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@@ -0,0 +1,9964 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Sinking of the Titanic, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Sinking of the Titanic + and Great Sea Disasters + +Author: Various + +Editor: Logan Marshall + +Release Date: January, 1997 [Etext #781] +Posting Date: November 5, 2009 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SINKING OF THE TITANIC *** + + + + +Produced by Charles Keller and Mike Lough + + + + + +SINKING OF THE TITANIC + +AND GREAT SEA DISASTERS + +By Various + +Edited by Logan Marshall + + + +Pre-Frontispiece Caption: THE TITANIC + +The largest and finest steamship in the world; on her maiden voyage, +loaded with a human freight of over 2,300 souls, she collided with a +huge iceberg 600 miles southeast of Halifax, at 11.40 P.M. Sunday April +14, 1912, and sank two and a half hours later, carrying over 1,600 of +her passengers and crew with her. + + + +Frontispiece Caption: CAPTAIN E. J. SMITH + +Of the ill-fated giant of the sea; a brave and seasoned commander who +was carried to his death with his last and greatest ship. + + + +Sinking of the Titanic and Great Sea Disasters + +A Detailed and Accurate Account of the Most Awful Marine Disaster in +History, Constructed from the Real Facts as Obtained from Those on Board +Who Survived.......... + +ONLY AUTHORITATIVE BOOK + +INCLUDING Records of Previous Great Disasters of the Sea, Descriptions +of the Developments of Safety and Life-saving Appliances, a Plain +Statement of the Causes of Such Catastrophes and How to Avoid Them, the +Marvelous Development of Shipbuilding, etc. + +With a Message of Spiritual Consolation by REV. HENRY VAN DYKE, D.D. + +EDITED BY LOGAN MARSHALL + +Author of "Life of Theodore Roosevelt," etc. + +ILLUSTRATED With Numerous Authentic Photographs and Drawings + + + +Dedication + +To the 1635 souls who were lost with the ill-fated Titanic, and +especially to those heroic men, who, instead of trying to save +themselves, stood aside that women and children might have their chance; +of each of them let it be written, as it was written of a Greater +One--"He Died that Others might Live" + + +"I stood in unimaginable trance And agony that cannot be +remembered."--COLERIDGE + + +Dr. Van Dyke's Spiritual Consolation to the Survivors of the Titanic + + +The Titanic, greatest of ships, has gone to her ocean grave. What has +she left behind her? Think clearly. + +She has left debts. Vast sums of money have been lost. Some of them are +covered by insurance which will be paid. The rest is gone. All wealth is +insecure. + +She has left lessons. The risk of running the northern course when it +is menaced by icebergs is revealed. The cruelty of sending a ship to +sea without enough life-boats and life-rafts to hold her company is +exhibited and underlined in black. + +She has left sorrows. Hundreds of human hearts and homes are in mourning +for the loss of dear companions and friends. The universal sympathy +which is written in every face and heard in every voice proves that man +is more than the beasts that perish. It is an evidence of the divine in +humanity. Why should we care? There is no reason in the world, unless +there is something in us that is different from lime and carbon and +phosphorus, something that makes us mortals able to suffer together-- + + "For we have all of us an human heart." + +But there is more than this harvest of debts, and lessons, and sorrows, +in the tragedy of the sinking of the Titanic. There is a great ideal. +It is clearly outlined and set before the mind and heart of the modern +world, to approve and follow, or to despise and reject. + +It is, "Women and children first!" + +Whatever happened on that dreadful April night among the arctic ice, +certainly that was the order given by the brave and steadfast captain; +certainly that was the law obeyed by the men on the doomed ship. But +why? There is no statute or enactment of any nation to enforce such an +order. There is no trace of such a rule to be found in the history of +ancient civilizations. There is no authority for it among the heathen +races to-day. On a Chinese ship, if we may believe the report of an +official representative, the rule would have been "Men First, children +next, and women last." + +There is certainly no argument against this barbaric rule on physical or +material grounds. On the average, a man is stronger than a woman, he is +worth more than a woman, he has a longer prospect of life than a woman. +There is no reason in all the range of physical and economic science, +no reason in all the philosophy of the Superman, why he should give his +place in the life-boat to a woman. + +Where, then, does this rule which prevailed in the sinking Titanic come +from? It comes from God, through the faith of Jesus of Nazareth. + +It is the ideal of self-sacrifice. It is the rule that "the strong +ought to bear the infirmities of those that are weak." It is the divine +revelation which is summed up in the words: "Greater love hath no man +than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends." + +It needs a tragic catastrophe like the wreck of the Titanic to bring out +the absolute contradiction between this ideal and all the counsels of +materialism and selfish expediency. + +I do not say that the germ of this ideal may not be found in other +religions. I do not say that they are against it. I do not ask any man +to accept my theology (which grows shorter and simpler as I grow older), +unless his heart leads him to it. But this I say: The ideal that the +strength of the strong is given them to protect and save the weak, +the ideal which animates the rule of "Women and children first," is in +essential harmony with the spirit of Christ. + +If what He said about our Father in Heaven is true, this ideal is +supremely reasonable. Otherwise it is hard to find arguments for it. The +tragedy of facts sets the question clearly before us. Think about it. Is +this ideal to survive and prevail in our civilization or not? + +Without it, no doubt, we may have riches and power and dominion. But +what a world to live in! + +Only through the belief that the strong are bound to protect and save +the weak because God wills it so, can we hope to keep self-sacrifice, +and love, and heroism, and all the things that make us glad to live and +not afraid to die. + +HENRY VAN DYKE. + +PRINCETON, N. J., April 18, 1912. + + + + +CONTENTS + +CHAPTER I FIRST NEWS OF THE GREATEST MARINE DISASTER IN HISTORY + +"The Titanic in collision, but everybody safe"--Another triumph set +down to wireless telegraphy--The world goes to sleep peacefully--The sad +awakening + +CHAPTER II THE MOST SUMPTUOUS PALACE AFLOAT + +Dimensions of the Titanic--Capacity--Provisions for the comfort +and entertainment of passengers--Mechanical equipment--The army of +attendants required + +CHAPTER III THE MAIDEN VOYAGE OF THE TITANIC + +Preparations for the voyage--Scenes of gayety--The boat sails--Incidents +of the voyage--A collision narrowly averted--The boat on fire--Warned of +icebergs + +CHAPTER IV SOME OF THE NOTABLE PASSENGERS + +Sketches of prominent men and women on board, including Major Archibald +Butt, John Jacob Astor, Benjamin Guggenheim, Isidor Straus, J. Bruce +Ismay, Geo. D. Widener, Colonel Washington Roebling, 2d, Charles M. +Hays, W. T. Stead and others + +CHAPTER V THE TITANIC STRIKES AN ICEBERG! + +Tardy attention to warning responsible for accident--The danger not +realized at first--An interrupted card game--Passengers joke among +themselves--The real truth dawns--Panic on board--Wireless calls for +help. + +CHAPTER VI "WOMEN AND CHILDREN FIRST" + +Cool-headed officers and crew bring order out of chaos--Filling the +life-boats--Heartrending scenes as families are parted--Four life-boats +lost--Incidents of bravery--"The boats are all filled!" + +CHAPTER VII LEFT TO THEIR FATE + +Coolness and heroism of those left to perish--Suicide of +Murdock--Captain Smith's end--The ship's band plays a noble hymn as the +vessel goes down. + +CHAPTER VIII THE CALL FOR HELP HEARD + +The value of the wireless--Other ships alter their course--Rescuers on +the way. + +CHAPTER IX IN THE DRIFTING LIFE-BOATS + +Sorrow and suffering--The survivors see the Titanic go down with their +loved ones on board--A night of agonizing suspense--Women help to +row--Help arrives--Picking up the life-boats. + +CHAPTER X ON BOARD THE CARPATHIA + +Aid for the suffering and hysterical--Burying the dead--Vote of +thanks to Captain Rostron of the Carpathia--Identifying those +saved--Communicating with land--The passage to New York. + +CHAPTER XI PREPARATIONS ON LAND TO RECEIVE THE SUFFERERS + +Police arrangements--Donations of money and supplies--Hospital and +ambulances made ready--Private houses thrown open--Waiting for the +Carpathia to arrive--The ship sighted! + +CHAPTER XII THE TRAGIC HOME-COMING + +The Carpathia reaches New York--An intense and dramatic +moment--Hysterical reunions and crushing disappointments at the +dock--Caring for the sufferers--Final realization that all hope for +others is futile--List of survivors--Roll of the dead. + +CHAPTER XIII THE STORY OF CHARLES F. HURD + +How the Titanic sank--Water strewn with dead bodies--Victims met death +with hymn on their lips. + +CHAPTER XIV THRILLING ACCOUNT BY L. BEASLEY + +Collision only a slight jar--Passengers could not believe the vessel +doomed--Narrow escape of life-boats--Picked up by the Carpathia. + +CHAPTER XV JACK THAYER'S OWN STORY OF THE WRECK + +Seventeen-year-old son of Pennsylvania Railroad official tells +moving story of his rescue--Told mother to be brave--Separated from +parents--Jumped when vessel sank--Drifted on overturned boat--Picked up +by Carpathia. + +CHAPTER XVI INCIDENTS RELATED BY JAMES McGOUGH + +Women forced into the life-boats--Why some men were saved before +women--Asked to man life-boats. + +CHAPTER XVII WIRELESS OPERATOR PRAISES HEROIC WORK + +Story of Harold Bride, the surviving wireless operator of the Titanic, +who was washed overboard and rescued by life-boat--Band played ragtime +and "Autumn". + +CHAPTER XVIII STORY OF THE STEWARD + +Passengers and crew dying when taken aboard Carpathia--One woman saved +a dog--English colonel swam for hours when boat with mother aboard +capsized. + +CHAPTER XIX HOW THE WORLD RECEIVED THE NEWS + +Nations prostrate with grief--Messages from kings and +cardinals--Disaster stirs world to necessity of stricter regulations. + +CHAPTER XX BRAVERY OF THE OFFICERS AND CREW + +Illustrious career of Captain E. J. Smith--Brave to the +last--Maintenance of order and discipline--Acts of heroism--Engineers +died at posts--Noble-hearted band. + +CHAPTER XXI SEARCHING FOR THE DEAD + +Sending out the Mackay-Bennett and Minia--Bremen passengers see +bodies--Identifying bodies--Confusion in names--Recoveries. + +CHAPTER XXII CRITICISM OF ISMAY + +Criminal and cowardly conduct charged--Proper caution not exercised when +presence of icebergs was known--Should have stayed on board to help +in work of rescue--Selfish and unsympathetic actions on board the +Carpathia--Ismay's defense--William E. Carter's statement. + +CHAPTER XXIII THE FINANCIAL LOSS + +Titanic not fully insured--Valuable cargo and mail--No chance for +salvage--Life insurance loss--Loss to the Carpathia. + +CHAPTER XXIV OPINIONS OF EXPERTS + +Captain E. K. Roden, Lewis Nixon, General Greely and Robert H. Kirk +point out lessons taught by Titanic disaster and needed changes in +construction. + +CHAPTER XXV OTHER GREAT MARINE DISASTERS. + +Deadly danger of icebergs--Dozens of ships perish in collision--Other +disasters. + +CHAPTER XXVI DEVELOPMENT OF SHIPBUILDING + +Evolution of water travel--Increases in size of vessels--Is there any +limit?--Achievements in speed--Titanic not the last word. + +CHAPTER XXVII SAFETY AND LIFE-SAVING DEVICES + +Wireless telegraphy--Water-tight bulkheads--Submarine +signals--Life-boats and rafts--Nixon's pontoon--Life-preservers and +buoys--Rockets. + +CHAPTER XXVIII TIME FOR REFLECTION AND REFORM + +Speed and luxury overemphasized--Space needed for life-boats devoted to +swimming pools and squash-courts--Mania for speed records compels use of +dangerous routes and prevents proper caution in foggy weather--Life +more valuable than luxury--Safety more important than speed--An aroused +public opinion necessary--International conference recommended--Adequate +life-saving equipment should be compulsory--Speed regulations in bad +weather--Co-operation in arranging schedules to keep vessels within +reach of each other--Legal regulations. + +CHAPTER XXIX THE SENATORIAL INVESTIGATION + +Prompt action of the Government--Senate committee probes disaster and +brings out details--Testimony of Ismay, officers, crew passengers and +other witnesses. + + + + +FACTS ABOUT THE WRECK OF THE TITANIC + +NUMBER of persons aboard, 2340. Number of life-boats and rafts, 20. +Capacity of each life-boat, 50 passengers and crew of 8. Utmost capacity +of life-boats and rafts, about 1100. Number of life-boats wrecked in +launching, 4. Capacity of life-boats safely launched, 928. Total number +of persons taken in life-boats, 711. Number who died in life-boats, 6. +Total number saved, 705. Total number of Titanic's company lost, 1635. + +The cause of the disaster was a collision with an iceberg in latitude +41.46 north, longitude 50.14 west. The Titanic had had repeated warnings +of the presence of ice in that part of the course. Two official warnings +had been received defining the position of the ice fields. It had been +calculated on the Titanic that she would reach the ice fields about 11 +o'clock Sunday night. The collision occurred at 11.40. At that time the +ship was driving at a speed of 21 to 23 knots, or about 26 miles, an +hour. + +There had been no details of seamen assigned to each boat. + +Some of the boats left the ship without seamen enough to man the oars. + +Some of the boats were not more than half full of passengers. + +The boats had no provisions, some of them had no water stored, some were +without sail equipment or compasses. + +In some boats, which carried sails wrapped and bound, there was not a +person with a knife to cut the ropes. In some boats the plugs in the +bottom had been pulled out and the women passengers were compelled to +thrust their hands into the holes to keep the boats from filling and +sinking. + +The captain, E. J. Smith, admiral of the White Star fleet, went down +with his ship. + + + +CHAPTER I. FIRST NEWS OF THE GREATEST MARINE DISASTER IN HISTORY + +"THE TITANIC IN COLLISION, BUT EVERYBODY SAFE"--ANOTHER TRIUMPH SET +DOWN TO WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY--THE WORLD GOES TO SLEEP PEACEFULLY--THE SAD +AWAKENING. + +LIKE a bolt out of a clear sky came the wireless message on Monday, +April 15, 1912, that on Sunday night the great Titanic, on her maiden +voyage across the Atlantic, had struck a gigantic iceberg, but that +all the passengers were saved. The ship had signaled her distress and +another victory was set down to wireless. Twenty-one hundred lives +saved! + +Additional news was soon received that the ship had collided with a +mountain of ice in the North Atlantic, off Cape Race, Newfoundland, at +10.25 Sunday evening, April 14th. At 4.15 Monday morning the Canadian +Government Marine Agency received a wireless message that the Titanic +was sinking and that the steamers towing her were trying to get her into +shoal water near Cape Race, for the purpose of beaching her. + +Wireless despatches up to noon Monday showed that the passengers of the +Titanic were being transferred aboard the steamer Carpathia, a Cunarder, +which left New York, April 13th, for Naples. Twenty boat-loads of the +Titanic's passengers were said to have been transferred to the Carpathia +then, and allowing forty to sixty persons as the capacity of each +life-boat, some 800 or 1200 persons had already been transferred from +the damaged liner to the Carpathia. They were reported as being taken to +Halifax, whence they would be sent by train to New York. + +Another liner, the Parisian, of the Allan Company, which sailed from +Glasgow for Halifax on April 6th, was said to be close at hand and +assisting in the work of rescue. The Baltic, Virginian and Olympic were +also near the scene, according to the information received by wireless. + +While badly damaged, the giant vessel was reported as still afloat, but +whether she could reach port or shoal water was uncertain. The White +Star officials declared that the Titanic was in no immediate danger of +sinking, because of her numerous water-tight compartments. + +"While we are still lacking definite information," Mr. Franklin, +vice-president of the White Star Line, said later in the afternoon, "we +believe the Titanic's passengers will reach Halifax, Wednesday evening. +We have received no further word from Captain Haddock, of the Olympic, +or from any of the ships in the vicinity, but are confident that there +will be no loss of life." + +With the understanding that the survivors would be taken to Halifax the +line arranged to have thirty Pullman cars, two diners and many passenger +coaches leave Boston Monday night for Halifax to get the passengers +after they were landed. Mr. Franklin made a guess that the Titanic's +passengers would get into Halifax on Wednesday. The Department of +Commerce and Labor notified the White Star Line that customs and +immigration inspectors would be sent from Montreal to Halifax in +order that there would be as little delay as possible in getting the +passengers on trains. + +Monday night the world slept in peace and assurance. A wireless message +had finally been received, reading: + +"All Titanic's passengers safe." + +It was not until nearly a week later that the fact was discovered that +this message had been wrongly received in the confusion of messages +flashing through the air, and that in reality the message should have +read: + +"Are all Titanic's passengers safe?" + +With the dawning of Tuesday morning came the awful news of the true fate +of the Titanic. + + + +CHAPTER II. THE MOST SUMPTUOUS PALACE AFLOAT + +DIMENSIONS OF THE TITANIC--CAPACITY--PROVISIONS FOR THE COMFORT AND +ENTERTAINMENT OF PASSENGERS--MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT THE ARMY OF ATTENDANTS +REQUIRED. + +THE statistical record of the great ship has news value at this time. + +Early in 1908 officials of the White Star Company announced that they +would eclipse all previous records in shipbuilding with a vessel of +staggering dimensions. The Titanic resulted. + +The keel of the ill-fated ship was laid in the summer of 1909 at the +Harland & Wolff yards, Belfast. Lord Pirrie, considered one of the +best authorities on shipbuilding in the world, was the designer. The +leviathan was launched on May 31, 1911, and was completed in February, +1912, at a cost of $10,000,000. + + +SISTER SHIP OF OLYMPIC + +The Titanic, largest liner in commission, was a sister ship of the +Olympic. The registered tonnage of each vessel is estimated as 45,000, +but officers of the White Star Line say that the Titanic measured 45,328 +tons. The Titanic was commanded by Captain E. J. Smith, the White Star +admiral, who had previously been on the Olympic. + +She was 882 1/2 long, or about four city blocks, and was 5000 tons +bigger than a battleship twice as large as the dreadnought Delaware. + +Like her sister ship, the Olympic, the Titanic was a four-funneled +vessel, and had eleven decks. The distance from the keel to the top of +the funnels was 175 feet. She had an average speed of twenty-one knots. + +The Titanic could accommodate 2500 passengers. The steamship was divided +into numerous compartments, separated by fifteen bulkheads. She was +equipped with a gymnasium, swimming pool, hospital with operating room, +and a grill and palm garden. + + +CARRIED CREW OF 860 + +The registered tonnage was 45,000, and the displacement tonnage 66,000. +She was capable of carrying 2500 passengers and the crew numbered 860. + +The largest plates employed in the hull were 36 feet long, weighing 43 +1/2 tons each, and the largest steel beam used was 92 feet long, the +weight of this double beam being 4 tons. The rudder, which was operated +electrically, weighed 100 tons, the anchors 15 1/2 tons each, the center +(turbine) propeller 22 tons, and each of the two "wing" propellers 38 +tons each. The after "boss-arms," from which were sus-pended the three +propeller shafts, tipped the scales at 73 1/2 tons, and the forward +"boss-arms" at 45 tons. Each link in the anchor-chains weighed 175 +pounds. There were more than 2000 side-lights and windows to light the +public rooms and passenger cabins. + +Nothing was left to chance in the construction of the Titanic. Three +million rivets (weighing 1200 tons) held the solid plates of steel +together. To insure stability in binding the heavy plates in the double +bottom, half a million rivets, weighing about 270 tons, were used. + +All the plating of the hulls was riveted by hydraulic power, driving +seven-ton riveting machines, suspended from traveling cranes. The double +bottom extended the full length of the vessel, varying from 5 feet 3 +inches to 6 feet 3 inches in depth, and lent added strength to the hull. + + +MOST LUXURIOUS STEAMSHIP + +Not only was the Titanic the largest steamship afloat but it was the +most luxurious. Elaborately furnished cabins opened onto her eleven +decks, and some of these decks were reserved as private promenades that +were engaged with the best suites. One of these suites was sold for +$4350 for the boat's maiden and only voyage. Suites similar, but which +were without the private promenade decks, sold for $2300. + +The Titanic differed in some respects from her sister ship. The Olympic +has a lower promenade deck, but in the Titanic's case the staterooms +were brought out flush with the outside of the superstructure, and the +rooms themselves made much larger. The sitting rooms of some of the +suites on this deck were 15 x 15 feet. + +The restaurant was much larger than that of the Olympic and it had a +novelty in the shape of a private promenade deck on the starboard side, +to be used exclusively by its patrons. Adjoining it was a reception +room, where hosts and hostesses could meet their guests. + +Two private promenades were connected with the two most luxurious suites +on the ship. The suites were situated about amidships, one on either +side of the vessel, and each was about fifty feet long. One of the +suites comprised a sitting room, two bedrooms and a bath. + +These private promenades were expensive luxuries. The cost figured out +something like forty dollars a front foot for a six days' voyage. They, +with the suites to which they are attached, were the most expensive +transatlantic accommodations yet offered. + + +THE ENGINE ROOM + +The engine room was divided into two sections, one given to the +reciprocating engines and the other to the turbines. There were two +sets of the reciprocating kind, one working each of the wing propellers +through a four-cylinder triple expansion, direct acting inverted engine. +Each set could generate 15,000 indicated horse-power at seventy-five +revolutions a minute. The Parsons type turbine takes steam from the +reciprocating engines, and by developing a horse-power of 16,000 at 165 +revolutions a minute works the third of the ship's propellers, the one +directly under the rudder. Of the four funnels of the vessel three +were connected with the engine room, and the fourth or after funnel for +ventilating the ship including the gallery. + +Practically all of the space on the Titanic below the upper deck +was occupied by steam-generating plant, coal bunkers and propelling +machinery. Eight of the fifteen water-tight compartments contained the +mechanical part of the vessel. There were, for instance, twenty-four +double end and five single end boilers, each 16 feet 9 inches in +diameter, the larger 20 feet long and the smaller 11 feet 9 inches long. +The larger boilers had six fires under each of them and the smaller +three furnaces. Coal was stored in bunker space along the side of the +ship between the lower and middle decks, and was first shipped from +there into bunkers running all the way across the vessel in the lowest +part. From there the stokers handed it into the furnaces. + +One of the most interesting features of the vessel was the refrigerating +plant, which comprised a huge ice-making and refrigerating machine and +a number of provision rooms on the after part of the lower and orlop +decks. There were separate cold rooms for beef, mutton, poultry, game, +fish, vegetables, fruit, butter, bacon, cheese, flowers, mineral water, +wine, spirits and champagne, all maintained at different temperatures +most suitable to each. Perishable freight had a compartment of its own, +also chilled by the plant. + +COMFORT AND STABILITY + +Two main ideas were carried out in the Titanic. One was comfort and the +other stability. The vessel was planned to be an ocean ferry. She was +to have only a speed of twenty-one knots, far below that of some other +modern vessels, but she was planned to make that speed, blow high or +blow low, so that if she left one side of the ocean at a given time she +could be relied on to reach the other side at almost a certain minute of +a certain hour. + +One who has looked into modern methods for safeguarding + +{illust. caption = LIFE-BOAT AND DAVITS ON THE TITANIC + +This diagram shows very clearly the arrangement of the life-boats and +the manner in which they were launched.} + + +a vessel of the Titanic type can hardly imagine an accident that could +cause her to founder. No collision such as has been the fate of any ship +in recent years, it has been thought up to this time, could send her +down, nor could running against an iceberg do it unless such an accident +were coupled with the remotely possible blowing out of a boiler. She +would sink at once, probably, if she were to run over a submerged rock +or derelict in such manner that both her keel plates and her double +bottom were torn away for more than half her length; but such a +catastrophe was so remotely possible that it did not even enter the +field of conjecture. + +The reason for all this is found in the modern arrangement of +water-tight steel compartments into which all ships now are divided +and of which the Titanic had fifteen so disposed that half of them, +including the largest, could be flooded without impairing the safety +of the vessel. Probably it was the working of these bulkheads and the +water-tight doors between them as they are supposed to work that saved +the Titanic from foundering when she struck the iceberg. + +These bulkheads were of heavy sheet steel and started at the very bottom +of the ship and extended right up to the top side. The openings in the +bulkheads were just about the size of the ordinary doorway, but the +doors did not swing as in a house, but fitted into water-tight grooves +above the opening. They could be released instantly in several ways, +and once closed formed a barrier to the water as solid as the bulkhead +itself. + +In the Titanic, as in other great modern ships, these doors were held +in place above the openings by friction clutches. On the bridge was +a switch which connected with an electric magnet at the side of the +bulkhead opening. The turning of this switch caused the magnet to draw +down a heavy weight, which instantly released the friction clutch, and +allowed the door to fall or slide down over the opening in a second. +If, however, through accident the bridge switch was rendered useless the +doors would close automatically in a few seconds. This was arranged by +means of large metal floats at the side of the doorways, which rested +just above the level of the double bottom, and as the water entered +the compartments these floats would rise to it and directly release the +clutch holding the door open. These clutches could also be released by +hand. + +It was said of the Titanic that liner compartments could be flooded +as far back or as far forward as the engine room and she would float, +though she might take on a heavy list, or settle considerably at one +end. To provide against just such an accident as she is said to have +encountered she had set back a good distance from the bows an extra +heavy cross partition known as the collision bulkhead, which would +prevent water getting in amidships, even though a good part of her bow +should be torn away. What a ship can stand and still float was shown a +few years ago when the Suevic of the White Star Line went on the rocks +on the British coast. The wreckers could not move the forward part of +her, so they separated her into two sections by the use of dynamite, and +after putting in a temporary bulkhead floated off the after half of +the ship, put it in dry dock and built a new forward part for her. More +recently the battleship Maine, or what was left of her, was floated out +to sea, and kept on top of the water by her water-tight compartments +only. + + + +CHAPTER III. THE MAIDEN VOYAGE OF THE TITANIC + +PREPARATIONS FOR THE VOYAGE--SCENES OF GAYETY--THE BOAT SAILS--INCIDENTS +OF THE VOYAGE---A COLLISION NARROWLY AVERTED--THE BOAT ON FIRE--WARNED +OF ICEBERGS. + +EVER was ill-starred voyage more auspiciously begun than when the +Titanic, newly crowned empress of the seas, steamed majestically out of +the port of Southampton at noon on Wednesday, April 10th, bound for New +York. + +Elaborate preparations had been made for the maiden voyage. Crowds +of eager watchers gathered to witness the departure, all the more +interested because of the notable people who were to travel aboard her. +Friends and relatives of many of the passengers were at the dock to bid +Godspeed to their departing loved ones. The passengers themselves were +unusually gay and happy. + +Majestic and beautiful the ship rested on the water, marvel of +shipbuilding, worthy of any sea. As this new queen of the ocean moved +slowly from her dock, no one questioned her construction: she was fitted +with an elaborate system of + + +{illust. caption = STEAMER "TITANIC" COMPARED WITH THE LARGEST +STRUCTURES IN THE WORLD 1. Bunker Hill Monument. Boston, 221 feet high. +2. Public + +{illust. caption = J. BRUCE ISMAY + +Managing director of the International Mercantile Marine, and managing +director of the White....} + +{illust. caption = CHARLES M. HAYS + +President of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railways, numbered among the heroic +men....} + + +water-tight compartments, calculated to make her unsinkable; she had +been pronounced the safest as well as the most sumptuous Atlantic liner +afloat. + +There was silence just before the boat pulled out--the silence that +usually precedes the leave-taking. The heavy whistles sounded and the +splendid Titanic, her flags flying and her band playing, churned the +water and plowed heavily away. + +Then the Titanic, with the people on board waving handkerchiefs and +shouting good-byes that could be heard only as a buzzing murmur on +shore, rode away on the ocean, proudly, majestically, her head up and, +so it seemed, her shoulders thrown back. If ever a vessel seemed to +throb with proud life, if ever a monster of the sea seemed to "feel its +oats" and strain at the leash, if ever a ship seemed to have breeding +and blue blood that would keep it going until its heart broke, that ship +was the Titanic. + +And so it was only her due that as the Titanic steamed out of the harbor +bound on her maiden voyage a thousand "God-speeds" were wafted after +her, while every other vessel that she passed, the greatest of them +dwarfed by her colossal proportions, paid homage to the new queen +regnant with the blasts of their whistles and the shrieking of steam +sirens. + + +THE SHIP'S CAPTAIN + + +In command of the Titanic was Captain E. J. Smith, a veteran of the +seas, and admiral of the White Star Line fleet. The next six officers, +in the order of their rank, were Murdock, Lightollder,{sic} Pitman, +Boxhall, Lowe and Moody. Dan Phillips was chief wireless operator, with +Harold Bride as assistant. + +From the forward bridge, fully ninety feet above the sea, peered out the +benign face of the ship's master, cool of aspect, deliberate of action, +impressive in that quality of confidence that is bred only of long +experience in command. + +From far below the bridge sounded the strains of the ship's orchestra, +playing blithely a favorite air from "The Chocolate Soldier." All went +as merry as a wedding bell. Indeed, among that gay ship's company were +two score or more at least for whom the wedding bells had sounded in +truth not many days before. Some were on their honeymoon tours, others +were returning to their motherland after having passed the weeks of the +honeymoon, like Colonel John Jacob Astor and his young bride, amid the +diversions of Egypt or other Old World countries. + +What daring flight of imagination would have ventured the prediction +that within the span of six days that stately ship, humbled, shattered +and torn asunder, would lie two thousand fathoms deep at the bottom of +the Atlantic, that the benign face that peered from the bridge would +be set in the rigor of death and that the happy bevy of voyaging brides +would be sorrowing widows? + + +ALMOST IN A COLLISION + +The big vessel had, however, a touch of evil fortune before she cleared +the harbor of Southampton. As she passed down stream her immense +bulk--she displaced 66,000 tons--drew the waters after her with an +irresistible suction that tore the American liner New York from her +moorings; seven steel hawsers were snapped like twine. The New York +floated toward the White Star ship, and would have rammed the new ship +had not the tugs Vulcan and Neptune stopped her and towed her back to +the quay. + +When the mammoth ship touched at Cherbourg and later at Queenstown +she was again the object of a port ovation, the smaller craft doing +obeisance while thousands gazed in wonder at her stupendous proportions. +After taking aboard some additional passengers at each port, the Titanic +headed her towering bow toward the open sea and the race for a record on +her maiden voyage was begun. + + +NEW BURST OF SPEED EACH DAY + +The Titanic made 484 miles as her first day's run, her powerful new +engines turning over at the rate of seventy revolutions. On the second +day out the speed was hit up to seventy-three revolutions and the run +for the day was bulletined as 519 miles. Still further increasing the +speed, the rate of revolution of the engines was raised to seventy-five +and the day's run was 549 miles, the best yet scheduled. + +But the ship had not yet been speeded to her capacity she was capable of +turning over about seventy-eight revolutions. Had the weather conditions +been propitious, it was intended to press the great racer to the full +limit of her speed on Monday. But for the Titanic Monday never came. +FIRE IN THE COAL BUNKERS + +Unknown to the passengers, the Titanic was on fire from the day she +sailed from Southampton. Her officers and crew knew it, for they had +fought the fire for days. + +This story, told for the first time by the survivors of the crew, was +only one of the many thrilling tales of the fateful first voyage. + +"The Titanic sailed from Southampton on Wednesday, April 10th, at noon," +said J. Dilley, fireman on the Titanic. + +"I was assigned to the Titanic from the Oceanic, where I had served as +a fireman. From the day we sailed the Titanic was on fire, and my sole +duty, together with eleven other men, had been to fight that fire. We +had made no headway against it." + + +PASSENGERS IN IGNORANCE + +"Of course," he went on, "the passengers knew nothing of the fire. Do +you think we'd have let them know about it? No, sir. + +"The fire started in bunker No. 6. There were hundreds of tons of coal +stored there. The coal on top of the bunker was wet, as all the coal +should have been, but down at the bottom of the bunker the coal had been +permitted to get dry. + +"The dry coal at the bottom of the pile took fire, and smoldered for +days. The wet coal on top kept the flames from coming through, but down +in the bottom of the bunkers the flames were raging. + +"Two men from each watch of stokers were tolled off, to fight that fire. +The stokers worked four hours at a time, so twelve of us were fighting +flames from the day we put out of Southampton until we hit the iceberg. + +"No, we didn't get that fire out, and among the stokers there was +talk that we'd have to empty the big coal bunkers after we'd put our +passengers off in New York, and then call on the fire-boats there to +help us put out the fire. + +"The stokers were alarmed over it, but the officers told us to keep our +mouths shut--they didn't want to alarm the passengers." + + +USUAL DIVERSION + +Until Sunday, April 14th, then, the voyage had apparently been a +delightful but uneventful one. The passengers had passed the time in the +usual diversions of ocean travelers, amusing themselves in the luxurious +saloons, promenading on the boat deck, lolling at their ease in steamer +chairs and making pools on the daily runs of the steamship. The smoking +rooms and card rooms had been as well patronized as usual, and a party +of several notorious professional gamblers had begun reaping their usual +easy harvest. + +As early as Sunday afternoon the officers of the Titanic must have known +that they were approaching dangerous ice fields of the kind that are +a perennial menace to the safety of steamships following the regular +transatlantic lanes off the Great Banks of Newfoundland. + +AN UNHEEDED WARNING + +On Sunday afternoon the Titanic's wireless operator forwarded to the +Hydrographic office in Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia and elsewhere +the following dispatch: + +"April 14.--The German steamship Amerika (Hamburg-American Line) +reports by radio-telegraph passing two large icebergs in latitude 41.27, +longitude 50.08.--Titanic, Br. S. S." + +Despite this warning, the Titanic forged ahead Sunday night at her usual +speed--from twenty-one to twenty-five knots. + + + +CHAPTER IV. SOME OF THE NOTABLE PASSENGERS + +SKETCHES OF PROMINENT MEN AND WOMEN ON BOARD, INCLUDING MAJOR ARCHIBALD +BUTT, JOHN JACOB ASTOR, BENJAMIN GUGGENHEIM, ISIDOR STRAWS, J. BRUCE +ISMAY, GEORGE D. WIDENER, COLONEL WASHINGTON ROEBLING, 2D, CHARLES M. +HAYS, W. T. STEAD AND OTHERS + +THE ship's company was of a character befitting the greatest of all +vessels and worthy of the occasion of her maiden voyage. Though the +major part of her passengers were Americans returning from abroad, there +were enrolled upon her cabin lists some of the most distinguished +names of England, as well as of the younger nation. Many of these had +purposely delayed sailing, or had hastened their departure, that they +might be among the first passengers on the great vessel. + +There were aboard six men whose fortunes ran into tens of millions, +besides many other persons of international note. Among the men were +leaders in the world of commerce, finance, literature, art and the +learned professions. Many of the women were socially prominent in two +hemispheres. + +Wealth and fame, unfortunately, are not proof against fate, and most +of these notable personages perished as pitiably as the more humble +steerage passengers. + +The list of notables included Colonel John Jacob Astor, head of the +Astor family, whose fortune is estimated at $150,000,000; Isidor Straus, +merchant and banker ($50,000,000); J. Bruce Ismay, managing director of +the International Mercantile Marine ($40,000,000); Benjamin Guggenheim, +head of the Guggenheim family ($95,000,000): George D. Widener, son of +P. A. B. Widener, traction magnate and financier ($5,000,000); Colonel +Washington Roebling, builder of the great Brooklyn Bridge; Charles +M. Hays, president of the Grand Trunk Railway; W. T. Stead. famous +publicist; Jacques Futrelle, journalist; Henry S. Harper, of the firm +of Harper & Bros.; Henry B. Harris, theatrical manager; Major Archibald +Butt, military aide to President Taft; and Francis D. Millet, one of the +best-known American painters. + + +MAJOR BUTT + +Major Archibald Butt, whose bravery on the sinking vessel will not soon +be forgotten, was military aide to President Taft and was known wherever +the President traveled. His recent European mission was apparently to +call on the Pope in behalf of President Taft; for on March 21st he was +received at the Vatican, and presented to the Pope a letter from +Mr. Taft thanking the Pontiff for the creation of three new American +Cardinals. + +Major Butt had a reputation as a horseman, and it is said he was able +to keep up with President Roosevelt, be the ride ever so far or fast. +He was promoted to the rank of major in 1911. He sailed for the +Mediterranean on March 2d with his friend Francis D. Millet, the artist, +who also perished on the Titanic. + + +COLONEL ASTOR + +John Jacob Astor was returning from a trip to Egypt with his +nineteen-year-old bride, formerly Miss Madeline Force, to whom he was +married in Providence, September 9, 1911. He was head of the family +whose name he bore and one of the world's wealthiest men. He was not, +however, one of the world's "idle rich," for his life of forty-seven +years was a well-filled one. He had managed the family estates since +1891; built the Astor Hotel, New York; was colonel on the staff of +Governor Levi P. Morton, and in May, 1898, was commissioned colonel +of the United States volunteers. After assisting Major-General +Breckinridge, inspector-general of the United States army, he was +assigned to duty on the staff of Major-General Shafter and served in +Cuba during the operations ending in the surrender of Santiago. He was +also the inventor of a bicycle brake, a pneumatic road-improver, and an +improved turbine engine. + + +BENJAMIN GUGGENHEIM + +Next to Colonel Astor in financial importance was Benjamin Guggenheim, +whose father founded the famous house of M. Guggenheim and Sons. When +the various Guggen-heim interests were consolidated into the American +Smelting and Refining Company he retired from active business, although +he later became interested in the Power and Mining Machinery Company of +Milwaukee. In 1894 he married Miss Floretta Seligman, daughter of James +Seligman, the New York banker. + +ISIDOR STRAUS + +Isidor Straus, whose wife elected to perish with him in the ship, was a +brother of Nathan and Oscar Straus, a partner with Nathan Straus in R. +H. Macy & Co. and L. Straus & Sons, a member of the firm of Abraham & +Straus in Brooklyn, and has been well known in politics and charitable +work. He was a member of the Fifty-third Congress from 1893 to 1895, +and as a friend of William L. Wilson was in constant consultation in the +matter of the former Wilson tariff bill. + +Mr. Straus was conspicuous for his works of charity and was an ardent +supporter of every enterprise to improve the condition of the Hebrew +immigrants. He was president of the Educational Alliance, vice-president +of the J. Hood Wright Memorial Hospital, a member of the Chamber of +Commerce, on one of the visiting committees of Harvard University, and +was besides a trustee of many financial and philanthropic institutions. + +Mr. Straus never enjoyed a college education. He was, however, one of +the best informed men of the day, his information having been derived +from extensive reading. His library, said to be one of the finest and +most extensive in New York, was his pride and his place of special +recreation. + + +{illust. caption = ACTUAL PHOTOGRAPH OF THE ICEBERG THAT SUNK THE +TITANIC + +Lady Duff Gordon, a prominent English woman who was aboard the...} + + +{illust. caption = HEART-BREAKING FAREWELLS + +Both men and women were loaded into the first boats, but soon the cry of +"Women first" was raised. Then came the real note of tragedy. +Husbands and wives clung to each other in farewell; some refused to be +separated.} + + +GEORGE D. WIDENER + +The best known of Philadelphia passengers aboard the Titanic were Mr. +and Mrs. George D. Widener. Mr. Widener was a son of Peter A. B. Widener +and, like his father, was recognized as one of the foremost financiers +of Philadelphia as well as a leader in society there. Mr. Widener +married Miss Eleanor Elkins, a daughter of the late William L. Elkins. +They made their home with his father at the latter's fine place +at Eastbourne, ten miles from Philadelphia. Mr. Widener was keenly +interested in horses and was a constant exhibitor at horse shows. In +business he was recognized as his father's chief adviser in managing the +latter's extensive traction interests. P. A. B. Widener is a director of +the International Mercantile Marine. + +Mrs. Widener is said to be the possessor of one of the finest +collections of jewels in the world, the gift of her husband. One string +of pearls in this collection was reported to be worth $250,000. + +The Wideners went abroad two months previous to the disaster, Mr. +Widener desiring to inspect some of his business interests on the other +side. At the opening of the London Museum by King George on March 21st +last it was announced that Mrs. Widener had presented to the museum +thirty silver plates once the property of Nell Gwyn. Mr. Widener is +survived by a daughter, Eleanor, and a son, George D. Widener, Jr. Harry +Elkins Widener was with his parents and went down on the ship. + +COLONEL ROEBLING + +Colonel Washington Augustus Roebling was president of the John A. +Roebling Sons' Company, manufacturers of iron and steel wire rope. He +served in the Union Army from 1861 to 1865, resigning to assist his +father in the construction of the Cincinnati and Covington suspension +bridge. At the death of his father in 1869 he took entire charge of the +construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, and it is to his genius that the +success of that great work may be said to be due. + +WILLIAM T. STEAD + +One of the most notable of the foreign passengers was William T. Stead. +Few names are more widely known to the world of contemporary literature +and journalism than that of the brilliant editor of the Review of +Reviews. Matthew Arnold called him "the inventor of the new journalism +in England." He was on his way to America to take part in the Men and +Religion Forward Movement and was to have delivered an address in Union +Square on the Thursday after the disaster, with William Jennings Bryan +as his chief associate. + +Mr. Stead was an earnest advocate of peace and had written many books. +His commentary "If Christ Came to Chicago" raised a storm twenty years +ago. When he was in this country in 1907 he addressed a session of +Methodist clergymen, and at one juncture of the meeting remarked that +unless the Methodists did something about the peace movement besides +shouting "amen" nobody "would care a damn about their amens!" + +OTHER ENGLISHMEN ABOARD + +Other distinguished Englishmen on the Titanic were Norman C. Craig, +M.P., Thomas Andrews, a representative of the firm of Harland & Wolff, +of Belfast, the ship's builders, and J. Bruce Ismay, managing director +of the White Star Line. + +J. BRUCE ISMAY + +Mr. Ismay is president and one of the founders of the International +Mercantile Marine. He has made it a custom to be a passenger on the +maiden voyage of every new ship built by the White Star Line. It was Mr. +Ismay who, with J. P. Morgan, consolidated the British steamship lines +under the International Mercantile Marine's control; and it is largely +due to his imagination that such gigantic ships as the Titanic and +Olympic were made possible + +JACQUES FUTRELLE + +Jacques Futrelle was an author of short stories, some of which have +appeared in the Saturday Evening Post, and of many novels of the same +general type as "The Thinking Machine," with which he first gained a +wide popularity. Newspaper work, chiefly in Richmond, Va., engaged his +attention from 1890 to 1909, in which year he entered the theatrical +business as a manager. In 1904 he returned to his journalistic career. + +HENRY B. HARRIS + +Henry B. Harris, the theater manager, had been manager of May Irwin, +Peter Dailey, Lily Langtry, Amelia Bingham, and launched Robert Edeson +as star. He became the manager of the Hudson Theater in 1903 and the +Hackett Theater in 1906. Among his best known productions are "The Lion +and the Mouse," "The Traveling Salesman" and "The Third Degree." He was +president of the Henry B. Harris Company controlling the Harris Theater. + +Young Harris had a liking for the theatrical business from a boy. Twelve +years ago Mr. Harris married Miss Rene Wallach of Washington. He was +said to have a fortune of between $1,000,000 and $3,000,000. He owned +outright the Hudson and the Harris theaters and had an interest in two +other show houses in New York. He owned three theaters in Chicago, one +in Syracuse and one in Philadelphia. + + +HENRY S. HARPER + +Henry Sleeper Harper, who was among the survivors, is a grandson of John +Wesley Harper, one of the founders of the Harper publishing business. H. +Sleeper Harper was himself an incorporator of Harper & Brothers when the +firm became a corporation in 1896. He had a desk in the offices of the +publishers, but his hand of late years in the management of the business +has been very slight. He has been active in the work of keeping the +Adirondack forests free from aggression. He was in the habit of spending +about half of his time in foreign travel. His friends in New York +recalled that he had a narrow escape about ten years ago when a ship in +which he was traveling ran into an iceberg on the Grand Banks. + +FRANCIS DAVID MILLET + +Millet was one of the best-known American painters and many of his +canvasses are found in the leading galleries of the world. He served as +a drummer boy with the Sixtieth Massachusetts volunteers in the Civil +War, and from early manhood took a prominent part in public affairs. He +was director of the decorations for the Chicago Exposition and was, at +the time of the disaster, secretary of the American Academy in Rome. He +was a wide traveler and the author of many books, besides translations +of Tolstoi. + +CHARLES M. HAYS + +Another person of prominence was Charles Melville Hays, president of the +Grand Trunk and the Grand Trunk Pacific railways. He was described by +Sir Wilfrid Laurier at a dinner of the Canadian Club of New York, at the +Hotel Astor last year, as "beyond question the greatest railroad genius +in Canada, as an executive genius ranking second only to the late Edward +H. Harriman." He was returning aboard the Titanic with his wife and +son-in-law and daughter; Mr. and Mrs. Thornton Davidson, of Montreal. + + + +CHAPTER V. THE TITANIC STRIKES AN ICEBERG! + +TARDY ATTENTION TO WARNING RESPONSIBLE FOR ACCIDENT--THE DANGER NOT +REALIZED AT FIRST--AN INTERRUPTED CARD GAME--PASSENGERS JOKE AMONG +THEMSELVES--THE REAL TRUTH DAWNS--PANIC ON BOARD--WIRELESS CALLS FOR +HELP + +SUNDAY night the magnificent ocean liner was plunging through a +comparatively placid sea, on the surface of which there was much mushy +ice and here and there a number of comparatively harmless-looking floes. +The night was clear and stars visible. First Officer William T. Murdock +was in charge of the bridge The first intimation of the presence of the +iceberg that he received was from the lookout in the crow's nest. + +Three warnings were transmitted from the crow's nest of the Titanic +to the officer on the doomed steamship's bridge 15 minutes before she +struck, according to Thomas Whiteley, a first saloon steward. + +Whiteley, who was whipped overboard from the ship by a rope while +helping to lower a life-boat, finally reported on the Carpathia aboard +one of the boats that contained, he said, both the crow's nest lookouts. +He heard a conversation between them, he asserted, in which they +discussed the warnings given to the Titanic's bridge of the presence of +the iceberg. + +Whiteley did not know the names of either of the lookout men and +believed that they returned to England with the majority of the +surviving members of the crew. + + +{illust. caption = A GRAPHIC ILLUSTRATION OF THE FORCE WITH WHICH A +VESSEL STRIKES AN ICEBERG} + + + +"I heard one of them say that at 11.15 o'clock, 15 minutes before the +Titanic struck, he had reported to First Officer Murdock, on the bridge, +that he fancied he saw an