; because there is no public demand for them, the + demand being for high schedule speed and luxurious conditions of travel. + </p> + <p> + "In addition to installing efficient life-saving appliances, if the great + steamship lines should come to an agreement to fix a maximum speed for + their vessels of various classes and fix their dates and hours of steaming + so that they would cross the ocean in pairs within supporting distances of + each other, on routes clear of ice, all danger of ocean travel would + practically be eliminated. + </p> + <p> + "The shortest course between New York and the English Channel lies across + Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Consequently the shortest water route is + over seas where navigation is dangerous by reason of fog and ice. It is a + notorious fact that the transatlantic steamships are not navigated with + due regard to safety; that they steam at practically full speed in the + densest fogs. But the companies cannot properly be blamed for this + practice, because if the 'blue liners' slow down in a fog or take a safe + route, clear of ice, the public will take passage on the 'green liners,' + which take the shortest route, and keep up their schedule time; regardless + of the risks indicated." + </p> + <p> + PROMPT REFORMS + </p> + <p> + The terrible sacrifice of the Titanic, however, is to have its fruit in + safety for the future. The official announcement is + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = A diagrammatic map showing how...} + </p> + <p> + made by the International Mercantile Marine that all its ships will be + equipped with sufficient life-boats and rafts for every passenger and + every member of the crew, without regard to the regulations in this + country and England or Belgium. One of the German liners already had this + complement of life-boats, though the German marine as a whole is + sufficiently deficient at this point to induce the Reichstag to order an + investigation. + </p> + <p> + Prompt, immediate and gratifying reform marks this action of the + International Mercantile Marine. It is doubtless true that this precaution + ought to have been taken without waiting for a loss of life such as makes + all previous marine disasters seem trivial. But the public itself has been + inert. For thirty years, since Plimsoll's day, every intelligent passenger + knew that every British vessel was deficient in life-boats, but neither + public opinion nor the public press took this matter up. There were no + questions in Parliament and no measures introduced in Congress. Even the + legislation by which the United States permitted English vessels reaching + American ports to avoid the legal requirements of American statute law + (which requires a seat in the life-boats for every passenger and every + member of the crew) attracted no public attention, and occasional + references to the subject by those better informed did nothing to awake + action. + </p> + <p> + But this is past. Those who died bravely without complaint and with + sacrificing regard for others did not lose their lives in vain. The safety + of all travelers for all times to come under every civilized flag is to be + greater through their sac-rifice. Under modern conditions life can be made + as safe at sea as on the land. It is heartrending to stop and think that + thirty-two more life-boats, costing only about $16,000, which could have + been stowed away without being noticed on the broad decks of the Titanic, + would have saved every man, woman and child on the steamer. There has + never been so great a disaster in the history of civilization due to the + neglect of so small an expenditure. + </p> + <p> + It would be idle to think that this was due simply to parsimony. It was + really due to the false and vicious notion that life at sea must be made + showy, sumptuous and magnificent. The absence of life-boats was not due to + their cost, but to the demand for a great promenade deck, with ample space + to look out on the sea with which a continuous row of life-boats would + have interfered, and to the general tendency to lavish money on the + luxuries of a voyage instead of first insuring its safety. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0029" id="link2HCH0029"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXIX. THE SENATORIAL INVESTIGATION + </h2> + <p> + PROMPT ACTION OF THE GOVERNMENT—SENATE COMMITTEE PROBES DISASTER AND + BRINGS OUT DETAILS—TESTIMONY OF ISMAY, OFFICERS, CREW, PASSENGERS + AND OTHER WITNESSES + </p> + <p> + PUBLIC sentiment with regard to the Titanic disaster was reflected in the + prompt action of the United States Government. + </p> + <p> + On April 17th the Senate, without a dissenting vote, ordered an + investigation of the wreck of the Titanic, with particular reference to + the inadequacy of life-saving boats and apparatus. The resolution also + directed inquiry into the use by the Titanic of the northern course "over + a route commonly regarded