iceberg!" said Whiteley. "Twice after that, +the lookout said, he warned Murdock that a berg was ahead. They were +very indignant that no attention was paid to their warnings." + +TARDY ATTENTION TO WARNING RESPONSIBLE FOR ACCIDENT + +Murdock's tardy answering of a telephone call from the crow's nest is +assigned by Whiteley as the cause of the disaster. + +When Murdock answered the call he received the information that the +iceberg was due ahead. This information was imparted just a few seconds +before the crash, and had the officer promptly answered the ring of the +bell it is probable that the accident could have been avoided, or at +least, been reduced by the lowered speed. + +The lookout saw a towering "blue berg" looming up in the sea path of the +Titanic, and called the bridge on the ship's telephone. When, after the +passing of those two or three fateful minutes an officer on the bridge +lifted the telephone receiver from its hook to answer the lookout, +it was too late. The speeding liner, cleaving a calm sea under a +star-studded sky, had reached the floating mountain of ice, which the +theoretically "unsinkable" ship struck a crashing, if glancing, blow +with her starboard bow. + +MURDOCK PAID WITH LIFE + +Had Murdock, according to the account of the tragedy given by two of the +Titanic's seamen, known how imperative was that call from the lookout +man, the men at the wheel of the liner might have swerved the great ship +sufficiently to avoid the berg altogether. At the worst the vessel would +probably have struck the mass of ice with her stern. + +Murdock, if the tale of the Titanic sailor be true, expiated his +negligence by shooting himself within sight of all alleged victims +huddled in life-boats or struggling in the icy seas. + +When at last the danger was realized, the great ship was so close upon +the berg that it was practically impossible to avoid collision with it + + +VAIN TRIAL TO CLEAR BERG + +The first officer did what other startled and alert commanders would +have done under similar circumstances, that is + + +{illust. caption = THE LOCATION OF THE DISASTER} + + +he made an effort by going full speed ahead on the starboard propeller +and reversing his port propeller, simultaneously throwing his helm +over, to make a rapid turn and clear the berg. The maneuver was not +successful. He succeeded in saving his bows from crashing into the +ice-cliff, but nearly the entire length of the underbody of the great +ship on the starboard side was ripped. The speed of the Titanic, +estimated to be at least twenty-one knots, was so terrific that the +knife-like edge of the iceberg's spur protruding under the sea cut +through her like a can-opener. + +The Titanic was in 41.46 north latitude and 50.14 west longitude when +she was struck, very near the spot on the wide Atlantic where the +Carmania encountered a field of ice, studded with great bergs, on her +voyage to New York which ended on April 14th. It was really an ice pack, +due to an unusually severe winter in the north Atlantic. No less than +twenty-five bergs, some of great height, were counted. + +The shock was almost imperceptible. The first officer did not apparently +realize that the great ship had received her death wound, and none of +the passengers had the slightest suspicion that anything more than a +usual minor sea accident had happened. Hundreds who had gone to their +berths and were asleep were unawakened by the vibration. + + +BRIDGE GAME NOT DISTURBED + +To illustrate the placidity with which practically all the men regarded +the accident it is related that Pierre Marechal, son of the vice-admiral +of the French navy, Lucien Smith, Paul Chevre, a French sculptor, and A. +F. Ormont, a cotton broker, were in the Cafe Parisien playing bridge. + +The four calmly got up from the table and after walking on deck and +looking over the rail returned to their game. One of them had left his +cigar on the card table, and while the three others were gazing out on +the sea he remarked that he couldn't afford to lose his smoke, returned +for his cigar and came out again. + +They remained only for a few moments on deck, and then resumed their +game under the impression that the ship had stopped for reasons best +known to the captain and not involving any danger to her. Later, in +describing the scene that took place, M. Marechal, who was among the +survivors, said: "When three-quarters of a mile away we stopped, the +spectacle before our eyes was in its way magnificent. In a very calm +sea, beneath a sky moonless but sown with millions of stars, the +enormous Titanic lay on the water, illuminated from the water line to +the boat deck. The bow was slowly sinking into the black water." + +The tendency of the whole ship's company except the men in the engine +department, who were made aware of the danger by the inrushing water, +was to make light of and in some instances even to ridicule the thought +of danger to so substantial a fabric. + + +THE CAPTAIN ON DECK + +When Captain Smith came from the chart room onto the bridge, his first +words were, "Close the emergency doors." + +"They're already closed, sir," Mr. Murdock replied. + +"Send to the carpenter and tell him to sound the ship," was the next +order. The message was sent to the carpenter, but the carpenter never +came up to report. He was probably the first man on the ship to lose his +life. + +The captain then looked at the communicator, which shows in what +direction the ship is listing. He saw that she carried five degrees list +to starboard. + +The ship was then rapidly settling forward. All the steam sirens were +blowing. By the captain's orders, given in the next few minutes, the +engines were put to work at pumping out the ship, distress signals +were sent by the Marconi, and rockets were sent up from the bridge by +Quartermaster Rowe. All hands were ordered on deck. + + +PASSENGERS NOT ALARMED + +The blasting shriek of the sirens had not alarmed the great company of +the Titanic, because such steam calls are an incident of travel in seas +where fogs roll. Many had gone to bed, but the hour, 11.40 P. M., was +not too late for the friendly contact of saloons and smoking rooms. It +was Sunday night and the ship's concert had ended, but there were many +hundreds up and moving among the gay lights, and many on deck with their +eyes strained toward the mysterious west, where home lay. And in one +jarring, breath-sweeping moment all of these, asleep or awake, were at +the mercy of chance. Few among the more than 2000 aboard could have had +a thought of danger. The man who had stood up in the smoking room to say +that the Titanic was vulnerable or that in a few minutes two-thirds of +her people would be face to face with death, would have been considered +a fool or a lunatic. No ship ever sailed the seas that gave her +passengers more confidence, more cool security. + +Within a few minutes stewards and other members of the crew were sent +round to arouse the people. Some utterly refused to get up. The stewards +had almost to force the doors of the staterooms to make the somnolent +appreciate their peril, and many of them, it is believed, were drowned +like rats in a trap. + + +ASTOR AND WIFE STROLLED ON DECK + +Colonel and Mrs. Astor were in their room and saw the ice vision flash +by. They had not appreciably felt the gentle shock and supposed that +nothing out of the ordinary had happened. They were both dressed +and came on deck leisurely. William T. Stead, the London journalist, +wandered on deck for a few minutes, stopping to talk to Frank Millet. +"What do they say is the trouble?" he asked. "Icebergs," was the brief +reply. "Well," said Stead, "I guess it is nothing serious. I'm going +back to my cabin to read." + +From end to end on the mighty boat officers were rushing about without +much noise or confusion, but giving orders sharply. Captain Smith told +the third officer to rush downstairs and see whether the water was +coming in very fast. "And," he added, "take some armed guards along to +see that the stokers and engineers stay at their posts." + +In two minutes the officer returned. "It looks pretty bad, sir," he +said. "The water is rushing in and filling the bottom. The locks of the +water-tight compartments have been sprung by the shock." + +"Give the command for all passengers to be on deck with life-belts on." + +Through the length and breadth of the boat, upstairs and downstairs, +on all decks, the cry rang out: "All passengers on deck with +life-preservers." + + +A SUDDEN TREMOR OF FEAR + +For the first time, there was a feeling of panic. Husbands sought for +wives and children. Families gathered together. Many who were asleep +hastily caught up their clothing and rushed on deck. A moment before the +men had been joking about the life-belts, according to the story told by +Mrs. Vera Dick, of Calgary, Canada. "Try this one," one man said to her, +"they are the very latest thing this season. Everybody's wearing them +now." + +Another man suggested to a woman friend, who had a fox terrier in her +arms, that she should put a life-saver on the dog. "It won't fit," the +woman replied, laughing. "Make him carry it in his mouth," said the +friend. + + +CONFUSION AMONG THE IMMIGRANTS + +Below, on the steerage deck, there was intense confusion. About the time +the officers on the first deck gave the order that all men should stand +to one side and all women should go below to deck B, taking the children +with them, a similar order was given to the steerage passengers. The +women were ordered to the front, the men to the rear. Half a dozen +healthy, husky immigrants pushed their way forward and tried to crowd +into the first boat. + +"Stand back," shouted the officers who were manning the boat. "The women +come first." + +Shouting curses in various foreign languages, the immigrant men +continued their pushing and tugging to climb into the boats. Shots +rang out. One big fellow fell over the railing into the water. Another +dropped to the deck, moaning. His jaw had been shot away. This was the +story told by the bystanders afterwards on the pier. One husky Italian +told the writer on the pier that the way in which the men were shot down +was horrible. His sympathy was with the men who were shot. + +"They were only trying to save their lives," he said. + + +WIRELESS OPERATOR DIED AT HIS POST + +On board the Titanic, the wireless operator, with a life-belt about +his waist, was hitting the instrument that was sending out C. Q. D., +messages, "Struck on iceberg, C. Q. D." + +"Shall I tell captain to turn back and help?" flashed a reply from the +Carpathia. + +"Yes, old man," the Titanic wireless operator responded. "Guess we're +sinking." + +An hour later, when the second wireless man came into the boxlike room +to tell his companion what the situation was, he found a negro stoker +creeping up behind the operator and saw him raise a knife over his head. +He said afterwards--he was among those rescued--that he realized at +once that the negro intended to kill the operator in order to take his +life-belt from him. The second operator pulled out his revolver and shot +the negro dead. + +"What was the trouble?" asked the operator. + +"That negro was going to kill you and steal your life-belt," the second +man replied. + +"Thanks, old man," said the operator. The second man went on deck to get +some more information. He was just in time to jump overboard before the +Titanic went down. The wireless operator and the body of the negro who +tried to steal his belt went down together. + +On the deck where the first class passengers were quartered, known as +deck A, there was none of the confusion that was taking place on the +lower decks. The Titanic was standing without much rocking. The captain +had given an order and the band was playing. + + +{illust. caption = WAITING FOR THE NEWS + +A Bird's eye view of the great crowds...} + +{illust. caption = WIRELESS STATION AT CAPE RACE + +Where the first news of the Titanic disaster was received.} + + + +CHAPTER VI. "WOMEN AND CHILDREN FIRST!" + +COOL-HEADED OFFICERS AND CREW BRING ORDER OUT OF CHAOS--FILLING THE +LIFE-BOATS--HEARTRENDING SCENES AS FAMILIES ARE PARTED--FOUR LIFE-BOATS +LOST--INCIDENTS OF BRAVERY--"THE BOATS ARE ALL FILLED!" + +ONCE on the deck, many hesitated to enter the swinging life-boats. Tho +glassy sea, the starlit sky, the absence, in the first few moments, +of intense excitement, gave them the feeling that there was only some +slight mishap; that those who got into the boats would have a chilly +half hour below and might, later, be laughed at. + +It was such a feeling as this, from all accounts, which caused John +Jacob Astor and his wife to refuse the places offered them in the first +boat, and to retire to the gymnasium. In the same way H. J. Allison, a +Montreal banker, laughed at the warning, and his wife, reassured by +him, took her time dressing. They and their daughter did not reach +the Carpathia. Their son, less than two years old, was carried into a +life-boat by his nurse, and was taken in charge by Major Arthur Peuchen. + +THE LIFE-BOATS LOWERED + +The admiration felt by the passengers and crew for the matchlessly +appointed vessel was translated, in those first few moments, into a +confidence which for some proved deadly. The pulsing of the engines had +ceased, and the steamship lay just as though she were awaiting the order +to go on again after some trifling matter had been adjusted. But in a +few minutes the canvas covers were lifted from the life-boats and the +crews allotted to each standing by, ready to lower them to the water. + +Nearly all the boats that were lowered on the port side of the ship +touched the water without capsizing. Four of the others lowered to +starboard, including one collapsible, were capsized. All, however, who +were in the collapsible boats that practically went to pieces, were +rescued by the other boats. + +Presently the order was heard: "All men stand back and all women retire +to the deck below." That was the smoking-room deck, or the B deck. The +men stood away and remained in absolute silence, leaning against the +rail or pacing up and down the deck slowly. Many of them lighted cigars +or cigarettes and began to smoke. + + +LOADING THE BOATS + +The boats were swung out and lowered from the A deck above. The women +were marshaled quietly in lines along the B deck, and when the boats +were lowered down to the level of the latter the women were assisted to +climb into them. + +As each of the boats was filled with its quota of passengers the word +was given and it was carefully lowered down to the dark surface of the +water. + +Nobody seemed to know how Mr. Ismay got into a boat, but it was assumed +that he wished to make a presentation of the case of the Titanic to his +company. He was among those who apparently realized that the splendid +ship was doomed. All hands in the life-boats, under instructions from +officers and men in charge, were rowed a considerable distance from the +ship herself in order to get far away from the possible suction that +would follow her foundering. + + +COOLEST MEN ON BOARD + +Captain Smith and Major Archibald Butt, military aide to the President +of the United States, were among the coolest men on board. A number of +steerage passengers were yelling and screaming and fighting to get to +the boats. Officers drew guns and told them that if they moved towards +the boats they would be shot dead. Major Butt had a gun in his hand and +covered the men who tried to get to the boats. + +The following story of his bravery was told by Mrs. Henry B. Harris, +wife of the theatrical manager: + +"The world should rise in praise of Major Butt. That man's conduct will +remain in my memory forever. The American army is honored by him and +the way he taught some of the other men how to behave when women and +children were suffering that awful mental fear of death. Major Butt was +near me and I noticed everything that he did. + +"When the order to man the boats came, the captain whispered something +to Major Butt. The two of them had become friends. The major immediately +became as one in supreme command. You would have thought he was at a +White House reception. A dozen or more women became hysterical all at +once, as something connected with a life-boat went wrong. Major Butt +stepped over to them and said: + +"'Really, you must not act like that; we are all going to see you +through this thing.' He helped the sailors rearrange the rope or chain +that had gone wrong and lifted some of the women in with a touch of +gallantry. Not only was there a complete lack of any fear in his manner, +but there was the action of an aristocrat. + +"When the time came he was a man to be feared. In one of the earlier +boats fifty women, it seemed, were about to be lowered, when a man, +suddenly panic-stricken, ran to the stern of it. Major Butt shot one arm +out, caught him by the back of the neck and jerked him backward like a +pillow. His head cracked against a rail and he was stunned. + +"'Sorry,' said Major Butt, 'women will be attended to first or I'll +break every damned bone in your body.' + + +FORCED MEN USURPING PLACES TO VACATE + +"The boats were lowered one by one, and as I stood by, my husband said +to me, 'Thank God, for Archie Butt.' Perhaps Major Butt heard it, for he +turned his face towards us for a second and smiled. Just at that moment, +a young man was arguing to get into a life-boat, and Major Butt had a +hold of the lad by the arm, like a big brother, and was telling him to +keep his head and be a man. + +"Major Butt helped those poor frightened steerage people so wonderfully, +so tenderly and yet with such cool and manly firmness that he prevented +the loss of many lives from panic. He was a soldier to the last. He was +one of God's greatest noblemen, and I think I can say he was an example +of bravery even to men on the ship." + + +LAST WORDS OF MAJOR BUTT + +Miss Marie Young, who was a music instructor to President Roosevelt's +children and had known Major Butt during the Roosevelt occupancy of the +White House, told this story of his heroism. + +"Archie himself put me into the boat, wrapped blankets about me and +tucked me in as carefully as if we were starting on a motor ride. He, +himself, entered the boat with me, performing the little courtesies as +calmly and with as smiling a face as if death were far away, instead of +being but a few moments removed from him. + +"When he had carefully wrapped me up he stepped upon the gunwale of the +boat, and lifting his hat, smiled down at me. 'Good-bye, Miss Young,' +he said. 'Good luck to you, and don't forget to remember me to the folks +back home.' Then he stepped back and waved his hand to me as the boat +was lowered. I think I was the last woman he had a chance to help, for +the boat went down shortly after we cleared the suction zone." + +COLONEL ASTOR ANOTHER HERO + +Colonel Astor was another of the heroes of the awful night. Effort was +made to persuade him to take a place in one of the life-boats, but he +emphatically refused to do so until every woman and child on board +had been provided for, not excepting the women members of the ship's +company. + +One of the passengers describing the consummate courage of Colonel Astor +said: + +"He led Mrs. Astor to the side of the ship and helped her to the +life-boat to which she had been assigned. I saw that she was prostrated +and said she would remain and take her chances with him, but Colonel +Astor quietly insisted and tried to reassure her in a few words. As she +took her place in the boat her eyes were fixed upon him. Colonel Astor +smiled, touched his cap, and when the boat moved safely away from the +ship's side he turned back to his place among the men." + +Mrs. Ida S. Hippach and her daughter Jean, survivors of the Titanic, +said they were saved by Colonel John Jacob Astor, who forced the crew of +the last life-boat to wait for them. + +"We saw Colonel Astor place Mrs. Astor in a boat and assure her that he +would follow later," said Mrs. Hippach. + +"He turned to us with a smile and said, 'Ladies, you are next.' The +officer in charge of the boat protested that the craft was full, and the +seamen started to lower it. + +"Colonel Astor exclaimed, 'Hold that boat,' in the voice of a man +accustomed to be obeyed, and they did as he ordered. The boat had been +lowered past the upper deck and the colonel took us to the deck below +and put us in the boat, one after the other, through a port-hole." + + +{illust. caption = LOADING THE LIFE-BOATS + +Here occurred the heart-rending separation of husbands and wives, as the +women were given precedence in the boats.} + + +HEART-BREAKING SCENES + +There were some terrible scenes. Fathers were parting from their +children and giving them an encouraging pat on the shoulders; men +were kissing their wives and telling them that they would be with them +shortly. One man said there was absolutely no danger, that the boat was +the finest ever built, with water-tight compartments, and that it could +not sink. That seemed to be the general impression. + +A few of the men, however, were panic-stricken even when the first of +the fifty-six foot life-boats was being filled. Fully ten men threw +themselves into the boats already crowded with women and children. These +men were dragged back and hurled sprawling across the deck. Six of them, +screamed with fear, struggled to their feet and made a second attempt to +rush to the boats. + +About ten shots sounded in quick succession. The six cowardly men were +stopped in their tracks, staggered and collapsed one after another. At +least two of them vainly attempted to creep toward the boats again. The +others lay quite still. This scene of bloodshed served its purpose. +In that particular section of the deck there was no further attempt to +violate the rule of "women and children first." + +"I helped fill the boats with women," said Thomas Whiteley, who was a +waiter on the Titanic. "Collapsible boat No. 2 on the starboard jammed. +The second officer was hacking at the ropes with a knife and I was being +dragged around the deck by that rope when I looked up and saw the boat, +with all aboard, turn turtle. In some way I got overboard myself and +clung to an oak dresser. I wasn't more than sixty feet from the Titanic +when she went down. Her big stern rose up in the air and she went down +bow first. I saw all the machinery drop out of her." + + +HENRY B. HARRIS + +Henry B. Harris, of New York, a theatrical manager, was one of the men +who showed superb courage in the crisis. When the life-boats were first +being filled, and before there was any panic, Mr. Harris went to the +side of his wife before the boat was lowered away. + +"Women first," shouted one of the ship's officers. Mr. Harris glanced up +and saw that the remark was addressed to him. + +"All right," he replied coolly. "Good-bye, my dear," he said, as he +kissed his wife, pressed her a moment to his breast, and then climbed +back to the Titanic's deck. + + +THREE EXPLOSIONS + +Up to this time there had been no panic; but about one hour before +the ship plunged to the bottom there were three separate explosions of +bulkheads as the vessel filled. These were at intervals of about fifteen +minutes. From that time there was a different scene. The rush for the +remaining boats became a stampede. + +The stokers rushed up from below and tried to beat a path through the +steerage men and women and through the sailors and officers, to get into +the boats. They had their iron bars and shovels, and they struck down +all who stood in their way. + +The first to come up from the depths of the ship was an engineer. From +what he is reported to have said it is probable that the steam fittings +were broken and many were scalded to death when the Titanic lifted. He +said he had to dash through a narrow place beside a broken pipe and his +back was frightfully scalded. + +Right at his heels came the stokers. The officers had pistols, but they +could not use them at first for fear of killing the women and children. +The sailors fought with their fists and many of them took the stoke bars +and shovels from the stokers and used them to beat back the others. + +Many of the coal-passers and stokers who had been driven back from +the boats went to the rail, and whenever a boat was filled and lowered +several of them jumped overboard and swam toward it trying to climb +aboard. Several of the survivors said that men who swam to the sides of +their boats were pulled in or climbed in. + +Dozens of the cabin passengers were witnesses of some of the frightful +scenes on the steerage deck. The steerage survivors said that ten women +from the upper decks were the only cool passengers in the life-boat, and +they tried to quiet the steerage women, who were nearly all crazed with +fear and grief. + + +OTHER HEROES + +Among the chivalrous young heroes of the Titanic disaster were +Washington A. Roebling, 2d, and Howard Case, London representative of +the Vacuum Oil Company. Both were urged repeatedly to take places in +life-boats, but scorned the opportunity, while working against time to +save the women aboard the ill-fated ship. They went to their death, it +is said by survivors, with smiles on their faces. + +Both of these young men aided in the saving of Mrs. William T. Graham, +wife of the president of the American Can Company, and Mrs. Graham's +nineteen-year-old daughter, Margaret. + +Afterwards relating some of her experiences Mrs. Graham said: + +"There was a rap at the door. It was a passenger whom we had met shortly +after the ship left Liverpool, and his name was Roebling--Washington A. +Roebling, 2d. He was a gentleman and a brave man. He warned us of +the danger and told us that it would be best to be prepared for an +emergency. We heeded his warning, and I looked out of my window and saw +a great big iceberg facing us. Immediately I knew what had happened and +we lost no time after that to get out into the saloon. + +"In one of the gangways I met an officer of the ship. + +"'What is the matter?' I asked him. + +"'We've only burst two pipes,' he said. 'Everything is all right, don't +worry.' + +"'But what makes the ship list so?' I asked. + +"'Oh, that's nothing,' he replied, and walked away. + +"Mr. Case advised us to get into a boat. + +"'And what are you going to do?' we asked him. + +"'Oh,' he replied, 'I'll take a chance and stay here.' + +"Just at that time they were filling up the third life-boat on the port +side of the ship. I thought at the time that it was the third boat which +had been lowered, but I found out later that they had lowered other +boats on the other side, where the people were more excited because they +were sinking on that side. + +"Just then Mr. Roebling came up, too, and told us to hurry and get into +the third boat. Mr. Roebling and Mr. Case bustled our party of three +into that boat in less time than it takes to tell it. They were both +working hard to help the women and children. The boat was fairly crowded +when we three were pushed into it, and a few men jumped in at the last +moment, but Mr. Roebling and Mr. Case stood at the rail and made no +attempt to get into the boat. + +"They shouted good-bye to us. What do you think Mr. Case did then? He +just calmly lighted a cigarette and waved us good-bye with his hand. +Mr. Roebling stood there, too--I can see him now. I am sure that he knew +that the ship would go to the bottom. But both just stood there." + + +IN THE FACE OF DEATH + +Scenes on the sinking vessel grew more tragic as the remaining +passengers faced the awful certainty that death must be the portion of +the majority, death in the darkness of a wintry sea studded with its ice +monuments like the marble shafts in some vast cemetery. + +In that hour, when cherished illusions of possible safety had all +but vanished, manhood and womanhood aboard the Titanic rose to their +sublimest heights. It was in that crisis of the direst extremity that +many brave women deliberately rejected life and chose rather to remain +and die with the men whom they loved. + + +DEATH FAILS TO PART MR. AND MRS. STRAUS + +"I will not leave my husband," said Mrs. Isidor Straus. "We are old; we +can best die together," and she turned from those who would have forced +her into one of the boats and clung to the man who had been the partner +of her joys and sorrows. Thus they stood hand in hand and heart to +heart, comforting each other until the sea claimed them, united in death +as they had been through a long life. + +"Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for +his friends." + +Miss Elizabeth Evans fulfilled this final test of affection laid down +by the Divine Master. The girl was the niece of the wife of Magistrate +Cornell, of New York. She was placed in the same boat with many other +women. As it was about to be lowered away it was found that the craft +contained one more than its full quota of passengers. + +The grim question arose as to which of them should surrender her place +and her chance of safety. Beside Miss Evans sat Mrs. J. J. Brown, of +Denver, the mother of several children. Miss Evans was the first to +volunteer to yield to another. + + +GIRL STEPS BACK TO DOOM + +"Your need is greater than mine," said she to Mrs. Brown. "You have +children who need you, and I have none." + +So saying she arose from the boat and stepped back upon the deck. The +girl found no later refuge and was one of those who went down with the +ship. She was twenty-five years old and was beloved by all who knew her. + +Mrs. Brown thereafter showed the spirit which had made her also +volunteer to leave the boat. There were only three men in the boat +and but one of them rowed. Mrs. Brown, who was raised on the water, +immediately picked up one of the heavy sweeps and began to pull. + +In the boat which carried Mrs. Cornell and Mrs. Appleton there were +places for seventeen more than were carried. This too was undermanned +and the two women at once took their places at the oars. + +The Countess of Rothes was pulling at the oars of her boat, likewise +undermanned because the crew preferred to stay behind. + +Miss Bentham, of Rochester, showed splendid courage. She happened to be +in a life-boat which was very much crowded--so much so that one sailor +had to sit with his feet dangling in the icy cold water, and as time +went on the sufferings of the man from the cold were apparent. Miss +Bentham arose from her place and had the man turn around while she took +her place with her feet in the water. + +Scarcely any of the life-boats were properly manned. Two, filled with +women and children, capsized immediately, while the collapsible boats +were only temporarily useful. They soon filled with water. In one boat +eighteen or twenty persons sat in water above their knees for six hours. + + + +{illust. caption = + +In the darkness and confusion, punctuated by screams, sobs and curses, +the boats were lowered after being filled with women, children and a +few men. The sketch, drawn from description of eye-witnesses, shows the +lofty side of the stricken vessel and the laden boats descending. + +THE LIFE-BOATS BEING LOWERED} + + +{illust. caption = Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. + +{illust. caption = Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. LIFE-BOATS, +AS SEEN FROM THE CARPATHIA + +Photographs taken from the rescue ship as she reached the first boats +carrying the Titanic's sufferers.} + + + +heard it, but have forgotten it. But I saw an order for five pounds +which this man gave to each of the crew of his boat after they got +aboard the Carpathia. It was on a piece of ordinary paper addressed to +the Coutts Bank of England. + +"We called that boat the 'money boat.' It was lowered from the +starboard side and was one of the first off. Our orders were to load the +life-boats beginning forward on the port side, working aft and then back +on the starboard. This man paid the firemen to lower a starboard boat +before the officers had given the order." + +Whiteley's own experience was a hard one. When the uncoiling rope, which +entangled his feet, threw him into the sea, it furrowed the flesh of +his leg, but he did not feel the pain until he was safe aboard the +Carpathia. + +"I floated on my life-preserver for several hours," he said, "then I +came across a big oak dresser with two men clinging to it. I hung on to +this till daybreak and the two men dropped off. When the sun came up I +saw the collapsible raft in the distance, just black with men. They were +all standing up, and I swam to it--almost a mile, it seemed to me--and +they would not let me aboard. Mr. Lightoller, the second officer, was +one of them. + +"'It's thirty-one lives against yours,, he said, 'you can't come +aboard. There's not room.'" + +"I pleaded with him in vain, and then I confess I prayed that somebody +might die, so I could take his place. It was only human. And then some +one did die, and they let me aboard. + +"By and by, we saw seven life-boats lashed together, and we were taken +into them." + + +MEN SHOT DOWN + +The officers had to assert their authority by force, and three +foreigners from the steerage who tried to force their way in among the +women and children were shot down without mercy. + +Robert Daniel, a Philadelphia passenger, told of terrible scenes at +this period of the disaster. He said men fought and bit and struck one +another like madmen, and exhibited wounds upon his face to prove the +assertion. Mr. Daniel said that he was picked up naked from the ice-cold +water and almost perished from exposure before he was rescued. He and +others told how the Titanic's bow was completely torn away by the impact +with the berg. + +K. Whiteman, of Palmyra, N. J., the Titanic's barber, was lowering boats +on deck after the collision, and declared the officers on the bridge, +one of them First Officer Murdock, promptly worked the electrical +apparatus for closing the water-tight compartments. He believed the +machinery was in some way so damaged by the crash that the front +compartments failed to close tightly, although the rear ones were +secure. + +Whiteman's manner of escape was unique. He was blown off the deck by the +second of the two explosions of the boilers, and was in the water more +than two hours before he was picked up by a raft. + +"The explosions," Whiteman said; "were caused by the rushing in of the +icy water on the boilers. A bundle of deck chairs, roped together, was +blown off the deck with me, and I struck my back, injuring my spine, but +it served as a temporary raft. + +"The crew and passengers had faith in the bulkhead system to save the +ship and we were lowering a collapsible boat, all confident the ship +would get through, when she took a terrific dip forward and the water +swept over the deck and into the engine rooms. + +"The bow went clean down, and I caught the pile of chairs as I was +washed up against the rim. Then came the explosions which blew me +fifteen feet. + +"After the water had filled the forward compartments, the ones at the +stern could not save her, although they did delay the ship's going down. +If it wasn't for the compartments hardly anyone could have got away." + + +A SAD MESSAGE + +One of the Titanic's stewards, Johnson by name, carried this message to +the sorrowing widow of Benjamin Guggenheim: + +"When Mr. Guggenheim realized that there was grave danger," said the +room steward, "he advised his secretary, who also died, to dress fully +and he himself did the same. Mr. Guggenheim, who was cool and collected +as he was pulling on his outer garments, said to the steward:-- + + +PREPARED TO DIE BRAVELY + +"'I think there is grave doubt that the men will get off safely. I am +willing to remain and play the man's game, if there are not enough boats +for more than the women and children. I won't die here like a beast. +I'll meet my end as man.' + +"There was a pause and then Mr. Guggenheim continued: + +"'Tell my wife, Johnson, if it should happen that my secretary and I +both go down and you are saved, tell her I played the game out straight +and to the end. No woman shall be left aboard this ship because Ben +Guggenheim was a coward. + +"'Tell her that my last thoughts will be of her and of our girls, but +that my duty now is to these unfortunate women and children on this +ship. Tell her I will meet whatever fate is in store for me, knowing she +will approve of what I do.'" + +In telling the story the room steward said the last he saw of Mr. +Guggenheim was when he stood fully dressed upon the upper deck talking +calmly with Colonel Astor and Major Butt. + +Before the last of the boats got away, according to some of the +passengers' narratives, there were more than fifty shots fired upon the +decks by officers or others in the effort to maintain the discipline +that until then had been well preserved. + + +THE SINKING VESSEL + +Richard Norris Williams, Jr., one of the survivors of the Titanic, saw +his father killed by being crushed by one of the tremendous funnels of +the sinking vessel. + +"We stood on deck watching the life-boats of the Titanic being filled +and lowered into the water," said Mr. Williams. "The water was nearly +up to our waists and the ship was about at her last. Suddenly one of the +great funnels fell. I sprang aside, endeavoring to pull father with me. +A moment later the funnel was swept overboard and the body of father +went with it. + +"I sprang overboard and swam through the ice to a life-raft, and +was pulled aboard. There were five men and one woman on the raft. +Occasionally we were swept off into the sea, but always managed to crawl +back. + +"A sailor lighted a cigarette and flung the match carelessly among the +women. Several screamed, fearing they would be set on fire. The sailor +replied: 'We are going to hell anyway and we might as well be cremated +now as then.'" + +A huge cake of ice was the means of aiding Emile Portaleppi, of Italy, +in his hairbreadth escape from death when the Titanic went down. +Portaleppi, a second class passenger, was awakened by the explosion of +one of the bulkheads of the ship. He hurried to the deck, strapped a +life-preserver around him and leaped into the sea. With the aid of the +preserver and by holding to a cake of ice he managed to keep afloat +until one of the life-boats picked him up. There were thirty-five other +people in the boat, he said, when he was hauled aboard. + +THE COWARD + +Somewhere in the shadow of the appalling Titanic disaster slinks--still +living by the inexplicable grace of God--a cur in human shape, to-day +the most despicable human being in all the world. + +In that grim midnight hour, already great in history, he found himself +hemmed in by the band of heroes whose watchword and countersign rang out +across the deep--"Women and children first!" + +What did he do? He scuttled to the stateroom deck, put on a woman's +skirt, a woman's hat and a woman's veil, and picking his crafty way back +among the brave and chivalric men who guarded the rail of the doomed +ship, he filched a seat in one of the life-boats and saved his skin. + +His name is on that list of branded rescued men who were neither picked +up from the sea when the ship went down nor were in the boats under +orders to help get them safe away. His identity is not yet known, though +it will be in good time. So foul an act as that will out like murder. + +The eyes of strong men who have read this crowded record of golden +deeds, who have read and re-read that deathless roll of honor of the +dead, are still wet with tears of pity and of pride. This man still +lives. Surely he was born and saved to set for men a new standard by +which to measure infamy and shame. + +It is well that there was sufficient heroism on board the Titanic to +neutralize the horrors of the cowardice. When the first order was given +for the men to stand back, there were a dozen or more who pushed forward +and said that men would be needed to row the life-boats and that they +would volunteer for the work. + +The officers tried to pick out the ones that volunteered merely for +service and to eliminate those who volunteered merely to save their own +lives. This elimination process however, was not wholly successful. + + +THE DOOMED MEN + +As the ship began to settle to starboard, heeling at an angle of nearly +forty-five degrees, those who had believed it was all right to stick by +the ship began to have doubts, and a few jumped into the sea. They were +followed immediately by others, and in a few minutes there were scores +swimming around. Nearly all of them wore life-preservers. One man, who +had a Pomeranian dog, leaped overboard with it and striking a piece of +wreckage was badly stunned. He recovered after a few minutes and swam +toward one of the life-boats and was taken aboard. + +Said one survivor, speaking of the men who remained on the ship. "There +they stood--Major Butt, Colonel Astor waving a farewell to his wife, +Mr. Thayer, Mr. Case, Mr. Clarence Moore, Mr. Widener, all +multimillionaires, and hundreds of other men, bravely smiling at us all. +Never have I seen such chivalry and fortitude. Such courage in the face +of fate horrible to contemplate filled us even then with wonder and +admiration." + +Why were men saved? ask: others who seek to make the occasional male +survivor a hissing scorn; and yet the testimony makes it clear that for +a long time during that ordeal the more frightful position seemed to +many to be in the frail boats in the vast relentless sea, and that some +men had to be tumbled into the boats under orders from the officers. +Others express the deepest indignation that 210 sailors were rescued, +the testimony shows that most of these sailors were in the welter of ice +and water into which they had been thrown from the ship's deck when she +sank; they were human beings and so were picked up and saved. + + +"WOMEN AND CHILDREN FIRST" + +The one alleviating circumstance in the otherwise immitigable tragedy +is the fact that so many of the men stood aside really with out the +necessity for the order, "Women and children first," and insisted that +the weaker sex should first have places in the boats. + +There were men whose word of command swayed boards of directors, +governed institutions, disposed of millions. They were accustomed merely +to pronounce a wish to have it gratified. Thousands "posted at their +bidding"; the complexion of the market altered hue when they nodded; +they bought what they wanted, and for one of the humblest fishing smacks +or a dory they could have given the price that was paid to build and +launch the ship that has become the most imposing mausoleum that ever +housed the bones of men since the Pyramids rose from the desert sands. + +But these men stood aside--one can see them!--and gave place not merely +to the delicate and the refined, but to the scared Czech woman from the +steerage, with her baby at her breast; the Croatian with a toddler by +her side, coming through the very gate of Death and out of the mouth of +Hell to the imagined Eden of America. + +To many of those who went it was harder to go than to stay there on the +vessel gaping with its mortal wounds and ready to go down. It meant that +tossing on the waters they must wait in suspense, hour after hour even +after the lights of the ship were engulfed in appalling darkness, hoping +against hope for the miracle of a rescue dearer to them than their own +lives. + +It was the tradition of Anglo-Saxon heroism that was fulfilled in the +frozen seas during the black hours of Sunday night. The heroism was that +of the women who went, as well as of the men who remained! + + + +CHAPTER VII. LEFT TO THEIR FATE + +COOLNESS AND HEROISM OF THOSE LEFT TO PERISH--SUICIDE OF +MURDOCK--CAPTAIN SMITH'S END--THE SHIP'S BAND PLAYS A NOBLE HYMN AS THE +VESSEL GOES DOWN + +THE general feeling aboard the ship after the boats had left her +sides was that she would not survive her wound, but the passengers who +remained aboard displayed the utmost heroism. + +William T. Stead, the famous English journalist, was so litt{l}e alarmed +that he calmly discussed with one of the passengers the probable height +of the iceberg after the Titanic had shot into it. + +Confidence in the ability of the Titanic to remain afloat doubtlessly +led many of the passengers to death. The theory that the great ship was +unsinkable remained with hundreds who had entrusted themselves to the +gigantic hulk, long after the officers knew that the vessel could not +survive. + +The captain and officers behaved with superb gallantry, and there was +perfect order and discipline among those who were aboard, even after all +hope had been abandoned for the salvation of the ship. + +Many women went down, steerage women who were unable to get to the upper +decks where the boats were launched, maids who were overlooked in the +confusion, cabin passengers who refused to desert their husbands or who +reached the decks after the last of the life-boats was gone and the ship +was settling for her final plunge to the bottom of the Atlantic. + +Narratives of survivors do not bear out the supposition that the final +hours upon the vessel's decks were passed in darkness. They say the +electric lighting plant held out until the last, and that even as they +watched the ship sink, from their places in the floating life-boats, her +lights were gleaming in long rows as she plunged under by the head. Just +before she sank, some of the refugees say, the ship broke in two abaft +the engine room after the bulkhead explosions had occurred. + +COLONEL ASTOR'S DEATH + + +To Colonel Astor's death Philip Mock bears this testimony. + +"Many men were hanging on to rafts in the sea. William T. Stead and +Colonel Astor were among them. Their feet and hands froze and they had +to let go. Both were drowned." + +The last man among the survivors to speak to Colonel Astor was K. +Whiteman, the ship's barber. + +"I shaved Colonel Astor Sunday afternoon," said Whiteman. "He was a +pleasant, affable man, and that awful night when I found myself standing +beside him on the passenger deck, helping to put the women into the +boats, I spoke to him. + +"'Where is your life-belt?' I asked him. + +"'I didn't think there would be any need of it,' he said. + +"'Get one while there is time,' I told him. 'The last boat is gone, and +we are done for.' + +"'No,' he said, 'I think there are some life-boats to be launched, and +we may get on one of them.' + +"'There are no life-rafts,' I told him, 'and the ship is going to sink. +I am going to jump overboard and take a chance on swimming out and being +picked up by one of the boats. Better come along.' + +"'No, thank you,' he said, calmly, 'I think I'll have to stick.' + +"I asked him if he would mind shaking hands with me. He said, 'With +pleasure,' gave me a hearty grip, and then I climbed up on the rail and +jumped overboard. I was in the water nearly four hours before one of the +boats picked me up." + + +CAPTAIN WASHED OVERBOARD + +Murdock's last orders were to Quartermaster Moody and a few other petty +officers who had taken their places in the rigid discipline of the ship +and were lowering the boats. Captain Smith came up to him on the bridge +several times and then rushed down again. They spoke to one another only +in monosyllables. + +There were stories that Captain Smith, when he saw the ship actually +going down, had committed suicide. There is no basis for such tales. The +captain, according to the testimony of those who were near him almost +until the last, was admirably cool. He carried a revolver in his hand, +ready to use it on anyone who disobeyed orders. + +"I want every man to act like a man for manhood's sake," he said, "and +if they don't, a bullet awaits the coward." + +With the revolver in his hand--a fact that undoubtedly gave rise to +the suicide theory--the captain moved up and down the deck. He gave the +order for each life-boat to make off and he remained until every boat +was gone. Standing on the bridge he finally called out the order: "Each +man save himself." At that moment all discipline fled. It was the last +call of death. If there had been any hope among those on board before, +the hope now had fled. + +The bearded admiral of the White Star Line fleet, with every life-saving +device launched from the decks, was returning to the deck to perform the +sacred office of going down with his ship when a wave dashed over the +side and tore him from the ladder. + +The Titanic was sinking rapidly by the head, with the twisting sidelong +motion that was soon to aim her on her course two miles down. Murdock +saw the skipper swept out; but did not move. Captain Smith was but one +of a multitude of lost at that moment. Murdock may have known that the +last desperate thought of the gray mariner was to get upon his bridge +and die in command. That the old man could not have done this may have +had something to do with Murdock's suicidal inspiration. Of that no man +may say or safely guess. + +The wave that swept the skipper out bore him almost to the thwart of +a crowded life-boat. Hands reached out, but he wrenched himself away, +turned and swam back toward the ship. + +Some say that he said, "Good-bye, I'm going back to the ship." + +He disappeared for a moment, then reappeared where a rail was slipping +under water. Cool and courageous to the end, loyal to his duty under the +most difficult circumstances, he showed himself a noble captain, and he +died a noble death. + + +SAW BOTH OFFICERS PERISH + +Quartermaster Moody saw all this, watched the skipper scramble aboard +again onto the submerged decks, and then vanish altogether in a great +billow. + +As Moody's eye lost sight of the skipper in this confusion of waters it +again shifted to the bridge, and just in time to see Murdock take his +life. The man's face was turned toward him, Moody said, and he could +not mistake it. There were still many gleaming lights on the ship, +flickering out like little groups of vanishing stars, and with the +clear starshine on the waters there was nothing to cloud or break the +quartermaster's vision. + +"I saw Murdock die by his own hand," said Moody, "saw the flash from +his gun, heard the crack that followed the flash and then saw him plunge +over on his face." + +Others report hearing several pistol shots on the decks below the +bridge, but amid the groans and shrieks and cries, shouted orders and +all that vast orchestra of sounds that broke upon the air they must have +been faint periods of punctuation + +BAND PLAYED ITS OWN DIRGE + +The band had broken out in the strains of "Nearer, My God, to Thee," +some minutes before Murdock lifted the revolver to his head, fired and +toppled over on his face. Moody saw all this in a vision that filled his +brain, while his ears drank in the tragic strain of the beautiful hymn +that the band played as their own dirge, even to the moment when the +waters sucked them down. + +Wherever Murdock's eye swept the water in that instant, before he drew +his revolver, it looked upon veritable seas of drowning men and women. +From the decks there came to him the shrieks and groans of the caged and +drowning, for whom all hope of escape was utterly vanished. He evidently +never gave a thought to the possibility of saving himself, his mind +freezing with the horrors he beheld and having room for just one central +idea--swift extinction. + +The strains of the hymn and the frantic cries of the dying blended in a +symphony of sorrow. + +Led by the green light, under the light of stars, the boats drew away, +and the bow, then the quarter, then the stacks and last the stern of the +marvel ship of a few days before passed beneath the waters. The great +force of the ship's sinking was unaided by any violence of the elements, +and the suction, not so great as had been feared, rocked but mildly the +group of boats now a quarter of a mile distant from it. + +Just before the Titanic disappeared from view men and women leaped from +the stern. More than a hundred men, according to Colonel Gracie, jumped +at the last. Gracie was among the number and he and the second officer +were of the very few who were saved. + +As the vessel disappeared, the waves drowned the majestic + + +{illust. caption = DEPTH OF OCEAN WHERE THE TITANIC WENT DOWN + +The above etching shows a diagram of the ocean depths between the shore +of Newfoundland (shown at the top to the left, by the heavily shaded +part) to 800 miles out, where the Titanic struck an iceberg and sank. +Over the Great Bank of Newfoundland the greatest depth is about 35 +fathoms, or 210 feet. Then there is a sudden drop to 105 fathoms, or +630 feet, and then there is a falling away to 1650 fathoms or 9900 feet, +then 2000 fathoms or 12,000 feet, and about where the Titanic sank 2760 +fathoms or 16,560 feet.} + + +hymn which the musicians played as they went to their watery grave. The +most authentic accounts agree that this hymn was not "Nearer, My God, to +Thee," which it seems had been + + + +{illust. caption = CARPATHIA + +The Cunard liner which brought the survivors of the Titanic to New +York.} + +{illust. caption = THE HERO WIRELESS OPERATOR OF THE TITANIC + +Photograph of Harold...} + + +played shortly before, but "Autumn," which is found in the Episcopal +hymnal and which fits appropriately the situation on the Titanic in the +last moments of pain and darkness there. One line, "Hold me up in mighty +waters," particularly may have suggested the hymn to some minister +aboard the doomed vessel, who, it has been thought, thereupon asked +the remaining passengers to join in singing the hymn, in a last service +aboard the sinking ship, soon to be ended by death itself. + +Following is the hymn: + + God of mercy and compassion! + Look with pity on my pain: + Hear a mournful, broken spirit + Prostrate at Thy feet complain; + Many are my foes, and mighty; + Strength to conquer I have none; + Nothing can uphold my goings + But Thy blessed Self alone. + + Saviour, look on Thy beloved; + Triumph over all my foes; + Turn to heavenly joy my mourning, + Turn to gladness all my woes; + Live or die, or work or suffer, + Let my weary soul abide, + In all changes whatsoever + Sure and steadfast by Thy side. + When temptations fierce assault me, + When my enemies I find, + Sin and guilt, and death and Satan, + All against my soul combined, + Hold me up in mighty waters, + Keep my eyes on things above, + Righteousness, divine Atonement, + Peace, and everlasting Love. + + +It was a little lame schoolmaster, Tyrtaeus, who aroused the Spartans by +his poetry and led them to victory against the foe. + +It was the musicians of the band of the Titanic--poor men, paid a few +dollars a week--who played the music to keep up the courage of the souls +aboard the sinking ship. + +"The way the band kept playing was a noble thing," says the wireless +operator. "I heard it first while we were working the wireless, when +there was a rag-time tune for us, and the last I saw of the band, when I +was floating, struggling in the icy water, it was still on deck, playing +'Autumn.' How those brave fellows ever did it I cannot imagine." + +Perhaps that music, made in the face of death, would not have satisfied +the exacting critical sense. It may be that the chilled fingers faltered +on the pistons of the cornet or at the valves of the French horn, that +the time was irregular and that by an organ in a church, with a decorous +congregation, the hymns they chose would have been better played and +sung. But surely that music went up to God from the souls of drowning +men, and was not less acceptable than the song of songs no mortal ear +may hear, the harps of the seraphs and the choiring cherubim. Under the +sea the music-makers lie, still in their fingers clutching the broken +and battered means of melody; but over the strident voice of warring +winds and the sound of many waters there rises their chant eternally; +and though the musicians lie hushed and cold at the sea's heart, their +music is heard forevermore. + + +LAST MOMENTS + +That great ship, which started out as proudly, went down to her death +like some grime silent juggernaut, drunk with carnage and anxious to +stop the throbbing of her own heart at the bottom of the sea. Charles H. +Lightoller, second officer of the Titanic, tells the story this way: + +"I stuck to the ship until the water came up to my ankles. There had +been no lamentations, no demonstrations either from the men passengers +as they saw the last life-boat go, and there was no wailing or crying, +no outburst from the men who lined the ship's rail as the Titanic +disappeared from sight. + +"The men stood quietly as if they were in church. They knew that they +were in the sight of God; that in a moment judgment would be passed +upon them. Finally, the ship took a dive, reeling for a moment, then +plunging. I was sucked to the side of the ship against the grating over +the blower for the exhaust. There was an explosion. It blew me to the +surface again, only to be sucked back again by the water rushing into +the ship + +"This time I landed against the grating over the pipes, which furnish a +draught for the funnels, and stuck there. There was another explosion, +and I came to the surface. The ship seemed to be heaving tremendous +sighs as she went down. I found myself not many feet from the ship, but +on the other side of it. The ship had turned around while I was under +the water. + +"I came up near a collapsible life-boat and grabbed it. Many men were +in the water near me. They had jumped at the last minute. A funnel fell +within four inches of me and killed one of the swimmers. Thirty clung to +the capsized boat, and a life-boat, with forty survivors in it already, +finally took them off. + +"George D. Widener and Harry Elkins Widener were among those who jumped +at the last minute. So did Robert Williams Daniel. The three of them +went down together. Daniel struck out, lashing the water with his arms +until he had made a point far distant from the sinking monster of the +sea. Later he was picked up by one of the passing life-boats. + +"The Wideners were not seen again, nor was John B. Thayer, who went down +on the boat. 'Jack' Thayer, who was literally thrown off the Titanic +by an explosion, after he had refused to leave the men to go with his +mother, floated around on a raft for an hour before he was picked up." + + +AFLOAT WITH JACK THAYER + +Graphic accounts of the final plunge of the Titanic were related by two +Englishmen, survivors by the merest chance. One of them struggled for +hours to hold himself afloat on an overturned collapsible life-boat, +to one end of which John B. Thayer, Jr., of Philadelphia, whose father +perished, hung until rescued. + +The men gave their names as A. H. Barkworth, justice of the peace of +East Riding, Yorkshire, England, and W. J. Mellers, of Christ Church +Terrace, Chelsea, London. The latter, a young man, had started for this +country with his savings to seek his fortune, and lost all but his life. + +Mellers, like Quartermaster Moody, said Captain Smith did not commit +suicide. The captain jumped from the bridge, Mellers declares, and he +heard him say to his officers and crew: "You have done your duty, boys. +Now every man for himself." Mellers and Barkworth, who say their names +have been spelled incorrectly in most of the lists of survivors, both +declare there were three distinct explosions before the Titanic broke in +two, and bow section first, and stern part last, settled with her human +cargo into the sea. + +Her four whistles kept up a deafening blast until the explosions, +declare the men. The death cries from the shrill throats of the +blatant steam screechers beside the smokestacks so rent the air that +conversation among the passengers was possible only when one yelled into +the ear of a fellow-unfortunate. + +"I did not know the Thayer family well," declared Mr. Barkworth, "but I +had met young Thayer, a clear-cut chap, and his father on the trip. The +lad and I struggled in the water for several hours endeavoring to hold +afloat by grabbing to the sides and end of an overturned life-boat. +Now and again we lost our grip and fell back into the water. I did not +recognize young Thayer in the darkness, as we struggled for our lives, +but I did recall having met him before when we were picked up by a +life-boat. We were saved by the merest chance, because the survivors on +a life-boat that rescued us hesitated in doing so, it seemed, fearing +perhaps that additional burdens would swamp the frail craft. + +"I considered my fur overcoat helped to keep me afloat. I had a life +preserver over it, under my arms, but it would not have held me up so +well out of the water but for the coat. The fur of the coat seemed not +to get wet through, and retained a certain amount of air that added to +buoyance. I shall never part with it. + +"The testimony of J. Bruce Ismay, managing director of the White Star +Line, that he had not heard explosions before the Titanic settled, +indicates that he must have gotten some distance from her in his +life-boat. There were three distinct explosions and the ship broke in +the center. The bow settled headlong first, and the stern last. I was +looking toward her from the raft to which young Thayer and I had clung." + + +HOW CAPTAIN SMITH DIED + +Barkworth jumped, just before the Titanic went down. He said there were +enough life-preservers for all the passengers, but in the confusion many +may not have known where to look for them. Mellers, who had donned a +life-preserver, was hurled into the air, from the bow of the ship by the +force of the explosion, which he believed caused the Titanic to part in +the center. + +"I was not far from where Captain Smith stood on the bridge, giving full +orders to his men," said Mellers. "The brave old seaman was crying, but +he had stuck heroically to the last. He did not shoot himself. He +jumped from the bridge when he had done all he could. I heard his final +instructions to his crew, and recall that his last words were: 'You have +done your duty, boys. Now every man for himself.' + +"I thought I was doomed to go down with the rest. I stood on the deck, +awaiting my fate, fearing to jump from the ship. Then came a grinding +noise, followed by two others, and I was hurled into the deep. Great +waves engulfed me, but I was not drawn toward the ship, so that I +believe there was little suction. I swam about for more than one hour +before I was picked up by a boat." + + +A FAITHFUL OFFICER + +Charles Herbert Lightoller, previously mentioned, stood by the ship +until the last, working to get the passengers away, and when it appeared +that he had made his last trip he went up high on the officers' quarters +and made the best dive he knew how to make just as the ship plunged down +to the depths. This is an excerpt from his testimony before the Senate +investigating committee: + +"What time did you leave the ship?" + +"I didn't leave it." + +"Did it leave you?" + +"Yes, sir." + +Children shall hear that episode sung in after years and his own +descendants shall recite it to their bairns. Mr. Lightoller acted as an +officer and gentleman should, and he was not the only one. + + +A MESSAGE FROM A NOTORIOUS GAMBLER + +That Jay Yates, gambler, confidence man and fugitive from justice, known +to the police and in sporting circles as J. H. Rogers, went down with +the Titanic after assisting many women aboard life-boats, became known +when a note, written on a blank page torn from a diary: was delivered to +his sister. Here is a fac-simile of the note: + + +{illust.} + + + +This note was given by Rogers to a woman he was helping into a +life-boat. The woman, who signed herself "Survivor," inclosed the note +with the following letter. + +"You will find note that was handed to me as I was leaving the Titanic. +Am stranger to this man, but think he was a card player. He helped me +aboard a life-boat and I saw him help others. Before we were lowered I +saw him jump into the sea. If picked up I did not recognize him on the +Carpathia. I don't think he was registered on the ship under his right +name." + +Rogers' mother, Mrs. Mary A. Yates, an old woman, broke down when she +learned son had perished. + +"Thank God I know where he is now," she sobbed. "I have not heard from +him for two years. The last news I had from him he was in London." + + +FIFTY LADS MET DEATH + +Among the many hundreds of heroic souls who went bravely and quietly to +their end were fifty happy-go-lucky youngsters shipped as bell boys +or messengers to serve the first cabin passengers. James Humphreys, a +quartermaster, who commanded life-boat No. 11, told a li{t}tle story +that shows how these fifty lads met death. + +Humphreys said the boys were called to their regular posts in the main +cabin entry and taken in charge by their captain, a steward. They were +ordered to remain in the cabin and not get in the way. Throughout the +first hour of confusion and terror these lads sat quietly on their +benches in various parts of the first cabin. + +Then, just toward the end when the order was passed around that the ship +was going down and every man was free to save himself, if he kept away +from the life-boats in which the women + +{illust. caption = "WHO HATH MEASURED THE WATERS IN THE HOLLOW OF +HIS HAND."--Isaiah XL:xii} + + +were being taken, the bell boys scattered to all parts of the ship. + +Humphreys said he saw numbers of them smoking cigarettes and joking with +the passengers. They seemed to think that their violation of the rule +against smoking while on duty was a sufficient breach of discipline. + +Not one of them attempted to enter a life-boat. Not one of them was +saved. + + +THE HEROES WHO REMAINED + +The women who left the ship; the men who remained--there is little to +choose between them for heroism. Many of the women compelled to take to +the boats would have stayed, had it been possible, to share the fate of +their nearest and dearest, without whom their lives are crippled, broken +and disconsolate. + +The heroes who remained would have said, with Grenville. "We have only +done our duty, as a man is bound to do." They sought no palms or crowns +of martyrdom. "They also serve who only stand and wait," and their first +action was merely to step aside and give places in the boats to women +and children, some of whom were too young to comprehend or to remember. + +There was no debate as to whether the life of a financier, a master +of business, was rated higher in the scale of values than that of an +ignorant peasant mother. A woman was a woman, whether she wore rags +or pearls. A life was given for a life, with no assertion that one was +priceless and the other comparatively valueless. + +Many of those who elected to remain might have escaped. "Chivalry" is a +mild appellation for their conduct. Some of the vaunted knights of old +were desperate cowards by comparison. A fight in the open field, or +jousting in the tournament, did not call out the manhood in a man as did +the waiting till the great ship took the final plunge, in the knowledge +that the seas round about were covered with loving and yearning +witnesses whose own salvation was not assured. + +When the roll is called hereafter of those who are "purged of pride +because they died, who know the worth of their days," let the names of +the men who went down with the Titanic be found written there in the +sight of God and men. + + +THE OBVIOUS LESSON + +And, whatever view of the accident be taken, whether the moralist shall +use it to point the text of a solemn or denunciatory warning, or whether +the materialist, swinging to the other extreme, scouts any other theory +than that of the "fortuitous concurrence of atoms," there is scarcely a +thinking mortal who has heard of what happened who has not been deeply +stirred, in the sense of a personal bereavement, to a profound humility +and the conviction of his own insignificance in the greater universal +scheme. + +Many there are whom the influences of religion do not move, and upon +whose hearts most generous sentiments knock in vain, who still are +overawed and bowed by the magnitude of this catastrophe. No matter what +they believe about it, the effect is the same. The effect is to reduce +a man from the swaggering braggart--the vainglorious lord of what he +sees--the self-made master of fate, of nature, of time, of space, of +everything--to his true microscopic stature in the cosmos. He goes in +tears to put together again the fragments of the few, small, pitiful +things that belonged to him. + + "Though Love may pine, and Reason chafe, + There came a Voice without reply." + + +The only comfort, all that can bring surcease of sorrow, is that men +fashioned in the image of their Maker rose to the emergency like heroes, +and went to their grave as bravely as any who have given their lives +at any time in war. The hearts of those who waited on the land, and +agonized, and were impotent to save, have been laid upon the same altars +of sacrifice. The mourning of those who will not be comforted rises from +alien lands together with our own in a common broken intercession. How +little is the 882 feet of the "monster" that we launched compared with +the arc of the rainbow we can see even in our grief spanning the frozen +boreal mist! + + "The best of what we do and are, + Just God, forgive!" + + +THE ANCIENT SACRIFICE + +And still our work must go on. It is the business of men and women +neither to give way to unavailing grief nor to yield to the crushing +incubus of despair, but to find hope that is at the bottom of +everything, even at the bottom of the sea where that glorious virgin of +the ocean is dying. "And when she took unto herself a mate + She must espouse the everlasting sea." + + +Even so, for any progress of the race, there must be the ancient +sacrifice of man's own stubborn heart, and all his pride. He must +forever "lay in dust life's glory dead." He cannot rise to the height it +was intended he should reach till he has plumbed the depths, till he has +devoured the bread of the bitterest affliction, till he has known the +ache of hopes deferred, of anxious expectation disappointed, of dreams +that are not to be fulfilled this side of the river that waters the +meads of Paradise. There still must be a reason why it is not an unhappy +thing to be taken from "the world we know to one a wonder still," and so +that we go bravely, what does it matter, the mode of our going? It was +not only those who stood back, who let the women and children go to +the boats, that died. There died among us on the shore something of the +fierce greed of bitterness, something of the sharp hatred of passion, +something of the mad lust of revenge and of knife-edge competition. +Though we are not aware of it, perhaps, we are not quite the people that +we were before out of the mystery an awful hand was laid upon us all, +and what we had thought the colossal power of wealth was in a twinkling +shown to be no more than the strength of an infant's little finger, or +the twining tendril of a plant. + + "Lest we forget; lest we forget!" + +{"illustration", really "music" Lyrics = + +God of mercy and compassion, Look with pity on my pain; Hear a mournful, +broken spirit Prostrate at Thy feet complain; Many are my foes and +mighty; Strength to conquer I have none; Nothing can uphold my goings +But they blessed Self alone. AMEN + +{2nd Stanza} Saviour, look on Thy beloved, Triumph over all my foes, +Turn to heavenly joy my mourning, Turn to gladness all my woes; Live +or die, or work or suffer Let my weary soul abide, In all changes +whatsoever, Sure and steadfast by Thy side: + +{3rd Stanza} When temptations fierce assault me, When my enemies I find, +Sin and guilt, and death and Satan, All against my soul combined, Hold +me up in mighty waters, Keep my eyes on things above--Rightousness,{sic} +divine atonement Peace and everlasting love,} + + +{illust. caption = LATITUDE 41.46 NORTH, LONGITUDE 50.14 WEST WHERE +MANHOOD PERISHED NOT} + +{illust. caption = LOWERING OF THE LIFE-BOATS FROM THE TITANIC + +It is easy to understand why...} + +{illust. caption = PASSENGERS LEAVING THE TITANIC IN THE LIFE-BOATS + +The agony and despair which possessed the occupants of these boats +as they were carried away from the doomed giant, leaving husbands and +brothers behind, is almost beyond description. It is little wonder that +the strain of these moments, with the physical and mental suffering +which followed during the early morning hours, left many of the women +still hysterical when they reached New York.} + + + +WHERE MANHOOD PERISHED NOT + + Where cross the lines of forty north + And fifty-fourteen west + There rolls a wild and greedy sea + With death upon its crest. + No stone or wreath from human hands + Will ever mark the spot + Where fifteen hundred men went down, + But Manhood perished not. + + Old Ocean takes but little heed + Of human tears or woe. + No shafts adorn the ocean graves, + Nor weeping willows grow. + Nor is there need of marble slab + To keep in mind the spot + Where noble men went down to death, + But manhood perished not! + + Those men who looked on death and smiled, + And trod the crumbling deck, + Have saved much more than precious lives + From out that awful wreck. + Though countless joys and hopes and fears + Were shattered at a breath, + 'Tis something that the name of Man + Did not go down to death. + + 'Tis not an easy thing to die, + E'en in the open air, + Twelve hundred miles from home and friends, + In a shroud of black despair. + A wreath to crown the brow of man, + And hide a former blot + Will ever blossom o'er the waves + Where Manhood perished not. + + HARVEY P. THEW + {spelling uncertain due to poor printing} + + + +CHAPTER VIII. THE CALL FOR HELP HEARD + +THE VALUE OF THE WIRELESS--OTHER SHIPS ALTER THEIR COURSE--RESCUERS ON +THE WAY + +"WE have struck an iceberg. Badly damaged. Rush aid." + +Seaward and landward, J. G. Phillips, the Titanic's wireless man, had +hurled the appeal for help. By fits and starts--for the wireless was +working unevenly and blurringly--Phillips reached out to the world, +crying the Titanic's peril. A word or two, scattered phrases, now and +then a connected sentence, made up the message that sent a thrill of +apprehension for a thousand miles east, west and south of the doomed +liner. + +The early despatches from St. John's, Cape Race, and Montreal, told +graphic tales of the race to reach the Titanic, the wireless appeals +for help, the interruption of the calls, then what appeared to be a +successful conclusion of the race when the Virginian was reported as +having reached the giant liner. + + +MANY LINES HEAR THE CALL + +Other rushing liners besides the Virginian heard the call and became on +the instant something more than cargo carriers and passenger greyhounds. +The big Baltic, 200 miles to the eastward and westbound, turned again +to save life, as she did when her sister of the White Star fleet, the +Republic, was cut down in a fog in January, 1909. The Titanic's mate, +the Olympic, the mightiest of the seagoers save the Titanic herself, +turned in her tracks. All along the northern lane the miracle of the +wireless worked for the distressed and sinking White Star ship. The +Hamburg-American Cincinnati, the Parisian from Glasgow, the North +German Lloyd Prinz Friedrich Wilhelm, the Hamburg-American liners Prinz +Adelbert and Amerika, all heard the C. Q. D. and the rapid, condensed +explanation of what had happened. + + +VIRGINIAN IN DESPERATE HASTE + +But the Virginian was nearest, barely 170 miles away, and was the first +to know of the Titanic's danger. She went about and headed under +forced draught for the spot indicated in one of the last of Phillips' +messages--latitude 41.46 N. and longitude 50.14 W. She is a fast +ship, the Allan liner, and her wireless has told the story of how she +stretched through the night to get up to the Titanic in time. There was +need for all the power of her engines and all the experience and skill +of her captain. The final fluttering Marconigrams that were released +from the Titanic made it certain that the great ship with 2340 souls +aboard was filling and in desperate peril. + +Further out at sea was the Cunarder, Carpathia, which left New York +for the Mediterranean on April 13th. Round she went and plunged back +westward to take a hand in saving life. And the third steamship within +short sailing of the Titanic was the Allan liner Parisian away to the +eastward, on her way from Glasgow to Halifax. + +While they sped in the night with all the drive that steam could give +them, the Titanic's call reached to Cape Race and the startled operator +there heard at midnight a message which quickly reached New York: + +"Have struck an iceberg. We are badly damaged. Titanic latitude 41.46 +N., 50.14 W." + +Cape Race threw the appeal broadcast wherever his apparatus could carry. + +Then for hours, while the world waited for a crumb of news as to the +safety of the great ship's people, not one thing more was known save +that she was drifting, broken and helpless and alone in the midst of a +waste of ice. And it was not until seventeen hours after the Titanic +had sunk that the words came out of the air as to her fate. There was a +confusion and tangle of messages--a jumble of rumors. Good tidings were +trodden upon by evil. And no man knew clearly what was taking place in +that stretch of waters where the giant icebergs were making a mock of +all that the world knew best in ship-building. + + +TITANIC SENT OUT NO MORE NEWS + +It was at 12.17 A. M., while the Virginian was still plunging eastward, +that all communication from the Titanic ceased. The Virginian's +operator, with the Virginian's captain at his elbow, fed the air with +blue flashes in a desperate effort to know what was happening to the +crippled liner, but no message came back. The last word from the Titanic +was that she was sinking. Then the sparking became fainter. The call +was dying to nothing. The Virginian's operator labored over a blur of +signals. It was hopeless. So the Allan ship strove on, fearing that the +worst had happened. + +It was this ominous silence that so alarmed the other vessels hurrying +to the Titanic and that caused so much suspense here. + + + +CHAPTER IX. IN THE DRIFTING LIFE-BOATS + +SORROW AND SUFFERING--THE SURVIVORS SEE THE TITANIC GO DOWN WITH THEIR +LOVED ONES ON BOARD--A NIGHT OF AGONIZING SUSPENSE--WOMEN HELP TO +ROW--HELP ARRIVES--PICKING UP THE LIFE-BOATS + +SIXTEEN boats were in the procession which entered on the terrible hours +of rowing, drifting and suspense. Women wept for lost husbands and sons, +sailors sobbed for the ship which had been their pride. Men choked back +tears and sought to comfort the widowed. Perhaps, they said, other boats +might have put off in another direction. They strove, though none too +sure themselves, to convince the women of the certainty that a rescue +ship would appear. + +In the distance the Titanic looked an enormous length, her great bulk +outlined in black against the starry sky, every port-hole and saloon +blazing with light. It was impossible to think anything could be wrong +with such a leviathan, were it not for that ominous tilt downwards in +the bows, where the water was now up to the lowest row of port-holes. +Presently, about 2 A. M., as near as can be determined, those in the +life-boats observed her settling very rapidly with the bows and the +bridge completely under water, and concluded it was now only a question +of minutes before she went. So it proved She slowly tilted straight on +end with the stern vertically upwards, and as she did, the lights in +the cabins and saloons, which until then had not flickered for a moment, +died out, came on again for a single flash, and finally went altogether. +At the same time the machinery roared down through the vessel with a +rattle and a groaning that could be heard for miles, the weirdest sound +surely that could be heard in the middle of the ocean, a thousand miles +away from land. But this was not yet quite the end. + + +TITANIC STOOD UPRIGHT + +To the amazement of the awed watchers in the life-boats, the doomed +vessel remained in that upright position for a time estimated at five +minutes; some in the boat say less, but it was certainly some minutes +that at least 150 feet of the Titanic towered up above the level of the +sea and loomed black against the sky. + + +SAW LAST OF BIG SHIP + +Then with a quiet, slanting dive she disappeared beneath the waters, and +the eyes of the helpless spectators had looked for the last time upon +the gigantic vessel on which they had set out from Southampton. And +there was left to the survivors only the gently heaving sea, the +life-boats filled with men and women in every conceivable condition of +dress and undress, above the perfect sky of brilliant stars with not a +cloud, all tempered with a bitter cold that made each man and woman long +to be one of the crew who toiled away with the oars and kept themselves +warm thereby--a curious, deadening; bitter cold unlike anything they had +felt before. + + +"ONE LONG MOAN" + +And then with all these there fell on the ear the most appalling +noise that human being has ever listened to--the cries of hundreds of +fellow-beings struggling in the icy cold water, crying for help with a +cry that could not be answered. + +Third Officer Herbert John Pitman, in charge of one of the boats, +described this cry of agony in his testimony before the Senatorial +Investigating Committee, under the questioning of Senator Smith: + +"I heard no cries of distress until after the ship went down," he said. + +"How far away were the cries from your life-boat?" + +"Several hundred yards, probably, some of them." + +"Describe the screams." + +"Don't, sir, please! I'd rather not talk about it." + +"I'm sorry to press it, but what was it like? Were the screams +spasmodic?" + +"It was one long continuous moan." + +The witness said the moans and cries continued an hour. + +Those in the life-boats longed to return and pick up some of the poor +drowning souls, but they feared this would mean swamping the boats and a +further loss of life. + +Some of the men tried to sing to keep the women from hearing the cries, +and rowed hard to get away from the scene of the wreck, but the memory +of those sounds will be one of the things the rescued will find it +difficult to forget. + +The waiting sufferers kept a lookout for lights, and several times it +was shouted that steamers' lights were seen, but they turned out to be +either a light from another boat or a star low down on the horizon. It +was hard to keep up hope. + + +WOMEN TRIED TO COMMIT SUICIDE + +"Let me go back--I want to go back to my husband--I'll jump from the +boat if you don't," cried an agonized voice in one life-boat. + +"You can do no good by going back--other lives will be lost if you try +to do it. Try to calm yourself for the sake of the living. It may be +that your husband will be picked up somewhere by one of the fishing +boats." + +The woman who pleaded to go back, according to Mrs. Vera Dick, of +Calgary, Canada, later tried to throw herself from the life-boat. Mrs. +Dick, describing the scenes in the life-boats, said there were half +a dozen women in that one boat who tried to commit suicide when they +realized that the Titanic had gone down. + +"Even in Canada, where we have such clear nights," said Mrs. Dick, "I +have never seen such a clear sky. The stars were very bright and we +could see the Titanic plainly, like a great hotel on the water. Floor +after floor of the lights went out as we watched. It was horrible, +horrible. I can't bear to think about it. From the distance, as we rowed +away, we could hear the band playing 'Nearer, My God to Thee.' + +"Among the life-boats themselves, however, there were scenes just as +terrible, perhaps, but to me nothing could outdo the tragic grandeur +with which the Titanic went to its death. To realize it, you would +have to see the Titanic as I saw it the day we set sail--with the +flags flying and the bands playing. Everybody on board was laughing and +talking about the Titanic being the biggest and most luxurious boat on +the ocean and being unsinkable. To think of it then and to think of it +standing out there in the night, wounded to death and gasping for life, +is almost too big for the imagination. + + +SCANTILY CLAD WOMEN IN LIFE-BOATS + +"The women on our boat were in nightgowns and bare feet--some of +them--and the wealthiest women mingled with the poorest immigrants. One +immigrant woman kept shouting: 'My God, my poor father! He put me in +this boat and would not save himself. Oh, why didn't I die, why didn't I +die? Why can't I die now?' + +"We had to restrain her, else she would have jumped over-board. It was +simply awful. Some of the men apparently had said they could row just to +get into the boats. We paid no attention to cowardice, however. We were +all busy with our own troubles. My heart simply bled for the women who +were separated from their husbands. + +"The night was frightfully cold, although clear. We had to huddle +together to keep warm. Everybody drank sparingly of the water and +ate sparingly of the bread. We did not know when we would be saved. +Everybody tried to remain cool, except the poor creatures who could +think of nothing but their own great loss. Those with the most brains +seemed to control themselves best." + + +PHILADELPHIA WOMEN HEROINES + +How Mrs. George D. Widener, whose husband and son perished after kissing +her good-bye and helping her into one of the boats, rowed when exhausted +seamen were on the verge of collapse, was told by Emily Geiger, maid of +Mrs. Widener, who was saved with her. + +The girl said Mrs. Widener bravely toiled throughout the night and +consoled other women who had broken down under the strain. + +Mrs. William E. Carter and Mrs. John B. Thayer were in the same +life-boat and worked heroically to keep it free from the icy menace. +Although Mrs. Thayer's husband remained aboard the Titanic and sank with +it, and although she had no knowledge of the safety of her son until +they met, hours later, aboard the Carpathia, Mrs. Thayer bravely labored +at the oars throughout the night. + +In telling of her experience Mrs. Carter said: + +"When I went over the side with my children and got in the boat there +were no seamen in it. Then came a few men, but there were oars with no +one to use them. The boat had been filled with passengers, and there was +nothing else for me to do but to take an oar. + +"We could see now that the time of the ship had come. She was sinking, +and we were warned by cries from the men above to pull away from +the ship quickly. Mrs. Thayer, wife of the vice-president of the +Pennsylvania Railroad, was in my boat, and she, too, took an oar. + +"It was cold and we had no time to clothe ourselves with warm overcoats. +The rowing warmed me. We started to pull away from the ship. We could +see the dim outlines of the decks above, but we could not recognize +anybody." + + +MANY WOMEN ROWING + +Mrs. William R. Bucknell's account of the part women played in the +rowing is as follows: + +"There were thirty-five persons in the boat in which the captain placed +me. Three of these were ordinary seamen, supposed to manage the boat, +and a steward. + +"One of these men seemed to think that we should not start away from +the sinking ship until it could be learned whether the other boats would +accommodate the rest of the women. He seemed to think that; more could +be crowded into ours, if necessary. + +"'I would rather go back and go down with the ship than leave under +these circumstances.' he cried. + +"The captain shouted to him to obey orders and to pull for a little +light that could just be discerned miles in the distance. I do not know +what this little light was. It may have been a passing fishing vessel, +which, of course could not know our predicament. Anyway, we never +reached it. + +"We rowed all night, I took an oar and sat beside the Countess de +Rothes. Her maid had an our and so did mine. The air was freezing cold, +and it was not long before the only man that appeared to know anything +about rowing commenced to complain that his hands were freezing: A woman +back of him handed him a shawl from about her shoulders. + +"As we rowed we looked back at the lights of the Titanic. There was +not a sound from her, only the lights began to get lower and lower, +and finally she sank. Then we heard a muffled explosion and a dull roar +caused by the great suction of water. + +"There was not a drop of water on our boat. The last minute before our +boat was launched Captain Smith threw aboard a bag of bread. I took +the precaution of taking a good drink of water before we started, so I +suffered no inconvenience from thirst." + +Mrs. Lucien Smith, whose young husband perished, was another heroine. It +is related by survivors that she took turns at the oars, and then, when +the boat was in danger of sinking, stood ready to plug a hole with her +finger if the cork stopper became loose. + +In another boat Mrs. Cornell and her sister, who had a slight knowledge +of rowing, took turns at the oars, as did other women. + +The boat in which Mrs. J. J. Brown, of Denver, Col., was saved contained +only three men in all, and only one rowed. He was a half-frozen seaman +who was tumbled into the boat at the last minute. The woman wrapped him +in blankets and set him at an oar to start his blood. The second man was +too old to be of any use. The third was a coward. + +Strange to say, there was room in this boat for ten other people. Ten +brave men would have received the warmest welcome of their lives if they +had been there. The coward, being a quartermaster and the assigned head +of the boat, sat in the stern and steered. He was terrified, and the +women had to fight against his pessimism while they tugged at the oars. + +The women sat two at each oar. One held the oar in place, the other did +the pulling. Mrs. Brown coached them and cheered them on. She told them +that the exercise would keep the chill out of their veins, and she spoke +hopefully of the likelihood that some vessel would answer the wireless +calls. Over the frightful danger of the situation the spirit of this +woman soared. + + +THE PESSIMIST + +And the coward sat in his stern seat, terrified, his tongue loosened +with fright. He assured them there was no chance in the world. He had +had fourteen years' experience, and he knew. First, they would have +to row one and a half miles at least to get out of the sphere of the +suction, if they did not want to go down. They would be lost, and nobody +would ever find them. + +"Oh, we shall be picked up sooner or later," said some of the braver +ones. No, said the man, there was no bread in the boat, no water; they +would starve--all that big boatload wandering the high seas with nothing +to eat, perhaps for days. + +"Don't," cried Mrs. Brown. "Keep that to yourself, if you feel that way. +For the sake of these women and chil-dren, be a man. We have a smooth +sea and a fighting chance. Be a man." + +But the coward only knew that there was no compass and no chart aboard. +They sighted what they thought was a fishing smack on the horizon, +showing dimly in the early dawn. The man at the rudder steered toward +it, and the women bent to their oars again. They covered several miles +in this way--but the smack faded into the distance. They could not see +it any longer. And the coward said that everything was over. + +They rowed back nine weary miles. Then the coward thought they must stop +rowing, and lie in the trough of the waves until the Carpathia should +appear. The women tried it for a few moments, and felt the cold creeping +into their bodies. Though exhausted from the hard physical labor they +thought work was better than freezing. + +"Row again!" commanded Mrs. Brown. + +"No, no, don't," said the coward. + +"We shall freeze," cried several of the women together. "We must row. We +have rowed all this time. We must keep on or freeze." + +When the coward still demurred, they told him plainly and once for all +that if he persisted in wanting them to stop rowing, they were going to +throw him overboard and be done with him for good. Something about the +look in the eye of that Mississippi-bred oarswoman, who seemed such a +force among her fellows, told him that he had better capitulate. And he +did. + +COUNTESS ROTHES AN EXPERT OARSWOMAN + +Miss Alice Farnam Leader, a New York physician, escaped from the Titanic +on the same boat which carried the Countess Rothes. "The countess is an +expert oarswoman," said Doctor Leader, "and thoroughly at home on the +water. She practically took command of our boat when it was found that +the seaman who had been placed at the oars could not row skilfully. +Several of the women took their place with the countess at the oars and +rowed in turns, while the weak and unskilled stewards sat quietly in one +end of the boat." + + + +MEN COULD NOT ROW + +"With nothing on but a nightgown I helped row one of the boats for three +hours," said Mrs. Florence Ware, of Bristol, England. + +"In our boat there were a lot of women, a steward and a fireman. None of +the men knew anything about managing a small boat, so some of the women +who were used to boats took charge. + +"It was cold and I worked as hard as I could at an oar until we were +picked up. There was nothing to eat or drink on our boat." + + +DEATHS ON THE LIFE-BOATS + +"The temperature must have been below freezing," testified another +survivor, "and neither men nor women in my boat were warmly clothed. +Several of them died. The officer in charge of the life-boat decided it +was better to bury the + + +{illust. caption = SURVIVORS OF THE GREAT MARINE DISASTER + +The first authentic photograph,...} + + +{illust. caption = Copyright by Campbell Studio. N. Y. + +COLONEL AND MRS. JOHN JACOB ASTOR + +Mrs. Astor, nee Miss Madeline Force, was rescued. Colonel Astor who +bravely refused to take a place in the life-boats, went down with the +Titanic.} + + +bodies. Soon they were weighted so they would sink and were put +overboard. We could also see similar burials taking place from other +life-boats that were all around us." + + +GAMBLERS WERE POLITE + +In one boat were two card sharps. With the same cleverness that enabled +them to win money on board they obtained places in the boats with the +women. + +In the boat with the gamblers were women in their night-gowns and women +in evening dress. None of the boats were properly equipped with food, +but all had enough bread and water to keep the rescued from starving +until the expected arrival of help. + +To the credit of the gamblers who managed to escape, it should be said +that they were polite and showed the women every courtesy. All they +wanted was to be sure of getting in a boat. That once accomplished, they +reverted to their habitual practice of politeness and suavity. They were +even willing; to do a little manual labor, refusing to let women do any +rowing. + +The people on that particular boat were a sad group. Fathers had kissed +their daughters good-bye and husbands had parted from their wives. The +card sharps, however philosophized wonderfully about the will of the +Almighty and how strange His ways. They said that one must be prepared +for anything; that good always came from evil, and that every cloud had +a silvery lining{.} + +"Who knows?" said one. "It may be that everybody on board will be +saved." Another added: "Our duty is to the living. You women owe it to +your relatives and friends not to allow this thing to wreck your reason +or undermine your health." And they took pains to see that all the women +who were on the life-boat had plenty of covering to keep them from the +icy blasts of the night. + + +HELP IN SIGHT + +The survivors were in the life-boats until about 5.30 A. M. About 3 A. +M. faint lights appeared in the sky and all rejoiced to see what was +supposed to be the coming dawn, but after watching for half an hour +and seeing no change in the intensity of the light, the disappointed +sufferers realized it was the Northern Lights. Presently low down on +the horizon they saw a light which slowly resolved itself into a double +light, and they watched eagerly to see if the two lights would separate +and so prove to be only two of the boats, or whether these lights would +remain together, in which case they should expect them to be the lights +of a rescuing steamer. + +To the inexpressible joy of all, they moved as one! Immediately the +boats were swung around and headed for the lights. Someone shouted: +"Now, boys, sing!" and everyone not too weak broke into song with "Row +for the shore, boys." Tears came to the eyes of all as they realized +that safety was at hand. The song was sung, but it was a very poor +imitation of the real thing, for quavering voices make poor songs. A +cheer was given next, and that was better--you can keep in tune for a +cheer. + +THE "LUCKY THIRTEEN" + +"Our rescuer showed up rapidly, and as she swung round we saw her cabins +all alight, and knew she must be a large steamer. She was now motionless +and we had to row to her. Just then day broke, a beautiful quiet dawn +with faint pink clouds just above the horizon, and a new moon whose +crescent just touched the horizon. 