as dangerous from icebergs." + </p> + <p> + Besides investigating the disaster, the committee was directed to look + into the feasibility of international agreements for the further + protection of ocean traffic. + </p> + <p> + The Senate Committee on Commerce, in whose charge the investigation was + placed, immediately appointed the following sub-committee to conduct the + gathering of evidence and the examination of witnesses: + </p> + <p> + Senator William Alden Smith of Michigan, chairman; Senator Francis + Newlands of Nevada, Senator Jonathan Bourne, Jr., of Oregon, Senator + George C. Perkins of California, Senator Theodore E. Burton of Ohio, + Senator Furnifold McL. Simmons of North Carolina and Senator Duncan U. + Fletcher of Florida. + </p> + <p> + The Senate Committee began its investigation in New York on Friday, April + 19th, the morning after the arrival of the Carpathia. + </p> + <p> + Ismay, the first witness, came to the witness chair with a smile upon his + face. He was sworn and then told the committee that he made the voyage on + the Titanic only as a voluntary passenger. Nobody designated him to come + to see how the newly launched monster would behave on the initial trip. He + said that no money was spared in the construction, and as she was built on + commission there was no need for the builders to slight the work for their + own benefit. The accident had happened on Sunday night, April 14th. + </p> + <p> + "I was in bed and asleep," he said. "The ship was not going at full speed, + as has been printed, because full speed would be from seventy-eight to + eighty revolutions, and we were making only seventy-five. After the impact + with the iceberg I dressed and went on deck. I asked the steward what the + matter was and he told me. Then I went to Captain Smith and asked him if + the ship was in danger and he told me he thought she was." + </p> + <p> + Ismay said that he went on the bridge and remained there for some time and + then lent a hand in getting the life-boats ready. He helped to get the + women and children into the boats. + </p> + <p> + Ismay said that no other executive officer of the steamship company was on + board, which practically made him the sole master of the vessel the minute + it passed beyond the control of the captain and his fellow-officers. But + Ismay, seeming to scent the drift of the questions, said that he never + interfered in any way with the handling of the ship. + </p> + <p> + Ismay was asked to give more particulars about his departure from the + ship. He said: + </p> + <p> + "The boat was ready to be lowered away and the officer called out if there + were any more women or children to go or any more passengers on deck, but + there was none, and I got on board." + </p> + <p> + CAPTAIN ROSTRON'S TESTIMONY + </p> + <p> + Captain Rostron, of the Carpathia, followed Mr. Ismay. He said the first + message received from the Titanic was that she was in immediate danger. "I + gave the order to turn the ship around as soon as the Titanic had given + her position. I set a course to pick up the Titanic, which was fifty-eight + miles west of my position. I sent for the chief engineer, told him to put + on another watch of stokers and make all speed for the Titanic. I told the + first officer to stop all deck work, get out the life-boats and be ready + for any emergency. The chief steward and doctors of the Carpathia I called + to my office and instructed as to their duties. The English doctor was + assigned to the first class dining room, the Italian doctor to the second + class dining room, the Hungarian doctor to the third class dining room. + They were instructed to be ready with all supplies necessary for any + emergency." + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = DIAGRAM SHOWING THE PROXIMITY OF OTHER STEAMSHIPS TO + THE TITANIC ON NIGHT OF DISASTER.} + </p> + <p> + The captain told in detail of the arrangements made to prepare the + life-boats and the ship for the receipt of the survivors. + </p> + <p> + WEEPS AS HE TELLS STORY + </p> + <p> + Then with tears filling his eyes, Captain Rostron said he called the + purser. "I told him," said Captain Rostron, "I wanted to hold a service of + prayer—thanksgiving for the living and a funeral service for the + dead. I went to Mr. Ismay. He told me to take full charge. An Episcopal + clergyman was found among the passengers and he conducted the services." + </p> + <p> + TITANIC WAS A "LIFE-BOAT." + </p> + <p> + Captain Rostron said that the Carpathia had twenty lifeboats of her own, + in accordance with the British regulations. + </p> + <p> + "Wouldn't that indicate that the regulations are out of date, your ship + being much smaller than the Titanic, which also carried twenty + life-boats?" Senator Smith asked. + </p> + <p> + "No. The Titanic was supposed to be a life-boat herself." + </p> + <p> + WIRELESS FAILED + </p> + <p> + Why so few messages came from the Carpathia was gone into. Captain Rostron + declared the first messages, all