'Turn your money over, boys,' said +our cheery steersman, 'that is, if you have any with you,' he added. + +"We laughed at him for his superstition at such a time, but he countered +very neatly by adding: 'Well, I shall never say again that 13 is an +unlucky number; boat 13 has been the best friend we ever had.' Certainly +the 13 superstition is killed forever in the minds of those who escaped +from the Titanic in boat 13. + +"As we neared the Carpathia we saw in the dawning light what we thought +was a full-rigged schooner standing up near her, and presently behind +her another, all sails set, and we said: 'They are fisher boats from the +Newfoundland bank and have seen the steamer lying to and are standing by +to help.' But in another five minutes the light shone pink on them +and we saw they were icebergs towering many feet in the air, huge, +glistening masses, deadly white, still, and peaked in a way that had +easily suggested a schooner. We glanced round the horizon and there were +others wherever the eye could reach. The steamer we had to reach was +surrounded by them and we had to make a detour to reach her, for between +her and us lay another huge berg." + +A WONDERFUL DAWN + +Speaking of the moment when the Carpathia was sighted. Mrs. J. J. Brown, +who had cowed the driveling quartermaster, said: + +"Then, knowing that we were safe at last, I looked about me. The most +wonderful dawn I have ever seen came upon us. I have just returned from +Egypt. I have been all over the world, but I have never seen anything +like this. First the gray and then the flood of light. Then the sun came +up in a ball of red fire. For the first time we saw where we were. Near +us was open water, but on every side was ice. Ice ten feet high was +everywhere, and to the right and left and back and front were icebergs. +Some of them were mountain high. This sea of ice was forty miles wide, +they told me. We did not wait for the Carpathia to come to us, we rowed +to it. We were lifted up in a sort of nice little sling that was lowered +to us. After that it was all over. The passengers of the Carpathia +were so afraid that we would not have room enough that they gave us +practically the whole ship to ourselves." + +It had been learned that some of the passengers, in fact all of the +women passengers of the Titanic who were rescued, refer to "Lady +Margaret," as they called Mrs. Brown as the strength of them all. + + +TRANSFERRING THE RESCUED + +Officers of the Carpathia report that when they reached the scene of +the Titanic's wreck there were fifty bodies or more floating in the +sea. Only one mishap attended the transfer of the rescued from the +life-boats. One large collapsible life-boat, in which thirteen persons +were seated, turned turtle just as they were about to save it, and all +in it were lost. + + + +THE DOG HERO + +Not the least among the heroes of the Titanic disaster was Rigel, a big +black Newfoundland dog, belonging to the first officer, who went down +with the ship. But for Rigel the fourth boat picked up might have been +run down by the Carpathia. For three hours he swam in the icy water +where the Titanic went down, evidently looking for his master, and was +instrumental in guiding the boatload of survivors to the gangway of the +Carpathia. + +Jonas Briggs, a seaman abroad the Carpathia, now has Rigel and told +the story of the dog's heroism. The Carpathia was moving slowly about, +looking for boats, rafts or anything which might be afloat. Exhausted +with their efforts, weak from lack of food and exposure to the cutting +wind and terror-stricken, the men and women in the fourth boat had +drifted under the Carpathia's starboard bow. They were dangerously close +to the steamship, but too weak to shout a warning loud enough to reach +the bridge. + +The boat might not have been seen were it not for the sharp barking of +Rigel, who was swimming ahead of the craft, and valiantly announcing his +position. The barks attracted the attention of Captain Rostron; and he +went to the starboard end of the bridge to see where they came from and +saw the boat. He immediately ordered the engines stopped, and the boat +came alongside the starboard gangway. + +Care was taken to get Rigel aboard, but he appeared little affected +by his long trip through the ice-cold water. He stood by the rail and +barked until Captain Rostron called Briggs and had him take the dog +below. + + +A THRILLING ACCOUNT OF RESCUE + +Mr. Wallace Bradford, of San Francisco, a passenger aboard the +Carpathia, gave the following thrilling account of the rescue of the +Titanic's passengers. + +"Since half-past four this morning I have experienced one of those +never-to-be-forgotten circumstances that weighs heavy on my soul and +which shows most awfully what poor things we mortals are. Long before +this reaches you the news will be flashed that the Titanic has gone down +and that our steamer, the Carpathia, caught the wireless message when +seventy-five miles away, and so far we have picked up twenty boats +estimated to contain about 750 people. + +"None of us can tell just how many, as they have been hustled to various +staterooms and to the dining saloons to be warmed up. I was awakened by +unusual noises and imagined that I smelled smoke. I jumped up and looked +out of my port-hole, and saw a huge iceberg looming up like a rock off +shore. It was not white, and I was positive that it was a rock, and the +thought flashed through my mind, how in the world can we be near a rock +when we are four days out from New York in a southerly direction and in +mid-ocean. + +"When I got out on deck the first man I encountered told me that the +Titanic had gone down and we were rescuing the passengers. The first two +boats from the doomed vessel were in sight making toward us. Neither of +them was crowded. This was accounted for later by the fact that it was +impossible to get many to leave the steamer, as they would not believe +that she was going down. It was a glorious, clear morning and a quiet +sea. Off to the starboard was a white area of ice plain, from whose even +surface rose mammoth forts, castles and pyramids of solid ice almost as +real as though they had been placed there by the hand of man. + +"Our steamer was hove to about two and a half miles from the edge of +this huge iceberg. The Titanic struck about 11.20 P. M. and did not go +down until two o'clock. Many of the passengers were in evening dress +when they came aboard our ship, and most of these were in a most +bedraggled condition. Near me as I write is a girl about eighteen years +old in a fancy dress costume of bright colors, while in another seat +near by is a women in a white dress trimmed with lace and covered with +jaunty blue flowers. + +"As the boats came alongside after the first two all of them contained +a very large proportion of women. In fact, one of the boats had women +at the oars, one in particular containing, as near as I could estimate, +about forty-five women and only about six men. In this boat two women +were handling one of the oars. All of the engineers went down with the +steamer. Four bodies have been brought aboard. One is that of a fireman, +who is said to have been shot by one of the officers because he refused +to obey orders. Soon after I got on deck I could, with the aid of my +glasses, count seven boats headed our way, and they continued to come up +to half past eight o'clock. Some were in sight for a long time and +moved very slowly, showing plainly that the oars were being handled by +amateurs or by women. + +"No baggage of any kind was brought by the survivors. In fact, the only +piece of baggage that reached the Carpathia from the Titanic is a small +closed trunk about twenty-four inches square, evidently the property of +an Irish female immigrant. While some seemed fully dressed, many of +the men having their overcoats and the women sealskin and other coats, +others came just as they had jumped from their berths, clothed in their +pajamas and bath robes." + + +THE SORROW OF THE LIVING + +Of the survivors in general it may be said that they escaped death and +they gained life. Life is probably sweet to them as it is to everyone, +but what physical and mental torture has been the price of life to those +who were brought back to land on the Carpathia--the hours in life-boats, +amid the crashing of ice, the days of anguish that have succeeded, the +horrors of body and mind still experienced and never to be entirely +absent until death affords them its relief. + +The thought of the nation to-day is for the living. They need our +sympathy, our consolation more than do the dead, and, perhaps, in the +majority of the cases they need our protecting care as well. + + + +CHAPTER X. ON BOARD THE CARPATHIA + +AID FOR THE SUFFERING AND HYSTERICAL--BURYING THE DEAD--VOTE OF +THANKS TO CAPTAIN ROSTRON OF THE CARPATHIA--IDENTIFYING THOSE +SAVED--COMMUNICATING WITH LAND--THE PASSAGE TO NEW YORK. + +IF the scenes in the life-boats were tear-bringing, hardly less so +was the arrival of the boats at the Carpathia with their bands of +terror-stricken, grief-ridden survivors, many of them too exhausted to +know that safety was at hand. Watchers on the Carpathia were moved to +tears. + +"The first life-boat reached the Carpathia about half-past five o'clock +in the morning," recorded one of the passengers on the Carpathia. "And +the last of the sixteen boats was unloaded before nine o'clock. Some of +the life-boats were only half filled, the first one having but two men +and eleven women, when it had accommodations for at least forty. There +were few men in the boats. The women were the gamest lot I have ever +seen. Some of the men and women were in evening clothes, and others +among those saved had nothing on but night clothes and raincoats." + +After the Carpathia had made certain that there were no more passengers +of the Titanic to be picked up, she threaded her way out of the ice +fields for fifty miles. It was dangerous work, but it was managed +without trouble. + + +AID FOR THE SUFFERING AND HYSTERICAL + +The shrieks and cries of the women and men picked up in life-boats by +the Carpathia were horrible. The women were clothed only in night robes +and wrappers. The men were in their night garments. One was lifted on +board entirely nude. All the passengers who could bear nourishment were +taken into the dining rooms and cabins by Captain Rostron and given food +and stimulants. Passengers of the Carpathia gave up their berths and +staterooms to the survivors. + +As soon as they were landed on the Carpathia many of the women became +hysterical, but on the whole they behaved splendidly. Men and women +appeared to be stunned all day Monday, the full force of the disaster +not reaching them until Tuesday night. After being wrapped up in +blankets and filled with brandy and hot coffee, the first thoughts were +for their husbands and those at home. Most of them imagined that their +husbands had been picked up by other vessels, and they began flooding +the wireless rooms with messages. It was almost certain that those who +were not on board the Carpathia had gone down to death. + +One of the most seriously injured was a woman who had lost both her +children. Her limbs had been severely torn; but she was very patient. + +WOMEN SEEKING NEWS + +In the first cabin library women of wealth and refinement mingled their +grief and asked eagerly for news of the possible arrival of a belated +boat, or a message from other steamers telling of the safety of their +husbands. Mrs. Henry B. Harris, wife of a New York theatrical manager, +checked her tears long enough to beg that some message of hope be sent +to her father-in-law. Mrs. G. Thorne, Miss Marie Young, Mrs Emil Taussig +and her daughter, Ruth, Mrs. Martin Rothschild, Mrs. William Augustus +Spencer, Mrs. J. Stewart White and Mrs. Walter M. Clark were a few +of those who lay back, exhausted, on the leather cushions and told in +shuddering sentences of their experiences. + +Mrs. John Jacob Astor and the Countess of Rothes had been taken to +staterooms soon after their arrival on shipboard. + +Before noon, at the captain's request, the first cabin passengers of the +Titanic gathered in the saloon and the passengers of other classes in +corresponding places on the rescue ship. Then the collecting of names +was begun by the purser and the stewards. A second table was served in +both cabins for the new guests, and the Carpathia's second cabin, being +better filled than its first, the second class arrivals had to be sent +to the steerage. + + +TEARS THEIR ONLY RELIEF + +Mrs. Jacques Futrelle, wife of the novelist, herself a writer of note, +sat dry eyed in the saloon, telling her friends that she had given up +hope for her husband. She joined with the rest in inquiries as to the +chances of rescue by another ship, and no one told her what soon came +to be the fixed opinion of the men--that all those saved were on the +Carpathia. + +"I feel better," Mrs. Futrelle said hours afterward, "for I can cry +now." + +Among the men conversation centered on the accident and the +responsibility for it. Many expressed the belief that the Titanic, in +common with other vessels, had had warning of the ice packs, but that in +the effort to establish a record on the maiden run sufficient heed had +not been paid to the warnings. + +"God knows I'm not proud to be here," said a rich New York man. "I got +on a boat when they were about to lower it and when, from delays below, +there was no woman to take the vacant place. I don't think any man who +was saved is deserving of censure, but I realize that, in contrast with +those who went down, we may be viewed unfavorably." He showed a picture +of his baby boy as he spoke. + + +PITIFUL SCENES OF GRIEF + +As the day passed the fore part of the ship assumed some degree of order +and comfort, but the crowded second sabin and rear decks gave forth the +incessant sound of lamentation. A bride of two months sat on the floor +and moaned her widowhood. An Italian mother shrieked the name of her +lost son. + +A girl of seven wept over the loss of her Teddy bear and two dolls, +while her mother, with streaming eyes, dared not tell the child that her +father was lost too, and that the money for which their home in England +had been sold had gone down with him. Other children clung to the necks +of the fathers who, because carrying them, had been permitted to take +the boats. + +In the hospital and the public rooms lay, in blankets, several others +who had been benumbed by the water. Mrs. Rosa Abbott, who was in the +water for hours, was restored during the day. K. Whiteman, the Titanic's +barber, who declared he was blown off the ship by the second of the two +explosions after the crash, was treated for bruises. A passenger, who +was thoroughly ducked before being picked up, caused much amusement on +this ship, soon after the doctors were through with him, by demanding a +bath. + + +SURVIVORS AID THE DESTITUTE + +Storekeeper Prentice, the last man off the Titanic to reach this ship, +was also soon over the effects of his long swim in the icy waters into +which he leaped from the poop deck. + +The physicians of the Carpathia were praised, as was Chief Steward +Hughes, for work done in making the arrivals comfortable and averting +serious illness. + +Monday night on the Carpathia was one of rest. The wailing and sobbing +of the day were hushed as widows and orphans slept. Tuesday, save for +the crowded condition of the ship, matters took somewhat their normal +appearance. + +The second cabin dining room had been turned into a hospital to care +for the injured, and the first, second and third class dining rooms were +used for sleeping rooms at night for women, while the smoking rooms were +set aside for men. All available space was used, some sleeping in chairs +and some on the floor, while a few found rest in the bathrooms. + +Every cabin had been filled, and women and children were sleeping on the +floors in the dining saloon, library and smoking rooms. The passengers +of the Carpathia had divided their clothes with the shipwrecked ones +until they had at least kept warm. It is true that many women had to +appear on deck in kimonos and some in underclothes with a coat thrown +over them, but their lives had been spared and they had not thought of +dress. Some children in the second cabin were entirely without clothes, +but the women had joined together, and with needles and thread they +could pick up from passenger to passenger, had made warm clothes out of +the blankets belonging to the Carpathia. + + +WOMEN BEFRIENDED ONE ANOTHER + +The women aboard the Carpathia did what they could by word and act to +relieve the sufferings of the rescued. Most of the survivors were in +great need of clothing, and this the women of the Carpathia supplied to +them as long as their surplus stock held out. + +J. A. Shuttleworth, of Louisville, Ky., befriended Mrs. Lucien Smith, +whose husband went down with the Titanic. Mrs. Smith was formerly Miss +Eloise Hughes, daughter of Representative and Mrs. James A. Hughes, of +Huntington, W. Va., and was on her wedding trip. Mr. Shuttleworth asked +her if there wasn't something he could do for her. She said that all the +money she had was lost on the Titanic, so Mr. Shuttleworth gave her $500 + + +DEATHS ON THE CARPATHIA + +Two of the rescued from the Titanic died from shock and exposure before +they reached the Carpathia, and another died a few minutes after being +taken on board. The dead were W. H. Hoyte, first cabin; Abraham Hormer, +third class, and S. C. Sirbert, steward, and they were buried at sea the +morning of April 15th, latitude 41.14 north, longitude 51.24 west. P. +Lyon, able seaman, died and was buried at sea the following morning. + +An assistant steward lost his mind upon seeing one of the Titanic's +rescued firemen expire after being lifted to the deck of the Carpathia. + +An Episcopal bishop and a Catholic priest from Montreal read services of +their respective churches over the dead. + +The bodies were sewed up in sacks, heavily weighted at the feet, and +taken to an opening in the side of the ship on the lower deck not far +above the water line. A long plank tilted at one end served as the +incline down which the weighted sacks slid into the sea. + +"After we got the Titanic's passengers on board our ship," said one of +the Carpathia's officers, "it was a question as to where we should take +them. Some said the Olympic would come out and meet us and take them on +to New York, but others said they would die if they had to be lowered +again into small boats to be taken up by another, so we finally turned +toward New York, delaying the Carpathia's passengers eight days in +reaching Gibraltar." + + +SURVIVORS WATCH NEW BOATS + +There were several children on board, who had lost their parents--one +baby of eleven months with a nurse who, coming on board the Carpathia +with the first boat, watched with eagerness and sorrow for each incoming +boat, but to no avail. The parents had gone down. + +There was a woman in the second cabin who lost seven children out of +ten, and there were many other losses quite as horrible. + + +MR. ISMY "PITIABLE SIGHT" + +Among the rescued ones who came on board the Carpathia was the president +of the White Star Line. + +"Mr. Ismay reached the Carpathia in about the tenth life-boat," said an +officer. "I didn't know who he was, but afterward heard the others of +the crew discussing his desire to get something to eat the minute he put +his foot on deck. The steward who waited on him, McGuire, from London, +says Mr. Ismay came dashing into the dining room, and throwing himself +in a chair, said: 'Hurry, for God's sake, and get me something to eat; +I'm starved. I don't care what it costs or what it is; bring it to me.' + +"McGuire brought Mr. Ismay a load of stuff and when he had finished +it, he handed McGuire a two dollar bill. 'Your money is no good on this +ship,' McGuire told him. 'Take it.' + + +{illust. caption = DIAGRAM OF THE TITANIC'S ARRANGEMENT AND EQUIPMENT + +The Titanic was far and away the largest and finest vessel ever built, +excepting only her sister-ship, the Olympic. Her dimensions were: +Length, 882 1/2 feet; Beam, 92 feet, Depth (from keel to tops of +funnels), 175 feet Tonnage, 45,000. Her huge hull, divided into thirty +watertight compartments, contained nine steel decks, and provided +accommodation for 2,500 passengers, besides a crew of 890.} + +{illust. caption = UPPER DECK OF THE TITANIC, LOOKING FORWARD} + + +insisted Mr. Ismay, shoving the bill in McGuire's hand. I am well able +to afford it. I will see to it that the boys of the Carpathia are well +rewarded for this night's work.' This promise started McGuire making +inquiries as to the identity of the man he had waited on. Then we +learned that he was Mr. Ismay. I did not see Mr. Ismay after the first +few hours. He must have kept to his cabin." + +A passenger on the Carpathia said there was no wonder that none of the +wireless telegrams addressed to Mr. Ismay were answered until the one +that he sent yesterday afternoon to his line, the White Star. + +"Mr. Ismay was beside himself," said this woman passenger, "and on +most of the voyage after we had picked him up he was being quieted with +opiates on orders of the ship's doctor. + + +FIVE DOGS AND ONE PIG SAVED + +"Five women saved their pet dogs, carrying them in their arms. Another +woman saved a little pig, which she said was her mascot. Though her +husband is an Englishman and she lives in England she is an American and +was on her way to visit her folks here. How she cared for the pig aboard +ship I do not know, but she carried it up the side of the ship in a big +bag. I did not mind the dogs so much, but it seemed to me to be too much +when a pig was saved and human beings went to death. + +"It was not until noon on Monday that we cleared the last of the ice, +and Monday night a dense fog came up and continued until the following +morning, then a strong wind, a heavy sea, a thunderstorm and a dense fog +Tuesday night, caused some uneasiness among the more unnerved, the fog +continuing all of Tuesday. + +"A number of whales were sighted as the Carpathia was clearing the last +of the ice, one large one being close by, and all were spouting like +geysers." + + +VOTE OF THANKS TO CARPATHIA + +"On Tuesday afternoon a meeting of the uninjured survivors was called in +the main saloon for the purpose of devising means of assisting the more +unfortunate, many of whom had lost relatives and all their personal +belongings, and thanking Divine Providence for their deliverance. +The meeting was called to order and Mr. Samuel Goldenberg was elected +chairman. Resolutions were then passed thanking the officers, surgeons, +passengers and crew of the Carpathia for their splendid services in +aiding the rescued and like resolutions for the admirable work done by +the officers, surgeons and crew of the Titanic. + +"A committee was then appointed to raise funds on board the Carpathia to +relieve the immediate wants of the destitute and assist them in reaching +their destinations and also to present a loving cup to the officers of +the Carpathia and also a loving cup to the surviving officers of the +Titanic. + +"Mr. T. G. Frauenthal, of New York, was made chairman of the Committee +on Subscriptions. + +"A committee, consisting of Mrs. J. J. Brown, Mrs William Bucknell and +Mrs. George Stone, was appointed to look after the destitute. There +was a subscription taken up and up to Wednesday the amount contributed +totaled $15,000. + +"The work of the crew on board the Carpathia in rescuing was most noble +and remarkable, and these four days that the ship has been overcrowded +with its 710 extra passengers could not have been better handled. The +stewards have worked with undying strength--although one was overcome +with so much work and died and was put to his grave at sea. + +"I have never seen or felt the benefits of such royal treatment. I have +heard the captain criticised because he did not answer telegrams, but +all that I can say is that he showed us every possible courtesy, and if +we had been on our own boats, having paid our fares there, we could not +have had better food or better accommodations. + +"Men who had paid for the best staterooms on the Carpathia left their +rooms so that we might have them. They fixed up beds in the smoking +rooms, and mattresses everywhere. All the women who were rescued +were given the best staterooms, which were surrendered by the regular +passengers. None of the regular passengers grumbled because their trip +to Europe was interrupted, nor did they complain that they were put to +the inconvenience of receiving hundreds of strangers. + +"The women on board the Carpathia were particularly kind. It shows that +for every cruelty of nature there is a kindness, for every misfortune +there is some goodness. The men and women took up collections on board +for the rescued steerage passengers. Mrs. Astor, I believe, contributed +$2000, her check being cashed by the Carpathia. Altogether something +like $15,000 was collected and all the women were provided with +sufficient money to reach their destination after they were landed in +New York." + +Under any other circumstances the suffering would have been intolerable. +But the Good Samaritans on the Carpathia gave many women heart's-ease. + +The spectacle on board the Carpathia on the return trip to New York at +times was heartrending, while at other times those on board were quite +cheerful. + + + +CHAPTER XI. PREPARATIONS ON LAND TO RECEIVE THE SUFFERERS + +POLICE ARRANGEMENTS--DONATIONS OF MONEY AND SUPPLIES--HOSPITALS AND +AMBULANCES MADE READY--PRIVATE HOUSES THROWN OPEN--WAITING FOR THE +CARPATHIA TO ARRIVE--THE SHIP SIGHTED! + +NEW YORK CITY, touched to the heart by the great ocean calamity and +desiring to do what it could to lighten the woes and relieve the +sufferings of the pitiful little band of men and women rescued from the +Titanic, opened both its heart and its purse. + +The most careful and systematic plans were made for the reception and +transfer to homes, hotels or institutions of the Titanic's survivors. +Mayor Gaynor, with Police Commissioner Waldo, arranged to go down the +bay on the police boat Patrol, to come up with the Carpathia and take +charge of the police arrangements at the pier. + +In anticipation of the enormous number that would, for a variety of +reasons, creditable or otherwise, surge about the Cunard pier at the +coming of the Carpathia, Mayor Gaynor and the police commissioner had +seen to it that the streets should be rigidly sentineled by continuous +lines of policemen Under Inspector George McClusky, the man of most +experience, perhaps, in handling large crowds, there were 200 men, +including twelve mounted men and a number in citizens' clothes. For two +blocks to the north, south and east of the docks lines were established +through which none save those bearing passes from the Government and the +Cunard Line could penetrate. + +With all arrangements made that experience or information could suggest, +the authorities settled down to await the docking of the Carpathia. No +word had come to either the White Star Line or the Cunard Line, they +said, that any of the Titanic's people had died on that ship or that +bodies had been recovered from the sea, but in the afternoon Mayor +Gaynor sent word to the Board of Coroners that it might be well for +some of that body to meet the incoming ship. Coroners Feinberg and +Holtzhauser with Coroner's Physician Weston arranged to go down the +bay on the Patrol, while Coroner Hellenstein waited at the pier. An +undertaker was notified to be ready if needed. Fortunately there was no +such need. + + +EVERY POSSIBLE MEASURE THOUGHT OF + +Every possible measure of relief for the survivors that could be thought +of by officials of the city, of the Federal Government, by the heads of +hospitals and the Red Cross and relief societies was arranged for. +The Municipal Lodging House, which has accommodations for 700 persons, +agreed to throw open its doors and furnish lodging and food to any of +the survivors as long as they should need it. Commissioner of Charities +Drummond did not know, of course, just how great the call would be for +the services of his department. He went to the Cunard pier to direct his +part of the work in person. Meanwhile he had twenty ambulances ready +for instant movement on the city's pier at the foot of East Twenty-sixth +Street. They were ready to take patients to the reception hospital +connected with Bellevue or the Metropolitan Hospital on Blackwell's +Island. Ambulances from the Kings County Hospital in Brooklyn were also +there to do their share. All the other hospitals in the city stood ready +to take the Titanic's people and those that had ambulances promised to +send them. The Charities ferryboat, Thomas S. Brennan, equipped as a +hospital craft, lay off the department pier with nurses and physicians +ready to be called to the Cunard pier on the other side of the city. +St. Vincent's Hospital had 120 beds ready, New York Hospital twelve, +Bellevue and the reception hospital 120 and Flower Hospital twelve. + +The House of Shelter maintained by the Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant +Aid Society announced that it was able to care for at least fifty +persons as long as might be necessary. The German Society of New York, +the Irish Immigrant Society, the Italian Society, the Swedish Immigrant +Society and the Young Men's Christian Association were among the +organizations that also offered to see that no needy survivor would go +without shelter. + +Mrs. W. A. Bastede, whose husband is a member of the staff of St. Luke's +Hospital, offered to the White Star Line the use of the newly opened +ward at St. Luke's, which will accommodate from thirty to sixty persons. +She said the hospital would send four ambulances with nurses and doctors +and that she had collected clothing enough for fifty persons. The line +accepted her offer and said that the hospital would be kept informed as +to what was needed. A trustee of Bellevue also called at the White Star +offices to offer ambulances. He said that five or six, with two or three +doctors and nurses on each, would be sent to the pier if required. + +Many other hospitals as well as individuals called at the mayor's +office, expressing willingness to take in anybody that should be sent to +them. A woman living in Fiftieth Street just off Fifth Avenue wished +to put her home at the disposal of the survivors. D. H. Knott, of 102 +Waverley Place, told the mayor that he could take care of 100 and give +them both food and lodging at the Arlington, Holly and Earl Hotels. +Commissioner Drummond visited the City Hall and arranged with the +mayor the plans for the relief to be extended directly by the city. Mr. +Drummond said that omnibuses would be provided to transfer passengers +from the ship to the Municipal Lodging House. + + +MRS. VANDERBILT'S EFFORTS + +Mrs. W. K. Vanderbilt, Jr., spent the day telephoning to her friends, +asking them to let their automobiles be used to meet the Carpathia and +take away those who needed surgical care. It was announced that as a +result of Mrs. Vanderbilt's efforts 100 limousine automobiles and all +the Fifth Avenue and Riverside Drive automobile buses would be at the +Cunard pier. + +Immigration Commissioner Williams said that he would be at the pier when +the Carpathia came in. There was to be no inspection of immigrants at +Ellis Island. Instead, the commissioner sent seven or eight inspectors +to the pier to do their work there and he asked them to do it with the +greatest possible speed and the least possible bother to the shipwrecked +aliens. The immigrants who had no friends to meet them were to be +provided for until their cases could be disposed of. Mr. Williams +thought that some of them who had lost everything might have to be sent +back to their homes. Those who were to be admitted to the United States +were to be cared for by the Women's Relief Committee. + + +RED CROSS RELIEF + +Robert W. de Forest, chairman of the Red Cross Relief Committee of the +Charity Organization Society, after conferring with Mayor Gaynor, said +that in addition to an arrangement that all funds received by the +mayor should be paid to Jacob H. Schiff, the New York treasurer of the +American Red Cross, the committee had decided that it could turn over +all the immediate relief work to the Women's Relief Committee. + +The Red Cross Committee announced that careful plans had been made to +provide for every possible emergency. + +The emergency committee received a telegram that Ernest P. Bicknell, +director of the American Red Cross, was coming from Washington. The Red +Cross Emergency Relief Committee was to have several representatives at +the pier to look out for the passengers on the Carpathia. Mr. Persons +and Dr. Devine were to be there and it was planned to have others. + +The Salvation Army offered, through the mayor's office, accommodation +for thirty single men at the Industrial Home, 533 West Forty-eighth +Street, and for twenty others at its hotel, 18 Chatham Square. The +army's training school at 124 West Fourteenth Street was ready to take +twenty or thirty survivors. R. H. Farley, head of the White Star Line's +third class department, said that the line would give all the steerage +passengers railroad tickets to their destination. + +Mayor Gaynor estimated that more than 5000 persons could be accommodated +in quarters offered through his orders. Most of these offers of course +would have to be rejected. The mayor also said that Colonel Conley of +the Sixty-ninth Regiment offered to turn out his regiment to police the +pier, but it was thought that such service would be unnecessary. + + +CROWDS AT THE DOCKS + +Long before dark on Thursday night a few people passed the police lines +and with a yellow card were allowed to go on the dock; but reports had +been published that the Carpathia would not be in till midnight, and by +8 o'clock there were not more than two hundred people on the pier. In +the next hour the crowd with passes trebled in number. By 9 o'clock the +pier held half as many as it could comfortably contain. The early crowd +did not contain many women relatives of the survivors. Few nervous +people could be seen, but here and there was a woman, usually supported +by two male escorts, weeping softly to herself. + +On the whole it was a frantic, grief-crazed crowd. Laborers rubbed +shoulders with millionaires. + +The relatives of the rich had taxicabs waiting outside the docks. The +relatives of the poor went there on foot in the rain, ready to take +their loved ones. + +A special train was awaiting Mrs. Charles M. Hays, widow of the +president of the Grand Trunk Railroad. A private car also waited Mrs. +George D. Widener. + + +EARLY ARRIVALS AT PIER + +Among the first to arrive at the pier was a committee from the Stock +Exchange, headed by R. H. Thomas, and composed of Charles Knoblauch, B. +M. W. Baruch, Charles Holzderber and J. Carlisle. Mr. Thomas carried +a long black box which contained $5000 in small bills, which was to +be handed out to the needy steerage survivors of the Titanic as they +disembarked. + +With the early arrivals at the pier were the relatives of Frederick +White, who was not reported among the survivors, though Mrs. White +was; Harry Mock, who came to look for a brother and sister; and Vincent +Astor, who arrived in a limousine with William A. Dobbyn, Colonel +Astor's secretary, and two doctors. The limousine was kept waiting +outside to take Mrs. Astor to the Astor home on Fifth Avenue. + +EIGHT LIMOUSINE CARS + +The Waldorf-Astoria had sent over eight limousine car to convey to the +hotel these survivors: + +Mrs. Mark Fortune and three daughters, Mrs. Lucien P. Smith, Mrs. J. +Stewart White, Mrs. Thornton Davidson, Mrs. George C. Douglass, Mrs. +George D. Widener and maid, Mrs. George Wick, Miss Bonnell, Miss E. +Ryerson, Mrs. Susan P. Ryerson, Mrs. Arthur Ryerson, Miss Mary Wick, the +Misses Howell, Mrs. John P. Snyder and Mr. and Mrs. D. H. Bishop. + + +THIRTY-FIVE AMBULANCES AT THE PIER + +At one time there were thirty-five ambulances drawn up; outside the +Cunard pier. Every hospital in Manhattan, Brooklyn and the Bronx was +represented. Several of the ambulances came from as far north as the +Lebanon Hospital, in the Bronx, and the Brooklyn Hospital, in Brooklyn. + +Accompanying them were seventy internes and surgeons from the staffs of +the hospitals, and more than 125 male and female nurses. + +St. Vincent's sent the greatest number of ambulances, at one time, eight +of them from this hospital being in line at the pier. + +Miss Eva Booth, direct head of the Salvation Army, was at the pier, +accompanied by Miss Elizabeth Nye and a corps of her officers, ready +to aid as much as possible. The Sheltering Society and various other +similar organizations also were represented, all ready to take care of +those who needed them. + +An officer of the Sixty-ninth Regiment, N. G. N. Y., offered the White +Star Line officials, the use of the regiment's armory for any of the +survivors. + +Mrs. Thomas Hughes, Mrs. August Belmont and Mgrs. Lavelle and McMahon, +of St. Patrick's Cathedral, together with a score of black-robed Sisters +of Charity, representing the Association of Catholic Churches, were +on the pier long before the Carpathia was made fast, and worked +industriously in aiding the injured and ill. + +The Rev. Dr. William Carter, pastor of the Madison Avenue Reformed +Church, was one of those at the pier with a private ambulance awaiting +Miss Sylvia Caldwell, one of the survivors, who is known in church +circles as a mission worker in foreign fields + + +FREE RAILROAD TRANSPORTATION + +The Pennsylvania Railroad sent representatives to the pier, who said +that the railroad had a special train of nine cars in which it would +carry free any passenger who wanted to go immediately to Philadelphia +or points west. The Pennsylvania also had eight taxicabs at the pier for +conveyance of the rescued to the Pennsylvania Station, in Thirty-third +Street. + +Among those who later arrived at the pier before the Carpathia docked +were P. A. B. Widener, of Philadelphia, two women relatives of J. B. +Thayer, William Harris, Jr., the theatrical man, who was accompanied by +Dr Dinkelspiel, and Henry Arthur Jones, the playwright. + +RELATIVES OF SAVED AND LOST + +Commander Booth, of the Salvation Army, was there especially to meet +Mrs. Elizabeth Nye and Mrs. Rogers Abbott, both Titanic survivors. Mrs. +Abbott's two sons were supposed to be among the lost. Miss Booth had +received a cablegram from London saying that other Salvation Army people +were on the Titanic. She was eager to get news of them. + +Also on the pier was Major Blanton, U. S. A., stationed at Washington, +who was waiting for tidings of Major Butt, supposedly at the instance of +President Taft. + +Senator William A. Clark and Mrs. Clark were also in the company. Dr. +John R. MacKenty was waiting for Mr. and Mrs. Henry S. Harper. Ferdinand +W. Roebling and Carl G. Roebling, cousins of Washington A. Roebling, +Jr., whose name is among the list of dead, went to the pier to see what +they could learn of his fate. + +J. P. Morgan, Jr., arrived at the pier about half an hour before the +Carpathia docked. He said he had many friends on the Titanic and was +eagerly awaiting news of all of them. + +Fire Commissioner Johnson was there with John Peel, of Atlanta, Gal, a +brother of Mrs. Jacques Futrelle. Mrs. Futrelle has a son twelve years +old in Atlanta, and a daughter Virginia, who has been in school in +the North and is at present with friends in this city, ignorant of her +father's death. + + +A MAN IN HYSTERICS + +There was one man in that sad waiting company who startled those near +him about 9 o'clock by dancing across the pier and back. He seemed to be +laughing, but when he was stopped it was found that he was sobbing. He +said that he had a relative on the Titanic and had lost control of his +nerves. + +H. H. Brunt, of Chicago, was at the gangplank waiting for A. Saalfeld, +head of the wholesale drug firm of Sparks, White & Co., of London, who +was coming to this country on the Titanic on a business trip and whose +life was saved. + + +WAITING FOR CARPATHIA + +During the afternoon and evening tugboats, motor boats and even sailing +craft, had been waiting off the Ambrose Light for the appearance of the +Carpathia. + +Some of the waiting craft contained friends and anxious relatives of the +survivors and those reported as missing. + +The sea was rough and choppy, and a strong east wind was blowing. There +was a light fog, so that it was possible to see at a distance of only a +few hundred yards. This lifted later in the evening. + +First to discover the incoming liner with her pitiful cargo was one +of the tugboats. From out of the mist there loomed far out at sea the +incoming steamer. + + +RESCUE BOAT SIGHTED + +"Liner ahead!" cried the lookout on the tug to the captain. + +"She must be the Carpathia," said the captain, and then he turned the +nose of his boat toward the spot on t he horizon. + +Then the huge black hull and one smokestack could be distinguished. + +"It's the Carpathia," said the captain. "I can tell her by the stack." + +The announcement sent a thrill through those who heard it. Here, at the +gate of New York, was a ship whose record for bravery and heroic work +would be a famuliar{sic} name in history. + + +{illust. caption = Copyright by G. V. Buck. MRS. LUCIEN P. SMITH + +Formerly Miss Eloise Hughes, daughter of Representative and Mrs. James +A. Hughes, of West Virginia. Mrs. Smith and her husband were passengers +on the Titanic. Mrs. Smith was saved, but her husband went to a watery +grave. Mr. and Mrs. Smith were married only a few months ago.} + + +{illust. caption = MAJOR ARCHIBALD BUTT + +Military Aide to President Taft. Of Major Butt, who was one of the +victims of the Titanic, one of the survivors said: "Major Butt was the +real leader in all of that rescue work. He made the men stand back and +helped the women and children into the boats. He was surely one of God's +noblemen."} + + + +CHAPTER XII. THE TRAGIC HOME-COMING + +THE CARPATHIA REACHES NEW YORK--AN INTENSE AND DRAMATIC +MOMENT--HYSTERICAL REUNIONS AND CRUSHING DISAPPOINTMENTS AT THE +DOCK--CARING FOR THE SUFFERERS--FINAL REALIZATION THAT ALL HOPE FOR +OTHERS IS FUTILE--LIST OF SURVIVORS--ROLL OF THE DEAD + +IT was a solemn moment when the Carpathia heaved in sight. There +she rested on the water, a blur of black--huge, mysterious, +awe-inspiring--and yet withal a thing to send thrills of pity and then +of admiration through the beholder. + +It was a few minutes after seven o'clock when she arrived at the +entrance to Ambrose Channel. She was coming fast steaming at better than +fifteen knots an hour, and she was sighted long before she was expected. +Except for the usual side and masthead lights she was almost dark, only +the upper cabins showing a glimmer here and there. + +Then began a period of waiting, the suspense of which proved almost too +much for the hundreds gathered there to greet friends and relatives or +to learn with certainty at last that those for whom they watched would +never come ashore. + +There was almost complete silence on the pier. Doctors and nurses, +members of the Women's Relief Committee, city and government officials, +as well as officials of the line, moved nervously about. + +Seated where they had been assigned beneath the big customs letters +corresponding to the initials of the names of the survivors they came to +meet, sat the mass of 2000 on the pier. + +Women wept, but they wept quietly, not hysterically, and the sound of +the sobs made many times less noise than the hum and bustle which is +usual on the pier among those awaiting an incoming liner. + +Slowly and majestically the ship slid through the water, still bearing +the details of that secret of what happened and who perished when the +Titanic met her fate. + +Convoying the Carpathia was a fleet of tugs bearing men and women +anxious to learn the latest news. The Cunarder had been as silent for +days as though it, too, were a ship of the dead. A list of survivors +had been given out from its wireless station and that was all. Even the +approximate time of its arrival had been kept a secret. + + +NEARING PORT + +There was no response to the hail from one tug, and as others closed in, +the steamship quickened her speed a little and left them behind as she +swung up the channel. + +There was an exploding of flashlights from some of the tugs, answered +seemingly by sharp stabs of lightning in the northwest that served to +accentuate the silence and absence of light aboard the rescue ship. Five +or six persons, apparently members of the crew or the ship's officers, +were seen along the rail; but otherwise the boat appeared to be +deserted. + +Off quarantine the Carpathia slowed down and, hailing the immigration +inspection boat, asked if the health officer wished to board. She +was told that he did, and came to a stop while Dr. O'Connell and two +assistants climbed on board. Again the newspaper men asked for some +word of the catastrophe to the Titanic, but there was no answer, and the +Carpathia continued toward her pier. + +As she passed the revenue cutter Mohawk and the derelict destroyer +Seneca anchored off Tompkinsville the wireless on the Government vessels +was seen to flash, but there was no answering spark from the Carpathia. +Entering the North River she laid her course close to the New Jersey +side in order to have room to swing into her pier. + +By this time the rails were lined with men and women. They were very +silent. There were a few requests for news from those on board and a few +answers to questions shouted from the tugs. + +The liner began to slacken her speed, and the tugboat soon was +alongside. Up above the inky blackness of the hull figures could be made +out, leaning over the port railing, as though peering eagerly at the +little craft which was bearing down on the Carpathia. + +Some of them, perhaps, had passed through that inferno of the deep sea +which sprang up to destroy the mightiest steamship afloat. + +"Carpathia, ahoy!" was shouted through a megaphone. + +There was an interval of a few seconds, and then, "Aye, aye," came the +reply. + +"Is there any assistance that can be rendered?" was the next question. + +"Thank you, no," was the answer in a tone that carried emotion with it. +Meantime the tugboat was getting nearer and nearer to the Carpathia, and +soon the faces of those leaning over the railing could be distinguished. + + +TALK WITH SURVIVORS + +More faces appeared, and still more. + +A woman who called to a man on the tugboat was asked? "Are you one the +Titanic survivors?" + +"Yes," said the voice, hesitatingly. + +"Do you need help?" + +"No," after a pause. + +"If there is anything you want done it will be attended to." + +"Thank you. I have been informed that my relatives will meet me at the +pier." + +"Is it true that some of the life-boats sank with the Titanic?" + +"Yes. There was some trouble in manning them. They were not far enough +away from her." + +All of this questioning and receiving replies was carried on with the +greatest difficulty. The pounding of the liner's engines, the washing of +the sea, the tugboat's engines, made it hard to understand the woman's +replies. + + +ALL CARED FOR ON BOARD + +"Were the women properly cared for after the crash?" she was asked. + +"Oh, yes," came the shrill reply. "The men were brave--very brave." Here +her voice broke and she turned and left the railing, to reappear a few +moments later and cry: + +"Please report me as saved." + +"What name?" was asked. She shouted a name that could not be understood, +and, apparently believing that it had been, turned away again and +disappeared. + +"Nearly all of us are very ill," cried another woman. Here several other +tugboats appeared, and those standing at the railing were besieged with +questions. + +"Did the crash come without warning?" a voice on one of the smaller +boats megaphoned. + +"Yes," a woman answered. "Most of us had retired. We saved a few of our +belongings." + +"How long did it take the boat to sink?" asked the voice. + + +TITANIC CREW HEROES + +"Not long," came the reply? "The crew and the men were very brave. Oh, +it is dreadful--dreadful to think of!" + +"Is Mr. John Jacob Astor on board?" + +"No." + +"Did he remain on the Titanic after the collision?" + +"I do not know." + +Questions of this kind were showered at the few survivors who stood at +the railing, but they seemed too confused to answer them intelligibly, +and after replying evasively to some they would disappear. + + +RUSHES ON TO DOCK + +"Are you going to anchor for the night?" Captain Rostron was asked by +megaphone as his boat approached Ambrose Light. It was then raining +heavily. + +"No," came the reply. "I am going into port. There are sick people on +board." + +"We tried to learn when she would dock," said Dr. Walter Kennedy, head +of the big ambulance corps on the mist-shrouded pier, "and we were told +it would not be before midnight and that most probably it would not be +before dawn to-morrow. The childish deception that has been practiced +for days by the people who are responsible for the Titanic has been +carried up to the very moment of the landing of the survivors." + +She proceeded past the Cunard pier, where 2000 persons were waiting +her, and steamed to a spot opposite the White Star piers at Twenty-first +Street. + +The ports in the big inclosed pier of the Cunard Line were opened, and +through them the waiting hundreds, almost frantic with anxiety over what +the Carpathia might reveal, watched her as with nerve-destroying leisure +she swung about in the river, dropping over the life-boats of the +Titanic that they might be taken to the piers of the White Star Line. + +THE TITANIC LIFE-BOATS + +It was dark in the river, but the lowering away of the life-boats +could be seen from the Carpathia's pier, and a deep sigh arose from the +multitude there as they caught this first glance of anything associated +with the Titanic. + +Then the Carpathia started for her own pier. As she approached it the +ports on the north side of pier 54 were closed that the Carpathia might +land there, but through the two left open to accommodate the forward +and after gangplanks of the big liner the watchers could see her +looming larger and larger in the darkness till finally she was directly +alongside the pier. + +As the boats were towed away the picture taking and shouting of +questions began again. John Badenoch, a buyer for Macy & Co., called +down to a representative of the firm that neither Mr. nor Mrs. Isidor +Straus were among the rescued on board the Carpathia. An officer of +the Carpathia called down that 710 of the Titanic's passengers were on +board, but refused to reply to other questions. + +The heavy hawsers were made fast without the customary shouting of +ship's officers and pier hands. From the crowd on the pier came a long, +shuddering murmur. In it were blended sighs and hundreds of whispers. +The burden of it all was: "Here they come." + + +ANXIOUS MEN AND WOMEN + +About each gangplank a portable fence had been put in place, marking +off some fifty feet of the pier, within which stood one hundred or more +customs officials. Next to the fence, crowded close against it, were +anxious men and women, their gaze strained for a glance of the first +from the ship, their mouths opened to draw their breaths in spasmodic, +quivering gasps, their very bodies shaking with suppressed excitement, +excitement which only the suspense itself was keeping in subjection. + +These were the husbands and wives, children, parents, sweethearts and +friends of those who had sailed upon the Titanic on its maiden voyage. + +They pressed to the head of the pier, marking the boats of the wrecked +ship as they dangled at the side of the Carpathia and were revealed in +the sudden flashes of the photographers upon the tugs. They spoke +in whispers, each group intent upon its own sad business. Newspaper +writers, with pier passes showing in their hat bands, were everywhere. + +A sailor hurried outside the fence and disappeared, apparently on a +mission for his company. There was a deep-drawn sigh as he walked away, +shaking his head toward those who peered eagerly at him. Then came a +man and woman of the Carpathia's own passengers, as their orderly dress +showed them to be. + +Again a sigh like a sob swept over the crowd, and again they turned back +to the canopied gangplank. + + +THE FIRST SURVIVORS + +Several minutes passed and then out of the first cabin gangway; tunneled +by a somber awning, streamed the first survivors. A young woman, +hatless, her light brown hair disordered and the leaden weight of +crushing sorrow heavy upon eyes and sensitive mouth, was in the van. She +stopped, perplexed, almost ready to drop with terror and exhaustion, and +was caught by a customs official. + +"A survivor?" he questioned rapidly, and a nod of the head answering +him, he demanded: + +"Your name." + +The answer given, he started to lead her toward that section of the pier +where her friends would be waiting. + +When she stepped from the gangplank there was quiet on the pier. The +answers of the woman could almost be heard by those fifty feet away, but +as she staggered, rather than walked, toward the waiting throng outside +the fence, a low wailing sound arose from the crowd. + +"Dorothy, Dorothy!" cried a man from the number. He broke through the +double line of customs inspectors as though it was composed of +wooden toys and caught the woman to his breast. She opened her lips +inarticulately, weakly raised her arms and would have pitched forward +upon her face had she not been supported. Her fair head fell weakly to +one side as the man picked her up in his arms, and, with tears streaming +down his face, stalked down the long avenue of the pier and down the +long stairway to a waiting taxicab. + +The wailing of the crowd--its cadences, wild and weird--grew steadily +louder and louder till they culminated in a mighty shriek, which swept +the whole big pier as though at the direction of some master hand. + +RUMORS AFLOAT + +The arrival of the Carpathia was the signal for the most sensational +rumors to circulate through the crowd on the pier. + +First, Mrs. John Jacob Astor was reported to have died at 8.06 o'clock, +when the Carpathia was on her way up the harbor. + +Captain Smith and the first engineer were reported to have shot +themselves when they found that the Titanic was doomed to sink. +Afterward it was learned that Captain Smith and the engineer went down +with their ship in perfect courage and coolness. + +Major Archibald Butt, President Taft's military aide, was said to have +entered into an agreement with George D. Widener, Colonel John Jacob +Astor and Isidor Straus to kill them first and then shoot himself before +the boat sank. It was said that this agreement had been carried out. +Later it was shown that, like many other men on the ship, they had gone +down without the exhibition of a sign of fear. + + +MRS. CORNELL SAFE + +Magistrate Cornell's wife and her two sisters were among the first +to leave the ship. They were met at the first cabin pier entrance by +Magistrate Cornell and a party of friends. None of the three women had +hats. One of those who met them was Magistrate Cornell's son. One of +Mrs. Cornell's sisters was overheard to remark that "it would be a +dreadful thing when the ship began really to unload." + +The three women appeared to be in a very nervous state. Their hair was +more or less dishevelled. They were apparently fully dressed save for +their hats. Clothing had been supplied them in their need and everything +had been done to make them comfortable. One of the party said that the +collision occurred at 9.45. + +Following closely the Cornell party was H. J. Allison of Montreal, who +came to meet his family. One of the party, who was weeping bitterly as +he left the pier, explained that the only one of the family that was +rescued was the young brother. + + +MRS. ASTOR APPEARED + +In a few minutes young Mrs. Astor with her maid appeared. She came down +the gangplank unassisted. She was wearing a white sweater. Vincent Astor +and William Dobbyn, Colonel Astor's secretary, greeted her and +hurried her to a waiting limousine which contained clothing and other +necessaries of which it was thought she might be in need. The young +woman was white-faced and silent. Nobody cared to intrude upon +her thoughts. Her stepson said little to her. He did not feel like +questioning her at such a time, he said. + + +LAST SEEN OF COLONEL ASTOR + +Walter M. Clark, a nephew of the senator, said that he had seen Colonel +Astor put his wife in a boat, after assuring her that he would soon +follow her in another. Mr. Clark and others said that Colonel and Mrs. +Astor were in their suite when the crash came, and that they appeared +quietly on deck a few minutes afterward. + +Here and there among the passengers of the Carpathia and from the +survivors of the Titanic the story was gleaned of the rescue. Nothing in +life will ever approach the joy felt by the hundreds who were waiting in +little boats on the spot where the Titanic foundered when the lights of +the Carpathia were first distinguished. That was at 4 o'clock on Monday +morning. + + +DR. FRAUENTHAL WELCOMED + +Efforts were made to learn from Dr. Henry Franenthal{sic} something +about the details of how he was rescued. Just then, or as he was leaving +the pier, beaming with evident delight, he was surrounded by a big crowd +of his friends. + +"There's Harry! There he is!" they yelled and made a rush for him. + +All the doctor's face that wasn't covered with red beard was aglow +with smiles as his friends hugged him and slapped him on the back. They +rushed him off bodily through the crowd and he too was whirled home. + + +A SAD STORY + +How others followed--how heartrending stories of partings and of +thrilling rescues were poured out in an amazing stream--this has all +been told over and over again in the news that for days amazed, saddened +and angered the entire world. It is the story of a disaster that +nations, it is hoped, will make impossible in the years to come. + +In the stream of survivors were a peer of the realm, Sir Cosmo Duff +Gordon, and his secretary, side by side with plain Jack Jones, of +Birmingham, able seaman, millionaires and paupers, women with bags of +jewels and others with nightgowns their only property. + + +MORE THAN SEVENTY WIDOWS + +More than seventy widows were in the weeping company. The only large +family that was saved in its entirety was that of the Carters, of +Philadelphia. Contrasting with this remarkable salvage of wealthy +Pennsylvanians was the sleeping eleven-months-old baby of the Allisons, +whose father, mother and sister went down to death after it and its +nurse had been placed in a life-boat. + +Millionaire and pauper, titled grandee and weeping immigrant, Ismay, the +head of the White Star Company, and Jack Jones from the stoke hole were +surrounded instantly. Some would gladly have escaped observation. Every +man among the survivors acted as though it were first necessary to +explain how he came to be in a life-boat. Some of the stories smacked of +Munchausen. Others were as plain and unvarnished as a pike staff. Those +that were most sincere and trustworthy had to be fairly pulled from +those who gave their sad testimony. + +Far into the night the recitals were made. They were told in the rooms +of hotels, in the wards of hospitals and upon trains that sped toward +saddened homes. It was a symposium of horror and heroism, the like of +which has not been known in the civilized world since man established +his dominion over the sea. + + +STEERAGE PASSENGERS + +The two hundred and more steerage passengers did not leave the ship +until 11 o'clock. They were in a sad condition. The women were without +wraps and the few men there were wore very little clothing. A poor +Syrian woman who said she was Mrs. Habush, bound for Youngstown, Ohio, +carried in her arms a six-year-old baby girl. This woman had lost her +husband and three brothers. "I lost four of my men folks," she cried. + + +TWO LITTLE BOYS + +Among the survivors who elicited a large measure of sympathy were two +little French boys who were dropped, almost naked, from the deck of the +sinking Titanic into a life-boat. From what place in France did they +come and to what place in the New World were they bound? There was not +one iota of information to be had as to the identity of the waifs of the +deep, the orphans of the Titanic. + +The two baby boys, two and four years old, respectively, were in charge +of Miss Margaret Hays, who is a fluent speaker of French, and she had +tried vainly to get from the lisping lips of the two little ones some +information that would lead to the finding of their relatives. + +Miss Hays, also a survivor of the Titanic, took charge of the almost +naked waifs on the Carpathia. She became warmly attached to the two +boys, who unconcernedly played about, not understanding the great +tragedy that had come into their lives. + +The two little curly-heads did not understand it all. Had not their +pretty nineteen-year-old foster mother provided them with pretty suits +and little white shoes and playthings a-plenty? Then, too, Miss Hays had +a Pom dog that she brought with her from Paris and which she carried +in her arms when she left the Titanic and held to her bosom through the +long night in the life-boat, and to which the children became warmly +attached. All three became aliens on an alien shore. + +Miss Hays, unable to learn the names of the little fellows, had dubbed +the older Louis and the younger "Lump." "Lump" was all that his name +implies, for he weighed almost as much as his brother. They were +dark-eyed and brown curly-haired children, who knew how to smile as only +French children can. + +On the fateful night of the Titanic disaster and just as the last boats +were pulling away with their human freight, a man rushed to the rail +holding the babes under his arms. He cried to the passengers in one +of the boats and held the children aloft. Three or four sailors and +passengers held up their arms. The father dropped the older boy. He was +safely caught. Then he dropped the little fellow and saw him folded in +the arms of a sailor. Then the boat pulled away. + +The last seen of the father, whose last living act was to save his +babes, he was waving his hand in a final parting. Then the Titanic +plunged to the ocean's bed. + + +BABY TRAVERS + +Still more pitiable in one way was the lot of the baby survivor, +eleven-months-old Travers Allison, the only member of a family of +four to survive the wreck. His father, H. J. Allison, and mother and +Lorraine, a child of three, were victims of the catastrophe. Baby +Travers, in the excitement following the crash, was separated from the +rest of the family just before the Titanic went down. With the party +were two nurses and a maid. + +Major Arthur Peuchen, of Montreal, one of the survivors, standing near +the little fellow, who, swathed in blankets, lay blinking at his nurse, +described the death of Mrs. Allison. She had gone to the deck without +her husband, and, frantically seeking him, was directed by an officer to +the other side of the ship. + +She failed to find Mr. Allison and was quickly hustled into one of the +collapsible life-boats, and when last seen by Major Peuchen she was +toppling out of the half-swamped boat. J. W. Allison, a cousin of H. J. +Allison, was at the pier to care for Baby Travers and his nurse. They +were taken to the Manhattan Hotel. + +Describing the details of the perishing of the Allison family, the +rescued nurse said they were all in bed when the Titanic hit the berg. + +"We did not get up immediately," said she, "for we had + + +{illust. caption = WHITE STAR STEAMER TITANIC GYMNASIUM} + +{illust. caption = Copyright, 1912, Underwood & Underwood. CAPTAIN A. H. +ROSTROM + +Commander of the Carpathia, which rescued the survivors of the Titanic +from the life-boats in the open sea and brought them to New York. After +the Senatorial Investigating Committee had examined Captain Rostrom, at +which time this specially posed photograph was taken, Senator William +Alden Smith, chairman of the committee, said of Captain Rostrom: "His +conduct of the rescue shows that he is not only an efficient seaman, but +one of nature's noblemen."} + + +not thought of danger. Later we were told to get up, and I hurriedly +dressed the baby. We hastened up on deck, and confusion was all about. +With other women and children we clambered to the life-boats, just as a +matter of precaution, believing that there was no immediate danger. +In about an hour there was an explosion and the ship appeared to fall +apart. We were in the life-boat about six hours before we were picked +up." + + +THE RYERSON FAMILY + +Probably few deaths have caused more tears than Arthur Ryerson's, in +view of the sad circumstances which called him home from a lengthy +tour in Europe. Mr. Ryerson's eldest son, Arthur Larned Ryerson, a Yale +student, was killed in an automobile accident Easter Monday, 1912. + +A cablegram announcing the death plunged the Ryerson family into +mourning and they boarded the first steamship for this country. If{sic} +happened to be the Titanic, and the death note came near being the cause +of the blotting out of the entire family. + +The children who accompanied them were Miss Susan P. Ryerson, Miss Emily +B. Ryerson and John Ryerson. The latter is 12 years old. + +They did not know their son intended to spend the Easter holidays at +their home at Haverford, Pa. until they were informed of his death. John +Lewis Hoffman, also of Haverford and a student of Yale, was killed with +young Ryerson. + +The two were hurrying to Philadelphia to escort a fellow-student to his +train. In turning out of the road to pass a cart the motor car crashed +into a pole in front of the entrance to the estate of Mrs. B. Frank +Clyde. The college men were picked up unconscious and died in the Bryn +Mawr Hospital. + +G. Heide Norris of Philadelphia, who went to New York to meet the +surviving members of the Ryerson family, told of a happy incident at the +last moment as the Carpathia swung close to the pier. There had been +no positive information that young "Jack" Ryerson was among those +saved--indeed, it was feared that he had gone down with the Titanic, +like his father, Arthur Ryerson. + +Mr. Norris spoke of the feeling of relief that came over him as, +watching from the pier, he saw "Jack" Ryerson come from a cabin and +stand at the railing. The name of the boy was missing from some of the +lists and for two days it was reported that he had perished. + + +CAPTAIN ROSTRON'S REPORT + +Less than 24 hours after the Cunard Line steamship Carpathia came in as +a rescue ship with survivors of the Titanic disaster, she sailed again +for the Mediterranean cruise which she originally started upon last +week. Just before the liner sailed, H. S. Bride, the second Marconi +wireless operator of the Titanic, who had both of his legs crushed on +a life-boat, was carried off on the shoulders of the ship's officers to +St. Vincent's Hospital. + +Captain A. H. Rostron, of the Carpathia, addressed an official report, +giving his account of the Carpathia's rescue work, to the general +manager of the Cunard Line, Liverpool. The report read: "I beg to report +that at 12.35 A. M. Monday 18th inst. I was informed of urgent message +from Titanic with her position. I immediately ordered ship turned around +and put her in course for that position, we being then 58 miles S. +52--E. 'T' from her; had heads of all departments called and issued +what I considered the necessary orders, to be in preparation for any +emergency. + +"At 2.40 A. M. saw flare half a point on port bow. Taking this for +granted to be ship, shortly after we sighted our first iceberg. I had +previously had lookouts doubled, knowing that Titanic had struck ice, +and so took every care and precaution. We soon found ourselves in a +field of bergs, and had to alter course several times to clear bergs; +weather fine, and clear, light air on sea, beautifully clear night, +though dark. + +"We stopped at 4 A. M., thus doing distance in three hours and a half, +picking up the first boat at 4.10 A. M.; boat in charge of officer, and +he reported that Titanic had foundered. At 8.30 A. M. last boat picked +up. All survivors aboard and all boats accounted for, viz., fifteen +life-boats, one boat abandoned, two Berthon boats alongside (saw one +floating upwards among wreckage), and according to second officer +(senior officer saved) one Berthon boat had not been launched, it having +got jammed, making sixteen life-boats and four Berthon boats accounted +for. By the time we had cleared first boat it was breaking day, and +I could see all within area of four miles. We also saw that we were +surrounded by icebergs, large and small, huge field of drift ice with +large and small bergs in it, the ice field trending from N. W. round W. +and S. to S. E., as far as we could see either way. + +"At 8 A. M. the Leyland S. S. California came up. I gave him the +principal news and asked him to search and I would proceed to New +York; at 8.50 proceeded full speed while researching over vicinity of +disaster, and while we were getting people aboard I gave orders to get +spare hands along and swing in all our boats, disconnect the fall and +hoist up as many Titanic boats as possible in our davits; also get +some on forecastle heads by derricks. We got thirteen lifeboats, six on +forward deck and seven in davits. After getting all survivors aboard +and while searching I got a clergyman to offer a short prayer of +thankfulness for those saved, and also a short burial service for their +loss, in saloon. + +"Before deciding definitely where to make for, I conferred with Mr. +Ismay, and as he told me to do what I thought best, I informed him, +I considered New York best. I knew we should require clean blankets, +provisions and clean linen, even if we went to the Azores, as most of +the passsengers{sic} saved were women and children, and they hysterical, +not knowing what medical attention they might require. I thought it best +to go to New York. I also thought it would be better for Mr. Ismay to go +to New York or England as soon as possible, and knowing I should be out +of wireless communication very soon if I proceeded to Azores, it left +Halifax, Boston and New York, so I chose the latter. + +"Again, the passengers were all hysterical about ice, and I pointed out +to Mr. Ismay the possibilities of seeing ice if I went to Halifax. Then +I knew it would be best to keep in touch with land stations as best I +could. We have experienced great difficulty in transmitting news, also +names of survivors. Our wireless is very poor, and again we have had +so many interruptions from other ships and also messages from shore +(principally press, which we ignored). I gave instructions to send first +all official messages, then names of passengers, then survivors' private +messages. We had haze early Tuesday morning for several hours; +again more or less all Wednesday from 5.30 A. M. to 5 P. M.; strong +south-southwesterly winds and clear weather Thursday, with moderate +rough sea. + +"I am pleased to say that all survivors have been very plucky. The +majority of women, first, second and third class, lost their husbands, +and, considering all, have been wonderfully well. Tuesday our doctor +reported all survivors physically well. Our first class passengers have +behaved splendidly, given up their cabins voluntarily and supplied the +ladies with clothes, etc. We all turned out of our cabins and gave them +to survivors--saloon, smoking room, library, etc., also being used for +sleeping accommodation. Our crew, also turned out to let the crew of +the Titanic take their quarters. I am pleased to state that owing to +preparations made for the comfort of survivors, none were the worse for +exposure, etc. I beg to specially mention how willing and cheerful the +whole of the ship's company behaved, receiving the highest praise from +everybody. And I can assure you I am very proud to have such a company +under my command. + + "A. H. ROSTRON." + + +The following list of the survivors and dead contains the latest +revisions and corrections of the White Star Line officials, and was +furnished by them exclusively for this book. + + + + +LIST OF SURVIVORS + + FIRST CABIN + + ANDERSON, HARRY. + ANTOINETTE, MISS. + APPIERANELT, MISS. + APPLETON. MRS. E. D. + ABBOTT, MRS. ROSE. + ALLISON, MASTER, and nurse. + ANDREWS, MISS CORNELIA I. + ALLEN, MISS. E. W. + ASTOR, MRS. JOHN JACOB, and maid. + AUBEART, MME. N., and maid. + + BARRATT, KARL B. + BESETTE, MISS. + BARKWORTH, A. H. + BUCKNELL, MRS. W. + BOWERMAN, MISS E. + BROWN, MRS. J. J. + BURNS, MISS C. M. + BISHOP, MR. AND MRS. D. H. + BLANK, H. + BESSINA, MISS A. + BAXTER, MRS. JAMES. + BRAYTON, GEORGE. + BONNELL, MISS LILY. + BROWN, MRS. J. M. + BOWEN, MISS G. C. + BECKWITH, MR. AND MRS. R. L. + BISLEY, MR. AND MRS. + BONNELL, MISS C. + + CASSEBEER, MRS. H. A. + CARDEZA, MRS. J. W. + CANDELL, MRS. CHURCHILL. + CASE, HOWARD B. + CAMARION, KENARD. + CASSEBORO, MISS D. D. + CLARK, MRS. W. M. + + CHIBINACE, MRS. B. C. + CHARLTON, W. M. + CROSBY, MRS E. G. + CARTER, MISS LUCILLE. + CALDERHEAD, E. P. + CHANDANSON, MISS VICTOTRINE. + CAVENDISH, MRS. TURRELL, and maid. + CHAFEE, MRS. H. I. + CARDEZA, MR. THOMAS. + CUMMINGS, MRS. J. + CHEVRE, PAUL. + CHERRY, MISS GLADYS. + CHAMBERS, MR. AND MRS. N. C. + CARTER, MR. AND MRS. W. E. + CARTER, MASTER WILLIAM. + COMPTON, MRS. A. T. + COMPTON, MISS S. R. + CROSBY, MRS. E. G. + CROSBY, MISS HARRIET. + CORNELL, MRS. R. C. + CHIBNALL, MRS. E. + + DOUGLAS, MRS. FRED. + DE VILLIERS, MME. + DANIEL, MISS SARAH. + DANIEL, ROBERT W. + DAVIDSON, MR. AND MRS. THORNTON, + and family. + DOUGLAS, MRS. WALTER, and maid. + DODGE, MISS SARAH. + DODGE, MRS. WASHINGTON, and son. + DICK, MR. AND MRS. A. A. + DANIELL, H. HAREN. + DRACHENSTED, A. + DALY, PETER D. + + ENDRES, MISS CAROLINE. + ELLIS, MISS + + + LIST OF SURVIVORS--FIRST CABIN (CONTINUED) + + EARNSHAW, MRS. BOULTON. + EUSTIS, MISS E. + EMMOCK, PHILIP E. + + FLAGENHEIM, MRS. ANTOINETTE. + FRANICATELLI, MISY. + FYNN, J. I. + FORTUNE, MISS ALICE + FORTUNE, MISS ETHEL. + FORTUNE, MRS. MARK. + FORTUNE, MISS MABEL. + FRAUENTHAL, DR. AND MRS. H. W. + FRAUENTHAL, MR. AND MRS. T. G + FROLICHER, MISS MARGARET. + FROLICHER, MAY AND MRS. + FROLICHER, MISS N. + FUTRELLE, MRS. JACQUES. + + GRACIE, COLONEL ARCHIBALD. + GRAHAM, MR. AND MRS. WILLIAM. + GRAHAM, MISS M. + GORDON, SIR COSMO DUFF. + GORDON, LADY. + GIBSON, MISS DOROTHY. + GOLDENBERG, MR. AND MRS. SAMUEL. + GOLDENBERG, MISS ELLA. + GREENFIELD, MRS. L. P. + GREENFIELD, G. B. + GREENFIELD, WILLIAM. + GIBSON, MRS. LEONARD. + GOOGHT, JAMES. + + HAVEN, MR. HENRY B. + HARRIS, MRS. H. B. + HOLVERSON, MRS. ALEX. + HOGEBOOM, MRS. J. C. + HAWKSFORD, W. J. + HARPER, HENRY, and man servant. + HARPER, MRS. H. S. + HOLD, MISS J. A. + HOPE, NINA. + HOYT, MR. AND Mrs. FRED. + HORNER, HENRY R. + HARDER, MR. AND MRS. GEORGE. + HAYS, MRS. CHARLES M., and daughter. + HIPPACH, MISS JEAN. + HIPPACH, MRS. IDA S. + + ISMAY, J. BRUCE. + + JENASCO, MRS. J. + + KIMBALL, MR. AND MRS. ED. N. + KENNYMAN, F. A. + KENCHEN, MISS EMILE. + + LONGLEY, MISS G. F. + LEADER, MRS. A. F. + LEAHY, MISS NORA. + LAVORY, MISS BERTHA. + LINES, MRS. ERNEST. + LINES, MISS MARY. + LINDSTROM, MRS. SINGIRD. + LESNEUR, GUSTAVE, JR. + + MADILL, MISS GEORGETTE A. + MAHAN, MRS. + MELICARD, MME. + MENDERSON, MISS LETTA. + MAIAIMY, MISS ROBERTA. + MARVIN, MRS. D. W. + MARECHELL, PIERRE. + MARONEY, MRS. R. + MEYER, MRS. E. I. + MOCK, MR. P. E. + MIDDLE, MME. M. OLIVE. + MINAHAN, MISS DAISY. + MINAHAN, MRS. W. E. + MCGOUGH, JAMES. + + NEWELL, MISS ALICE. + NEWELL, MISS MADELINE. + NEWELL, WASHINGTON. + NEWSON, MISS HELEN. + + O'CONNELL, MISS R. + OSTBY, E. C. + + LIST OF SURVIVORS--FIRST CABIN (CONTINUED) + + OSTBY, MISS HELEN. + OMUND, FIEUNAM. + + PANHART, MISS NINETTE. + PEARS, MRS. E. + POMROY, MISS ELLEN. + POTTER, MRS. THOMAS, JR. + PEUCHEN, MAJOR ARTHUR. + PEERCAULT, MISS A. + + RYERSON, JOHN. + RENAGO, MRS. MAMAM. + RANELT, MISS APPIE. + ROTHSCHILD, MRS. LORD MARTIN. + ROSENBAHM, MISS EDITH. + RHEIMS, MR. AND MRS GEORGE. + ROSIBLE, MISS H. + ROTHES, COUNTESS. + ROBERT, MRS. EDNA. + ROLMANE, C. + RYERSON, ALISS SUSAN P. + RYERSON, MISS EMILY. + RYERSON, MRS. ARTHUR, and maid. + + STONE, MRS. GEORGE M. + SKELLER, MRS. WILLIAM. + SEGESSER, MISS EMMA. + SEWARD, FRED. K. + SHUTTER, MISS. + SLOPER, WILLIAM T. + SWIFT, MRS. F. JOEL. + SCHABERT, MRS. PAUL. + SHEDDEL, ROBERT DOUGLASS. + SNYDER, MR. AND MRS. JOHN. + SEREPECA, ALISS AUGHSTA. + SILVERTHORN, R. SPENCER. + SAALFELD, ADOLF. + STAHELIN, MAX. + SIMOINUS, ALFONSIUS. + SMITH, MRS. LUCIEN P. + STEPHENSON, MRS. WALTER. + SOLOMON, ABRAHAM. + SILVEY, MRS. WILLIAM B + STENMEL, MR. AND MRS. HELEERY + SPENCER, MRS. W. A., and maid. + SLAYTER, MISS HILDA. + SPEDDEN, MR. AND MRS. F. O., and child. + STEFFANSON, H. B. + STRAUS, MRS., maid of. + SCHABERT, MRS. EMMA. + SLINTER, MRS. E. + SIMMONS, A. + + TAYLOR, MISS. + TUCKER, MRS., and maid. + THAYER, MRS. J. B. + THAYER, J. B., JR. + TAUSSIG, MISS RUTH. + TAUSSIG. MRS. E. + THOR, MISS ELLA. + THORNE, MRS. G. + TAYLOR, MR. AND MRS. E. Z + TROUT, MISS JESSIE. + TUCKER, GILBERT. + + WOOLNER, HUGH. + WARD, MISS ANNA. + WILLIAMS, RICHARD M., JR. + WARREN, MRS. P. + WILSON, MISS HELEN A. + WILLIARD, MISS C. + WICK, MISS MARY. + WICK, GEO. + WIDENER, valet of. + WIDENER, MRS. GEORGE D., and maid. + WHITE, MRS. J. STUART. + + YOUNG, MISS MARIE. + + + + +LIST OF SURVIVORS--SECOND CABIN + + ABESSON, MRS. MANNA. + ABBOTT, MRS. R. + ARGENIA, MRS., and two children. + ANGEL, F. + ANGLE, WILLIAM. + + BAUMTHORPE, MRS. L. + BALLS, MRS. ADA E. + BUSS, MISS KATE. + BECKER, MRS. A. O., and three children + BEANE, EDWARD. + BEANE, MRS. ETHEL, + BRYHI, MISS D. + BEESLEY, MR. L. + BROWN, MR. T. W. S. + BROWN, MISS E. + BROWN, MRS. + BENTHAN, LILLIAN W. + BYSTRON, KAROLINA + BRIGHT, DAGMAR. + BRIGHT, DAISY. + + CLARKE, MRS. ADA. + CAMERON, MISS. C. + CALDWELL, ALBERT F. + CALDWELL, MRS. SYLVAN + CALDWELL, ALDEN, infant. + CRISTY, MR. AND MRS. + COLLYER, MRS. CHARLOTTE. + COLLYER, MISS MARJORIE + CHRISTY, MRS. ALICE. + COLLET, STITART. + CHRISTA, MISS DIJCIA. + CHARLES, WILLIAM. + CROFT, MILLIE MALL. + + DOLING, MRS. ELSIE. + DREW, MRS. LULU. + DAVIS, MRS. AGNES. + DAVIS, MISS MARY. + DAVIS, JOHN M. + DUVAN, FLORENTINE. + DUVAN, MRS. A. + DAVIDSON, MISS MARY. + DOLING, MISS ADA. + DRISCOLL, MRS. B. + DEYSTROM, CAROLINE. + + EMCARMACION, MRS. RINALDO. + + FAUNTHORPE, MRS. LIZZIE + FORMERY, MISS ELLEN. + + GARSIDE, ETHEL. + GERRECAI, MRS. MARCY. + GENOVESE, ANGERE. + + HART, MRS. ESTHER. + HART, EVA. + HARRIS, GEORGE. + HEWLETT, MRS. MARY. + HEBBER, MISS S. + HOFFMAN, LOLA. + HOFFMAN, LOUIS. + HARPER, NINA. + HOLD, STEPHEN. + HOLD, MRS. ANNA. + HOSONO, MASABTJMI. + HOCKING, MR. AND MRS. GEORGE. + HOCKING, MISS NELLIE. + HERMAN, MRS. JANE, 2 daughters + HEALY, NORA. + HANSON, JENNIE. + HAMATAINEN, W. + HAMATAINEN, ANNA. + HARNLIN, ANNA, and Child + + ILETT, BERTHA. + + JACKSON, MRS. AMY. + JULIET, LUVCHE. + JERWAN, MARY. + JUHON, PODRO. + JACOBSON, MRS. + + KEANE, MISS NORA H. + KELLY, MRS. F. + KANTAR, MRS. S. + + LEITCH, JESSIE. + LAROCHE, MRS. AND MISS SIMMONE. + + LIST OF SURVIVORS--SECOND CABIN (CONTINITED) + + LAROCHE, MISS LOUISE. + LEHMAN, BERTHA. + LAUCH, MRS. ALEX. + LANIORE, AMELIA. + LYSTROM, MRS. C. + + MELLINGER, ELIZABETH. + MELLINGER, child. + MARSHALL, MRS. KATE. + MALLETT, A. + MALLETT, MRS. and child. + MANGE, PAULA. + MARE, MRS. FLORENCE. + MELLOR, W. J. + McDEARMONT, MISS LELA. + McGOWAN, ANNA. + + NYE, ELIZABETH. + NASSER, MRS. DELIA. + NUSSA, MRS. A. + + OXENHAM, PERCY J. + + PHILLIPS, ALICE. + PALLAS, EMILIO. + PADRO, JITLIAN. + PRINSKY, ROSA. + PORTALTTPPI, EMILIO. + PARSH, MRS. L. + PLETT, B. + + QUICK, MRS. JANE. + QUICK, MRS. VERA W. + QUICK, MISS PHYLLIS. + + REINARDO, MISS E. + RIDSDALE, LUCY. + RENOUF, MRS. LILY. + RUGG, MISS EMILY. + RICHARDS, M. + ROGERS, MISS SELINA. + RICHARDS, MRS. EMILIA, two boys, and + MR. RICHARDS, JR. + + SIMPSON, MISS. + SINCOCK, MISS MAUDE. + SINKKONNEN, ANNA. + SMITH, MISS MARION. + SILVEN, LYLLE. + + TRANT, MRS J. + TOOMEY, MISS. E. + TROUTT, MISS E. + TROUTT, MISS CECELIA. + + WARE, MISS H. + WATTER, MISS N. + WILHELM, C. + WAT, MRS. A., and two children. + WILLIAMS, RICHARD M., JR. + WEISZ, MATHILDE. + WEBBER, MISS SIJSDD. + WRIGHT, MISS MARION. + WATT, MISS BESSIE. + WATT, MISS BERTHA. + WEST, MRS. E. A. + WEST, MISS CONSTANCE. + WEST, MISS BARBARA. + WELLS, ADDIE. + WELLS, MASTER. + + + +A list of surviving third cabin passengers and crew is omitted owing to +the impossibility of obtaining the correct names of many. + +ROLL OF THE DEAD + + FIRST CABIN + + ALLISON, H. J. + ALLISON, MRS., and maid. + ALLISON, MISS. + ANDREWS, THOMAS. + ARTAGAVEYTIA, MR. RAMON. + ASTOR, COL. J. J., and servant. + ANDERSON, WALKER. + + ROLL OF THE DEAD--FIRST CABIN (CONTINUED) + + BEATTIE, T. + BRANDEIS, E. + BUCKNELL, MRS. WILLIAM, maid of. + BAHMANN, J. + BAXTER, MR. AND MRS. QUIGG. + BJORNSTROM, H. + BIRNBAHM, JACOB. + BLACKWELL, S. W. + BOREBANK, J. J. + BOWEN, MISS. + BRADY, JOHN B. + BREWE, ARLBLIR J. + BUTT, MAJOR A. + + CLARK, WALTER M. + CLIFFORD, GEORGE Q. + COLLEY, E. P. + CARDEZA, T. D. M., servant of. + CARDEZA, MRS. J. W., maid of. + CARLSON, FRANK. + CORRAN, F. M. + CORRAN, J. P. + CHAFEE, MR. H. I. + CHISHOLM, ROBERT. + COMPTON, A. T. + CRAFTON, JOHN B. + CROSBY, EDWARD G. + CUMMINGS, JOHN BRADLEY. + + DULLES, WILLIAM C. + DOUGLAS, W. D. + DOUGLAS, MASTER R., nurse of. + + EVANS, MISS E. + + FORTUNE, MARK. + FOREMAN, B. L. + FORTUNE, CHARLES. + FRANKLIN, T. P. + FUTRELLE, J. + + GEE, ARTHUR. + GOLDENBERG, E. L. + GOLDSCHMIDT, G. B. + GIGLIO, VICTOR. + GUGGENHEIM, BENJAMIN. + + HAYS, CHARLES M. + HAYS, MRS. CHARLES, maid of. + HEAD, CHRISTOPHER. + HILLIARD, H. H. + HIPKINS, W. E. + HOGENHEIM, MRS. A. + HARRIS, HENRY B. + HARP, MR. AND MRS. CHARLES M. + HARP, MISS MARGARET, and maid. + HOLVERSON, A. M. + + ISLAM, MISS A. E. + ISMAY, J. BRUCE, servant of. + + JULIAN, H. F. + JONES, C. C. + + KENT, EDWARD A. + KENYON, MR. AND MRS. F. R. + KLABER, HERMAN. + + LAMBERTH, WILLIAM, F. F. + LAWRENCE, ARTHUR. + LONG, MILTON. + LEWY, E. G. + LOPING, J. H. + LINGREY, EDWARD. + + MAGUIRE, J. E. + McCAFFRY, T. + McCAFFRY, T., JR. + McCARTHY, T. + MIDDLETON, J. C. + MILLET, FRANK D. + MINAHAN, DR. + MEYER, EDGAR J. + MOLSON, H. M. + MOORE, C., servant. + + NATSCH, CHARLES. + NEWALL, MISS T. + NICHOLSON, A. S. + + OVIES, S. + OBNOUT, ALFRED T. + + ROLL OF THE DEAD--FIRST CABIN (CONTINUED) + + PARR, M. H. W. + PEARS, MR. AND MRS. THOMAS. + PENASCO, MR. AND MRS. VICTOR. + PARTNER, M. A. + PAYNE, Y. + POND, FLORENCE, and maid. + PORTER, WALTER. + PUFFER, C. C. + + REUCHLIN, J. + ROBERT, MRS. E., maid of. + ROEBLING, WASHINGTON A., 2d. + ROOD, HUGH R. + ROES, J. HUGO. + ROTHES, COUNTESS, maid of. + ROTHSCHILD, M. + ROWE, ARTHUR. + RYERSON, A. + + SILVEY, WILLIAM B. + SPEDDEN, MRS. F. O., maid of + SPENCER, W. A. + STEAD, W. T. + STEHLI, MR. AND MRS. MAX FROLICHER. + STONE, MRS. GEORGE, maid of. + STRAUS, MR. AND MRS. ISIDOR. + SUTTON, FREDERICK. + SMART, JOHN M. + SMITH, CLINCH. + SMITET, R. W. + SMITH, L. P. + + TAUSSIC, EMIL. + THAYER, MRS., maid of. + THAYER, JOHN B. + THORNE, G. + + VANDERHOOF, WYCKOFF. + + WALKER, W. A. + WARREN, F. M. + WHITE, PERCIVAL A. + WHITE, RICHARD F. + WIDENER, G. D. + WIDENER, HARRY. + WOOD, MR. AND MRS. FRANK P. + WEIR, J. + WILLIAMS, DUANE. + WRIGHT, GEORGE. + + + SECOND CABIN + + ABELSON, SAMSON. + ANDREW, FRANK. + ASHBY, JOHN. + ALDWORTH, C. + ANDREW, EDGAR. + + BRACKEN, JAMES H. + BROWN, MRS. + BANFIELD, FRED. + BRIGHT, NARL. + BRAILY, bandsman. + BREICOUX, bandsman. + BAILEY, PERCY. + BAINBRIDGE, C. R. + BYLES, THE REV. THOMAS. + BEAUCHAMP, H. J. + BERG, MISS E. + BENTHAN, I. + BATEMAN, ROBERT J. + BUTLER, REGINALD. + BOTSFORD, HULL. + BOWEENER, SOLOMON. + BERRIMAN, WILLIAM. + + CLARKE, CHARLES. + CLARK, bandsman. + COREY, MRS. C. P. + CARTER, THE REV. ERNEST. + CARTER, MRS. + COLERIDGE, REGINALD, + CHAPMAN, CHARLES. + CUNNINGHAM, ALFRED. + CAMPBELL, WILLIAM. + COLLYER, HARVEY. + CORBETT, MRS. IRENE. + + ROLL OF THE DEAD--SECOND CABIN (CONTINUED) + + CHAPMAN, JOHN E. + CHAPMAN, MRS. E. + COLANDER, ERIC. + COTTERILL, HARBY. + + DEACON, PERCY. + DAVIS, CHARLES. + DIBBEN, WILLIAM. + DE BRITO, JOSE. + DENBORNY, H. + DREW, JAMES. + DREW, MASTER M. + DAVID, MASTER J. W. + DOUNTON, W. J. + DEL VARLO, S. + DEL VARLO, MRS. + + ENANDER, INGVAR. + EITEMILLER, G. F. + + FROST, A. + FYNNERY, MR. + FAUNTHORPE, H. + FILLBROOK, C. + FUNK, ANNIE. + FAHLSTROM, A. + FOX, STANLEY W. + + GREENBERG, S. + GILES, RALPH. + GASKELL, ALFRED. + GILLESPIE, WILLIAM. + GILBERT, WILLIAM. + GALL, S. + GILL, JOHN. + GILES, EDGAR. + GILES, FRED. + GALE, HARRY. + GALE, PHADRUCH. + GARVEY, LAWRENCE. + + HICKMAN, LEONARD. + HICKMAN, LENVIS. + HUME, bandsman. + HICKMAN, STANLEY. + HOOD, AMBROSE, + HODGES, HENRY P. + HART, BENJAMIN. + HARRIS, WALTER. + HARPER, JOHN. + HARBECK, W. H. + HOFFMAN, MR. + HERMAN, MRS. S. + HOWARD, B. + HOWARD, MRS. E. T. + HALE, REGINALD. + HILTUNEN, M. + HUNT, GEORGE. + + JACOBSON, MR. + JACOBSON, SYDNEY. + JEFFERY, CLIFFORD. + JEFFERY, ERNEST. + JENKIN, STEPHEN. + JARVIS, JOHN D. + + KEANE, DANIEL. + KIRKLAND, REV. C. + KARNES, MRS. F. G. + KEYNALDO, MISS. + KRILLNER, J. H. + KRINS, bandsman. + KARINES, MRS. + KANTAR, SELNA. + KNIGHT, R. + + LENGAM, JOHN. + LEVY, R. J. + LAHTIMAN, WILLIAM. + LAUCH, CHARLES. + LEYSON, R. W. N. + LAROCHE, JOSEPH. + LAMB, J. J + + McKANE, PETER. + MILLING, JACOB. + MANTOILA, JOSEPEI, + MALACHARD, NOLL. + MORAWECK, DR. + + ROLL OF THE DEAD--SECOND CABIN (CONTINUED) + + MANGIOVACCHI, E. + McCRAE, ARTHUR G. + McCRIE, JAMES M. + McKANE, PETER D. + MUDD, THOMAS. + MACK, MRS. MARY. + MARSHALL, HENRY. + MAYBERG, FRANK H. + MEYER, AUGUST. + MYLES, THOMAS. + MITCHELL, HENRY. + MATTHEWS, W. J. + + NESSEN, ISRAEL. + NICHOLLS, JOSEPH C. + NORMAN, ROBERT D. + + OTTER, RICHARD. + + PHILLIPS, ROBERT. + PONESELL, MARTIN. + PAIN, DR. ALFRED. + PARKES, FRANK. + PENGELLY, F. + PERNOT, RENE. + PERUSCHITZ, REV. + PARKER, CLIFFORD. + PULBAUM, FRANK + + RENOUF, PETER H. + ROGERS, HARRY. + REEVES, DAVID. + + SLEMEN, R. J. + SOBEY, HAYDEN. + SLATTER, MISS H. M. + STANTON, WARD. + SWORD, HANS K. + STOKES, PHILIP J. + SHARP, PERCIVAL. + SEDGWICK, MR. F. W. + SMITH, AUGUSTUS. + SWEET, GEORGE. + SJOSTEDT, ERNST. + + TAYLOR, bandsman. + TURPIN, WILLIAM J. + TURPIN, MRS. DOROTHY. + TURNER, JOHN H. + TROUPIANSKY, M. + TIRVAN, MRS. A. + + VEALE, JAMES. + + WATSON, E. + WOODWARD, bandsman. + WARE, WILLIAM J. + WEISZ, LEOPOLD. + WHEADON, EDWARD. + WARE, JOHN J. + WEST, E. ARTHUR. + WHEELER, EDWIN. + WERMAN, SAMUEL. + +The total death list was 1635. Third cabin passengers and crew are not +included in the list here given owing to the impossibility of obtaining +the exact names of many. + + + +CHAPTER XIII. THE STORY OF CHARLES F. HURD + +HOW THE TITANIC SANK--WATER STREWN WITH DEAD BODIES--VICTIMS MET DEATH +WITH HYMN ON THEIR LIPS + +THE Story of how the Titanic sank is told by Charles F. Hurd, who was a +passenger on the Carpathia. + +He praised highly the courage of the crew, hundreds of whom gave their +lives with a heroism which equaled but could not exceed that of John +Jacob Astor, Henry B. Harris, Jacques Futrelle and others in the long +list of first-cabin passengers. The account continues: + +"The crash against the iceberg, which had been sighted at only a quarter +mile distance, came almost simultaneously with the click of the levers +operated from the bridge, which stopped the engines and closed the +water-tight doors. Captain Smith was on the bridge a moment later, +summoning all on board to put on life preservers and ordering the +life-boats lowered. + +"The first boats had more male passengers, as the men were the first +to reach the deck. When the rush of frightened men and women and +crying children to the decks began, the 'women first' rule was rigidly +enforced. + +"Officers drew revolvers, but in most cases there was no use for them. +Revolver shots heard shortly before the Titanic went down caused many +rumors, one that Captain Smith had shot himself, another that First +Officer Murdock had ended his life, but members of the crew discredit +these rumors. + +"Captain Smith was last seen on the bridge just before the ship sank, +leaping only after the decks had been washed away. + +"What became of the men with the life-preservers was a question asked by +many since the disaster. Many of these with life-preservers were seen to +go down despite the preservers, and dead bodies floated on the surface +as the boats moved away. + +"Facts which I have established by inquiries on the Carpathia, as +positively as they could be established in view of the silence of the +few surviving officers, are: + +"That the Titanic's officers knew, several hours before the crash, of +the possible nearness of the icebergs. + +"That the Titanic's speed, nearly 23 knots an hour, was not slackened. + +"That the number of life-boats on the Titanic was insufficient to +accommodate more than one-third of the passengers, to say nothing of the +crew. Most members of the crew say there were sixteen life-boats and two +collapsibles; none say there were more than twenty boats in all. The 700 +escaped filled most of the sixteen life-boats and the one collapsible +which got away, to the limit of their capacity. + +"Had the ship struck the iceberg head on at whatever + + +{illust. caption = MRS. GEORGE D. WIDENER + +Mrs. Widener was saved,....} + +{illust. caption = George D. WIDENER + +Who with his son....} + + +{illust. caption = Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. WILLIAM T. +STEAD + +The great English writer, who was a passenger on board the ill-fated +White Star Line Steamer Titanic.} + + +speed and with whatever resulting shock, the bulkhead system of +water-tight compartments would probably have saved the vessel. As one +man expressed it, it was the impossible that happened when, with a shock +unbelievably mild, the ship's side was torn for a length which made the +bulkhead system ineffective." + +After telling of the shock and the lowering of the boats the account +continues: + +"Some of the boats, crowded too full to give rowers a chance, drifted +for a time. Few had provisions or water, there was lack of covering +from the icy air, and the only lights were the still undimmed arcs and +incandescents of the settling ship, save for one of the first boats. +There a steward, who explained to the passengers that he had been +shipwrecked twice before, appeared carrying three oranges and a green +light. + +"That green light, many of the survivors say, was to the shipwrecked +hundreds as the pillar of fire by night. Long after the ship had +disappeared, and while confusing false lights danced about the boats, +the green lantern kept them together on the course which led them to the +Carpathia. + +"As the end of the Titanic became manifestly but a matter of moments, +the oarsmen pulled their boats away, and the chilling waters began to +echo splash after splash as passengers and sailors in life-preservers +leaped over and started swimming away to escape the expected suction. + +"Only the hardiest of constitutions could endure for more than a few +moments such a numbing bath. The first vigorous strokes gave way to +heart-breaking cries of 'Help! Help!' and stiffened forms were seen +floating on the water all around us. + +"Led by the green light, under the light of the stars, the boats drew +away, and the bow, then the quarter, then the stacks and at last the +stern of the marvel-ship of a few days before, passed beneath the +waters. The great force of the ship's sinking was unaided by any +violence of the elements, and the suction, not so great as had been +feared, rocked but mildly the group of boats now a quarter of a mile +distant from it. + +"Early dawn brought no ship, but not long after 5 A. M. the Carpathia, +far out of her path and making eighteen knots, instead of her wonted +fifteen, showed her single red and black smokestack upon the horizon. In +the joy of that moment, the heaviest griefs were forgotten. + +"Soon afterward Captain Rostron and Chief Steward Hughes were welcoming +the chilled and bedraggled arrivals over the Carpathia's side. + +"Terrible as were the San Francisco, Slocum and Iroquois disasters, they +shrink to local events in comparison with this world-catastrophe. + +"True, there were others of greater qualifications and longer experience +than I nearer the tragedy--but they, by every token of likelihood, +have become a part of the tragedy. The honored--must I say the +lamented--Stead, the adroit Jacques Futrelle, what might they not tell +were their hands able to hold pencil? + +"The silence of the Carpathia's engines, the piercing cold, the clamor +of many voices in the companionways, caused me to dress hurriedly +and awaken my wife, at 5.40 A. M. Monday. Our stewardess, meeting me +outside, pointed to a wailing host in the rear dining room and said. +'From the Titanic. She's at the bottom of the ocean.' + +"At the ship's side, a moment later, I saw the last of the line of boats +discharge their loads, and saw women, some with cheap shawls about their +heads, some with the costliest of fur cloaks, ascending the ship's side. +And such joy as the first sight of our ship may have given them +had disappeared from their faces, and there were tears and signs of +faltering as the women were helped up the ladders or hoisted aboard in +swings. For lack of room to put them, several of the Titanic's boats, +after unloading, were set adrift. + +"At our north was a broad ice field, the length of hundreds of +Carpathias. Around us on other sides were sharp and glistening peaks. +One black berg, seen about 10 A. M., was said to be that which sunk the +Titanic." + + +CHAPTER XIV. THRILLING ACCOUNT BY L. BEASLEY + +COLLISION ONLY A SLIGHT JAR--PASSENGERS COULD NOT BELIEVE THE VESSEL +DOOMED--NARROW ESCAPE OF LIFE-BOATS--PICKED UP BY THE CARPATHIA + +AMONG the most connected and interesting stories related by the +survivors was the one told by L. Beasley, of Cambridge, England. He +said: + +"The voyage from Queenstown had been quite uneventful; very fine weather +was experienced, and the sea was quite calm. The wind had been westerly +to southwesterly the whole way, but very cold, particularly the last +day; in fact after dinner on Saturday evening it was almost too cold to +be out on deck at all. + + +ONLY A SLIGHT JAR + +"I had been in my berth for about ten minutes, when, at about 11.15 +P. M., I felt a slight jar, and then soon after a second one, but not +sufficiently violent to cause any anxiety to anyone, however nervous +they may have been. However, the engines stopped immediately afterward, +and my first, thought was, 'She has lost a propeller.' + +"I went up on the top (boat) deck in a dressing gown, and found only +a few persons there, who had come up similarly to inquire why we had +stopped, but there was no sort of anxiety in the minds of anyone. + +"We saw through the smoking room window a game of cards going on, and +went in to inquire if they knew anything; it seems they felt more of +the jar, and, looking through the window, had seen a huge iceberg go by +close to the side of the boat. They thought we had just grazed it with +a glancing blow, and that the engines had been stopped to see if any +damage had been done. No one, of course, had any conception that the +vessel had been pierced below by part of the submerged iceberg. + +"The game went on without any thought of disaster and I retired to my +cabin, to read until we went on again. I never saw any of the players or +the onlookers again. + + +SOME WERE AWAKENED + +"A little later, hearing people going upstairs, I went out again and +found everyone wanting to know why the engines had stopped. No doubt +many were awakened from sleep by the sudden stopping of a vibration to +which they had become accustomed during the four days we had been on +board. Naturally, with such powerful engines as the Titanic carried, the +vibration was very noticeable all the time, and the sudden stopping +had something the same effect as the stopping of a loud-ticking +grandfather's clock in a room. + +"On going on deck again I saw that there was an undoubted list downward +from stern to bows, but, knowing nothing of what had happened, concluded +some of the front compartments had filled and weighed her down. I went +down again to put on warmer clothing, and as I dressed heard an order +shouted, 'All passengers on deck with life-belts on.' + +"We all walked slowly up, with the belts tied on over our clothing, +but even then presumed this was only a wise precaution the captain was +taking, and that we should return in a short time and retire to bed. + +"There was a total absence of any panic or any expressions of alarm, and +I suppose this can be accounted for by the exceedingly calm night and +the absence of any signs of the accident. + +"The ship was absolutely still, and except for a gentle tilt downward, +which I don't think one person in ten would have noticed at that time, +no signs of the approaching disaster were visible. She lay just as if +she were waiting the order to go on again when some trifling matter had +been adjusted. + +"But in a few moments we saw the covers lifted from the boats and the +crews allotted to them standing by and coiling up the ropes which were +to lower them by the pulley blocks into the water. + +"We then began to realize it was more serious than had been supposed, +and my first thought was to go down and get some more clothing and some +money, but, seeing people pouring up the stairs, decided it was better +to cause no confusion to people coming up. Presently we heard the order: + +"'All men stand back away from the boats, and all ladies retire to next +deck below'--the smoking-room deck or B deck. + + +MEN STOOD BACK + +"The men all stood away and remained in absolute silence leaning against +the end railings of the deck or pacing slowly up and down. + +"The boats were swung out and lowered from A deck. When they were to +the level of B deck, where all the women were collected, they got in +quietly, with the exception of some who refused to leave their husbands. + +"In some cases they were torn from them and pushed into the boats, but +in many instances they were allowed to remain because there was no one +to insist they should go. + +"Looking over the side, one saw boats from aft already in the water, +slipping quietly away into the darkness, and presently the boats near +me were lowered, and with much creaking as the new ropes slipped through +the pulley blocks down the ninety feet which separated them from the +water. An officer in uniform came up as one boat went down and shouted, +"When you are afloat row round to the companion ladder and stand by with +the other boats for orders.' + +"'Aye, aye, sir,' came up the reply; but I don't think any boat was +able to obey the order. When they were afloat and had the oars at work, +the condition of the rapidly settling boat was so much more a sight +for alarm for those in the boats than those on board, that in common +prudence the sailors saw they could do nothing but row from the sinking +ship to save at any rate some lives. They no doubt anticipated that +suction from such an enormous vessel would be more dangerous than usual +to a crowded boat mostly filled with women. + +"All this time there was no trace of any disorder; no panic or rush +to the boats and no scenes of women sobbing hysterically, such as one +generally pictures as happening at such times everyone seemed to realize +so slowly that there was imminent danger. When it was realized that we +might all be presently in the sea with nothing but our life-belts +to support us until we were picked up by passing steamers, it was +extraordinary how calm everyone was and how completely self-controlled. + +"One by one, the boats were filled with women and children, lowered and +rowed away into the night. Presently the word went round among the men, +'the men are to be put in boats on the starboard side.' + +"I was on the port side, and most of the men walked across the deck to +see if this was so I remained where I was and soon heard the call: + +"'Any more ladies?' + +"Looking over the side of the ship, I saw the boat, No. 13, swinging +level with B deck, half full of ladies. Again the call was repeated, +'Any more ladies?' + +"I saw none come on, and then one of the crew, looking up, said: + +"'Any more ladies on your deck, sir?' + +"'No,' I replied. + +"'Then you had better jump.' + +"I dropped in, and fell in the bottom, as they cried 'lower away.' As +the boat began to descend two ladies were pushed hurriedly through the +crowd on B deck and heaved over into the boat, and a baby of ten months +passed down after them. Down we went, the crew calling to those lowering +each end to 'keep her level,' until we were some ten feet from the +water, and here occurred the only anxious moment we had during the whole +of our experience from leaving the deck to reaching the Carpathia. + +"Immediately below our boat was the exhaust of the condensers, a huge +stream of water pouring all the time from the ship's side just above the +water line. It was plain we ought to be quickly away from this, not to +be swamped by it when we touched water. + + +NO OFFICER ABOARD + +"We had no officer aboard, nor petty officer or member of the crew to +take charge. So one of the stokers shouted: 'Someone find the pin which +releases the boat from the ropes and pull it up!' No one knew where it +was. We felt on the floor and sides, but found nothing, and it was hard +to move among so many people--we had sixty or seventy on board. + +"Down we went and presently floated, with our ropes still holding us, +the exhaust washing us away from the side of the vessel and the swell of +the sea urging us back against the side again. The result of all these +forces was an impetus which carried us parallel to the ship's side and +directly under boat 14, which had filled rapidly with men and was coming +down on us in a way that threatened to submerge our boat. + +"'Stop lowering 14,' our crew shouted, and the crew of No. 14, now only +twenty feet above, shouted the same. But the distance to the top was +some seventy feet and the creaking pulleys must have deadened all sound +to those above, for down she came, fifteen feet, ten feet, five feet and +a stoker and I reached up and touched her swinging above our heads. +The next drop would have brought her on our heads, but just before she +dropped another stoker sprang to the ropes, with his knife. + + +JUST ESCAPED ANOTHER BOAT + +"'One,' I heard him say, 'two,' as his knife cut through the pulley +ropes, and the next moment the exhaust stream had carried us clear, +while boat 14 dropped into the water, into the space we had the moment +before occupied, our gunwales almost touching. + +"We drifted away easily, as the oars were got out, and headed directly +away from the ship. The crew seemed to me to be mostly stewards or cooks +in white jackets, two to an oar, with a stoker at the tiller. There was +a certain amount of shouting from one end of the boat to the other, and +discussion as to which way we should go, but finally it was decided to +elect the stoker, who was steering, as captain, and for all to obey his +orders. He set to work at once to get into touch with the other boats, +calling to them and getting as close as seemed wise, so that when the +search boats came in the morning to look for us, there would be more +chance for all to be rescued by keeping together. + +"It was now about 1 A. M.; a beautiful starlight night, with no moon, +and so not very light. The sea was as calm as a pond, just a gentle +heave as the boat dipped up and down in the swell; an ideal night, +except for the bitter cold, for anyone who had to be out in the middle +of the Atlantic ocean in an open boat. And if ever there was a time when +such a night was needed, surely it was now, with hundreds of people, +mostly women and children, afloat hundreds of miles from land. + + +WATCHED THE TITANIC + +"The captain-stoker told us that he had been at sea twenty-six years, +and had never yet seen such a calm night on the Atlantic. As we rowed +away from the Titanic, we looked back from time to time to watch her, +and a more striking spectacle it was not possible for anyone to see. + +"In the distance it looked an enormous length, its great bulk outlined +in black against the starry sky, every port-hole and saloon blazing with +light. It was impossible to think anything could be wrong with such a +leviathan, were it not for that ominous tilt downward in the bows, where +the water was by now up to the lowest row of port-holes. + +"Presently, about 2 A. M., as near as I can remember, we observed it +settling very rapidly, with the bows and the bridge completely under +water, and concluded it was now only a question of minutes before it +went; and so it proved." + +Mr. Beasley went on to tell of the spectacle of the sinking of the +Titanic, the terrible experiences of the survivors in the life-boats and +their final rescue by the Carpathia as already related. + + + +CHAPTER XV. JACK THAYER'S OWN STORY OF THE WRECK + +SEVENTEEN-YEAR-OLD SON OF PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD OFFICIAL TELLS +MOVING STORY OF HIS RESCUE--TOLD MOTHER TO BE BRAVE--SEPARATED FROM +PARENTS--JUMPED WHEN VESSEL SANK--DRIFTED ON OVERTURNED BOAT PICKED UP +BY CARPATHIA + +ONE of the calmest of the passengers was: young Jack Thayer, the +seventeen-year-old son of Mr. and Mrs. John B. Thayer. When his mother +was put into the life-boat he kissed her and told her to be brave, +saying that he and his father would be all right. He and Mr. Thayer +stood on the deck as the small boat in which Mrs. Thayer was a passenger +made off from the side of the Titanic over the smooth sea. + +The boy's own account of his experience as told to one of his rescuers +is one of the most remarkable of all the wonderful ones that have come +from the tremendous catastrophe: + +"Father was in bed, and mother and myself were about to get into bed. +There was no great shock, I was on my feet at the time and I do not +think it was enough to throw anyone down. I put on an overcoat and +rushed up on A deck on the port side. I saw nothing there. I then went +forward to the bow to see if I could see any signs of ice. The only ice +I saw was on the well deck. I could not see very far ahead, having just +come out of a brightly lighted room. + +"I then went down to our room and my father and mother came on deck with +me, to the starboard side of A deck. We could not see anything there. +Father thought he saw small pieces of ice floating around, but I could +not see any myself. There was no big berg. We walked around to the port +side, and the ship had then a fair list to port. We stayed there looking +over the side for about five minutes. The list seemed very slowly to be +increasing. + +"We then went down to our rooms on C deck, all of us dressing quickly, +putting on all our clothes. We all put on life-preservers, and over +these we put our overcoats. Then we hurried up on deck and walked +around, looking out at different places until the women were all ordered +to collect on the port side. + + +SEPARATED FROM PARENTS + +"Father and I said good-bye to mother at the top of the stairs on A +deck. She and the maid went right out on A deck on the port side and +we went to the starboard side. As at this time we had no idea the boat +would sink we walked around A deck and then went to B deck. Then we +thought we would go back to see if mother had gotten off safely, and +went to the port side of A deck. We met the chief steward of the main +dining saloon and he told us that mother had not yet taken a boat, and +he took us to her. + +"Father and mother went ahead and I followed. They went down to B deck +and a crowd got in front of me and I was not able to catch them, and +lost sight of them. As soon as I could get through the crowd I tried to +find them on B deck, but without success. That is the last time I saw my +father. This was about one half an hour before she sank. I then went to +the starboard side, thinking that father and mother must have gotten off +in a boat. All of this time I was with a fellow named Milton C. Long, of +New York, whom I had just met that evening. + +"On the starboard side the boats were getting away quickly. Some boats +were already off in a distance. We thought of getting into one of the +boats, the last boat to go on the forward part of the starboard side, +but there seemed to be such a crowd around I thought it unwise to make +any attempt to get into it. He and I stood by the davits of one of the +boats that had left. I did not notice anybody that I knew except Mr. +Lindley, whom I had also just met that evening. I lost sight of him in a +few minutes. Long and I then stood by the rail just a little aft of the +captain's bridge. + + +THOUGHT SHIP WOULD FLOAT + +"The list to the port had been growing greater all the time. About +this time the people began jumping from the stern. I thought of jumping +myself, but was afraid of being stunned on hitting the water. Three +times I made up my mind to jump out and slide down the davit ropes and +try to make the boats that were lying off from the ship, but each time +Long got hold of me and told me to wait a while. He then sat down and +I stood up waiting to see what would happen. Even then we thought she +might possibly stay afloat. + +"I got a sight on a rope between the davits and a star and noticed that +she was gradually sinking. About this time she straightened up on an +even keel and started to go down fairly fast at an angle of about 30 +degrees. As she started to sink we left the davits and went back and +stood by the rail about even with the second funnel. + +"Long and myself said good-bye to each other and jumped up on the rail. +He put his legs over and held on a minute and asked me if I was coming. +I told him I would be with him in a minute. He did not jump clear, but +slid down the side of the ship. I never saw him again. + +"About five seconds after he jumped I jumped out, feet first. I was +clear of the ship; went down, and as I came up I was pushed away from +the ship by some force. I came up facing the ship, and one of the +funnels seemed to be lifted off and fell towards me about 15 yards away, +with a mass of sparks and steam coming out of it. I saw the ship in a +sort of a red glare, and it seemed to me that she broke in two just in +front of the third funnel. + +"This time I was sucked down, and as I came up I was pushed out again +and twisted around by a large wave, coming up in the midst of a great +deal of small wreckage. As I pushed my hand from my head it touched the +cork fender of an over- + +{illust. caption = READING ROOM OF THE TITANIC} + +{illust. caption = Copyright, 1912. International News Service. THE +SENATORIAL INVESTIGATION--ISMAY ON THE GRILL + +J. Bruce Ismay, Managing Director of the........} + + +turned life-boat. I looked up and saw some men on the top and asked them +to give me a hand. One of them, who was a stoker, helped me up. In a +short time the bottom was covered with about twenty-five or thirty men. +When I got on this I was facing the ship. + + + +{illust. caption = SKETCHES OF THE TITANIC BY "JACK" THAYER + +These sketches were outlined by John B. Thayer, Jr., on the day of the +disaster, and afterwards filled in by L. D. Skidmon, of Brooklyn.