substantially the same, were sent to the + White Star Line, the Cunard Line and the Associated Press. Then the first + and second cabin passenger lists were sent, when the wireless failed. + </p> + <p> + Senator Smith said some complaint had been heard that the Carpathia had + not answered President Taft's inquiry for Major Butt. Captain Rostron + declared a reply was sent, "Not on board." + </p> + <p> + Captain Rostron declared he issued orders for no messages to be sent + except upon orders from him, and for official business to go first, then + private messages from the Titanic survivors in order of filing. + </p> + <p> + Absolutely no censorship was exercised, he said. The wire-less continued + working all the way in, the Marconi operator being constantly at the key. + </p> + <p> + Guglielmo Marconi, the wireless inventor, was the next witness. + </p> + <p> + Marconi said he was chairman of the British Marconi Company. Under + instructions of the company, he said, operators must take their orders + from the captain of the ship on which they are employed. + </p> + <p> + "Do the regulations prescribe whether one or two operators should be + aboard the ocean vessels?" + </p> + <p> + "Yes, on ships like the late Titanic and Olympic two are carried," said + Marconi. "The Carpathia, a smaller boat, carries one. The Carpathia's + wireless apparatus is a short-distance equipment." + </p> + <p> + TITANIC WELL EQUIPPED + </p> + <p> + "Do you consider that the Titanic was equipped with the latest improved + wireless apparatus?" + </p> + <p> + "Yes; I should say that it had the very best." + </p> + <p> + "Did you hear the captain of the Carpathia say, in his testimony, that + they caught this distress message from the Titanic almost providentally?" + asked Senator Smith. + </p> + <p> + "Yes, I did. It was absolutely providential." + </p> + <p> + "Is there any signal for the operator if he is not at his post?'{'} + </p> + <p> + "I think there is none," said Marconi. + </p> + <p> + "Ought it not be incumbent upon ships to have an operator always at the + key?" + </p> + <p> + "Yes; but ship-owners don't like to carry two operators when they can get + along with one. The smaller boat owners do not like the expense of two + operators." + </p> + <p> + SECOND OFFICER TESTIFIES + </p> + <p> + Charles Herbert Lightoller, second officer of the Titanic, followed + Marconi on the stand. Mr. Lightoller said he understood the maximum speed + of the Titanic, as shown by its trial tests, to have been twenty-two and a + half to twenty-three knots. Senator Smith asked if the rule requiring + life-saving apparatus to be in each room for each passenger was complied + with. + </p> + <p> + "Everything was complete," said Lightoller. "Sixteen life-boats, of which + four were collapsible, were on the Titanic," he added. During the tests, + he said, Captain Clark, of the British Board of Trade, was aboard the + Titanic to inspect its life-saving equipment. + </p> + <p> + "How thorough are these captains of the Board of Trade in inspecting + ships?" asked Senator Smith. + </p> + <p> + "Captain Clark is so thorough that we called him a nuisance." + </p> + <p> + TITANIC KILLED RAPIDLY + </p> + <p> + After testifying to the circumstances under which the life-boats were + filled and lowered, Lightoller continued. "The boat's deck was only ten + feet from the water when I lowered the sixth boat. When we lowered the + first, the distance to the water was seventy feet." + </p> + <p> + "If the same course was pursued on the starboard side as you pursued on + the port, in filling boats, how do you account for so many members of the + crew being saved?" asked Chairman Smith. + </p> + <p> + "I have inquired especially and have found that for every six persons + picked up, five were either firemen or stewards." + </p> + <p> + COTTAM TELLS HIS STORY + </p> + <p> + Thomas Cottam, of Liverpool, the Marconi operator on the Carpathia, was + the next witness. + </p> + <p> + Cottam said that he was about ready to retire Sunday night, having + partially removed his clothes, and was waiting for a reply to a message to + the Parisian when he heard Cape Cod trying to call the Titanic. Cottam + called the Titanic operator to inform him of the fact, and received the + reply. 