} + + + +"The stern then seemed to rise in the air and stopped at about an +angle of 60 degrees. It seemed to hold there for a time and then with a +hissing sound it shot right down out of sight with people jumping from +the stern. The stern either pivoted around towards our boat, or we were +sucked towards it, and as we only had one oar we could not keep away. +There did not seem to be very much suction and most of us managed to +stay on the bottom of our boat. + +"We were then right in the midst of fairly large wreckage, with people +swimming all around us. The sea was very calm and we kept the boat +pretty steady, but every now and then a wave would wash over it. + + +SAID THE LORD'S PRAYER + +"The assistant wireless operator was right next to me, holding on to +me and kneeling in the water. We all sang a hymn and said the Lord's +Prayer, and then waited for dawn to come. As often as we saw the other +boats in a distance we would yell, 'Ship ahoy!' But they could not +distinguish our cries from any of the others, so we all gave it up, +thinking it useless. It was very cold and none of us were able to move +around to keep warm, the water washing over her almost all the time. + +"Toward dawn the wind sprang up, roughening up the water and making it +difficult to keep the boat balanced. The wireless man raised our hopes +a great deal by telling us that the Carpathia would be up in about three +hours. About 3.30 or 4 o'clock some men on our boat on the bow sighted +her mast lights. I could not see them, as I was sitting down with a man +kneeling on my leg. He finally got up and I stood up. We had the second +officer, Mr. Lightoller, on board. We had an officer's whistle and +whistled for the boats in the distance to come up and take us off. + +"It took about an hour and a half for the boats to draw near. Two boats +came up. The first took half and the other took the balance, including +myself. We had great difficulty about this time in balancing the boat, +as the men would lean too far, but we were all taken aboard the already +crowded boat, and in about a half or three-quarters of an hour later we +were picked up by the Carpathia. + +"I have noticed Second Officer Lightoller's statement that 'J. B. Thayer +was on our overturned boat,' which would give the impression that it was +father, when he really meant it was I, as he only learned my name in +a subsequent conversation on the Carpathia, and did not know I was +'junior'." + + + +CHAPTER XVI. INCIDENTS RELATED BY JAMES McGOUGH + +WOMEN FORCED INTO THE LIFE-BOATS--WHY SOME MEN WERE SAVED BEFORE +WOMEN--ASKED TO MAN LIFE-BOATS + +SURROUNDED by his wife and members of his family, James McGough, of +Philadelphia, a buyer for the Gimbel Brothers, whose fate had been in +doubt, recited a most thrilling and graphic picture of the disaster. + +As the Carpathia docked, Mrs. McGough, a brother and several friends of +the buyer, met him, and after the touching reunion had taken place the +party proceeded to Philadelphia. + +Vivid in detail, Mr. McGough's story differs essentially from one the +imagination would paint. He declared that the boat was driving at a high +rate of speed at the time of the accident, and seemed impressed by the +calmness and apathy displayed by the survivors as they tossed on the +frozen seas in the little life-boats until the Carpathia picked them up. + +The Titanic did not plunge into the water suddenly, he declared, but +settled slowly into the deep with its hundreds of passengers. + +"The collision occurred at 20 minutes of 12," said Mr. McGough. "I was +sleeping in my cabin when I felt a wrench, not severe or terrifying. + +"It seemed to me to be nothing more serious than the racing of the +screw, which often occurs when a ship plunges her bow deep into a heavy +swell, raising the stern out of water. We dressed hurriedly and ran to +the upper deck. There was little noise or tumult at the time. + +"The promenade decks being higher from the base of the ship and thus +more insecure, strained and creaked; so we went to the lower decks. +By this time the engines had been reversed, and I could feel the ship +backing off. Officers and stewards ran through the corridors, shouting +for all to be calm, that there was no danger. We were warned, however, +to dress and put life-preservers on us. I had on what clothing I could +find and had stuffed some money in my pocket. + + +PARTING OF ASTOR AND BRIDE + +"As I passed the gymnasium I saw Colonel Astor and his young wife +together. She was clinging to him, piteously pleading that he go into +the life-boat with her. He refused almost gruffly and was attempting to +calm her by saying that all her fears were groundless, that the accident +she feared would prove a farce. It proved different, however. + +"None, I believe, knew that the ship was about to sink. I did not +realize it just then. When I reached the upper deck and saw tons of ice +piled upon our crushed bow the full realization came to me. + +"Officers stood with drawn guns ordering the women into the boats. All +feared to leave the comparative safety of a broad and firm deck for the +precarious smaller boats. Women clung to their husbands, crying that +they would never leave without them, and had to be torn away. + +"On one point all the women were firm. They would not enter a Life-boat +until men were in it first. They feared to trust themselves to the seas +in them. It required courage to step into the frail crafts as they swung +from the creaking davits. Few men were willing to take the chance. An +officer rushed behind me and shouted: + +"'You're big enough to pull an oar. Jump into this boat or we'll never +be able to get the women off.' I was forced to do so, though I admit +that the ship looked a great deal safer to me than any small boat. + +"Our boat was the second off. Forty or more persons were crowded into +it, and with myself and members of the crew at the oars, were pulled +slowly away. Huge icebergs, larger than the Pennsylvania depot at New +York, surrounded us. As we pulled away we could see boat after boat +filled and lowered to the waves. Despite the fact that they were new +and supposedly in excellent working order, the blocks jammed in many +instances, tilting the boats, loaded with people, at varying angles +before they reached the water. + + +BAND CONTINUED PLAYING + +"As the life-boats pulled away the officers ordered the bands to play, +and their music did much to quell panic. It was a heart-breaking sight +to us tossing in an eggshell three-fourths of a mile away, to see the +great ship go down. First she listed to the starboard, on which side the +collision had occurred, then she settled slowly but steadily, without +hope of remaining afloat. + +"The Titanic was all aglow with lights as if for a function. First we +saw the lights of the lower deck snuffed out. A while later and the +second deck illumination was extinguished in a similar manner. Then the +third and upper decks were darkened, and without plunging or rocking the +great ship disappeared slowly from the surface of the sea. + +"People were crowded on each deck as it lowered into the water, hoping +in vain that aid would come in time. Some of the life-boats caught in +the merciless suction were swallowed with her. + +"The sea was calm--calm as the water in a tumbler. But it was freezing +cold. None had dressed heavily, and all, therefore, suffered intensely. +The women did not shriek or grow hysterical while we waited through the +awful night for help. We men stood at the oars, stood because there +was no room for us to sit, and kept the boat headed into the swell to +prevent her capsizing. Another boat was at our side, but all the others +were scattered around the water. + +"Finally, shortly before 6 o'clock, we saw the lights of the Carpathia +approaching. Gradually she picked up the survivors in the other boats +and then approached us. When we were lifted to the deck the women fell +helpless. They were carried to whatever quarters offered themselves, +while the men were assigned to the smoking room. + +"Of the misery and suffering which was witnessed on the rescue ship I +know nothing. With the other men survivors I was glad to remain in the +smoking room until New York was reached, trying to forget the awful +experience. + +"To us aboard the Carpathia came rumors of misstatements which were +being made to the public. The details of the wreck were wofully +misunderstood. + +"Let me emphasize that the night was not foggy or cloudy. There was just +the beginning of the new moon, but every star in the sky was shining +brightly, unmarred by clouds. The boats were lowered from both sides of +the Titanic in time to escape, but there was not enough for all. + + + +CHAPTER XVII. WIRELESS OPERATOR PRAISES HEROIC WORK + +STORY OF HAROLD BRIDE, THE SURVIVING WIRELESS OPERATOR OF THE TITANIC, +WHO WAS WASHED OVERBOARD AND RESCUED BY LIFE-BOAT--BAND PLAYED RAG-TIME +AND "AUTUMN" + +ONE of the most connected and detailed accounts of the horrible disaster +was that told by Harold Bride, the wireless operator. Mr. Bride said: + +"I was standing by Phillips, the chief operator, telling him to go to +bed, when the captain put his head in the cabin. + +"'We've struck an iceberg,' the captain said, 'and I'm having an +inspection made to tell what it has done for us. You better get ready to +send out a call for assistance. But don't send it until I tell you.' + +"The captain went away and in ten minutes, I should estimate the time, +he came back. We could hear a terrific confusion outside, but there was +not the least thing to indicate that there was any trouble. The wireless +was working perfectly. + +"'Send the call for assistance,' ordered the captain, barely putting +his head in the door. + +"'What call shall I send?' Phillips asked. + +"'The regulation international call for help. Just that.' + +"Then the captain was gone Phillips began to send 'C. Q. D.' He flashed +away at it and we joked while he did so. All of us made light of the +disaster. + +"The Carpathia answered our signal. We told her our position and said we +were sinking by the head. The operator went to tell the captain, and in +five minutes returned and told us that the captain of the Carpathia, was +putting about and heading for us + + +GREAT SCRAMBLE ON DECK + +"Our captain had left us at this time and Phillips told me to run and +tell him what the Carpathia had answered. I did so, and I went through +an awful mass of people to his cabin. The decks were full of scrambling +men and women. I saw no fighting, but I heard tell of it. + +"I came back and heard Phillips giving the Carpathia fuller directions. +Phillips told me to put on my clothes. Until that moment I forgot that I +was not dressed. + +"I went to my cabin and dressed. I brought an overcoat to Phillips. It +was very cold. I slipped the overcoat upon him while he worked. + +"Every few minutes Phillips would send me to the captain with little +messages. They were merely telling how the Carpathia was coming our way +and gave her speed. + +"I noticed as I came back from one trip that they were putting off +women and children in life-boats. I noticed that the list forward was +increasing. + +"Phillips told me the wireless was growing weaker. The captain came and +told us our engine rooms were taking water and that the dynamos might +not last much longer. We sent that word to the Carpathia. + +"I went out on deck and looked around. The water was pretty close up +to the boat deck. There was a great scramble aft, and how poor Phillips +worked through it right to the end I don't know. + +"He was a brave man. I learned to love him that night and I suddenly +felt for him a great reverence to see him standing there sticking to his +work while everybody else was raging about. I will never live to forget +the work of Phillips for the last awful fifteen minutes. + +"I thought it was about time to look about and see if there was anything +detached that would float. I remembered that every member of the crew +had a special life-belt and ought to know where it was. I remembered +mine was under my bunk. I went and got it. Then I thought how cold the +water was. + +"I remembered I had an extra jacket and a pair of boots, and I put them +on. I saw Phillips standing out there still sending away, giving the +Carpathia details of just how we were doing. + +"We picked up the Olympic and told her we were sinking by the head and +were about all down. As Phillips was sending the message I strapped his +life-belt to his back. I had already put on his overcoat. Every minute +was precious, so I helped him all I could. + +BAND PLAYS IN RAG-TIME + +"From aft came the tunes of the band. It was a rag-time tune, I don't +know what. Then there was 'Autumn.' Phillips ran aft and that was the +last I ever saw of him. + +"I went to the place where I had seen a collapsible boat on the boat +deck, and to my surprise I saw the boat and the men still trying to push +it off. I guess there wasn't a sailor in the crowd. They couldn't do +it. I went up to them and was just lending a hand when a large wave came +awash of the deck. + +"The big wave carried the boat off. I had hold of a row-lock and I went +off with it. The next I knew I was in the boat. + +"But that was not all. I was in the boat and the boat was upside down +and I was under it. And I remember realizing I was wet through, and that +whatever happened I must not breathe, for I was under water. + +"I knew I had to fight for it and I did. How I got out from under the +boat I do not know, but I felt a breath of air at last. + +"There were men all around me hundreds of them. The sea was dotted with +them, all depending on their life-belts. I felt I simply had to get away +from the ship. She was a beautiful sight then. + +"Smoke and sparks were rushing out of her funnel, and there must have +been an explosion, but we had heard none. We only saw the big stream of +sparks. The ship was gradually turning on her nose just like a duck does +that goes down for a dive. I had one thing on my mind--to get away from +the suction. The band was still playing, and I guess they all went down. + +"They were playing 'Autumn' then. I swam with all my might. I suppose I +was 150 feet away when the Titanic, on her nose, with her after-quarter +sticking straight up in the air, began to settle slowly. + +"When at last the waves washed over her rudder there wasn't the least +bit of suction I could feel. She must have kept going just as slowly as +she had been. + +"I forgot to mention that, besides the Olympic and Carpathia, we spoke +some German boat, I don't know which, and told them how we were. We also +spoke the Baltic. I remembered those things as I began to figure what +ships would be coming toward us. + +"I felt, after a little while, like sinking. I was very cold. I saw a +boat of some kind near me and put all my strength into an effort to swim +to it. It was hard work. I was all done when a hand reached out from the +boat and pulled me aboard. It was our same collapsible. + +"There was just room for me to roll on the edge. I lay there, not caring +what happened. Somebody sat on my legs; they were wedged in between +slats and were being wrenched. I had not the heart left to ask the man +to move. It was a terrible sight all around--men swimming and sinking. + +"I lay where I was, letting the man wrench my feet out of shape. Others +came near. Nobody gave them a hand. The bottom-up boat already had more +men than it would hold and it was sinking. + +"At first the larger waves splashed over my head and I had to breathe +when I could. + +"Some splendid people saved us. They had a right-side-up boat, and it +was full to its capacity. Yet they came to us and loaded us all into it. +I saw some lights off in the distance and knew a steamship was coming to +our aid. + +"I didn't care what happened. I just lay, and gasped when I could and +felt the pain in my feet. At last the Carpathia was alongside and the +people were being taken up a rope ladder. Our boat drew near, and one +b{y} one the men were taken off of it. + +"The way the band kept playing was a noble thing. I heard it first while +we were working wireless, when there was a rag-time tune for us, and +the last I saw of the band, when I was floating out in the sea, with my +life-belt on, it was still on deck playing 'Autumn.' How they ever did +it I cannot imagine. + +"That and the way Phillips kept sending after the captain told him his +life was his own, and to look out for himself, are two things that stand +out in my mind over all the rest." + + + +CHAPTER XVIII. STORY OF THE STEWARD + +PASSENGERS AND CREW DYING WHEN TAKEN ABOARD CARPATHIA--ONE WOMAN SAVED A +DOG--ENGLISH COLONEL SWAM FOR HOURS WHEN BOAT WITH MOTHER CAPSIZED + +SOME of the most thrilling incidents connected with the rescue of the +Titanic's survivors are told in the following account given by a man +trained to the sea, a steward of the rescue ship Carpathia: + +"At midnight on Sunday, April 14th, I was promenading the deck of the +steamer Carpathia, bound for the Mediterranean and three days out from +New York, when an urgent summons came to my room from the chief steward, +E. Harry Hughes. I then learned that the White Star liner Titanic, +the greatest ship afloat, had struck an iceberg and was in serious +difficulties. + +"We were then already steaming at our greatest power to the scene of the +disaster, Captain Rostron having immediately given orders that every man +of the crew should stand by to exert his utmost efforts. Within a very +few minutes every preparation had been made to receive two or three +thousand persons. Blankets were placed ready, tables laid with hot soups +and coffee, bedding, etc., prepared, and hospital supplies laid out +ready to attend to any injured. + +"The men were then mustered in the saloon and addressed by the chief +steward. He told them of the disaster and appealed to them in a few +words to show the world what stuff Britishers were made of, and to add +a glorious page to the history of the empire; and right well did the +men respond to the appeal. Every life-boat was manned and ready to +be launched at a moment's notice. Nothing further could be done but +anxiously wait and look out for the ship's distress signal. + +"Our Marconi operator, whose unceasing efforts for many hours deserve +the greatest possible praise, was unable at this time to get any reply +to the urgent inquiries he was sending out, and he feared the worst. + +"At last a blue flare was observed, to which we replied with a rocket. +Day was just dawning when we observed a boat in the distance. + + +ICEBERG AND FIRST BOAT SIGHTED + +"Eastward on the horizon a huge iceberg, the cause of the disaster, +majestically reared two noble peaks to heaven. Rope ladders were already +lowered and we hove to near the life-boat, which was now approaching us +as rapidly as the nearly exhausted efforts of the men at the oars could +bring her. + +"Under the command of our chief officer, who worked indefatigably at the +noble work of rescue, the survivors in + + +{illust. caption = Above: MAIN STAIRWAY ON TITANIC. TOP E DECK Below: +SECOND LANDING. C DECK. GRAND STAIRWAY} + + +{illust. caption = MRS. JOHN B. THAYER + +Mrs. Thayer and her son were....} + + +{illust. caption = JOHN B. THAYER + +Second Vice-President of the...} + + +the boat were rapidly but carefully hauled aboard and given into the +hands of the medical staff under the organization of Dr. McGee. + +"We then learned the terrible news that the gigantic vessel, the +unsinkable Titanic, had gone down one hour and ten minutes after +striking. + +"From this time onward life-boats continued to arrive at frequent +intervals. Every man of the Carpathia's crew was unsparing in his +efforts to assist, to tenderly comfort each and every survivor. In all, +sixteen boatloads were receives, containing altogether 720 persons, many +in simply their night attire, others in evening dress, as if direct from +an after-dinner reception, or concert. Most conspicuous was the coolness +and self-possession, particularly of the women. + +"Pathetic and heartrending incidents were many. There was not a man of +the rescue party who was not moved almost to tears. Women arrived and +frantically rushed from one gangway to another eagerly scanning the +fresh arrivals in the boats for a lost husband or brother. + + +A CAPSIZED BOAT + +"One boat arrived with the unconscious body of an English colonel. He +had been taking out his mother on a visit, to three others of her sons. +He had succeeded in getting her away in one of the boats and he himself +had found a place in another. When but a few-yards from the ill-fated +ship the boat containing his mother capsized before his eyes. + +"Immediately he dived into the water and commenced a frantic search for +her. But in vain. Boat after boat endeavored to take him aboard, but he +refused to give up, continuing to swim for nearly three hours until +even his great strength of body and mind gave out and he was hauled +unconscious into a passing boat and brought aboard the Carpathia. The +doctor gives little hope of his recovery. + +"There were, I understand, twelve newly married couples aboard the big +ship. The twelve brides have been saved, but of the husbands all but one +have perished. That one would not have been here, had he not been urged +to assist in manning a life-boat. Think of the self-sacrifice of these +eleven heroes, who stood on the doomed vessel and parted from their +brides forever, knowing full well that a few brief minutes would end all +things for themselves. + +"Many similar pathetic incidents could be related. Sad-eyed women roam +aimlessly about the ship still looking vainly for husband, brother +or father. To comfort them is impossible. All human efforts are being +exerted on their behalf. Their material needs are satisfied in every +way. But who can cure a broken heart? + + +SAVED HER POMERANIAN + +"One of the earliest boats to arrive was seen to contain a woman +tenderly clasping a pet Pomeranian. When assisted to the rope ladder and +while the rope was being fastened around her she emphatically refused to +give up for a second the dog which was evidently so much to her. He is +now receiving as careful and tender attention as his mistress. + +"A survivor informs me that there was on the ship a lady who was taking +out a huge great Dane dog. When the boats were rapidly filling she +appeared on deck with her canine companion and sadly entreated that he +should be taken off with her. It was impossible. Human lives, those of +women and children, were the first consideration. She was urged to seize +the opportunity to save her own life and leave the dog. She refused to +desert him and, I understand, sacrificed her life with him. + +"One elderly lady was bewailing to a steward that she had lost +everything. He indignantly replied that she should thank God her life +was spared, never mind her replaceable property. The reply was pathetic: + +"'I have lost everything--my husband,' and she broke into +uncontrollable grief. + + +FOUR BOATS ADRIFT HE SAYS + +"One incident that impressed me perhaps more than any other was the +burial on Tuesday afternoon of four of the poor fellows who succeeded +in safely getting away from the doomed vessel only to perish later from +exhaustion and exposure as a result of their gallant efforts to bring +to safety the passengers placed in their charge in the life-boats. They +were: + +"W. H. Hoyte, Esq., first class passenger. + +"Abraham Hornner, third class passenger. + +"S. C. Siebert, steward. + +"P. Lyons, sailor. + +"The sailor and steward were unfortunately dead when taken aboard. The +passengers lived but a few minutes after. They were treated with the +greatest attention. The funeral service was conducted amid profound +silence and attended by a large number of survivors and rescuers. The +bodies, covered by the national flag, were reverently consigned to the +mighty deep from which they had been, alas, vainly, saved. + +"Most gratifying to the officers and men of the Carpathia is the +constantly expressive appreciation of the survivors." + +He then told of the meeting of the survivors in the cabin of the +Carpathia and of the resolution adopted, a statement of which has +already been given in another chapter. + + + +CHAPTER XIX. HOW THE WORLD RECEIVED THE NEWS + +NATIONS PROSTRATE WITH GRIEF--MESSAGES FROM KINGS AND +CARDINALS--DISASTER STIRS WORLD TO NECESSITY OF STRICTER REGULATIONS + +YOUNG and old, rich and poor were prostrated by the news of the +disaster. Even Wall Street was neglected. Nor was the grief confined +to America. European nations felt the horror of the calamity and sent +expressions of sympathy. President Taft made public cablegrams received +from the King and Queen of England, and the King of Belgium, conveying +their sympathy to the American people in the sorrows which have followed +the Titanic disaster. The President's responses to both messages were +also made public. + +The following was the cablegram from King George, dated at Sandringham: + + +"The Queen and I are anxious to assure you and the American nation of +the great sorrow which we experienced at the terrible loss of life +that has occurred among the American citizens, as well as among my own +subjects, by the foundering of the Titanic. Our two countries are +so intimately allied by ties of friendship and brotherhood that any +misfortunes which affect the one must necessarily affect the other, and +on the present terrible occasion they are both equally sufferers. + +"GEORGE R. AND I." + + + +President Taft's reply was as follows: + +"In the presence of the appalling disaster to the Titanic the people +of the two countries are brought into community of grief through their +common bereavement. The American people share in the sorrow of their +kinsmen beyond the sea. On behalf of my countrymen I thank you for your +sympathetic message. + + "WILLIAM H. TAFT." + + +The message from King Albert of Belgium was as follows: + + +"I beg Your Excellency to accept my deepest condolences on the occasion +of the frightful catastrophe to the Titanic, which has caused such +mourning in the American nation." + + +The President's acknowledgment follows: + + +"I deeply appreciate your sympathy with my fellow-countrymen who have +been stricken with affliction through the disaster to the Titanic." + + +MESSAGE PROM SPAIN + +King Alfonso and Queen Victoria sent the following cablegram to +President Taft: + +"We have learned with profound grief of the catastrophe to the Titanic, +which has plunged the American nation in mourning. We send you our +sincerest condolence, and wish to assure you and your nation of the +sentiments of friendship and sympathy we feel toward you." + + +A similar telegram was sent to the King of England. + +The many expressions of grief to reach President Taft included one +signed jointly by the three American Cardinals, who were in New York +attending the meeting of the trustees of the Catholic University. It +said: + +"TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES: + +"The archbishops of the country, in joint session with the trustees of +the Catholic University of America, beg to offer to the President of the +United States their expression of their profound grief at the awful loss +of human lives attendant upon the sinking of the steamship Titanic, and +at the same time to assure the relatives of the victims of this horrible +disaster of our deepest sympathy and condolence. + +"They wish also to attest hereby to the hope that the law-makers of the +country will see in this sad accident the obvious necessity of legal +provisions for greater security of ocean travel. + + "JAMES CARDINAL GIBBONS," Archbishop of Baltimore. + "JOHN CARDINAL FARLEY," Archbishop of New York. + "WILLIAM CARDINAL O'CONNELL," Archbishop of Boston. + + +HOUSE ADJOURNED + +Formal tribute to the Titanic's dead was paid by the House of +Representatives when it adjourned for twenty-four hours. + +The prayer of the Rev. Henry N. Couden in opening the House session was, +in part: + + +"We thank Thee that though in the ordinary circumstances of life +selfishness and greed seem to be in the ascendancy, yet in times of +distress and peril, then it is that the nobility of soul, the Godlike in +man, asserts itself and makes heroes." + + +The flags on the White House and other Government buildings throughout +the country were at half-staff. + + +ROME MOURNED MAJOR BUTT + +A special telegram from Rome stated that one of the victims most +regretted was Major Butt, whose jovial, bright character made many +friends there. Besides autograph letters from the Pope and Cardinal +Merry del VaI{sic?} to President Taft, the major had with him a signed +photograph of the Pontiff, given by him personally. + +Cardinal Merry del Val had several conversations with Major Butt, who +declared that the cardinal was "the first gentleman of Europe." Shortly +before he was leaving Rome, regretting that he had not a signed picture +of Cardinal Merry del Val, Major Butt entrusted a friend to ask for +one. The cardinal willingly put an autograph dedication on a picture, +recalling their pleasant intercourse. + + +LONDON NEWSPAPERS CONDEMN LAXITY OF LAW + +British indignation, which is not easily excited, was aroused over the +knowledge that an antiquated law enables steamship companies to fail to +provide sufficient life-boats to accommodate the passengers and crew +of the largest liners in the event of such a disaster as that +which occurred to the Titanic. It will be insisted that there be an +investigation of the loss of life in the Titanic and that the shortage +of boats be gone into thoroughly. + +The newspapers commented adversely on the lack of boats and their views +were emphasized by the knowledge that no attempt has been made to change +the regulations in the face of the fact that the inadequacy of boats in +such an emergency was called to the attention of Parliament at the time +of the collision between the White Star liner Olympic and the cruiser +Hawke. It was pointed out at this time that German vessels, much smaller +in size than the Olympic, carried more boats and also that these boats +were of greater capacity. + +T. W. Moore, Secretary of the Merchant Service Guild, when seen at the +guild's rooms in Liverpool, said: + +"The Titanic disaster is an example, on a colossal scale, of the +pernicious and supine system of officials, as represented by the Board +of Trade. Modern liners are so designed that they have no accommodations +for more life-boats. Among practical seamen it has long been recognized +that the modern passenger ship has nothing like adequate boat capacity. + +"The Board of Trade has its own views, and the shipowners also have +their views, which are largely based upon the economical factor. The +naval architects have their opinions, but the practical merchant seaman +is not consulted. + +"The Titanic disaster is a complete substantiation of the agitation that +our guild has carried on for nearly twenty years against the scheme that +has precluded practical seamen from being consulted with regard to boat +capacity and life-saving appliances. + + +HOUSE OF COMMONS INVESTIGATION + +Immediate and searching inquiry into the Titanic disaster was promised +on the floor of the House of Commons April 18th, by President Sidney +Buxton, of the Board of Trade, which controls all sea-going vessels. + +Buxton, in discussing the utterly inadequate life-saving equipment of +the big liner, declared that the committee of the board in charge of +life-saving precautions had recently recommended increased life-boats, +rafts and life-preservers on all big ships, but that the requirements +had been found unsatisfactory and had not been put in force. He frankly +admitted the necessity for increased equipment without delay. + +The board, he said, was utterly unable to compel the transatlantic +vessels to reduce their speed in the contest for "express train" ships. +He also said the board could not force ships to take the southerly +passage in the spring to avoid ice. + +The regulations under which the Titanic carried life-boat accommodations +for only about one-third of her passengers and crew had not been revised +by the committee since 1894. At that time the regulations were made for +ships of "10,000 tons or more." The Titanic's tonnage was 45,000, for +which the present requirements are altogether insufficient. + +WORK OF RAISING RELIEF FUNDS PROMPT + +Several foreign governments telegraphed to the British Government +messages of condolence for the sufferers. The King sent a donation of +$2625 to the Mansion House fund. Queen Mary donated $1310 and Queen +Alexandra $1000 to the same fund. + +Oscar Hammerstein proffered, and the lord mayor accepted, the use of his +opera house for an entertainment in aid of the fund. + +The Shipping Federation donated $10,500 to the Mayor of Southampton's +fund, taking care to explain that the White Star Line was not affiliated +with the Federation. + +Some public institutions also offered to take care of the orphaned +children of the crew. + +Large firms contributed liberally to the various relief funds, while +Covent Garden and other leading theaters prepared special performances +to aid in the relief work. + + +INDIGNANT GERMANY DEMANDS REFORMS + +All Germany as well as England was stunned and grieved by the magnitude +of the horror of the Titanic catastrophe. Anglo-German recriminations +for the moment ceased, as far as the Fatherland was concerned, and +profound and sincere compassion for the nation on whom the blow had +fallen more heavily was the supreme note of the hour. + +The Kaiser, with his characteristic promptitude, was one of the first +to communicate his sympathy by telegraph to King George and to the White +Star Line. Admiral Prince Henry of Prussia did likewise, and the first +act of the Reichstag, after reassembling on Tuesday, was to pass a +standing vote of condolence with the British people in their distress. + + +GERMAN LAWS ALSO INADEQUATE + +The German laws, governing the safety appliances on board trans-oceanic +vessels, seem to be as archaic and inadequate as those of the British +Board of Trade. The maximum provision contained in the German statutes +refers to vessels with the capacity of 50,000 cubic metres, which must +carry sixteen life-boats. The law also says that if this number of +life-boats be insufficient to accommodate all the persons on board, +including the crew, there shall be carried elsewhere in the vessel a +correspondingly additional number of collapsible life-boats, suitable +rafts, floating deck-chairs and life-buoys, as well as a generous supply +of life-belts. + +A vessel of 10,000 tons was a "leviathan" in the days when the German +law was passed, and it appears to have undergone no change to meet the +conditions, imposed by the construction of vessels twice or three times +10,000 tons, like the Hamburg-American Kaiserin Auguste Victoria, or the +North German Lloyd George Washington, to say nothing of the 50,000-ton +Imperator, which is to be added to the Hamburg fleet next year. + +The German lines seem, like the White Star Company, to have reckoned +simply with the practical impossibility of a ship like the Titanic +succumbing to the elements + +PERSONAL ANXIETY + +Although Germany's and Berlin's direct interest in the passengers aboard +the Titanic was less than that of London, New York or Paris, there was +the utmost concern for their fate. + +Ambassador Leishman and other members of the American Embassy were +particularly interested in hearing about Major "Archie" Butt, who passed +through Berlin, less than a month before the disaster, en route from +Russia and the Far East. Vice-president John B. Thayer and family, of +Philadelphia, were also in Berlin a fortnight ago and were guests of the +American Consul General and Mrs. Thackara. A score of other lesser +known passengers had recently stayed in Berlin hotels, and it was local +friends or kinsmen of theirs who were in a state of distressing unrest +over their fate. + +Their anxiety was aggravated by the old-fogey methods of the German +newspapers, which are invariably twelve or fifteen hours later than +journals elsewhere in Europe on world news events. Although New York, +London and Paris had the cruel truth with their morning papers on +Tuesday, it was not until the middle of the forenoon that "extras" made +the facts public in Berlin. + +William T. Stead was well and favorably known in Germany, and his fate +was keenly and particularly mourned. Germans have also noted that many +Americans of direct Teutonic ancestry or origin were among the shining +marks in the death list. Colonel John Jacob Astor is claimed as of +German, extraction, as well as Isidor Straus, Benjamin Guggenheim, +Washington Roebling and Henry B. Harris. All of them had been in Germany +frequently and had a wide circle of friends and acquaintances. + +Only one well-known resident of Berlin was aboard the Titanic, Frau +Antoinette Flegenheim, whose name appears among the rescued. + + + +CHAPTER XX. BRAVERY OF THE OFFICERS AND CREW + +ILLUSTRIOUS CAREER OF CAPTAIN E. J. SMITH--BRAVE TO THE +LAST--MAINTENANCE OF ORDER AND DISCIPLINE--ACTS OF HEROISM--ENGINEERS +DIED AT POSTS--NOBLE-HEARTED BAND + +IN the anxious hours of uncertainty, when the air cracked and flashed +with the story of disaster, there was never doubt in the minds of men +ashore about the master of the Titanic. Captain Smith would bring his +ship into port if human power could mend the damage the sea had wrought, +or if human power could not stay the disaster he would never come to +port. There is something Calvinistic about such men of the old-sea +breed. They go down with their ships, of their own choice. + +Into the last life-boat that was launched from the ship Captain Smith +with his own hand lifted a small child into a seat beside its mother. +As the gallant, officer performed his simple act of humanity several who +were already in the boat tried to force the captain to join them, but he +turned away resolutely toward the bridge. + +That act was significant. Courteous, kindly, of quiet demeanor and soft +words, he was known and loved by thousands of travelers. + +When the English firm, A. Gibson & Co.9 of Liverpool, purchased the +American clipper, Senator Weber, in 1869, Captain Smith, then a boy, +sailed on her. For seven years he was an apprentice on the Senator +Weber, leaving that vessel to go to the Lizzie Fennell, a square rigger, +as fourth officer. From there he went to the old Celtic of the White +Star Line as fourth officer and in 1887 he became captain of that +vessel. For a time he was in command of the freighters Cufic and Runic; +then he became skipper of the old Adriatic. Subsequently he assumed +command of the Celtic, Britannic, Coptic (which was in the Australian +trade), Germanic, Baltic, Majestic, Olympic and Titanic, an illustrious +list of vessels for one man to have commanded during his career. + +It was not easy to get Captain Smith to talk of his experiences. He had +grown up in the service, was his comment, and it meant little to him +that he had been transferred from a small vessel to a big ship and then +to a bigger ship and finally to the biggest of them all. + +"One might think that a captain taken from a small ship and put on a big +one might feel the transition," he once said. "Not at all. The skippers +of the big vessels have grown up to them, year after year, through all +these years. First there was the sailing vessel and then what we would +now call small ships--they were big in the days gone by--and finally the +giants to-day." + + +{illust. caption = VESSEL WITH BOTTOM OF HULL RIPPED OPEN + + +A view of the torpedo destroyer Tiger, taken in drydock after her +collision with the Portland Breakwater last September; the damage to +the Tiger, which is plainly shown in the photograph, is of the same +character, though on a smaller scale, as that which was done to the +Titanic.} + + +{illust. caption = A VIEW OF THE OLYMPIC + +The sister-ship of the Titanic, showing the damage done to her hull in +the collision with British war vessel, Hawke, in the British Channel.} + + +DISASTER TO OLYMPIC + +Only once during all his long years of service was he in trouble, when +the Olympic, of which he was in command, was rammed by the British +cruiser Hawke in the Solent on September 20, 1911. The Hawke came +steaming out of Portsmouth and drew alongside the giantess. According to +some of the passengers on the Olympic the Hawke swerved in the direction +of the big liner and a moment later the bow of the Hawke was crunching +steel plates in the starboard quarter of the Olympic, making a +thirty-foot hole in her. She was several months in dry dock. + +The result of a naval court inquiry was to put all the blame for the +collision on the Olympic. Captain Smith, in his testimony before the +naval court, said that he was on the bridge when he saw the Hawke +overhauling him. The Olympic began to draw ahead later or the Hawke drop +astern, the captain did not know which. Then the cruiser turned very +swiftly and struck the Olympic at right angles on the quarter. The pilot +gave the signal for the Olympic to port, which was to minimize the force +of the collision. The Olympic's engines had been stopped by order of the +pilot. + +Up to the moment the Hawke swerved, Captain Smith said, he had no +anxiety. The pilot, Bowyer, corroborated the testimony of Captain +Smith. That the line did not believe Captain Smith was at fault, +notwithstanding the verdict of the board of naval inquiry, was shown by +his retention as the admiral of the White Star fleet and by his being +given the command of the Titanic. + +Up to the time of the collision with the Hawke Captain Smith when asked +by interviewers to describe his experiences at sea would say one word, +"uneventful." Then he would add with a smile and a twinkle of his eyes: + +"Of course there have been winter gales and storms and fog and the like +in the forty years I have been on the seas, but I have never been in an +accident worth speaking of. In all my years at sea (he made this comment +a few years ago) I have seen but one vessel in distress. That was a brig +the crew of which was taken off in a boat by my third officer. I +never saw a wreck. I never have been wrecked. I have never been in a +predicament that threatened to end in disaster of any sort." + + +THE CAPTAIN'S LOVE OF THE SEA + +Once the interviewer stopped asking personal questions, Captain Smith +would talk of the sea, of his love for it, how its appeal to him as a +boy had never died. + +"The love of the ocean that took me to sea as a boy has never died." he +once said. "When I see a vessel plunging up and down in the trough of +the sea, fighting her way through and over great waves, and keeping her +keel and going on and on--the wonder of the thing fills me, how she +can keep afloat and get safely to port. I have never outgrown the wild +grandeur of the sea." + +When he was in command of the Adriatic, which was built before the +Olympic, Captain Smith said he did not believe a disaster with loss of +life could happen to the Adriatic. + +"I cannot conceive of any vital disaster happening to the Adriatic," he +said. "Modern shipbuilding has gone beyond that. There will be bigger +boats. The depth of harbors seems to be the great drawback at present. I +cannot say, of course, just what the limit will be, but the larger +boat will surely come. But speed will not develop with size, so far as +merchantmen are concerned. + +"The traveling public prefers the large comfortable boat of average +speed, and anyway that is the boat that pays. High speed eats up money +mile by mile, and extreme high speed is suicidal. There will be high +speed boats for use as transports and a wise government will assist +steamship companies in paying for them, as the English Government is +now doing in the cases of the Lusitania and Mauretania, twenty-five knot +boats; but no steamship company will put them out merely as a commercial +venture." + +Captain Smith believed the Titanic to be unsinkable. + + +BRAVE TO THE LAST + +And though the ship turned out to be sinkable, the captain, by many acts +of bravery in the face of death, proved that his courage was equal to +any test. + +Captain Inman Sealby, commander of the steamer Republic, which was the +first vessel to use the wireless telegraph to save her passengers in a +collision, spoke highly of the commander of the wrecked Titanic, calling +him one of the ablest seamen in the world. + +"I am sure that Captain Smith did everything in his power to save +his passengers. The disaster is one about which he could have had no +warning. Things may happen at sea that give no warning to ships' crews +and commanders until the harm comes. I believe from what I read that +the Titanic hit an iceberg and glanced off, but that the berg struck her +from the bottom and tore a great hole." + +Many survivors have mentioned the captain's name and narrated some +incident to bring out his courage and helpfulness in the emergency; but +it was left to a fireman on board the Titanic to tell the story of his +death and to record his last message. This man had gone down with the +White Star giantess and was clinging to a piece of wreckage for about +half an hour before he finally joined several members of the Titanic's +company on the bottom of a boat which was floating about among other +wreckage near the Titanic. + +Harry Senior, the fireman, with his eight or nine companions in +distress, had just managed to get a firm hold in the upturned boat when +they saw the Titanic rearing preparatory to her final plunge. At that +moment, according to the fireman's story, Captain Smith jumped into the +sea from the promenade deck of the Titanic with a little girl clutched +in his arms. It took only a few strokes to bring him to the upturned +boat, where a dozen hands were stretched out to take the little child +from his arms and drag him to a point of safety. + +"Captain Smith was dragged onto the upturned boat," said the fireman. +"He had a life-buoy and a life-preserver. He clung there for a moment +and then he slid off again. For a second time he was dragged from the +icy water. Then he took off his life-preserver, tossed the life-buoy +on the inky waters, and slipped into the water again with the words: "I +will follow the ship." + + +OTHER FAITHFUL MEN + +Nor was the captain the only faithful man on the ship. Of the many +stories told by survivors all seem to agree that both officers and crew +behaved with the utmost gallantry and that they stuck by the ship nobly +to the last. + +"Immediately after the Titanic struck the iceberg," said one of +the survivors, "the officers were all over the ship reassuring the +passengers and calming the more excitable. They said there was no cause +for alarm. When everything was quieted they told us we might go back to +bed, as the ship was safe. There was no confusion and many returned to +their beds. + +"We did not know that the ship was in danger until a comparatively short +time before she sank. Then we were called on deck and the life-boats +were filled and lowered. + +"The behavior of the ship's officers at this time was wonderful. There +was no panic, no scramble for places in the boats." + +Later there was confusion, and according to most of the passengers' +narratives, there were more than fifty shots fired upon the deck by +officers or others in the effort to maintain the discipline. + + +FIFTH OFFICER LOWE + +A young English woman who requested that her name be omitted told a +thrilling story of her experience in one of the collapsible boats which +had been manned by eight of the crew from the Titanic. The boat was in +command of the fifth officer, H. Lowe, whose actions she described as +saving the lives of many people. Before the life-boat was launched he +passed along the port deck of the steamer, commanding the people not +to jump in the boats, and otherwise restraining them from swamping +the craft. When the collapsible was launched Officer Lowe succeeded +in putting up a mast and a small sail. He collected the other boats +together, in some cases the boats were short of adequate crews, and he +directed an exchange by which each was adequately manned. He threw lines +connecting the boats together, two by two, and thus all moved together. +Later on he went back to the wreck with the crew of one of the boats and +succeeded in picking up some of those who had jumped overboard and were +swimming about. On his way back to the Carpathia he passed one of +the collapsible boats which was on the point of sinking with thirty +passengers aboard, most of them in scant night-clothing. They were +rescued just in the nick of time. + + +ENGINEERS DIED AT POSTS + +There were brave men below deck, too. "A lot has been printed in the +papers about the heroism of the officers," said one survivor, "but +little has been said of the bravery of the men below decks. I was told +that seventeen enginemen who were drowned side by side got down on their +knees on the platform of the engine room and prayed until the water +surged up to their necks. Then they stood up, clasped hands so as to +form a circle and died together. All of these men helped rake the fires +out from ten of the forward boilers after the crash. This delayed the +explosion and undoubtedly permitted the ship to remain afloat nearly an +hour longer, and thus saved hundreds of lives." + +In the list of heroes who went down on the Titanic the names of her +engineers will have a high place, for not a single engineer was saved. +Many of them, no doubt, could not get to the deck, but they had equally +as good a chance as the firemen, sixty-nine of whom were saved. + +The supposition of those who manned the Titanic was that the engineers, +working below, were the first to know the desperate character of the +Titanic's injury. The watch called the others, and from that time until +the vessel was ready for her last plunge they were too hard at work to +note more than that there was a constant rise of water in the hull, and +that the pumps were useless. + +It was engineers who kept the lights going, saw to the proper closing of +bulkhead doors and kept the stoke hole at work until the uselessness of +the task was apparent. Most of them probably died at their post of duty. + +The Titanic carried a force of about sixty engineers, and in addition +she had at least twenty-five "guarantee" engineers, representatives of +Harland and Wolff, the builders, and those who had the contract for the +engineering work. This supplementary force was under Archie Frost, the +builders' chief engineer, and the regular force was under Chief Engineer +William Bell, of the White Star Line. + +On the line's ships there is the chief engineer, senior and junior +second, senior and junior third, and senior and junior fourth engineers. +The men are assigned each to his own task. There are hydraulic, +electric, pump and steam packing men, and the "guarantee" engineers, +representing the builders and the contractors. + +The duty of the "guarantee" engineers is to watch the working of the +great engines, and to see that they are tuned up and in working order. +They also watch the working of each part of the machinery which had +nothing to do with the actual speed of the ship, principally the +electric light dynamos and the refrigerating plant. + + +NOBLE-HEARTED BAND + + +"But what of the bandsmen? Who were they?" + +This question was asked again and again by all who read the story of +the Titanic's sinking and of how the brave musicians played to the last, +keeping up the courage of those who were obliged to go down with the +ship. + +Many efforts were made to find out who the men were, but little was +made public until the members of the orchestra of the steamship Celtic +reached shore for the first time after the disaster. One of their +first queries was about the musicians of the Titanic. Their anxiety was +greater than that of any New Yorker, for the members of the band of the +Celtic knew intimately the musicians of the ill-fated liner. + +"Not one of them saved!" cried John S. Carr, 'cellist on the Celtic. "It +doesn't seem possible they have all gone. + +"We knew most of them well. They were Englishmen, you know--every one of +them, I think. Nearly all the steamship companies hire their musicians +abroad, and the men interchange between the ships frequently, so we get +a chance to know one another pretty well. The musicians for the Titanic +were levied from a number of other White Star ships, but most of the men +who went down with the Titanic had bunked with us at some time." + +"The thing I can't realize is that happy 'Jock' Hume is dead," exclaimed +Louis Cross, a player of the bass viol. "He was the merriest, happiest +young Scotchman you ever saw. His family have been making musical +instruments in Scotland for generations. I heard him say once that they +were minstrels in the old days. It is certainly hard to believe that he +is not alive and having his fun somewhere in the world." + +At least he helped to make the deaths of many less cruel. + + + +CHAPTER XXI. SEARCHING FOR THE DEAD + +SENDING OUT THE MACKAY-BENNETT AND MINIA--BREMEN PASSENGERS SEE +BODIES--IDENTIFYING BODIES--CONFUSION IN NAMES--RECOVERIES + +A FEW days after the disaster the cable steamer Mackay-Bennett was sent +out by the White Star Line to cruise in the vicinity of the disaster and +search for missing bodies. + +Two wireless messages addressed to J. Bruce Ismay, president of the +International Mercantile Marine Company, were received on April 21st at +the offices of the White Star Line from the cable ship Mackay-Bennett, +via Cape Race, one of which reported that the steamship Rhein had +sighted bodies near the scene of the Titanic wreck. The first message, +which was dated April 20th, read: + +"Steamer Rhein reports passing wreckage and bodies 42.1 north, 49.13 +west, eight miles west of three big icebergs. Now making for that +position. Expect to arrive 8 o'clock to-night. + + (Signed) "MACKAY-BENNETT." + + +The second message read: + +"Received further information from Bremen (presumably steamship Bremen) +and arrived on ground at 8 o'clock P. M. Start on operation to-morrow. +Have been considerably delayed on passage by dense fog. + + (Signed) "MACKAY-BENNETT." + + +After receiving these messages Mr. Ismay issued the following statement: + +"The cable ship Mackay-Bennett has been chartered by the White Star Line +and ordered to proceed to the scene of the disaster and do all she could +to recover the bodies and glean all information possible. + +"Every effort will be made to identify bodies recovered, and any news +will be sent through immediately by wireless. In addition to any +such message as these, the Mackay-Bennett will make a report of its +activities each morning by wireless, and such reports will be made +public at the offices of the White Star Line. + +"The cable ship has orders to remain on the scene of the wreck for at +least a week, but should a large number of bodies be recovered before +that time she will return to Halifax with them. The search for bodies +will not be abandoned until not a vestige of hope remains for any more +recoveries. + +"The Mackay-Bennett will not make any soundings, as they would not serve +any useful purpose, because the depth where the Titanic sank is more +than 2000 fathoms." + +On April 22d the first list of twenty-seven names of bodies recovered +was made public. It contained that of Frederick Sutton, a well-known +member of the Union League of Philadelphia. It did not contain the name +of any other prominent man who perished, although it was thought that +the name "George W. Widen" might refer to George D. Widener, son of +P. A. B. Widener, of Philadelphia. The original passenger lists of +the Titanic did not mention "Widen," which apparently established the +identity of the body as that of Mr. Widener, who, together with his son, +Harry, was lost. + +The wireless message, after listing the names, concluded, "All +preserved," presumably referring to the condition of the bodies. + +A number of the names in the list did not check up with the Titanic's +passenger list, which led to the belief that a number of the bodies +recovered were members of the Titanic's crew. + + +MINIA SENT TO ASSIST + +At noon, April 23d, there was posted on the bulletin in the White Star +office this message from the Mackay-Bennett dated Sunday, April 21st: + +"Latitude, 41.58; longitude, 49.21. Heavy southwest swell has interfered +with operations. Seventy-seven bodies recovered. All not embalmed will +be buried at sea at 8 o'clock to-night with divine service. Can bring +only embalmed bodies to port." + +To Captain Lardner, master of the Mackay-Bennett, P. A. S. Franklin, +vice-president of the White Star Line, sent an urgent message asking +that the company be advised at once of all particulars concerning the +bodies identified, and also given any information that might lead to +the identification of others. He said it was very important that every +effort be made to bring all of the bodies possible to port. + +Mr. Franklin then directed A. G. Jones, the Halifax agent of the White +Star Line, to charter the Minia and send her to the assistance of the +Mackay-Bennett. Mr. Jones answered this telegram, and said that the +Minia was ready to proceed to sea, but that a southeast gale, which +generally brings fog, might delay her departure. She left for Halifax. + + +NAMES BADLY GARBLED + +On April 24th no wireless message was received from the Mackay-Bennett, +but the White Star Line officials and telegraphers familiar with the +wireless alphabet were busy trying to reconcile some of the names +received with those of persons who went down on the Titanic. That the +body of William T. Stead, the English journalist and author, had +been recovered by the Mackay-Bennett, but through a freakish error in +wireless transmission the name of another was reported instead, was one +of the theories advanced by persons familiar with the Morse code. + + +BREMEN SIGHTED MORE THAN A HUNDRED BODIES + +When the German liner Bremen reached New York the account of its having +sighted bodies of the Titanic victims was obtained. + +From the bridge, officers of the ship saw more than a hun-dred bodies +floating on the sea, a boat upside down, together with a number of small +pieces of wood, steamer chairs and other wreckage. As the cable ship +Mackay-Bennett was in sight, and having word that her mission was to +look for bodies, no attempt was made by the Bremen's crew to pick up the +corpses. + +In the vicinity was seen an iceberg which answered the description of +the one the Titanic struck. Smaller bergs were sighted the same day, but +at some distance from where the Titanic sank. + +The officers of the Bremen did not care to talk about the tragic +spectacle, but among the passengers several were found who gave accounts +of the dismal panorama through which their ship steamed. + +Mrs. Johanna Stunke, a first-cabin passenger, described the scene from +the liner's rail. + +"It was between 4 and 5 o'clock, Saturday, April 20th," she said, "when +our ship sighted an iceberg off the bow to the starboard. As we drew +nearer, and could make out small dots floating around in the sea, a +feeling of awe and sadness crept over everyone on the ship. + +"We passed within a hundred feet of the southernmost drift of the +wreckage, and looking down over the rail we distinctly saw a number +of bodies so clearly that we could make out what they were wearing and +whether they were men or women. + +"We saw one woman in her night dress, with a baby clasped closely to +her breast. Several women passengers screamed and left the rail in a +fainting condition. There was another woman, fully dressed, with her +arms tight around the body of a shaggy dog. + +"The bodies of three men in a group, all clinging to one steamship +chair, floated near by, and just beyond them were a dozen bodies of men, +all of them encased in life-preservers, clinging together as though in +a last desperate struggle for life. We couldn't see, but imagined that +under them was some bit of wreckage to which they all clung when the +ship went down, and which didn't have buoyancy enough to support them. + +"Those were the only bodies we passed near enough to distinguish, but +we could see the white life-preservers of many more dotting the sea, all +the way to the iceberg. The officers told us that was probably the +berg hit by the Titanic, and that the bodies and ice had drifted along +together." + +Mrs. Stunke said a number of the passengers demanded that the Bremen +stop and pick up the bodies, but the officers assured them that they had +just received a wireless message saying the cable ship Mackay-Bennett +was only two hours away fron{sic} the spot, and was coming for that +express purpose. + +Other passengers corroborated Mrs. Stunke. + + +THE IDENTIFED{sic} DEAD. + +On April 25th the White Star Line officials issued a corrected list of +the identified dead. While the corrected list cleared up two or more of +the wireless confusions that caused so much speculation in the original +list, there still remained a few names that so far as the record of the +Titanic showed were not on board that ship when she foundered. + +The new list, however, established the fact that the body of George D. +Widener, of Philadelphia, was among those on the Mackay-Bennett, and two +of the bodies were identified as those of men named Butt. + + +THE MACKAY-BENNETT RETURNS TO PORT + +After completing her search the Mackay-Bennett steamed for Halifax, +reaching that port on Tuesday, April 30th. With her flag at half mast, +the death ship docked slowly. Her crew manned the rails with bared +heads, and on the aft deck were stacked the caskets with the dead. The +vessel carried on board 190 bodies, and announcement was made that 113 +other bodies had been buried at sea. + +Everybody picked up had been in a life-belt and there were no bullet +holes in any. Among those brought to port were the bodies of two women. + + +THE MINIA GIVES UP THE SEARCH + +When at last the Minia turned her bow toward shore only thirteen +additional bodies had been recovered, making a total of 316 bodies found +by the two ships. + +Further search seemed futile. Not only had the two vessels gone +thoroughly over as wide a field as might likely prove fruitful, but, +in addition, the time elapsed made it improbable that other bodies, if +found, could be brought to shore. Thus did the waves completely enforce +the payment of their terrible toll. + + +{illust. caption = ISADOR STRAUS + +The New York millionaire merchant and philanthropist who lost his life +when the giant Titanic foundered at sea after hitting an iceberg.} + + +{illust. caption = ICEBERG PHOTOGRAPHED NEAR SCENE OF DISASTER + +This photograph shows what is quite...} + + +LIST OF IDENTIFIED DEAD + +Following is a list of those whose identity was wholly or partially +established: + + ASTOR, JOHN JACOB. + ADONIS, J. + ALE, WILLIAM. + ARTAGAVEYTIA, RAMON. + ASHE, H. W. + ADAHL, MAURITZ. + ANDERSON, THOMAS. + ADAMS, J. + ASPALANDE, CARL. + ALLEN, H. + ANDERSON, W. Y. + ALLISON, H. J. + + BUTT, W. (seaman). + BUTT, W. (may be Major Butt). + BUTTERWORTH, ABELJ. + BAILEY, G. F. + BARKER, E. T. + BUTLER, REGINALD. + BIRNBAUM, JACOB. + BRISTOW, R. C. + BUCKLEY, KATHERINE. + + CHAPMAN, JOHN H. + CHAPMAN, CHARLES. + CONNORS, P. + CLONG, MILTON. + COX, DENTON. + CAVENDISH, TYRRELL w. + CARBINES, W. + + DUTTON, F. + DASHWOOD, WILLIAM. + DULLES, W. C. + DOUGLAS, W. D. + DRAZENOUI, YOSIP (referring probably to + Joseph Draznovic). + DONATI, ITALO (waiter). + + ENGINEER, A. E. F. + ELLIOTT, EDWARD. + + FARRELL, JAMES. + FAUNTHORPE, H. + + GILL, J. H. + GREENBERG, H. + GILINSKI, LESLIE. + GRAHAM, GEORGE. + GILES, RALPH. + GIVARD, HANS C. + + HANSEN, HENRY D. + HAYTOR, A. + HAYS, CHALES M. + HODGES, H. P. + HELL, J. C. + HEWITT, T. + HARRISON, H. H. + HALE, REG. + HENDEKERIC, TOZNAI. + HINTON, W. + HARBECK, W. H. + HOLVERDON, A. O. (probably A. M. + Halverson of Troy). + HOFFMAN, LOUIS M. + HINCKLEY, G. + Hospital Attendant, no name given. + + JOHANSEN, MALCOLM. + JOHANSEN, ERIC. + JOHANSSON, GUSTAF J. + JOHANSEN, A. F. + JONES, C. C. + + KELLY, JAMES. + + LAURENCE, A. + LOUCH, CHARLES. + LONG, MILTON C. + LILLY, A. + LINHART, WENZELL. + MARRIORTT, W. H. (no such name appears + on the list of passengers or crew). + MANGIN, MARY. + McNAMEE, MRS. N. (probably Miss + Elleen McNamee.) + MACK, MRS. + MONROE, JEAN. + McCAFFRY, THOMAS. + MORGAN, THOMAS. + MOEN, SEGURD H. + + NEWELL, T. H. + NASSER, NICOLAS. + NORMAN, ROBERT D. + + PETTY, EDWIN H. + PARTNER, AUSTIN. + PENNY, OLSEN F. + POGGI, ----. + + RAGOZZI, A. BOOTHBY. + RICE, J. R. + ROBINS, A. + ROBINSON, J. M. + ROSENSHINE, GEORGE. + + STONE, J. + STEWARD, 76. + STOKES, PHILIP J. + STANTON, W. + + STRAUS, ISIDOR. + SAGE, WILLIAM. + SHEA, ----. + SUTTON, FREDERICK. + SOTHER, SIMON. + SCHEDID, NIHIL. + SWANK, GEORGE. + SEBASTIANO, DEL CARLO. + STANBROCKE, A. + + TOMLIN, ETNEST P. + TALBOT, G. + + VILLNER, HENDRICK K. + VASSILIOS, CATALEVAS (thought to be a + confusion of two surnames). + VEAR, W. (may be W. J. Ware or W. T. + Stead). + + WIDENER, GEORGE W. + WILLIAMS, LESLIE. + WIRZ, ALBERT + WIKLUND, JACOB A. + WAILENS, ACHILLE. + WHITE, F. F. + WOODY, O. S. + WERSZ, LEOPOLD. + + ZACARIAN, MAURI DER. + + + +CHAPTER XXII. CRITICISM OF ISMAY + +CRIMINAL AND COWARDLY CONDUCT CHARGED--PROPER CAUTION NOT EXERCISED WHEN +PRESENCE OF ICEBERGS WAS KNOWN--SHOULD HAVE STAYED ON BOARD TO HELP +IN WORK OF RESCUE--SELFISH AND UNSYMPATHETIC ACTIONS ON BOARD THE +CARPATHIA--ISMAY'S DEFENSE--WILLIAM E. CARTER'S STATEMENT + +FROM the moment that Bruce Ismay's name was seen among those of the +survivors of the Titanic he became the object of acrid attacks in +every quarter where the subject of the disaster was discussed. Bitter +criticism held that he should have been the last to leave the doomed +vessel. + +His critics insisted that as managing director of the White Star Line +his responsibility was greater even than Captain Smith's, and while +granting that his survival might still be explained, they condemned his +apparent lack of heroism. Even in England his survival was held to be +the one great blot on an otherwise noble display of masculine courage. + +A prominent official of the White Star Line shook his head meaningly +when asked what he thought of Ismay's escape with the women and +children. The general feeling seemed to be that he should have stayed +aboard the sinking vessel, looking out for those who were left, playing +the man like Major Butt and many another and going down with the ship +like Captain Smith. + +He was also charged with urging a speed record and with ignoring +information received with regard to icebergs. + + +FEELING IN ENGLAND + +The belief in England was that the captain of the Carpathia had acted +under Ismay's influence in refusing to permit any account of the +disaster to be transmitted previous to the arrival of the vessel in New +York. Ismay's telegram making arrangements for the immediate deportation +of the survivors among the Titanic's crew was taken to be part of the +same scheme to delay if not to prevent their stories of the wreck from +being obtained in New York. + +Another circumstance which created a damaging impression was Ismay's +failure to give the names of the surviving crew, whose distraught +families were entitled to as much consideration as those whose relatives +occupied the most expensive suites on the Titanic. The anguish endured +by the families of members of the crew was reported as indescribable, +and Southampton was literally turned into a city of weeping and tragic +pathos. The wives of two members of the crew died of shock and suspense. + + +CRIED FOR FOOD + +Mr. Ismay's actions while on the Carpathia were also criticised as +selfish and unwarrantable. + +"For God's sake get me something to eat, I'm starved. I don't care what +it costs or what it is. Bring it to me." + +This was the first statement made by Mr. Ismay a few minutes after he +was landed on the Carpathia. It is vouched for by an officer of the +Carpathia who requested that his name be withheld. This officer gave +one of the most complete stories of the events that took place on the +Carpathia from the time she received the Titanic's appeal for assistance +until she landed the survivors at the Cunard Line pier. + +"Ismay reached the Carpathia in about the seventh life-boat," said the +officer. "I didn't know who he was, but afterward I heard the other +members of the crew discussing his desire to get something to eat the +minute he put his foot on deck. The steward who waited on him reported +that Ismay came dashing into the dining room and said. + +"'Hurry, for God's sake, and get me something to eat, I'm starved. I +don't care what it costs or what it is. Bring it to me.'" + +"The steward brought Ismay a load of stuff and when he had finished +it he handed the man a two dollar bill. 'Your money is no good on this +ship,' the steward told him. + +"'Take it,' insisted Ismay. 'I am well able to afford it. I will see +to it that the boys of the Carpathia are well rewarded for this night's +work.' + +"This promise started the steward making inquiries as to the identity of +the man he had waited on. Then we learned that he was Ismay. I did not +see Ismay after the first few hours. He must have kept to his cabin." + +REPLY TO CHARGES + +Mr. Ismay's plans had been to return immediately to England, and he +had wired that the steamer Cedric be held for himself and officers and +members of the crew; but public sentiment and subpoenas of the Senate's +investigating committee prevented. In the face of the criticism aimed +against him Mr. Ismay issued a long statement in which he not only +disclaimed responsibility for the Titanic's fatal collision, but also +sought to clear himself of blame for everything that happened after the +big ship was wrecked. + +He laid the responsibility for the tragedy on Captain Smith. + +He expressed astonishment that his own conduct in the disaster had been +made the subject of inquiry. He denied that he gave any order to Captain +Smith. His position aboard was that of any other first cabin passenger, +he insisted, and he was never consulted by the captain. He denied +telling anyone that he wished the ship to make a speed record. He +called attention to the routine clause in the instructions to White Star +captains ordering them to think of safety at all times. He did not dine +with the captain, he said, and when the ship struck the berg, he was not +sitting with the captain in the saloon. + +The managing director added that he was in his stateroom when the +collision occurred. He told of helping to send women and children away +in life-boats on the starboard side, and said there was no woman in +sight on deck when he and William E. Carter, of Bryn Mawr, Pa., entered +the collapsible boat--the last small craft left on that side of the +vessel. He asserted that he pulled an oar and denied that in sending the +three messages from the Carpathia, urging the White Star officials to +hold the Cedric for the survivors of the Titanic's officers and crew, he +had any intention to block investigation of the tragedy. Ismay asserted +that he did not know there was to be an investigation until the Cunarder +docked. + +Mr. William E. Carter, of Bryn Mawr, who, with his family, was saved, +confirmed Mr. Ismay's assertions. + +"Mr. Ismay's statement is absolutely correct," said Mr. Carter. "There +were no women on the deck when that boat was launched. We were the very +last to leave the deck, and we entered the life-boat because there were +no women to enter it. + +"The deck was deserted when the boat was launched, and Mr. Ismay and +myself decided that we might as well enter the boat and pull away from +the wreck. If he wants me, I assume that he will write to me. + +"I can say nothing, however, that he has not already said, as our +narratives are identical; the circumstances under which we were rescued +from the Titanic were similar. We left the boat together and were picked +up together, and, further than that, we were the very last to leave the +deck. + +"I am ready to go to Washington to testify to the truth of Mr. Ismay's +statement, and also to give my own account at any time I may be called +upon. If Mr. Ismay writes to me, asking that I give a detailed account +of our rescue I will do so." + + + +CHAPTER XXIII. THE FINANCIAL LOSS + +TITANIC NOT FULLY INSURED--VALUABLE CARGO AND MAIL--NO CHANCE FOR +SALVAGE--LIFE INSURANCE LOSS--LOSS TO THE CARPATHIA + +SO great was the interest in the tragedy and so profound the grief at +the tremendous loss of life that for a time the financial loss was +not considered. It was, however, the biggest ever suffered by marine +insurance brokers. + +The value of the policy covering the vessel against all ordinary risks +was $5,000,000, but the whole of this amount was not insured, because +British and Continental markets were not big enough to swallow it. +The actual amount of insurance was $3,700,000, of which the owners +themselves held $750,000. + +As to the cargo, it was insured by the shippers. The company has nothing +to do with the insurance of the cargo, which, according to the company's +manifest, was conservatively estimated at about $420,000. Cargo, +however, was a secondary matter, so far as the Titanic was concerned. +The ship was built for high-priced passengers, and what little cargo +she carried was also of the kind that demanded quick transportation. +The Titanic's freight was for the most part what is known as high-class +package freight, consisting of such articles as fine laces, ostrich +feathers, wines, liquors and fancy food commodities. + + +LOST MAIL MAY COST MILLIONS + +Prior to the sailing of the vessel the postal authorities of Southampton +cabled the New York authorities that 3435 bags of mail matter were on +board. + +"In a load of 3500 bags," said Postmaster Morgan, of New York, "it is +a safe estimate to say that 200 contained registered mail. The size of +registered mail packages varies greatly, but 1000 packages for each +mail bag should be a conservative guess. That would mean that 200,000 +registered packages and letters went down with the Titanic. + +"This does not mean, however, that Great Britain will be held +financially responsible for all these losses. There were probably +thousands of registered packages from the Continent, and in such cases +the countries of origin will have to reimburse the senders. Moreover, in +the case of money being sent in great quantities, it is usual to insure +the registry over and above the limit of responsibility set by the +country of origin. + +"Probably if there were any shipping of securities mounting up to +thousands of dollars, it will be the insurance companies which will bear +the loss, and not the European post-offices at all." + +In the case of money orders, the postmaster explained, there would be +no loss, except of time, as duplicates promptly would be shipped without +further expense. + +The postmaster did not know the exact sum which the various European +countries set as the limit of their guarantee in registered mail. In +America it is $50. + +Underwriters will probably have to meet heavy claims of passengers for +luggage, including jewelry. Pearls of one American woman insured in +London were valued at $240,000. + + +NO CHANCE FOR SALVAGE + +The Titanic and her valuable cargo can never be recovered, said the +White Star Line officials. + +"Sinking in mid-ocean, at the depth which prevails where the accident +occurred," said Captain James Parton, manager of the company, +"absolutely precludes any hopes of salvage." + + +LIFE INSURANCE LOSS + +In the life insurance offices there was much figuring over the lists of +those thought to be lost aboard the Titanic. Nothing but rough estimates +of the company's losses through the wreck were given out. + + +LOSS TO THE CARPATHIA + +The loss to the Carpathia, too, was considerable. It is, of course, the +habit of all good steamship lines to go out of their way and cheerfully +submit to financial loss when it comes to succoring the distressed +or the imperiled at sea. Therefore, the Cunard line in extending the +courtesies of the sea to the survivors of the Titanic asked for nothing +more than the mere acknowledgment of the little act of kindness. The +return of the Carpathia cost the line close to $10,000. + +She was delayed on her way to the Mediterranean at least ten days and +was obliged to coal and provision again, as the extra 800 odd passengers +she was carrying reduced her large allowance for her long voyage to the +Mediterranean and the Adriatic very much. + + + +CHAPTER XXIV. OPINIONS OF EXPERTS + +CAPTAIN E. K. RODEN, LEWIS NIXON, GENERAL GREELY AND ROBERT H. KIRK +POINT OUT LESSONS TAUGHT BY TITANIC DISASTER AND NEEDED CHANGES IN +CONSTRUCTION + +THE tremendous loss of life necessarily aroused a discussion as to the +cause of the disaster, and the prevailing opinion seemed to be that the +present tendency in shipbuilding was to sacrifice safety to luxury. + +Captain Roden, a well-known Swedish navigator, had written an article +maintaining this theory in the Navy, a monthly service magazine, in +November, 1910. With seeming prophetic insight he had mentioned the +Titanic by name and portrayed some of the dangers to which shipbuilding +for luxury is leading. + +He pointed out that the new steamships, the Olympic and Titanic, would +be the finest vessels afloat, no expense being spared to attain every +conceivable comfort for which men or women of means could possibly +ask--staterooms with private shower-baths, a swimming pool large enough +for diving, a ballroom covering an entire upper deck, a gymnasium, +elaborate cafes, a sun deck representing a flower garden, and other +luxuries. + +After forcibly pointing out the provisions that should be made for the +protection of life, Captain Roden wrote in conclusion: + +"If the men controlling passenger ships, from the ocean liner down to +the excursion barge, were equally disposed to equip their vessels with +the best safety appliances as they are to devise and adopt implements +of comfort and luxury, the advantage to themselves as well as to their +patrons would be plainly apparent." + + +VIEW OF LEWIS NIXON + +Lewis Nixon, the eminent naval architect and designer of the battleship +Oregon, contributed a very interesting comment. He said in part: + +"Here was a vessel presumed, and I think rightly so, to be the +perfection of the naval architect's art, yet sunk in a few hours by an +accident common to North Atlantic navigation. + + +THE UNSINKABLE SHIP + +"An unsinkable ship is possible, but it would be of little use except +for flotation. It may be said that vessels cannot be built to withstand +such an accident. + +"We might very greatly subdivide the forward compartments, where much +space is lost at best, making the forward end, while amply strong for +navigation purposes, of such construction that it would collapse +and take up some of the energy of impact; then tie this to very much +stronger sections farther aft. Many such plans will be proposed by those +who do not realize the momentum of a great vessel which will snap great +cables like ribbons, when the motion of the vessel is not perceptible to +the eye. + +"The proper plan is to avoid the accident, and if an accident is +unavoidable to minimize the loss of life and property." + + +VIEW OF ROBERT H. KIRK + +The Titanic disaster was discussed by Robert H. Kirk, who installed the +compartment doors in the ships of the United States Navy. Mr. Kirk's +opinion follows: + +"The Titanic's disaster will cause endless speculation as to how similar +disasters may be avoided in the future. + + +BULKHEAD DOORS PROBABLY OPEN + +"The Titanic had bulkheads, plenty of them, for the rules of the British +Board of Trade and of Lloyds are very specific and require enough +compartments to insure floating of the ship though several may be +flooded. She also had doors in the bulkheads, and probably plenty of +them, for she was enormous and needed easy access from one compartment +to another. It will probably never be known how _FEW_ of these doors +were closed when she struck the iceberg, but the probability is that +many were open, for in the confusion attending such a crash the crews +have a multitude of duties to perform, and closing a door with water +rushing through it is more of a task than human muscle and bravery can +accomplish. + +"A Lloyds surveyor in testing one of these hand-operated doors started +two men on the main deck to close it. They worked four hours before they +had carried out his order. If all the doors on the ship had worked as +badly as this one, what would have happened in event of accident?" + + +MANIA FOR SPEED + +General Adolphus W. Greely, U. S. A., noted American traveler and Arctic +explorer, vehemently denounced the sinking of the Titanic and the loss +of over 1600 souls as a terrible sacrifice to the American mania for +speed. He gave his opinion that the Titanic came to grief through an +attempt on the part of the steamship management to establish a new +record by the vessel on her maiden voyage. + +The Titanic, General Greely declared, had absolutely no business above +Cape Race and north of Sable Island on the trip on which she went to her +doom. Choosing the northern route brought about the dire disaster, in +his mind, and it was the saving of three hours for the sake of a new +record that ended in the collision with the tragic victory for the +ghostlike monster out of the far north. + +It was the opinion of General Greely, capable of judging after his many +trips in quest of the pole, that neither Captain Smith nor any of his +officers saw the giant iceberg which encompassed their ruin until they +were right upon it. Then, the ship was plunging ahead at such frightful +velocity that the Titanic was too close to avert striking the barrier +lined up across its path. + + + +CHAPTER XXV. OTHER GREAT MARINE DISASTERS + +DEADLY DANGER OF ICEBERGS--DOZENS OF SHIPS PERISH IN COLLISION--OTHER +DISASTERS + +THE danger of collision with icebergs has always been one of the most +deadly that confront the mariner. Indeed, so well recognized is this +peril of the Newfoundland Banks, where the Labrador current in the early +spring and summer months floats southward its ghostly argosy of +icy pinnacles detached from the polar ice caps, that the government +hydrographic offices and the maritime exchanges spare no pains to +collate and disseminate the latest bulletins on the subject. + + +THE ARIZONA + +A most remarkable case of an iceberg collision is that of the Guion +Liner, Arizona, in 1879. She was then the greyhound of the Atlantic, and +the largest ship afloat--5750 tons except the Great Eastern. Leaving New +York in November for Liverpool, with 509 souls aboard, she was coursing +across the Banks, with fair weather but dark, when, near midnight, about +250 miles east of St. John's, she rammed a monster ice island at full +speed eighteen knots. Terrific was the impact. + +The welcome word was passed along that the ship, though sorely stricken, +would still float until she could make harbor. The vast white terror had +lain across her course, + + +{illust. caption = THE SHAPE OF AN ICEBERG + +Showing the bulk and formation under water and the consequent danger +to vessels even without actual contact with the visible part of the +iceberg.} + + +stretching so far each way that, when described, it was too late to +alter the helm. Its giant shape filled the foreground, towering high +above the masts, grim and gaunt and ghastly, immovable as the adamantine +buttresses of a frowning seaboard, while the liner lurched and staggered +like a wounded thing in agony as her engines slowly drew her back from +the rampart against which she had flung herself. + +She was headed for St. John's at slow speed, so as not to strain the +bulkhead too much, and arrived there thirty-six hours later. That little +port--the crippled ship's hospital--has seen many a strange sight come +in from the sea, but never a more astounding spectacle than that which +the Arizona presented the Sunday forenoon she entered there. + +"Begob, captain!" said the pilot, as he swung himself over the rail. +"I've heard of carrying coals to Newcastle, but this is the first time +I've seen a steamer bringing a load of ice into St. John's." + +They are a grim race, these sailors, and, the danger over, the captain's +reply was: "We were lucky, my man, that we didn't all go to the bottom +in an ice box." + + +DOZENS OF SHIPS PERISH + +But to the one wounded ship that survives collision with a berg, a dozen +perish. Presumably, when the shock comes, it loosens their bulkheads and +they fill and founder, or the crash may injure the boilers or engines, +which explode and tear out the sides, and the ship goes down like a +plummet. As long ago as 1841, the steamer President, with 120 people +aboard, crossing from New York to Liverpool in March, vanished from +human ken. In 1854, in the same month, the City of Glasgow left +Liverpool for Philadelphia with 480 souls, and was never again heard of. +In February, 1856, the Pacific, from Liverpool for New York, carrying +185 persons, passed away down to a sunless sea. In May, 1870, the City +of Boston, from that port for Liverpool, mustering 191 souls, met a +similar fate. It has always been thought that these ships were sunk by +collision with icebergs or floes. As shipping traffic has expanded, the +losses have been more frequent. In February, 1892, the Naronic, from +Liverpool for New York; in the same month in 1896, the State of Georgia, +from Aberdeen for Boston; in February, 1899, the Alleghany, from New +York for Dover; and once more in February, 1902, the Huronian, from +Liverpool for St. John's--all disappeared without leaving a trace. +Between February and May, the Grand Banks are most infested with ice, +and collision therewith is' the most likely explanation of the loss of +these steamers, all well manned and in splendid trim, and meeting only +the storms which scores of other ships have braved without a scathe. + + +TOLL OF THE SEA + +Among the important marine disasters recorded since 1866 are the +following: + +1866, Jan. 11.--Steamer London, on her way to Melbourne, foundered in +the Bay of Biscay; 220 lives lost. + +1866, Oct. 3.--Steamer Evening Star, from New York to New Orleans, +foundered; about 250 lives lost. + +1867, Oct. 29.--Royal Mail steamers Rhone and Wye and about fifty +other vessels driven ashore and wrecked at St Thomas, West Indies, by a +hurricane; about 1,000 lives lost. + +1873, Jan. 22.--British steamer Northfleet sunk in collision off +Dungeness; 300 lives lost + +1873, Nov. 23.--White Star liner Atlantic wrecked off Nova Scotia; 547 +lives lost. + +1873, Nov. 23.--French line Ville du Havre, from New York to Havre, in +collision with ship Locharn and sunk in sixteen minutes; 110 lives lost. + +1874, Dec. 24.--Emigrant vessel Cospatrick took fire and sank off +Auckland; 476 lives lost. + +1875, May 7.--Hamburg Mail steamer Schiller wrecked in fog on Scilly +Islands; 200 lives lost. + +1875, Nov. 4.--American steamer Pacific in collision thirty miles +southwest of Cape Flattery; 236 lives lost. + +1878, March 24.--British training ship Eurydice, a frigate, foundered +near the Isle of Wight; 300 lives lost. + +1878, Sept. 3.--British iron steamer Princess Alice sunk in the Thames +River; 700 lives lost. + +1878, Dec. 18.--French steamer Byzantin sunk in collision in the +Dardanelles with the British steamer Rinaldo; 210 lives lost. + +1879, Dec. 2.--Steamer Borussia sank off the coast of Spain; 174 lives +lost. + +1880, Jan. 31.--British trading ship Atlanta left Bermuda with 290 men +and was never heard from. + +1881, Aug. 30.--Steamer Teuton wrecked off the Cape of Good Hope; 200 +lives lost. + +1883, July 3.--Steamer Daphne turned turtle in the Clyde; 124 lives +lost. + +1884, Jan. 18.--American steamer City of Columbus wrecked off Gay Head +Light, Massachusetts; 99 lived lost. + +1884, July 23.--Spanish steamer Gijon and British steamer Lux in +collision off Finisterre; 150 lives lost. + +1887, Jan. 29.--Steamer Kapunda in collision with bark Ada Melore off +coast of Brazil; 300 lives lost. + +1887, Nov. 15.--British steamer Wah Young caught fire between Canton and +Hong Kong; 400 lives lost. + +1888, Sept. 13.--Italian steamship Sud America and steamer La France in +collision near the Canary Islands; 89 lives lost. + +1889, March 16.--United States warships Trenton, Vandalia and Nipsic and +German ships Adler and Eber wrecked on Samoan Islands; 147 lives lost. + +1890, Jan. 2.--Steamer Persia wrecked on Corsica; 130 lives lost. + +1890, Feb. 17.--British steamer Duburg wrecked in the China Sea; 400 +lives lost. + +1890, March 1.--British steamship Quetta foundered in Torres Straits; +124 lives lost. + +1890, Dec. 27.--British steamer Shanghai burned in China Seas; 101 lives +lost. + +1891, March 17.--Anchor liner Utopia in collision with British steamer +Anson off Gibraltar and sunk; 574 lives lost. + +1892, Jan. 13.--Steamer Namehow wrecked in China Sea; 414 lives lost. + +1892, Oct. 28.--Anchor liner Romania, wrecked off Portugal; 113 lives +lost. + +1893, Feb. 8.--Anchor liner Trinairia, wrecked off Spain; 115 lives +lost. + +1894, June 25.--Steamer Norge, wrecked on Rockall Reef, in the North +Atlantic; nearly 600 lives lost. + +1895, Jan. 30.--German steamer Elbe sunk in collision with British +steamer Crathie in North Sea; 335 lives lost. + +1898, July 4.--French line steamer La Bourgogne in collision with +British sailing vessel Cromartyshire; 571 lives lost. + +1898, Nov. 27.--American steamer Portland, wrecked off Cape Cod, Mass.; +157 lives lost. + +1901, April 1.--Turkish transport Aslam wrecked in the Red Sea; over 180 +lives lost. + +1902, July 21.--Steamer Primus sunk in collision with the steamer Hansa +on the Lower Elbe; 112 lives lost. + +1903, June 7.--French steamer Libau sunk in collision with steamer +Insulerre near Marseilles; 150 lives lost. + +1904, June 15. General Slocum, excursion steamboat, took fire going +through Hell Gate, East River; more than 1000 lives lost. + +1906, Jan. 21.--Brazilian battleship Aquidaban sunk near Rio Janeiro by +an explosion of the powder magazines; 212 lives lost. + +1906, Jan. 22.--American steamer Valencia lost off Cloose, Pacific +Coast; 140 lives lost. + +1906, Aug. 4.--Italian emigrant ship Sirio struck a rock off Cape Palos; +350 lives lost. + +1906, Oct. 21.--Russian steamer Variag, on leaving Vladivostock, struck +by a torpedo and sunk; 140 lives lost. + +1907, Feb. 12.--American steamer Larchmond sunk in collision off Rhode +Island coast; 131 lives lost. + +1907, July 20.--American steamers Columbia and San Pedro collided on the +Californian coast; 100 lives lost. + +1907, Nov. 26.--Turkish steamer Kaptain foundered in the North Sea; 110 +lives lost. + +1908, March 23.--Japanese steamer Mutsu Maru sunk in collision near +Hakodate; 300 lives lost. + +1908, April 30.--Japanese training cruiser Matsu Shima sunk off the +Pescadores owing to an explosion; 200 lives lost. + +1909, Jan. 24.--Collision between the Italian steamer Florida and the +White Star liner Republic, about 170 miles east of New York during a +fog; a large number of lives were saved by the arrival of the steamer +Baltic, which received the "C. Q. D.," or distress signal sent up by +wireless by the Republic January 22. The Republic sank while being +towed; 6 lives lost. + +1910, Feb. 9.--French line steamer General Chanzy off Minorca; 200 lives +lost. + +1911, Sept. 25.--French battleship Liberte sunk by explosion in Toulon +harbor; 223 lives lost. + + + +CHAPTER XXVI. DEVELOPMENT OF SHIPBUILDING + +EVOLUTION OF WATER TRAVEL--INCREASES IN SIZE OF VESSELS--IS THERE ANY +LIMIT?--ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPEED--TITANIC NOT THE LAST WORD. + +THE origin of travel on water dates back to a very early period in human +history, men beginning with the log, the inflated skin, the dug-out +canoe, and upwards through various methods of flotation; while the +paddle, the oar, and finally the sail served as means of propulsion. +This was for inland water travel, and many centuries passed before the +navigation of the sea was dreamed of by adventurous mariners. + +The paintings and sculptures of early Egypt show us boats built of sawn +planks, regularly constructed and moved both by oars and sails. At +a later period we read of the Phoenicians, the most daring and +enterprising of ancient navigators, who braved the dangers of the open +sea, and are said by Herodotus to have circumnavigated Africa as early +as 604 B. C. Starting from the Red Sea, they followed the east +coast, rounded the Cape, and sailed north along the west coast to +the Mediterranean, reaching Egypt again in the third year of this +enterprise. + +The Carthaginians and Romans come next in the history of shipbuilding, +confining themselves chiefly to the Mediterranean, and using oars as +the principal means of propulsion. Their galleys ranged from one to five +banks of oars. The Roman vessels in the first Punic war were over 100 +feet long and had 300 rowers, while they carried 120 soldiers. They did +not use sails until about the beginning of the fourteenth century B. C. + +Portugal was the first nation to engage in voyages of discovery, using +vessels of small size in these adventurous journeys. Spain, which soon +became her rival in this field, built larger ships and long held the +lead. Yet the ships with which Columbus made the discovery of America +were of a size and character in which few sailors of the present day +would care to venture far from land. + +England was later in coming into the field of adventurous navigation, +being surpassed not only by the Portuguese and Spanish, but by the +Dutch, in ventures to far lands. + +Europe long held the precedence in shipbuilding and enterprise in +navigation, but the shores of America had not long been settled before +the venturous colonists had ships upon the seas. The first of these was +built at the mouth of the Kennebec River in Maine. This was a staunch +little two-masted vessel, which was named the Virginia, supposed to have +been about sixty feet long and seventeen feet in beam. Next in time came +the Restless, built in 1614 or 1615 at New York, by Adrian Blok, a Dutch +captain whose ships had been burned while lying at Manhattan Island. +This vessel, thirty-eight feet long and of eleven feet beam, was +employed for several years in exploring the Atlantic coast. + +With the advent of the nineteenth century a new ideal in naval +architecture arose, that of the ship moved by steam-power instead of +wind-power, and fitted to combat with the seas alike in storm and calm, +with little heed as to whether the wind was fair or foul. The steamship +appeared, and grew in size and power until such giants of the wave as +the Titanic and Olympic were set afloat. To the development of this +modern class of ships our attention must now be turned. + +As the reckless cowboy of the West is fast becoming a thing of the past, +so is the daring seaman of fame and story. In his place is coming a +class of men miscalled sailors, who never reefed a sail or coiled a +cable, who do not know how to launch a life-boat or pull an oar, and +in whose career we meet the ridiculous episode of the life-boats of the +Titanic, where women were obliged to take the oars from their hands and +row the boats. Thus has the old-time hero of the waves been transformed +into one fitted to serve as a clown of the vaudeville stage. + +The advent of steam navigation came early in the nineteenth century, +though interesting steps in this direction were taken earlier. No sooner +was the steam-engine developed than men began to speculate on it as a +moving power on sea and land. Early among these were several Americans, +Oliver Evans, one of the first to project steam railway travel, and +James Rumsey and John Fitch, steamboat inventors of early date. There +were several experimenters in Europe also, but the first to produce a +practical steamboat was Robert Fulton, a native of Pennsylvania, whose +successful boat; the Clermont, made its maiden trip up the Hudson in +1807. A crude affair was the Clermont, with a top speed of about seven +miles an hour; but it was the dwarf from which the giant steamers of +to-day have grown. + +Boats of this type quickly made their way over the American rivers and +before 1820 regular lines of steamboats were running between England and +Ireland. In 1817 James Watt, the inventor of the practical steam-engine, +crossed in a steamer from England to Belgium. But these short voyages +were far surpassed by an American enterprise, that of the first ocean +steamship, the Savannah, which crossed the Atlantic from Savannah to +Liverpool in 1819. + +Twelve years passed before this enterprise was repeated, the next steam +voyage being in 1831, when the Royal William crossed from Quebec to +England. She used coal for fuel, having utilized her entire hold to +store enough for the voyage. The Savannah had burned pitch-pine under +her engines, for in America wood was long used as fuel for steam-making +purposes. As regards this matter, the problem of fuel was of leading +importance, and it was seriously questioned if a ship could be built to +cross the Atlantic depending solely upon steam power. Steam-engines in +those days were not very economical, needing four or five times as much +fuel for the same power as the engines of recent date. + +It was not until 1838 that the problem was solved. On April 23d of that +year a most significant event took place. Two steamships dropped anchor +in the harbor of New York, the Sirius and the Great Western. Both of +these had made the entire voyage under steam, the Sirius, in eighteen +and a half and the Great Western in fourteen and a half days, measuring +from Queenstown. The Sirius had taken on board 450 tons of coal, but all +this was burned by the time Sandy Hook was reached, and she had to burn +her spare spars and forty-three barrels of rosin to make her way up the +bay. The Great Western, on the contrary, had coal to spare. + +Two innovations in shipbuilding were soon introduced. These were the +building of iron instead of wooden ships and the replacing of the paddle +wheel by the screw propeller. The screw-propeller was first successfully +introduced by the famous Swede, John Ericsson, in 1835. His propeller +was tried in a small vessel, forty-five feet long and eight wide, which +was driven at the rate of ten miles an hour, and towed a large packet +ship at fair speed. Ericsson, not being appreciated in England, came +to America to experiment. Other inventors were also at work in the same +line. + +Their experiments attracted the attention of Isambard Brunel, one of +the greatest engineers of the period, who was then engaged in building +a large paddle-wheel steamer, the Great Britain. Appreciating the new +idea, he had the engines of the new ship changed and a screw propeller +introduced. This ship, a great one for the time, 322 feet long and of +3443 tons, made her first voyage from Liverpool to New York in 1845, her +average speed being 12 1/4 knots an hour, the length of the voyage 14 +days and 21 hours. + +By the date named the crossing of the Atlantic by steamships had become +a common event. In 1840 the British and Royal Mail Steam Packet Company +was organized, its chief promoter being Samuel Cunard, of Halifax, Nova +Scotia, whose name has long been attached to this famous line. + +The first fleet of the Cunard Line comprised four vessels, the +Britannia, Acadia, Caledonia and Columbia. The Unicorn, sent out by this +company as a pioneer, entered Boston harbor on June 2, 1840, being the +first steamship from Europe to reach that port. Regular trips began with +the Britannia, which left Liverpool on July 4, 1840. For a number of +years later this line enjoyed a practical monopoly of the steam carrying +trade between England and the United States. Then other companies came +into the field, chief among them being the Collins Line, started in +1849, and of short duration, and the Inman Line, instituted in 1850. + +We should say something here of the comforts and conveniences provided +for the passengers on these early lines. They differed strikingly +from those on the leviathans of recent travel and were little, if any, +superior to those on the packet ships, the active rivals at that date +of the steamers. Then there were none of the comfortable smoking rooms, +well-filled libraries, drawing rooms, electric lights, and other modern +improvements. The saloons and staterooms were in the extreme after part +of the vessel, but the stateroom of that day was little more than a +closet, with two berths, one above the other, and very little standing +room between these and the wall. By paying nearly double fare a +passenger might secure a room for himself, but the room given him +did not compare well even with that of small and unpretentious modern +steamers. + +Other ocean steamship companies gradually arose, some of which are still +in existence. But no especial change in ship-building was introduced +until 1870, when the Oceanic Company, now known as the White Star Line, +built the Britannic and Germanic. These were the largest of its early +ships. They were 468 feet long and 35 feet wide, constituting a new type +of extreme length as compared with their width. In the first White Star +ship, the Oceanic, the improvements above mentioned were introduced, the +saloons and staterooms being brought as near as possible to the center +of the ship. All the principal lines built since that date have followed +this example, thus adding much to the comfort of the first-class +passengers. + +Speed and economy in power also became features of importance, the +tubular boiler and the compound engine being introduced. These have +developed into the cylindrical, multitubular boiler and the triple +expansion engine, in which a greater percentage of the power of the +steam is utilized and four or five times the work obtained from coal +over that of the old system. The side-wheel was continued in use in the +older ships until this period, but after 1870 it disappeared. + +It has been said that the life of iron ships, barring disasters at sea, +is unlimited, that they cannot wear out. This statement has not been +tested, but the fact remains that the older passenger ships have gone +out of service and that steel has now taken the place of iron, as +lighter and more durable. + +Something should also be said here of the steam turbine engine, recently +introduced in some of the greatest liners, and of proven value in +several particulars, an important one of these being the doing away with +the vibration, an inseparable accompaniment of the old style engines. +The Olympic and Titanic engines were a combination of the turbine and +reciprocating types. In regard to the driving power, one of the recent +introductions is that of the multiple propeller. The twin screw was +first applied in the City of New York, of the Inman line, and enabled +her to make in 1890 an average speed of a little over six days from New +York to Queenstown. The best record up to October, 1891, was that of the +Teutonic, of five days, sixteen hours, and thirty minutes. Triple-screw +propellers have since then been introduced in some of the greater ships, +and the record speed has been cut down to the four days and ten hours of +the Lusitania in 1908 and the four days, six hours and forty-one minutes +of the Mauretania in 1910. + +The Titanic was not built especially for speed, but in every other way +she was the master product of the shipbuilders' art. Progress through +the centuries has been steady, and perhaps the twentieth century will +prepare a vessel that will be unsinkable as well as magnificent. Until +the fatal accident the Titanic and Olympic were considered the last +words on ship-building; but much may still remain to be spoken. + + + +CHAPTER XXVII. SAFETY AND LIFE-SAVING DEVICES + +WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY--WATER-TIGHT BULKHEADS--SUBMARINE +SIGNALS--LIFE-BOATS AND RAFTS--NIXON'S PONTOON--LIFE-PRESERVERS AND +BUOYS--ROCKETS + +THE fact that there are any survivors of the Titanic left to tell the +story of the terrible catastrophe is only another of the hundreds of +instances on record of the value of wireless telegraphy in saving life +on shipboard. Without Marconi's invention it is altogether probable that +the world would never have known of the nature of the Titanic's fate, +for it is only barely within the realm of possibility that any of the +Titanic's passengers' poorly clad, without proper provisions of food and +water, and exposed in the open boats to the frigid weather, would have +survived long enough to have been picked up by a transatlantic liner in +ignorance of the accident to the Titanic. + +Speaking (since the Titanic disaster) of the part which wireless +telegraphy has played in the salvation of distressed ships, Guglielmo +Marconi, the inventor of this wonderful science, has said: + +"Fifteen years ago the curvature of the earth was looked upon as the +one great obstacle to wireless telegraphy. By various experiments in +the Isle of Wight and at St. John's I finally succeeded in