'Come at once; this is a distress message. C. Q. D.' " + </p> + <p> + "What did you do then?" + </p> + <p> + "I confirmed the distress message by asking the Titanic if I should report + the distress message to the captain of the Carpathia." + </p> + <p> + "How much time elapsed after you received the Titanic's distress message + before you reported it to Captain Rostron?" + </p> + <p> + "About a couple of minutes," Cottam answered. + </p> + <p> + COTTAM RECALLED + </p> + <p> + When the committee resumed the investigation on April 20th, Cottam was + recalled to the stand. + </p> + <p> + Senator Smith asked the witness if he had received any messages from the + time the Carpathia left the scene of the disaster until it reached New + York. The purpose of this question was to discover whether any official + had sought to keep back the news of the disaster. + </p> + <p> + "No, sir," answered Cottam. "I reported the entire matter myself to the + steamship Baltic at 10.30 o'clock Monday morning. I told her we had been + to the wreck and had picked up as many of the passengers as we could." + </p> + <p> + Cottam denied that he had sent any message that all passengers had been + saved, or anything on which such a report could be based. + </p> + <p> + Cottam said he was at work Monday and until Wednesday. He repeated his + testimony of the previous day and said he had been without sleep + throughout Sunday, Monday, Tuesday and until late Wednesday afternoon when + he had been relieved by Bride. + </p> + <p> + "Did you or Bride send any message declaring that the Titanic was being + towed into Halifax?" + </p> + <p> + "No, sir," said the witness, with emphasis. + </p> + <p> + MARCONI EXPLAINS + </p> + <p> + In an effort to determine whether the signal "C. Q. D." might not have + been misunderstood by passing ships, Senator Smith called upon Mr. + Marconi. + </p> + <p> + "The 'C. Q.,'" said Marconi, "is an international signal which meant that + all stations should cease sending except the one using the call. The 'D.' + was added to indicate danger. The call, however, now has been superseded + by the universal call, 'S. O. S.'" + </p> + <p> + BRIDE ON THE STAND + </p> + <p> + Harold S. Bride, the sole surviving operator of the Titanic, was then + called. + </p> + <p> + Bride said he knew the Frankfurt was nearer than the Carpathia when he + called for assistance, but that he ceased his efforts to communicate with + the former because her operator persisted in asking, "What is the matter?" + despite Bride's message that the ship was in distress. + </p> + <p> + Time after time Senator Smith asked in varying forms why the Titanic did + not explain its condition to the Frankfurt. + </p> + <p> + "Any operator receiving 'C. Q. D.' and the position of the ship, if he is + on the job," said Bride, "would tell the captain at once." + </p> + <p> + Marconi again testified to the distress signals, and said that the + Frankfurt was equipped with Marconi wireless. He said that the receipt of + the signal "C. Q. D." by the Frankfurt's operator should have been + all-sufficient to send the Frankfurt to the immediate rescue. + </p> + <p> + ALL APPEALS RECEIVED + </p> + <p> + Under questioning by Senator Smith, Bride said that undoubtedly the + Frankfurt received all of the urgent appeals for help sent subsequently to + the Carpathia. + </p> + <p> + INVESTIGATION CARRIED TO WASHINGTON + </p> + <p> + The first witness when the investigation was resumed in Washington on + April 22d was P. A. S. Franklin, vice-president of the International + Mercantile Marine Company. + </p> + <p> + Franklin testified that he had had no communication with Captain Smith + during the Titanic's voyage, nor with Ismay, except one cable from + Southampton. + </p> + <p> + Senator Smith then showed Mr. Franklin the telegram received by + Congressman Hughes, of West Virginia, from the White Star Line, dated New + York, April 15th, and addressed to J. A. Hughes, Huntington, W. Va., as + follows: + </p> + <p> + "Titanic proceeding to Halifax. Passengers probably land on Wednesday. All + safe. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (Signed) "THE WHITE STAR LINE. " +</pre> + <p> + TELEGRAM A MYSTERY + </p> + <p> + "I ask you," continued the senator, "whether you know about the sending of + that telegram, by whom it was authorized and from whom it was sent?" + </p> + <p> + "I do not, sir," said Franklin. "Since it was mentioned at the Waldorf + Saturday we have had the entire passenger staff examined and we cannot + find out." + </p> + <p> + Asked when he first knew that the Titanic had sunk, Franklin said he first + knew it about 6.27 P.M., Monday. + </p> + <p> + Mr. Franklin then produced a thick package of telegrams which he had + received in relation to the disaster. + </p> + <p> + "About twenty minutes of two on Monday morning," said he, "I was awakened + by a telephone bell, and was called by a reporter for some paper who + informed me that the Titanic had met with an accident and was sinking. I + asked him where he got the information. He told me that it had come by + wireless from the steamship Virginian, which had been appealed to by the + Titanic for aid." + </p> + <p> + Mr. Franklin said he called up the White Star docks, but they had no + information, and he then appealed to the Associated Press, and there was + read to him a dispatch from Cape Race advising him of the accident. + </p> + <p> + "I asked the Associated Press," said Mr. Franklin, "not to send out the + dispatch until we had more detailed information, in order to avoid causing + unnecessary alarm. I was told, however, that the story already had been + sent." + </p> + <p> + The reassuring statements sent out by the line in the early hours of the + disaster next were made the subject of inquiry. + </p> + <p> + "Tell the committee on what you based those statements," directed Senator + Smith. + </p> + <p> + "We based them on reports and rumors received at Cape Race by individuals + and by the newspapers. They were rumors, and we could not place our finger + on anything authentic." + </p> + <p> + FIRST DEFINITE NEWS + </p> + <p> + "At 6.20 or 6.30 Monday evening," Mr. Franklin continued, "a message was + received telling the fateful news that the Carpathia reached the Titanic + and found nothing but boats and wreckage; that the Titanic had foundered + at 2.20 A.M. in 41.16 north, 50.14 west; that the Carpathia picked up all + the boats and had on board about 675 Titanic survivors—passengers + and crew. + </p> + <p> + "It was such a terrible shock that it took me several moments to think + what to do. Then I went downstairs to the reporters, I began to read the + message, holding it high in my hand. I had read only to the second line, + which said that the Titanic had sunk, when there was not a reporter left—they + were so anxious to get to the telephones. + </p> + <p> + SAFETY EQUIPMENT + </p> + <p> + "The Titanic's equipment was in excess of the law," said the witness. "It + carried its clearance in the shape of a certificate from the British Board + of Trade. I might say that no vessel can leave a British port without a + certificate that it is equipped to care for human lives aboard in case of + accident. It is the law." + </p> + <p> + "Do you know of anyone, any officer or man or any official, whom you deem + could be held responsible for the accident and its attendant loss of + life?" + </p> + <p> + "Positively not. No one thought such an accident could happen. It was + undreamed of. I think it would be absurd to try to hold some individual + responsible. Every precaution was taken; that the precautions were of no + avail is a source of the deepest sorrow. But the accident was + unavoidable." + </p> + <p> + FOURTH OFFICER TESTIFIES + </p> + <p> + J. B. Boxhall, the fourth officer, was then questioned. + </p> + <p> + "Were there any drills or any inspection before the Titanic sailed?" he + was asked. + </p> + <p> + "Both," said the witness. "The men were mustered and the life-boats + lowered in the presence of the inspectors from the Board of Trade." + </p> + <p> + "How many boats were lowered?" + </p> + <p> + "Just two, sir." + </p> + <p> + "One on each side of the ship?" + </p> + <p> + "No, sir. They were both on the same side. We were lying in dock." + </p> + <p> + The witness said he did not know whether the lowering tackle ran free or + not on that occasion. + </p> + <p> + "In lowering the life-boats at the test, did the gear work + satisfactorily?" + </p> + <p> + "So far as I know." + </p> + <p> + In lowering a life-boat, he said, first the boat has to be cleared, chocks + knocked down and the boat hangs free. Then the davits are screwed out to + the ship's side and the boat lowered. + </p> + <p> + At the time of the tests all officers of the Titanic were present. + </p> + <p> + Boxhall said that under the weather conditions experienced at the time of + the collision the life-boats were supposed to carry sixty-five persons. + Under the regulations of the British Board of Trade, in addition to the + oars, there were in the boats water breakers, water dippers, bread, + bailers, mast and sail and lights and a supply of oil. All of these + supplies, said Boxhall, were in the boats when the Titanic left Belfast. + He could not say whether they were in when the vessel left Southampton. + </p> + <p> + "Now," repeated Senator Smith, "suppose the weather was clear and the sky + unruffled, as it was at the time of the disaster, how many would the boat + hold?" + </p> + <p> + "Really, I don't know. It would depend largely upon the people who were to + enter. If they did as they were told I believe each boat could accommodate + sixty-five persons." + </p> + <p> + Boxhall testified to the sobriety and good habits of his superior and + brother officers. + </p> + <p> + NO TRACE OF DAMAGE INSIDE + </p> + <p> + Boxhall said he went down to the steerage, inspected all the decks in the + vicinity of where the ship had struck, found no traces of any damage and + went directly to the bridge and so reported. + </p> + <p> + CARPENTER FOUND LEAKS + </p> + <p> + "The captain ordered me to send a carpenter to sound the ship, but I found + a carpenter coming up with the announcement that the ship was taking + water. In the mail room I found mail sacks floating about while the clerks + were at work. I went to the bridge and reported, and the captain ordered + the life-boats to be made ready." + </p> + <p> + Boxhall testified that at Captain Smith's orders he took word of the + ship's position to the wireless operators. + </p> + <p> + "What position was that?" + </p> + <p> + "Forty-one forty-six north, fifty fourteen west." + </p> + <p> + "Was that the last position taken?" + </p> + <p> + "Yes, the Titanic stood not far from there when she sank." + </p> + <p> + After that Boxhall went back to the life-boats, where there were many men + and women. He said they had been provided with life-belts. + </p> + <p> + {illust. caption = THE EFFECTS OF STRIKING AN ICEBERG + </p> + <p> + (1) Shows normal....