sending the +letter S 2000 miles. + +"We have since found that the fog and the dull skies in the vicinity of +England are exceptionally favorable for wireless telegraphy." + +Then the inventor told of wireless messages being transmitted 2500 +miles across the Abyssinian desert, and of preparation for similar +achievements. + +"The one necessary requirement for continued success is that governments +keep from being enveloped in political red tape," said he. + +"The fact that a message can be flashed across the wide expanse of ocean +in ten minutes has exceeded my fondest expectations. Some idea of the +progress made may be had by citing the fact that in eleven years the +range of wireless telegraphy has increased from 200 to 3000 miles. + +"Not once has wireless telegraphy failed in calling and securing help +on the high seas. A recognition of this is shown in the attitude of the +United States Government in compelling all passenger-carrying vessels +entering our ports to be equipped with wireless apparatus." + +Of the Titanic tragedy, Marconi said: + +"I know you will all understand when I say that I entertain a deep +feeling of gratitude because of the fact that wireless telegraphy has +again contributed to the saving of life." + + +WATER-TIGHT BULKHEADS + +One of the most essential factors in making ships safe is the +construction of proper bulkheads to divide a ship into water-tight +compartments in case of injury to her hull. Of the modern means of +forming such compartments, and of the complete and automatic devices for +operating the watertight doors which connect them, a full explanation +has already been given in the description of the Titanic's physical +features, to which the reader is referred. A wise precaution usually +taken in the case of twin and triple screw ships is to arrange the +bulkheads so that each engine is in a separate compartment, as is also +each boiler or bank of boilers and each coal bunker. + + +SUBMARINE SIGNALS + +Then there are submarine signals to tell of near-by vessels or shores. +This signal arrangement includes a small tank on either side of the +vessel, just below the water line. Within each is a microphone with +wires leading to the bridge. If the vessel is near any other or +approaching shore, the sounds; conveyed through the water from the +distant object are heard through the receiver of the microphone. These +arrangements are called the ship's ears, and whether the sounds come +from one side of the vessel or the other, the officers can tell the +location of the shore or ship near by. If both ears record, the object +is ahead. + + +LIFEBOATS AND RAFTS + +The construction of life-boats adapts them for very rough weather. +The chief essentials, of course, are ease in launching, strength in +withstanding rough water and bumping when beached; also strength to +withstand striking against wreckage or a ship's side; carrying capacity +and lightness. Those carried on board ship are lighter than those used +in life-saving service on shore. Safety is provided by air-tight tanks +which insure buoyancy in case the boat is filled with water. They +have also self-righting power in case of being overturned; likewise +self-emptying power. Life-boats are usually of the whaleboat type, with +copper air-tight tanks along the side beneath the thwarts, and in the +ends. + +Life-boats range from twenty-four to thirty feet in length and carry +from thirty to sixty persons. The rafts carry from twenty to forty +persons. The old-fashioned round bar davits can be got for $100 to $150 +a set. The new style davits, quick launchers in type, come as low as +$400 a set. + +According to some naval constructors, an ocean steamship can carry in +davits enough boats to take care of all the passengers and crew, it +being simply a question as to whether the steamship owners are willing +to take up that much deck room which otherwise would be used for +lounging chairs or for a promenade. + +Nowadays all life-boats are equipped with air tanks to prevent sinking, +with the result that metal boats are as unsinkable as wooden ones. The +metal boats are considered in the United States Navy as superior to +wooden ones, for several reasons: They do not break or collapse; they +do not, in consequence of long storage on deck, open at the seams and +thereby spring a leak; and they are not eaten by bugs, as is the case +with wooden boats. + +Comparatively few of the transatlantic steamships have adopted metal +life-boats. Most of the boats are of wood, according to the official +United States Government record of inspection. The records show that a +considerable proportion of the entire number of so-called "life-boats" +carried by Atlantic Ocean liners are not actually life-boats at all, +but simply open boats, without air tanks or other special equipment or +construction. + + +{illust. caption = CHAMBERS COLLAPSIBLE LIFE RAFT} + + +Life-rafts are of several kinds. They are commonly used on large +passenger steamers where it is difficult to carry sufficient life-boats. +In most cases they consist of two or more hollow metal or inflated +rubber floats which support a wooden deck. The small rafts are supplied +with life-lines and oars, and the larger ones with life-lines only, or +with life-lines and sails. + +The collapsible feature of the Chambers raft consists of canvas-covered +steel frames extending up twenty-five inches from the sides to prevent +passengers from being pitched off. When the rafts are not in use these +side frames are folded down on the raft. + +The collapsible rafts are favored by the ship-owners because such boats +take up less room; they do not have to be carried in the davits, and +they can be stowed to any number required. Some of the German lines +stack their collapsible rafts one above another on deck. + + +NIXON'S PONTOON + +Lewis Nixon, the well-known ship designer, suggests the construction of +a pontoon to be carried on the after end of the vessel and to be made of +sectional air-tight compartments. One compartment would accommodate +the wireless outfit. Another compartment would hold drinking water, and +still another would be filled with food. + +The pontoon would follow the line of the ship and seem to be a part of +it. The means for releasing it before the sinking of the vessel present +no mechanical problem. It would be too large and too buoyant to be +sucked down with the wreck. + +The pontoon would accommodate, not comfortably but safely, all those who +failed to find room in the life-boats. + +It is Mr. Nixon's plan to instal a gas engine in one of the +compartments. With this engine the wireless instrument would remain in +commission and direct the rescuers after the ship itself had gone down. + + +LIFE PRESERVERS AND BUOYS + +Life-preservers are chiefly of the belt or jacket type, made to fit +about the body and rendered buoyant by slabs of cork sewed into the +garment, or by rubber-lined air-bags. The use of cork is usually +considered preferable, as the inflated articles are liable to injury, +and jackets are preferable to belts as they can be put on more quickly. + +Life-buoys are of several types, but those most common are of the ring +type, varying in size from the small one designed to be thrown by hand +to the large hollow metal buoy capable of supporting several people. +The latter are usually carried by sea-going vessels and are fitted with +lamps which are automatically lighted when the buoy is dropped into the +water. + + +ROCKETS + +American ocean-going steamers are required to have some approved means +of firing lines to the shore. Cunningham rockets and the Hunt gun are +largely used. The inaccuracy of the rocket is of less importance when +fired from a ship than when fired from shore. + + + +CHAPTER XXVIII. TIME FOR REFLECTION AND REFORMS + +SPEED AND LUXURY OVEREMPHASIZED--SPACE NEEDED FOR LIFE-BOATS DEVOTED TO +SWIMMING POOLS AND SQUASH-COURTS--MANIA FOR SPEED RECORDS COMPELS USE OF +DANGEROUS ROUTES AND PREVENTS PROPER CAUTION IN FOGGY WEATHER--LIFE +MORE VALUABLE THAN LUXURY--SAFETY MORE IMPORTANT THAN SPEED--AN AROUSED +PUBLIC OPINION NECESSARY--INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE RECOMMENDED--ADEQUATE +LIFE-SAVING EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE COMPULSORY--SPEED REGULATIONS IN BAD +WEATHER--COOPERATION IN ARRANGING SCHEDULES TO KEEP VESSELS WITHIN REACH +OF EACH OTHER--LEGAL REGULATIONS + +IT is a long time since any modern vessel of importance has gone down +under Nature's attack, and in general the floating city of steel laughs +at the wind and waves. She is not, however, proof against disaster. The +danger lies in her own power--in the tens of thousands of horse power +with which she may be driven into another ship or into an iceberg +standing cold and unyielding as a wall of granite. In view of this +fact it is of the utmost importance that present-day vessels should be +thoroughly provided with the most efficient life-saving devices. These +would seem more important than fireplaces, squash-courts and many other +luxuries with which the Titanic was provided. The comparatively few +survivors of the ill-fated Titanic were saved by the life-boats. The +hundreds of others who went down with the vessel perished because there +were no life-boats to carry them until rescue came. + + +SURVIVORS URGE REFORM + +The survivors urge the need of reform. In a resolution drawn up after +the disaster they said: + +"We feel it our duty to call the attention of the public to what we +consider the inadequate supply of life-saving appliances provided for +the modern passenger steamships and recommend that immediate steps +be taken to compel passenger steamers to carry sufficient boats to +accommodate the maximum number of people carried on board. The following +facts were observed and should be considered in this connection: The +insufficiency of life-boats, rafts, etc.; lack of trained seamen to man +same (stokers, stewards, etc., are not efficient boat handlers); +not enough officers to carry out emergency orders on the bridge and +superintend the launching and control of life-boats; the absence of +search lights. + +"The Board of Trade allows for entirely too many people in each boat to +permit the same to be properly handled. On the Titanic the boat deck was +about seventy-five feet from the water and consequently the passengers +were required to embark before lowering the boats, thus endangering the +operation and preventing the taking on of the maximum number the +boats would hold. Boats at all times should be properly equipped with +provisions, water, lamps, compasses, lights, etc. Life-saving boat +drills should be more frequent and thoroughly carried out and officers +should be armed at both drills. There should be greater reduction of +speed in fog and ice, as damage if collision actually occurs is liable +to be less. + + +INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE RECOMMENDED + +"In conclusion we suggest that an international conference be called to +recommend the passage of identical laws providing for the safety of all +at sea, and we urge the United States Government to take the initiative +as soon as possible." + +That ocean liners take chances with their passengers, though known to +the well informed, is newly revealed and comes with a shock of surprise +and dismay to most people. If boats are unsinkable as well as fireproof +there is no need of any life-boats at all. But no such steamship has +ever been constructed. + +That it is realized that life-boats may be necessary on the best and +newest steamships is proved by the fact that they carry them even beyond +the law's requirements. But if life-boats for one-third of those on the +ship are necessary, life-boats for all on board are equally necessary. +The law of the United States requires this, but the law and trade +regulations of England do not, and these controlled the Titanic and +caused the death of over sixteen hundred people. + +True, a steamship is rarely crowded to her capacity, and ordinarily +accommodations in life-boats for a full list would not be needed. But +that is no argument against maximum safety facilities, for when disaster +comes it comes unexpectedly, and it might come when every berth +was occupied. So there must be life-boats for use in every possible +emergency. Places must be found for them and methods for handling them +promptly. + +Suppose a vessel to be thus equipped, would safety be insured? In calm +weather such as the Titanic had, yes, for all that would be needed would +be to keep the small boats afloat until help came. The Titanic could +have saved everyone aboard. In heavy weather, no. As at present +arranged, if a vessel has a list, or, in non-nautical language, has +tipped over on one side, only the boats upon the lower side can be +dropped, for they must be swung clear of the vessel to be lowered from +the davits. + +So there is a problem which it is the duty of marine designers to solve. +They have heretofore turned their attention to the invention of some +new contrivance for comfort and luxury. Now let them grasp the far more +important question of taking every soul from a sinking ship. They can +do it, and while they are about it, it would be well to supplement +life-boats with other methods. + +We like to think and to say that nothing is impossible in these days +of ceaseless and energetic progress. Certainly it is possible for the +brains of marine designers to find a better way for rescue work. +Lewis Nixon, ship-builder and designer for years, is sure that we can +revolutionize safety appliances. He has had a plan for a long time +for the construction of a considerable section of deck that could be +detached and floated off like an immense raft. He figures that such a +deck-raft could be made to carry the bulk of the passengers. + +That may seem a bit chimerical to laymen, but Nixon is no layman. His +ideas are worthy of every consideration. Certain it is that something +radical must be done, and that the maritime nations must get together, +not only in the way of providing more life-saving facilities, but in +agreeing upon navigation routes and methods. + +Captain William S. Sims, of the United States Navy, who is in a position +to know what he is talking about, has made some very pointed comments on +the subject. He says: + +"The truth of the matter is that in case any large passenger steamship +sinks, by reason of collision or other fatal damage to her flotability, +more than half of her passengers are doomed to death, even in fair +weather, and in case there is a bit of a sea running none of the loaded +boats can long remain afloat, even if they succeed in getting safely +away from the side, and one more will be added to the long list of 'the +ships that never return.' + +"Most people accept this condition as one of the inevitable perils of +the sea, but I believe it can be shown that the terrible loss of life +occasioned by such disasters as overtook the Bourgogne and the Titanic +and many other ships can be avoided or at least greatly minimized. +Moreover, it can be shown that the steamship owners are fully aware +of the danger to their passengers; that the laws on the subject of +life-saving appliances are wholly inadequate; that the steamship +companies comply with the law, though they oppose any changes therein, +and that they decline to adopt improved appliances; because there is +no public demand for them, the demand being for high schedule speed and +luxurious conditions of travel. + +"In addition to installing efficient life-saving appliances, if the +great steamship lines should come to an agreement to fix a maximum speed +for their vessels of various classes and fix their dates and hours of +steaming so that they would cross the ocean in pairs within supporting +distances of each other, on routes clear of ice, all danger of ocean +travel would practically be eliminated. + +"The shortest course between New York and the English Channel lies +across Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Consequently the shortest water +route is over seas where navigation is dangerous by reason of fog and +ice. It is a notorious fact that the transatlantic steamships are not +navigated with due regard to safety; that they steam at practically full +speed in the densest fogs. But the companies cannot properly be blamed +for this practice, because if the 'blue liners' slow down in a fog or +take a safe route, clear of ice, the public will take passage on +the 'green liners,' which take the shortest route, and keep up their +schedule time; regardless of the risks indicated." + + +PROMPT REFORMS + +The terrible sacrifice of the Titanic, however, is to have its fruit in +safety for the future. The official announcement is + + +{illust. caption = A diagrammatic map showing how...} + + +made by the International Mercantile Marine that all its ships will be +equipped with sufficient life-boats and rafts for every passenger and +every member of the crew, without regard to the regulations in this +country and England or Belgium. One of the German liners already had +this complement of life-boats, though the German marine as a whole is +sufficiently deficient at this point to induce the Reichstag to order an +investigation. + +Prompt, immediate and gratifying reform marks this action of the +International Mercantile Marine. It is doubtless true that this +precaution ought to have been taken without waiting for a loss of life +such as makes all previous marine disasters seem trivial. But the public +itself has been inert. For thirty years, since Plimsoll's day, every +intelligent passenger knew that every British vessel was deficient in +life-boats, but neither public opinion nor the public press took +this matter up. There were no questions in Parliament and no measures +introduced in Congress. Even the legislation by which the United States +permitted English vessels reaching American ports to avoid the legal +requirements of American statute law (which requires a seat in the +life-boats for every passenger and every member of the crew) attracted +no public attention, and occasional references to the subject by those +better informed did nothing to awake action. + +But this is past. Those who died bravely without complaint and with +sacrificing regard for others did not lose their lives in vain. The +safety of all travelers for all times to come under every civilized flag +is to be greater through their sac-rifice. Under modern conditions life +can be made as safe at sea as on the land. It is heartrending to stop +and think that thirty-two more life-boats, costing only about $16,000, +which could have been stowed away without being noticed on the broad +decks of the Titanic, would have saved every man, woman and child on +the steamer. There has never been so great a disaster in the history of +civilization due to the neglect of so small an expenditure. + +It would be idle to think that this was due simply to parsimony. It was +really due to the false and vicious notion that life at sea must be made +showy, sumptuous and magnificent. The absence of life-boats was not due +to their cost, but to the demand for a great promenade deck, with ample +space to look out on the sea with which a continuous row of life-boats +would have interfered, and to the general tendency to lavish money on +the luxuries of a voyage instead of first insuring its safety. + + + +CHAPTER XXIX. THE SENATORIAL INVESTIGATION + +PROMPT ACTION OF THE GOVERNMENT--SENATE COMMITTEE PROBES DISASTER AND +BRINGS OUT DETAILS--TESTIMONY OF ISMAY, OFFICERS, CREW, PASSENGERS AND +OTHER WITNESSES + +PUBLIC sentiment with regard to the Titanic disaster was reflected in +the prompt action of the United States Government. + +On April 17th the Senate, without a dissenting vote, ordered an +investigation of the wreck of the Titanic, with particular reference to +the inadequacy of life-saving boats and apparatus. The resolution also +directed inquiry into the use by the Titanic of the northern course +"over a route commonly regarded as dangerous from icebergs." + +Besides investigating the disaster, the committee was directed to +look into the feasibility of international agreements for the further +protection of ocean traffic. + +The Senate Committee on Commerce, in whose charge the investigation was +placed, immediately appointed the following sub-committee to conduct the +gathering of evidence and the examination of witnesses: + +Senator William Alden Smith of Michigan, chairman; Senator Francis +Newlands of Nevada, Senator Jonathan Bourne, Jr., of Oregon, Senator +George C. Perkins of California, Senator Theodore E. Burton of Ohio, +Senator Furnifold McL. Simmons of North Carolina and Senator Duncan U. +Fletcher of Florida. + +The Senate Committee began its investigation in New York on Friday, +April 19th, the morning after the arrival of the Carpathia. + +Ismay, the first witness, came to the witness chair with a smile upon +his face. He was sworn and then told the committee that he made the +voyage on the Titanic only as a voluntary passenger. Nobody designated +him to come to see how the newly launched monster would behave on the +initial trip. He said that no money was spared in the construction, and +as she was built on commission there was no need for the builders to +slight the work for their own benefit. The accident had happened on +Sunday night, April 14th. + +"I was in bed and asleep," he said. "The ship was not going at +full speed, as has been printed, because full speed would be +from seventy-eight to eighty revolutions, and we were making only +seventy-five. After the impact with the iceberg I dressed and went on +deck. I asked the steward what the matter was and he told me. Then I +went to Captain Smith and asked him if the ship was in danger and he +told me he thought she was." + +Ismay said that he went on the bridge and remained there for some time +and then lent a hand in getting the life-boats ready. He helped to get +the women and children into the boats. + +Ismay said that no other executive officer of the steamship company was +on board, which practically made him the sole master of the vessel +the minute it passed beyond the control of the captain and his +fellow-officers. But Ismay, seeming to scent the drift of the questions, +said that he never interfered in any way with the handling of the ship. + +Ismay was asked to give more particulars about his departure from the +ship. He said: + +"The boat was ready to be lowered away and the officer called out if +there were any more women or children to go or any more passengers on +deck, but there was none, and I got on board." + + +CAPTAIN ROSTRON'S TESTIMONY + +Captain Rostron, of the Carpathia, followed Mr. Ismay. He said the first +message received from the Titanic was that she was in immediate danger. +"I gave the order to turn the ship around as soon as the Titanic had +given her position. I set a course to pick up the Titanic, which was +fifty-eight miles west of my position. I sent for the chief engineer, +told him to put on another watch of stokers and make all speed for the +Titanic. I told the first officer to stop all deck work, get out the +life-boats and be ready for any emergency. The chief steward and doctors +of the Carpathia I called to my office and instructed as to their +duties. The English doctor was assigned to the first class dining room, +the Italian doctor to the second class dining room, the Hungarian doctor +to the third class dining room. They were instructed to be ready with +all supplies necessary for any emergency." + + +{illust. caption = DIAGRAM SHOWING THE PROXIMITY OF OTHER STEAMSHIPS TO +THE TITANIC ON NIGHT OF DISASTER.} + + + +The captain told in detail of the arrangements made to prepare the +life-boats and the ship for the receipt of the survivors. + + +WEEPS AS HE TELLS STORY + +Then with tears filling his eyes, Captain Rostron said he called the +purser. "I told him," said Captain Rostron, "I wanted to hold a service +of prayer--thanksgiving for the living and a funeral service for the +dead. I went to Mr. Ismay. He told me to take full charge. An Episcopal +clergyman was found among the passengers and he conducted the services." + + +TITANIC WAS A "LIFE-BOAT." + +Captain Rostron said that the Carpathia had twenty lifeboats of her own, +in accordance with the British regulations. + +"Wouldn't that indicate that the regulations are out of date, your +ship being much smaller than the Titanic, which also carried twenty +life-boats?" Senator Smith asked. + +"No. The Titanic was supposed to be a life-boat herself." + + +WIRELESS FAILED + +Why so few messages came from the Carpathia was gone into. Captain +Rostron declared the first messages, all substantially the same, were +sent to the White Star Line, the Cunard Line and the Associated Press. +Then the first and second cabin passenger lists were sent, when the +wireless failed. + +Senator Smith said some complaint had been heard that the Carpathia had +not answered President Taft's inquiry for Major Butt. Captain Rostron +declared a reply was sent, "Not on board." + +Captain Rostron declared he issued orders for no messages to be sent +except upon orders from him, and for official business to go first, then +private messages from the Titanic survivors in order of filing. + +Absolutely no censorship was exercised, he said. The wire-less continued +working all the way in, the Marconi operator being constantly at the +key. + +Guglielmo Marconi, the wireless inventor, was the next witness. + +Marconi said he was chairman of the British Marconi Company. Under +instructions of the company, he said, operators must take their orders +from the captain of the ship on which they are employed. + +"Do the regulations prescribe whether one or two operators should be +aboard the ocean vessels?" + +"Yes, on ships like the late Titanic and Olympic two are carried," said +Marconi. "The Carpathia, a smaller boat, carries one. The Carpathia's +wireless apparatus is a short-distance equipment." + + +TITANIC WELL EQUIPPED + +"Do you consider that the Titanic was equipped with the latest improved +wireless apparatus?" + +"Yes; I should say that it had the very best." + +"Did you hear the captain of the Carpathia say, in his testimony, +that they caught this distress message from the Titanic almost +providentally?" asked Senator Smith. + +"Yes, I did. It was absolutely providential." + +"Is there any signal for the operator if he is not at his post?'{'} + +"I think there is none," said Marconi. + +"Ought it not be incumbent upon ships to have an operator always at the +key?" + +"Yes; but ship-owners don't like to carry two operators when they can +get along with one. The smaller boat owners do not like the expense of +two operators." + + +SECOND OFFICER TESTIFIES + +Charles Herbert Lightoller, second officer of the Titanic, followed +Marconi on the stand. Mr. Lightoller said he understood the maximum +speed of the Titanic, as shown by its trial tests, to have been +twenty-two and a half to twenty-three knots. Senator Smith asked if +the rule requiring life-saving apparatus to be in each room for each +passenger was complied with. + +"Everything was complete," said Lightoller. "Sixteen life-boats, of +which four were collapsible, were on the Titanic," he added. During the +tests, he said, Captain Clark, of the British Board of Trade, was aboard +the Titanic to inspect its life-saving equipment. + +"How thorough are these captains of the Board of Trade in inspecting +ships?" asked Senator Smith. + +"Captain Clark is so thorough that we called him a nuisance." + + +TITANIC KILLED RAPIDLY + +After testifying to the circumstances under which the life-boats were +filled and lowered, Lightoller continued. "The boat's deck was only ten +feet from the water when I lowered the sixth boat. When we lowered the +first, the distance to the water was seventy feet." + +"If the same course was pursued on the starboard side as you pursued on +the port, in filling boats, how do you account for so many members of +the crew being saved?" asked Chairman Smith. + +"I have inquired especially and have found that for every six persons +picked up, five were either firemen or stewards." + + +COTTAM TELLS HIS STORY + +Thomas Cottam, of Liverpool, the Marconi operator on the Carpathia, was +the next witness. + +Cottam said that he was about ready to retire Sunday night, having +partially removed his clothes, and was waiting for a reply to a message +to the Parisian when he heard Cape Cod trying to call the Titanic. +Cottam called the Titanic operator to inform him of the fact, and +received the reply. 'Come at once; this is a distress message. C. Q. D.' +" + +"What did you do then?" + +"I confirmed the distress message by asking the Titanic if I should +report the distress message to the captain of the Carpathia." + +"How much time elapsed after you received the Titanic's distress message +before you reported it to Captain Rostron?" + +"About a couple of minutes," Cottam answered. + + +COTTAM RECALLED + +When the committee resumed the investigation on April 20th, Cottam was +recalled to the stand. + +Senator Smith asked the witness if he had received any messages from the +time the Carpathia left the scene of the disaster until it reached New +York. The purpose of this question was to discover whether any official +had sought to keep back the news of the disaster. + +"No, sir," answered Cottam. "I reported the entire matter myself to the +steamship Baltic at 10.30 o'clock Monday morning. I told her we had been +to the wreck and had picked up as many of the passengers as we could." + +Cottam denied that he had sent any message that all passengers had been +saved, or anything on which such a report could be based. + +Cottam said he was at work Monday and until Wednesday. He repeated +his testimony of the previous day and said he had been without sleep +throughout Sunday, Monday, Tuesday and until late Wednesday afternoon +when he had been relieved by Bride. + +"Did you or Bride send any message declaring that the Titanic was being +towed into Halifax?" + +"No, sir," said the witness, with emphasis. + + +MARCONI EXPLAINS + +In an effort to determine whether the signal "C. Q. D." might not have +been misunderstood by passing ships, Senator Smith called upon Mr. +Marconi. + +"The 'C. Q.,'" said Marconi, "is an international signal which meant +that all stations should cease sending except the one using the call. +The 'D.' was added to indicate danger. The call, however, now has been +superseded by the universal call, 'S. O. S.'" + +BRIDE ON THE STAND + +Harold S. Bride, the sole surviving operator of the Titanic, was then +called. + +Bride said he knew the Frankfurt was nearer than the Carpathia when he +called for assistance, but that he ceased his efforts to communicate +with the former because her operator persisted in asking, "What is the +matter?" despite Bride's message that the ship was in distress. + +Time after time Senator Smith asked in varying forms why the Titanic did +not explain its condition to the Frankfurt. + +"Any operator receiving 'C. Q. D.' and the position of the ship, if he +is on the job," said Bride, "would tell the captain at once." + +Marconi again testified to the distress signals, and said that the +Frankfurt was equipped with Marconi wireless. He said that the receipt +of the signal "C. Q. D." by the Frankfurt's operator should have been +all-sufficient to send the Frankfurt to the immediate rescue. + + +ALL APPEALS RECEIVED + +Under questioning by Senator Smith, Bride said that undoubtedly the +Frankfurt received all of the urgent appeals for help sent subsequently +to the Carpathia. + + +INVESTIGATION CARRIED TO WASHINGTON + +The first witness when the investigation was resumed in Washington on +April 22d was P. A. S. Franklin, vice-president of the International +Mercantile Marine Company. + +Franklin testified that he had had no communication with Captain Smith +during the Titanic's voyage, nor with Ismay, except one cable from +Southampton. + +Senator Smith then showed Mr. Franklin the telegram received by +Congressman Hughes, of West Virginia, from the White Star Line, dated +New York, April 15th, and addressed to J. A. Hughes, Huntington, W. Va., +as follows: + + +"Titanic proceeding to Halifax. Passengers probably land on Wednesday. +All safe. + + (Signed) "THE WHITE STAR LINE. " + + +TELEGRAM A MYSTERY + +"I ask you," continued the senator, "whether you know about the sending +of that telegram, by whom it was authorized and from whom it was sent?" + +"I do not, sir," said Franklin. "Since it was mentioned at the Waldorf +Saturday we have had the entire passenger staff examined and we cannot +find out." + +Asked when he first knew that the Titanic had sunk, Franklin said he +first knew it about 6.27 P.M., Monday. + +Mr. Franklin then produced a thick package of telegrams which he had +received in relation to the disaster. + +"About twenty minutes of two on Monday morning," said he, "I was +awakened by a telephone bell, and was called by a reporter for some +paper who informed me that the Titanic had met with an accident and was +sinking. I asked him where he got the information. He told me that +it had come by wireless from the steamship Virginian, which had been +appealed to by the Titanic for aid." + +Mr. Franklin said he called up the White Star docks, but they had no +information, and he then appealed to the Associated Press, and there was +read to him a dispatch from Cape Race advising him of the accident. + +"I asked the Associated Press," said Mr. Franklin, "not to send out +the dispatch until we had more detailed information, in order to avoid +causing unnecessary alarm. I was told, however, that the story already +had been sent." + +The reassuring statements sent out by the line in the early hours of the +disaster next were made the subject of inquiry. + +"Tell the committee on what you based those statements," directed +Senator Smith. + +"We based them on reports and rumors received at Cape Race by +individuals and by the newspapers. They were rumors, and we could not +place our finger on anything authentic." + + +FIRST DEFINITE NEWS + +"At 6.20 or 6.30 Monday evening," Mr. Franklin continued, "a message was +received telling the fateful news that the Carpathia reached the Titanic +and found nothing but boats and wreckage; that the Titanic had foundered +at 2.20 A.M. in 41.16 north, 50.14 west; that the Carpathia picked up +all the boats and had on board about 675 Titanic survivors--passengers +and crew. + +"It was such a terrible shock that it took me several moments to think +what to do. Then I went downstairs to the reporters, I began to read the +message, holding it high in my hand. I had read only to the second line, +which said that the Titanic had sunk, when there was not a reporter +left--they were so anxious to get to the telephones. + + +SAFETY EQUIPMENT + +"The Titanic's equipment was in excess of the law," said the witness. +"It carried its clearance in the shape of a certificate from the British +Board of Trade. I might say that no vessel can leave a British port +without a certificate that it is equipped to care for human lives aboard +in case of accident. It is the law." + +"Do you know of anyone, any officer or man or any official, whom you +deem could be held responsible for the accident and its attendant loss +of life?" + +"Positively not. No one thought such an accident could happen. It was +undreamed of. I think it would be absurd to try to hold some individual +responsible. Every precaution was taken; that the precautions were of +no avail is a source of the deepest sorrow. But the accident was +unavoidable." + + +FOURTH OFFICER TESTIFIES + +J. B. Boxhall, the fourth officer, was then questioned. + +"Were there any drills or any inspection before the Titanic sailed?" he +was asked. + +"Both," said the witness. "The men were mustered and the life-boats +lowered in the presence of the inspectors from the Board of Trade." + +"How many boats were lowered?" + +"Just two, sir." + +"One on each side of the ship?" + +"No, sir. They were both on the same side. We were lying in dock." + +The witness said he did not know whether the lowering tackle ran free or +not on that occasion. + +"In lowering the life-boats at the test, did the gear work +satisfactorily?" + +"So far as I know." + +In lowering a life-boat, he said, first the boat has to be cleared, +chocks knocked down and the boat hangs free. Then the davits are screwed +out to the ship's side and the boat lowered. + +At the time of the tests all officers of the Titanic were present. + +Boxhall said that under the weather conditions experienced at the +time of the collision the life-boats were supposed to carry sixty-five +persons. Under the regulations of the British Board of Trade, in +addition to the oars, there were in the boats water breakers, water +dippers, bread, bailers, mast and sail and lights and a supply of oil. +All of these supplies, said Boxhall, were in the boats when the Titanic +left Belfast. He could not say whether they were in when the vessel left +Southampton. + +"Now," repeated Senator Smith, "suppose the weather was clear and the +sky unruffled, as it was at the time of the disaster, how many would the +boat hold?" + +"Really, I don't know. It would depend largely upon the people who +were to enter. If they did as they were told I believe each boat could +accommodate sixty-five persons." + +Boxhall testified to the sobriety and good habits of his superior and +brother officers. + + +NO TRACE OF DAMAGE INSIDE + +Boxhall said he went down to the steerage, inspected all the decks in +the vicinity of where the ship had struck, found no traces of any damage +and went directly to the bridge and so reported. + + +CARPENTER FOUND LEAKS + +"The captain ordered me to send a carpenter to sound the ship, but I +found a carpenter coming up with the announcement that the ship was +taking water. In the mail room I found mail sacks floating about while +the clerks were at work. I went to the bridge and reported, and the +captain ordered the life-boats to be made ready." + +Boxhall testified that at Captain Smith's orders he took word of the +ship's position to the wireless operators. + +"What position was that?" + +"Forty-one forty-six north, fifty fourteen west." + +"Was that the last position taken?" + +"Yes, the Titanic stood not far from there when she sank." + +After that Boxhall went back to the life-boats, where there were many +men and women. He said they had been provided with life-belts. + + +{illust. caption = THE EFFECTS OF STRIKING AN ICEBERG + +(1) Shows normal....} + + +DISTRESS ROCKETS FIRED + +"After that I was on the bridge most of the time sending out distress +signals, trying to attract the attention of boats ahead," he said. "I +sent up distress rockets until I left the ship, to try to attract the +attention of a ship directly ahead. I had seen her lights. She seemed to +be meeting us and was not far away. She got close enough, so she seemed +to me, to read our Morse electric signals." + +"Suppose you had a powerful search light on the Titanic, could you not +have thrown a beam on the vessel and have compelled her attention?" + +"We might." + +H. J. Pitman, the third officer of the ship, was the first witness on +April 23d. By a series of searching questions Senator Fletcher brought +out the fact that when the collision occurred the Titanic was going at +the greatest speed attained during the trip, even though the ship was +entering the Grand Banks and had been advised of the presence of ice. + +Frederick Fleet, a sailor and lookout man on the Titanic, followed +Pitman on the stand. Fleet said he had had five or six years' experience +at sea and was lookout on the Oceanic prior to going on the Titanic. He +was in the crow's nest at the time of the collision. + +Fleet stated that he had kept a sharp lookout for ice, and testified to +seeing the iceberg and signaling the bridge. + +Fleet acknowledged that if he had been aided in his observations by a +good glass he probably could have spied the berg into which the ship +crashed in time to have warned the bridge to avoid it. Major Arthur +Peuchen, of Toronto, a passenger who followed Fleet on the stand, also +testified to the much greater sweep of vision afforded by binoculars +and, as a yachtsman, said he believed the presence of the iceberg might +have been detected in time to escape the collision had the lookout men +been so equipped. + + +HAD ASKED FOR BINOCULARS + +It was made to appear that the blame for being without glasses did +not rest with the lookout men. Fleet said they had asked for them at +Southampton and were told there were none for them. One glass, in a +pinch, would have served in the crow's nest. + +The testimony before the committee on April 24th showed that the big +steamship was on the verge of a field of ice twenty or thirty miles +long, if she had not actually entered it, when the accident occurred. + +The committee tried to discover whether it would add to human safety if +the ships were fitted with search lights so that at night objects could +be seen at a greater distance. The testimony so far along this line had +been conflicting. Some of the witnesses thought it would be no harm to +try it, but they were all skeptical as to its value, as an iceberg would +not be especially distinguishable because its bulk is mostly below the +surface. + +One of the witnesses said that much dependence is not placed upon the +lookout, and that those lookouts who used binoculars constantly found +them detrimental. + +Harold G. Lowe, fifth officer of the Titanic, told the committee +his part in the struggle of the survivors for life following the +catastrophe. The details of this struggle have have already been told in +a previous chapter. + + +AUTHORIZED TO SELL STORY + +In great detail Guglielmo Marconi, on April 25th, explained the +operations of his system and told how he had authorized Operator Bride +of the Titanic, and Operator Cottam, of the Carpathia, to sell their +stories of the disaster after they came ashore. + +In allowing the operator's to sell their stories, said Mr. Marconi, +there was no question of suppressing or monopolizing the news. He had +done everything he could, he said, to have the country informed as +quickly as possible of the details of the disaster. That was why he was +particularly glad for the narratives of such important witnesses as +the operators to receive publication, regardless of the papers that +published them. + +He repeated the testimony of Cottam that every effort had been made to +get legitimate dispatches ashore. The cruiser Chester, he said, had been +answered as fully as possible, though it was not known at the time that +its queries came from the President of the United States. The Salem, he +said, had never got in touch with the Carpathia operator. + +Senator Newlands suggested that the telegrams, some signed by the name +of Mr. Sammis and some with the name of Marconi, directing Cottam to +"keep his mouth shut" and hold out for four figures on his story, was +sent only as the Carpathia was entering New York harbor, when there +was no longer need for sending official or private messages from the +rescuing ship. There had been an impression before, he said, that the +messages had been sent to Cottam when the ship was far at sea, when they +might have meant that he was to hold back messages relieving the anxiety +of those on shore. + + +SAW DISTRESS ROCKETS + +Ernest Gill, a donkey engineman on the steamship Californian, was the +first witness on April 26th. He said that Captain Stanley Lord, of the +Californian, refused later to go to the aid of the Titanic, the rockets +from which could be plainly seen. He says the captain was apprised of +these signals, but made no effort to get up steam and go to the rescue. +The Californian was drifting with the floe. So indignant did he become, +said Gill, that he endeavored to recruit a committee of protest from +among the crew, but the men failed him. + +Captain Lord entered a sweeping denial of Gill's accusations and read +from the Californian's log to support his contention. Cyril Evans, the +Californian's wireless operator, however, told of hearing much talk +among the crew, who were critical of the captain's course. Gill, he +said, told him he expected to get $500 for his story when the ship +reached Boston. + +Evans told of having warned the Titanic only a brief time before the +great vessel crashed into the berg that the sea was crowded with ice. +The Titanic's operators, he said, at the time were working with the +wireless station at Cape Race, and they told him to "shut up" and keep +out. Within a half hour the pride of the sea was crumpled and sinking. + +Members of the committee who examined individually the British +sailors and stewards of the Titanic's crew prepared a report of their +investigations for the full committee. This testimony was ordered to be +incorporated in the record of the hearings. + +Most of this testimony was but a repetition of experiences similar to +the many already related by those who got away in the life-boats. + +On April 27th Captain James H. Moore, of the steamship Mount Temple, who +hurried to the Titanic in response to wireless calls for help, told of +the great stretch of field ice which held him off. Within his view +from the bridge he discerned, he said, a strange steamship, probably +a "tramp," and a schooner which was making her way out of the ice. The +lights of this schooner, he thought, probably were those seen by the +anxious survivors of the Titanic and which they were frantically trying +to reach. + + +WOMEN AT HEARING WEEP + +Steward Crawford also related a thrilling story in regard to loading +the life-boats with women first. He told of several instances that came +under his observation of women throwing their arms around their husbands +and crying out that they would not leave the ship without them. The +pathetic recital caused several women at the hearing to weep, and all +within earshot of the steward's story were thrilled. + + +ANDREWS WAS BRAVE + +Stories that Mr. Andrews, the designer of the ship, had tried to +disguise the extent of danger were absolutely denied by Henry Samuel +Etches, his bedroom steward, who told the committee how Mr. Andrews +urged women back to their cabins to dress more warmly and to put on +life-belts. + +The steward, whose duty it was to serve Major Butt and his party, told +how he did not see the Major at dinner the evening of the disaster as +he was dining with a private party in the restaurant. William Burke, a +first class steward, told of serving dinner at 7.15 o'clock to Mr. and +Mrs. Straus, and later Mrs. Straus' refusal to leave her husband +was again told to the committee. A bedroom steward told of a quiet +conversation with Benjamin Guggenheim, Senator Guggenheim's brother, +after the accident and shortly before the Titanic settled in the plunge +that was to be his death. + +On April 29th Marconi produced copies of several messages which passed +between the Marconi office and the Carpathia in an effort to get +definite information of the wreck and the survivors. + +Marconi and F. M. Sammis, chief engineer of the American Marconi +Company, both acknowledged that a mistake had been made in sending +messages to Bride and Cottam on board the Carpathia not to give out any +news until they had seen Marconi and Sammis. + +The senatorial committee investigating the Titanic disaster has served +several good purposes. It has officially established the fact that all +nations are censurable for insufficient, antiquated safety regulations +on ocean vessels, and it has emphasized the imperative necessity for +united action among all maritime countries to revise these laws and +adapt them to changed conditions. + + +The committee reported its findings as follows: + +GENERAL CONCLUSIONS + +No particular person is named as being responsible, though attention +is called to the fact that on the day of the disaster three distinct +warnings of ice were sent to Captain Smith. J. Bruce Ismay, managing +director of the White Star Line, is not held responsible for the ship's +high speed. In fact, he is barely mentioned in the report. + +Ice positions, so definitely reported to the Titanic just preceding +the accident, located ice on both sides of the lane in which she was +traveling. No discussion took place among the officers, no conference +was called to consider these warnings, no heed was given to them. The +speed was not relaxed, the lookout was not increased. + +The supposedly water-tight compartments of the Titanic were not +water-tight, because of the non-water-tight condition of the decks where +the transverse bulkheads ended. + +The steamship Californian, controlled by the same concern as the +Titanic, was nearer the sinking steamship than the nineteen miles +reported by her captain, and her officers and crew saw the distress +signals of the Titanic and failed to respond to them in accordance with +the dictates of humanity, international usage and the requirements of +law. Had assistance been promptly proffered the Californian might have +had the proud distinction of rescuing the lives of the passengers and +crew of the Titanic. + +The mysterious lights on an unknown ship, seen by the passengers on the +Titanic, undoubtedly were on the Californian, less than nineteen miles +away. + +Eight ships, all equipped with wireless, were in the vicinity of the +Titanic, the Olympic farthest away--512 miles. + +The full capacity of the Titanic's life-boats was not utilized, because, +while only 705 persons were saved, the ship's boats could have carried +1176. + +No general alarm was sounded, no whistle blown and no systematic warning +was given to the endangered passengers, and it was fifteen or twenty +minutes after the collision before Captain Smith ordered the Titanic's +wireless operator to send out a distress message. + +The Titanic's crew were only meagerly acquainted with their positions +and duties in an accident and only one drill was held before the maiden +trip. Many of the crew joined the ship only a few hours before she +sailed and were in ignorance of their positions until the following +Friday. + +Many more lives could have been saved had the survivors been +concentrated in a few life-boats, and had the boats thus released +returned to the wreck for others. + +The first official information of the disaster was the message from +Captain Haddock, of the Olympic, received by the White Star Line at +6.16 P. M., Monday, April 15. In the face of this information a message +reporting the Titanic being towed to Halifax was sent to Representative +J. A. Hughes, at Huntington, W. Va., at 7.51 P. M. that day. The message +was delivered to the Western Union office in the same building as the +White Star Line offices. + +"Whoever sent this message," says the report, "under the circumstances, +is guilty of the most reprehensible conduct." + +The wireless operator on the Carpathia was not duly vigilant in handling +his messages after the accident. + +The practice of allowing wireless operators to sell their stories should +be stopped. + + +RECOMMENDATIONS. + +It is recommended that all ships carrying more than 100 passengers shall +have two searchlights. + +That a revision be made of steamship inspection laws of foreign +countries to conform to the standard proposed in the United States. + +That every ship be required to carry sufficient life-boats for all +passengers and crew. + +That the use of wireless be regulated to prevent interference by +amateurs, and that all ships have a wireless operator on constant duty. + +Detailed recommendations are made as to water-tight bulkhead +construction on ocean-going ships. Bulkheads should be so spaced +that any two adjacent compartments of a ship might be flooded without +sinking. + +Transverse bulkheads forward and abaft the machinery should be continued +watertight to the uppermost continuous structural deck, and this deck +should be fitted water-tight. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Sinking of the Titanic, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SINKING OF THE TITANIC *** + +***** This file should be named 781.txt or 781.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/7/8/781/ + +Produced by Charles Keller and Mike Lough + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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