} + </p> + <p> + DISTRESS ROCKETS FIRED + </p> + <p> + "After that I was on the bridge most of the time sending out distress + signals, trying to attract the attention of boats ahead," he said. "I sent + up distress rockets until I left the ship, to try to attract the attention + of a ship directly ahead. I had seen her lights. She seemed to be meeting + us and was not far away. She got close enough, so she seemed to me, to + read our Morse electric signals." + </p> + <p> + "Suppose you had a powerful search light on the Titanic, could you not + have thrown a beam on the vessel and have compelled her attention?" + </p> + <p> + "We might." + </p> + <p> + H. J. Pitman, the third officer of the ship, was the first witness on + April 23d. By a series of searching questions Senator Fletcher brought out + the fact that when the collision occurred the Titanic was going at the + greatest speed attained during the trip, even though the ship was entering + the Grand Banks and had been advised of the presence of ice. + </p> + <p> + Frederick Fleet, a sailor and lookout man on the Titanic, followed Pitman + on the stand. Fleet said he had had five or six years' experience at sea + and was lookout on the Oceanic prior to going on the Titanic. He was in + the crow's nest at the time of the collision. + </p> + <p> + Fleet stated that he had kept a sharp lookout for ice, and testified to + seeing the iceberg and signaling the bridge. + </p> + <p> + Fleet acknowledged that if he had been aided in his observations by a good + glass he probably could have spied the berg into which the ship crashed in + time to have warned the bridge to avoid it. Major Arthur Peuchen, of + Toronto, a passenger who followed Fleet on the stand, also testified to + the much greater sweep of vision afforded by binoculars and, as a + yachtsman, said he believed the presence of the iceberg might have been + detected in time to escape the collision had the lookout men been so + equipped. + </p> + <p> + HAD ASKED FOR BINOCULARS + </p> + <p> + It was made to appear that the blame for being without glasses did not + rest with the lookout men. Fleet said they had asked for them at + Southampton and were told there were none for them. One glass, in a pinch, + would have served in the crow's nest. + </p> + <p> + The testimony before the committee on April 24th showed that the big + steamship was on the verge of a field of ice twenty or thirty miles long, + if she had not actually entered it, when the accident occurred. + </p> + <p> + The committee tried to discover whether it would add to human safety if + the ships were fitted with search lights so that at night objects could be + seen at a greater distance. The testimony so far along this line had been + conflicting. Some of the witnesses thought it would be no harm to try it, + but they were all skeptical as to its value, as an iceberg would not be + especially distinguishable because its bulk is mostly below the surface. + </p> + <p> + One of the witnesses said that much dependence is not placed upon the + lookout, and that those lookouts who used binoculars constantly found them + detrimental. + </p> + <p> + Harold G. Lowe, fifth officer of the Titanic, told the committee his part + in the struggle of the survivors for life following the catastrophe. The + details of this struggle have have already been told in a previous + chapter. + </p> + <p> + AUTHORIZED TO SELL STORY + </p> + <p> + In great detail Guglielmo Marconi, on April 25th, explained the operations + of his system and told how he had authorized Operator Bride of the + Titanic, and Operator Cottam, of the Carpathia, to sell their stories of + the disaster after they came ashore. + </p> + <p> + In allowing the operator's to sell their stories, said Mr. Marconi, there + was no question of suppressing or monopolizing the news. He had done + everything he could, he said, to have the country informed as quickly as + possible of the details of the disaster. That was why he was particularly + glad for the narratives of such important witnesses as the operators to + receive publication, regardless of the papers that published them. + </p> + <p> + He repeated the testimony of Cottam that every effort had been made to get + legitimate dispatches ashore. The cruiser Chester, he said, had been + answered as fully as possible, though it was not known at the time that + its queries came from the President of the United States. The Salem, he + said, had never got in touch with the Carpathia operator. + </p> + <p> + Senator Newlands suggested that the telegrams, some signed by the name of + Mr. Sammis and some with the name of Marconi, directing Cottam to "keep + his mouth shut" and hold out for four figures on his story, was sent only + as the Carpathia was entering New York harbor, when there was no longer + need for sending official or private messages from the rescuing ship. + There had been an impression before, he said, that the messages had been + sent to Cottam when the ship was far at sea, when they might have meant + that he was to hold back messages relieving the anxiety of those on shore. + </p> + <p> + SAW DISTRESS ROCKETS + </p> + <p> + Ernest Gill, a donkey engineman on the steamship Californian, was the + first witness on April 26th. He said that Captain Stanley Lord, of the + Californian, refused later to go to the aid of the Titanic, the rockets + from which could be plainly seen. He says the captain was apprised of + these signals, but made no effort to get up steam and go to the rescue. + The Californian was drifting with the floe. So indignant did he become, + said Gill, that he endeavored to recruit a committee of protest from among + the crew, but the men failed him. + </p> + <p> + Captain Lord entered a sweeping denial of Gill's accusations and read from + the Californian's log to support his contention. Cyril Evans, the + Californian's wireless operator, however, told of hearing much talk among + the crew, who were critical of the captain's course. Gill, he said, told + him he expected to get $500 for his story when the ship reached Boston. + </p> + <p> + Evans told of having warned the Titanic only a brief time before the great + vessel crashed into the berg that the sea was crowded with ice. The + Titanic's operators, he said, at the time were working with the wireless + station at Cape Race, and they told him to "shut up" and keep out. Within + a half hour the pride of the sea was crumpled and sinking. + </p> + <p> + Members of the committee who examined individually the British sailors and + stewards of the Titanic's crew prepared a report of their investigations + for the full committee. This testimony was ordered to be incorporated in + the record of the hearings. + </p> + <p> + Most of this testimony was but a repetition of experiences similar to the + many already related by those who got away in the life-boats. + </p> + <p> + On April 27th Captain James H. Moore, of the steamship Mount Temple, who + hurried to the Titanic in response to wireless calls for help, told of the + great stretch of field ice which held him off. Within his view from the + bridge he discerned, he said, a strange steamship, probably a "tramp," and + a schooner which was making her way out of the ice. The lights of this + schooner, he thought, probably were those seen by the anxious survivors of + the Titanic and which they were frantically trying to reach. + </p> + <p> + WOMEN AT HEARING WEEP + </p> + <p> + Steward Crawford also related a thrilling story in regard to loading the + life-boats with women first. He told of several instances that came under + his observation of women throwing their arms around their husbands and + crying out that they would not leave the ship without them. The pathetic + recital caused several women at the hearing to weep, and all within + earshot of the steward's story were thrilled. + </p> + <p> + ANDREWS WAS BRAVE + </p> + <p> + Stories that Mr. Andrews, the designer of the ship, had tried to disguise + the extent of danger were absolutely denied by Henry Samuel Etches, his + bedroom steward, who told the committee how Mr. Andrews urged women back + to their cabins to dress more warmly and to put on life-belts. + </p> + <p> + The steward, whose duty it was to serve Major Butt and his party, told how + he did not see the Major at dinner the evening of the disaster as he was + dining with a private party in the restaurant. William Burke, a first + class steward, told of serving dinner at 7.15 o'clock to Mr. and Mrs. + Straus, and later Mrs. Straus' refusal to leave her husband was again told + to the committee. A bedroom steward told of a quiet conversation with + Benjamin Guggenheim, Senator Guggenheim's brother, after the accident and + shortly before the Titanic settled in the plunge that was to be his death. + </p> + <p> + On April 29th Marconi produced copies of several messages which passed + between the Marconi office and the Carpathia in an effort to get definite + information of the wreck and the survivors. + </p> + <p> + Marconi and F. M. Sammis, chief engineer of the American Marconi Company, + both acknowledged that a mistake had been made in sending messages to + Bride and Cottam on board the Carpathia not to give out any news until + they had seen Marconi and Sammis. + </p> + <p> + The senatorial committee investigating the Titanic disaster has served + several good purposes. It has officially established the fact that all + nations are censurable for insufficient, antiquated safety regulations on + ocean vessels, and it has emphasized the imperative necessity for united + action among all maritime countries to revise these laws and adapt them to + changed conditions. + </p> + <p> + The committee reported its findings as follows: + </p> + <p> + GENERAL CONCLUSIONS + </p> + <p> + No particular person is named as being responsible, though attention is + called to the fact that on the day of the disaster three distinct warnings + of ice were sent to Captain Smith. J. Bruce Ismay, managing director of + the White Star Line, is not held responsible for the ship's high speed. In + fact, he is barely mentioned in the report. + </p> + <p> + Ice positions, so definitely reported to the Titanic just preceding the + accident, located ice on both sides of the lane in which she was + traveling. No discussion took place among the officers, no conference was + called to consider these warnings, no heed was given to them. The speed + was not relaxed, the lookout was not increased. + </p> + <p> + The supposedly water-tight compartments of the Titanic were not + water-tight, because of the non-water-tight condition of the decks where + the transverse bulkheads ended. + </p> + <p> + The steamship Californian, controlled by the same concern as the Titanic, + was nearer the sinking steamship than the nineteen miles reported by her + captain, and her officers and crew saw the distress signals of the Titanic + and failed to respond to them in accordance with the dictates of humanity, + international usage and the requirements of law. Had assistance been + promptly proffered the Californian might have had the proud distinction of + rescuing the lives of the passengers and crew of the Titanic. + </p> + <p> + The mysterious lights on an unknown ship, seen by the passengers on the + Titanic, undoubtedly were on the Californian, less than nineteen miles + away. + </p> + <p> + Eight ships, all equipped with wireless, were in the vicinity of the + Titanic, the Olympic farthest away—512 miles. + </p> + <p> + The full capacity of the Titanic's life-boats was not utilized, because, + while only 705 persons were saved, the ship's boats could have carried + 1176. + </p> + <p> + No general alarm was sounded, no whistle blown and no systematic warning + was given to the endangered passengers, and it was fifteen or twenty + minutes after the collision before Captain Smith ordered the Titanic's + wireless operator to send out a distress message. + </p> + <p> + The Titanic's crew were only meagerly acquainted with their positions and + duties in an accident and only one drill was held before the maiden trip. + Many of the crew joined the ship only a few hours before she sailed and + were in ignorance of their positions until the following Friday. + </p> + <p> + Many more lives could have been saved had the survivors been concentrated + in a few life-boats, and had the boats thus released returned to the wreck + for others. + </p> + <p> + The first official information of the disaster was the message from + Captain Haddock, of the Olympic, received by the White Star Line at 6.16 + P. M., Monday, April 15. In the face of this information a message + reporting the Titanic being towed to Halifax was sent to Representative J. + A. Hughes, at Huntington, W. Va., at 7.51 P. M. that day. The message was + delivered to the Western Union office in the same building as the White + Star Line offices. + </p> + <p> + "Whoever sent this message," says the report, "under the circumstances, is + guilty of the most reprehensible conduct." + </p> + <p> + The wireless operator on the Carpathia was not duly vigilant in handling + his messages after the accident. + </p> + <p> + The practice of allowing wireless operators to sell their stories should + be stopped. + </p> + <p> + RECOMMENDATIONS. + </p> + <p> + It is recommended that all ships carrying more than 100 passengers shall + have two searchlights. + </p> + <p> + That a revision be made of steamship inspection laws of foreign countries + to conform to the standard proposed in the United States. + </p> + <p> + That every ship be required to carry sufficient life-boats for all + passengers and crew. + </p> + <p> + That the use of wireless be regulated to prevent interference by amateurs, + and that all ships have a wireless operator on constant duty. + </p> + <p> + Detailed recommendations are made as to water-tight bulkhead construction + on ocean-going ships. Bulkheads should be so spaced that any two adjacent + compartments of a ship might be flooded without sinking. + </p> + <p> + Transverse bulkheads forward and abaft the machinery should be continued + watertight to the uppermost continuous structural deck, and this deck + should be fitted water-tight. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Sinking of the Titanic, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SINKING OF THE TITANIC *** + +***** This file should be named 781-h.htm or 781-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/7/8/781/ + +Produced by Charles Keller, Mike Lough, and David Widger + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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